Irischer Hungerstreik von 1981

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A mural in Derry's Bogside, commemorating Irish hunger strikers.

The 1981 Irish Hunger Strike was a campaign by Irish republican prisoners in Northern Ireland for the British government to grant them political status. It was a seminal event in modern Irish history. It radicalised nationalist politics, and was the midwife to Sinn Féin as a serious political force.

Background

The process which led up to Hunger Strikes began in 1976. As part of the policy of Ulsterisation and "criminalisation", the British government ended its previous policy of giving Special Category Status to paramilitary prisoners in Northern Ireland prisons. Special Category, or political status meant prisoners were treated very like prisoners of war, e.g. they did not have to wear prison uniforms or do prison work. The end to Special Category Status was a serious threat to the authority which the paramilitary leaderships inside prison had been able to exercise over their own men, as well as being a propaganda blow. The policy was not introduced for existing prisoners, but rather phased in for those newly convicted.

First Hunger Strike

IRA and INLA prisoners (the first was Ciarán Nugent) began the blanket protest in which prisoners would refuse to wear prison uniform and either went naked or fashioned garments from prison blankets. In 1978, after a number of attacks on prisoners leaving their cells to "slop out" (i.e. empty their chamber pots), this escalated into the dirty protest, where prisoners not granted political status refused to wash and smeared the walls of their cells with excrement. These protests aimed to re-establish their privileges by securing what were known as the "Five Demands":

1. The Right not to wear a prison uniform;
2. The Right not to do prison work;
3. The Right of free association with other prisoners;
4. The Right to organise their own educational and recreational facilities;
5. The Right to one visit, one letter and one parcel per week.

Initially, this protest did not attract a great deal of attention, and even the IRA regarded it as a side-issue compared to their armed struggle. It began to attract attention when the Tomas O Fiach, the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Armagh visited the prison and condemned the conditions there. In 1979, former MP Bernadette McAliskey stood in the election for the European parliament on a platform of support for the blanketmen, and won 5.9% of the vote across Northern Ireland, even though Sinn Féin had called for a boycott of this election. Shortly after this, the broad based Smash H-Block Campaign was formed, on a platform of support for the Five Demands, with McAliskey as its main spokesperson.

The period leading up to the hunger strike saw a campaign of assassination carried out by both sides. The IRA shot and killed a number of prison officers; at the same time, loyalist paramilitaries shot and killed a number of activists in the Smash H-Block Campaign and badly injured McAliskey and her husband in an attempt on their lives.

In October 1980, seven republican prisoners in HM Prison Maze (alternatively known as "Long Kesh") began a hunger strike. After a few weeks they were followed by three prisoners in Armagh Women's Prison, and then a short-lived hunger strike by several dozen more prisoners in Long Kesh. A number of Loyalist prisoners also started their own hunger strike after a few weeks, but they were accused of opportunism, attempting to win concessions on the backs of republicans without risking death or serious damage to their health. (No Loyalists or Armagh women took part in the 1981 hunger strike.) In a war of nerves between the IRA leadership and the British government, with one prisoner close to death, the British government appeared to concede the prisoners' right to wear their own clothes. The strike was called off in December before any prisoners died.

Second Hunger Strike

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A Republican mural in Belfast depicting the hunger strikes of 1981.

After a few weeks it emerged that the British government were simply intending to give the prisoners the right to wear civilian-style clothing supplied by the prison, and had duped the hunger-strikers in the belief that no new hunger-strike would occur. On March 1, 1981, under the new IRA Officer Commanding in Long Kesh, Bobby Sands, a second hunger strike began, with Sands himself the first to refuse food. The political atmosphere outside the prisons became electric, all over Ireland, with widespread rioting in nationalist areas of Northern Ireland.

Shortly after the beginning of the strike, the independent Irish republican MP for Fermanagh & South Tyrone died and precipitated a high profile by-election. Sands was nominated as an Anti H-Block candidate, and was elected to the House of Commons on April 9, 1981 with 30,492 votes to 29,046 for the Ulster Unionist Party candidate Harry West.

Three weeks later, Sands died from starvation in the prison hospital. The announcement of his death prompted several days of riots in nationalist areas of Northern Ireland. Over 100,000 people lined the route of his funeral.

Over the summer, nine more hunger strikers also died. The names of these people, their paramiltary affiliation, hometown, dates of death, and length of hunger strike are as follows:

• Bobby Sands, IRA, Belfast (Twinbrook), 5 May, 66 days
• Francis Hughes, IRA, Bellaghy, 12 May, 59 days
• Patsy O’Hara, INLA, Derry, 21 May, 61 days
• Raymond McCreesh, IRA, Camlough, 21 May, 61 days
• Joe McDonnell, IRA, Belfast (Lenadoon), 8 July, 61 days
• Martin Hurson, IRA, Cappagh, 13 July, 46 days
• Kevin Lynch, INLA, Dungiven, 1 Aug, 71 days
• Kieran Doherty, IRA, Belfast (Andersonstown), 2 Aug, 73 days
• Thomas McElwee, IRA, Bellaghy, 8 Aug, 62 days
• Michael Devine, INLA, Derry, 20 Aug, 60 days

A number of protesting prisoners contested the general election in the Republic of Ireland in June. Paddy Agnew (who was not on hunger strike) and Kieran Doherty were elected in Louth and Cavan/Monaghan respectively, and Joe McDonnell narrowly missed election in Sligo/Leitrim. There were also local elections in Northern Ireland around that time and although Sinn Féin did not contest them, some smaller groups and independents who did support the hunger strikers had a few successes, e.g. the Irish Indepence Party won 21 seats, while a joint campaign by the Irish Republican Socialist Party (the INLA's political wing) and People's Democracy (a Trotskyist group) won four seats on Belfast City Council.

The British parliament rushed through emergency legislation to prevent another prisoner contesting the second by-election in Fermanagh and South Tyrone, which was due to take place following the death of Sands. This by-election was won in August by Owen Carron, who had been Sands' election agent, standing as the prisoners' proxy candidate, with an increased vote.

In late summer, the hunger strike began to break, thanks in large part due to the actions of the radical Catholic priest, Fr. Denis Faul, who intervened with hunger strikers' families after they had lost consciousness to urge them to give consent to the prison authorities for their relatives to be fed by drip. The first prisoner whose family intervened was Paddy Quinn. After this happened with a number of other prisoners, on 3 October 1981, the IRA and INLA called off the hunger strike.

Recently the role of Gerry Adams (President of Sinn Féin and possibly a member of the IRA army council) has been questioned. Richard O Rawe, the republican PRO (public relations officer) in the H blocks after the death of Sands when Bik Mcfarlane moved from PRO to CO alleges in his book Blanketmen (2005) that Adams prolonged the strike as it was of great political benefit to Sinn Féin and allowed Owen Carron win Sands Seat. This claim is denied by several hunger strikers and Brendan Mc Farlane.

Other Participants in the Hunger Strike

Although ten men died during the course of the hunger strike, thirteen other men began refusing food but were taken off it, either due to medical reasons or after intervention by their families deciding that their relative's death would be futile. Many of them still suffer from the effects of the strike with problems including digestive, phsyical and neurological disabilities.

They were:

• Brendan McLaughlin, IRA, joined the hunger strike on 14 May 1981 and was taken off the strike on 26 May 1981 when he suffered a perforated ulcer and internal bleeding.
• Paddy Quinn, IRA, joined hunger strike on 15 June 1981 and was taken off the strike on 31 July 1981 by his family after 47 days without food.
• Laurence McKeown, IRA, joined hunger strike 29 June 1981 was taken off the strike on 6 September 1981 by his family after 70 days without food.
• Patrick McGeown, IRA, joined hunger strike on 9 July 1981 was taken off the strike on 20 August 1981 by his family after 42 days without food.
• Matt Devlin , IRA, joined hunger strike on 14 July 1981 was taken off the strike on 4 September 1981 by his family after 52 days without food.
• Liam McCloskey, INLA, joined hunger strike on 3 August 1981 and ended the strike on 26 September 1981 after 55 days without food when it became clear that his family would intervene to save his life if he became unconscious.
• Patrick Sheehan, INLA, joined hunger strike on 10 August 1981 and ended the strike on 3 October 1981 after 55 days without food.
• Jackie McMullan, IRA, joined hunger strike on 17 August 1981 ended the strike on 3 October 1981 after 48 days without food.
• Bernard Fox, IRA, joined hunger strike on 24 August 1981 and was taken off the strike on 24 September 1981 when his medical condition deteriorated after 32 days without food.
• Hugh Carville, IRA, joined hunger strike on 31 August 1981 and ended the strike on 3 October 1981 after 34 days without food.
• John Pickering, IRA, joined hunger strike on 7 September 1981 and ended the strike 3 October 1981 after 27 days without food.
• Gerard Hodgkins, IRA, joined hunger strike on 14 September 1981 and ended the strike on 3 October 1981 after 20 days without food.
• James Devine, IRA, joined hunger strike on 21 September 1981 and ended the strike on 3 October 1981 after 13 days without food.

Consequences

The Hunger Strike heralded an upsurge of violence after the comparatively quiet years of the late 1970s, with widespread civil disorder in Northern Ireland and serious unrest in the Republic, including rioting outside the British Embassy in Dublin. (Many may have either hoped for or feared a repeat of 1972, when after Bloody Sunday the embassy was burned out by protestors.) There was extensive international condemnation of Britain's handling of the hunger strikes. It resulted in a new surge of IRA activity, with the group obtaining many more members. It prompted the republican movement to move towards electoral politics – Sands' success combined with that of pro-Hunger Strike candidates in the Northern Ireland local elections and Dáil elections in the Republic of Ireland gave birth to the armalite and ballot box strategy. As a direct consequence, Sinn Féin emerged as a serious political force in the 1982 elections to the Prior Assembly and the 1983 general election. Thereby, it indirectly paved the way for the Good Friday Agreement many years later.

The prisoners' case was summarised by the chorus of a song written at the time by Francis Brolly, now a Sinn Féin member of the Northern Ireland Assembly, which was played by a piper at the funeral of Bobby Sands:

"So I'll wear no convict's uniform,
Nor meekly serve my time,
That Britain might brand Ireland's fight,
Eight hundred years of crime"

Commemorations

The people of Hartford, Connecticut, in the United States dedicated a monument to Bobby Sands and the other hunger strikers in 1997. The monument stands in a traffic circle known as "Bobby Sands Circle", at the bottom of Maple Avenue near Goodwin Park.

The Iranian government named a street in Tehran after Bobby Sands. (It was formerly Winston Churchill Street.) It runs alongside the British embassy.

The events of the strike are the basis for the 1996 film Some Mother's Son

Radio Eclectica has sound versions of several songs concerning the hunger strike,[1] including So I'll Wear No Convict's Uniform, Joe McDonnell, and the Black 47 song Bobby Sands, M.P..

In 2006, a diverse group of Irish Republicans in Chicago, IL have to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the Hunger Strike under the banner "Chicago Hunger Strike Commemoration Committee."

Further Information/Sources

• Bobby Sands Trust
• Beresford, David Ten Men Dead
• Coogan, Tim Pat On The Blanket
• Hunger Strikes (General)
• Hunger Strikes BBC History
• Hungerstrikers Hunger Strikers Memorial, Hartford, CT, USA
• Loyalist look at the hungerstikers Calton Radio hungerstrikers content.