Primordial germ cell migration
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PGC Migration in Vertebrates:
In vertebrate development, the location where primordial germ cells are specified and the subsequent migratory paths that they take differs among species.[1]
Zebrafish
Zebrafish PGCs are specified at four different locations within the early embryo via inheritance of germ plasm (a mixture of RNA and protein often associated with mitochondria).[2][3]Germ cells from these four locations will then migrate dorsally after down-regulation of the rgs14a G-protein which regulates E-cadherin.[2] Down-regulation will result in reduced cell-cell adhesion which allows the germ cells to separate and begin the migration process. Migration of the PGCs then continues towards the developing somites 1-3.[4] This movement is coordinated by the expression of the chemo-attractant SDF1A (stromal derived factor 1a).[4] The final migration towards the developing gonad occurs 13 hours-post-fertilisation after which point the germ cells coalesce with the somatic gonadal precursor cells.[4]The entire process takes around 24 hours.[4]
Mice
In mice, PGCs are specified in the proximal epiblast and subsequently migrate through the primitive streak towards the endoderm.[4] The PGCs then embed themselves within the epithelium of the hind-gut and from there will migrate towards the mesoderm via the dorsal mesentery.[2][4]There is then bilateral migration of the PGCs to the developing gonadal ridges which follows a pattern very similar to that found in Drosophila.[2]
Chicken
Chicken primordial germ cells are initially specified in the area pellucida (a one-cell thick layer of epiblast lying above the sub-germinal space).[5][6] Following the formation of the primitive streak, the germ cells are carried to the germinal crescent region.[2]Unlike most model organisms where germ cell migration is predominantly via the gut epithelium, chicken PGCs migrate through the embryonic vascular epithelium.[7] Once they have exited the capillary vessels, the final stage of migration is along the dorsal mesentery to the developing gonad.[2]
References
- ^ "A pilgrim's progress: Seeking meaning in primordial germ cell migration". Stem Cell Research. 24: 181–187. 2017-10-01. doi:10.1016/j.scr.2017.07.017. ISSN 1873-5061. PMC 5634928. PMID 28754603.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ a b c d e f Grimaldi, Cecilia; Raz, Erez (2020-04). "Germ cell migration—Evolutionary issues and current understanding". Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology. 100: 152–159. doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.11.015.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Weidinger, G.; Wolke, U.; Köprunner, M.; Klinger, M.; Raz, E. (1999-12). "Identification of tissues and patterning events required for distinct steps in early migration of zebrafish primordial germ cells". Development (Cambridge, England). 126 (23): 5295–5307. ISSN 0950-1991. PMID 10556055.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b c d e f Richardson, Brian E.; Lehmann, Ruth (2010-01). "Mechanisms guiding primordial germ cell migration: strategies from different organisms". Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 11 (1): 37–49. doi:10.1038/nrm2815. ISSN 1471-0080. PMC 4521894. PMID 20027186.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Nakamura, Y.; Yamamoto, Y.; Usui, F.; Mushika, T.; Ono, T.; Setioko, A.R.; Takeda, K.; Nirasawa, K.; Kagami, H.; Tagami, T. (2007-10). "Migration and Proliferation of Primordial Germ Cells in the Early Chicken Embryo". Poultry Science. 86 (10): 2182–2193. doi:10.1093/ps/86.10.2182.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Gilbert, Scott (2000). Developmental Biology. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates. pp. 100–101. ISBN 0-87893-243-7.
- ^ Barton, Lacy J; LeBlanc, Michelle G; Lehmann, Ruth (2016-10). "Finding their way: themes in germ cell migration". Current Opinion in Cell Biology. 42: 128–137. doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2016.07.007. PMC 5064876. PMID 27484857.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link)