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Hurricane Melissa

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This article is about the 2025 Atlantic hurricane. For other storms of the same name, see List of storms named Melissa.
Hurricane Melissa
Melissa at peak intensity shortly before landfall in Jamaica on October 28
Meteorological history
FormedOctober 21, 2025
Category 5 major hurricane
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS)
Highest winds185 mph (295 km/h)
Lowest pressure892 mbar (hPa); 26.34 inHg
(Tied for third-lowest in the Atlantic basin)
Overall effects
Fatalities59+
Injuries28+
Missing11+
Damage~$8 billion (2025 USD)
Areas affected
IBTrACSEdit this at Wikidata
Part of the 2025 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Melissa is an active Atlantic hurricane currently accelerating northeastward near Bermuda. It earlier tied the 1935 Labor Day hurricane as the most intense landfalling Atlantic hurricane and third-most-intense Atlantic hurricane overall by central pressure.

The thirteenth named storm, fifth hurricane, fourth major hurricane, and third Category 5 hurricane of the 2025 Atlantic hurricane season, Melissa formed from a tropical wave that was first monitored for development on October 16, 2025. The wave originated from West Africa, traveled from the central Atlantic to the Windward Islands, and then moved quickly westward into the Caribbean Sea, where it slowed down and developed into Tropical Storm Melissa on October 21. Weak steering currents and moderate wind shear kept Melissa meandering and disorganized for the next few days as it slowly moved northwest. Over time, Melissa became better organized, and from October 25 to 27, rapidly intensified into a Category 5 hurricane before making landfall near New Hope, Jamaica, at its peak intensity, on October 28. Melissa emerged from the north coast of Jamaica later that day, weakened, and made landfall near Chivirico, Cuba, the next day.

As of October 31, at least 59 deaths have been attributed to Melissa, including 29 from flooding and landslides in Haiti and 22 in Jamaica. Preliminary damage is estimated to be at least US$8 billion.[1][vague]

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

On October 16, 2025, the National Hurricane Center began monitoring a westward moving tropical wave for potential development.[2] On October 19, the wave moved through the Windward Islands and into the Caribbean Sea.[3] The disturbance moved quickly westward, then slowed significantly, providing an opportunity for development of a well-defined center and organized deep convection early on October 21, becoming Tropical Storm Melissa.[4] On account of weak steering currents, Melissa moved slowly and erratically west to northwest over the very warm waters of the central Caribbean initially following formation, and was unable to strengthen appreciably due to westerly wind shear.[5] On October 23, the wind shear began to weaken, enabling convection to begin developing in the direction of the shear from the storm center.[6] As a result, Melissa became better aligned vertically, turning more northward, and strengthened the following day.[7]

Enabled by very favorable conditions, Melissa began a period of rapid intensification on October 25, with its maximum sustained winds increasing over an 18‑hour period from 70 mph (115 km/h) to 140 mph (225 km/h).[8] After a brief pause, intensification resumed, and while moving generally westward, Melissa attained Category 5 status early on October 27.[9] After turning north-northeastward, the system later attained maximum sustained winds of 185 mph (295 km/h), and a minimum central pressure of 892 mbar (hPa) (26.93 inHg) about 45 mi (70 km) south-southeast of Negril, Jamaica, the next morning.[10] At 17:00 UTC, the storm made landfall near New Hope in Westmoreland Parish at its peak intensity.[11] The hurricane weakened inland over the mountains, and emerged off Jamaica's north coast into the Caribbean at Category 4 strength, headed toward Cuba.[12] The system then further weakened to a Category 3 hurricane soon thereafter.[13] After briefly re-strengthening to Category 4,[14] the hurricane made landfall in eastern Cuba at 07:10 UTC on October 29, about 20 mi (30 km) east of Chivirico, with sustained Category 3 winds of 120 mph (195 km/h).[15] Inland, the rugged terrain of Cuba led to additional weakening, with of the storm's sustained winds falling to low-end Category 2 strength by the time Melissa moved back offshore, into the Atlantic Ocean, eight hours later.[16] The system then weakened to Category 1 strength, while beginning to accelerate toward the northeast,[17] passing near Long Island while traversing The Bahamas that same afternoon.[18] However, the storm re-strengthened to Category 2 intensity once more, on October 30, and started towards Bermuda.[19]

Records and distinctions

Most intense landfalling Atlantic hurricanes
Intensity is measured solely by central pressure
Rank Hurricane[nb 1] Season Landfall pressure
1 "Labor Day" 1935 892 mbar (hPa)
Melissa 2025
3 Camille 1969 900 mbar (hPa)
Gilbert 1988
5 Dean 2007 905 mbar (hPa)
6 "Cuba" 1924 910 mbar (hPa)
Dorian 2019
8 Janet 1955 914 mbar (hPa)
Irma 2017
10 "Cuba" 1932 918 mbar (hPa)
Sources: HURDAT,[21] AOML/HRD,[22] NHC[23]
  • Globally, the strongest tropical cyclone of 2025.[24]
  • Globally, the highest wind gust ever measured by dropsonde – 252 mph (406 km/h; 219 kn), released by NOAA Hurricane Hunters at an altitude of 657 ft (200 m). (Pending verification)[25]
  • Tied with the 1935 Labor Day hurricane as the third-most intense Atlantic hurricane on record in terms of lowest barometric pressure (behind hurricanes Wilma and Gilbert), and tied with hurricanes Wilma, Gilbert, Dorian and the 1935 Labor Day hurricane as the second-most intense Atlantic hurricane in terms of one-minute sustained wind speeds (behind Hurricane Allen).[26][27]
  • Tied with the 1935 Labor Day hurricane for most intense Atlantic hurricanes at landfall in terms of lowest barometric pressure,[11] and with the 1935 Labor Day hurricane, and Hurricane Dorian, for the strongest landfalling hurricane in the Atlantic in terms of maximum sustained winds;[26] also the strongest tropical cyclone to make landfall in Jamaica on record.[28]

Preparations

Lesser Antilles

On October 17, a yellow adverse weather alert was issued for Trinidad and Tobago as the precursor of Melissa approached.[29][30] On October 18, a yellow alert was also issued in Martinique.[31] That same day, a flash flood warning was issued in Barbados.[32]

Leeward Antilles

In Curaçao, Prime Minister Gilmar Pisas closed schools on the island to allow for greater flexibility in the operation of emergency services.[33]

Greater Antilles

On October 21, a hurricane watch was issued for southern portions of Haiti, while a tropical storm watch was issued for Jamaica.[34] Jamaica's watch was upgraded to a hurricane watch and tropical storm warning on October 23.[35] The next day, it was upgraded to a hurricane warning.[36] A tropical storm warning was added to the southern portions of Haiti, also on October 23.[37] The Margaritaville at Sea Islander rerouted from stops on Grand Cayman and Jamaica to Belize and Honduras.[38] The Disney Treasure was rerouted from Tortola and Saint Thomas to Cozumel and Disney Wish changed its schedule at Castaway Cay to allow for the Treasure's route change.[39] 167 flights were canceled in the Greater Antilles in airports in The Bahamas, Barbados, Haiti, Jamaica, and the US Virgin Islands.[40]

Puerto Rico

The U.S. National Weather Service in Puerto Rico issued a flood warning for several municipalities due to potential heavy rains from the outer bands of Melissa on October 22.[41]

Dominican Republic

Four shelters were opened in San Juan, San Cristóbal, and the National District and 61 people sought sheltering.[42] Twelve provinces were placed under red alert.[43] Around 90 people evacuated Saona Island.[44]

Jamaica

The Ministry of Transportation of Jamaica deployed thirty buses for the emergency situation in Portmore, Spanish Town, Rockfort, and Montego Bay.[45] The National Water Commission mobilized teams and equipment.[46] The University of the West Indies ordered the evacuation of its students in Mona,[47] and graduation ceremonies at the Mona campus were postponed.[48] Sandy Gully in Saint Andrew was de-silted as the storm approached.[49] The National Water Commission gave access to clean drinking water to over 548,000 people in preparation for the arrival of Melissa.[50] On October 24, public institutions including the National Gallery of Art and the Bob Marley Museum announce their closures indefinitely.[51] On October 25, all airports were shut down.[44]

Services and transportation associated with the Jamaica Urban Transit Company were suspended.[52]

Cayman Islands

The Government of the Cayman Islands provided sandbags for citizens.[53] Cayman Airways waived change-of-flight fees in relation to Melissa's approach.[54] All touristic diving operations ceased on the islands of Little Cayman and Cayman Brac on October 24.[55]

Cuba

President Miguel Díaz-Canel reported that 735,000 people were evacuated in the country's eastern regions.[56][57] Additionally, the United States Navy began evacuating several hundred people, including all non-mission-essential U.S. citizens, from Guantanamo Bay Naval Base to Florida.[58]

Impact

Casualties by country
Country Deaths Injuries Missing Damage
(USD)
Puerto Rico
0
0
0
 Unknown
Dominican Republic
4
0
1
 Unknown
Haiti
29
15
10
 Unknown
Jamaica
22
13
 Unknown Unknown
Panama
4
 Unknown Unknown Unknown
Costa Rica
0
1
 Unknown Unknown
Cuba Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown
Bahamas Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown
Bermuda Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown
Total 59 29 11 $8 billion[1]

Lesser Antilles

Winds gusted as high as 45 mph (74 km/h) were recorded on October 19, at Barbados's Grantley Adams International Airport during heavy rain squalls. Other peak gusts included 32 mph (52 km/h) at Saint Lucia and 37 mph (61 km/h) at Martinique.[3]

Puerto Rico

Melissa's outer rain bands resulted in heavy rainfall in Guánica on October 24,[59] affecting nearly 400 families and causing damage to buildings and infrastructure.[41]

Haiti

In Haiti, at least 29 people were killed and 10 were missing;[60] deaths include three from a landslide near Port-au-Prince,[61][62] another by a falling tree in Marigot,[63] and 25 after a river burst its banks in Petit-Goâve,[64] while 15 others were injured by a collapsing wall in Artibonite Department. At least 450 homes were damaged across the country.[65]

Dominican Republic

Across the country, more than 1.1 million[66] people were without water supply after heavy rainfall and flooding disrupted water supply systems, including in Pedro Brand, Los Alcarrizos, and Santo Domingo Oeste.[67] It was reported that 56 aqueducts were out of service.[42] A lane of a road in María Trinidad Sánchez collapsed.[42] A façade fell off of a hospital in Constanza due to rains, leading to the hospital suspending operations.[68] A 71-year-old man died after being swept away by a swollen river in Santo Domingo Norte,[69] while a child in Los Mameyes went missing during the heavy rainfall.[70] A total of four people were reported dead across the country.[71]

Costa Rica

In Costa Rica, heavy rainfall was reported in several areas of the country, such as Jacó and Santa Cruz, causing floods and river overflows.[72] In Puerto Jiménez, a minor was taken to a hospital due to the floods on October 26, and the local sewer system also collapsed.[73]

Panama

Heavy rain from the hurricane caused flooding and landslides across Panama. One man went missing in Coclé on October 25 and was later confirmed dead,[74] and two girls in Ngäbe-Buglé were killed after being swept away by an overflowing river on October 28.[75] Overall, four deaths in the country were attributed to Melissa.[76]

Jamaica

By October 27, prior to Melissa's landfall on Jamaica, three people in Saint Elizabeth, Saint Catherine, and Hanover parishes died of indirect causes and 13 others were injured while preparing for the hurricane.[77] Flooding was reported in Old Harbour, while multiple communities in Saint Elizabeth parish had lost power by 06:00 local time.[78] By 15:00 UTC, about 200,000 customers, or 35% of Jamaica's homes and businesses, were left without power.[79] Around 52,000 Jamaica Public Service customers lost power as Melissa approached the island.[80] This number rose to 530,000 people after Melissa struck the island.[81] Hurricane Melissa made landfall in New Hope, Westmoreland, as a Category 5 hurricane,[82][11] in the strongest landfall Jamaica has ever recorded, surpassing Hurricane Gilbert, which made landfall in eastern Jamaica as a low-end Category 4 hurricane in 1988.[83]

Extensive damage was reported in Saint Elizabeth, with the parish described as being "underwater".[84] Villages in the parish were reportedly obliterated, with entire buildings collapsing.[85] Severe flooding was reported in several locations including Mandeville, where houses were submerged up to their roofs in water.[84] A BBC journalist described the town as being "flattened" by the hurricane.[86] Severe flooding was also reported in Alligator Pond. The principal of St. Elizabeth Technical High School said the school had suffered severe damage including lost roofs.[84] Black River's hospital suffered significant structural damage, with the roof being blown off.[87] It was estimated that around 90% of the town's homes lost their roofs, with many of them outright collapsing.[88] The town's police station also received significant damage, with several windows and its gate damaged.[89] Much of Montego Bay was also flooded,[86] including the city's port, industrial park[90] and Sangster International Airport's terminal, with much of the ceiling having collapsed.[91] Building collapses, roof damage and downed trees were also reported in Falmouth.[90] In Kingston, a billboard frame was partially toppled and a basin was flooded, while a landslide blocked a road in Gordon Town.[79]

At least 19 direct deaths were confirmed.[92] In Saint Elizabeth, at least eight bodies of victims of the hurricane were confirmed. Two deaths were also recorded in Saint James Parish, including an infant killed by a falling tree.[92][93][94] Nine bodies were recovered in Westmoreland Parish.[92] Even so, the true scale of the damage and fatalities across Jamaica remained highly unclear due to devastated infrastructure.[88]

Cuba

Prior to Melissa's landfall on Cuba, the hurricane caused flooding and landslides in the southeastern province of Santiago de Cuba.[85]

Melissa made landfall east of Chivirico in Santiago de Cuba at around 07:10 UTC on October 29, with sustained winds of 105 kn (120 mph; 195 km/h).[95] President Miguel Díaz-Canel reported "considerable damage" from the hurricane in Cuba, with widespread flooding and streets buried in debris across Santiago de Cuba.[86]

At the U.S. Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, downed trees led to 16 homes being considered uninhabitable, and the air traffic control tower at the base's air strip was partially flooded.[96]

Aftermath

The Miami Heat basketball team and its regional partners donated around US$1 million in supplies and necessary items as part of recovery efforts in Jamaica following Melissa. Various South Florida aid organizations also mobilized to provide assistance to affected island states.[97]

  • True-color and longwave infrared imagery of Hurricane Melissa at its landfall in Jamaica
    True-color and longwave infrared imagery of Hurricane Melissa at its landfall in Jamaica
  • Long-wave infrared image of Hurricane Melissa at its landfall in Santiago de Cuba
    Long-wave infrared image of Hurricane Melissa at its landfall in Santiago de Cuba
  • Hurricane Hunters fly-through of Hurricane Melissa's Category 5 eye on 27 October
  • Map of Hurricane Melissa's cumulative tropical storm and hurricane force wind fields
    Map of Hurricane Melissa's cumulative tropical storm and hurricane force wind fields
  • Satellite animation of Hurricane Melissa from October 21–31
    Satellite animation of Hurricane Melissa from October 21–31

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Storms with designations in quotation marks are officially unnamed. Tropical storms and hurricanes were not named before the year 1950.[20]

References

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  2. ^ Cangialosi, John (October 16, 2025). Seven-Day Tropical Outlook (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center.
  3. ^ a b Henson, Bob; Masters, Jeff (October 20, 2025). "Tropical disturbance poses torrential rainfall threat for the central Caribbean". New Haven, Connecticut: Yale Climate Connections. Retrieved October 20, 2025.
  4. ^ Cangialosi, John; Bucci, Lisa (October 21, 2025). Tropical Storm Melissa Discussion Number 1 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 21, 2025.
  5. ^ Henson, Bob; Masters, Jeff (October 23, 2025). "Melissa's slowdown is bad news for the central Caribbean". New Haven, Connecticut: Yale Climate Connections. Retrieved October 23, 2025.
  6. ^ Papin, Philippe (October 23, 2025). Tropical Storm Melissa Discussion Number 9 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 24, 2025.
  7. ^ Papin, Philippe (October 24, 2025). Tropical Storm Melissa Discussion Number 14 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 25, 2025.
  8. ^ Henson, Bob; Masters, Jeff (October 26, 2025). "Melissa leaps from tropical storm to Category 4 hurricane in 18 hours". New Haven, Connecticut: Yale Climate Connections. Retrieved October 26, 2025.
  9. ^ Berg, Robbie; Hagen, Andrew (October 27, 2025). Hurricane Melissa Discussion Number 24 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 27, 2025.
  10. ^ Kelly, Larry (October 28, 2025). Hurricane Melissa Tropical Cyclone Update (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 28, 2025.
  11. ^ a b c Kelly, Larry (October 28, 2025). Hurricane Melissa Tropical Cyclone Update (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 28, 2025.
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  30. ^ Williams, Laurel V. (October 19, 2025). "No incidents reported despite yellow-level weather alerts". Trinidad and Tobago Newsday. Retrieved October 26, 2025.
  31. ^ "La Martinique placée en vigilance jaune". France-Antilles (in French). October 18, 2025. Retrieved October 23, 2025.
  32. ^ @CBCNewsBarbados; (October 19, 2025). "A Flash Flood Warning is in effect for Barbados" – via Instagram.
  33. ^ "Prime Minister Pisas Defends Decision to Close Schools Due to Weather Concerns". Curaçao Chronicle. October 24, 2025. Retrieved October 24, 2025.
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  42. ^ a b c Tovar, Andrés (October 24, 2025). "Méndez: Inundaciones por Melissa serán "más y más rápido"". Cadena de Noticias (in Spanish). Retrieved October 24, 2025.
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  67. ^ "Más de 647.000 personas sin agua en RD por Melissa" [More than 647,000 people in the Dominican Republic are without water due to the effects of Storm Melissa]. El Caribe (Dominican Republic) (in Spanish). October 23, 2025. Retrieved October 23, 2025.
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  80. ^ "JPS: Electricity restored to more than 30,000 customers impacted by outages". The Gleaner. October 27, 2025. Retrieved October 28, 2025.
  81. ^ "77% of JPS customers without electricity". Jamaica Observer. October 29, 2025. Retrieved October 29, 2025.
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  • Media related to Hurricane Melissa at Wikimedia Commons
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