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ASRAAM

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Advanced Short Range Air-to-Air Missile
Dua ASRAAM (tengah) pada RAF Typhoon in 2007
JenisShort-range air-to-air missile
Tempat asalUnited Kingdom
Sejarah perkhidmatan
Dalam perkhidmatan1998
Digunakan olehRAAF , RAF, IAF
Sejarah pengeluaran
PengeluarMBDA
Kos unit>£200,000
AnekaCommon Anti-aircraft Modular Missile (Sea Ceptor)
Spesifikasi
Berat88 kg
Panjang2.90 m
Diameter166 mm (ukur lilit motor)[1]
Kepala peledak10 kg blast/fragmentation
Mekanisma
letupan
laser proximity fuze and impact
Enjindual-burn, high-impulse solid rocket moto4r[2]
Lebar sayap450 mm
Jarak
operasi
300 m – 50 km (officially in excess of 25km) [3][4]
Altitud penerbanganN/A
KelajuanMach 3+[5]
Sistem
pemanduan
infrared homing, 128×128 element focal plane array, with lock-on after launch (LOAL) and strapdown inertial guidance[5]
Platform
pelancaran
RAF Typhoon of 3 Squadron fires ASRAAM in 2007
ASRAAM at ILA 2006

Peluru berpandu udara ke udara jarak dekat maju Advanced Short Range Air-to-Air Missile, juga dikenali di Amerika Syarikat dengan panggilan AIM-132, merupakan peluru berpandu udara ke udara pengimej pandu arah infra ("penjejak haba"), yang dihasilkan oleh MBDA. Ia masa kini dalam perkhidmatan Royal Air Force (RAF) dan Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), menggantikan AIM-9 Sidewinder. ASRAAM direka bagi mengatasi jarak dan kelajuan sebarang peluru berpandu IR yang dalam perkhidmatan, membenarkan juruterbang untuk menembak dan kemudian berpaling pergi sebelum pesawat musuh sempat mendekati untuk menembak. Ia terbang melebihi Mach 3 pada jarak sehingga 50 kilometer (31 bt), leih dari sekali ganda jarak reka bentuk terdahulu. Ia mengekalkan pergerakan 50g yang diberikan oleh teknologi apungan badan digabung dengan kawalan ekor.[6][7]

Projek ini bermula sebagai satu usahasama British-Jerman pada 1980-an. Ia merupakan sebahagian dari perjanjian lebih luas di mana Amerika Syarikat akan membangunkan AIM-120 AMRAAM bagi kegunaan jarak serdahana, sementara ASRAAM akan menggantikan Sidewinder dengan rekabentuk yang akan menutupi perbezaan julat besar antara Sidewinder dan AMRAAM. Jerman keluar dari program ini selepas memeriksa rekabentuk terbaru Soviet pada 1980-an, memutuskan bahawa peluru berpandu dengan kelebihan kelincahan bergerak jarak pendek adalah lebih penting berbanding jaraknya. Pihak British meneruskan usaha secara bersendirian dan peluru berpandu ini dmemasuki perkhidmatan RAF pada tahun 1998. Ia sejak itu telah dipilih bagi menggantikan Sidewinder dalam Royal Australian Air Force dan sedang diperkenalkan kepada Pasukan Udara India. Sebahagian dari peluru berpandu ini digunakan dalam Peluru Berpandu Modular Anti Pesawat Semua (Common Anti-aircraft Modular Missile - CAMM).

Sejarah

Usaha sebelumnya

Penggunaan menyeluruh pertama kali bagi peluru berpandu IR berlangsung semasa Perang Vietnam, di mana hasilnya amat mengecewakan. AIM-4 Falcon, peluru berpandu utama USAF, mengenai sasaran hanya 9% ia ditembak. AIM-9 Sidewinder Tentera Laut Amerika Syarikat hanya lebih baik sedikit, mengenai hanya 14 hingga 19% ia ditembak, bergantung pada model. Ia menjadi jelas bahawa isu utama adalah juruterbang telah menembak sebaik sahaja peluru berpandu itu melihat sasaran dalam penjejaknya, bila-bila masa ia berada di depan pesawat pelancar. Walau bagaimanapun, penjejak mempunyai bidang pandangan yang sangat terhad, jadi sekiranya pesawat sasaran itu terbang pada sudut tepat dengan pelancar, ia akan terbang keluar dari pandangan penjejak sungguhpun ketila ia berlepas dari rel pelancar.

Usaha untuk menangani masalah ini telah dibuat bermula pada 1960-an oleh Hawker Siddeley "Taildog", pada mulanya satu projek swasta tetapi kemudian secara rasmi disokong sebagai SRAAM. Premis asas SRAAM adalah bahawa sekiranya juruterbang mahu menembak apabila sasaran itu berada mana-mana sahaja di hadapan, dengan itu peluru berpandu harus bekerja dalam situasi tersebut. Hasilnya adalah pelbagai senjata jarak sangat pendek tetapi amat mudah bergerak yang boleh berpaling cukup cepat untuk mengekalkan sasaran dalam pandangan tidak kira parameter pelancaran. Walau bagaimanapun, menjelang tahun 1974 program ini telah diturun taraf kepada projek pembangunan tulen, dan kemudiannya dibatalkan. Amerika memulakan projek yang sama, AIM-95 Agile, sebagai senjata pesawat F-14 dan F-15. Ini menyerupai SRAAM dari segi konsep, tetapi agak lebih besar untuk menawarkan julat yang menyerupai atau lebih baik berbanding Sidewinder. Pembangunannya telah dibatalkan pada tahun 1975. Sementara itu, satu set kriteria yang berbeza sepenuhnya mendorong kepada Viper Dornier, yang reka bentuknya memaksimakan jarak.[8]

Sebab utama projek-projek ini telah dibatalkan adalah satu versi baru Sidewinder telah diperkenalkan (AIM-9L) yang menambah keupayaan semua aspek dan sudut penjejak yang lebih luas. Pelbagai perubahan telah memberikan L pergerakan lebih baik sedikit, kelajuan dan julat tetapi perubahan utama adalah bahawa penjejaknya mempunyai sudut pengesanan yang lebih tinggi dan membenarkan pertempuran secara berhadapan. Sungguhpun bukanlah satu langkah ke hadapan yang besar sebagaimana reka bentuk yang lain, "Lima" menawarkan peningkatan yang ketara dalam keupayaannya berbanding model yang lebih terdahulu dengan kos tambahan yang sangat sedikit. Juruterbang British mencapai nisbah membunuh 80% dengan model L semasa Perang Falklands, bilangan yang dipadankan oleh Tentera Udara Israel beberapa bulan kemudian di Lembah Bekaa. Pengalaman Amerika Syarikat dengan Sidewinder sejak itu adalah bercampur-campur, dengan peratusan membunuh hanya di bawah 60% untuk F-15, tetapi hampir sifar untuk F-16 dan F-18, yang jelas menunjukkan latihan juruterbang adalah faktor utama bagi kejayaan.[9]

AMRAAM and ASRAAM

In a series of tests in the mid-1970s, the USAF found that their existing AIM-7 Sparrow missile had an effective range against fighter targets no better than the ostensibly much shorter-range Sidewinder. This was due to the need for the launching aircraft to keep flying towards the target in order to allow its radar to continue illuminating the target. During the time the missile was flying, the target aircraft was closing the distance, and had the chance to launch their IR missiles before being hit. This resulted in mutual kills, obviously undesirable.[10]

The Fighter Mafia examined these results and concluded that they proved what they had been saying all along: a smaller, cheaper aircraft armed with simple but effective weapons is just as good as a more complex and expensive system, but could be purchased in greater numbers.[10] The USAF looked at the same results and concluded the solution was to design a new, expensive and complex weapon to replace the Sparrow. The primary aims were to extend the range to keep the IR-guided missile firing fighters out of launching range, the use of an active seeker to allow the launching fighter to turn away, and, if possible, to reduce the weight enough to allow it to be carried on launchers designed only for the Sidewinder. The result was the AIM-120 AMRAAM project, with the initial versions having a range of 50 to 75 km.

The AMRAAM also presented a new problem: between the Sidewinder's short range and AMRAAM's long range was a significant gap. Moreover, AMRAAM was not really intended to be a snap-shot weapon like the Sidewinder, which remained desirable, and the completely passive attack of a heatseeker can be an enormous advantage in combat. A new IR guided missile designed to act as a counterpart to AMRAAM would be a very different design than the AIM-9L, which had always been intended solely as a stop-gap measure. In the 1980s, NATO countries signed a Memorandum of Agreement that the United States would develop the AMRAAM, while a primarily British and German team would develop a short-range air-to-air missile to replace the Sidewinder. The complete team included the UK (Hawker Siddeley, by this point known as BAe Dynamics) and Germany (Bodensee Gerätetechnik) sharing 42.5% of the effort each, Canada at 10%, and Norway at 5%. The US assigned this missile the name AIM-132 ASRAAM.[11]

New ASRAAM

The rapid decline and eventual fall of the Soviet Union in the late 1980s led to considerably less interest in the ASRAAM effort. As well, German reunification gave the German Air Force their first look at the Russian Vympel R-73 missile, known in the west as the AA-11 Archer. This proved to be a far more dangerous short-range attack weapon than had been known previously. It was clearly able to outperform all operational Western short-range IR tracking missiles, particularly in the ability to guide in high off-axis attacks, but also in terms of field of view, acquisition range, maneuverability, ease of target designation, and target lock-on.[11]

By February 1988 the US was already agitating for changes. In July 1989 the Germans exited the program, deciding that much greater maneuverability was required to compete with the R-73. This left Britain in control of the program and they began redefining it purely to RAF needs, sending out tenders for the new design in August 1989. This led to the selection of a new Hughes focal plane array imaging array seeker instead of the more conventional design previously used, dramatically improving performance and countermeasure resistance. A UK contest in 1990 examined the new ASRAAM, the French MICASRAAM and a new design from Bodensee Geratetechnik, their version of the ASRAAM tuned for German needs. In 1992 the Ministry of Defense announced that ASRAAM had won the contest, and product began in March that year. The German design, now part of Diehl BGT Defence, became the IRIS-T.[11]

While ASRAAM was entering production, the US had decided that they too desired better turning performance and found the British unwilling to commit to further changes. At the same time, the strengthening European economy and the resulting changes in exchange rates made the ASRAAM less financially attractive. Using some work carried out by the Navy, the Air Force then began their own program, AIM-9X, selecting the same Hughes seeker as the new ASRAAM. In January 1995 British Aerospace Dynamics arranged for financing from the British Government to enter the ASRAAM in the AIM-9X contest. The testing concluded in June 1996, with the result that the ASRAAM did not meet the US requirements.[perlu rujukan]

UK development and manufacture went ahead and the first ASRAAM was delivered to the RAF in late 1998. It equips the RAF’s Tornado GR4 and Typhoon. It was also used by the RAF's Harrier GR7 force until its retirement. In February 1998 ASRAAM was selected by the Royal Australian Air Force for use on their F/A-18 Hornets following competitive evaluation of the improved ASRAAM, the Rafael Python 4 and the AIM-9X.[12] In March 2009 the Royal Australian Air Force successfully carried out the first in-service ‘Lock on After Launch’ firing of an ASRAAM at a target located behind the wing-line of the ‘shooter’ aircraft.[13]

Description

Characteristics

Whereas IRIS-T and AIM-9X concentrate on short-range maneuverability, like the SRAAM and Agile before them, ASRAAM represents a different design philosophy. ASRAAM is intended to detect and launch against targets at much longer ranges, as far as early versions of the AMRAAM, in order to shoot down the enemy long before it closes enough to be able to fire its own weapons. In this respect the ASRAAM shares more in common with the AMRAAM than other IR missiles, although it retains high maneuverability. To provide the needed power, the ASRAAM is built on a 6½ inch diameter rocket motor compared with Sidewinder's (AIM-9M and X) and IRIS-T's 5 inch motors (which trace their history to the 1950s unguided Zuni rocket). This gives the ASRAAM significantly more thrust and therefore increased speed and range up to 50 km.[3]

The main improvement, which was also made on the latest version of the AIM-9 Sidewinder, is a new 128×128 resolution imaging infrared focal plane array (FPA) seeker manufactured by Hughes before they were acquired by Raytheon. This seeker has a long acquisition range, high countermeasures resistance, approximately 90 degrees off-boresight lock-on capability, and the possibility to designate specific parts of the targeted aircraft (like cockpit, engines, etc.).[14] The ASRAAM also has a LOAL (Lock-On After Launch) ability which is a distinct advantage when the missile is carried in an internal bay such as in the F-35 Lightning II. The ASRAAM warhead is triggered either by laser proximity fuse or impact. A laser proximity fuse was selected because RF fuses are vulnerable to EW intervention from enemy jammers.[15]

ASRAAM P3I

In 1995, Hughes and British Aerospace collaborated on the "P3I ASRAAM", a version of ASRAAM as a candidate for the AIM-9X program. The P3I would have been very much like the AIM-132, but with the addition of thrust vectoring to provide increased agility and to carry a larger warhead to meet the requirements expressed by the US Navy led AIM-9X program.[perlu rujukan] The ultimate winner was the Hughes submission using the same seeker but with the rocket motor, fuze and warhead of the AIM-9M. The latter was a US Air Force stipulation to ease the logistics burden and save by reusing as much as possible of the existing AIM-9 Sidewinder, of which 20,000 remained in the US inventory.[perlu rujukan]

Future development

At the DSEi conference in September 2007 it was announced the UK MoD was funding a study by MBDA to investigate a replacement for the Rapier and Sea Wolf missiles. The Common Anti-Air Modular Missile (CAMM) would share components with ASRAAM.[16] Common components include the very low signature rocket motor from Roxel, the warhead and proximity fuse from Thales. The Common Data Link (CDL) is the small ‘black box’ that sits on top of the mast, especially clear in pictures of FLAADS(L) although it doesn’t necessarily have to use the two-way data link to the launch vehicle, so, it could take mid-course corrections from any number of suitably equipped land or air platforms and then switch to active homing when it gets close enough. The original launch platform could have even moved by the time the missile hits.[17]

MBDA has agreed to jointly develop a new generation air-to-air missile with India.[18]

In August 2016, the UK's MOD signed a contract for a new variant of the ASRAAM specifically for the UK's F-35B. This variant would replace the current one when it goes out of service in 2022. This new variant will be operationally ready on the Eurofighter Typhoon in 2018 and on the UK's F-35Bs from 2022 onwards.[4][19][20]

Operators

Map with ASRAAM operators in blue

Current operators

 United Kingdom
Royal Air Force, Royal Navy (to be operated from Lightning II)
 Australia
Royal Australian Air Force
 India
Indian Air Force; on 8 July 2014 India & UK signed a deal to procure 384 ASRAAM from MBDA to replace the ageing Matra Magic R550, to be integrated onto the SEPECAT Jaguar strike aircraft.[21]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ Asraam background (PDF), MBDA.
  2. ^ "Asraam", RAF, MoD.
  3. ^ a b "ASRAAM". Youtube (documentary). Science & Technology. Dicapai pada 2009-07-10.
  4. ^ a b "MOD signs £184 million contract to secure air-to-air missiles for the F-35B". Royal Navy. 16 August 2016. Dicapai pada 16 August 2016.
  5. ^ a b "AIM-132 ASRAAM". FAS. Dicapai pada 2011-12-12.
  6. ^ "Asraam", Typhoon, Star streak.
  7. ^ Asraam background (PDF), MBDA.
  8. ^ "Dornier Viper abandoned", Flight International: 847, 27 June 1974
  9. ^ Hollway, Don (March 2013). "Fox Two!". Aviation History.
  10. ^ a b Correll, John (February 2008). "The Reformers". Air Force Magazine.
  11. ^ a b c Kopp 1998.
  12. ^ "Matra-BAe AIM-132 ASRAAM: The RAAF's New WVR AAM". Air Power Australia. Dicapai pada 2011-12-12.
  13. ^ "RAAF has successfully fired ASRAAM at a target located behind the wing-line of the 'shooter' aircraft". Your Industry News. 2009-03-09. Dicapai pada 2009-03-10.
  14. ^ http://defense-update.com/newscast/0309/asraam_loal_test_130309.html
  15. ^ You tube, Google.
  16. ^ "Missiles and Fire Support at DSEi 2007", Defense update.
  17. ^ http://www.thinkdefence.co.uk/uk-complex-weapons/common-anti-air-modular-missile/
  18. ^ "Air Weapons: The Magic Is Gone". Strategy page. 2010-02-18. Dicapai pada 2011-12-12.
  19. ^ "Britain Stockpiles New ASRAAM Missiles for the F-35". Defensenews.com. 16 August 2016. Dicapai pada 17 August 2016.
  20. ^ "UK orders ASRAAMs to arm F-35s". IHS Janes. 17 August 2016. Dicapai pada 17 August 2016.
  21. ^ "India, UK sign deals worth 370 million", Live Mint.

Bibliography

Templat:UK missiles

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