https://de.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=ZephyrAnycon Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de] 2025-06-12T09:52:36Z Benutzerbeiträge MediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.4 https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_O%E2%80%99Neill&diff=60475941 Joseph O’Neill 2008-06-06T01:25:55Z <p>ZephyrAnycon: </p> <hr /> <div>{{otherpersons|Joseph O'Neill}}<br /> <br /> '''Joseph O'Neill''' is an Irish novelist and non-fiction writer. <br /> <br /> O'Neill was born in [[Cork (city)|Cork]], [[Ireland]], in [[1964]], and grew up in [[The Netherlands]]. He is a graduate of [[Girton College]], [[Cambridge]], and a [[barrister]] at the English Bar, where he practised for ten years, principally in the field of business law. He now lives in [[New York]] with his wife, ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'' editor [[Sally Singer]], and their three sons.<br /> <br /> O'Neill is the author of three novels, the most recent of which, ''[[Netherland (book)|Netherland]]'', was published in May 2008 and was featured on the cover of the [[New York Times Book Review]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/18/books/review/Garner-t.html?ref=review Netherland - Joseph O’Neill - Book Review - Review - NYTimes.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt; where it was called, &quot;the wittiest, angriest, most exacting and most desolate work of fiction we’ve yet had about life in New York and London after the World Trade Center fell&quot;. He is also the author of a non-fiction book, ''Blood-Dark Track: A Family History'', which was a New York Times Notable Book for 2002 and a book of the year for the ''Economist'' and the ''Irish Times''. <br /> <br /> O'Neill writes literary and cultural criticism, most regularly for the Atlantic Monthly. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Works ==<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Novels'''<br /> <br /> [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0307377040 ''Netherland''] (Pantheon; Fourth Estate) (2008)<br /> <br /> [http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/057117258X ''The Breezes''] (Faber &amp; Faber) (1996)<br /> <br /> [http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/0374275904 ''This Is The Life''] (Faber &amp; Faber; Farrar Straus &amp; Giroux) (1991)<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Non-fiction'''<br /> <br /> [http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/1862072884 ''Blood-Dark Track: A Family History''] (Granta Books) (2001)<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Short Fiction'''<br /> <br /> See stories in<br /> <br /> [http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/0571230458 ''Faber Book of Best New Irish Short Stories'' (Ed., David Marcus)] (Faber &amp; Faber) (2007)<br /> <br /> [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0786712066 ''Dislocation: Stories from a New Ireland'' (Ed., Caroline Walsh)] (Carroll &amp; Graf) (2003)<br /> <br /> ''Phoenix Irish Short Stories'' (Ed., David Marcus) (1999)<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Journalism'''<br /> <br /> [http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/by/joseph_o_neill Archive of Atlantic writings]<br /> <br /> [http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/by/joseph_o_8217_neill Atlantic writings (2)]<br /> <br /> [http://nymag.com/nymag/author_418/ Archive of pieces for New York magazine]<br /> <br /> [http://www.granta.com/Magazine/72/The-Ascent-of-Man ''The Ascent of Man''] (''Granta'', issue 72, Winter 2000)<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> New York Times [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A04E2DD173CF934A25751C0A9649C8B63&amp;sec=&amp;spon=&amp;pagewanted=all]<br /> <br /> New York Review of Books [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/article-preview?article_id=15246]<br /> <br /> London Review of Books [http://www.lrb.co.uk/v23/n05/marg01_.html]<br /> <br /> ''Blood-Dark Track'' is the subject of an essay in ''Collective Traumas: Memories of War and Conflict in 20th Century Europe'', Mithander, Conny / Sundholm, John / Holmgren Troy, Maria (eds.) [http://64.233.169.104/search?q=cache:d8h7NezDcPYJ:www.peterlang.com/index.cfm%3FvID%3D21068%26vLang%3DD%26vHR%3D1%26vUR%3D25%26vUUR%3D+joseph+o%27neill+peter+lang&amp;hl=en&amp;ct=clnk&amp;cd=1&amp;gl=us&amp;ie=UTF-8]<br /> <br /> Joseph O'Neill at Irish Writers Online [http://www.irishwriters-online.com/josephoneill.html]<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Oneill, Joseph}}<br /> {{Ireland-writer-stub}} <br /> <br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:1964 births]]<br /> [[Category:Irish novelists]]</div> ZephyrAnycon https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Anne%E2%80%99s_College&diff=57306328 St Anne’s College 2007-09-11T06:10:58Z <p>ZephyrAnycon: /* Notable former students */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Oxford_College_Infobox |<br /> name = St Anne's College |<br /> university = Oxford |<br /> picture = [[Image:StAnne'sRuthDeechBuilding.jpg|224px|The Ruth Deech Building, St Anne's College, Oxford]] |<br /> primary_colour = #000326 |<br /> colours = &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#000326&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#515151&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FF0A00&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FF0A00&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#515151&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#000326&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#000326&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#515151&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FF0A00&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FF0A00&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#515151&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#000326&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt; |<br /> named_for = [[Saint Anne|St Anne]] |<br /> established = [[1879]] |<br /> sister_college = [[New Hall, Cambridge]] |<br /> head_name = Principal|<br /> head = [[Tim Gardam]] |<br /> JCR President = [[Amaru Villanueva Rance]] |<br /> JCR Vice Pres = [[Martyn Evans]] |<br /> JCR Treasurer = [[Rachel Hay]] |<br /> JCR Secretary = [[Kate Boakes]] |<br /> <br /> <br /> undergraduates = 437 |<br /> graduates = 187 |<br /> latitude = 51.762123 |<br /> longitude = -1.261974 |<br /> homepage = [http://www.st-annes.ox.ac.uk/ Homepage] |<br /> boat_club = [http://www.stannesbc.org/ Boatclub]<br /> }}<br /> '''St Anne's College''' is one of the [[Colleges of the University of Oxford|constituent colleges]] of the [[University of Oxford]] in the [[United Kingdom]]. What is now ''St Anne's College'' began life as part of the &quot;Association for the Education of Women&quot;, the first institution in Oxford to allow for the education of women (''see'': [[Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford]]), then later the &quot;Society of Home Students&quot;. In [[1942]] it became the &quot;St Anne's Society&quot;, and received a university charter to be founded as a women-only college in [[1952]]. It became coeducational in [[1979]]. Today it is one of the larger colleges in Oxford, with around 450 undergraduate and 150 graduate students, in a roughly equal mix of men and women.<br /> <br /> == Location ==<br /> St Anne's College is located in [[North Oxford]], on land donated by [[St John's College, Oxford|St John's College]]. Its grounds are bounded by [[Woodstock Road]] and [[Banbury Road]] to the west and east respectively, and [[Bevington Road]] to the north. They extend as far south as 48 Woodstock Road on the west, and 27 Banbury Road on the east side. The College formerly owned a number of houses throughout Oxford used for undergraduate accommodation; these have been largely sold off to fund the building of the Ruth Deech Building (completed [[2005]]).<br /> <br /> == College buildings ==<br /> [[Image:StAnnesGatehouse.jpg|150px|The Gatehouse, formerly the entrance to the college|thumb|left]]<br /> '''Hartland House''' was the first purpose-built College building. It houses the Library, the junior and senior common rooms, and some administrative offices. There are six purpose-built student accommodation blocks: the '''Gatehouse''', '''Rayne''', '''Wolfson''', '''Claire Palley''', '''Trenaman House''', and the '''Ruth Deech Building'''.<br /> <br /> The '''Gatehouse''', built in the 1960s, was the winner of an award for its architecture. It is now considered by many to be unsightly. As well as undergraduate rooms, it used to house the College Lodge, until the completion of the Ruth Deech Building.<br /> <br /> '''Rayne''' and '''Wolfson''' are virtually identical in design, and house administrative offices on the ground floor as well as student rooms.<br /> <br /> '''Claire Palley''' is a later building, and was the first accommodation block to have en-suite rooms. It also houses the Mary Ogilvie Lecture Theatre. It was named after a former Principal of the college.<br /> <br /> '''Trenaman House''' (opened [[November 18]] [[1995]]) also contains en-suite student rooms, as well as the middle common room and some communal college facilities on the ground floors. It was named after Nancy Trenaman (1919-2002), the sixth Principal of the college (1966-1984).<br /> <br /> '''Robert Saunders House''' (opened in [[1997]] by [[Richard Harries]], [[Bishop of Oxford]]) provides accommodation for graduate students in [[Summertown, Oxford|Summertown]], an area in the north of Oxford. It was named after a former bursar of the college, who did much to strengthen its finances.<br /> <br /> The '''Ruth Deech Building''' (opened [[June 18]] [[2005]]) is the most recent College building. It houses extensive conference facilities (a lecture theatre, seminar rooms, and dining facilities) on the lower ground floor, in addition to the new College Lodge on the upper ground floor, and 113 en-suite student rooms.<br /> <br /> In addition to the purpose-built accommodation buildings, a number of other houses on site are owned by the college and are used for various purposes.<br /> <br /> '''1 - 10 Bevington Road''', '''58/60 Woodstock Road''', and '''35, 39''' and '''41 Banbury Road''' are used for undergraduate accommodation. 39 and 41 Banbury Road also house the College Bar, 7/8 Bevington Road and 35 Banbury Road also contain teaching rooms, and '''58/60 Woodstock Road''' also contains student facilities such as a gym and laundrette.<br /> <br /> '''37 Banbury Road''' is used for offices and teaching rooms.<br /> <br /> '''27 Banbury Road''' is used for offices of College support staff such as the College nurse, and for teaching rooms.<br /> <br /> '''48''' and '''50 Woodstock Road''' contain teaching rooms and seminar rooms. 50 Woodstock Road also contains the College's music practice rooms.<br /> <br /> Other College buildings include the Dining Hall (also used for College bops, and collection examinations) and attached kitchens, and various outbuildings attached to some of the houses.<br /> <br /> == Notable former students ==<br /> *[[Danny Alexander]]<br /> *[[Mary Archer]]<br /> *[[Karen Armstrong]]<br /> *[[Louise Bagshawe]]<br /> *[[Wendy Beckett]]<br /> *Professor Dame [[Gillian Beer]]<br /> *[[Tina Brown]]<br /> *[[Frances Cairncross]]<br /> *[[Edwina Currie]]<br /> *[[Ruth Deech]], Baroness Deech<br /> *[[Anne Dreydel]]<br /> *[[UA Fanthorpe]]<br /> *[[Helen Fielding]]<br /> *[[Zoe Heller]]<br /> *[[Elizabeth Jennings]]<br /> *[[Martha Kearney]]<br /> *[[Nigella Lawson]]<br /> *[[Penelope Lively]]<br /> *[[Max More]] (formerly O'Connor)<br /> *[[Melanie Phillips]]<br /> *[[Libby Purves]]<br /> *[[Jill Paton Walsh]]<br /> *Sir [[Simon Rattle]] CBE<br /> *Dame [[Cicely Saunders]]<br /> *[[Susan Sontag]]<br /> *[[Pauline Stainer]]<br /> *[[Polly Toynbee]]<br /> <br /> <br /> :See also [[:Category:Alumni of St Anne's College, Oxford|Former students of St Anne's College]].<br /> <br /> == Academics/teachers ==<br /> *[[Simon Donaldson]]<br /> *[[A. C. Grayling]]<br /> *[[Nick Middleton]]<br /> *[[Iris Murdoch]]<br /> *[[Graham Nelson]]<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *[http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/oxfordtour/stannescollege/index.html Virtual Tour of St. Anne's College]<br /> *[http://www.stannesjcr.org/ St Anne's JCR Website]<br /> *[http://www.annesball.com/ St Anne's Ball Website]<br /> <br /> {{University_of_Oxford}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Anne's College, Oxford}}<br /> [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1879]]<br /> [[Category:Colleges of the University of Oxford]]</div> ZephyrAnycon https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kray-Zwillinge&diff=113649675 Kray-Zwillinge 2007-08-13T07:08:37Z <p>ZephyrAnycon: /* Criminal careers */</p> <hr /> <div>[[image:krays.jpg|thumb|The Kray twins, Reginald (left) and Ronald, photographed by [[David Bailey (photographer)|David Bailey]].]]<br /> <br /> '''Ronald &quot;Ronnie&quot; Kray''' ([[24 October]] [[1933]] &amp;ndash; [[17 March]] [[1995]]) and '''Reginald &quot;Reggie&quot; Kray''' ([[24 October]] [[1933]] &amp;ndash; [[1 October]] [[2000]]) were [[identical twin]] brothers, and the foremost [[organised crime]] leaders in [[London]]'s [[East End]] during the 1950s and 60s. Ronald — commonly referred to as Ron or Ronnie — was [[bisexuality|bisexual]], suffered from [[paranoid schizophrenia]]&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web<br /> | title = Ronald and Reginald Kray<br /> | publisher = The Biography Channel<br /> | url = http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biography_story/1385:1460/2/Ronald_and_Reginald_Kray.htm<br /> | accessdate = 2007-08-08<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; and had the more dominant personality of the two. His brother is usually referred to as Reg or Reggie. <br /> <br /> Their rivals in South London were [[The Richardsons]] accompanied by [[Frankie Fraser]].<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> The Kray twins were born on [[24 October]] [[1933]] in [[Hoxton]], in the [[East End]] of London, to Charles David &quot;Charlie&quot; Kray Senior (born 1906 - 1983), the son of James Kray, a wardrobe dealer, and Violet Lee (1910 - 1982).&lt;ref&gt;http://www.wargs.com/other/kray.html&lt;/ref&gt; Reggie was born 10 minutes before Ronnie. Charlie and Violet already had a six-year old son, also called Charlie, who was born in 1926. A sister, Violet, born 1929, who died in infancy. When the twins were three years old they were struck down with [[diphtheria]] but recovered.<br /> <br /> Until [[1939]], having previously lived in Stene Street, Hoxton, the Kray family moved to 178 Vallance Road, [[Bethnal Green]]. At the start of the [[Second World War]], Charlie Kray Senior was called up into the army, but deserted and went on the run for 12 years. During this time he roamed the country, buying and selling silver, gold and clothing. He saw little of his sons, who grew close to their mother during his absence.<br /> <br /> The frequent presence of military police hardened an anti-authoritarian attitude in Ron and Reg, who were both to desert from the army later in life.<br /> <br /> The twins first attended Wood Close School and then Daneford Street School. There they showed none of their future criminal tendencies. A teacher there said of them: &quot;''Salt of the earth, the twins; never the slightest trouble to anyone who knew how to handle them''.&quot; &quot;''If there was anything to be done in school, they'd be utterly co-operative… they'd always be the first to help. Nothing was too much trouble.''&quot;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web<br /> | title = Prisons on the Isle of Wight<br /> | publisher = isleofwighttouristguide.com<br /> | url = http://www.isleofwighttouristguide.com/Articles/Article_16.asphttp://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biography_story/1385:1460/2/Ronald_and_Reginald_Kray.htm<br /> | accessdate = 2007-08-08<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The influence of their grandfather, Jimmy &quot;Cannonball&quot; Lee, led both boys into amateur [[boxing]], At that time a popular pursuit for [[working-class]] children in the East End. An element of competition between them spurred them on, and they achieved some success. They are said never to have lost a bout before turning professional at age 28.<br /> <br /> == National service ==<br /> The fighting did not stop at the edge of the ring, and the Kray twins quickly became famous for their gang of roughs and the mayhem they caused. They narrowly avoided prison several times and in early [[1952]] they were called up for [[National Service]]. They deserted several times, each time being recaptured. The army seemed to hold to the hope of turning them around and making good soldiers of them, but it was not to be.<br /> <br /> While [[absent without leave]], the twins assaulted a police officer who had spotted them and was trying to arrest them. They were jailed for a month and afterwards sent to a military prison in [[Shepton Mallet]], [[Somerset]] awaiting [[court-martial]]. Their behaviour in prison was so bad that in the end they were given a [[military discharge|dishonourable discharge]] from the service; for the last few weeks of their imprisonment, when their fate was a certainty anyway, they ruled the holding room they were in. They threw tantrums, upended their latrine bucket over a sergeant, handcuffed a guard to the prison bars with a pair of stolen cuffs, and burned their bedding. Eventually they were discharged, but not before escaping from the guardhouse and being recaptured by the army one last time.<br /> <br /> It was during this period that Ron started to show the first signs of mental illness. He would refuse to eat, shave only one side of his face and suffer wild mood swings, sitting still for hours before erupting into a violent frenzy. It is not clear whether at this stage it was another prank to annoy their guards, or if Ron had become unbalanced. Three years later he would be certified insane while in prison.<br /> <br /> == Criminal careers ==<br /> [[Image:The_blind_beggar_1.jpg|right|thumb|The once-notorious Blind Beggar pub in Whitechapel Road in quieter times. (November 2005)]]<br /> Their criminal record and dishonourable discharge having ended their boxing careers, the boys turned to crime, buying a seedy [[snooker]] club in Bethnal Green, and starting several [[protection racket]]s. By the end of the 1950s, the Krays were involved in [[wiktionary:Hijack|hijacking]], [[armed robbery]] and [[arson]], through which means they acquired a small empire of clubs and other properties.<br /> <br /> In the 1960s, they were well placed, as prosperous [[nightclub]] owners, to be a part of the 'swinging' London scene. A large part of their fame is due to their non-criminal activities as figures on the celebrity circuit, being photographed by [[David Bailey]] on more than one occasion; their associates included [[the Webster Family]] and [[show business]] characters such as the actors [[George Raft]], [[Judy Garland]], [[Barbara Windsor]] and singer [[Frank Sinatra]].<br /> <br /> The Krays also came into the public eye when Ron's [[homosexuality|homosexual]] relationship with [[Lord Boothby]], a UK [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] [[politician]], was alluded to in an exposé in the tabloid [[Sunday Mirror]]. Although no names were printed, Boothby threatened to sue, the newspaper backed down, sacked its editor, apologised, and paid Boothby £40,000 in an out-of-court settlement. &lt;ref&gt;BBC News Obituary of Reggie Kray [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/937275.stm]&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, other newspapers became less willing to cover the Krays' connections and mis-deeds.<br /> <br /> The criminal activities of the twins came to the attention of the police several times, but the Kray name had grown to such a reputation for violence that witnesses would not come forward. There was also a political problem. It was not in the governing Conservative Party's interests to press the police to end the Krays' power lest the Boothby connection was again publicised and was proved to be true. It was equally not in the opposition Labour Party's interests to press for action on the Krays, because [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] [[Member of Parliament|MP]] [[Tom Driberg]] was also rumoured to have had a relationship with Ron. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lords of The Underground&quot;, Channel 4 TV, Jun 23 1997 + The Spectator, Jun 28, 1997 &lt;/ref&gt; The result was that the police were under no pressure to 'go after' the Krays - quite the reverse.<br /> <br /> Their criminal activities continued behind their apparent social success. In October [[1967]], Reg was persuaded by his brother to kill [[Jack McVite|Jack &quot;the Hat&quot; McVitie]], an unimportant member of the Kray gang. McVitie was lured to a basement flat in Evering Road, [[Hackney]]. As soon as he entered, Reg Kray pointed a handgun at his head and pulled the trigger twice, but the gun failed to discharge. Ronnie Kray then held McVitie in a bearhug and Reg Kray was handed a carving knife. He stabbed McVitie in the face and stomach, driving it deep into his neck, twisting the blade as McVitie lay on the floor.&lt;ref name&quot;Read&quot;&gt; Read, Leonard. ''Nipper Read, The Man Who Nicked The Krays''. Time Warner Paperbacks 2001. p.291-292. ISBN 0-7515-3175-8&lt;/ref&gt; The Krays' elder brother, Charlie, was persuaded to assist with the concealment of McVitie’s body; a task he performed so successfully that McVitie’s body was never found. Later Charlie served a 10-year prison sentence, as an accessory to the murder, for his trouble. <br /> <br /> This wasn't the first murder the twins had committed. They were also implicated in the deaths of Frank Mitchell and George Cornell, the latter being shot at the notorious [[Blind Beggar]] pub by Ronnie on [[9 March]] [[1966]]. Despite a substantial reputation for violence, the twins were convicted of killing only McVitie and Cornell, though they are believed to have continued to hold influence in the underworld until their deaths. <br /> <br /> The Krays assisted Frank Mitchell in escaping from [[Dartmoor Prison]]. Ronnie Kray had befriended Mitchell when they served time together in another prison. Mitchell was becoming restless as he felt the authorities should review his case for [[parole]], so Ronnie felt he would be doing him a favour by getting him out of Dartmoor, highlighting his case in the media and thereby forcing the authorities to act. Once Mitchell was out of Dartmoor, the Krays held him at a friend's house in [[Essex]]. He was a very large man with a mental disorder, they found him difficult to deal with because of this and despite attempts to pacify him with a female they decided the only course of action was to get rid of him. [[Freddie Foreman]], a former member of The Firm, has described in his book how Mitchell was shot and the body disposed of in the sea. Although the Kray twins did not actually kill Mitchell, they were accessories.<br /> <br /> == Arrest and trial ==<br /> When Inspector Leonard &quot;Nipper&quot; Read of [[Scotland Yard]] was promoted to the [[Murder Investigation Team|Murder Squad]], his first assignment was to bring down the Kray twins. It was not his first involvement with Reg and Ron; during the first half of 1964 Read had been investigating their activities, but the publicity and official denials surrounding allegations of Ron's relationship with Boothby had made all the evidence he had collected useless. Read attacked the problem of convicting the twins with renewed activity in 1967, but frequently came up against the famed East End &quot;wall of silence&quot;, which discouraged anyone from providing information to the police.<br /> <br /> Nevertheless, by the end of 1967 Read had built up a substantial body of evidence against the Krays. There were a number of witness statements incriminating them, as well as other evidence, but none of it added up to a convincing case on any one charge. Most of the statements were given on the condition that they were not used until the Krays were in detention, making a warrant almost impossible to obtain. <br /> <br /> Early in [[1968]] the twins had sent a man named Elvey to [[Glasgow]] to buy explosives for rigging a car bomb. Police detained him in Scotland and he confessed he had been involved in three botched murder attempts. However, this evidence was seriously weakened by the heavy involvement of a man named Cooper, who claimed to be an agent for the [[United States Treasury Department]] investigating links between the American [[mafia]] and the Kray gang. The botched murder attempts were his work, in an attempt to pin something on the Krays. Read tried using Cooper as a trap for Ron and Reg, but they stayed away from him.<br /> <br /> Eventually, a high-level Scotland Yard conference decided to arrest the Krays on the evidence already collected, in the hope that other witnesses would be forthcoming once the Krays were in custody. Early on [[9 May]] [[1968]], the Krays and a number of the senior members of their &quot;firm&quot; were arrested. Their reign of intimidation over, many witnesses came forward, and it was relatively easy to gain a conviction. The twins did not really have a defence, other than flat denials of all charges, and discrediting witnesses by pointing out their criminal pasts. Both were sentenced to life imprisonment, with a non-parole period of thirty years, for the murders of Cornell and McVitie. Their brother Charlie was jailed for 10 years for his part in the murders. Many believe sentencing was harsher than was deserved and that they were being made an example of.<br /> <br /> == Imprisonment ==<br /> There was a highly publicised long-running campaign, with celebrity support, to have the twins released from prison, but successive [[Secretary of State for the Home Department|Home Secretaries]] vetoed the idea. <br /> The twins were allowed out for the day in August [[1982]] to attend their mother's funeral.&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web<br /> | title = 1982: Krays let out for mother's funeral<br /> | publisher = BBC<br /> | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/11/newsid_2528000/2528969.stm<br /> | accessdate = 2007-08-09<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; They did not request to attend their father's funeral when he died in March 1983.<br /> <br /> Ronnie was eventually once more certified insane and lived out the remainder of his life detained in [[Broadmoor Hospital]], [[Crowthorne]], dying on [[17 March]] [[1995]] of a massive [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] aged 61. His funeral was a huge event. It was held on [[29 March]] [[1995]] and people lined the streets for it. <br /> <br /> Reg was a different story, however. For many years he was Category A prisoner, one who is denied almost all liberties, and cannot mix with other prisoners. Such treatment frequently sends men mad, but Reg seemed to maintain some sense of humour about his situation, writing a fitness manual (never published) called ''The Reg Kray Book of Exercises for People in Confined Spaces''. He served over the recommended 30 years he was jailed for in 1969. He was finally freed from [[Norfolk]]'s [[Wayland (HM prison)|Wayland Prison]] on [[26 August]] [[2000]] on compassionate grounds as a result of having inoperable [[cancer]]. He spent the final days of his life in his suite at the Townhouse Hotel at [[Norwich]], having left [[Norwich Hospital]] on [[22 September]] [[2000]]. On [[1 October]] [[2000]], Reggie Kray died in his sleep. He died as a free man, the only one of the brothers to do so. Ten days later he was buried alongside his brother Ronnie.<br /> <br /> Charlie Kray was released in [[1975]] after serving seven years, but returned to prison in [[1997]] for conspiracy to smuggle [[cocaine]].&lt;ref&gt;http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19970624/ai_n14100992&lt;/ref&gt; He died of natural causes on [[4 April]] [[2000]], just six months before Reg's death.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.bernardomahoney.com/forthcb/krays/articles/ckdiha73.shtml&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Criminology ==<br /> The Kray twins were tried as separate, responsible adults. Ronnie dominated his brother. He was also a [[Paranoia|paranoid]] [[Schizophrenia|schizophrenic]].&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web<br /> | title = Ronald and Reginald Kray<br /> | publisher = The Biography Channel<br /> | url = http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biography_story/1385:1460/2/Ronald_and_Reginald_Kray.htm<br /> | accessdate = 2007-08-08<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; Many times in his career, Reg Kray expressed a desire to leave crime and &quot;go straight&quot;, but each time was prevented either by persuasion from Ron, or by the knowledge that Ron would not cope on his own. Reg's several attempted murders, and the murder of [[Jack McVitie]], were all done at Ron's prompting, to show that he was equal to Ron's earlier murders. Reg was also regarded as by far the quieter and less volatile of the twins, less likely to automatically react with violence or aggression, and perhaps steering the organisation away from additional trouble over the years.<br /> <br /> Ron was [[bisexual]] and generally preferred the company of other men. However, he married a woman while at Broadmoor. Before his marriage, Ron frequently berated Reg for his relationships with women. Reg's marriage to Frances Shea in 1965 lasted only eight weeks, although the marriage was never formally ended. She committed suicide in 1967.&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web<br /> | title = Frances Kray (née Shea) (died 1967), Wife of Reginald ('Reggie') Kray <br /> | publisher = National Portrait Gallery<br /> | url = http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?LinkID=mp68610<br /> | accessdate = 2007-08-09<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> When Ron spent three years in prison, Reg turned the &quot;firm&quot; around, putting it on a sound financial footing, and removing many of the more violent and less appealing aspects, if not actually turning it legal. Some speculate that without Ron, Reg would have turned the &quot;firm&quot; into one of the largest and most successful criminal organisations in Europe; however, the Kray business was always built on their reputation for savage violence, and it was Ron who was principally responsible for orchestrating it. The twins were never able to cope well apart.<br /> <br /> == In popular culture ==<br /> <br /> ===In video Games===<br /> *In ''[[The Getaway (video game)#The Getaway|The Getaway]]'', a gangster named Charlie Jolson says that he used to run [[London]] &quot;with real men like Ronnie and Reggie&quot;.<br /> <br /> *In the ''[[The Getaway (video game)#The Getaway|The Getaway: Black Monday]]'' Danny introduces Arthur, the cleaner of the operation, saying &quot;He used to work for the Krays ya know.&quot;<br /> <br /> ===In film=== <br /> *The feature film ''[[The Krays (film)|The Krays]]'' ([[1990]]), written by the [[Bethnal Green]]-born artist and dramatist [[Philip Ridley]], starred brothers [[Gary Kemp|Gary]] and [[Martin Kemp]] of the band [[Spandau Ballet]] as the Krays. <br /> <br /> ===In television===<br /> Association with (or former association with) the Krays is also seen as a sign of prestige in many differing social circles, or an indication of [[cockney]] authenticity. This attitude was spoofed in the British television series ''[[The Young Ones (TV series)|The Young Ones]]'' with [[Robbie Coltrane]] as a bouncer claiming &quot;...and I was at Violet's funeral&quot;, a reference to the twins' mother.<br /> <br /> *The long-running TV drama ''[[EastEnders]]'' has featured a gangland organisation called [[The Firm (EastEnders)|The Firm]].<br /> <br /> * ''[[EastEnders]]'' characters, [[Ronnie Mitchell|Ronnie]] and [[Roxy Mitchell]] are modelled on The Krays, hence their names, Ronnie and Roxy. As Reggie is a male name, for the EastEnders role of The Mitchell 'SISTERS', the name was changed to Roxy.<br /> <br /> *They were also the inspiration behind the ''[[Monty Python]]'' &quot;[[Piranha Brothers]]&quot; sketch. This sketch was rooted in fact; even the tale of nailing someone to the floor is based on the murder of [[Jack McVite|Jack &quot;the Hat&quot; McVitie]], who was pinned to the floor with a long knife.<br /> <br /> *The British TV series ''[[Waking the Dead]]'' featured a two parter called Deathwatch in which the cold-case detectives investigate a murder related to a pair of East End gangster brothers from the early 60's called the Suttons who were clearly based on the Krays--One was described as a psychotic and the photos used to depict them in the episodes are very similar to those of the Krays.<br /> <br /> *In 1991, a children's TV puppet show called ''[[The Winjin Pom]]'' featured two crow siblings called Ronnie and Reggie (the &quot;Crows&quot;) who were always after the goodies to steal their magical campervan named after the show title, but always failed miserably.<br /> <br /> *Kate Kray - the widow of Ronnie Kray, introduces us to the glamorous yet restricted lives of women who have married gangsters in the documentary ''Gangster's Wives''.<br /> <br /> *[[Comic Strip]] did their take on the Krays with [[Alexei Sayle]] in the roles of both twins, as the notorious [[Moss Brothers]], Carl and Sterling, in [[Didn't You Kill My Brother?]]<br /> <br /> ===In literature===<br /> There are many books about their reign of terror: among the most critically acclaimed is ''The Profession of Violence'' by [[John Pearson]]. <br /> <br /> [[Carol Ann Duffy]] has written a poem entitled &quot;The Kray Sisters&quot;, in which she changes the story of the Kray twins into a women's format. There are clear links to the original story, with characters in the poem such as &quot;Cannonball Vi&quot;, a clear mix of the twins' grandfather and mother.<br /> <br /> In [[J.K. Rowling]]'s ''[[Harry Potter]]'' series, the main villain, [[Lord Voldemort]] is so feared that most wizards and witches refer to him as 'You-Know-Who' or 'He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named'. According to Rowling, this was inspired by the Kray twins very names being taboo. &lt;ref&gt;http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2005/0705-tlc_mugglenet-anelli-2.htm&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Kray twins are mentioned frequently in the first novel by [[Jake Arnott]], ''The Long Firm'' (1999), where the main character Harry Starks is a fictional homosexual East End gangster in the 1960s who has a criminal career similar to the Krays.<br /> <br /> ===In music=== <br /> A number of artists mention the Kray twins in songs:<br /> * [[The Libertines]] mention they &quot;saw two shadow men on the Vallance Road&quot; in their song &quot;Up The Bracket&quot;. <br /> * The Pop Rivets included &quot;Kray Twins&quot; on their first album ''Greatest Hits'' (1978), featuring the singer and artist [[Billy Childish]].<br /> * The all-female British new wave band [[Mo-Dettes]] wrote a song about them, also Titled &quot;Kray Twins&quot;, on their 1980 album ''The Story So Far''.<br /> * The first single by the electronic band [[Renegade Soundwave]] featured &quot;Kray Twins&quot;; Ron and Reg were on the cover artwork of the single, released by the Mute label in 1987. <br /> * [[Morrissey]] of [[The Smiths]] sings about the twins in &quot;The Last of the Famous International Playboys&quot; (1989).<br /> * [[Blur (band)|Blur]] mention Ronnie in their single &quot;[[Charmless Man]]&quot; from the album ''[[The Great Escape (album)|The Great Escape]]'', 1995.<br /> * Ronnie and Reggie feature on the cover of the unofficial [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]] interview CD, ''[[Wibbling Rivalry]]'' released by [[Fierce Panda]]. <br /> * James Kensit, the brother of singer and actress [[Patsy Kensit]], is the god-son of Reggie Kray &lt;ref&gt;''Kray, Reggie. Born Fighter''. London: Arrow, 1991. ISBN 0099878100 &lt;/ref&gt;. <br /> * [[Ray Davies]] has the line &quot;and don't forget the Kray Twins&quot; in his song &quot;London Town&quot; on the album ''The Storyteller'' and EP ''Thanksgiving Day''.<br /> *[[Oi!]] band The Warriors wrote a song called &quot;Free Reggie Kray&quot;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://www.thekrays.co.uk/ The Krays.co.uk], official website <br /> *[http://www.crimelibrary.com/gangsters/krays/index.htm The Kray Twins: Brothers In Arms] at the [[Crime Library]] <br /> * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/7/newsid_3325000/3325399.stm Krays BBC TV interview (1965)]<br /> * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/4/newsid_2515000/2515103.stm BBC: On this day...1969: Kray twins guilty of McVitie murder], Richard Whitmore's BBC report on the Kray murder trial<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kray twins}}<br /> [[Category:1933 births|Kray twins]]<br /> [[Category:Identical twins]]<br /> [[Category:Mob bosses]]<br /> [[Category:People from London]]<br /> [[Category:English criminals]]<br /> [[Category:British mobsters]]<br /> [[Category:Crime in London]]<br /> [[Category:English murderers]]<br /> [[Category:20th century in London]]<br /> <br /> [[no:Kraybrødrene]]</div> ZephyrAnycon https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Wieners&diff=70728029 John Wieners 2007-08-06T04:03:50Z <p>ZephyrAnycon: </p> <hr /> <div>'''John Wieners''' (born [[6 January]] [[1934]] in [[Milton, Massachusetts]], and died [[1 March]] [[2002]] in [[Boston]]) was a [[United States]] [[Lyric poetry|lyric]] [[poet]]. He attended St. Gregory’s in Dorchester, MA and Boston College High School. From 1950-1954 he studied at Boston College, where he earned his A.B. In 1954 he heard [[Charles Olson]] read at the Charles Street Meeting House on Beacon Hill in the midst of a hurricane. He decided to enroll at [[Black Mountain College]] where he studied under Olson and [[Robert Duncan]] from 1955 to 1956. He then worked as an actor and stage manager at the Poet’s Theater in Cambridge, and began to edit Measure, releasing three issues over the next several years.<br /> <br /> From 1958 to 1960 he lived in San Francisco and actively participated in the [[San Francisco Renaissance|San Francisco Poetry Renaissance]]. ''The Hotel Wentley Poems'' was published in 1958, when Wieners was twenty-four.<br /> <br /> Wieners returned to Boston in 1960 and was institutionalized. In 1961 he moved to New York City and worked as an assistant bookkeeper at Eighth Street Books from 1962-1963, living on the Lower East Side with [[Herbert Huncke]]. He went back to Boston in 1963, employed as a subscriptions editor for Jordan Marsh department stores until 1965. Wieners’ second book, ''Ace of Pentacles'', was published in 1964.<br /> <br /> In 1965, after traveling with Olson to the Spoleto Festival and the Berkeley Poetry Conference, he enrolled in the Graduate Program at SUNY Buffalo. He worked as a teaching fellow under Olson, then as an endowed Chair of Poetics,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~bjackson/englishdept.htm | date = 1999-02-26 | last = Jackson| first = Bruce| title = Buffalo English: Literary Glory Days at UB. | publisher = Buffalo Beat | accessdate = 2007-07-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; staying until 1967, with ''Pressed Wafer'' coming out the same year. In the spring of 1969 Wieners was again institutionalized, and wrote ''Asylum Poems''.<br /> <br /> ''Nerves'' was released in 1970, containing work from 1966 to 1970. In the early 1970s Wieners became active in education and publishing cooperatives, political action committees, and the gay liberation movement.&lt;ref name=udel&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.lib.udel.edu/ud/spec/findaids/wieners.htm |title=John Wieners Papers |work=[[University of Delaware]] Special Collections Department |date=September, 1999 |accessdate=2007-06-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also moved into an apartment at 44 Joy Street on Beacon Hill, where he lived for the next thirty years.<br /> <br /> In 1975 ''Behind the State Capitol or Cincinnati Pike'' was published, a magnum opus of “Cinema decoupages; verses, abbreviated prose insights.” For the next ten years he published rarely and remained largely out of the public eye.<br /> <br /> Black Sparrow Press released two collections edited by Raymond Foye, ''Selected Poems: 1958-1984'' and ''Cultural Affairs in Boston'', in 1986 and 1988 respectively. A previously unpublished journal by Wieners came out in 1996, entitled ''The Journal of John Wieners is to be called 707 Scott Street for Billie Holliday 1959'', documenting his life in San Francisco around the time of ''The Hotel Wentley Poems''.<br /> <br /> At the Guggenheim in 1999 Wieners gave one of his last public readings, celebrating an exhibit by the painter [[Francesco Clemente]]. A collaboration between the two, ''Broken Women'', was also published.<br /> <br /> Wieners died on March 1, 2002 at Massachusetts General Hospital, having collapsed a few days previously after an evening attending a party with his friend and publisher Charley Shively. ''Kidnap Notes Next'', a collection of poems and journal entries edited by Jim Dunn, was published posthumously in 2002.<br /> <br /> ''A Book of Prophecies'' came out in 2007 from [[Bootstrap Press]]. The manuscript was discovered in the Kent State University archive's collection by poet Michael Carr. It was a journal written by Wieners in 1971, and opens with a poem titled &quot;2007&quot;.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * Wieners, John. ''A Book of Prophecies''. Bootstrap Press. Lowell, Mass. 2007. ISBN 978-0-9779975-4-5<br /> * Charters, Ann (ed.). ''The Portable Beat Reader''. Penguin Books. New York. 1992. ISBN 0-670-83885-3 (hc); ISBN 0-14-015102-8 (pbk)<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://www.echonyc.com/~poets/poetry/wieners.htm Two poems by John Wieners]<br /> *[http://www.lib.udel.edu/ud/spec/findaids/wieners.htm University of Delaware profile]<br /> *[http://www.geocities.com/dickmac01/pjw01.html A poem for record players, by John Wieners]<br /> *[http://tomraworth.com/wieners.html John Wieners resource page] by [[Tom Raworth]]<br /> <br /> {{US-poet-stub}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Wieners, John}}<br /> [[Category:1934 births]]<br /> [[Category:2002 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:American poets]]<br /> [[Category:American tax resisters]]<br /> [[Category:Beat Generation]]<br /> [[Category:Beat writers]]<br /> [[Category:LGBT writers from the United States]]<br /> [[Category:University at Buffalo alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Black Mountain College alumni]]<br /> <br /> [[da:John Wieners]]</div> ZephyrAnycon https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Wieners&diff=70728028 John Wieners 2007-08-06T04:03:04Z <p>ZephyrAnycon: poor writing</p> <hr /> <div>'''John Wieners''' (born [[6 January]] [[1934]] in [[Milton, Massachusetts]], and died [[1 March]] [[2002]] in [[Boston]]) was a [[United States]] [[Lyric poetry|lyric]] [[poet]]. He attended St. Gregory’s in Dorchester, MA and Boston College High School. From 1950-1954 he studied at Boston College, where he earned his A.B. In 1954 he heard [[Charles Olson]] read at the Charles Street Meeting House on Beacon Hill in the midst of a hurricane. He decided to enroll at [[Black Mountain College]] where he studied under Olson and [[Robert Duncan]] from 1955 to 1956. He then worked as an actor and stage manager at the Poet’s Theater in Cambridge, and began to edit Measure, releasing three issues over the next several years.<br /> <br /> From 1958 to 1960 he lived in San Francisco and actively participated in the [[San Francisco Renaissance|San Francisco Poetry Renaissance]]. ''The Hotel Wentley Poems'' was published in 1958, when Wieners was twenty-four.<br /> <br /> Wieners returned to Boston in 1960 and was institutionalized. In 1961 he moved to New York City and worked as an assistant bookkeeper at Eighth Street Books from 1962-1963, living on the Lower East Side with [[Herbert Huncke]]. He went back to Boston in 1963, employed as a subscriptions editor for Jordan Marsh department stores until 1965. Wieners’ second book, ''Ace of Pentacles'', was published in 1964.<br /> <br /> In 1965, after traveling with Olson to the Spoleto Festival and the Berkeley Poetry Conference, he enrolled in the Graduate Program at SUNY Buffalo. He worked as a teaching fellow under Olson, then as an endowed Chair of Poetics,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~bjackson/englishdept.htm | date = 1999-02-26 | last = Jackson| first = Bruce| title = Buffalo English: Literary Glory Days at UB. | publisher = Buffalo Beat | accessdate = 2007-07-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; staying until 1967, with ''Pressed Wafer'' coming out the same year. In the spring of 1969 Wieners was again institutionalized, and wrote ''Asylum Poems''.<br /> <br /> ''Nerves'' was released in 1970, containing work from 1966 to 1970. In the early 1970s Wieners became active in education and publishing cooperatives, political action committees, and the gay liberation movement.&lt;ref name=udel&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.lib.udel.edu/ud/spec/findaids/wieners.htm |title=John Wieners Papers |work=[[University of Delaware]] Special Collections Department |date=September, 1999 |accessdate=2007-06-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also moved into an apartment at 44 Joy Street on Beacon Hill, where he lived for the next thirty years.<br /> <br /> In 1975 ''Behind the State Capitol or Cincinnati Pike'' was published, a magnum opus of “Cinema decoupages; verses, abbreviated prose insights.” For the next ten years he published rarely and remained largely out of the public eye.<br /> <br /> Black Sparrow Press released two collections edited by Raymond Foye, ''Selected Poems: 1958-1984'' and ''Cultural Affairs in Boston'', in 1986 and 1988 respectively. A previously unpublished journal by Wieners came out in 1996, entitled ''The Journal of John Wieners is to be called 707 Scott Street for Billie Holliday 1959'', documenting his life in San Francisco around the time of ''The Hotel Wentley Poems''.<br /> <br /> At the Guggenheim in 1999 Wieners gave one of his last public readings, celebrating an exhibit by the painter [[Francesco Clemente]]. A collaboration between the two, ''Broken Women'', was also published.<br /> <br /> Wieners died on March 1, 2002 at Massachusetts General Hospital, having collapsed a few days previously after an evening attending a party with his friend and publisher Charley Shively. ''Kidnap Notes Next'', a collection of poems and journal entries edited by Jim Dunn, was published posthumously in 2002.<br /> <br /> ''A Book of Prophecies'' came out in 2007 from [[Bootstrap Press]]. The manuscript was discovered in the Kent State University archive's collection by poet Michael Carr. The manuscript, which was a journal written by Wieners in 1971, opens with a poem titled &quot;2007&quot;.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * Wieners, John. ''A Book of Prophecies''. Bootstrap Press. Lowell, Mass. 2007. ISBN 978-0-9779975-4-5<br /> * Charters, Ann (ed.). ''The Portable Beat Reader''. Penguin Books. New York. 1992. ISBN 0-670-83885-3 (hc); ISBN 0-14-015102-8 (pbk)<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://www.echonyc.com/~poets/poetry/wieners.htm Two poems by John Wieners]<br /> *[http://www.lib.udel.edu/ud/spec/findaids/wieners.htm University of Delaware profile]<br /> *[http://www.geocities.com/dickmac01/pjw01.html A poem for record players, by John Wieners]<br /> *[http://tomraworth.com/wieners.html John Wieners resource page] by [[Tom Raworth]]<br /> <br /> {{US-poet-stub}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Wieners, John}}<br /> [[Category:1934 births]]<br /> [[Category:2002 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:American poets]]<br /> [[Category:American tax resisters]]<br /> [[Category:Beat Generation]]<br /> [[Category:Beat writers]]<br /> [[Category:LGBT writers from the United States]]<br /> [[Category:University at Buffalo alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Black Mountain College alumni]]<br /> <br /> [[da:John Wieners]]</div> ZephyrAnycon https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jesus-Mythos&diff=84634383 Jesus-Mythos 2007-06-14T23:44:11Z <p>ZephyrAnycon: /* Early non-Christian references to Jesus */</p> <hr /> <div>{{jesus}}<br /> <br /> The '''Jesus myth hypothesis''', also referred to as the '''''Jesus myth theory''''', the '''''Jesus myth'''''&lt;ref&gt;See, e.g., [http://www.thejesusmyth.com/], [http://www.atheists.org/christianity/myth.html], and [http://www.bede.org.uk/jesusmyth.htm]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wells, G.A. (1998) The Jesus Myth&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.egodeath.com/christmyth.htm The Mythic-Only Jesus Theory (The Christ-Myth Theory)]&lt;/ref&gt; refers to the idea that the narrative of [[Jesus]] in the [[gospel]]s is not about a real, historical person, but a construct of [[Christian mythology]], which parallels [[mystery religion]]s of the [[Roman Empire]] such as [[Mithraism]] and the myths of [[life-death-rebirth deity|rebirth deities]]. <br /> <br /> The theory was first proposed by historian [[Bruno Bauer]] in the 19th century and was influential in biblical studies during the early 20th century. It has recently been popularized by a number of authors including [[Earl Doherty]], [[Timothy Freke]] and [[Peter Gandy]]. The majority of Biblical scholars and historians of classical antiquity reject the thesis.&lt;ref&gt;See, e.g., {{cite book|first=Robert E|last=Van Voorst|title=Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence (Studying the Historical Jesus)|date=2000|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company|pages=16|isbn=978-0802843685}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History of the hypothesis==<br /> The term ''Jesus myth'' covers a broad range of ideas, but most share the common premise that the narrative of the [[Gospel]]s portrays a figure who never actually lived. Current theories arose from nineteenth century scholarship on the formation of myth, in the work of writers such as [[Max Müller]] and [[James Frazer]]. Müller argued that religions originated in mythic stories of the birth, death, and rebirth of the sun. Frazer further attempted to explain the origins of humanity's mythic beliefs in the idea of a &quot;sacrificial king&quot;, associated with the sun as a [[dying and reviving god]] and its connection to the regeneration of the earth in springtime.&lt;ref name=&quot;Frazer&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Frazer|first=JG|title=The Golden Bough - A Study in Magic and Religion|date=2005|publisher=Cosimo|isbn=978-1596056855}}&lt;/ref&gt; Frazer did not doubt the historicity of Jesus, however, stating, &quot;my theory assumes the historical reality of Jesus of Nazareth.... The doubts which have been cast upon the historical reality of Jesus are ... unworthy of serious attention.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Frazer&quot;/&gt; The later works by [[George Albert Wells]] drew on the [[Pauline Epistles]] and the lack of early non-Christian documents to argue that the Jesus figure of the [[Gospels]] was symbolic, not historical. [[Earl Doherty]] proposed that [[Jewish mysticism]] influenced the development of a [[Christ]] myth, while [[John M. Allegro]] proposed that [[Christianity]] began as [[shamanism|shamanic]] religion based on the use of [[hallucinogenic mushrooms]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Allegro|first=John M.|authorlink=John Marco Allegro|title=The Sacred Mushroom and the Cross: A Study of the Nature and Origins of Christianity Within the Fertility Cults of the Ancient Near East|year=1970|publisher=Hodder and Stoughton|location=London|id=ISBN 0-340-12875-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most recently [[Timothy Freke]] and [[Peter Gandy]] have popularized the Jesus-myth concept in their book ''[[The Jesus Mysteries]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Freke&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Freke|first=T|coauthors=Gandy, P|title=The Jesus Mysteries: Was the &quot;Original Jesus&quot; a Pagan God?|publisher=Three Rivers Press|date=2001|isbn=978-0609807989}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some, including Freke and Gandy, have suggested that the idea that Jesus's existence is legendary is itself as old as the [[New Testament]], pointing to [[Second Epistle of John|2 John 1:7]], though scholars of the period believe that this passage refers to [[docetism]], the belief that Jesus lacked a genuinely physical body, rather than a belief that Jesus was a completely fabricated figure.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Elwell|first=WA|title=Evangelical Dictionary of Theology|date=2001|publisher=Baker Academic|isbn=978-0801020759}} &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=DC|last=Duling|coauthors=Perrin,N|title=The New Testament: Proclamation and Parenesis, Myth and History|date=1993|publisher=Harcourt|isbn=978-0155003781}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Docetism|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9030754/Docetism|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica Online|accessdate=2007-03-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=J.N.D|last=Kelly|title=Early Christian Doctrines: Revised Edition|date=1978|publisher=HarperSanFrancisco|isbn=978-0060643348}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ccel.org/bible/phillips/CPn24John2.htm|title=Book 24 - John's Second Letter|first=JB|last=Phillips|accessdate=2007-03-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|last=Arendzen|first=J. P.|encyclopedia=The Catholic Encyclopedia|title=Docetae|url =http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05070c.htm|accessdate=2007-01-07|year=1909|publisher=Robert Appleton|volume=Volume V|location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Evangelical Dictionary of Theology|author=Elwell, WA|date=2001|publisher=Baker Academic Press|isbn=978-0801020759}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early proponents==<br /> <br /> The first scholarly proponent of this theory was probably [[19th century|nineteenth century]] [[historian]] [[Bruno Bauer]], a [[Hegelian]] thinker who argued that the true founder of [[Christianity]] was an [[Alexandria]]n [[Jew]], [[Philo]], who had adapted [[Judaic]] ideas to [[Hellenic]] philosophy. Bauer's arguments made little impact at the time.{{Fact|date=April 2007}} Other authors included [[Edwin Johnson (historian)|Edwin Johnson]], who argued that Christianity emerged from a combination of liberal trends in Judaism and [[Gnosticism|Gnostic]] mysticism. Other versions of the theory developed under Bible scholars such as A. D. Loman and G. I. P. Bolland. Loman argued that episodes in Jesus's life, such as the [[Sermon on the Mount]], were fictions written to justify compilations of pre-existing liberal Jewish sayings. Bolland developed the theory that Christianity evolved from Gnosticism and that &quot;Jesus&quot; was a symbolic figure representing Gnostic ideas about God.{{Fact|date=June 2007}}&lt;!-- *otheus* what's godhead? Gnostics were monotheists, no? --&gt;<br /> <br /> By the early [[20th century|twentieth century]] a number of writers had published arguments in favour of the Jesus-myth theory, ranging from the highly speculative to the more scholarly. These treatments were sufficiently influential to merit several book-length responses by traditional historians and New Testament scholars. The most influential of the books arguing for a mythic Jesus was [[Arthur Drews]]'s ''The Christ-Myth'' ([[1909]]) which brought together the scholarship of the day in defence of the idea that Christianity had been a Jewish Gnostic cult that spread by appropriating aspects of Greek philosophy and Frazerian death-rebirth deities. This combination of arguments became the standard form of the mythic Christ theory. In [[Why I Am Not a Christian]] (1927), [[Bertrand Russell]] stated that even if Jesus existed, which he doubted, the public does not &quot;know anything&quot; about him. Some like Joseph Wheless in his 1930 [http://www.infidels.org/library/historical/joseph_wheless/forgery_in_christianity/ Forgery In Christianity] went even further and claimed there was an active effort to forge documents to make the myth seem historical beginning as early as the 2nd century.<br /> <br /> While aspects of the theory were influential, most mainstream scholars at the time rejected the notion that &quot;Jesus&quot; was little more than a fiction, arguing that the [[Gospels]], the [[Pauline epistles]], and the [[Acts of the Apostles]] contained some reliable information about the events they describe.<br /> <br /> ==Recent scholarship==<br /> <br /> In recent years, the Jesus-myth hypothesis has had few scholarly proponents in the fields of biblical scholarship or historical studies.&lt;ref name=voorst /&gt; It has been advanced by [[George Albert Wells]],&lt;!-- *otheus: cannot find [[William B. Smith]]'s authorship--&gt; Emeritus Professor of German, in ''The Jesus Legend'' and ''The Jesus Myth''. It has also been advocated by the writers [[Timothy Freke]] and [[Peter Gandy]], who are both popular writers on mysticism, with Gandy having an MA in ancient pagan mystery religions, in their books '' [[The Jesus Mysteries]]'' and ''Jesus and the Lost Goddess''. Another proponent is [[Earl Doherty]] (''[[The Jesus Puzzle]]''), who has a degree in Ancient History and Classical Languages. <br /> <br /> There are many different views regarding the nature of the early texts. Doherty suggests that Jesus is a historicised mythic figure created out of the [[Old Testament]], whom the early Christians experienced in visions. [[Joseph Atwill]], on the other hand, argues that Jesus is the deliberate and malefic creation of powerful [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] of the family of [[Vespasian]], who sought to divide and destroy [[Judaism]]. In Atwill's view the historical person behind Jesus is Vespasian's son [[Titus]], and the gospels are a complex allegory of his conquest of [[Judea]].<br /> <br /> Advocates of the Jesus-myth theory do not agree on the dating and meaning of the early Christian texts, with advocates like Doherty holding to traditional scholarly dating that puts the gospels toward the end of the [[1st century|first century]], and others, like [[Hermann Detering]] (''The Fabricated Paul''), arguing that the early Christian texts are largely forgeries and products of the middle to late [[2nd century|second century]].<br /> <br /> Presently, New Testament scholars and historians consider the question as resolved in favour of Jesus' historicity, that is, that the weight of historical evidence suggests that Jesus of Nazareth was an actual person rather than a composite of more than one person or a completely made-up myth.&lt;ref name=voorst /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Specific arguments of the hypothesis==<br /> ===Early non-Christian references to Jesus===<br /> {{details|Historicity of Jesus#Greco-Roman sources}}<br /> <br /> Three early writers are typically cited in support of the actual existence of Jesus: [[Josephus on Jesus|Josephus]], [[Tacitus on Jesus|Tacitus]] and [[Suetonius]]. Proponents of the view of Jesus as myth typically dispute the accuracy of one or more of these sources. Many proponents of the Jesus-myth hypothesis highlight the lack of documents, other than Christian documents, that make reference to Jesus until the end of the first century and note the survival of writings by a number of Roman and Jewish commentators and historians who wrote in the [[1st century|first century]] but which lack mention of events described in the Gospels, taking this as evidence that Jesus was invented later. Opponents of the hypothesis argue that [[argument from silence|arguments from silence]] are unreliable and point to the existing historical sources, both Christian and non-Christian alike.&lt;ref name=&quot;France&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Earliest recorded references====<br /> The earliest references to Jesus are by Christian writers (in the New Testament and [[New Testament Apocrypha|its Apocrypha]]). Of the few references outside of Christian documents:<br /> * The ''Antiquities'' of [[Josephus]] ([[37]] [[Common Era|CE]] - c. [[100]] CE), written in [[93]] CE contain two references to Jesus. The text comprising the first reference, the [[Josephus on Jesus|Testimonium Flavianum]], states that Jesus was the founder of a sect, but the authenticity of the passage is disputed. Grammatical analysis indicates significant differences with the passages that come before and after it, while some phrases would be inconsistent with a non-Christian author like Josephus. This leads most scholars to believe the Jesus reference was either altered or added by persons other than Josephus. However, several scholars have proposed that the core witness to a ''Jesus'' as a leader of a sect is reliable.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bede.org.uk/Josephus.htm|title=Did Josephus Refer to Jesus? A Thorough Review of the Testimonium Flavianum|first=C|last=Price|date=2004|accessdate=2007-03-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; The second reference states that in the year [[62]] CE, the newly appointed high priest &quot;convened the judges of the [[Sanhedrin]] and brought them a man called [[James the Just|James]], the brother of Jesus who was called the Christ, and certain others. He accused them of having transgressed the law and delivered them up to be stoned.&lt;ref name=&quot;France&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=2359&amp;pageno=648&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Tacitus]] in the context of the [[Great Fire of Rome]] refers to &quot;some people, known as Christians, whose disgraceful activities were notorious. The originator of that name, Christus, had been executed when [[Tiberius]] was emperor by the order of [[Pontius Pilate]]. But this deadly cult, though checked for a time, was now breaking out again.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Tacitus|first=Cornelius|title=The Annals of Imperial Rome|publisher=Digireads.com|date=2005|isbn=978-1420926682}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Suetonius]], who wrote in the second century, made reference to unrest among the Jews of Rome in 41 AD caused by &quot;Chrestus&quot;. This has been commonly identified with Jesus Christ, though in this case it must refer to indirect posthumous effects and gives no biographical information.<br /> * There are references to Christians in the letters of [[Pliny the Younger]], but they give no specific biographical information about Jesus. However the correspondence between [[Pliny the Younger|Pliny]] and [[Trajan]]&lt;ref&gt;For the exchange of letters between [[Pliny the Younger|Pliny]] and [[Trajan]], see {{cite web|url=http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/jod/texts/pliny.html|title=Pliny, Letters 10.96-97|accessdate=2007-03-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; demonstrates that by about [[110]] CE there were significant numbers of people who would not recant their faith in Christ even under torture or the threat of death, that this was a significant problem for the Imperial authorities, and that neither Pliny nor Trajan suggest that Jesus was not a real historical figure, even though they were keen to stop this &quot;perverse religious cult, carried to extremes.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;France&quot;/&gt;<br /> * The ''Babylonian [[Talmud]]'' contains [[Yeshu|several references]] that have been traditionally identified with Jesus of Nazareth.&lt;!---records &quot;It is taught: On Passover Eve they hanged [[Yeshu]] ... because he practiced magic and led Israel astray.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;France&quot;/&gt; There are other references to Yeshu which talk about his disciples being put to death, of him being &quot;repulsed with both hands&quot;, and of people healing and teaching in his name.---&gt;However, whether these Talmudic verses actually refer to Jesus of Nazareth or to various other persons that were only later identified with Jesus and with each other remains controversial.&lt;ref&gt;Gil Student, [http://talmud.faithweb.com/articles/jesusnarr.html The Jesus Narrative In The Talmud]&lt;/ref&gt; If the identification is accepted, Jesus is described as a heretic (&quot;''min''&quot;) but nowhere in the Rabinnic literature is it suggested that he was not a historical figure.&lt;ref name=&quot;France&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Apparent omissions in early records====<br /> <br /> [[Justus of Tiberias]] wrote at the end of the first century a history of Jewish kings, with whom the gospels state Jesus had interacted. Justus' history does not survive, but [[Patriarch Photios I of Constantinople|Photius]], who read it in the [[9th century]], stated that it did not mention &quot;the coming of Christ, the events of His life, or the miracles performed by Him.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Photius |authorlink=Patriarch Photios I of Constantinople |others=trans. J. H. Freese |title=The library of Photius |url=http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/photius_02preface.htm |accessdate=2007-01-03 |year=1920 |publisher=SPCK |location=London |chapter=33: Justus of Tiberias, ''Chronicle of the Kings of the Jews'' |chapterurl=http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/photius_03bibliotheca.htm#33 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===The New Testament epistles===<br /> It is widely held that the [[authorship of the Pauline epistles|authentic letters]] of [[Paul of Tarsus]] are the earliest surviving Christian writings. However the epistles ascribed to Paul do not discuss Jesus' actual life and ministry in much detail, unlike the Gospels. There are a variety of explanations for this among those who believe in a historical Jesus, while proponents of the Jesus-myth theory regard it as evidence to support their position.<br /> <br /> [[George Albert Wells|G. A. Wells]] suggests that the level of discussion of the historical Jesus in the [[Pauline epistles]], except for the [[pastoral epistles|Pastorals]], as well as in [[Epistle to the Hebrews|Hebrews]], [[Epistle of James|James]], [[First Epistle of Peter|1 Peter]], the [[Johannine epistles]] and [[Book of Revelation|Revelation]] supports his position. In these works, Wells conjectures, references to Jesus is presented as &quot;a basically supernatural personage only obscurely on Earth as a man at some unspecified period in the past&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Wells|first=GA|year=1999|month=September|title=Earliest Christianity|journal=New Humanist|volume=114|issue=3|pages=13-18|url=http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/g_a_wells/earliest.html|accessdate=2007-01-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wells considers this to be the original Christian view of Jesus, based not on the life of a historical figure but on the personified figure of [[Wisdom]] as portrayed in Jewish [[wisdom literature]].<br /> <br /> A more radical position is taken by [[Earl Doherty]], who holds that these early authors did not believe that Jesus had been on Earth at all. He argues that the earliest Christians accepted a [[Middle Platonism|Platonic]] cosmology that distinguished a &quot;higher&quot; spiritual world from the Earthly world of matter, and that they viewed Jesus as having descended only into the &quot;lower reaches of the spiritual world&quot;.&lt;ref name=doherty&gt;{{cite journal|last=Doherty|first=E|year=1997|month=Fall|title=The Jesus Puzzle: Pieces in a Puzzle of Christian Origins|journal=Journal of Higher Criticism|volume=4|issue=2|url=http://home.ca.inter.net/~oblio/jhcjp.htm|accessdate=2007-01-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Doherty also suggests that this view was accepted by the authors of the Pastoral epistles, [[Second Epistle of Peter|2 Peter]], and various second-century Christian writings outside the New Testament. Doherty contends that apparent references in these writings to events on earth, and a physical historic Jesus, should in fact be regarded as allegorical metaphors.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://pages.ca.inter.net/~oblio/supp08.htm|title=Christ as &quot;Man&quot;: Does Paul Speak of Jesus as an Historical Person?|accessdate=2007-01-11|last=Doherty|first=E|work=The Jesus Puzzle: Was There No Historical Jesus?}}&lt;/ref&gt; Opponents regard such interpretations as forced and erroneous.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bede.org.uk/price7.htm|title=Earl Doherty use of the phrase &quot;According to the Flesh&quot; (''sic'')|accessdate=2007-01-11|last=Price|first=C|date=2005-05-20|work=Bede's Library}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===The influence of the Old Testament===<br /> <br /> A majority of scholars{{who}} explain the similarities between the Gospels of [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]], [[Gospel of Mark|Mark]] and [[Gospel of Luke|Luke]] using the [[two-source hypothesis]], according to which, Matthew and Luke derived most of their content from Mark and from a lost collection of Jesus' sayings known as the [[Q document]]. In the small amount of additional material unique to Matthew, Jesus is presented with strong parallels to Old Testament figures, most noticeably [[Moses]].{{Fact|date=June 2007}} Matthew appears to have used Moses' birth narrative and sojourn in the wilderness as the basis for the narrative of Jesus.{{Fact|date=June 2007}}<br /> <br /> It is widely accepted{{who}} that the Gospel accounts were influenced by the Old Testament. Advocates of the Jesus-myth believe that the gospels are not history but a type of [[midrash]]: creative narratives based on the stories, prophecies, and quotes in the Hebrew Bible. Some advocates{{who}} argue that there is no reason to assume that the sayings attributed to Q&lt;!-- *otheus* currently, Q is already mentioned&gt;&gt;&gt;, a document that lacks a prominent narrative like the canonical gospels, --&gt; originated with Jesus. Advocates of the Jesus-myth theory claim that when the midrashic elements are removed, little to no content remains that could be used to demonstrate the existence of an historical Jesus.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://pages.ca.inter.net/~oblio/partthre.htm|title=THE JESUS PUZZLE Was There No Historical Jesus?|first=E|last=Doherty|accessdate=2007-03-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;*{{cite book|last=Doherty|first=Earl|authorlink=Earl Doherty|title=[[The Jesus Puzzle]]: Did Christianity Begin With a Mythical Christ?|year=2000|edition=rev. ed.|publisher=Canadian Humanist Publications|location=Ottawa|id=ISBN 0-9686014-0-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, work done by prominent Q scholars such as [[John Kloppenborg]] identifies Q's genre as ancient Near-Eastern &quot;instruction&quot;, which consistently attributes its wisdom to a human figure and not the personified Wisdom that one finds in the biblical [[book of Proverbs]].&lt;ref &gt;{{cite book|last=Kloppenborg|first=John|title=The Formation of Q: Trajectories in Ancient Wisdom Collections (Studies in Antiquity and Christianity)|publisher=Trinity Press International|isbn=978-1563383069|pages=263-316|date=1987}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Though believing that the gospels may contain some creativity and midrash, opponents of the Jesus-myth theory argue that the gospels are more akin to ancient [[Greco-Roman]] biographies.{{Fact|date=June 2007}} Such works attempted to impart historical information about historical figures but were not comprehensive and could include legendary developments. &lt;!-- *otheus* commentary removed:&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt; Nevertheless, proponents of Jesus' existence believe they contain sufficient historical information to establish his historicity.{{Fact|date=March 2007}}--&gt;<br /> <br /> Although there are many types of midrash, the [[Toledot Yeshu]] jumps out as being the most similar to the proposal that characters and situations were invented wholesale according to religious dogma and Old Testament prophecy. However, opponents of the Jesus-myth theory have argued that the closest parallels to potential Moses-based embellishment do not apply to that of the Jesus narrative.{{Fact|date=March 2007}} Moreover, there are many examples of ancient Jewish and Christian literature that shaped their stories and accounts according to Old Testament influence, but nevertheless provided some historical accounts;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bede.org.uk/price6.htm|title=Earl Doherty on Christian Use of the Hebrew Bible|first=C|last=Price|date=2003|accessdate=2007-03-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; for example, in [[1 Maccabees]], Judas and his battles are described in terms which parallel those of Saul's and David's battles against the Philistines in [[Books of Samuel|1 and 2 Samuel]], but nevertheless 1 Maccabees has a degree of respect amongst historians as having a reasonable degree of historical reliability.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=1 Maccabees (Guide to the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha, 5)|first=JR|last=Bartlett|publisher=Sheffield Academic Press|date=1998|isbn=978-1850757634}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Bartlett|first=John R.|title=The First and Second Books of the Maccabees|year=1973|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0521086582}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Parallels with Mediterranean mystery religions===<br /> <br /> Some advocates of the Jesus Myth theory have argued that many aspects of the Gospel stories of Jesus have remarkable parallels with [[life-death-rebirth deity|life-death-rebirth gods]] in the widespread [[mystery religion]]s prevalent in the hellenic culture amongst which Christianty was born. The central figure of one of the most widespread, [[Osiris-Dionysus]], was consistently localised and deliberately merged with local deities in each area, since it was the ''mysteries'' which were imparted that were regarded as important, not the method by which they were taught. In the view of some advocates of the Jesus Myth theory, most prominently [[Timothy Freke|Freke]] and [[Peter Gandy|Gandy]] in ''[[The Jesus Mysteries]]'', Jewish mystics adapted their form of Osiris-Dionysus to match prior Jewish heroes like Moses and Joshua, hence creating Jesus.&lt;ref name=&quot;Freke&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Several parallels are frequently cited by these advocates, and often appear, mixed with other parallels, on internet sites. The most prominently cited parallels are with [[Horus]] and [[Mithras]]. Horus was one of the life-death-rebirth deities, and was connected and involved in the resurrection of [[Osiris]], whose Egyptian name (''Asar'') is very similar to the [[root word|root]] of [[Lazarus]]. <br /> <br /> In Egyptian myth, Horus gained his authority by being anointed by Anubis, who had his own cult, and was regarded as the main anointer; the anointing made Horus into ''Horus karast'' (a religious [[epithet]] written in Egyptian documents as ''HR KRST'') - embalmed/anointed Horus - in parallel to Jesus becoming ''Christ'' by being baptised by John, who had his own followers, and was especially regarded as a baptiser. Worship of [[Isis]], Horus' mother, was a prominent cult, and the proposal that this is the basis of ''[[hyperdulia|veneration]]'' of [[Mary, the mother of Jesus|Mary]], and more particularly [[Blessed Virgin Mary|Marian Iconography]], has some merit. <br /> <br /> The suggestion of parallels with such myths, however, has gained little traction in the academic community. Advocates of the Jesus Myth theory citing the parallels are frequently discovered to be citing dubious sources, and are accused of presenting implausible parallels, advocating particular theologies to replace Christianity, and using non standard terms (e.g. ''anup the baptiser'' rather than ''Anubis the anointer/embalmer'') which others fail to recognize. In 1962, Judaism scholar Samuel Sandmel cautioned against this practice and adapted the term 'Parallelomania' to describe it. &quot;We might for our purposes define parallelomania as that extravagance among scholars which first overdoes the supposed similarity in passages and then proceeds to describe source and derivation as if implying a literary connection flowing in an inevitable or predetermined direction.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|first=S|last=Sandmel|title=Parallelomania|journal=Journal of Biblical Literature|volume=81|issue=1|date=1962|doi=10.2307/3264821|pages=1-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> Opponents of the Jesus Myth theory regularly accuse those who advocate the existence of such parallels of confusing the issue of who was borrowing from whom, a charge which was also made in ancient times by prominent early Christians.&lt;ref name=&quot;Freke&quot;/&gt;. More recently in the book ''Reinventing Jesus'', the authors put forth the position that &quot;Only after 100 A.D. did the mysteries begin to look very much like Christianity, precisely because their existence was threatened by this new religion. They had to compete to survive.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Komoszewski|first=JE|coauthors=Sawyer, MJ &amp; Wallace, DB|date=2006|title=Reinventing Jesus|publisher=Kregel Publications|pages=237|isbn=978-0825429828}}&lt;/ref&gt;.<br /> <br /> However, some prominent early Christians, e.g. [[Irenaeus]], actually acknowledged the existence of many parallels, complaining that the earlier religions had ''copied'' Christian religion and practices, before Jesus was even born, as some form of [[devil|diabolically]] inspired [[prophecy|pre-cognitive]] mockery. Additionally, elements from Mystery Religions are absent from some very early Christian texts.{{Fact|date=May 2007}}<br /> <br /> The worship of Mithras was widespread in much of the Roman Empire from the mid-2nd century CE,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Beard|first=M|authorlink=Mary Beard (classicist) |coauthors=North, J and Price, S |title=Religions of Rome Volume 1: A History |year=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-30401-6 |pages=266, 301 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |last=Beck|first=RL |editor=Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth |encyclopedia=The Oxford Classical Dictionary |title=Mithras |edition=revised 3rd edition |year=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |id=978-0198606413|pages=991&amp;ndash;992}}&lt;/ref&gt; and mainstream historians regard it as possible that many Christian practices derived originally from Mithraism through a process known as [[christianization]], including 25th December being Jesus' birth-date,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|last=Martindale|first=Cyril|title=Christmas|encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopaedia|date=1908|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03724b.htm|location=New York|accessdate=2007-03-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Sunday being the dedicated day of worship.{{Fact|date=March 2007}} Mithras was a solar deity, and so was seen as being born just after the [[winter solstice]], and the day each week officially dedicated to him by the Roman empire was later renamed the ''day of the invincible sun'', in turn being renamed ''Sunday''.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Parallels between Mithras and the birth-narrative of Luke are also proposed by some advocates of the Jesus myth, since Mithras, as a sun god, was born under the zodiac sign that at that time was known as the ''stable of Augeas'', though these latter parallels are not so supported in the academic community. It is however, agreed that according to inscriprions at the Seleucid temple at Kangavar in western Iran which is dated around 200 B.C.E., contains passage that state its dedication to &quot;&quot;Anahita, the Immaculate Virgin Mother of the Lord Mithras&quot;.{{Fact|date=March 2007}}<br /> <br /> Supporters of Jesus' historicity acknowledge that the public celebration of Jesus' birth may have been adopted from the date of the festival of [[Sol Invictus]],{{Fact|date=February 2007}} and that this has no bearing on the reliability of the Gospels, since they make no claims about the date.&lt;ref&gt;It has been also argued that the Christian celebration on the 25th December predates the pagan practice. See {{cite web|first=WJ|last=Tighe|url=http://touchstonemag.com/archives/article.php?id=16-10-012-v|title=Calculating Christmas|date=2003|publisher=Fellowship of St. James}}&lt;/ref&gt; In fact, references in Luke and Matthew point to Jesus being more likely to have been born in April or September.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Neither do any Christian churches claim that the date for the celebration is anything other than symbolic.<br /> <br /> ===Historiography and methodology===<br /> <br /> [[Earl Doherty]] argues that the gospels are inconsistent concerning &quot;such things as the baptism and nativity stories, the finding of the empty tomb and Jesus’ post-resurrection appearances&quot; and contain numerous &quot;contradictions and disagreements in the accounts of Jesus' words and deeds&quot;. He concludes that the evangelists freely altered their sources and invented material, and therefore could not have been concerned to preserve historical information.&lt;ref name=doherty/&gt;<br /> <br /> Although seldom remarked on by New Testament scholars, some advocates of the Jesus Myth theory argue that historians lack any reliable and widely accepted methodology for determining what is historical and what is not. As [[John Dominic Crossan|J. D. Crossan]], a well respected scholar of early Christianity, comments, &quot;I do not think, after two hundred years of experimentation, that there is any way acceptable in public discourse or scholarly debate, by which you can go directly into the great mound of the Jesus tradition and separate out the historical Jesus layer from all later strata&quot;.{{citequote|date=March 2007}} While this is not an argument that Jesus did not exist any more than it is an argument that the Paul described in Acts, or even Napoleon, did not exist, advocates of the Jesus Myth theory believe it does call into question the results of ''historical inquiry'' into Jesus of Nazareth.{{Fact|date=March 2007}} <br /> <br /> Opponents of the theory, including skeptical commentators such as the [[Jesus Seminar]], argue that some reliable information can be extracted from the Gospels if consistent critical methodology is used.&lt;ref&gt;See, e.g., [http://www.westarinstitute.org/Seminars/seminars.html &quot;Jesus Seminar&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Mainstream scholarly reception==&lt;!-- can we instead rename this to &quot;Scholarly criticism&quot;?? *Otheus* --&gt;<br /> The idea of Jesus as a myth has received strong criticism from a number of biblical scholars and historians. The points below highlight some of these criticisms.<br /> <br /> *Some scholars, like [[Michael Grant (author)|Michael Grant]], do not see significant similarity between the pagan myths and Christianity. Grant states that &quot;Judaism was a milieu to which doctrines of the deaths and rebirths, of mythical gods seemed so entirely foreign that the emergence of such a fabrication from its midst is very hard to credit.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Jesus: An Historian's Review of the Gospels|first=Michael|last=Grant|date=1995|publisher=Scribner|pages=199|isbn=978-0684818672}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Christianity was actively opposed by both the [[Roman Empire]] and the Jewish authorities, and would have been utterly discredited if Jesus had been shown as a non-historical figure. There is good early evidence in [[Pliny]], [[Josephus]] and other sources of the Roman and Jewish approaches at the time, and none of them involved this suggestion.&lt;ref name=&quot;France&quot;/&gt;<br /> *In response to Jesus-myth proponents who argue the lack of early non-Christian sources, or question their authenticity, [[R. T. France]], for example, points out that &quot;even the great histories of [[Tacitus]] have survived in only two manuscripts, which together contain scarcely half of what he is believed to have written, the rest is lost&quot; and that the life of Jesus, from a Roman point of view, was not a major event.&lt;ref name=&quot;France&quot;&gt;{{cite book|authorlink=RT France|last=France|first=RT|title=Evidence for Jesus (Jesus Library)|publisher=Trafalgar Square Publishing|date=1986|isbn=0340381728|pages=19-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *Parallels between [[Christianity]] and [[Mystery Religions]] are not considered compelling evidence by some scholars. {{Fact|date=May 2007}}<br /> *Through [[cultural diffusion]] it would have been natural for [[Jesus]] and/or his followers within a Hellenized Judea to incorporate the philosophy and sentiment of [[Epicureanism]], [[Stoicism]], Platonism/proto-[[Gnosticism]] , and [[mystery cults]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=WC|last=Martin|title=These Were God's People: A Bible History|publisher=Southwestern Company|date=1966|pages=392, 432-440|asin=B000HSGIW4}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ideas that these belief systems brought concerning the afterlife, presence of the divine, and wisdom were incorporated into [[Judaism]] for several centuries before [[Jesus]] and can be found in the [[Old Testament]] and [[Apocrypha]].{{Fact|date=May 2007}}<br /> *Those who do not hold to the Jesus-Myth disagree with the notion that the [[Apostle Paul]] did not speak of [[Jesus]] as a physical being. They argue that [[argument from silence|arguments from silence]] are unreliable and that there are several references to historical facts about Jesus's life in Paul's letters&lt;ref name=&quot;France&quot;/&gt;, such as that Jesus &quot;descended from David according to the flesh&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Epistle to the Romans|Romans]] 1:3&lt;/ref&gt;, that &quot;God sent his Son, born of a woman, born under the law&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Epistle to the Galatians|Galatians]] 4:4.&lt;/ref&gt; and that &quot;the resurrection of the dead has also come through a human being.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[First Epistle to the Corinthians|1 Corinthians]] 15:21.&lt;/ref&gt; Paul clearly states that in &quot;taking the form of a slave, being born in human likeness, And being found in human form, he [Jesus] humbled himself and became obedient to the point of death — even death on a cross.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Epistle to the Philippians|Philippians]] 2:7-8&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, he invokes the &quot;command,&quot; &quot;charge,&quot; or &quot;word&quot; of [[Jesus]] four times&lt;ref&gt;[[Epistle to the Romans|Romans]]14:14, [[First Epistle to the Corinthians|1 Corinthians]] 7:10 and 9:14, and [[First Epistle to the Thessalonians|1 Thessalonians]] 4:15.&lt;/ref&gt; in the [[Epistles]].<br /> *The [[Epistle to the Hebrews]] is debatably an early source, which some, but not all, scholars put before 70 CE.&lt;ref&gt;See [[Epistle to the Hebrews]].&lt;/ref&gt; Their reasoning is that the [[Epistle]] makes mention of [[animal sacrifice]], which was a practice that fell out of favor in [[Judaism]] after the destruction of the temple. In Hebrews, Jesus is mentioned several times as having physical form&lt;ref&gt;[[Epistle to the Hebrews|Hebrews]] 5:7, 7:14, and 12:3.&lt;/ref&gt; and even speaks.&lt;ref&gt;[[Epistle to the Hebrews|Hebrews]] 10:5-9&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Overall, the unhistoricity theory is regarded as effectively refuted by almost all Biblical scholars and historians.<br /> <br /> :''The nonhistoricity thesis has always been controversial, and it has consistently failed to convince scholars of many disciplines and religious creeds. ... Biblical scholars and classical historians now regard it as effectively refuted.''&lt;ref name=voorst&gt;{{cite book|first=Robert E|last=Van Voorst|title=Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence (Studying the Historical Jesus)|date=2000|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company|pages=16|isbn=978-0802843685}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> However, Doherty's interpretation of this fact is that:<br /> <br /> :''New Testament scholarship has not kept pace with today’s mythicism... Someone in the mainstream, a respected, open-minded critical scholar, unencumbered by confessional interests and peer pressure, needs to take a fresh look, to consider and address every aspect of the mythicst case in an in-depth fashion...''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://jesuspuzzle.humanists.net/CritiquesRefut3.htm |title=Responses to Critiques of the Mythicist Case |accessdate=2007-01-09 |last=Doherty|first=E}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Footnotes==<br /> &lt;!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the &lt;ref(erences/)&gt; tags--&gt; <br /> &lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot; style=&quot;-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;&quot;&gt;<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Jesus Christ and comparative mythology]]<br /> *''[[The God Who Wasn't There]]''<br /> *[[John of Gamala]]<br /> *[[Jus Asaf]]<br /> *[[Criticism of Jesus]]<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> *{{cite book|last=Allegro|first=John M.|title=The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Christian Myth|year=1992|edition=2nd rev. ed.|publisher=Prometheus Books|location=Buffalo, N.Y.|id=ISBN 0-87975-757-4}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Atwill|first=Joseph|title=The Roman Origins of Christianity|year=2003|publisher=J. Atwill|id=ISBN 0-9740928-0-0}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Atwill|first=Joseph|title=Caesar's Messiah: The Roman Conspiracy to Invent Jesus|year=2005|publisher=Ulysses|location=Berkeley, Calif.|id=ISBN 1-56975-457-8}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Brodie|first=Thomas L.|title=The Crucial Bridge: The Elijah-Elisha Narrative as an Interpretive Synthesis of Genesis-Kings and a Literary Model for the Gospels|year=2000|publisher=Liturgical Press|location=Collegeville, Minn.|id=ISBN 0-8146-5942-X}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Ellegård|first=Alvar|authorlink=Alvar Ellegård|title=Jesus: One Hundred Years Before Christ: A Study in Creative Mythology|year=1999|publisher=Century|location=London|id=ISBN 0-7126-7956-1}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Freke|first=Timothy|authorlink=Timothy Freke|coauthors=and [[Peter Gandy]]|title=[[The Jesus Mysteries]]: Was the 'Original Jesus' a Pagan God?|year=1999|publisher=Thorsons|location=London|id=ISBN 0-7225-3676-3}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Grant|first=Michael|authorlink=Michael Grant (author)|title=Jesus|origyear=1977|year=1999|publisher=Phoenix|location=London|isbn=0-75380-899-4}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Meier|first=John P|authorlink=John P. Meier|title=A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus|edition=3 vols.|publisher=Doubleday|location=New York}}<br /> *#{{cite book|title=The Roots of the Problem and the Person|year=1991|id=ISBN 0-385-26425-9}}<br /> *#{{cite book|title=Mentor, Message, and Miracles|year=1994|id=ISBN 0-385-46992-6}}<br /> *#{{cite book|title=Companions and Competitors|year=2001|id=ISBN 0-385-46993-4}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Price|first=Robert M.|authorlink=Robert M. Price|title=Deconstructing Jesus|year=2000|publisher=Prometheus Books|location=Amherst, N.Y.|id=ISBN 1-57392-758-9}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Price|first=Robert M.|title=The Incredible Shrinking Son of Man: How Reliable is the Gospel Tradition?|year=2003|publisher=Prometheus Books|location=Amherst, N.Y.|id=ISBN 1-59102-121-9}}<br /> *{{cite encyclopedia|last=Price|first=Robert M.|title=New Testament narrative as Old Testament midrash|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Midrash: Biblical Interpretation in Formative Judaism|editor=[[Jacob Neusner]] and Alan J. Avery-Peck|year=2005|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|id=ISBN 90-04-14166-9}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Sanders|first=E. P.|authorlink=E. P. Sanders|title=The Historical Figure of Jesus|year=1993|publisher=Allen Lane|location=London|id=ISBN 0-7139-9059-7}}<br /> * Seznec, Jean. 1972, ''The Survival of the Pagan Gods'', Princeton University Press, ISBN 0691017832<br /> *{{cite book|last=Theissen|first=Gerd|authorlink=Gerd Theissen|coauthors=and Annette Merz|title=The Historical Jesus: A Comprehensive Guide|year=1998|others=trans. John Bowden|publisher=Fortress Press|location=Minneapolis|id=ISBN 0-8006-3123-4}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Thompson|first=Thomas L.|title=The Messiah Myth: The Near Eastern Roots of Jesus and David|year=2005|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York|id=ISBN 0-465-08577-6}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Wells|first=G. A.|authorlink=George Albert Wells|title=The Historical Evidence for Jesus|year=1982|publisher=Prometheus Books|location=Buffalo, N.Y.|id=ISBN 0-87975-180-0}}<br /> *{{cite book|last=Wells|first=G. A.|title=The Jesus Myth|year=1999|publisher=Open Court|location=Chicago|id=ISBN 0-8126-9392-2}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> ===Supporting a Jesus-Myth theory===<br /> <br /> * [http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/richard_carrier/jesuspuzzle.shtml &quot;Did Jesus Exist? Earl Doherty and the Argument to Ahistoricity&quot;] by Richard Carrier<br /> * [http://www.ffrf.org/news/2006/debunkingJesus.php Debunking the Historical Jesus]<br /> * [http://www.vexen.co.uk/books/jesusmysteries.html &quot;The Jesus Mysteries&quot;] by Freke/Gandy<br /> * [http://www.rationalrevolution.net/articles/jesus_myth_history.htm Jesus Myth - The Case Against Historical Christ]<br /> * [http://www.thejesusmyth.com The Jesus Myth | Where Faith and Logic Collide]<br /> *[http://www.truthbeknown.com/historicaljc.htm The &quot;Historical&quot; Jesus?] by Acharya S<br /> <br /> ===Supporting a historical Jesus===<br /> <br /> * [http://www.bede.org.uk/price8.htm &quot;A History of Scholarly Refutations of the Jesus Myth&quot;] by Christopher Price<br /> * [http://www.bede.org.uk/jesusindex.htm &quot;Did Jesus Exist&quot;] a page devoted to the issues raised by the Jesus Myth<br /> <br /> [[Category:Jesus]]<br /> [[Category:Biblical criticism]]<br /> [[Category:Historicity of religious figures]]<br /> <br /> [[fr:Thèse mythiste (Jésus non historique)]]<br /> [[it:Mito di Gesù]]<br /> [[sv:Jesusmyten]]<br /> [[zh:虚构的耶稣]]</div> ZephyrAnycon https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sph%C3%A4ren_(Banks)&diff=57551945 Sphären (Banks) 2007-05-28T15:53:24Z <p>ZephyrAnycon: </p> <hr /> <div>'''''Matter''''' is a forthcoming novel from [[Iain Banks]], under the name [[Iain M Banks]]. A science fiction novel, it is the latest in his popular [[The Culture|Culture]] series.<br /> <br /> From an [http://books.guardian.co.uk/hay2007/story/0,,2087922,00.html interview] with [[The Guardian]] newspaper at the [[Hay Festival|Hay Literary Festival]] on May 25 2007:<br /> <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;Banks tells me that he has spent the past three months writing another Culture novel. It will be called Matter and is to be published next February. &quot;It's a real shelf-breaker,&quot; he says enthusiastically. &quot;It's 204,000 words long [544 pages, according to [[Amazon.com|Amazon]]] and the last 4,000 consist of appendices and glossaries. It's so complicated that even in its complexity it's complex. I'm not sure the publishers will go for the appendices, but readers will need them. It's filled with neologisms and characters who disappear for 150 pages and come back, with lots of flashbacks and -forwards. And the story involves different civilisations at different stages of technological evolution. There's even one group who have disappeared up their own fundaments into non-matter-based societies&quot;.&lt;/blockquote&gt;</div> ZephyrAnycon https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Anne%E2%80%99s_College&diff=57306296 St Anne’s College 2007-02-25T20:48:47Z <p>ZephyrAnycon: /* Academics/teachers */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Oxford_College_Infobox |<br /> name = St Anne's College |<br /> university = Oxford |<br /> picture = [[Image:StAnne'sRuthDeechBuilding.jpg|224px|The Ruth Deech Building, St Anne's College, Oxford]] |<br /> colours = &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#000326&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#515151&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FF0A00&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FF0A00&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#515151&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#000326&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#000326&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#515151&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FF0A00&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FF0A00&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#515151&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#000326&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt; |<br /> college_name = St Anne's College |<br /> named_for = [[Saint Anne|St Anne]] |<br /> established = [[1879]] |<br /> sister_college = [[New Hall, Cambridge|New Hall]] |<br /> head_name = Principal|<br /> head = [[Tim Gardam]] |<br /> JCR President = Kui-Sang Sze |<br /> undergraduates = 437 |<br /> graduates = 187 |<br /> homepage = [http://www.st-annes.ox.ac.uk/ Homepage] |<br /> boat_club = [http://www.stannesbc.org/ Boatclub]<br /> }}<br /> '''St Anne's College''' is one of the constituent colleges of the [[University of Oxford]] in the [[United Kingdom]]. What is now ''St Anne's College'' began life as part of the &quot;Association for the Education of Women&quot;, the first institution in Oxford to allow for the education of women (''see'': [[Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford]]), then later the &quot;Society of Home Students&quot;. In [[1942]] it became the &quot;St Anne's Society&quot;, and received a university charter to be founded as a women-only college in [[1952]]. It became coeducational in [[1979]]. Today it is one of the larger colleges in Oxford, with around 450 undergraduate and 150 graduate students, in a roughly equal mix of men and women.<br /> <br /> === Location ===<br /> St Anne's College is located in [[North Oxford]], on land donated by [[St John's College, Oxford|St John's College]]. Its grounds are bounded by [[Woodstock Road]] and [[Banbury Road]] to the west and east respectively, and [[Bevington Road]] to the north. They extend as far south as 48 Woodstock Road on the west, and 27 Banbury Road on the east side. The College formerly owned a number of houses throughout Oxford used for undergraduate accommodation; these have been largely sold off to fund the building of the Ruth Deech Building (completed [[2005]]).<br /> <br /> === College buildings ===<br /> [[Image:StAnnesGatehouse.jpg|150px|The Gatehouse, formerly the entrance to the college|thumb|left]]<br /> '''Hartland House''' was the first purpose-built College building. It houses the Library, the junior and senior common rooms, and some administrative offices. There are six purpose-built student accommodation blocks: the '''Gatehouse''', '''Rayne''', '''Wolfson''', '''Claire Palley''', '''Trenaman House''', and the '''Ruth Deech Building'''.<br /> <br /> The '''Gatehouse''', built in the 1960s, was the winner of an award for its architecture. It is now considered by many to be unsightly. As well as undergraduate rooms, it used to house the College Lodge, until the completion of the Ruth Deech Building.<br /> <br /> '''Rayne''' and '''Wolfson''' are virtually identical in design, and house administrative offices on the ground floor as well as student rooms.<br /> <br /> '''Claire Palley''' is a later building, and was the first accommodation block to have en-suite rooms. It also houses the Mary Ogilvie Lecture Theatre.<br /> <br /> '''Trenaman House''' (opened [[November 18]] [[1995]]) also contains en-suite student rooms, as well as the middle common room and some communal college facilities on the ground floors.<br /> <br /> '''Robert Saunders House''' (opened in [[1997]] by [[Richard Harries]], [[Bishop of Oxford]]) provides accommodation for graduate students in [[Summertown, Oxford|Summertown]], an area in the north of Oxford. <br /> <br /> The '''Ruth Deech Building''' (opened [[June 18]] [[2005]]) is the most recent College building. It houses extensive conference facilities (a lecture theatre, seminar rooms, and dining facilities) on the lower ground floor, in addition to the new College Lodge on the upper ground floor, and a large number of en-suite student rooms.<br /> <br /> In addition to the purpose-built accommodation buildings, a number of other houses on site are owned by the college and are used for various purposes.<br /> <br /> '''1 - 10 Bevington Road''', '''58/60 Woodstock Road''', and '''35, 39''' and '''41 Banbury Road''' are used for undergraduate accommodation. 39 and 41 Banbury Road also house the College Bar, 7/8 Bevington Road and 35 Banbury Road also contain teaching rooms, and '''58/60 Woodstock Road''' also contains student facilities such as a gym and laundrette.<br /> <br /> '''37 Banbury Road''' is used for offices and teaching rooms.<br /> <br /> '''27 Banbury Road''' is used for offices of College support staff such as the College nurse, and for teaching rooms.<br /> <br /> '''48''' and '''50 Woodstock Road''' contain teaching rooms and seminar rooms. 50 Woodstock Road also contains the College's music practice rooms.<br /> <br /> Other College buildings include the Dining Hall (also used for College bops, and examinations) and attached kitchens, and various outbuildings attached to some of the houses.<br /> <br /> === Notable former students ===<br /> *[[Danny Alexander]]<br /> *[[Mary Archer]]<br /> *[[Karen Armstrong]]<br /> *[[Louise Bagshawe]]<br /> *[[Wendy Beckett]]<br /> *Professor Dame [[Gillian Beer]]<br /> *[[Tina Brown]]<br /> *[[Frances Cairncross]]<br /> *[[Edwina Currie]]<br /> *[[Ruth Deech]], Baroness Deech<br /> *[[UA Fanthorpe]]<br /> *[[Helen Fielding]]<br /> *[[Zoe Heller]]<br /> *[[Elizabeth Jennings]]<br /> *[[Martha Kearney]]<br /> *[[Penelope Lively]]<br /> *[[Max More]] (formerly O'Connor)<br /> *[[Melanie Phillips]]<br /> *[[Libby Purves]]<br /> *[[Jill Paton Walsh]]<br /> *Dame [[Cicely Saunders]]<br /> *[[Pauline Stainer]]<br /> *[[Polly Toynbee]]<br /> <br /> :See also [[:Category:Alumni of St Anne's College, Oxford|Former students of St Anne's College]].<br /> <br /> === Academics/teachers ===<br /> *[[Simon Donaldson]]<br /> *[[A. C. Grayling]]<br /> *[[Nick Middleton]]<br /> *[[Iris Murdoch]]<br /> *[[Graham Nelson]]<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *[http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/oxfordtour/stannescollege/index.html Virtual Tour of St. Anne's College]<br /> <br /> {{University_of_Oxford}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1879]]<br /> [[Category:Colleges of the University of Oxford]]</div> ZephyrAnycon https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Anne%E2%80%99s_College&diff=57306295 St Anne’s College 2007-02-25T20:47:53Z <p>ZephyrAnycon: /* Notable former students */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Oxford_College_Infobox |<br /> name = St Anne's College |<br /> university = Oxford |<br /> picture = [[Image:StAnne'sRuthDeechBuilding.jpg|224px|The Ruth Deech Building, St Anne's College, Oxford]] |<br /> colours = &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#000326&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#515151&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FF0A00&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FF0A00&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#515151&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#000326&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#000326&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#515151&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FF0A00&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FF0A00&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#515151&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#000326&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt; |<br /> college_name = St Anne's College |<br /> named_for = [[Saint Anne|St Anne]] |<br /> established = [[1879]] |<br /> sister_college = [[New Hall, Cambridge|New Hall]] |<br /> head_name = Principal|<br /> head = [[Tim Gardam]] |<br /> JCR President = Kui-Sang Sze |<br /> undergraduates = 437 |<br /> graduates = 187 |<br /> homepage = [http://www.st-annes.ox.ac.uk/ Homepage] |<br /> boat_club = [http://www.stannesbc.org/ Boatclub]<br /> }}<br /> '''St Anne's College''' is one of the constituent colleges of the [[University of Oxford]] in the [[United Kingdom]]. What is now ''St Anne's College'' began life as part of the &quot;Association for the Education of Women&quot;, the first institution in Oxford to allow for the education of women (''see'': [[Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford]]), then later the &quot;Society of Home Students&quot;. In [[1942]] it became the &quot;St Anne's Society&quot;, and received a university charter to be founded as a women-only college in [[1952]]. It became coeducational in [[1979]]. Today it is one of the larger colleges in Oxford, with around 450 undergraduate and 150 graduate students, in a roughly equal mix of men and women.<br /> <br /> === Location ===<br /> St Anne's College is located in [[North Oxford]], on land donated by [[St John's College, Oxford|St John's College]]. Its grounds are bounded by [[Woodstock Road]] and [[Banbury Road]] to the west and east respectively, and [[Bevington Road]] to the north. They extend as far south as 48 Woodstock Road on the west, and 27 Banbury Road on the east side. The College formerly owned a number of houses throughout Oxford used for undergraduate accommodation; these have been largely sold off to fund the building of the Ruth Deech Building (completed [[2005]]).<br /> <br /> === College buildings ===<br /> [[Image:StAnnesGatehouse.jpg|150px|The Gatehouse, formerly the entrance to the college|thumb|left]]<br /> '''Hartland House''' was the first purpose-built College building. It houses the Library, the junior and senior common rooms, and some administrative offices. There are six purpose-built student accommodation blocks: the '''Gatehouse''', '''Rayne''', '''Wolfson''', '''Claire Palley''', '''Trenaman House''', and the '''Ruth Deech Building'''.<br /> <br /> The '''Gatehouse''', built in the 1960s, was the winner of an award for its architecture. It is now considered by many to be unsightly. As well as undergraduate rooms, it used to house the College Lodge, until the completion of the Ruth Deech Building.<br /> <br /> '''Rayne''' and '''Wolfson''' are virtually identical in design, and house administrative offices on the ground floor as well as student rooms.<br /> <br /> '''Claire Palley''' is a later building, and was the first accommodation block to have en-suite rooms. It also houses the Mary Ogilvie Lecture Theatre.<br /> <br /> '''Trenaman House''' (opened [[November 18]] [[1995]]) also contains en-suite student rooms, as well as the middle common room and some communal college facilities on the ground floors.<br /> <br /> '''Robert Saunders House''' (opened in [[1997]] by [[Richard Harries]], [[Bishop of Oxford]]) provides accommodation for graduate students in [[Summertown, Oxford|Summertown]], an area in the north of Oxford. <br /> <br /> The '''Ruth Deech Building''' (opened [[June 18]] [[2005]]) is the most recent College building. It houses extensive conference facilities (a lecture theatre, seminar rooms, and dining facilities) on the lower ground floor, in addition to the new College Lodge on the upper ground floor, and a large number of en-suite student rooms.<br /> <br /> In addition to the purpose-built accommodation buildings, a number of other houses on site are owned by the college and are used for various purposes.<br /> <br /> '''1 - 10 Bevington Road''', '''58/60 Woodstock Road''', and '''35, 39''' and '''41 Banbury Road''' are used for undergraduate accommodation. 39 and 41 Banbury Road also house the College Bar, 7/8 Bevington Road and 35 Banbury Road also contain teaching rooms, and '''58/60 Woodstock Road''' also contains student facilities such as a gym and laundrette.<br /> <br /> '''37 Banbury Road''' is used for offices and teaching rooms.<br /> <br /> '''27 Banbury Road''' is used for offices of College support staff such as the College nurse, and for teaching rooms.<br /> <br /> '''48''' and '''50 Woodstock Road''' contain teaching rooms and seminar rooms. 50 Woodstock Road also contains the College's music practice rooms.<br /> <br /> Other College buildings include the Dining Hall (also used for College bops, and examinations) and attached kitchens, and various outbuildings attached to some of the houses.<br /> <br /> === Notable former students ===<br /> *[[Danny Alexander]]<br /> *[[Mary Archer]]<br /> *[[Karen Armstrong]]<br /> *[[Louise Bagshawe]]<br /> *[[Wendy Beckett]]<br /> *Professor Dame [[Gillian Beer]]<br /> *[[Tina Brown]]<br /> *[[Frances Cairncross]]<br /> *[[Edwina Currie]]<br /> *[[Ruth Deech]], Baroness Deech<br /> *[[UA Fanthorpe]]<br /> *[[Helen Fielding]]<br /> *[[Zoe Heller]]<br /> *[[Elizabeth Jennings]]<br /> *[[Martha Kearney]]<br /> *[[Penelope Lively]]<br /> *[[Max More]] (formerly O'Connor)<br /> *[[Melanie Phillips]]<br /> *[[Libby Purves]]<br /> *[[Jill Paton Walsh]]<br /> *Dame [[Cicely Saunders]]<br /> *[[Pauline Stainer]]<br /> *[[Polly Toynbee]]<br /> <br /> :See also [[:Category:Alumni of St Anne's College, Oxford|Former students of St Anne's College]].<br /> <br /> === Academics/teachers ===<br /> *[[Iris Murdoch]]<br /> *[[Simon Donaldson]]<br /> *[[A. C. Grayling]]<br /> *[[Graham Nelson]]<br /> *[[Nick Middleton]]<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *[http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/oxfordtour/stannescollege/index.html Virtual Tour of St. Anne's College]<br /> <br /> {{University_of_Oxford}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1879]]<br /> [[Category:Colleges of the University of Oxford]]</div> ZephyrAnycon https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Anne%E2%80%99s_College&diff=57306291 St Anne’s College 2007-01-22T20:46:52Z <p>ZephyrAnycon: /* Notable former students */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Oxford_College_Infobox |<br /> name = St Anne's College |<br /> university = Oxford |<br /> picture = [[Image:StAnne'sRuthDeechBuilding.jpg|224px|The Ruth Deech Building, St Anne's College, Oxford]] |<br /> colours = &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#000326&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#515151&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FF0A00&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FF0A00&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#515151&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#000326&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#000326&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#515151&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FF0A00&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FF0A00&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#515151&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#000326&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt; |<br /> college_name = St Anne's College |<br /> named_for = [[Saint Anne|St Anne]] |<br /> established = [[1879]] |<br /> sister_college = [[New Hall, Cambridge|New Hall]] |<br /> head_name = Principal|<br /> head = [[Tim Gardam]] |<br /> JCR President = Kui-Sang Sze |<br /> undergraduates = 437 |<br /> graduates = 187 |<br /> homepage = [http://www.st-annes.ox.ac.uk/ Homepage] |<br /> boat_club = [http://www.stannesbc.org/ Boatclub]<br /> }}<br /> '''St Anne's College''' is one of the constituent colleges of the [[University of Oxford]] in the [[United Kingdom]]. What is now ''St Anne's College'' began life as part of the &quot;Association for the Education of Women&quot;, the first institution in Oxford to allow for the education of women (''see'': [[Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford]]), then later the &quot;Society of Home Students&quot;. In [[1942]] it became the &quot;St Anne's Society&quot;, and received a university charter to be founded as a women-only college in [[1952]]. It became coeducational in [[1979]]. Today it is one of the larger colleges in Oxford, with around 450 undergraduate and 150 graduate students, in a roughly equal mix of men and women.<br /> <br /> === Location ===<br /> St Anne's College is located in [[North Oxford]], on land donated by [[St John's College, Oxford|St John's College]]. Its grounds are bounded by [[Woodstock Road]] and [[Banbury Road]] to the west and east respectively, and [[Bevington Road]] to the north. They extend as far south as 48 Woodstock Road on the west, and 27 Banbury Road on the east side. The College formerly owned a number of houses throughout Oxford used for undergraduate accommodation; these have been largely sold off to fund the building of the Ruth Deech Building (completed [[2005]]).<br /> <br /> === College buildings ===<br /> [[Image:StAnnesGatehouse.jpg|150px|The Gatehouse, formerly the entrance to the college|thumb|left]]<br /> '''Hartland House''' was the first purpose-built College building. It houses the Library, the junior and senior common rooms, and some administrative offices. There are six purpose-built student accommodation blocks: the '''Gatehouse''', '''Rayne''', '''Wolfson''', '''Claire Palley''', '''Trenaman House''', and the '''Ruth Deech Building'''.<br /> <br /> The '''Gatehouse''', built in the 1960s, was the winner of an award for its architecture. It is now considered by many to be unsightly. As well as undergraduate rooms, it used to house the College Lodge, until the completion of the Ruth Deech Building.<br /> <br /> '''Rayne''' and '''Wolfson''' are virtually identical in design, and house administrative offices on the ground floor as well as student rooms.<br /> <br /> '''Claire Palley''' is a later building, and was the first accommodation block to have en-suite rooms. It also houses the Mary Ogilvie Lecture Theatre.<br /> <br /> '''Trenaman House''' (opened [[November 18]] [[1995]]) also contains en-suite student rooms, as well as the middle common room and some communal college facilities on the ground floors.<br /> <br /> '''Robert Saunders House''' (opened in [[1997]] by [[Richard Harries]], [[Bishop of Oxford]]) provides accommodation for graduate students in [[Summertown, Oxford|Summertown]], an area in the north of Oxford. <br /> <br /> The '''Ruth Deech Building''' (opened [[June 18]] [[2005]]) is the most recent College building. It houses extensive conference facilities (a lecture theatre, seminar rooms, and dining facilities) on the lower ground floor, in addition to the new College Lodge on the upper ground floor, and a large number of en-suite student rooms.<br /> <br /> In addition to the purpose-built accommodation buildings, a number of other houses on site are owned by the college and are used for various purposes.<br /> <br /> '''1 - 10 Bevington Road''', '''58/60 Woodstock Road''', and '''35, 39''' and '''41 Banbury Road''' are used for undergraduate accommodation. 39 and 41 Banbury Road also house the College Bar, 7/8 Bevington Road and 35 Banbury Road also contain teaching rooms, and '''58/60 Woodstock Road''' also contains student facilities such as a gym and laundrette.<br /> <br /> '''37 Banbury Road''' is used for offices and teaching rooms.<br /> <br /> '''27 Banbury Road''' is used for offices of College support staff such as the College nurse, and for teaching rooms.<br /> <br /> '''48''' and '''50 Woodstock Road''' contain teaching rooms and seminar rooms. 50 Woodstock Road also contains the College's music practise rooms.<br /> <br /> Other College buildings include the Dining Hall (also used for College bops, and examinations) and attached kitchens, and various outbuildings attached to some of the houses.<br /> <br /> === Notable former students ===<br /> *[[Danny Alexander]]<br /> *[[Mary Archer]]<br /> *[[Karen Armstrong]]<br /> *[[Louise Bagshawe]]<br /> *[[Wendy Beckett]]<br /> *Professor Dame [[Gillian Beer]]<br /> *[[Tina Brown]]<br /> *[[Frances Cairncross]]<br /> *[[Edwina Currie]]<br /> *[[Ruth Deech]], Baroness Deech<br /> *[[UA Fanthorpe]]<br /> *[[Helen Fielding]]<br /> *[[Zoe Heller]]<br /> *[[Martha Kearney]]<br /> *[[Penelope Lively]]<br /> *[[Max More]] (formerly O'Connor)<br /> *[[Melanie Phillips]]<br /> *[[Libby Purves]]<br /> *[[Jill Paton Walsh]]<br /> *Dame [[Cicely Saunders]]<br /> *[[Pauline Stainer]]<br /> *[[Polly Toynbee]]<br /> <br /> :See also [[:Category:Alumni of St Anne's College, Oxford|Former students of St Anne's College]].<br /> <br /> === Academics/teachers ===<br /> *[[Iris Murdoch]]<br /> *[[Simon Donaldson]]<br /> *[[A. C. Grayling]]<br /> *[[Graham Nelson]]<br /> *[[Nick Middleton]]<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *[http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/oxfordtour/stannescollege/index.html Virtual Tour of St. Anne's College]<br /> <br /> {{University_of_Oxford}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1879]]<br /> [[Category:Colleges of the University of Oxford]]</div> ZephyrAnycon https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timothy_J._Clark&diff=55924600 Timothy J. Clark 2006-09-20T15:55:14Z <p>ZephyrAnycon: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Timothy James Clark''' (often as &quot;T.J. Clark&quot;), son of senior civil servant [[Richard W. B. Clarke|Otto Clarke]] and elder brother of one-time Home Secretary [[Charles Clarke]], was born in [[1943]] in [[Bristol]], [[England]]. Unlike his brother, he dropped the final 'e' from his surname.<br /> <br /> He first acquired fame as a [[Marxist]] [[art historian]]. Currently holding the George C. and Helen N. Pardee Chair as Professor of [[Modern Art]] at the [[University of California Berkeley]], Clark is working on a new methodology of art history involving notions of uprightness and the ground plane.<br /> <br /> Educated at [[Winchester College]], Clark graduated with an A.B., from [[St. John's College]], [[Cambridge University]] earning a first class distinction in [[1964]]. He received his Ph.D. in art history from the [[Courtauld Institute]] of Art, [[University of London]] in [[1973]]. He lectured at [[Essex University]] [[1967]]-[[1969]] and then at [[Camberwell School of Art]] as a senior lecturer, [[1970]]-[[1974]]. During this time he was also a member of the [[British]] Section of the [[Situationist International]], from which he was expelled along with the other members of the English section, and participated in the Student and Worker Movement in [[Paris]] [[1968]]. He was also involved in the group [[King Mob]].<br /> <br /> In [[1973]] he published two books based on his Ph.D. dissertation which launched his international career as an art historian. [[The Absolute Bourgeois: Artists and Politics in France, 1848-1851]] and [[Image of the People: Gustav Courbet and the Second French Republic, 1848-1851]] were received as a manifesto of the new art history in the English language, provoking controversy as an unabashed Marxist interpretation of some well-traveled ground in art history. In 1974, a visiting professor position [[University of California, Los Angeles]] (UCLA) turned into an associate professor rank. Clark returned to Britain and [[Leeds University]] to be chair of the [[Fine Art]] Department in [[1976]]. In [[1980]] Clark joined the School of Fine Arts faculty at [[Harvard University]], setting off a furor among many traditional and [[connoisseurship]]-based faculty. Chief among his Harvard detractors was the [[Renaissance]] art historian Sydney Freedberg, with whom he had a public feud. He forbade his students to study with Freedberg and eventually was reprimanded by the University. In 1988 he joined the faculty at UC Berkeley.<br /> <br /> In the early 1980s, he wrote an essay 'Clement Greenberg's Theory of Art' critical of prevailing Modernist theory, which prompted a notable and pointed exchange with [[Michael Fried]]. This exchange defined the debate between Modernist theory and the social history of art. Since that time, a mutually respectful and productive exchange of ideas between Clark and Fried has developed, based on their common commitment to the modernist canon. This puts them both at odds with influential art historians such as [[Rosalind Krauss]] and [[Benjamin H. D. Buchloh]] who look beyond that canon, notably to art practices influenced by [[Marcel Duchamp]].<br /> <br /> Clark's works have provided a new form of art history that take a new direction from traditional preoccupations with [[artistic|style]] and [[iconography]]. His books regard modern paintings as striving to articulate the social and political conditions of modern life. <br /> <br /> ==Publications==<br /> <br /> * &quot;Image of the People: Gustave Courbet and the 1848 Revolution&quot; (1973) <br /> * &quot;The Absolute Bourgeois: Artists and Politics in France, 1848-1851&quot; (1973)<br /> * &quot;The Painting of Modern Life: Paris in the Art of Manet and his Followers&quot; (1985)<br /> * &quot;Farewell to an Idea: Episodes from a History of Modernism&quot; (1999)<br /> * &quot;Afflicted Powers: Capital and Spectacle in a New Age of War&quot; (2005), (a book jointly written with UC Berkeley [[Geography]] Professor [[Michael Watts]] and two independent [[San Francisco]] Bay Area writers, [[Iain Boal]] and [[Joseph Matthews]].<br /> * &quot;The Sight of Death: An Experiment in Art Writing&quot; (on two works by [[Nicolas Poussin]], [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0300117264 Forthcoming (2006)])<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> <br /> * [http://www.revoltagainstplenty.com/archive/local/kingmob.html A Hidden King Mob]] contains a critical section on Clark's role in [[King Mob]], and his personality and trajectory, viewed as those of a lifelong bourgeois snob<br /> * [http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2006/02/01_clarkmellon.shtml Timothy J. Clark, noted art historian, awarded [[Mellon Foundation]] grant]<br /> * [http://www.dictionaryofarthistorians.org/clarkt.htm Dictionary of Art Historians entry from which part of the entry was derived]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Art historians|Clark, Timothy (T. J.)]]</div> ZephyrAnycon https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Anne%E2%80%99s_College&diff=57306230 St Anne’s College 2006-04-25T15:58:49Z <p>ZephyrAnycon: /* Academics/teachers */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Oxford_College_Infobox |<br /> name = St Anne's College |<br /> university = Oxford |<br /> picture = |<br /> colours = &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#000326&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#515151&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FF0A00&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FF0A00&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#515151&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#000326&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#000326&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#515151&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FF0A00&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FF0A00&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#515151&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#000326&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt; |<br /> college_name = St Anne's College |<br /> named_for = [[Saint Anne|St Anne]] |<br /> established = [[1879]] |<br /> sister_college = [[New Hall, Cambridge|New Hall]] |<br /> head_name = Principal|<br /> head = [[Tim Gardam]] |<br /> JCR President = Sally Lambert |<br /> undergraduates = 437 |<br /> graduates = 187 |<br /> homepage = [http://www.st-annes.ox.ac.uk/ Homepage] |<br /> boat_club = [http://www.stannesbc.org/ Boatclub]<br /> }}<br /> '''St Anne's College''' is one of the constituent colleges of the [[University of Oxford]] in the [[United Kingdom]]. What is now ''St Anne's College'' began life as part of the &quot;Association for the Education of Women&quot;, the first institution in Oxford to allow for the education of women (''see'': [[Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford]]), then later the &quot;Society of Home Students&quot;. In [[1942]] it became the &quot;St Anne's Society&quot;, and received a university charter to be founded as a women-only college in [[1952]]. It became coeducational in [[1979]]. Today it is one of the larger colleges in Oxford, with around 450 undergraduate and 150 graduate students, in a roughly equal mix of men and women.<br /> <br /> === Notable former students ===<br /> *[[Mary Archer]] <br /> *[[Wendy Beckett]]<br /> *[[Tina Brown]]<br /> *[[Edwina Currie]]<br /> *[[UA Fanthorpe]]<br /> *[[Helen Fielding]]<br /> *[[Zoe Heller]]<br /> *[[Martha Kearney]]<br /> *[[Penelope Lively]]<br /> *[[Max More]] (formerly O'Connor)<br /> *[[Simon Rattle]]<br /> *[[Wendy Perriam]]<br /> *[[Melanie Phillips]]<br /> *[[Libby Purves]]<br /> *[[Jill Paton Walsh]]<br /> *[[Frances Stonor Saunders]]<br /> <br /> :See also [[:Category:Former students of St Anne's College, Oxford|Former students of St Anne's College]].<br /> <br /> === Academics/teachers ===<br /> *[[Iris Murdoch]]<br /> *[[Simon Donaldson]]<br /> *[[A. C. Grayling]]<br /> *[[Graham Nelson]]<br /> *[[Nigel Bowles]]<br /> *[[Nick Middleton]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{University_of_Oxford}}<br /> <br /> [[Category: Colleges of the University of Oxford]]</div> ZephyrAnycon https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Anne%E2%80%99s_College&diff=57306229 St Anne’s College 2006-04-25T15:58:29Z <p>ZephyrAnycon: /* Academics/teachers */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Oxford_College_Infobox |<br /> name = St Anne's College |<br /> university = Oxford |<br /> picture = |<br /> colours = &lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#000326&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#515151&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FF0A00&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FF0A00&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#515151&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#000326&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#000326&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#515151&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FF0A00&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#FF0A00&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#515151&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> &lt;/td&gt;&lt;td bgcolor=&quot;#000326&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt; |<br /> college_name = St Anne's College |<br /> named_for = [[Saint Anne|St Anne]] |<br /> established = [[1879]] |<br /> sister_college = [[New Hall, Cambridge|New Hall]] |<br /> head_name = Principal|<br /> head = [[Tim Gardam]] |<br /> JCR President = Sally Lambert |<br /> undergraduates = 437 |<br /> graduates = 187 |<br /> homepage = [http://www.st-annes.ox.ac.uk/ Homepage] |<br /> boat_club = [http://www.stannesbc.org/ Boatclub]<br /> }}<br /> '''St Anne's College''' is one of the constituent colleges of the [[University of Oxford]] in the [[United Kingdom]]. What is now ''St Anne's College'' began life as part of the &quot;Association for the Education of Women&quot;, the first institution in Oxford to allow for the education of women (''see'': [[Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford]]), then later the &quot;Society of Home Students&quot;. In [[1942]] it became the &quot;St Anne's Society&quot;, and received a university charter to be founded as a women-only college in [[1952]]. It became coeducational in [[1979]]. Today it is one of the larger colleges in Oxford, with around 450 undergraduate and 150 graduate students, in a roughly equal mix of men and women.<br /> <br /> === Notable former students ===<br /> *[[Mary Archer]] <br /> *[[Wendy Beckett]]<br /> *[[Tina Brown]]<br /> *[[Edwina Currie]]<br /> *[[UA Fanthorpe]]<br /> *[[Helen Fielding]]<br /> *[[Zoe Heller]]<br /> *[[Martha Kearney]]<br /> *[[Penelope Lively]]<br /> *[[Max More]] (formerly O'Connor)<br /> *[[Simon Rattle]]<br /> *[[Wendy Perriam]]<br /> *[[Melanie Phillips]]<br /> *[[Libby Purves]]<br /> *[[Jill Paton Walsh]]<br /> *[[Frances Stonor Saunders]]<br /> <br /> :See also [[:Category:Former students of St Anne's College, Oxford|Former students of St Anne's College]].<br /> <br /> === Academics/teachers ===<br /> *[[Iris Murdoch]]<br /> *[[Simon Donaldson]]<br /> *[[A.C. Grayling]]<br /> *[[Graham Nelson]]<br /> *[[Nigel Bowles]]<br /> *[[Nick Middleton]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{University_of_Oxford}}<br /> <br /> [[Category: Colleges of the University of Oxford]]</div> ZephyrAnycon https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Anne%E2%80%99s_College&diff=57306215 St Anne’s College 2005-11-19T17:53:56Z <p>ZephyrAnycon: FSS</p> <hr /> <div>&lt;div style=&quot;float:right;padding-left:20px&quot;&gt;<br /> {| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;220&quot;<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=center bgcolor=&quot;#000066&quot; | &lt;font color=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;'''St Anne's College'''<br /> |-<br /> |width=&quot;50%&quot;|Established ||width=&quot;50%&quot;|[[1879]]<br /> |-<br /> |width=&quot;50%&quot;|[[List of Oxbridge sister colleges|Sister College]]||width=&quot;50%&quot;|[[New Hall, Cambridge|New Hall]]<br /> |-<br /> |width=&quot;50%&quot;|Principal ||width=&quot;50%&quot;|Mr [[Tim Gardam]]<br /> |-<br /> |width=&quot;50%&quot;|Graduates ||width=&quot;50%&quot;|127<br /> |-<br /> |width=&quot;50%&quot;|Undergraduates ||width=&quot;50%&quot;|422<br /> |}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> '''St Anne's College''' is one of the constituent colleges of the [[University of Oxford]] in the [[United Kingdom]]. What is now ''St Anne's College'' began life as part of the &quot;Association for the Education of Women&quot;, the first institution in Oxford to allow for the education of women (''see'': [[Somerville College, Oxford]]), then later the &quot;Society of Home Students&quot;. In [[1942]] it became the &quot;St Anne's Society&quot;, and received a university charter to be founded as a women-only college in [[1952]]. It became coeducational in [[1979]]. Today it is one of the larger colleges in Oxford, with around 450 undergraduate and 150 graduate students, in a roughly equal mix of men and women.<br /> <br /> === Notable former students ===<br /> *[[Mary Archer, Baroness Archer of Weston-super-Mare|Mary Archer]] <br /> *[[Tina Brown]]<br /> *[[Edwina Currie]]<br /> *[[UA Fanthorpe]]<br /> *[[Helen Fielding]]<br /> *[[Penelope Lively]]<br /> *[[Max More]] (formerly O'Connor)<br /> *[[Wendy Perriam]]<br /> *[[Melanie Phillips]]<br /> *[[Libby Purves]]<br /> *[[Jill Paton Walsh]]<br /> *[[Frances Stonor Saunders]]<br /> <br /> :See also [[:Category:Former students of St Anne's College, Oxford|Former students of St Anne's College]].<br /> <br /> === Academics/teachers ===<br /> *[[Iris Murdoch]]<br /> *[[Simon Donaldson]]<br /> <br /> === External link ===<br /> * [http://www.stannes.ox.ac.uk/ St Anne's College website]<br /> <br /> {{University_of_Oxford}}<br /> <br /> [[Category: Colleges of the University of Oxford]]</div> ZephyrAnycon https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Miller&diff=110375616 Jonathan Miller 2005-04-10T18:28:50Z <p>ZephyrAnycon: /* Life and career */</p> <hr /> <div>'''Dr Jonathan Wolfe Miller''' (born [[21 July]] [[1934]]) is a [[physician]], [[theater]] and [[opera]] director and [[television]] presenter.<br /> <br /> ==Life and career==<br /> <br /> Miller grew up in [[Hampstead]] in a well connected Jewish family - his father Emanuel (1892-1970) was a psychiatrist specialising in child development and his mother Betty (born Spiro) (1910-65) was a novelist and biographer.<br /> <br /> He studied natural sciences and medicine at [[St John's College, Cambridge]], graduating in [[1959]] and worked as a hospital doctor for the next two years. However he was also involved in the university drama society and the [[Cambridge Footlights]] and in [[1960]] he helped write and produce '[[Beyond the Fringe]]' at the [[Edinburgh Festival]] which launched the careers of [[Alan Bennett]], [[Peter Cook]] and [[Dudley Moore]]. Miller quit the show shortly after its move to New York and took over as editor and presenter of the [[BBC]]'s flagship arts programme &quot;[[Monitor]]&quot;. In [[1966]] he wrote, produced and directed a play of ''Alice in Wonderland'' for the [[BBC]].<br /> <br /> During the later 1960s he had a major falling out with the magazine [[Private Eye]] that Miller accounts to implicit [[anti-semitism]].<br /> <br /> In the [[1970s]] he started directing and producing operas for Kent Opera and [[Glyndebourne]], with a new production of ''The Marriage of Figaro'' for [[English National Opera]] in [[1978]]. He has now become one of the world's leading opera directors. At the same time he held a research fellowship in the history of medicine at [[University College, London]].<br /> <br /> Most of his work for television has been for the [[BBC]], starting by producing a series of 12 [[Shakespeare]] plays between [[1980]]-[[1982|82]]. He also wrote and presented several factual series drawing on his experience as a physician, for example 'The Body in Question' [[1978]] (which caused some controversy for showing the dissection of a cadaver), 'States of Mind' [[1983]], 'Who Cares' and 'Born Talking'.<br /> <br /> In 2004 he wrote and presented a series on [[atheism]], '[[Atheism: A Rough History of Disbelief]]' (on-screen title; but more commonly referred to as 'Jonathan Miller's Brief History of Disbelief') for [[BBC Four]] TV, exploring the roots of his own lack of belief and investigating the history of atheism. Individual conversations, debates and discussions for the series that could not be included, due to time constraints - were individually aired in a six-part series entited [[Atheism Tapes]].<br /> <br /> He is a Commander of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (1983), a Fellow of the [[Royal College of Physicians]] in London and Edinburgh and a Foreign Member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]. He was knighted in 2002.<br /> <br /> In the film for television ''Not Only But Always'' about the careers of Peter Cook and Dudley Moore, [[Jonathan Aris]] played Jonathan Miller as a young man.<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> Country of publication is the UK, unless stated otherwise<br /> <br /> ===as writer, contributor or editor===<br /> {{Book reference | Author = Jonathan Miller with [[Alan Bennett]], [[Peter Cook]], and [[Dudley Moore]] | Title = Beyond the Fringe. A Revue | ID = | Year = 1963 | Publisher = Souvenir Press/Samuel French}}<br /> *{{Book reference | Author = Jonathan Miller (Ed) | Title = Harvey and the Circulation of Blood: A Collection of Contemporary Documents | ID = | Year = 1968 | Publisher = Jackdaw Publications}}<br /> *{{Book reference | Author = Jonathan Miller with [[Margaret Drabble]], [[Richard Hoggart]], [[Adrian Mitchell]], [[Mary Quant]] et al.| Title = The Permissive Society | ID = | Year = 1969 | Publisher = Panther }}<br /> *{{Book reference | Author = Jonathan Miller | Title = McLuhan | ID = | Year = 1970 | Publisher = Fontana Modern Masters series}}<br /> *{{Book reference | Author = Jonathan Miller | Title = Censorship and the Limits of Personal Freedom | ID = | Year = 1971 | Publisher = Oxford University Press}}<br /> *{{Book reference | Author = Jonathan Miller | Title = Freud: The Man, His World and His Influence | ID = | Year = 1972 | Publisher = Weidenfeld and Nicholson}}<br /> *{{Book reference | Author = Jonathan Miller | Title = The Uses of Pain (Conway memorial lecture) | ID = | Year = 1974 | Publisher = South Place Ethical Society}}<br /> *{{Book reference | Author = Jonathan Miller | Title = The Body in Question | ID = | Year = 1978 | Publisher = Jonathan Cape}}<br /> *{{Book reference | Author = Jonathan Miller | Title = Darwin for Beginners | ID = ISBN 0375714588 | Year = 1982 | Publisher = Writers and Readers Comic Book/2003 Pantheon Books (USA)}} (republished in 2000 as ''Introducing Darwin and Evolution'' Icon Books (Faber))<br /> *{{Book reference | Author = AuthorName | Title = The Human Body | ID = | Year = 1983 | Publisher = Viking Press }} (1994 Jonathan Cape [pop-up book])<br /> *{{Book reference | Author = Jonathan Miller | Title = States of Mind. Conversations with Psychological Investigators | ID = | Year = 1983 | Publisher = BBC/Random House}} &amp;mdash; participants include [[Jerome Bruner]], [[Daniel Dennett]], [[Brian Farrell]], [[Jerome Fodor]], [[Thomas Szasz]]<br /> *{{Book reference | Author = Jonathan Miller | Title = The Facts of Life | ID = | Year = 1984 | Publisher = Jonathan Cape}} (pop-up book intended for children)<br /> *{{Book reference | Author = Jonathan Miller | Title = Subsequent Performances | ID = | Year = 1986 | Publisher = Faber}}<br /> *{{Book reference | Author = Jonathan Miller with Alan Bennett, Peter Cook, and Dudley Moore | Title = The Complete Beyond the Fringe | ID = ISBN 0413146707 | Year = 1987 | Publisher = Methuen}}<br /> *{{Book reference | Author = Jonathan Miller &amp; John Durrant | Title = Laughing Matters: A Serious Look at Humour| ID = | Year = 1989 | Publisher = Longman}}<br /> *{{Book reference | Author = Jonathan Miller | Title = Acting in Opera | ID = | Year = 1990 | Publisher = Applause Theatre &amp; Cinema Books}} (The Applause Acting Series)<br /> *{{Book reference | Author = Jonathan Miller (Ed) | Title = Don Giovanni Book. Myths of Seduction and Betrayal | ID = | Year = 1990 | Publisher = Faber}}<br /> {{Book reference | Author = Jonathan Miller | Title = The Afterlife of Plays | ID = | Year = 1992 | Publisher = San Diego State Univ Press}} (University Research Lecture Series No. 5) <br /> *{{Book reference | Author = Robert B Silvers (Ed) | Title = Hidden Histories of Science | ID = | Year = 1997 | Publisher = Granta Books}} &amp;mdash; Contributors Jonathan Miller with [[Stephen Jay Gould]], [[Daniel J Kevles]], [[RC Lewontin]], [[Oliver Sacks]]<br /> *{{Book reference | Author = Jonathan Miller | Title = Dimensional Man | ID = | Year = 1998 | Publisher = Jonathan Cape}} [kit / model book]<br /> *{{Book reference | Author = Jonathan Miller | Title = On Reflection | ID = ISBN 0300077130 | Year = 1998 | Publisher = National Gallery Publications/Yale University Press (USA)}}<br /> *{{Book reference | Author = Jonathan Miller | Title = Nowhere in Particular | ID = ISBN 184000150 | Year = 1999 | Publisher = Mitchell Beasley}} [collection of his photographs]<br /> *{{Book reference | Author = Robert B. Silvers (Ed) | Title = Doing It : Five Performing Arts | ID = ISBN 0940322757 | Year = 2000 | Publisher = New York Review of Books (USA)}} &amp;mdash; Essays by Jonathan Miller [[Geoffrey O'Brien]], [[Charles Rosen]], [[Tom Stoppard]] and [[Garry Wills]]<br /> <br /> ===Introduction or Foreword contributed===<br /> *{{Book reference | Author = Robert Lowell | Title = Old Glory, The: Endecott and the Red Cross; My Kinsman, Major Molineux; and Benito Cereno | ID = | Year = 1966 | Publisher = }} (directors note)<br /> *{{Book reference | Author = Various | Title = More Viz Crap Jokes | ID = ISBN 1902212169 | Year = 1999 | Publisher = John Brown Publishing}} (introduction)<br /> *{{Book reference | Author = Julian Rothenstein | Title = The Paradox Box: Optical Illusions, Puzzling Pictures, Verbal Diversions | ID = | Year = 2000 | Publisher = Redstons Press /Shambhala Publications (USA)}}<br /> *{{Book reference | Author = Linda Scotson | Title = Doran: Child of Courage | ID = | Year = 2000 | Publisher = Macmillan}}<br /> <br /> ===Books about Miller===<br /> *{{Book reference | Author = Kate Bassett | Title = Jonathan Miller Biography (working title) | ID = | Year = 2006 forthcoming | Publisher = Methuen}}<br /> *{{Book reference | Author = Ronald Bergan | Title = Beyond the Fringe...and Beyond: A Critical Biography of Alan Bennett, Peter Cook, Jonathan Miller, Dudley Moore | ID = ISBN 1852271752 | Year = 1990 | Publisher = Virgin Books}}<br /> *{{Book reference | Author = Michael Romain (Ed) | Title = A Profile of Jonathan Miller | ID = ISBN 0521409535 | Year = 1992 | Publisher = Cambridge University Press}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> * [http://roycecarlton.com/pdf/Miller-Kit.pdf biographical pack] from Miller's agents.<br /> <br /> == External link ==<br /> * http://www.roycecarlton.com/speakers/miller.html<br /> * [http://www.freethoughtfilter.com/wiki/index.php/A_Brief_History_of_Disbelief A Brief History of Disbelief on FreethoughtFilter Wiki]<br /> <br /> [[Category:1934 births|Miller, Jonathan]]<br /> [[Category:Cambridge Footlights|Miller, Jonathan]]<br /> [[Category:Satirists|Miller, Jonathan]]</div> ZephyrAnycon https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Anne%E2%80%99s_College&diff=57306200 St Anne’s College 2005-03-10T18:15:22Z <p>ZephyrAnycon: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;div style=&quot;float:right;padding-left:20px&quot;&gt;<br /> {| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;220&quot;<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=center bgcolor=&quot;#000066&quot; | &lt;font color=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;'''St Anne's College'''<br /> |-<br /> |width=&quot;50%&quot;|Established ||width=&quot;50%&quot;|[[1879]]<br /> |-<br /> |width=&quot;50%&quot;|[[List of Oxbridge sister colleges|Sister College]]||width=&quot;50%&quot;|[[New Hall, Cambridge|New Hall]]<br /> |-<br /> |width=&quot;50%&quot;|Principal ||width=&quot;50%&quot;|Mr Tim Gardam<br /> |-<br /> |width=&quot;50%&quot;|Graduates ||width=&quot;50%&quot;|127<br /> |-<br /> |width=&quot;50%&quot;|Undergraduates ||width=&quot;50%&quot;|422<br /> |}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> '''St Anne's College''' is one of the constituent colleges of the [[University of Oxford]] in the [[United Kingdom]].<br /> <br /> === History ===<br /> <br /> What is now ''St Anne's College'' began life as part of the &quot;Association for the Education of Women&quot;, the first institution in Oxford to allow for the education of women (''see'': [[Somerville College, Oxford]]), then later the &quot;Society of Home Students&quot;. In [[1942]] it became the &quot;St Anne's Society&quot;, and received a university charter to be founded as a women-only college in [[1952]]. It become coeducational in [[1979]]. Today it is one of the larger colleges in Oxford, with around 450 undergraduate and 150 graduate students, in a roughly equal mix of men and women.<br /> <br /> === Notable Former Students ===<br /> <br /> *Mary Archer (wife of disgraced peer Lord Archer)<br /> *[[Edwina Currie]]<br /> *UA Fanthorpe<br /> *Helen Fielding<br /> *Penelope Lively<br /> *Max More (formerly O'Connor)<br /> *Wendy Perriam<br /> *Libby Purvis<br /> <br /> === Academics/Teachers ===<br /> <br /> *[[Iris Murdoch]]<br /> *[[Simon Donaldson]]<br /> <br /> === External link ===<br /> <br /> * [http://www.stannes.ox.ac.uk/ St Anne's College website]<br /> <br /> {{University_of_Oxford}}<br /> <br /> [[Category: Colleges of the University of Oxford]]</div> ZephyrAnycon https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Anne%E2%80%99s_College&diff=57306199 St Anne’s College 2005-03-10T18:09:37Z <p>ZephyrAnycon: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;div style=&quot;float:right;padding-left:20px&quot;&gt;<br /> {| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;220&quot;<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=center bgcolor=&quot;#000066&quot; | &lt;font color=&quot;#FFFFFF&quot;&gt;'''St Anne's College'''<br /> |-<br /> |width=&quot;50%&quot;|Established ||width=&quot;50%&quot;|[[1879]]<br /> |-<br /> |width=&quot;50%&quot;|[[List of Oxbridge sister colleges|Sister College]]||width=&quot;50%&quot;|[[New Hall, Cambridge|New Hall]]<br /> |-<br /> |width=&quot;50%&quot;|Principal ||width=&quot;50%&quot;|Mr Tim Gardam<br /> |-<br /> |width=&quot;50%&quot;|Graduates ||width=&quot;50%&quot;|127<br /> |-<br /> |width=&quot;50%&quot;|Undergraduates ||width=&quot;50%&quot;|422<br /> |}<br /> &lt;/div&gt;<br /> '''St Anne's College''' is one of the constituent colleges of the [[University of Oxford]] in the [[United Kingdom]].<br /> <br /> === History ===<br /> <br /> What is now ''St Anne's College'' began life as part of the &quot;Association for the Education of Women&quot;, the first institution in Oxford to allow for the education of women (''see'': [[Somerville College, Oxford]]), then later the &quot;Society of Home Students&quot;. In [[1942]] it became the &quot;St Anne's Society&quot;, and received a university charter to be founded as a women-only college in [[1952]]. It become coeducational in [[1979]]. Today it is one of the larger colleges in Oxford, with around 450 undergraduate and 150 graduate students, in a roughly equal mix of men and women.<br /> <br /> === Notable Former Students ===<br /> <br /> *Mary Archer (wife of disgraced peer Lord Archer)<br /> *[[Edwina Currie]]<br /> *Helen Fielding<br /> *UA Fanthorpe<br /> *Penelope Lively<br /> *Max More (formerly O'Connor)<br /> *Wendy Perriam<br /> *Libby Purvis<br /> <br /> === Academics/Teachers ===<br /> <br /> *[[Iris Murdoch]]<br /> *[[Simon Donaldson]]<br /> <br /> === External link ===<br /> <br /> * [http://www.stannes.ox.ac.uk/ St Anne's College website]<br /> <br /> {{University_of_Oxford}}<br /> <br /> [[Category: Colleges of the University of Oxford]]</div> ZephyrAnycon