Jump to content

Linux commands

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 62.68.249.155 (talk) at 09:30, 12 January 2008 (←Redirected page to List of Unix utilities). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Redirect page

Redirect to:

Introduction

This section introduces and describes user commands. AUTHORS Look at the header of the manual page for the author(s) and copyright conditions. Note that these can be different from page to page. addftinfo addftinfo—Add information to troff font files for use with groff SYNOPSIS addftinfo [ –paramvalue... ] res unitwidth font DESCRIPTION addftinfo reads a troff font file and adds some additional font-metric information that is used by the groff system. The font file with the information added is written on the standard output. The information added is guessed using some parametric information about the font and assumptions about the traditional troff names for characters. The main information added is the heights and depths of characters. The res and unitwidth arguments should be the same as the corresponding parameters in the DESC file; font is the name of the file describing the font; if font ends with I, the font will be assumed to be italic. OPTIONS Each of the f options changes one of the parameters that is used to derive the heights and depths. Like the existing quantities in the font file, each value is in inches/res for a font whose point size is unitwidth. param must be one of the following: x-height The height of lowercase letters without ascenders such as x fig-height The height of figures (digits) asc-height The height of characters with ascenders, such as b, d, or l body-height The height of characters such as parentheses cap-height The height of uppercase letters such as A comma-depth The depth of a comma desc-depth The depth of characters with descenders, such as p, q, or y body-depth The depth of characters such as parentheses addftinfo makes no attempt to use the specified parameters to guess the unspecified parameters. If a parameter is not specified, the default will be used. The defaults are chosen to have the reasonable values for a Times font. SEE ALSO font(5) groff_font(5), groff(1), groff_char(7) Groff Version 1.09, 6 August 1992 afmtodit afmtodit—Create font files for use with groff –Tps SYNOPSIS afmtodit [ –ns ][–ddesc_file ][–eenc_file ][–in ][–an ] afm_file map_file font

DESCRIPTION afmtodit creates a font file for use with groff and grops. afmtodit is written in Perl; you must have Perl version 3 installed in order to run afmtodit. afm_file is the AFM (Adobe Font Metric) file for the font. map_file is a file that says which groff character names map onto each PostScript character name; this file should contain a sequence of lines of the form: ps_char groff_char where ps_char is the PostScript name of the character and groff_char is the groff name of the character (as used in the groff font file.) The same ps_char can occur multiple times in the file; each groff_char must occur, at most, once. font is the groff name of the font. If a PostScript character is in the encoding to be used for the font but is not mentioned in map_file, then afmtodit will put it in the groff font file as an unnamed character, which can be accessed by the \N escape sequence in troff. The groff_font file will be output to a file called font. If there is a downloadable font file for the font, it may be listed in the file /usr/lib/groff/font/devps/download; see grops(1). If the –i option is used, afmtodit will automatically generate an italic correction, a left italic correction, and a subscript correction for each character (the significance of these parameters is explained in groff_font(5)); these parameters may be specified for individual characters by adding to the afm_file lines of the form: italicCorrectionps charn leftItalicCorrectionps charn subscriptCorrectionps charn where ps_char is the PostScript name of the character, and n is the desired value of the corresponding parameter in thousandths of an em. These parameters are normally needed only for italic (or oblique) fonts. OPTIONS –n Don’t output a ligatures command for this font. Use this with constant-width fonts. –s The font is special. The effect of this option is to add the special command to the font file. –ddesc_file The device description file is desc_file rather than the default DESC. –eenc_file The PostScript font should be reencoded to use the encoding described in enc_file. The format of enc_file is described in grops(1). –an Use n as the slant parameter in the font file; this is used by groff in the positioning of accents. By default, afmtodit uses the negative of the ItalicAngle specified in the afm_file; with true italic fonts, it is sometimes desirable to use a slant that is less than this. If you find that characters from an italic font have accents placed too far to the right over them, then use the –a option to give the font a smaller slant. –in Generate an italic correction for each character so that the character’s width plus the character’s italic correction is equal to n thousandths of an em plus the amount by which the right edge of the character’s bounding is to the right of the character’s origin. If this would result in a negative italic correction, use a zero italic correction instead. Also generate a subscript correction equal to the product of the tangent of the slant of the font and four-fifths of the x-height of the font. If this would result in a subscript correction greater than the italic correction, use a subscript correction equal to the italic correction instead. Also generate a left italic correction for each character equal to n thousandths of an em plus the amount by which the left edge of the character’s bounding box is to the left of the character’s origin. The left italic correction may be negative. This option is normally needed only with italic (or oblique) fonts. The font files distributed with groff were created using an option of –i50 for italic fonts. FILES /usr/lib/groff/font/devps/DESC Device description file /usr/lib/groff/font/devps/F Font description file for font F /usr/lib/groff/font/devps/download List of downloadable fonts

/usr/lib/groff/font/devps/text.enc Encoding used for text fonts /usr/lib/groff/font/devps/generate/textmap Standard mapping SEE ALSO groff(1), grops(1), groff_font(5), perl(1) Groff Version 1.09, 14 February 1994 ansi2knr ansi2knr—Convert ANSI C to Kernighan & Ritchie C SYNOPSIS ansi2knr input_file output_file DESCRIPTION If no output_file is supplied, output goes to stdout. There are no error messages. ansi2knr recognizes functions by seeing a nonkeyword identifier at the left margin, followed by a left parenthesis, with a right parenthesis as the last character on the line. It will recognize a multiline header if the last character on each line but the last is a left parenthesis or comma. These algorithms ignore whitespace and comments, except that the function name must be the first thing on the line. The following constructs will confuse it: n Any other construct that starts at the left margin and follows the above syntax (such as a macro or function call) n Macros that tinker with the syntax of the function header 31 December 1990 anytopnm anytopnm—Attempt to convert an unknown type of image file to a portable anymap SYNOPSIS anytopnm file DESCRIPTION anytopnm uses the file program, possibly augmented by the magic numbers file included with PBMPLUS, to try to figure out what type of image file it is. If that fails (very few image formats have magic numbers), looks at the filename extension. If that fails, punt. The type of the output file depends on the input file. SEE ALSO pnmfile(1), pnm(5), file(1) BUGS It’s a script. Scripts are not portable to non-UNIX environments. AUTHOR Copyright Ó 1991 by Jef Poskanzer appres appres—List X application resource database SYNOPSIS appres [[class [instance]] [–1] [toolkitoptions] DESCRIPTION The appres program prints the resources seen by an application (or subhierarchy of an application) with the specified class and instance names. It can be used to determine which resources a particular program will load. For example, % appres XTerm will list the resources that any xterm program will load. If no application class is specified, the class -AppResTest- is used. To match a particular instance name, specify an instance name explicitly after the class name, or use the normal Xt toolkit option. For example, % appres XTerm myxterm or % appres XTerm –name myxterm To list resources that match a subhierarchy of an application, specify hierarchical class and instance names. The number of class and instance components must be equal, and the instance name should not be specified with a toolkit option. For example, % appres Xman.TopLevelShell.Form xman.topBox.form will list the resources of widgets of xman topBox hierarchy. To list just the resources matching a specific level in the hierarchy, use the –1 option. For example, % appres XTerm.VT100 xterm.vt100 –1 will list the resources matching the xterm vt100 widget. SEE ALSO X(1), xrdb(1), listres(1) AUTHOR Jim Fulton (MIT X Consortium) X Version 11 Release 6 ar ar—Create, modify, and extract from archives SYNOPSIS ar [ - ] dmpqrtx[abcilosuvV] [ membername ] archive files ... DESCRIPTION The GNU ar program creates, modifies, and extracts from archives. An archive is a single file holding a collection of other files in a structure that makes it possible to retrieve the original individual files (called members of the archive). The original files’ contents, mode (permissions), timestamp, owner, and group are preserved in the archive, and may be reconstituted on extraction.

GNU ar can maintain archives whose members have names of any length; however, depending on how ar is configured on your system, a limit on member-name length may be imposed (for compatibility with archive formats maintained with other tools). If it exists, the limit is often 15 characters (typical of formats related to a.out) or 16 characters (typical of formats related to coff). ar is considered a binary utility because archives of this sort are most often used as libraries holding commonly needed subroutines. ar will create an index to the symbols defined in relocatable object modules in the archive when you specify the modifier s. Once created, this index is updated in the archive whenever ar makes a change to its contents (save for the q update operation). An archive with such an index speeds up linking to the library, and allows routines in the library to call each other without regard to their placement in the archive. You may use nm –s or nm —print–armap to list this index table. If an archive lacks the table, another form of ar called ranlib can be used to add just the table. ar insists on at least two arguments to execute: one keyletter specifying the operation (optionally accompanied by other keyletters specifying modifiers ), and the archive name to act on. Most operations can also accept further files arguments, specifying particular files to operate on. OPTIONS GNU ar allows you to mix the operation code p and modifier flags mod in any order, within the first command-line argument. If you wish, you may begin the first command-line argument with a dash. The p keyletter specifies what operation to execute; it may be any of the following, but you must specify only one of them: d Delete modules from the archive. Specify the names of modules to be deleted as files ; the archive is untouched if you specify no files to delete. If you specify the v modifier, ar will list each module as it is deleted. m Use this operation to move members in an archive. The ordering of members in an archive can make a difference in how programs are linked using the library if a symbol is defined in more than one member. If no modifiers are used with m, any members you name in the files arguments are moved to the end of the archive; you can use the a, b, or i modifiers to move them to a specified place instead. p Print the specified members of the archive to the standard output file. If the v modifier is specified, show the membername before copying its contents to standard output. If you specify no files, all the files in the archive are printed. q Quick append; add files to the end of archive without checking for replacement. The modifiers a, b, and i do not affect this operation; new members are always placed at the end of the archive. The modifier v makes ar list each file as it is appended. Since the point of this operation is speed, the archive’s symbol table index is not updated, even if it already existed; you can use ar s or ranlib explicitly to update the symbol table index. r Insert files into archive (with replacement). This operation differs from q in that any previously existing members are deleted if their names match those being added. If one of the files named in files doesn’t exist, ar displays an error message and leaves undisturbed any existing members of the archive matching that name. By default, new members are added at the end of the file, but you may use one of the modifiers a, b, or i to request placement relative to some existing member. The modifier v used with this operation elicits a line of output for each file inserted, along with one of the letters a or r to indicate whether the file was appended (no old member deleted) or replaced. Display a table listing the contents of archive, or those of the files listed in files that are present in the archive. Normally, only the membername is shown; if you also want to see the modes (permissions), timestamp, owner, group, and size, you can request that by also specifying the v modifier. If you do not specify any files, all files in the archive are listed. If there is more than one file with the same name (say, fie) in an archive (say, b.a), ar t b.a fie will list only the first instance; to see them all, you must ask for a complete listing—in our example, ar t b.a. x Extract members (named files) from the archive. You can use the v modifier with this operation to request that ar list each name as it extracts it. If you do not specify any files, all files in the archive are extracted. A number of modifiers (mod) may immediately follow the p keyletter, to specify variations on an operation’s behavior, as follows: a Add new files after an existing member of the archive. If you use the modifier a, the name of an existing archive member must be present as the membername argument, before the archive specification. b Add new files before an existing member of the archive. If you use the modifier b, the name of an existing archive member must be present as the membername argument, before the archive specification (same as i). c Create the archive. The specified archive is always created if it didn’t exist when you request an update. But a warning is issued unless you specify in advance that you expect to create it by using this modifier. i Insert new files before an existing member of the archive. If you use the modifier i, the name of an existing archive member must be present as the membername argument, before the archive specification. (same as b). l This modifier is accepted but not used. o Preserve the original dates of members when extracting them. If you do not specify this modifier, files extracted from the archive will be stamped with the time of extraction. s Write an object-file index into the archive, or update an existing one, even if no other change is made to the archive. You may use this modifier flag either with any operation, or alone. Running ar s on an archive is equivalent to running ranlib on it. u Normally, ar r... inserts all files listed into the archive. If you would like to insert only those of the files you list that are newer than existing members of the same names, use this modifier. The u modifier is allowed only for the operation r (replace). In particular, the combination qu is not allowed, since checking the timestamps would lose any speed advantage from the operation q. v This modifier requests the verbose version of an operation. Many operations display additional information, such as filenames processed, when the modifier v is appended. V This modifier shows the version number of ar. SEE ALSO binutils entry in info; The GNU Binary Utilities, Roland H. Pesch (October 1991); nm(1), anlib(1) COPYING Copyright Ó 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that this permission notice may be included in translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the original English.

arch arch—Print architecture SYNOPSIS arch DESCRIPTION arch displays machine architecture type. SEE ALSO uname(1), uname(2) Debian GNU/Linux, 15 January 1994 GNU as GNU as—The portable GNU assembler SYNOPSIS as [ –a | –al | -as ][–D ][–f ][–I path ][–K ][–L ][–o objfile ][–R ][–v ][–w ][––\|\ files ...] i960-only options: [ –ACA| –ACA A | –ACB | –ACC| –AKA| –AKB | –AKC| –AMC][–b ][–no-relax ] m680x0-only options: [ –l ][–mc68000| –mc68010| –mc68020] DESCRIPTION GNU as is really a family of assemblers. If you use (or have used) the GNU assembler on one architecture, you should find a fairly similar environment when you use it on another architecture. Each version has much in common with the others, including object file formats, most assembler directives (often called pseudo-ops) and assembler syntax. For information on the syntax and pseudo-ops used by GNU as, see as entry in info (or the manual Using as: The GNU Assembler). as is primarily intended to assemble the output of the GNU C compiler gcc for use by the linker ld. Nevertheless, we’ve tried to make as assemble correctly everything that the native assembler would. This doesn’t mean as always uses the same syntax as another assembler for the same architecture; for example, we know of several incompatible versions of 680x0 assembly language syntax. Each time you run as, it assembles exactly one source program. The source program is made up of one or more files. (The standard input is also a file.) If as is given no filenames, it attempts to read one input file from the as standard input, which is normally your terminal. You may have to type Ctrl-D to tell as there is no more program to assemble. Use –– if you need to explicitly name the standard input file in your command line. as may write warnings and error messages to the standard error file (usually your terminal). This should not happen when as is run automatically by a compiler. Warnings report an assumption made so that as could keep assembling a flawed program; errors report a grave problem that stops the assembly. OPTIONS –a|–al|–as Turn on assembly listings; –al, listing only, –as, symbols only, -a, everything. –D This option is accepted only for script compatibility with calls to other assemblers; it has no effect on as. –f “Fast”–skip preprocessing (assume source is compiler output). –I\path Add path to the search list for .include directives. –K Issue warnings when difference tables altered for long displacements. –L Keep (in symbol table) local symbols, starting with L. –o\objfile Name the object-file output from as. –R Fold data section into text section. –v Announce as version. –W Suppress warning messages. ––\|\files... Source files to assemble, or standard input (––). –Avar (When configured for Intel 960.) Specify which variant of the 960 architecture is the target. –b (When configured for Intel 960.) Add code to collect statistics about branches taken. –no-relax (When configured for Intel 960.) Do not alter compare-and-branch instructions for long displacements; error if necessary. –l (When configured for Motorola 68000.) Shorten references to undefined symbols to one word instead of two. –mc68000|–mc68010|–mc68020 (When configured for Motorola 68000.) Specify which processor in the 68000 family is the target (default 68020). Options may be in any order, and may be before, after, or between filenames. The order of filenames is significant. The double hyphens command (—) by itself names the standard input file explicitly, as one of the files for as to assemble. Except for ––, any command line argument that begins with a hyphen (–) is an option. Each option changes the behavior of as. No option changes the way another option works. An option is a hyphen followed by one or more letters; the case of the letter is important. All options are optional. The –o option expects exactly one filename to follow. The filename may either immediately follow the option’s letter (compatible with older assemblers) or it may be the next command argument (GNU standard). These two command lines are equivalent: as –o my–object–file.o mumble.s as –omy–object–file.o mumble.s SEE ALSO as entry in info; Using as: The GNU Assembler; gcc(1), ld(1). COPYING Copyright Ó 1991, 1992 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that this permission notice may be included in translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the original English. Cygnus Support, 21 January 1992 GNU as.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linux_commands&oldid=183811122"