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St. Jude Medical
Company typePublic
NYSE: STJ
IndustryMedical devices
FoundedSaint Paul, Minnesota, 1976
FounderManuel A. Villafana
DefunctJanuary 4, 2017 (2017-01-04)
FateAcquired by Abbott Laboratories
Headquarters
Little Canada, Minnesota
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Michael T. Rousseau, chairman, president and chief executive officer
John C. Heinmiller, executive vice president
Michael T. Rousseau, chief operating officer
Donald J. Zurbay, vice president of finance and chief financial officer
ProductsCardiac rhythm management devices
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators
Neuromodulation devices
Revenue$5.6 billion (2014) Increase[1]
Total assets$10.207 billion (2014) Increase[1]
Total equity$4.2 billion (2014) Increase[1]
Number of employees
18,000[2]
Websitewww.sjm.com

St. Jude Medical, Inc. was an American global medical device company headquartered in Little Canada, Minnesota, U.S., a suburb of Saint Paul. The company had more than 20 principal operations and manufacturing facilities worldwide with products sold in more than 100 countries.[3][4] Its major markets include the United States, Europe, Latin America and Asia-Pacific. The company was named after Jude the Apostle, the patron saint of lost causes.[4]

St. Jude Medical was founded in 1976 and went public in 1977,[4][5] and the company has been listed in the Fortune 500 every year since 2010.[6] The company was acquired by Abbott Laboratories in January 2017.[7][8]

Michael T. Rousseau served as the company's president and chief executive officer from 2016 until its acquisition by Abbott [9]

History

Early history

St. Jude Medical was founded in 1976 to further develop bi-leaflet artificial heart valves, which were originally created in 1972 at the University of Minnesota.[4][5] St. Jude Medical's bi-leaflet valve was developed in large part by Dr. Demetre Nicoloff of the University of Minnesota and St. Jude Medical employee Don Hanson.[5]

Company founder Manny Villafana took St. Jude Medical public In February 1977.[4] In October of that year, Dr. Nicoloff implanted the company's first artificial heart valve in a human patient.[5] St. Jude Medical's new heart valve was coated in pyrolytic carbon, which helped the valve prevent blood clotting.[4][5]

St. Jude Medical founding chief operating officer LaVerne Rees became chief executive officer in 1981.[10] Shortly after his appointment as St. Jude Medical CEO, Rees directed the company to begin development of its own carbon coating.[4] This decision led to a legal battle with CarboMedics, the sole supplier of carbon coating for the company's heart valves.[11] The St. Jude Medical board reassigned Rees in late 1984 after the legal dispute continued.[4][12]

In 1985, Lawrence Lehmkuhl replaced Rees as president and CEO of St. Jude Medical.[13] Lehmkuhl had previously served as a division president at American Hospital Supply Corporation.[13] Shortly after the appointment, St. Jude Medical settled its lawsuit with CarboMedics.[14] The two companies also entered into an agreement that allowed St. Jude Medical to continue developing and producing limited quantities of its own carbon coating.[4]

In 1986, the first St. Jude Medical heart valve created with the company’s own carbon coating technology was implanted into a human in Germany.[4] Later that year, St. Jude Medical expanded into tissue heart valves with its acquisition of BioImplant.[4][15]

1990s

The company established its International Division, located in Brussels, Belgium, in 1990. In April 1991, St. Jude Medical engaged in a joint venture with Hancock Jaffe Laboratories to create Heart Valve Company.[16][17] The joint venture was formed to design and market new tissue heart valves for the American market.[16] The first Heart Valve Company tissue heart valve was implanted in a human patient in 1994.[16]

In March 1993, Ronald Matricaria, a former president of Eli Lilly & Company's North American division, replaced Lehmkuhl as president and CEO of St. Jude Medical.[18] Lehmkuhl, who had presided over a ninefold increase in annual sales during his tenure as CEO, was named chairman of the St. Jude Medical board.[18][19]

Matricaria pushed for increasing diversification and expanded St. Jude Medical's acquisition hunt.[4] In June 1994, the company announced that it would acquire the Pacesetter, Inc., the heart pacemaker division of Siemens AG, for $500 million.[20] At the time of its acquisition by St. Jude Medical, Pacesetter was the second largest pacemaker manufacturer worldwide.[20]

In January 1996, St. Jude Medical further diversified its business when it acquired Minnetonka, Minnesota-based Daig Corporation for $425 million.[21] Daig Corporation manufactured cardiac catheters for diagnostic and therapeutic uses.[21] Also in January of that year, St. Jude Medical became the sole owner of Heart Valve Company when it purchased Hancock Jaffe Laboratories' 50% share in the joint venture.[21] St. Jude Medical acquired Biocor Industria, a Brazilian manufacturer of tissue heart valves, in September 1996.[22]

In 1997, St. Jude Medical acquired Ventritex, a Sunnyvale, California-based manufacturer of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators for $352 million.[23] At the time of its acquisition, Ventritex was the third-largest manufacturer of defibrillators.[23]

In February 1999, St. Jude Medical acquired Tyco International's Angio-Seal business.[24] Angio-Seal manufactured collagen-based plugs to close arterial holes made during arterial catheter procedures.[24] Matricaria stepped down as St. Jude Medical CEO in March 1999.[25] He was replaced by Terry Shepherd, who had served as president of St. Jude Medical's heart valve business since 1994.[25] Matricaria retained chairmanship of the St. Jude Medical board.[25]

2000s

In 2004, St. Jude Medical CEO Terry Shepherd retired.[26] The company's stock had increased 277% during his tenure as CEO.[26] St. Jude Medical COO Daniel Starks was appointed to replace Shepherd as the company's CEO.[26] Starks had previously served as chief executive officer of Daig Corporation from 1986-1996, when St. Jude Medical acquired the company.[26] Starks had been retained by St. Jude Medical and had served as company chief operating officer since 2001.[26]

In January 2005, St. Jude Medical acquired Saint Paul, Minnesota-based Endocardial Solutions for $272 million.[27] Endocardial Solutions manufactured diagnostic and therapeutic devices used to treat atrial fibrillation.[27] Later that year the company acquired Plano, Texas-based Advanced Neuromodulation Systems for $1.3 billion.[28] At the time of its acquisition, Advanced Neuromodulation Systems was the second-largest supplier of devices that use electrotherapy to treat chronic pain and nerve disorders.[28][29]

In 2008, St. Jude Medical acquired MediGuide, an Israeli company that developed technology that uses tiny sensors to locate medical devices inside of a patient's body and increase the amount of information available to a doctor during medical procedures.[30]

2010s

St. Jude Medical acquired AGA Medical for $1.3 billion in October 2010.[15] AGA Medical was a Plymouth, Minnesota-based company that manufactured products that treat heart defects, including plugs and patches that fix holes and other cardiac defects.[31][32] In 2010 the company also acquired LightLab Imaging, a company that developed optical coherence tomography technology that helps doctors treat heart disease.[33]

In 2010, St. Jude Medical invested in an option to acquire CardioMEMS Inc., a medical device company that developed a wireless sensing and communication technology to monitor pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) in heart failure patients. CardioMEMS Inc. was acquired by St. Jude Medical in May 2014.[34][35]

In August 2012, St. Jude Medical reorganized its business operations.[36] The company folded its four product divisions into two operating units: the implantable electronic systems division; and the cardiovascular and ablation technologies division.[36] The company also centralized other functions including the marketing, information technology and legal departments.[36] St. Jude Medical's reorganization coincided with layoffs of about 5% of the company's global workforce.[36]

In 2013, St. Jude Medical acquired Endosense, a Swiss company that developed a catheter that measures the force a doctor places on a patient's heart wall during a catheter ablation procedure.[37] St. Jude Medical paid $330 million for the company.[37]

In June 2013, St. Jude Medical entered into a series of agreements under which the company made a $40 million equity investment in Spinal Modulation, Inc.[38] In May 2015, the company completed the acquisition of Spinal Modulation, developer of the Axium Neurostimulator System.[39]

St. Jude Medical acquired Nanostim Inc., a Sunnyvale, California-based privately owned developer of miniaturized, leadless pacemakers, for $123.5 million in October 2013.[40] The acquisition followed the approval of Nanostim's leadless pacemaker by the European Union.[40] St. Jude Medical had secured the exclusive right to acquire Nanostim with a May 2011 investment in the start-up.[41]

St. Jude Medical continued the restructuring it started in 2014 with its consolidation of the company's two operating units—the implantable electronic systems and the cardiovascular and ablation technologies units—into single research and development division.[42] The company also consolidated its worldwide manufacturing and supply chain operations into a second division.[42]

In July 2015, the company announced its intention to acquire heart-device manufacturer Thoratec Corporation for $3.4 billion.[43] The acquisition was completed in October 2015.[44]

In September 2015, St. Jude Medical announced that Daniel Starks would retire as chairman, president, and chief executive officer. On January 1, 2016, Michael T. Rousseau succeeded Starks as president, CEO and a member of the St. Jude Medical Board of Directors. Starks would remain executive chairman of the board of directors.[9]

In late April 2016, Abbott Laboratories announced it would acquire St. Jude Medical for $25 billion ($46.75 in cash & 0.8708 shares of Abbott common stock, equating to an approximate value of $85 per share).[7][8]

On January 5, 2017, Abbott announced that it had completed its $25 billion acquisition of St. Jude Medical.

Aftermath

Further information: WarnerMedia § AT&T acquisition; WarnerMedia (2018–2021); Avicii § Death; Turner Broadcasting System § 2010s to 2020s; and Machinima, Inc. § 2018–2019
Following this acquisition St. Jude Medical by Abbott Laboratories, Mary Tyler Moore died at 80 in on January 25, 2017

Following this acquisition of St. Jude Medical by Abbott Laboratories, Mary Tyler Moore died at the age of 80 on January 25, 2017, at Greenwich Hospital in Greenwich, Connecticut, from cardiopulmonary arrest complicated by pneumonia after having been placed on a ventilator the previous week.[45][46] She was interred in Oak Lawn Cemetery in Fairfield, Connecticut, during a private ceremony.[47] On February 15, 2017, Time Warner shareholders approved the merger.[48] On February 28, Federal Communications Commission chairman Ajit Pai refused to review the deal, leaving the review to the Department of Justice.[49] On March 15, 2017, the merger was approved by the European Commission.[50] On August 22, 2017, the merger was approved by the Mexican Comisión Federal de Competencia.[51] On September 5, 2017, the merger was approved by the Chilean Fiscalía Nacional Económica.[52]

In the wake of the U.S. presidency of Donald Trump, Time Warner's ownership of CNN was considered a potential source of scrutiny for the deal, as Trump had repeatedly criticized the network for how it covered his administration, and stated during his campaign that he planned to block the acquisition because of the potential impact of the resulting consolidation. Following his election, however, his transition team stated that the government planned to evaluate the deal without prejudice.[53][54][55][56][57]

On November 8, 2017, reports of a meeting between AT&T CEO Randall L. Stephenson and Makan Delrahim, assistant Attorney General of the Department of Justice's Antitrust Division, indicated that AT&T had been recommended to divest DirecTV or Turner Broadcasting System, seek alternative antitrust remedies, or abandon the acquisition. Some news outlets reported that AT&T had been ordered to specifically divest CNN, but these claims were denied by both Stephenson and a government official the following day, with the latter criticizing the reports as being an effort to politicize the deal. Stephenson also disputed the relevance of CNN to the antitrust concerns surrounding the acquisition, as AT&T does not already own a national news channel.[58][59][60][61]

On November 20, 2017, the Department of Justice filed an antitrust lawsuit over the acquisition; Delrahim stated that the deal would "greatly harm American consumers". AT&T asserts that this suit is a "radical and inexplicable departure from decades of antitrust precedent".[62] On December 22, 2017, the merger agreement deadline was extended to June 21, 2018, under a vote of confidence.[63]

Swedish DJ Avicii died at age 28 on 20 April 2018

Swedish DJ Avicii died on 20 April 2018 near Muscat at the age of 28. No cause of death was immediately given.[64][65][66] On 21 April, the Omani police stated that there was "no criminal suspicion" or evidence of foul play in Bergling's death.[67] On 26 April, his family released an open letter stating:[68][69]


On 1 May, TMZ reported that the cause of death was a suicide due to self-inflicted injuries with a broken wine bottle.[70][71] On 22 May, Bergling's family announced plans for a private funeral with "the people who were closest to him".[72] A funeral service was held on 8 June at the Skogskyrkogården cemetery in Stockholm.[73] He was buried at Hedvig Eleonora Church in June 2018.[74][75]

On June 12, 2018, District Judge Richard J. Leon ruled in favor of AT&T, thus allowing the acquisition to go ahead with no conditions or remedies. Leon argued that the Department of Justice provided insufficient evidence that the proposed transaction would result in lessened competition. He also warned the government that attempting to obtain an appeal or stay on the ruling would be manifest unjust, as it would cause "certain irreparable harm to the defendants".[76][77][78][79]

On June 14, 2018, AT&T announced that it had closed the acquisition of Time Warner. Jeff Bewkes stepped down as CEO of Time Warner while retaining ties with the company as senior advisor of AT&T. John Stankey, who headed the AT&T/Time Warner integration team, took over as CEO. It was also announced that the company would change its name to "WarnerMedia".[80][81]

On July 12, 2018, the Department of Justice filed a notice of appeal with the D.C. Circuit to reverse the District Court's approval. Although the Department of Justice reportedly contemplated requesting an injunction to stop the deal from closing after the District Court's ruling, the department ultimately did not file the motion because WarnerMedia's operation as a separate group from the rest of AT&T would make the business relatively easy to unwind should the appeal be successful.[82] The next day, however, AT&T CEO Randall Stephenson told CNBC that the appeal would not affect its plans to integrate WarnerMedia into AT&T, or services already launched.[83] In a brief filed by the Justice Department, it was argued that the decision to approve the acquisition ran "contrary to fundamental economic logic and the evidence".[84][85]

On August 7, 2018, AT&T acquired the remaining controlling stake in Otter Media from the Chernin Group for an undisclosed amount. The company now operates as a division of WarnerMedia.[86][87]

On August 29, 2018, Makan Delrahim told Recode that if the government were to win the appeal, AT&T would only sell Turner and if they lost the appeal then the February 2019 expiration of a consent decree AT&T reached with the Justice Department shortly before the deal closed would allow AT&T to do what they want with Turner.[88] The appeal is expected to have zero impact on the integration.[89][90] By September 2018, nine state Attorneys General sided with AT&T on the case.[91]

On October 10, 2018, WarnerMedia announced that it would launch an over-the-top streaming service in late 2019, featuring content from its entertainment brands.[92] On December 14, 2018, Kevin Reilly, president of TNT and TBS, was promoted to chief content officer of all WarnerMedia digital and subscription activities, including HBO Max, reporting to both Turner's president David Levy and WarnerMedia's CEO John Stankey.[93][94][95] The U.S. Court of Appeals in Washington D.C. unanimously upheld the lower court's ruling in favor of AT&T on February 26, 2019, stating it did not believe the merger with Time Warner would have a negative impact on either consumers or competition.[96] The Justice Department declined to appeal the decision further,[97] thus allowing the consent decree to expire.

On January 18, 2019, following the consummation of the reorganization, all content was abruptly set to private on Machinima's YouTube channels.[98] Fullscreen explained that Machinima would now be a unit of Fullscreen, producing content under the Machinima banner while Machinima's partners would migrate into Fullscreen's creator network. Fullscreen GM Beau Bryant stated in an email sent to Machinima partners that they were "going to great lengths 'behind-the-scenes' to ensure a smooth and efficient transition".[99][100]

On February 1, 2019, Machinima officially announced that it had laid off its 81 employees and ceased remaining operations.[101][102] The company stated that certain employees were being retained to work for Otter Media, and that Russell Arons was "assisting with transitional activities as she explores new opportunities".[101] Shortly afterward, it was announced that a number of former Machinima series and shows would move under Rooster Teeth, including a revival of Inside Gaming.[103]

On March 4, 2019, AT&T announced a major reorganization of its broadcasting assets to effectively dissolve Turner Broadcasting System. Its assets were dispersed across two of the new divisions, WarnerMedia Entertainment and WarnerMedia News & Sports. WarnerMedia Entertainment would consist of HBO, TBS, TNT, TruTV, and the direct-to-consumer video service HBO Max. WarnerMedia News & Sports would have CNN Worldwide, Turner Sports, and the AT&T SportsNet regional networks led by CNN president Jeff Zucker. Cartoon Network, Adult Swim, Boomerang, Turner Classic Movies, and Otter Media would be moved under Warner Bros. Gerhard Zeiler moved from being president of Turner International to chief revenue officer of WarnerMedia, and will oversee the consolidated advertising and affiliation sales.[104] David Levy and HBO chief Richard Plepler stepped down as part of the reorganization, which was described by The Wall Street Journal as being intended to end "fiefdoms".[105] Turner Podcast Network, formed within Turner Content Distribution in 2017,[106] became WarnerMedia Podcast Network by May 2019.[107]

Acquisition history

The following is an illustration of the company's major mergers and acquisitions and historical predecessors (this is not a comprehensive list):

St. Jude Medical 

St. Jude Medical
(Est 1976)

Pacesetter, Inc.
(Acq 1994)

Daig Corporation
(Acq 1996)

Heart Valve Company
(Acq remaining 50% from joint venture with Hancock Jaffe Laboratories' 1996)

Biocor Industria
(Acq 1996)

Ventritex
(Acq 1997)

Tyco International
(Angio-Seal div, Acq 1999)

Endocardial Solutions
(Acq 2005)

Advanced Neuromodulation Systems
(Acq 2005)

MediGuide
(Acq 2008)

AGA Medical
(Acq 2010)

LightLab Imaging
(Acq 2010)

CardioMEMS Inc.
(Acq 2014)

Endosense
(Acq 2013)

Spinal Modulation
(Acq 2015)

Nanostim Inc
(Acq 2013)

Thoratec Corporation (Acq 2015)

Apica Cardiovascular Limited
(Acq 2014)

Levitronix
(Acq 2011)

Getinge Group
(Heart pump technology div, Acq 2014)

Thermo Cardiosystems
(Acq 2010)

Operations

St. Jude Medical manufactures implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD); pacemakers; electrophysiology catheters; vascular closure products; cardiac mapping and visualization systems; optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging systems; structural heart repair products; and neurostimulation devices.[3] The company's operations are divided into two divisions: research and development; and manufacturing and supply chain.[108]

St. Jude Medical also operates six technology centers located in Brussels, Belgium, Beijing, China, Tokyo, Japan, Austin, Texas, St. Paul, Minnesota and Sylmar, California.[109][110][111] These centers offer training to physicians and allow them to simulate patient procedures using St. Jude Medical devices and technologies.[109][110]

Products

The company also manufactures implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) and implanted cardiac resynchronization devices (CRT-Ds).[112][113] The ICDs and CRT-Ds use quadripolar lead technology, which utilizes four electrodes on a single lead to pace multiple locations on the left side of the heart.[114]

In 2013, the company began marketing the Ilumen Optis device, which is a diagnostic and assessment tool for patients with coronary artery disease.[115] The device uses fractional flow reserve for measuring intra-arterial pressure and optical coherence tomography technology, which allows doctors to visually examine inside a patient's arteries.[116]

Technology

MediGuide

St. Jude Medical produces MediGuide, a cardiac navigation and visualization technology that provides real-time fluoroscopic images.[117][118] The system also gives doctors the ability to locate devices that are implanted with MediGuide-enabled sensors.[117][118] MediGuide reduces the duration of a patients' radiation exposure during cardiovascular procedures.[117][119]

Nanostim

In October 2013, the company acquired and began developing Nanostim leadless pacemakers. Nanostim technology consists of a miniaturized pacemaker implanted by a percutaneous, catheter-based procedure and placed into the heart. They are designed without the requirement for a lead, the thin wires inserted through a vein which connect the generator to the heart, or surgical pocket.[120]

CardioMEMS

In June 2014, St. Jude Medical acquired and began developing CardioMEMS HF System, a wireless pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) monitoring technology. The wireless monitoring technology is used to assess cardiac performance via measurement of PAP and can be placed into the pulmonary artery.[121]

Controversies

In December 2010, St. Jude Medical voluntarily stopped selling its Riata and Riata ST line of defibrillator leads over concerns that the leads were susceptible to insulation abrasion.[122][123] The Food and Drug Administration issued a recall of the leads in November 2011.[123][124] In May 2013, Population Health Research Institute (PHRI), an academic health science research institute, conducted an independent analysis of data received from ongoing prospective registries that monitor the performance of the Durata and Riata ST ICD leads.[125] The results of the analysis found that the insulated leads had a 99.8 percent rate of freedom from all-cause insulation abrasion at 5 years.[125]

In January 2013, the Food and Drug Administration sent St. Jude Medical a warning letter detailing concerns regarding processes at the company's Sylmar, California facility.[126] The letter was sent following inspections of the plant in September and October 2012.[126] The letter did not raise any safety concerns about St. Jude Medical products.[126]

That same month the company sent the Food and Drug Administration a 34-page letter detailing the company's efforts to correct problems found during the October inspection.[127]

In 2014 a security vulnerability in St. Jude's pacemakers was reported by MedSec Holdings Ltd and confirmed by the FDA.[128]

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