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Karpatendeutsche Partei

2016-05-13T09:25:45Z

Xanthomelanoussprog: /* Banned */ cp ed

{{Infobox political party
| name = Carpathian German Party
| native_name = Karpatendeutsche Partei
| native_name_lang =
| logo = [[File:KdP_symbol.png|200px]]
| caption =
| colorcode = red
| abbreviation = 
| leader =
| president =
| chairperson = Roland Steinacker (1928–1933) Desider Alexy (1933–1935) [[Franz Karmasin]] (1935–1938)
| founded = July 1928
| dissolved = 1938
| predecessor = Karpatendeutshce Volksgemeinschaft
| successor = German Party
| headquarters =
| newspaper = ''Deutsche Stimmen'' (1934–1938)
| student_wing =
| youth_wing =
| womens_wing =
| membership_year =
| membership =
| ideology = [[German nationalism]] Anti-[[Marxism]] [[National Socialism]] (later stages)
| national = [[German Electoral Coalition]] (1929) [[Sudeten German Party]] (1935–1938)
| colors = 
| anthem =
| seats1_title = [[Czechoslovak parliamentary election, 1935|Chamber of Deputies of Czechoslovakia]] (1935)
| seats1 = {{Infobox political party/seats|1|300|hex=#ff0000}}
| seats2_title = [[Czechoslovak parliamentary election, 1935|Senate of Czechoslovakia]] (1935)
| seats2 = {{Infobox political party/seats|1|150|hex=#ff0000}}
| country = Czechoslovakia
}}
The '''Carpathian German Party''' ({{lang-de|Karpatendeutsche Partei}}, abbreviated '''KdP''') was a [[political party]] in [[Czechoslovakia]], active amongst the [[Carpathian German]] minority of [[Slovakia]] and [[Subcarpathian Rus']].<ref name="KrejcíMachonin1998">{{cite book|author1=J. Krejcí|author2=P. Machonin|title=Czechoslovakia, 1918–92: A Laboratory for Social Change|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CvVZCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16|date=11 August 1998|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-0-230-37721-9|page=16}}</ref><ref name="Motta2014">{{cite book|author=Giuseppe Motta|title=Less than Nations: Central-Eastern European Minorities after WWI, Volumes 1 and 2|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GnUxBwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA218|date=25 March 2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-5859-5|page=218}}</ref> It began as a bourgeois centrist party, but after teaming up with the [[Sudeten German Party]] in 1933 it developed in a [[National Socialist]] orientation.<ref name="bo"/>

==''Karpathendeutsche Volksgemeinschaft''==
The KdP originated in 1927 as the ''Karpathendeutsche Volksgemeinschaft'' (KDV, 'Carpathian German Ethnic Community'), founded by men like Dr. Roland Steinacker (a professor in [[Theology]] from [[Bratislava]]), the [[Sudeten German]] industrialist Karl Manouschek, Dr. Samuel Früwirt, Carl Eugen Schmidt (a Protestant pastor) and the engineer [[Franz Karmasin]].<ref name="bo"/><ref name="kovac">{{cite book|last=Kovac|first=Dusan|editor=Marija Wakounig|others=Wolfgang Mueller, Michael Portmann|title=Nation, Nationalitäten und Nationalismus im östlichen Europa: Festschrift für Arnold Suppan zum 65. Geburtstag|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=waBqWrRwvhUC&pg=PA257|accessdate=25 March 2016|year=2010|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=9783643502414|pages=249–62|chapter=Die Karpatendeutsche Identität im Kräftefeld der mitteleuropäischen Politik 1918-1845}}</ref><ref name="Bosl1979">{{cite book|author=Karl Bosl|title=Die erste Tschechoslowakische Republik als multinationaler Parteienstaat: Vorträge d. Tagungen d. Collegium Carolinum in Bad Wiessee vom 24.-27. November 1977 u. vom 20.-23. April 1978|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YYQhjysTFMwC&pg=PA213|year=1979|publisher=Oldenbourg|isbn=978-3-486-49181-4|pages=213–214}}</ref><ref name="c"/><ref name="Motta2014"/><ref name="Jahn1971">{{cite book|author=Egbert K. Jahn|title=Die Deutschen in der Slowakei in den Jahren 1918–1929: Beitrag zur Nationalitätenproblematik|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7btnAAAAMAAJ|year=1971|publisher=Oldenbourg|isbn=978-3-486-43321-0|page=122}}</ref> The KDV was based mainly in Bratislava and surroundings, and gathered its members from the German bourgeouise and sympathizers of various political parties (like the [[Farmers' League]], the [[German National Party]] and the [[German Democratic Progressive Party]]).<ref name="Brosz1992">{{cite book|author=Paul Brosz|title=Das letzte Jahrhundert der Karpatendeutschen in der Slowakei|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=y7tWAAAAYAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Karpatendeutschen aus der Slowakei|pages=72–73}}</ref> It also organized [[Sudeten Germans]] living in Slovakia.<ref name="Brosz1992"/>

==Party foundation==
The KdP was constituted as a political party in July 1928 in [[Nálepkovo|Nálepkovo/Wagendrüssel]], with their eyes on the upcoming parliamentary election.<ref name="bo">{{cite book|author=Mads Ole Balling|title=Von Reval bis Bukarest: Einleitung, Systematik, Quellen und Methoden, Estland, Lettland, Litauen, Polen, Tschechoslowakei|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=r9uzAAAAIAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Dokumentation Verlag|isbn=978-87-983829-3-5|pages=277–280, 397, 449}}</ref><ref name="Bosl1979">{{cite book|author=Karl Bosl|title=Die erste Tschechoslowakische Republik als multinationaler Parteienstaat: Vorträge d. Tagungen d. Collegium Carolinum in Bad Wiessee vom 24.-27. November 1977 u. vom 20.-23. April 1978|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YYQhjysTFMwC&pg=PA213|year=1979|publisher=Oldenbourg|isbn=978-3-486-49181-4|pages=213–214}}</ref><ref name="WakounigMueller2010">{{cite book|author1=Marija Wakounig|author2=Wolfgang Mueller|author3=Michael Portmann|title=Nation, Nationalitäten und Nationalismus im östlichen Europa: Festschrift für Arnold Suppan zum 65. Geburtstag|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=waBqWrRwvhUC&pg=PA257|year=2010|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-643-50241-4|pages=257, 262}}</ref><ref name="Meier2006">{{cite book|author=Jörg Meier|title=Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte der Deutschen in der Slowakei|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=z04iAQAAIAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Weidler|isbn=978-3-89693-462-8|page=45}}</ref> The KdP was chaired by Dr. Roland Steinacker until 1933.<ref name="bo"/>

The party had a Christian and anti-[[Marxist]] outlook, and positioned itself as a party loyal to the Czechoslovak state.<ref name="Meier2006"/><ref name="Schönfeld2000">{{cite book|author=Roland Schönfeld|title=Slowakei: vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vrhnAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=F. Pustet|isbn=978-3-7917-1723-4|page=136}}</ref> A key concern of the founders of the KdP was to steer Germans in Slovakia away from Magyar-dominated parties.<ref name="c">{{cite book|title=The Expulsion of the German Population from Czechoslovakia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mcK8smoIKloC|year=1960|pages=138–140}}</ref> The new party hoped to break the political hegemony of the [[Zipser German Party]].<ref name="oo"/> In terms of identity, the KdP put forward the notion of a 'Carpathian German' identity as opposed to the '[[Zipser German]]' identity traditionally linked to the Hungarian monarchy.<ref name="WakounigMueller2010"/>

==1929 election==
KdP contested the [[Czechoslovak parliamentary election, 1929|1929 parliamentary election]] as part of the [[German Electoral Coalition]], in alliance with the [[Farmers' League]] (BdL) and the German Labour and Economic Community (DAWG).<ref name="bo"/> Whilst the alliance won 16 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and nine seats in the Senate, no KdP candidates were elected.<ref name="bo"/> The alliance obtained 16,922 votes in the areas of the Carpathian Germans (Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus').<ref name="mm">''Manuel Statistique de la Republique Tchecoslovaque''. IV. 1932. Prague. Annuaire Statistique de la Republique Tchecoslovaque. pp. 401–402</ref>

==1933–1934==
Desider Alexy became the KdP chairman in 1933.<ref name="bo"/> With the National Socialist seizure of power in Germany, KdP gradually moved closer to the Sudeten German Heimatsfront (which later evolved into the Sudeten German Party).<ref>{{cite book|title=German Foreign Policy|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=w3fwAAAAMAAJ|year=1963|publisher=Institute for International Relations|page=77}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Nation und Staat; deutsche Zeitschrift fur das europaische minoritatenproblem|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pkkyAQAAIAAJ|volume=16|year=1942|page=149}}</ref> The party founded the weekly newspaper ''Deutsche Stimmen'' ('German Voices') as its organ in 1934.<ref name="HochbergerScherer1994">{{cite book|author1=Ernst Hochberger|author2=Anton Scherer|author3=Friedrich Spiegel-Schmidt|title=Die Deutschen zwischen Karpaten und Krain|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Y7ZnAAAAMAAJ|date=January 1994|publisher=Langen Müller|isbn=978-3-7844-2478-1|page=36}}</ref><ref name="Spetko1991">{{cite book|author=Josef Spetko|title=Die Slowakei: Heimat der Völker|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JPLkAAAAMAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Amalthea|isbn=978-3-85002-306-1|page=91}}</ref><ref name="Tibenský1980">{{cite book|author=Ján Tibenský|title=Slovensko: Kultúra|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2MchAAAAMAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Obzor|page=597}}</ref>

==1935 election==
In the [[Czechoslovak parliamentary election, 1935|1935 parliamentary election]] KdP contested together with the Sudeten German Party.<ref name="bo"/> The agreement between the two parties was reached on March 28, 1935.<ref name="Weinberg2013">{{cite book|author=Gerhard L. Weinberg|title=Hitler's Foreign Policy 1933–1939: The Road to World War II|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=o5FiQbU_nAkC&pg=PA177|date=18 October 2013|publisher=Enigma Books|isbn=978-1-936274-84-0|page=177}}</ref> One KdP candidate was elected, Siegmund Keil who contested a Senate seat in the Nové Zámky 11th electoral district.<ref name="bo"/> Moreover, Karmasin was elected to the Chamber of Deputies as a SdP candidate from the [[Jihlava 10th electoral district (Czechoslovakia)|Jihlava 10th electoral district]].<ref name="bo"/> In the Czechoslovak National Assembly SdP and KdP formed joint factions in the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate.<ref name="bo"/> All in all, KdP had polled around 30,000 votes (compared to a total number of around 150,000 Carpathian Germans).<ref name="c"/> Effectively KdP did not become as dominant a force in the Carpathian German community that the SdP had done in the Sudetenland.<ref name="c"/>

==Union with SdP==
In November 1935 KdP entered into an organic union with SdP, in line with the [[Führer principle]].<ref name="c"/><ref name="oo">{{cite book|title=Österreichische Osthefte|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pGRpAAAAMAAJ|edition=1–2|volume=33|year=1991|publisher=Österreichisches Ost- und Südosteuropa-Institut.|pages=278–279}}</ref> The official name of SdP became the 'Sudeten German and Carpathian German Party' (''Sudetendeutsche und Karpatendeutsche Partei'').<ref name="oo"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Great Soviet Eccyclopedia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vnOFYI3g-N4C|year=1980|page=205}}</ref> KdP organization was remodelled after that of SdP.<ref name="c"/> Karmasin was named by SdP leader [[Konrad Henlein]] as his deputy for the Carpathian region.<ref name="bo"/><ref name="c"/><ref name="AffairsMurphy1943">{{cite book|author1=United States. Dept. of State. Division of European Affairs|author2=Raymond Edward Murphy|author3=Francis Bowden Stevens|author4=Howard Trivers |author5=Joseph Morgan Roland|title=National socialism: basic principles, their application by the Nazi party's foreign organization, and the use of Germans abroad for Nazi aims|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XeBWoTOcYMQC|year=1943|publisher=U.S. Govt. Print. Off.|page=480}}</ref> The symbol of KdP was modelled after that of the SdP, an elongated red shield which carried the letters "KdP".<ref name="AngoliaLittlejohn1974">{{cite book|author1=John Randolph Angolia|author2=David Littlejohn|author3=C. M. Dodkins|title=Edged weaponry of the Third Reich|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=wP0qAQAAIAAJ|date=1 January 1974|publisher=R. J. Bender|page=84}}</ref>

As the alliance with the Sudeten German Party being cemented, KdP began to expand its reach among a younger generation of Germans in Slovakia.<ref name="c"/> Many of the new adherents of KdP had returned from German-language technical schools in [[Bohemia]] and [[Moravia]]-[[Silesia]] or the [[Charles University in Prague|German University in Prague]].<ref name="c"/> KdP was able to build a relatively strong presence in central Slovakia and managed to gain a role amongst younger generation in Zips as well.<ref name="oo"/> However the older generation of Zipser Germans and communists sympathizers remained sceptical of Karmasin and his party.<ref name="WakounigMueller2010"/><ref name="oo"/>

==Alliance with Magyar parties==
Henlein visited [[Bratislava]] on April 27, 1936.<ref name="WakounigMueller2010"/> During his visit he appealed to the leaders of the Magyar parties to form an alliance.<ref name="WakounigMueller2010"/> Such an alliance, which became a reality in the 1937 local elections, meant that the United Magyar Party broke its links to the Zipser German Party.<ref name="WakounigMueller2010"/> The Zipser German Party was routed in the 1937 polls.<ref name="WakounigMueller2010"/>

==Banned==
The KdP and SdP were banned by the Czechoslovak government in the midst of the [[Sudeten Crisis]] in September 1938.<ref name="bo"/><ref name="c"/> On 8 October 1938 the German Party was set up as a successor organization for the KdP (see [[German People's Group in Czecho-Slovakia]]).<ref name="Balling1991b">{{cite book|author=Mads Ole Balling|title=Von Reval bis Bukarest: Einleitung, Systematik, Quellen und Methoden, Estland, Lettland, Litauen, Polen, Tschechoslowakei|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=r9uzAAAAIAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Dokumentation Verlag|isbn=978-87-983829-3-5|pages=283–284}}</ref> Karmasin would later become the Slovak Secretary of State for German Affairs and then a Waffen-SS ''[[Sturmbannführer]]''.<ref name="Adams">{{cite book|last=Adams|first=Jefferson|title=Historical Dictionary of German Intelligence|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gnEWm4kC844C&pg=PA223|year=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810863200|page=223|chapter=Karmasin, Franz (1901–1970)}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Political parties in Czechoslovakia]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1928]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 1938]]

Karpatendeutsche Partei

2016-05-13T09:25:03Z

Xanthomelanoussprog: /* Alliance with Magyar parties */ cp ed

{{Infobox political party
| name = Carpathian German Party
| native_name = Karpatendeutsche Partei
| native_name_lang =
| logo = [[File:KdP_symbol.png|200px]]
| caption =
| colorcode = red
| abbreviation = 
| leader =
| president =
| chairperson = Roland Steinacker (1928–1933) Desider Alexy (1933–1935) [[Franz Karmasin]] (1935–1938)
| founded = July 1928
| dissolved = 1938
| predecessor = Karpatendeutshce Volksgemeinschaft
| successor = German Party
| headquarters =
| newspaper = ''Deutsche Stimmen'' (1934–1938)
| student_wing =
| youth_wing =
| womens_wing =
| membership_year =
| membership =
| ideology = [[German nationalism]] Anti-[[Marxism]] [[National Socialism]] (later stages)
| national = [[German Electoral Coalition]] (1929) [[Sudeten German Party]] (1935–1938)
| colors = 
| anthem =
| seats1_title = [[Czechoslovak parliamentary election, 1935|Chamber of Deputies of Czechoslovakia]] (1935)
| seats1 = {{Infobox political party/seats|1|300|hex=#ff0000}}
| seats2_title = [[Czechoslovak parliamentary election, 1935|Senate of Czechoslovakia]] (1935)
| seats2 = {{Infobox political party/seats|1|150|hex=#ff0000}}
| country = Czechoslovakia
}}
The '''Carpathian German Party''' ({{lang-de|Karpatendeutsche Partei}}, abbreviated '''KdP''') was a [[political party]] in [[Czechoslovakia]], active amongst the [[Carpathian German]] minority of [[Slovakia]] and [[Subcarpathian Rus']].<ref name="KrejcíMachonin1998">{{cite book|author1=J. Krejcí|author2=P. Machonin|title=Czechoslovakia, 1918–92: A Laboratory for Social Change|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CvVZCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16|date=11 August 1998|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-0-230-37721-9|page=16}}</ref><ref name="Motta2014">{{cite book|author=Giuseppe Motta|title=Less than Nations: Central-Eastern European Minorities after WWI, Volumes 1 and 2|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GnUxBwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA218|date=25 March 2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-5859-5|page=218}}</ref> It began as a bourgeois centrist party, but after teaming up with the [[Sudeten German Party]] in 1933 it developed in a [[National Socialist]] orientation.<ref name="bo"/>

==''Karpathendeutsche Volksgemeinschaft''==
The KdP originated in 1927 as the ''Karpathendeutsche Volksgemeinschaft'' (KDV, 'Carpathian German Ethnic Community'), founded by men like Dr. Roland Steinacker (a professor in [[Theology]] from [[Bratislava]]), the [[Sudeten German]] industrialist Karl Manouschek, Dr. Samuel Früwirt, Carl Eugen Schmidt (a Protestant pastor) and the engineer [[Franz Karmasin]].<ref name="bo"/><ref name="kovac">{{cite book|last=Kovac|first=Dusan|editor=Marija Wakounig|others=Wolfgang Mueller, Michael Portmann|title=Nation, Nationalitäten und Nationalismus im östlichen Europa: Festschrift für Arnold Suppan zum 65. Geburtstag|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=waBqWrRwvhUC&pg=PA257|accessdate=25 March 2016|year=2010|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=9783643502414|pages=249–62|chapter=Die Karpatendeutsche Identität im Kräftefeld der mitteleuropäischen Politik 1918-1845}}</ref><ref name="Bosl1979">{{cite book|author=Karl Bosl|title=Die erste Tschechoslowakische Republik als multinationaler Parteienstaat: Vorträge d. Tagungen d. Collegium Carolinum in Bad Wiessee vom 24.-27. November 1977 u. vom 20.-23. April 1978|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YYQhjysTFMwC&pg=PA213|year=1979|publisher=Oldenbourg|isbn=978-3-486-49181-4|pages=213–214}}</ref><ref name="c"/><ref name="Motta2014"/><ref name="Jahn1971">{{cite book|author=Egbert K. Jahn|title=Die Deutschen in der Slowakei in den Jahren 1918–1929: Beitrag zur Nationalitätenproblematik|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7btnAAAAMAAJ|year=1971|publisher=Oldenbourg|isbn=978-3-486-43321-0|page=122}}</ref> The KDV was based mainly in Bratislava and surroundings, and gathered its members from the German bourgeouise and sympathizers of various political parties (like the [[Farmers' League]], the [[German National Party]] and the [[German Democratic Progressive Party]]).<ref name="Brosz1992">{{cite book|author=Paul Brosz|title=Das letzte Jahrhundert der Karpatendeutschen in der Slowakei|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=y7tWAAAAYAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Karpatendeutschen aus der Slowakei|pages=72–73}}</ref> It also organized [[Sudeten Germans]] living in Slovakia.<ref name="Brosz1992"/>

==Party foundation==
The KdP was constituted as a political party in July 1928 in [[Nálepkovo|Nálepkovo/Wagendrüssel]], with their eyes on the upcoming parliamentary election.<ref name="bo">{{cite book|author=Mads Ole Balling|title=Von Reval bis Bukarest: Einleitung, Systematik, Quellen und Methoden, Estland, Lettland, Litauen, Polen, Tschechoslowakei|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=r9uzAAAAIAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Dokumentation Verlag|isbn=978-87-983829-3-5|pages=277–280, 397, 449}}</ref><ref name="Bosl1979">{{cite book|author=Karl Bosl|title=Die erste Tschechoslowakische Republik als multinationaler Parteienstaat: Vorträge d. Tagungen d. Collegium Carolinum in Bad Wiessee vom 24.-27. November 1977 u. vom 20.-23. April 1978|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YYQhjysTFMwC&pg=PA213|year=1979|publisher=Oldenbourg|isbn=978-3-486-49181-4|pages=213–214}}</ref><ref name="WakounigMueller2010">{{cite book|author1=Marija Wakounig|author2=Wolfgang Mueller|author3=Michael Portmann|title=Nation, Nationalitäten und Nationalismus im östlichen Europa: Festschrift für Arnold Suppan zum 65. Geburtstag|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=waBqWrRwvhUC&pg=PA257|year=2010|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-643-50241-4|pages=257, 262}}</ref><ref name="Meier2006">{{cite book|author=Jörg Meier|title=Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte der Deutschen in der Slowakei|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=z04iAQAAIAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Weidler|isbn=978-3-89693-462-8|page=45}}</ref> The KdP was chaired by Dr. Roland Steinacker until 1933.<ref name="bo"/>

The party had a Christian and anti-[[Marxist]] outlook, and positioned itself as a party loyal to the Czechoslovak state.<ref name="Meier2006"/><ref name="Schönfeld2000">{{cite book|author=Roland Schönfeld|title=Slowakei: vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vrhnAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=F. Pustet|isbn=978-3-7917-1723-4|page=136}}</ref> A key concern of the founders of the KdP was to steer Germans in Slovakia away from Magyar-dominated parties.<ref name="c">{{cite book|title=The Expulsion of the German Population from Czechoslovakia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mcK8smoIKloC|year=1960|pages=138–140}}</ref> The new party hoped to break the political hegemony of the [[Zipser German Party]].<ref name="oo"/> In terms of identity, the KdP put forward the notion of a 'Carpathian German' identity as opposed to the '[[Zipser German]]' identity traditionally linked to the Hungarian monarchy.<ref name="WakounigMueller2010"/>

==1929 election==
KdP contested the [[Czechoslovak parliamentary election, 1929|1929 parliamentary election]] as part of the [[German Electoral Coalition]], in alliance with the [[Farmers' League]] (BdL) and the German Labour and Economic Community (DAWG).<ref name="bo"/> Whilst the alliance won 16 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and nine seats in the Senate, no KdP candidates were elected.<ref name="bo"/> The alliance obtained 16,922 votes in the areas of the Carpathian Germans (Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus').<ref name="mm">''Manuel Statistique de la Republique Tchecoslovaque''. IV. 1932. Prague. Annuaire Statistique de la Republique Tchecoslovaque. pp. 401–402</ref>

==1933–1934==
Desider Alexy became the KdP chairman in 1933.<ref name="bo"/> With the National Socialist seizure of power in Germany, KdP gradually moved closer to the Sudeten German Heimatsfront (which later evolved into the Sudeten German Party).<ref>{{cite book|title=German Foreign Policy|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=w3fwAAAAMAAJ|year=1963|publisher=Institute for International Relations|page=77}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Nation und Staat; deutsche Zeitschrift fur das europaische minoritatenproblem|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pkkyAQAAIAAJ|volume=16|year=1942|page=149}}</ref> The party founded the weekly newspaper ''Deutsche Stimmen'' ('German Voices') as its organ in 1934.<ref name="HochbergerScherer1994">{{cite book|author1=Ernst Hochberger|author2=Anton Scherer|author3=Friedrich Spiegel-Schmidt|title=Die Deutschen zwischen Karpaten und Krain|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Y7ZnAAAAMAAJ|date=January 1994|publisher=Langen Müller|isbn=978-3-7844-2478-1|page=36}}</ref><ref name="Spetko1991">{{cite book|author=Josef Spetko|title=Die Slowakei: Heimat der Völker|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JPLkAAAAMAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Amalthea|isbn=978-3-85002-306-1|page=91}}</ref><ref name="Tibenský1980">{{cite book|author=Ján Tibenský|title=Slovensko: Kultúra|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2MchAAAAMAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Obzor|page=597}}</ref>

==1935 election==
In the [[Czechoslovak parliamentary election, 1935|1935 parliamentary election]] KdP contested together with the Sudeten German Party.<ref name="bo"/> The agreement between the two parties was reached on March 28, 1935.<ref name="Weinberg2013">{{cite book|author=Gerhard L. Weinberg|title=Hitler's Foreign Policy 1933–1939: The Road to World War II|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=o5FiQbU_nAkC&pg=PA177|date=18 October 2013|publisher=Enigma Books|isbn=978-1-936274-84-0|page=177}}</ref> One KdP candidate was elected, Siegmund Keil who contested a Senate seat in the Nové Zámky 11th electoral district.<ref name="bo"/> Moreover, Karmasin was elected to the Chamber of Deputies as a SdP candidate from the [[Jihlava 10th electoral district (Czechoslovakia)|Jihlava 10th electoral district]].<ref name="bo"/> In the Czechoslovak National Assembly SdP and KdP formed joint factions in the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate.<ref name="bo"/> All in all, KdP had polled around 30,000 votes (compared to a total number of around 150,000 Carpathian Germans).<ref name="c"/> Effectively KdP did not become as dominant a force in the Carpathian German community that the SdP had done in the Sudetenland.<ref name="c"/>

==Union with SdP==
In November 1935 KdP entered into an organic union with SdP, in line with the [[Führer principle]].<ref name="c"/><ref name="oo">{{cite book|title=Österreichische Osthefte|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pGRpAAAAMAAJ|edition=1–2|volume=33|year=1991|publisher=Österreichisches Ost- und Südosteuropa-Institut.|pages=278–279}}</ref> The official name of SdP became the 'Sudeten German and Carpathian German Party' (''Sudetendeutsche und Karpatendeutsche Partei'').<ref name="oo"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Great Soviet Eccyclopedia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vnOFYI3g-N4C|year=1980|page=205}}</ref> KdP organization was remodelled after that of SdP.<ref name="c"/> Karmasin was named by SdP leader [[Konrad Henlein]] as his deputy for the Carpathian region.<ref name="bo"/><ref name="c"/><ref name="AffairsMurphy1943">{{cite book|author1=United States. Dept. of State. Division of European Affairs|author2=Raymond Edward Murphy|author3=Francis Bowden Stevens|author4=Howard Trivers |author5=Joseph Morgan Roland|title=National socialism: basic principles, their application by the Nazi party's foreign organization, and the use of Germans abroad for Nazi aims|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XeBWoTOcYMQC|year=1943|publisher=U.S. Govt. Print. Off.|page=480}}</ref> The symbol of KdP was modelled after that of the SdP, an elongated red shield which carried the letters "KdP".<ref name="AngoliaLittlejohn1974">{{cite book|author1=John Randolph Angolia|author2=David Littlejohn|author3=C. M. Dodkins|title=Edged weaponry of the Third Reich|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=wP0qAQAAIAAJ|date=1 January 1974|publisher=R. J. Bender|page=84}}</ref>

As the alliance with the Sudeten German Party being cemented, KdP began to expand its reach among a younger generation of Germans in Slovakia.<ref name="c"/> Many of the new adherents of KdP had returned from German-language technical schools in [[Bohemia]] and [[Moravia]]-[[Silesia]] or the [[Charles University in Prague|German University in Prague]].<ref name="c"/> KdP was able to build a relatively strong presence in central Slovakia and managed to gain a role amongst younger generation in Zips as well.<ref name="oo"/> However the older generation of Zipser Germans and communists sympathizers remained sceptical of Karmasin and his party.<ref name="WakounigMueller2010"/><ref name="oo"/>

==Alliance with Magyar parties==
Henlein visited [[Bratislava]] on April 27, 1936.<ref name="WakounigMueller2010"/> During his visit he appealed to the leaders of the Magyar parties to form an alliance.<ref name="WakounigMueller2010"/> Such an alliance, which became a reality in the 1937 local elections, meant that the United Magyar Party broke its links to the Zipser German Party.<ref name="WakounigMueller2010"/> The Zipser German Party was routed in the 1937 polls.<ref name="WakounigMueller2010"/>

==Banned==
KdP and SdP were banned by the Czechoslovak government in the midst of the [[Sudeten Crisis]] in September 1938.<ref name="bo"/><ref name="c"/> On October 8, 1938 the German Party was set up as a successor organization for KdP (see [[German People's Group in Czecho-Slovakia]]).<ref name="Balling1991b">{{cite book|author=Mads Ole Balling|title=Von Reval bis Bukarest: Einleitung, Systematik, Quellen und Methoden, Estland, Lettland, Litauen, Polen, Tschechoslowakei|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=r9uzAAAAIAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Dokumentation Verlag|isbn=978-87-983829-3-5|pages=283–284}}</ref> Karmasin would later become the Slovak Secretary of State for German Affairs and then a Waffen-SS ''[[Sturmbannführer]]''.<ref name="Adams">{{cite book|last=Adams|first=Jefferson|title=Historical Dictionary of German Intelligence|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gnEWm4kC844C&pg=PA223|year=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810863200|page=223|chapter=Karmasin, Franz (1901–1970)}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Political parties in Czechoslovakia]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1928]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 1938]]

Karpatendeutsche Partei

2016-05-13T09:24:16Z

Xanthomelanoussprog: /* Party foundation */ cp ed

{{Infobox political party
| name = Carpathian German Party
| native_name = Karpatendeutsche Partei
| native_name_lang =
| logo = [[File:KdP_symbol.png|200px]]
| caption =
| colorcode = red
| abbreviation = 
| leader =
| president =
| chairperson = Roland Steinacker (1928–1933) Desider Alexy (1933–1935) [[Franz Karmasin]] (1935–1938)
| founded = July 1928
| dissolved = 1938
| predecessor = Karpatendeutshce Volksgemeinschaft
| successor = German Party
| headquarters =
| newspaper = ''Deutsche Stimmen'' (1934–1938)
| student_wing =
| youth_wing =
| womens_wing =
| membership_year =
| membership =
| ideology = [[German nationalism]] Anti-[[Marxism]] [[National Socialism]] (later stages)
| national = [[German Electoral Coalition]] (1929) [[Sudeten German Party]] (1935–1938)
| colors = 
| anthem =
| seats1_title = [[Czechoslovak parliamentary election, 1935|Chamber of Deputies of Czechoslovakia]] (1935)
| seats1 = {{Infobox political party/seats|1|300|hex=#ff0000}}
| seats2_title = [[Czechoslovak parliamentary election, 1935|Senate of Czechoslovakia]] (1935)
| seats2 = {{Infobox political party/seats|1|150|hex=#ff0000}}
| country = Czechoslovakia
}}
The '''Carpathian German Party''' ({{lang-de|Karpatendeutsche Partei}}, abbreviated '''KdP''') was a [[political party]] in [[Czechoslovakia]], active amongst the [[Carpathian German]] minority of [[Slovakia]] and [[Subcarpathian Rus']].<ref name="KrejcíMachonin1998">{{cite book|author1=J. Krejcí|author2=P. Machonin|title=Czechoslovakia, 1918–92: A Laboratory for Social Change|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CvVZCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16|date=11 August 1998|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-0-230-37721-9|page=16}}</ref><ref name="Motta2014">{{cite book|author=Giuseppe Motta|title=Less than Nations: Central-Eastern European Minorities after WWI, Volumes 1 and 2|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GnUxBwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA218|date=25 March 2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-5859-5|page=218}}</ref> It began as a bourgeois centrist party, but after teaming up with the [[Sudeten German Party]] in 1933 it developed in a [[National Socialist]] orientation.<ref name="bo"/>

==''Karpathendeutsche Volksgemeinschaft''==
The KdP originated in 1927 as the ''Karpathendeutsche Volksgemeinschaft'' (KDV, 'Carpathian German Ethnic Community'), founded by men like Dr. Roland Steinacker (a professor in [[Theology]] from [[Bratislava]]), the [[Sudeten German]] industrialist Karl Manouschek, Dr. Samuel Früwirt, Carl Eugen Schmidt (a Protestant pastor) and the engineer [[Franz Karmasin]].<ref name="bo"/><ref name="kovac">{{cite book|last=Kovac|first=Dusan|editor=Marija Wakounig|others=Wolfgang Mueller, Michael Portmann|title=Nation, Nationalitäten und Nationalismus im östlichen Europa: Festschrift für Arnold Suppan zum 65. Geburtstag|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=waBqWrRwvhUC&pg=PA257|accessdate=25 March 2016|year=2010|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=9783643502414|pages=249–62|chapter=Die Karpatendeutsche Identität im Kräftefeld der mitteleuropäischen Politik 1918-1845}}</ref><ref name="Bosl1979">{{cite book|author=Karl Bosl|title=Die erste Tschechoslowakische Republik als multinationaler Parteienstaat: Vorträge d. Tagungen d. Collegium Carolinum in Bad Wiessee vom 24.-27. November 1977 u. vom 20.-23. April 1978|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YYQhjysTFMwC&pg=PA213|year=1979|publisher=Oldenbourg|isbn=978-3-486-49181-4|pages=213–214}}</ref><ref name="c"/><ref name="Motta2014"/><ref name="Jahn1971">{{cite book|author=Egbert K. Jahn|title=Die Deutschen in der Slowakei in den Jahren 1918–1929: Beitrag zur Nationalitätenproblematik|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7btnAAAAMAAJ|year=1971|publisher=Oldenbourg|isbn=978-3-486-43321-0|page=122}}</ref> The KDV was based mainly in Bratislava and surroundings, and gathered its members from the German bourgeouise and sympathizers of various political parties (like the [[Farmers' League]], the [[German National Party]] and the [[German Democratic Progressive Party]]).<ref name="Brosz1992">{{cite book|author=Paul Brosz|title=Das letzte Jahrhundert der Karpatendeutschen in der Slowakei|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=y7tWAAAAYAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Karpatendeutschen aus der Slowakei|pages=72–73}}</ref> It also organized [[Sudeten Germans]] living in Slovakia.<ref name="Brosz1992"/>

==Party foundation==
The KdP was constituted as a political party in July 1928 in [[Nálepkovo|Nálepkovo/Wagendrüssel]], with their eyes on the upcoming parliamentary election.<ref name="bo">{{cite book|author=Mads Ole Balling|title=Von Reval bis Bukarest: Einleitung, Systematik, Quellen und Methoden, Estland, Lettland, Litauen, Polen, Tschechoslowakei|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=r9uzAAAAIAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Dokumentation Verlag|isbn=978-87-983829-3-5|pages=277–280, 397, 449}}</ref><ref name="Bosl1979">{{cite book|author=Karl Bosl|title=Die erste Tschechoslowakische Republik als multinationaler Parteienstaat: Vorträge d. Tagungen d. Collegium Carolinum in Bad Wiessee vom 24.-27. November 1977 u. vom 20.-23. April 1978|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YYQhjysTFMwC&pg=PA213|year=1979|publisher=Oldenbourg|isbn=978-3-486-49181-4|pages=213–214}}</ref><ref name="WakounigMueller2010">{{cite book|author1=Marija Wakounig|author2=Wolfgang Mueller|author3=Michael Portmann|title=Nation, Nationalitäten und Nationalismus im östlichen Europa: Festschrift für Arnold Suppan zum 65. Geburtstag|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=waBqWrRwvhUC&pg=PA257|year=2010|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-643-50241-4|pages=257, 262}}</ref><ref name="Meier2006">{{cite book|author=Jörg Meier|title=Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte der Deutschen in der Slowakei|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=z04iAQAAIAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Weidler|isbn=978-3-89693-462-8|page=45}}</ref> The KdP was chaired by Dr. Roland Steinacker until 1933.<ref name="bo"/>

The party had a Christian and anti-[[Marxist]] outlook, and positioned itself as a party loyal to the Czechoslovak state.<ref name="Meier2006"/><ref name="Schönfeld2000">{{cite book|author=Roland Schönfeld|title=Slowakei: vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vrhnAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=F. Pustet|isbn=978-3-7917-1723-4|page=136}}</ref> A key concern of the founders of the KdP was to steer Germans in Slovakia away from Magyar-dominated parties.<ref name="c">{{cite book|title=The Expulsion of the German Population from Czechoslovakia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mcK8smoIKloC|year=1960|pages=138–140}}</ref> The new party hoped to break the political hegemony of the [[Zipser German Party]].<ref name="oo"/> In terms of identity, the KdP put forward the notion of a 'Carpathian German' identity as opposed to the '[[Zipser German]]' identity traditionally linked to the Hungarian monarchy.<ref name="WakounigMueller2010"/>

==1929 election==
KdP contested the [[Czechoslovak parliamentary election, 1929|1929 parliamentary election]] as part of the [[German Electoral Coalition]], in alliance with the [[Farmers' League]] (BdL) and the German Labour and Economic Community (DAWG).<ref name="bo"/> Whilst the alliance won 16 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and nine seats in the Senate, no KdP candidates were elected.<ref name="bo"/> The alliance obtained 16,922 votes in the areas of the Carpathian Germans (Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus').<ref name="mm">''Manuel Statistique de la Republique Tchecoslovaque''. IV. 1932. Prague. Annuaire Statistique de la Republique Tchecoslovaque. pp. 401–402</ref>

==1933–1934==
Desider Alexy became the KdP chairman in 1933.<ref name="bo"/> With the National Socialist seizure of power in Germany, KdP gradually moved closer to the Sudeten German Heimatsfront (which later evolved into the Sudeten German Party).<ref>{{cite book|title=German Foreign Policy|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=w3fwAAAAMAAJ|year=1963|publisher=Institute for International Relations|page=77}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Nation und Staat; deutsche Zeitschrift fur das europaische minoritatenproblem|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pkkyAQAAIAAJ|volume=16|year=1942|page=149}}</ref> The party founded the weekly newspaper ''Deutsche Stimmen'' ('German Voices') as its organ in 1934.<ref name="HochbergerScherer1994">{{cite book|author1=Ernst Hochberger|author2=Anton Scherer|author3=Friedrich Spiegel-Schmidt|title=Die Deutschen zwischen Karpaten und Krain|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Y7ZnAAAAMAAJ|date=January 1994|publisher=Langen Müller|isbn=978-3-7844-2478-1|page=36}}</ref><ref name="Spetko1991">{{cite book|author=Josef Spetko|title=Die Slowakei: Heimat der Völker|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JPLkAAAAMAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Amalthea|isbn=978-3-85002-306-1|page=91}}</ref><ref name="Tibenský1980">{{cite book|author=Ján Tibenský|title=Slovensko: Kultúra|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2MchAAAAMAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Obzor|page=597}}</ref>

==1935 election==
In the [[Czechoslovak parliamentary election, 1935|1935 parliamentary election]] KdP contested together with the Sudeten German Party.<ref name="bo"/> The agreement between the two parties was reached on March 28, 1935.<ref name="Weinberg2013">{{cite book|author=Gerhard L. Weinberg|title=Hitler's Foreign Policy 1933–1939: The Road to World War II|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=o5FiQbU_nAkC&pg=PA177|date=18 October 2013|publisher=Enigma Books|isbn=978-1-936274-84-0|page=177}}</ref> One KdP candidate was elected, Siegmund Keil who contested a Senate seat in the Nové Zámky 11th electoral district.<ref name="bo"/> Moreover, Karmasin was elected to the Chamber of Deputies as a SdP candidate from the [[Jihlava 10th electoral district (Czechoslovakia)|Jihlava 10th electoral district]].<ref name="bo"/> In the Czechoslovak National Assembly SdP and KdP formed joint factions in the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate.<ref name="bo"/> All in all, KdP had polled around 30,000 votes (compared to a total number of around 150,000 Carpathian Germans).<ref name="c"/> Effectively KdP did not become as dominant a force in the Carpathian German community that the SdP had done in the Sudetenland.<ref name="c"/>

==Union with SdP==
In November 1935 KdP entered into an organic union with SdP, in line with the [[Führer principle]].<ref name="c"/><ref name="oo">{{cite book|title=Österreichische Osthefte|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pGRpAAAAMAAJ|edition=1–2|volume=33|year=1991|publisher=Österreichisches Ost- und Südosteuropa-Institut.|pages=278–279}}</ref> The official name of SdP became the 'Sudeten German and Carpathian German Party' (''Sudetendeutsche und Karpatendeutsche Partei'').<ref name="oo"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Great Soviet Eccyclopedia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vnOFYI3g-N4C|year=1980|page=205}}</ref> KdP organization was remodelled after that of SdP.<ref name="c"/> Karmasin was named by SdP leader [[Konrad Henlein]] as his deputy for the Carpathian region.<ref name="bo"/><ref name="c"/><ref name="AffairsMurphy1943">{{cite book|author1=United States. Dept. of State. Division of European Affairs|author2=Raymond Edward Murphy|author3=Francis Bowden Stevens|author4=Howard Trivers |author5=Joseph Morgan Roland|title=National socialism: basic principles, their application by the Nazi party's foreign organization, and the use of Germans abroad for Nazi aims|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XeBWoTOcYMQC|year=1943|publisher=U.S. Govt. Print. Off.|page=480}}</ref> The symbol of KdP was modelled after that of the SdP, an elongated red shield which carried the letters "KdP".<ref name="AngoliaLittlejohn1974">{{cite book|author1=John Randolph Angolia|author2=David Littlejohn|author3=C. M. Dodkins|title=Edged weaponry of the Third Reich|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=wP0qAQAAIAAJ|date=1 January 1974|publisher=R. J. Bender|page=84}}</ref>

As the alliance with the Sudeten German Party being cemented, KdP began to expand its reach among a younger generation of Germans in Slovakia.<ref name="c"/> Many of the new adherents of KdP had returned from German-language technical schools in [[Bohemia]] and [[Moravia]]-[[Silesia]] or the [[Charles University in Prague|German University in Prague]].<ref name="c"/> KdP was able to build a relatively strong presence in central Slovakia and managed to gain a role amongst younger generation in Zips as well.<ref name="oo"/> However the older generation of Zipser Germans and communists sympathizers remained sceptical of Karmasin and his party.<ref name="WakounigMueller2010"/><ref name="oo"/>

==Alliance with Magyar parties==
Henlein visited [[Bratislava]] on April 27, 1936.<ref name="WakounigMueller2010"/> During his visited he appealed to the leaders of the Magyar parties to an alliance.<ref name="WakounigMueller2010"/> Such an alliance, with became a reality in the 1937 local elections, meant that the United Magyar Party broke its links to the Zipser German Party.<ref name="WakounigMueller2010"/> The Zipser German Party was routed in the 1937 polls.<ref name="WakounigMueller2010"/>

==Banned==
KdP and SdP were banned by the Czechoslovak government in the midst of the [[Sudeten Crisis]] in September 1938.<ref name="bo"/><ref name="c"/> On October 8, 1938 the German Party was set up as a successor organization for KdP (see [[German People's Group in Czecho-Slovakia]]).<ref name="Balling1991b">{{cite book|author=Mads Ole Balling|title=Von Reval bis Bukarest: Einleitung, Systematik, Quellen und Methoden, Estland, Lettland, Litauen, Polen, Tschechoslowakei|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=r9uzAAAAIAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Dokumentation Verlag|isbn=978-87-983829-3-5|pages=283–284}}</ref> Karmasin would later become the Slovak Secretary of State for German Affairs and then a Waffen-SS ''[[Sturmbannführer]]''.<ref name="Adams">{{cite book|last=Adams|first=Jefferson|title=Historical Dictionary of German Intelligence|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gnEWm4kC844C&pg=PA223|year=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810863200|page=223|chapter=Karmasin, Franz (1901–1970)}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Political parties in Czechoslovakia]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1928]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 1938]]

Karpatendeutsche Partei

2016-05-13T09:23:07Z

Xanthomelanoussprog: /* Karpathendeutsche Volksgemeinschaft */ cp ed

{{Infobox political party
| name = Carpathian German Party
| native_name = Karpatendeutsche Partei
| native_name_lang =
| logo = [[File:KdP_symbol.png|200px]]
| caption =
| colorcode = red
| abbreviation = 
| leader =
| president =
| chairperson = Roland Steinacker (1928–1933) Desider Alexy (1933–1935) [[Franz Karmasin]] (1935–1938)
| founded = July 1928
| dissolved = 1938
| predecessor = Karpatendeutshce Volksgemeinschaft
| successor = German Party
| headquarters =
| newspaper = ''Deutsche Stimmen'' (1934–1938)
| student_wing =
| youth_wing =
| womens_wing =
| membership_year =
| membership =
| ideology = [[German nationalism]] Anti-[[Marxism]] [[National Socialism]] (later stages)
| national = [[German Electoral Coalition]] (1929) [[Sudeten German Party]] (1935–1938)
| colors = 
| anthem =
| seats1_title = [[Czechoslovak parliamentary election, 1935|Chamber of Deputies of Czechoslovakia]] (1935)
| seats1 = {{Infobox political party/seats|1|300|hex=#ff0000}}
| seats2_title = [[Czechoslovak parliamentary election, 1935|Senate of Czechoslovakia]] (1935)
| seats2 = {{Infobox political party/seats|1|150|hex=#ff0000}}
| country = Czechoslovakia
}}
The '''Carpathian German Party''' ({{lang-de|Karpatendeutsche Partei}}, abbreviated '''KdP''') was a [[political party]] in [[Czechoslovakia]], active amongst the [[Carpathian German]] minority of [[Slovakia]] and [[Subcarpathian Rus']].<ref name="KrejcíMachonin1998">{{cite book|author1=J. Krejcí|author2=P. Machonin|title=Czechoslovakia, 1918–92: A Laboratory for Social Change|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CvVZCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16|date=11 August 1998|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-0-230-37721-9|page=16}}</ref><ref name="Motta2014">{{cite book|author=Giuseppe Motta|title=Less than Nations: Central-Eastern European Minorities after WWI, Volumes 1 and 2|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GnUxBwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA218|date=25 March 2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-5859-5|page=218}}</ref> It began as a bourgeois centrist party, but after teaming up with the [[Sudeten German Party]] in 1933 it developed in a [[National Socialist]] orientation.<ref name="bo"/>

==''Karpathendeutsche Volksgemeinschaft''==
The KdP originated in 1927 as the ''Karpathendeutsche Volksgemeinschaft'' (KDV, 'Carpathian German Ethnic Community'), founded by men like Dr. Roland Steinacker (a professor in [[Theology]] from [[Bratislava]]), the [[Sudeten German]] industrialist Karl Manouschek, Dr. Samuel Früwirt, Carl Eugen Schmidt (a Protestant pastor) and the engineer [[Franz Karmasin]].<ref name="bo"/><ref name="kovac">{{cite book|last=Kovac|first=Dusan|editor=Marija Wakounig|others=Wolfgang Mueller, Michael Portmann|title=Nation, Nationalitäten und Nationalismus im östlichen Europa: Festschrift für Arnold Suppan zum 65. Geburtstag|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=waBqWrRwvhUC&pg=PA257|accessdate=25 March 2016|year=2010|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=9783643502414|pages=249–62|chapter=Die Karpatendeutsche Identität im Kräftefeld der mitteleuropäischen Politik 1918-1845}}</ref><ref name="Bosl1979">{{cite book|author=Karl Bosl|title=Die erste Tschechoslowakische Republik als multinationaler Parteienstaat: Vorträge d. Tagungen d. Collegium Carolinum in Bad Wiessee vom 24.-27. November 1977 u. vom 20.-23. April 1978|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YYQhjysTFMwC&pg=PA213|year=1979|publisher=Oldenbourg|isbn=978-3-486-49181-4|pages=213–214}}</ref><ref name="c"/><ref name="Motta2014"/><ref name="Jahn1971">{{cite book|author=Egbert K. Jahn|title=Die Deutschen in der Slowakei in den Jahren 1918–1929: Beitrag zur Nationalitätenproblematik|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7btnAAAAMAAJ|year=1971|publisher=Oldenbourg|isbn=978-3-486-43321-0|page=122}}</ref> The KDV was based mainly in Bratislava and surroundings, and gathered its members from the German bourgeouise and sympathizers of various political parties (like the [[Farmers' League]], the [[German National Party]] and the [[German Democratic Progressive Party]]).<ref name="Brosz1992">{{cite book|author=Paul Brosz|title=Das letzte Jahrhundert der Karpatendeutschen in der Slowakei|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=y7tWAAAAYAAJ|year=1992|publisher=Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Karpatendeutschen aus der Slowakei|pages=72–73}}</ref> It also organized [[Sudeten Germans]] living in Slovakia.<ref name="Brosz1992"/>

==Party foundation==
KdP was constituted as a political party in July 1928 in [[Nálepkovo|Nálepkovo/Wagendrüssel]], with their eyes on the upcoming parliamentary election.<ref name="bo">{{cite book|author=Mads Ole Balling|title=Von Reval bis Bukarest: Einleitung, Systematik, Quellen und Methoden, Estland, Lettland, Litauen, Polen, Tschechoslowakei|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=r9uzAAAAIAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Dokumentation Verlag|isbn=978-87-983829-3-5|pages=277–280, 397, 449}}</ref><ref name="Bosl1979">{{cite book|author=Karl Bosl|title=Die erste Tschechoslowakische Republik als multinationaler Parteienstaat: Vorträge d. Tagungen d. Collegium Carolinum in Bad Wiessee vom 24.-27. November 1977 u. vom 20.-23. April 1978|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=YYQhjysTFMwC&pg=PA213|year=1979|publisher=Oldenbourg|isbn=978-3-486-49181-4|pages=213–214}}</ref><ref name="WakounigMueller2010">{{cite book|author1=Marija Wakounig|author2=Wolfgang Mueller|author3=Michael Portmann|title=Nation, Nationalitäten und Nationalismus im östlichen Europa: Festschrift für Arnold Suppan zum 65. Geburtstag|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=waBqWrRwvhUC&pg=PA257|year=2010|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-643-50241-4|pages=257, 262}}</ref><ref name="Meier2006">{{cite book|author=Jörg Meier|title=Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte der Deutschen in der Slowakei|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=z04iAQAAIAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Weidler|isbn=978-3-89693-462-8|page=45}}</ref> KdP was chaired by Dr. Roland Steinacker until 1933.<ref name="bo"/>

The party had a Christian and anti-[[Marxist]] outlook, and positioned itself as a party loyal to the Czechoslovak state.<ref name="Meier2006"/><ref name="Schönfeld2000">{{cite book|author=Roland Schönfeld|title=Slowakei: vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vrhnAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=F. Pustet|isbn=978-3-7917-1723-4|page=136}}</ref> An key concern of the founders of KdP was to steer Germans in Slovakia away from Magyar-dominated parties.<ref name="c">{{cite book|title=The Expulsion of the German Population from Czechoslovakia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mcK8smoIKloC|year=1960|pages=138–140}}</ref> The new party hoped to break the political hegemony of the [[Zipser German Party]].<ref name="oo"/> In terms of identity, KdP put forward the notion of a 'Carpathian German' identity as opposed to the '[[Zipser German]]' identity traditionally linked to the Hungarian monarchy.<ref name="WakounigMueller2010"/>

==1929 election==
KdP contested the [[Czechoslovak parliamentary election, 1929|1929 parliamentary election]] as part of the [[German Electoral Coalition]], in alliance with the [[Farmers' League]] (BdL) and the German Labour and Economic Community (DAWG).<ref name="bo"/> Whilst the alliance won 16 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and nine seats in the Senate, no KdP candidates were elected.<ref name="bo"/> The alliance obtained 16,922 votes in the areas of the Carpathian Germans (Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus').<ref name="mm">''Manuel Statistique de la Republique Tchecoslovaque''. IV. 1932. Prague. Annuaire Statistique de la Republique Tchecoslovaque. pp. 401–402</ref>

==1933–1934==
Desider Alexy became the KdP chairman in 1933.<ref name="bo"/> With the National Socialist seizure of power in Germany, KdP gradually moved closer to the Sudeten German Heimatsfront (which later evolved into the Sudeten German Party).<ref>{{cite book|title=German Foreign Policy|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=w3fwAAAAMAAJ|year=1963|publisher=Institute for International Relations|page=77}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Nation und Staat; deutsche Zeitschrift fur das europaische minoritatenproblem|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pkkyAQAAIAAJ|volume=16|year=1942|page=149}}</ref> The party founded the weekly newspaper ''Deutsche Stimmen'' ('German Voices') as its organ in 1934.<ref name="HochbergerScherer1994">{{cite book|author1=Ernst Hochberger|author2=Anton Scherer|author3=Friedrich Spiegel-Schmidt|title=Die Deutschen zwischen Karpaten und Krain|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Y7ZnAAAAMAAJ|date=January 1994|publisher=Langen Müller|isbn=978-3-7844-2478-1|page=36}}</ref><ref name="Spetko1991">{{cite book|author=Josef Spetko|title=Die Slowakei: Heimat der Völker|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JPLkAAAAMAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Amalthea|isbn=978-3-85002-306-1|page=91}}</ref><ref name="Tibenský1980">{{cite book|author=Ján Tibenský|title=Slovensko: Kultúra|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2MchAAAAMAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Obzor|page=597}}</ref>

==1935 election==
In the [[Czechoslovak parliamentary election, 1935|1935 parliamentary election]] KdP contested together with the Sudeten German Party.<ref name="bo"/> The agreement between the two parties was reached on March 28, 1935.<ref name="Weinberg2013">{{cite book|author=Gerhard L. Weinberg|title=Hitler's Foreign Policy 1933–1939: The Road to World War II|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=o5FiQbU_nAkC&pg=PA177|date=18 October 2013|publisher=Enigma Books|isbn=978-1-936274-84-0|page=177}}</ref> One KdP candidate was elected, Siegmund Keil who contested a Senate seat in the Nové Zámky 11th electoral district.<ref name="bo"/> Moreover, Karmasin was elected to the Chamber of Deputies as a SdP candidate from the [[Jihlava 10th electoral district (Czechoslovakia)|Jihlava 10th electoral district]].<ref name="bo"/> In the Czechoslovak National Assembly SdP and KdP formed joint factions in the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate.<ref name="bo"/> All in all, KdP had polled around 30,000 votes (compared to a total number of around 150,000 Carpathian Germans).<ref name="c"/> Effectively KdP did not become as dominant a force in the Carpathian German community that the SdP had done in the Sudetenland.<ref name="c"/>

==Union with SdP==
In November 1935 KdP entered into an organic union with SdP, in line with the [[Führer principle]].<ref name="c"/><ref name="oo">{{cite book|title=Österreichische Osthefte|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pGRpAAAAMAAJ|edition=1–2|volume=33|year=1991|publisher=Österreichisches Ost- und Südosteuropa-Institut.|pages=278–279}}</ref> The official name of SdP became the 'Sudeten German and Carpathian German Party' (''Sudetendeutsche und Karpatendeutsche Partei'').<ref name="oo"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Great Soviet Eccyclopedia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vnOFYI3g-N4C|year=1980|page=205}}</ref> KdP organization was remodelled after that of SdP.<ref name="c"/> Karmasin was named by SdP leader [[Konrad Henlein]] as his deputy for the Carpathian region.<ref name="bo"/><ref name="c"/><ref name="AffairsMurphy1943">{{cite book|author1=United States. Dept. of State. Division of European Affairs|author2=Raymond Edward Murphy|author3=Francis Bowden Stevens|author4=Howard Trivers |author5=Joseph Morgan Roland|title=National socialism: basic principles, their application by the Nazi party's foreign organization, and the use of Germans abroad for Nazi aims|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XeBWoTOcYMQC|year=1943|publisher=U.S. Govt. Print. Off.|page=480}}</ref> The symbol of KdP was modelled after that of the SdP, an elongated red shield which carried the letters "KdP".<ref name="AngoliaLittlejohn1974">{{cite book|author1=John Randolph Angolia|author2=David Littlejohn|author3=C. M. Dodkins|title=Edged weaponry of the Third Reich|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=wP0qAQAAIAAJ|date=1 January 1974|publisher=R. J. Bender|page=84}}</ref>

As the alliance with the Sudeten German Party being cemented, KdP began to expand its reach among a younger generation of Germans in Slovakia.<ref name="c"/> Many of the new adherents of KdP had returned from German-language technical schools in [[Bohemia]] and [[Moravia]]-[[Silesia]] or the [[Charles University in Prague|German University in Prague]].<ref name="c"/> KdP was able to build a relatively strong presence in central Slovakia and managed to gain a role amongst younger generation in Zips as well.<ref name="oo"/> However the older generation of Zipser Germans and communists sympathizers remained sceptical of Karmasin and his party.<ref name="WakounigMueller2010"/><ref name="oo"/>

==Alliance with Magyar parties==
Henlein visited [[Bratislava]] on April 27, 1936.<ref name="WakounigMueller2010"/> During his visited he appealed to the leaders of the Magyar parties to an alliance.<ref name="WakounigMueller2010"/> Such an alliance, with became a reality in the 1937 local elections, meant that the United Magyar Party broke its links to the Zipser German Party.<ref name="WakounigMueller2010"/> The Zipser German Party was routed in the 1937 polls.<ref name="WakounigMueller2010"/>

==Banned==
KdP and SdP were banned by the Czechoslovak government in the midst of the [[Sudeten Crisis]] in September 1938.<ref name="bo"/><ref name="c"/> On October 8, 1938 the German Party was set up as a successor organization for KdP (see [[German People's Group in Czecho-Slovakia]]).<ref name="Balling1991b">{{cite book|author=Mads Ole Balling|title=Von Reval bis Bukarest: Einleitung, Systematik, Quellen und Methoden, Estland, Lettland, Litauen, Polen, Tschechoslowakei|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=r9uzAAAAIAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Dokumentation Verlag|isbn=978-87-983829-3-5|pages=283–284}}</ref> Karmasin would later become the Slovak Secretary of State for German Affairs and then a Waffen-SS ''[[Sturmbannführer]]''.<ref name="Adams">{{cite book|last=Adams|first=Jefferson|title=Historical Dictionary of German Intelligence|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gnEWm4kC844C&pg=PA223|year=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810863200|page=223|chapter=Karmasin, Franz (1901–1970)}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Political parties in Czechoslovakia]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1928]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 1938]]

Tongdaeng

2015-12-28T02:32:48Z

Xanthomelanoussprog: Undid revision 697004128 by 76.175.60.245 (talk)

{{hatnote|Not to be confused with the "Thong Daeng Cat"; see [[Suphalak]].}}

{{No footnotes|date=December 2009}}
'''Thong Daeng''', ({{lang-th|คุณทองแดง}}, born 7 November 1998) a female copper-colored dog, is one of the pets owned by King [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]] of Thailand. The king adopted Thong Daeng in 1998 from the litter of a stray dog that had been taken in by a medical center he had recently dedicated. Her name means "copper" in [[Thai language|Thai]].<ref>*Seth Mydans, [http://www.corkscrew-balloon.com/02/12/1bkk/26a.html For Dogged Devotion to Etiquette, a Kingly Tribute], [[International Herald Tribune]], 26 December 2002</ref>

Bhumibol called her "A common dog who is uncommon," and in 2002 wrote an affectionate biography of her titled "''The Story of Thong Daeng'' (เรื่อง ทองแดง)". The book is commonly referred to as a [[parable]] on many social topics. For instance, the King wrote that "Tongdaeng is a respectful dog with proper manners; she is humble and knows protocol. She would always sit lower than the King; even when he pulls her up to embrace her, Tongdaeng would lower herself down on the floor, her ears in a respectful drooping position, as if she would say, 'I don't dare.'"<ref name="The Econ dog">{{cite news|title=Dissing the king’s dog is a crime in Thailand|url=http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21684177-dissing-kings-dog-crime-thailand-who-are-you-calling-bitch|accessdate=21 December 2015|work=[[The Economist]]|date=19 December 2015}}</ref>

All the names of the dogs owned by the King start with the word "Thong" (lit. gold).

The book instantly sold out in Thailand. Since demand was so high, the book became an esteemed gift. The book has been reprinted several times to keep up with demand.

Thanakorn Siripaiboon, a factory worker, was charged in 2015 with insulting Thong Daeng on Facebook, under the [[Lèse majesté in Thailand|Lèse majesté laws in Thailand]].<ref name="bhutia">{{cite web|last1=Bhutia|first1=Jigmey|title=Thai man faces 37 years jail for 'insulting' King Bhumibol Adulyadej's dog|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/thai-man-could-be-jailed-37-years-insulting-king-bhumibol-adulyadejs-dog-1533382|website=ibtimes.co.uk|publisher=International Business Times|accessdate=16 December 2015}}</ref> His lawyer, Anon Numpa, informed the ''[[International New York Times]]'' that the charge "had not detailed the precise insult towards the animal".<ref name="holmes">{{cite web|last1=Holmes|first1=Oliver|title=Thai man faces jail for insulting king's dog with 'sarcastic' internet post|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/15/thai-man-faces-jail-insulting-kings-dog-sarcastic-internet-post|website=theguardian.com|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=15 December 2015}}</ref> The Bangkok-based printer of the ''International New York Times'' removed the story from the 14 December 2015 print edition of the paper.<ref name="holmes"/> If convicted, Siripaiboon could face up to 37 years in prison.<ref name="The Econ dog" />

A film based on the book, ''Khun Thong Daeng: The Inspirations '' (เปิดตัวคุณทองแดง), was released in November 2015.<ref name="panya">{{cite web|last1=Panya|first1=Duangkamol|title=Who let the dogs out?|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/topstories/779189/who-let-the-dogs-out|website=bangkokpost.com|publisher=Bangkok Post|accessdate=15 December 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Fufu (dog)]]

==Literature==
* HM King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand. ''The Story of Tongdaeng''. Amarin, Bangkok. 2004. ISBN 974-272-917-4

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1998 animal births]]
[[Category:Individual dogs]]
[[Category:Thai monarchy]]
[[Category:Lèse majesté in Thailand]]

Tongdaeng

2015-12-16T08:24:08Z

Xanthomelanoussprog: add

{{hatnote|Not to be confused with the "Thong Daeng Cat"; see [[Suphalak]].}}

{{No footnotes|date=December 2009}}
'''Thong Daeng''', ({{lang-th|คุณทองแดง}}, born 7 November 1998) a female copper-colored dog, is one of the pets owned by King [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]] of Thailand. The king adopted Thong Daeng in 1998 from the litter of a stray dog that had been taken in by a medical center he had recently dedicated. Her name means "copper" in [[Thai language|Thai]].<ref>*Seth Mydans, [http://www.corkscrew-balloon.com/02/12/1bkk/26a.html For Dogged Devotion to Etiquette, a Kingly Tribute], [[International Herald Tribune]], 26 December 2002</ref>

Bhumibol called her "A common dog who is uncommon," and in 2002 wrote an affectionate biography of her titled "''The Story of Thong Daeng'' (เรื่อง ทองแดง)". The book is commonly referred to as a [[parable]] on many social topics. For instance, the King wrote that "Tongdaeng is a respectful dog with proper manners; she is humble and knows protocol. She would always sit lower than the King; even when he pulls her up to embrace her, Tongdaeng would lower herself down on the floor, her ears in a respectful drooping position, as if she would say, 'I don't dare.'"

All the names of the dogs owned by the King start with the word "Thong" (lit. gold).

The book instantly sold out in Thailand. Since demand was so high, the book became an esteemed gift. The book has been reprinted several times to keep up with demand.

Thanakorn Siripaiboon, a factory worker, was charged in 2015 with insulting Thong Daeng on Facebook.<ref name="bhutia">{{cite web|last1=Bhutia|first1=Jigmey|title=Thai man faces 37 years jail for 'insulting' King Bhumibol Adulyadej's dog|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/thai-man-could-be-jailed-37-years-insulting-king-bhumibol-adulyadejs-dog-1533382|website=ibtimes.co.uk|publisher=International Business Times|accessdate=16 December 2015}}</ref> His lawyer, Anon Numpa, informed the ''[[International New York Times]]'' that the charge "had not detailed the precise insult towards the animal".<ref name="holmes">{{cite web|last1=Holmes|first1=Oliver|title=Thai man faces jail for insulting king's dog with 'sarcastic' internet post|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/15/thai-man-faces-jail-insulting-kings-dog-sarcastic-internet-post|website=theguardian.com|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=15 December 2015}}</ref> The Bangkok-based printer of the ''International New York Times'' removed the story from the 14 December 2015 print edition of the paper.<ref name="holmes"/>

A film based on the book, ''Khun Thong Daeng: The Inspirations '' (เปิดตัวคุณทองแดง), was released in November 2015.<ref name="panya">{{cite web|last1=Panya|first1=Duangkamol|title=Who let the dogs out?|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/topstories/779189/who-let-the-dogs-out|website=bangkokpost.com|publisher=Bangkok Post|accessdate=15 December 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Fufu (dog)]]

==Literature==
* HM King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand. ''The Story of Tongdaeng''. Amarin, Bangkok. 2004. ISBN 974-272-917-4

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1998 animal births]]
[[Category:Individual dogs]]
[[Category:Thai monarchy]]

Tongdaeng

2015-12-15T20:24:08Z

Xanthomelanoussprog: film

{{hatnote|Not to be confused with the "Thong Daeng Cat"; see [[Suphalak]].}}

{{No footnotes|date=December 2009}}
'''Thong Daeng''', ({{lang-th|คุณทองแดง}}, born 7 November 1998) a female copper-colored dog, is one of the pets owned by King [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]] of Thailand. The king adopted Thong Daeng in 1998 from the litter of a stray dog that had been taken in by a medical center he had recently dedicated. Her name means "copper" in [[Thai language|Thai]].<ref>*Seth Mydans, [http://www.corkscrew-balloon.com/02/12/1bkk/26a.html For Dogged Devotion to Etiquette, a Kingly Tribute], [[International Herald Tribune]], 26 December 2002</ref>

Bhumibol called her "A common dog who is uncommon," and in 2002 wrote an affectionate biography of her titled "''The Story of Thong Daeng'' (เรื่อง ทองแดง)". The book is commonly referred to as a [[parable]] on many social topics. For instance, the King wrote that "Tongdaeng is a respectful dog with proper manners; she is humble and knows protocol. She would always sit lower than the King; even when he pulls her up to embrace her, Tongdaeng would lower herself down on the floor, her ears in a respectful drooping position, as if she would say, 'I don't dare.'"

All the names of the dogs owned by the King start with the word "Thong" (lit. gold).

The book instantly sold out in Thailand. Since demand was so high, the book became an esteemed gift. The book has been reprinted several times to keep up with demand.

Thanakorn Siripaiboon, a factory worker, was charged in 2015 with insulting Thong Daeng. His lawyer, Anon Numpa, informed the ''[[International New York Times]]'' that the charge "had not detailed the precise insult towards the animal".<ref name="holmes">{{cite web|last1=Holmes|first1=Oliver|title=Thai man faces jail for insulting king's dog with 'sarcastic' internet post|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/15/thai-man-faces-jail-insulting-kings-dog-sarcastic-internet-post|website=theguardian.com|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=15 December 2015}}</ref> The Bangkok-based printer of the ''International New York Times'' removed the story from the 14 December 2015 print edition of the paper.<ref name="holmes"/>

A film based on the book, ''Khun Thong Daeng: The Inspirations '' (เปิดตัวคุณทองแดง), was released in November 2015.<ref name="panya">{{cite web|last1=Panya|first1=Duangkamol|title=Who let the dogs out?|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/topstories/779189/who-let-the-dogs-out|website=bangkokpost.com|publisher=Bangkok Post|accessdate=15 December 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Fufu (dog)]]

==Literature==
* HM King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand. ''The Story of Tongdaeng''. Amarin, Bangkok. 2004. ISBN 974-272-917-4

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1998 animal births]]
[[Category:Individual dogs]]
[[Category:Thai monarchy]]

Tongdaeng

2015-12-15T11:35:52Z

Xanthomelanoussprog: cp ed

Tongdaeng

2015-12-15T09:32:38Z

Xanthomelanoussprog: expand

Sand Point and Middle Hope

2015-08-31T11:17:21Z

Xanthomelanoussprog: /* History */ copy ed

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox SSSI
|image=[[Image:Middle Hope - geograph.org.uk - 63208.jpg|200px]]
|name=Middle Hope
|aos=Avon
|interest=Biological
|gridref={{gbmappingsmall|ST325662}}
|latitude= 51.39081
|longitude=-2.97150
|displaymap=Somerset
|area={{convert|84.1|ha|km2 sqmi}}
|notifydate={{Start date|1952}}
|enref=1002814
}}
'''Sand Point''' in [[Somerset]], England, is the peninsula stretching out from '''Middle Hope''', an {{convert|84.1|ha|adj=on}} [[biological and geological Site of Special Scientific Interest]]. It lies to the north of the village of [[Kewstoke]], and the stretch of coastline called [[Sand Bay]] north of the town of [[Weston-super-Mare]]. On a clear day it commands views over [[Flat Holm]], of the [[Bristol Channel]], [[South Wales]], [[Clevedon]], the [[Second Severn Crossing]] and the [[Severn Bridge]]. A line drawn between Sand Point and [[Lavernock#Lavernock Point|Lavernock Point]] in South [[Wales]] marks the lower limit of the [[Severn Estuary]] and the start of the [[Bristol Channel]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Severn Estuary|url=http://www.severn-boating.co.uk/estuary.htm|publisher=Severn Boating|accessdate=15 December 2013}}</ref>

Middle Hope is a sequence of [[carboniferous]] [[limestone]] with unusual geological features including a [[Pleistocene]]-aged fossil cliff and as a result has been designated as a [[regionally important geological site]]. The underlying geology and soil types support scarce plants such as the [[Ranunculus parviflorus|smallflower buttercup]], [[Trinia glauca|honewort]], [[Dianthus gratianopolitanus|Cheddar pink]] and [[Koeleria vallesiana|Somerset hair grass]].

Human use of the sites is shown by a [[bowl barrow]] and [[disc barrow]] from late [[Neolithic]] or [[Bronze Age]] and the site of a likely [[motte-and-bailey castle]]. [[Woodspring Priory]], a former [[Augustinians|Augustinian]] [[priory]] which was founded in the early 13th century, sits just inland of the rocky promontory. The priory and surrounding land is owned by the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]] and is a popular place for walking.

==Geology==
[[File:Sand Point and Middle Hope 14.JPG|thumb|left|The cliffs and rocky beach at Middle Hope]]
At Middle Hope a sequence of [[carboniferous]] [[limestone]], and includes limestones, thick [[Volcano|volcanic]] [[tuff]]s and [[lava]]s, are exposed, affording some of the finest [[Tournaisian]] carbonate sections in South West England.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Prudden|first1=Hugh|title=Somerset Geology — A Good Rock Guide|url=http://people.bath.ac.uk/exxbgs/Somerset_Good_Rock_Guide.pdf|website=University of Bath|publisher=Bath Geological Society|accessdate=8 March 2015}}</ref> The site contains a [[Pleistocene]]-aged fossil cliff and shore platform.<ref name="sssicitation">{{cite web|url=http://www.english-nature.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1002814.pdf|format=PDF|title=Middle Hope|work=SSSI citation sheet|publisher=English Nature|accessdate=31 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Faulkner|first1=T.J.|title=The early Carboniferous (Courceyan) Middle Hope volcanics of Weston-super-Mare: development and demise of an offshore volcanic high|journal=Proceedings of the Geologists' Association|date=1989|volume=100|issue=1|pages=93–106|doi=10.1016/S0016-7878(89)80068-9|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016787889800689}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=North Somerset Landscape Character Assessment|url=https://www.n-somerset.gov.uk/Environment/Planning_policy_and-research/Documents/Supplementary%20planning%20documents/North%20Somerset%20landscape%20character%20assessment%20supplementary%20planning%20document%20(pdf).pdf|publisher=North Somerset Council|accessdate=8 March 2015}}</ref> These features have led to the designation of Middle Hope as a [[regionally important geological site]] (RIGS).<ref name=RIGS/>

The raised beach of wave-cut platforms has been created by changes in sea level since the [[Quaternary|Quaternary period]].<ref>{{cite web|title=North Somerset Landscape Character Assessment|url=https://www.n-somerset.gov.uk/Environment/Planning_policy_and-research/Documents/Supplementary%20planning%20documents/North%20Somerset%20landscape%20character%20assessment%20supplementary%20planning%20document%20(pdf).pdf|format=PDF|publisher=North Somerset Council|accessdate=14 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Somerset|url=http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/geodiversity/englands/counties/area_ID30.aspx|publisher=Natural England|accessdate=14 July 2014}}</ref> The arrangement of volcanic and sedimentary rocks, including the [[Black Rock Limestone]], illustrates the events of 350 million years ago ([[myr]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=Middle Hope, Kewstoke, Somerset|url=http://avonrigsoutcrop.blogspot.co.uk/2013/03/rigs-of-month-march-middle-hope.html|publisher=Avon RIGS Group|accessdate=14 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=OGU fieldtrip to Middle Hope|url=http://www.bris.ac.uk/chemistry/research/ogu/news/2013/23.html|publisher=University of Bristol|accessdate=8 March 2015}}</ref> The [[Stratum|strata]] have been tilted and compressed during the [[variscan orogeny]].<ref name=RIGS>{{cite web|title=RIGS of the Month — March Middle Hope, Kewstoke, Somerset|url=http://avonrigsoutcrop.blogspot.co.uk/2013/03/rigs-of-month-march-middle-hope.html|publisher=Avon RIGS group|accessdate=8 March 2015}}</ref>

==Flora==
Among scarce plants found on Sand Point are [[Ranunculus parviflorus|Smallflower Buttercup]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Green|first1=Ian P.|last2=Higgins|first2=Rupert J.|last3=Kitchen|first3=Mark A R.|last4=Kitchen|first4=C.|editor-last=Myles|editor-first=Sarah L.|title=The Flora of the Bristol Region|date=2000|publisher=Pisces Publications|isbn=978-1874357186|page=66}}</ref> and [[Trinia glauca|Honewort]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Green|first1=Ian P.|last2=Higgins|first2=Rupert J.|last3=Kitchen|first3=Mark A R.|last4=Kitchen|first4=C.|editor-last=Myles|editor-first=Sarah L.|title=The Flora of the Bristol Region|date=2000|publisher=Pisces Publications|isbn=978-1874357186|page=161}}</ref> It is also the site of the Middle Hope 84.1 [[hectare]] [[Site of Special Scientific Interest|biological and geological Site of Special Scientific Interest]].<ref name="sssicitation" /> The range of soils at the site support various flora and fauna. The calcareous grassland is dominated by [[Festuca]] species and [[Dactylis glomerata]], while the scrub towards the west of the site is dominated by [[Crataegus monogyna|Hawthorn]] ''(Crataegus monogyna)'' and [[Prunus spinosa|Blackthorn]] ''(Prunus spinosa)'', while that to the east consists of [[Ulex europaeus|Common Gorse]] ''(Ulex europaeus)'' and [[Blackberry|Bramble]] ''(Rubus fruticosus agg)''.<ref name="sssicitation"/> Less common plants include the [[Dianthus gratianopolitanus|Cheddar pink]] ''(Dianthus gratianopolitanus)'' and [[Koeleria vallesiana|Somerset Hair Grass]] ''(Koeleria vallesiana)''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Search engine Bing uses Somerset’s iconic Sandpoint on homepage |url=http://www.cheddarvalleygazette.co.uk/Search-engine-Bing-uses-Somerset-8217-s-iconic/story-19922497-detail/story.html |accessdate=8 March 2015|work=Cheddar Valley Gazette|date=12 October 2013}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Sand Point and Middle Hope 17.JPG|thumb|The [[triangulation station]] and site of the [[bowl barrow]] and [[disc barrow]].]]
A [[bowl barrow]] and [[disc barrow]] from the late [[Neolithic]] or [[Bronze Age]] has been identified. The bowl barrow is {{convert|10|m}} in diameter and approximately {{convert|0.5|m}} high. Slightly west of the bowl barrow is a disc barrow surrounded by a bank and ditch which enclose an area about {{convert|8|m}} across. These are situated at the highest point where the [[Ordnance Survey]] have constructed a [[triangulation station]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bowl barrow and disc barrow 600 m NNW of Sandpoint Farm|url=http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1008115|website=National Heritage List for England|publisher=English Heritage|accessdate=8 March 2015}}</ref>

A [[motte-and-bailey castle]] may have been constructed after the [[Norman conquest of England|Norman Conquest]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Motte and bailey castle 650 m NNW of Sandpoint Farm|url=http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1008114|website=National Heritage List for England|publisher=English Heritage|accessdate=16 September 2014}}</ref> The site is known as Castle Mound or Castle Batch and can be seen as a {{convert|2|m}} high mound which is approximately {{convert|30|m}} in diameter and marked by a ditch on the landward eastern edge.<ref>{{cite web|title=Monument No. 192646|url=http://www.pastscape.org/hob.aspx?hob_id=192646|website=Pastscape|publisher=English Heritage|accessdate=8 March 2015}}</ref> The mound was damaged by the construction of a building during [[World War II]]. The medieval date for the construction is in doubt with some sources suggesting that the mound may have been a watchtower constructed in the 16th century.<ref>{{cite web|title=Castle Mound ( Castle Batch), Sand Point and Middle Hope|url=http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archsearch/record.jsf?titleId=1786937|publisher=Archaeology Data Service|accessdate=8 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=NTwalk>{{cite web|title=Sand Point & Middlehope, Somerset|url=http://www.walk4life.info/sites/default/files/walkdocs/walkdoc-5289.pdf|publisher=National Trust|format=PDF|accessdate=14 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sand Point and Middle Hope|url=http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/article-1356396397972/|publisher=National Trust|accessdate=14 July 2014}}</ref> The walls of the sheep fold were built by prisoners from the [[Napoleonic Wars]].<ref name=NTwalk/> Hope Cove on the northern coast had a reputation for smuggling as it was well away from the men of [[HM Customs and Excise]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Body|first1=Geoff|last2=Gallop|first2=Roy|title=Any Muddy Bottom: A History of Somerset's Waterborne Trade|date=2015|publisher=History Press|isbn=9780750961639|page=85}}</ref>

[[Woodspring Priory]] is a former [[Augustinians|Augustinian]] [[priory]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Woodspring Priory and associated fishponds and field system|url=http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1012722|website=National Heritage List for England|publisher=English Heritage|accessdate=15 July 2014}}</ref> The priory was founded by William de Courtney, in the early 13th century, and dedicated to [[Thomas Becket]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Local History|url=http://kewstokevillage.com/?page_id=52|publisher=Kewstoke Village|accessdate=16 July 2014}}</ref> The small community built a church and monastic lodgings during the next hundred years. They were [[Canons Regular#Victorine Canons and the Gallican Congregation|Victorine Canons]] who were influenced by the [[Cistercians]] who emphasised manual labour and self-sufficiency so that the clerks who had taken holy orders worked on the farm, as well as providing clergy for surrounding churches.<ref>{{cite book|last=Greenwood|first=Charles|title=Famous Houses of the West Country|year=1977|publisher=Kingsmead Press|location=Bath|isbn=978-0-901571-87-8|pages=109–111}}</ref> Despite endowments of land the priory was not wealthy until the 15th century when further building work, including the current priory church, infirmary and barn was undertaken. It was [[Dissolution of the Monasteries|dissolved]] in 1536 and then owned by local noblemen and leased to local farmers.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dickens|first=Arthur Geoffrey|authorlink=Arthur Geoffrey Dickens|title=The English Reformation|edition=2nd|location=London|publisher=B. T. Batsford|year=1989|isbn=978-0-271-02868-2}}</ref> In 1969 the priory was taken over by the [[Landmark Trust]] who spent 20 years on restoration work, and now rent out the farmhouse as holiday accommodation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Woodspring Priory — Restoration|url=http://www.landmarktrust.org.uk/our-landmarks/properties/woodspring-priory-13260/#tabs=2|publisher=Landmark Trust|accessdate=15 July 2014}}</ref> The surviving buildings include the priory church, which was a 15th-century replacement for the earlier 13th century structure, infirmary, barn and 16th century prior's lodging which was converted into a farmhouse. The whole site was arranged around a central [[cloister]] from which only the east wall and west wall of the [[chapter house]] remain, the [[sacristy]], refectory, chapter house, lady chapel and parlour having been demolished.<ref>{{cite web|title=East Cloister Wall|url=http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1302945|website=National Heritage List for England|publisher=English Heritage|accessdate=15 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=West Wall of Chapter House Range|url=http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1320653|website=National Heritage List for England|publisher=English Heritage|accessdate=15 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Infirmary|url=http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1156326|website=National Heritage List for England|publisher=English Heritage|accessdate=15 July 2014}}</ref> In 1968 the priory and adjoining land of Middle Hope was purchased by the National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty as part of [[Project Neptune]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tomalin|first1=David John|last2=Crook|first2=Christopher|title=Woodspring Priory|date=2007|publisher=The Landmark Trust}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Longman|first1=Tim|title=Archaeological Watching Brief at Woodspring Priory|url=http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-918-1/dissemination/pdf/bristola1-68934_1.pdf|website=Archaeology Data Services|publisher=Bristol and Region Archaeological Services|date=16 March 2010|format=PDF|accessdate=15 July 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Sand Point and Middle Hope}}
*[http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/article-1356396397972/ National Trust information on Sand Point and Middle Hope]

{{SSSIs Avon biological}}
{{SSSIs Avon geological}}

[[Category:North Somerset]]
[[Category:National Trust properties in Somerset]]
[[Category:Bristol Channel]]
[[Category:Headlands of Somerset]]
[[Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest in North Somerset]]
[[Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest notified in 1952]]
[[Category:Geology of Somerset]]

Ronald Victor Courtenay Bodley

2015-07-08T21:43:22Z

Xanthomelanoussprog: /* Publications */ Bodley's->Bodley (?)

{{featured article}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2014}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2014}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Ronald Victor Courtenay Bodley
| image =File:R. V. C. Bodley restoration.jpg
| caption =R. V. C. Bodley, {{circa}} 1914
| alt = A black and white portrait photo of R. V. C. Bodley in a military uniform
| birth_date = {{birth date|1892|03|3|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1970|05|26|1892|03|3|df=yes}}
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial =
| birth_place = [[Paris]], France
| death_place = [[Bramley, Surrey]], United Kingdom
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| allegiance = United Kingdom
| branch = United Kingdom
| serviceyears = 1911–19 1939–43
| rank = [[Major (United Kingdom)|Major]]
| unit =
| commands =
| battles = [[First World War]] [[Second World War]]
| awards = [[Military Cross]] [[Legion of Honour]] (France) [[Order of the Black Star]] (France) [[Order of the Crown (Romania)|Order of the Crown]] (Romania) [[Order of Wen-Hu]] (China)
| relations = [[John Edward Courtenay Bodley]] (father)
| laterwork = Author, screenwriter
}}

'''Ronald Victor Courtenay (R. V. C.) Bodley''', [[Military Cross|MC]] (3 March 1892 – 26 May 1970) was a [[British Army]] officer, author and journalist. Born to English parents in [[Paris]], he lived in [[France]] until he was nine, before attending [[Eton College]] and then the [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]]. He was commissioned into the [[King's Royal Rifle Corps]] and served with them during the First World War. After the war he spent seven years in the [[Sahara]] desert, and then travelled through Asia. Bodley wrote several books about his travels. He was considered among the most distinguished British writers on the Sahara, as well as one of the main western sources of information on the [[South Pacific Mandate]]s.

Bodley moved to the United States in 1935, where he worked as a [[screenwriter]]. He re-enlisted in the British Army at the outbreak of the Second World War and was sent to Paris to work for the [[Ministry of Information (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Information]]. He later immigrated to the United States, where he continued to work as a writer and also as an advisor to the [[United States Office of War Information]].

== Early life and First World War ==
Bodley was born in [[Paris]] on 3 March 1892 to civil servant and writer [[John Edward Courtenay Bodley]] and Evelyn Bodley (née Frances). He was the oldest of three children; his brother Josselin and sister Ava were born in 1893 and 1896 respectively.<ref name=keio>{{cite journal |url=http://koara.lib.keio.ac.jp/xoonips/modules/xoonips/download.php/AN10030060-20130930-0017.pdf?file_id=94715 |title=R.V.C. Bodley ("Bodley of Arabia") at Keio University, 1933 |last=Snell |first=William |year=2013 |journal=The Hiyoshi Review of English studies |publisher=[[Keio University]] |issue=63 |pages=17–49 |format=PDF |accessdate=3 February 2015}}</ref> Bodley was a cousin of [[Gertrude Bell]],<ref name=smh /> a writer and archeologist who helped establish the [[Hashemite]] dynasties, and he was also a descendant of diplomat and scholar Sir [[Thomas Bodley]], founder of the [[Bodleian Library]].{{sfn|Carnegie|1981|page=280}} He lived in [[France]] with his parents until he was nine.{{sfn|Carnegie|1981|page=280}} His grandfather owned a Turkish palace in [[Algiers]], which Bodley often visited as a child.<ref name=arabia />

Bodley was educated at a [[Lycée]]{{sfn|Bodley|1968}} in Paris before he was sent to [[Eton College]] and then to the [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]]. Bodley showed interest as a writer during this time, writing poetry at Eton and for a cadet magazine at Sandhurst.<ref name=keio/> From Sandhurst he was commissioned into the [[King's Royal Rifle Corps]] as a [[second lieutenant]] in September 1911.<ref name=smh>{{cite web |url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/27894878 |title=Englishman In The Garden Of Allah |date=9 August 1947 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |accessdate=18 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28532|startpage=6882|endpage=6882|date=19 September 1911|accessdate=21 August 2013}}</ref> He spent three years serving in a regiment in India where he began to write and stage plays. His commanding officer once remarked "The plays are amusing. You're a credit to the regiment and all that, but did you join the army to become a soldier or a comedian?" Shortly thereafter the [[First World War]] commenced,<ref name=quiet /> and Bodley was sent to the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] for four years.{{sfn|Bodley|1945}} He was wounded several times,<ref name=arabia>{{cite web |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1943/02/27/bodley-of-arabia |title=Bodley of Arabia |last1=Flanner |first1=Janet |last2=Maloney |last3=Kinkead |first3=Eugene |first2=Russell |date=27 February 1943 |work=The New Yorker |accessdate=2 February 2015}} {{subscription}}</ref> including by [[Chemical weapons in World War I|chemical gas]].<ref name=keio /> At the age of 26 he was given the rank of [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|lieutenant colonel]] and command of a battalion.{{sfn|Bodley|1968}} He was appointed assistant [[military attaché]] to Paris<ref name=smh /> on 15 August 1918,{{sfn|Dutton|2001|page=164}} and attended the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|1919 Paris Peace Conference]]. What he heard there reportedly made him feel that he and the millions of other soldiers had fought for nothing;<ref name=smh /> he wrote later that "selfish politicians [were] laying the groundwork for the Second World War – each country grabbing all it could for itself, creating national antagonisms, and reviving the intrigues of secret."{{sfn|Carnegie|1981|page=281}} Disillusioned with the military, Bodley considered a career in politics instead,<ref name=smh /> on the advice of [[David Lloyd George]].<ref name=arabia />

Gertrude Bell introduced Bodley to [[T. E. Lawrence]].<ref name=smh /> Bodley ran into Lawrence one day outside the Paris Peace Conference and told him of his intent to move into politics. Lawrence responded furiously, calling him a moron and a traitor. When he replied that he had no other prospects now that the war was over and asking what he should do, Lawrence suggested "Go live with the Arabs."<ref name=smh /> Bodley said his conversation with Lawrence, which lasted "less than 200 seconds", proved to be life-changing.{{sfn|Carnegie|1981|page=281}} He promptly sorted his affairs and went to live in the [[Sahara]]. His bemused friends held him a farewell party. They all agreed he would be back in six weeks; he stayed in the Sahara for seven years.<ref name=smh />

== Travels through the Sahara and Asia ==
Bodley spent his seven years{{sfn|McDonald|2007|page=33}} in the Sahara desert living with a [[nomad]] [[Bedouin]] tribe. He purchased a herd of sheep and goats and used them as a source of income. He hired 10 shepherds to care for his flock, and consistently earned 120% on his investment.<ref name=arabia /> He wore Arab dress, spoke Arabic, practiced the Muslim faith and abstained from alcohol;<ref name=arabia /> Bodley continued to be a non-drinker after leaving the Sahara.<ref name=quiet /> He left the tribe on the advice of its chief, who told him there was no use in continuing to pretend to be an Arab.<ref name=arabia /> In 1927 he wrote ''Algeria From Within'', after being encouraged to do so by publisher [[Michael Joseph (publisher)|Michael Joseph]].<ref name=keio/> The book is based on his experiences living in the country.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pond |first=Alonzo |authorlink=Alonzo W. Pond |date=March 1928 |title=Algeria from Within. by R. V. C. Bodley |journal=[[American Journal of Sociology]] |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=844–845 |doi=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date=October 1927 |title=Algeria from within – R.C. Bodley |journal=[[The Geographical Journal]] |publisher=[[The Royal Geographical Society]] |volume=70 |issue=4 |pages=398–399 |doi=}}</ref> The book's success greatly exceeded his expectations, prompting him to continue writing.<ref name=keio /> His first novel, ''Yasmina'', was published later that year; it sold well and was reprinted. His next novel, ''Opal Fire'', published the following year, was a commercial failure, though this did not discourage him from continuing to write.<ref name=keio /> He regarded his time in the Sahara as "the most peaceful and contented years" of his life.{{sfn|Carnegie|1981|page=280}} He was considered amongst the most distinguished British writers on the Sahara.{{sfn|Speake|2003|page=886}}

{{quote box
|width=35em
|quote="One of the strongest impressions I had when I lived with the Arabs, was the 'everyday-ness' of God. He ruled their eating, their travelling, their business, their loving. He was their hourly thought, their closest friend, in a way impossible to people whose God is separated from them by the rites of formal worship."
|source=Ronald Bodley, commenting on life in the Sahara{{sfn|Cranston|1949|page=171}}
}}

After leaving the Sahara, Bodley spent three months in [[Java]] working on a tea plantation, before travelling to China and Japan.<ref name=quiet /> The success of ''Algeria From Within'' made it easy for him to obtain work as a journalist in Asia. He became a foreign correspondent for ''[[The Sphere (newspaper)|The Sphere]]'' in London and ''[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]'' in Australia.<ref name=keio /> Bodley was one of several westerners to be granted access to the [[South Pacific Mandate]]s by Japan in the 1930s,{{sfn|Peattie|1992|page=245}} and he has been cited as one of the main sources of information on the area at the time.{{sfn|Peattie|1992|page=246}} Like other westerners allowed to visit the region, he reported that there was no evidence that Japan was militarising the area. Bodley's movements were "carefully choreographed" by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Gaimu-shō]].<ref name=keio/> He wrote about his experiences and findings in his 1934 book ''The Drama in the Pacific'', in which he wrote, "having visited practically every island … I am convinced that nothing has been done to convert any place into a naval base".{{sfn|Peattie|1992|page=246}} In his 1998 book ''Nan'yo: the Rise and Fall of the Japanese in Micronesia, 1885–1945'', [[Mark Peattie]] stated that while it is easy to accuse Bodley and the other writers of naivety, the militarisation of the area was complex and occurred in several stages. Bodley was a passenger aboard the ship ''Shizuoka Maru'' when it was wrecked on a reef north of [[Yap]] in April 1933. The vessel was lost, though there were no injuries.{{sfn|Peattie|1992|pages=333–334}} Bodley was offered a job teaching English at [[Keio University]], and did so for nine months; he wrote about the experience in his 1933 book ''A Japanese Omelette''.<ref name=keio /> Bodley and Keio university Professor Eishiro Hori provided voluminous notes in the 1934 Japanese textbook version of ''Round the Red Lamp'' by [[Arthur Conan Doyle]],<ref name=keio/> and in 1935 Bodley published a biography of [[Tōgō Heihachirō]].<ref name=quiet />

== Later life ==
In 1935 Bodley moved to the United States to work as a [[screenwriter]],<ref name=quiet /> leaving Japan aboard the [[Chichibu Maru]].<ref name=keio/> In October 1936 Bodley was hired by [[Charlie Chaplin]]<ref name=fitch>{{cite news |date=26 September 1936 |title=News and Comment of Stage and Screen |newspaper=[[Fitchburg Sentinel]] |page=10}}</ref> to adapt the D.L. Murray novel ''Regency'' into a feature film. It was the first time Chaplin had hired someone to write a script; he had previously written his own scripts.<ref name=fitch /> Bodley had a rough draft ready by January 1937,<ref>{{cite news |last=Graham |first=Shiela |date=26 January 1937 |title=Nothing to Harlow, Taylor Romancing |url=http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/37818074/ |newspaper=[[Lincoln Evening Journal]]}} {{subscription}}</ref> and completed his work in March, though in late May that year Chaplin abandoned the script,{{sfn|Flom|1997|page=118}} in favour of another project he was working on.{{sfn|Robinson|1992|pages=482–483}} Bodley also worked on the script for the 1938 film ''[[A Yank at Oxford]]''.<ref name=quiet>{{cite news |last=McCollough |first=Trudy |date=23 July 1944 |title=Writer Bodley Loves His Quietude |newspaper=[[Abilene Reporter-News]] |page=50 }}</ref>{{sfn|Glancy|1999|page=220}} In the United States Bodley was known to his friends as "Ronnie" and was often referred to in the press as ''Bodley of Arabia''.<ref name=keio/>

When the Second World War commenced, Bodley immediately rejoined the King's Royal Rifle Corps and was given the rank of major,<ref name=quiet /> though according to his book ''The Gay Deserters'' he was regarded as too old for active service in the infantry.{{sfn|Bodley|1945}} He was instead sent to work for the [[Ministry of Information (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Information]] in Paris.<ref name=quiet /> He was in Paris when the [[Battle of France|German army invaded]] in 1940.<ref name=arabia /> According to his book ''The Soundless Sahara'' after Paris fell he went to work behind the German lines until he came under suspicion of the [[Gestapo]], then escaped across the [[Pyrenees]] on foot.{{sfn|Bodley|1968}} He returned to the United States via Portugal.<ref name=arabia /> Upon his return he became a US citizen and an advisor to the Arabic desk of the [[United States Office of War Information|US Office of War Information]],<ref name=quiet /> and focused on a career in writing and lecturing.<ref name=keio/> Bodley would go into complete isolation in order to write a book, spending about 10 weeks to complete his work.<ref name=quiet/> He wrote several of his books in [[York Harbor, Maine]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Nickerson |first=Row. W |date=15 February 1948 |title=World Traveler, Author To Speak Tonight At Bowdoin College |newspaper=Portland Sunday Telegram |location=Portland, Maine |page=52}}</ref> Bodley frequently gave lectures while travelling the United States,<ref>{{cite news |date=5 December 1948 |title=News of the Yorks |newspaper=Portland Sunday Telegram |location=Portland, Maine |page=38 }}</ref> speaking in almost every state and referring to himself as "Colonel" or "Major".<ref name=keio /> Having reached the mandatory age for retirement, he ceased to be a member of the British Army on 3 March 1943.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=35926|supp=y|startpage=1065 |date=2 March 1943|accessdate=19 February 2015}}</ref>

In 1944 Bodley published ''Wind in the Sahara''.{{sfn|Bailey|1963|page=326}} By 1949 the book was in its seventh edition and had been translated into eight different languages.<ref name=nomad>{{cite news |date=24 April 1949 |title=Nomad Contracts to Publish Book About Serenity |newspaper=[[Kingsport Times-News]] |page=27}}</ref> In 1945 he wrote the satire novel ''The Gay Deserters'', which was inspired by his flight from the German army,{{sfn|Bodley|1945}} though it was not well received.<ref name=keio/> Robert Pick from the ''[[Saturday Review (U.S. magazine)|Saturday Review]]'' wrote "it isn't even humorous at all."<ref>{{cite news |last=Pick |first=Robert |date=24 November 1945 |title='Tempest Tost' Guests of U.S.A.: The Gay Deserters by R. V. C. Bodley |url= |newspaper=[[Saturday Review (U.S. magazine)|Saturday Review]] |page=32}}</ref> He wrote an essay entitled ''I Lived in the Garden of Allah'', which was featured in the 1948 book ''[[How to Stop Worrying and Start Living]]''.{{sfn|Carnegie|1981|page=280}} In 1953 he wrote ''The Warrior Saint'', a biography on [[Charles de Foucauld]]. John Cogley from ''[[The New York Times]]'' said Bodley had "written a clean, poetic and frankly admiring account" of Foucauld's life.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A01E1DF143FE03ABC4852DFB3668388649EDE |title=The Saint of the Sahara |last1=Cogley |first1=John |date=10 May 1953 |work=[[The New York Times]]}} {{subscription}}</ref> In 1955 he wrote the partly-autobiographical<ref name=nomad/> [[self-help book]] ''In Search of Serenity''. Elsie Robinson from ''The Index-Journal'' and Phyllis Battle from the ''Tipton Tribune'' gave favourable reviews, with Robinson calling it "a must for every rasped spirit".<ref>{{cite news |last=Robinson |first=Elsie |date=21 June 1955 |title=Listen, World! |newspaper=The Index-Journal |location=Greenwood, South Carolina |page=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Battalle |first=Phyllis |date=15 April 1955 |title=Assignment America |newspaper=Tipton Tribune |location=Tipton, Indiana |page=2}}</ref> His next and final book, ''The Soundless Sahara'', was published in 1968; according to the book's back cover he spent part of his years living in [[Massachusetts]], and the rest in either England or France.{{sfn|Bodley|1968}} He provided information for the book ''The Secret Lives of Lawrence of Arabia'', which was published by [[Thomas Nelson (publisher)|Thomas Nelson]] in 1969.{{sfn|Knightley|1969|page=vii}} He died on 26 May 1970 in a nursing home<ref name=keio /> in [[Bramley, Surrey]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=45238|startpage=13034|date=26 November 1970|accessdate=1 February 2015}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Bodley married Ruth Mary Elizabeth Stapleton-Bretherton on 30 April 1917<ref>{{cite news |date=5 May 1917 |title=Marriages |url=http://archive.thetablet.co.uk/article/5th-may-1917/24/marriages |newspaper=[[The Tablet]] |page=24 |access-date=19 February 2015}}</ref> while on [[furlough]].<ref name=quiet/> They had one son, Mark Courtenay Bodley, born 22 May 1918. His wife filed for divorce on the grounds that Bodley was adulterous and drank excessively. He did not contest the petition and the divorce was finalised on 8 June 1926. In his 1931 memoir ''Indiscretions of a Young Man'', Bodley said the marriage was an "unfortunate action" which "proved the folly of very young people ignoring the advice of their parents."<ref name="keio" /> In 1927 he married Australian Beatrice Claire Lamb, who he met while travelling in North Africa. She filed for divorce around 1939. Bodley's son, who became a lieutenant in the [[Royal Armoured Corps]], was killed in [[Western Desert Campaign|action in Libya in 1942]]; ''Wind in the Sahara'' is dedicated to him. In November 1949 Bodley married American divorcee Harriet Moseley;<ref name=keio /> according to ''The Soundless Sahara'', published in 1968, they were still married.{{sfn|Bodley|1968}} According to a biographical journal article on Bodley by William Snell from Keio University, there is very little information on his last years, but he believed that Bodley's marriage to Moseley ended in divorce no later than 1969.<ref name="keio" />

== Awards ==
Bodley was awarded the [[Military Cross]] in the 1916 [[King's Birthday Honours]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29608|supp=yes|startpage=5570|endpage=5571|date=2 June 1916|accessdate=21 August 2013}}</ref> He was awarded the Croix de Chevalier of the [[Legion d'Honneur]] by the President of France in 1919,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=31222|supp=yes|startpage=3279|endpage=3280|date=7 March 1919 |accessdate=21 August 2013}}</ref> and appointed Officer of the [[Ordre de l'Etoile Noire]] in 1920,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=31812|supp=yes|startpage=2868|date=5 March 1920 |accessdate=21 August 2013}}</ref> Knight Officer of [[Order of the Crown (Romania)|The Order of the Crown]] by [[Ferdinand of Romania]] in 1920,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=31812|supp=yes|startpage=2874|date=5 March 1920 |accessdate=13 July 2010}}</ref> and the [[Order of Wen-Hu]] (4th Class) by the [[Republic of China (1912–49)|Republic of China]] in 1921.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=32268|supp=y|startpage=2388 |date=22 March 1921|accessdate=13 July 2010}}</ref>

== Publications ==
Bodley published 18 books during his career:<ref name=keio />
{{div col|cols=2}}
*''Algeria from Within'' (1927)
*''Yasmina: A Story of Algeria'' (1927)
*''Opal Fire'' (1928)
*''Indiscretions of a Young Man'' (1931)
*''The Lilac Troll'' (1932)
*''A Japanese Omelette'' (1933)
*''Indiscreet travels East (Java, China and Japan)'' (1934)
*''The Drama of the Pacific'' (1934)
*''Admiral Togo'' (1935)
*''Gertrude Bell'' (1940) with Lorna Hearst
*''Flight into Portugal'' (1941)
*''Wind in the Sahara'' (1944)
*''The Gay Deserters'' (1945)
*''The Messenger'' (1946)
*''The Quest'' (1947)
*''The Warrior Saint'' (1953)
*''In Search of Serenity'' (1955)
*''The Soundless Sahara'' (1968)
{{div col end}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|30em}}
=== Bibliography ===
*{{cite book |last1=Bailey |first1=Matilda |title=A World Expanding |last2=Leavell |first2=Ullin W. |year=1963 |publisher=American Book Company |url=http://books.google.com.au/books?ei=Da07TMWnG4zCcbLy1foO&ct=result&id=ql4NAQAAIAAJ&dq=R.V.C.+Bodley+World+War+1&q=R.V.C.+Bodley#search_anchor |oclc=21749342 |ref={{sfnRef|Bailey1963}}
}}
*{{cite book |last=Bodley |first=Ronald Victor Courtenay |title=The Gay Deserters |year=1945 |publisher=Creative Age Press |at=Dust jacket |oclc=2097448 |ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |last=Bodley |first=Ronald Victor Courtenay |year=1968 |title=The Soundless Sahara |publisher=Robert Hale Limited |at=Back cover |isbn=978-0-7091-0066-9 |ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |last=Carnegie |first=Dale |authorlink=Dale Carnegie|title=[[How to Stop Worrying and Start Living]] |year=1981 |publisher=Pocket Books |isbn= 978-0-671-44530-0 |ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |last=Cranston |first=Ruth |authorlink=Ruth Cranston |title=World Faith |year=1949 |publisher=Ayer Co Pub |isbn=978-0-8369-0108-5 |url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Gjbde7MXbNgC&pg=PA171 |ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |last=Dutton |first=David |title=Paris 1918: The War Diary of the British Ambassador, the 17th Earl of Derby |year=2001 |publisher= Liverpool University Press |isbn=978-0-85323-517-0 |url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=U5PcxzF-I_0C&pg=PA164 |ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |last=Flom |first=Eric. L |date=1 April 1997 |title=Chaplin in the Sound Era: An Analysis of the Seven Talkies |url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=R9NuChpopoAC&pg=PA118 |publisher=McFarland & Company |isbn=978-0-7864-0325-7 |ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |last=Glancy |first=Mark |date=October 1999 |title=When Hollywood Loved Britain: The Hollywood 'British' Film 1939–1945 |url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=T_Yryky_eA4C&pg=PA220 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-4852-4 |ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |last1 =Knightley |first1 =Phillip |authorlink1=Phillip Knightley |last2 =Simpson |first2 =Colin |title = The Secret Lives of Lawrence of Arabia |year = 1969 |publisher=Thomas Nelson & Sons |isbn= 978-0-586-03433-0 |ref={{sfnRef|Knightley1969}}
}}
*{{cite book |last=McDonald |first=John W |title=Walt Whitman, Philosopher Poet: Leaves of Grass by Indirection |year=2007 |publisher= McFarland and Company |isbn=978-0-7864-2388-0 |url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=N_rToyP77-MC&pg=PA33 |ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |last=Peattie |first=Mark R. |authorlink=Mark Peattie |title=Nan'Yo: The Rise and Fall of the Japanese in Micronesia, 1885–1945 |year=1992 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-1480-9 |url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=DHxdSkoo4AMC&pg=PA338 |ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=David |authorlink=David Robinson (film critic) |date=1992 |title=[[Chaplin: His Life and Art]] |publisher=[[Grafton (publisher)|Grafton]] |isbn=978-0-07053-182-6 |ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |last=Speake |first=Jennifer |title=Literature of Travel and Exploration: An Encyclopedia Volume 2 G to P|year=2003 |publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers |isbn=978-1-57958-424-5 |ref=harv}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Bodley, Ronald
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = British Army officer
| DATE OF BIRTH = 3 March 1892
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Paris, France
| DATE OF DEATH = 26 May 1970
| PLACE OF DEATH = Bramley, Surrey
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bodley, Ronald}}
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:1970 deaths]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]
[[Category:King's Royal Rifle Corps officers]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the Crown (Romania)]]
[[Category:People educated at Eton College]]
[[Category:People from Paris]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Military Cross]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Wen-Hu]]

Nottingham Castle

2014-01-25T21:54:07Z

Xanthomelanoussprog: /* The present 'Ducal Mansion' */ spelling

{{Use British English|date=April 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2013}}
{{Infobox Military Structure
|name=Nottingham Castle
|partof= [[Nottinghamshire]]
|location=[[Nottingham]], England
|map_type= Nottinghamshire
|latitude=52.9493
|longitude=-1.1546
|image = [[File:Nottingham Castle Gate 2009.jpg|300px]]
|caption= Nottingham Castle – The Castle Gate House – Showing the Medieval architecture of the bridge and lower towers with the Victorian renovation of the upper towers and gate house.
|name=Nottingham Castle
|type=Enclosure castle
|code=
|built= 1067
Remodeled in 1678
|builder=[[William the Conqueror]]
[[William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle]]
|materials=
|height=
|used= Museum and art gallery
|demolished=
|condition=
|ownership=
|controlledby=
|garrison=
|commanders=
|occupants=
|battles=
|events= [[English Civil War]]
|owner= [[Nottingham City Council]]
}}

'''Nottingham Castle''' is a [[castle]] in [[Nottingham]], England. It is located in a commanding position on a natural [[promontory]] known as "Castle Rock", with cliffs {{convert|130|ft|m}} high to the south and west. In the Middle Ages it was a major royal fortress and occasional royal residence. In decline by the 16th century, it was largely demolished in 1649, with the [[Henry Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Newcastle|Duke of Newcastle]] later building a mansion on the site. This was burnt out by rioters in 1831 and left as a ruined shell by the Dukes; later being adapted to create an art gallery and museum, which the building is still used as today. Little of the original castle survives, but sufficient portions remain to give an impression of the layout of the site.

== Medieval history ==
There is some uncertainty whether a castle existed on the site before the [[Norman Conquest]]. If there was it would have been smaller and far less elaborate in design than the one that stood there afterwards, keeping in line with [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] [[architecture|architectural]] tradition.

The first [[Normans|Norman]] castle was a wooden structure and of a [[motte-and-bailey]] design, and was built in 1067, the year after the [[Battle of Hastings]], on the orders of [[William the Conqueror]]. This wooden structure was replaced by a far more defensible stone castle during the reign of [[Henry II of England|Henry II]], and was imposing and of a complex architectural design, which eventually comprised an upper bailey at the highest point of the castle rock, a middle bailey to the north which contained the main royal apartments, and a large outer bailey to the east.

For centuries the castle served as one of the most important in England for [[nobility|nobles]] and [[Royal family|royalty]] alike. It was in a strategic position due to its location near a crossing of the [[River Trent]]; and it was also known as a place of leisure being close to the royal hunting grounds at [[Tideswell]], which was the "Kings Larder" in the Royal Forest of the Peak, and also the royal forests of [[Barnsdale]] and [[Sherwood Forest]]. The castle also had its own deer park in the area immediately to the west, which is still known as The Park.

Whilst [[Richard the Lionheart]] was away on the [[Third Crusade]], and a great number of English noblemen were away with him, it was said that Nottingham Castle was left derelict and it was occupied by the [[Sheriff of Nottingham]]. In the legends of [[Robin Hood]], Nottingham Castle is the scene of the final showdown between the Sheriff and the hero outlaw in many tales.

In 1194, a historic battle took place at Nottingham castle when the supporters of [[John of England|Prince John]] captured it. The castle was the site of a decisive siege when King [[Richard I]], returned to England and besieged the castle with the siege machines he had used at [[Jerusalem]]. Richard was aided by [[Ranulph de Blondeville, 4th Earl of Chester]], and [[David of Scotland, 8th Earl of Huntingdon]].

Shortly before his 18th birthday, [[King Edward III]], with the help of a few trusted companions, led by Sir William Montagu, staged a coup d'état at Nottingham Castle (19 October 1330) against his mother [[Isabella of France]], and her lover, [[Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March]]. Both were acting as Regents during Edward's minority following their murder of his father [[Edward II of England|Edward II]] at [[Berkeley Castle]]. William Montigau and his companions, were accompanied by William Eland, castellan and overseer of Mortimer's castle, who knew the location of a secret tunnel which would take them up to a locked door higher up in the castle to a normally locked door. In the dark of night on 19 October 1330, Montagau and his companions entered the tunnel, climbed up to the door, which had now been unlocked either by Edward III or a trusted servant, overpowered Mortimer, killing Mortimer's personal guards. Mortimer was bound and gagged, led out of the tunnel and arrested, along with Queen Mother Isabella. Mortimer was sent to the [[Tower of London]], and hanged a month later. [[Isabella of France]] was forced into retirement at [[Castle Rising Castle]]. With this dramatic event, the personal reign of Edward began.<ref>Ian Mortimer, ''The Perfect King. The Life of Edward III'', London: Vintage Books, 2008., p 1–3.</ref>

===Royal residence===
[[Image:Nottingham castle reconstruction.jpg|thumb|Victorian reconstruction of the likely appearance of the castle in the late medieval period]]
[[Edward III]] used the castle as a residence and held Parliaments. In 1346 King [[David II of Scotland]] was held prisoner. In 1365 [[Edward III]] improved the castle with a new tower on the west side of the Middle Bailey and a new prison under the High Tower. In 1376 [[Peter de la Mare]], speaker of the House of Commons was confined in Nottingham Castle for having 'taken unwarrantable liberties with the name of [[Alice Perrers]], mistress of the king'.<ref>Old and New Nottingham. William Howe Wylie. 1853</ref>

In 1387 the state council was held in the castle. [[Richard II of England|Richard II]] held the [[Lord Mayor of London]] with Aldermen and Sheriffs in the castle in 1392, and held another state council to humble Londoners. The last visit recorded by [[Richard II of England|Richard II]] was in 1397 when another council was held here.

From 1403 until 1437 it was the main residence of [[Henry IV of England|Henry IV]]'s queen, [[Joan of Navarre, Queen of England|Joan]].

After the residence of [[Joan of Navarre, Queen of England|Joan]] maintenance was reduced. Only upon the [[Wars of the Roses]] did Nottingham Castle begin to be used again as a military stronghold. [[Edward IV of England|Edward IV]] proclaimed himself king in Nottingham, and in 1476 he ordered the construction of a new tower and Royal Apartments. This was described by [[John Leland (antiquary)|John Leland]] in 1540 as:

<blockquote>the most beautifulest part and gallant building for lodging... a right sumptuus piece of stone work.</blockquote>

During the reign of [[King Henry VII]] the castle remained a royal fortress. [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] ordered new tapestries for the castle before he visited Nottingham in August in 1511. By 1536 Henry had the castle reinforced and its garrison increased from a few dozen men to a few hundred.

In 1538 the Constable, the [[Thomas Manners, 1st Earl of Rutland]], reported on the need for maintenance. A survey in 1525 stated that there was much 'dekay and ruyne of said castell' and

<blockquote>'part of the roof of the Great Hall is fallen down. Also the new building there is in dekay of timber, lead and glass'.</blockquote>

===Civil war===

The castle ceased to be a royal residence by 1600 and was largely rendered obsolete in the 16th century by [[artillery]]. A short time following the outbreak of the [[English Civil War]], the castle was already in a semi-ruined state after a number of skirmishes occurred on the site. At the start of the Civil War, in August 1642, [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] chose Nottingham as the rallying point for his armies, but soon after he departed, the castle rock was made defensible and held by the [[Parliament of England|parliamentarians]]. Commanded by [[John Hutchinson (Colonel)|John Hutchinson]], they repulsed several [[Cavalier|Royalist]] attacks, and they were the last group to hold the castle. After the execution of Charles I in 1649, the castle was razed to prevent its re-use.

== The present 'Ducal Mansion' ==
[[File:Nottingham Castle (1840).jpg|thumb|The castle from ''The History and Antiquities of Nottingham by James Orange, 1840'']]
[[File:Nottingham Castle Entrance.jpg|thumb|Entrance to the ''Ducal Mansion'' (2012)]]
After the restoration of [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] in 1660, the present 'Ducal Mansion' was built by [[Henry Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Newcastle]] between 1674 and 1679 on the foundations of the previous structure. Despite the destruction of the keep and fortifications of the upper bailey, some rock cut cellars and medieval pointed arches survive beneath the mansion, together with a long passage to the bottom of the rock, commonly known as '''Mortimer's Hole''', through which guided tours take place, starting at the Castle and ending at Brewhouse Yard.

The mason for the Mansion was Samuel Marsh of Lincoln, who also worked for the Duke at [[Bolsover Castle]]. His designs are generally thought to have been strongly influenced by [[Peter Paul Rubens|Rubens]]'s published engravings of the ''[[Palazzi di Genova]]''.<ref>Sir John Summerson ''Pelican History of Art: Architecture in England 1530–1830'', Harmondsworth 1953 p104</ref> The Duke's mansion is a rare surviving example in England of [[Mannerism#Mannerist architecture|Artisan Mannerist architecture]].

However, it lost its appeal to the later Dukes with the coming of the [[Industrial Revolution]], which left [[Nottingham]] with the reputation of having the worst [[slums]] in the [[British Empire]] outside India. When residents of these slums rioted in 1831, in protest against [[Henry Pelham-Clinton, 4th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne|the Duke of Newcastle]]'s opposition to the [[Reform Act 1832]] they burned down the mansion.

The original exterior stairs on the eastern façade of the mansion were subsequently demolished to create a parade ground for the [[Robin Hood Rifles]].

The mansion remained a derelict shell until it was restored in 1875 by [[Thomas Chambers Hine]], and opened in 1878 by the [[Prince of Wales]], (later [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|King Edward VII]]) as Nottingham Castle Museum,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.culture24.org.uk/em000016 |title=Culture 24 |author= |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=}}</ref> the first municipal art gallery in the UK outside London. The new interiors ignored the original floor levels and [[Window|fenestration]] to accommodate a top-lit picture gallery modelled after the ''Grande Galerie'' of the [[Louvre]]. The obtrusive new pitched roofs gave rise to adverse comment, and the walls were subsequently raised and topped by a pierced stone [[balustrade]] a few years later, changing the proportions of the façades. Behind the balustrade was a board walk above the leads, which originally allowed visitors to promenade around the roof to enjoy views over the city and the Trent valley.

The gatehouse of the medieval castle and much of the walling of the outer bailey was retained as a garden wall for the Ducal mansion. However, the northernmost part of the outer bailey was lost when an approach road was constructed in the 1830s for the development of [[The Park Estate]] on the former deer park, and this part of the castle site was later used for the expansion of Nottingham General Hospital. Most of the stonework of the outer fortifications which is now visible dates from an [[Edwardian period|Edwardian]] reconstruction.

On Christmas Day 1996 a landslip, caused by a leaking water main, led to 80 tonnes of earth and retaining wall from the Restoration terrace next to the Mansion falling to the bottom of the Castle rock. This revealed some remains of the original castle foundations and the bedrock. After a lengthy controversy on the best conservation/restoration approach, the terrace was reinstated in 2005 with a traditional stone façade. This conceals a concrete structure, which allows the medieval masonry to remain accessible to visitors. The terrace offers great views to the south of the city, and appeared in the film ''[[Saturday Night and Sunday Morning (film)|Saturday Night and Sunday Morning]]'', a groundbreaking film about the changing attitude of youth in a changing industrial society during the late 1950s.

A drawing of the Ducal Mansion appeared on millions of packets of rolling tobacco and cigarettes made by [[John Player & Sons]], a Nottingham firm. Most packets had the phrases ''Nottingham Castle'' and ''Trade Mark'' bracketing the image of the non-fortress-like structure. This led the novelist [[Ian Fleming]] to refer to "''that extraordinary trademark of a dolls house swimming in chocolate fudge with Nottingham Castle written underneath.''" in [[Thunderball (novel)|Thunderball]] in the knowledge that his British readers would be familiar with the image.

==Nottingham Castle Museum==

The ducal mansion is still in use as a museum and art gallery. It houses most of the City of Nottingham's fine and decorative art collections, galleries on the history and archaeology of Nottingham and the surrounding areas, and the regimental museum of the [[Sherwood Foresters]].

Ticketing for the museum is now combined with admission to the '''Museum of Nottingham Life''' at ''Brewhouse Yard'' located nearby in five 17th-century cottages at the bottom of the castle rock.

Notable elements of the collections are:
* 15th-century [[Nottingham alabaster]] carvings, including those found in 1779 at [[St. Peter's Church, Flawford]]
* Watercolours by [[Richard Parkes Bonnington]] and [[Paul Sandby]]
* The Joseph Collection of [[Wedgwood]] [[Jasperware]]
* The Ballantyne Collection of contemporary ceramics
* [[Salt glaze pottery|Salt-glazed stoneware]], including locally-made "bear jugs"
* A costume collection including Nottingham lace making
* Roman [[votive offering]]s from the Temple of [[Diana Nemorensis]] at [[Lake Nemi]] (mostly no longer on public display)
* Works by [[George Wallis]], whose son George Harry Wallis was the museum's first Director.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}

Additionally, The Nottingham Castle Victoria Cross Memorial, dedicated on 7 May 2010, lists Albert Ball and 19 other Nottinghamshire recipients of the [[Victoria Cross]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nottinghamshire-victoria-cross-memorial.org.uk/index.html |title=Nottingham Castle Victoria Cross Memorial Project |publisher=The Nottingham & Nottinghamshire Victoria Cross Committee |accessdate=8 October 2011}}</ref>

In 2005, the Castle was the only venue outside the USA to host the 'Waking Dreams' touring exhibition of [[Pre-Raphaelite]] art. The show attracted visitors from all over Europe and brought the Castle Museum to international attention as a gallery space.

===The Long Gallery===
Fine art from Britain and continental Europe is on display in the Long Gallery of the Castle. It includes works by artists from Nottinghamshire such as [[Thomas Barber (artist)|Thomas Barber]], [[Richard Bonington]], [[Henry Dawson (artist)|Henry Dawson]], [[Paul Sandby]] and [[John Rawson Walker]], and 20th-century works by [[Edward Burra]], [[Tristram Hillier]], [[Ivon Hitchens]], [[Dame Laura Knight]], [[Harold Knight]], [[L.S. Lowry]], [[William Nicholson (artist)|William]], [[Ben Nicholson|Ben]] and [[Winifred Nicholson]], [[Stanley Spencer]], [[Matthew Smith (artist)|Matthew Smith]] and [[Edward Wadsworth]].<ref name=nott>[http://www.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=2929 Art Gallery and Museum Collections at Nottingham Castle]. Nottingham City Council. Accessed April 2013</ref>

==Events==
Nottingham Castle now plays host to a number of public annual events. This includes the Nottingham Beer Festival, the Robin Hood Pageant and even played host to the world record breaking attempt for the most people dressed as [[Robin Hood]] in one place in 2008.

==See also==
*[[History of Nottingham]]

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Nottingham Castle - Nottingham - England - 2004-11-04.jpg|The towers in the foreground are the [[HM Revenue and Customs]] headquarters, designed by [[Michael Hopkins (architect)|Michael Hopkins]].
File:Nottingham Castle - geograph.org.uk - 17560.jpg|The steps up to the Ducal Mansion.
File:Nottingham Castle - geograph.org.uk - 18336.jpg|The walk from the [[Gatehouse]].
File:Nottingham Castle's Gatehouse - geograph.org.uk - 17562.jpg|The castle [[gatehouse]] and main entrance to the public.
File:Armsottingham.jpg|View of the grounds below the mansion.
File:Castle Rock - geograph.org.uk - 1070.jpg|
File:Nottingham Castle Gatehouse from the inside - geograph.org.uk - 910320.jpg|The Gatehouse, Nottingham Castle
File:Memorial to Albert Ball, VC - geograph.org.uk - 1671290.jpg|Memorial to [[Albert Ball]]
File:Memorial to Albert Ball V.C. - geograph.org.uk - 910300.jpg|Detail of memorial to [[Albert Ball]]
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Nottingham Castle}}
*[http://www.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=1036 Nottingham Castle on the Nottingham City Council website]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/nottingham/360/where_to_go/castle/index.shtml 360 degree virtual tour of the present mansion at the BBC website]
*[http://www.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/index.aspx?articleid=3355 History of Nottingham Castle]
*[http://www.nottinghaminfo.com/2012/06/nottingham-castle.html Nottingham Castle Contact Information]
*[http://www.nottshistory.org.uk/Brown1896/nottingham2.htm nottshistory.org.uk]
*[http://www.risepark.plus.com/nottingham_castle.htmle Containing a sketch of the medieval castle]
*[http://www.nottinghamcivicsociety.org.uk/casruin.htm From Blackened Ruin to Museum and Art Gallery – article on Nottingham Civic Society website]
*[http://www.nottingham21.co.uk/parks_castle_thumbnail.htm Photographs of Nottingham Castle from Nottingham21]
*[http://www.risepark.plus.com/nottingham_castle.html More photos, slide show and information from Rise Park Nottingham web site]

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation |last=Foulds |first=Trevor |title=The Siege of Nottingham Castle in 1194 |journal=Transactions of the Thoroton Society of Nottinghamshire |volume=XCV |year=1991 |pages=20–28 |url=http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/articles/foulds.htm}}
{{refbegin}}

{{Nottingham Places of Interest |state=autocollapse}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Nottingham]]
[[Category:Castles in Nottinghamshire]]
[[Category:Scheduled Ancient Monuments in Nottinghamshire]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in Nottinghamshire]]
[[Category:Grade I listed castles]]
[[Category:Tudor royal palaces in England]]
[[Category:Museums in Nottingham]]
[[Category:Art museums and galleries in Nottinghamshire]]
[[Category:Decorative arts museums in England]]
[[Category:Regimental museums in England]]
[[Category:Local museums in Nottinghamshire]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Nottingham]]