https://de.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Zephyris Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de] 2025-07-21T14:45:07Z Benutzerbeiträge MediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.10 https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuticula_(Pflanzen)&diff=92371101 Cuticula (Pflanzen) 2011-04-23T23:17:44Z <p>Zephyris: </p> <hr /> <div>[[Image:Kale2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Water beads on the waxy cuticle of [[kale]] leaves]]<br /> [[File:Leaf Tissue Structure.svg|500px|thumb|right|Anatomy of a leaf]]<br /> <br /> '''Plant cuticles''' are a protective waxy covering produced only by the [[Epidermis (botany)|epidermal cells]] &lt;ref name=&quot;Kolattukudy 1996&quot;&gt;Kolattukudy, PE (1996) Biosynthetic pathways of cutin and waxes, and their sensitivity to environmental stresses. In: Plant Cuticles. Ed. by G. Kerstiens, BIOS Scientific publishers Ltd., Oxford, pp 83-108&lt;/ref&gt; of [[leaf|leaves]], young shoots and all other aerial [[plant organ]]s without [[periderm]]. The cuticle tends to be thicker on the top of the leaf, but is not always thicker in [[xerophyte|xerophytic]] plants living in dry climates than in [[mesophyte|mesophytic]] plants from wetter climates, despite a persistent myth to that effect.<br /> <br /> The cuticle is composed of an insoluble cuticular membrane impregnated by and covered with soluble [[wax]]es. [[Cutin]], a [[polyester]] [[polymer]] composed of inter-esterified [[omega hydroxy acid]]s which are cross-linked by [[ester]] and [[epoxide]] bonds, is the best-known structural component of the cuticular membrane.&lt;ref name=&quot;Holloway 1982&quot;&gt;Holloway, PJ (1982) The chemical constitution of plant cutins. In: Cutler, DF, Alvin, KL and Price, CE The Plant Cuticle. Academic Press, pp. 45-85&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Stark&gt;Stark, RE and Tian, S (2006) The cutin biopolymer matrix. In:<br /> Riederer, M &amp; Müller, C (2006) Biology of the Plant Cuticle. Blackwell Publishing&lt;/ref&gt; The cuticle can also contain a non-saponifiable [[hydrocarbon]] polymer known as [[Cutan]].&lt;ref &quot;Tegelaar 1989&quot;&gt;Tegelaar, EW, et al. (1989) Scope and limitations of several pyrolysis methods in the structural elucidation of a macromolecular plant constituent in the leaf cuticle of ''Agave americana'' L., Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 15, 29-54&lt;/ref&gt; The cuticular membrane is impregnated with cuticular waxes&lt;ref name=&quot;Jetteretal 2006&quot;&gt;Jetter, R, Kunst, L &amp; Samuels, AL (2006) Composition of plant cuticular waxes. In: Riederer, M &amp; Müller, C (2006) Biology of the Plant Cuticle. Blackwell Publishing, 145-181&lt;/ref&gt; and covered with [[epicuticular wax]]es, which are mixtures of [[hydrophobic]] [[aliphatic compound]]s, hydrocarbons with chain lengths typically in the range C16 to C36.&lt;ref name=&quot;Baker 1982&quot;&gt;Baker, EA (1982) Chemistry and morphology of plant epicuticular waxes. In: Cutler, DF, Alvin, KL and Price, CE The Plant Cuticle. Academic Press, 139-165&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The plant cuticle is one of a series of innovations, together with [[stoma]]ta, [[xylem]] and [[phloem]] and intercellular spaces in [[Plant stem|stem]] and later [[leaf]] mesophyll tissue, that plants evolved more than 450 million years ago during the transition between life in water and life on land.&lt;ref name=&quot;Raven 1977&quot;&gt;Raven, J.A. (1977) The evolution of vascular land plants in relation to supracellular transport processes. Advances in Botanical Research, 5, 153-219&lt;/ref&gt; Together, these features enabled plant shoots exploring aerial environments to conserve water by internalising the gas exchange surfaces, enclosing them in a waterproof membrane and providing a variable-aperture control mechanism, the [[stoma]]tal guard cells, which regulate the rates of transpiration and CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; exchange.<br /> <br /> In addition to its function as a permeability barrier for water and other molecules, the micro and nano-structure of the cuticle confer specialised surface properties that prevent contamination of plant tissues with external water, dirt and microorganisms. Many plants, such as the leaves of the sacred lotus (''[[Nelumbo|Nelumbo nucifera]]'') exhibit ultra-hydrophobic and self-cleaning properties that have been described by Barthlott and Neinhuis (1997).&lt;ref name=&quot;Barthlott&quot;&gt;Barthlott, W &amp; Neinhuis, C (1997) Purity of the sacred lotus, or escape from contamination in biological surfaces. Planta 202, 1-8&lt;/ref&gt; The [[lotus effect]] has potential uses in [[biomimetic]] technical materials. <br /> <br /> &quot;The waxy sheet of cuticle also functions in defense, forming a physical barrier that resists penetration by virus particles, bacterial cells, and the spores or growing filaments of fungi&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Freeman 2002&quot;&gt;Freeman, S (2002) Biological Science. Prentice-Hall, Inc., New Jersey&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Plant anatomy]]<br /> [[Category:Plant physiology]]<br /> <br /> [[es:Cutícula (botánica)]]<br /> [[id:Kutikula tumbuhan]]<br /> [[it:Cuticola (botanica)]]<br /> [[he:קוטיקולה]]<br /> [[pl:Kutykula]]<br /> [[pt:Cutícula vegetal]]<br /> [[sl:Kutikula (rastlina)]]<br /> [[sv:Kutikula]]<br /> [[uk:Кутикула рослин]]</div> Zephyris https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cochiti-Staudamm&diff=112226989 Cochiti-Staudamm 2007-03-27T10:13:02Z <p>Zephyris: /* Cochiti Lake */ added metric conversions of volumes</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox_Dam<br /> |dam_name= Cochiti Dam<br /> |image= CochitiDam.jpg<br /> |caption= Cochiti Dam from lake side<br /> |official_name= Cochiti Dam<br /> |crosses= [[Rio Grande River]]<br /> |reservoir=Cochiti Lake<br /> |locale=[[New Mexico]], [[USA]]<br /> |maint=[[United States Army Corps of Engineers]]<br /> |length= 29040 ft (8852 m)<br /> |height= 251 ft (76.5 m)<br /> |width= 1760 ft (536.4 m)<br /> |began= 1965<br /> |open= 1973<br /> |closed=<br /> |bridge_carries=<br /> |bridge_width=<br /> |bridge_clearance=<br /> |bridge_traffic=<br /> |bridge_toll=<br /> |bridge_id=<br /> |map_cue=<br /> |map_image=<br /> |map_text=<br /> |map_width=<br /> |coordinates= <br /> |lat=35.620 <br /> |long=-106.3210<br /> |extra= <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Cochiti Dam''' is an earthen fill dam located on the [[Rio Grande River]] in [[Sandoval County, New Mexico]] approximately 50 miles (80.4 km) north of [[Albuquerque, New Mexico]] in the [[United States]]. By volume of material, it is the 23rd largest dam in the world at 48,052,000 cubic meters of material&lt;ref&gt;http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001334.html&lt;/ref&gt;, one of the ten largest such dams in the United States&lt;ref&gt;http://corpslakes.usace.army.mil/visitors/projects.cfm?Id=L403520&lt;/ref&gt;, and the eleventh largest such dam in the world&lt;ref&gt;http://www.recreation.gov/nm/Cochiti_Area/Campground/r/campgroundDetails.do?agency=NRRS&amp;parkId=3127&lt;/ref&gt;. Cochiti Dam is one of the four [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] projects for flood and sediment control on the Rio Grande system, operating in conjunction with [[Abiquiu Dam]], [[Galisteo Dam]] and [[Jemez Canyon Dam]]. <br /> <br /> ==Description==<br /> [[Image:CochitiDamOutlet.jpg|thumb|left|Outlet flow at Cochiti Dam in 2002]]Cochiti Dam is primarily a flood control dam built to ameliorate the effects of heavy run off. The dam and the resultant lake also had the secondary purposes of creating recreational and wildlife habitat resources. The outlet works of the dam are capable of 14,790 cubic ft./sec of outflow &lt;ref&gt;http://www.spa.usace.army.mil/urgwom/trcdocs/jun2005/Physical%20Model%20Documentation%20(June,%202005)%20(PHYMOD).pdf, page 78&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Cochiti Dam is operated to bypass all inflow to the lake to the extent that downstream channel conditions are capable of safely bypassing the flow. Flood-control operations are initiated when inflow to the lake is in excess of the downstream channel capacity. Stored floodwaters are released when downstream channel conditions permit, all in accordance with the provisions of Public Law 86-645 and the [[Rio Grande Compact]]&lt;ref&gt;http://www.spa.usace.army.mil/urgwom/trcdocs/jun2005/Physical%20Model%20Documentation%20(June,%202005)%20(PHYMOD).pdf, page 79&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> Cochiti Dam marks the beginning of the Middle Rio Grande Conservancy District (MRGCD), Cochiti Division. It controls run off water from an 11,695 mile&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; drainage area (30,290 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)&lt;ref&gt;http://www.pueblodecochiti.org/recreation.html&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Cochiti Dam was authorized under the [[Flood Control Act of 1960]] for a construction cost of US$94.4 million dollars&lt;ref&gt;http://www.zianet.com/scoot36/la/lake.html&lt;/ref&gt;. The act was further amended in 1964 to allocate water resources for the development of fish and wildlife resources as well as recreational resources. 50,000 acre-ft of water was allocated under this amendment for initial pool fill and sufficient resources were allocated to offset annual evaporation losses. This water was to come from water previously diverted into the Rio Grande system by Public Law 87-843 of 1962&lt;ref&gt;http://digital.library.okstate.edu/KAPPLER/vol6/html_files/images/v6p1002.jpg&lt;/ref&gt; from water in the [[Colorado River]] basin via the [[San Juan Diversion Project]] across the [[Continental Divide]].<br /> <br /> Construction began in 1965. Impoundment of water in Cochiti Lake began in 1973&lt;ref&gt;http://www.spa.usace.army.mil/urgwom/trcdocs/jun2005/Physical%20Model%20Documentation%20(June,%202005)%20(PHYMOD).pdf, page 35&lt;/ref&gt;. The filling of the lake inundated the Cochiti Diversion Dam which had previously been used for irrigation purposes&lt;ref&gt;http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/html/mriogrande.html&lt;/ref&gt;. The new dam replaced this functionality. <br /> <br /> Construction of the dam was opposed by the Cochiti Pueblo Indians, who lost significant tracks of agricultural land as a result of the construction and subsequent pool filling. The Cochiti Pueblo Indians filed a lawsuit against the Army Corps of Engineers regarding the inundation of their lands, winning the suit&lt;!-- results of the suit? I can't find anything --&gt;. In 2001, the Army Corps of Engineers made a public apology to the Cochiti Pueblo Indians&lt;!-- can't find the apology either --&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.pueblodecochiti.org/recreation.html&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> ==Cochiti Lake==<br /> Cochiti Lake has maintained a permanent recreation pool of approximately 62,000,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (50,000 acre-ft) since the dam was completed. The permanent pool, which includes an intermittent pond in the arm of the Santa Fe River, provides sediment control benefits, trapping about 1,200,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (1000 acre-ft) of sediment per year. The permanent pool was established by and is maintained by San Juan-<br /> Chama Project water. The remaining capacity of the reservoir, totaling about 672,000,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; (545,000 acre-ft), is reserved for flood and sediment control. The elevation of the lake at surface of the normal pool is 5,335 ft (1626 m) above sea level&lt;ref&gt;http://www.spa.usace.army.mil/urgwom/trcdocs/jun2005/Physical%20Model%20Documentation%20(June,%202005)%20(PHYMOD).pdf, page 79&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> There are two public recreation areas on the lake, one on the west side of the lake at Cochiti Recreation Area and one on the east at Tetilla Peak Recreation Area&lt;ref&gt;http://www.spa.usace.army.mil/recreation/cochiti/index.htm&lt;/ref&gt;. Other lands around the lake are owned by and are part of the [[Cochiti, New Mexico|Pueblo de Cochiti Indian Reservation]] and are not open to the public. A visitor center is open to the public near the park headquarters. Fishing is permitted on the lake, with smallmouth bass and northern pike species among other species being available&lt;ref&gt;http://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/recreation/fishing/fishing_report.htm&lt;/ref&gt;. Cochiti Lake is a no-wake lake, and boats are restricted to trolling speeds&lt;ref&gt;http://www.wildlife.state.nm.us/publications/documents/fishing/2006/fishing_rib_06-07.pdf, page 6&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.spa.usace.army.mil/recreation/cochiti/index.htm Cochiti Lake Recreation Area official site]<br /> * [http://www.spd.usace.army.mil/cwpm/public/ops/albudam/cochiti.htm Civil Works Project Information for Cochiti Dam]<br /> * [http://www.usbr.gov/uc/albuq/water/SanJuanChama/Reservoirs/fs/sjc_cochiti.html Bureau of Reclamation fact sheet for Cochiti Lake]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Dams in New Mexico]]<br /> [[Category:Landmarks in New Mexico]]</div> Zephyris