Rwanda

Republic of Rwanda Repubulika y'u Rwanda  (Kinyarwanda) République du Rwanda  (French) Jamhuri ya Rwanda  (Swahili)
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: "Ubumwe, Umurimo, Gukunda Igihugu" (English: "Unity, Work, Patriotism") (French: "Unité, Travail, Patriotisme") (Swahili: "Umoja, Kazi, Uzalendo")
Anthem: "Rwanda Nziza" (English: "Beautiful Rwanda")
Capital and largest city	Kigali 1°56′38″S 30°3′34″E
Official languages	Kinyarwanda English French Swahili
National language	Kinyarwanda
Working language	English
Ethnic groups (1994)	100% Banyarwanda 85% Hutu 14% Tutsi 1% Twa
Religion	93.8% Christianity 3.0% none 2.2% Islam 1.0% other
Demonym(s)	Rwandan Rwandese
Government	Unitary semi-presidential republic under an authoritarian dictatorship
• President	Paul Kagame
• Prime Minister	Justin Nsengiyumva
Legislature	Parliament
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	Chamber of Deputies
Independence
• from Belgium	1 July 1962
Area
• Total	26,798 km2 (10,347 sq mi) (144th)
• Water (%)	6.341
Population
• 2024 estimate	13,623,302 (76th)
• Density	517/km2 (1,339.0/sq mi) (22nd)
GDP (PPP)	2025 estimate
• Total	$58.120 billion (129th)
• Per capita	$4,100 (159th)
GDP (nominal)	2025 estimate
• Total	$14.770 billion (144th)
• Per capita	$1,040 (170th)
Gini (2016)	43.7 medium
HDI (2023)	0.578 medium · 159th
Currency	Rwandan franc (RWF)
Time zone	UTC+2 (CAT)
Date format	dd/mm/yyyy (AD)
Driving side	right
Calling code	+250
ISO 3166 code	RW
Internet TLD	.rw
Website www.gov.rw

Rwanda is a country in East Africa. It is landlocked, meaning it has no ocean coast. Rwanda is sometimes called the “Land of a Thousand Hills” because it has many mountains and hills. Its capital city is Kigali.

Rwanda is bordered by Uganda to the north, Tanzania to the east, Burundi to the south, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. The country is about the size of the U.S. state of Massachusetts, but it has more people. More than 14 million people live there.

In the Rwandan genocide of 1994, over one million (1,000,000) people were killed. Since then, Rwanda has rebuilt its economy and society. Today it is known for its clean cities, national parks with mountain gorillas, and fast economic growth.

History

Colonialism

During the Scramble for Africa, Belgium conquered Rwanda. The Belgians then began to divide Rwandans into groups: Hutu and Tutsi. The Belgians picked people that they thought looked more European to be Tutsi. The rest became Hutu. The Belgians told Rwandans that Tutsi were superior to Hutu. They helped Tutsi rule over Hutu using their army.

After independence

On July 1, 1962, Rwanda became independent and Hutu were given power. Thus, anti-Tutsi purges occurred frequently. Many Tutsi fled to Uganda, where they formed the Rwandan Patriotic Front, or RPF, which tried to invade Rwanda in 1990.

Genocide

See the main article: Rwandan genocide

On the night of April 6, 1994, dictator Juvénal Habyarimana's plane was shot down, but it is still not clear who did it. Within half an hour, roadblocks manned by the Interahamwe militia were seen all over the capital, Kigali. A genocide against the Tutsi people began.

The Rwandan genocide lasted for about 100 days, and it left over one million (1,000,000) Tutsi and moderate Hutu dead. The main weapon used was the machete, or umupanga. Other countries paid little attention to the killings.

On July 2, 1994, the RPF captured Kigali.

Geography

The Kagera and Ruvubu rivers, part of the upper Nile

Size & location

Rwanda is in Central/Eastern Africa. It is bordered by the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west, Uganda to the north, Tanzania to the east, and Burundi to the south. It is a few degrees south of the equator and is landlocked. The capital, Kigali, is near the centre of Rwanda.

At 26,338 square kilometres (10,169 sq mi), Rwanda is the world's 149th-largest country. The entire country is at a high altitude. The lowest point is the Rusizi River (also sometimes spelled Ruzizi) at 950 metres (3,117 ft) above sea level.

Rivers & lakes

The country's longest river is the Nyabarongo. The Nyabarongo-Kagera eventually drains into Lake Victoria.

Rwanda has many lakes, the largest being Lake Kivu. It is one of the twenty deepest lakes in the world. Other sizeable lakes include Burera, Ruhondo, Muhazi, Rweru, and Ihema. Ihema is the largest of a string of lakes in the eastern plains of Akagera National Park.

Lake and volcano in the Virunga Mountains

Mountains

There are many mountains in central and western Rwanda. The highest peaks are found in the Virunga volcano chain in the northwest. This includes Mount Karisimbi, Rwanda's highest point, at 4,507 metres (14,787 ft).

The centre of the country is mostly rolling hills. The eastern border area has savanna, plains and swamps.

Climate

Rwanda has a temperate tropical highland climate. It has lower temperatures than equatorial countries usually do because of its high elevation. Kigali, in the centre of the country, has a typical daily temperature range between 12 °C (54 °F) and 27 °C (81 °F). There is little change through the year.

There are two rainy seasons in the year. The first runs from February to June and the second from September to December. These are separated by two dry seasons. The major one is from June to September, during which there is often no rain at all. There is a shorter and less severe one from December to February.

Biodiversity

Topis in Akagera National Park

In prehistoric times, montane forest covered one third of the land of present-day Rwanda. Naturally occurring vegetation is now mostly in the three national parks, with terraced agriculture in the rest of the country.

Plants

Nyungwe, Rwanda's largest remaining forest, has 200 species of trees as well as orchids and begonias. Vegetation in the Volcanoes National Park is mostly bamboo and moorland, with small areas of forest.

Akagera has a savanna ecosystem. Here there are mostly acacia. There are several rare or endangered plant species in Akagera, including Markhamia lutea and Eulophia guineensis.

Mammals

The greatest diversity of large mammals is found in the three National Parks. Akagera has typical savanna animals such as giraffes and elephants, while Volcanoes is home to about one third of the worldwide mountain gorilla population.

Nyungwe Forest has thirteen primate species including chimpanzees and Colobus monkeys. The Ruwenzori colobus move in groups of up to 400, the largest troop size of any primate in Africa.

Birds

There are 670 bird species in Rwanda. There is a difference between the east and the west.

Nyungwe Forest, in the west, has 280 recorded species. Species include the Ruwenzori Turaco and Handsome Francolin.

Eastern Rwanda, by contrast, has savanna birds such as the Black-headed Gonolek, and birds who live near swamps and lakes (like storks and cranes).

Related pages

• List of rivers of Rwanda
• Rwanda at the Olympics
• Rwanda national football team

Other websites

• The Republic of Rwanda (official government site)
• Rwanda Tourism (official Rwanda Tourism Board site)