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Kategorie:Kampala

2013-02-24T14:23:42Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (Bot: Ergänze: no:Kategori:Kampala

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Paul Thureau-Dangin

2013-02-15T09:42:59Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (robot Ajoute : sv:Paul Thureau-Dangin

{{voir homonymes|Thureau-Dangin}}
[[Image:P Thureau-Dangin.jpg|thumb|right|200px|<center>'''Paul Thureau-Dangin'''</center><center>(''Le Magasin pittoresque'', 1894).</center>]]
'''Paul''' Marie Pierre '''Thureau-Dangin''' ([[14 décembre]] [[1837]] à [[Paris]] - [[24 février]] [[1913]]) est un historien français.

De formation juridique, il est auditeur au [[Conseil d'État (France)|Conseil d'État]], mais se fait surtout connaître par ses travaux historiques. Son œuvre majeure est l'''Histoire de la Renaissance catholique en Angleterre au {{S-|XIX|e}}''. Cette étude magistrale est comparée en son temps au ''Port-Royal'' de [[Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve|Sainte-Beuve]]. Il est aussi l'auteur d'une ''Histoire de la Monarchie de Juillet'' publiée en [[1884]].

Politiquement, Paul Thureau-Dangin est un catholique libéral de la deuxième génération, celle qui fit ses premières armes à la fin du [[Second Empire]] et au début de la [[Troisième République (France)|Troisième République]]. Il défend l'idée d'un catholicisme qui serait compatible avec la modernité, et notamment avec un régime républicain.

Thureau-Dangin s'est intéressé au renouveau des idées catholiques en Grande-Bretagne.

Il est élu à l'[[Académie française]] en [[1893]] et en devient le Secrétaire perpétuel. Son fils [[Jean Thureau-Dangin|Jean]] sera député puis sénateur sous la Troisième République.

== Bibliographie ==
*J.M. Mayeur et Y.M. Hilaire (dir.), ''Histoire du monde religieux dans la France contemporaine'', tome 9, Paris, Beauchesne, 1996.

==Lien externe==
* [http://www.academie-francaise.fr/les-immortels/paul-thureau-dangin?fauteuil=37&election=02-02-1893 Notice biographique de l'Académie française]

{{Académie française|avant=[[Camille Rousset]]|Numéro=37|Période=1893-1913|après=[[Pierre de La Gorce]]}}
{{Palette Académie française
|jour=election
|date=2 février 1893
|précédent=John Lemoinne#deces
|suivant=Henri de Bornier#election
|fauteuil1=Charles de Freycinet
|fauteuil2=Alexandre Dumas fils|nom_fauteuil2=Alexandre Dumas ''fils''
|fauteuil3=Victor Cherbuliez
|fauteuil4=Charles de Mazade
|fauteuil5=Edmond Rousse
|fauteuil6=Ernest Lavisse
|fauteuil7=Émile Ollivier (homme politique)|nom_fauteuil7=Émile Ollivier
|fauteuil8=Jules Simon
|fauteuil9=Victorien Sardou
|fauteuil10=François Coppée
|fauteuil11=Léon Say
|fauteuil12=Édouard Pailleron
|fauteuil13=Pierre Loti
|fauteuil14=Leconte de Lisle
|fauteuil15=Henri Meilhac
|fauteuil16=Gaston d'Audiffret-Pasquier|nom_fauteuil16=G. d’Audiffret-Pasquier
|fauteuil17=Louis Pasteur
|fauteuil18=Albert de Broglie
|fauteuil19=Édouard Hervé
|fauteuil20=Victor Duruy
|fauteuil21=Henri d'Orléans (1822-1897)|nom_fauteuil21=Henri d’Aumale
|fauteuil22=Ludovic Halévy
|fauteuil23=Alfred Mézières
|fauteuil24=Sully Prudhomme
|fauteuil25=Hippolyte Taine
|fauteuil26=Gaston Boissier
|fauteuil27=Paul-Gabriel d’Haussonville|nom_fauteuil27=P. G. d’Haussonville
|fauteuil30=Ernest Legouvé
|fauteuil31=Henri de Bornier
|fauteuil32=Camille Doucet
|fauteuil33=Maxime Du Camp
|fauteuil34=Octave Gréard
|fauteuil35=Jules Claretie
|fauteuil36=Adolphe Perraud
|fauteuil37=Paul Thureau-Dangin
|fauteuil38=Ferdinand de Lesseps
|fauteuil39=Eugène-Melchior de Vogüé|nom_fauteuil39=E. M. de Vogüé
|fauteuil40=Joseph Bertrand
|date1=1855|membre1=Ernest Legouvé
|date2=1862|membre2=Albert de Broglie
|date3=1865|membre3=Camille Doucet
|date4=1870|membre4=Émile Ollivier (homme politique)|nom_membre4=Émile Ollivier
|date5=1871|membre5=Henri d'Orléans (1822-1897)|nom_membre5=Henri d’Orléans Aumale
|date6=1874|membre6=Alfred Mézières
|date7=1874|membre7=Alexandre Dumas fils|nom_membre7=Alexandre Dumas ''fils''
|date8=1875|membre8=Jules Simon
|date9=1876|membre9=Gaston Boissier
|date10=1877|membre10=Victorien Sardou
|date11=1878|membre11=Hippolyte Taine
|date12=1878|membre12=Gaston d'Audiffret-Pasquier
|date13=1880|membre13=Maxime Du Camp
|date14=1880|membre14=Edmond Rousse
|date15=1881|membre15=Sully Prudhomme
|date16=1881|membre16=Louis Pasteur
|date17=1881|membre17=Victor Cherbuliez
|date18=1882|membre18=Adolphe Perraud
|date19=1882|membre19=Édouard Pailleron
|date20=1882|membre20=Charles de Mazade
|date21=1884|membre21=François Coppée
|date22=1884|membre22=Ferdinand de Lesseps
|date23=1884|membre23=Victor Duruy
|date24=1884|membre24=Joseph Bertrand
|date25=1884|membre25=Ludovic Halévy
|date26=1886|membre26=Léon Say
|date27=1886|membre27=Leconte de Lisle
|date28=1886|membre28=Édouard Hervé
|date29=1886|membre29=Octave Gréard
|date30=1888|membre30=Paul-Gabriel d’Haussonville
|date31=1888|membre31=Jules Claretie
|date32=1888|membre32=Henri Meilhac
|date33=1888|membre33=Eugène-Melchior de Vogüé
|date34=1890|membre34=Charles de Freycinet
|date35=1891|membre35=Pierre Loti
|date36=1892|membre36=Ernest Lavisse
|date37=1893|membre37=Paul Thureau-Dangin
|date38=1893|membre38=Henri de Bornier
}}
{{Palette Académie française
|jour=deces
|date=24 février 1913
|précédent=Émile Boutroux#election
|suivant=Émile Ollivier (homme politique)#deces
|fauteuil1=Charles de Freycinet
|fauteuil2=Jean Richepin
|fauteuil3=Émile Faguet
|fauteuil4=Maurice Barrès
|fauteuil5=Pierre de Ségur
|fauteuil6=Ernest Lavisse
|fauteuil7=Émile Ollivier (homme politique)|nom_fauteuil7=Émile Ollivier
|fauteuil8=Albert de Mun
|fauteuil9=Marcel Prévost
|fauteuil10=Jean Aicard
|fauteuil11=Denys Cochin
|fauteuil12=Paul Hervieu
|fauteuil13=Pierre Loti
|fauteuil14=Hubert Lyautey
|fauteuil15=Henri Lavedan
|fauteuil16=Alexandre Ribot
|fauteuil17=Frédéric Masson
|fauteuil18=Melchior de Vogüé (archéologue)|nom_fauteuil18=Melchior de Vogüé
|fauteuil19=Paul Deschanel
|fauteuil20=Jules Lemaître
|fauteuil21=Étienne Lamy
|fauteuil22=Eugène Brieux
|fauteuil23=Alfred Mézières
|fauteuil25=Maurice Donnay
|fauteuil26=René Doumic
|fauteuil27=Paul-Gabriel d’Haussonville|nom_fauteuil27=P. G. d’Haussonville
|fauteuil28=Henry Roujon
|fauteuil29=Gabriel Hanotaux
|fauteuil30=René Bazin
|fauteuil31=Edmond Rostand
|fauteuil32=Émile Boutroux
|fauteuil33=Paul Bourget
|fauteuil34=Raymond Poincaré
|fauteuil35=Jules Claretie
|fauteuil36=Louis Duchesne
|fauteuil37=Paul Thureau-Dangin
|fauteuil38=Anatole France
|fauteuil39=Henri de Régnier
|fauteuil40=Francis Charmes
|date1=1870|membre1=Émile Ollivier (homme politique)|nom_membre1=Émile Ollivier
|date2=1874|membre2=Alfred Mézières
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|date7=1892|membre7=Ernest Lavisse
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|date9=1894|membre9=Paul Bourget
|date10=1895|membre10=Jules Lemaître
|date11=1896|membre11=Anatole France
|date12=1897|membre12=Albert de Mun
|date13=1897|membre13=Gabriel Hanotaux
|date14=1898|membre14=Henri Lavedan
|date15=1899|membre15=Paul Deschanel
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|date18=1901|membre18=Melchior de Vogüé (archéologue)|nom_membre18=Melchior de Vogüé
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|date25=1907|membre25=Maurice Donnay
|date26=1907|membre26=Pierre de Ségur
|date27=1908|membre27=Francis Charmes
|date28=1908|membre28=Jean Richepin
|date29=1909|membre29=Raymond Poincaré
|date30=1909|membre30=Eugène Brieux
|date31=1909|membre31=Jean Aicard
|date32=1909|membre32=René Doumic
|date33=1909|membre33=Marcel Prévost
|date34=1910|membre34=Louis Duchesne
|date35=1911|membre35=Henri de Régnier
|date36=1911|membre36=Henry Roujon
|date37=1911|membre37=Denys Cochin
|date38=1912|membre38=Hubert Lyautey
|date39=1912|membre39=Émile Boutroux
}}

{{Portail|histoire|Académie française}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thureau-Dangin, Paul}}
[[Catégorie:Naissance à Paris]]
[[Catégorie:Naissance en 1837]]
[[Catégorie:Décès en 1913]]
[[Catégorie:Historien français du XIXe siècle]]
[[Catégorie:Historien français du XXe siècle]]
[[Catégorie:Membre de l'Académie française]]

[[en:Paul Thureau-Dangin]]
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[[sv:Paul Thureau-Dangin]]

Fast & Furious 6

2013-02-14T15:53:16Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding uk:Форсаж 6

{{Infobox film
| name = Fast & Furious 6
| image = FastandFurious6-teaserposter.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Teaser poster
| director = [[Justin Lin]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
*[[Neal H. Moritz]]
*[[Vin Diesel]]
*Clayton Townsend<ref name="SequelJuly2712"/> }}
| writer = [[Chris Morgan (writer)|Chris Morgan]]
| based on = {{Based on|Characters|[[Gary Scott Thompson]]}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*Vin Diesel
*[[Paul Walker]]
*[[Michelle Rodriguez]]
*[[Jordana Brewster]]
*[[Dwayne Johnson]] }}
| studio = {{Plainlist|
*[[Original Film]]
*[[One Race Films]] }}
| distributor = [[Universal Studios|Universal Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|2013|5|24|}}
| country = United States
| language = English
}}
'''''Fast & Furious 6''''' (alternatively known as '''''Fast Six''''') is an upcoming [[action film]] written by [[Chris Morgan (writer)|Chris Morgan]] and directed by [[Justin Lin]]. It is the sixth installment in the ''[[The Fast and the Furious (film series)|Fast and the Furious]]'' film series. [[Vin Diesel]], [[Paul Walker]], [[Dwayne Johnson]], [[Michelle Rodriguez]] and [[Jordana Brewster]] will star.

''Fast & Furious 6'' was in development by February 2010 as the first film in the series to move away from the underground car-racing theme of the series' previous films which was considered to have placed a barrier on audience numbers. Pre-production had begun by April 2011, and [[principal photography]] began in London, England in July 2012. Filming locations also include the [[Canary Islands]], Scotland, and Los Angeles. The film is scheduled for release on May 24, 2013.

==Premise==
After the events of ''[[Fast Five]]'', professional criminal Dominic Toretto and his crew are wealthy, but their criminal records prevent them from returning to their home country. Following his attempts to apprehend them, [[Diplomatic Security Service]] (DSS) agent Luke Hobbs offers the crew a deal; he will give them all full pardons for their crimes if they help him take down a lethally skilled mercenary organization led by a criminal mastermind and his ruthless second-in-command, Dominic's thought-dead lover Letty Ortiz.<ref name="Premise"/>

==Cast==
{{Details3|[[List of The Fast and the Furious characters]]|the characters}}
* [[Vin Diesel]] as [[Dominic Toretto]]: A professional criminal, street racer and fugitive.<ref name="SequelJuly2712"/>
* [[Paul Walker]] as Brian O'Conner: A former FBI agent turned criminal. He is in a relationship with Mia Toretto.<ref name="SequelJuly2712"/>
* [[Michelle Rodriguez]] as Letty Ortiz: Dominic's former girlfriend who was believed to be dead.<ref name="SequelMay112"/>
* [[Jordana Brewster]] as Mia Toretto: Dominic's sister and the girlfriend of Brian O'Conner.<ref name="SequelJuly2712"/>
* [[Dwayne Johnson]] as Luke Hobbs: A Diplomatic Security Service agent.<ref name="DeadlineSequel"/>
* [[Tyrese Gibson]] as Roman Pearce: Brian's childhood friend.<ref name="SequelJuly2712"/>
* [[Ludacris|Chris Bridges]] as Tej Parker: Brian's and Roman's friend.<ref name="CastBridges"/>
* [[Sung Kang]] as Han Seoul-Oh.<ref name="CastKang"/> A street racer, and member of Dominic's crew.
* [[Gal Gadot]] as Gisele Yashar.<ref name="CastGadot"/>
* [[Joe Taslim]] as Jah: A cold blooded killer who fights using martial arts and parkour.<ref name="SequelJuly2712"/>
* Clara Paget as Vegh: The character is described as a gun-slinging action woman.<ref name="CastPaget"/>
* [[Elsa Pataky]] as Elena Neves.<ref name="CastPataky"/>
* [[Luke Evans (actor)|Luke Evans]] as Owen Shaw: A former special ops soldier now leading a heist gang.<ref name="SequeEvans"/>
* [[Gina Carano]] portrays a member of Hobbs' team.<ref name="SequelApr2312"/>
* [[Rita Ora]] in an unspecified role.<ref name="CastOra"/>

==Production==
===Development===
In February 2010, Diesel confirmed that production of ''[[Fast Five]]'' was commencing and also announced that a sixth installment was being planned.<ref name="ScreenRantSequel"/> In April 2011 it was confirmed that Chris Morgan had already begun work on a script for a potential sixth film at the behest of Universal Studios.<ref name="DeadlineSequel"/> It was also confirmed that Universal intended to transform the series from street-racing action into a series of heist films with car chases in the vein of ''[[The Italian Job]]'' (1969) and ''[[The French Connection (film)|The French Connection]]'' (1971), with ''Fast Five'' as the transitional movie.<ref name="DeadlineSequel"/> Universal chairman Adam Fogelson said:<ref name="DeadlineSequel"/>

<blockquote>The question putting ''Fast Five'' and ''Fast Six'' together for us was: Can we take it out of being a pure car culture movie and into being a true action franchise in the spirit of those great heist films made 10 or 15 years ago?</blockquote>

Fogelson said that the racing aspect had put a "ceiling" on the number of people willing to see films in the series, and that, by turning it into a series where car driving ability is just one aspect of the film, he hoped to increase the series' audience.<ref name="DeadlineSequel"/> On Johnson's character, Fogelson added "[Johnson] also wants to appear in and be integral to the action in ''Fast Six''."<ref name="DeadlineSequel"/>

On June 24, 2011, Universal Pictures announced that the anticipated sequel is scheduled for release on May 24, 2013.<ref name="FastSixEarlyDate"/> Moritz and Diesel are to return as producers and Lin returns to direct.<ref name="FastSixEarlyDate"/> In an interview with ''[[Boxoffice (magazine)|Box Office]]'', Lin revealed that he had, after discussions with Diesel, storyboarded, [[Previsualization|previsualized]] and edited a twelve-minute finale for ''Fast Six'' before filming was completed on ''Fast Five''. Lin said he shot the footage as he was unsure at the time if there would be a sequel or if he would be able to direct it, but he wanted to have input on how any sequel would end.<ref name="SequelBoxOffice"/> On October 21, 2011, the ''Los Angeles Times'' reported that Universal was considering filming two sequels—''Fast Six'' and ''Fast Seven''—[[Back to back film production|back to back]] with a single story running through both films; both written by Morgan and directed by Lin.<ref name="SequelLaTimes"/> On December 20, 2011, Diesel confirmed that ''Fast Six'' would be split into two parts, with writing for the two films occurring simultaneously. On the decision, Diesel said:<ref name="SequelDec20"/>

<blockquote>We have to pay off this story, we have to service all of these character relationships, and when we started mapping all that out it just went beyond 110 pages...The studio said, 'You can't fit all that story in one damn movie!'<ref name="SequelDec20"/></blockquote>

On April 23, 2012, it was announced that [[mixed martial arts]] fighter Gina Carano was in negotiations to play a member of Hobbs' team.<ref name="SequelApr2312"/> On May 1, 2012, Michelle Rodriguez was confirmed to be reprising her role as Letty Ortiz,<ref name="SequelMay112"/> and it was announced that Welsh actor Luke Evans had been offered a role as a villain.<ref name="SequeEvans"/> Evans was confirmed to join the cast on May 9, 2012, portraying the leader of a heist gang competing with Diesel's crew over the same heist job.<ref name="SequelMay912"/> On July 27, 2012, Joe Taslim was confirmed to star as the villain Jah.<ref name="SequelJuly2712"/> On February 15, 2012, Johnson confirmed that ''Fast Six'' would begin filming in May 2012, with some of the production to take place in the United Kingdom and Germany. Johnson stated that the two intended sequels would no longer be filmed simultaneously because of weather issues in filming locations, and that production on ''Fast Seven'' would only begin after the completion of ''Fast Six''.<ref name="SequelFeb1512"/> However, filming did not officially begin until July 30, 2012.<ref name="SequelFilming1"/> In February 2013, it was confirmed that the film would be titled ''Fast & Furious 6''.<ref name="TitleFinal"/>

===Principal photography===
Filming began on July 30, 2012, in London, England,<ref name="SequelFilming1"/><ref name="FilmingLondon"/><ref name="FilmingLondon2"/> and [[Shepperton Studios]] in Surrey, part of the [[Pinewood Studios]] group.<ref name="FilmingEngland"/> Lin was unable to obtain permission to shoot an action sequence at [[Piccadilly Circus]] involving an exploding oil tanker, and so a replica of the landmark was built at Shepperton.<ref name="FilmingEngland2"/> The London shoot including filming on [[Lambeth Bridge]].<ref name="FilmingLondonLam"/> On October 11, 2012, Walker suffered an [[anterior cruciate ligament injury]] during a stunt, requiring the production to film around his scenes until he recovered.<ref name="FilmingLon1011"/> A scene involving a plane crash began filming at [[RAF Bovingdon]], [[Hertfordshire]] on October 30, 2012 and was scheduled to conclude on November 9.<ref name="FilmingEngNov3"/> Filming for a car chase scene took place on [[Dale Street]] in [[Liverpool City Centre]], and the [[Queensway Tunnel]] in the nearby town of [[Birkenhead]] between November 12-15, 2012.<ref name="FilmLiverpool"/><ref name="FilmBirkenhead"/>

Shooting also occurred on Spain's [[Canary Islands]] including the island of [[Tenerife]]. Filming had been intended to take place in [[Marseille]], France, but was relocated to the islands to take advantage of a larger tax rebate (38%) that was estimated to lower filming costs by $20 million.<ref name="FilmingSpain"/>

Stunt and car chase scenes began filming on location in [[Glasgow]], Scotland on August 29, 2012, and were scheduled to conclude on September 16, 2012. The shoot took place entirely at night and involved approximately 250 crew, but none of the central cast. Sets were built on site for the scenes including a large car showroom.<ref name="FilmGlasgow"/><ref name="FilmGlasgow2"/> Filming was scheduled to take place at the former Royal Air Force base [[RAF Bentwaters]] in late August 2012 until early September 2012.<ref name="FilmSuff"/> Filming also took place in [[Echo Park, Los Angeles]] beginning on December 1, 2012. The shoot returned the series to the filming location of the original ''[[The Fast and the Furious (2001 film)|The Fast and the Furious]]'', and required the garage setting of that film to be rebuilt by carpenters.<ref name="FilmLA"/> By December 17, 2012, it was reported that filming had concluded.<ref name="FilmOver"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name="CastBridges">{{cite web|first=Shanelle |last=Hamilton |url=http://www.taletela.com/news/19349/ludacris-&-tyrese-gibson-party-at-london-restaurant-nobu |title=Ludacris & Tyrese Gibson Party At London Restaurant Nobu |publisher=Tale Tela | work= | date=September 7, 2012|accessdate= September 9, 2012 | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/6AhzB5imh| archivedate =September 15, 2012| deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="CastKang">{{cite web|first=Jen |last=Yamato | url=http://movieline.com/2012/08/21/fast-furious-6-vin-diesel-paul-walker-first-look/ |title=Fast & Furious Six First Look: Vin Diesel And Paul Walker On The Sequel Set |publisher=Movieline | work= | date=August 21, 2012 |accessdate= September 15, 2012 | archiveurl =http://www.webcitation.org/6Ahz4ydtI | archivedate =September 15, 2012| deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="CastGadot">{{cite web|url=http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=93851 |title=Gal Gadot and Dwayne Johnson Strike a Pose on the Fast & Furious 6 Set |publisher=[[CraveOnline]] | work=ComingSoon.net | date=August 21, 2012|accessdate= August 22, 2012 | archiveurl =http://www.webcitation.org/6EEvECJLD | archivedate =February 6, 2013 | deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="CastOra">{{cite web|first=Simon |last=Reynolds | url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/movies/news/a456648/fast--furious-6-trailer-confirms-rita-ora-role.html |title='Fast & Furious 6' trailer confirms Rita Ora rolet |publisher=[[Hearst Corporation]] | work=[[Digital Spy]] | date=February 6, 2013 |accessdate=February 6, 2013 | archiveurl =http://www.webcitation.org/6EEvBlFXb | archivedate =February 6, 2013 | deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="CastPaget">{{cite web|last=Jagernauth|first=Kevin|title=Model Clara Paget Gets Sidekick Role In 'Fast & Furious 6'|url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/model-clara-paget-gets-sidekick-role-in-fast-furious-6-20120727|work=The Playlist|accessdate=August 14, 2012|date=July 27, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="CastPataky">{{cite web|first=Eric|last=Eisenberg| url=http://www.cinemablend.com/new/Fast-Furious-6-Gets-An-Official-Plot-Synopsis-35457.html |title=Fast & Furious 6 Gets An Official Plot Synopsis |publisher=[[Cinema Blend]] | work= | date=February 1, 2013|accessdate=February 1, 2013 | archiveurl =http://www.webcitation.org/6E6ppQFsu | archivedate =February 1, 2013 | deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="ColliderSequel">{{cite web|url=http://collider.com/neal-moritz-interview-fast-five/69955/|title=Exclusive: Producer Neal Moritz on Fast Five, More Sequels, and the Fight Scene Between Vin Diesel and Dwayne Johnson|publisher=Collider|date=January 12, 2011|accessdate= March 7, 2011| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5zx6jon74 | archivedate = July 5, 2011| deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="DeadlineSequel">{{cite web|url=http://www.deadline.com/2011/04/fast-five-will-transition-franchise-from-street-racing-to-heist-action/#more-125552|title='Fast Five' Will Transition Franchise From Street Racing To Future Full Of Heist Action|publisher=PMC | work = Deadline.com|date=April 25, 2011|accessdate= March 7, 2011| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5zx6lGQer | archivedate = July 5, 2011| deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="FastSixEarlyDate">{{cite web|first=Nikki|last=Finke|url=http://www.deadline.com/2011/06/universal-schedules-fast-furious-6/ |title=Universal Schedules 'Fast & Furious 6'|publisher=PMC | work = Deadline.com|date=June 24, 2011|accessdate= June 25, 2011| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5zx6moNvP | archivedate = July 5, 2011| deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="FilmBirkenhead">{{cite news|url=http://www.wirralnews.co.uk/wirral-news/local-wirral-news/2012/11/13/birkenhead-tunnel-to-close-at-7-30pm-tonight-for-the-fast-and-the-furious-6-filming-100252-32226091/ |title=Birkenhead tunnel to close at 7.30pm tonight for The Fast and the Furious 6 filming |last=Barlow |first=Eleanor |publisher=Trinity Mirror | work=Wirral News | date=November 13, 2012| accessdate=November 13, 2012| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6C9vN4YHs |archivedate=November 13, 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="FilmingEngland">{{cite web|first=Wayne|last=Savage|url= http://www.nme.com/filmandtv/news/fast--furious-6-begins-shooting-in-surrey/277586 |title='Fast & Furious 6' begins shooting in Surrey |publisher=[[NME]] | work= | date=July 31, 2012|accessdate= August 23, 2012 | archiveurl =http://www.webcitation.org/6A88rZAuw | archivedate =August 23, 2012 | deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="FilmingEngland2">{{cite web|first=Kristy |last=Puchko | url=http://www.cinemablend.com/new/Blonde-Model-Joins-Fast-Furious-6-32158.html |title=Blonde Model Joins The Fast And The Furious 6 |publisher=[[Cinema Blend]] | work= | date=July 27, 2012|accessdate= August 23, 2012 | archiveurl =http://www.webcitation.org/6A899Zq8D| archivedate =August 23, 2012 | deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="FilmingEngNov3">{{cite news|first=Rebecca |last=Perring | url=http://www.watfordobserver.co.uk/news/10015782.Film_crew_to_descend_on_airfield/ |title=Bovingdon airfield to be used for filming of sixth Fast and Furious movie |publisher=[[Newsquest]] | work=[[Watford Observer]] | date=October 30, 2012|accessdate=November 3, 2012 | archiveurl =| archivedate =| deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="FilmGlasgow">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-19371103 |title=Glasgow streets close for Fast and Furious 6 filming |publisher=[[BBC]] | work=[[BBC News]] | date=August 25, 2012|accessdate= August 22, 2012 | archiveurl = | archivedate =| deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="FilmGlasgow2">{{cite web|first=Germain |last=Lussier |url= http://www.nme.com/filmandtv/news/fast--furious-6-begins-shooting-in-surrey/277586 |title=Sequel Bits: Taken 2, Before Midnight, Kick-Ass 2, Fast and Furious 6, Machete Kills |publisher=[[/Film]] | work= | date=August 30, 2012|accessdate= September 3, 2012 | archiveurl = | archivedate =| deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="FilmLA">{{cite web|first=Anthea | last =Raymond | url=http://echopark.patch.com/articles/fast-and-furious-6-to-return-to-echo-park#photo-12140328 |title='Fast and Furious 6' to Return to Echo Park |publisher=Patch Network| work=Echo Park Patch | date=November 13, 2011|accessdate=November 13, 2012| archiveurl =http://www.webcitation.org/6C9vsYgg4 | archivedate =November 14, 2012 | deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="FilmingLon1011">{{cite web|first=Mike |last=Fleming |url=http://www.deadline.com/2012/10/paul-walker-on-the-mend-after-fast-and-furious-6-mishap/ |title=Paul Walker On The Mend After ‘Fast And Furious 6′ Mishap | publisher=PMC | work = Deadline.com|date=October 11, 2012|accessdate= October 12, 2012| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/6BLUbpYJI | archivedate = October 12, 2012 | deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="FilmingLondon">{{cite web|first=Ethan |last=Anderton |url= http://www.firstshowing.net/2012/first-official-photo-from-the-set-of-fast-six-with-diesel-and-walker/ |title=First Official Photo from the Set of 'Fast Six' with Diesel and Walker |publisher=First Showing| work= | date=August 21, 2012|accessdate= August 23, 2012 | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/6A86ILgeq| archivedate =August 23, 2012 | deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="FilmingLondon2">{{cite news|first=Stuart |last=Kemp| url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/hollywood-stars-london-brad-pitt-penelope-cruz-chris-pine-359975 |title=Why A-List Hollywood Went to London -- and Skipped the Olympics |publisher=Prometheus Global Media| work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=August 8, 2012 |accessdate=August 23, 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6A88Xx33L |archivedate=August 23, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="FilmingLondonLam">{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2203975/Londons-Burning-The-Rock-films-scenes-Fast-6-battered-Lambeth-Bridge.html |title=London's Burning: The Rock films scenes for Fast 6 on a battered and scorched Lambeth Bridge |last=Proud |first=Amelia |publisher=[[Daily Mail]]|date=September 16, 2012| accessdate=October 10, 2012| location=London | archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/6CAiKoOgP |archivedate=November 14, 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="FilmLiverpool">{{cite news|url=http://www.wirralnews.co.uk/wirral-news/local-wirral-news/2012/11/14/liverpool-stuntwoman-eunice-huthart-in-city-filming-fast-and-furious-6-gallery-100252-32227992/ |title=Liverpool stuntwoman Eunice Huthart in city filming Fast and Furious 6 (GALLERY) |last=Jaleel |first=Gemma |publisher=[[Trinity Mirror]] | work=Wirral News | date=November 14, 2012| accessdate=November 14, 2012| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6CAiI2aBt |archivedate=November 14, 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="FilmOver">{{cite web|first=Mike |last=Fleming |url=http://www.deadline.com/2012/12/universal-sets-skyfall-scribes-purvis-wade-to-script-kojak-for-vin-diesel/ |title=Universal Sets ‘Skyfall’ Scribes Purvis & Wade To Script ‘Kojak’ For Vin Diesel | publisher=PMC | work = Deadline.com|date=December 17, 2012|accessdate=December 19, 2012| archiveurl = | archivedate = | deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="FilmSuff">{{cite web|first=Wayne|last=Savage|url= http://www.eadt.co.uk/entertainment/suffolk_hollywood_blockbuster_fast_and_furious_6_shoots_at_bentwaters_1_1480940 |title=Suffolk: Hollywood blockbuster Fast and Furious 6 shoots at Bentwaters |publisher=[[East Anglian Daily Times]] | work= | date=August 14, 2012|accessdate= August 22, 2012 | archiveurl =http://www.webcitation.org/6A86KTCun | archivedate =August 23, 2012 | deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="FilmingSpain">{{cite news| |first=Rachel |last=Abrams | url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118057534 |title=Pain in Spain may hit Hollywood |publisher=Reed Business Information| work=Variety |date=August 7, 2012 |accessdate= August 23, 2012 | archiveurl =http://www.webcitation.org/6A87KbNfG| archivedate =August 23, 2012 | deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="Premise">{{cite web|url=http://collider.com/fast-furious-6-synopsis-fast-six-synopsis/ |title=First Synopsis for Fast & Furious 6 Starring Vin Diesel, Paul Walker, and Dwayne Johnson |publisher=Collider|date=January 31, 2013 |accessdate=January 31, 2013 | archiveurl =http://www.webcitation.org/6E5Vm7psc | archivedate =January 31, 2013 | deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="ScreenRantSequel">{{cite web|first=Chris | last= Schrader| url=http://screenrant.com/fast-and-the-furious-6-schrad-96156/|title=‘Fast and the Furious 6′ Already in Development|publisher=Screen Rant| date=April 25, 2011|accessdate= January 13, 2011| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5zx6lLEIy | archivedate = July 5, 2011| deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="SequelApr2312">{{cite news|first=Borys |last=Kit| url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/haywire-gina-carano-fast-6-dwayne-johnson-fast-furious-universal-315075 |title='Haywire' Star Gina Carano in Talks to Join 'Fast & Furious 6' (Exclusive) |publisher=Prometheus Global Media| work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=April 23, 2012 |accessdate=April 23, 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/679EH4eVA |archivedate=April 23, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="SequelBoxOffice">{{cite web|first=Todd |last=Gilchrist |url=http://www.boxofficemagazine.com/articles/2011-08-fast-six-director-justin-lin-i-already-have-a-12-minute-sequence-done |title='Fast Six' Director Justin Lin: I Already Have A 12-Minute Sequence Done |publisher=Boxoffice Media LP | work = [[Boxoffice (magazine)|Boxoffice]]|date=August 11, 2011|accessdate= August 12, 2011| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5zxs8Vrwy | archivedate = July 5, 2011| deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="SequelDec20">{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/vin-diesel-seventh-fast-furious-movie-275800|title=Vin Diesel Confirms Seventh 'Fast and Furious' Movie in the Works|first=Borys | last=Kit|publisher=Prometheus Global Media| work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=December 20, 2011|accessdate=December 21, 2011|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/645RVkP2m|archivedate=December 21, 2011| deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="SequeEvans">{{cite web|first=John |last=Brown |url=http://twitchfilm.com/news/2012/05/breaking-luke-evans-offered-villain-role-in-fast-six.php |title=BREAKING: LUKE EVANS OFFERED VILLAIN ROLE IN FAST SIX |publisher=[[Twitch Film]] |work= |date=May 1, 2012 |accessdate=May 1, 2012| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/67MbKYIqp | archivedate = May 2, 2012 | deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="SequelFeb1512">{{cite web|first=Terri |last=Schwartz |url=http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2012/02/15/dwayne-johnson-fast-six-fast-seven/ |title=Dwayne Johnson Says 'Fast Six' Begins In May, Won't Shoot Back-To-Back For 'Fast Seven'|publisher=Viacom|work=MTV|date=February 15, 2012|accessdate= February 15, 2012| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/65UvgwuWh | archivedate = February 16, 2012| deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="SequelFilming1">{{cite web|url=http://collider.com/fast-and-furious-6-filming-joe-taslim/184956/ |title=Production Officially Begins on Fast & Furious 6; The Raid Star Joe Taslim Joins the Cast |publisher=Collider|date=July 30, 2012 |accessdate= July 30, 2012 | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/69Y9tctz1 | archivedate =July 30, 2012 | deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="SequelLaTimes">{{cite news |last1=Horn|first1=John|last2=Fritz|first2=Ben|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/movies/2011/10/fast-and-furious-6-and-7-speeding-into-production-together.html |title='Fast and Furious' 6 and 7 may speed into production together |publisher=Tribune Company|work=Los Angeles Times|date=October 21, 2011|accessdate= October 21, 2011| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/62bz8XNyF | archivedate = October 21, 2011| deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="SequelMay112">{{cite news|url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118053388 |title=Michelle Rodriguez returns for 'Machete Kills' |publisher=Reed Business Information| work=Variety |date=May 1, 2012 |accessdate= May 1, 2012 |first=Jeff |last=Sneider | archiveurl =http://www.webcitation.org/67MbOSsch | archivedate =May 2, 2012 | deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="SequelMay912">{{cite news|url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118053721|title=Luke Evans in talks for 'Fast & Furious 6' |publisher=Reed Business Information| work=Variety |date=May 9, 2012 |accessdate= May 9, 2012 |first=Justin |last=Kroll | archiveurl = | archivedate = | deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="SequelJuly2712">{{cite news|url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118057176?refCatId=13 |title='Raid' actor joins 'Fast and Furious 6' |publisher=Reed Business Information| work=Variety |date=July 27, 2012 |accessdate= July 28, 2012 |first=Jeff |last=Sneider | archiveurl = | archivedate = | deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="TitleFinal">{{cite web|first=Steve |last=Weintraub | url=http://collider.com/fast-and-furious-6-poster/ |title=First Poster for FAST AND FURIOUS 6|publisher=Collider|date=February 2, 2013 |accessdate=February 5, 2013 | archiveurl =http://www.webcitation.org/6ED5BuB2O | archivedate =February 5, 2013 | deadurl=no}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1905041|Fast & Furious 6}}
* {{facebook|FastandFurious}}
* {{twitter|FastFurious}}

{{The Fast and the Furious}}
{{Justin Lin}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American action films]]
[[Category:2010s action films]]
[[Category:IMAX films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Los Angeles, California]]
[[Category:Films shot in the Canary Islands]]
[[Category:Films shot in Glasgow]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]

[[Category:Heist films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Surrey]]
[[Category:Films shot in Merseyside]]
[[Category:Films shot in Dorset]]

[[da:Fast & Furious 6]]
[[es:The Fast and the Furious 6]]
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[[id:Fast and Furious 6]]
[[it:Fast & Furious 6]]
[[he:מהיר ועצבני 6]]
[[pt:Fast & Furious 6]]
[[ru:Форсаж 6]]
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[[uk:Форсаж 6]]
[[zh:玩命關頭6]]

Fast & Furious 6

2013-02-12T22:54:18Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding da:Fast & Furious 6

{{Infobox film
| name = Fast & Furious 6
| image = FastandFurious6-teaserposter.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Teaser poster
| director = [[Justin Lin]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
*[[Neal H. Moritz]]
*[[Vin Diesel]]
*Clayton Townsend<ref name="SequelJuly2712"/> }}
| writer = [[Chris Morgan (writer)|Chris Morgan]]
| based on = {{Based on|Characters|[[Gary Scott Thompson]]}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*Vin Diesel
*[[Paul Walker]]
*[[Michelle Rodriguez]]
*[[Jordana Brewster]]
*[[Dwayne Johnson]] }}
| studio = {{Plainlist|
*[[Original Film]]
*[[One Race Films]] }}
| distributor = [[Universal Studios|Universal Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|2013|5|24|}}
| country = United States
| language = English
}}
'''''Fast & Furious 6''''' (alternatively known as '''''Fast Six''''') is an upcoming [[action film]] written by [[Chris Morgan (writer)|Chris Morgan]] and directed by [[Justin Lin]]. It is the sixth installment in the ''[[The Fast and the Furious (film series)|Fast and the Furious]]'' film series. [[Vin Diesel]], [[Paul Walker]], [[Dwayne Johnson]], [[Michelle Rodriguez]] and [[Jordana Brewster]] will star.

''Fast & Furious 6'' was in development by February 2010 as the first film in the series to move away from the underground car-racing theme of the series' previous films which was considered to have placed a barrier on audience numbers. Pre-production had begun by April 2011, and [[principal photography]] began in London, England in July 2012. Filming locations also include the [[Canary Islands]], Scotland, and Los Angeles. The film is scheduled for release on May 24, 2013.

==Premise==
After the events of ''[[Fast Five]]'', professional criminal Dominic Toretto and his crew are wealthy, but their criminal records prevent them from returning to their home country. Following his attempts to apprehend them, [[Diplomatic Security Service]] (DSS) agent Luke Hobbs offers the crew a deal; he will give them all full pardons for their crimes if they help him take down a lethally skilled mercenary organization led by a criminal mastermind and his ruthless second-in-command, Dominic's thought-dead lover Letty Ortiz.<ref name="Premise"/>

==Cast==
{{Details3|[[List of The Fast and the Furious characters]]|the characters}}
* [[Vin Diesel]] as [[Dominic Toretto]]: A professional criminal, street racer and fugitive.<ref name="SequelJuly2712"/>
* [[Paul Walker]] as Brian O'Conner: A former FBI agent turned criminal. He is in a relationship with Mia Toretto.<ref name="SequelJuly2712"/>
* [[Michelle Rodriguez]] as Letty Ortiz: Dominic's former girlfriend who was believed to be dead.<ref name="SequelMay112"/>
* [[Jordana Brewster]] as Mia Toretto: Dominic's sister and the girlfriend of Brian O'Conner.<ref name="SequelJuly2712"/>
* [[Dwayne Johnson]] as Luke Hobbs: A Diplomatic Security Service agent.<ref name="DeadlineSequel"/>
* [[Tyrese Gibson]] as Roman Pearce: Brian's childhood friend.<ref name="SequelJuly2712"/>
* [[Ludacris|Chris Bridges]] as Tej Parker: Brian's and Roman's friend.<ref name="CastBridges"/>
* [[Sung Kang]] as Han Seoul-Oh.<ref name="CastKang"/> A street racer, and member of Dominic's crew.
* [[Gal Gadot]] as Gisele Yashar.<ref name="CastGadot"/>
* [[Joe Taslim]] as Jah: A cold blooded killer who fights using martial arts and parkour.<ref name="SequelJuly2712"/>
* Clara Paget as Vegh: The character is described as a gun-slinging action woman.<ref name="CastPaget"/>
* [[Elsa Pataky]] as Elena Neves.<ref name="CastPataky"/>
* [[Luke Evans (actor)|Luke Evans]] as Owen Shaw: A former special ops soldier now leading a heist gang.<ref name="SequeEvans"/>
* [[Gina Carano]] portrays a member of Hobbs' team.<ref name="SequelApr2312"/>
* [[Rita Ora]] in an unspecified role.<ref name="CastOra"/>

==Production==
===Development===
In February 2010, Diesel confirmed that production of ''[[Fast Five]]'' was commencing and also announced that a sixth installment was being planned.<ref name="ScreenRantSequel"/> In January 2011, producer Neal H. Moritz said more:<ref name="ColliderSequel"/>

<blockquote>In Vin and my mind we already know what the sixth movie is, we’ve already been talking about it. Vin and I have had numerous conversations about what that might be. And we’re starting to get serious about it right now. We just finished [''Fast Five''] like 4 or 5 weeks ago and we just needed a break, and now we’re gonna start focusing on that.</blockquote>

In April 2011 it was confirmed that Chris Morgan had already begun work on a script for a potential sixth film at the behest of Universal Studios.<ref name="DeadlineSequel"/> It was also confirmed that Universal intended to transform the series from street-racing action into a series of heist films with car chases in the vein of ''[[The Italian Job]]'' (1969) and ''[[The French Connection (film)|The French Connection]]'' (1971), with ''Fast Five'' as the transitional movie.<ref name="DeadlineSequel"/> Universal chairman Adam Fogelson said:<ref name="DeadlineSequel"/>

<blockquote>The question putting ''Fast Five'' and ''Fast Six'' together for us was: Can we take it out of being a pure car culture movie and into being a true action franchise in the spirit of those great heist films made 10 or 15 years ago?</blockquote>

Fogelson said that the racing aspect had put a "ceiling" on the number of people willing to see films in the series, and that, by turning it into a series where car driving ability is just one aspect of the film, he hoped to increase the series' audience.<ref name="DeadlineSequel"/> On Johnson's character, Fogelson added "[Johnson] also wants to appear in and be integral to the action in ''Fast Six''."<ref name="DeadlineSequel"/>

On June 24, 2011, Universal Pictures announced that the anticipated sequel is scheduled for release on May 24, 2013.<ref name="FastSixEarlyDate"/> Moritz and Diesel are to return as producers and Lin returns to direct.<ref name="FastSixEarlyDate"/> In an interview with ''[[Boxoffice (magazine)|Box Office]]'', Lin revealed that he had, after discussions with Diesel, storyboarded, [[Previsualization|previsualized]] and edited a twelve-minute finale for ''Fast Six'' before filming was completed on ''Fast Five''. Lin said he shot the footage as he was unsure at the time if there would be a sequel or if he would be able to direct it, but he wanted to have input on how any sequel would end.<ref name="SequelBoxOffice"/> On October 21, 2011, the ''Los Angeles Times'' reported that Universal was considering filming two sequels—''Fast Six'' and ''Fast Seven''—[[Back to back film production|back to back]] with a single story running through both films; both written by Morgan and directed by Lin.<ref name="SequelLaTimes"/> On December 20, 2011, Diesel confirmed that ''Fast Six'' would be split into two parts, with writing for the two films occurring simultaneously. On the decision, Diesel said:<ref name="SequelDec20"/>

<blockquote>We have to pay off this story, we have to service all of these character relationships, and when we started mapping all that out it just went beyond 110 pages...The studio said, 'You can't fit all that story in one damn movie!'<ref name="SequelDec20"/></blockquote>

On April 23, 2012, it was announced that [[mixed martial arts]] fighter Gina Carano was in negotiations to play a member of Hobbs' team.<ref name="SequelApr2312"/> On May 1, 2012, Michelle Rodriguez was confirmed to be reprising her role as Letty Ortiz,<ref name="SequelMay112"/> and it was announced that Welsh actor Luke Evans had been offered a role as a villain.<ref name="SequeEvans"/> Evans was confirmed to join the cast on May 9, 2012, portraying the leader of a heist gang competing with Diesel's crew over the same heist job.<ref name="SequelMay912"/> On July 27, 2012, Joe Taslim was confirmed to star as the villain Jah.<ref name="SequelJuly2712"/> On February 15, 2012, Johnson confirmed that ''Fast Six'' would begin filming in May 2012, with some of the production to take place in the United Kingdom and Germany. Johnson stated that the two intended sequels would no longer be filmed simultaneously because of weather issues in filming locations, and that production on ''Fast Seven'' would only begin after the completion of ''Fast Six''.<ref name="SequelFeb1512"/> However, filming did not officially begin until July 30, 2012.<ref name="SequelFilming1"/> In February 2013, it was confirmed that the film would be titled ''Fast & Furious 6''.<ref name="TitleFinal"/>

===Principal photography===
Filming began on July 30, 2012, in London, England,<ref name="SequelFilming1"/><ref name="FilmingLondon"/><ref name="FilmingLondon2"/> and [[Shepperton Studios]] in Surrey, part of the [[Pinewood Studios]] group.<ref name="FilmingEngland"/> Lin was unable to obtain permission to shoot an action sequence at [[Piccadilly Circus]] involving an exploding oil tanker, and so a replica of the landmark was built at Shepperton.<ref name="FilmingEngland2"/> The London shoot including filming on [[Lambeth Bridge]].<ref name="FilmingLondonLam"/> On October 11, 2012, Walker suffered an [[anterior cruciate ligament injury]] during a stunt, requiring the production to film around his scenes until he recovered.<ref name="FilmingLon1011"/> A scene involving a plane crash began filming at [[RAF Bovingdon]], [[Hertfordshire]] on October 30, 2012 and was scheduled to conclude on November 9.<ref name="FilmingEngNov3"/> Filming for a car chase scene took place on [[Dale Street]] in [[Liverpool City Centre]], and the [[Queensway Tunnel]] in the nearby town of [[Birkenhead]] between November 12-15, 2012.<ref name="FilmLiverpool"/><ref name="FilmBirkenhead"/>

Shooting also occurred on Spain's [[Canary Islands]] including the island of [[Tenerife]]. Filming had been intended to take place in [[Marseille]], France, but was relocated to the islands to take advantage of a larger tax rebate (38%) that was estimated to lower filming costs by $20 million.<ref name="FilmingSpain"/>

Stunt and car chase scenes began filming on location in [[Glasgow]], Scotland on August 29, 2012, and were scheduled to conclude on September 16, 2012. The shoot took place entirely at night and involved approximately 250 crew, but none of the central cast. Sets were built on site for the scenes including a large car showroom.<ref name="FilmGlasgow"/><ref name="FilmGlasgow2"/> Filming was scheduled to take place at the former Royal Air Force base [[RAF Bentwaters]] in late August 2012 until early September 2012.<ref name="FilmSuff"/> Filming also took place in [[Echo Park, Los Angeles]] beginning on December 1, 2012. The shoot returned the series to the filming location of the original ''[[The Fast and the Furious (2001 film)|The Fast and the Furious]]'', and required the garage setting of that film to be rebuilt by carpenters.<ref name="FilmLA"/> By December 17, 2012, it was reported that filming had concluded.<ref name="FilmOver"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name="CastBridges">{{cite web|first=Shanelle |last=Hamilton |url=http://www.taletela.com/news/19349/ludacris-&-tyrese-gibson-party-at-london-restaurant-nobu |title=Ludacris & Tyrese Gibson Party At London Restaurant Nobu |publisher=Tale Tela | work= | date=September 7, 2012|accessdate= September 9, 2012 | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/6AhzB5imh| archivedate =September 15, 2012| deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="CastKang">{{cite web|first=Jen |last=Yamato | url=http://movieline.com/2012/08/21/fast-furious-6-vin-diesel-paul-walker-first-look/ |title=Fast & Furious Six First Look: Vin Diesel And Paul Walker On The Sequel Set |publisher=Movieline | work= | date=August 21, 2012 |accessdate= September 15, 2012 | archiveurl =http://www.webcitation.org/6Ahz4ydtI | archivedate =September 15, 2012| deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="CastGadot">{{cite web|url=http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=93851 |title=Gal Gadot and Dwayne Johnson Strike a Pose on the Fast & Furious 6 Set |publisher=[[CraveOnline]] | work=ComingSoon.net | date=August 21, 2012|accessdate= August 22, 2012 | archiveurl =http://www.webcitation.org/6EEvECJLD | archivedate =February 6, 2013 | deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="CastOra">{{cite web|first=Simon |last=Reynolds | url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/movies/news/a456648/fast--furious-6-trailer-confirms-rita-ora-role.html |title='Fast & Furious 6' trailer confirms Rita Ora rolet |publisher=[[Hearst Corporation]] | work=[[Digital Spy]] | date=February 6, 2013 |accessdate=February 6, 2013 | archiveurl =http://www.webcitation.org/6EEvBlFXb | archivedate =February 6, 2013 | deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="CastPaget">{{cite web|last=Jagernauth|first=Kevin|title=Model Clara Paget Gets Sidekick Role In 'Fast & Furious 6'|url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/model-clara-paget-gets-sidekick-role-in-fast-furious-6-20120727|work=The Playlist|accessdate=August 14, 2012|date=July 27, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="CastPataky">{{cite web|first=Eric|last=Eisenberg| url=http://www.cinemablend.com/new/Fast-Furious-6-Gets-An-Official-Plot-Synopsis-35457.html |title=Fast & Furious 6 Gets An Official Plot Synopsis |publisher=[[Cinema Blend]] | work= | date=February 1, 2013|accessdate=February 1, 2013 | archiveurl =http://www.webcitation.org/6E6ppQFsu | archivedate =February 1, 2013 | deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="ColliderSequel">{{cite web|url=http://collider.com/neal-moritz-interview-fast-five/69955/|title=Exclusive: Producer Neal Moritz on Fast Five, More Sequels, and the Fight Scene Between Vin Diesel and Dwayne Johnson|publisher=Collider|date=January 12, 2011|accessdate= March 7, 2011| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5zx6jon74 | archivedate = July 5, 2011| deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="DeadlineSequel">{{cite web|url=http://www.deadline.com/2011/04/fast-five-will-transition-franchise-from-street-racing-to-heist-action/#more-125552|title='Fast Five' Will Transition Franchise From Street Racing To Future Full Of Heist Action|publisher=PMC | work = Deadline.com|date=April 25, 2011|accessdate= March 7, 2011| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5zx6lGQer | archivedate = July 5, 2011| deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="FastSixEarlyDate">{{cite web|first=Nikki|last=Finke|url=http://www.deadline.com/2011/06/universal-schedules-fast-furious-6/ |title=Universal Schedules 'Fast & Furious 6'|publisher=PMC | work = Deadline.com|date=June 24, 2011|accessdate= June 25, 2011| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5zx6moNvP | archivedate = July 5, 2011| deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="FilmBirkenhead">{{cite news|url=http://www.wirralnews.co.uk/wirral-news/local-wirral-news/2012/11/13/birkenhead-tunnel-to-close-at-7-30pm-tonight-for-the-fast-and-the-furious-6-filming-100252-32226091/ |title=Birkenhead tunnel to close at 7.30pm tonight for The Fast and the Furious 6 filming |last=Barlow |first=Eleanor |publisher=Trinity Mirror | work=Wirral News | date=November 13, 2012| accessdate=November 13, 2012| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6C9vN4YHs |archivedate=November 13, 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="FilmingEngland">{{cite web|first=Wayne|last=Savage|url= http://www.nme.com/filmandtv/news/fast--furious-6-begins-shooting-in-surrey/277586 |title='Fast & Furious 6' begins shooting in Surrey |publisher=[[NME]] | work= | date=July 31, 2012|accessdate= August 23, 2012 | archiveurl =http://www.webcitation.org/6A88rZAuw | archivedate =August 23, 2012 | deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="FilmingEngland2">{{cite web|first=Kristy |last=Puchko | url=http://www.cinemablend.com/new/Blonde-Model-Joins-Fast-Furious-6-32158.html |title=Blonde Model Joins The Fast And The Furious 6 |publisher=[[Cinema Blend]] | work= | date=July 27, 2012|accessdate= August 23, 2012 | archiveurl =http://www.webcitation.org/6A899Zq8D| archivedate =August 23, 2012 | deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="FilmingEngNov3">{{cite news|first=Rebecca |last=Perring | url=http://www.watfordobserver.co.uk/news/10015782.Film_crew_to_descend_on_airfield/ |title=Bovingdon airfield to be used for filming of sixth Fast and Furious movie |publisher=[[Newsquest]] | work=[[Watford Observer]] | date=October 30, 2012|accessdate=November 3, 2012 | archiveurl =| archivedate =| deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="FilmGlasgow">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-19371103 |title=Glasgow streets close for Fast and Furious 6 filming |publisher=[[BBC]] | work=[[BBC News]] | date=August 25, 2012|accessdate= August 22, 2012 | archiveurl = | archivedate =| deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="FilmGlasgow2">{{cite web|first=Germain |last=Lussier |url= http://www.nme.com/filmandtv/news/fast--furious-6-begins-shooting-in-surrey/277586 |title=Sequel Bits: Taken 2, Before Midnight, Kick-Ass 2, Fast and Furious 6, Machete Kills |publisher=[[/Film]] | work= | date=August 30, 2012|accessdate= September 3, 2012 | archiveurl = | archivedate =| deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="FilmLA">{{cite web|first=Anthea | last =Raymond | url=http://echopark.patch.com/articles/fast-and-furious-6-to-return-to-echo-park#photo-12140328 |title='Fast and Furious 6' to Return to Echo Park |publisher=Patch Network| work=Echo Park Patch | date=November 13, 2011|accessdate=November 13, 2012| archiveurl =http://www.webcitation.org/6C9vsYgg4 | archivedate =November 14, 2012 | deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="FilmingLon1011">{{cite web|first=Mike |last=Fleming |url=http://www.deadline.com/2012/10/paul-walker-on-the-mend-after-fast-and-furious-6-mishap/ |title=Paul Walker On The Mend After ‘Fast And Furious 6′ Mishap | publisher=PMC | work = Deadline.com|date=October 11, 2012|accessdate= October 12, 2012| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/6BLUbpYJI | archivedate = October 12, 2012 | deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="FilmingLondon">{{cite web|first=Ethan |last=Anderton |url= http://www.firstshowing.net/2012/first-official-photo-from-the-set-of-fast-six-with-diesel-and-walker/ |title=First Official Photo from the Set of 'Fast Six' with Diesel and Walker |publisher=First Showing| work= | date=August 21, 2012|accessdate= August 23, 2012 | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/6A86ILgeq| archivedate =August 23, 2012 | deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="FilmingLondon2">{{cite news|first=Stuart |last=Kemp| url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/hollywood-stars-london-brad-pitt-penelope-cruz-chris-pine-359975 |title=Why A-List Hollywood Went to London -- and Skipped the Olympics |publisher=Prometheus Global Media| work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=August 8, 2012 |accessdate=August 23, 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6A88Xx33L |archivedate=August 23, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="FilmingLondonLam">{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2203975/Londons-Burning-The-Rock-films-scenes-Fast-6-battered-Lambeth-Bridge.html |title=London's Burning: The Rock films scenes for Fast 6 on a battered and scorched Lambeth Bridge |last=Proud |first=Amelia |publisher=[[Daily Mail]]|date=September 16, 2012| accessdate=October 10, 2012| location=London | archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/6CAiKoOgP |archivedate=November 14, 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="FilmLiverpool">{{cite news|url=http://www.wirralnews.co.uk/wirral-news/local-wirral-news/2012/11/14/liverpool-stuntwoman-eunice-huthart-in-city-filming-fast-and-furious-6-gallery-100252-32227992/ |title=Liverpool stuntwoman Eunice Huthart in city filming Fast and Furious 6 (GALLERY) |last=Jaleel |first=Gemma |publisher=[[Trinity Mirror]] | work=Wirral News | date=November 14, 2012| accessdate=November 14, 2012| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6CAiI2aBt |archivedate=November 14, 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="FilmOver">{{cite web|first=Mike |last=Fleming |url=http://www.deadline.com/2012/12/universal-sets-skyfall-scribes-purvis-wade-to-script-kojak-for-vin-diesel/ |title=Universal Sets ‘Skyfall’ Scribes Purvis & Wade To Script ‘Kojak’ For Vin Diesel | publisher=PMC | work = Deadline.com|date=December 17, 2012|accessdate=December 19, 2012| archiveurl = | archivedate = | deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="FilmSuff">{{cite web|first=Wayne|last=Savage|url= http://www.eadt.co.uk/entertainment/suffolk_hollywood_blockbuster_fast_and_furious_6_shoots_at_bentwaters_1_1480940 |title=Suffolk: Hollywood blockbuster Fast and Furious 6 shoots at Bentwaters |publisher=[[East Anglian Daily Times]] | work= | date=August 14, 2012|accessdate= August 22, 2012 | archiveurl =http://www.webcitation.org/6A86KTCun | archivedate =August 23, 2012 | deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="FilmingSpain">{{cite news| |first=Rachel |last=Abrams | url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118057534 |title=Pain in Spain may hit Hollywood |publisher=Reed Business Information| work=Variety |date=August 7, 2012 |accessdate= August 23, 2012 | archiveurl =http://www.webcitation.org/6A87KbNfG| archivedate =August 23, 2012 | deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="Premise">{{cite web|url=http://collider.com/fast-furious-6-synopsis-fast-six-synopsis/ |title=First Synopsis for Fast & Furious 6 Starring Vin Diesel, Paul Walker, and Dwayne Johnson |publisher=Collider|date=January 31, 2013 |accessdate=January 31, 2013 | archiveurl =http://www.webcitation.org/6E5Vm7psc | archivedate =January 31, 2013 | deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="ScreenRantSequel">{{cite web|first=Chris | last= Schrader| url=http://screenrant.com/fast-and-the-furious-6-schrad-96156/|title=‘Fast and the Furious 6′ Already in Development|publisher=Screen Rant| date=April 25, 2011|accessdate= January 13, 2011| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5zx6lLEIy | archivedate = July 5, 2011| deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="SequelApr2312">{{cite news|first=Borys |last=Kit| url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/haywire-gina-carano-fast-6-dwayne-johnson-fast-furious-universal-315075 |title='Haywire' Star Gina Carano in Talks to Join 'Fast & Furious 6' (Exclusive) |publisher=Prometheus Global Media| work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=April 23, 2012 |accessdate=April 23, 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/679EH4eVA |archivedate=April 23, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="SequelBoxOffice">{{cite web|first=Todd |last=Gilchrist |url=http://www.boxofficemagazine.com/articles/2011-08-fast-six-director-justin-lin-i-already-have-a-12-minute-sequence-done |title='Fast Six' Director Justin Lin: I Already Have A 12-Minute Sequence Done |publisher=Boxoffice Media LP | work = [[Boxoffice (magazine)|Boxoffice]]|date=August 11, 2011|accessdate= August 12, 2011| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5zxs8Vrwy | archivedate = July 5, 2011| deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="SequelDec20">{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/vin-diesel-seventh-fast-furious-movie-275800|title=Vin Diesel Confirms Seventh 'Fast and Furious' Movie in the Works|first=Borys | last=Kit|publisher=Prometheus Global Media| work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=December 20, 2011|accessdate=December 21, 2011|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/645RVkP2m|archivedate=December 21, 2011| deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="SequeEvans">{{cite web|first=John |last=Brown |url=http://twitchfilm.com/news/2012/05/breaking-luke-evans-offered-villain-role-in-fast-six.php |title=BREAKING: LUKE EVANS OFFERED VILLAIN ROLE IN FAST SIX |publisher=[[Twitch Film]] |work= |date=May 1, 2012 |accessdate=May 1, 2012| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/67MbKYIqp | archivedate = May 2, 2012 | deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="SequelFeb1512">{{cite web|first=Terri |last=Schwartz |url=http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2012/02/15/dwayne-johnson-fast-six-fast-seven/ |title=Dwayne Johnson Says 'Fast Six' Begins In May, Won't Shoot Back-To-Back For 'Fast Seven'|publisher=Viacom|work=MTV|date=February 15, 2012|accessdate= February 15, 2012| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/65UvgwuWh | archivedate = February 16, 2012| deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="SequelFilming1">{{cite web|url=http://collider.com/fast-and-furious-6-filming-joe-taslim/184956/ |title=Production Officially Begins on Fast & Furious 6; The Raid Star Joe Taslim Joins the Cast |publisher=Collider|date=July 30, 2012 |accessdate= July 30, 2012 | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/69Y9tctz1 | archivedate =July 30, 2012 | deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="SequelLaTimes">{{cite news |last1=Horn|first1=John|last2=Fritz|first2=Ben|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/movies/2011/10/fast-and-furious-6-and-7-speeding-into-production-together.html |title='Fast and Furious' 6 and 7 may speed into production together |publisher=Tribune Company|work=Los Angeles Times|date=October 21, 2011|accessdate= October 21, 2011| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/62bz8XNyF | archivedate = October 21, 2011| deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="SequelMay112">{{cite news|url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118053388 |title=Michelle Rodriguez returns for 'Machete Kills' |publisher=Reed Business Information| work=Variety |date=May 1, 2012 |accessdate= May 1, 2012 |first=Jeff |last=Sneider | archiveurl =http://www.webcitation.org/67MbOSsch | archivedate =May 2, 2012 | deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="SequelMay912">{{cite news|url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118053721|title=Luke Evans in talks for 'Fast & Furious 6' |publisher=Reed Business Information| work=Variety |date=May 9, 2012 |accessdate= May 9, 2012 |first=Justin |last=Kroll | archiveurl = | archivedate = | deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="SequelJuly2712">{{cite news|url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118057176?refCatId=13 |title='Raid' actor joins 'Fast and Furious 6' |publisher=Reed Business Information| work=Variety |date=July 27, 2012 |accessdate= July 28, 2012 |first=Jeff |last=Sneider | archiveurl = | archivedate = | deadurl=no}}</ref>

<ref name="TitleFinal">{{cite web|first=Steve |last=Weintraub | url=http://collider.com/fast-and-furious-6-poster/ |title=First Poster for FAST AND FURIOUS 6|publisher=Collider|date=February 2, 2013 |accessdate=February 5, 2013 | archiveurl =http://www.webcitation.org/6ED5BuB2O | archivedate =February 5, 2013 | deadurl=no}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1905041|Fast & Furious 6}}
* {{facebook|FastandFurious}}
* {{twitter|FastFurious}}

{{The Fast and the Furious}}
{{Justin Lin}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American action films]]
[[Category:2010s action films]]
[[Category:IMAX films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Los Angeles, California]]
[[Category:Films shot in the Canary Islands]]
[[Category:Films shot in Glasgow]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]

[[Category:Heist films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Surrey]]
[[Category:Films shot in Merseyside]]
[[Category:Films shot in Dorset]]

[[da:Fast & Furious 6]]
[[es:The Fast and the Furious 6]]
[[fr:Fast and Furious 6]]
[[id:Fast and Furious 6]]
[[it:Fast & Furious 6]]
[[he:מהיר ועצבני 6]]
[[pt:Fast & Furious 6]]
[[ru:Форсаж 6]]
[[fi:Fast and Furious 6]]
[[zh:玩命關頭6]]

Granville T. Woods

2013-02-12T05:18:37Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding da:Granville T. Woods

{{Infobox person
|name=Granville Tailer Woods
|image=Woodsgr.jpg
|image_size=
|caption=Illustration of Granville T. Woods
|birth_name=Granville Tailer Woods
|birth_date={{birth date|1856|4|23}}
|birth_place=[[Columbus, Ohio]] United States
|death_date={{death date and age|1911|1|30|1856|4|23}}
|death_place=[[New York City, New York]]
|death_cause=[[Stroke]]
|resting_place=St. Michael's (Episcopalian) Cemetery, Queens, New York
|resting_place_coordinates=
|residence=[[Columbus, Ohio]]; [[Cincinnati, Ohio]] (1880-1892); [[New York City, New York]] (1892-1910)
|nationality=[[United States|American]]
|education=Elementary School
|employer=
|occupation=[[Inventor]]
|home_town=[[Columbus, Ohio]]
|title=
|salary=
|networth=
|term=
|predecessor=
|successor=
|party=
|boards=
|religion=
|spouse=
|partner=
|children=
|parents=Cyrus Woods and Martha J. Brown
|relatives=
|signature=
|website=
|footnotes=
}}
'''Granville Tailer Woods''' (April 23, 1856, [[Columbus, Ohio]], USA – January 30, 1910, [[New York City, New York]], USA), was an [[African-American]] inventor who held more than 50 patents.<ref>http://www.blackinventor.com/pages/granville-woods.html</ref> He is also the first American of African ancestry to be a mechanical and electrical engineer after the [[American Civil War|Civil War]].<ref>[http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn95060876/1912-05-09/ed-1/seq-2/;words=Woods+T+Granville?date1=1836&rows=20&searchType=basic&state=&date2=1922&proxtext=Granville+T.+Woods&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&index=13 “Interesting Statistics of the Colored Race”], ''Arizona sentinel and Yuma weekly examiner'' (Yuma, Arizona, USA), Thursday, 9 May 1912, page 2, column 3.</ref> Self-taught, he concentrated most of his work on [[train]]s and [[street car|streetcars]]. One of his notable inventions was the Multiplex Telegraph, a device that sent messages between train stations and moving trains. His work assured a safer and better public transportation system for the cities of the United States.



==Early life==
Granville attended school in Columbus until age 10 and then he served an apprenticeship in a machine shop and learned the trades of machinist and blacksmith.

In 1872, Woods obtained a job as a fireman on the Danville and Southern Railroad in Missouri, eventually becoming an engineer. In 1876, he moved to [[Springfield, Illinois]], and worked at a rolling mill, the Springfield Iron Works. He studied mechanical and electrical engineering in college from 1876-1878.<ref>http://www.aframnews.com/websitepublisher/articles/african-american-history-granville-t-woods.html</ref> In 1878, he took a job aboard the "Ironsides", a British steamer, and, within two years, became Chief Engineer of the steamer. When he returned to America, he became an engineer with the Dayton and Southwestern Railroad in southwestern Ohio. In 1880, he moved to [[Cincinnati, Ohio]] and established his business as an electrical engineer and an inventor. After receiving the patent for the multiplex telegraph, he reorganized his Cincinnati company as the Woods Electric Co, but in 1892 he moved his own research operations to New York City, where he was joined by a brother, Lyates Woods, who also had several inventions of his own.<ref>http://www.biography.com/people/granville-t-woods-9536481</ref>

==Inventions==
Woods developed several improvements to the railroad system, and was referred to by some as the "Black Edison."{{citation}}

In 1885, Woods patented an apparatus which was a combination of a [[telephone]] and a [[telegraph]]. The device, which he called "telegraphony", would allow a telegraph station to send voice and telegraph messages over a single wire. He sold the rights to this device to the American Bell Telephone Company. In 1887, he patented the Synchronous Multiplex Railway Telegraph which allowed communications between train stations from moving trains, a technology pioneered by [[Lucius Phelps]]<ref>Lucius Joshua Phelps is the father of [[Earle B. Phelps]] (1876—1953), the American chemist, bacteriologist and sanitation expert whose biography appears in the English Wikipedia.</ref> in 1884.

<ref>http://ip.com/patent/US307984</ref> [[Thomas Edison]] later filled a claim to the ownership of this patent. In 1888, Woods manufactured a system of overhead electric conducting lines for railroads modeled after the system pioneered by [[Charles van Depoele]], a famed inventor who had by then installed his electric railway system in thirteen U.S. cities. In 1889, he filed a patent for an improvement to the steam-boiler furnace.

Granville Woods often had difficulties in enjoying his success as other inventors made claims to his devices. [[Thomas Edison]] made one of these claims, stating that he had first created a similar telegraph and that he was entitled to the patent for the device. Woods was twice successful in defending himself, proving that there were no other devices upon which he could have depended or relied upon to make his device. After the second defeat, [[Thomas Edison]] decided that it would be better to work with Granville Woods than against him and thus offered him a position with the Edison Company.

Woods is sometimes credited with the invention of the electric [[third rail]], however, many third rail systems were in place in both Europe and North America at the time Woods filed for his [[patent]] in 1901. [[Thomas Edison]] had been awarded a patent for the third rail almost a decade earlier, in 1882.<ref>http://www.google.com/patents?vid=263132</ref>

Woods is also sometimes credited with the invention of the [[Railway air brake|air brake]] in 1904 for trains, however, George Westinghouse patented the air brake almost 40 years prior <ref>http://www.patent-invent.com/air_brake_patent.html</ref>

Over the course of his lifetime Granville Woods would obtain more than 50 patents for inventions including an automatic brake and an egg incubator and for improvements to other inventions such as safety circuits, telegraph, telephone, and phonograph. He died on January 30, 1910 in New York City, having sold a number of his devices to such companies as Westinghouse, General Electric and American Engineering.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* David L. Head, ''Granville T. Woods: African-American Communications and Transportation Pioneer'' (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA : RoseDog Books, 2013) ISBN 978-1-4349-7841-7
* Prof. Rayvon Fouché, “Liars and Thieves : Granville T. Woods and the Process of Invention”, ''Black Inventors in the Age of Segregation : Granville T. Woods, Lewis H. Latimer, and Shelby J. Davidson'' (Baltimore, Maryland, USA : The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003) ISBN 0-8018-7319-3, pp. 26-81
* Alonzo Louis Hall, ''The Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Greatness of the Negro'' (Memphis, Tennessee, USA : Striker Print, 1907), p. 158.
* James T. Haley, ''Afro-American Encyclopedia; or, the Thoughts, Doings, and Sayings of the Race'' (Nashville, Tennessee, USA : Haley & Florida, 1895), pp. 225, [http://books.google.com/books?id=6cptAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=Granville&f=false 576-578]
* Rev. [[William J. Simmons (teacher)|William J. Simmons]], D.D., ''Men of Mark: Eminent, Progressive and Rising'' (Cleveland, Ohio, USA : George M. Rewell & Co., 1887), [http://archive.org/stream/menmarkeminentp00turngoog#page/n116/mode/2up pp. 106-112]

==External links==
*{{cite book
|title=Black Inventors in the Age of Segregation: Granville T. Woods, Lewis H. Latimer, and Shelby J. Davidson
|author=Rayvon Fouche
|date=2003-09-10
|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press
|isbn=0-8018-7319-3
|url=http://www.amazon.com/dp/0801873193
}}
*Biography of Granville T. Woods at the [http://web.mit.edu/INVENT/iow/woods.html MIT Inventor of the Week] website
*Biography of Granville T. Woods at the [http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/311.html National Inventors Hall of Fame] website.
*Biography of Granville T. Woods at the [http://www.ieee.org/web/aboutus/history_center/biography/woods.html IEEE] website.

{{Authority control|VIAF=67530546}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Woods, Granville
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American inventor
| DATE OF BIRTH = April 23, 1856
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Melbourne, Australia]]
| DATE OF DEATH = January 30, 1910
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[New York]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Woods, Granville}}
[[Category:1856 births]]
[[Category:1910 deaths]]
[[Category:National Inventors Hall of Fame inductees]]
[[Category:People from Cincinnati, Ohio]]
[[Category:People from Columbus, Ohio]]
[[Category:American inventors]]
[[Category:African-American inventors]]
[[Category:People associated with electricity]]
[[Category:Telegraphy]]

[[ar:جرانفيل وودز]]
[[da:Granville T. Woods]]
[[de:Granville T. Woods]]
[[es:Granville T. Woods]]
[[fr:Granville Woods]]
[[no:Granville T. Woods]]
[[pt:Granville Woods]]
[[tl:Granville Woods]]

Dumerils Querzahnmolch

2013-02-11T17:51:22Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding sv:Ambystoma dumerilii

{{Taxobox
| name = Lake Patzcuaro Salamander
| status = CR
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Lissamphibia]]
| ordo = [[Caudata]]
| familia = [[Ambystomatidae]]
| genus = ''[[Ambystoma]]''
| species = '''''A. dumerilii'''''
| binomial = ''Ambystoma dumerilii''
| binomial_authority = ([[Alfredo Dugès|Dugès]], 1870)
}}
The '''Lake Patzcuaro Salamander''', locally known as '''Achoque''', ''Ambystoma dumerilii'', is a [[neoteny|neotenic]] [[salamander]] species.

This salamander is found in [[Lago de Pátzcuaro]], a high altitude lake in the [[Mexican state]] of [[Michoacán]]. This is located in the Mesa Central region of the country, home to many isolated ''[[Ambystoma]]'' species. There have been claims that a [[subspecies]] is found further inland to the north-east in [[San Juan del Río]], [[Querétaro]], but this is doubtful due to the animals wholly aquatic nature. ''Dumerilii'' retain their larval characters throughout their entire life. This results in adults that have long, heavily filamented external [[gills]], [[gill slit]]s lined with tooth-like gill rakers, and caudal fins. Patzcuaro salamanders are usually yellowish in color, with a lighter shade on their underbellies. They have large heads and reduced limbs. They feed by suction, and eat many types of invertebrates.

Recently, this salamander has been used in research as a counterpoint to the more common captive-bred [[Axolotl]]. Patzcuaro salamanders have been hybridized with axolotls, and used in mitochondrial studies for comparison.

Due to habitat destruction, pollution and the introduction of predatory fish the population has decreased severely in the past decades. It is listed as [[Critically endangered]] in the [[IUCN]] redlist and in Appendix II [[CITES]].

==References==
* {{IUCN2006|assessors=Shaffer ''et al.''|year=2004|id=59055|title=Ambystoma dumerilii|downloaded=11 May 2006}} Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is critically endangered

[[Category:Mole salamanders]]
[[Category:Reptiles of North America]]
[[Category:Animals described in 1870]]

[[fr:Ambystoma dumerilii]]
[[pt:Ambystoma dumerilii]]
[[sv:Ambystoma dumerilii]]
[[zh:钝口螈]]

Julia Schacht

2013-02-07T10:57:13Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (robot Legger til: da:Julia Schacht

'''Julia Elise Schacht''' (født [[1982]]) er en norsk [[skuespiller]] fra [[Helgøya]] i [[Ringsaker]] som i [[2005]] debuterte på lerretet i filmen ''[[Naboer]]''.

Hun er utdannet ved [[Kunsthøgskolen i Oslo]] KHiO skuespiller BA 2008/2009.

Julia er også utdannet ved skuespillerlinja på [[Nordisk Institutt for Scene og Studio|NISS]] i Oslo.

I 2005 ble Julia Schacht kåret til "årets mest sexy" av magasinet "Mann".

==Filmografi (utvalg)==
*{{År|Film|2011}} – ''[[Hjelp, vi er i filmbransjen]]''
*{{År|Film|2011}} – ''[[Få meg på, for faen]]''
*{{År|Film|2011}} – ''[[Bambieffekten]]''
*{{År|Film|2010}} – ''[[Kurt Josef Wagle og legenden om fjordheksa]]''
*{{År|Film|2009}} – ''[[Svik (film)|Svik]]''
*{{År|Film|2005}} – ''[[Naboer]]''

==Eksterne lenker==
*[http://www.filmweb.no/profil/article421806.ece Julia Schacht] hos [http://www.filmweb.no/ Filmweb]
{{Portal|Film}}
{{biografistubb}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Schacht, Julia}}
[[Kategori:Norske skuespillere]]
[[Kategori:Fødsler i 1982]]

[[da:Julia Schacht]]
[[en:Julia Schacht]]

The Banner Saga

2013-01-31T23:47:25Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding sv:The Banner Saga

{{Infobox video game
|title = The Banner Saga
|collapsible =
|state =
|show image =
|image = [[File:TBS logo transparent.png|frameless]]
|caption =
|developer = Stoic
|programmer = John Watson
|artist = Arnie Jorgensen
|designer = Alex Thomas
|composer = [[Austin Wintory]]
|publisher =
|distributor =
|series =
|engine = Custom
|version =
|released = 2013
|genre =[[Tactical role-playing]]
|modes =[[Single-player video game|Single-player]] and [[Multiplayer video game|multiplayer]]
|ratings =
|platforms = [[Microsoft Windows]], [[Mac OS X]], [[Linux]], [[iPad]], [[PlayStation 3]] ([[PlayStation Network|PSN]]), [[Xbox 360]] ([[Xbox Live Arcade|XBLA]])
|media =[[Digital distribution]]
|requirements =
}}
'''''The Banner Saga''''' is a [[Viking]]-themed [[tactical role-playing]] video game under development by ''Stoic'', a trio of [[indie game]] developers formerly of [[BioWare]]. It is to be released as a single player campaign, ''The Banner Saga Chapter 1'' – the first of a projected trilogy – as well as a separate [[free-to-play]] online multiplayer game, ''Banner Saga Factions''.

==Development==
The game's developers – Alex Thomas, Arnie Jorgensen and John Watson – left BioWare after working on that studio's [[Massively multiplayer online game|MMO]] ''[[Star Wars: The Old Republic]]'', with the intention of making a game for their own enjoyment.<ref name="Gamasutra 19 March 2012">{{cite news|last=Curtis|first=Tom|title=When ex-BioWare devs make their own strategy RPG|url=http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/165823/When_exBioWare_devs_make_their_own_strategy_RPG.php|accessdate=19 March 2012|newspaper=[[Gamasutra]]|date=19 March 2012}}</ref> The project is to be financed through the [[crowd funding]] platform [[Kickstarter]]. It was opened to pledges on 19 March 2012<ref name="Gamasutra 19 March 2012" /> and met its funding goal of USD 100,000 in the course of the next day.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mattis|first=Jeff|title=The Banner Saga reaches Kickstarter funding goal in under two days|url=http://www.shacknews.com/article/72973/the-banner-saga-reaches-kickstarter-funding-goal-in-under-two|accessdate=22 March 2012|newspaper=Shack News|date=21 March 2012}}</ref> The project eventually accumulated USD 723,886 from 20,042 backers.<ref name=Kickstarter>{{cite web|last=Kickstarter|title=The Banner Saga|url=http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/stoic/the-banner-saga|accessdate=21 April 2012}}</ref>

The game is to be distributed digitally as a [[Digital rights management|DRM]]-free download, initially for the Windows and Mac platforms, with an estimated delivery date of November 2012. Later ports to [[Linux]], [[iPad]], [[PlayStation Network]] and [[Xbox Live Arcade]] are planned.<ref name=Kickstarter />

==Gameplay==
[[File:TBS Combat screenshot.jpg|thumb|A development screenshot of the game's turn-based combat component]]
The core of the game is to be a single-player campaign of turn-based combat engagements inspired by games such as ''[[Final Fantasy Tactics]]'' and ''[[Shining Force]]'', with the player controlling and being able to build up a party of characters with complementing abilities.

According to the developers, their aim is to create a "mature game for adults in the vein of ''[[Game of Thrones (TV series)|Game of Thrones]]'' or ''[[The Black Company]]''". They intend to engage players emotionally by allowing them to build relationships with the game's characters and shape the outcome of the story through an array of conversation choices.<ref name="Shack News 6 March 2012">{{cite news|last=Mattas|first=Jeff|title=The Banner Saga 'in the vein of Game of Thrones;' Kickstarter launching soon|url=http://www.shacknews.com/article/72726/the-banner-saga-in-the-vein-of-game-of-thrones|accessdate=19 March 2012|newspaper=[[Shack News]]|date=6 March 2012}}</ref> The game will eschew certain conventions of action-oriented computer role-playing games such as the focus on a young lone hero's story, looting and buying items, or reloading a saved game state after defeat. Instead, the developers intend to tell the story of the player's caravan as a whole, and encourage players to accept and deal with the consequences of any defeats they may encounter.<ref name="Live Pixel 22 August 2012">{{cite news|title=Interview with Stoic on Banner Saga|url=http://thelivepixel.com/2012/08/22/interview-with-stoic-on-banner-saga/|accessdate=22 August 2012|newspaper=[[Live Pixel]]|date=23 August 2012}}</ref>

===''Banner Saga Factions''===
The developers intend to release the turn-based multiplayer combat component as a free standalone [[game demo|demo]], called ''Banner Saga Factions'', prior to the release of the full game.<ref name="Shack News 6 March 2012" /><ref name="Update #20">{{cite web|url=http://stoicstudio.com/forum/showthread.php?187-Update-20-The-Banner-Saga-progress-report-for-the-early-July&p=3285&viewfull=1#post3285|title=Update #20: The Banner Saga progress report for the early July|last=Dahlberg|first=Sean|date=13 July 2012|publisher=Stoic|accessdate=24 July 2012}}</ref> ''Factions'' will allow players to pit teams of six combatants, chosen from 16 classes, against each other.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pinsof|first=Allistair|title=Preview: The Banner Saga Factions|url=http://www.destructoid.com/preview-the-banner-saga-factions-235135.phtml|accessdate=21 September 2012|newspaper=[[Destructoid]]|date=19 September 2012}}</ref>

==Setting and style==
[[File:TBS Travel Bridge screenshot.jpg|thumb|Concept artwork from the game]]
The game is to be set in a Viking-inspired fantasy setting, chosen by the developers so as to avoid what they considered the "overdone 'elves, dwarves and orcs' dynamic".<ref name="Shack News 6 March 2012" /> With a visual style influenced by [[Eyvind Earle]]'s art for the 1959 Disney film ''[[Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)|Sleeping Beauty]]'', as well as the work of [[Ralph Bakshi]] and [[Don Bluth]], ''The Banner Saga''{{'}}s art is to feature primarily hand-drawn animation sequences, characters and backgrounds.<ref name="Shack News 6 March 2012" /> The initial ''Factions'' release will use the city of Strand as its main [[User interface|UI]], with players selecting different buildings of the city to access various playmodes and functionalities. Additionally, "the city will evolve as the story unfolds". <ref>{{cite web|url=http://stoicstudio.com/forum/showthread.php?188-The-City-of-Strand&p=3288&viewfull=1#post3288|title=The City of Strand|date=13 July 2012|publisher=Stoic|accessdate=24 July 2012}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The fully orchestrated score is to be written by [[Austin Wintory]], the composer of the soundtrack of ''[[Journey (2012 video game) | Journey]]''.<ref name=Kickstarter />

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
*{{official|http://thebannersaga.com/}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banner Saga, The}}

[[Category:Tactical role-playing video games]]
[[Category:Upcoming video games]]
[[Category:Windows games]]
[[Category:Video games developed in the United States]]
[[Category:Mac OS X games]]
[[Category:IPad games]]
[[Category:Linux games]]
[[Category:Mythology-based video games]]
[[Category:Fantasy video games]]
[[Category:Kickstarter projects]]

[[sv:The Banner Saga]]

Benutzer:Zorrobot

2013-01-26T08:52:23Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (Bot: Ändere cu:По́льꙃєватєл҄ь:Zorrobot zu cu:Польꙃєватєл҄ь:Zorrobot

{{Bot|ZorroIII|site=no|modus=automatisch|task=Interwikis}}

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[[zu:User:Zorrobot]]

Bahnhof Grefsen

2013-01-23T20:51:50Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (robot Legger til: nn:Grefsen stasjon

{{Infoboks jernbanestasjon
| bilde = Grefsen-stasjon.jpg
| bildetekst = Grefsen stasjon sett fra vest (2008)
| sted = [[Storo]]
| kommune = [[Oslo]]
| linje = [[Gjøvikbanen]] [[Alnabanen]]
| distanse = 6,6
| høyde = 109,2
| arkitekt = [[Paul Due]]
| åpnet = 1900
| rehabilitert =
| plattformer = 2
| operatører = [[NSB Anbud]]
| ruter = Se tabell
| trikk = Se eget avsnitt
| buss = 23, 24, 58, F3 (flybuss)
| reisende = 109 400 pr år (2008, kun tog)
| posisjonskart = Oslo
| breddegrad = 59.941645
| lengdegrad = 10.780656
}}

'''Grefsen stasjon''' er en jernbanestasjon på [[Gjøvikbanen]]. Den ligger i [[Bydel Nordre Aker]] i [[Oslo]], 6,6 kilometer fra [[Oslo S]] og nord for [[Sinsenkrysset]]. Stasjonen har aldri ligget på Grefsen, men på de tidligere jordene til gårdene [[Storo]] og [[Nordre Åsen]].<ref>[http://nordreakerbudstikke.no/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20091210/DEBATT/712109991 Navn i bydelen]</ref> Ettersom den ligger innenfor ringveien vil Storo være det mest presise strøket i dag. For 100 år siden ble dog området i en av planene omtalt som [[Sandaker (Oslo)|Sandaker]], og gatene/adressene rett vest for stasjonsområdet er kjent som nettopp dette.

Stasjonen ble åpnet i [[1900]]. De to første årene var den midlertidig endestasjon for persontogene inntil Etterstadskjæringen ble ferdig og banen kunne fullføres i 1902. Den var tenkt som utgangspunkt for [[Gjøvikbanen|Nordbanen]] og en planlagt ringbane nord for [[Kristiania]]. Grefsen er en av svært få stasjoner som fremdeles betjenes av togekspeditør, men billetter selges ikke lenger ved stasjonen. Grefsen stasjons lokomotivstall er ikke lenger i bruk til jernbaneformål, det er heller ikke godshuset eller den bevarte [[svingskive]]n.

[[Alnabanen]], godsbanen mellom Grefsen og [[Alnabruterminalen]], tar av mot øst i søndre enden av stasjonen. Fra stasjonens nordre ende gikk tidligere et sidespor til diverse industrivirksomheter i [[Nydalen]], blant annet [[Christiania Spigerverk]], men denne er nå avkortet ved [[Storo]], og et omfattende nett av godsspor er fjernet.

Grefsen stasjon har en sporforbindelse til [[Oslo T-bane]], slik at det skal være mulig å transportere T-banens materiell på jernbanens spor. Det er ikke mulig å transportere jernbanens materiell på T-banenettet.<ref>{{Kilde www
|url=http://www.comitato.com/V2/3-2-2-2.pdf
|tittel=Network Statement 2011, Vedlegg I Tilknyttede nett
|besøksdato=2010-04-05
|utgiver=[[Jernbaneverket]]
|dato=2009-12-01
}}</ref>

== Trikken ==
{{Infoboks trikkeholdeplass
| navn = Grefsen
| bilde = Oslo tram grefsen.jpg
| bildetekst = Vognhallen til venstre
| åpnet = 1902
| nedlagt =
| arkitekt =
| linje11 =
| linje12 =
| linje13 = ja
| linje17 = ja
| linje18 =
| linje19 =
| sted = [[Nordre Åsen]]
| kommune =
| linje = [[Grünerløkka-Torshov-linjen]] [[Sinsenlinjen]]
| avstand =
| høyde =
| koordinater =
| overgang =
| tog =
| t-bane =
| buss =
}}

I Storoveien vis á vis jernbanestasjonen har [[Oslo Sporvognsdrift]] en vognhall for trikker. Denne åpnet i 1957, og tok over oppgavene til vognhallene i kvartalet Slemdalsveien, Garderveien og Harald Hårfagres gate på Majorstua samt Homansbyen i Sporveisgata, som etter hvert ble nedlagt. På grunn av vognhallen er Grefsen stasjon derfor også trikkeholdeplass og endestasjon. [[Ring 3]] ligger mellom trikkestoppet og stasjonen, så sammenknyttningen mellom dem gjøres ved hjelp av en undergang.

== Fremtid ==
[[Fil:Gjovikbanen tbaneringen.jpg|left|200px|thumb|[[Storo stasjon]] til høyre, mens til venstre i bildet ligger sporet til Gjøvikbanen. Ytterst til venstre ser man [[Ring 3]] og til venstre for denne igjen går trikkelinjene]]

I [[2006]] åpnet [[Oslo Sporveier]]s nye strekning [[T-baneringen]] gjennom deler av stasjonområdet, på sin vei mellom [[Storo stasjon|Storo]] og [[Sinsen stasjon|Sinsen]]. Dette har påvirkning både for den planlagte tog- og trikke-driften.

[http://www.nordreakerbudstikke.no/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080317/NYHETER/731822375/1016 Jernbaneverket har planlagt å flytte Grefsen stasjon nordover] slik at den ligger like ved Storo stasjon, noe som forenkler overgangen mellom tog og t-bane. Om det i så fall blir navneskifte er ukjent.

Samtidig går nå t-banen parallelt med trikkebanen mellom Storo, Sinsen og [[Carl Berners plass stasjon|Carl Berner]], og [[Oslo Sporveier]] / [[Ruter As]] har i sine fremtidsplaner for trikken fjernet Grefsen stasjon som endepunkt for begge linjene som går hit. De ønsker at linje 13 stopper på [[Disen holdeplass]], og linje 17 skal fortsette i en ny trase opp Trondheimsveien og ende på [[Tonsenhagen]].

{{Rf-transport-start}}
{{Rf-transport|tittel=Jernbaneverket}}
{{Rf-linje|system=Jernbaneverket|linje=Gjøvikbanen|forrige=Tøyen|neste=Nydalen}}
{{Rf-linje|system=Jernbaneverket|linje=Alnabanen|forrige=Alnabru}}
{{Rf-transport-neste|tittel=Regiontrafikk}}
{{#ifexpr: {{CURRENTYEAR}}{{CURRENTMONTH}}{{CURRENTDAY2}}<20121209|
{{Rf-linje|system=NSB|linje=300|forrige=Oslo|neste=Nydalen}}|
{{Rf-linje|system=NSB|linje=R30|forrige=Oslo|neste=Nydalen}}}}
{{Rf-transport-neste|tittel=Lokaltrafikk}}
{{#ifexpr: {{CURRENTYEAR}}{{CURRENTMONTH}}{{CURRENTDAY2}}<20121209|
{{Rf-linje|system=NSB|linje=300|forrige=Tøyen|neste=Nydalen|type=regional}}|
{{Rf-linje|system=NSB|linje=L3|forrige=Tøyen|neste=Nydalen}}}}
{{Rf-transport-neste|tittel=Oslotrikken}}
{{Rf-linje|system=Oslotrikken|linje=Grünerløkka-Torshov-linjen|forrige=Storo|motsatt=ja}}
{{Rf-linje|system=Oslotrikken|linje=Sinsenlinjen|neste=Sinsenkrysset|motsatt=ja}}
{{Rf-linje|system=Oslotrikken|forrige=Storo|linje=Linje 13}}
{{Rf-linje|system=Oslotrikken|linje=Linje 17|neste=Sinsenkrysset|motsatt=ja}}
{{Slutt boks}}

==Stasjonsoversikt==
{{Grefsen linjekart}}

== Kilder ==
* Thor Bjerke (red.) m.fl. Banedata '94. Norsk Jernbaneklubb 1994. ISBN 82-90286-15-5

==Referanser==
{{Referanser}}

== Eksterne lenker==
{{Stasjonsinfo|Grefsen|Gjøvikbanen}}

{{#ifexpr: {{CURRENTYEAR}}{{CURRENTMONTH}}{{CURRENTDAY2}}<20121209|
{{NSB-300}}|
{{NSB-R30}}{{NSB-L3}}}}
{{Oslotrikken}}
{{Portal|Oslo}}

[[Kategori:Jernbanestasjoner på Gjøvikbanen]]
[[Kategori:Jernbanestasjoner i Oslo]]
[[Kategori:Bydel Nordre Aker]]
[[Kategori:Oslotrikkens holdeplasser]]
[[Kategori:Jernbanestasjoner åpnet i 1900]]
[[Kategori:Jernbanestasjoner åpnet i 1902]]
[[Kategori:1900 i Norge]]
[[Kategori:1902 i Norge]]

[[en:Grefsen Station]]
[[nn:Grefsen stasjon]]
[[pl:Grefsen (stacja kolejowa)]]

Silberbergwerk Kongsberg

2013-01-08T16:44:17Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (robot Legger til: nn:Kongsberg Sølvverk

[[Fil:Native silver.jpg|thumb|right|En sølvstuff (trådsølv) fra Kongsberg. Slike består av nesten 100% rent sølv. De er sjeldne på verdensbasis, men var vanlige i Kongsberggruvene. [[Bergverksmuseet]] har bevart sølvstuffer på opp i mot 50 kg.]]
[[Fil:Kongensgruve_0606.jpg|thumb|right|Et gruvetog ved inngangen til Christian 7. stoll i Saggrenda, Kongsberg.]]
[[Fil:Chr7_skraaplan.jpg|thumb|right|Inne i Christian 7. stoll (høyre) og «skråplanet» (nedover mot venstre)]]
'''Kongsberg Sølvverk''' er et tidligere [[gruve]]selskap som ble opprettet i [[1623]], og hører til Norges eldste og mest kjente [[bergverk]]. Verket regnes også som Norges største bedrift i førindustriell tid og nådde et omfang av om lag 1000 km gruveganger, 300 [[sjakt]]er og mellom 1500 og 2000 skjerp. Kongsberg Sølvverk var i kontinuerlig drift til [[1958]]. Sølvverket er fredet som [[kulturmiljø]] etter [[kulturminneloven]].

Driften av Kongsberg Sølvverk foregikk vesentlig i gruvekompleksene Underberget og Overberget, og resultatene svingte mellom 2–12 tonn [[sølv]] per år. Den samlede produksjon fra Kongsberg Sølvverk beløper seg offisielt til vel 1 350 tonn sølv, men det er sannsynlig at det reelle uttaket var større.<ref>{{Kilde bok
| ref=
| forfatter= '''Odd Arne Helleberg'''
| redaktør=
| utgivelsesår= 2010
| artikkel=
| tittel= Kongsberg sølvverk 1623-1958 : kongenes øyensten - rikenes pryd
| bind=
| utgave=2. rev
| utgivelsessted=
| forlag=Forlaget Langs Lågen
| side=159-163
| isbn= 978-82-92053-41-6
| id=
| språk=norsk
| kommentar=
| url=
}}</ref> Sølvforekomstene var vesentlig [[Mineral#Grunnstoffer|gedigent]] sølv, delvis som del av en kompleks [[malm]] knyttet til mektige ganger i berget.

==Historie==
Fra starten ble berget drevet ut med [[fyrsetting]] i tillegg til fysisk uthakking med hammer og meisel. Det ble eksperimentert med [[krutt]] fra [[1659]], regulær kruttdrift fra [[1681]].<ref>[http://mail1.kongsberg.kommune.no/intranett/intradok.nsf/02dd68ed9bcb920ec125693500572f6d/1efb6155e56e9c56c12569de003cf8eb?OpenDocument Viktige årstall i Kongsbergs historie]</ref>
Gruvedrift i det spesielt harde Kongsberg-fjellet var kapital- og kraftkrevende, så verket gjennomgikk i hele sin driftstid konstant teknologisk utvikling for å effektivisere produksjonen. Før elektrisiteten kom, sørget et omfattende kunstig damanlegg med renner og [[vannhjul]]sdrift for kraft til gruvenes heissystemer.

De stadig dypere gruvene krevde driving av [[stoll]]er for uttransportering av [[malm]], vann[[drenering]] og utlufting av avgasser fra fyrsettingene.
Virksomheten var i begynnelsen dominert av [[tysker]]e som ble rekruttert fra [[Sachsen| saksiske bergverk]]. Gruvene ble gitt tyske navn og administrert etter mønster av hevdvunne tyske bergrettstradisjoner. Utviklingen av verket var høyt prioritert av [[Danmark-Norge| den dansk-norske staten]] og [[Gamle veier i Norge| den første offentlige kjerrevei i Norge]] ble bygget i [[1624]] til [[Hokksund]] som transportvei for gruveselskapet.

Driften ved verket nådde toppen av omfang i 1770-årene da over 4 000 personer var direkte knyttet til produksjonen. [[1750-årene]], [[1760-årene]] og [[1770-årene]] var sølvverkets storhetstid. I [[1805]] ble gruvedriften innstilt etter flere år med fallende sølvforekomster til tross for betydelige investeringer. I [[1810]] la en stor [[bybrann]] mye av [[bergstad]]en Kongsberg i aske.

I [[1816]] ble gruvedriften gjenopptatt, om enn i mindre skala enn tidligere. Man forlot ideen om bred drift på mange gruver og valgte å satse på færre og mer sølvsikre gruver. Kunnskapen om hvor sølvet var mest sannsynlig å finne ble nå også stadig mer treffsikker. Det ble gjort betydelige nye malmfunn særlig i 1830-årene og 1860-årene. Den spesielt rikholdige [[Kongens gruve]] ble drevet til en dybde av over 1 000 meter. Verket utvant sølv helt frem til nedleggelsen, men fallende sølvpriser skapte etterhvert årvisse underskudd som ble begrunnelsen for Stortingets endelige vedtak om nedleggelse [[17. mars]] [[1957]]. Da hadde selskapet i flere år tjent mer på sine store skogeiendommer enn på selve gruvedriften.

Anleggene er nå nedstengt og åpningene delvis gjenmurt. En liten del er omgjort til [[museum]] og turistattraksjon under [[Norsk Bergverksmuseum]] på [[Kongsberg]]. De av [[sølvgruve]]ne som er åpne for publikum ligger i [[Saggrenda]], 8 km fra Kongsberg sentrum. Her frakter et gruvetog besøkende 2,3 km inn i berget.

==Geologi==
Kongsberg sølvgruver finnes i utkanten av [[Oslofeltet]], der malm ble dannet ved utfelling av mineraler fra oppløsninger fra aktive [[vulkan]]er.

==Se også==
*[[Norsk Bergverksmuseum]]
*[[Norsk bergindustrihistorie]]
*[[Bergverk]]
*[[Skarragruvene]]

== Referanser ==
{{referanser|2}}

==Litteratur==
*[[Kristian Moen]]: ''Kongsberg Sølvverk 1623-1957. Sølvverksmuseets venner, 1967. 512 s.''

==Eksterne lenker==
*[http://www.underverden.com/ Grotte- og gruveforum]
*[http://www.troglodytt.no/ Grotte- og gruveforening]
*[http://www.bvm.museum.no/default.aspx?path={8295054C-190A-495B-A895-C46E14311D7D} Norsk Bergverksmuseum på Kongsberg]
*[http://home.c2i.net/audiodesign/fredrik.htm Klatretur ned i sølvgruvene]
*[http://www.miljostatus.no/Tema/Kulturminner/Kulturmiljoer/Fredete-kulturmiljoer/Kongsberg-Solvverk/ Miljøstatus i Norge: Kongsberg Sølvverk]
*[http://www.geocities.com/iglu01/no/flyktning/kongsberg.html Utenlandsk arbeidskraft ved Kongsberg Sølvverk]
*[http://www.buskerud-f.kommune.no/ferskespor/2000/ferske_spor_4/art_12.htm Sakkerhusene ved Kongsberg sølvverk]
*[http://www.riksarkivet.no/arkivverket/publikasjoner/nett/handbok-ra/andrearkiver/kongs.html Riksarkivets arkiv fra Kongsberg Sølvverk]
*[http://www.vigerust.net/immigrant/kongsberg.html Immigranter ved Sølvverket]

{{Kulturmiljø}}
[[Kategori:Kjemiske industrianlegg]]
[[Kategori:Bergverksmuseer]]
[[Kategori:Historiske sølvverk]]
[[Kategori:Tidligere norske selskaper]]
[[Kategori:Buskeruds historie]]
[[Kategori:Tidligere bergverk i Norge]]
[[Kategori:Oslofeltet]]
[[Kategori:Museer i Buskerud]]
[[Kategori:Kulturminnevern]]
[[Kategori:Næringsliv i Buskerud]]
[[Kategori:Kulturminner i Kongsberg]]
[[Kategori:Etableringer i 1623]]
[[Kategori:Opphør i 1958]]

{{koord|59|37|58|N|09|35|58|E|vis=tittel}} 

[[da:Kongsberg Sølvværk]]
[[en:Kongsberg Silver Mines]]
[[fr:Mines d'argent de Kongsberg]]
[[nn:Kongsberg Sølvverk]]

Dansk tegnsprog

2013-01-04T22:35:49Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding nn:Dansk teiknspråk

{{Infobox language
|name=Danish Sign Language
|region=[[Denmark]]
|speakers=5,000<ref name="Ethnologue">[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=dsl Ethnologue entry for Danish Sign Language]</ref>
|familycolor=sign
|fam1=? [[French Sign Language family|French sign]]
|iso3=dsl
}}
'''Danish Sign Language''' (DSL) is the [[sign language]] used in [[Denmark]].

==Classification==
Wittmann (1991)<ref>[[Henri Wittmann|Wittmann, Henri]] (1991). "Classification linguistique des langues signées non vocalement." Revue québécoise de linguistique théorique et appliquée 10:1.215–88.[http://www.nou-la.org/ling/1991a-class.pdf]</ref> assigned DSL to the [[French Sign Language family]] because of similarities in vocabulary. However, the founder of the first deaf school in Denmark, [[Peter Atke Castberg]] (in 1807), was receptive to local sign and so may have introduced FSL signs to the local language rather than FSL itself.<ref name=CUP/>

[[Norwegian Sign Language]] is generally thought to be a descendant of DSL. However, it may well be a mixture of DSL and indigenous sign, parallel to the situation between [[Swedish Sign Language|Swedish Sign]] and [[Finnish Sign Language|Finnish Sign]].<ref name=CUP>Brita Bergman & Elisabeth Engberg-Pedersen, 2010. ''Transmission of sign languages in the Nordic countries.'' In Brentari, ed., ''Sign Languages''. Cambridge University Press.</ref>

[[Icelandic Sign Language]] is closer; 37% of a set of analyzed signs (Aldersson 2006) were completely different in structure and a further 16% were similar but not the same. Faeroese and Greenlandic Sign are more clearly dialects of DSL.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.tegnsprog.dk Ordbog over Dansk Tegnsprog] A free online DSL dictionary.
* Aldersson, Russell R. and Lisa J. McEntee-Atalianis. 2007. A Lexical Comparison of Icelandic Sign Language and Danish Sign Language. ''Birkbeck Studies in Applied Linguistics'' Vol 2. [http://www.bisal.bbk.ac.uk/publications/volume2/papers/article6 A Lexical Comparison of Icelandic Sign Language and Danish Sign Language]

Sign Language Studies | October 1, 2008 | Aldersson, Russell R; McEntee-Atalianis, Lisa J | 700+ words

{{sign language navigation}}

[[Category:Danish Sign Language family]]

{{Denmark-stub}}

[[da:Dansk tegnsprog]]
[[hr:Danski znakovni jezik]]
[[no:Dansk tegnspråk]]
[[nn:Dansk teiknspråk]]
[[pt:Língua de sinais dinamarquesa]]

Emma Hale Smith

2013-01-02T13:54:28Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding da:Emma Hale Smith Bidamon

{{other persons}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Emma Hale Smith Bidamon
|image = EmmaSmith.jpg
|imagesize = 225px
|caption = Emma Hale Smith Bidamon [[Circa|c.]] 1841<ref>[http://josephsmith.net/josephsmith/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=031f001cfb340010VgnVCM1000001f5e340aRCRD&vgnextfmt=tab3 The Choice of My Heart]</ref>
|birth_name = Emma Hale
|birth_date = {{birth date|mf = yes|1804|07|10}}
|birth_place = [[Harmony Township, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania|Harmony Township]], [[Pennsylvania]], United States
|death_date = {{death date and age|mf = yes|1879|05|30|1804|07|10}}
|death_place = [[Nauvoo House]], [[Nauvoo, Illinois|Nauvoo]], [[Illinois]], United States
|death_cause =
|resting_place = [[Nauvoo, Illinois|Nauvoo]], [[Illinois]], [[United States]]
|resting_place_coordinates =
|title = President, [[Relief Society|The Female Relief Society of Nauvoo]]
|boards =
|religion = [[Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints]]; later [[Community of Christ]]
|spouse = [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]] (1827–1844) [[Lewis C. Bidamon]] (1847–1879)
|children = Alvin, Thaddeus and Louisa (twins), Joseph and Julia Murdock (twins, adopted), [[Joseph Smith III]], Frederick Granger Williams, Alexander Hale, Don Carlos, stillborn son (unnamed), David Hyrum
|awards =
|signature =
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Emma Hale Smith Bidamon''' (July 10, 1804 – April 30, 1879) was married to [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]], until his death in 1844, and was an early leader of the [[Latter Day Saint movement]], during Joseph Smith's lifetime and afterward as a member of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS, now the [[Community of Christ]]). She was also named in 1842 as the inaugural president of the [[Relief Society|Ladies' Relief Society]] of Nauvoo,<ref>''Times and Seasons'', April 1, 1842, 743</ref><ref>''History of the Church'', 4:567, 5:25</ref> a women's service organization.

==Life==
===Early life and first marriage, 1804–1829===
Emma was born July 10, 1804, in [[Harmony Township, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania]], as the seventh child of Isaac Hale and Elizabeth Lewis Hale. Emma first met her future husband, [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]], in 1825. Smith lived near [[Palmyra (town), New York|Palmyra, New York]], but boarded with the Hales in Harmony while he was employed in a company of men hoping to unearth buried treasure (specifically a silver mine for Josiah Stowell, a farmer whose home still stands on the north side of the Susquehanna River on New York State Route 7 in Nineveh, New York, just west of Afton). Although the company found no treasure, Smith returned to Harmony several times to court Emma. Isaac Hale refused to allow the marriage because he considered Smith's occupation disreputable. Finally, on January 17, 1827, Smith and Emma eloped across the state line to South Bainbridge (Afton), New York, where they were married the following day. The marriage site is now the Afton Fairgrounds, located on New York State Route 41 on the east side of the Susquehanna River; and a New York State Historical Marker commemorates the location. The couple moved to Smith's parents' home on the edge of [[Manchester (town), New York|Manchester Township]] near Palmyra.

On September 22, 1827, Joseph and Emma took a horse and carriage belonging to [[Joseph Knight, Sr.]], and went to a hill now known as the [[Cumorah|Hill Cumorah]] where Joseph claimed to receive a set of [[Golden Plates]]. This created a great deal of excitement in the area. In December 1827, the couple decided to move to Harmony, where they reconciled—to some extent—with Isaac and Elizabeth Hale. Emma's parents helped her and Joseph obtain a house and a small farm. Once they settled in, Joseph began work on the [[Book of Mormon]] with Emma acting as a scribe. She became a physical witness of the plates, reporting that she felt them through a cloth, traced the pages through the cloth with her fingers, heard the metallic sound they made as she moved them, and felt their weight. She later wrote in an interview with her son, Joseph Smith III: "In writing for your father I frequently wrote day after day, often sitting at the table close by him, he sitting with his face buried in his hat, with the stone in it, and dictating hour after hour with nothing between us."<ref>History of the RLDS Church, 8 vols. Independence, Missouri: Herald House, 1951. ''Last Testimony of Sister Emma'', 3:356</ref> While in Harmony on June 15, 1828, Emma gave birth to her first child—a son named Alvin—who lived only a few hours.

In May 1829, Emma and Joseph left Harmony and went to live with [[David Whitmer]] in [[Fayette, New York]]. While there, Joseph finished work on the Book of Mormon, which was published by March 1830.

==="Elect Lady" and the early church, 1830–1839===
On April 6, 1830, Joseph and five other men established the "[[Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)|Church of Christ]]" (whose name was changed to the "Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints" in 1838).

Emma was baptized by [[Oliver Cowdery]] on June 28, 1830, in [[Colesville, New York]], where an early [[branch (Mormonism)|branch]] of the church was established. During the next weeks, Joseph was arrested, tried and exonerated in South Bainbridge for "glass looking" on the state's vagrancy law (glass looking was a common scam in which the glass looker claimed to have the ability to find buried treasure for a fee). Emma may have been disheartened and Joseph reported a revelation which instructed her to "murmur not" but also comforted her with the assurance, "thy sins are forgiven thee, and thou art an elect lady, whom I have called."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kirtlandtemple.org/hymns/hymnal1835.html |title=Emma's 1835 Hymnal}}</ref> The revelation goes on to state that Emma would "be ordained under [Joseph's] hand to expound scriptures, and to exhort the church" and further authorizes Emma to "make a selection of sacred Hymns" for the church.

Joseph and Emma returned to Harmony for a time, but relations with Emma's parents broke down, and the couple went back to staying in the homes of members of the growing church. They lived first with the Whitmers in Fayette, then with [[Newel K. Whitney]] and his family in [[Kirtland, Ohio]], and then into a cabin on a farm owned by [[Isaac Morley]]. It was here on April 30, 1831, that Emma gave premature birth to twins, Thaddeus and Louisa, who died hours later. That same day, Julia Clapp Murdock died giving birth to twins, Joseph and [[Julia Murdock Smith|Julia]]. When they were nine days old, their father, John, gave the infants to the Smiths to raise as their own. On September 2, 1831, the new family moved into John Johnson's home in [[Hiram, Ohio]]. The infant Joseph died of exposure or pneumonia in late March 1832, after a door was left open during a mob attack on Smith.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rickgrunder.com/VanNorman/Julia%20Album/julia.htm |title=Julia Murdock Smith Dixon Middleton Family album and history}}</ref>

On November 6, 1832, Emma gave birth to [[Joseph Smith III]] in the upper room of [[Newel K. Whitney]]'s store in Kirtland. Young Joseph (as he became known) was the first of her natural children to live to adulthood. A second son, Frederick Granger Williams Smith (named for a [[Frederick G. Williams|councilor]] in the church's [[First Presidency]]), followed on June 29, 1836.

While in Kirtland, Emma's feelings about temperance and the use of tobacco may have influenced her husband's decision to pray about dietary questions. These prayers resulted in the "[[Word of Wisdom]]". Also, Emma's first selection of hymns was published as a hymnal for the church's use. It was also in Kirtland that the collapse of Joseph's banking venture, the [[Kirtland Safety Society]], led to serious problems for the church and the family. On January 12, 1838, he was forced to leave the state or face charges of fraud and illegal banking.

Emma and her family soon followed and made a new home on the frontier in the Latter Day Saint settlement of [[Far West, Missouri]], where Emma gave birth on June 2, 1838 to [[Alexander Hale Smith]]. Events of the [[Mormon War (1838)|1838 Mormon War]] soon escalated, resulting in Joseph's surrender and imprisonment by Missouri officials. Emma and her family were forced to leave the state with the majority of Latter Day Saint refugees. She crossed the Mississippi River which had frozen over in February 1839. Of these times, she later wrote:

{{cquote|No one but God knows the reflections of my mind and the feelings of my heart when I left our house and home, and almost all of everything that we possessed excepting our little children, and took my journey out of the State of Missouri, leaving [Joseph] shut up in that lonesome prison. But the reflection is more than human nature ought to bear, and if God does not record our sufferings and avenge our wrongs on them that are guilty, I shall be sadly mistaken.}}

===Early years in Nauvoo, 1839–1844===
Emma and her family lived with friendly non-Mormons John and Sarah Cleveland in [[Quincy, Illinois]], until Joseph escaped custody in Missouri. The family moved to a new Latter Day Saint settlement in Illinois which Joseph named "[[Nauvoo, Illinois|Nauvoo]]." On May 9, 1839, they moved into a two story log house there which they called the "Homestead." They lived there until 1842 when a much larger house, known as the "[[Joseph Smith Mansion House|Mansion House]]" was built across the street. A wing (no longer extant) was added to this house, which Emma operated as a hotel.

On March 24, 1842 the Ladies' Relief Society was formally organized as the women's auxiliary to the church and Emma became its founding president, with [[Sarah M. Cleveland]] and [[Elizabeth Ann Whitney]] as her counselors. The organization was formed to "provoke the brethren to good works in looking to the wants of the poor, [search] after objects of charity...[and] to assist by correcting the virtues of the female community," according to the minutes of the society. Shortly before this, Joseph initiated the [[Anointed Quorum]]—a prayer-circle of important men and women in the church that included Emma.

Rumors concerning polygamy and other practices erupted into the open by 1842. Emma was involved in campaigns to publicly condemn polygamy and deny any involvement by her husband. Emma authorized and was the main signatory of a petition in Summer 1842, with a thousand female signatures, denying [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]] was connected with polygamy.<ref>''Times and Seasons'' 3 [August 1, 1842]: 869</ref> As President of the Ladies' Relief Society, she authorized the publishing of a certificate in October 1842 denouncing polygamy and denying her husband as its creator or participant.<ref>''Times and Seasons'' 3 [October 1, 1842]: 940</ref> In March 1844, Emma published: {{quote|We raise our voices and hands against John C. Bennett's 'spiritual wife system', as a scheme of profligates to seduce women; and they that harp upon it, wish to make it popular for the convenience of their own cupidity; wherefore, while the marriage bed, undefiled is honorable, let polygamy, bigamy, fornication, adultery, and prostitution, be frowned out of the hearts of honest men to drop in the gulf of fallen nature.<ref>The document ''The Voice of Innocence from Nauvoo''. signed by Emma Smith as President of the Ladies' Relief Society, was published within the article ''Virtue Will Triumph'', ''[[Nauvoo Neighbor]]'', March 20, 1844. ''The Voice of Innocence from Nauvoo'' is also referred to in ''LDS History of the Church'' 6:236, 241</ref>}}

In June 1844, with the publication of the ''[[Nauvoo Expositor]]'' by disaffected former church members, the press was destroyed by the town marshal on orders from the town council (of which Joseph was a member) which set into motion the events that ultimately led to his arrest and incarceration in the jail in [[Carthage, Illinois|Carthage]]. While he was there, a mob of about 200 armed men stormed Carthage Jail in the late afternoon of June 27, 1844, and both Joseph and his brother [[Hyrum Smith|Hyrum]] were killed.

===Later years in Nauvoo, 1844–1879===
[[File:Emma Hale Smith Bidamon.jpg|thumb|150px|Emma later in life, ca. 1870s]]
[[File:JosephSmithGrave.jpg|thumb|200px|Grave of Joseph, Emma, and Hyrum Smith]]
Joseph's death threw both the church and Emma's family into disorder. Emma was left a pregnant widow—it would be on November 17, 1844, that she gave birth to [[David Hyrum Smith]], her and Joseph's last child together. In addition to being church president, Joseph had been trustee-in-trust for the church. As a result, his estate was entirely wrapped up with the finances of the church. Untangling the church's property and debts from Emma's personal property and debts proved a long and potentially dangerous process for Emma and her family.

The church itself was left with no clear successor and a [[Succession crisis (Mormonism)|succession crisis]] ensued. Emma wanted [[William Marks (Mormonism)|William Marks]], president of the church's central [[Stake (Mormonism)|stake]], to assume the [[President of the Church (Mormonism)|church presidency]], but Marks favored [[Sidney Rigdon]] for the role. After a meeting on August 6, a congregation of the church voted that the [[Quorum of the Twelve|Quorum of the Twelve Apostles]] should become the new [[First Presidency]] of the church. [[Brigham Young]], president of the Quorum, then became ''de facto'' president of the church in Nauvoo.

Relations between Young and Emma steadily deteriorated and Emma's friends as well as members of the Smith family were alienated from Young's followers, the bulk of the church members gathered in the Nauvoo area. Relations between the Latter Day Saints and their neighbors also declined into near open warfare, and finally Young made the decision to relocate in the West. When he and the majority of the Latter Day Saints of Nauvoo abandoned the city in early 1846, Emma and her children remained behind in the mostly empty town.

Nearly two years later, a close friend and non-Mormon, Major [[Lewis C. Bidamon]], proposed marriage and became Emma's second husband on December 23, 1847. Bidamon moved into the [[Joseph Smith Mansion House|Mansion House]] and became stepfather to Emma's children. Emma and Bidamon attempted to operate a store and to continue using their large house as a hotel, but Nauvoo had too few residents and visitors to make either venture very profitable. Emma and her family remained rich in real estate but poor in capital.

Unlike other members of the Smith family who had at times favored the claims of [[James J. Strang]] and/or [[William Smith (Mormonism)|William Smith]], Emma and her children continued to live as unaffiliated Latter Day Saints. Many Latter Day Saints believed that her eldest son, [[Joseph Smith III]], would one day be called to take his father's place. Knowing the dangers and hardships firsthand, Emma may have preferred a different path for her son. However, when he reported receiving a calling from God to take his father's place as head of a "New Organization" of the Latter Day Saint church, she supported his decision. Both she and Joseph III traveled to a [[Amboy Conference|conference]] at [[Amboy, Illinois]] and on April 6, 1860, Joseph was sustained as [[President of the Church (Mormonism)|president]] of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, adding the word Reorganized to the name in 1872 (presently known as the [[Community of Christ]]). Emma became a member of this organization without [[Rebaptism (Mormonism)|rebaptism]], as her original 1830 baptism was still considered valid.

Emma and Joseph III returned to Nauvoo after the conference and he led the church from there until moving to [[Plano, Illinois]] in 1866. Joseph III called upon his mother to help prepare a hymnal for the reorganization, just as she had for the early church.

Major Bidamon renovated a portion of the unfinished [[Nauvoo House]] hotel (across the street from the Mansion House) and he and Emma moved there in 1871. Emma died peacefully in the Nauvoo House on April 30, 1879. Her funeral was held May 2 of that year in Nauvoo, Illinois, with RLDS Church minister [[Mark Hill Forscutt]] preaching the sermon.

==Hymns and hymnals==
In June 1832 a selection of six hymns was published in the first issue of [[Evening and Morning Star|''The Evening and the Morning Star'']], an early church periodical.<ref>[[wikisource:The Evening and the Morning Star (June 1832):8]]</ref>

The first church hymnal came off the press in 1836 (and maybe late 1835) at [[Kirtland, Ohio]].<ref>http://kirtlandtemple.org/hymns/hymnal1835.htm</ref> It was titled [[Collection of Sacred Hymns (Kirtland, Ohio)|''A Collection of Sacred Hymns, for the Church of the Latter Day Saints'']] and contained 90 hymn texts (no music). More than half of the texts were borrowed from other Protestant traditions, but often changed slightly to reinforce the theology of the early church. For example, Hymn 15, changes [[Isaac Watts]]' [[Joy to the World]] from a song about Christmas to a song about the return of Christ (''See'' [[Joy to the World (Phelps)|Joy to the world! the Lord will come!]]) Most of these changes as well as a large number of the original songs included in the hymnal are attributed to [[William Wines Phelps]].

Emma also compiled a second hymnal by the same title, which was published in [[Nauvoo, Illinois]] in 1841. This contained 304 hymn texts.

When her son Joseph III became president/prophet of what would be later known as the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, she was again asked to compile a hymnal. ''Latter Day Saints' Selection of Hymns'' was published in 1861 by what was then called the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints.

==Polygamy==
{{Main|Origin of Latter Day Saint polygamy}}
[[Linda King Newell|Newell]] and [[Valeen Tippetts Avery|Avery]], in their biography, [[Mormon Enigma: Emma Hale Smith|''Mormon Enigma'']], make the claim that Emma witnessed several marriages of [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]] to plural wives. However, throughout her lifetime Emma publicly denied knowledge of her husband's involvement in the practice of [[polygamy]] and denied on her deathbed that the practice had ever occurred. Emma stated, {{cquote|No such thing as polygamy, or spiritual wifery, was taught, publicly or privately, before my husband's death, that I have now, or ever had any knowledge of...He had no other wife but me; nor did he to my knowledge ever have.<ref>''Church History'', Volume 3, pp. 355-356</ref> }}

Emma Smith claimed that the very first time she ever became aware of a polygamy revelation being attributed by Mormons to Joseph Smith was when she read about it in [[Orson Pratt]]'s booklet ''The Seer'' in 1853.<ref>''Saints' Herald'' 65:1044–1045</ref> Her son, [[Joseph Smith III]], became prophet/president of the [[Amboy Conference|Reorganization]] — which gathered many of the Latter Day Saints still scattered across the Midwest and elsewhere. Many of the Midwestern Latter Day Saints had broken with Brigham Young and/or James Strang because of earnest opposition to polygamy. Emma's continuing public denial of the practice seemed to lend strength to their cause, and opposition to polygamy became a tenet of the RLDS church (now known as [[Community of Christ]]). Over the years many RLDS church historians attempted to prove that the practice had originated with [[Brigham Young]].<ref>Journal of Mormon History, Mormon History Association, Spring 2005, Volume 31, p. 70</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
{{Refbegin|2}}
*[[Linda King Newell]] and [[Valeen Tippetts Avery]], ''Mormon Enigma: Emma Hale Smith'' (New York: Doubleday, 1984). ISBN 0-385-17166-8. 2nd edition. rev., Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1994.
*Michael Hicks, ''Mormonism and Music: A History'', (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1989; [Paperback Ed., 2003]).
*Dan Vogel, ''Early Mormon Documents'', Vol. 4, (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 2002).
*Roger D. Launius, ''Joseph Smith III: Pragmatic Prophet'', (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988).
*Richard Lyman Bushman, ''Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling'', (New York: Knopf, 2005)
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* [http://josephsmithpapers.org/person?name=Emma+Smith Biography] from [http://www.josephsmithpapers.org Joseph Smith Papers Project]
{{Commonscat-inline|Emma Smith}}

{{S-start}}
! colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;" |[[Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)|Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints titles]]
{{s-new | First}}
{{s-ttl | title = President of the [[Relief Society]] | years = {{start date|1842|03|17|mf=yes}} – 1844}}
{{s-aft | after = [[Eliza R. Snow]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{LDSreliefsociety}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=64812309}}
{{Persondata 
| NAME = Smith, Emma
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = July 10, 1804
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Harmony Township, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania|Harmony Township]], [[Pennsylvania]]
| DATE OF DEATH = April 30, 1879
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Nauvoo House]], [[Nauvoo, Illinois|Nauvoo]], [[Illinois]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, Emma}}
[[Category:1804 births]]
[[Category:1879 deaths]]
[[Category:American Latter Day Saints]]
[[Category:Book of Mormon witnesses]]
[[Category:Community of Christ members]]
[[Category:Converts to Mormonism]]
[[Category:General Presidents of the Relief Society]]
[[Category:Hymnology]]
[[Category:Leaders in the Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)]]
[[Category:People from Nauvoo, Illinois]]
[[Category:Smith family (Latter Day Saints)]]
[[Category:Doctrine and Covenants people]]
{{Link FA|pt}}

[[ast:Emma Smith]]
[[da:Emma Hale Smith Bidamon]]
[[es:Emma Smith]]
[[eo:Emma Hale Smith Bidamon]]
[[gl:Emma Smith]]
[[io:Emma Hale Smith Bidamon]]
[[ht:Emma Smith]]
[[pt:Emma Smith]]
[[fi:Emma Hale Smith]]

Benutzer:Itz Marlon/3. World Scout Jamboree 1929

2012-12-28T18:46:54Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding sv:3:e världsjamboreen

{{Cleanup|date=February 2010}}

{{Infobox WorldScouting | type = event | image =3rd World Scout Jamboree.svg| caption = Coming of Age jamboree | name = 3rd World Scout Jamboree | location = [[Upton, Merseyside|Upton]] | country = [[United Kingdom]] | members = 30,000 Scouts | f-date = 1929}}
[[Image:League of Nations 3rd World Scout Jamboree.png|thumb|Cartoon in ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'', published in 1929 for the 3rd World Scout Jamboree]]
The '''3rd World Scout Jamboree''' was held in 1929 at [[Arrowe Park]] in [[Upton, Merseyside|Upton, Merseyside, United Kingdom]]. As it was commemorating the 21st birthday of ''[[Scouting for Boys]]'' and the [[Scouting]] movement, it is also known as the '''Coming of Age Jamboree'''. With about 30,000 Scouts and over 300,000 visitors attending, this jamboree was the largest jamboree ever.

==Organizational details==
From 29 July to 12 August 1929, the third [[World Scout Jamboree]] was held at Arrowe Park, in Birkenhead, United Kingdom. This [[jamboree (Scouting)|jamboree]] commemorated the 21st birthday of [[Scouting]], counting from the publication of the book ''[[Scouting for Boys]]'' by [[Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell|General Baden-Powell]]. Therefore this jamboree is also known as the Coming of Age Jamboree.<ref name='sa'>{{cite web | url = http://www.scoutbase.org.uk/library/history/inter/jambo.htm#1929 | publisher = [[The Scout Association]] | title = Jamboree Histories | accessdate = 2006-09-17| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20061004201301/http://www.scoutbase.org.uk/library/history/inter/jambo.htm| archivedate= 4 October 2006 | deadurl= no}}</ref><ref name='wosm'>{{cite web | url = http://www.scout.org/wsrc/fs/jamboree_e.shtml | title = Jamboree Histories | publisher = [[World Organization of the Scout Movement]] | accessdate = 2006-09-17| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20060908020525/http://www.scout.org/wsrc/fs/jamboree_e.shtml| archivedate= 8 September 2006 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

The Jamboree on a site of {{convert|450|acre|km2}} was opened by the [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn|Duke of Connaught]], the president of the [[The Scout Association|Boy Scout Association]], and fifty thousand Scouts and [[Girl Guides]] of many countries attended. During the first week, the weather was poor, turning the park grass into ankle deep mud, gaining the jamboree its nickname ''jamboree of mud''.<ref name='pinetree'>{{cite web | url = http://www.pinetreeweb.com/1929-jamboree.htm | title = 3rd World Jamboree | publisher = Pine Tree | accessdate = 2006-09-17| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20061021033505/http://www.pinetreeweb.com/1929-jamboree.htm| archivedate= 21 October 2006 | deadurl= no}}</ref><ref name='scouterkevin'>{{cite web | url = http://www.geocities.com/scouterkevin | title = Scouting with staves and stetsons | publisher = Scouter Kevin | accessdate = 2006-09-17|author=Kevin Snair |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5kjKkHi64|archivedate=2009-10-22|deadurl=yes}}</ref>

The camp was organized in eight subcamps, around a specially built town in the middle, called Midway, where Scouts could purchase materials. Each subcamp provided pitches for a contingent of scouts troops. The organization of daily chores such as cooking, campfire collecting, etc. were done in turn by the groups.<ref name='scouterkevin'/><ref name='eby'>{{cite web | url = http://www.geocities.com/Yosemite/Trails/9426/world29.html | title = History of the 1929 World Jamboree | publisher = David L Eby | accessdate =2006-09-17|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060102165116/http://www.geocities.com/Yosemite/Trails/9426/world29.html|archivedate=2006-01-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://usscouts.org/history/jambo29_bronx_valley_council_contingent.html | title = Bronx Valley Council Contingent, World Jamboree, Arrowe Park, England, 1929 | publisher = U.S. Scouting Service Project | accessdate = 2006-09-18}}</ref>

The Girl Guides in Cheshire were asked to run a hospital under canvas. There were 321 cases admitted and 2323 out-patient cases during the Jamboree. Only 52 cases had to be sent to other hospitals. Staff dealt with a range of problems from minor cuts, burns and sprains to fractures and head injuries. Two Guiders ran a dispensary providing both [[prescription drug|prescription]] and non-prescription medicines. There was also a dental clinic and an operating theatre. The hospital canteen provided meals for patients and the 50 members of staff, including many special diets, all cooked on open fires. Staff were asked to accommodate lost boys after the [[Cub Scout|Wolf Cub]] rally. The hospital was also proud to be asked to provide the bedding and equipment for the [[Edward VIII of the United Kingdom|Prince of Wales']] tent. This hospital had the far-reaching effect that many heads of Boy Scout movements from other countries saw the excellent work of the Girl Guides and changed their attitudes towards them.<ref>{{cite book| last =Kerr | first =Rose | title =Story of the Girl Guides 1908-1938 | publisher =Girl Guides Association | year =1976 | location = Great Britain}}</ref>

==Events during the jamboree==
On Baden-Powell a [[peerage]] was to be conferred by [[George V of the United Kingdom|King George V]], as was announced on 2 August by the [[Edward VIII of the United Kingdom|Prince of Wales]] who attended the Jamboree in Scout uniform. The formal title of ''Baron Baden-Powell, of Gilwell, co. Essex'' was granted on 1929-09-17, confirming the high notion Baden-Powell had of education and training, after [[Gilwell Park]] where the international [[Scout Leader]] training in the [[Wood Badge]] course took place.<ref name='pinetree'/><ref name=Burke>{{cite web | url = http://www.thepeerage.com/p876.htm#i8753 | title = Family history, Person Page 876 | publisher = The Peerage | accessdate = 2007-01-01| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20061230093956/http://www.thepeerage.com/p876.htm| archivedate= 30 December 2006 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

In the morning of Sunday 4 August, an open air thanksgiving service was held, presided by [[Cosmo Lang]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], and by [[Francis Bourne]], [[Archbishop of Westminster]], for Protestant and Catholic Scouts; and later that day a service was also held in [[Liverpool Cathedral]].<ref name='scouterkevin'/>

On 10 August, the Chief Scout [[Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell|Sir Robert Baden-Powell]] was given special attention. On behalf of all Scouts world wide, he was presented with a [[Rolls-Royce car|Rolls-Royce]] motor car and a caravan trailer. The caravan was nicknamed Eccles and is now on display at [[Gilwell Park]]. These gifts were paid for by [[penny]] donations of more than 1 million Scouts worldwide. The car, nicknamed Jam Roll, was sold after his death by [[Olave Baden-Powell]] in 1945. Jam Roll and Eccles were reunited at Gilwell for the [[21st World Scout Jamboree]] in 2007. Recently it has been purchased on behalf of Scouting and is owned by a charity, B-P Jam Roll Ltd. Funds are being raised to repay the loan that was used to purchase the car.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.scouting.milestones.btinternet.co.uk/jamroll.htm |title = "Johnny" Walker's Scouting Milestones |accessdate= 2008-09-03| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080905222518/http://www.scouting.milestones.btinternet.co.uk/jamroll.htm| archivedate= 5 September 2008 | deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.jamroll.org/ | title = B-P Jam Roll Limited |accessdate= 2008-09-03| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080820030703/http://www.jamroll.org/| archivedate= 20 August 2008 | deadurl= no}}</ref> Also he was given an oil painted portrait by [[David Jagger]], which since has been used as a publicity picture by many Scout organizations. It is on display in the [[Baden-Powell House]]. Lastly, Baden-Powell was given a cheque for [[pound sterling|£]]2,750 and an illuminated address.

==Closing ceremony and Golden Arrow==
The farewell ceremony on the last day, 12 August, consisted of a march with flags and banners past the royal box with the Chief Scout and other officers, ending in a [[Wheel of Friendship]] formed by the Scouts, with 21 spokes symbolic for the 21 years of Scouting. While burying a [[hatchet]] in a cask of gilded wooden arrows, Baden-Powell addressed the gathered Scouts.
:''Here is the hatchet of war, of enmity, of bad feeling, which I now bury in Arrowe. From all corners of the world you came to the call of brotherhood and to Arrowe. Now I send you forth to your homelands bearing the sign of peace, good-will and fellowship to all your fellow men. From now on in Scouting the symbol of peace and goodwill is a golden arrow. Carry that arrow on and on, so that all may know of the brotherhood of men.''
Then he sent the golden arrows as peace symbols to the North, South, West, and East, through the [[spoke]]s of the Wheel of Friendship.
:''I want you all to go back from here to your countries in different parts of the world with a new idea in your minds of having brothers in every country... Go forth from here as ambassadors of goodwill and friendship. Every one of you Scouts, no matter how young or small, can spread a good word about this country and those whom you have met here. Try to make yourselves better Scouts than ever; try to help other boys, especially the poorer boys, to be happy, healthy, and helpful citizens like yourselves. And now, farewell, goodbye, God Bless you all.''<ref name='sa'/><ref name='wosm'/><ref name='scouterkevin'/><ref name="test">[http://www.pinetreeweb.com/1929-jamboree.htm relation from the Jamboree]</ref>

[[File:Polish Scouts with Golden Arrow3.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Polish Scouts with Golden Arrow.]]

The ''Golden Arrows'' are wooden gilded, about 40 centimeter-long. It is not certain how many arrows there were. Three of the Golden Arrows are placed in [[England]]. One in the Museum at the [[Youlbury Scout Activity Centre]], near [[Oxford]]. The other, given to the Polish contingent in 1929, was last seen in 2000 in [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]].<ref>according to the letter from John May to Alan Strong dated on 4 August 2004 and to the oral relations of ZHP's national headquarters' workers (December 2008)</ref> {{Citation needed|date=December 2008}}

:"In the early part of the Second World War a Polish soldier was taken prisoner in his own country and managed to escape. He was a Scout, and had been the one to receive the Golden Arrow from the hands of the Chief at the Jamboree at Arrowe Park on the coming-of-age of Scouting in 1929. He had lost everything – home, family, and all that he held most dear – except one precious possession – the Golden Arrow, in rough wood, which he was determined to take away with him. After passing through many adventures he reached Great Britain. Nothing arrived except one brave worn-out Polish soldier and his Golden Arrow. He sought out a Scout whom he knew, and by whom he had been taught his Scouting in the old days at Gilwell Park. To him he gave the Arrow, saying that for the present it was no longer of any use to him. He had brought it to the only haven he knew. It was afterwards given into the safe keeping of small, country troop, who looked upon it with great pride. The Chief never knew this story, but would have loved it if he had, and might truly have said:

''I shot an arrow into the air, It fell to earth I know not where...''

:Some day, when war is over and peace has come, the Arrow will go back to Poland. That is what the brotherhood of Scouts does for people. That is the spirit of Scouting. And badly will that spirit of comradeship be needed for the reconstruction of the world that lies ahead."<ref>[[Marguerite de Beaumont]], [[The Wolf That Never Sleeps]], London 1944</ref>

In 1996, during the camp celebrating the re-admittance to World Scouting of the [[Polish Scout Association]], the Golden Arrow was given to Polish International Commissioner.

==Memorabilia==
For the event a memorial sculpture by sculptor [[Edward Carter Preston]] was erected in 1931 at the entrance to [[Arrowe Park Hospital]]. It was commissioned by the Boy Scout Movement, and unveiled by [[Baron Hampton|Lord Hampton]], the Headquarter's [[Commissioner]]. After restoration in the early 1980s, it was re-unveiled in 1983 by the then Chief Scout Major-General [[Michael J. H. Walsh|Michael Walsh]].<ref name=monument>{{cite web | url = http://pmsa.cch.kcl.ac.uk/LL/MSWR0053.htm | title = Memorial to World Boy Scout Jamboree | publisher = Public Monument and Sculpture Association | accessdate = 2006-09-18}}</ref>

==Related reading==
*{{cite book | first = Claude | last = Fisher | title = The World Jamboree, 1929: the quest for the Golden Arrow | year = 1929 | publisher = [[The Scout Association|The Boy Scouts Association]] | id = ASIN B0008D276Y | page = 151 pages}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.scoutbase.org.uk/library/history/inter/jambo.htm#1920 Jamboree Histories at ScoutBase]
*[http://www.scout.org/en/information_events/events/world_events/world_jamboree/jamborees_history Jamboree Histories at Scout.org]
*[http://jamboreevideo.homestead.com/files/index.html The Quest of the Golden Arrowe: The 1929 World Scout Jamboree]

{{WOSM|jamboree}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2010}}
[[Category:Scouting jamborees|#1929]]
[[Category:1929 in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Scouting and Guiding in the United Kingdom|#]]

[[fr:Jamboree mondial de 1929]]
[[id:Jambore Pramuka Dunia ke-3]]
[[it:3º Jamboree mondiale dello scautismo]]
[[hu:3. Cserkész Világdzsembori]]
[[sv:3:e världsjamboreen]]
[[vi:Trại Họp bạn Hướng đạo Thế giới lần thứ 3]]

Nylands mekaniske verksted

2012-12-18T10:35:29Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (robot Legger til: nn:Nylands mekaniske verksted

'''Nylands mekaniske verksted''' ble grunnlagt i [[1854]] av [[Jacob Smith Jarmann|J.S. Jarmann]], J.G. Jarmann og Prosper Nørbech. I 1857 flyttet verkstedet til utløpet av [[Akerselva]] i [[Bjørvika]], hvor det ble oppført en stor fabrikkbygning ytterst på vestre elvebredd. På denne tomten drev verkstedet sin hovedvirksomhet fram til 1971. Rundt år 1900 var Nyland landets største verft, med over 1000 ansatte. I 1956 ble Nyland overtatt av [[Akergruppen]] og senere slått sammen med [[Akers mekaniske verksted]]. På tomten etter Nylands Verksted ble [[Operahuset i Oslo]] åpnet i 2008.

Nylands mek. verksted startet med å bygge [[dampmaskin]]er og bygde [[dampskip]] og [[damplokomotiv]].

==Skip bygget ved Nylands Mekaniske Verksted==

''Ukomplett''

{| class="wikitable"
! Nr. !! Overlevert !! Navn !! Type !! Tonnasje !! Rederi !! Hjemmehavn !! Annet
|-
| align="right"| 1 || align="right"| 1861 || [[DS «Engebret Soot»]] || [[Lokalrutebåt]] / [[taubåt]] ||align="right"| 30 brt || Fredrikshalds saugbrugsforening || [[Halden]] || [[Veteranskip]]
|-
| align="right"| 2 || align="right"| 1861 || [[DS «Gahn»]] || [[Taubåt]] ||align="right"| 10 brt || Thoresen & Stolt || [[Fetsund]] ||
|-
| align="right"| 3 || align="right"| 1863 || [[DS «Øieren»]] || [[Taubåt]] ||align="right"| 120 brt || Christiania Tømmerdireksjon || [[Oslo]] || [[Hjulbåt]]
|-
| align="right"| 4 || align="right"| 1864 || [[DS «Spes & Fides»]] || [[Hvalbåt]] ||align="right"| 86 brt || Svend Foyn || [[Tønsberg]] ||
|-
| align="right"| 5 || align="right"| 1865 || [[DS «Kong Oscar»]] || [[Lokalrutebåt]] ||align="right"| 140 brt || Stenkjær Dambskibsselskab || [[Steinkjer]] ||
|-
| align="right"| 6 || align="right"| 1865 || [[DS «Trækkeren»]] || [[Taubåt]] ||align="right"| 20 brt || Verkseier Cappelen || [[Ulefoss]] ||
|-
| align="right"| 7 || align="right"| 1865 || [[DS «Vikingen» (1865)|DS «Vikingen»]] || [[Lokalrutebåt]] ||align="right"| 91 brt || IS for DS «Vikingen» || [[Bergen]] || Hugget 1952
|-
| align="right"| 8 || align="right"| 1866 || [[DS «Gudvangen»]] || [[Lokalrutebåt]] ||align="right"| 50 brt || C. Knagenhjelm || ||
|-
| align="right"| 9 || align="right"| 1867 || [[DS «Kong Sverre» (1867)|DS «Kong Sverre»]] || [[Kystruteskip]] ||align="right"| 439 brt || Det Søndenfjeldske Dampskibsselkab || Oslo || Lekter fra 1939
|-
| align="right"| 10 || align="right"| 1866 || [[DS «Louise» (1866)|DS «Louise»]] || [[Lokalrutebåt]] ||align="right"| 50 brt || Ladegaardsøens Dampskibsselkab || Oslo ||
|-
| align="right"| 11 || align="right"| 1866 || [[DS «Hansteen»]] || [[Oppmålingsskip]] ||align="right"| 114 brt || Norges geografiske oppmåling || [[Trondheim]] || [[Veteranskip]]
|-
| align="right"| 12 || align="right"| 1867 || [[DS «Oslo» (1867)|DS «Oslo»]] || ||align="right"| 200 brt || Haldens Dampskibsselkab || Oslo || [[Hjulbåt]]
|-
| align="right"| 13 || align="right"| 1867 || [[DS «Kong Oscar» (1867)|DS «Kong Oscar»]] || ||align="right"| 200 brt || Norsk Hoved Jernbane || ||
|-
| align="right"| 14 || align="right"| 1867 || [[DS «Basken»]] || [[Taubåt]] ||align="right"| 77 brt || Christiania Is- og Buxer-Dampskibsselkab || Oslo ||
|-
| align="right"| 15 || align="right"| 1868 || [[DS «Drammen» (1868)|DS «Drammen»]] || [[Lasteskip]] ||align="right"| 130 brt || Captein A. Smith || [[Drammen]] ||
|-
| align="right"| 16 || align="right"| 1868 || [[DS «Solli» (1868)|DS «Solli»]] || [[Taubåt]] ||align="right"| 20 brt || [[Sanne & Solli Brug]] || ||
|-
| align="right"| 17 || align="right"| 1868 || [[DS «Lodsen» (1868)|DS «Lodsen»]] || [[Taubåt]] ||align="right"| 40 brt || A.B. Bull || Tønsberg ||
|-
| align="right"| 27 || align="right"| 1874 || [[DS «Glommen»]] || [[Taubåt]] ||align="right"| 87 brt || Christiania Tømmerdireksjon || Oslo || [[Hjulbåt]]
|-
| align="right"| 39? || align="right"| 1878 || [[DS «Høgsfjord I» (1878)|DS «Torghatten»]] || [[Lokalrutebåt]] ||align="right"| 91,34 brt || [[Dampskibsselskabet «Torghatten»s Aktieselskab]] || [[Brønnøysund]] ||
|-
| align="right"| 65 || align="right"| 1887 || [[DS «Turisten»]] || [[Lokalrutebåt]] ||align="right"| 76,41 brt || Fredrikshalds-Vasdragets Dambskibsselskab || Halden || [[Veteranskip]]
|-
| align="right"| 69 || align="right"| 1888 || [[DS «Drammen» (1888)|DS «Drammen»]] || ||align="right"| 91 brt || Waldemar Pedersen || [[Halden]] || Forlist 1914
|-
| align="right"| 72 || align="right"| 1890 || [[DS «Utstein» (1890)|DS «Utstein»]] || ||align="right"| 765 brt ||Holdt & Isachsen || [[Stavanger]] || Hugget 1939
|-
| align="right"| 78 || align="right"| 1891 || [[DS «Spero» (1891)|DS «Spero»]] || [[Lasteskip]] ||align="right"| 968 brt || [[Arendals Dampskibsselskab]] || [[Arendal]] || Forlist 1912
|-
| align="right"| 103 || align="right"| 1896 || [[DS «Peik» (1896)|DS «Peik»]] || [[Lasteskip]] ||align="right"| 1068 brt || Andreas Jacobsen || [[Kristiania]] || Krigsforlist 1915
|-
| align="right"| 105 || align="right"| 1897 || [[DS «Ring» (1897)|DS «Ring»]] || [[Lasteskip]] ||align="right"| 998 brt || Andreas Jacobsen || [[Kristiania]] || Krigsforlist 1917
|-
| align="right"| 107 || align="right"| 1897 || [[DS «Albis» (1897)|DS «Albis»]] || [[Lasteskip]] ||align="right"| 1381 brt || [[Camillo Eitzen & Co.]] || [[Kristiania]] || Krigsforlist 1915
|-
| align="right"| 114 || align="right"| 1899 || [[DS «Balduin» (1899)|DS «Balduin»]] || [[Lasteskip]] ||align="right"| 1059 brt || [[Fred olsen]] || [[Hvitsten]] || Forlist 1915
|-
| align="right"| 122 || align="right"| 1901 || [[DS «Kong Guttorm» (1901)|DS «Kong Guttorm»]] || [[Lasteskip]] ||align="right"| 731 brt ||Det Søndenfjeldske Dampskibsselkab || Kristiania || Krigsforlist 1918
|-
| align="right"| 128 || align="right"| 1902 || [[DS «Ulv» (1902)|DS «Ulv»]] || [[Lasteskip]] ||align="right"| 1471 brt || [[Pedersen & Co.]] || Kristiania || Forlist 1931
|-
| align="right"| 135 || align="right"| 1903 || [[DS «Ulv» (1902)|DS «Ulv»]] || [[Lasteskip]] ||align="right"| 1471 brt || [[Pedersen & Co.]] || Kristiania || Forlist 1931
|-
| align="right"| 138 || align="right"| 1903 || [[DS «Galveston» (1903)|DS «Galveston»]] || [[Lasteskip]] ||align="right"| 1254 brt || [[G. M. Bryde]] || Kristiania || Forlist 1917
|-
| align="right"| 139 || align="right"| 1903 || [[DS «Brilliant» (1903)|DS «Brilliant»]] || [[Lasteskip]] ||align="right"| 1441 brt || [[Fred Olsen]] || Kristiania || Krigsforlist 1915
|-
| align="right"| 156 || align="right"| 1905 || [[DS «Boston» (1905)|DS «Boston»]] || [[Lasteskip]] ||align="right"| 1168 brt || [[Fred Olsen]] || Kristiania || Krigsforlist 1914
|-
| align="right"| 161 || align="right"| 1905 || [[DS «Molina» (1905)|DS «Molina»]] || [[Lasteskip]] ||align="right"| 1122 brt || [[G. M. Bryde]] || Kristiania || Forlist 1918
|-
| align="right"| 164 || align="right"| 1906 || [[DS «Atlantis» (1906)|DS «Atlantis»]] || [[Lasteskip]] ||align="right"| 1171 brt || [[Bernhard Hanssen]] || Flekkefjord || Krigsforlist 1918
|-
| align="right"| 165 || align="right"| 1906 || [[DS «Spiral» (1906)|DS «Spiral»]] || [[Lasteskip]] ||align="right"| 1378 brt || Hj. Siegwarth || [[Kristiania]] || Krigsforlist 1915
|-
| align="right"| 167 || align="right"| 1906 || [[DS «Cassiopeia» (1906)|DS «Cassiopeia»]] || [[Lasteskip]] ||align="right"| 1654 brt || L. Castberg || [[Kristiania]] || Krigsforlist 1915
|-
| align="right"| 170 || align="right"| 1907 || [[DS «Eidsfos» (1907)|DS «Eidsfos»]] || [[Lasteskip]] ||align="right"| 1350 brt || [[Thor Thoresen jr.]] || Kristiania || Forlist 1918
|-
| align="right"| 182 || align="right"| 1908 || [[DS «Skotfos» (1908)|DS «Skotfos»]] || [[Lasteskip]] ||align="right"| 1260 brt || [[Thor Thoresen jr.]] || Kristiania || Forlist 1915
|-
| align="right"| 192 || align="right"| 1908 || [[DS «Vadsø» (1908)|DS «Vadsø»]] || [[Lasteskip]] ||align="right"| 1279 brt || H. Paulsen || Kristiania || Krigsforlist 1917
|-
| align="right"| 193 || align="right"| 1908 || [[DS «Holland» (1908)|DS «Holland»]] || [[Lasteskip]] ||align="right"| 1279 brt || Olaf Rustad || Kristiania || Forlist 1917
|-
| align="right"| 215 || align="right"| 1911 || [[DS «Varde» (1911)|DS «Varde»]] || [[Lasteskip]] ||align="right"| 175 brt || [[Voldens Aktie-Dampskibsselskab]] || Kristiania || Forlist 1918
|-
| align="right"| 217 || align="right"| 1912 || [[DS «Rigi» (1912)|DS «Rigi»]] || [[Lasteskip]] ||align="right"| 1912 brt || Camillo Eitzen & Co || Kristiania || Krigsforlist 1915
|-
| align="right"| 223 || align="right"| 1911 || [[DS «Campell» (1911)|DS «Campell»]] || [[Lasteskip]] ||align="right"| 135 brt || Chr. Monsen || [[Tønsberg]] || Forlist 1914
|-
| align="right"| 229 || align="right"| 1912 || [[DS «Bretagne» (1903)|DS «Bretagne»]] || [[Lasteskip]] ||align="right"| 1438 brt || [[A/S Ganger Rolf]] || Kristiania || Forlist
|-
| align="right"| 238 || align="right"| 1914 || [[DS «Norefos» (1914)|DS «Norefos»]] || [[Lasteskip]] ||align="right"| 1788 brt || [[Thor Thoresen jr.]] || Kristiania || Krigssforlist 1918
|-
| align="right"| 246 || align="right"| 1914 || [[DS «Stadion II» (1914)|DS «Stadion II»]] || [[Lasteskip]] ||align="right"| 629 brt || J.B. Stang || Kristiania || Hugget 1956
|-
| align="right"| 291 || align="right"| 1928 || [[DS «Tromøsund» (1928)|DS «Tromøsund»]] || [[Kystruteskip]] ||align="right"| 732 brt || [[Arendals Dampskibsselskab]] || Arendal || Krigsforlist 1943
|-
| align="right"| 294 || align="right"| 1929 || [[DS «Oslo»]] || [[Kystruteskip]] ||align="right"| 881 brt || [[Arendals Dampskibsselskab]] || Arendal || Hugget
|-
| align="right"| 303 || align="right"| 1930 || [[DS «Ariadne»]] || [[Kystruteskip]] ||align="right"| 2.029 brt || [[Det Bergenske Dampskibsselskab]] || Bergen || Krigsforlist 1941
|-
| align="right"| 346 || align="right"| 1939 || [[DS «Signeborg» (1939)|DS «Signeborg»]] || [[Lasteskip]] ||align="right"| 1.360 brt ||Ab Ragne ||[[Västervik]] || Hugget 1971
|-
| align="right"| 374 || align="right"| 1950 || [[MS «Sandnes» (1950)|MS «Sandnes»]] || [[Kystruteskip]] ||align="right"| 1 534 brt || [[Sandnæs Dampskibs-Aktieselskab]] || [[Sandnes]] || [[Veteranskip]]
|-
| align="right"| 376 || align="right"| 1954 || [[DS «Lionne» (1954)|DS «Lionne»]] || [[Lasteskip]] ||align="right"| 2207 ? brt || [[A. Mohn]] || Oslo || Forlist 1965
|-
| align="right"| 398 || align="right"| 1965 || [[KNM «Sleipner» (1965-1992)|KNM «Sleipner»]] || [[Korvett]] ||align="right"| 780 depl.t || Den Norske Marine || - ||
|-
|}

<Gallery>
Image:Vikingen 1865.jpg| DS «Vikingen» (1865)
Image:DS Turisten i Kilesjoen 1925.jpg| DS «Turisten» (1887) Foto: Anders Beer Wilse
Image:DS Tromoesund i Oslo.jpg| DS «Tromøsund» (1928) Foto: Anders Beer Wilse
Image:Sandnes.jpg| MS «Sandnes» (1950) Foto:Jarle Vines
</Gallery>

==Eksterne lenker==
* [http://www.lardex.net/nylandsverksted/historien.htm lardex.net: Verkstedets historie]

{{stubb}}

[[Kategori:Tidligere norske selskaper]]
[[Kategori:Norske skipsverft]]
[[Kategori:Etableringer i 1854]]
[[Kategori:Opphør i 1971]]

[[nn:Nylands mekaniske verksted]]

Bealey River

2012-12-09T09:35:39Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding nn:Bealey River

[[Image:Bealey River valley.JPG|thumb|right|The Bealey River runs towards the top of the photo in the centre. The Waimakariri runs from left to right]]
[[Image:Bealey River at Arthur's Pass.jpg|thumb|The Bealey River flowing through the township of Arthur's Pass]]

The '''Bealey River''' is a small river located in the [[Southern Alps]] of [[New Zealand]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.linz.govt.nz/placenames/find-names/topographic-names-db/database/index.aspx?p=17724 |title=Place Name Detail Bealey River |work=Find official New Zealand place names |publisher=Land Information New Zealand |accessdate=2010-06-07 }}</ref> It is a tributary of the [[Waimakariri River]]. Its valley forms the eastern approach to [[Arthur's Pass (mountain pass)|Arthur's Pass]]. The river and the Bealey settlement are named for [[Samuel Bealey]], a 19th century Superintendent of [[Canterbury Province]] and pastoralist.

In the first half of the 20th century, the [[New Zealand Railways Department]] (NZR) dumped withdrawn locomotives and wagons in the river to stabilise its banks and prevent erosion. Some of these locomotives and wagons have been recovered by heritage groups with the aim of restoring them to operating condition, including [[Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company|WMR]] [[NZR N class|No. 9]] (later NZR N 453) by the [[Wellington and Manawatu Railway Trust]] in 2003.<ref>[http://www.wmry.netfirms.com/salvage.htm Wellington and Manawatu Railway Trust: Stage I - Salvage]</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{coord|43|01|S|171|35|E|display=title|region:NZ_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Rivers of the Canterbury Region]]

{{CanterburyNZ-geo-stub}}

[[nn:Bealey River]]
[[pt:Rio Bealey]]

Pikes Peak Goldrausch

2012-12-03T15:38:05Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding sv:Guldrushen i Pike's Peak

[[Image:Pikes Peak miners.jpg|250px|thumb|Gold prospectors in the [[Rocky Mountains]] of western [[Kansas Territory]].]]
The '''Pike's Peak Gold Rush''' (later known as the '''Colorado Gold Rush''') was the boom in [[gold]] prospecting and mining in the [[Pike's Peak Country]] of western [[Kansas Territory]] and southwestern [[Nebraska Territory]] of the [[United States]] that began in July 1858 and lasted until roughly the creation of the [[Colorado Territory]] on February 28, 1861. An estimated 100,000 gold seekers took part in one of the greatest [[gold rushes]] in [[North America]]n history.<ref name=ArapahoCamp>{{cite web | date = December 19, 2006 | url = http://www.denvergov.org/AboutDenver/history_narrative_1.asp | title = Denver History - The Arapaho Camp | format = [[Active Server Pages|ASP]]/[[HTML]] | work = Mile High City | author = Thomas J. Noel | publisher = City and County of Denver | accessdate = December 19, 2006 | authorlink = Thomas Noel (historian)}}</ref> The participants in the gold rush were known as "[[Fifty-Niner]]s" after 1859, the peak year of the rush and often used the motto '''Pike's Peak or Bust!'''

==Overview==
The Pike's Peak Gold Rush, which followed the [[California Gold Rush]] by approximately one decade, produced a dramatic but temporary influx of [[immigrant]]s into the [[Pike's Peak Country]] of the [[Rocky Mountains|Southern Rocky Mountains]]. The rush was exemplified by the slogan "Pike's Peak or Bust!", a reference to the prominent mountain at the eastern edge of the Rocky Mountains that guided many early prospectors to the region westward over the [[Great Plains]]. The [[Prospecting|prospector]]s provided the first major [[White American|European-American]] population in the region. The rush created a few mining camps such as [[Denver, Colorado|Denver City]] and [[Boulder, Colorado|Boulder City]] that would develop into cities. Many smaller camps such as [[Auraria, Colorado|Auraria]] and [[Denver, Colorado#History|Saint Charles City]] were absorbed by larger camps and towns. Scores of other mining camps have faded into [[ghost town]]s, but quite a few camps such as [[Central City, Colorado|Central City]], [[Black Hawk, Colorado|Black Hawk]], [[Georgetown, Colorado|Georgetown]], and [[Idaho Springs, Colorado|Idaho Springs]] survive.

==Discovery==
In 1849 and 1850, several parties of gold seekers bound for the [[California Gold Rush]] [[placer mining|panned]] small amounts of gold from various streams in the [[South Platte River]] valley at the foot of the [[Rocky Mountains]]. The Rocky Mountain gold failed to impress or delay men with visions of unlimited wealth in California, and the discoveries were not reported for several years.<ref name=PikesPeakGold>{{cite web | year = 2006 | url = http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Falls/2000/index.html | title = The Pike's Peak Gold Rush | work = The Pike's Peak Gold Rush | author = Gehling, Richard | publisher = Richard Gehling | accessdate = December 19, 2006|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20060215083309/http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Falls/2000/index.html|archivedate=2006-02-15}}</ref>

As the hysteria of the California Gold Rush faded, many discouraged gold seekers returned home. Rumors of gold in the Rocky Mountains persisted and several small parties explored the region. In the summer of 1857, a party of [[Spanish language|Spanish-speaking]] gold seekers from [[New Mexico]] worked a [[placer mining|placer deposit]] along the South Platte River about 5 miles (8 kilometers) above [[Cherry Creek (Colorado)|Cherry Creek]] in what is today [[Denver, Colorado|Denver]].<ref name=ArapahoCamp/>

[[William Greeneberry Russell|William Greeneberry "Green" Russell]] was a [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgian]] who worked in the California gold fields in the 1850s. Russell was married to a [[Cherokee]] woman, and through his connections to the tribe, he heard about an 1849 discovery of gold along the South Platte River. Green Russell organized a party to prospect along the South Platte River, setting off with his two brothers and six companions in February 1858. They rendezvoused with Cherokee tribe members along the [[Arkansas River]] in present-day [[Oklahoma]] and continued westward along the [[Santa Fe Trail]]. Others joined the party along the way until their number reached 107.<ref name=PikesPeakGold/>

Upon reaching [[Bent's Fort]], they turned to the northwest, reaching the confluence of [[Cherry Creek (Colorado)|Cherry Creek]] and the South Platte on May 23. The site of their initial explorations is in present-day [[Confluence Park]] in Denver. They began prospecting in the river beds, exploring Cherry Creek and nearby [[Ralston Creek (Colorado)|Ralston Creek]] but without success. In the first week of July 1858, Green Russell and Sam Bates found a small placer deposit near the mouth of [[Little Dry Creek (Englewood, Colorado)|Little Dry Creek]] that yielded about 20 troy ounces (622 grams) of gold, the first significant gold discovery in the Rocky Mountain region. The site of the discovery is in the present-day Denver suburb of [[Englewood, Colorado|Englewood]], just north of the junction of [[U.S. Highway 285]] and [[U.S. Highway 85]].<ref name=PikesPeakGold/>
[[Image:Pikes peak-gold rush-map01.jpg|360px|thumb|A map from the late 1850s showing prominent routes to the gold regions.]]

==The initial boom==
The first decade of the boom was largely concentrated along the South Platte River at the base of the mountains, the canyon of [[Clear Creek (Colorado)|Clear Creek]] in the mountains west of Golden City, at [[Breckenridge, Colorado|Breckenridge]] and in [[South Park (Colorado basin)|South Park]] at [[Como, Colorado|Como]], [[Fairplay, Colorado|Fairplay]], and [[Alma, Colorado|Alma]]. By 1860, Denver City, [[Golden, Colorado|Golden City]], and Boulder City were substantial towns serving the mines. Rapid population growth led to the creation of the [[Colorado Territory]] in 1861.

===Free gold===
{{Main|Gold mining in Colorado}}
Hardrock mining boomed for a few years, but then declined in the mid-1860s as the miners exhausted the shallow parts of the veins that contained free gold, and found that their [[Patio process|amalgamation]] mills could not recover gold from the deeper sulfide ores.<ref>A. H. Koschman and M. H. Bergendahl (1968) ''Principal Gold-Producing Districts of the United States'', US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 610, p.86.</ref> This problem was eventually solved and [[gold mining in Colorado|gold and silver mining in Colorado]] became a major industry.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Colorado}}
{{Wild West}}

[[Category:American gold rushes]]
[[Category:Pre-statehood history of Colorado]]
[[Category:Economy of Colorado]]
[[Category:Colorado Mining Boom]]
[[Category:Economic history of the United States]]
[[Category:Jefferson Territory]]
[[Category:Mining in Colorado]]
[[Category:Pikes Peak]]
[[Category:Kansas Territory]]

[[fr:Ruée vers l'or de Pikes Peak]]
[[sv:Guldrushen i Pike's Peak]]

Carleton S. Coon

2012-12-02T22:44:31Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding sv:Carleton S. Coon

{{Infobox scientist
|birth_name=Carleton Stevens Coon
| name = Carleton S. Coon
| image = CSCoon.png
| image_size = 150px
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1904|06|23}}
| birth_place = [[Wakefield, Massachusetts]]
| death_date ={{Death date and age|1981|06|03|1904|06|23}}
| death_place= [[Gloucester, Massachusetts]]
| residence = West Gloucester, Massachusetts
| nationality = United States of America
| fields = [[Anthropology]]
| workplaces = [[Harvard University]], [[University of Pennsylvania]]
| alma_mater = Harvard University
| thesis_title =
| thesis_url =
| thesis_year =
| doctoral_advisor =
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for = Racial theory and origins
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| influences = [[Earnest Hooton|Earnest A. Hooton]]
| influenced =
| awards = [[Legion of Merit]], Viking Fund Medal, Gold Medal of the Philadelphia Athenæum
| signature = 
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
| spouse = Mary Goodale (1926 – circa 1945), Lisa Dougherty Geddes (1945 – )}}
'''Carleton Stevens Coon''' (23 June 1904 – 3 June 1981) was an [[United States|American]] [[biological anthropology|physical anthropologist]], Professor of Anthropology at the [[University of Pennsylvania]], lecturer and professor at [[Harvard]], and president of the [[American Association of Physical Anthropologists]].<ref>[http://collopy.net/projects/2009/race.html “Race” Relations: Montagu, Dobzhansky, Coon, and the Divergence of Race Concepts]</ref>

==Biography==
Carleton Coon was born in [[Wakefield, Massachusetts]] to a [[Cornish American]] family.<ref>Rowse, A.L. The Cousin Jacks, The Cornish in America</ref> He developed an interest in prehistory, and attended [[Phillips Academy|Phillips Academy, Andover]] where he studied [[Egyptian hieroglyphs|hieroglyph]]ics and became proficient in ancient [[Greek language|Greek]]. Coon matriculated to [[Harvard]], where he studied [[Egyptology]] with [[George Reisner]]. He was attracted to the relatively new field of [[anthropology]] by [[Earnest Hooton]] and he graduated [[Latin_honors#Types|''magna cum laude'']] in 1925. He became the Curator of Ethnology at the University Museum of Philadelphia.<ref>Coon, Carleton S. (1962). The Origins of Races. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.</ref><ref>http://books.nap.edu/html/biomems/ccoon.pdf</ref>

Coon continued with coursework at Harvard. He conducted fieldwork in the [[Rif]] area of [[Morocco]] in 1925, which was politically unsettled after a rebellion of the local populace against the Spanish. He earned his Ph.D. in 1928<ref>The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2005.</ref> and returned to Harvard as a lecturer and later a professor. Coon's interest was in attempting to use [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]]'s theory of [[natural selection]] to explain the differing physical characteristics of races. Coon studied [[Albania]]ns from 1929–1930; he traveled to [[Ethiopia]] in 1933; and in [[Arabia]], [[North Africa]] and the [[Balkans]], he worked on sites from 1925 to 1939, where he discovered a Neanderthal in 1939. Coon rewrote [[William Z. Ripley]]'s 1899 ''[[The Races of Europe]]'' in 1939.

Coon wrote widely for a general audience like his mentor [[Earnest Hooton]]. Coon published ''The Riffians'', ''Flesh of the Wild Ox'', ''Measuring Ethiopia'', and ''A North Africa Story: The Anthropologist as OSS Agent''. ''A North Africa Story'' was an account of his work in North Africa during [[World War II]], which involved [[espionage]] and the smuggling of arms to French resistance groups in German-occupied [[Morocco]] under the guise of anthropological fieldwork. During that time, Coon was affiliated with the United States [[Office of Strategic Services]], the forerunner to the [[Central Intelligence Agency]].

Coon left Harvard to take up a position as Professor of [[Anthropology]] at the [[University of Pennsylvania]] in 1948, which had an excellent museum. Throughout the 1950s he produced academic papers, as well as many popular books for the general reader, the most notable being ''The Story of Man'' (1954).

Coon did photography work for the United States Air Force from 1954-1957. He photographed areas where US planes might be attacked. This led him to travel throughout Korea, Ceylon, India, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Japan, Taiwan, Nepal, Sikkim, and the Philippines.

Coon published ''The Origin of Races'' in 1962. In its "Introduction" he described the book as part of the outcome of his project he conceived (in light of his work on ''The Races of Europe'') around the end of 1956, for a work to be titled along the lines of ''Races of the World''. He said that since 1959 he had proceeded with the intention to follow ''The Origin of Races'' with a sequel, so the two would jointly fulfill the goals of the original project.<ref name="OoR-Int">Carleton S. Coon, ''The Origin of Races'', Knopf, 1962, p. vii</ref> (He indeed published ''The Living Races of Man'' in 1965.) The book asserted that the human species divided into five races before it had evolved into Homo sapiens. Further, he suggested that the races evolved into ''Homo sapiens'' at different times. It was not well received.<ref name="Schmeck">{{cite news |title=Carleton S. Coon Is Dead at 76: Pioneer in Social Anthropology |author=Harold M. Schmeck Jr. |publisher=New York Times |date=06 June 1981 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/06/obituaries/carleton-s-coon-is-dead-at-76-pioneer-in-social-anthropology.html }}</ref> The field of anthropology was moving rapidly from theories of race typology, and ''The Origin of Races'' was widely castigated by his peers in anthropology as supporting racist ideas with outmoded theory and notions which had long since been repudiated by modern science. One of his harshest critics, [[Theodore Dobzhansky]], scorned it as providing "grist for racist mills".<ref name="Shipman">{{cite book |title=The Evolution of Racism: Human Differences and the Use and Abuse of Science |last=Shipman |first=Pat |page=207 |year=2002 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-00862-5 }}</ref>

He continued to write and defend his work, publishing two volumes of memoirs in 1980 and 1981.<ref name="SmIns">[http://www.nmnh.si.edu/naa/guide/_c3.htm ''National Anthropological Archives'', "Coon, Carleton Stevens (1904-1981), Papers" ]</ref>

He died on June 3, 1981, in [[Gloucester, Massachusetts]].

==Racial theories==
Coon concluded that sometimes different [[Race (classification of human beings)|racial]] types annihilated other types while in other cases warfare and/or settlement led to the partial displacement of racial types. He asserted that Europe was the refined product of a long history of racial progression. He stated that historically "different strains in one population have showed differential survival values and often one has reemerged at the expense of others (in Europeans)", in ''The Races of Europe, The White Race and the New World'' (1939).<ref name=racesofeurope>[http://www.snpa.nordish.net/racesofeurope.htm The Races of Europe by Carleton Coon 1939] (Hosted by the Society for Nordish Physical Anthropology)</ref>

He stated the "maximum survival" of the European racial type was increased by the replacement of the indigenous peoples of the New World.<ref name=racesofeurope/> He stated the history of the White race to have involved "racial survivals" of White subraces.<ref>[http://www.snpa.nordish.net/chapter-II12.htm The Races of Europe, Chapter II, Section 12]</ref>

===Study of the Caucasoid race===
In his book ''The Races of Europe, The White Race and the New World'' (1939), Coon used the term "Caucasoid" and "White race" synonymously, as had become common in the United States, although not elsewhere. This is in contrast to many uses of the term "White race", which tend to reserve the designation for Caucasoid peoples from Europe and their descendants. In his introduction, Coon stated his interest was "the somatic character of peoples belonging to the white race". His first chapter was entitled, "Introduction to the Historical Study of the White Race", and his last chapter, "The White Race and the New World".<ref>[http://www.snpa.nordish.net/chapter-XIII2.htm The Races of Europe, Chapter XIII, Section 2]</ref>

Coon considered the European racial type to be a sub-race of the Caucasoid race, one that warranted more study. In other sections of ''The Races of Europe'', he mentioned people to be "European in racial type" and having a "European racial element."<ref>[http://www.snpa.nordish.net/chapter-VII2.htm The Races of Europe, Chapter 7, Section 2]</ref>

Coon suggested that the study of some major versions of European racial types was sadly lacking compared with other types, writing, <blockquote>
"For many years physical anthropologists have found it more amusing to travel to distant lands and to measure small remnants of little known or romantic peoples than to tackle the drudgery of a systematic study of their own compatriots. For that reason, sections in the present book that deal with the [[Lapps]], the [[Arab]]s, the [[Berber people|Berbers]], the [[Tājik people|Tajiks]], and the [[Gheg Albanian|Ghegs]] may appear more fully and more lucidly treated than those that deal with the French, the Hungarians, the Czechs, or the English. What is needed more than anything else in this respect is a thoroughgoing study of the inhabitants of the principal and most powerful nations of Europe."<ref name=racesofeurope/>
</blockquote>

'''Summary of ''The Races of Europe''<ref name=racesofeurope/>'''
 Coon's 1939 book concluded the following:

#The Caucasian race is of dual origin consisting of Upper Paleolithic (mixture of sapiens and neandertals) types and Mediterranean (purely sapiens) types.
#The Upper Paleolithic peoples are the truly indigenous peoples of Europe.
#Mediterraneans invaded Europe in large numbers during the Neolithic period and settled there.
#The racial situation in Europe today may be explained as a mixture of Upper Paleolithic survivors and Mediterraneans.
#When reduced Upper Paleolithic survivors and Mediterraneans mix, then occurs the process of [[dinaric race|dinarization]], which produces a hybrid with non-intermediate features.
#The Caucasian race encompasses the regions of [[Europe]], [[Central Asia]], [[South Asia]], the [[Near East]], [[North Africa]], and [[Horn of Africa|Northeast Africa]].
#The Nordic race is part of the Mediterranean racial stock, being a mixture of Corded and Danubian Mediterraneans.

===Mediterranean race===
According to Carleton Coon the "homeland and cradle" of the [[Mediterranean race]] is in the [[Middle East]], in the area from [[Morocco]] to [[Afghanistan]].<ref name="coon">"Our area, from Morocco to Afghanistan, is the homeland and cradle of the Mediterranean race. Mediterraneans are found also in Spain, Portugal, most of Italy, Greece and the Mediterranean islands, and in all these places, as in the Middle East, they form the major genetic element in the local populations. In a dark-skinned and finer-boned form they are also found as the major population element in Pakistan and northern India ... The Mediterranean race, then, is indigenous to, and the principal element in, the Middle East, and the greatest concentration of a highly evolved Mediterranean type falls among two of the most ancient Semitic-speaking peoples, notably the Arabs and the Jews. (Although it may please neither party, this is the truth.) The Mediterraneans occupy the center of the stage; their areas of greatest concentration are precisely those where civilization is the oldest. This is to be expected, since it was they who produced it and it, in a sense, that produced them.", [[Carleton Coon]], ''the Story of the Middle East'', 1958, pp. 154-157</ref> Coon argued that smaller Mediterraneans traveled by land from the Mediterranean basin north into Europe in the [[Mesolithic]] era. Taller Mediterraneans (Atlanto-Mediterraneans) were Neolithic seafarers who sailed in reed-type boats and colonized the Mediterranean basin from a [[Near East]]ern origin.<ref name="coon"/>

While often characterized by dark brown hair, dark eyes and robust features, he stressed that Mediterraneans skin is, as a rule, some shade of white from pink to light brown, hair is usually black or dark brown but his whiskers may reveal a few strands of red of even blond, and blond hair is an exception but can be found, and a wide range of eye color can be found. He stressed the central role of the Mediterraneans in his works, claiming "The Mediterraneans occupy the center of the stage; their areas of greatest concentration are precisely those where civilization is the oldest. This is to be expected, since it was they who produced it and it, in a sense, that produced them".<ref name="coon"/>

===Racial origins===
{{main|Multi-regional origin}}

Coon first modified [[Franz Weidenreich]]'s Polycentric (or [[multiregional evolution|multiregional]]) theory of the origin of races. The Weidenreich Theory states that human races have evolved independently in the Old World from [[Homo erectus]] to Homo sapiens sapiens, while at the same time there was gene flow between the various populations. Coon held a similar belief that modern [[human]]s, ''Homo sapiens'', arose separately in five different places from [[Homo erectus]], "as each subspecies, living in its own territory, passed a critical threshold from a more brutal to a more ''sapient'' state", but unlike Weidenreich stressed gene flow far less.<ref>The Origin of Races: Weidenreich's Opinion, S. L. Washburn, American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 66, No. 5 (Oct., 1964) (pp. 1165-1167).</ref><ref>An Attempted Revival of the Race Concept, Leonard Lieberman, American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 97, No. 3 (Sep., 1995), pp. 590-592.</ref>

Coon's modified form of the Weidenreich Theory is sometimes referred to as the Candelabra Hypothesis. A misunderstanding however has led some to believe that Coon supported parallel evolution or [[polygenism]]; this is not true since Coon's evolution model still allows for gene-flow, although he did not stress it.<ref>Coon's Theory on "The Origin of Races", Bruce G. Trigger, Anthropologica, New Series, Vol. 7, No. 2 (1965), pp. 179-187.</ref>

In his 1962 book, ''The Origin of Races'', Coon theorized that some races reached the [[Homo sapiens]] stage in evolution before others, resulting in the higher degree of civilization among some races.<ref>Coon, Carleton S. (1962) . The Origins of Races. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.</ref> He had continued his theory of five races. He considered both what he called the Mongoloid race and the Caucasoid race had individuals who had adapted to crowding through evolution of the endocrine system, which made them more successful in the modern world of civilization. This can be found on pages 108-109 of The Origin of Races. In his book Coon contrasted a picture of an [[Indigenous Australian]] with one of a Chinese professor. His caption "The Alpha and the Omega" was used to demonstrate his research that brain size was positively correlated with intelligence.

{{cquote|Wherever Homo arose, and Africa is at present the most likely continent, he soon dispersed, in a very primitive form, throughout the warm regions of the Old World....If Africa was the cradle of mankind, it was only an indifferent kindergarten. Europe and Asia were our principal schools.}}

By this he meant that the Caucasoid and Mongoloid races had evolved more in their separate areas after they had left Africa in a primitive form. He also believed, "The earliest Homo sapiens known, as represented by several examples from Europe and Africa, was an ancestral long-headed white man of short stature and moderately great brain size." Further, he wrote, "The negro group probably evolved parallel to the white strain." (The Races of Europe, Chapter II).

===Races in the Indian Sub-Continent===
Coon's understanding of racial typology and diversity within the Indian sub-continent changed over time. In ''The Races of Europe'', he regarded the so-called "Veddoids" of India ("tribal" Indians, or "Adivasi") as closely related to other peoples in the South-Pacific ("Australoids"), and he also believed that this supposed human lineage (the "Australoids") was an important genetic substratum in Southern India. As for the north of the sub-continent, it was an extension of the Caucasoid range.<ref>''The Races of Europe'', '''The Veddoid Periphery, Hadhramaut to Baluchistan'''</ref> By the time Coon coauthored ''The Living Races of Man'', he thought that India's Adivasis were an ancient Caucasoid-Australoid mix who tended to be more Caucasoid than Australoid (with great variability), that the Dravidian peoples of Southern India were simply Caucasoid, and that the north of the sub-continent was also Caucasoid. In short, the Indian sub-continent (North and South) is "the easternmost outpost of the Caucasoid racial region".<ref>''The Living Races of Man'', '''On Greater India''</ref> Underlying all of this was Coon's typological view of human history and biological variation, a way of thinking that is not taken seriously today by most anthropologists/biologists.<ref>http://genome.cshlp.org/content/19/5/703.full</ref><ref>http://www.unl.edu/rhames/courses/current/readings/templeton.pdf</ref><ref>http://raceandgenomics.ssrc.org/</ref><ref>http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.20995/abstract</ref> Like all world regions, it is now understood by most scientists that the Indian sub-continent bleeds genetically into neighboring regions, being structured fluidly and continuously in a loose pattern of isolation-by-distance. Nevertheless, Coon's views are of historical interest, and are part of a long line of western anthropology which has sought to describe and conceptualize biological diversity in the sub-continent.

==Criticism==
===Contemporary reception===

Coon's published magnum opus ''The Origin of Races'' (1962) received mixed reactions from scientists of the era.

====Positive====

[[Ernst Mayr]] praised the work for its synthesis as having an "invigorating freshness that will reinforce the current revitalization of physical anthropology".<ref>Origin of the Human Races, Ernst Mayr, Science, New Series, Vol. 138, No. 3538, (Oct. 19, 1962), pp. 420-422.</ref>

In a book review by [[Stanley Marion Garn]], while criticising Coon's parallel view of the origin of the races with little gene flow, nonetheless praises the work for its racial taxonomy, and concludes: "an overall favorable report on the now famous Origin of Races".<ref>The Origin of Races. by Carleton S. Coon, Review by: Stanley M. Garn, American Sociological Review, Vol. 28, No. 4 (Aug., 1963), pp. 637-638/</ref>

====Negative====

[[Sherwood Washburn]] and [[Ashley Montagu]] were heavily influenced by the [[modern synthesis]] in biology and [[population genetics]]. In addition, they were influenced by [[Franz Boas]], who had moved away from typological racial thinking. Rather than supporting Coon's theories, they and other contemporary researchers viewed the human species as a continuous serial progression of populations and heavily criticised Coon's ''Origin of Races''.

The Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s and changing social attitudes challenged racial theories like Coon's that had been used by segregationists to justify discrimination and depriving people of civil rights. In 1961 non-fiction writer [[Carleton Putnam]] published ''Race and Reason: A Yankee View'', a popular theory of [[racial segregation]]. The [[American Association of Physical Anthropologists]] voted to censure Putnam's book. Coon, who was then the president of the association, resigned in protest, claiming the action violated free speech.<ref>Academic American Encyclopedia (vol. 5, p.271). Danbury, Connecticut: Grolier Incorporated (1995).</ref>

===Posthumous reputation===

[[William W. Howells]] writing in an 1989 article, notes that Coon's research is "still regarded as a valuable source of data".<ref>. W. Howells. "Biographical Memoirs V.58". National Academy of Sciences, 1989.[http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=030903938X&page=108]</ref>

In 2001 [[John P. Jackson, Jr.]] researched Coon's papers in order to review the controversy around the reception of ''The Origin of Races'', stating in the article abstract
: Segregationists in the [[United States]] used Coon’s work as proof that [[African Americans]] were "junior" to white Americans, and thus unfit for full participation in American society. The paper examines the interactions among Coon, segregationist [[Carleton Putnam]], geneticist [[Theodosius Dobzhansky]], and anthropologist [[Sherwood Washburn]]. The paper concludes that Coon actively aided the segregationist cause in violation of his own standards for scientific objectivity.<ref name="Jackson">{{Cite journal
| last1 = Jackson | first1 = John P.
| title = "In Ways Unacademical": The Reception of Carleton S. Coon's The Origin of Races
| doi = 10.1023/A:1010366015968
| journal = Journal of the History of Biology
| volume = 34
| issue = 2
| pages = 247–285
| year = 2001
| url = http://comm.colorado.edu/~jacksonj/research/coon.pdf
}}</ref>

Jackson found in the archived Coon papers records of repeated efforts by Coon to aid Putnam's efforts to provide intellectual support to the ongoing resistance to racial integration, while cautioning Putnam against statements that could identify Coon as an active ally. (Jackson also noted that both men had become aware that they had American-Revolutionary Gen. [[Israel Putnam]] as a common ancestor, making them (at least distant) cousins, but Jackson indicated neither when either learned of the family relationship nor whether they had a more recent common ancestor.)<ref name="Jackson"/>

== Works ==
'''Science:'''
*''[[The Origin of Races]]'' (1962)
* ''The Story of Man'' (1954)
* ''[[The Races of Europe (Coon)|The Races of Europe]]'' (1939)
* ''Caravan: the Story of the Middle East'' (1958)
* ''Races: A Study of the Problems of Race Formation in Man''
* ''The Hunting Peoples''
* ''Anthropology A to Z'' (1963)
* ''Living Races of Man'' (1965)
* ''Seven Caves: Archaeological Exploration in the Middle East''
* ''Mountains of Giants: A Racial and Cultural Study of the North Albanian Mountain Ghegs''
* ''Yengema Cave Report'' (his work in Sierra Leone)
* ''Racial Adaptations'' (1982)

'''Fiction and Memoir:'''
* ''Flesh of the Wild Ox'' (1932)
* ''The Riffian'' (1933)
* ''A North Africa Story: Story of an Anthropologist as OSS Agent'' (1980)
* ''Measuring Ethiopia''
* ''Adventures and Discoveries: The Autobiography of Carleton S. Coon'' (1981)

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Further reading===
*[http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/lagarvelho.html The Lagar Velho 1 Skeleton]
*Hybrid Humans? Archaeological Institute of America Volume 52 Number 4, July/August 1999 by Spencer P.M. Harrington [http://www.archaeology.org/9907/newsbriefs/hybrid.html]
*''Two Views of Coon's Origin of Races with Comments by Coon and Replies''. 1963. Theodosius Dobzhansky; Ashley Montagu; C. S. Coon in Current Anthropology, Vol. 4, No. 4. (Oct., 1963), pp. 360–367.
*{{Cite book |title=Science for Segregation: Race, Law, and the Case against Brown v. Board of Education |last=Jackson |first= John P. |publisher=[[NYU Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8147-4271-6 |laysummary=http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/lhr/25.2/br_19.html |laydate=30 August 2010 |ref=harv }}
*The Races of Europe (1939) by Carleton S. Coon - physical anthropological information on the indigenous peoples of Europe.
*{{Cite book |title=The funding of scientific racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund |last=Tucker |first=William H. |authorlink=William H. Tucker |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-252-07463-9 |laysummary=http://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/65rwe7dm9780252074639.html |laydate=4 September 2010 |ref=harv }}

{{Historical definitions of race}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote|Special:Search/Carleton S. Coon|Carleton S. Coon}}
*[http://www.nmnh.si.edu/naa/guide/_c3.htm#jrg446 Carleton Stevens Coon Papers], National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution
*[http://www.questia.com/library/book/caravan-the-story-of-the-middle-east-by-carleton-s-coon.jsp Caravan: The Story of the Middle East]

{{Authority control|VIAF=109403284|LCCN=n/80/030465|GND=142722901|SELIBR=182182}}
{{Persondata 
| NAME =Coon, Carleton Stevens
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 23 June 1904
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Wakefield, Massachusetts]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| DATE OF DEATH = 3 June 1981
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Gloucester, Massachusetts]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Coon, Carleton Stevens}}
[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:1981 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Wakefield, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:American Congregationalists]]
[[Category:American anthropologists]]
[[Category:People of the Office of Strategic Services]]
[[Category:Phillips Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard University faculty]]
[[Category:University of Pennsylvania faculty]]
[[Category:Race and intelligence controversy]]
[[Category:American people of Cornish descent]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Legion of Merit]]

[[es:Carleton S. Coon]]
[[fa:کارلتون استیونز کون]]
[[fr:Carleton Coon]]
[[it:Carleton Stevens Coon]]
[[no:Carleton S. Coon]]
[[pl:Carleton Coon]]
[[pt:Carleton S. Coon]]
[[ru:Кун, Карлтон Стивенс]]
[[fi:Carleton Coon]]
[[sv:Carleton S. Coon]]

Dünnschwanz-Schlafbeutler

2012-11-29T22:44:12Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding sv:Cercartetus concinnus

{{speciesbox
| name = Southwestern pygmy possum<ref name=MSW3>{{MSW3 Groves|pages=44–45}}</ref>
| fossil_range=[[Late Pleistocene]] – Recent
| status = LC
| status_system = iucn3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{IUCN2008|assessors=Burbidge, A., Morris, K., Ellis, M., van Weenen, J. & Menkhorst, P.|year=2008|id=40576|title=Cercartetus concinnus|downloaded=28 December 2008}} Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern </ref>
| image =
| taxon = Cercartetus concinnus
| authority = ([[John Gould|Gould]], 1845)
| range_map = Southwestern Pygmy Possum area.png
| range_map_caption = Southwestern pygmy possum range
}}

The '''southwestern pygmy possum''' (''Cercartetus concinnus''), commonly known as the '''western pygmy possum''' or the '''mundarda''', is a small [[marsupial]] found in Australia. Genetic studies indicate that the closest relative of this species is probably the [[eastern pygmy possum]],<ref name=Osborne2002>{{cite journal | author = Osborne, M.J. & Christidis, L. | year = 2002 | title = Systematics and biogeography of pygmy possums (Burramyidae: ''Cercartetus'') | journal = Australian Journal of Zoology | volume = 50 | issue = 1 | pages = 25–37 | doi = 10.1071/ZO01071}}</ref> from which its ancestors diverged around eight million years ago.<ref name=Pestell2008/>

==Description==
The southwestern pygmy possum is unusual among the members of its four-strong [[Cercartetus|genus]], as, unlike its grey relatives, the fur over most of its body is a bright cinnamon colour.<ref name=Menkhorst/> It has pure white underparts, which also distinguishes it from its relatives, and has a relatively indistinct patch of darker fur in front of the eyes. It possesses larger, oval ears, large eyes, and long [[vibrissae|whiskers]]. The tail is long and prehensile, and is covered with fine scales, rather than fur. The hind feet have an opposable [[hallux|first digit]], while all four feet have broad pads at the tips of the toes.<ref name=Harris2009>{{cite journal | author = Harris, J.M. | year = 2009 | title = ''Cercartetus concinnus'' (Diprotodontia: Burramyidae) | journal = Mammalian Species | volume = 831 | pages = 1–11 | doi = 10.1644/831.1}}</ref>

Although small compared with most other [[possum]]s, it is one of the larger [[Burramyidae|pygmy possums]], with adults ranging from {{convert|5.7|–|7.2|cm}} in head-body length with a {{convert|7.7|–|8.7|cm}}, tail. Adult weight ranges from {{convert|8|–|21|g|sigfig=1}}. The female has a well-developed pouch, opening to the front, and containing six [[teat]]s. At up to {{convert|1.2|cm}} in length, the tongue is unusually large for such a small animal.<ref name=Harris2009/>

==Distribution and habitat==
It has a patchy distribution which includes southwestern Western Australia as well as wheatbelt areas of South Australia, [[Kangaroo Island]] and [[Victoria, Australia| Victoria]] south to [[Edenhope]].<ref name = Menkhorst>{{cite book | last = Menkhorst | first = Peter | year = 2001 | title = A Field Guide to the Mammals of Australia | publisher = Oxford University Press | page = 88}}</ref> It is also found on in far south-western [[New South Wales]], where it is listed as endangered.<ref name=NSWNPWS>{{cite web | last = New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service | title = Western pygmy-possum (''Cercartetus concinnus'') approved recovery plan | url = http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/nature/approvedDpygmy.pdf | accessdate = 10th June 2011}}</ref> It inhabits semiarid woodland, shrubland and heath, dominated by plants such as [[Callistemon|bottlebrushes]], [[melaleuca]], [[banksia]], and [[grevillea]].<ref name=Harris2009/> Although there had been previously thought to be two subspecies, separated in distribution by the [[Nullarbor plain]], genetic studies have not revealed any significant difference between the eastern and western populations.<ref name=Pestell2008>{{cite journal | author = Pestell, A.J.L. ''et al.'' | year = 2008 | title = Genetic structure of the western pygmy possum ''Cercartetus concinnus'' Gould (Marsupialia: Burramyidae) based on mitochondrial DNA | journal = Australian Mammalogy | volume = 29 | issue = 2 | pages = 191–200 | doi = 10.1071/AM07023}}</ref> Furthermore, while the species is no longer native to the area, fossils from the Nullarbor plain region are known.<ref name=Harris2009/>

==Behaviour and diet==
The southwestern pygmy possum is solitary and nocturnal.<ref name=Menkhorst/> During the day they shelter in tree hollows or other natural crevices, birds' nests, or dense vegetation. During the night, they travel in search of food or mates, typically moving around {{convert|50|m}} each day, and they may migrate to different areas over the course of a year, depending on local plant resources. They spend most of their time in the trees, using their grasping paws and prehensile tails to grip onto branches, grasp nest materials, and open flowers to access nectar. They have been described as making a rapid chattering noise.<ref name=Harris2009/>

It feeds primarily on [[nectar]] and [[pollen]], especially from plants such as melaleuca and [[eucalyptus]], and may play a role in the [[pollination]].<ref name=Pestell2007>{{cite journal | author = Pestell, A.J.L. & Petit, S. | year = 2007 | title = Diet of the western pygmy possum, ''Cercartetus concinnus'' Gould (Marsupialia: Burramyidae), at Innes National Park, South Australia, and evaluation of diet sampling methods | journal = Australian Journal of Zoology | volume = 55 | issue = 5 | pages = 275–284 | doi = 10.1071/ZO07037}}</ref> It also supplements its diet with small amounts of insects.<ref name=Menkhorst/> Native predators include [[quoll]]s, snakes, and owls, although in modern times the animal also falls prey to introduced carnivores such as [[red fox]]es and domestic cats.<ref name=Harris2009/>

Southwestern pygmy possums have the ability to enter [[torpor]] during inclement or cold weather, enabling them to conserve energy and food reserves. During bouts of torpor, which may last for up to seven days at a time, body temperature falls to within one degree Celsius of ambient, and oxygen consumption to just 1% of normal. They sleep on their front, with their ears folded over their eyes, and the long tail coiled beneath their body. Compared with other mammals of similar size, they rouse from torpor unusually quickly.<ref name=Geiser1987>{{cite journal | author = Geiser, F. | year = 1987 | title = Hibernation and daily torpor in two pygmy possums (''Cercartetus'' spp., Marsupialia) | journal = Physiological Zoology | volume = 60 | issue = 1 | pages = 93–102 | jstor=30158631}}</ref>

==Reproduction==
Southwestern pygmy possums can breed throughout the year, although they do so more commonly in the spring, and give birth to litters of four to six young. Although the mother often carries more than six embryos at a time in her womb, because she has only six teats, and marsupial young remain attached to an individual teat for much of their early life, this is the maximum number she is able to rear.<ref name=Ward1998>{{cite journal | author = Ward, S.J. | year = 1998 | title = Numbers of teats and pre- and post-natal litter sizes in small diprotodont marsupials | journal = Journal of Mammalogy | volume = 79 | issue = 3 | pages = 999–1008 | jstor=1383108 | doi = 10.2307/1383108}}</ref> Unusually, however, the mother may give birth just two days after weaning a previous litter, with her teats dramatically changing in size to accommodate the smaller young, and the mammary glands reverting to production of [[colostrum]].<ref name=Harris2009/>

The young are still blind when they leave the pouch at around 25 days of age; they initially remain within the nest, and are fully weaned at around 50 days. Females reach sexual maturity at twelve to fifteen months.<ref name=Harris2009/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.westernwildlife.com.au/western/mammals/pygmy.htm Western Wildlife including photo]
*[http://museumvictoria.com.au/bioinformatics/mammals/images/thumbmar.htm Images: skulls (including ''C. concinnus'') on Museum Victoria website]
*[http://museumvictoria.com.au/bioinformatics/mammals/images/thumblmar.htm Images: Australian mammal images (including ''C. concinnus'') on Museum Victoria website]

{{Diprotodontia|P.}}

[[Category:Possums]]
[[Category:Mammals of Western Australia]]
[[Category:Mammals of South Australia]]
[[Category:Mammals of New South Wales]]
[[Category:Mammals of Victoria (Australia)]]
[[Category:Marsupials of Australia]]

[[br:Posom korr ar c'hornôg]]
[[ca:Pòssum pigmeu occidental]]
[[eu:Cercartetus concinnus]]
[[fr:Cercartetus concinnus]]
[[nl:Buideleikelmuis]]
[[pt:Cercartetus concinnus]]
[[sv:Cercartetus concinnus]]

Acht Zeugen

2012-11-29T17:55:19Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding da:De 8 vidners vidnesbyrd

The '''Eight Witnesses''' were one of the two groups of witnesses who signed a statement (reprinted in the [[Book of Mormon]]) stating that they had seen the [[golden plates]] which [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]] said was his source material for the book. The other prominent group of [[Book of Mormon witnesses]] who said they saw the plates are called the [[Three Witnesses]].

==Testimony==
The testimony of the Eight Witnesses was first published at the end of the 1830 edition of the Book of Mormon and has been printed in nearly every edition since, although most subsequent editions moved the statement to the front of the book and included minor grammatical corrections.

<blockquote>Be it known unto all nations, kindreds, tongues, and people, unto whom this work shall come: That Joseph Smith, Jun., the translator of this work, has shewn unto us the plates of which hath been spoken, which have the appearance of gold; and as many of the leaves as the said Smith has translated we did handle with our hands; and we also saw the engravings thereon, all of which has the appearance of ancient work, and of curious workmanship. And this we bear record with words of soberness, that the said Smith has shewn unto us, for we have seen and hefted, and know of a surety that the said Smith has got the plates of which we have spoken. And we give our names unto the world, to witness unto the world that which we have seen. And we lie not, God bearing witness of it.</blockquote>

Unlike the Three Witnesses, the Eight testified that they both saw and handled the plates. Another difference is the Eight testified that they were shown the plates by [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]] rather than by an angel as had the Three Witnesses.<ref>According to Terryl Givens, Joseph invited the Eight "to a family prayer spot in the woods" and "matter-of-factly displayed to them the golden plates," whereas the Three were shown the plates "by an angel of God [who] came down from heaven." [[Terryl Givens]], ''By the Hand of Mormon'' (Oxford University Press, 2002), 40.</ref>

The call of the Eight probably also illustrates the significant Mormon doctrine of [[continuous revelation]] because in [[Doctrine and Covenants]] 5: 11-14 (revealed to Joseph Smith in March 1829) the Three Witnesses are told that they will be given power to see the golden plates, "''and to none else will I grant this power, to receive this same testimony among this generation."'' Nevertheless, in [[2 Nephi]] 27:13, the Three are told that ''"none other...shall view it, save it be a few according to the will of God''."

==About the witnesses==

The Eight Witnesses were all members of the Whitmer or Smith families: [[Christian Whitmer]], [[Jacob Whitmer]], [[Peter Whitmer, Jr.]], [[John Whitmer]], [[Hiram Page]], [[Joseph Smith, Sr.]], [[Hyrum Smith]], and [[Samuel Harrison Smith]]. Joseph Smith Sr. was Joseph's father, and Hyrum and Samuel H. Smith were his brothers. Christian, Jacob, Peter Jr. and John were David Whitmer's brothers, and Hiram Page was his brother-in-law.<ref>[[Richard Lyman Bushman]], ''[[Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling]]'' (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005), 79: "Critics pointed out how many of the witnesses were members of the Smith and Whitmer families, implying that they signed out of loyalty or from a self-serving motive....The witnesses were no substitute for making the plates accessible to anyone for examination, but the testimonies showed Joseph—and God—answering doubters with concrete evidence, a concession to the needs of post-Enlightenment Christians."</ref>

In 1838, the Whitmer family became estranged from Joseph Smith Jr. during a leadership struggle in [[Far West, Missouri]], and all were excommunicated along with other dissenters and fled Caldwell County after receiving an ultimatum from the [[Danites]].<ref>Bushman, 337,339, 350-51. On June 17, [[Sidney Rigdon]] "preached [[Salt sermon|a vitriolic sermon]] based on the theme of salt losing its savor and being cast out and trodden underfoot....Soon after the sermon, eighty-three prominent members in Far West, many of them probably [[Danites]] by then, signed an ultimatum demanding the departure of the offenders....Fearing for their property and perhaps their lives, the dissenters fled." (355-51) In 1847, David, John, and Jacob Whitmer and Hiram Page were baptized into the newly formed [[Church of Christ (Whitmerite)|Church of Christ]] founded by [[William E. M'Lellin]]. In 1831, Joseph Smith received a revelation from God that John Whitmer should "write and keep a regular history" of the church (D&C 47). Whitmer did eventually write such a history, but one which concluded with a detailed description of what Whitmer considered the mistreatment that he and his family had received in Caldwell County. See Bruce N. Westerngren, ''From Historian to Dissident: The Book of John Whitmer'' (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1995).</ref> The Whitmers never rejoined the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

Yet despite the estrangement of the Whitmer family, there is little evidence that any of the Eight Witnesses denied his testimony to the authenticity of Book of Mormon or the golden plates—although one third-hand source, the former Mormon leader Stephen Burnett, said in 1838 that [[Martin Harris (Latter Day Saints)|Martin Harris]] had told him that "the eight witnesses never saw [the plates] & hesitated to sign that instrument for that reason, but were persuaded to do it."<ref>Stephen Burnett letter to Lyman E. Johnson dated April 15, 1838. Typed transcript from Joseph Smith Papers, Letter book, April 20, 1837 - February 9, 1843, microfilm reel 2, pp. 64-66, LDS archives; quoted in "Facts On The Book Of Mormon Witnesses," Institute for Religious Research, retrieved from the Internet on 2/16/08 [http://irr.org/mit/bom-wit-pt2.html].</ref>

In addition to the Three Witnesses and the Eight Witnesses, [[Mary Whitmer]], who took care of the house where much of the translation took place, said that the [[Angel Moroni]] showed her the plates as well.<ref>"John C. Whitmer Interview with Andrew Jenson and Edward Stevenson, 11 October 1888," in [[Dan Vogel]], ''Early Mormon Documents'' (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 2003), V: 262.</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal box|Book of Mormon|Latter-day Saints}}
*[[Three Witnesses]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.lightplanet.com/mormons/book_of_mormon/witnesses.html ''Encyclopedia of Mormonism''].
* [http://en.fairmormon.org/Three_Witnesses FAIR Mormon - Three Witnesses]- Apologetic bibliography and commentary.
* [http://irr.org/mit/bom-wit-pt1.html Book of Mormon Witnesses, Part 1]; [http://irr.org/mit/bom-wit-pt2.html The Book Of Mormon Witnesses, Part 2] - Critical commentary.

{{Book of Mormon Witnesses}}

[[Category:1829 in religion]]
[[Category:1830 in religion]]
[[Category:Articles about multiple people]]
[[Category:Book of Mormon witnesses|8 witnesses]]

[[da:De 8 vidners vidnesbyrd]]
[[es:Ocho Testigos]]
[[mwl:Uito teçtemunhas de l Lhibro de Mórmon]]
[[pt:Oito testemunhas do Livro de Mórmon]]
[[ru:Восемь свидетелей]]

Acht Zeugen

2012-11-29T09:50:45Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding da:De 8 vidners vidnesbyrd

The '''Eight Witnesses''' were one of the two groups of witnesses who signed a statement (reprinted in the [[Book of Mormon]]) stating that they had seen the [[golden plates]] which [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]] said was his source material for the book. The other prominent group of [[Book of Mormon witnesses]] who said they saw the plates are called the [[Three Witnesses]].

==Testimony==
The testimony of the Eight Witnesses was first published at the end of the 1830 edition of the Book of Mormon and has been printed in nearly every edition since, although most subsequent editions moved the statement to the front of the book and included minor grammatical corrections and removing the fact the Joseph Smith was mentioned as the Author and Proprietor<ref>http://solomonspalding.com/SRP/MEDIA/bm.htm#589a</ref> instead of translator.

<blockquote>Be it known unto all nations, kindreds, tongues, and people, unto whom this work shall come: That Joseph Smith, Jun., the translator of this work, has shewn unto us the plates of which hath been spoken, which have the appearance of gold; and as many of the leaves as the said Smith has translated we did handle with our hands; and we also saw the engravings thereon, all of which has the appearance of ancient work, and of curious workmanship. And this we bear record with words of soberness, that the said Smith has shewn unto us, for we have seen and hefted, and know of a surety that the said Smith has got the plates of which we have spoken. And we give our names unto the world, to witness unto the world that which we have seen. And we lie not, God bearing witness of it.</blockquote>

Unlike the Three Witnesses, the Eight testified that they both saw and handled the plates. Another difference is the Eight testified that they were shown the plates by [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]] rather than by an angel as had the Three Witnesses.<ref>According to Terryl Givens, Joseph invited the Eight "to a family prayer spot in the woods" and "matter-of-factly displayed to them the golden plates," whereas the Three were shown the plates "by an angel of God [who] came down from heaven." [[Terryl Givens]], ''By the Hand of Mormon'' (Oxford University Press, 2002), 40.</ref>

The call of the Eight probably also illustrates the significant Mormon doctrine of [[continuous revelation]] because in [[Doctrine and Covenants]] 5: 11-14 (revealed to Joseph Smith in March 1829) the Three Witnesses are told that they will be given power to see the golden plates, "''and to none else will I grant this power, to receive this same testimony among this generation."'' Nevertheless, in [[2 Nephi]] 27:13, the Three are told that ''"none other...shall view it, save it be a few according to the will of God''."

==About the witnesses==

The Eight Witnesses were all members of the Whitmer or Smith families: [[Christian Whitmer]], [[Jacob Whitmer]], [[Peter Whitmer, Jr.]], [[John Whitmer]], [[Hiram Page]], [[Joseph Smith, Sr.]], [[Hyrum Smith]], and [[Samuel Harrison Smith]]. Joseph Smith Sr. was Joseph's father, and Hyrum and Samuel H. Smith were his brothers. Christian, Jacob, Peter Jr. and John were David Whitmer's brothers, and Hiram Page was his brother-in-law.<ref>[[Richard Lyman Bushman]], ''[[Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling]]'' (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005), 79: "Critics pointed out how many of the witnesses were members of the Smith and Whitmer families, implying that they signed out of loyalty or from a self-serving motive....The witnesses were no substitute for making the plates accessible to anyone for examination, but the testimonies showed Joseph—and God—answering doubters with concrete evidence, a concession to the needs of post-Enlightenment Christians."</ref>

In 1838, the Whitmer family became estranged from Joseph Smith Jr. during a leadership struggle in [[Far West, Missouri]], and all were excommunicated along with other dissenters and fled Caldwell County after receiving an ultimatum from the [[Danites]].<ref>Bushman, 337,339, 350-51. On June 17, [[Sidney Rigdon]] "preached [[Salt sermon|a vitriolic sermon]] based on the theme of salt losing its savor and being cast out and trodden underfoot....Soon after the sermon, eighty-three prominent members in Far West, many of them probably [[Danites]] by then, signed an ultimatum demanding the departure of the offenders....Fearing for their property and perhaps their lives, the dissenters fled." (355-51) In 1847, David, John, and Jacob Whitmer and Hiram Page were baptized into the newly formed [[Church of Christ (Whitmerite)|Church of Christ]] founded by [[William E. M'Lellin]]. In 1831, Joseph Smith received a revelation from God that John Whitmer should "write and keep a regular history" of the church (D&C 47). Whitmer did eventually write such a history, but one which concluded with a detailed description of what Whitmer considered the mistreatment that he and his family had received in Caldwell County. See Bruce N. Westerngren, ''From Historian to Dissident: The Book of John Whitmer'' (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1995).</ref> The Whitmers never rejoined the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

Yet despite the estrangement of the Whitmer family, there is little evidence that any of the Eight Witnesses denied his testimony to the authenticity of Book of Mormon or the golden plates—although one third-hand source, the former Mormon leader Stephen Burnett, said in 1838 that [[Martin Harris (Latter Day Saints)|Martin Harris]] had told him that "the eight witnesses never saw [the plates] & hesitated to sign that instrument for that reason, but were persuaded to do it."<ref>Stephen Burnett letter to Lyman E. Johnson dated April 15, 1838. Typed transcript from Joseph Smith Papers, Letter book, April 20, 1837 - February 9, 1843, microfilm reel 2, pp. 64-66, LDS archives; quoted in "Facts On The Book Of Mormon Witnesses," Institute for Religious Research, retrieved from the Internet on 2/16/08 [http://irr.org/mit/bom-wit-pt2.html].</ref>

In addition to the Three Witnesses and the Eight Witnesses, [[Mary Whitmer]], who took care of the house where much of the translation took place, said that the [[Angel Moroni]] showed her the plates as well.<ref>"John C. Whitmer Interview with Andrew Jenson and Edward Stevenson, 11 October 1888," in [[Dan Vogel]], ''Early Mormon Documents'' (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 2003), V: 262.</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal box|Book of Mormon|Latter-day Saints}}
*[[Three Witnesses]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.lightplanet.com/mormons/book_of_mormon/witnesses.html ''Encyclopedia of Mormonism''].
* [http://en.fairmormon.org/Three_Witnesses FAIR Mormon - Three Witnesses]- Apologetic bibliography and commentary.
* [http://irr.org/mit/bom-wit-pt1.html Book of Mormon Witnesses, Part 1]; [http://irr.org/mit/bom-wit-pt2.html The Book Of Mormon Witnesses, Part 2] - Critical commentary.

{{Book of Mormon Witnesses}}

[[Category:1829 in religion]]
[[Category:1830 in religion]]
[[Category:Articles about multiple people]]
[[Category:Book of Mormon witnesses|8 witnesses]]

[[da:De 8 vidners vidnesbyrd]]
[[es:Ocho Testigos]]
[[mwl:Uito teçtemunhas de l Lhibro de Mórmon]]
[[pt:Oito testemunhas do Livro de Mórmon]]
[[ru:Восемь свидетелей]]

Kategorie:Disney-Figur

2012-11-25T20:12:18Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (Bot: Ergänze: nn:Kategori:Disneyfigurar, se:Kategoriija:Disney-figuvrrat

{{Commonscat|Disney characters}}

[[Kategorie:Disney| Figur]]
[[Kategorie:Fiktive Figur]]

[[ar:تصنيف:شخصيات ديزني]]
[[br:Rummad:Tudennoù Disney]]
[[ca:Categoria:Personatges de Disney]]
[[da:Kategori:Disney-figurer]]
[[el:Κατηγορία:Χαρακτήρες της Ντίσνεϋ]]
[[en:Category:Disney characters]]
[[eo:Kategorio:Disney-figuroj]]
[[es:Categoría:Personajes de Disney]]
[[eu:Kategoria:Disneyren pertsonaiak]]
[[fa:رده:شخصیت‌های دیزنی]]
[[fr:Catégorie:Personnage Disney]]
[[he:קטגוריה:דיסני: דמויות]]
[[hu:Kategória:Disney-figurák]]
[[id:Kategori:Tokoh Disney]]
[[it:Categoria:Personaggi Disney]]
[[ja:Category:ディズニーキャラクター]]
[[ko:분류:디즈니 캐릭터]]
[[lb:Kategorie:Disneyfiguren]]
[[lt:Kategorija:Volto Disnėjaus komiksų veikėjai]]
[[ms:Kategori:Watak Disney]]
[[nl:Categorie:Personage van Disney]]
[[nn:Kategori:Disneyfigurar]]
[[no:Kategori:Disney-figurer]]
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[[pt:Categoria:Personagens da Disney]]
[[ru:Категория:Персонажи диснеевских мультфильмов]]
[[se:Kategoriija:Disney-figuvrrat]]
[[simple:Category:Disney characters]]
[[sv:Kategori:Disneyfigurer]]
[[tr:Kategori:Disney karakterleri]]
[[vi:Thể loại:Nhân vật Disney]]
[[zh:Category:迪士尼角色]]

Djamel Haimoudi

2012-11-20T12:43:46Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding da:Djamel Haimoudi

'''Djamel Haimoudi''' (born December 10, 1970 in [[Oran]]) is an [[Algeria]]n [[Assocation football|football]] [[Referee (association football)|referee]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.footballdatabase.eu/football.arbitres.djamel.haimoudi.516.en.html|title=Referee Page : Djamel Haimoudi|publisher=FootballDatabase.eu|accessdate=September 17, 2012}}</ref> An international referee since 2004, he was a referee at the [[2008 Africa Cup of Nations]], the [[2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup]] and the [[2012 Africa Cup of Nations]]. He has also refereed a number of [[CAF Champions League]] matches, as well as [[FIFA World Cup]] qualifiers.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Haimoudi, Djamel
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Football referee
| DATE OF BIRTH = December 10, 1970
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Oran, Algeria
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Haimoudi, Djamel}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:People from Oran]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Algerian football referees]]

[[ar:جمال حيمودي]]
[[da:Djamel Haimoudi]]
[[es:Djamel Haimoudi]]
[[fr:Djamel Haimoudi]]
[[hu:Djamel Haïmoudi]]
[[pl:Djamel Haimoudi]]

Li Zehou

2012-11-18T16:44:01Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding sv:Li Zehou

{{chinese name|[[Li (李)|Li]]}}
{{Infobox person
|name=Z.H. Li
|birth_date={{birth year and age|1930}}
|birth_place={{flagicon|PRC}} [[Changsha]], [[People's Republic of China]]
|alma_mater=[[Hunan First Normal University]] [[Peking University]]
}}

'''Li Zehou''' ({{zh|c=李泽厚}}; born 1930 in [[Changsha]], [[People's Republic of China|China]])<ref>Anthony Blencowe [http://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arb6469.pdf Li Zehou, Confucius and Continuity with the Past in Contemporary China]. Centre for Asian Studies. University of Adelaide 1993</ref> is a Chinese scholar of philosophy and intellectual history, currently residing in the United States.<ref name="coloradocollege1">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530093301/http://www.coloradocollege.edu/Academics/Anniversary/Participants/Li.htm Li Zehou, The Confucian World]. coloradocollege.edu</ref> He is cconsidered an important modern scholar of Chinese history and culture whose work was central to the period known as the Chinese Enlightenment in the 1980’s.<ref>"The Transformative Power of Art: LI Zehou's Aesthetic Theory", Jane Cauvel; Philosophy East & West, Vol. 49, 1999</ref>

===Role in Chinese Culture===

On Li's role in Chinese culture, Professor [[Yu Ying-shih]] of [[Princeton University]] has written, "Through (his) books he emancipated a whole generation of young Chinese intellectuals from Communist ideology"<ref name="coloradocollege1"/> Li Zehou himself writes that “our younger generation longs to make a contribution to the fields of philosophy and that they are searching [for new avenues] to meet the nation’s general goal of modernization as well as the challenge to answer the question about what direction the world is heading.” <ref>From M.E Sharp,Inc., book publishers, "Contemporary Chinese Thought", Volume 31, Number 2 / Winter 1999-2000, Pages: 3 – 19</ref>

===Critic of Chinese Government Response to Tienanmen Square===

As a result of his criticism of the Chinese government's response to the Tienanmen Square protests of 1989, he was labeled a “thought criminal” and confined to house arrest for three years after the Tienanmen massacre. Following substantial U.S. official and academic pressure, the Chinese government granted Professor Li permission to visit the United States in 1991. Subsequently, the U.S. government granted him permanent resident status. Since 1992, Professor Li has held numerous academic positions, including appointments at The Colorado College, the University of Michigan, the University of Wisconsin, Swarthmore College and The University of Colorado, Boulder.<ref>A biographical introduction from a Source Cultures In the 21st Century:Conflicts &Convergences A Symposium Celebrating the 125th Anniversary of The Colorado College February 4–6, 1999</ref>

===Philosophy of the Human Being===

An overriding goal of Li Zehou’s work has been to promote a philosophy of the human being that was not only based on the materialistic and historical realities as analyzed and posited by Karl Marx, but which also supported the view of Immanuel Kant as to the individual’s intellectual, moral and aesthetic capacities. As a core element in his analysis, he incorporates the thinking of the greats of Chinese philosophy as well. This blended and fundamentally optimistic view of humankind was a counterbalance to the views of humans during and after the Cultural Revolutions.

Li Zehou’s analysis of Marxist philosophy and political theory developed the following philosophical concepts:

====Practical Philosophy of Subjectivity====
The “Practical Philosophy of Subjectivity” is the study of the human being on two levels, each level with its own internal additional two sub-levels of content: ##1. that of humankind, with both a techno-social structure and a “cultural- psychological” formation and ##2. that of the individual, at once a member of a society, a social class, an ethnicity, etc., and at the same time a distinct body and mind. These four dimensions interact and are interwoven.

With this construct of “Subjectivity,” the most fundamental dimension is the technosocial. “Human beings first need to ensure their bodily existence before they can occupy themselves with other matters.” But the cultural-psychological aspect, ritual, communal and linguistic dimension separates humans from animals.<ref>"A Supplementary Explanation of Subjectivity" (originally published in 1987),M.E Sharp,Inc., from Summaries of Essays published in "Contemporary Chinese Thought", Volume 31, Number 2 / Winter 1999-2000,Pages 26-31,translated by Peter Wong Yih Jiun</ref>

====Motor Thinking====
Motor Thinking is the conscious coordination of using a tool. To elaborate, the use of tools is not an instinctive biological activity, but rather one “attained and consolidated through a long period of posteriori learning from experience.” The Motor Thinking process creates self consciousness arising from the attention paid to tool making. Transmission of tool based activities to others, using primitive language, results in semantic thinking: “The forms of motor thinking gradually made way for the forms of language-led thought.” Coupled with primitive language, motor thinking ultimately results in the creation of a “vague, common consciousness of being a community.” which develops into the “symbolic tools of shamanic rites and ceremonies resulting in the establishment of primitive human society… fundamentally different from that of the animals.” <ref>An Outline of the Origin of Humankind (Originally published in 1985), M.E Sharp,Inc., Summaries of Essays published in "Contemporary Chinese Thought", Volume 31, Number 2 / Winter 1999-2000 Pages 20 -26 translated by Peter Wong Yih Jiun.</ref>

====Chinese Aesthetics and the Relation to Freedom====
Li identifies four features that sum up his views on Chinese aesthetics. The concept of Li/Yue (Music/Joy) holds a central place in Chinese culture, “Music is joy.” Music has a civilizing effect and “prevents human emotions from developing in an animal-like fashion.” Music causes “people to be on good terms with each other, promoting harmony in society.” Music is linear, flows in time, and expresses emotion. From this linearity derives the second feature of Chinese aesthetics - the importance of the line in Chinese art. Li recalls that Immanuel Kant also felt was the superior aesthetic visual format. (Chinese art also emphasizes the expression of emotion and pays particular attention to rhythm, rhyme and flavor.) He then goes on to describe the third element which is the blending of feeling and reason: "imaginative reality is more significant than sensible reality." Finally, he lists the "union of heaven and humankind" and describes it as the "fundamental spirit of Chinese philosophy...the relation between human and human, and between humankind and nature." He then proclaims that "to roam with the arts" is essential to the attainment of freedom. Freedom is neither heaven-sent nor given at birth as Rousseau suggested. Freedom is established by humankind..." For Li, aesthetics are important! <ref>"A few Questions Concerning the History of Chinese Aesthetics" (originally published in 1985), M.E Sharp,Inc., Summaries of Essays published in "Contemporary Chinese Thought" Volume 31, Number 2 / Winter 1999-2000, Pages 66-78 translated by Peter Wong Yih Jiun.</ref>

===Impact on Conventional Chinese Thought===
Li also wrote critiques of contemporary Chinese thought in the second half of the 1980’s. Li Zehou’s 1987 essay “The Western is the Substance, and the Chinese is for Application,” turned conventional contemporary Chinese thought on its head. Li stated that Western Learning encompasses technology as well as conceptual systems and philosophies including Marxism and is the pluralistic and diverse technosocial basis of modern day China’s reality. Li Zehou concluded that the Chinese application should adapt Western Learning with Chinese traditions, influencing but not dictating the results. To paraphrase, the goal of this examination synthesis should preserve in ethics the strength and splendor of giving precedence to others before oneself; should preserve the value of intuition within the process of reasoning, and should preserve the rich Chinese culture with regard to the handling of inter-human relationships.<ref>"The Western is the Substance and the Chinese is for Application" (Originally published in 1987), M.E Sharp,Inc., Summaries of Essays published in "Contemporary Chinese Thought" Volume 31, Number 2 / Winter 1999-2000 Pages 32-39,</ref>

In "Dual Variation of Enlightenment and Nationalism", Li Zehou argues that all modern concepts such as freedom, independence human rights, which were discarded after 1919, and all Chinese traditions should be analyzed and investigated. He wrote that following a relatively long period of peace, developing prosperity and modernization, China would benefit from an examination of the West’s “centuries of experience in political-legal theory and practice such as the separations of the three powers,“. He foresaw that the concept of freedom limited by law would protect the weak and prevent Party officials standing above the law.<ref>"Dual Variation of Enlightenment and Nationalism" (Originally published in 1987), M.E Sharp,Inc., Summaries of Essays published in "Contemporary Chinese Thought" Volume 31, Number 2 / Winter 1999-2000 Pages 40 to 43</ref>

==See also==
*[[Liu Xiaobo]], Nobel Peace Prize winning scholar critical of Li's academic work

==Bibliography==
*''The Path of Beauty: A Study of Chinese Aesthetics'', [[Oxford University Press]], 1988
*''The Chinese Aesthetic Tradition by Li Zehou and Maija Bell Samei(Oct 2009), University of Hawai’I Press 2010

*''Four Essays on Aesthetics: Toward a Global Perspective by Li Zehou and Jane Cauvel, Lexington Books (July 28, 2006)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.coloradocollege.edu/Academics/Anniversary/Transcripts/LiTXT.htm "Modernization and the Confucian World", Colorado College's 125th Anniversary Symposium on Cultures in the 21st Century: Conflicts and Convergences, address given February 5, 1999]
*[http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft0489n683&chunk.id=d0e2038&toc.id=d0e734&brand=ucpress "Li Zehou And The Marxist Reconstruction Of Confucianism", ''High Culture Fever'', UC Press Ebooks]
*[http://www.dfdaily.com/html/1170/2010/10/24/529177_2.shtml Interview with Li (in Chinese), ''Shanghai Review of Books'', October 2010]

{{Persondata
| NAME = Li, Zehou
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1930
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Changsha]], [[People's Republic of China]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
[[Category:Chinese scholars]]
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:Political repression in China]]
[[Category:Chinese dissidents]]
[[Category:People's Republic of China historians]]
[[Category:Chinese expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:People from Changsha]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Hunan]]

[[no:Li Zehou]]
[[simple:Li Zehou]]
[[sv:Li Zehou]]
[[zh:李泽厚]]

Delfter Blau

2012-11-05T22:42:36Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (Robot: toegevoegd: sv:Delftporslin

{{Zie artikel|Voor het artikel over een televisieprogramma uit Delft, zie [[Delft Blauw (televisieprogramma)|Delft Blauw]]}}
[[Bestand:Delftware plaque with the Prophet Elijah fed by the Ravens.jpg|thumb|210px|Anoniem. ''Plaat met voorstelling van de profeet Elia door de raven gevoed''. 1658. Amsterdam, [[Rijksmuseum Amsterdam]].]]
[[Bestand:Delftware plaque with landscape and figures 001.jpg|thumb|210px|Anoniem. ''Plaat, in blauw beschilderd met landschap en figuren''. Ca. 1665. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam.]]

[[Bestand:Delftware in het Provinciehuis Haarlem.jpg|210px|thumb|Kat op tegels in het Provinciehuis te Haarlem]]

'''Delfts blauw''' (Engels ''Delftware'') is een type [[Faience (aardewerk)|faience]] ([[aardewerk]]) met blauwe decoratie, dat traditioneel in [[Delft]] wordt vervaardigd. Het ontstond aan het einde van de [[16de eeuw]] als goedkoop alternatief voor het blauw-witte [[Porselein#Chinees_porselein|Chinese porselein]]. Het Delfts blauw werd in korte tijd zeer populair en beleefde een bloeiperiode in de periode 1650-1750, toen er in Delft een honderdtal aardewerkfabrieken actief waren. De industrie werd omstreeks 1800 weggevaagd door goedkoper aardewerk uit met name [[Engeland]] ([[Staffordshire]]). Tegenwoordig is er nog maar één fabriek in Delft die ‘echt’ Delfts blauw produceert. Andere soorten Delfts aardewerk zijn het meerkleurige [[Boerendelfts]] en het [[Delfts wit]].

==Ontstaan==
In de 16e eeuw introduceren Vlaamse pottenbakkers het tinglazuur in de noordelijke Nederlanden, ter vervanging van het aloude loodglazuur. Dit tinglazuur aardewerk ontstond in Italië in de 15de eeuw en is beter bekend als [[majolica]]. De eerste Delftse producten in tinglazuur worden dan ook met die term aangeduid. Aan het einde van de 16e eeuw introduceren eerst de Portugezen en later de Nederlanders zelf Chinees [[porselein]], met zijn kenmerkende blauwe beschildering, in Nederland. Dit geïmporteerde porselein was fijn en sierlijk en was onmiddellijk zeer gewild. Alleen de zeer rijken konden het zich echter permitteren. De Delftse majolicabakkers, die nog geen echt porselein konden maken, begonnen hier imitaties van te maken. Dit was rood aardewerk bedekt met een wit dekkend oppervlak, waarin men gekleurde decoraties aanbracht.

Door toevoeging van [[Mergel (sedimentologie)|mergel]] konden de majolicabakkers hun product verbeteren, het aardewerk werd dunner en werd [[Faience (aardewerk)|faience]] genoemd. In het begin brachten de Delftse bakkers vooral oosterse decoraties aan op de Delftse faience. Later werden de afbeeldingen echter Nederlands van aard.
Met Delfts blauw wordt dus eigenlijk Delftse faience bedoeld. Het had zo'n succes dat er rond 1700 alleen al in Delft 33 bakkerijen waren. Deze bakkerijen worden ook wel aangeduid met het woord [[plateel]], een middeleeuws woord voor ''platte schotel''.
De bakkerijen maakten echter niet alleen mooie pronkstukken, maar ook veel eenvoudige gebruiksartikelen. Elke bakkerij had zijn eigen, door het stadsbestuur van Delft vastgelegde, merkteken.
[[Bestand:Vase in Imari style.jpg|thumb|200px|Geribde vaas (ca. 1700-1720), uit ''De Griekse A'', een beroemde manufactuur. Dit Delfts doré is een imitatie van Japans (export of Imari) porselein. Museum [[Geelvinck-Hinlopen Huis]]]]
[[Bestand:Delftblauwmerk.JPG|thumb|200px|border=1|''Merkteken van De Porceleyne Fles, vervaardigingsjaar 1959'']]

==Bloeiperiode==
Beroemd zijn vooral de [[Oudhollandse tegels|tegels]], apothekersflessen, sierborden, vazen, kandelaars en serviesgoed. Het eerste Chinees porselein dat de [[Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie|VOC]] naar Nederland vervoerde, is gemaakt gedurende de [[Ming]]-dynastie. Dit verklaart dat veel van de Delftse producten, ook ver na de val van deze dynastie (1644), met typisch Ming-achtige of [[Wanli]] motieven versierd is. Maar het Delfts blauw is meer dan goedkopere aardewerken kopieën van Chinees porselein. In de 17e eeuw weten Delftse keramiekschilders als [[Isaac Junius]], [[Frederik van Frytom]] en [[Arie de Milde]] de kwaliteit van hun producten tot ongekende hoogte te brengen. Hun eindproducten zijn ware kunstwerkjes. Door nieuwe schilder- en baktechnieken zorgden ze steeds weer voor verrassingen.

==Verval==
In de tweede helft van de [[18e eeuw]] verdwenen de plateelbakkerijen in Delft een voor een. In 1794 waren er nog tien manufacturen over. Er was minder vraag naar het Delftse blauw door de opkomst van goedkoop, maar kwalitatief goed Engels aardewerk.

De in 1653 gestichte bakkerij [[De Porceleyne Fles]] is de enige die sinds de 17e eeuw continu in proces is geweest. Andere bakkerijen zijn [[Goedewaagen (bedrijf)|Goedewaagen]], [[De Delftse Pauw]] en [[De Candelaer]]. Alle vier de bakkerijen zijn open voor publiek. Tijdens de rondleidingen en bezichtigingen ziet men hoe het Delfts Blauw nu nog steeds op authentieke wijze wordt vervaardigd.

Ook nu nog is Delft, mede door de talrijke galerieën, een trekpleister voor liefhebbers van hedendaags [[keramiek]].

==Bronnen==
* Aken-Fehmers, M.S. van & L.A. Schledorn, A.G. Hesselink, T.M. Eliëns, (1999) Delfts aardewerk. Geschiedenis van een nationaal product, deel 1, Zwolle/Den Haag Gemeentemuseum.
* Lunsingh Scheurleer, D.F. (1975) Delfts blauw.
* Matusz, J. (1977) Delfts aardewerk.

== Zie ook ==
* [[Arnhems blauw]]

== Externe links ==
* [http://www.erfgoed-delft.nl Erfgoed Delft en omstreken]
* [http://www.royaldelft.com/ Royal Delft]
* [http://www.delftsaardewerk.nl/ Delfts onder de loep]
* [http://www.aronson.com/collection.html#15 Aardewerk theepot uit Delft]
* [http://www.xs4all.nl/~kalden/dblue/delftblue-workshopENG.htm ''How did they produce Delft blue faience or 'porcelain' in the delftware potteries?]

{{Commonscat|Delftware|Delfts blauw}}

[[Categorie:Cultuur in Delft]]
[[Categorie:Toegepaste kunst]]

[[ca:Faiança de Delft]]
[[en:Delftware]]
[[es:Cerámica de Delft]]
[[fr:Faïence de Delft]]
[[pl:Fajanse z Delft]]
[[ru:Делфтский фарфор]]
[[sv:Delftporslin]]
[[uk:Порцеляна Делфта]]
[[zh:代尔夫特蓝陶]]

Larsen Islands

2012-11-02T11:43:20Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding nn:Larsenøyane

{{Unreferenced|auto=yes|date=December 2009}}
The '''Larsen Islands''' or '''C. A. Larsen''' are a small group of [[island]]s lying 1 mile northwest of [[Moreton Point]], the western extremity of [[Coronation Island]], in the [[South Orkney Islands]]. The Larsen Islands are located at {{Coord|60|36|S|46|04|W|}}. The Larsen Islands were discovered by [[Captain (nautical)|Captain]] George Powell and Captain [[Nathaniel Palmer]] on the occasion of their joint cruise in December 1821. The Larsen Islands were named on Captain [[Petter Sørlle]]'s chart, based upon his survey of the South Orkney Islands in 1912-1913, in honor of Captain [[Carl Anton Larsen]].

==See also==
* [[List of antarctic and sub-antarctic islands]]

[[Category:Islands of the South Orkney Islands]]

{{SouthOrkneys-geo-stub}}

[[ca:Illes Larsen]]
[[es:Islas Larsen]]
[[fr:Îles Larsen]]
[[nn:Larsenøyane]]
[[zh:拉森群島]]

Patrick Braoudé

2012-10-28T13:40:24Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (robot Ajoute : sv:Patrick Braoudé

{{voir homonymes|Boujenah}}
{{Infobox Cinéma (personnalité)
| date de mise à jour =
| couleur = artiste
| nom = Patrick Braoudé
| image = Patrick Braoudé 2011.jpg
| taille image =
| légende = Patrick Braoudé en 2011 à la cérémonie des [[Étoiles d'or du cinéma français]].
| nom de naissance =
| surnom =
| date de naissance = {{Date de naissance|25|9|1954|âge=oui}}
| lieu de naissance = [[Paris]], [[France]]
| nationalité = {{drapeau|France}} [[France|Française]]
| date de mort =
| lieu de mort =
| profession(s) = [[Acteur]], [[réalisateur]], [[scénariste]], [[producteur de cinéma|producteur]]
| films notables =
| site internet =
| imdb =
| récompense =
}}

'''Patrick Braoudé''' (né le {{date|25|septembre|1954}} à [[Paris]]) est un [[Acteur]], [[réalisateur]], [[scénariste]], [[producteur de cinéma|producteur]] [[France|français]].

== Biographie ==

Patrick Braoudé se destinait au métier de [[vétérinaire]]. Mais un jour, lors du [[festival de Cannes]] c'est la révélation.
 Son cœur bascule pour le 7{{e}} art.
 Il débute sur les planches puis effectue ses premiers pas au cinéma dans un film de [[Roger Hanin]]. En parallèle, il écrit quelques scénarios.
Il réalise son premier film en 1990, avec pour assistante sa femme, [[Guila Braoudé]], qui deviendra réalisatrice en 1999 avec ''[[Je veux tout]]''.

==Filmographie==
===Réalisateur===
* 1990 : ''[[Génial, mes parents divorcent !]]''
* 1993 : ''[[Neuf mois]]''
* 1996 : ''[[Amour et Confusions]]''
* 2000 : ''[[Deuxième vie]]''
* 2004 : ''[[Iznogoud (film)|Iznogoud]]''

===Acteur===
* [[1982 au cinéma|1982]] : ''[[Toro Moreno]]'' de [[Gérard Krawczyk]] (court-métrage)
* [[1983 au cinéma|1983]] : ''[[Ballade sanglante]]'' de [[Sylvain Madigan]] (court-métrage)
* [[1984 au cinéma|1984]] : ''[[French Lover (film, 1984)|French Lover]]'' (''Until September'') de [[Richard Marquand]] : Passerby
* [[1984 au cinéma|1984]] : ''[[Femmes de personne]]'' de [[Christopher Frank]]
* [[1985 au cinéma|1985]] : ''[[Train d'enfer (film, 1984)|Train d'enfer]]'' de [[Roger Hanin]]
* [[1985 au cinéma|1985]] : ''[[Pas de vieux os]]'', téléfilm de [[Gérard Mordillat]]
* [[1985 au cinéma|1985]] : ''[[D'amour et d'eau chaude]]'', téléfilm de [[Jean-Luc Trotignon]] : Roger
* [[1986 au cinéma|1986]] : ''[[Je hais les acteurs]]'' de [[Gérard Krawczyk]] : Fineman
* [[1987 au cinéma|1987]] : ''[[Sale destin]]'' de [[Sylvain Madigan]] : Le commis
* [[1987 au cinéma|1987]] : ''[[L'Œil au beur(re) noir]]'' de [[Serge Meynard]] : Georges
* [[1987 au cinéma|1987]] : ''[[L'Été en pente douce]]'' de Gérard Krawczyk : Gendarme
* [[1988 à la télévision|1988]] : ''[[La Chaîne (feuilleton télévisé, 1988)|La Chaîne]]'' (du roman de [[Michel Drucker]]), feuilleton télévisé de [[Claude Faraldo]]
* [[1989 au cinéma|1989]] : ''[[Un père et passe]]'' de [[Sébastien Grall]] : Le neveu de Nikos
* [[1990 au cinéma|1990]] : ''[[Génial, mes parents divorcent !]]'' de Patrick Braoudé : Victor
* [[1990 au cinéma|1990]] : ''[[Deux flics à Belleville]]'', téléfilm de [[Sylvain Madigan]] : Roitelet
* [[1991 au cinéma|1991]] : ''[[Strangers dans la nuit]]'', téléfilm de [[Sylvain Madigan]] : Orion
* [[1992 au cinéma|1992]] : ''[[Pour trois jours de bonheur]]'', téléfilm de [[Jacques Otmezguine]]
* [[1993 au cinéma|1993]] : ''[[Neuf mois]]'' de Patrick Braoudé : Samuel
* [[1994 au cinéma|1994]] : ''[[Grossesse nerveuse (film)|Grossesse nerveuse]]'', téléfilm de [[Denis Rabaglia]] : Julien
* [[1995 au cinéma|1995]] : ''[[Dis-moi oui]]'' de [[Alexandre Arcady]] : Brice
* [[1996 au cinéma|1996]] : ''[[XY (film, 1996)|XY]]'' de [[Jean-Paul Lilienfeld]] : Eric Fleury
* [[1996 au cinéma|1996]] : ''[[Amour et Confusions]]'' de Patrick Braoudé : Dan
* [[1997 au cinéma|1997]] : ''[[Que la lumière soit !]]'' de [[Arthur Joffé]] : Le présentateur pub
* [[1999 au cinéma|1999]] : ''[[Quasimodo d'El Paris]]'' de [[Patrick Timsit]] : Pierre-Grégoire
* [[1999 au cinéma|1999]] : ''[[Je veux tout]]'' de Guila Braoudé : Laurent
* [[2000 au cinéma|2000]] : ''[[Deuxième vie]]'' de Patrick Braoudé : Vincent Degan
* [[2001 au cinéma|2001]] : ''[[And now... Ladies and Gentlemen]]'' de [[Claude Lelouch]] : Le joaillier de Bulgari
* [[2003 au cinéma|2003]] : ''[[Les Clefs de bagnole]]'' de [[Laurent Baffie]] : Un comédien qui refuse de tourner avec Laurent
* [[2003 au cinéma|2003]] : ''[[Tout pout l'oseille]]'' de [[Bertrand van Effenterre]] : Patrick Croissard
* [[2004]] : ''[[Iznogoud]]'' de Patrick Braoudé : Le marchand d'esclaves
* [[2006]] : ''[[Mes copines]]'' de [[Sylvie Ayme]] : Le proviseur Doisneau
* [[2012]] : ''[[Camping Paradis]]'' (1 épisode)
* [[2012]] : ''[[Un homme d'état]]'' de [[Pierre Courrège]] : Le Président
* [[2013]] : ''[[La dernière campagne]]'' de [[Bernard Stora]] : François Hollande

===Scénariste===
* 1986 : ''[[Black Mic Mac]]''
* 1987 : ''[[L'Œil au beur(re) noir]]''
* 1987 : ''[[Un père et passe]]''
* 1990 : ''[[Génial, mes parents divorcent !]]''
* 1991 : ''[[Mohamed Bertrand-Duval]]''
* 1993 : ''[[Neuf mois]]''
* 1995 : ''[[Neuf mois aussi|Nine months]]''
* 1996 : ''[[Amour et Confusions]]''
* 2000 : ''[[Deuxième vie]]''
* 2004 : ''[[Iznogoud (film)|Iznogoud]]''
* 2005 : ''[[Mes Copines]]''
== Théâtre ==
* [[2009 au théâtre|2009]] : ''Les Insatiables'' d'[[Hanokh Levin]], mise en scène Guila Braoudé, [[Studio des Champs-Elysées]]

== Lien externe ==
{{fr}}/{{en}} [http://www.idmb.com/name/nm0105317 Patrick Braoudé] sur l'[[Internet Movie Database]]

{{Portail|cinéma français|réalisation}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Braoude, Patrick}}
[[Catégorie:Naissance à Paris]]
[[Catégorie:Naissance en 1954]]
[[Catégorie:Acteur français]]
[[Catégorie:Réalisateur français]]
[[Catégorie:Scénariste français]]
[[Catégorie:Producteur français]]

[[en:Patrick Braoudé]]
[[sv:Patrick Braoudé]]

Simple Twist of Fate

2012-10-24T15:42:37Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding sv:Simple Twist of Fate

{{Infobox song 
| Name = Simple Twist of Fate
| Cover =
| Caption = Album cover
| Artist = [[Bob Dylan]]
| Album = [[Blood on the Tracks]]
| B-side =
| Released = January 17, 1975
| Format =
| Recorded = [[A&R Recording|A&R Recording Studios]], New York City <ref>[[Clinton Heylin|Heylin, Clinton]], [http://books.google.com/books?id=c9d62SgEJpkC&printsec=frontcover ''Bob Dylan: The Recording Sessions, 1960-1994''], Macmillan, 1997. Cf. p.xiv and various.</ref>
| Genre = [[Folk rock]]
| Length = 4:18
| Label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
| Writer = [[Bob Dylan]]
| Producer = [[Bob Dylan]]
| Tracks = {{Blood on the Tracks tracks}}
}}
"'''Simple Twist of Fate'''" is a song by [[Bob Dylan]], released on his 15th studio album ''[[Blood on the Tracks]]'' in 1975.

It was first covered by [[Joan Baez]] on ''[[Diamonds & Rust]]'' (1975), and has been reinterpreted by several artists since: by the [[Jerry Garcia Band]] on their 2-disc live album ''[[Jerry Garcia Band]]'' (1991) and Run for the Roses (1982), by [[Concrete Blonde]] on their ''[[Still in Hollywood]]'' (1994) collection, by [[Sean Costello]] on his self-titled album (2005), by [[The Format]] on [[Listen to Bob Dylan: A Tribute]] (2005), by [[Bryan Ferry]] on ''[[Dylanesque (album)|Dylanesque]]'' (2007), by [[Jeff Tweedy]] (with altered lyrics taken from a live Dylan performance) on the soundtrack for the film ''[[I'm Not There]]'' (2007), and by [[Stephen Fretwell]] on ''[[Man On the Roof]]'' (2007) as a bonus track. [[Diana Krall]] covered it on the 2012 charity tribute to Dylan, ''[[Chimes of Freedom: Songs of Bob Dylan Honoring 50 Years of Amnesty International]]''.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Bob Dylan}}

[[Category:Songs written by Bob Dylan]]
[[Category:Bob Dylan songs]]
[[Category:1975 songs]]
[[Category:Songs produced by Bob Dylan]]

[[es:Simple Twist of Fate]]
[[no:Simple Twist of Fate]]
[[sv:Simple Twist of Fate]]

Australian Antarctic Names and Medals Committee

2012-10-23T10:35:45Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding nn:Australian Antarctic Names and Medals Committee

The '''Australian Antarctic Names and Medals Committee''', abbreviated '''AANMC''', was established to advise the [[Government of Australia|Government]] on names for features in the [[Australian Antarctic Territory]] and the sub-Antarctic territory of [[Heard Island]] and the [[McDonald Islands]]. The committee also issues nominations [[Governor General of Australia|Governor General]] for the award of the [[Australian Antarctic Medal]].

Committee members are appointed by the Minister or Parliamentary Secretary responsible for Antarctic matters. The committee was originally founded in 1952 as the '''Antarctic Names Committee of Australia''' and changed to the current name in 1982 to reflect the multiple functions that the committee is responsible for.

==See also==
*[[Australian Antarctic Division]]
*[[Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica|SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica]]

==External links==
*[http://www.aad.gov.au AAD website]

[[Category:Government of Australia]]
[[Category:Scientific organisations based in Australia]]
[[Category:Australian Antarctic Territory]]
[[Category:Australia and the Antarctic]]

{{Australia-gov-stub}}

[[nn:Australian Antarctic Names and Medals Committee]]

Astrolabe (Schiff)

2012-10-21T03:35:39Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding nn:«Astrolabe» (1817)

{{Otherships|French ship Astrolabe}}
{|{{Infobox Ship Begin}}
{{Infobox Ship Image
|Ship image=[[Image:Astrolabe Urville.png|300px|]]
|Ship caption=
}}
{{Infobox Ship Career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=France
|Ship flag=[[Image:Enseigne Marine Royale France.png|45px|French Navy Ensign]]
|Ship name=
|Ship namesake=[[French ship Astrolabe (1781)|French ship ''Astrolabe'']]
|Ship owner=
|Ship operator=
|Ship registry=
|Ship route=
|Ship ordered=
|Ship awarded=
|Ship builder=[[Toulon]] shipyard
|Ship original cost=
|Ship yard number=
|Ship way number=
|Ship laid down=
|Ship launched=1811
|Ship sponsor=
|Ship christened=''Coquille'', 9 July 1814
|Ship completed=
|Ship acquired=
|Ship commissioned=
|Ship recommissioned=
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship maiden voyage=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship renamed=''Astrolabe'' in 1826
|Ship reclassified=
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|Ship struck=
|Ship reinstated=
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|Ship motto=
|Ship nickname=
|Ship honours=
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|Ship fate=Scrapped in 1851
|Ship status=
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|Ship badge=
}}
{{Infobox Ship Characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship class=Fluyt
|Ship type=
|Ship tonnage=
|Ship displacement=380 tonnes
|Ship tons burthen=
|Ship length=31.57 m
|Ship beam=18.48 m
|Ship height=
|Ship draught=4.25 m
|Ship draft=
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}}
|}
The '''''Astrolabe''''' was a horse [[barge]] converted to an exploration ship of the [[French Navy]]. She is famous for her travels with [[Jules Dumont d'Urville]].

The name derives from an early [[navigational instrument]], the [[astrolabe]], a precursor to the [[sextant]].

==Legacy==
The [[Astrolabe Subglacial Basin]] in Antarctica bears her name, as do the [[Astrolabe Glacier]], the [[Astrolabe Needle]], [[Astrolabe Island]], [[Great Astrolabe Reef]] (off [[Kadavu Island|Kadavu]] island, [[Fiji]]) and [[Astrolabe Reef]] (New Zealand).

<gallery>
Image:Dumont-d'Urville.web.jpg|''[[French ship Astrolabe (1817)|Astrolabe]]'' making water on a floe February 6, 1838
Image:Lebreton engraving-06.jpg|The ''Astrolabe'' and ''Zélée'' stranded in the Austral Ocean
File:Atlas pittoresque pl 051.jpg
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[European and American voyages of scientific exploration]]

== External links ==
* [http://perso.orange.fr/kerprich-ar-mor/philadelie/astrolabe/astrolabf.html L'Astrolabe et la Zélée]

{{Polar exploration|state=collapsed}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Astrolabe (1817)}}
[[Category:Barques]]
[[Category:Exploration ships]]
[[Category:Ships built in France]]
[[Category:1811 ships]]

{{ship-stub}}

[[fr:La Coquille (bateau)]]
[[nn:«Astrolabe» (1817)]]

Land of Confusion

2012-10-20T17:36:14Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding nn:Land of Confusion

{{Infobox single
|Name = Land of Confusion
|Cover = Genesis-Land-of-confusion-single-cover.jpg
|Caption = Original single cover parodying 1963's ''[[With The Beatles]]''
|Artist = [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]]
|Album = [[Invisible Touch]]
|B-side = Feeding the Fire
|Released = {{start date|1986|10}} US {{start date|1986|11|10}} UK
|Format = US: [[Gramophone record|7"]], UK: 7", [[12-inch single|12"]]
|Recorded = [[The Farm (recording studio)|The Farm]], [[Surrey]]; 1985–1986
|Genre = [[Rock music|Rock]], [[synthrock]]
|Length = 4:45
|Label = [[Atlantic Records|Atlantic]] US [[Virgin Records|Virgin]] - GENS 3 UK
|Writer = [[Mike Rutherford]], [[Tony Banks (musician)|Tony Banks]], [[Phil Collins]]
|Producer = [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]], [[Hugh Padgham]]
|Last single = "[[Throwing it All Away]]" (1986)
|This single = "'''Land of Confusion'''" (1986)
|Next single = "[[In Too Deep (Genesis song)|In Too Deep]]" (1987)
|Misc = {{Extra track listing
| Album = [[Invisible Touch]]
| Type = single
| prev_track = "[[Tonight, Tonight, Tonight]]"
| prev_no = 2
| this_track = "'''Land of Confusion'''"
| track_no = 3
| next_track = "[[In Too Deep (Genesis song)|In Too Deep]]"
| next_no = 4
}}
{{Audiosample
| Upper caption = yes
| Audio file = GenesisLandofConfusion.ogg
}}
}}
"'''Land of Confusion'''" is a [[Rock music|rock]] song written by the band [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]] for their 1986 album ''[[Invisible Touch]]''. The song was the third track on the album and was the fourth track from the album to become a single, which reached number 4 in the US<ref>http://www.billboard.com/#/charts/hot-100?chartDate=1987-01-31</ref> and number 14 in the UK in late 1986.<ref name="UK chart">[http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/genesis/ Genesis UK chart history], The Official Charts Company. Retrieved May 18, 2012.</ref> It made number 8 in the Netherlands. The music was written by the band, while the lyrics were written by [[guitar]]ist [[Mike Rutherford]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.innerviews.org/inner/genesis.html | title=Genesis: Turning it on again | work=Innerviews | first=Anil | last=Prasad |accessdate=May 27, 2012}}</ref> The song's video featured puppets from the 1980s UK sketch show ''[[Spitting Image]]''.

==Music video==
[[Image:LandofConfusionscreenshot1.JPG|left|250px|thumb|The band members (Banks, Collins and Rutherford) as they appeared in the video.]]


The song is widely remembered for its [[music video]], which had heavy airplay on [[MTV]]. The video features bizarre puppets by the British [[television show]] ''[[Spitting Image]]''. After [[Phil Collins]] saw a caricatured version of himself on the show, he commissioned the show's creators, [[Peter Fluck]] and [[Roger Law]], to create puppets of the entire band, as well as all the characters in the video.

The video opens with a caricatured [[Ronald Reagan]] (voiced by [[Chris Barrie]]), [[Nancy Reagan]], and a chimpanzee (parodying Reagan's film ''[[Bedtime for Bonzo]]''), going to bed at 16:30 (4:30 PM). Reagan, holding a [[teddy bear]], goes to sleep and begins to have a nightmare, which sets the premise for the entire video. The video intermittently features a line of stomping feet, illustrating an army marching through a swamp, and they pick up heads of [[Cold War]]-era political figures in the swamp along the way (an [[allusion]] to ''[[Motel Hell]]'').

Caricatured versions of the band members are shown playing instruments on stage during a concert: [[Tony Banks (musician)|Tony Banks]] on an array of synthesizers (as well as a [[cash register]]), [[Mike Rutherford]] on a [[Double neck guitar|four-necked guitar]] (parodying Rutherford's dual role as the band's guitar and bass-player), and two [[Phil Collins]] puppets: one on the drums, and one singing.

During the second verse, the video features various world leaders giving speeches on large video screens in front of mass crowds; the video shows [[Benito Mussolini]], [[Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini]], [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] and his aides (appearing like [[Frank Sinatra]]'s '[[rat pack]]'), and [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]]. Meanwhile, Reagan is shown putting on a [[Superman]] suit, fumbling along the way, while Collins sings,

:''Oh Superman where are you now''
:''When everything's gone wrong somehow''
:''The men of steel, the men of power''
:''Are losing control by the hour.''

Meanwhile, the "real world" Reagan is shown drowning in his own sweat (at one point, a [[rubber duck]] floats by).

During the bridge, the Superman-costumed Reagan and a [[Monoclonius]]-type dinosaur (with punk jewelry) watch a television showing various clips (apparently from the ''Spitting Image'' show itself), including [[Johnny Carson]], [[Leonard Nimoy]] as Mr. [[Spock]] (with a [[Rubik's Cube]]), and [[Bob Hope]]. This segues into a sequence apparently set in prehistoric times, where the [[Monoclonius]]-type and a [[theropod]]-type dinosaur (wearing a bow-tie) meet up with Ron and Nancy Reagan and a rather outlandish mammal eats an egg and reads a newspaper. At the end of this part, the ape from the prologue is shown throwing a bone in the air (an [[allusion]] to ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]'').

As the bone begins to fall there is a sudden switch to Collins catching a falling phone which he uses to inform the person on the other end that he "won't be coming home tonight, my generation will put it right" (which is when a caricature of a 1980s [[Pete Townshend]] is seen playing a chord on guitar and giving a thumb-up for putative mentioning of his own song, "[[My Generation]]") and on the "we're not just making promises" verse the bone lands (on top of [[David Bowie]] and [[Bob Dylan]]). Reagan is then shown riding the ''Monoclonius'' through the streets while wearing a cowboy hat and wardrobe (a reference to Reagan's down-home public persona and ranch). As the video nears its climax, there are periodic scenes of a large group of spoofed celebrity puppets, including [[Tina Turner]], [[Michael Jackson]], [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], [[Bill Cosby]] and [[Hulk Hogan]] singing along to the chorus of the song, in a spoof of the charity-driven song "[[We Are the World]]", with [[Pope John Paul II]] playing an electric guitar.

At the end of the video, Reagan awakens from his dream, and surfaces from the sweat surrounding him; Nancy at this point is wearing a [[Snorkeling|snorkel]]. After taking a drink (missing his mouth and, indeed, his face), he fumbles for a button next to his bed. He intends to push the one labeled "Nurse", but instead presses the one titled "[[Nuclear weapons|Nuke]]", setting off a nuclear weapon. Reagan then replies "Man, that's one heck of a nurse!" Nancy whacks him over the head with her snorkel.

The video, directed by John Lloyd & Jim Yukich and produced by Jon Blair, won the short-lived [[Grammy Award for Best Concept Music Video]] during the [[Grammy Awards of 1988|1988 Grammys]].<ref>[http://80music.about.com/library/grammy/bl_1987.htm 1988 Grammy Awards information]. About.com. Retrieved March 4, 2006.</ref> The video was also nominated for an [[MTV Video Music Award for Best Video of the Year]] in 1987, but lost to "[[Sledgehammer (song)|Sledgehammer]]" by [[Peter Gabriel]] (coincidentally, Genesis' former lead singer). It also made the number-one spot on ''[[The Village Voice]]'' critic [[Robert Christgau]]'s top 10 music videos in his year-end "Dean's List" feature, and number three on the equivalent list in his annual survey of music critics, [[Pazz & Jop]] (again losing out to "Sledgehammer").<ref>[http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/deans86.php Robert Christgau: Pazz & Jop 1986: Dean's List]; [http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/pjres86.php Robert Christgau: Pazz & Jop 1986: Critics Poll]. Robert Christgau's Web Site. Retrieved June 19, 2006.</ref>

===List of famous people and characters seen in the video===


{{inc-video|date=August 2008}}
{{MultiCol}}
* [[Tony Banks (musician)|Tony Banks]]
* [[Phil Collins]]
* [[Mike Rutherford]]
* [[Ronald Reagan]]
* [[Pete Townshend]]
* [[Nancy Reagan]]
* [[Jimmy Carter]]
* [[Margaret Thatcher]]
* [[Henry Kissinger]]
* [[Robert Maxwell]]
* [[David Owen]]
* [[Richard Branson]]
* [[Prince Charles]]
* [[Idi Amin]]
* [[Ayatollah Khomeini]]
* [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]
* [[Leonid Brezhnev]]
* [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]]
* [[Ed McMahon]]
* [[Johnny Carson]]
* [[Walter Cronkite]]
* [[Richard Nixon]]
* [[Leonard Nimoy]] as [[Spock]]
* [[Bob Hope]]
* [[Bob Hawke]]
* [[Sylvester Stallone]]
* [[Prince (musician)|Prince]] (is seen backstage eating his own tongue as a hot dog, while Phil Collins sings into the telephone)
* [[Grace Jones]]
* [[François Mitterrand]]
* [[Tina Turner]]
* [[Bruce Springsteen]]
* [[Bob Dylan]]
* [[David Bowie]]
* [[Mick Jagger]]
* [[Tammy Faye Bakker]]
* [[Thomas Gottschalk]]
* [[Leopoldo Galtieri]]
* [[Helmut Kohl]] (whacking Erich Honecker with a banana. He is seen for a split second in the first TV segment)
* [[Erich Honecker]] (being whacked with a banana by Helmut Kohl)
* [[Urho Kekkonen]]
* [[Alan Greenspan]]
* [[Frank Sinatra]] (not a puppet; photo on book Nancy is reading)
* Bonzo (The chimpanzee that costars with Reagan in [[Bedtime for Bonzo]])

{{ColBreak}}
;''in crowd:''
* [[Queen Elizabeth II]]
* [[Elton John]]
* [[Prince Philip]]
* [[Freddie Mercury]]
* [[Joan Rivers]]
* [[Pope John Paul II]]
* [[Ringo Starr]]
* [[Yoko Ono]]
* [[Clint Eastwood]]
* [[Michael Jackson]]
* [[Cyndi Lauper]]
* [[Barbra Streisand]]
* [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] (has a singing lipstick-painted navel)
* [[Jane Fonda]]
* [[Bette Midler]]
* [[Princess Diana]]
* [[Dolly Parton]]
* [[Stephen King]]
* [[Mr. T]]
* [[Walter Matthau]]
* [[Paul McCartney]]
* [[Hulk Hogan]]
* [[Bill Cosby]]
* [[Sting (musician)|Sting]]
* [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]
* [[Bob Geldof]]
* [[Faye Dunaway]]
* [[Cliff Richard]]
* [[Boy George]]
* [[Jimmy Somerville]]
* [[Popeye]]
* [[Florence Henderson]]
* (For a brief moment at the end before President Reagan wakes, the real [[Phil Collins]] pops up and down in the crowd)
{{EndMultiCol}}

==Singles track listings==
===7": Virgin / GENS 3 (UK) ===
# "Land of Confusion" – 4:45
# "Feeding the Fire" – 5:54

=== 7": Atlantic / 7-89336 (US) ===
# "Land of Confusion" (LP Version) - 4:45
# "Feeding the Fire" - 5:54

===12": Virgin / GENS 3-12 (UK) ===
# "Land of Confusion" (Extended Remix) – 6:55
# "Land of Confusion" – 4:45
# "Feeding the Fire" – 5:54

===12": Virgin / 608 632-213 (Germany) ===
# "Land of Confusion" (Extended Remix) – 6:55
# "Land of Confusion" – 4:45
# "Feeding the Fire" – 5:54

===CD: Virgin / SNEG 3-12 (UK) ===
# "Land of Confusion" – 4:45
# "Land of Confusion" (Extended Remix) – 6:55
# "Feeding the Fire" – 5:54
# "Do the Neurotic" – 7:08

===12": Atlantic / PR 968 (US) ===
# "Land of Confusion" (Extended Remix) – 6:55
# "Land of Confusion" – 4:45

===7": Atlantic / 7-89336 promo (US) ===
# "Land of Confusion" (Special Edited Remix) – 3:53
# "Land of Confusion" (Album Version) – 4:45

* Remixes by [[John Potoker]]

==Personnel==
*[[Phil Collins]] - [[Drum kit|drums]], [[Percussion instrument|percussion]], [[Singing|vocals]]
*[[Tony Banks (musician)|Tony Banks]] - [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]], bass pedals
*[[Mike Rutherford]] - [[guitar]], [[Bass guitar|bass]]

==Live performances==
The song was played on their ''[[Invisible Touch]]'',<ref>[http://www.genesis-movement.org/php/listtour.php?tourid=15&addcommentsall= Invisible Tour Songs & Dates]</ref> ''[[We Can't Dance|The Way We Walk]]'',<ref>[http://www.genesis-movement.org/php/listtour.php?tourid=16&addcommentsall= The Way We Walk Tour Songs & Dates]</ref> ''[[Calling All Stations]]''<ref>[http://www.genesis-movement.org/php/listtour.php?tourid=17&addcommentsall= Calling All Stations Tour Songs & Dates]</ref> (with [[Ray Wilson (musician)|Ray Wilson]] on vocals) and ''[[Turn It On Again: The Tour]]''<ref>[http://www.genesis-movement.org/php/listtour.php?tourid=18&addcommentsall= Turn it on again Tour Songs & Dates]</ref> tours, though later transposed to a lower key to accommodate Collins' deepening voice.

It also appears on their live albums ''[[The Way We Walk, Volume One: The Shorts]]'', and ''[[Live Over Europe 2007]]''. As well as on their DVDs ''[[Genesis Live at Wembley Stadium]]'', ''[[The Way We Walk - Live in Concert]]'' and ''[[When in Rome 2007]]''.

==Cultural references==
"Land of Confusion" was also a track used for the final episode of the 1980s cop show ''[[Miami Vice]]'' (in which [[Phil Collins]] periodically played a minor role) called "Freefall" and was applied as the characters of the show [[James "Sonny" Crockett|Crockett]] ([[Don Johnson]]) and Tubbs ([[Philip Michael Thomas]]) were in the middle of a stakeout. The song was to imply the complexity of the story during the finale.

"Land of Confusion" was then-Delaware Senator [[Joe Biden]]'s campaign song during his brief run for President in 1987.

This song is mentioned in ''[[American Psycho (film)|American Psycho]]''.

The cover version of "Land of Confusion" by Disturbed is used in the end credits of ''[[Bigger, Stronger, Faster*]]''.

==Notable covers==
The song has been variously re-recorded as [[cover versions]] by several artists spanning a number of genres:
*One-time Genesis guitarist [[Daryl Stuermer]] reworked the song into a [[jazz]] tune on his album ''[[Another Side of Genesis]]''.<ref>[{{Allmusic|class=album|id=another-side-of-genesis-mw0000058026|pure_url=yes}} Track listing for ''Another Side of Genesis'' by Daryl Steurmer]. AllMusic.com. Retrieved March 4, 2006.</ref>
*It has been covered by [[reggae]] group Fourth Dimension.<ref>[{{Allmusic|class=album|id=around-the-world-mw0000242270|pure_url=yes}} Track listing for ''Around the World'' by Fourth Dimension]. AllMusic.com. Retrieved March 4, 2006.</ref>
* Swedish [[melodic death metal]] band [[In Flames]] covered the song for their 2003 EP ''[[Trigger (EP)|Trigger]]''.<ref>[{{Allmusic|class=album|id=trigger-ep-mw0000597892|pure_url=yes}} Track listing for ''Trigger EP'' by In Flames]. AllMusic.com. Retrieved October 11, 2009.</ref>
* Canadian singer [[Nelly Furtado]] covered the song at on her first Spanish head-lining tour, the [[Mi Plan Tour]], as a mash-up with her single "[[Powerless (Say What You Want)]]".
* [[Alcazar (band)|Alcazar]] adapted the chorus for their song "[[This Is the World We Live In]]".
* Norwegian folk-pop band [[Katzenjammer (band)|Katzenjammer]] covered the song for their album ''[[A Kiss Before You Go]]''. A music video of the song was also filmed; it was released in CD/DVD format in May 2012.

===Disturbed {{anchor | Disturbed song and video}}===
{{Infobox single
|Name = Land of Confusion
|Artist = [[Disturbed (band)|Disturbed]]
|Cover = disturbed_land_of_confusion.png
|Album = [[Ten Thousand Fists]]
|Released = October 2, 2006
|Format = [[Compact disc]], [[Gramophone record|12" picture LP]]
|Recorded = January - April 2005 at Groovemaster Studios in [[Chicago, Illinois]]
|Genre = [[Alternative metal]], [[hard rock]]
|Writer = [[Mike Rutherford]], [[Tony Banks (musician)|Tony Banks]], [[Phil Collins]]
|Label = [[Reprise Records|Reprise]]
|Length = 4:47
|Producer = [[Johnny K]]
|Last single = "[[Just Stop]]" (2006)
|This single = "'''Land of Confusion'''" (2006)
|Next single = "[[Ten Thousand Fists (song)|Ten Thousand Fists]]" (2006)
}}
The American [[Rock music|rock]] band [[Disturbed (band)|Disturbed]] released a cover of the song on their third studio album, ''[[Ten Thousand Fists]]''. The song became the fourth single from that album. [[Singing|Vocalist]] [[David Draiman]] commented that the aim of covering the song was, "taking a song that's absolutely nothing like us and making it our own."<ref name="aimforcover">{{cite web|title=Disturbed frontman: 'I see ourselves as being a three-decade spanning band'|url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=62683|date=2006-11-23|accessdate=2008-12-15|publisher=[[Blabbermouth.net]]}}</ref> The line "And the sound of your laughter" in the original's bridge was replaced by "In the wake of this madness".

It was accompanied by a music video animated by [[Todd McFarlane]], known for his work with the ''[[Spawn (comics)|Spawn]]'' comic book series and the creator of Spider-Man Anti-Hero ''[[Venom (comics)|Venom]]''. McFarlane had previously animated the music videos for the songs "[[Freak on a Leash]]" by [[Korn]] and "[[Do the Evolution]]" by [[Pearl Jam]].<ref name="disturbedmcfarlane"/> According to McFarlane, the music video is "a big view of the corporate world and how it all ties into just one big beast for me... The world is run by one giant thing, which is driven by greed and lust."<ref name="disturbedmcfarlane"/> "Land of Confusion" reached number 1 in the [[Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks]], it is Disturbed's first number 1 single on that chart.

====Music video====
The video starts out with [[Disturbed (band)|The Guy]], Disturbed's mascot, falling to earth. It then shows military forces bearing the symbol of [[dollar sign]]<ref name="disturbedmcfarlane">{{cite news|last =Harris|first=Chris|title=Todd McFarlane to make Genesis' 'Confusion' clip even more disturbed|publisher=MTV|date=2006-03-15|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1525848/20060310/disturbed.jhtml|accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref> within a circle of white that is within a field of red, followed by legions of black-clad soldiers reminiscent of [[Adolf Hitler]]'s [[Schutzstaffel]] (Protection Squad).<ref name="mcfarlanevskirkman">{{cite news|last=Khouri|first=Andy|title=CCI, Day 3: McFarlane Vs Kirkman?|publisher=Comic Book Resources|date=2006-07-22|url=http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=7666|accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref> The video then shows The Guy, escaping bondage from chains, as the military forces continue to assault cities and civilians. Later on, leaders of various nations of the world (bearing close physical resemblance to the then respective national leaders) are shown sitting at a table with the same dollar sign on it. Eventually The Guy confronts the soldiers, and leads the people in rebellion. Flags of several powerful nations are then shown, with the final flag sporting the dollar sign. The Guy leads the rebels to the [[United Nations Headquarters]]<ref name="mcfarlanevskirkman"/> where they disrupt a meeting of the U.N. representatives. The Guy then leads the angry mob into a back room where they confront the real [[power behind the throne]], a gigantic, bloated [[Fat cat (term)|Fat Cat]]. The mob then drags him to the ground and once immobilized, The Guy destroys the Fat Cat, who explodes into a shower of dollar bills.

====Personnel====
* [[David Draiman]] - [[lead vocals]]
* [[Dan Donegan]] - [[guitar]]s, [[electronics]]
* [[John Moyer]] - [[bass guitar]], backing vocals
* [[Mike Wengren]] - [[Drum kit|drums]]

==Charts==
===Genesis version===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Chart (1986-87)
!Peak position
|-
|Austria ([[Ö3 Austria Top 40]])
|align="center"|27
|-
|Netherlands ([[Dutch Top 40]])
|align="center"|10
|-
|Finland ([[Suomen virallinen lista]])<ref>{{cite book | first= Jake | last= Nyman |year= 2005 | title={{lang|fin|Suomi soi 4: Suuri suomalainen listakirja}} | edition= 1st | publisher=Tammi | location= Helsinki| isbn= 951-31-2503-3| language= Finnish }}</ref>
|align="center"|18
|-
|Ireland ([[Irish Recorded Music Association|IRMA]])
|align="center"|9
|-
|New Zealand ([[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|RIANZ]])
|align="center"|9
|-
|Sweden ([[Sverigetopplistan]])
|align="center"|10
|-
|[[Swiss Singles Chart]]
|align="center"|8
|-
|United Kingdom ([[The Official Charts Company]])<ref name="UK chart"/>
|align="center"|14
|-
|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Billboard Hot 100|Hot 100]]
|align="center"|4
|-
|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks |Top Rock Tracks]]
|align="center"|11
|-
|}

===Disturbed version===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Chart
! Position
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2006
|Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks
| style="text-align:center;"|1<ref name="singlecharts">{{cite web|title=''Ten Thousand Fists'' US single charts|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/retrieve_chart_history.do?model.chartFormatGroupName=Singles&model.vnuArtistId=382997&model.vnuAlbumId=1138597|accessdate=2009-07-09}}</ref>
|-
|Hot Modern Rock Tracks
| style="text-align:center;"|18<ref name="singlecharts"/>
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.vh1classic.com/view/artist/1077/18140/Genesis/Land_Of_Confusion/index.jhtml ''Genesis'' Music Video] at [[VH1 Classic]]
* [http://www.mtvmusic.com/video/?id=18140 ''Genesis'' Music Video] at [[MTV Music]]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Through Glass]]" by [[Stone Sour]]
| title = [[Mainstream Rock Tracks|''Billboard'' Mainstream Rock Tracks]] [[List of number-one mainstream rock hits (United States)#2006|number-one single]] (Disturbed version)
| years = November 4, 2006 - November 18, 2006
| after = "[[The Pot]]" by [[Tool (band)|Tool]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Genesis}}
{{Disturbed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Land Of Confusion}}
[[Category:1986 singles]]
[[Category:2006 singles]]
[[Category:Genesis (band) songs]]
[[Category:Disturbed (band) songs]]
[[Category:Songs about nuclear war and weapons]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks number-one singles]]
[[Category:Songs written by Tony Banks]]
[[Category:Songs written by Phil Collins]]
[[Category:Songs written by Mike Rutherford]]
[[Category:Songs about the Cold War]]
[[Category:Grammy Award for Best Concept Music Video]]
[[Category:Songs produced by Hugh Padgham]]

[[es:Land of Confusion]]
[[fr:Land of Confusion]]
[[it:Land of Confusion]]
[[ka:Land of Confusion]]
[[nn:Land of Confusion]]
[[pl:Land of Confusion]]
[[pt:Land of Confusion]]
[[sv:Land of Confusion]]

Aksel Smith

2012-10-17T20:50:22Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (robot Legger til: sv:Aksel Smith

{{Infoboks biografi
| navn = Aksel Smith
| bilde = Aksel Smith.jpg
| bildestørrelse =
| bildetekst =
| byline =
| navn2 =
| født = [[1880]]
| fsted = Kristiansand
| død = [[18. januar]] [[1919]]
| dsted = Drøbak
| dødsårsak =
| ektefelle =
| samboer =
| foreldre =
| barn =
| utdannelse =
| yrke = Tannlege
| parti =
| nasjonalitet = Norsk
}}
:''Denne artikkelen handler om Aksel Smith, bror til [[J.O. Smith]]. For [[Aksel Johan Smith]], J.O. Smiths sønn, se dette.''
'''Aksel Smith''' (født [[1880]] i [[Kristiansand]], død [[18. januar]] [[1919]] i [[Drøbak]]) var en av hovedstøttene i [[Brunstad Christian Church]], også kalt [[Smiths venner]] i den første tiden. Han var broren til grunnleggeren, [[Johan O. Smith]], og døde i 1919, 38 år gammel. Han var en sterk pådriver for at menigheten skulle danne et eget menighetsblad, noe som ble realisert i 1912, med bladet ''[[Skjulte Skatter]]'' ( den første tiden het det "Skjulte Skatte"). Som tannlege hadde han mulighet til å bruke av egne midler for å drifte bladet. (Han var kjent for å være svært gavmild og for å ''gi bort mer enn han tjente.'') Han var en aktiv skribent i mange år helt til sin dødsdag.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, Aksel}}

[[Kategori:Norske pastorer og predikanter i Brunstad Christian Church]]
[[Kategori:Norske oppbyggelsesforfattere]]
[[Kategori:Personer fra Kristiansand kommune]]
[[Kategori:Fødsler i 1880]]
[[Kategori:Dødsfall i 1919]]

[[sv:Aksel Smith]]

Stephen M. Veazey

2012-10-17T09:48:33Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding da:Stephen M. Veazey

{{Infobox Latter Day Saint biography
| name = Stephen M. Veazey
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Stephen Mark Veazey
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| nationality =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| monuments =
| residence =
| education = Bachelor of science Master of arts in religion
| alma_mater = [[University of Tennessee]] [[Park College]]
| occupation =
| employer =
| organization =
| notable_works =
| title =
| spouse = Cathleen Henson Cackler Veazey
| children = Three
| parents =
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature size =
| signature_alt =
| website = 
| position_or_quorum1 = [[President_of_the_Church_(Mormonism)#President_of_the_Community_of_Christ|Prophet–President]] of the Church
| ordination_reason1 = "Church-wide discernment process"<ref>Stephen M. Veazey, "Stepping into the River of Revelation in the Restoration Tradition," ''Restoration Studies'' Vol. XI (2010), 2.</ref> following the resignation of [[W. Grant McMurray]]
| predecessor1 = [[W. Grant McMurray]]
| successor1 =
| start_date1 = {{start date|2005|06|03}}
| end_date1 = 
| end_reason1 =
| reorganization1 =
| position_or_quorum2 = President of the [[Council of Twelve Apostles (Community of Christ)|Council of Twelve Apostles]]
| called_by2 = Committee of Church Leaders
| ordination_reason2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| start_date2 = April 2002
| end_date2 = {{end date|2005|06|03}}
| end_reason2 = Called as [[President of the Church (Latter Day Saints)#Presidents of the Community of Christ|Prophet-President]]
| position_or_quorum3 = Council of Twelve Apostles
| called_by3 = [[Wallace B. Smith]]
| ordination_reason3 =
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| start_date3 = {{start date|1992|04|05}}
| end_date3 = {{end date|2005|06|03}}
| end_reason3 = Called as [[President of the Church (Latter Day Saints)#Presidents of the Community of Christ|Prophet-President]]}}

'''Stephen Mark Veazey''' is the current [[President of the Church (Latter Day Saints)#Presidents of the Community of Christ|Prophet-President]] of the [[Community of Christ]], headquartered in [[Independence, Missouri|Independence]], [[Missouri]]. Veazey's name was presented to the church in March 2005 by a joint council of church leaders led by the [[Council of Twelve Apostles (Community of Christ)|Council of Twelve Apostles]], as the next Prophet-President. Delegates elected to a special [[World Conference (Community of Christ)|World Conference]] of the church approved Veazey and he was ordained as the eighth President of the High Priesthood, Prophet, and President of the Church on June 3, 2005.<ref name = coc>[http://www.cofchrist.org/bio/current/Veazey-Steve.asp Stephen M. Veazey], cofchrist.org, accessed March 2, 2008.</ref>

Veazey has been a full-time minister in the church since 1983. He was ordained a member of the Council of Twelve Apostles in 1992. In April 2002, he was set apart as president of the Council of Twelve and assigned by the [[First Presidency (Community of Christ)|First Presidency]] as director of Field [[Christian ministry|Ministries]]. He has also brought support and leadership to Church Planting Ministries and Young Adult and Campus Ministries. His areas of ministry have included missionary and administrative work in the Southern USA [[Mission (Christian)|Mission]] Field, the [[Africa]]-East Central Field; the South Central and the East Central States Regions; the Division of Program Services, Outreach Ministries; the North Central Region; the Advanced Leadership Studies at World Church headquarters; and the [[African-American]] Ministries.<ref name = coc/>

Before 1983, Veazey was an executive minister to the [[Fremont, California|Fremont]], [[California]] congregation and was in charge of a missionary development project funded by the World Church for [[San Francisco]] Bay [[Stake (Latter Day Saints)|Stake]]. Veazey also served the church as a young adult two-year contractual minister to Pacific Northwest Region, in the [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]] Metropole; director of youth camps and seminars; field associate for the Young Adult and Campus Ministries Office; presiding elder in [[McKenzie, Tennessee|McKenzie]], [[Tennessee]]; and counselor to the pastor in [[Paris, Tennessee]]. He holds a [[bachelor of science]] degree from the [[University of Tennessee]] and a [[Master of Arts (postgraduate)|Master of Arts]] in religion from [[Park College]].<ref name = coc/>

Veazey presented [[Doctrine and Covenants]] Section 163 to the 2007 World Conference of the Community of Christ. He cited the ''[[Hymns of the Saints]]'' as a source for this document, which clarifies the theology of scripture, the mission of the church, and other ecclesiastical matters in the Community of Christ.<ref>Stephen M. Veazey, "[http://www.cofchrist.org/D&C163/commentary-Veazey.asp Doctrine and Covenants 163: My Testimony], cofchrist.org, accessed March 2, 2008.</ref>

On January 17, 2010, Veazey presented another document which became part of the Doctrine and Covenants. A very short message of inspired counsel was included in the President's April 5, 2009 address to the church. On April 14, 2010, Community of Christ voted to affirm the counsel as scripture. It is now included in the Doctrine and Covenants as section 164.<ref>http://www.cofchrist.org/D&C164/</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
 
{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|cc}}
{{succession box
|title = [[President_of_the_Church_(Mormonism)#President_of_the_Community_of_Christ|Prophet–President]]
|years = 2005–
|before = [[W. Grant McMurray]]
|after = incumbent
}}
{{s-end}}
 
{{CoCfirstpresidency|counselors=no}}
{{CofCApostles}}

{{Persondata 
|NAME = Veazey, Stephen M.
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = Prophet-President of the Community of Christ
|DATE OF BIRTH =
|PLACE OF BIRTH =
|DATE OF DEATH =
|PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Veazey, Stephen M.}}
[[Category:American Latter Day Saints]]
[[Category:Community of Christ missionaries|Veazey, Stephen M.]]
[[Category:Living people|Veazey, Stephen M.]]
[[Category:Prophet–Presidents of the Community of Christ]]
[[Category:Apostles of the Community of Christ]]
[[Category:Park University alumni]]

[[bg:Стивън М. Вейзи]]
[[da:Stephen M. Veazey]]
[[pl:Stephen M. Veazey]]
[[pt:Stephen M. Veazey]]
[[sv:Stephen M. Veazey]]

Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica

2012-10-17T05:38:29Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding nn:Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica

The '''Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica''' (CGA) of the [[Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research]] (SCAR) is the authoritative international [[gazetteer]] containing all the [[Antarctica|Antarctic]] [[toponym]]s published in national gazetteers, plus basic information about those names and the relevant geographical features. The Gazetteer includes also parts of the [[International Hydrographic Organization]] (IHO) [[GEBCO|General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans]] (GEBCO) gazetteer for under-sea features situated south of 60° south latitude.

As of October 2012, the overall content of the CGA amounts to 36,857 geographic names for 18,858 features including some 500 features with two or more entirely different names, contributed by the following sources:

 
{| style="text-align: center; background-color: #fffcfc;" rules="all" cellpadding="3"
! '''        Country        '''
! '''      Names      '''
|-
| [[USA]]
| 13,161
|-
| [[UK]]
| 4,943
|-
| [[Russia]]
| 4,808
|-
| [[New Zealand]]
| 2,593
|-
| [[Argentina]]
| 2,545
|-
| [[Australia]]
| 2,432
|-
| [[Chile]]
| 1,865
|-
| [[Norway]]
| 1,647
|-
| [[Bulgaria]]
| 821
|-
| [[Germany]]
| 393
|-
| [[Poland]]
| 365
|-
| [[Japan]]
| 344
|-
| [[China]]
| 279
|-
| [[France]]
| 223
|-
| [[GEBCO]]
| 182
|-
| [[Belgium]]
| 117
|-
| [[Italy]]
| 53
|-
| [[Spain]]
| 30
|-
| [[India]]
| 21
|-
| [[Ecuador]]
| 9
|-
| [[Uruguay]]
| 5
|-
| [[South Africa]]
| 2
|-
| [[Canada]]
| 2
|}
 

==National Authorities for Antarctic place-names==

'''Country / Official authority:'''

'''[[Argentina]]''': Instituto Geográfico Militar Sección Toponimia del Servicio de Hidrografía Naval de la Armada Argentina and Instituto Antártico Argentino; 
'''[[Australia]]''': [[Australian Antarctic Names and Medals Committee]]; 
'''[[Bulgaria]]''': [[Antarctic Place-names Commission]]; 
'''[[Canada]]''': [[Geographical Names Board of Canada]]; 
'''[[Chile]]''': Instituto Hidrografíco de la Armada de Chile and Instituto Geográfico Militar; 
'''[[China]]''': Chinese Place-names Committee; 
'''[[France]]''': Commission de Toponymie des TAAF, [[Institut Géographique National]] (Commission of Toponymy of [[TAAF]], National Geographic Institute); 
'''[[Germany]]''': Ständiger Ausschuß für Geographische Namen (Permanent committee on geographical names); 
'''[[Italy]]''': Comitato per i nomi geografici antartici (Antarctic geographic names Committee); 
'''[[Japan]]''': Antarctic Place-names Committee of Japan; 
'''[[New Zealand]]''': Antarctic Place-names Committee of New Zealand; 
'''[[Norway]]''': Antarctic Place-names Committee of Norway, [[Norwegian Polar Institute|Norsk Polarinstitutt]]; 
'''[[Poland]]''': Committee of Polar Research of the [[Polish Academy of Sciences]]; 
'''[[Russia]]''': Russian Interministerial Commission on Geographical Names; 
'''[[UK]]''': [[British Antarctic Survey]] [[UK Antarctic Place-names Committee]]; 
'''[[Uruguay]]''': [[Uruguayan Antarctic Institute|Instituto Antártico Uruguayo]]; 
'''[[USA]]''': [[United States Board on Geographic Names]]; 
'''[[GEBCO]]''': GEBCO Sub-Committee on Undersea Feature Names.

==External links==
* [http://www3.pnra.it/SCAR_GAZE Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica] (former official website)
* [http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/ Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica] (official website)

[[Category:Names of places in Antarctica]]
[[Category:Gazetteers]]

[[nn:Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica]]
[[pt:Dicionário Geográfico Antártico Composto]]

Wahre Geschichten (Lukian)

2012-10-16T19:40:52Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding sv:Sann historia

{{Infobox Book
| name = True History or True Story
| translator =
| image =
| image_caption =
| author = [[Lucian of Samosata]]
| country = [[Syria (Roman province)|Syria, Roman Empire]]
| language = [[Greek language|Greek]]
| genre = [[Satire]], [[Science fiction]]
|publisher = Various
| release_date = 2nd century AD
| isbn = n/a 
}}

'''''True History''''' or '''''True Story''''' ({{lang-grc|Ἀληθῆ διηγήματα}}) is a parody of travel tales, by the [[Greek language|Greek-speaking]] [[Assyrian people|Syrian]] author [[Lucian]] of [[Samosata]], the earliest known fiction about travelling to [[outer space]], [[Fictional extraterrestrials|alien]] life-forms and interplanetary warfare. Written in the 2nd century, the novel has been referred to as "the first known text that could be called [[science fiction]]".<ref name="Greg Grewell 30f."/><ref>Swanson, Roy Arthur: {{Quote|Lucian of Samosata, the Greco-Syrian satirist of the second century, appears today as an exemplar of the science-fiction artist. There is little, if any, need to argue that his mythopoeic Milesian Tales and his literary fantastic voyages and utopistic hyperbole comport with the genre of science fiction; ...}}</ref><ref name="Fredericks, S.C."/><ref>Georgiadou, Aristoula & Larmour, David H.J in their introduction:{{Quote|"...Lucian's Verae Historiae ("True Histories"), a fantastic journey narrative considered the earliest surviving example of Science Fiction in the Western tradition."}}</ref><ref>Gunn, James E. denotes ''True History'' as "Proto-Science Fiction", p.249</ref> The work was intended by Lucian as a satire against contemporary and ancient sources, which quote fantastic and mythical events as truth.

== Plot ==
In ''True History'', Lucian and a company of adventuring heroes sailing westward through the [[Pillars of Hercules]] (the [[Strait of Gibraltar]]) in order to explore lands and inhabitants beyond the Ocean, are blown off course by a strong wind, and after 79 days come to an island. This island is home to a river of wine filled with fish, and bears a marker indicating that [[Heracles]] and [[Dionysos]] have traveled to this point, along with normal footprints and giant footprints.

Shortly after leaving the island, they are lifted up by a giant waterspout and deposited on the [[Moon]] on the eighth day. There they find themselves embroiled in a full-scale war between the king of the Moon and the king of the [[Sun]] over colonisation of the [[Venus|Morning Star]], involving armies which boast such exotica as stalk-and-mushroom men, acorn-dogs ("dog-faced men fighting on winged acorns"), and cloud-centaurs. Unusually, the Sun, Moon, stars and planets are portrayed as locales, each with its unique geographic details and inhabitants. The War is finally won by the Sun's armies clouding the moon over. Details of the moon follow; there are no women, and children grow inside the calf of men.

After returning to the Earth, the adventurers become trapped in a giant [[whale]]; inside the 200-mile-long animal, there live many groups of people whom they rout in war. They also reach a sea of milk, an island of cheese and the [[isle of the blessed]]. There, he meets the heroes of the [[Trojan War]], other mythical men and animals, and even [[Homer]]. They find [[Herodotus]] being eternally punished for the "lies" he published in his [[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]].

After leaving the Island of the Blessed, they deliver a letter to [[Calypso (mythology)|Calypso]] given to them by [[Odysseus]] explaining that he wishes he had stayed with her so he could have lived eternally. They then discover a chasm in the Ocean, but eventually sail around it, discover a far-off continent and decide to explore it. The book ends rather abruptly with Lucian saying that their adventure there will be the subject of following books.

== Literary genre ==
Lucian's ''True History'' eludes a clear-cut literary classification. Its multilayered character has given rise to interpretations as diverse as [[science fiction]], [[fantasy]], [[satire]] or [[parody]], depending on how much importance scholars attach to Lucian's explicit intention of telling a story of falsehoods. Generally speaking, authors concentrating on science fiction topoi are more willing to classify ''True History'' as part of the former genres, while those stressing Lucian's satirical motives are more inclined to view his work under the latter premises.

=== Satire ===
In the later view, Lucian intended his story to be a form of literary criticism, a satire against contemporary and ancient sources which quote fantastic and mythical events as truth. He mentions the tales of [[Ctesias]], Iambulus, and [[Homer]] and states that "what did surprise me was their supposition that nobody would notice they were lying." Many characters and events are exaggerated to ridiculous ends to mock the original tellings. As noted by classicist B.P. Reardon, "above all, it is a parody of literary 'liars' like Homer and [[Herodotus]]".<ref>B.P. Reardon: ''Collected Ancient Greek Novels'', p.619</ref> Consequently, Lucian goes on to state that the story recounted in ''True History'' is about "things I have neither seen nor experienced nor heard tell of from anybody else; things, what is more, that do not in fact exist and could not ever exist at all. So my readers must not believe a word I say."<ref>B.P. Reardon: ''Collected Ancient Greek Novels'', p.622</ref> He justifies the title by arguing that his is the only truthful mythological story ever written, inasmuch as it is the only one that admits that it is all lies. He also promises a sequel; later critics point out that this is the greatest lie of all.

=== Science fiction ===
Contrary to classicists, modern science fiction critics do not necessarily view the satirical streak of the story as conflicting with modern notions of science fiction. The defining element of science can rather be found in Lucian's specific, but effective approach to identify false values and misidentifications in contemporary philosophy, which was very much the general term of [[science]] then.<ref name="Swanson, Roy Arthur">Swanson, Roy Arthur: [http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/backissues/10/swanson10art.htm “The True, the False, and the Truly False: Lucian’s Philosophical Science Fiction”], ''Science Fiction Studies'', Vol. 3, No. 3 (Nov. 1976), pp. 227–239</ref> Additionally, they point out that ''True History'' was written in response to another work which also contained science fictional elements, that is [[Antonius Diogenes]]’ lost ''Of the Wonderful Things Beyond [[Thule]]'', whose protagonist also reached the [[moon]].<ref name="Swanson, Roy Arthur"/> The estranging feel of the story as a defining SF element has also been noted:

<blockquote>
...True History may properly be regarded as SF because Lucian often achieves that sense of "cognitive estrangement" which [[Darko Suvin]] has defined as the generic distinction of SF, that is, the depiction of an alternate world, radically unlike our own, but relatable to it in terms of significant knowledge.<ref name="Fredericks, S.C."/>
</blockquote>

According to Grewell, whose definition of science fiction focuses on the struggle between supposedly superior and inferior life forms, "part of the tale that qualifies it as science fiction, rather than as fantasy or imaginative fiction, involves Lucian and his seamen in a battle for territorial and colonization rights:<ref name="Greg Grewell 30f.">Greg Grewell: “Colonizing the Universe: Science Fictions Then, Now, and in the (Imagined) Future”, ''Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature'', Vol. 55, No. 2 (2001), pp. 25-47 (30f.)</ref>

<blockquote>"The king of the inhabitants of the Sun, Phaethon," said Endymion king of the Moon, "has been at war with us for a long time now. Once upon a time I gathered together the poorest people in my kingdom and undertook to plant a colony on the Morning Star which was empty and uninhabited. Phaethon out of jealousy thwarted the colonization, meeting us halfway at the head of his dragoons. At that time we were beaten, for we were not a match for them in strength, and we retreated. Now, however, I desire to make war again and plant the colony."<ref name="Swanson, Roy Arthur"/></blockquote>

In sum, typical science fiction themes and topoi appearing in ''True History'' are:<ref name="Fredericks, S.C.">Fredericks, S.C.: [http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/backissues/8/fredericks8art.htm “Lucian's True History as SF”], ''Science Fiction Studies'', Vol. 3, No. 1 (March 1976), pp. 49-60</ref>
*travel to outer space
*encounter with alien life-forms, including the experience of a first encounter event
*interplanetary warfare and imperialism
*colonization of planets
*artificial atmosphere
*liquid air
*[[reflecting telescope]]
*motif of giganticism
*creatures as products of human technology (robot theme)
*worlds working by a set of alternate 'physical' laws
*explicit desire of the protagonist for exploration and adventure

A middle position seems to be taken up by the [[England|English]] [[critic]] [[Kingsley Amis]], who acknowledged the SF and satirical character of ''True History'' at the same time:

<blockquote>"I will merely remark that the sprightliness and sophistication of ''True History'' make it read like a joke at the expense of nearly all early-modern science fiction, that written between, say, 1910 and 1940."<ref>Kingsley, Amis: "New Maps of Hell: A Survey of Science Fiction", New York 1960, p.28</ref></blockquote>

Modern equivalents, combining science fiction and parody in equal measure, may be found in [[Voltaire]]'s ''[[Micromégas]]'' and the works of [[Douglas Adams]].

== See also ==
{{Wikisourcelang|el|Αληθής Ιστορία|True History}}
*[[History of science fiction]]
*[[Moon in art and literature]]
*[[Meropis]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
*Fredericks, S.C.: [http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/backissues/8/fredericks8art.htm “Lucian's True History as SF”], ''Science Fiction Studies'', Vol. 3, No. 1 (March 1976), pp. 49-60
*Georgiadou, Aristoula & Larmour, David H.J.: [http://www.brill.nl/default.aspx?partid=75&pid=2774 “Lucian's Science Fiction Novel True Histories. Interpretation and Commentary“], ''Mnemosyne Supplement'' 179, Leiden 1998, ISBN 90-04-10667-7
*Grewell, Greg: “Colonizing the Universe: Science Fictions Then, Now, and in the (Imagined) Future”, ''Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature'', Vol. 55, No. 2 (2001), pp. 25–47
*Gunn, James E.: “The New Encyclopedia of Science Fiction”, Publisher: Viking 1988, ISBN 978-0-670-81041-3, p. 249
*Swanson, Roy Arthur: [http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/backissues/10/swanson10art.htm “The True, the False, and the Truly False: Lucian’s Philosophical Science Fiction”], ''Science Fiction Studies'', Vol. 3, No. 3 (Nov. 1976), pp. 227–239

== External links ==
*[http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/luc/wl2/wl211.htm The True History] at ''sacred-texts.com''
*[http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/luc/fowl/index.htm The Works of Lucian of Samosata] at ''sacred-texts.com''
*[http://www.ancientlibrary.com/lucian-3/ Loeb Classical Library, vol. 3/8 of Lucian's works], with facing Greek text, at ''ancientlibrary.com''
*[http://www.tertullian.org/rpearse/lucian/lucian_intro.htm A.M. Harmon: Introduction to Lucian of Samosata] at ''tertullian.org''
*[http://lucianofsamosata.info/ Lucian of Samosata Project] - Articles, Timeline, Maps, Library, and Themes

{{Science fiction}}

[[Category:2nd-century novels]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek novels]]
[[Category:Works by Lucian]]
[[Category:Satirical works]]
[[Category:Moon in fiction]]
[[Category:Science fiction literature]]

[[ca:Història vertadera]]
[[fr:Histoires vraies]]
[[it:La storia vera]]
[[ja:本当の話]]
[[pl:Prawdziwa historia (satyra)]]
[[fi:Tosi tarina (Lukianos)]]
[[sv:Sann historia]]

Evan Roberts

2012-10-16T12:41:46Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding sv:Evan Roberts

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2012}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2012}}
{{Other uses|Evan Roberts (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Evan John Roberts.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Evan Roberts in 1905]]

'''Evan John Roberts''' (8 June 1878 – 29 September 1951), was a leading figure of the [[1904-1905 Welsh Revival]] who suffered many setbacks in his later life.

His obituary in ''[[Western Mail (Wales)|The Western Mail]]'' summed up his career thus:

:"He was a man who had experienced strange things. In his youth, he had seemed to hold the nation in the palms of his hands. He endured strains and underwent great changes of opinion and outlook, but his religious convictions remained firm to the end."

== Early life ==
Born in [[Loughor]], [[Wales]], Evan Roberts was the younger of two sons of Henry and Hannah Roberts. Raised in a [[Calvinistic Methodist]] home, he was a serious child who attended church regularly and memorized scripture at night. From the age of 11 to 23, he worked in the coal mines alongside his father.<ref>[http://www.100welshheroes.com/en/biography/evanroberts 100 Welsh Heroes]</ref>

== Ministry ==
In 1904, Roberts began studying for the ministry at [[Newcastle Emlyn]]. Attendance at a service held by evangelist [[Seth Joshua]] in Blaenanerch, [[Cardigan]] led to an experience that formed Roberts' belief in the "[[Baptism with the Holy Spirit|Baptism of the Spirit]]". In October of that year, Roberts began speaking at a series of small meetings. These appearances led to his involvement in the Revival. He was soon attracting congregations numbering thousands. Within two weeks the Welsh Revival was national news and before long, Evan Roberts and his brother Dan and his best friend Sidney Evans were travelling the country conducting Revival Meetings.<ref>[http://www.welshrevival.com/lang-en/1904evanroberts.htm Welsh Revival]</ref>

The four "points" of his message were:

# Confess all known sin, receiving forgiveness through Jesus Christ
# Remove anything in your life that you are in doubt or feel unsure about
# Be ready to obey the Holy Spirit instantly
# Publicly confess the Lord Jesus Christ

== Collapse ==
Roberts soon succumbed to the pressure of his rigorous schedule, and, in 1906, suffered a physical and emotional collapse.

== Later life ==

Evan Roberts died in 1951 at the age of seventy-three. He was buried in a family plot behind Moriah Chapel in [[Loughor]], South Wales. Today, a memorial column commemorates his contribution to the revival.

== Works ==
* War on The Saints, Diggory Press, ISBN 1-905363-01-X

== Amazing Grace ==
The story of Evan Roberts and his role in the [[1904-1905 Welsh Revival]] was made into a successful stage musical by [[Mal Pope]] called ''Amazing Grace'' in 2005.<ref>[http://www.malpope.com/grace/ Amazing Grace]</ref>

== Sources ==
*''Invasion Of Wales By The Spirit Through Evan Roberts'', James A. Stewart, Revival Literature, 1963.
*''God's Generals'', Roberts Liardon, [[Whitaker House]], 1996.
*''Holding Forth the Word of Life'', Heath Church, 2000
*''Instrument of Revival'', Brynmor P. Jones, Logos, 1995
*National Library of Wales, Sir John Herbert Lewis Papers

==External links==
* [http://www.welshrevival.com/lang-en/1904evanroberts.htm Evan Roberts -- Welsh Revival]
* [http://www.100welshheroes.com/en/biography/evanroberts Evan at 100 Welsh Heroes]

==References==
<references />

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| DATE OF DEATH = 29 September 1951
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Verticillium dahliae

2012-10-11T17:44:34Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding sv:Verticillium dahliae

{{Taxobox
| name = ''Verticillium dahliae''
| image = Verticillium dahliae.jpg
| image_size= 200 px
| image_caption= Symptoms of [[verticillium wilt]] on [[sunflower]]
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| phylum = [[Ascomycota]]
| classis = [[Sordariomycetes]]
| subclassis = [[Hypocreomycetidae]]
| ordo = [[Hypocreales]]
| familia = [[Incertae sedis]]
| genus = ''[[Verticillium]]''
| species = '''''V. dahliae'''''
| binomial = ''Verticillium dahliae''
| binomial_authority = Kleb., (1913)
| synonyms =
''Verticillium albo-atrum var. chlamydosporale'' 
''Verticillium albo-atrum var. dahliae'' 
''Verticillium albo-atrum var. medium'' 
''Verticillium dahliae f. chlamydosporale'' 
''Verticillium dahliae f. medium'' 
''Verticillium ovatum'' 
''Verticillium tracheiphilum'' }}

'''''Verticillium dahliae''''' is a fungal [[plant pathogen]]. It causes [[verticillium wilt]] in many plant species, causing leaves to curl and discolor. It may cause death in some plants.

== External links ==
* [http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp Index Fungorum]
* [http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases USDA ARS Fungal Database]

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verticillium Dahliae}}
[[Category:Plant pathogens and diseases]]
[[Category:Hypocreales]]

{{Hypocreales-stub}}
{{plant-disease-stub}}

[[es:Verticillium dahliae]]
[[fr:Verticillium dahliae]]
[[it:Verticillium dahliae]]
[[pt:Verticillium dahliae]]
[[sv:Verticillium dahliae]]

Joseph Smith III

2012-10-10T08:53:50Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding da:Joseph Smith III

{{Infobox Latter Day Saint biography
| name = Joseph Smith III
| image = JosephSmith3.jpg
| alt = Photo of Joseph Smith III
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1832|11|06|mf=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kirtland, Ohio|Kirtland]], [[Ohio]], United States
| death_date = {{Dda|1914|12|10|1832|11|06|mf=yes}}
| death_place = [[Independence, Missouri|Independence]], [[Missouri]], United States
| death_cause = Heart Seizure
| resting_place = Mound Grove Cemetery
| resting_place_coordinates = {{Coord|39|6|41.20|N|94|25|34.78|W|type:landmark_region:US-MO|display=inline}}
| monuments =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| spouse = Emmeline Griswold<ref name=Jones>{{cite web|last=Jones|first=Gracia|title=Joseph Smith III|url=http://www.josephsmithjr.org/history/children/70-joseph-smith-iii|work=The Joseph Smith Jr. and Emma Hale Smith Historical Society.|accessdate=7 September 2011}}</ref>(1856-1869) Bertha Madison<ref name=Jones/>(1869-1896) Ada R. Clark<ref name=Jones/>(1898-1914)
| children = 17 children<ref name=Jones/>  5 by Emmeline  9 by Bertha including   [[Frederick M. Smith]]   [[Israel Alexander Smith]]  3 by Ada including   [[W. Wallace Smith|William Wallace]]
| parents = [[Joseph Smith|Joseph Smith, Jr.]] [[Emma Hale Smith]]
| signature =
| signature size =
| signature_alt =
| website = {{URL|http://www.josephsmithjr.org/history/children/70-joseph-smith-iii|Joseph Smith III}}

| position_or_quorum1 = [[President_of_the_Church_(Mormonism)#President_of_the_Community_of_Christ|Prophet–President]] of the Church
| called_by1 =
| ordination_reason1 = Doctrine of [[Lineal succession (Latter Day Saints)|Lineal succession]]
| predecessor1 = [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]]
| successor1 = [[Frederick M. Smith]]
| start_date1 = {{start date|1860|06|06}}
| end_date1 = {{end date|1914|12|10}}
| end_reason1 =
| reorganization1 =
}}
'''Joseph Smith III''' (November 6, 1832 – December 10, 1914) was the eldest surviving son of [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]], founder of the [[Latter Day Saint movement]], and [[Emma Hale Smith]]. Joseph Smith III was the [[President of the Church#Presidents of the Community of Christ|Prophet–President]] of what became known as the [[Community of Christ|Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints]], now called [[Community of Christ]], which considers itself a continuation of the church established by Smith's father in 1830.<ref>[http://www.cofchrist.org/history/earlychurch.asp ''The Early Church (1830)''], Community of Christ website (accessed July 20, 2008)</ref> For fifty-four years until his own death, Smith presided over the church. Smith's ideas and nature set much of the tone for the church's development.

==Life==
===Childhood===
Joseph Smith III was born in [[Kirtland, Ohio|Kirtland]], [[Ohio]] on November 6, 1832 to [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]] and [[Emma Hale Smith]]. He moved with his parents to [[Far West, Missouri|Far West]], [[Missouri]] in 1838, where his father was arrested partially as a result of the events in the [[Mormon War (1838)|1838 Mormon War]]. Young Joseph was able to stay overnight with his father in prison on several occasions. It was later alleged by fellow prisoner and church [[Apostle (Mormonism)|apostle]] [[Lyman Wight]] that during one of these visits, Joseph Jr. laid his hands upon Joseph III's head and said, "You are my successor when I depart."<ref name="Wight">Wight, Lyman: letter to "The Northern Islander.", July, 1855; reprinted in Saints Advocate, Vol. 7 (September 1884), p. 478. also quoted in [http://www.centerplace.org/history/ch/v2ch35.htm ''The History of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints''] vol. 2, p. 789</ref> While his father was still imprisoned in 1839, Joseph III left Missouri with his mother and siblings and moved to [[Quincy, Illinois|Quincy]], [[Illinois]] and later to the new settlement of [[Nauvoo, Illinois|Nauvoo]]. The elder Smith escaped custody later that year and rejoined the family.

At Nauvoo, the [[Latter Day Saint]]s created a militia known as the [[Nauvoo Legion]] and soon afterward, 500 of the town's boys created their own junior version of the militia. Joseph III became general of the boys' militia whose motto was, "our fathers we respect, our mothers we'll protect."

[[Image:NauvooStore.jpg|thumb|px300|left|The [[Red Brick Store]] in Nauvoo, Illinois.]]
According to later reminiscences, Joseph III was blessed by his father at a special council meeting of church officials held in the second floor of the Smith family's Red Brick Store in Nauvoo. By some accounts, participants also included [[Hyrum Smith]], [[John Taylor (Mormon)|John Taylor]], [[Willard Richards]], [[Newel K. Whitney]], [[Reynolds Cahoon]], [[Alpheus Cutler]], Ebenezer Robinson, [[George J. Adams]], [[William Wines Phelps|W. W. Phelps]], and [[John Milton Bernhisel|John M. Bernhisel]]. Joseph III's father reportedly seated him in a chair and Whitney anointed his head with oil. Then the elder Smith reportedly pronounced a special blessing upon his son's head that suggested that Joseph III would succeed him as [[President of the Church|church president]] if he lived righteously.<ref name="Wight"/>

[[Death of Joseph Smith, Jr.|Joseph Smith, Jr. was assassinated]] at [[Carthage, Illinois]] when Joseph III was 11 years old. Although many [[Latter Day Saints]] believed that Joseph III should succeed his father, his young age in 1844 made that impractical. A [[Succession crisis (Mormonism)|succession crisis]] ensued which resulted in [[Brigham Young]] taking lead of the majority of church members as [[President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles|president]] of the [[Quorum of the Twelve Apostles]]. Three years later Young became the [[President of the Church|president]] of the [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]. Relations between Young and the Smith family were strained and many of the Smiths chose to recognize [[James J. Strang]] as church president. Young and the majority of the Latter Day Saints departed Nauvoo in 1846, leaving the Smith family in a mostly empty city. Smith's mother Emma attempted to make a living renting out rooms in the family home; in 1847, Emma married a second husband named [[Lewis Bidamon]].

Joseph Smith III began to study and eventually practice law. In 1856, he married Emmeline Griswold and the couple moved into a house that was his parent's first residence in Nauvoo.

===The reorganization of the church===
In the late 1840s and early 1850s, the bulk of the Latter Day Saints either aligned themselves with [[Brigham Young]] and emigrated to [[Utah]] or they remained in the Midwest and looked to [[James J. Strang]] as [[President of the Church|church president]]. Strang gave indications that he believed that a son of Joseph Smith, Jr. would one day lead the church and made overtures to the Smith family. Emma and her sons, however, remained aloof. Many midwestern Latter Day Saints were adamantly opposed to [[plural marriage]] and when Strang began to openly practice the doctrine in 1849, several key leaders including [[Jason W. Briggs]] and [[Zenas H. Gurley, Sr.]] broke with his [[Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)|leadership]]. Later, when Strang was mortally wounded by assassins, he refused to name a successor, and when he died he left his church leaderless.

The midwestern Saints began to call for the need to establish a "New Organization" of the church and many believed that Joseph Smith III should be its head. Latter Day Saints repeatedly visited Smith and asked him to take up his father's mantle, but his reply was that he would only assume the church presidency if he were inspired by God to do so. Finally, in 1860, Smith said that he had received this inspiration and at a [[Amboy Conference|conference]] in [[Amboy, Illinois]] on April 6, 1860, he was sustained as [[President of the Church|President]] of the [[Community of Christ|Church]]. Smith III stated at the conference:

{{Quotation|I would say to you, brethren, as I hope you may be, and in faith I trust you are, as a people that God has promised his blessings upon, I came not here of myself, but by the influence of the Spirit. For some time past I have received manifestations pointing to the position which I am about to assume. I wish to say that I have come here not to be dictated by any men or set of men. I have come in obedience to a power not my own, and shall be dictated by the power that sent me.<ref>''True Latter Day Saints’ Herald'', vol. 1, pp. 102–104</ref>}} At the time both this organization and Young's [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|Utah-based church]] claimed to be the true [[Latter Day Saint movement|Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints]].<ref>While retaining use of this original name, Smith's church for legal purposes was eventually incorporated as the "Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints" in 1872, partly to distinguish it from the Utah church enmeshed in federal problems associated with polygamy and today is known as the [[Community of Christ]], although the legal name remains the long Reorganized title. Young's church had reincorporated in Utah as [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]].</ref>

===President of the Church===

As church president, Smith's was what his biographer has called a "pragmatic prophet." Many of the followers of the Reorganized Church were, in fact, dissidents from what they felt were the excesses of a [[theocracy]] established by Smith's father, and which they also felt were continued under Brigham Young in [[Utah Territory]]. From the start, Smith attempted to steer a middle course. Rather than deny the later teachings of Smith's father, such as [[baptism for the dead]], the divinity of the ''[[Book of Abraham]]'' and the concepts of "[[Exaltation (LDS Church)|eternal progression]]" and the "[[plurality of gods]]," Smith taught that these doctrines either were never officially accepted, were misinterpreted, or should simply not be emphasized. However, Smith repeatedly taught that his father did not teach or practice [[plural marriage]] and that this practice was an invention of Young and his followers. Smith also resisted calls from his followers to announce a new gathering place or to quickly "redeem" and build up "[[Zion (Latter Day Saints)|Zion]]" ([[Independence, Missouri]]).

In the 1860s and 1870s, Smith began to rebuild the structure of the church, establishing a new [[First Presidency (Community of Christ)|First Presidency]], [[Council of Twelve Apostles (Community of Christ)|Council of Twelve Apostles]], seven quorums of the [[Seventy (Latter Day Saints)|Seventy]], and a [[Presiding Bishopric (Community of Christ)|Presiding Bishop]]ric. [[Zenas H. Gurley, Sr.]] became President of the Council of Twelve. Smith presented a revelation which called [[William Marks (Latter Day Saints)|William Marks]], former [[stake president|presiding officer]] of the church's central [[Stake (Latter Day Saints)|stake]], to be his first counselor in the reorganized First Presidency. After Marks's death, Smith called [[W. W. Blair]] and his brother [[David Hyrum Smith]] to be his counselors in the First Presidency.

In 1866, Smith moved from Nauvoo to [[Plano, Illinois]], where the church's printing house had been established. He personally took over the editorship of the ''Saint's Herald'', and Plano became the headquarters of the church. Meanwhile, Latter Day Saints adhering to the Reorganization established a colony in [[Lamoni, Iowa]], where they attempted to practice the "[[Law of Consecration (Mormonism)|Law of Consecration]]" or "Order of Enoch." In 1881, Smith decided to move to Lamoni which became the new headquarters of the church. Although the practice of the Order of Enoch proved a failure, the town of Lamoni continued to grow. The church established a college in the town which is now known as [[Graceland University]].

Under Smith's presidency, the RLDS Church gained clear legal title to the [[Kirtland Temple]] in the 1880 ''[[Kirtland Temple Suit]]''. However, the RLDS Church failed in its bid to acquire legal title to the [[Temple Lot]] in the ''[[Temple Lot Case]]'' of the late 1890s. The trial court in both cases declared that the RLDS Church was the legal rightful successor to the [[Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)|original Latter Day Saint church]] founded in 1830 by Smith's father (it failed to gain the Temple Lot because the owners at the time appealed on the grounds that the Reorganization waited too long to take action, but the prior decision, that the Reorganization was the rightful continuation, was not reversed). Rather than focusing on the practical ownership results of the cases, Smith emphasized these holdings of the courts for the remainder of his life, viewing them as a legal validation of the RLDS Church's claims.

===The redemption of Zion===
In Smith's final years, members of the church began to move to [[Independence, Missouri]], which Joseph Smith, Jr. had designated as the "center place" of the "[[Zion (Latter Day Saints)|City of Zion]]." Many Latter Day Saints had wanted to return to this theologically important ground since their expulsion in 1839. In 1906, at the age of 73, Smith moved to Independence and entered a state of semi-retirement. His eldest son, [[Frederick Madison Smith]], remained in Lamoni and took over active leadership of the church. Finally, on December 10, 1914, at the age of 82, Smith suffered a heart seizure in his home and died. He had been president of the church for more than fifty years and he was admired and mourned by thousands.

==Teachings on plural marriage==
{{main|Origin of Latter Day Saint polygamy}}

Joseph Smith III was an ardent opponent of the practice of [[plural marriage]] throughout his life. For most of his career, Smith denied that his father had been involved in the practice and insisted that it had originated with Brigham Young. Smith served many missions to the western United States where he met with and interviewed associates and women claiming to be widows of his father, who attempted to present him with evidence to the contrary. In the end, Smith concluded that he was "not positive nor sure that [his father] was innocent"<ref>{{ citation |first= Roger D. |last= Launius |title= Methods and Motives: Joseph Smith III's Opposition to Polygamy, 1960-90 |journal= [[Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought]] |volume= 20 |issue= 4 |pages= 112 |date= Winter 1987 |url= http://content.lib.utah.edu/u?/dialogue,20218 }}</ref> and that if, indeed, the elder Smith had been involved, it was still a false practice. However, many members of the [[Community of Christ]], and some of the groups that were formerly associated with it are still not convinced that Joseph Smith III's father did indeed engage in plural marriage, and feel that the "evidence" that he did so is largely flawed.<ref>"Community of Christ." ''Britannica Concise Encyclopedia''. 2007. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. 15 June 2007.</ref><ref>http://www.restorationbookstore.org/jsfp-index.htm</ref>

==Family chart==
{{Smith family lineal succession}}

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Roger D. Launius, ''Joseph III: Pragmatic Prophet'', University of Illinois Press: 1995, ISBN 0-252-01514-2
*Richard P. Howard, ''The Church Through the Years'', Herald House: 1992, ISBN 0-8309-0629-0

==External links==
*[http://www.centerplace.org/history/misc/js3mem/110634.htm The Memoirs of President Joseph Smith]
 
{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|cc}}
{{succession box |
title= [[President_of_the_Church_(Mormonism)#President_of_the_Community_of_Christ|Prophet–President]]|
years= {{start date|1860|06|06}}–{{end date|1914|12|10}}|
before= [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]]|
after= [[Frederick Madison Smith|Frederick M. Smith]]
}}
{{s-end}}
 
{{CoCfirstpresidency|RLDS=yes|counselors=no}}
{{Latter Day Saint movement}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Smith, Joseph, III
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = November 6, 1832
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Kirtland, Ohio|Kirtland]], [[Ohio]]
| DATE OF DEATH = December 10, 1914
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Independence, Missouri]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, Joseph, Iii}}
[[Category:1832 births]]
[[Category:1914 deaths]]
[[Category:American Latter Day Saints]]
[[Category:Prophet–Presidents of the Community of Christ]]
[[Category:Smith family (Latter Day Saints)]]
[[Category:People from Decatur County, Iowa]]
[[Category:American city founders]]

[[da:Joseph Smith III]]
[[fr:Joseph Smith III]]
[[pl:Joseph Smith III]]
[[pt:Joseph Smith III]]
[[fi:Joseph Smith III]]
[[sv:Joseph Smith III]]

Gyula Károlyi

2012-10-07T14:46:35Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding sv:Guyla Károlyi

{{Infobox President
| name= Count Gyula Károlyi de Nagykároly
| image=
| nationality=[[Hungary|Hungarian]]
| order= [[Prime Minister of Hungary|Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Hungary]]
| term_start=24 August 1931
| term_end=1 October 1932
| predecessor=[[István Bethlen]]
| successor=[[Gyula Gömbös]]
| order2 = [[Prime Minister of Hungary|Prime Minister of the Counter-Revolutionary Government of the Hungarian Soviet Republic]]
| term_start2 = 5 May 1919
| term_end2 = 12 July 1919
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 = [[Dezső Pattantyús-Ábrahám]]
| birth_date={{Birth date|df=yes|1871|05|07}}
| birth_place=[[Baktalórántháza|Nyírbakta]], [[Hungary]]
| death_date={{Death date and age|df=yes|1947|04|23|1871|05|07}}
| death_place=[[Budapest]], [[Hungary]]
| spouse=
| party=Liberal Party, Unity Party
| profession=[[politician]]
}}
{{Eastern name order|nagykárolyi gróf Károlyi Gyula}}
'''Gyula Count Károlyi de [[Nagykároly]]''' (7 May 1871, [[Baktalórántháza]] – 23 April 1947) was a conservative [[Hungary|Hungarian]] politician who served as [[Prime Minister of Hungary]] from 1931 to 1932. He had previously been Prime Minister of the counter-revolutionary government in [[Szeged]] for several months in 1919. As Prime Minister, he generally tried to continue the moderate conservative policies of his predecessor, [[István Bethlen]], although with less success.

==Early life==
He was born in [[Baktalórántháza|Nyírbakta]] (now: ''Baktalórántháza'') to an old [[Aristocracy (class)|aristocrat]] family. His parents were Count [[Tibor Károlyi (politician)|Tibor Károlyi]], who served as Speaker of the House of Magnates from 1898 to 1900 and Countess Emma Degenfeld-Schomburg.

After the [[grammar school]] studies he attended Faculty of Law of the [[University of Budapest]]. Then he learnt in the [[University of Berlin]] and the [[University of Bonn]]. After the returning to home, he joined to the Hungarian politics as member of the House of Magnates. He served as ispan of [[Arad County (former)|Arad County]] between 1906 and 1910. Following this he retired from the politics and started farming on the huge family possession in Arad County. He became member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in 1915.

==Counter-revolutionary Government==
After the broke out of the First World War he enrolled to train as a volunteer and fought in the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]] as a hussar lieutenant. After the war he returned to his possessions. But the country's situation was chaotic: his cousin, [[Mihály Károlyi]] led the [[Aster Revolution]] and the [[Austro-Hungarian Monarchy]] collapsed. The new leadership decreased the [[Hungarian Army]]'s staff numbers to indicate his peaceful intention towards the [[Entente Powers]]. The adjacent countries ([[Romania]], [[Czechoslovakia]]) took advantage of this to get even more areas. The Romanians occupied [[Transylvania]] and the [[Partium]] on Spring 1919. In addition the [[Hungarian Soviet Republic]] established on 21 March 1919.

Many considerable Hungarian politicians emigrated to [[Vienna]] because of the revolutions and terrors. The organization began with [[István Bethlen]]'s leadership onto the liquidation of the Bolshevik power (Antibolsevist Comite). In parallel with this Gyula Károlyi formed a counter-revolutionary government in [[Arad, Romania|Arad]]. On May the Romanians occupied the town and they interned Károlyi and many of his ministers. After his release went to [[Szeged]], which was controlled by the [[French Army]]. Károlyi reorganized his government here against the communist rule. The two counter-revolutionary centres (Vienna and Szeged) harmonized their work in the interest of the common aims. Károlyi's Minister of War was Admiral Miklós Horthy. Horthy set up the National Army. The two politicians' friendship was beginning at this time.

==Prime Minister of Hungary==
Károlyi retired from the politics for nearly ten years after 1919. After the [[Treaty of Trianon]] the family lost his possessions of Arad County. Károlyi farmed in [[Szabolcs County]] and [[Szatmár County]]. He became member of the House of Magnates in 1927. He got a title of Crown Guard in 1928. He undertook a bigger role in the politics due to the [[Great Depression]]. He became [[Minister of Foreign Affairs]] for a short time in cabinet of István Bethlen, following [[Lajos Walko]]. In this capacity, Károlyi visited [[Benito Mussolini]] in [[Rome]] on March 1931. He had also a debated statement: ''"the emotions, the reason, and the threads of the interest bind [[Hungary]] to [[France]]".'' His statement gave rise to an appearance in the French press.

István Bethlen resigned from his position on 19 August 1931, because he did not want to bring unpopular measures. Regent [[Miklós Horthy]] appointed Károlyi to this post. The new cabinet established on 24 August 1931. The ministerial combination did not change very much.

In Hungary the economic catastrophe presented himself as protracted agrarian and [[credit crisis]]. The agricultural products meant the big part of the Hungarian exports, but these price attained the 50–70% contour flying on the [[World Market]]. So the local [[agriculture]] and [[peasant]]s' situation became horrible, but the [[industry]] and [[trade]] also suffered from the effects of the crisis.

Károlyi wanted to reduce the state expenses with a large-scale economical program. The Ministry of Finance reduced the state employees' payment (etc. [[railwaymen]], [[postmen]], [[clerks]], [[Army of Hungary|the army]], [[gendarmerie]], the river forces and the [[customs]]). They tightened the [[social benefits]] and the [[pension]]s were moderated. However this was not a solution onto the serious economic problems. It did not help a lot, that Károlyi spared himself and his minister colleagues, and revoked the right of the usage of the state cars. This meant it that he – as Prime Minister – had to go to work from his apartment of [[Pest, Hungary|Pest]] to the [[Buda Castle]].

[[Szilveszter Matuska]] blew up a portion of the [[Biatorbágy]] bridge near [[Budapest]], causing the engine and nine of the eleven coaches forming the [[Vienna Express]] to plunge into a ravine 30 meters deep on 13 September 1931. Gyula Károlyi ordered the martial law in two of his orders. He made use of this tragedy for the communists' imprisonment. He banned all political-like rallies and processions. The organizing [[communist movement]]'s leaders, [[Imre Sallai]] and [[Sándor Fürst]] were captured and arrested. They were executed in 1932 after a [[show trial]]. The emergency did not improve the situation however, there was not a mass movement like that beside the one that may have reported a real threat with regard to the existing system.

The Prime Minister's restrictive measures were not able to relieve the crisis. The discontent intensified inside the [[society]]'s and the [[political elite]]'s groves. The opposition demanded the [[Franchising|franchise]]s' extension, the primary and secret [[suffrage]]'s introduction and more effective protection of the people who live from the [[wage]]. While the agrarian lobby demanded the market's extension and the hosts' protection for the decreasing of the agrarian crisis. This group turned against the Prime Minister after actual results did not emerge here.

Bethlen called on Károlyi to resign after he saw that Károlyi's governance failed on September 1932. He employed this advice gladly, because he already took the position hesitantly at the time of the beginnings. Károlyi resigned on 21 September 1932 and returned to his possessions. He was succeeded by [[Gyula Gömbös]].

==Later life==
After his prime ministership he retired from the active politics. He was member of the Regent's inner advisor council. Horthy appointed him secret advisor in 1936. During the [[Second World War]] he supported the politics of [[Miklós Kállay]]. Károlyi died in Budapest at the age of 75.

==References==
{{reflist}}
* [http://www.mult-kor.hu/cikk.php?id=13532 Múlt-kor]
* [http://mek.niif.hu/00300/00355/html/index.html Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon]

{{S-start}}
{{S-off}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Prime Minister of Hungary|Prime Minister of the Counter-Government of Hungary]]|before=—|after=[[Dezso Pattantyús-Ábrahám|Dezső Pattantyús-Ábrahám]]|years=1919}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Minister of Foreign Affairs of Hungary|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]|before=[[Lajos Walko]]|after=[[Lajos Walko]]|years=1930–1931}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Prime Minister of Hungary]]|before=[[István Bethlen]]|after=[[Gyula Gömbös]]|years=1931–1932}}
{{succession box|title=[[Minister of Finance of Hungary|Minister of Finance]] Acting|before=[[Sándor Wekerle Jr.]]|after=[[Frigyes Korányi]]|years=1931}}
{{S-end}}
{{HungarianPrimeMinisters}}
{{HungarianForeignMinisters}}
{{HungarianFinanceMinisters}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Karolyi, Gyula
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 7 May 1871
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Baktalórántháza|Nyírbakta]], [[Hungary]]
| DATE OF DEATH = 23 April 1947
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Karolyi, Gyula}}
[[Category:1871 births]]
[[Category:1947 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Baktalórántháza]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Hungary]]
[[Category:Foreign ministers of Hungary]]
[[Category:Finance ministers of Hungary]]
[[Category:Károlyi family|Gyula Karolyi]]

[[es:Gyula Károlyi]]
[[eo:Gyula Károlyi]]
[[fr:Gyula Károlyi]]
[[it:Gyula Károlyi]]
[[hu:Károlyi Gyula]]
[[nl:Gyula Károlyi]]
[[pl:Gyula Károlyi]]
[[ro:Gyula Károlyi]]
[[ru:Каройи, Дьюла]]
[[sv:Guyla Károlyi]]

Sesquicentennial Exposition

2012-10-02T12:42:29Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding sv:Sesquicentennial Exposition

[[Image:Sesqui-Centennial Invitation.jpg|thumb|left|350px|Engraved invitation to the Opening Ceremonies for the '''1926 Sesqui-Centennial Exposition''' held at Philadelphia, Pa., May 31, 1926]]The '''Sesqui-Centennial International Exposition''' of 1926 was a [[world's fair]] in [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]] to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the signing of the [[United States Declaration of Independence]], and the 50th anniversary of the 1876 [[Centennial Exposition]]

==History==
The honor of hosting this celebration was awarded to Philadelphia in 1921. Initial grand plans were scaled down tremendously by the time the fair opened. The original director of the exposition, Colonel David C. Collier, resigned in protest over these budget cuts.<ref>{{cite news |title=Collier Quits Directorship of Exposition|work=Los Angeles Times|date= 1925-10-30|page=2}}</ref> His replacement, Captain Asher C. Baker, retired due to illness days before the festival opened, leaving things in the hands of E. L. Austin.<ref>{{cite news |title=Exposition Head Retires|work=New York Times|date= 1926-05-26|page=27}}</ref> Baker died less than two weeks later.<ref>{{cite news |title=Capt. Baker dead; head of Exposition|work=New York Times|date= 1926-06-06|page=28}}</ref>

The senior draftsman for the design of the exposition buildings was a young [[Louis Kahn]], later a world-renowned architect, then working under City Architect John Molitor.<ref>[http://www.philadelphiabuildings.org/pab/app/ar_display.cfm/21829 Kahn, Louis Isadore (1901-1974) - Philadelphia Architects and Buildings]</ref>

The fair opened on May 31, 1926, and ran through November on grounds bounded by 10th Street, Packer Avenue, 23rd Street, and the [[U.S. Navy]] Yard (Terminal Avenue) in [[South Philadelphia]]. Originally known as [[League Island Park]], these grounds are now occupied by [[FDR Park]], [[Marconi Plaza, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Marconi Plaza]], [[Packer Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Packer Park Residential Neighborhood]], the four facilities of Philadelphia's massive [[South Philadelphia Sports Complex]] ([[Wachovia Spectrum]]. [[Wachovia Center]], [[Lincoln Financial Field]], and [[Citizens Bank Park]]), and the [[Philadelphia Eagles]] training complex which now occupy that portion of the grounds which from 1933 to 1993 were the site of Philadelphia Naval Hospital (demolished 2001).

[[Image:Sesqui-Centennial Grounds.jpg|thumb|right|300px|"Bird's Eye" view of the 1926 Sesqui-Centennial Exposition Grounds]]

The fair drew a much smaller crowd than anticipated (about 10 million people). It ended up unable to cover its debts and was placed into receivership in 1927, at which point its assets were sold at auction.<ref>[http://www.phila.gov/PHILS/Docs/Inventor/graphics/agencies/A232-5.htm City of Philadelphia Information Locator Service entry]</ref>

==Highlights==
Organizers constructed an 80 foot replica of the Exposition's symbol, the [[Liberty Bell]], covered in 26,000 [[light bulb]]s, at the gateway to the festival. Sesqui-Centennial Stadium (later known as Philadelphia Municipal Stadium, and after 1964, [[John F. Kennedy Stadium]]) was built in conjunction with the fair. Also on display at the exposition was the [[Curtis Organ]], still one of the largest [[pipe organ]]s in the world. In 1926 the first bridge (later renamed [[Benjamin Franklin Bridge]]) spanning the [[Delaware River]] between center city Philadelphia and [[Camden, New Jersey]], was built in anticipation of the attending crowds.

Key speakers at the opening ceremonies were [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[Frank B. Kellogg]], [[Secretary of Commerce]] and future [[United States President|President]] [[Herbert Hoover]], and Philadelphia Mayor [[W. Freeland Kendrick]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sesquicentennial opens as sun shines; 100,000 pass gates|work=New York Times|date= 1926-06-01|page=1}}</ref>
At the center of the exposition along the main thoroughfare on a segament of south Broad Street known as the [[Southern Boulevard Parkway (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)|Southern Boulevard Parkway]] was the Forum of Founders consisting of the Court of Honor, the Liberal Arts and Agriculture Buildings, a group of sculptures and the Stairway of Nations facing on the oppossing side the spectacular Tower of Light.

The Exposition also included an amusement area, located within League Island Park. The area was designated as “Treasure Island.” It occupyed over five acres and was referred to as a children’s paradise. A variety of amusements and entertainment were available. Included were a replica of the Canadian Rockies, a miniature railroad, mountain slide, Robinson Crusoe’s, Beach, a pirate’s lair, boat rides and Noah’s Ark complete with animals.

[[Image:Sesquicentenial map.jpg|thumb|center|750px|Diagram of the grounds of the 1926 Sesqui-Centennial Exposition.]]

==See also==
*[[Centennial Exposition]]
*[[United States Bicentennial]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* http://www.libertybellmuseum.com/WorldsFair/1926sesqui.htm
* [http://www.phillyhistory.org/PhotoArchive/Search.aspx?type=area&withoutLoc=true&collections=DOR%20Archives%20-%20Sesquicentennial&updateDays=0&sortOrderM=Distance&minx=2636433.75&miny=169567.5&maxx=2750433.75&maxy=302567.5&start=0&limit=12&mstart=0&mlimit=12 Collection of Photographs from Sesquicentennial Exposition], ''Philly''History.org.
* [http://www.hamiltonphilatelic.org/presentations/sesquicentennial.pdf Collection of artwork Postcards, Brochures, Photographs, related items from Sesquicentennial Exposition]

{{Template:List of world's fairs in The United States of America}}
{{coord|39.9087158|-75.1732635|format=dms|type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:World's Fairs in the United States]]
[[Category:History of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:United States historical anniversaries]]
[[Category:1926 in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:World's Fairs in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]]

[[sv:Sesquicentennial Exposition]]

Decauville-Bahn Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni

2012-09-29T17:50:17Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (robot Ajoute : sv:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni

{{Ébauche|commune de la Guyane}}
{{Voir homonymes|Saint-Laurent}}

{{Infobox Communes de France
| nomcommune = Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni
| image =
| image-desc =
| armoiries =
| armoiries-desc =
| armoiries-taille =
| logo =
| logo-desc =
| logo-taille =
| région = [[Guyane]]
| département = [[Guyane]] ([[sous-préfecture]])
| arrondissement = [[Arrondissement de Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni|Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]] ([[chef-lieu]])
| canton = [[Canton de Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni|Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]] ([[chef-lieu]])
| insee = 97311
| cp = 97320
| maire = [[Léon Bertrand (homme politique)|Léon Bertrand]]
| mandat = [[2008]]-[[2014]]
| intercomm = [[Communauté de communes de l'Ouest guyanais]]
| longitude = -54.037886
| latitude = 5.490920000000017
| alt mini = 2
| alt maxi = 15
| km² = 4830
| sans = 37524
| date-sans = [[2009]]<ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/commune.asp?depcom=97311&annee=2009 Populations légales 2009 de la commune : ''Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni'' sur le site de l'Insee]</ref>
| aire-urbaine =
| nomhab =
| siteweb =
| géoloc-département =
}}

'''Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni''' est une [[Commune française|commune]] [[France|française]] située dans le [[Régions d'outre-mer|département]] de la [[Guyane]]. En [[2009]], elle est la deuxième [[commune française|commune]] la plus peuplée de [[Guyane]] derrière [[Cayenne]].

== Géographie ==
=== Situation ===
==== Localisation ====
[[Image:Map-Saint Laurent du Maroni.svg|thumb|left|En rouge le territoire communal de Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni.]]

Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni (253 km à l'ouest de [[Cayenne]]) est située un peu derrière l'embouchure du [[Maroni (fleuve)|Maroni]], face à la ville [[Suriname|surinamaise]] d'[[Albina]], au nord-est du continent sud-américain. Elle n'a pas donc de côte Atlantique, fait expliqué par le désir des autorités pénales d'empêcher les bagnards qui y étaient implantés de "se faire la belle" (s'évader) par la mer.

Beaucoup d'ethnies y cohabitent: [[Amérindien]]s ([[Kali'na]], [[Lokono]]), [[Hmong]], [[Hindou]]s, [[Bushinengué]] ([[Saramaca]], [[Djuka]], [[Aluku]], [[Pamaka]]), étrangers (Haïtiens, Surinamais, Brésiliens, etc), et métropolitains.

Les communes limitrophes avec Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni sont [[Mana (Guyane)|Mana]] au nord et à l'est, [[Grand-Santi]] au sud-ouest, et [[Apatou]] au nord-ouest.
{{clr|left}}

==== Climat ====
Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni bénéficie d'un climat chaud et humide de type [[climat équatorial|équatorial]] (type Af selon la [[classification de Koppen]]). Il n'existe qu'une seule saison dans l'année avec deux pics pour les précipitations, un grand pic au printemps au mois de mai et un petit pic en hiver au mois de janvier. L'air est constamment chaud et moite. Les seules variations que connaissent les températures sont des variations journalières avec des minimales égales à 22 °C et des maximales comprises entre 29 °C et 33 °C. Il pleut toute l'année de façon abondante si bien que le cumul annuel des précipitations atteint une valeur très élevée (2594,4 mm/an). Cependant les précipitations varient du simple au triple entre le mois le moins arrosé (105,9 mm en octobre) et le mois le plus arrosé (366,6 mm en mai).

Le tableau ci-dessous indique les températures et les précipitations moyennes :

<center>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;width:80%;border:0px;text-align:center;line-height:120%;"
! style="background: #F5F5F5; color: #000000" height="17" |Mois
! style="background: #F5F5F5; color:#000000;" | J
! style="background: #F5F5F5; color:#000000;" | F
! style="background: #F5F5F5; color:#000000;" | M
! style="background: #F5F5F5; color:#000000;" | A
! style="background: #F5F5F5; color:#000000;" | M
! style="background: #F5F5F5; color:#000000;" | J
! style="background: #F5F5F5; color:#000000;" | J
! style="background: #F5F5F5; color:#000000;" | A
! style="background: #F5F5F5; color:#000000;" | S
! style="background: #F5F5F5; color:#000000;" | O
! style="background: #F5F5F5; color:#000000;" | N
! style="background: #F5F5F5; color:#000000;" | D
! style="background: #F5F5F5; color:#000000;" | année
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; color:#000000; text-align:left;" |Températures maximales (°C)
| style="background: #FF2000; color:#000000;" | 29,1
| style="background: #FF2000; color:#000000;" | 29,2
| style="background: #FF2000; color:#000000;" | 29,7
| style="background: #FF2000; color:#000000;" | 30,0
| style="background: #FF2000; color:#000000;" | 29,9
| style="background: #FF2000; color:#000000;" | 30,3
| style="background: #FF2000; color:#000000;" | 31,1
| style="background: #FF2000; color:#000000;" | 32,1
| style="background: #FF2000; color:#000000;" | 32,8
| style="background: #FF2000; color:#000000;" | 32,6
| style="background: #FF2000; color:#000000;" | 31,6
| style="background: #FF2000; color:#000000;" | 29,9
| style="background: #FF2000; color:#000000;" | 30,7
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; color:#000000; text-align:left;" |Températures minimales (°C)
| style="background: #FF8000; color:#000000;" | 22,1
| style="background: #FF8000; color:#000000;" | 22,0
| style="background: #FF8000; color:#000000;" | 22,2
| style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" | 22,6
| style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" | 22,8
| style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" | 22,5
| style="background: #FF8000; color:#000000;" | 22,2
| style="background: #FF8000; color:#000000;" | 22,3
| style="background: #FF8000; color:#000000;" | 22,2
| style="background: #FF8000; color:#000000;" | 22,3
| style="background: #FF8000; color:#000000;" | 22,3
| style="background: #FF8000; color:#000000;" | 22,3
| style="background: #FF8000; color:#000000;" | 22,3
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; color:#000000; text-align:left;" |Températures moyennes (°C)
| style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" | 25,6
| style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" | 25,6
| style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" | 25,9
| style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" | 26,3
| style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" | 26,3
| style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" | 26,4
| style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" | 26,6
| style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" | 27,2
| style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" | 27,5
| style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" | 27,4
| style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" | 26,9
| style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" | 26,1
| style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" | 26,5
|-
! style="background: #F5F5F5; color:#000000; text-align:left;" |Précipitations (hauteur moyenne en mm)
| style="background: #D1E8FF; color: black;" | 255.8
| style="background: #D1E8FF; color: black;" | 175.8
| style="background: #D1E8FF; color: black;" | 189.2
| style="background: #D1E8FF; color: black;" | 248.2
| style="background: #D1E8FF; color: black;" | 366.6
| style="background: #D1E8FF; color: black;" | 320.4
| style="background: #D1E8FF; color: black;" | 250.2
| style="background: #D1E8FF; color: black;" | 167.0
| style="background: #D1E8FF; color: black;" | 115.2
| style="background: #D1E8FF; color: black;" | 105.9
| style="background: #D1E8FF; color: black;" | 159.3
| style="background: #D1E8FF; color: black;" | 240.8
| style="background: #D1E8FF; color: black;" | 2594.4
|-
| colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;"|Source: [http://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/f/FG81401.php climate-charts.com]
|}
</center>

=== Urbanisme ===
==== Morphologie urbaine ====
{{...}}

==== Logement ====
En 1999, le nombre total de logements dans la commune est de {{formatnum:5 253}}. Parmi ces logements, 86,1 % sont des résidences principales, 2,8 % sont des résidences secondaires et 9,8 % sont des logements vacants<ref name="interlogement">Données INSEE compulsées par Linternaute - [http://www.linternaute.com/ville/ville/immobilier_automobile/37071/saint-laurent-du-maroni.shtml Logement à Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]</ref>.

== Toponymie ==
{{...}}

== Histoire ==
En 2005, des travaux de fouilles ont permis de découvrir que le site était occupé avant [[-7200|7200 avant notre ère]] c'est-à-dire le [[néolithique précéramique B]]<ref>[http://www.inrap.fr/userdata/c_bloc_file/3/3376/Inrap_RA_2006.pdf rapport d'activité 2006 de l’Inrap page 89]</ref>.

{{Article détaillé|Bagne de Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni}}
Fondée en [[1858]], la ville fut un lieu de déportation pour les condamnés aux travaux forcés sous la [[Révolution française]], puis entre [[1852]] et [[1945]].
La ville est officiellement créée le {{date|9|novembre|1949}}<ref>Vidéo sur le soixantième anniversaire de la ville de Saint-Laurent : http://videos.sport24.com/video/iLyROoafMYrb.html</ref>.

== Démographie ==

{{Démographie|
1962= 3019|
1968= 5031|
1975= 5055|
1982= 6971|
1990= 13 616|
1999= 19 211|
2006= 33 707|
2007= 34 149|
sansdoublescomptes= 1962|source=INSEE<ref>[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales99/commune.asp?annee=1999&depcom=97311 Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni sur le site de l'Insee]</ref>}}

== Politique et administration ==
La ville a été créée le 9 novembre 1949 et son premier maire élu l'année suivante.

{{ÉluDébut|Titre=Liste des maires<ref>Source : conférence de Stéphanie Guyon du 4 novembre 2009 : www.saintlaurentdumaroni.fr/file/91883/</ref>}}
{{Élu|Début= février 1950 |Fin= 1953 |Identité= Joseph Symphorien |Parti= [[Rassemblement du Peuple français|RPF]]|Qualité= administrateur de sociétés}}
{{Élu|Début=1953 |Fin= 1954 |Identité= Roland Horth |Parti= |Qualité= médecin}}
{{Élu|Début=1954 |Fin= mars 1971 |Identité= René Long |Parti= [[Union des démocrates pour la République|UDR]]|Qualité= directeur d'hôpital}}
{{Élu|Début= mars 1971 |Fin= mars 1983 |Identité= [[Raymond Tarcy]] |Parti= [[Parti socialiste guyanais|PSG]]|Qualité= directeur d'école}}
{{Élu|Début= mars 1983 |Fin= en cours |Identité= [[Léon Bertrand (homme politique)|Léon Bertrand]] |Parti= [[Union pour un mouvement populaire|UMP]]|Qualité= ancien ministre}}
{{ÉluFin}}

== Jumelages ==
Depuis début 2007, la ville est jumelée avec celle de [[Saint-Martin-de-Ré]] en [[Charente-Maritime]].

== Personnalités liées à la commune ==
[[Léon Bertrand (homme politique)|Léon Bertrand]] (UMP), ancien [[Ministère de l'Équipement et des Transports (France)|ministre délégué au tourisme]] et maire de Saint-Laurent depuis 1983.

== Économie ==
Les champs de cannes à sucre alentour et la rhumerie de [[Rhum Saint-Maurice|Saint-Maurice]] produisent le Rhum « La Belle Cabresse » (ainsi que "La Cayennaise" et "Cœur de Chauffe", moins connus), qui est de [[boisson alcoolisée|50 à 55 % vol.]]

En direction de Saint-Jean, on trouve beaucoup de petites échoppes de menuiserie et de souvenirs en bois faits principalement par des Saramacas, reconnus excellents menuisiers. Il y a également un village d'artisans Marrons sur la route qui mène à [[Javouhey]].

Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni accueille dans le bourg de St-Jean-du-Maroni, sur le camp Némo, deux unités militaires : le Régiment du service militaire adapté de la Guyane (RSMA-G) qui dépend du Ministère de l'outre-mer et est chargé d'insertion professionnelle dans l'ouest guyanais, et le détachement Maroni du {{9e}} Régiment d'infanterie de marine dont la mission est la surveillance de la frontière fluviale et des massifs forestiers dans l'ouest guyanais.

C'est aussi le point de départ pour ceux allant plus en amont sur le fleuve en pirogue, aux villages de [[Maripasoula]], [[Papaïchton]] et [[Grand-Santi]], entre autres. Il existe aussi des ferries pour aller à Albina.

== Culture et patrimoine ==
=== Monuments et lieux touristiques ===
Originellement construite par et pour l'[[Administration pénitentiaire française|Administration pénitentiaire]], beaucoup des bâtiments officiels dans la ville sont d'un style unique d'architecture, un mélange des styles coloniaux et pénitentiaires. Des briques faites avec de la terre rouge locale furent fabriquées et utilisées par les bagnards, qui fournissaient une main d'œuvre gratuite et interminable. Ils construisirent tout un district officiel et administratif, commençant par leur prison, le Camp de la transportation.

Liste de plusieurs des bâtiments principaux de ce vieux district administratif, localement surnommé ''le petit Paris'':
* ''Le Camp de la transportation :'' Réhabilité dans une grande partie, l'ancien bagne peut toujours être visité et notamment la célèbre cellule ou Papillon séjourna et d'où il s'évada pour se réfugier un temps sur l'île des lépreux ''(voir plus bas)''.
* ''La résidence du gouverneur du bagne'', aujourd'hui la résidence du sous-préfet.
* ''Le tribunal maritime'', aujourd'hui la sous-préfecture.
* La mairie et l'ancienne banque.
* L'église Saint Laurent.
* Le trésor public.
* L'hôtel ''La Tentiaire''.
* ''La caserne Joffre'', aujourd'hui le QG de la gendarmerie.
* L'hôpital, le seul hôpital français en bois encore utilisé.

La plupart de ces bâtiments se situent sur les avenues de Gaulle et Lieutenant-Colonel Tourtet, ainsi que le boulevard Mallouet. Après la fermeture de la prison et le départ de l'administration pénitentiaire au début des années 1950, ils se détériorèrent à cause du manque de maintenance et d'intérêt et furent très endommagés en raison du climat difficile de la Guyane de l'ouest. Presque en ruine totale, ils furent restaurés au début des années 1980 quand la mairie et le [[Ministère de la Culture (France)|Ministère de la Culture]] se furent rendu compte de l'énorme intérêt culturel et historique du vieux district pénitentiaire et administratif. Il est vite devenu un lieu touristique, avec le camp de la transportation comme bâtiment phare.

D'autres lieux d'importance historique ayant des liens avec l'époque pénitentiaire:
* Le camp de la relégation, à [[Saint-Jean-du-Maroni]], à 17 km au sud de Saint-Laurent.
* ''L'île des lépreux :'' Petite île sur le Maroni, accessible uniquement en pirogue. C'est là qu'étaient exilés les bagnards affectés de la [[lèpre]]. [[Henri Charrière|Papillon]] décrit comment il s'y est réfugié pendant l'une de ses tentatives d'évasion.

Lieux d'intérêt touristique n'ayant rien à voir avec le bagne:
* ''La Charbonnière :'' Village Bushinengué les maisons typique en bardeau crée par la municipalité dans les années 80 .
* Malheureusement, le petit parc animalier situé non loin de la ville qui s'appelait l'''Arche de Noé'' a fermé ses portes.

=== Gastronomie ===
Il y a essentiellement des restaurants chinois, très appréciés dans la ville et présents depuis bien longtemps, et quelques restaurants et bar créoles.

[[File:Chutes Voltaire.jpg|thumb|Chutes Voltaire]]

=== Patrimoine environnemental ===
La ville estuarienne a longtemps abrité une fameuse association de protection de l'environnement ; "Le pou d'[[Dasyprocta|agouti]]", qui a beaucoup œuvré pour la protection du patrimoine naturel local et régional. Aujourd'hui, l'ADNG (Association pour la découverte de la nature en Guyane) travaille sur un site d'accueil en forêt à faire découvrir la fragilité de la faune et de la flore.

C'est également un point de départ pour plusieurs circuits d'[[écotourisme]], notamment de la remontée du Maroni en pirogue pour explorer les criques et la forêt primaire et y passer la nuit dans un [[Carbet (architecture)|carbet]]. On peut aussi visiter les chutes Voltaire, à 70 km en amont de la ville.

Les cultures industrielles, la densification urbaine et ses taudis, et la chasse de viande de brousse ont appauvri le milieu environnant.

=== Patrimoine culturel ===
On peut citer comme faisant partie du patrimoine culturel les œuvres du peintre et sculpteur Bertand Piéchaud : le bagnard qui se trouve à l'entrée du camp de la rélégation devant le Maroni, les trois enfants de Guyane devant l'entrée du Marché ainsi que la peinture de Notre Dame du Maroni placée dans la vieille église de la ville de Saint Laurent du Maroni.
On peut également évoquer les quelques images du film ''[[Un Indien dans la ville]]'' tournées en 1994 à "Lipo-Lipo", lieu bordant la rivière, se rattachant à Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni.

== Enseignement ==

=== Lycées ===
Trois lycées publics existent actuellement à Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni.
{| align="center"
! Lycées publics !!
|-
|
* Lycée polyvalent [[Bertène Juminer]] (Route de Saint-Maurice)
* Lycée polyvalent Lumina Sophie - anciennement dénommé : Saint-Laurent II (Chemin des Sables Blancs)
* Lycée professionnel Raymond TARCY Saint-Laurent III (Av. Gaston MONNERVILLE 97320)
|}

=== Collèges ===
Cinq collèges publics existent actuellement à Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, dont un est sur un site provisoire (Collège Saint-Laurent 5).
{| align="center"
! Collèges publics !!
|-
|
* [[Paul Jean-Louis]] (Chemin des Sables Blancs)
* [[Eugénie Tell Eboué]] (Maladrerie/Saint-Paul)
* [[Albert Londres]] (Pierre Heuzé)
* Saint-Laurent 4 (Balaté)
* Saint Laurent 5 (Route de Saint-Maurice)
|}

=== Élémentaires et maternelles ===
Caman balaté

=== Sports ===
Équipements sportifs :
*Stade René Long
Clubs sportifs :
*Cosma Foot, ''football''
*ASC Agouado, ''football''
*AJS Maroni, ''football''
*VCM (Vélo Club du Maroni), ''cyclisme''

== Notes et références ==
{{Références}}

== Voir aussi ==
=== Article connexe ===
* [[Communes de la Guyane]]
* [[Guyane]]
* [[Marronage]]

=== Liens externes ===
* [http://www.saintlaurentdumaroni.fr/ Site de la commune de Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]
* [http://www.97320.com/ Site d'informations sur Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]
* [http://saintlaurentdumaroni.stationverte.com/ Fiche Station Verte de Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]

{{Portail|Guyane|villes de France}}

[[Catégorie:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni|*]]

[[ar:سان لوران دو ماروني]]
[[ca:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]]
[[ceb:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]]
[[de:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]]
[[en:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]]
[[eo:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]]
[[es:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]]
[[fa:سن لوران دو مرونی]]
[[it:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]]
[[ja:サン＝ローラン＝デュ＝マロニ]]
[[lb:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]]
[[li:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]]
[[lt:Sen Loren du Maroni]]
[[ms:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]]
[[mzn:سن لوران دو مرونی]]
[[nl:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]]
[[no:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]]
[[oc:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]]
[[pl:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]]
[[pms:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]]
[[pt:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]]
[[sk:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]]
[[sr:Сен Лоран ди Марони]]
[[sv:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]]
[[sw:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]]
[[uk:Сен-Лоран-дю-Мароні]]
[[vi:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]]
[[war:Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]]

Grexit

2012-09-29T12:36:33Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding nn:Grexit

{{Greek economic crisis}}
'''Grexit''' is a slang term introduced in 2012 in world business trading. It is a [[portmanteau]] combining the words '''''[[Greek]]''''' Euro Area '''''exit''''', referring to the possibility that Greece could leave the [[Eurozone]], and thus readopt its old currency, the [[Greek drachma|drachma]]. The term was introduced by [[Citigroup]]'s Chief Analysts [[Willem Buiter|Willem H. Buiter]] and Ebrahim Rahbari on the 6 February 2012.<ref name = "grexit 5">{{Cite web |url= http://gogreece.about.com/od/Glossary-of-Greek-Terms/g/Grexit-What-does-Grexit-Mean.htm |title= Grexit - What does Grexit mean? |publisher=Gogreece.about.com |date= April 10, 2012 |accessdate= May 16, 2012}}</ref><ref name = "grexit 6">{{Cite web |author= [[Willem Buiter|Buiter, Willem]] |url= http://willembuiter.com/grexit.pdf |title= Rising Risks of Greek Euro Area Exit |publisher= Willem Buiter |format= PDF |date= |accessdate= May 17, 2012 |archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/682hCm51X |archivedate= May 30, 2012 |deadurl= no}}</ref>

== Dynamics ==
In mid May 2012 [[Greek government-debt crisis|the financial crisis in Greece]] and the impossibility of forming a new government after elections led to strong speculation that Greece would leave the Eurozone shortly.<ref name = "grexit 1">{{Cite news |title= Huge Sense of Doom Among ‘Grexit’ Predictions |url= http://www.cnbc.com/id/47350056 |publisher= CNBC |date= |accessdate= May 17, 2012}}</ref><ref name = "grexit 2">{{Cite news |title= Grexit and the euro: an exercise in guesswork |last= Ross |first= Alice |url= http://ftalphaville.ft.com/blog/2012/05/14/998631/grexit-and-the-euro-an-exercise-in-guesswork/ |newspaper= [[Financial Times]] |date= |accessdate= May 16, 2012}}</ref><ref name = "grexit 3">{{Cite web |title=From 'Grexit' to 'Spain in the neck': It's time for puns, neologisms and break-ups |author= Boot, Alexander |url= http://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-2144206/From-Grexit-Spain-neck-Its-time-puns-neologisms-break-ups.html?ito=feeds-newsxml |newspaper= [[Daily Mail]] |date= |accessdate= May 16, 2012}}</ref><ref name = "grexit 4">{{Cite web |title=Grexit Greek Exit From The Euro |url= http://www.maxfarquar.com/2012/05/grexit-greek-exit-eurozone/ |publisher= Maxfarquar.com |date= |accessdate= May 16, 2012}}</ref> This phenomenon had already become known as "''Grexit''" and started to govern international market behaviour. Economists have expressed concern that the phenomenon may well become a typical example of what is called a [[self-fulfilling prophecy]].<ref name = "grexit 8">{{Cite news |author= Heath, Allister |title= Grexit will happen much more quickly than politicians think |url=http://www.cityam.com/latest-news/allister-heath/grexit-will-happen-much-more-quickly-politicians-think |publisher= City A.M. |date= |accessdate= May 16, 2012}}</ref>

The implementation of Grexit would have to occur "within days or even hours of the decision being made"<ref>{{Cite news |title= Birth of new Greek drachma would be pained, rushed |author= Apps, Peter |url= http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/05/20/us-greece-newdrachma-idUSBRE84J03Q20120520 |agency= [[Reuters]] |date= May 20, 2012 |accessdate= May 30, 2012 |archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/682bAoMgf |archivedate= May 30, 2012 |deadurl= no}}</ref><ref name=Bloomberg>{{Cite news |title= War-Gaming Greek Euro Exit Shows Hazards in 46-Hour Weekend |author= Randow, Jana; Thesing, Gabi |url= http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-05-22/war-gaming-greek-euro-exit-highlights-hazards-in-46-hour-weekend.html |publisher= [[Bloomberg News]] |date= May 23, 2012 |accessdate= May 30, 2012 |archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/682b2UcmN |archivedate= May 30, 2012 |deadurl= no}}</ref> due to the high volatility that would result. It would have to be timed at one of the [[public holidays in Greece]].<ref name="Greece switch"> {{cite news
| url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18279522
| title= Who, What, Why: How would Greece switch currencies?
| publisher= [[BBC News]]
| date= 11 June 2012
| accessdate= }} </ref>

== Implementation ==
The prospect of Greece leaving the euro and dealing with a devalued drachma has already prompted many people to start withdrawing their euros out of the country’s banks.<ref name=TheSpec>{{Cite news |title= Greece’s euro exit a recipe for hardship |author= Hadjicostis, Menelaos |url= http://www.thespec.com/news/business/article/731488--greece-s-euro-exit-a-recipe-for-hardship |newspaper= [[The Hamilton Spectator]] |date= May 25, 2012 |accessdate= May 30, 2012 |archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/682f7B1PV |archivedate= May 30, 2012 |deadurl= no}}</ref> In the nine months through March 2012 deposits in Greek banks had already fallen 13% to {{currency|160 billion|EURO}}.<ref name=Bloomberg/>

A victory for anti-bailout lawmakers in the [[Greek legislative election, June 2012|June 17 election]] would likely trigger an even bigger [[bank run]], said Dimitris Mardas, associate professor of economics at the University of Thessaloniki. Greek authorities, Mardas predicts, would respond by [[capital controls|imposing controls on the movement of money]] for as long as it takes for the panic to subside.<ref name=TheSpec/>

A grexit needs to be prepared, for example with capacity for banknote stamping or printing a stock of new banknotes. However, information leaking out on such preparation would lead to negative dynamic effects, like bank runs.

In the event of a new currency being introduced, all banks would close for several days while old currency (Euros) were stamped to denote they were now drachmas, and/or a newly printed currency was distributed to bank branches for distribution to the public when banks reopened. The British money printing company [[De La Rue]] was according to rumours on May 18 2012 preparing to print new drachma notes based on old molds, which De La Rue refused to confirm.<ref name=Bloomberg/> The time between an order for a new currency is placed and the delivery of the paper is about six months.<ref>{{Cite news |title= De La Rue silent on deal to print Drachma |author= Wallop, Harry |url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financialcrisis/9298195/De-La-Rue-silent-on-deal-to-print-Drachma.html |newspaper= [[The Daily Telegraph]] |date= May 29, 2012 |accessdate= May 31, 2012 |archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/684n3fIxI |archivedate= May 31, 2012 |deadurl= no}}</ref>

== Immediate economic fallout inside Greece ==
The theory behind the readoption of an independent Greek national currency is that such a currency, freely floating on the international markets, would be able to depreciate in value and thus Greek exports and shipping services would become more competitively priced on the world market. Imports would be correspondingly more expensive, encouraging domestic production in Greece. However, persuading the Greeks and their businesses to replace their euros with a currency intended to collapse in value would be more than somewhat challenging, and current Greek debts would remain denominated in euros.<ref>Haidar, Jamal Ibrahim, 2012. "[http://ideas.repec.org/a/wej/wldecn/511.html Sovereign Credit Risk in the Eurozone]," World Economics, World Economics, vol. 13(1), pages 123-136, March</ref>.

On May 29 the [[National Bank of Greece]] warned that "[a]n exit from the euro would lead to a significant decline in the living standards of Greek citizens." According to the announcement, per capita income would fall by 55%, the new national currency depreciate by 65% vis-à-vis the euro, and the recession which Greece has been in for five years would deepen to 22%. Furthermore, unemployment would rise from its current 22% to 34% of the work force, and the inflation, which is currently at 2% would soar to 30%.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Biggest Greek bank warns of dire euro exit fallout |author= Tagaris, Karolina |url= http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/05/29/greece-euro-idUSL5E8GTI5320120529 |agency= Reuters |date= May 29, 2012 |accessdate= May 30, 2012 |archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/683XQVtva |archivedate= May 30, 2012 |deadurl= no}}</ref>

According to the Greek think-tank Foundation for Economic and Industrial Research (IOBE), a new drachma would lose half or more of its value relative to the euro.<ref name=TheSpec/> This would drive up [[inflation]], and reduce the [[purchasing power]] of the average Greek. At the same time, the country’s economic output would drop, putting more people out of work where one in five is already unemployed. The prices of imported goods would skyrocket, putting them out of reach for many.<ref name=TheSpec/>

Analyst Vangelis Agapitos has estimated that inflation under the new drachma would quickly reach 40 to 50 per cent to catch up with the fall in the new currency’s value.<ref name=TheSpec/> To stop the falling value of the drachma, interest rates would have to be increased to as high as 30 to 40 per cent, according to Agapitos.<ref name=TheSpec/> People would then be unable to pay off their loans and mortgages and the country’s banks would have to be nationalized to stop them from going under, he predicted.<ref name=TheSpec/>

IOBE head of research Aggelos Tsakanikas foresees an increase in crime as people struggle to pay bills. “We won’t see tanks in the streets and violence, we won’t see people starving in the streets, but crime could very well rise”.<ref name=TheSpec/>

==Political opinion==
The Greek equivalent of "Grexit" is ''Ελλεξοδος'',<ref>[http://www.pulse.gr/diastaseis-grexit-opos-ellexodos/news/2486897/ Pulse, 13/2/2012]</ref> (from ''Ελλας'' + ''εξοδος'').

Of all the political parties which won seats in the parliamentary election in May, only the Communist [[Communist Party of Greece|KKE]] has expressed support for leaving the euro, and indeed for leaving the [[European Union]].<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18455465 [[BBC News]] report 15 June 2012] - ''Greek election: Parties make final push for votes''</ref>

== International financial shockwaves ==
Claudia Panseri, head of equity strategy at [[Societe Generale]], speculated in late May 2012 that Eurozone stocks could plummet up to 50 percent in value if Greece makes a disorderly exit from the euro zone.<ref name=CNBC>{{Cite news |title= Greek Exit Could Trigger 50% Fall in Euro Stocks: Analyst |author= Barnato, Katy |url= http://www.cnbc.com/id/47566743 |publisher= [[CNBC]] |date= May 25, 2012 |accessdate= May 30, 2012 |archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/682h2Yiz8 |archivedate= May 30, 2012 |deadurl= no}}</ref> [[Bond market|Bond yields]] in other European nations could widen 100 basis points to 200 basis points, negatively affecting their ability to service their own sovereign debts.<ref name=CNBC/>

==== Effect upon the world economy ====
Europe in 2010 accounted for 25 percent of [[world trade]], according to [[Deutsche Bank]].<ref name=CNBC/> Europe also is the biggest trading partner for China and the United States.<ref name=CNBC/> Economic depression within the European economy would ripple worldwide and slow global growth.<ref name=CNBC/>

== Legality ==
A [[working paper]] published by the [[European Central Bank]] concluded:<ref>{{citation | title= Withdrawal and Expulsion from the EU and EMU: Some Reflections | last= Athanassiou | first= Phoebus | date= December 2009 | page= 4 | url= http://www.ecb.int/pub/pdf/scplps/ecblwp10.pdf | publisher= European Central Bank | ssrn= 1517760 }}</ref>

{{cquote|… that negotiated withdrawal from the EU would not be legally impossible even prior to the ratification of the [[Treaty of Lisbon|Lisbon Treaty]], and that unilateral withdrawal would undoubtedly be legally controversial; that, while permissible, a recently enacted exit clause is, prima facie, not in harmony with the rationale of the European unification project and is otherwise problematic, mainly from a legal perspective; that a Member State’s exit from EMU, without a parallel withdrawal from the EU, would be legally inconceivable; and that, while perhaps feasible through indirect means, a Member State’s expulsion from the EU or EMU, would be legally next to impossible. … with a reminder that while, institutionally, a Member State’s membership of the euro area would not survive the discontinuation of its membership of the EU, the same need not be true of the former Member State’s use of the euro. }}

== See also ==
* [[Greek drachma]]
* [[Withdrawal from the European Union]]

==External links==
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-18057232 Viewpoints: What if Greece exits euro?] 14 May 2012 [[BBC News]]
*[http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/bloody-doomsday-machine-how-shock-waves-will-reach-the-us-if-greece-drops-the-euro/2012/06/16/gJQAMEv6gV_story.html?tid=pm_national_pop ‘Bloody doomsday machine’: How shock waves will reach the US if Greece drops the euro]. ''[[Associated Press]]'', 16 June 2012.
*[http://www.futuresandoptions.gr/uk/index.php?id=62 Greece Debt Crisis] 19 June 2012
*[http://seekingalpha.com/article/840651-why-a-grexit-is-not-going-to-happen Why A Grexit Is Not Going To Happen] August 31, 2012

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2012 in Greece]]
[[Category:2012 in economics]]
[[Category:Greek government-debt crisis]]
[[Category:Eurozone fiscal matters]]
[[Category:Words coined in the 2010s]]

[[de:Grexit]]
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[[nn:Grexit]]
[[pt:Grexit]]

Jennifer Hale

2012-09-28T10:06:25Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding nn:Jennifer Hale

{{For|the film of the same name|Jennifer Hale (film)}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Jennifer Hale, Mass Effect, Star Wars.jpg
| name = Jennifer Hale
| birth_name = Jennifer Hale
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1972|1|30|mf=y}}<ref name="NP Power Profiles">{{Cite news|year=May 2009| title=NP Power Profiles|periodical=Nintendo Power|volume=241|pages=76–78}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Happy Valley – Goose Bay|Goose Bay]], [[Newfoundland and Labrador]], [[Canada]]
| occupation = Actress, Singer, Voice Actress
| years_active = 1988-present
| alias = Carren Learning
| spouse = {{marriage|Barry Oswick|2009|}}
| agent = [http://www.sbvtalentagency/Pages/vo_talent_detail.aspx?id=1183 SBV Talent Agency]
| website = {{url|http://www.jenniferhale.com}}
}}

'''Jennifer Hale''' (born January 30, 1972)<ref name="NP Power Profiles" /> is a [[Canada|Canadian]]-born [[United States|American]] [[actress]] and [[singer]]<ref>{{cite web| title = Animation Promo (Jennifer Hale Animation.mp3)| url = http://www.jenniferhale.com/index.html| publisher = jenniferhale.com}}</ref> best known for her [[voice acting|voice over]] work in video games like ''[[Grandia II]]'', the ''[[Mass Effect]]'' trilogy, ''[[Diablo III]]'', ''[[Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic]]'', ''[[Tales of Symphonia]]'', the ''[[Metroid Prime]]'' trilogy,<ref name="NP 241">{{cite journal|author=''Nintendo Power'' staff|date=May 2009|title=Power Profiles 26: Jennifer Hale|work=[[Nintendo Power]]|issue=241|pages=76–78}}</ref> the ''[[Metal Gear (series)|Metal Gear Solid]]'' games, ''[[Brütal Legend]]'', and [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]]'s animated movies.<ref name="officialgames">{{cite web| title = Game Credits| url = http://www.jenniferhale.com/games.html| publisher = jenniferhale.com}}</ref><ref name="officialanimation">{{cite web| title = Animation Credits| url = http://www.jenniferhale.com/annimation.html| publisher = jenniferhale.com}}</ref>

==Biography==
Hale was born in [[Canada]] to parents from [[Birmingham, Alabama]]. She grew up in the [[United States]], attending the [[Alabama School of Fine Arts]] in [[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]]. While in high school, Hale began working as a production assistant. After graduation, Hale worked as an actress, commuting between Birmingham and [[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]]. She got her first big break in the 1988 made-for-TV movie ''A Father's Homecoming''.<ref>[http://www.toondisneymedianet.com/web/showpage/showpage.aspx?program_id=3112592&type=hale http://www.toondisneymedianet.com/web/showpage/showpage.aspx?program_id=3112592&type=hale]{{Dead link|date=June 2009}}</ref>

Later she moved to [[Hollywood]] and has been doing voices for [[video game]]s, [[List of animated television series|animation]], [[television advertisement|commercials]], [[radio]] promotions, [[anime]], and [[film|movies]] since 1993. In 1994 she was cast as [[Felicia Hardy/Black Cat]] in ''Spider-Man: The Animated Series'', the first in a long line of Marvel comics characters she has voiced. She has also been a [[guest appearance|guest]] on several well-known [[television program|TV show]]s, such as ''[[Charmed]]'', ''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]'', ''[[Just Shoot Me!]]'', among others. She was sometimes credited as '''Carren Learning'''. She plays [[Cinderella (Disney character)|Cinderella]] and [[Aurora (Disney)|Princess Aurora]] in various [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]] projects.

She also voiced the undercover spy Sam, her mother Gabby, the rival, Mandy and Mandy's mother, Phoebe in the cartoon series [[Totally Spies]]. She voiced [[Bastila Shan]] in the award winning [[Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic]], and returned for a brief appearance in the sequel, [[Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic II The Sith Lords]]. She later voiced the female version of [[Jaden Korr]] in ''[[Star Wars: Jedi Knight: Jedi Academy]]''. In the new [[BioWare]] [[MMOPRG]] [[Star Wars: The Old Republic]] Hale voiced the Republic Trooper Female as well as the recurring [[Non-Player Character|NPC]] Jedi Grand Master Satele Shan. Hale also voiced Bastila Shan in cameo role during the game's Jedi Consular storyline. Hale interpreted the voices of Fall-From-Grace and Deionarra in the computer-role-playing-game ''[[Planescape: Torment]]''. She voiced the female version of Commander Shepard in the video game series ''[[Mass Effect (series)|Mass Effect]]'', noted for her nomination for "best performance by a human female" award at the 2010 [[Spike Video Game Awards]] ([[Mass Effect 2]]). She is also known as the "voice" of [[Samus Aran]] in all three games in the ''Metroid Prime'' trilogy, providing grunts and screams as the player moves and takes damage. Hale is also known for playing several voices in the ''[[Metal Gear (series)|Metal Gear]]'' series (Naomi Hunter in ''[[Metal Gear Solid]]'', ''[[Metal Gear Solid: The Twin Snakes]]'' and ''[[Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots]]'' and Emma Emmerich in ''[[Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty]]'').<ref name="NP 241"/>

Hale was also the voice of [[Jean Grey (comics)|Jean Grey]] in [[Wolverine and the X-Men (TV series)|Wolverine and the X-Men]] and [[Marvel vs. Capcom 3: Fate of Two Worlds]] as well as a small role in [[SWAT Kats]]. She also voiced British mercenary Jennifer Mui in [[Mercenaries: Playground of Destruction]] and [[Mercenaries 2: World in Flames]]. In 2003, Hale voiced Mrs. Little in the short lived [[Stuart Little: The Animated Series]]. In 2011 she was the voice of Carol Danvers, AKA: [[Ms. Marvel]] on ''Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes''.

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
! Title !! Year !! Role(s) !! Notes
|-
| ''[[Love Potion No. 9 (film)|Love Potion No. 9]]'' ||[[1992 in film|1992]]|| Catty Woman ||
|-
| ''[[Mortal Kombat: The Journey Begins]]'' ||1995|| [[Sonya (Mortal Kombat)|Sonya Blade]]<ref name="officialanimation" /> || voice
|-
| ''[[Gold Diggers: The Secret of Bear Mountain]]''||[[1995 in film|1995]]|| Adult Beth || voice, as Carren Learning
|-
| ''[[Bruno the Kid|Bruno the Kid: The Animated Movie]]''||[[1996 in film|1996]]|| Leecy Davidson<ref name="officialanimation" /> ||voice
|-
| ''[[Mighty Ducks the Movie: The First Face-Off]]''||[[1997 in film|1997]]|| Mallory McMallard<ref name="officialanimation" /> || voice
|-
| ''[[Scooby-Doo and the Witch's Ghost]]''||[[1999 in film|1999]]|| Thorn<ref name="officialanimation" /> ||voice
|-
| ''[[Sinbad: Beyond the Veil of Mists]]''||2000|| Princess Serena<ref name="officialanimation" /> || voice
|-
| ''[[Scooby-Doo and the Alien Invaders]]''||[[2000 in film|2000]]|| Dottie<ref name="officialanimation" /> || voice
|-
| ''[[Cowboy Bebop: The Movie|Cowboy Bebop: Knockin' on Heaven's Door]]'' ||2001|| Elektra Ovirowa<ref name="officialanimation" /> ||voice: English dub
|-
| ''[[Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse]]''||[[2001 in film|2001]]|| Cinderella<ref name="officialanimation" /> ||voice
|-
| ''[[Cinderella II: Dreams Come True]]''||2002|| Cinderella<ref name="officialanimation" /> ||voice
|-
| ''[[The Powerpuff Girls Movie]]'' ||[[2002 in film|2002]]|| Ms. Keane<ref name="officialanimation" /> ||voice
|-
| ''[[Scooby-Doo and the Legend of the Vampire]]''||2003|| Thorn and Queen ||voice
|-
| ''[[Powerpuff Girls: Twas the Fight Before Christmas]]''||[[2003 in film|2003]]|| Ms. Keane, Princess Morbucks<ref name="officialanimation" /> ||voice
|-
| ''[[Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has a Glitch]]''||[[2005 in film|2005]]|| Additional Voices ||voice
|-
| ''[[Operation: Z.E.R.O.|Codename: Kids Next Door: Operation: Z.E.R.O.]]''||[[2006 in film|2006]]|| Computer, Numbuh 86, Runt, Numbah One's Mom<ref name="officialanimation" /> ||voice
|-
| ''[[Little Amadeus|Wunderkind Little Amadeus]]''||2006|| Anna Maria, Amadeus' mother ||voice
|-
| ''[[Cinderella III: A Twist in Time]]||2007|| [[Cinderella (Disney character)|Cinderella]]<ref name="officialanimation" /> ||voice
|-
| ''[[TMNT (film)|TMNT]]''||2007|| Additional Voices ||voice
|-
| ''[[Billy and Mandy's Big Boogie Adventure|Billy & Mandy's Big Boogey Adventure]]''||[[2007 in film|2007]]|| Billy's Mom<ref name="officialanimation" /> ||voice
|-
| ''[[Naruto the Movie 2: Legend of the Stone of Gelel]]''||[[2008 in film|2008]]|| Kamina ||voice
|-
|''[[The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Beginning]]''||[[2008 in film|2008]]|| Alana ||voice
|-
| ''[[Superman/Batman: Public Enemies]]''||[[2009 in film|2009]]|| [[Starfire (comics)|Starfire]], [[Killer Frost]]||voice
|-
| ''[[Totally Spies! The Movie]]''||[[2010 in film|2010]]|| [[List of Totally Spies! characters|Sam]], [[List of Totally Spies! characters|Mandy]]||voice
|-
| ''[[Kung Fu Magoo]]''||[[2010 in film|2010]]|| Agent L || voice
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
! Title !! Year !! Role(s) !! Notes
|-
| ''A Father's Homecoming'' ||[[1988 in television|1988]]|| ||
|-
| ''Traveling Man'' ||[[1989 in television|1989]]|| Joey ||
|-
| ''In the Line of Duty: Manhunt in the Dakotas'' ||[[1991 in television|1991]]|| Mary Ann Kahl ||
|-
| ''[[Biker Mice from Mars]]'' ||1993|| Harley<ref name="officialanimation" />||voice
|-
| ''[[The Pink Panther (1993 TV series)|The Pink Panther]]''||1993|| Additional Voices || voice
|-
| ''[[Sonic the Hedgehog (TV series)|Sonic the Hedgehog]]'' ||[[1993 in television|1993]]|| Additional Voices|| voice
|-
| ''[[Where on Earth is Carmen Sandiego?]]''||1994|| [[Where on Earth is Carmen Sandiego?#Ivy|Ivy]]<ref name="officialanimation" />||voice
|-
| ''[[Skeleton Warriors]]'' ||1994|| Jennifer Steele/Talyn<ref name="officialanimation" />||voice
|-
| ''[[Scooby-Doo in Arabian Nights]]''||1994|| Alliyah-din||voice
|-
| ''[[The Tick (animated TV series)|The Tick]]''||1994|| Carmelita<ref name="officialanimation" /> (1995–1996)||voice
|-
| ''[[Iron Man (TV series)|Iron Man]]'' ||[[1994 in television|1994]]|| [[Julia Carpenter|Spider-Woman/Julia Carpenter]]<ref name="officialanimation" /> (1995–1996)||voice
|-
| ''[[Spider-Man (1994 TV series)|Spider-Man: The Animated Series]]'' ||[[1994 in television|1994]]|| [[Black Cat (comics)|Felicia Hardy/Black Cat]]<ref name="officialanimation" />||voice
|-
| ''[[The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat]]'' ||[[1995 in television|1995]]|| Candy Kitty,<ref name="officialanimation" /> Additional Voices||voice
|-
| ''[[Mighty Ducks (TV series)|Mighty Ducks]]'' ||1996|| Mallory McMallard<ref name="officialanimation" />||voice
|-
| ''[[Bruno the Kid]]''||1996||Leecy Davidson||voice
|-
| ''[[The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest]]''||[[1996 in television|1996]]||Jessica Margaret Leya 'Jessie' Bannon (1997)<ref name="officialanimation" />||voice
|-
| ''[[Cow and Chicken]]'' ||1997||P.E. Teacher, Additional Voices ||Voice
|-
| ''[[The Powerpuff Girls]]''||[[1998 in television|1998]]||[[Princess Morbucks]], Ms. Keane, Big Mary, Sedusa,<ref name="officialanimation" /> Additional Voices||voice
|-
| ''[[Charmed]]''||1999||Neighbor (episode "Morality Bites")||
|-
| ''[[Rocket Power]]''||1999|| Paula Dullard<ref name="officialanimation" />||voice
|-
| ''[[The Chimp Channel]]''||1999||Kimmy,<ref name="officialanimation" /> Marina||voice
|-
| ''[[The New Woody Woodpecker Show]]''||1999||Hinga||voice
|-
| ''[[Spider-Man Unlimited]]''||[[1999 in television|1999]]|| Lady Vermin of the Knights of Wundagore, Additional Voices (1999–2001)||voice
|-
| ''[[Disney's House of Mouse|House of Mouse]]''||2001|| [[Cinderella]], [[Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)|Princess Aurora]]<ref name="officialanimation" />||voice
|-
| ''Shrinking Violet''||2001|| Raven Wells||voice
|-
| ''[[Samurai Jack]]''||2001|| Additional Voices||voice
|-
| ''[[The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy]]''||2001||[[List of characters in The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy#Gladys|Billy's Mom (Gladys)]], Mallory, Various||voice
|-
| ''[[Totally Spies!]]''||[[2001 in television|2001]]||[[List of characters in Totally Spies!#Sam|Samantha "Sam"]], [[List of characters in Totally Spies!#Mandy|Mandy]], Various<ref name="officialanimation" />||voice
|-
| ''[[Codename: Kids Next Door]]''||2002|| Numbuh 86 (2003-2008 ), Computer, Mrs. Thompson, Nurse Claiborne, Runt, Dixie, Mrs. Uno, Mrs. Beatles, Negative Numbuh 86, Rowdy Hooligans From Across The Square and Rainbow Monkey||voice
|-
| ''[[Mirmo!]]''||2002–2005||Pappi||voice
|-
| ''[[Gotham Girls]]''||[[2002 in television|2002]]||Commissioner, Prison Warden Caroline<ref name="officialanimation" />||voice
|-
| "[[Fillmore!]]"||2002-2004||Natasha (episode "The Currency of Doubt")||voice
|-
| ''[[What's New, Scooby-Doo]]''||2002–2006||Thorn (episode "The Vampire Strikes Back"), House Computer, Allison (episode "High-Tech House of Horrors"), Honey Hensecker, Dr. Joan Goodfew (episode "Safari So Good"), Meadow, Maize, Knox (episode "Homeword House"), Leora Lasswell (episode "Go West, Young Scoob"), Sue Krose (episode "Gold Paw"), Linda, Gooey-Oh Creature, Zombie Kid #3 (episode "E-Scream")||voice
|-
| ''[[Stuart Little: The Animated Series]]''||2003||Eleanor Little, Martha Little<ref name="officialanimation" />||voice
|-
| ''[[Xiaolin Showdown]]''||[[2003 in television|2003]]||[[Katnappe (Xiaolin Showdown)|Katnappe]]<ref name="officialanimation" />||voice
|-
| ''[[All Grown Up!]]''||2003||Brett, Diane||voice
|-
| ''[[Justice League Unlimited]]'' ||2004|| [[Giganta]], [[Killer Frost]], Inza, [[Zatanna]],<ref name="officialanimation" /> Black Siren||voice
|-
| ''[[Brandy & Mr. Whiskers]]''||[[2004 in television|2004]]|| Margo,<ref name="officialanimation" /> Gina the Olingo||voice
|-
| ''[[Camp Lazlo]]'' ||2005|| Mrs. McCannon, Misty, Suzie<ref name="officialanimation" />||voice
|-
| ''[[Avatar: The Last Airbender]]''||[[2005 in television|2005]]|| [[List of Avatar: The Last Airbender characters#Book 1: Water|June]], [[List of Avatar: The Last Airbender secondary recurring characters#Avatar Kyoshi|Avatar Kyoshi]]||voice
|-
| ''[[Ben 10 (TV series)|Ben 10]]'' ||2006|| Teacher, Jamie (episode "And Then There Were 10"), [[List of Ben 10 villains#Rojo|Joey (Rojo)]] (episodes "The Alliance", "Ben 10 vs. the Negative 10" Pts. 1 & 2), Gilbert, Mandy (episode "Camp Fear"), Turbine (episode "Ben 4 Good Buddy")||voice
|-
| ''[[Class of 3000]]''||2006|| Madison, Ms. Lopez, Bianca Moon<ref name="officialanimation" />||voice
|-
| ''[[Legion of Super Heroes (TV series)|Legion of Super Heroes]]''||[[2006 in television|2006]]|| [[Emerald Empress]], [[Ma and Pa Kent|Martha Kent]],<ref name="officialanimation" /> other voices||voice
|-
| ''[[Random! Cartoons]]'' || 2007 || Ms. Penelope, Express Mail, Co-Worker #3, and Mom ||voice
|-
| ''[[Back at the Barnyard]]'' || 2007 || Freddy's Mom ||voice
|-
| ''[[El Tigre: The Adventures of Manny Rivera]]'' ||2007|| Sophie Jarre, La Skunkette Rouga||voice
|-
| ''[[Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008 TV series)|Star Wars: The Clone Wars]]'' ||2009–2010|| [[Aayla Secura]], Senator Riyo Chuchi, Lolo Purs||voice
|-
| ''[[Wolverine and the X-Men (TV series)|Wolverine and the X-Men]]'' ||[[2009 in American television|2009]]|| [[Jean Grey]],||voice
|-
| ''[[Batman: The Brave and the Bold]]'' ||2009|| Ramona, [[Zatanna]], [[Poison Ivy (comics)|Poison Ivy]] (First appearance only), [[Ice (comics)|Ice]], [[Killer Frost]]||voice
|-
| ''[[Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated]]'' || 2010 || Thorn (episode "In Fear of the Phantom"), Delilah Blake (episode "The Legend of Alice May") ||voice
|-
| ''[[The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes]]'' || 2010-2012 || [[Ms. Marvel|Carol Danvers / Ms. Marvel]], Corrina Korvac || voice
|-
| ''[[G.I. Joe: Renegades]]'' || 2011 || Wendy || episode "Dreadnoks Rising"
|-
| ''[[Green Lantern: The Animated Series]]'' || 2011 || [[Carol Ferris]] || voice
|-
| ''[[Generator Rex]]'' || 2011 || [[Black Knight]] || voice
|-
| ''[[Motorcity]]'' || 2012 || Foxy || Voice on episode, "The Duke of Detroit"

|-
| ''[[Xiaolin Chronicles]]'' || 2013 || Kimiko Tohomiko, Ashley / Katnappe || voice
|}

===Video games===
All roles listed are voice roles and for the English versions where applicable.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
! Title !! Year !! Role(s) !! Notes
|-
|''[[Quest for Glory IV: Shadows of Darkness]]'' ||[[1994 in video gaming|1994]]|| [[List of Quest for Glory characters#Katrina|Katrina]]<ref name="officialgames" />||
|-
|''[[The Dark Eye (video game)|The Dark Eye]]''||[[1995 in video gaming|1995]]|| ||
|-
|''[[G-Nome]]''||[[1997 in video gaming|1997]]|| Computer Voice ||
|-
|''[[Star Wars: X-Wing vs. TIE Fighter]]''||1997|| ||
|-
|''[[Descent to Undermountain]]'' ||[[1997 in video gaming|1997]]|| <ref name="officialgames" />||
|-
|''[[Die by the Sword]]'' ||1998|| Maya ||
|-
|''[[Parroty Interactive|The X-Fools]]'' ||1998|| ||
|-
|''[[Baldur's Gate]]'' ||1998|| Dynaheir, Liia J, Serving Wench||
|-
|''[[Metal Gear Solid]]''||1998|| [[Naomi Hunter|Dr. Naomi Hunter]]||as Carren Learning
|-
|''[[Return to Krondor]]'' ||[[1998 in video gaming|1998]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Planescape: Torment]]''||1999|| Fall-from-Grace, Deionarra<ref name="officialgames" />||
|-
|''[[Revenant (video game)|Revenant]]''||1999|| Andria, Harowen<ref name="officialgames" />||
|-
|''[[Gabriel Knight 3: Blood of the Sacred, Blood of the Damned]]'' ||[[1999 in video gaming|1999]]|| Madeline Buthane<ref name="officialgames" />||
|-
|''[[Star Wars: Force Commander]]'' ||2000|| Building Lifter Pilot, Scanner Jammer Driver, Rullian Prisoner #2||
|-
|''[[Sorcerous Stabber Orphen|Orphen: Scion of Sorcery]]'' ||2000|| Cleo, Quaris||
|-
|''[[Baldur's Gate II: Shadows of Amn]]''||2000|| Mazzy Fentan<ref name="officialgames" />||
|-
|''[[Alundra 2]]''||2000|| Ruby, Naomi, Rusty,<ref name="officialgames" /> Royal Girl B||
|-
|''[[Ground Control (video game)|Ground Control]]''||2000||Sarah Parker,<ref name="officialgames" /> Squad & Dropship Voices #6||
|-
|''[[Spider-Man (2000 video game)|Spider-Man]]''||2000||[[Black Cat (comics)|Black Cat]],<ref name="officialgames" /> [[Mary Jane Watson|Mary Jane]]||
|-
|''[[Sacrifice (video game)|Sacrifice]]''||2000|| Persephone ||
|-
|''[[Grandia II]]''||2000|| Elena, Paella<ref name="officialgames" />||
|-
|''[[Ground Control: Dark Conspiracy]]''||[[2000 in video gaming|2000]]|| Sarah Parker<ref name="officialgames" />||
|-
|''[[The Powerpuff Girls: Chemical X-traction]]''||2001||Princess Morbucks, Sedusa||
|-
|''Atlantis: The Lost Empire - Search for the Journal||2001|| ||
|-
|''[[Kingdom Under Fire: A War of Heroes]]''||2001|| ||
|-
|''[[Baldur's Gate II: Throne of Bhaal]]''||2001|| Mazzy Fentan<ref name="officialgames" />||
|-
|''[[Star Trek: Starfleet Command: Orion Pirates]]''||2001|| ||
|-
|''[[Spider-Man 2: Enter Electro|Spider-Man II: Enter Electro]]''||2001|| Rogue, Dr. Watts, Computer 2||
|-
|''[[Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty]]''||2001|| [[List of characters in the Metal Gear series#Emma Emmerich|Emma Emmerich]]<ref name="officialgames" />||
|-
|''[[Baldur's Gate: Dark Alliance]]''||[[2001 in video gaming|2001]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Bloody Roar: Primal Fury|Bloody Roar: Primal Fury/Bloody Roar Extreme]]''||2001||[[Alice (Bloody Roar)|Alice Nonomura]], [[Shina (Bloody Roar)|Shina]], [[Uriko|Uriko Nonomura]]<ref name="officialgames" />||uncredited
|-
|''[[X-Men: Next Dimension]]''||2002|| Rogue||
|-
|''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (video game)|The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'' ||2002|| Galadriel, Lobelia<ref name="officialgames" />||
|-
|''[[Powerpuff Girls: Relish Rampage]]''||2002|| Miss Keane, Princess, Sedusa, Female Child 2, Female Child 3, Female Citizen 2, Female Citizen 3||
|-
|''[[La Pucelle: Tactics]]''||2002|| Prier||
|-
|''[[EOE: Eve of Extinction]]'' ||2002|| Zera<ref name="officialgames" />||
|-
|''[[Disney's Stitch: Experiment 626]]'' ||2002|| ||
|-
|''[[Eternal Darkness: Sanity's Requiem]]'' ||2002|| [[Alexandra Roivas]],<ref name="officialgames" /> [[Xel'lotath]]||
|-
|''[[Bruce Lee: Quest of the Dragon]]'' ||2002|| Xialon, Additional Voices||
|-
|''[[Star Trek: Starfleet Command III]]'' ||2002|| Federation Officer #1,<ref name="officialgames" /> Additional Voices||
|-
|''[[Dark Chronicle]]'' ||[[2002 in video gaming|2002]]|| Holly||
|-
|''[[Metroid Prime]]'' ||2002|| [[Samus Aran]]||uncredited
|-
|''[[Onimusha Blade Warriors]]'' ||2003|| Kaede<ref name="officialgames" />||
|-
|''[[Freelancer (video game)|Freelancer]]'' ||2003|| Commander Jun'ko Zane ('Juni')<ref name="officialgames" />||
|-
|''[[Tenchu: Wrath of Heaven]]'' ||2003|| Keiken<ref name="officialgames" />||
|-
|''[[P.N.03]]'' ||2003|| Vanessa Z. Schneider, The Client||
|-
|''[[X2: Wolverine's Revenge]]'' ||2003|| Carol Hines, [[Rogue (comics)|Rogue]]<ref name="officialgames" />||
|-
|''[[Finding Nemo (video game)|Finding Nemo]]''||2003||<ref name="officialgames" />||
|-
|''[[RTX Red Rock]]'' ||2003|| Colony Shrink<ref name="officialgames" />||
|-
|''[[Arc the Lad: Twilight of the Spirits]]''||2003|| Delma<ref name="officialgames" />||
|-
|''[[Lionheart: Legacy of the Crusader]]''||2003|| ||
|-
|''[[Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic]]''||2003|| Bastila Shan<ref name="officialgames" />||
|-
|''[[Star Wars Jedi Knight: Jedi Academy]]''||2003|| Jaden Korr (Female)<ref name="officialgames" />||
|-
|''[[The Hobbit (2003 video game)|The Hobbit]]''||2003|| Additional Voices||
|-
|''[[Tak and the Power of Juju]]''||[[2003 in video gaming|2003]]|| Flora<ref name="officialgames" />||
|-
|''[[Ground Control II: Operation Exodus]]''|| || Major Sarah Parker<ref name="officialgames" />||
|-
|''[[Xenosaga Episode II: Jenseits von Gut und Böse]]''||2004|| Nigredo (child), Operator, U.M.N. Staff||
|-
|''[[Maximo vs. Army of Zin]]''||2004|| Elizabet, White Lady||
|-
|''[[Wrath Unleashed]]''||2004|| Helamis||
|-
|''[[Onimusha 3: Demon Siege|Onimusha 3]]''||2004|| Michelle Aubert<ref name="officialgames" />||
|-
|''[[Scooby Doo: Mystery Mayhem]]''||2004|| Poltergeist, Computer, Shermantech Scientist||
|-
|''[[Metal Gear Solid: The Twin Snakes]]''||2004|| Dr. Naomi Hunter<ref name="officialgames" />||
|-
|''[[Samurai Jack: The Shadow of Aku]]''||2004|| Kid, Lizard, Villager, Slave<ref name="officialgames" />||
|-
|''[[Syphon Filter: The Omega Strain]]''||2004|| Maggie, Mara Aramov||
|-
|''[[Tales of Symphonia]]''||2004|| Sheena Fujibayashi<ref name="officialgames" />||
|-
|''[[Galleon (video game)|Galleon]]''||2004|| Faith||
|-
|''[[Shellshock: Nam '67]]''||2004|| Nurses #1||
|-
|''[[Tak 2: The Staff of Dreams]]''||2004|| Flora||
|-
|''[[The Bard's Tale (2004 video game)|The Bard's Tale]]''||2004|| Additional Voices||
|-
|''[[EverQuest II]]''||2004|| Generic Racial Callouts||
|-
|''[[Metroid Prime 2: Echoes]]''||2004|| [[Samus Aran]]||uncredited
|-
|''[[Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic II The Sith Lords]]''||[[2004 in video gaming|2004]]||[[Bastila Shan]]<ref name="officialgames" />||
|-
|''[[Samurai Western]]''||2005|| Anne Barret, Child 1, Gunman 3||
|-
|''[[killer7]]''||2005|| Linda Vermillion<ref name="officialgames" />||
|-
|''[[Darkwatch|Darkwatch: Curse of the West]]''||2005|| Cassidy Sharp||
|-
|''[[Mercenaries: Playground of Destruction]]''||2005|| [[Jennifer Mui]], News Correspondent #1, Pundit #1<ref name="officialgames" />||
|-
|''[[Shadow Of Rome]]'' ||2005|| Chamain, Additional Voices||
|-
|''[[Doom 3: Resurrection of Evil]]''||2005|| Dr. Elizabeth McNeil<ref name="officialgames" />||
|-
|''[[Ape Escape#PSP version|Ape Escape: On the Loose]]'' ||2005|| Casi, Mother, Child||
|-
|''[[Predator: Concrete Jungle]]''||2005|| Additional Voices||
|-
|''[[X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse]]''||2005|| [[Scarlet Witch]], [[Stepford Cuckoos]]||
|-
|''[[Ultimate Spider-Man (video game)|Ultimate Spider-Man]]'' ||2005|| [[Silver Sable]]<ref name="officialgames" />||
|-
|''[[Tak: The Great Juju Challenge]]''||2005|| Flora||
|-
|''[[SOCOM 3: U.S. Navy SEALs]]''||2005||HQ<ref name="officialgames" />||
|-
|''[[Operation: V.I.D.E.O.G.A.M.E.]]''||2005||Numbuh 86, Computer||
|-
|''[[SOCOM: U.S. Navy SEALs Fireteam Bravo]]''||2005|| HQ<ref name="officialgames" />||
|-
|''[[Age of Empires III]]'' ||2005||Elizabet Ramsey||
|-
|''[[The Matrix: Path of Neo]]''||2005|| [[Trinity (The Matrix)|Trinity]]<ref name="officialgames" />||
|-
|''[[Neopets: The Darkest Faerie]]''||2005|| Illusen, Vanity||
|-
|''[[Kingdom of Paradise]]''||2005||Xiux Yu, Ginritsu||
|-
|''[[Dance Dance Revolution: Mario Mix]]'' ||[[2005 in video gaming|2005]]||[[Toadette]]||
|-
|''[[Tales of Legendia]]''||2006|| Stella ||uncredited
|-
|''[[Syphon Filter: Dark Mirror]]'' ||2006|| Maggie, Mara Aramov||
|-
|''[[Spider-Man: Battle for New York]]'' ||2006|| [[Silver Sable]]||
|-
|''[[The Da Vinci Code (video game)|The Da Vinci Code]]''||2006|| Sophie Neveu<ref name="officialgames" />||
|-
|''[[Cars (video game)|Cars]]''||2006|| ||
|-
|''[[Justice League Heroes]]''||2006|| [[Black Canary]]||
|-
|''[[Scooby-Doo#Video games|Scooby-Doo: Who's Watching Who?]]''||2006||Professor Lorelei Leigh||
|-
|''[[SOCOM: U.S. Navy SEALs Combined Assault]]'' ||2006|| HQ<ref name="officialgames" />||
|-
|''[[SOCOM: U.S. Navy SEALs Fireteam Bravo 2]]''||[[2006 in video gaming|2006]]|| HQ<ref name="officialgames" />||
|-
|''[[Metroid Prime 3: Corruption]]''||2007||[[Samus Aran]]||uncredited
|-
|''[[Syphon Filter: Logan's Shadow]]''||2007|| Maggie Powers||
|-
|''[[SOCOM: U.S. Navy SEALs Tactical Strike]]''||2007|| HQ<ref name="officialgames" />||
|-
|''[[Totally Spies|Totally Spies!: Swamp Monster Blues]]''||2007|| Sam||
|-
|''[[Spider-Man: Friend or Foe]]'' ||2007|| [[Silver Sable]]||
|-
|''[[Mass Effect]]''||[[2007 in video gaming|2007]]|| [[Characters of Mass Effect#Commander Shepard|Commander Shepard]] (female), Additional Roles||
|-
|''[[Disney Friends]]''||2008|| [[List of Finding Nemo characters#Dory|Dory]]||
|-
|''[[Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots]]''||2008||[[List of recurring Metal Gear characters#Naomi Hunter|Naomi Hunter]]||
|-
|''[[Mercenaries 2: World In Flames]]''||2008||[[Jennifer Mui]]||
|-
|''[[SOCOM: Confrontation]]''||[[2008 in video gaming|2008]]|| Commando Announcer||
|-
|''[[Stalker: Clear Sky]]''||2008|| Multiplayer Announcer||
|-
|''[[Rise of the Argonauts]]''||2008|| Alceme||
|-
|''[[Brütal Legend]]''||2009|| Ophelia||
|-
|''[[Spider-Man: Shattered Dimensions]]'' ||2010|| [[Silver Sable]]||
|-
|''[[No More Heroes 2: Desperate Struggle]]''||2010|| Kimmy Howell / Alice Twilight||
|-
|''[[Mass Effect 2]]''||[[2010 in video gaming|2010]]|| [[Characters of Mass Effect#Commander Shepard|Commander Shepard]] (female)||
|-
|''[[Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep]]''||2010|| Cinderella/Aurora ||
|-
|''[[God of War: Ghost of Sparta]]''||2010||[[Erinyes|Erinys]]||Credited as "Daughter of Death," in collusion with [[Erin Torpey]]
|-
|''[[Marvel vs. Capcom 3: Fate of Two Worlds]]''||2011||[[Jean Grey|Phoenix]]||
|-
|''[[Star Wars: The Old Republic]]''<ref>[http://www.gametrailers.com/video/the-voice-star-wars/52927 The Voice of The Old Republic Featurette]</ref>||[[2011 in video gaming|2011]]||Satele Shan, Female Trooper and others||
|-
|''[[Bulletstorm]]''||2011||Trishka Novak||
|-
|''[[Knights Contract]]''||2011||Trude/Narrator (Mother)||
|-
|''[[SOCOM 4]]''||2011||HQ||
|-
|''[[Gears of War 3]]''||2011||Warehouse Stranded||
|-
|''[[Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3]]''||2011||[[Jean Grey|Phoenix]]||
|-
|''[[Kinect Disneyland Adventures]]''||2011||Cinderella/Aurora||
|-
|''[[Mass Effect 3]]''||2012||[[Characters of Mass Effect#Commander Shepard|Commander Shepard]] (female)||
|-
|''[[Diablo 3]]''||2012||Leah||
|-
|''[[Guild Wars 2]]''||2012||Sylvari Female||
|-
|''[[PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale]]''||2012||Nariko||
|-
|''[[République]]''||2013||Mentor||forthcoming
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.jenniferhale.com}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0354937}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hale, Jennifer}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American people of Canadian descent]]
[[Category:American film actors]]
[[Category:American television actors]]
[[Category:American voice actors]]
[[Category:American video game actors]]
[[Category:People from Birmingham, Alabama]]
[[Category:People from Atlanta, Georgia]]
[[Category:Actors from Los Angeles, California]]
[[Category:Actors from Alabama]]
[[Category:Actors from Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Actors from California]]
[[Category:People from Happy Valley-Goose Bay]]

[[bg:Дженифър Хейл]]
[[cs:Jennifer Hale]]
[[fr:Jennifer Hale]]
[[ko:제니퍼 헤일]]
[[is:Jennifer Hale]]
[[it:Jennifer Hale]]
[[ms:Jennifer Hale]]
[[ja:ジェニファー・ヘイル]]
[[nn:Jennifer Hale]]
[[pt:Jennifer Hale]]
[[ru:Хейл, Дженнифер (актриса)]]
[[fi:Jennifer Hale]]
[[tl:Jennifer Hale]]
[[th:เจนนิเฟอร์ เฮล]]

Samoreau

2012-09-24T11:07:34Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (robot Ajoute : sv:Samoreau

{{Infobox Communes de France
|nomcommune=Samoreau
|image=Samoreau - Town hall.jpg
|image-desc=La mairie de Samoreau
|image-taille=
|armoiries=
|armoiries-desc=
|armoiries-taille=
|logo=
|logo-desc=
|logo-taille=
|région=[[Île-de-France]]
|département=[[Seine-et-Marne]]
|arrondissement=[[Arrondissement de Fontainebleau|Fontainebleau]]
|canton=[[Canton de Fontainebleau|Fontainebleau]]
|insee=77442
|cp=77210
|maire=Jean-Baptiste Morla
|mandat=[[2008]]-[[2014]]
|intercomm=[[Communauté de communes entre Seine et Forêt]]
|longitude=2.755
|latitude=48.4261111111
|alt mini=41
|alt maxi=147
|km²=5.65
|sans=2341
|date-sans=[[2007]]
|aire-urbaine=
|nomhab=Samoréens
|siteweb=
|géoloc-département=
}}

'''Samoreau''' est une [[Commune française|commune]] [[France|française]], située dans le [[département français|département]] de [[Seine-et-Marne]] et la [[région française|région]] [[Île-de-France]].

Les [[gentilé|habitants]] sont appelés les ''Samoréens''.

== Géographie ==
La commune est desservie par une [[gare de Vulaines-sur-Seine - Samoreau|gare]] du [[Transilien]] située sur la commune de [[Vulaines-sur-Seine]].
=== Communes limitrophes ===
{{Localisation ville
|Nord-Ouest=[[Samois-sur-Seine]]
|ville nord=[[Vulaines-sur-Seine]]
|Nord-Est=[[Machault (Seine-et-Marne)|Machault]]
|ville ouest=[[Avon (Seine-et-Marne)|Avon]]
|ville principale=Samoreau
|ville est=
|Sud-Ouest=[[Fontainebleau]]
|ville sud=[[Montigny-sur-Loing]]
|Sud-Est=[[Champagne-sur-Seine]] [[Thomery]]
}}
== Histoire ==
[[Fichier:Château des Pressoirs du Roy.jpg|thumb|right|Château des Pressoirs du Roy, carte postale vers 1900]]
En 1177 l’Abbaye de [[Quartier Saint-Germain-des-Prés|Saint-Germain-des-Prés]] acquiert une partie du territoire du village. En 1316 le roi [[Philippe V de France|Philippe V]] intervient dans le conflit qui oppose les moines aux habitants. En 1520 [[François Ier de France|François {{Ier}}]] achète les coteaux où il fait construire le château des Pressoirs du Roy. De 1592 à 1597, [[Henri IV de France|Henri IV]] fait des séjours aux Pressoirs du Roy en compagnie de la belle [[Gabrielle d’Estrées]]. En 1679 fut créée le coche d’eau royal entre [[Paris]] et Valvins (village le plus proche de Samoreau, au bord de la Seine). De 1790 à 1796 : Réquisition et vente de tous les biens appartenant à l’abbaye de Saint-Germain-des-Prés et à la Cure. De 1811 à 1825 fut construire le premier pont de Valvins qui supplante le bac. Le premier instituteur arrive à Samoreau en 1813. En septembre 1870 un [[cyclone]] ravage la région et abat la flèche de l’église. De 1895 à 1897 : construction de la voie ferrée qui traverse Samoreau. En 1898 [[Stéphane Mallarmé]] est mort à Valvins ; il est enterré au cimetière de Samoreau. La même année fut fondé le corps de sapeurs-pompiers. En 1908 la ligne de Tramway Fontainebleau-Valvins est prolongée jusqu’à la gare de Vulaines-Samoreau. En 1908 [[Maurice Ravel]] compose « Ma Mère l’Oye » à la « Grangette », maison appartenant à Cipa Godebski, fils du sculpteur Cyprien Godebski et demi-frère de Misia Natanson, près de la maison de Mallarmé. En 1940 le pont de Valvins est détruit. Le 23 août 1944 l’Armée Américaine du Général [[George Patton]] franchit la [[Seine]] sur un pont de bateaux et pénètre dans Samoreau. En 1956 la Mairie achète la Grange aux Dîmes pour en assurer la sauvegarde. 1986 : restauration de l’église qui retrouve sa flèche<ref>Clément-Bayer, René ; Nicol, Alain ; Thibieroz, Cécile et Jean-Pierre: La Mémoire d’un Village 1177–1987, catalogue, exposition sur l'histoire de Samoreau, Samoreau 1987. Inventaire-sommaire des Archives départementales antérieures à 1790, Seine-et-Marne, No. 3, Melun 1875, p. 16, 119, 133. Blazek, Matthias: « Vor 70 Jahren komponierte Ravel in Avon den Boléro », dans: ''Kameradschaftliches aus Fontainebleau – Mitteilungsblatt des Freundeskreises Deutscher Militärischer Bevollmächtigter in Frankreich'', No. 11, février 1998, Fontainebleau 1998, p. 20.</ref>.

== Politique et administration ==
=== Liste des maires ===
{{ÉluDébut|Titre= Liste des maires successifs<ref>Blazek, Matthias: « Les Maires de Samoreau », dans: Comité de Jumelage Samoreau/Bernried, Bulletin No 4, Samoreau 1999, p. 15.</ref>}}
{{Élu|Début= 1995|Fin= 2014|Identité=Jean-Baptiste Morla|Parti= |Qualité=}}
{{Élu|Début= 1989|Fin= 1995|Identité=Jacques Excoffon|Parti= |Qualité=}}
{{Élu|Début= 1983|Fin= 1989|Identité=William Malfray|Parti= |Qualité=}}
{{Élu|Début= 1965|Fin= 1983|Identité=André Millet|Parti= |Qualité=}}
{{Élu|Début= 1935|Fin= 1965|Identité=Lucien Oriol|Parti= |Qualité=}}
{{Élu|Début= 1929|Fin= 1935|Identité=Georges Comperat|Parti= |Qualité=}}
{{Élu|Début= 1927|Fin= 1929|Identité=Jacques Delafon|Parti= |Qualité=}}
{{Élu|Début= 1925|Fin= 1927|Identité=Eugene Couillard |Parti= |Qualité=}}
{{Élu|Début= (1920)|Fin= 1925|Identité=Léon Lavoir|Parti= |Qualité=}}
{{Élu|Début= 1912|Fin= (1919)|Identité=Georges Comperat|Parti= |Qualité=}}
{{Élu|Début= 1904|Fin= 1912|Identité=Julien Couillard|Parti= |Qualité=}}
{{Élu|Début= (1901)|Fin= 1904|Identité=Edouard Songeux|Parti= |Qualité=}}
{{Élu|Début= (1881)|Fin= (1900)|Identité=Ernest Bodin|Parti= |Qualité=}}
{{Élu|Début= (1879)|Fin= (1881)|Identité=Claude Hippolyte Lepâtre|Parti= |Qualité=}}
{{Élu|Début= 1865|Fin= (1875)|Identité=Alfred Léon Destors|Parti= |Qualité=}}
{{Élu|Début= (1839)|Fin= 1865|Identité=Pierre Charles Dugornay|Parti= |Qualité=}}
{{Élu|Début= 1834|Fin= (1837)|Identité=Comte de Traversay|Parti= |Qualité=}}
{{Élu|Début= 1828|Fin= 1834|Identité=Pierre François Dugornay|Parti= |Qualité=}}
{{Élu|Début= 1826|Fin= 1828|Identité=Edme Gervais|Parti= |Qualité=}}
{{Élu|Début= 1818|Fin= 1826|Identité=Pierre Louis Macey|Parti= |Qualité=}}
{{Élu|Début= 1817|Fin= 1818|Identité=Auguste Durosnel|Parti= |Qualité=}}
{{Élu|Début= 1816|Fin= 1817|Identité=Jean-Baptiste Dufour|Parti= |Qualité=}}
{{Élu|Début= 1815|Fin= 1816|Identité=Pierre François Dugornay|Parti= |Qualité=}}
{{Élu|Début= |Fin= |Identité=Beldebat de Kamingant (1790)|Parti= |Qualité=}}
{{ÉluDonnées}}
{{ÉluFin}}

=== Jumelages ===
*Samoreau est jumelé avec la commune [[Bavière|bavaroise]] de [[Bernried (Basse-Bavière)|Bernried]].
== Population et société ==
=== Démographie ===
{{DemogFR| 1962=778 | 1968=887 | 1975=1 304 | 1982=1 626 | 1990=1 856 | 1999=2 157 | date1=2006 | pop1=2 290 | date2=2007 | pop2=2 341|
sansdoublescomptes= 1962|source=INSEE<ref>[http://www.recensement.insee.fr/RP99/rp99/page_accueil.user_choix_aut?nivgeo=C&theme=ALL&typeprod=ALL&choix_reg=&codgeo=77442&choix_saisi=Samoreau&lang=FR&valider=valider Samoreau sur le site de l'Insee].</ref>}}
=== Festivités et évènements ===
* {{date|11|septembre|1898}} : obsèques de [[Stéphane Mallarmé]]
== Culture locale et patrimoine ==
[[Fichier:Samoreau - Église Saint-Pierre.jpg|thumb|right|Eglise Saint-Pierre]]
[[Fichier:Samoreau - Grange aux Dîmes.jpg|thumb|right|Grange aux Dimes]]
[[Fichier:Samoreau Château et Parc de Montmélian.jpg|thumb|Château et Parc de Montmélian, carte postale vers 1900]]

=== Patrimoine religieux ===
* '''Église Saint-Pierre''' (XII{{e}} siècle). La [[nef]] a été très probablement construite par les moines originaires de l'abbaye de [[Saint-Germain-des-Prés]]. Dans le [[transept]] se trouve un petit panneau peint représentant la Sainte Famille, classé [[monument historique (France)|monument historique]]. La cloche de l'église (la plus petite des deux qui existaient avant la destruction du clocher par la foudre en [[1870]]) porte l'inscription « L'an 1500 fut faicte à Samoisseau en Brie et fut nommée Marie ». C'est l'une des plus anciennes du département. L'église est inscrite à l'Inventaire supplémentaire des Monuments Historiques depuis août 1949<ref>Comp. Blazek, Matthias: « Die Eglise von Samoreau » (en allemand), dans: ''Kameradschaftliches aus Fontainebleau – Mitteilungsblatt des Freundeskreises Deutscher Militärischer Bevollmächtigter in Frankreich'', No. 12, septembre 1998, Fontainebleau 1998, p. 14 suiv.</ref>.

=== Monuments et lieux touristiques ===
* '''[[Grange aux dîmes|Grange aux Dîmes]]''' (XIII{{e}} siècle). Elle est, avec le pigeonnier, le seul bâtiment qui subsiste de l'ensemble formé par la grande ferme (ferme du Bas-Samoreau) qui comportait des écuries, une étable, une porcherie, une laiterie<ref>Détaillé: Nicol, Alain; Blazek, Matthias: L'Histoire de la Grange aux Dîmes, Samoreau 1998.</ref>.
* '''Les Pressoirs du Roy'''. Construite par [[François Ier de France|François {{Ier}}]], cette demeure fut tour à tour gentilhommière royale, exploitation viticole, briqueterie, résidence bourgeoise, hôpital et maintenant Maison d’enfants. [[Henri IV de France|Henri IV]] y séjourne régulièrement et y installe [[Gabrielle d'Estrées]].
* '''Château de Montmélian'''
* '''Le pont de Valvins'''. À Valvins, un bac fait le service du passage de la Seine.

=== Personnalités liées à la commune ===
==== Autres personnalités liées à la commune ====
* [[Matthias Blazek]], [[journaliste]] et [[historien]] allemand, a vécu dans le village étant membre de la Délégation Militaire Allemande en France de 1994 à 1999
* [[Jean-Pierre Lacloche]], [[écrivain]] français, enterré au cimetière de Samoreau
* [[Olivier Larronde]], [[poète]] français, enterré au cimetière de Samoreau
* [[Stéphane Mallarmé]], [[poète]] français, enterré auprès de son fils Anatole au cimetière de Samoreau
* Jean-Baptiste Morla (né le [[19 janvier]] [[1938]]), élu en tant que maire depuis le 24 juin 1995

== Voir aussi ==
{{Autres projets|commons=category:Samoreau}}

=== Bibliographie ===
* René Clément-Bayer, Alain Nicol, Cécile et Jean-Pierre Thibieroz: ''Samoreau'', Samoreau 1978
* Pierre Grassat: ''La Libération de Samoreau 23-25 août 1944 – Récit d'un témoin'', Samoreau 1996
* Pierre Grassat et Matthias Blazek: ''Pompes à bras et pompiers à Samoreau: L'Historique des Sapeurs-Pompiers de Samoreau 1898–1982'', intr. par Patrice Havard, Samoreau 1997
* Georges Guillory: ''Vulaines – Samoreau – Héricy'', éditions Amatteis, Le Mée-sur-Seine 1993. {{ISBN|2-86849-127-8}}
* Les Amis de Samois sur Seine: ''Valvins'', Les Cahiers Samoisiens, No. 14/1993, Samois sur Seine 1993. {{ISSN|0338-120X}}
* Alain Nicol et Matthias Blazek: ''L'Histoire de la Grange aux Dîmes'', Samoreau 1998
* Étienne Pivert de Sénancour et George Sand: ''Obermann'', Paris 1863, p. 97
* Marie-Anne Sarda: ''Stéphane Mallarmé à Valvins'', Livre du visiteur, Musée départemental Stéphane Mallarmé, Vulaines-sur-Seine 1995. {{ISBN|2-911389-00-X}}
* René Clément-Bayer, Alain Nicol, Cécile et Jean-Pierre Thibieroz: ''La Mémoire d'un Village 1177–1987'', catalogue, exposition sur l'histoire de Samoreau, Samoreau 1987
* Comité de Jumelage Samoreau/Bernried: Bulletins No 1-4, Samoreau 1996–1999
* Prussia: ''La guerre franco-prussienne de 1870–71: Rédigée par la section « des großen Generalstabes »'', Berlin 1878, p. 60

=== Liens externes ===
* [http://www.samoreau.fr Site officiel de la commune]

== Notes et références ==
<references/>

{{Portail|Seine-et-Marne|communes de France}}

[[Catégorie:Commune de Seine-et-Marne]]

[[ca:Samoreau]]
[[ceb:Samoreau]]
[[en:Samoreau]]
[[es:Samoreau]]
[[eu:Samoreau]]
[[id:Samoreau]]
[[it:Samoreau]]
[[ms:Samoreau]]
[[nl:Samoreau]]
[[oc:Samoreau]]
[[pl:Samoreau]]
[[pt:Samoreau]]
[[sk:Samoreau]]
[[sv:Samoreau]]
[[uk:Саморо]]
[[vi:Samoreau]]
[[vo:Samoreau]]
[[war:Samoreau]]

The Jethro Tull Christmas Album

2012-09-19T15:37:57Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding nn:The Jethro Tull Christmas Album

{{Infobox album | 
| Name = The Jethro Tull Christmas Album
| Type = Studio album
| Longtype = (Christmas)
| Artist = [[Jethro Tull (band)|Jethro Tull]]
| Cover = Jethro_Tull_The_Christmas_Album.jpg
| Released = September 30, 2003 ([[United States|U.S.]])
| Recorded =
| Genre = [[Progressive rock]], [[Hard rock]]
| Length = 62:16 126:29 (with Christmas at St Bride's 2008)
| Label = [[Fuel 2000 Records|Fuel 2000]] , [[RandM Records|RandM]]
| Producer = [[Ian Anderson (singer and musician)|Ian Anderson]]
| Last album = ''[[Essential (Jethro Tull)|Essential]]'' (2003)
| This album = '''''The Jethro Tull Christmas Album''''' (2003)
| Next album = ''[[Nothing Is Easy: Live at the Isle of Wight 1970]]'' (2004)
}}
{{Album ratings
| rev1 = [[Allmusic]]
| rev1Score = {{Rating|4|5}} <ref>{{Allmusic|album|r657119|first=Bruce Eder|last=Dave Sleger}}</ref>
| rev2 = [[Progressive World]]
| rev2Score = {{Rating|5|5}} <ref>[http://www.progressiveworld.net/jethrotull16.html Progressive World review]</ref>
| rev3 = ''[[Rolling Stone]]''
| rev3Score = (favorable) <ref>[http://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/the-jethro-tull-christmas-album-20031217 Rolling Stone review]</ref>
| rev4 = [[Georgiy Starostin|George Starostin]]
| rev4Score = (8/10) <ref>[http://starling.rinet.ru/music/tull.htm#Album George Starostin review]</ref>
| rev5 = [[The Daily Vault]]
| rev5Score = B+ <ref>[http://dailyvault.com/toc.php5?review=4642 The Daily Vault review]</ref>
| rev6 =
| rev6Score =
}}
'''''The Jethro Tull Christmas Album''''' is the 21st studio album released by [[Jethro Tull (band)|Jethro Tull]], on September 30, 2003 (see [[2003 in music]]). The songs are a mix of new material, re-recordings of Tull's own suitably themed material and arrangements of traditional Christmas music. In 2009, the live album '''''Christmas at St Bride's 2008''''' was included with the original album on CD.

[[Ian Anderson (musician)|Ian Anderson]] about the song ''Birthday Card at Christmas'': "My daughter Gael, like millions of other unfortunates, celebrates her birthday within a gnat’s whisker of Christmas. Overshadowed by the Great Occasion, such birthdays can be flat, perfunctory and fleetingly token in their uneventful passing. The daunting party and festive celebration of the Christian calendar overshadows too, some might argue, the humble birthday of one Mr. J. Christ. Funny old 25ths, Decembers…"

==Track listing==
#"Birthday Card at Christmas" (Ian Anderson) – 3:37
#"Holly Herald" (Instrumental medley arranged and developed by Anderson) – 4:16
#"A Christmas Song" (Anderson) – 2:47
#"Another Christmas Song" (Anderson) – 3:31
#"[[God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen]]" (Trad. instrumental arranged and developed by Anderson) – 4:35
#"Jack Frost and the Hooded Crow" (Anderson) – 3:37
#"Last Man at the Party" (Anderson) – 4:48
#"Weathercock" (Anderson) – 4:17
#"[[Pavane (Fauré)|Pavane]]" (Instrumental, [[Gabriel Fauré]], arranged and developed by Anderson) – 4:19
#"First Snow on Brooklyn" (Anderson) – 4:57
#"[[Greensleeves|Greensleeved]]" (Trad. instrumental based on "Greensleeves". Arranged and developed by Anderson) – 2:39
#"Fire at Midnight" (Anderson) – 2:26
#"We Five Kings" (Instrumental "[[We Three Kings]]", Rev. J. Hopkins, arranged and developed by Anderson) – 3:16
#"Ring Out Solstice Bells" (Anderson) – 4:04
#"[[Bourrée in E minor|Bourée]]" (Instrumental J. S. Bach, arranged and developed by Anderson) – 4:25
#"A Winter Snowscape" (Instrumental, Martin Barre) – 4:57

Tracks 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, and 15 are all re-recordings of previously released songs. 'Bourée', however, has significant alterations to the musical arrangement, so it could be regarded as an entirely new piece.

=== Christmas at St Bride's 2008 ===
''Recorded Live at [[St Bride's Church]]''
#"Weathercock" (Ian Anderson) - 4:41
#"Introduction: Rev. George Pitcher / Choir: What Cheer" ([[William Walton]]) - 3:32
#"A Christmas Song" (Anderson) - 3:19
#"Living in These Hard Times" (Anderson) - 3:44
#"Choir: Silent Night" (Traditional) - 3:06
#"Reading: Ian Anderson, Marmion" ([[Sir Walter Scott]]) - 2:17
#"Jack in the Green" (Anderson) - 2:33
#"Another Christmas Song" (Anderson) - 3:56
#"Reading: Gavin Esler, God's Grandeur" ([[Gerard Manley Hopkins]]) - 1:50
#"Choir: [[Oh, Come All Ye Faithful]]" (Traditional) - 3:50
#"Reading: Mark Billingham, The Ballad of The Breadman" ([[Charles Causley]]) - 3:33
#"A Winter Snowscape" ([[Martin Barre]]) - 3:39
#"Reading: Andrew Lincoln, Christmas" ([[Sir John Betjeman]]) - 3:12
#"Fires at Midnight" (Anderson) - 3:38
#"We Five Kings" (Instrumental "We Three Kings", Rev. J. Hopkins, arranged and developed by Anderson) - 3:19
#"Choir: Gaudete" (Trad. arranged by Anderson) - 3:39
#"[[God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen]] / [[Thick as a Brick]]" (Trad. arranged by Anderson / Anderson) - 10:25

==Personnel==
* [[Ian Anderson (musician)|Ian Anderson]] – flute, vocals, acoustic guitars, mandolin, piccolo, percussion
* [[Martin Barre]] – electric and acoustic guitars
* [[Andrew Giddings]] – keyboards, accordion and keyboard bass
* [[Jonathan Noyce]] – bass guitar
* [[Doane Perry]] – drums and percussion

===Guest musicians===
* James Duncan - drums and percussion
* [[Dave Pegg]] - bass, mandolin
* The Sturez String Quartet:
:* Gábor Csonka – 1st violin
:* Péter Szilágyi – 2nd violin
:* Gyula Benkö – viola
:* András Sturez – cello

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Allmusic|class=album|id=r657119|label=''The Jethro Tull Christmas Album'' 2003}}
* {{Allmusic|class=album|id=r716832|label=''The Jethro Tull Christmas Album'' 2004}} (bonus DVD)
* [http://www.j-tull.com/news/christmasalbum.cfm Official Website]
* [http://www.progarchives.com/Progressive_rock_discography_CD.asp?cd_id=3625 Progressive Archives]
* [http://www.dprp.net/reviews/200363.html DPRP CD Review]
* [http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/_/id/5935273 Rolling Stone Review]

{{Jethro Tull}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jethro Tull Christmas Album}}
[[Category:Jethro Tull albums]]
[[Category:2003 Christmas albums]]
[[Category:2003 albums]]
[[Category:2009 Christmas albums]]
[[Category:2009 live albums]]
[[Category:Live Christmas albums]]
[[Category:Double albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Ian Anderson]]

[[cs:The Jethro Tull Christmas Album]]
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Nightcap: The Unreleased Masters 1973–1991

2012-09-19T11:38:45Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding nn:Nightcap

{{dablink|For other uses, see [[Nightcap (disambiguation)|Nightcap]].}}

{{Infobox Album | 
Name = Nightcap: The Unreleased Masters 1972-1991 |
| Type = compilation
| Longtype = of outtakes
| Artist = [[Jethro Tull (band)|Jethro Tull]] |
Cover = JethroTull_Nightcap.jpg |
Released = 22 November 1993 (UK) 11 January 2000 (U.S.)|
Recorded = 1972 - 1991 at various locations |
Genre = [[Progressive rock]], [[hard rock]] |
Length = 120:39|
Label = [[Chrysalis Records|Chrysalis]] |
Producer = [[Ian Anderson (singer and musician)|Ian Anderson]] |
Last album = ''[[The Best of Jethro Tull - The Anniversary Collection]]'' (1993)|
This album = '''''Nightcap''''' (1993) |
Next album = ''[[Roots to Branches]]'' (1995)|
}}

{{Album ratings
| rev1 = [[Allmusic]]
| rev1Score = {{Rating|2.5|5}} <ref>{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r203563|tab=review|last=Eder|first=Bruce|label=''Nightcap''}}</ref>
| rev2 = [[Georgiy Starostin|George Starostin]]
| rev2Score = {{Rating|7|10}} (overall rating: 10/15) <ref>Starostin, George. [http://starling.rinet.ru/music/tull.htm#Nightcap ''Nightcap''] at starling.rinet.ru</ref>
}}

'''''Nightcap: The Unreleased Masters 1972-1991''''' (1993) is a [[Jethro Tull (band)|Jethro Tull]] double CD album released on 22 November 1993 with older and previously unreleased material.<ref>[http://www.collecting-tull.com/Albums/Nightcap.html ''Nightcap''], Collecting Tull</ref> The first CD contains material recorded in August 1972, much of which would be re-recorded and re-arranged as their sixth album, ''[[A Passion Play]]'' (1973). (The lyrics to "Critique Oblique" and "Scenario" actually refer to "passion play".) "Scenario", "Audition" and "No Rehearsal" had previously appeared on the ''[[20 Years of Jethro Tull]]'' box set as parts of a single track entitled "The Chateau d'Isaster Tapes"; this overall title is also used on ''Nightcap'' as the title of Disc one. The second CD ranges from 1974 to 1991. The album was produced in limited quantities with proceeds going to charity.

==Track listing==
===Disc one===
;My Round<nowiki>:</nowiki> Chateau d'Isaster Tapes
# "First Post" – 1:54
# "Animelée" – 1:41
# "Tiger Toon" – 1:36
# "Look At The Animals" – 5:09
# "Law Of The Bungle" – 2:32
# "Law Of The Bungle Part II" – 5:26
# "Left Right" – 5:01
# "Solitaire" – 1:25
# "Critique Oblique" – 9:03
# "Post Last" – 5:35
# "Scenario" – 3:26
# "Audition" – 2:34
# "No Rehearsal" – 5:12

===Disc two===
;Your Round<nowiki>:</nowiki> Unreleased and Rare Tracks
# "Paradise Steakhouse" (recorded 1974) - 4:01
# "Sealion II" (recorded 1974) – 3:21
# "Piece Of Cake" (recorded 1990) – 3:40
# "Quartet" (recorded 1974) – 2:45
# "Silver River Turning" (recorded 1990) – 4:52
# "Crew Nights" (recorded 1981) – 4:33
# "The Curse" (recorded 1981) – 3:39
# "Rosa On The Factory Floor" (recorded 1990) – 4:38
# "A Small Cigar" (recorded 1975) – 3:39
# "Man Of Principle" (recorded 1988) – 3:57
# "Commons Brawl" (recorded 1981) – 3:24
# "No Step" (recorded 1981) – 3:38
# "Drive On The Young Side Of Life" (recorded 1981) – 4:13
# "I Don't Want To Be Me" (recorded 1990) – 3:29
# "Broadford Bazaar" (recorded 1978) – 3:38
# "Lights Out" (recorded 1981) – 5:16
# "Truck Stop Runner" (recorded 1991) – 3:47
# "Hard Liner" (recorded 1989) – 3:47

==Recording locations and information==
*Disc 1:
** All tracks recorded August 1972 at [[Château d'Hérouville]], [[Hérouville]], [[France]].
***[[Ian Anderson (singer and musician)|Ian Anderson]] (flute, balalaika, mandolin, Hammond organ, acoustic guitar, vocals) plays on all tracks
***[[Martin Barre]] (electric guitar, speech) plays on all tracks
***[[John Evan]]s (celeste, mini-moog, piano) plays on all tracks
***[[Jeffrey Hammond-Hammond]] (bass, backing vocals) plays on all tracks
***[[Barriemore Barlow]] (drums, percussion) plays on all tracks
*Disc 2:
*** Ian Anderson (flute, mouth organ, claghorn, piano, vocals, harmonica, mandolin) plays on all tracks
** Tracks 1, 2 and 4 recorded 1974 at Morgan Studios, Fulham London,
***Martin Barre (electric guitar, marimba)
***Barriemore Barlow (drums, percussion)
***John Evans (mini-moog, piano)
***Jeffrey Hammond-Hammond (bass, vocals on "Sealion II")
***[[Dee Palmer|David Palmer]] (keyboards, orchestra conductor) plays on track 4
** Track 9 recorded 1975 at Maison Rouge Mobile Studio,
***[[Dee Palmer|David Palmer]] (keyboards, orchestra conductor)
** Track 15 recorded 1978 at Maison Rouge Mobile Studio, Fulham, London,
** Tracks 6, 7, 11 - 13 and 16 recorded 1981 at Maison Rouge Studios, Fulham, London,
***Martin Barre (electric guitar, marimba) plays on tracks 1 - 8, 10 - 14 and 16 - 18
***[[Dave Pegg]] (bass, mandolins, vocals) plays on tracks 3, 5 - 8, 10 - 14, 16 and 18
***[[Gerry Conway (musician)|Gerry Conway]] (drums, percussion) plays on tracks 6 - 7, 10 - 13 and 16
***[[Peter-John Vettese]] (piano, synthesizer) plays on tracks 6 and 13
** Track 10 recorded 1988 at Ian Anderson's home studio,
***Martin Barre (electric guitar, marimba) plays on tracks 1 - 8, 10 - 14 and 16 - 18
***[[Gerry Conway (musician)|Gerry Conway]] (drums, percussion) plays on tracks 6 - 7, 10 - 13 and 16
** Track 18 recorded 1989 at Ian Anderson's home studio,
***Martin Barre (electric guitar, marimba) plays on tracks 1 - 8, 10 - 14 and 16 - 18
** Tracks 3, 5, 8 and 14 recorded 1990 at Ian Anderson's home studio,
***[[Dave Pegg]] (bass, mandolins, vocals) plays on tracks 3, 5 - 8, 10 - 14, 16 and 18
***Martin Barre (electric guitar, marimba) plays on tracks 1 - 8, 10 - 14 and 16 - 18
***[[Doane Perry]] (drums) plays on tracks 3, 5, 8 and 14
***[[John Bundrick]] (piano, Hammond B-3 organ on tracks 3, 5 and 8 of CD2)
** Track 17 recorded 1991 at Ian Anderson's home studio and [[Woodworm Records|Woodworm]] Studios.
***Martin Barre (electric guitar, marimba) plays on tracks 1 - 8, 10 - 14 and 16 - 18
***[[Matt Pegg|Matthew Pegg]] (bass on track 17 of CD2)
***Scott Hunter (drums on track 17 of CD2 (Doane Perry is mistakenly credited on this track in the CD-booklet))

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jethro Tull}}

[[Category:Jethro Tull compilation albums]]
[[Category:1993 compilation albums]]
[[Category:Double compilation albums]]
[[Category:Chrysalis Records compilation albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Ian Anderson]]

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Roots to Branches

2012-09-19T11:38:01Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding nn:Roots to Branches

{{Infobox Album | 
Name = Roots to Branches |
Type = [[Album]] |
Artist = [[Jethro Tull (band)|Jethro Tull]] |
Cover = JethroTullRootstoBranches.jpg |
Released = 4 September 1995 ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) 12 September 1995 ([[United States|U.S.]]) |
Recorded = December 1994 until June 1995 |
Genre = [[Hard rock]] [[Progressive rock]] [[World music]] |
Length = 60:00 |
Label = [[Chrysalis Records|Chrysalis]] |
Producer = Ian Anderson |
Last album = ''[[Nightcap (album)|Nightcap]]'' (1993) |
This album = '''''Roots to Branches''''' (1995) |
Next album = ''[[In Concert (Jethro Tull)|In Concert]]'' (1995) |
| Misc = {{Singles
| Name = Roots To Branches 
| Type = studio
| Single 1 = [[Rare And Precious Chain]]
| Single 1 date = {{start-date|1995}}
| Single 2 = [[Beside Myself]]
| Single 2 date = {{start-date|1995}}
}}
}}

{{Album ratings
| rev1 = [[Allmusic]]
| rev1Score = {{rating|2.5|5}} <ref>{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r220813|tab=review|last=Eder|first=Bruce|label=''Roots to Branches''}}</ref>
| rev2 = [[Georgiy Starostin|George Starostin]]
| rev2Score = {{rating|4|10}} (overall rating: 7/15) <ref>Starostin, George. [http://starling.rinet.ru/music/tull.htm#Branches ''Roots to Branches''], starling.rinet.ru</ref>
}}

'''''Roots to Branches''''' is the 19th studio album by the band [[Jethro Tull (band)|Jethro Tull]]. It carries characteristics of Tull's classic 1970s art-rock and folk-rock roots alongside jazz and Arabic and Far Eastern influences. All songs were written by [[Ian Anderson (singer and musician)|Ian Anderson]] and recorded at his home studio. This is the last Tull album to feature [[Dave Pegg]] on the bass, and the first to feature keyboardist [[Andrew Giddings]] as an official band member, although he had contributed to ''[[Catfish Rising]]'' on a sessional basis.

==Track listing==
{{tracklist
| title1 = Roots to Branches
| length1 = 5:11
| title2 = Rare and Precious Chain
| length2 = 3:35
| title3 = Out of the Noise
| length3 = 3:25
| title4 = This Free Will
| length4 = 4:05
| title5 = Valley
| length5 = 6:07
| title6 = Dangerous Veils
| length6 = 5:35
| title7 = Beside Myself
| length7 = 5:50
| title8 = Wounded, Old and Treacherous
| length8 = 7:50
| title9 = At Last, Forever
| length9 = 7:55
| title10 = Stuck in the August Rain
| length10 = 4:06
| title11 = Another Harry's Bar
| length11 = 6:21
}}

==Remaster==
In January 2007, a remastered edition of the album was released. It contained no bonus tracks.

==Credits==
* [[Ian Anderson (singer and musician)|Ian Anderson]] – Vocals, concert flute, bamboo flute, acoustic guitar
* [[Martin Barre]] – Electric guitars
* [[Doane Perry]] – Drums
* [[Andrew Giddings]] – Keyboards
* [[Dave Pegg]] – Bass guitar (tracks 3, 5, 11)
* [[Steve Bailey]] – Bass guitar (tracks 1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10)

==Charts==
'''Album''' - [[Billboard magazine|Billboard]] (North America)
{| class="wikitable" width="20%"
!Year
!Chart
!Position
|-
| 1995
| The Billboard 200
| 114
|-
|}

==Release details==
*1995, UK, Chrysalis 8-35418-4, Release Date 31 August 1995, Cassette
*1995, UK, Chrysalis CDCHR 6109, Release Date 4 September 1995, CD
*1995, UK, Chrysalis CHR 6109, Release Date 4 September 1995, LP
*1995, UK, Chrysalis TCCHR 6109, Release Date ? ? 1995, Cassette
*1995, UK, Chrysalis 8-35418-2, Release Date ? ? 1995, CD
*1995, U.S., Chrysalis F2 35418, Release Date 12 September 1995, CD
*1995, U.S., Chrysalis CHR 6109, Release Date 12 September 1995, LP
*1995, Australia, Chrysalis CDCHR 6109, Release Date 27 October 1995, CD

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jethro Tull}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roots To Branches}}
[[Category:Jethro Tull albums]]
[[Category:1995 albums]]
[[Category:Chrysalis Records albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Ian Anderson]]

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Alice Roosevelt Longworth

2012-09-17T20:57:24Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding da:Alice Roosevelt Longworth

{{Refimprove|date=October 2010}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Alice Roosevelt Longworth
| image = Alice roosevelt color 3.jpg
| caption = Hand-tinted photograph of Alice Roosevelt by [[Frances Benjamin Johnston]], taken around her debut in 1903
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1884|2|12}}
| birth_place = [[United States|New York City]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1980|2|20|1884|2|12}}
| death_place = [[United States|U.S.]]
| spouse = [[Nicholas Longworth]]
}}

'''Alice Lee Roosevelt Longworth''' (February 12, 1884 – February 20, 1980) was the oldest child of [[Theodore Roosevelt]], the 26th [[President of the United States]]. She was the only child of Roosevelt and his first wife, [[Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt|Alice Hathaway Lee]].

Longworth led an unconventional and controversial life. Despite her love for her legendary father, she proved to be almost nothing like him. Her marriage to [[United States House of Representatives|Representative]] [[Nicholas Longworth]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]-[[Ohio]]), a party leader and 43rd Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, was shaky, and the couple's only child was a result of her affair with Senator [[William Borah]] of [[Idaho]]. She temporarily became a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] during the [[John F. Kennedy|Kennedy]] and [[Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]] administrations, and proudly boasted in a ''[[60 Minutes]]'' interview with [[Eric Sevareid]] [[Broadcasting|broadcast]] February 17, 1974, that she was a "[[hedonism|hedonist]]".

==Childhood==
[[Image:Theodore Roosevelt and family, 1903.jpg|thumb|left|220 px|Roosevelt family in 1903 with [[Quentin Roosevelt|Quentin]] on the left, TR, [[Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.|Ted, Jr.]], [[Archibald Roosevelt|"Archie"]], Alice, [[Kermit Roosevelt|Kermit]], [[Edith Roosevelt|Edith]], and [[Ethel Roosevelt Derby|Ethel]].]]

Alice Lee Roosevelt was born in the [[Roosevelt family]] home at 6 West 57th St. in [[New York City]]. Her mother, Alice, was a [[Boston]] banking heiress. Her father, Theodore, was then a [[New York (state)|New York]] [[New York State Assembly|State Assemblyman]]. Two days after her birth, in the same house, her mother died of undiagnosed [[Bright's disease]]; also, on the same day, her paternal grandmother, [[Martha Bulloch Roosevelt]], died of [[typhoid fever]].

Theodore was rendered so distraught by his wife's death that he could not bear to think about her. He almost never spoke of her again, would not allow her to be mentioned in his presence, and even omitted her name from his autobiography. Therefore, his daughter Alice was called "Baby Lee" instead of her name. She continued this practice late in life, preferring to be called "Mrs. L" rather than "Alice".

Seeking solace, Theodore retreated from his life in New York and headed west where he spent two years traveling and living on his ranch in [[North Dakota]]. He left his infant daughter in the care of his sister Anna [[Bamie Roosevelt]], also known as "Bye". There are letters to Bamie that reveal Theodore's concern for his daughter. In one 1884 letter, he wrote, "I hope Mousiekins will be very cunning, I shall dearly love her."<ref>Wead D.:"All the Presidents' Children: Triumph and Tragedy in the Lives of America's First Families",page 48, Atria Books, 2003.</ref>

Theodore's choice of his sister Anna "Bamie" Roosevelt was not an offhand choice. Bamie had been deeply involved in his life and had been managing the Roosevelt family household since her debut in 1873. She personally decorated his lodgings while Theodore attended Harvard.<ref>Caroli, B. B.:"The Roosevelt Women, page 75, Basic Books, 1998.</ref> She was the only aunt with whom Longworth had a long-term relationship. Bamie was the one strong stabilizing influence on her. Longworth would later speak of her admiringly: "If auntie Bye had been a man, ''she'' would have been president."<ref>Rixey, L.:"Bamie: Theodore Roosevelt's remarkable sister, page v, D. McKay Co., 1963.</ref> Bamie took Longworth under her watchful care, moving Longworth into her book-filled Manhattan house, until Theodore married again.

After Theodore's marriage to [[Edith Roosevelt|Edith Kermit Carow]], Longworth was raised by her stepmother. During much of her childhood, Bamie was a remote figure who eventually married and moved to London for a time. But later, as Longworth became more independent and came into conflict with her father and stepmother, Aunt "Bye" provided needed structure and stability. Late in life, Longworth said of her Aunt Bye: "There is always someone in every family who keeps it together. In ours, it was Auntie Bye."<ref>Teague.</ref>

Increasingly, Longworth's parents would send her off to visit Bamie when they couldn't handle her. Likewise it would be Longworth's maternal grandparents in Boston with whom she would spend summers and holiday periods, including Thanksgiving.

==Relationship with step-mother Edith Carow==
[[Image:Alice Roosevelt LOC USZ 62 13520.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Alice Roosevelt around 1902 by [[Frances Benjamin Johnston]].]]
After returning east, and running for and losing the election for mayor of [[New York City]] in 1886, Theodore Roosevelt went to London where he married a childhood friend, [[Edith Roosevelt|Edith Kermit Carow]]. He and Edith would have five children and remain married until his death in 1919. Edith would outlive both her husband and his famous cousin Franklin, dying in 1948. There were strains in the relationship between Theodore and his daughter, and he had very little interaction with her during her earliest years, leaving the work to other people, such as his sister Bamie, Longworth's maternal grandparents and even his second wife, Edith. Longworth was continually shuffled about from one house to another, even as a teenager, and she later said she often felt like he loved her "one-sixth" as much as the other children.

[[File:Edith Roosevelt.jpg|thumb|left|220 px|Edith Carow Roosevelt (circa. 1900)]]
There were also tensions in the relationship between young Longworth and her stepmother, who had known her husband's previous wife and made it clear that she regarded her predecessor as a beautiful but insipid, childlike fool. As Longworth later recalled, her stepmother once angrily told her that if Longworth's mother, Alice Lee Roosevelt, had lived, she would have bored her father to death.<ref>Miller, N.:"Theodore Roosevelt: A Life, page 193, William Morrow, 1992.</ref> Despite these strains, it would be Edith, the demanding stepmother, who would save Longworth from a life possibly in a wheelchair or on crutches when Longworth came down with a mild form of [[polio]] in one leg, causing its muscles to grow shorter than in the other leg. By Edith's uncompromising regimen of nightly forced wearing of torturous leg braces and shoes, even over Longworth's sobs, Edith ensured that Longworth would grow up with almost no trace of the disability. Longworth was able to run up stairs and touch her nose with her toe well into her 80s.

Longworth, always spoiled with gifts, matured into young womanhood and, in the course, became known as a great beauty like her mother. However, continuing tension with her stepmother and prolonged separation and little attention from her father created a young woman who was as independent and outgoing as she was self-confident and calculating. When her father was governor of New York, he and his wife proposed that Longworth attend a conservative school for girls in New York City. Pulling out all the stops, Longworth wrote, "If you send me I will humiliate you. I will do something that will shame you. I tell you I will."<ref>Renehan, Edward J., Jr. "The Lion's Pride: Theodore Roosevelt and His Family in Peace and War". Oxford University Press, 1999 p. 47.</ref>

In later years, Longworth expressed admiration for her stepmother's sense of humor and stated that they had shared similar literary tastes. In her autobiography ''Crowded Hours'', Longworth wrote of Edith Carow, stating "That I was the child of another marriage was a simple fact and made a situation that had to be coped with, and Mother coped with it with a fairness and charm and intelligence which she has to a greater degree than almost any one else I know." <ref>Lognworth, A. L.: "Crowded Hours", page 9, Charles Scribner's Press, 1933.</ref>

==Father's presidency==
[[Image:Alice Roosevelt Portrait.jpg|thumb|left|Alice Roosevelt, formal portrait by [[Theobald Chartran]] 1901.]]

When her father took office in 1901 following the assassination of President [[William McKinley]] in [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]] (an event that she greeted with "sheer rapture"<ref>Brough, J.:"Princess Alice: A Biography of Alice Roosevelt Longworth". page 122, Little, Brown & Company, 1975.</ref>), Longworth became an instant celebrity and fashion icon at age 17. While proud of her father's accomplishments, she also was painfully aware that his new duties would give her significantly less of his time even as she longed for more of his attention. She was known as a rule-breaker in an era when women were under great pressure to conform. The American public noticed many of her exploits. She smoked cigarettes in public, rode in cars with men, stayed out late partying, kept a pet snake named Emily Spinach (Emily as in her spinster aunt and Spinach for its green color) in the White House, and was seen placing bets with a bookie.
[[Image:AliceRooseveltwPekingeseDog1902.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Alice Roosevelt with her dog, Leo, a Maltese. She was also given a [[Pekingese]] named Manchu, by the last Chinese [[Empress Dowager Cixi]] in 1902]]
In 1905, Longworth, along with her father's Secretary of War, [[William Howard Taft]], led the so-called "[[The_Imperial_Cruise|Imperial Cruise]]" to [[Empire of Japan|Japan]], [[Territory of Hawaii|Hawaii]], [[Qing Dynasty|China]], the [[Philippines]], and [[Korean Empire|Korea]]. It was the largest diplomatic mission in U.S. history, composed of 23 U.S. Congressmen (including her future husband [[Nicholas Longworth]]), seven senators, and other diplomats and officials.<ref>"Excerpt - 'The Imperial Cruise' by James Bradley." [http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/19/books/excerpt-imperial-cruise.html?ref=books New York Times]. 18 November 2009. Retrieved 23 November 2009.</ref> She made headlines wherever she went, being photographed with the [[Emperor Meiji]] of the Empire of Japan and the [[Empress Dowager Cixi]] of Qing Dynasty China, as well as attending [[sumo]] wrestling matches.

During the cruise to Japan, she made a splash by jumping into the ship's pool fully clothed, and coaxed a congressman to join her in the water. (Years later Bobby Kennedy would chide Longworth about the incident, saying it was outrageous for the time, to which the by-then-octogenarian Longworth replied that it would only have been outrageous had she removed her clothes.<ref>Teichmann, h.: "Alice: The Life and Times of Alice Roosevelt Longworth", page 203, Prentice Hall, 1979.</ref> In her autobiography, ''Crowded Hours'', Longworth made note of the event, pointing out that there was little difference between the linen skirt and blouse she had been wearing and a lady's [[swimsuit]] of the period.) The press dubbed Longworth's part in this government-sponsored trip to Asia "Alice in Plunder Land". She brought back enough silk from China for a lifetime of beautiful dresses and would wear a beautiful strand of costly pearls given to her by the Cuban government for the rest of her life. This diplomatic junket and Longworth's ability to keep the press at bay by becoming the center of attention contributed to her father's successful conclusion of the [[Treaty of Portsmouth]] in 1905 that ended the [[Russo-Japanese War]], which eventually made her father the first American [[Nobel Peace Prize]] winner in history.

[[Image:Alice Roosevelt Mar 24 1902 side in black.jpg|thumb|left|180px|1902 studio portrait of Alice Roosevelt by [[Frances Benjamin Johnston]].]]
Once, a [[White House]] visitor commented on Longworth's frequent interruptions to the [[Oval Office]], often because of her political advice. The exhausted president commented to his friend, author [[Owen Wister]], after the third interruption to their conversation and after threatening to throw Longworth 'out the window', "I can either run the country or I can attend to Alice, but I cannot possibly do both." <ref>Ripper, J.:”American Stories: Living American History, Vol. II: From 1865”, page 72, M. E. Sharpe, Inc., 2008.</ref>

Longworth was the center of attention in the social context of her father's presidency, and she thrived on the attention, even as she chafed on some of the restrictions such attention placed on her. In this, she resembled her father. She later said of Theodore, "He wants to be the bride at every wedding, the corpse at every funeral, and the baby at every christening." <ref>Wead D.:"All the Presidents' Children: Triumph and Tragedy in the Lives of America's First Families",page 107, Atria Books, 2003.</ref>

Longworth was a medal awarder at the notorious [[1904 Summer Olympics|1904 Olympics]] in St. Louis.

==Married life==
[[Image:PostcardAliceRooseveltAndNicholasLongworth1906.jpg|thumb|right|150px|1906 postcard associated with her wedding]]
In December 1905, after returning to Washington from their diplomatic travels Alice became engaged to [[Nicholas Longworth]], a Republican U.S. House of Representatives member from [[Cincinnati, Ohio]], who ultimately would rise to become [[Speaker of the House]]. The two had travelled in the same social circles for several years, but their relationship solidified during the Imperial Cruise. A scion of a socially prominent Ohio family, Nicholas Longworth was 14 years Alice's senior and had a reputation as a Washington, D.C., playboy. Their wedding took place the following February and was the social event of the season. It was attended by more than a thousand guests with many thousands gathered outside hoping for a glimpse of Princess Alice. The bride was dressed in a blue wedding dress and dramatically cut the wedding cake with a sword (borrowed from a military aide attending the reception). <ref>Quinn-Musgrove, Sandra L., and Kanter, Sanford " America's Royalty: All the Presidents' Children". Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995 p. 149.</ref> Immediately after the wedding, the couple left for a honeymoon that included a voyage to Cuba and a visit to the Longworths in Cincinnati. This was followed by travels to England and the Continent which included having dinners with many notables of the day: [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|King Edward]], [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Kaiser Wilhelm]], [[Georges Clemenceau|Clemenceau]], [[Whitelaw Reid]], [[Lord Curzon]], and [[William Jennings Bryan]].<ref> Roosevelt-Longworth, Alice "Crowded Hours". Ayer Publishing, 1988 p. 120-123.</ref> They bought a house at 2009 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., in Washington, D.C., now the headquarters of the Washington Legal Foundation.

Alice publicly supported her father's 1912 [[Progressive Party (United States, 1912)|Bull Moose]] presidential candidacy, while Nicholas Longworth stayed loyal to his mentor, President Taft. During that election cycle, she appeared on stage with her father's vice presidential candidate, [[Hiram Johnson]], in Nicholas Longworth's own district. Nicholas Longworth later lost by about 105 votes and she joked that she was worth at least 100 votes (meaning she was the reason he lost). However, he was elected again in 1914 and stayed in the House for the rest of his life.

Alice Longworth's campaign against her husband caused a permanent chill in her marriage to Nick Longworth. During their marriage, Longworth carried on numerous affairs. As reported in Carol Felsenthal's biography of Alice, and in Betty Boyd Caroli's ''The Roosevelt Women'', as well by TIME journalist Rebecca Winters Keegan, it was generally accepted knowledge in DC that Longworth also had a long, ongoing affair with Senator [[William Borah]], and the opening of Longworth's diaries to modern historical researchers indicates that Borah was, by Longworth's own admission, the father of her daughter, [[Paulina Longworth]] (1925–1957).<ref>Rebecca Winters Keegan (3 July 2006). "[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1207827,00.html An American Princess]". time.com. Retrieved on 2008-12-30.</ref>

Alice Longworth was not without a sense of humor. On May 11, 1908, she amused herself in the gallery at the House of Representatives in Washington by placing a tack on the chair of an unknown but "middle-aged" and "dignified" gentleman. Upon encountering the tack, "like the burst of a bubble on the fountain, like the bolt from the blue, like the ball from the cannon," the unfortunate fellow leapt up in pain and surprise while Mrs. Longworth looked away.<ref>The New York Times (12 May 1908). "[http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D0DE3DA1639E333A25751C1A9639C946997D6CF Mrs. Longworth's Joke]". nytimes.com. Retrieved on 2008-12-30.</ref>

==Post-Roosevelt presidency==
[[Image:Nicholas+Alice Longworth-USCapitol.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Alice Longworth and her husband, House Speaker & Ohio Congressman [[Nicholas Longworth]] on the steps of the US Capitol in 1926]]
When it came time for the Roosevelt family to move out of the [[White House]], Longworth buried a [[Voodoo doll]] of the new First Lady, [[Helen Herron Taft|Nellie Taft]], in the front yard.<ref name="salon">Lawrence L. Knutson (7 June 1999). "[http://www.salon.com/people/feature/1999/06/07/longworth/ Alice Roosevelt Longworth, wild thing]". salon.com. Retrieved on 2008-12-30.</ref> At many White House social activities such as dinners, Longworth frequently mocked the [[First Lady]], rendering Mrs. Taft rather uncomfortable in Longworth's presence, though Longworth was some twenty years her junior. Mrs. Taft offended Longworth by offering her an invitation to the [[White House]]. Upon receiving the invitation, Longworth asked, "Me--who walked the halls of the White House for so many years?" Later, the Taft White House banned her from her former residence—the first but not the last administration to do so. During [[Woodrow Wilson]]'s administration (from which she was banned in 1916 for a bawdy joke at Wilson's expense), Longworth worked endlessly against the entry of the United States into the [[League of Nations]]. Her Washington society dinners and reception lobbying are credited with helping to derail America's membership in the League of Nations.

[[Image:Paulina & Alice Roosevelt Longworth.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Longworth on her 43rd birthday in 1927 with her daughter [[Paulina Longworth|Paulina]], age 2. The child's biological father was Senator [[William Borah]].]]
Longworth didn't like [[Warren G. Harding]] any more than she had Taft or Wilson. Mrs. Longworth felt that Harding was crass, barely educated, and ill-suited for the job. She preferred his vice president, [[Calvin Coolidge]]. Her feelings toward First Lady [[Florence Harding]] grew more strained during the Hardings' years in Washington. Longworth felt that she had lost her best friend, [[Evalyn Walsh McLean]], to Florence, and the relationship between Longworth—the Speaker's wife—and the President's wife grew bitter.

Following the death of her husband in 1931, Alice Longworth and her daughter continued to live near [[Dupont Circle]] on Massachusetts Avenue, Washington's [[Embassy Row]]. When asked if she would run for her late husband's seat, she declined. She did not like public speaking, seldom spoke at public receptions, and abhorred physical contact with the public and the "press of the flesh" that came so easily to her father; in short, campaigning did not suit her. Her final visits to Cincinnati were in order to fulfill obligations, not for pleasure. One such trip was made for the burial of her husband, another for the social debut of her daughter. When asked if she would be buried in Cincinnati, Mrs. Longworth said that to do so "would be a fate worse than death itself."

During the [[Great Depression]], when she, like so many other Americans, found her fortunes reversed, Longworth appeared in [[tobacco]] advertisements to raise money. She also published an autobiography, ''Crowded Hours.'' The book sold well and received rave reviews. TIME Magazine praised its "insouciant vitality."<ref>Associated Press (6 November 1933). "[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,746277-1,00.html Princess Alice]". time.com. Retrieved on 2008-12-30.</ref> Her library was filled with autographed works from Tennyson, Yeats, and Ezra Pound.

=="The other Washington Monument"==
The widow Longworth maintained her stature in the community, socially and politically, garnering her the nickname "the other Washington Monument". Mrs. Longworth served as a delegate to the [[Republican National Convention]] on more than one occasion, declining to address the convention.

Longworth's wit was legendary in Washington, DC, and that wit could have a deadly political effect on friend and foe alike. When columnist and cousin [[Joseph Alsop]] claimed that there was grass-roots support for Republican presidential candidate [[Wendell Willkie]], the Republican hope to defeat F.D.R. in 1940, Longworth said yes, "the grass roots of 10,000 country clubs."<ref name=swordplay>John Skow (25 April 1988). "[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,967243,00.html Swordplay Alice Roosevelt Longworth]". time.com. Retrieved on 2008-12-30.</ref> Longworth demolished [[Thomas Dewey]], the 1944 opponent of her cousin Franklin, by comparing the pencil-mustached Republican to “the little man on the wedding cake.” The image stuck and helped Governor Dewey lose two consecutive presidential elections.

[[Paulina Longworth]] married [[Alexander McCormick Sturm]], with whom she had a daughter, [[Joanna Sturm|Joanna]] (b. July 1946). Sturm died in 1951. Following the death of Paulina in 1957 (by an accidental overdose of sleeping pills, for many years suspected of being a suicide, although Longworth never agreed with that assessment), Alice Longworth fought for and won the custody of her granddaughter, [[Joanna Sturm]], whom she raised. Not very long before Paulina's death, she and Longworth had discussed the care of Joanna in case of such an event. In an article in ''[[American Heritage (magazine)|American Heritage]]'' in 1969, Joanna was described as a "highly attractive and intellectual twenty-two-year-old" and was called "a notable contributor to Mrs. Longworth’s youthfulness.... The bonds between them are twin cables of devotion and a healthy respect for each other’s tongue. 'Mrs. L.,' says a friend, 'has been a wonderful father and mother to Joanna: mostly father.' "<ref>June Bingham (February 1969). "[http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1969/2/1969_2_42.shtml Before the Colors Fade: Alice Roosevelt Longworth]". americanheritage.com. Retrieved on 2008-12-30.</ref>

In contrast to her relationship with her daughter, Mrs. Longworth doted on her granddaughter, and the two were very close. Upon Paulina's death, her cousin [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] sent condolences and the two mended their broken relationship despite their continued political differences.

==Political connections==
From an early age, Longworth was interested in politics. When advancing age and illness incapacitated her Aunt Bamie, Longworth stepped into her place as an unofficial political adviser to her father. Longworth warned her father against challenging the renomination of [[William Howard Taft]] in 1912. She took a hard-line view of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] and in her youth sympathized with the conservative wing of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]]. She supported her half-brother, [[Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.|Ted Roosevelt]], when he ran for governor of New York in 1924. When [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] ran for president in [[United States presidential election, 1932|1932]], Longworth publicly opposed his candidacy. Writing in the ''[[Ladies' Home Journal]]'' in October 1932, she said of FDR, "He is my father's fourth cousin once removed.... Politically, his branch of the family and ours have always been in different camps, and the same surname is about all we have in common.... I am a Republican.... I am going to vote for Hoover.... If I were not a Republican, I would still vote for Mr. Hoover this time."<ref>"[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,753436,00.html Disclaimer]", ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine (24 October 1932). time.com. Retrieved on 2008-12-30.</ref>

[[Image: AliceRooseveltLongworthandLBJ.jpg|thumb|top|220px| An elderly Alice Roosevelt Longworth with President Lyndon Baines Johnson and First Lady "Ladybird" Johnson in the White House sometime in the mid 1960's.]]
Although she did not support [[John F. Kennedy]] in the [[United States presidential election, 1960|1960 election]], she became very enamored of the Kennedy family and "learned how amusing and attractive Democrats could be."<ref>Felsenthal, C. (1988) ''Princess Alice: The Life and Times of Alice Roosevelt Longworth''. St. Martin's Press: 242.</ref> She developed an affectionate, although sometimes strained, friendship with [[Bobby Kennedy]], perhaps because of his relatively thin skin. When she privately made fun of his scaling the newly named [[Mount Kennedy]] in Canada, he was not amused. She even admitted to voting for President [[Lyndon Johnson]] over Senator [[Barry Goldwater]] in [[United States presidential election, 1964|1964]] because she believed Goldwater was too mean.<ref>Cordery, S. A. (2007) ''Alice: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, from White House Princess to Washington Power Broker''. Viking Penguin: 459.</ref>

[[Image:Alice Roosevelt & Joanna Sturm at Tricia Nixon Wedding.gif|left|thumb|top|300px|Alice Longworth with [[Joanna Sturm]], her granddaughter, at [[Tricia Nixon]]'s wedding in 1971]]
Longworth developed a genuine friendship with [[Richard Nixon]] when he was vice president, and when he returned to California after Eisenhower's second term, Longworth kept in touch and did not consider his political career to be over. She encouraged Nixon to reenter politics and continuted to invite him to her famous dinners. Nixon returned these favors by inviting Longworth to his first formal White House dinner and to the 1971 wedding of his daughter [[Tricia Nixon]].

==Later life==
By the 1950s, Longworth's health began to fail her. In 1955, she fell and suffered a broken [[hip]]. In 1956, Longworth was found to be suffering from [[breast cancer]], and though she successfully underwent a [[mastectomy]] at the time, she was found to have cancer in the other breast in 1970, requiring a second mastectomy. Taking the medical procedures in stride, she referred to herself as the only "topless octogenarian" in Washington. After these surgeries, Longworth's health was not as good as it once had been, but she continued a rigorous schedule and maintained her social rounds. By 1960, at age 76, after a noticeable loss of weight and frail appearance and with a continued cough and shortness of breath, Longworth was advised by family and friends to see a [[physician]]. She was diagnosed with [[emphysema]] as a result of many years of heavy smoking.

Longworth was a lifelong member of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] party. Yet her political sympathies began to change when she became close to the Kennedy family and Lyndon Johnson. She voted Democratic in 1964 and was known to be supporting Bobby Kennedy in the 1968 Democratic primary.

It is possible her change in political leanings was the result of the social upheavals occurring in American society at the same time. Beginning in the late 1950s and continuing into the 1970s, the struggle of African-Americans for social and legal equality could not have escaped the notice of a woman always known for approaching everyone she first met with respect, without regard for station in life. As an example of her attitudes on race, in 1965 her African-American chauffeur and one of her best friends, Turner, was driving Longworth to an appointment. During the trip, he pulled out in front of a [[Taxicab|taxi]], and the driver got out and demanded to know of him, "What do you think you're doing, you black bastard?" Turner took the insult calmly, but Longworth did not and told the taxi driver, "He's taking me to my destination, you white son of a bitch!"<ref>June Bingham (February 1969). "[http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1969/2/1969_2_42.shtml Before the Colors Fade: Alice Roosevelt Longworth]". americanheritage.com. Retrieved on 2008-08-08.</ref>

After RFK was murdered in 1968, she again supported her friend [[Richard Nixon]], just as she had done in his 1960 campaign against JFK. Her long friendship with Nixon ended at the conclusion of the Watergate Scandal, specifically when Nixon quoted her father's diary at his resignation, saying, "Only if you've been to the lowest valley can you know how great it is to be on the highest mountain top." This infuriated Longworth, who spat curse words at her television screen as she watched him compare his early departure from the White House (in the face of probable impeachment and possible criminal prosecution) to her idealistic young father's loss of his wife and mother on the same day due to illness. Nixon, however, called her "the most interesting [conversationalist of the age]" and said, "No one, no matter how famous, could ever outshine her."<ref>Nixon, 163-164.</ref>

She remained cordial with Nixon's successor, [[Gerald Ford]], but a perceived lack of social grace on the part of [[Jimmy Carter]] caused her to decline to ever meet him, the last sitting president in her lifetime.

[[Image:Alice Roosevelt Christens Sub TR.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Alice Roosevelt Longworth christening the sub named after her father, the {{USS|Theodore Roosevelt|SSBN-600|6}}, in 1959]]
Longworth's last public appearance, televised nationwide on PBS, was on the 1976 bicentennial of the United States, attended by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. Joseph Alsop and other friends were taken aback when Longworth came on the screen, escorted to the head of the receiving line by her granddaughter's close friend Robert Hellman. She had her own reception line later, greeting old friends of many years for the last time—including some old-timers from the White House kitchen staff, most of whom were African-Americans.

After many years of ill health, Longworth died in her Embassy Row home in 1980 of [[emphysema]] and [[pneumonia]], with contributory effects of a number of other chronic illnesses. She was 96. Alice Roosevelt Longworth is buried in [[Rock Creek Cemetery]], Washington, D.C.

Of her quotable quotations, her most famous found its way to a pillow on her settee: "If you haven't got anything good to say about anybody, come sit next to me."<ref name="salon">{{cite web|author=Lawrence L. Knutson|date=7 June 1999|url=http://www.salon.com/people/feature/1999/06/07/longworth/|title=Alice Roosevelt Longworth, wild thing |publisher=salon.com|accessdate=2011-05-17}}</ref> To Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]], who had jokingly remarked at a party, "Here's my blind date. I am going to call you Alice," she responded acidly, "Senator McCarthy, you are not going to call me Alice. The trashman and the policeman on my block call me Alice, but you may not."<ref>Graham, K.: "Katherins Graham's Washington, page 131, Alfred A. Knopf, 2002.</ref> She informed President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] that she wore wide-brimmed hats so he couldn't kiss her.<ref>June Bingham (February 1969). "[http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1969/2/1969_2_42.shtml Before the Colors Fade: Alice Roosevelt Longworth]". americanheritage.com. Retrieved on 2010-08-08.</ref>
On another occasion, asked by a Ku Klux Klansman in full regalia to take his word for something, she refused, saying, "I never trust a man under sheets."{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} And when a well-known Washington senator was discovered to have been having an affair with a young woman less than half his age, Mrs. Longworth quipped, "You can't make a soufflé rise twice."<ref>Safire, W.: "Safire's political dictionary", page 415, Oxford University Press, 1998.</ref>

Though Longworth was Theodore Roosevelt's firstborn child, she was the last of his children to die, surviving all five of her half-siblings from her father's second marriage.

==See also==
=== Family ===
*[[Theodore Roosevelt]] - Father
*[[Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt|Alice Lee Roosevelt]] - Mother
*[[Edith Roosevelt|Edith Carow Roosevelt]] - Stepmother
*[[Nicholas Longworth]] - Husband
*[[William Borah]] - Lover, and the acknowledged father of her only child
*[[Paulina Longworth|Paulina Sturm]] - Daughter
*[[Eleanor Roosevelt]] - Cousin and friend but in childhood years they envied each other.
*[[Joanna Sturm]] - Granddaughter and friend
*[[Martha Bulloch Roosevelt]] - Grandmother
*[[Bamie Roosevelt]] - "Auntie Bye", Theodore's talented sister and stability figure in Alice's life

=== Other ===
*[[Washington Legal Foundation]] (organization that occupies the former Longworth site in Washington, DC)
*[[Alice blue]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
* Brough, James. ''Princess Alice: A Biography of Alice Roosevelt Longworth''. Boston: Little, Brown. 1975.
* Caroli, Betty Boyd. ''The Roosevelt Women''. New York: Basic Books, 1998.
* Cordery, Stacy A. ''Alice: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, from White House Princess to Washington Power Broker''. New York: Viking, 2007.
* Felsenthal, Carol. ''Princess Alice: The Life and Times of Alice Roosevelt Longworth''. New York: St. Martin's Press. 1988.
* Longworth, Alice Roosevelt. ''Crowded Hours'' (Autobiography). New York: Scribners. 1933.
* Teague, Michael. ''Mrs. L: Conversations with Alice Roosevelt Longworth''. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. 1981. ISBN 0-7156-1602-1.
* Teichmann, Howard. ''Alice: The Life and Times of Alice Roosevelt Longworth''. Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 1979.
* Wead, Doug. ''All the Presidents' Children: Triumph and Tragedy in the Lives of America's First Families''. New York: Atria Books, 2004.
* {{cite book | last = Nixon | first = Richard | authorlink = Richard Nixon | title = In the Arena: A Memoir of Victory, Defeat and Renewal | publisher = Simon & Schuster | year = 1990 | location = New York | pages = 163–164 | isbn = 0-671-72934-9}}

===Articles===
*[[Marquis James]] (pseud. Quid), "Princess Alice" ''[[The New Yorker]]'' 1/2 (28 February 1925) : 9-10 [profile]

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
*[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990DEEDD123BF930A1575BC0A967948260&sec=&pagewanted=all New York Times Book Review of "Conversations with Mrs. L" in August 1981]
*[http://www.theodore-roosevelt.com/alice.html Almanac of Theodore Roosevelt: Alice Roosevelt Longworth]
*[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=1656 Find-a-Grave]
*[http://www.geh.org/ar/strip88/htmlsrc/m197701881817_ful.html#topofimage '''Alice Roosevelt Longworth''' portrait in the 1920s by [[Nickolas Muray]] ]
*[http://edwardianpromenade.com/interview/princess-alice-the-irrepressible-miss-roosevelt/ Interview with Dr. Stacy Cordery] author of ''Alice: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, from White House Princess to Washington Power Broker''

{{Persondata 
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| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 12 February 1884
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[United States|U.S.]]
| DATE OF DEATH = 20 February 1980
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[United States|U.S.]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Longworth, Alice Roosevelt}}
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[[Category:1980 deaths]]
[[Category:People from New York City]]
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[[Category:Children of Presidents of the United States]]
[[Category:Roosevelt family|Alice Lee Roosevelt Longworth]]
[[Category:Bulloch family]]
[[Category:American people of Dutch descent]]
[[Category:American people of Scotch-Irish descent]]
[[Category:American people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:American autobiographers]]
[[Category:American women writers]]
[[Category:Burials at Rock Creek Cemetery]]

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Jonathan Noyce

2012-09-17T13:36:45Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding nn:Jonathan Noyce

{{refimproveBLP|date=July 2011}}
'''Jonathan Mark Thomas Noyce''' (born 15 July 1971) is an English musician. He is a [[bass guitar]]ist primarily known as a member of British rock group [[Jethro Tull (band)|Jethro Tull]], with whom he toured and recorded as a member from 1995<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/jonathan-noyce-p433083/biography|title=Jonathan Noyce|last=Hill|first=Gary|publisher=[[Allmusic]]|accessdate=21 August 2011}}</ref> until 2007.

Noyce was born in [[Sutton Coldfield]], [[Warwickshire]]. A graduate of the [[Royal Academy of Music]] in London, Jonathan enjoyed his first success with the British pop group [[Take That]], for whom he supplied bass in the studio in 1993. During this period Jonathan worked closely with producer [[Joey Negro]] aka Dave Lee.

In 1995, Jonathan met and was asked to play on Jethro Tull guitarist [[Martin Barre]]'s solo album ''The Meeting''. This became a stepping stone to meeting Tull frontman [[Ian Anderson (musician)|Ian Anderson]], who subsequently asked Jonathan to join him on his [[Divinities]] world tour later that year. A few months later [[Dave Pegg]] announced his retirement from Jethro Tull. Jonathan was a natural first choice and joined the band in August 1995. During his eleven year stint with the band, he travelled the globe, recorded a (few) studio albums plus a few more live ones.

Outside of Jethro Tull, Jonathan has also appeared with [[Gary Moore]], playing with him on his ''[[Old New Ballads Blues]]'' CD, the DVD recording of the concert to commemorate the life of [[Phil Lynott]], [[One Night in Dublin]], which featured members of [[Thin Lizzy]] and the CD/DVD release of Gary's final recorded show "[[Live at Montreux 2010]]".

2006 saw Jonathan join [[The Divine Comedy]] for some European dates and one off television appearances.

Since 2007 Jonathan has been a member of the UK band [[Archive (band)|Archive]]. He is featured on the recordings ''[[Live at the Zenith]]'', ''[[Controlling Crowds]]'' and ''[[Controlling Crowds – Part IV|Controlling Crowds Part 4]]''. A new album from [[Archive (band)|Archive]] is due for release later in 2012 on which Jonathan contributed electric bass, Moog synthesiser, overdrive and distortion.

[[Rick Wakeman]] called upon Jonathan for his concerts at [[Hampton Court Palace]] in 2009. These shows were also recorded and filmed and feature on the CD, DVD and Blu-ray release ''[[The Six Wives of Henry VIII Live at Hampton Court Palace]]''.

2010 saw Jonathan re-uniting with Gary Moore for his Summer of Rock shows throughout Europe. This band also included drummer and friend [[Darrin Mooney]] and, following a 21 year hiatus, keyboard and guitar player [[Neil Carter (musician)|Neil Carter]], Gary's right-hand man during his rise to international success in the 1980s. This promising Celtic-Rock project came to a sad and sudden end with the sudden death of Gary on 6th February 2011. The band had been in rehearsals just prior to Gary's death in preparation for the commencement of recording sessions for a new album later in February that year. Jonathan also filled in on bass for [[Love Amongst Ruin]] at [[Eurosonic Festival]] in January 2010.

2010 saw Jonathan having one of his greatest commercial successes with the release of French-Canadian superstar [[Mylène Farmer]]'s latest CD ''[[Bleu Noir]]'' for which Jonathan supplied all the bass guitar tracks. For somebody normally associated with other musical forms, it's an unlikely move for Jonathan, but it seems that he was, once more, called on for his bass expertise over his love of Italian footwear and quality hair products.

2012 sees Jonathan joining his old [[Jethro Tull (band)|Jethro Tull]] bandmate [[Martin Barre]] for live shows in Europe.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.j-tull.com Jethro Tull official website]
*[http://www.myspace.com/jonathannoyce Jonathan Noyce's page at myspace.com]
*[http://www.archiveofficial.com Archive official website]
*[http://www.gary-moore.com Gary Moore's official website]

{{Jethro Tull}}
{{Gary Moore}}

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| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
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| PLACE OF BIRTH = Sutton Coldfield, UK.
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| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Noyce, Jonathan}}
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Cutthroat-Forelle

2012-09-16T12:56:00Z

Zorrobot: r2.7.3) (Robot: Adding sv:Strupsnittsöring

{{Taxobox
| name = Cutthroat Trout
| image = Greenbackcutthroat.jpg
| image_caption = Greenback cutthroat trout, ''[[Greenback cutthroat trout|O. c. stomias]]''
| image_width =
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
| ordo = [[Salmoniformes]]
| familia = [[Salmonidae]]
| genus = ''[[Oncorhynchus]]''
| species = '''''O. clarkii'''''
| binomial = ''Oncorhynchus clarkii''
| binomial_authority = ([[John Richardson (naturalist)|J. Richardson]], 1836)<ref name=richardson>{{citation | last=Richardson | first=John | authorlink=John Richardson (naturalist) | coauthors=William Swainson, William Kirby | title=Fauna boreali-americana, or, The zoology of the northern parts of British America: containing descriptions of the objects of natural history collected on the late northern land expedition, under command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N. | url=http://books.google.com/?id=Cp4SAAAAYAAJ | year=1836 | publisher=J. Murray | location=London | pages=225–226}}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
| subdivision =
''Oncorhynchus clarkii clarki'' 
''O. c. alvordensis'' ([[considered extinct]]) 
''O. c. behnkei'' 
''O. c. bouvieri'' 
''O. c. henshawi'' ([[Threatened species|threatened]]) 
''O. c. lewisi'' 
''O. c. macdonaldi'' (extinct) 
''O. c. pleuriticus'' 
''O. c. seleniris'' (threatened) 
''O. c. stomias'' (threatened) 
''O. c. utah'' 
''O. c. virginalis''
}}

The '''cutthroat trout''' (''Oncorhynchus clarkii'') is a [[species]] of [[freshwater]] [[fish]] in the [[Salmonidae|salmon]] [[family (biology)|family]] of [[order (biology)|order]] [[Salmoniformes]].<ref name=itis>{{ITIS | id = 161983 | taxon = ''Oncorhynchus clarkii'' | accessdate = 23 April 2009 }}</ref> It is one of the many fish species colloquially known as ''[[trout]]''. All subspecies of cutthroat trout are sought after [[gamefish]], especially among [[Angling|angler]]s who enjoy [[fly fishing]].

Several native subspecies of cutthroat are currently listed as [[threatened species|threatened]], generally due to loss of habitat and introduction of non-native species.

==Range and habitat==
Cutthroat trout are native to western [[North America]]. The cutthroat species has evolved through [[geographic isolation]] into many subspecies, each native to a different major [[drainage basin]]. Native cutthroat species are found along the [[Pacific Northwest]] coast, in the [[Cascade Range]], the [[Great Basin]], and throughout the [[Rocky Mountains]]. Some coastal populations are [[Fish migration|anadromous]], living primarily in the [[Pacific Ocean]] as adults and returning to fresh water from fall through early spring to feed on insects and spawn. Most populations, however, stay in freshwater throughout their lives and are known as non-migratory, stream-resident or riverine populations. Anadromous fish may reach weights of {{convert|20|lb|kg|0}}, but those fish which remain permanently in freshwater may only reach a weight of {{convert|2|lb|kg|0}}. At least three subspecies are confined to [[endorheic basin|isolated basin]]s in the [[Great Basin]] and can tolerate [[saline water|saline]] or [[alkalinity|alkaline]] water.

==Description==
Throughout their native and introduced range, cutthroat trout vary widely in size, coloration, and habitat selection. Though their coloration can range from golden to gray to green on the back, and depending on subspecies strain and habitat, they usually feature distinctive red, pink, or orange linear marks along the underside of the [[mandible]] in the lower folds of the gill plates; the easiest diagnostic of the species for the casual observer. These markings are responsible for the formation of the typical name "cutthroat". At maturity, different populations and subspecies of cutthroat can range from 6–40 inches (15–100 cm) in length, depending on habitat and food availability, making size an ineffective indicator as to species identity. Cutthroat are typically prized as a sportfish, particularly by fly anglers, as their propensity to inhabit remote waters and diminutive streams appeals to the sense of adventure present in many outdoor enthusiasts. In addition, their tendency to exhibit significant activity and resistance to anglers in conjunction with this species' affinity for terrestrial or mature insects serves to increase popularity of the cutthroat as an angler's quarry. Finally, the cutthroat participates in a unique predator-prey relationship with the bull trout that is key to ecosystem integrity across much of its natural range.

Cutthroat will readily interbreed with the closely related [[rainbow trout]], producing fertile [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] commonly called "[[cutbow]]". As this species generally bears similar coloration and overall appearance to the cutthroat, retaining the characteristic orange-red slash, these hybrids often pose a taxonomical difficulty. In addition, cutthroat will also hybridize with the ''O. gilae'' subspecies, the [[Gila trout]] and [[Apache trout]] in regions where their ranges overlap.

==Subspecies==
There are many [[subspecies]] of cutthroat, each native to a separate geographic area. The cutthroat trout is thought by scientists to have evolved over the past two million years from other [[Oncorhynchus]] species which migrated up the [[Columbia River|Columbia]] and [[Snake River|Snake]] river basins. There are at least 10, and perhaps more than 14 subspecies,<ref name=itis/><ref name=fishbase>{{FishBase_species|genus=Oncorhynchus|species=clarki|year=2005|month=10}}</ref> including:

===Pacific Coast===
*[[Coastal cutthroat trout]] ''O. c. clarki'', also known as "sea-run" cutthroat; native from northern [[California]] to [[Alaska]].<ref name=fishbase/>
**[[Crescenti trout]] ''O. c. crescenti'', no longer a recognized subspecies, but a unique population of coastal cutthroat [[endemism|endemic]] to [[Lake Crescent]], [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]] state.<ref name=behnke>Behnke, Robert J. Native Trout of Western North America. American Fisheries Society, 1992 p. 65.</ref>

===Great Basin===
[[File:Weber river cutt.jpg|right|thumb|Likely ''[[Bonneville cutthroat trout|O. c. utah]]'', northern [[Utah]]]]

*[[Alvord cutthroat trout]] ''O. c. alvordensis'', endemic to tributaries of [[Alvord Lake (Oregon)|Alvord Lake]] in southeastern Oregon; considered [[extinct]]. Named in 2002.
*[[Bonneville cutthroat trout]] ''O. c. utah'', native to tributaries of the [[Great Salt Lake]].
*[[Humboldt cutthroat trout]] ''O. c. spp.'', found only in the upper [[Humboldt River]] of northern [[Nevada]].<ref name=behnke/> Considered by some to be a population of ''O. c. henshawi''.
*[[Lahontan cutthroat trout]] ''O. c. henshawi'', western Nevada, designated as [[threatened species|threatened]].<ref name=fwslahontan>[http://ecos.fws.gov/speciesProfile/SpeciesReport.do?spcode=E00Y Species Profile: Lahontan cutthroat trout], U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service</ref>
**[[Whitehorse Basin cutthroat trout]], ''O. c. spp.'',<ref name=behnke/> once considered a separate subspecies, native to southeastern Oregon.<ref name=orlahontan>[http://www.fws.gov/oregonfwo/Species/Data/LahontanCutthroatTrout/ Species Fact Sheet: Lahontan cutthroat trout], U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service</ref>
*[[Paiute cutthroat trout]] ''O. c. seleniris'', endemic to eastern [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada Mountains]], designated as threatened.

===Northern Rockies===
[[File:Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Yellowstone cutthroat trout|O. c. bouvieri]]'']]

*[[Snake River fine-spotted cutthroat trout]], named ''O. c. behnkei'' (1995 & 2002), but some consider it a population of ''O. c. bouvieri''. Native to the [[Snake River]] of [[Idaho]] and [[Wyoming]].
*[[Westslope cutthroat trout]] ''O. c. lewisi'', native to northern Idaho, [[Montana]], [[British Columbia]], and [[Alberta]].
*[[Yellowfin cutthroat trout]] ''O. c. macdonaldi'', endemic to [[Twin Lakes, Lake County, Colorado|Twin Lakes]], [[Colorado]]; now [[extinct]].
*[[Yellowstone cutthroat trout]] ''O. c. bouvieri'', native to the upper Snake River, [[Yellowstone Lake]], and [[Yellowstone River]], Idaho and Wyoming.

===Southern Rockies===
[[File:Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Rio Grande cutthroat trout|O. c. virginalis]]'']]

*[[Colorado River cutthroat trout]] ''O. c. pleuriticus'', native to tributaries of the [[Green River (Utah)|Green]] and [[Colorado River]]s.
*[[Greenback cutthroat trout]] ''O. c. stomias'', native to the [[Arkansas River|Arkansas]] and [[South Platte River]]s in eastern Colorado; designated as threatened.
*[[Rio Grande cutthroat trout]] ''O. c. virginalis'', native to [[New Mexico]] and southern Colorado.

==Trivia==
The cutthroat trout is the state fish of Idaho and Wyoming, while particular subspecies of cutthroat are the state fish of Colorado, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah.

==Origin of the name==
The common name "cutthroat" refers to the distinctive red coloration on the underside of the [[Mandible|lower jaw]].

Cutthoat trout were given the species name ''clarki'' in honor of [[William Clark (explorer)|William Clark]], who co-led the [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]] of 1804–1806.<ref name=richardson/> One of Lewis and Clark’s missions was to describe the flora and fauna encountered during the expedition. The [[type specimen]] of ''O. clarki'' was described by naturalist [[John Richardson (naturalist)|John Richardson]] from a tributary of the lower [[Columbia River]], identified as the "Katpootl",<ref name=richardson/> which was perhaps the [[Lewis River (Washington)|Lewis River]] as there was a [[Multnomah (tribe)|Multnomah]] village of similar name at the confluence. This type specimen was most likely the coastal cutthroat subspecies.

==References==
{{wikispecies|Oncorhynchus clarkii}}
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cutthroat Trout}}
[[Category:Oncorhynchus]]
[[Category:Animals described in 1836]]
[[Category:Fish of the Pacific Ocean]]
[[Category:Fish of North America]]
[[Category:Fly fishing target species]]
[[Category:Cold water fish]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Sierra Nevada (U.S.)]]
[[Category:Symbols of Wyoming]]

[[ca:Oncorhynchus clarkii]]
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[[pl:Łosoś Clarka]]
[[fi:Punakurkkulohi]]
[[sv:Strupsnittsöring]]
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