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Ashide

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ashide
阿史德
Āshǐdé
Regions with significant populations
Central and East Asia
Languages
Old Turkic[2]
Middle Chinese[3]
Sogdian[4]
Religion
Tengrism[5][6]
Buddhism (minority)[7][8]

The Ashide (Chinese: 阿史德; Middle Chinese: *ʔɑ-ʃɨXtək̚; Old Tibetan: A sha sde’) were a Turkic tribe and a high ranking noble family in Turkic Khaganate. It was related to ruling dynasty of Turkic Khaganate, Ashina tribe.

Origin

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According to Zheng Qiao's 1161 Tongzhi (vol. 29), the Ashide descended from an ancient Shǐshàn kèhán 始善可汗 (lit. "First Good Khagan"), whose identity remains unknown.[9]

Etymology

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Peter A. Boodberg derives both 阿史德 *’âşitək, whence Ashide, and 阿史那 *’âşinâ, whence Ashina, from one Proto-Turkic root *aş- ("to cross [a mountain]").[10][11]

The Ashide's status as the Ashina's conjugal clan[12] is documented in the Youyang Zazu, which contains a myth that Ashina's ancestor Shemo fell in love with the sea-goddess west of the Ashide cave.[13]

Yury Zuev reconstructed Old Turkic *Aştak, further from Middle Persian Azdahāg, from Avestan Aži Dahāka "Serpent, Dragon", related to Azhdaha.[14]

H. W. Bailey, apud Golden (2018), noticed similarity between Ashide and Iranian *xšaita ‘ruler’, cf. Sogd. xšēδ, axšēδ ‘ruler’.[15]

Notable members

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Ashide clan's tamga[16]

The baga-tarkhan (military leader) of four Göktürk khagans, Tonyukuk and the mother of Chinese warlord An Lushan were both of Ashide origin.[17]

Ashide and Ashina

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Historian S. G. Klyashtorny said that originally Ashina and Ashide together were part of a dual system, well known among the Turkic and Mongolic peoples.[18][19]

Ashide chiefs bore the title Irkin (Hanzi: 俟斤; Pinyin: Sijin) common with tribal leaders in the Turkic Khaganate. However, their particular position is determined by kinship with the dynasty; it was no coincidence that one of Irkin Ashide tegin held the title 'the prince of the royal family'. The Ashide clan did not have a single source. The New Book of Tang mentioned Da Ashide and Bayan Ashide; their tamgas differ from tamgas of the Ashide.[20]

To the end of the 7th–8th centuries, it was probably more correct to speak about the Ashide as one of the tribes of the khaganate, which together with the Ashina was the main military and political support of the Turkic dynasty. Ashide leaders initiated the liberation revolt of the Turkuts (679–682) against the Tang dynasty.[21]

References

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  1. ^ Zuev Yu.A. (1960) "Horse Tamgas from Vassal Princedoms (Translation of Chinese composition "Tanghuyao" of 8-10th centuries)", Kazakh SSR Academy of Sciences, Alma-Ata, p. 132
  2. ^ Peter B. Golden, (1992), An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples, p.126:
    "Whatever language the A-shih-na may have spoken originally, in tirne, they and those they ruled would all speak Turkic, in a variety of dialects, and create, in a broadly defined sense, a cornmon culture."
  3. ^ Zhiping Yang, (2025), The Orkhon Inscriptions: Examining Turk Attitudes Towards Chinese in 8th Century, p.1:
    "The western side of the monoliths contains Chinese inscriptions; the other three sides runic characters."
  4. ^ Ratcliffe, Jonathan (2020). "Masters of Political Theology: Eric Voegelin and the Mongols". In Trepanier, Lee (ed.). Eric Voegelin's Asian Political Thought. Lexington Books. p. 114.
  5. ^ Empires, Diplomacy, and Frontiers. (2018). In N. Di Cosmo & M. Maas (Eds.), Empires and Exchanges in Eurasian Late Antiquity: Rome, China, Iran, and the Steppe, ca. 250–750 (pp. 269–418).
    "Mythology employing shamanic symbolism along with references to the sky-god Tengri were, evidently, tools to strengthen the Türk ruler's legitimacy, and some scholars see this practice as amounting to a state religion, "Tengrism," in which the ruling Ashina family gained legitimacy through its support from Tengri."
  6. ^ Peter B. Golden, (2010) Central Asia in World History, p. 43-44:
    "The Türks, like many of their subjects, were believers in Tengri."
    "The qaghan claimed that he was "heaven-like, heaven-conceived" and possessed qut (heavenly good fortune), a sign of the heavenly mandate to rule."
  7. ^ Liu Mau-tsa, (1958), 1: p. 172-173
  8. ^ Tsvetelin Stepanov, (2008), The Bulgars and the steppe empire in the early Middle Ages: The problem of the others, p. 65-66
  9. ^ Pulleyblank E. A Sogdian Colony in Inner Mongolia. — T'oung Pao Second Series, Vol. 41, Livr. 4/5 (1952), Р.332.
  10. ^ Boodberg, Peter A. (July 1936). "The Language of the T'o-Pa Wei". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 1 (2): 181-182 of 167–185. doi:10.2307/2717850. ISSN 0073-0548. JSTOR 2717850. T'u-chüeh Turks: Metal workers for the Juan-juan in a closed valley where their ancestor took refuge; descendants from wolves (and possibly deer, cf. Yu-yang Tsa-tsu 酉陽雜俎, ch. IV, lb-2a); come forth from the mountain to overthrow their masters [...] a) tk. aš— " to cross a mountain," ašïn — "id"; it is most probably this root which is hidden beneath the Chinese transcription of the clan name of the T'u-chüeh Turks, A-shih-na 阿史那, KD 1,885,647: 'âṣinâ, and A-shih-te 阿史德, KD 981: 'âṣitək. [...]
  11. ^ Çalışkan, Mehmet (2018). "A-shi̇h-na keli̇mesi̇ni̇n eti̇moloji̇si̇ne dai̇r yeni̇ bi̇r fi̇ki̇r" [A New Approach the origin of the word A-shih-na]. Sanal Türkoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi [Online Turkology Research Journal]. 3 (5). Peter A. Boodberg kelime için iki farklı etimoloji önermiştir. İlki Moğolca er-çinoa (on kurt), ikincisi Türkçe (dağı) aş- fiilinden aşın. Boodberg A-shih-te kelimesinin aslının da aş- kökünden aşıd olduğunu iddia etmiştir. [Peter A. Boodberg proposed two different etymologies for the word. The first is the Mongolic er-činoa (ten wolves), and the second is derived from the Turkic verb aş- (to cross [a mountain]). Boodberg also claimed that the word A-shih-te originates from the root aş-, specifically from the form aşıd.]
  12. ^ Zuev, Yu. A. Early Turks: Sketches of history and ideology p. 33
  13. ^ Youyang Zazu, vol. 1
  14. ^ Zuev, Yu. (2004) "Seyanto Khaganate and Kimeks: Turkic ethnogeography of the Central Asia in the middle of 7th century". Shygys, 2. Oriental Studies Institute, Almaty. p. 10. (in Russian)
  15. ^ Golden, Peter B. (August 2018). "The Ethnogonic Tales of the Türks". The Medieval History Journal, 21(2). 21 (2). p. 311
  16. ^ Zuev Yu.A. (1960) "Horse Tamgas from Vassal Princedoms (Translation of Chinese composition "Tanghuyao" of 8-10th centuries)", Kazakh SSR Academy of Sciences, Alma-Ata, p. 132
  17. ^ "An Lushan (Chinese general)". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Britannica.com. Archived from the original on 18 November 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
  18. ^ Абрамзон С.М. Формы родоплеменной организации у кочевников Средней Азии. — ТИЭ. Н. сер. Т. 14. М., 1951. ↑ Жданко Т.А. Очерки исторической этнографии каракалпаков. М.-Л., 1950 (ТИЭ, н. сер., т. 9).
  19. ^ Жданко Т.А. Очерки исторической этнографии каракалпаков. М.-Л., 1950 (ТИЭ, н. сер., т. 9).
  20. ^ Liu Mau-tsai. Die chinesischen Nachrichten zur Geschichte der Ost-Türken. 1-2. Weisbaden, 1958. (101/102)
  21. ^ Кляшторный.Г. Древнетюркская надпись на каменном изваянии из Чойрэна//СНВ. Вып. XXII. М.: 1980. С. 90-102

Bibliography

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  1. Азат Абдысадыр уулу: Первые из тюрков. Тюркютские роды "Ашина" и "Ашидэ"
  2. Кляшторный.Г. Древнетюркская надпись на каменном изваянии из Чойрэна//СНВ. Вып. XXII. М.: 1980. С. 90-102.
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