Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Scrapy (Software)

2015-06-28T04:03:28Z

Zanetu: latest release date = {{Start date and age|2015|06|19}} (http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/news.html)

{{Infobox software
| name = Scrapy
| logo = [[File:Scrapy logo.jpg|220px]]
| screenshot =
| caption =
| collapsible =
| author =
| developer =
| released = {{Start date|2008|06|26}}
| discontinued =
| latest release version = 1.0
| latest release date = {{Start date and age|2015|06|19}}
| latest preview version =
| latest preview date =
| frequently updated =
| programming language = [[Python (programming language)|Python]]
| operating system = [[Linux]]/[[Mac OS X]]/[[Microsoft Windows|Windows]]
| engine =
| platform =
| size =
| language =
| status =
| genre = [[Web crawler]]
| license = [[BSD License]]
| website = {{url|http://scrapy.org}}
| repository = {{url|https://github.com/scrapy/scrapy/}}
}}

'''Scrapy''' is a web crawling framework with support for [[web scraping]]. It is [[open-source]] and written in [[Python (programming language)|Python]]. It is controlled using command line tools, that can be used to trigger the scrapers written in Python.

Scrapy was born at London-based web aggregation and e-commerce company Mydeco, where it was developed and maintained by employees of Mydeco and Insophia (a web consulting company based in Montevideo, Uruguay). In 2011, Scrapinghub (a web scraping consulting company based in Cork, Ireland and Montevideo; of which Mydeco is a customer) became the new official maintainer.<ref name="list">{{cite book|author=Pablo Hoffman|title=List of the primary authors & contributors|url=https://github.com/scrapy/scrapy/blob/master/AUTHORS|accessdate=18 November 2013|year=2013}}</ref> The first official release was in August 2008, and it has been continually improved since then.{{cn|date=November 2014}}

==References==

{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.scrapy.org Scrapy home page]

[[Category:Web crawlers]]
[[Category:Web scraping]]

Chinesisch-pakistanische Beziehungen

2010-05-03T00:19:04Z

Zanetu: Henry Kissenger -> Henry Kissinger

{{Infobox Bilateral relations|China-Pakistan|Pakistan|China}}
'''China–Pakistan relations''' began in 1950 when [[Pakistan]] was among the first countries to break relations with the [[Republic of China]] on [[Taiwan]] and recognise the [[People's Republic of China]]. Following the Sino-Indian hostilities of 1962, Pakistan's relations with the PRC became stronger; since then, the two countries have regularly exchanged high-level visits resulting in a variety of agreements. The PRC has provided [[economic]], [[military]] and technical assistance to Pakistan.

The relationship has been described by [[Hu Jintao]] as "higher than the mountains and deeper than oceans". Favourable relations with China have been a pillar of Pakistan's foreign policy. China strongly supported Pakistan's opposition to [[Soviet]] involvement in [[Afghanistan]] and was perceived by Pakistan as a regional counterweight to [[India]]. China and Pakistan also share a close military relation, with China supplying a range of modern armaments to the Pakistani defence forces. China supports Pakistan's stance on [[Kashmir]] while Pakistan supports China on the issue of [[Xinjiang]], Tibet, and Taiwan. Lately, military cooperation has deepened with joint projects producing armaments ranging from fighter jets to guided missile frigates. Chinese cooperation with Pakistan has reached high economic points with substantial investment from China in Pakistani infrastructural expansion, including the noted project in the Pakistani deep water port in [[Gwadar]]. Both countries have an ongoing [[free trade]] agreement. Pakistan has served as China's main bridge between Muslim countries. Pakistan had earlier played a leading role in bridging the communication gap between China and the [[West]], through [[Henry Kissinger]]'s secret visit.

==Background==
Pakistan has an enduring, multi-dimensional and deep-rooted relationship with China. The long-standing ties of friendship between the two countries are underpinned by mutual trust and confidence. A close identity of views and mutuality of interest remain the hallmark of bilateral ties. Pakistan has always supported China on all issues of importance to the latter, especially those related to the question of China's sovereignty e.g. [[Taiwan]], [[Xinjiang]], and [[Tibet]] and other sensitive issues such as human rights.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}

The Chinese leadership has always appreciated Pakistan's steadfast support on issues of their concern. They are also generous in acknowledging the significant role of Pakistan in the early 1970s, which enabled China to break its isolation from the West and the US, when Henry Kissinger secretly visited Beijing. Pakistan also helped China become a member for the United Nations and has also been instrumental in providing excellent relations of China with the Muslim world.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}

China has also supported Pakistan through thick and thin. The Kashmir issue has always been supported, while in 2008 during Pakistan-Indian tensions, it promised unlimited financial and military aid. Pakistan and China have also been involved in technology exchanged. Although earlier, it would be mostly sharing, it now remains in the favour of Chinese.

==Diplomatic relations==
{{Update|date=July 2009}}
{{Unreferenced|date=February 2010}}
[[Diplomatic relations]] between Pakistan and China were established on 21 May 1951. The 50th Anniversary of the establishment of the [[diplomatic relations]] this year is an occasion of great significance both in historic terms as well as for a strong public manifestation of the durability and the strength of Pak-China relations. A series of high level exchanges, hallmark of which is Premier [[Zhu Rongji]]'s visit to Pakistan on 11-14 May 2001 and [[President of Pakistan]]'s visit to China later this year as part of the commemorative events for the golden jubilee celebrations. In addition, high profile cultural and business activities would be undertaken, including Pakistan's participation in the [[Beijing International Trade Fair]] in April 2001, [[civil awards]] for Chinese nationals in recognition of their contribution to Pak-China friendship and [[cooperation]] in various fields issuance of first day covers/commemorative stamps to mark the occasion. To mark the 50th Anniversary of Pak-China Friendship, [[Pakistan Post Office]] is issued a set of 3 commemorative postage stamps on 12 May 2001. As a part of[[Golden Jubilee Celebrations]], Pakistan and China, Pakistan Post Office will be issuing First Day of Issue covers with the stamps of the 2 respective countries duly pasted. Pakistan and China will further be celebrating the 50th Anniversary of Pak-China friendship by releasing First Day of Issue Covers simultaneously at [[Beijing]] and [[Islamabad]] on 21 May. Special ceremonies will be held in the respective capitals to mark the release of First Day of Issue Covers containing postage stamps of the respective countries on both the First Day Covers duly defaced with special postmarks of 21 May 2001.

With the new government of President Zardari under intense pressure from the United States, there are calls from notable politicians and defence analysts{{Who|date=February 2010}} for Pakistan to adopt a foreign policy which considers China and not the US to be Pakistan's strongest ally and most significant stakeholder. China's emergence as the leading global economic power coupled with recent rumours of an Indo-Western policy that could promote a destabilisation followed by a potential disintegration of Pakistan has helped this suggestion gain further credibility.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} Washington has historically been accused of using Pakistan in time of need and then deserting it for a policy that favours stronger relations with India to take advantage of the large consumer market there. China, on the other hand has been a time-tested friend of Pakistan's. The recent Mumbai attacks serve as an ideal example of this where the US joined hands with India in accusing Pakistan whereas China warned all other powers to restrain an invasion of Pakistan.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} It is in this respect that the focus in the coming years would be on the speed and scale of development at Gawadar port. Some circles in Pakistan believe that the process of this development should be expedited as a matter of urgency because it would deepen Chinese interest in Pakistan substantially.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}

==Pakistan-China military relations==
The [[People's Republic of China]]'s military relationship with Pakistan's military has often been regarded by the leaders of both countries as all weather and time tested.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} This relationship between two [[Asia]]n countries, who are joined with a common border, is important in the world's geo-strategic alliances. The policy of having good relations between the armed forces was taken by the leaders to counter the balance of power in the Asia. On the one hand [[India]]n and [[Soviet Union]], and on the other hand Pakistan and China's policies to counter it. In recent years this relationship has deepened even further by having defence agreements between Pakistan and China.

China has been a steady source of military equipment to the [[Pakistani Army]] and also has helped Pakistan to set-up mass weapons production factories and also have given technology assistance and modernized facilities. <ref name="cfr.org">http://www.cfr.org/publication/10070</ref>

In the last 20 years, the countries are involved in the joint venture of several projects to enhance military and weaponry systems, which includes [[JF-17 Thunder]] fighter aircraft, [[K-8 Karakorum]] advance training aircraft, [[space technology]], [[Airborne Early Warning and Control|AWACS]], [[Al-Khalid tank]], [[Babur cruise missile]]. The armies have a schedule for organising joint [[military]] exercises. <ref name="globalsecurity.org">http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/mbt-2000.htm</ref>

China is the largest investor in the [[Gwadar]] Deep Sea Port, which is strategically located at the mouth of the [[Strait of Hormuz]]. <ref name="asianresearch.org">http://www.asianresearch.org/articles/2528.html</ref>

China has offered to Pakistan military aid in order to fight against the terrorist activities on their (Pakistan's) soil. [[Beijing]] will further cooperate with [[Islamabad]] in dealing firmly with terrorists. After the aid The [[Islamic Republic of Pakistan]] will also purchase military equipment from China to fight terror to which China have agreed. This will strengthen cooperation between two [[Armed]] [[Forces]]. <ref name="zeenews.com">http://www.zeenews.com/news439060.html</ref>

In the past, China played a major role in the development of Pakistan's nuclear infrastructure, especially when increasingly stringent export controls in [[Western Countries]] made it difficult for Pakistan to acquire materials and uranium enriching equipment from elsewhere. China has supplied Pakistan with equipment to enrich it's indigenous uranium to weapons grade.

In the 1990s, China designed and supplied the heavy water [[Khusab]] reactor, which plays a key role in Pakistan's production of plutonium. A subsidiary of the [[China National Nuclear Corporation]] also contributed in Pakistan's efforts to expand its uranium enrichment capabilities by providing 5,000 custom made ring magnets, which are a key component of the bearings that facilitate the high-speed rotation of centrifuges.

China also provided technical and material support in the completion of the [[Chasma Nuclear Power Reactor]] and plutonium reprocessing facility, which was built in the mid 1990s. <ref name="fas.org">http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/pakistan/nuke/</ref>

China has also launched Pakistan's first satellite to orbit in 1990 because Pakistan had no Spaceport. However, Pakistan does have a space program. Pakistan's [[Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO)]] is Pakistan’s national space agency and was established in 1961. <ref name="aerospaceguide.net">http://www.aerospaceguide.net/worldspace/pakistan.html</ref>

==Economic relations==
{{Expand section|date=February 2010}}

In October 2009,Pakistan and China Agree to 'propel' Trade <ref>[http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=55954&Itemid=2]</ref> <ref>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-09/10/content_12031914.htm China]/</ref><ref>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-09/10/content_12031914.htm China]</ref><ref
>[http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=55817&Itemid=2]</ref>

==Cultural relations==
{{Expand section|date=February 2010}}

'The prime minister congratulated the government and the people of China on behalf of the people of Pakistan on the cultural week.Chinese Ambassador Lou Zhaohui said that China greatly values its deep rooted friendship with Pakistan, stressing that the friendship is all weather and in all dimensions of life.Chinese artists staged performances including Chinese acrobats, folk tune, songs and magic show. A large number of audiences witnessed the thrilling shows and showed great interest in the Chinese culture.' <ref>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-08/17/content_11898717.htm]</ref><ref>[http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=98222&Itemid=2]</ref>

==Timeline==
[[Image:Sukh Chayn Gardens Inauguration.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Prime Ministers of Pakistan and China inaugurating the project of [[Sukh Chayn Gardens]]]]
Chinese President [[Hu Jintao]], making the first visit to Pakistan by a Chinese president in a decade, promised to bolster his country's ties with its old ally to a new level.
Following are some of the most important events in relations between the two neighbors.
: '''1950''' - Pakistan becomes third non-[[communist]] country, and first Muslim one, to recognize China.
: '''1951''' - [[Beijing]] and at the time [[Karachi]] established diplomatic relations between themselves in the month of May.
: '''1970''' - Pakistan helps US make contacts with China that result in visit to China by then US National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger in 1971.
: '''1978''' - [[Karakoram Highway]] linking mountainous [[Northern Pakistan]] with [[Western China]] officially opens.
: '''1980'''s - China and US supply help through Pakistan to [[Demographics of Afghanistan|Afghan]] guerrillas fighting [[Soviet]] occupational forces.
: '''1986''' - China and Pakistan reach comprehensive nuclear Co-operation Agreement.
: '''1996''' - Chinese President [[Jiang Zemin]] pays state visit to Pakistan.
: '''1999''' - A 300-megawatt nuclear power plant, built with Chinese help in [[Punjab province]], is completed. China is helping to build a second 300-megawatt nuclear plant due to be finished by 2010.
: '''2001''' - A joint-ventured Chinese-Pakistani tank, the [[MBT-2000]] (Al-Khalid) MBT, comes into full production.
: '''2002''' - Chinese Vice Premier [[Wu Bangguo]] attends ground-breaking ceremony for Pakistan's [[Gwadar]] deep-sea port. China provides $198 million for $248 million joint project.
: '''2003''' - Pakistan and China signed a $110 million contract for the construction of a housing project on Multan Road in Lahore <ref name="dawn.com">http://www.dawn.com/2004/12/16/top5.htm</ref>
: '''2007''' - [[People's Republic of China|Sino-]] became Pakistan's biggest arms supplier with no strings attached, a true "strategic partnership".
: '''2007''' - [[People's Republic of China|Sino-]]Pakistani joint-ventured [[multirole]] [[fighter aircraft]] - [[JF-17 Thunder]] '''(FC-1 Fierce Dragon)''' is formally rolled out. 2008, Pakistan starts mass production of the aircraft.
:'''2008''' - China warns [[United States|US]] of war against Pakistan, during which former president, [[Pervez Musharraf]], visits China, Musharraf raised issues of US attacks inside Pakistan.
:Pakistan's foreign office (the first foreign issue to speak of [[Tibet]]) speaks for more than three times per month on the Tibet issue, calling for the world to stop opposing China and the Olympic Games.
:Pakistan welcomes China's Olympic Torch warmly, and did not protest against Tibet when the torch arrived. In fact, when the torch passed through the rural hinterland of the capital Islamabad, local villagers showered rose petals upon the procession. As a result, China thanked Pakistan for its continuous support.
:'''2008''' During the [[2008 Sichuan Earthquake]], Pakistan almost emptied its national storage of tents to support China.
:'''2008''' China and Pakistan sign an FTA (free trade agreement). It is the first such agreement signed by the two countries. As a direct result China has opened new industries in Pakistan and Pakistan has been given free trade zones in China.
:'''2008''' China vows to help Pakistan in civil nuclear technology by building and helping in the Khusab Nuclear Programme providing technology to Pakistan for better maintenance of civil nuclear plants.
:'''2008''' Pakistan and China to build first ever train route through the [[Karakoram Highway]], ultimately linking China's rail route-net to [[Gwadar Port]].
:'''2008''' The [[F-22P]] frigate, comes into service with the [[Pakistani Navy]]. The first frigate was inducted in Pakistani Navy in July 2009 and last one is expected to be in 2013.<ref name="Brothers in 'arms'? China gives warship to Pak">{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/brothers-in-arms-china-gives-warship-to-pak/98275-2.html?from=rssfeed|title=Brothers in 'arms'? China gives warship to Pak|date= 31 July 2009|work=Press Trust Of India|publisher=CNN-IBN|accessdate=2009-07-31}}</ref>
:'''2009''' Pakistani intelligence agencies helped the Chinese government of catching several suspected [[Uyghur]] terrorists seeking haven in Pakistan and planning to launch illegal operations.
:'''2009''' Growing military ties between China and Pakistan are a serious concern to India, Defense Minister A.K. Antony said on Friday, in the latest display of a prickly rivalry between New Delhi and its neighbors. India worries about China's rising influence in South Asia and the Indian Ocean region, a neighborhood New Delhi has traditionally considered as its sphere of influence.<ref>http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=26084</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSISL9262520061124 CHRONOLOGY-Main events in Chinese-Pakistani relations]
*[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-02/23/content_10872882.htm Pakistan: Sino-Pakistan relations higher than Himalayas]
*[http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=55817&Itemid=2 Pakistan, China ink 11 agreements to bolster cooperation in diverse fields]
*[http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=55902&Itemid=2 President Zardari, Premier Wen agree further cementing strategic partnership ]
*[http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=55954&Itemid=2 Pakistan, China agree to propel level of economic cooperation ]
*[http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=68861&Itemid=2 Pakistan, China sign agreement on trade in services ]
*[http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=55998&Itemid=2 China to invest $ 1.7 bln to generate low cost hydel electricity in Pakistan ]
*[http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=55947&Itemid=2 Text of Pak China joint statement ]
*[http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=68859&Itemid=2 China vows to advance relations with Pakistan: State Councilor Dai Bingguo ]
*[http://www.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=95876&Itemid=2 Pak-China time-tested friendship to be further strengthened: PM ]
*[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-10/14/content_12232659.htm China's top political advisor vows to boost ties with Pakistan]
*[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-10/15/content_12239481.htm China, Pakistan pledge to strengthen ties]
*[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-10/04/content_12179015.htm Pakistani president hosts reception to mark new China's 60th anniversary]
*[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-09/29/content_12123302.htm Pakistan launches China Culture Week ]
*[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-09/10/content_12031914.htm China, Pakistan service trade agreement to take effect next month ]
*[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-08/17/content_11898717.htm Pak cultural troupe heads for China for Asian Arts Festival ]
*[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-07/16/content_11720868.htm China to boost strategic partnership with Pakistan: Vice President ]
*[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-07/16/content_11719810.htm China, Pakistan eye closer military ties]
*[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-07/14/content_11708306.htm China, Pakistan seek closer parliamentary ties]
*[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-06/10/content_11521129.htm China, Pakistan vow to enhance anti-terrorism co-op]
*[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-05/14/content_11373974.htm China, Pakistan hold 3rd strategic dialogue]

{{Foreign relations of Pakistan}}
{{Foreign relations of the People's Republic of China}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:China–Pakistan Relations}}
[[Category:China–Pakistan relations]]

[[simple:Sino-Pakistan relations]]
[[zh:中国-巴基斯坦关系]]

Naxalitenaufstand

2010-04-06T23:55:49Z

Zanetu: /* 2010 */ Casulties Updated.

{{Infobox Military Conflict
|conflict=Naxalite-Maoist insurgency
|date=1967– present
|image=[[Image:The Red Corridor ver 1.PNG|250px]]
|caption=Map showing the districts where the Naxalite movement is active (2007)
|place=[[Red corridor]]
|result=Conflict ongoing.
|combatant1={{flag|India}} <ref>http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/terroristoutfits/MCC.htm</ref>
|combatant2=[[Image:South Asian Communist Banner.png|22px]] [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]]
|combatant3=
|commander2=[[Image:South Asian Communist Banner.png|22px]] [[Muppala Lakshmana Rao]]<br>[[Image:South Asian Communist Banner.png|22px]] [[Kishenji]]
|strength1=1,414,000
1,800,000 in reserve <ref>http://www.csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/060626_asia_balance_powers.pdf</ref>
|strength2=~10,000 - 20,000 (2009)<ref>http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2009/09/20099191105479635.html</ref>
|strength3=
|casualties1=
|casualties2=
|casualties3=6,000+<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7864296.stm |title=South Asia | India police die in Maoist clash |publisher=BBC News |date=2009-02-02 |accessdate=2009-07-13}}</ref> (death toll given since the year 2000<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1002305.stm</ref>)
|notes=
}}
{{Campaignbox Naxalite insurgency}}
{{Internal conflicts in India}}
The '''[[Naxalite]]-[[Communist Party of India (Maoist)|Maoist]] insurgency''' is a conflict ongoing<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=7799247 |title=India's Naxalites: A spectre haunting India |publisher=The Economist |date=2006-04-12 |accessdate=2009-07-13}}</ref> between Maoists and the Indian government.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web|url=http://www.ploughshares.ca/libraries/ACRText/ACR-IndiaAP.html |title=Armed Conflicts Report - India-Andhra Pradesh |publisher=Ploughshares.ca |date= |accessdate=2009-07-13}}</ref> The insurgency started as a peasant rebellion in the eastern Indian village of [[Naxalbari]] in 1967 and has now spread to a large swath in the central and eastern parts of the country.<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|author=By FRANCE 24 (with wires)  (text) |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20090422-india-elections-train-hijacking-hostages-maoist-rebels-Jharkhand |title=Indian Maoists briefly hijack train during national elections |publisher=France 24 |date= |accessdate=2009-07-13}}</ref> In 2004 the Maoist rebel organisation [[People’s War Group]] and the [[Maoist Communist Centre of India]] merged to form the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]].<ref name="autogenerated2"/> In 2006 Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] called the Naxalites "The single biggest internal security challenge ever faced by our country."<ref name="autogenerated2"/> In 2009 [[Manmohan Singh]] said the country was "losing the battle against Maoist rebels".<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8256692.stm</ref>

Naxalites claim to be supported by the poorest rural populations, especially [[Dalits]] and [[Adivasis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://us.rediff.com/news/2003/oct/02spec.htm |title=Primer: Who are the Naxalites?: Rediff.com news |publisher=Us.rediff.com |date= |accessdate=2009-07-13}}</ref> They have frequently targeted tribals, police and government workers in what they say is a fight for improved land rights and more jobs for neglected agricultural labourers and the poor<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2009/07/200971214640798718.html |title=CENTRAL/S. ASIA - 'Maoist attacks' kill Indian police |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date=2007-03-15 |accessdate=2009-07-13}}</ref> and follow a strategy of rural rebellion similar to that of [[People's war|protracted people's war]] against the government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mccaine.org/2009/06/24/communists-fight-in-india/ |title=Communists Fight in India « Notes & Commentaries |publisher=Mccaine.org |date= |accessdate=2009-07-13}}</ref>
Furthermore Home secretary [[Gopal Krishna Pillai|G K Pillai]] said "They are very highly motivated, highly trained. I am quite certain that there are some, may be some ex-army." He went on to say the Maoists are planning to established an Indian [[Marxist]] Nation between 2050-60.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Maoists-looking-at-armed-overthrow-of-state-by-2050/articleshow/5648742.cms]</ref>

==Naxalite==
{{Main|Naxalite|Communist Party of India (Maoist)}}

Naxalites are a group of [[far-left]] [[radical]] communists, supportive of [[Maoist]] political sentiment and ideology. Their origin can be traced to the splitting in 1967 of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], leading to the formation of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)]]. Initially the movement had its centre in [[West Bengal]]. In recent years, it has spread into less developed areas of rural central and eastern [[India]], such as [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] through the activities of underground groups like the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]].<ref>{{cite web
| last = Ramakrishnan
| first = Venkitesh
| authorlink =
| title = The Naxalite Challenge
| publisher = Frontline Magazine ([[The Hindu]])
| date = 2005-09-21
| url = http://www.flonnet.com/fl2221/stories/20051021006700400.htm
| accessdate = 2007-03-15 }}</ref>
As of 2009, Naxalites are active across approximately 220 districts in twenty states of India<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=50833|title=Naxal Problem needs a holistic approach |last=Handoo|first=Ashook|publisher=Press Information Bureau|accessdate=2009-08-08}}</ref> accounting for about 40 percent of India's geographical area,<ref name=globalpolitician>{{cite web|url=http://globalpolitician.com/22790-india |title=Rising Maoists Insurgency in India |publisher=Global Politician |date=2007-01-15 |accessdate=2009-03-17}}</ref> They are especially concentrated in an area known as the "[[Red corridor]]", where they control [[1 E+10 m²|92,000 square kilometers]].<ref name=globalpolitician />

==Region affected==
{{See also|Red corridor}}

The rebels claim to operate in 182 districts in India, mainly in the states of [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]] and [[West Bengal]].<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/> The area affected by Naxalism stretches from the border with [[Nepal]] to [[Karnataka]] in the South (2006).<ref name="autogenerated1"/> In [[West Bengal]] areas west of [[Howrah]] are affected by the insurgency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/images/westbengal_naxal.htm |title=West Bengal: Districts Affected by Naxalite Activity |publisher=Satp.org |date= |accessdate=2009-07-13}}</ref> Chhattisgarh is the epicentre of the conflict (2007).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.achrweb.org/ncm/ncm.htm |title=Asian Centre for Human Rights |publisher=Achrweb.org |date= |accessdate=2009-07-13}}</ref>

Areas governed by the elected [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] in India such as West Bengal, specifically those of Jangalmahal and [[Lalgarh]], are some of the worst affected by anti-state violence by maoist terrorists who cite the accumulation of unaccounted wealth in hands of CPI-M leaders and specific failure to counter problems they were elected to address such as [[Caste system in India|caste discrimination]] and [[poverty]].<ref>http://ibnlive.in.com/news/naxals-make-life-tough-for-cpm-cadres-in-jangalmahal/101412-37.html?from=search</ref>

There is a correlation between areas with extensive coal resources and impact of the insurgency.<ref>{{cite web|author=9 August 2006 |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/HH09Df01.html |title=Asia Times Online :: South Asia news - Hidden civil war drains India's energy |publisher=Atimes.com |date=2006-08-09 |accessdate=2009-07-13}}</ref> Naxalites conduct detailed socio-economic surveys before starting operations in a target area.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

There exists the pro-democratic and anti-Maoist [[Salwa Judum]], which is a government sponsored [[self defense]] force which was constituted after the maoists unleashed a campaign of violence against the tribals of [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref name="autogenerated1"/> The [[Ranvir Sena]], a caste-supremacist paramilitary of the upper-caste landlords and proscribed [[terrorist organisation]] by the Indian government, is anti-communist and has been known to kill Dalit civilians in retaliation to Naxalite activity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1605/16050280.htm |title=Carnage in Narayanpur |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |date= |accessdate=2009-07-13}}</ref>

Similar [[self-defense]] groups have emerged in [[Andhra Pradesh]] during the last decade. Some of these groups are Fear Vikas, Green Tigers, Nalladandu, Red Tigers, Tirumala Tigers, Palnadu Tigers, Kakatiya Cobras, Narsa Cobras, Nallamalla Nallatrachu (Cobras) and Kranthi Sena. Over ground activists of maoists were axed to death by the Nayeem gang in 1998 and 2000. On 24 August 2005, alleged members of the self-styled Narsi Cobras killed a maoist activist in [[Mahbubnagar]] district.<ref>http://www.achrweb.org/ncm/vigilante.htm</ref>

==History==
{{main|Timeline of the Naxalite-Maoist insurgency}}
The Naxalite movement started when a militant section of CPI(M) led by Charu Majumdar and Kanu Sanyal attacked the police on 25 May 1967 in [[Naxalbari]] village in North Bengal after a farmer was killed over a land dispute. The same year the Naxalites organised the All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries (AICCCR), and later broke away from CPI(M).<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Naxal-violence-claims-2600-lives-in-three-years/articleshow/5111716.cms</ref>
In the 2000s there were peace talks with the state government of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="autogenerated2"/>

===2002===
The [[People's War Group]] (PWG) intensified its attacks against politicians, police officers, and land and business owners in response to a July ban imposed on the group by the [[Andhra Pradesh]] government. The government responded by tightening security, allegedly ordering attacks on suspected PWG members by state police and the "Green Tigers". Police forces continued to enjoy virtual impunity for the murder and torture of PWG rebels during police "encounters". The Maoist Communist Center rebels intensified their armed campaign against Indian security forces following the killing of their leader by police in December.

===2003===
The conflict in Andhra Pradesh intensified as Naxalite rebel groups, in particular the PWG, continued guerrilla attacks on police and government targets while the security forces stepped up counter-insurgency efforts. An October assassination attempt on Chief Minister [[Naidu]] was consistent with the PWG’s practice of targeting government officials to draw attention to their cause.

===2004===
Sporadic, low-intensity fighting between the PWG and government forces continued for most of the year. Attacks on police and TDP party officials, believed to be carried out by the PWG, accounted for most major incidents and deaths. A three-month cease-fire, announced in late June, led to failed negotiations between the government and the PWG. A few days into the cease-fire, an attack attributed to the PWG placed the cease-fire in jeopardy.

===2005===
Violent clashes between Maoist rebels and state security forces and paramilitary groups increased following the breakdown of peace talks between the PWG and the state government of Andhra Pradesh. Rebels continued to employ a wide-range of low-intensity guerrilla tactics against government institutions, officials, security forces and paramilitary groups. For the first time in recent years, Maoist rebels launched two large scale attacks against urban government targets. Fighting was reported in 12 states covering most of south, central and north India with the exception of India’s northeast and northwest.

===2006===
Maoists attacks continued, primarily on government and police targets. Civilians were also affected in landmine attacks affecting railway cars and truck convoys. Clashes between state police and rebels also resulted in deaths of members of both parties, and civilians that were caught in the crossfire. Fighting differs from state to state, depending on security and police force responses. In the state of Andhra Pradesh, security forces have been somewhat successful in maintaining control and combating Maoist rebels. The other state that is most affected, Chhattisgarh, has seen an increase in violence between Maoist rebels and villagers who are supported by the government.

===2007===
Fighting continued between Naxalite Maoists and government security forces throughout the year. The majority of hostilities took place in Chhattisgarh, which turned especially deadly when over 400 Naxalites attacked a [[Chhattisgarh]] police station, seizing arms and killing dozens. Civilians are now wedged between joining the Maoist insurgence or supporting the Salwa Judum and face coercion from both sides.

In November 2007 reports emerged that anti-SEZ ([[Special Economic Zone]]) movements such as the Bhoomi Uchched Pratirodh Committee in [[Nandigram]] in [[West Bengal]], which have arisen after the land appropriation and human displacement following the SEZ Act of 2005, have joined forces with the Naxalites since February to keep the police out; the reports quoted unnamed intelligence sources.<ref>"[http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20070032266&ch=11/8/2007%209:10:00%20PM Reports see Maoist Hand in Nandigram]", Monideepa Bannerjie, [[New Delhi Television]], 8 November 2007.</ref> Recently, police found weapons belonging to [[Maoists]] near [[Nandigram]].

===2008===
Civilians were most affected in the ongoing fighting between Maoist rebels and government security forces. Of the 16 states touched by this conflict, Chhattisgarh and [[Jharkhand]] were the most affected. One positive note for Chhattisgarh was that fatalities, although still high, were significantly down from 2007. Similarly, Andhra Pradesh, the state with the most Maoist activity a few years ago, has improved security with a corresponding drop in fatality rates. Unfortunately, as conditions have improved in Chhattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh, the Maoist forces seem to have shifted their operations to the state of Orissa where conditions have worsened.

===2009===
In September 2009 India's Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] admitted that the Maoists had growing appeal among a large section of Indian society, including tribal communities, the rural poor as well as sections of the intelligentsia and the youth. He added that "Dealing with left-wing extremism requires a nuanced strategy - a holistic approach. It cannot be treated simply as a law and order problem." In the first half of 2009, 56 Maoist attacks have been reported.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/>

===2010===
In February 2010 24 paralimitary personal of the Eastern Frontier Rifles were killed in the [[Silda camp attack]], an operation the guerillas stated was the beginning of "[[Operation Peace Hunt]]", the Maoist answer to the government "[[Operation Green Hunt]]" that was recently launched against them.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8517371.stm</ref>

On 6 April 2010, Naxalite rebels [[2010 Maoist attack in Dantewada|killed at least 75 Indian soldiers]] in a series of attacks on security convoys in [[Dantewada district]] in the central Indian state of [[Chattisgarh]].<ref name="bbc">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8604256.stm|title=Scores of Indian soldiers killed in Maoist ambushes|date=6 April 2010|publisher=BBC World}}</ref> The attack resulted in the biggest loss of life security forces have suffered since launching a large-scale offensive against the rebels.<ref name="bbc"/>

==Human toll==
The first combat deaths of the insurgency were in 1980.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> The highest number of incidents of violence has taken place in four worst-affected states—Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Jharkhand and Orissa—where 2,212 people lost their lives from January 2006 to August 2009.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/> Around 1,100 people are known to have died during 2009. The number includes 600 civilians, 300 security personnel and 200 rebels.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8529124.stm</ref>

There were more than 40,000 displaced people in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alertnet.org/db/crisisprofiles/IN_MAO.htm |title=Reuters AlertNet - Indian Maoist violence |publisher=Alertnet.org |date= |accessdate=2009-07-13}}</ref>

According to the Institute of Peace and Conflict studies, Naxal groups have recruited children in different capacities and exposed them to injury and death however the same accusation has been levelled at the state-sponsored [[Salwa Judum]] anti-Maoist group, and Special Police officers (SPOs) assisting the government security forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipcs.org/article_details.php?articleNo=2738 |title=Articles #2738 , Child Soldiers of the Naxal Movement |publisher=Ipcs.org |date=2008-11-24 |accessdate=2009-07-13}}</ref>

===Deaths related to violence===
From the Ministry of Home Affairs it has been stated that:

*1996: 156 deaths <ref name="ploughshares1">{{cite web|url=http://www.ploughshares.ca/libraries/ACRText/ACR-IndiaAP.html |title=Armed Conflicts Report - India-Andhra Pradesh |publisher=Ploughshares.ca |date= |accessdate=2009-03-17}}</ref>
*1997: 428 deaths<ref name="ploughshares1"/>
*1998: 270 deaths<ref name="ploughshares1"/>
*1999: 363 deaths<ref name="ploughshares1"/>
*2000: 50 deaths<ref name="ploughshares1"/>
*2001: 100+ deaths<ref name="ploughshares1"/>
*2002: 140 deaths<ref name="ploughshares1"/>
*2003: 451 deaths<ref name="ploughshares1"/>
*2004: 500+ deaths<ref name="ploughshares1"/>
*2005: 700+ deaths<ref name="ploughshares1"/>
*2006: 750 deaths<ref name="ploughshares1"/>
*2007: 650 deaths<ref name="ploughshares1"/>
*2008: 794 deaths<ref name="ploughshares1"/>
*2009: 1,134 deaths<ref>600 civilians, 317 members of security forces and 217 rebels died in Maoist-related violence. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8507525.stm</ref>

According to the BBC, more than 6,000 people have died during the rebels' 20-year fight.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8507525.stm</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Naxalite]]
*[[Salwa Judum]]
*[[Red corridor]]
*[[Chhatradhar Mahato]]
*[[Operation Green Hunt]]
*[[List of Naxalite and Maoist groups in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://naxaliterage.com/ naxaliterage.com - blog based analysis by Shlok Vaidya.]

{{Naxalite-Maoist insurgency}}

[[Category:Naxalite-Maoist insurgency| ]]
[[Category:Maoism]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2009]]
[[Category:Politics of India]]
[[Category:Independent India]]
[[Category:Communist terrorism in India]]

[[fr:Rébellion naxalite]]