User:Subzerob1/Deep sea mining
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Article Draft
[edit]Lead The overview of this article is the ongoing process of deep sea bed mining and the worsening change of environmental factors that go along with it. Technological advancements for the purpose of excavations for minerals cause hardship and a shifting of the food chain resulting in organism’s death. There have been regulations and specific companies that have permission to engage in the mining operation as other places are in the confines. Hydrothermal vents are what produces the minerals and processes it back to the station to be further looked at.
[edit]Article body An additional site that is being explored and looked at as a potential deep sea mining site is the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCZ). The CCZ stretches over 4.5 million square kilometers of the Northern Pacific Ocean between Hawaii and Mexico. Scattered across the abyssal plain are trillions of polymetallic nodules, potato-sized rocklike deposits containing minerals such as magnesium, nickel, copper, zinc, cobalt, and others. Development of technologies to collect polymetallic nodules in the CCZ began in the 1970s when oil, gas and mining majors including Shell, Rio Tinto (Kennecott) and Sumitomo, conducted pilot test work, recovering over ten thousand tons of nodules. Polymetallic nodules are also abundant in the Central Indian Ocean Basin and the Peru Basin. Mining claims registered with the International Seabed Authority (ISA) are mostly located in the CCZ, most commonly in the manganese nodule province. The ISA has entered into 18 different contracts with private companies and national governments to explore the suitability of polymetallic nodule mining in the CCZ.
[edit]For the tailing of mineral extraction there are recent technological advancements that allow for deep sea mining. The continuous-line bucket were it reaches to ocean level and pulls out many types of minerals such as nickel, copper, molybdenum, lithium and other tailing nodules. The CZZ and the ISA are embedded in the security of extracting and collecting materials that are rich in heavy metals and other compounds in the abyssal plain and other concentrated sites that have mineral deposits containing large amounts of sulfide deposits and polymetallic nodules which are high in demand in other countries as well. Other issues arise from the constant undersea nodule mining, phosphate turbidity, and plumes that are aggregated particles responsible for the tailings when the nodules are resent back into the ocean after mineral analysis. benthic organisms are consumed with toxic chemicals from the hydraulic suction system's drills, polluting natural habitations and desecrating the environment by the growing increase of plumes.
References
[edit]"Environmental risk assessment of anthropogenic activity in the deep-sea". Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress and Recovery. 7 (4): 299–315. doi:10.1023/A:1009963912171. S2CID 82100930