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Tayna

2021-01-31T19:17:56Z

XLinkBot: BOT--Reverting link addition(s) by Calvinf23 to revision 1004006381 (www.youtube.com/watch?v=AXdijPyoybQ [\byoutube\.com])

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Short description|Albanian rapper}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Tayna
| image =
| caption =
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Doruntina Shala
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1996|12|14}}
| birth_place = [[Prizren]], [[FR Yugoslavia]], present [[Kosovo]]
| origin =
| genre = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Rapper|songwriter}}
| years_active = 2018–present
| label =
*Friends Entertainment
*[[Sony Music]]
| associated_acts = [[Cricket (producer)|Cricket]]
}}

'''Doruntina Shala''' ({{IPA-sq|dɔɾuntina ʃala}}; born 13 December 1996), known professionally as '''Tayna''', is a [[Kosovo Albanians|Kosovo-Albanian]] rapper and songwriter.

== Life and career ==

Doruntina Shala was born on 14 December 1996 into an [[Albanians|Albanian]] family in the city of [[Prizren]], then part of the [[FR Yugoslavia]], present [[Kosovo]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=TeksteShqip |title=Tayna–Biografia |url=https://www.teksteshqip.com/tayna |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Bota Sot]] |title=E njohim si Tayna, por ky është emri i vërtetë i reperes |url=https://www.botasot.info/mediale-vip-showbiz/941090/e-njohim-si-tayna-por-ky-eshte-emri-i-vertete-i-reperes/ |website=botasot.info |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian |date=26 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[RTV21]] |title=A e dini se si quhet në të vërtetë Tayna? |url=http://rtv21.tv/a-e-dini-se-si-quhet-ne-te-vertete-tayna/ |website=rtv21.tv |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian |date=11 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Senzacioni i vitit – Tayna: 2018 ishte një vit i jashtëzakonshëm, këtë vit do vazhdoj akoma me më shumë punë |url=https://telegrafi.com/senzacioni-vitit-tayna-2018-ishte-nje-vit-jashtezakonshem-kete-vit-vazhdoj-akoma-shume-pune/ |website=telegrafi.com |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian |date=2 January 2019}}</ref> Tayna made her breakthrough in the [[Albanian language|Albanian-speaking]] world after the release of the singles "Columbiana" and "Shqipe".<ref>{{cite web |title=Tayna në njëvjetorin e publikimit të këngë “Columbiana”: Populli të rrëzon dhe të ngritë |url=https://telegrafi.com/tayna-ne-njevjetorin-e-publikimit-te-kenge-columbiana-populli-te-rrezon-dhe-te-ngrite/ |website=telegrafi.com |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian |date=1 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[RTV21]] |title=Pas "Columbianës", Tayna vjen me "Shqipe" |url=http://rtv21.tv/pas-columbianes-tayna-vjen-me-shqipe/ |website=rtv21.tv |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian |date=30 June 2018}}</ref> In August 2018, she performed at the Sunny Hill Festival in [[Pristina]] along other acclaimed artists such as [[Action Bronson]], [[Martin Garrix]] and [[Dua Lipa]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tayna ‘thyhet’ në mes për të pasme të mëdha, gati për ‘Sunny Hill Festival’ |url=https://lajmi.net/tayna-thyhet-ne-mes-per-te-pasme-te-medha-gati-per-sunny-hill-festival/ |website=lajmi.net |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian |date=10 August 2018}}</ref> In December 2018, she released her single "Aje" in collaboration with Albanian rapper [[Ledri Vula]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tayna dhe Ledri Vula publikojnë bashkëpunimin e ri “Aje” |url=https://telegrafi.com/tayna-dhe-ledri-vula-publikojne-bashkepunimin-e-ri-aje/ |website=telegrafi.com |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian |date=18 December 2018}}</ref> The same month, she has been named as the personality of the year by [[Klan Kosova|Privé]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Klan Kosova|Privé]] |title=Personazhi i vitit 2018: Tayna |url=https://prive.al/personazhi-i-vitit-2018-tayna-video/ |accessdate=27 December 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227154756/https://prive.al/personazhi-i-vitit-2018-tayna-video/ |archivedate=27 December 2020 |url-status=live |language=Albanian |date=1 January 2019}}</ref>

In 2019, Tayna released six singles, including two in collaboration with Albanian rappers Lyrical Son and [[MC Kresha]], and Albanian singer [[Dafina Zeqiri]], respectively.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Indeks Online |title=Tayna publikon bashkëpunimin me dyshen fantastike, Mc Kresha dhe Lyrical Son |url=https://indeksonline.net/tayna-publikon-bashkepunimin-me-dyshen-fantastike-mc-kresha-dhe-lyrical-son/ |accessdate=27 December 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227152914/https://indeksonline.net/tayna-publikon-bashkepunimin-me-dyshen-fantastike-mc-kresha-dhe-lyrical-son/ |archivedate=27 December 2020 |url-status=live |language=Albanian |date=5 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Telegrafi |title=Tayna dhe Dafina publikojnë këngën e re "Bye Bye", shfaqen tejet provokuese në klip |url=https://telegrafi.com/tayna-dhe-dafina-publikojne-kengen-e-re-bye-bye-shfaqen-tejet-provokuese-ne-klip/ |accessdate=27 December 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227153231/https://telegrafi.com/tayna-dhe-dafina-publikojne-kengen-e-re-bye-bye-shfaqen-tejet-provokuese-ne-klip/ |archivedate=27 December 2020 |url-status=live |language=Albanian |date=11 August 2019}}</ref> Both singles attained commercial success in Albania peaked at number one.<ref>{{cite web |last=Velija |first=Kreizia |publisher=[[Top Channel|Top Albania Radio]] |title=Top Awards: Tayna x Mc Kresha x Lyrical Son ia dalin të marrin kreun e "The Top List" me "Pasite" |url=https://www.topalbaniaradio.com/v7/top-awards-tayna-x-mc-kresha-x-lyrical-son-ia-dalin-te-marrin-kreun-e-the-top-list-me-pasite/ |accessdate=27 December 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227153449/https://www.topalbaniaradio.com/v7/top-awards-tayna-x-mc-kresha-x-lyrical-son-ia-dalin-te-marrin-kreun-e-the-top-list-me-pasite/ |archivedate=27 December 2020 |url-status=live |language=Albanian |date=13 August 2019}}</ref> In January 2020, her follow-up single "[[Edhe ti]]" featuring Albanian rapper [[Mozzik (rapper)|Mozzik]] entered the music charts in [[The Top List|Albania]] as well as in [[GfK Entertainment charts|Germany]] and [[Swiss Hitparade|Switzerland]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Koha Ditore|Koha]] |title=Tayna e Mozziku publikojnë këngën "Edhe ti" |url=https://www.koha.net/showbiz/205024/tayna-e-mozziku-publikojne-kengen-edhe-ti/ |accessdate=27 December 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227153937/https://www.koha.net/showbiz/205024/tayna-e-mozziku-publikojne-kengen-edhe-ti/ |archivedate=27 December 2020 |url-status=live |language=Albanian |date=22 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Klan Kosova|Privé]] |title=Publikohet dueti tejet i komentuar: Tayna ft Mozzik! |url=https://prive.al/publikohet-dueti-tejet-i-komentuar-tayna-ft-mozzik/ |accessdate=27 December 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227154312/https://prive.al/publikohet-dueti-tejet-i-komentuar-tayna-ft-mozzik/ |archivedate=27 December 2020 |url-status=live |language=Albanian |date=22 January 2020}}</ref> In July 2020, she officially signed a record deal with [[Sony Music]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Medwedeff |first=Frank |publisher=Musik Woche |title=Tayna rappt für Sony Music |url=https://beta.musikwoche.de/details/452063 |accessdate=27 December 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812070700/https://beta.musikwoche.de/details/452063 |archivedate=27 December 2020 |url-status=live |language=German |date=10 July 2020}}</ref> Tayna's next single, "Bass", peaked at number 12 in Albania, and the follow-up single, "Qe Qe", went on to reach number forty-five in Switzerland.

== Discography ==

=== Singles ===

==== As lead artist ====

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;" | Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:2em;" | Year
! scope="col" colspan="3" | Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;" | [[The Top List|ALB]] <ref>Note: ''"The Top List" are the charts conducted by [[Top Channel]] since December 2015''. For peak positions in Albania:
*For "Columbiana":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel]] |title=The Top List—01/07/2018 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/01-07-2018/ |accessdate=10 October 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010134600/https://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/01-07-2018/ |archivedate=10 October 2020 |language=Albanian |date=1 July 2018}}
*For "Shqipe":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel]] |title=The Top List—29/07/2018 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/29-07-2018/ |accessdate=2 February 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223222200/http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/29-07-2018/ |archivedate=23 February 2020 |language=Albanian |date=29 July 2018}}
*For "Fake":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel]] |title=The Top List—16/09/2018 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/16-09-2018/ |accessdate=2 February 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202193651/http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/16-09-2018/ |archivedate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian |date=16 September 2018}}
*For "Doruntina":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel]] |title=The Top List—07/10/2018 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/07-10-2018/ |accessdate=2 February 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202193654/http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/07-10-2018/ |archivedate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian |date=7 October 2018}}
*For "Pow Pow":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel]] |title=The Top List—16/12/2018 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/16-12-2018/ |accessdate=2 February 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019181705/http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/16-12-2018/ |archivedate=19 October 2020 |language=Albanian |date=16 December 2018}}
*For "Aje":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel]] |title=The Top List—23/12/2018 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/23-12-2018/ |accessdate=2 February 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227141911/http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/23-12-2018/ |archivedate=27 December 2020 |language=Albanian |date=23 December 2018}}
*For "Ring Ring":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel]] |title=The Top List—10/03/2019 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/10-03-2019/ |accessdate=2 February 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425140452/http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/10-03-2019/ |archivedate=25 April 2020 |language=Albanian |date=10 March 2019}}
*For "Kce":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel]] |title=The Top List—31/03/2019 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/31-03-2019/ |accessdate=2 February 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023033637/http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/31-03-2019/ |archivedate=29 October 2019 |language=Albanian |date=31 March 2019}}
*For "Caliente":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel]] |title=The Top List—07/07/2019 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/07-07-2019/ |accessdate=2 February 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220164647/http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/07-07-2019/ |archivedate=20 February 2020 |language=Albanian |date=7 July 2019}}
*For "Pasite":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel]] |title=The Top List—11/08/2019 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/11-08-2019/ |accessdate=2 February 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220164737/http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/11-08-2019/ |archivedate=20 February 2020 |language=Albanian |date=11 August 2019}}
*For "Bye Bye":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel]] |title=The Top List—01/09/2019 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/01-09-2019/ |accessdate=2 February 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227140452/http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/01-09-2019/ |archivedate=27 December 2020 |language=Albanian |date=1 September 2019}}
*For "Sicko":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel]] |title=The Top List—17/11/2019 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/17-11-2019/ |accessdate=2 February 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121181841/http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/17-11-2019/ |archivedate=21 January 2020 |language=Albanian |date=17 November 2019}}
*For "Sorry":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel]] |title=The Top List—05/01/2020 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/05-01-2020/ |accessdate=2 February 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202195631/http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/05-01-2020/ |archivedate=2 February 2020 |language=Albanian |date=5 January 2020}}
*For "[[Edhe ti]]":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel]] |title=The Top List—09/02/2019 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/09-02-2019/ |accessdate=2 February 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022064902/http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/09-02-2019/ |archivedate=22 October 2020 |language=Albanian |date=9 February 2019}}
*For "Bass":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel]] |title=The Top List—02/08/2020 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/02-08-2020/ |accessdate=2 August 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029204009/http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/02-08-2020/ |archivedate=29 October 2020 |language=Albanian |date=2 August 2020}}
*For "Qe Qe":{{cite web |publisher=[[Top Channel]] |title=The Top List—20/09/2020 |url=http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/20-09-2020/ |accessdate=21 December 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227135659/http://topawards.top-channel.tv/index.php/20-09-2020/ |archivedate=27 December 2020 |language=Albanian |date=20 September 2020}}</ref>
!style="width:3em; font-size:85%" | [[GfK Entertainment Charts|GER]] <ref name="GER">{{cite web |publisher=[[GfK Entertainment Charts]] |url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/suche |title=Suche Nach "Tayna" |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=German}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]] <ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Swiss Hitparade]] |url=http://swisscharts.com/search.asp?cat=s&from=&to=&search=Tayna |title=Discographie{{spaced ndash}}Tayna |accessdate=2 February 2020 |language=German}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | "Columbiana" {{Small|(featuring Don Phenom)}}
| rowspan="6" | 2018
| 1 || — || —
| rowspan="19" {{n/a|Non-album single}}
|-
! scope="row" | "Shqipe"
| 2 || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Fake"
| 3 || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Doruntina"
| 1 || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Pow Pow"
| 11 || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Aje" {{Small|(featuring [[Ledri Vula]])}}
| 2 || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Ring Ring"
| rowspan="7" | 2019
| 8 || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Kce"
| 2 || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Caliente" {{Small|(with [[Cricket (producer)|Cricket]])}}
| 4 || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Pasite" {{Small|(featuring [[Lyrical Son]] and [[MC Kresha]])}}
| 1 || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Bye Bye" {{Small|(featuring [[Dafina Zeqiri]])}}
| 1 || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Sicko"
| 2 || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Sorry"
| 13 || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "[[Edhe ti]]" {{Small|(with [[Mozzik (rapper)|Mozzik]])}}
| rowspan="5"| 2020
| 2 || 90 || 26
|-
! scope="row" | "A jo"
| — || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Bass"
| 12 || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Qe Qe"
| 9 || — || 45
|-
! scope="row" | "Johnny"
| — || — || —
|-
! scope="row" | "Moona" {{Small|(featuring [[L'Algérino]])}}
| rowspan="1" | 2021
| — || — || 83
|-
| colspan="11" style="font-size:90%" | "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Albanian music|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shala, Doruntina}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Prizren]]
[[Category:Kosovan rappers]]
[[Category:Albanian songwriters]]
[[Category:Albanian female rappers]]
[[Category:21st-century Albanian rappers]]
[[Category:Sony Music artists]]
[[Category:Kosovan people of Albanian descent]]

Outriders

2020-07-06T17:38:43Z

XLinkBot: BOT--Reverting link addition(s) by 78.16.121.120 to revision 965659124 (www.youtube.com/channel/UCyHurXEuoMCfah2bmyRRXZw [\byoutube\.com])

{{short description|Upcoming 2020 third-person shooter video game developed by People Can Fly}}
{{Infobox video game
| title = Outriders
| image = File:Outriders cover art.jpg
| developer = [[People Can Fly]]
| publisher = [[Square Enix]]
| director = Bartosz Kmita
| writer = Joshua Rubin
| composer = [[Inon Zur]]
| engine = [[Unreal Engine 4]]
| platforms = [[Microsoft Windows]] [[PlayStation 4]] [[PlayStation 5]] [[Xbox One]] [[Xbox Series X]]
| released = Q4 2020
| genre = [[Third-person shooter]]
| modes = [[Single-player]], [[multiplayer]]
}}

'''''Outriders''''' is an upcoming [[third-person shooter]] developed by a Polish producer [[People Can Fly]] and published by [[Square Enix]]. It is set to be released in late 2020 for [[Microsoft Windows]], [[PlayStation 4]], [[PlayStation 5]], [[Xbox One]] and [[Xbox Series X]].

==Gameplay==
''Outriders'' is a role-playing cover shooter played from a [[third-person perspective]]. In the beginning of the game, players create their custom characters and choose from four classes, each of them has unique abilities that the players can utilize.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.polygon.com/2020/2/13/21136591/outriders-impressions-square-enix-people-can-fly|title=Bulletstorm devs are making a Mass Effect-style shooter, and it’s pretty good|first=Sarah|last=LeBouef|work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|date=February 13, 2020|accessdate=February 23, 2020}}</ref> The four classes include Trickster, which has the ability to manipulate time, the Pyromancer, which can manipulate fire, the Devastator, which can unleash seismic attacks, and a fourth yet unrevealed.<ref name="GIPre">{{cite web|url=https://www.gameinformer.com/feature/outriders/blazing-a-new-trails|title=Blazing a New Trail|work=[[Game Informer]]|date=February 20, 2020|accessdate=February 23, 2020}}</ref> These special skills have a short [[cooldown]] time and can be combined with other skills for maximal effects. The game features a [[skill tree]] that allows players to unlock and upgrade their skills.<ref name="RBPre">{{cite web|url=https://www.redbull.com/ie-en/outriders-release-trailer-tips|title=Outriders: Everything we know about People Can Fly's newest shooter|first=Rosh|last=Kelly|work=[[Red Bull]]|date=February 20, 2020|accessdate=February 23, 2020}}</ref>

Players can use different weapons such as [[shotgun]]s and [[assault rifle]]s to defeat enemies, and firearms can be customized with weapon mods.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/outriders-is-an-aggressive-blend-of-gears-of-war-s/1100-6473719/|title=Outriders Is An Aggressive Blend Of Gears Of War Shooting And Mass Effect-Like Powers|first=Phil|last=Hornshaw|work=[[GameSpot]]|date=February 18, 2020|accessdate=February 20, 2020}}</ref> Players can hide behind [[Cover (military)|cover]] to shield themselves from enemy attacks, though [[health (gaming)|health]] will only regenerate if the player manages to hurt or kill enemies.<ref name="RBPre"/> Players combat both monsters and human enemies. As the player progresses, the world level (the game's equivalent to gameplay difficulty) will increase. If the world level is high, it is more likely for the player to get high-end loot from dropped by defeated enemies.<ref name="GIPre"/>

The game incorporates various [[role-playing video game|role-playing]] elements. As the players explore, they can explore different hub areas, talk to [[non-playable character]]s and complete side missions. In [[cutscene]]s a [[dialogue tree]] allows to decide the outcome of some conversations, though it does not affect the story's progression. The game can be played solo and features a three-player [[cooperative gameplay|cooperative multiplayer]] mode.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2020-02-13-bulletstorm-dev-shares-first-gameplay-details-of-co-op-sci-fi-outriders|title=Bulletstorm dev shares first gameplay details of co-op sci-fi Outriders|first=Matt|last=Wales|work=[[Eurogamer]]|date=February 14, 2020|accessdate=February 23, 2020}}</ref>

==Premise==
Humanity's efforts to colonize the alien planet Enoch went astray as the expedition team encountered a massive energy storm, known as "The Anomaly", during their search for a mysterious signal--which may indicate hope for humanity's future. The storm grants both Enoch's inhabitants and the colonists [[Superpower (ability)|superpowers]].<ref name="GIPre"/>

==Development==
Polish developer [[People Can Fly]] started ''Outriders''{{'}}s development in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamesradar.com/wild-new-outriders-trailer-confirms-the-rpg-shooter-is-coming-to-ps5-and-xbox-series-x/|title=Wild new Outriders trailer confirms the RPG shooter is coming to PS5 and Xbox Series X|first=Alyssa|last=Mercante|work=[[GamesRadar]]|date=February 11, 2020|accessdate=February 23, 2020}}</ref> [[Square Enix]] agreed to publish it and encouraged the team to expand on their vision. To develop the game, People Can Fly expanded the studio from having 40 members to more than 200 members.<ref name="GIPre"/> ''Outriders''{{'}}s gameplay reveal caused critics to compare the game to other live service games such as ''[[Destiny (video game)|Destiny]]'' and ''[[Tom Clancy's The Division]]'', though People Can Fly affirmed that ''Outriders'' is not a live service title and that it was a game that players can "start and finish". The game was designed with cooperative gameplay in mind, though the team put a lot of emphasis in writing the game's story, with the lead writer Joshua Rubin comparing it to ''[[Apocalypse Now]]'' and ''[[Heart of Darkness]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usgamer.net/articles/outriders-interview|title="Outriders Isn't Games as Service:" People Can Fly on What Makes Their Next-Gen Shooter "Old-School"|first=Kat|last=Bailey|work=[[USgamer]]|date=February 13, 2020|accessdate=February 23, 2020}}</ref> The game's narrative features a much more serious tone than ''[[Bulletstorm]]'' as the studio wanted to prove that it can also write a mature story.<ref name="GIPre"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vg247.com/2020/02/13/brutal-approach-outriders-sci-fi-people-can-fly/|title=“Brutal approach” to Outriders’ sci-fi universe in People Can Fly’s DNA|first=James|last=Billcliffe|work=[[VG 247]]|date=February 13, 2020|accessdate=February 23, 2020}}</ref>

On May 16, 2018, Square Enix announced that they would publish the next title from People Can Fly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2018/gaming/news/people-can-fly-square-enix-1202812224/|title=Video Game Developer People Can Fly Working on New ‘AAA Shooter’ With Square Enix|first=Stephanie|last=Fogel|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=May 16, 2018|accessdate=February 23, 2020}}</ref> Announced at [[E3 2019]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pcgamer.com/outriders-is-a-co-op-sci-fi-shooter-from-the-creators-of-bulletstorm/|title=Outriders is a co-op sci-fi shooter from the creators of Bulletstorm|first=Fraser|last=Brown|work=[[PC Gamer]]|date=June 11, 2019|accessdate=February 23, 2020}}</ref> the game is set to be released for [[Microsoft Windows]], [[PlayStation 4]], [[PlayStation 5]], [[Xbox One]] and [[Xbox Series X]] in late 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/square-enixs-outriders-coming-holiday-2020-ps5-and-xbox-series-x-versions-confirmed|title=Square Enix's Outriders Coming Holiday 2020, PS5 and Xbox Series X Versions Confirmed|first=Adam|last=Bankhurst|work=[[IGN]]|date=February 12, 2020|accessdate=February 23, 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://outriders.square-enix-games.com/}}

[[Category:Cooperative video games]]
[[Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 4 games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 5 games]]
[[Category:Post-apocalyptic video games]]
[[Category:Role-playing video games]]
[[Category:Science fiction video games]]
[[Category:Square Enix games]]
[[Category:Third-person shooters]]
[[Category:Unreal Engine games]]
[[Category:Upcoming video games scheduled for 2020]]
[[Category:Video games developed in Poland]]
[[Category:Windows games]]
[[Category:Xbox One games]]
[[Category:Xbox (4th generation) games]]

365 Tage

2020-06-21T18:20:14Z

XLinkBot: BOT--Reverting link addition(s) by Ahsudhd to revision 963754319 (www.youtube.com/watch?v=EB30Js4zrtg, www.youtube.com/watch?v=EB30Js4zrtg, www.youtube.com/watch?v=EB30Js4zrtg, www.youtube.com/watch?v=EB30Js4zrtg [\byoutube\.com])

{{short description|2020 film by Barbara Białowąs}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = 365 Days
| image = 365 Dni film poster.png
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = {{Infobox name module|pl|365 Dni}}
| director = {{Plainlist|
* Barbara Białowąs
* Tomasz Mandes
}}
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Maciej Kawulski
* Ewa Lewandowska
* Tomasz Mandes
}}
| screenplay = {{Plainlist|
* Tomasz Klimala
* Barbara Białowąs
* Tomasz Mandes
* Blanka Lipińska
}}
| based_on = {{based on|''365 Dni''|[[Blanka Lipińska]]}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Anna-Maria Sieklucka]]
* [[Michele Morrone]]
* Bronisław Wrocławski
* Otar Saralidze
* [[Magdalena Lamparska]]
* [[Natasza Urbańska]]
}}
| music = {{Plainlist|
* Michał Sarapata
* Mateusz Sarapata
}}
| cinematography = Mateusz Cierlica
| editing = Marcin Drewnowski
| production_companies = {{Plainlist|
* Ekipa Sp. z o.o.
* Future Space
* Next Film
* [[TVN (Polish TV channel)|TVN]]
}}
| distributor = Next Film
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2020|2|7|Poland}}
| runtime = 114 minutes
| country = Poland
| language = {{Plainlist|
* Polish
* Italian
* English<ref>https://decider.com/2020/06/08/365-days-365-dni-netflix-review-stream-it-or-skip-it/</ref>
}}
| budget =
| gross = $9.5 million<ref name="bom"/>
}}

'''''365 Days''''' ({{lang-pl|'''365 Dni'''}}) is a 2020 Polish [[sex in film|erotic]] [[romantic drama|drama]] film directed by Barbara Białowąs and Tomasz Mandes. It is based on the first novel of a trilogy written by [[Blanka Lipińska]].<ref>{{cite web|title=365 dni|url=https://lubimyczytac.pl/ksiazka/4850591/365-dni|agency=Lubimyczytać.pl|accessdate=21 March 2020}}</ref><ref name=cinemaholic>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecinemaholic.com/365-days-sequel/|title=Will There be a 365 Dni Sequel?|first=Dhruv|last=Sharma|website=The Cinemaholic|date=21 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://decider.com/2020/06/09/365-dni-netflix-books/|title=How Does '365 dni' on Netflix Compare to the Book?|date=9 June 2020}}</ref> The plot follows a young [[Warsaw]] woman in a spiritless relationship falling for a dominant [[Sicily|Sicilian]] man who imprisons her and grants 365 days to fall in love with him. It stars [[Anna-Maria Sieklucka]] as Laura Biel and [[Michele Morrone]] as Massimo Torricelli. The film was released theatrically in Poland on 7 February 2020 and was later made available on [[Netflix]], quickly gaining global attention.<ref name=cinemaholic /><ref>https://www.thedailybeast.com/365-days-is-the-ridiculous-rapey-netflix-porn-film-everyone-cant-stop-talking-about</ref>

==Plot==
After a meeting between the Torricelli [[Sicilian Mafia]] [[crime family]] and [[black market]] dealers, Massimo Torricelli, watches a beautiful woman on a beach. His father, leader of the Mafia crime family, is shot dead, injuring Massimo as well.

Five years later, Massimo is now a ruthless and violent leader having taken over the Torricelli crime family. In [[Warsaw]], Laura Biel, a fiery executive, is unhappy in her relationship with her boyfriend Martin, who rebuffs her when she tries to initiate sex. Laura celebrates her 29th birthday in Italy with friends but after Martin embarrasses her, she goes for a walk and runs into Massimo, who [[kidnaps]] her.

At his villa, Massimo reveals that she was the woman at the beach five years ago and that when he was injured, all he could think about was her. After searching for years and finally spotting her at the airport, he had to have her and intends to keep her as a prisoner for 365 days until she falls in love with him, promising a life of endless luxury. When she tries to escape, he threatens her family, shows her photographs of Martin's [[infidelity]], and tells her a breakup letter was delivered to Martin on her behalf. He reassures her that he will not touch her without her consent. With no means of escaping, Laura gives in.

As they spend time together, Laura, in revenge, provokes him by wearing erotic lingerie and promiscuous dresses. However, she slowly starts to get him to open up about his personal life. At a hotel in Rome, she teases him again and he cuffs her to the bed. She is forced to watch Massimo receive oral sex from another woman. Afterward, he caresses Laura's body and she appears to be giving in. However, he stops, releases her, and orders her to get dressed for a club.

At the club, Laura flaunts herself for Massimo and his friends, earning his ire. When she begins to flirt with a man from the rival mafia family, the man gropes her against her will. Massimo and the others draw their weapons while Laura is taken out of the club. The following morning, she wakes on a yacht to Mario and Massimo arguing. During the night, Massimo had shot the man who had groped Laura, inciting a mafia war between the two families. Mario insists that Massimo has to get rid of Laura, but he refuses. Laura attempts to apologize, but Massimo blames her for the incident. As they argue, Laura falls into the water and Massimo jumps in to save her. When she wakes up, he admits he was scared she might not make it and doesn't want to lose her. They then spend hours having sex.

Massimo allows Laura to go to Warsaw to visit her family. He tells her he loves her and will join her after finishing up business. In Warsaw, Laura waits for Massimo for days with no contact. She reconnects with Olga and they go clubbing. She runs into Martin, who says he has been looking for her to apologize and explain the photographs. He attempts to convince her to return to him and follows her back to her apartment, where Massimo is unexpectedly waiting. He tells Martin to go. Angry at being abandoned, Laura slaps Massimo. While having sex, she opens his shirt to see wounds from the mafia war. She confesses to him that she loves him. The following morning, Massimo proposes and she accepts. However, she asks him to keep his "occupation" a secret from her parents.

Back in Italy, Mario informs Massimo of rising tensions. Laura mentions feeling unwell but brushes off seeing a doctor. They discuss their upcoming wedding that her family is not allowed to attend, as she does not want them to find out what Massimo does. However, Massimo allows Olga to come as Laura's bridesmaid. When Olga visits, Laura reveals she is pregnant. Olga urges her to tell Massimo about the pregnancy. Meanwhile, Mario receives a phone call from a Torricelli informant that the rival mafia family is about to kill Laura. Laura's car enters a tunnel but does not come out the other side. Mario rushes to find Massimo just as Laura's call drops. Realizing the implications, Massimo breaks down. A police car blares at the entrance of the tunnel meaning she is killed.

==Cast==
[[File:Anna-Maria-Sieklucka.jpg|thumb|[[Anna-Maria Sieklucka]] in 2020]]
* [[Anna-Maria Sieklucka]] as Laura Biel
* [[Michele Morrone]] as Don Massimo Torricelli
* Bronisław Wrocławski as Mario
* Otar Saralidze as Domenico
* [[Magdalena Lamparska]] as Olga
* [[Natasza Urbańska]] as Anna
* [[Grażyna Szapołowska]] as Klara Biel, Laura's mother
* Tomasz Stockinger as Tomasz Biel, Laura's father
* Gianni Parisi as Massimo's father
* Mateusz Łasowski as Martin
* Blanka Lipińska as a bride<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmweb.pl/film/365+dni-2020-842452|title=365 dni|via=www.filmweb.pl}}</ref>

==Production==
The film scenes were primarily shot in Poland ([[Warsaw]], [[Krakow]] and [[Niepolomice]]) and in Italy ([[Sanremo]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecinemaholic.com/where-was-365-dni-filmed/|title=Where Was 365 Days Filmed? Netflix's 365 Dni Filming Locations|first=Dhruv|last=Sharma|date=1 June 2020}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The film's theme song "Feel It", along with the songs "Watch me burn", "Dark Room", and "Hard for me" are sung by Morrone.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WnIL4o6_D8M</ref>

==Release==
''365 Days'' was released in Poland on 7 February 2020, grossing $9 million.<ref name="bom">{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt10886166/|title=365 Days (2020)|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|accessdate=12 June 2020}}</ref> In the United Kingdom, the film received a limited theatrical release on 14 February 2020, and grossed $494,181,<ref name="bom"/> before premiering on [[Netflix]] in June 2020.<ref name="inews">{{cite web|last=Finnis|first=Alex|url=https://inews.co.uk/culture/film/365-dni-book-netflix-uk-movie-days-film-review-cast-anna-marie-sieklucka-441627|title=365 DNI: why the obscure Polish erotic book adaptation is causing a stir on Netflix UK|date=9 June 2020|work=[[i (newspaper)|i]]}}</ref>

The film made the top three most viewed items on Netflix in numerous territories, including Germany, Saudi Arabia, Lithuania, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Turkey, Sweden, Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Greece, Romania, South Africa, Portugal, Pakistan, India, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, Mauritius, Canada, Israel, New Zealand, Malaysia, and the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telemagazyn.pl/artykuly/365-dni-hitem-netflixa-na-swiecie-blanka-lipinska-po-angielsku-dziekuje-swoim-zagranicznym-fanom-82503.html|title="365 dni" hitem Netflixa na świecie! Blanka Lipińska po angielsku dziękuje swoim zagranicznym fanom|work=Tele Magazyn|language=Polish}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= Box Office: 'The King of Staten Island' & The Most-Watched Movies At Home This Weekend |url= https://uproxx.com/movies/king-of-staten-island-box-office-da-5-bloods/ |last=Roweles |first=Dustin |website=[[Uproxx]]|date=14 June 2020|access-date=16 June 2020}}</ref>

==Reception==
''365 Days'' drew parallels with the 2015 erotic drama ''[[Fifty Shades of Grey (film)|Fifty Shades of Grey]]'', but was praised for its more daring sex scenes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/movies/viewer-shocked-by-graphic-sex-scenes-in-new-netflix/news-story/73de4102f34a04098b2035f30d838d91|title=Viewers shocked by graphic sex scenes in new Netflix movie|date=9 June 2020|website=NewsComAu}}</ref><ref name="inews" /><ref>https://www.newsweek.com/365-dni-netflix-sex-scenes-polish-movie-michele-morrone-anna-maria-sieklucka-1509705</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/tv/polish-50-shades-grey-365-dni-netflix-plot-cast-date-a4448891.html|title=Polish '50 Shades of Grey' 365 Dni is coming to Netflix UK|date=26 May 2020|website=Evening Standard}}</ref> It was also, however, criticised for romanticising kidnapping.<ref>https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/hollywood/365-dni-viewers-criticise-erotic-drama-film-romanticising-kidnapping-and-stockholm-syndrome-539926?</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://film.wp.pl/365-dni-netflix-online-sceny-seksu-6519564619934336a|title=Zagraniczni widzowie znaleźli "365 dni" na Netfliksie. Ich komentarze nie zostawiają złudzeń|first=Basia|last=Żelazko|date=9 June 2020|website=film.wp.pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/365-dni-netflix-watch-movie-cast-kidnap-stockholm-syndrome-a9558051.html|title=Erotic Netflix thriller slammed for 'romanticising Stockholm syndrome'|date=10 June 2020|website=The Independent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2020/artisans/news/365-dni-days-sex-scenes-netflix-cinematographer-1234631479/|title=How the ‘365 Days’ DP Shot Those Authentic-Looking Sex Scenes in Netflix’s Steamy Drama|first1=Jazz|last1=Tangcay|first2=Jazz|last2=Tangcay|date=11 June 2020}}</ref> On [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film holds an approval rating of 0% based on 7 reviews, with an average rating of 1.17/10.<ref>{{cite web|title=365 Days (365 dni) (2020)|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/365_days_2020|language=en|access-date=19 June 2020}}</ref>

Jessica Kiang of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' described the film as "a thoroughly terrible, politically objectionable, occasionally hilarious Polish humpathon".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2020/film/reviews/365-days-review-365-dni-1234629333/|title= ‘365 Days’: Film Review |author=Jessica Kiang|work=Variety|date=10 June 2020|accessdate=19 June 2020}}</ref>

==Sequel==
Work on a sequel film is planned, but has been delayed by the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kultura.onet.pl/film/wiadomosci/druga-czesc-filmu-365-dni-kiedy-premiera/ey9jblt|title=Zdjęcia do drugiej części filmu "365 dni" przełożone na przyszły rok|date=28 May 2020|website=Onet Kultura}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Film}}
* {{IMDb title|10886166}}

[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:2020 drama films]]
[[Category:2020 thriller films]]
[[Category:2020s erotic thriller films]]
[[Category:2020s romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2020s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Erotic drama films]]
[[Category:Erotic romance films]]
[[Category:Films based on Polish novels]]
[[Category:Films set in Italy]]
[[Category:Italian-language films]]
[[Category:Polish films]]
[[Category:Polish-language films]]
[[Category:Polish romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Polish thriller films]]

FIFA Mobile

2020-06-14T11:46:21Z

XLinkBot:

{{Infobox video game
|title = FIFA Mobile
|image = FIFAMobile.jpg
|caption = ''[[FIFA (video game series)|FIFA]]'' Mobile cover starring [[Marco Reus]]
|developer = [[EA Mobile]] [[EA Canada]]
|publisher = [[EA Sports]]
|series = [[FIFA (video game series)|''FIFA'']]
|platforms = [[iOS]]<ref name="easports.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.easports.com/fifa/fifa-mobile|title=FIFA Mobile|publisher=easports.com|accessdate=11 January 2018}}</ref> [[Android (operating system)|Android]] [[Microsoft Windows]] (discontinued; 2016-17)
|released = {{Video game release|WW|11 October 2016}}
|genre = [[Sports game|Sports]]
|modes = [[Single-player video game|Single-player]], [[Multiplayer video game|multiplayer]]
|producer = Matt Lafreniere
}}

'''''FIFA Mobile''''' is an [[association football]] [[Simulation video game|simulation]] [[video game]] developed by [[EA Mobile]] and [[EA Canada]] and published by [[EA Sports]] for [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]]. It was released worldwide on 11 October 2016, for [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]]. [[Microsoft Windows]] was also included until 2017. It was announced on August 16, 2016 during [[Gamescom|Gamescom 2016]].<ref>https://www.easports.com/fifa/fifa-mobile/news</ref>

==Gameplay==
The game introduces a new "VS Attack" mode in which players mostly play the offensive stages of a match. They also have to defend counter-attacks from the opposition. VS Attack Mode features an asynchronous turn-based multiplayer. The game also features Live Events themed on recent real world events, as well as mini games based on skills such as shooting, passing, dribbling and goalkeeping. It also includes events based on Champions League and other different leagues throughout the world.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pocketgamer.co.uk/r/iPhone/FIFA+Mobile/news.asp?c=71421|title=FIFA 17 on iOS and Android will be called FIFA Mobile - Here's everything we know|author=Glen Fox|website=[[Pocket Gamer]]|date=16 September 2016|accessdate=11 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.easports.com/fifa/fifa-mobile/news/2016/fifa-mobile-live-services|title=FIFA Mobile - Live Services - The Story of the Football World|department=[[EA Sports]]|publisher=[[Electronic Arts]]|date=5 September 2016|accessdate=11 January 2018}}</ref>

==Development and release==
EA announced the game on August 16, 2016 during [[Gamescom|Gamescom 2016]] and the game was released worldwide on October 11, 2016 for [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]], and [[Microsoft Windows]].<ref>{{cite news |title=EA Launches EA Sports FIFA Mobile on iOS, Android, Windows 10 |url=https://www.adweek.com/digital/ea-launches-ea-sports-fifa-mobile-on-ios-android-windows-10/ |accessdate=October 1, 2019 |agency=Ad Week}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=FIFA Mobile on iOS and Android |url=https://www.easports.com/fifa/fifa-mobile |accessdate=October 1, 2019 |agency=EA Sports}}</ref> In November 2017, EA ended support for FIFA Mobile on Windows devices.<ref>{{cite web |title=Support ending for FIFA Mobile on Windows devices |url=https://help.ea.com/en-us/help/fifa/fifa-mobile/support-ending-for-fifa-mobile-on-windows-devices/ |website=help.ea.com |accessdate=October 1, 2019}}</ref>

===FIFA Mobile 17===
On June 23, 2016, EA Sports announced that the [[2016 J1 League|J1 League]] and [[2016 J.League Cup|J.League Cup]] would be featured in the game for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|title=JAPAN J1 LEAGUE TO FEATURE IN FIFA 17|url=https://www.easports.com/fifa/news/2016/fifa-17-j1-league-announce?cid=8400&ts=1466737301351&sf47084445=1|website=EA Sports|access-date=October 1, 2019}}</ref> On September 4, 2016, EA Sports announced at [[Brasil Game Show]] 2016 that 18 [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A]] teams will be featured in their respective league ([[Sport Club Corinthians Paulista|Corinthians]] and [[Clube de Regatas do Flamengo|Flamengo]], who signed an exclusivity deal with [[Konami]] for [[Pro Evolution Soccer]], do not appear). Five [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série B|Série B]] teams are also in the game. The Brazilian teams in the game have generic player names which the user cannot change.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.easports.com/fifa/news/2016/brazilian-clubs-in-fifa-17|title=Brazilian Clubs to be Included in FIFA 17|website=www.easports.com|accessdate=October 1, 2019}}</ref>

===FIFA Mobile 18===
It features the third tier of [[Germany]]'s [[Bundesliga]], the [[3. Liga]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/fifa-18-to-include-german-3liga-for-first-time-in-series/1akvwovqfvw1i1ocot9siybb30|title=FIFA 18 to include German 3. Liga for first time in series|accessdate=October 1, 2019|language=en}}</ref>and has again included the [[Süper Lig|Turkish Super League]] after [[Electronic Arts|EA]] renewed its licence with them.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/iceland-national-team-included-in-fifa-18/d5zdq5qgnjzw1si4aul1969em|title=Iceland national team included in FIFA 18|accessdate=October 1, 2019|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/football/2017/08/23/turkish-super-league-renews-license-for-fifa-18|title=Turkish Super League renews license for FIFA 18|work=DailySabah|access-date=1 October 2019}}</ref>

===FIFA Mobile 19===
''FIFA Mobile 19'' introduces the [[UEFA Champions League]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.engadget.com/2018/06/10/fifa-19-hands-on-interview-e3-2018/|title='FIFA 19' has a lot more to offer than just Champions League|work=Engadget|accessdate=October 1, 2019|language=en-US}}</ref>It was confirmed that the game would have a licensed [[Serie A]]<ref name="New features">{{cite news |title=FIFA 19 release: Champions League, new ICONs & 19 reasons to get excited for new game |url=http://www.goal.com/en/lists/fifa-19-release-champions-league-new-icons-19-reasons-to-get/1tyhmsoricv1z1l7wqz5p6sb0i#1r2hsf9yd685p1mvsyixmnigt4|accessdate=October 1, 2019|agency=Goal}}</ref> The game will include the [[Chinese Super League|CSL]], the first FIFA title to do so.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.fifplay.com/fifa-19-chinese-super-league/|title=FIFA 19 to include Chinese Super League for first time in series|publisher=FIFPlay.com|access-date=1 October 2019|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=What's new in FIFA 19? Here's what we know so far |url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/uk-world-news/whats-new-fifa-19-heres-14977887 |accessdate=1 October 2019 |work=Liverpool Echo}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=CSL on Fifa 19: not quite fantasy football but you can see why the China league is joining the EA party |url=https://www.scmp.com/sport/china/article/2157487/csl-fifa-19-not-quite-fantasy-football-you-can-see-why-china-league |accessdate=1 October 2019|work=South China Morning Post}}</ref> However, it was confirmed that the game will not include the [[Russian Premier League]], as it did in ''FIFA 18 Mobile'' and previous FIFA mobile versions.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.futhead.com/news/fifa-19/1817/fut-19-leagues-russia-teams-removed/|title= The full Russian Premier League won't be in FIFA mobile 19|access-date=1 October 2019}}</ref> [[Russian Premier League]] teams [[PFC CSKA Moscow|CSKA Moscow]], [[FC Spartak Moscow|Spartak Moscow]], and [[Lokomotiv Moscow]] were kept, while [[Dinamo Zagreb]], [[Dynamo Kyiv]], [[Slavia Praha]], and [[Viktoria Plzen]] were added to the game. [[Boca Juniors]] appears as ''Buenos Aires FC'' in the game since the club signed a deal with [[Konami]];<ref>{{cite web|title=FIFA 19: Boca Juniors could be excluded from the official roster|url=https://www.fifaultimateteam.it/en/fifa-19-boca-juniors-could-be-excluded-from-the-official-roster/|publisher=FIFA Ultimate Team|date=11 September 2018|access-date=1 October 2019}}</ref> for the same reasons, [[Colo-Colo]] appears as ''CD Viñazur''. Once again, due to [[Konami]] securing deals with certain Brazilian clubs, the [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A]] is featured in an incomplete form, this time with only 15 clubs, with the notable omissions of [[São Paulo F.C.|São Paulo]], [[Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras|Palmeiras]], [[Sport Club Corinthians Paulista|Corinthians]], [[C.R. Flamengo|Flamengo]] and [[C.R. Vasco da Gama|Vasco da Gama]], all of which are [[Konami]] partners. The remaining Brazilian clubs, while appearing with licensed branding, do not have any of their players licensed due to an ongoing judicial dispute over image rights, which are negotiated individually with each player, unlike other countries.

===FIFA Mobile 20===
The game features more than 30 official leagues, over 700 clubs and over 17,000 players. Included for the first time is the Romanian [[Liga I|Liga 1]] and its 14 teams and also the [[Indian Super League]] (ISL) with its all 10 clubs, as well as [[UAE]] club, [[Al Ain FC|Al Ain]], who were added following extensive requests from the fans in the region.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://realsport101.com/fifa/fifa-20-new-league-finally-announced-as-ea-fight-back-at-pes-2020-release-date-demo-beta-career-mode-ultimate-team-fut-online-cover-star/|title=FIFA 20: New league finally announced as EA fight back at PES 2020|last=Pusinelli|first=Alastair|date=27 August 2019|work=RealSport|access-date=1 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://wam.ae/en/details/1395302780414|title=UAE's Al Ain FC sets sights on EA SPORTS FIFA 20 Debut|last=|first=|date=18 August 2019|work=Emirates News A}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/hero-isl-is-now-a-part-of-ea-sports-fifa-mobile|title=Hero ISL is now a part of EA SPORTS™ FIFA Mobile|access-date=2020-02-12|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Football video games by Electronic Arts}}
{{Portal bar|Video games|Association football}}

[[Category:Association football video games]]
[[Category:EA Sports games]]
[[Category:Electronic Arts games]]
[[Category:FIFA (video game series)]]
[[Category:Android (operating system) games]]
[[Category:IOS games]]
[[Category:2016 video games]]
[[Category:Windows games]]
[[Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games]]
[[Category:Video games developed in Canada]]

Chimney Bluffs State Park

2019-06-06T12:13:39Z

XLinkBot: BOT--Reverting link addition(s) by 50.49.255.155 to revision 804739169 (www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Ws8MxWDsPI [\byoutube\.com])

{{refimprove|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox park
| name = Chimney Bluffs State Park
| photo = Chimney Bluffs State Park 2009.JPG
| photo_width = 180
| photo_caption = View of the bluffs from below in February 2009
| map = New York
| map_size =
| map_caption = Location of Chimney Bluffs State Park within New York State
| coords = {{coord|43.28|-76.92|type:landmark_region:US-NY|format=dms|display=title,inline}}
| type = [[State park]]
| location = 7700 Garner Road Wolcott, New York<ref name=NYSP_main>{{cite web |url=http://parks.ny.gov/parks/43/ |title=Chimney Bluffs State Park |publisher=NYS Office of Parks, Recreation & Historic Preservation |accessdate=August 29, 2016}}</ref>
| nearest_city = [[Wolcott (village), New York|Wolcott, New York]]
| area = {{convert|597|acre|km2}}<ref name=RIoG_PS>{{cite book |title=2014 New York State Statistical Yearbook |url=http://www.rockinst.org/nys_statistics/2014/2014_Yearbook_Section_O.pdf |publisher=The Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute of Government |year=2014 |chapter=Section O: Environmental Conservation and Recreation, Table O-9 |page=671 |accessdate=August 29, 2016}}</ref>
| created = {{Start date|1963}}<ref name=WCT_CBSP/>
| operator = [[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]]
| visitation_num = 117,811
| visitation_year = 2014
| visitation_ref = <ref name=NYSP_attendance>{{cite web |url=https://data.ny.gov/Recreation/State-Park-Annual-Attendance-Figures-by-Facility-B/8f3n-xj78 |title=State Park Annual Attendance Figures by Facility: Beginning 2003 |website=Data.ny.gov |date= |author= |accessdate=January 24, 2016}}</ref>
| open = All year
| other_info =
| website = [http://parks.ny.gov/parks/43/details.aspx Chimney Bluffs State Park]
}}
'''Chimney Bluffs State Park''' is a {{convert|597|acre|km2|adj=on}} [[state park]]<ref name=RIoG_PS/> in the town of [[Huron, New York|Huron]] in [[Wayne County, New York|Wayne County]], [[New York (state)|New York]].<ref name=WCT_CBSP>{{cite web |url=http://www.waynecountytourism.com/ChimneyBluffs.pdf |title=Chimney Bluffs State Park, Huron, NY |publisher=Wayne County Tourism |accessdate=January 24, 2016}}</ref> The park is situated on the southern shore of [[Lake Ontario]], east of [[Sodus Bay]]. From the park's hiking trails, visitors can view the large clay formations at the water's edge for which the park is named.

==Geology==
[[File:Chimney Bluffs Lake Ontario.jpg|thumb|left|200px|A portion of the Chimney Bluffs in 2014]]
The bluffs are formed from eroded [[drumlins]], teardrop-shaped hills of [[glacial till]] that were deposited and shaped by [[glaciers]] during the most recent [[ice age]]. The erosive power of wind, rain, snow, and waves has formed the landscape into sharp pinnacles.<ref name=NYSP_NatureTimes_CBSP>{{cite web |url=http://nysparksnaturetimes.com/2015/06/16/geology-exposed-at-chimney-bluffs-state-park/ |title=Geology Exposed at Chimney Bluffs State Park |website=Nature Times |date=June 16, 2015 |author=Teeter, Josh |publisher=NYS Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation |accessdate=January 24, 2016}}</ref> Although the pinnacles and cliffs, some of which rise up to {{convert|150|ft}} above the lake shore,<ref name=Moon_CBSP>{{cite book |last=Collazo |first=Julie Schwietert |title=Moon Spotlight: Finger Lakes |date=August 2014 |publisher=Avalon Travel |isbn=9781612387925 |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C5kdBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA35|accessdate=January 24, 2016}}</ref> have existed for thousands of years, they are constantly changing and further eroding.<ref name=NYSP_NatureTimes_CBSP/> The average erosion of bluffs is {{convert|1|to|5|ft|spell=in|1}} per year.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}

The Lake Ontario shoreline from Sodus Bay to [[Oswego, New York|Oswego]] has many bluffs, of which Chimney Bluffs is the most visited.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}

==Park history and features==
[[Image:Chimney Bluffs near Great Sodus Bay.jpg|thumb|left|200px|A 1907 postcard of Chimney Bluffs]]
The Chimney Bluffs area has been a landmark for many years. According to the pamphlet given by the park, smugglers used the area as a landing point while transporting liquor from Canada during [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]]. The area was acquired by the state of New York in 1963<ref name=WCT_CBSP/> after having previously been operated informally as a privately owned recreation area.

It lay undeveloped until 1999 when a parking lot, service building with heated restrooms, picnic areas with grills, and hiking trails throughout the park were added. It is considered a year-round park for hiking and picnicking in the summer. Swimming is prohibited. Winter activities include cross-country skiing and snowshoeing; a trailhead for snowmobiling is also located within the park.<ref name=NYSP_main/>

[[Image:ChimneyBluffsHike051106.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Hiking Trails at Chimney Bluffs State Park]]
The park has approximately {{convert|4|mi|spell=in}} of hiking trails, including a {{convert|1|mi|spell=in|adj=on}} trail along the Bluffs between the west and east entrances.

From some vantage points in the park, visitors can see [[Nine Mile Point Nuclear Generating Station]], {{convert|25|mi}} to the northeast, as well as the coal smokestacks located in Oswego.

==See also==
* [[List of New York state parks]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://parks.ny.gov/parks/43/details.aspx New York State Parks: Chimney Bluffs State Park]

{{clear}}
{{Protected areas of New York}}

[[Category:State parks of New York (state)]]
[[Category:Parks in Wayne County, New York]]

Front Cover

2019-05-19T17:56:09Z

XLinkBot: BOT--Reverting link addition(s) by Testwizusa to revision 892728291 (www.facebook.com/FrontCoverTheMovie/ [\bfacebook\.com])

{{italic title}}
'''''Front Cover''''' is a 2015 drama romance film directed by [[Ray Yeung]] and starring [[Jake Choi]] and [[James Chen (actor)|James Chen]]. The plot follows two men, one who is gay and one who is ostensibly heterosexual, who fall into an unlikely romance. The film received nominations from [[Boston Asian American Film Festival]], the [[Chicago International Film Festival]], and the Golden Koala Chinese Film Festival.<ref name=":0" />

== Plot ==
Ryan (Choi) is an openly gay Chinese-American stylist based in New York City who only dates White men and sees [[Assimilation (sociology)|assimilation]] as imperative.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/05/movies/front-cover-review.html|title=Review: In ‘Front Cover,’ Struggling for Self-Acceptance|last=Catsoulis|first=Jeannette|date=2016-08-04|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-03-29|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> He is tasked with directing a photo shoot for Ning (Chen), an actor from [[Beijing]] who is shocked at Ryan's lack of cultural pride and open sexuality. Through spending time together, they learn from each other and develop a romance.<ref name=":1" />

== Cast ==
* [[James Chen (actor)|James Chen]] as Ning
* [[Jake Choi]] as Ryan
* Jennifer Neala Page as Janet
* [[Elizabeth Sung]] as Yen Fu
* Sonia Villani as Francesca

== Production ==
Ray Yeung wrote and directed ''Front Cover''. The film was produced by Kaer Vanice and co-produced by Chowee Leow and Stan Guingon. It premiered at the [[Seattle International Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/tiff-2015-ray-yeungs-front-822582|title=TIFF: Ray Yeung's 'Front Cover' Goes to Strand Releasing|website=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en|access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Front Cover'' received mixed critical reviews. It has a score of 52% on Metacritic.<ref>{{Citation|title=Front Cover|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/front-cover|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> Jeannette Catsoulis reviewed the movie for the ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' and wrote, "sensitive, decorous and buffed by Eun-ah Lee’s warm photography, “Front Cover” still strains to surmount its thin narrative and unfortunate dips into clichéd cultural comedy."<ref name=":1" /> Dennis Harvey reviewed the film for ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'': "Despite the appealing leads’ efforts, it’s hard to care much about a thwarted relationship between two thinly developed characters who (as they themselves admit) have barely started to know one another. Yeung’s script could have used a subplot or two involving more interesting support figures than he manages here."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2016/film/reviews/front-cover-review-1201816124/|title=Film Review: ‘Front Cover’|last=Harvey|first=Dennis|last2=Harvey|first2=Dennis|date=2016-07-18|website=Variety|language=en|access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref> Stephanie Merry of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' gave the film 2/5 stars. In her review, she wrote, "That subplot, not to mention Sung’s moving performance, makes the movie more complex. Otherwise, “Front Cover” is weighed down by heavy-handed dialogue and a melodramatic score."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/goingoutguide/movies/in-front-cover-a-gay-chinese-american-comes-to-terms-with-his-cultural-identity/2016/09/29/b4e8b07a-857e-11e6-a3ef-f35afb41797f_story.html?utm_term=.6e81e29ae772|title=In ‘Front Cover’ a gay Chinese American comes to terms with his cultural identity|last=Merry|first=Stephanie|date=|website=The Washington Post|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref>

== Awards ==
The movie was nominated for the Audience Award for Best Narrative Film at the [[Boston Asian American Film Festival]]; Best Film at the [[Chicago International Film Festival]]; and Best Director, Best Actor (to Jake Choi), and Best Feature Film at Golden Koala Chinese Film Festival.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://concreteplayground.com/sydney/event/golden-koala-chinese-film-festival-2017|title=Golden Koala Chinese Film Festival 2017|work=Concrete Playground|access-date=2018-12-04|language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3185602/?ref_=tt_urv Front Cover] on IMDb
* [https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/front_cover_2016 Front Cover] on Rotten Tomatoes

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2010s LGBT-related films]]
[[Category:LGBT-related drama films]]
[[Category:Gay-related films]]
[[Category:Films by Chinese directors]]
[[Category:English-language films]]

J. Kenji López-Alt

2019-02-12T09:47:27Z

XLinkBot: BOT--Reverting link addition(s) by 73.70.225.46 to revision 881530983 (twitter.com/kenjilopezalt [\btwitter\.com\b])

'''James Kenji López-Alt''', known as '''Kenji''', is an American [[chef]] and [[Food writing|food writer]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.eater.com/2015/9/3/9242641/fall-2015-cookbooks-home-cooking|title=Fall 2015's Best Cookbooks: Cooking Pros Bring It Home|work=Eater|access-date=2017-12-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/2015/09/ultimate-book-science-nerds-cook/|title=The Ultimate Book for Science Nerds Who Cook|last=Pearlstein|first=Joanna|work=WIRED|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/food-dining/2015/10/20/side-science/R9T2htbijbQ3pfaOovQejN/story.html|title=A SIDE OF SCIENCE - The Boston Globe|work=BostonGlobe.com|access-date=2017-12-27}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/kenji-lopez-alt-food-lab-cookbook|title=Kenji López-Alt’s Obsessive Kitchen Experiments|last=Killingsworth|first=Silvia|date=2015-10-03|work=The New Yorker|access-date=2017-12-27|issn=0028-792X}}</ref>

==Background==
López-Alt graduated from [[MIT]], where he majored in architecture. He is the son of [[Harvard]] geneticist and immunologist [[Frederick Alt]]. At marriage he combined his surname with his wife Adriana López, also an MIT graduate and [[PhD]]. Kenji resides in [[San Mateo, California]], after previously living in [[New York City]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/food/article/Mr-Wizard-s-Food-Lab-J-Kenji-L-pez-Alt-s-6493538.php|title=Mr. Wizard’s Food Lab: J. Kenji López-Alt’s unlikely path to stardom|work=San Francisco Chronicle|access-date=2017-12-27}}</ref>

==Career==
López-Alt worked with several [[Boston]] chefs including [[Barbara Lynch (restaurateur)|Barbara Lynch]] and [[Ken Oringer]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://slice.mit.edu/2010/04/28/alumnus-chef-one-ups-ok-maybe-two-ups-kfc/|title=Alumnus Chef One-Ups (OK, Maybe Two-Ups) KFC|last=|first=|date=|website=slice.mit.edu|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-12-27}}</ref> He went on to work as a test cook and editor at ''[[Cook's Illustrated]]'' magazine and [[America's Test Kitchen]].<ref name=":0" /> He was the Managing Culinary Director and is currently the Chief Culinary Consultant of [[Serious Eats]], a food blog,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seriouseats.com/masthead|title=Masthead|last=|first=|date=|website=www.seriouseats.com|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-12-27}}</ref> where he authors the James Beard Award-nominated column The Food Lab.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jamesbeard.org/blog/complete-2015-jbf-award-nominees|title=The Complete 2015 JBF Award Nominees|website=www.jamesbeard.org|language=en|access-date=2017-12-27}}</ref> He is also a columnist for [[Cooking Light]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://simmerandboil.cookinglight.com/author/kenji-lopez-alt/|title=Kenji Lopez-Alt|last=|first=|date=|work=Cooking Light|access-date=2017-12-27|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en}}</ref>

==Publishing==
His first book, ''[[The Food Lab: Better Home Cooking Through Science]]'', was published in September 2015 by [[W. W. Norton & Company]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://books.wwnorton.com/books/The-Food-Lab/|title=The Food Lab|last=|first=|date=|website=books.wwnorton.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-12-27}}</ref> It was a [[New York Times]] Bestseller<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/best-sellers/2015/12/20/advice-how-to-and-miscellaneous/|title=Advice, How-To & Miscellaneous Books - Best Sellers - December 20, 2015|last=|first=|date=|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-12-27|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en}}</ref> and won the 2016 [[James Beard Foundation Award]] for General Cooking,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jamesbeard.org/blog/2016-book-broadcast-and-journalism-awards-complete-winner-recap|title=The 2016 Book, Broadcast, and Journalism Awards: Complete Winner Recap|website=www.jamesbeard.org|language=en|access-date=2017-12-27}}</ref> as well as the [[International Association of Culinary Professionals]] awards for Best American Cookbook and Cookbook of the Year.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.iacp.com/awards/cookbook/winners/|title=Winners - IACP|work=IACP|access-date=2017-12-27|language=en-US}}</ref>

López-Alt is working on a follow-up to The Food Lab, due in 2020. He is also working with Gianna Ruggiero on a children’s picture book.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kenjilopezalt.com/ |title= Website announcment|accessdate=January 27, 2019}}</ref>

==Business==
López-Alt opened the Wursthall Restaurant & Bierhaus in [[San Mateo, California|San Mateo, CA]] with partners Adam Simpson and [[Tyson Mao]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sf.eater.com/2017/6/20/15836106/wurst-hall-kenji-lopez-alt-san-mateo-restaurant|title=Internet Food Guru J. Kenji Lopez-Alt Opening Real Life Beer and Sausage Hall|work=Eater SF|access-date=2017-12-27}}</ref> A second location, in [[San Jose, California|San Jose]], was announced in November 2018, and is expected to open in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pershan |first1=Caleb |title=A Second Beer Hall From Recipe Expert J. Kenji López-Alt Is on the Way |url=https://sf.eater.com/2018/11/30/18119792/wursthall-opening-san-jose-location-beer-restaurant-kenji-lopez-alt |accessdate=January 27, 2019}}</ref>

He is an investor in Backhaus Bakery, which is owned by Anne Moser and a new location is due to open in [[San Mateo, California|San Mateo]] in 2019.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.kenjilopezalt.com/}}
* [https://twitter.com/kenjilopezalt| Twitter account]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lopez-Alt, J. Kenji}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American chefs]]
[[Category:Food writers]]
[[Category:American bloggers]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:American restaurateurs]]
[[Category:Male chefs]]
[[Category:Cuisine of the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:James Beard Foundation Award winners]]

TVR-Klasse O1

2019-02-09T11:53:46Z

XLinkBot: BOT--Reverting link addition(s) by 151.227.159.81 to revision 860473604 (www.facebook.com/Taff-Vale-Railway-No28-120857981436218/ [\bfacebook\.com])

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2017}}
{{no footnotes|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox locomotive
| name = Taff Vale Railway O1 class
| powertype = Steam
| image = Taff Vale Railway locomotive no 28 at Caerphilly 1983.jpg
| alt =
| caption = No 28 when first restored to working order in 1983 by the Caerphilly Railway Society
| designer =
| builder = [[Kitson & Co.]] (8), TVR Cardiff West (6)
| ordernumber =
| serialnumber = Kitson 3572–3579
| buildmodel =
| builddate = 1894 (8), 1897 (6)
| totalproduction = 14
| rebuilder =
| rebuilddate =
| numberrebuilt =
| whytetype = [[0-6-2T]]
| uicclass = C1 n2t
| gauge = {{track gauge|uksg|allk=on}}
| driverdiameter = {{convert|4|ft|6+1/2|in|m|3|abbr=on}}
| trailingdiameter =
| minimumcurve =
| wheelbase =
| length =
| width =
| height =
| axleload =
| weightondrivers =
| locoweight = {{long ton|56|8}} ({{convert|56|LT|8|Lcwt|ST|1|abbr=on|disp=output only}})
| fueltype = [[Coal]]
| fuelcap =
| watercap =
| sandcap =
| boiler =
| boilerpressure = {{convert|150|psi|MPa|2|abbr=on}}
| feedwaterheater =
| firearea =
| tubearea =
| fluearea =
| tubesandflues =
| fireboxarea =
| totalsurface =
| superheatertype =
| superheaterarea =
| cylindercount = Two
| cylindersize = {{convert|17.5|x|26|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
| valvegear = [[Stephenson valve gear|Stephenson]]
| valvetype =
| valvetravel =
| valvelap =
| valvelead =
| transmission =
| maxspeed =
| poweroutput =
| tractiveeffort = {{convert|18620|lbf|kN|2|abbr=on}}
| factorofadhesion =
| trainheating =
| locobrakes =
| locobrakeforce =
| trainbrakes =
| safety =
| operator = [[Taff Vale Railway|TVR]] » [[Great Western Railway|GWR]]
| operatorclass =
| powerclass =
| numinclass =
| fleetnumbers =
| officialname =
| nicknames =
| axleloadclass =
| locale =
| deliverydate =
| firstrundate =
| lastrundate =
| withdrawndate = 1925–1931
| preservedunits = One: No.28
| restoredate =
| scrapdate =
| currentowner =
| disposition = One preserved, remainder [[scrap]]ped
| notes =
}}
The '''Taff Vale Railway O1 class''' was a class of [[0-6-2T]] steam [[tank locomotive]]s designed by [[Tom Hurry Riches]] and introduced to the [[Taff Vale Railway]] in 1894.

==Numbering==
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! Year !! Quantity !! Builder !! Serial Numbers !! TVR Numbers !! GWR numbers !! Notes
|-
| 1894 || 8 || [[Kitson & Co.]] || 3572–3579 || 27, 29, 37, 41, 65, 70, 73, 78 || 449, 451, 454, 455, 476, 477, 479, 480
|-
| 1897 || 6 || [[Cardiff West Yard Locomotive Works|TVR Cardiff West Works]] || — || 28, 60–64 || 450, 471–475 ||
|-
|}

==Withdrawal and disposal==

All were withdrawn from traffic between 1925 and 1931.

==Locomotive 28==

Locomotive No. 28 was the last Welsh-build standard gauge locomotive. It began its TVR career working the mineral and coal trains from collieries to port. By 1922 when the [[Great Western Railway]] had taken control, it had run 483,189 miles, and by 1923 was given a major overhaul, receiving a new boiler from the West Yard Works.

Absorbed into the GWR fleet, No. 28 was renumbered No. 450, and given a GWR-style cover over its safety valve, its external design was unchanged. It was withdrawn from service on 30 October 1926, but was found to be in good mechanical condition and sold to the Government in 1927, for use on the Woolmer Military Instructional Railway, later called the [[Longmoor Military Railway]]. The engine was named "Gordon", after the [[Charles George Gordon|General of Khartoum]], and was kept in immaculate condition in Hampshire, performing relatively light duties compared to its TVR working days.

The [[Second World War]] broke out and No. 28 was renumbered W.D. 205, then W.D. 70205, before becoming surplus again and put into storage. It was then sold in 1947 to the [[National Coal Board]] and used at their [[Hetton colliery railway]]. It was renumbered No. 67, though still retaining the "Gordon" nameplates as it engaged in heavy work on the coalfields again. It received a major overhaul in 1955, with minor alterations to its external design, but by 1959 it needed boiler repairs and was withdrawn from service in 1960.

==Preservation==
[[File:Taff Vale 28.jpg|thumb|No. 28 photographed at the Gwili Railway in September 2018, where it is a static exhibit.]]
Following requests to NCB that it should be saved, locomotive 28 was successfully presented to British Railways for preservation in 1962. It is now part of the [[List of rolling stock items in the UK National Collection|National Collection]]. It was originally intended that the last Welsh-built standard gauge locomotive be restored to original TVR condition at the Caerphilly Locomotive Works, however the site was given notice of closure and No. 28 was the last to leave for storage in Swindon and London.

In 1966, it was returned to Caerphilly as the [[National Museum Wales|National Museum of Wales]] had been given custodianship of the locomotive. During the late 1960s and early 1970s the engine was restored to working order by the Caerphilly Railway Society and ran for about 7 years from 1983, until taken out of service to await routine boiler examination. Caerphilly Railway Society subsequently closed. The locomotive then spent over a decade on loan to the [[Dean Forest Railway]] who dismantled it for a more thorough restoration, but this was unsuccessful due to the discovery of cracked springs.

The NRM later{{when|date=September 2018}} moved the locomotive to the [[Llangollen Railway]] where it was to be rebuilt. In 2013 the cosmetic restoration of No. 28 was set to go ahead thanks to a three-way partnership between the National Railway Museum, the Llangollen Railway, and the [[Gwili Railway]], with the aim of returning the locomotive to original condition. In 2018 the locomotive remained stored, unserviceable, on the Gwili Railway.

==References==
*{{Casserley-LocoGrouping4|page=79}}
* {{cite book| title=The Last Survivor, Locomotive No. 28 of the Taff Vale Railway| first=Dr Stuart Owen| last=Jones| publisher=National Museum of Wales| location=Cardiff| year=1990| isbn=0-7200-0341-5}}
* {{cite book| title=The Locomotives of the Great Western Railway, Part Ten, Absorbed Engines 1922-1947| publisher=Railway Correspondence and Travel Society| year=1966}}

{{Commons category|Taff Vale Railway O1 class}}

{{GWR Locomotives}}
{{GWR absorbed locos 1922 on}}

[[Category:Taff Vale Railway locomotives|O1]]
[[Category:0-6-2T locomotives]]
[[Category:Kitson locomotives]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1894]]
[[Category:Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain]]

Lidia Thorpe

2018-12-03T03:03:14Z

XLinkBot: BOT--Reverting link addition(s) by LidiaThorpe to revision 870489902 (www.facebook.com/lidiathorpe [\bfacebook\.com])

{{Use Australian English|date=November 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox AM
|honorific prefix =
| image = MP_Lidia_Thorpe.png
| name = Lidia Thorpe
| honorific-suffix = [[Victorian Legislative Assembly|MP]]
| assembly = Victorian Legislative
| constituency_AM = [[Electoral district of Northcote|Northcote]]
| majority =
| term_start = 18 November 2017
| term_end = 24 November 2018
| spouse =
| party = [[Australian Greens Victoria|Greens]]
| predecessor = [[Fiona Richardson]]
| successor = [[Kat Theophanous]]
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1973}}
| birth_place =
| alma_mater =
| website = {{URL|http://lidiathorpe.com}}
}}
'''Lidia Alma Thorpe''' (born 1973)<ref name="birthyear">{{cite news|last1=Wahlquist|first1=Calla|title=Lidia Thorpe 'finds her voice', the first Indigenous woman to do so in Victorian parliament|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/nov/29/lidia-thorpe-finds-her-voice-the-first-indigenous-woman-to-do-so-in-victorian-parliament|accessdate=8 February 2018|work=The Guardian|date=29 November 2017|language=en}}</ref> is an Australian politician. She was the member for [[Electoral district of Northcote|Northcote]] in the [[Victorian Legislative Assembly]] from 2017 to 2018 and is a member of the [[Australian Greens Victoria|Victorian Greens]]. Thorpe won the [[Northcote state by-election, 2017|Northcote state by-election]] on 18 November 2017 to become the first female [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal]] elected to the [[Parliament of Victoria]].<ref name="The Guardian - 19 November 2019 - Northcote byelection: Greens' Lidia Thorpe takes Melbourne seat from Labor">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/nov/19/northcote-byelection-greens-lidia-thorpe-takes-melbourne-seat-from-labor|title=Northcote byelection: Greens' Lidia Thorpe takes Melbourne seat from Labor|last=Raue|first=Ben|date=19 November 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=19 November 2017}}</ref>

==Early career==
Thorpe, a [[Gunnai]]-[[Gunditjmara]] woman, was the managing director of Clan Corporation, a sustainable housing and renewable energy business catering to remote Aboriginal communities. She was also the chair of the Victorian [[NAIDOC]] Committee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/elections/northcote-by-election-2017|last=Green|first=Antony|authorlink=Antony Green|title=Northcote by-election|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/northcote-byelection-greens-pick-their-woman-for-key-battle-of-the-north-20170911-gyez5c.html|title=Northcote by-election: Greens pick their woman for key battle of the north|last1=Towell|first1=Noel|last2=Preiss|first2=Benjamin|newspaper=[[The Age]]|date=11 September 2017}}</ref> Thorpe has also worked as the Aboriginal employment adviser for the Municipal Association of Victoria, was president of the Lakes Entrance Basketball Association for three years, school council member of the Nowa Nowa Primary School, a steering committee member for Indigenous Administrators, a member of Community of Practice, a member of the Institute of Public Administration Australia (Victoria), and a project manager with the East Gippsland Shire Council, where she addressed disadvantage in Lakes Entrance through the Advancing Country Towns Project.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indigenousfellowship.net.au/emerging-leaders/lidia-thorpe/|title=Lidia Thorpe: Emerging Leader 2008 - 2009|accessdate=15 August 2018}}</ref>

Thorpe's grandmother, [[Alma Thorpe]], was one of the founders of the Victorian Aboriginal Health Service.<ref name=2011_Vic_AHR>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vic.gov.au/aboriginalvictoria/community-engagement/leadership-programs/aboriginal-honour-roll/2011-victorian-aboriginal-honour-roll/alma-thorpe.html|title=2011 Victorian Aboriginal Honour Roll - Alma Thorpe|last=|first=|date=2012|website=|publisher=State Government of Victoria|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-12-06}}
</ref><ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/new-greens-mp-lidia-thorpes-long-road-from-nowa-nowa-to-northcote-20171119-gzodm6.html New Greens MP Lidia Thorpe's long road from Nowa Nowa to Northcote], ''The Age'', 19 November 2017.</ref>

==Political career==
Thorpe won the seat of Northcote at the 2017 by-election after receiving 45.22% of the primary vote, giving her a winning distribution of 50.93%, 11% more than the Labor candidate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vec.vic.gov.au/Results/State2017/NorthcoteDistrict.html|title=Northcote District By-election 2017 : Northcote District|work=VEC|accessdate=9 August 2018}}</ref>
Thorpe was sworn in as a member of parliament on 28 November 2017 and she delivered her first speech to the Assembly the following day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/first-aboriginal-woman-mp-lidia-thorpe-speaks-of-genocide-lingering-disadvantage-20171129-gzv2ms.html|title=State's first Aboriginal woman MP Lidia Thorpe speaks of genocide, lingering disadvantage|work=The Age|date=29 November 2017}}</ref>

Thorpe is the current [[Australian Greens Victoria]] portfolio holder for Aboriginal Justice, Consumer Affairs, Skills and Training, Sport and Mental Health.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://greens.org.au/vic/person/lidia-thorpe|title=Lidia Thorpe MLA for Northcote|work=The Greens Victoria|accessdate=9 August 2018}}</ref>

Since taking her seat in the Victorian Legislative Assembly, Thorpe has held Labor to account on the many promises they made during the Northcote by-election. This includes honouring the promises of funding to schools in Northcote, Alphington, Thornbury and Preston;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://greens.org.au/vic/news/speech/schools-still-neglected-northcote-and-thronbury|title=Schools still neglected in Northcote and Thornbury|work=The Greens Victoria|accessdate=9 August 2018}}</ref> and reforms to renter's rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://greens.org.au/vic/news/media-release/rental-reform-could-come-too-late|title=Rental reforms could come too late|work=The Greens Victoria|accessdate=9 August 2018}}</ref>

In May 2018 Thorpe organised a historic gathering of Aboriginal Elders in the parliament of Victoria to discuss the state's treaty processes. The meeting was organised as part of Thorpe's campaign to implement clan-based treaties, which would recognise the approximately 100 Aboriginal clans in Victoria. At the time Thorpe said "Our sovereignty and each of our language groups and our Clans must be clearly recognised in the government's treaty advancement legislation."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/nitv-news/article/2018/05/14/victorian-elders-call-clan-based-treaties-and-more-inclusion-process|title=Victorian Elders call for Clan-based treaties and more inclusion in process|work=NITV|accessdate=15 August 2018}}</ref> The delegation of Clan Elders unanimously agreed to form an Elder's Council. Thorpe supported the Victorian government's 2018 Treaty bill, but stated that she would continue to push for clan sovereignty to be recognised as the Treaty process advances.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theage.com.au/politics/victoria/victoria-passes-aboriginal-treaty-bill-20180621-p4zmzz.html|title=Victoria passes Aboriginal treaty bill|work=The Age|accessdate=15 August 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|40em}}

==External links==
*{{Official|http://lidiathorpe.com}}
*[https://www.facebook.com/lidiathorpe/ Facebook]
*[https://twitter.com/lidiathorpemp Twitter]
*[https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/about/people-in-parliament/members-search/list-greens-members/details/22/342 Parliament Profile]
*[https://indigenousx.com.au/daniel-james-lidia-thorpe-member-for-northcote/ IndigenousX]
*[http://indigenousfellowship.net.au/emerging-leaders/lidia-thorpe/ Fellowship for Indigenous Leadership]

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|au-vic-la}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Fiona Richardson]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member for [[Electoral district of Northcote|Northcote]]|years=2017–2018}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Kat Theophanous]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thorpe, Lidia}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Australian Greens members of the Parliament of Victoria]]
[[Category:Indigenous Australian politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Australian politicians]]
[[Category:Australian indigenous rights activists]]
[[Category:Women members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly]]

BitChute

2018-11-29T16:10:34Z

XLinkBot: BOT--Reverting link addition(s) by JustWahrheit to revision 871196990 (www.youtube.com/watch?v=koRP1rj8pkk [\byoutube\.com])

{{Infobox website
| name = BitChute
| logo =
| url = [https://BitChute.com BitChute.com]
| type = [[Video hosting service]]
| registration = Optional
| language = English
| author = [[Ray Vahey]]
| launch_date = {{start date and age|2017|1|3}}
| current status = Active
| location_city =
| location_country =
}}
{{File sharing sidebar}}

'''BitChute''' is a [[video hosting service]] that uses [[Peer-to-peer (computing)|peer-to-peer]] [[WebTorrent]] technology<ref name="torrentfreak">{{Cite news |url=https://torrentfreak.com/bitchute-is-a-bittorrent-powered-youtube-alternative-170129/ |title=BitChute is a BitTorrent-Powered YouTube Alternative |last= |first= |date=2017-01-29 |work=TorrentFreak |accessdate=2017-12-10 |archive-url= |archive-date= |dead-url= |language=en-US}}</ref> in order to diffuse, redistribute, and ease bandwidth and issues of centralized streaming.{{Citation needed|date=November 2018}}

== History ==

[[File:BitChute Logo.png|thumb|The BitChute logo used from 2017 to 2018.]]

The company was founded by [[Ray Vahey]]. He described it as a way to avoid [[censorship|hard censorship]] and "[[demonetization]]" ("soft" [[corporate censorship]]) by established services like [[YouTube]].<ref name="torrentfreak" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.itwire.com/entertainment/76552-bitchute-the-first-serious-youtube-competitor.html|title=iTWire - BitChute: the first serious YouTube competitor?|last=Beer|first=Doron|website=www.itwire.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref>

Posted on January 3, 2017, ''"This is the first video on #BitChute"'' was the first sample video and test of the uploading process featuring a woman using a [[Tablet computer|tablet]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bitchute.com/video/UGlrF9o9b-Q/|title=This is the first video on #BitChute|publisher=BitChute|date=January 3, 2017|accessdate=January 1, 2018}}</ref>

In September 2017, [[conservative]] youtuber [[Lauren Southern]] said she was considering switching to the site in response to YouTube's [[demonetization]] of political videos.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/far-right-tech-platforms-gab-youtube-bitchute-2017-9?r=US&IR=T|title='There's no one for right-wingers to pick a fight with': The far right is struggling to sustain interest in its social media platforms|work=Business Insider|access-date=2017-12-10|language=en}}</ref> Southern has automatically mirrored her YouTube channel on BitChute since March 23, 2017.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Southern |first1=Lauren |title=Lauren Southern |url=https://www.bitchute.com/LaurenSouthern/ |website=BitChute |accessdate=August 16, 2018 |language=en |date=August 14, 2018}}</ref>

In March 2018, the site was redesigned and got a new logo.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}

In November 2018, BitChute was banned from PayPal after BitChute criticized them for banning [[Alex Jones]], The Proud Boys and anti-fascist groups from its payment service.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2018/nov/14/bitchute-youtube-alternative-cries-foul-over-appar/|title=BitChute, YouTube alternative, cries foul over apparent punt from PayPal|last=http://www.washingtontimes.com|first=The Washington Times|work=The Washington Times|access-date=2018-11-28|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Technology ==

BitChute is based on the [[peer-to-peer]] [[WebTorrent]] system; a [[JavaScript]] torrenting program that can run in a [[web browser]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Ernesto |title=WebTorrent Desktop Hits a Million Downloads |url=https://torrentfreak.com/webtorrent-desktop-hits-a-million-downloads-180104/ |website=TorrentFreak.com |publisher=TorrentFreak |date=2018-01-04 |accessdate=2018-11-03}}</ref> Users watching a video also [[Seed (BitTorrent)|seed]] it. Despite similar functionally, WebTorrent is not compatible with [[BitTorrent]]<ref name=alt1>{{cite web |url=https://torrentfreak.com/bitchute-is-a-bittorrent-powered-youtube-alternative-170129/|title=bitchute-is-a-bittorrent-powered-youtube-alternative}}</ref> since WebTorrent only uses the same [[Communication protocol|protocol]] as BitTorrent but uses a different [[Transport layer|transport]]. However, the [[WebTorrent Desktop]] stand alone version is able to bridge the [[WebRTC]]-based WebTorrent and [[Transmission Control Protocol|TCP]]/[[User Datagram Protocol|UDP]]-based BitTorrent serverless networks.<ref name="Demuxed">{{cite web |title=Demuxed - Ep. #5, WebTorrent: Bringing BitTorrent to the Web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B6eIOsvP6Jw |author=Heavybit |publisher=Heavybit |website=YouTube |date=2017-07-06 |accessdate=2018-11-03}} @4:35+ </ref>

The BitChute website acts as a front end and portal for WebTorrent. When users upload a video it is converted to a WebTorrent and given a page on BitChute's website.{{Citation needed|date=November 2018}}

== Reception ==

There has been conflict between YouTube and creators over the content of some videos uploaded. The company responded in some cases by banning creators, blocking their videos or channel "[[demonetization]]". As a response, some popular creators have started BitChute channels.<ref name=":0" /> These include Dave Cullen (''Computing Forever'')<ref>{{cite web |title=Internet Archive Search: Dave Cullen |url=https://archive.org/search.php?query=dave%20cullen |website=The Wayback Machine |publisher=The Internet Archive |accessdate=28 September 2018}}</ref> and various [[conservative]] channels.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/ishmaeldaro/right-wing-youtube-alternative-platforms?utm_term=.mpjjNPmZxv#.ouRPM7xQJ2|title=Right-Wing YouTubers Think It’s Only A Matter Of Time Before They Get Kicked Off The Site}}</ref><ref name="bitchutearchives">{{cite web |title=Internet Archive Search: bitchute |url=https://archive.org/search.php?query=bitchute |website=The Wayback Machine |publisher=The Internet Archive |accessdate=28 September 2018}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Comparison of BitTorrent clients]]
* [[InterPlanetary File System]]
* [[List of video hosting services]]
* "tube" sites of the [[MindGeek]] porn monopoly

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Official website|https://BitChute.com}}
* [https://BitChute.com BitChute.com]

{{File sharing|state=collapsed}}
{{BitTorrent|state=collapsed}}
{{Internet censorship circumvention technologies|state=collapsed}}
{{File systems|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:BitChute}}
[[Category:Anonymity networks]]
[[Category:Application layer protocols]]
[[Category:BitTorrent]]
[[Category:Computer-related introductions in 2017]]
[[Category:Distributed data storage]]
[[Category:Distributed file systems]]
[[Category:Entertainment websites]]
[[Category:File sharing software]]
[[Category:File transfer protocols]]
[[Category:Free network-related software]]
[[Category:Internet privacy software]]
[[Category:Internet protocols]]
[[Category:Network protocols]]
[[Category:Peer-to-peer computing]]
[[Category:Peer-to-peer software]]
[[Category:Video hosting]]
[[Category:World Wide Web]]

{{website-stub}}

Die Schildkröte und der Hase (Fabel)

2018-11-21T06:34:30Z

XLinkBot: BOT--Reverting link addition(s) by 71.220.209.29 to revision 863833782 (www.youtube.com/watch?v=I6DEUId6Fvw [\byoutube\.com])

{{About|Aesop's fable}}
{{primary|date=April 2017}}
[[File:Tortoise and hare rackham.jpg|thumb|"The Tortoise and the Hare", from an edition of [[Caleb's Fables]] illustrated by [[Arthur Rackham]], 1912]]

"'''The Tortoise and the Hare'''" is one of [[ Aesop's Fables]] and is numbered 226 in the [[Perry Index]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mythfolklore.net/aesopica/perry/226.htm|title=THE TORTOISE AND THE HARE|website=Mythfolklore.net}}</ref> The account of a race between unequal partners has attracted conflicting interpretations. It is itself a variant of a common folktale theme in which ingenuity and trickery (rather than doggedness) are employed to overcome a stronger opponent.

==An ambiguous story==
The story concerns a [[Hare]] who ridicules a slow-moving [[Tortoise]]. Tired of the Hare's arrogant behavior, the Tortoise challenges him to a race.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.storyarts.org/library/aesops/stories/tortoise.html|title=Story Arts - Aesop's ABC - The Tortoise and The Hare|work=storyarts.org}}</ref> The hare soon leaves the tortoise behind and, confident of winning, takes a nap midway through the race. When the Hare awakes however, he finds that his competitor, crawling slowly but steadily, has arrived before him. The later version of the story in [[La Fontaine's Fables]] (VI.10), while more long-winded, differs hardly at all from Aesop's.<ref>A translation is [http://www.readbookonline.net/readOnLine/13161/ here]</ref>

As in several other fables by Aesop, the lesson it is teaching appears ambiguous. In Classical times it was not the Tortoise’s plucky conduct in taking on a bully that was emphasised but the Hare’s foolish over-confidence. An old Greek source comments that 'many people have good natural abilities which are ruined by idleness; on the other hand, sobriety, zeal and perseverance can prevail over indolence'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mythfolklore.net/aesopica/oxford/237.htm|title=237. THE TORTOISE AND THE HARE (Laura Gibbs, translator)|website=Mythfolklore.net|accessdate=23 June 2018}}</ref>
When the fable entered the European [[Emblem book|emblem]] tradition, the precept to ‘hasten slowly’ (''[[festina lente]]'') was recommended to lovers by [[Otto van Veen]] in his ''Emblemata Amorum'' (1608), using a relation of the story. There the infant figure of [[Eros]] is shown passing through a landscape and pointing to the tortoise as it overtakes the sleeping hare under the motto “perseverance winneth.”<ref>''The English emblem tradition'', University of Toronto 1998, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eLoYvhI25J8C&lpg=PA347&ots=7GGKE2sRJc&dq=hare%20%22emblem%22%22&pg=PA174#v=onepage&q=hare%20%22emblem%22%22&f=false vol.IV, p.174]</ref> Later interpreters too have asserted that the fable's moral is the proverbial 'the more haste, the worse speed' ([[Samuel Croxall]]) or have applied to it the biblical observation that 'the race is not to the swift' (Ecclesiastes 9.11).

In the 19th century and after the fable was given satirical interpretations. In the social commentary of [[Charles H. Bennett (illustrator)|Charles H. Bennett]]'s ''The Fables of Aesop translated into Human Nature'' (1857), the hare is changed to a thoughtful craftsman prostrate under the foot of a capitalist entrepreneur.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/38299630@N05/4909040645|title=Lepus et Testudo|work=Flickr - Photo Sharing!}}</ref> [[Edward Plunkett, 18th Baron of Dunsany|Lord Dunsany]] brings out another view in his "The True History of the Tortoise and the Hare" (1915). There the hare realises the stupidity of the challenge and refuses to proceed any further. The obstinate tortoise continues to the finishing line and is proclaimed the swiftest by his backers. But, continues Dunsany,
:the reason that this version of the race is not widely known is that very few of those that witnessed it survived the great forest-fire that happened shortly after. It came up over the weald by night with a great wind. The Hare and the Tortoise and a very few of the beasts saw it far off from a high bare hill that was at the edge of the trees, and they hurriedly called a meeting to decide what messenger they should send to warn the beasts in the forest. They sent the Tortoise.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fulltextarchive.com/page/Fifty-One-Tales/#p270 |title=Lord Dunsany, ''51 Tales'&#39|publisher=FullTextArchive.com |date= |accessdate=2013-12-06}}</ref>

==Applications==
In Classical times the story was annexed to a philosophical problem by [[Zeno of Elea]] in one of many demonstrations that movement is impossible to define satisfactorily. The second of [[Zeno's paradoxes]] is that of Achilles and the Tortoise, in which the hero gives the Tortoise a head start in a race. The argument attempts to show that even though Achilles runs faster than the Tortoise, he will never catch up with her because, when Achilles reaches the point at which the Tortoise started, the Tortoise has advanced some distance beyond; when Achilles arrives at the point where the Tortoise was when Achilles arrived at the point where the Tortoise started, the Tortoise has again moved forward. Hence Achilles can never catch the Tortoise, no matter how fast he runs, since the Tortoise will always be moving ahead.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/paradox-zeno/#AchTor |title=Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy |publisher=Plato.stanford.edu |date= |accessdate=2012-03-24}}</ref><ref name="Wilson2015">{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Catherine|title=Leibniz's Metaphysics: A Historical and Comparative Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lDWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA204|year=2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-7957-1|page=204}}</ref>

The only satisfactory refutation has been mathematical and since then the name of the fable has been applied to the function described in Zeno's paradox. In mathematics and computer science, the ''tortoise and the hare algorithm'' is an alternative name for [[Floyd's cycle-finding algorithm]].

==Illustrations of the fable==
[[File:Grandville tortoise.jpg|thumb|left|A 19th-century illustration of [[Jean de La Fontaine|La Fontaine's]] ''Fables'' by [[Jean Ignace Isidore Gérard|Jean Grandville]]]]

There is a Greek version of the fable but no early Latin version. For this reason it did not begin to appear in printed editions of Aesop's fables until the 16th century, one of the earliest being Bernard Salomon's ''Les Fables d'Esope Phrygien, mises en Ryme Francoise'' (1547).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mythfolklore.net/aesopica/salomon/94.htm |title=Aesop (Thomas Bewick) |website=Mythfolklore.net |date= |accessdate=2012-03-24}}</ref> Versions followed from the Netherlands (in Dutch, 1567) and Flanders (in French, 1578)<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/a/aesops-fables/ |title=Aesop's Fables - Victoria and Albert Museum |publisher=Vam.ac.uk |date=2012-03-18 |accessdate=2012-03-24 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520040410/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/a/aesops-fables/ |archivedate=2011-05-20 |df= }}</ref> but none in English before [[Francis Barlow (artist)|Francis Barlow]]'s edition of 1667.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mythfolklore.net/aesopica/barlow/70.htm |title=70. De lepore et testudine (1687), illustrated by Francis Barlow |website=Mythfolklore.net |date= |accessdate=2012-03-24}}</ref>

Among the many illustrations of the fable, that by the French caricaturist [[Jean Ignace Isidore Gérard|Jean Grandville]] is novel in portraying the tortoise as running upright. This is also how he is shown in the [[Walt Disney]] cartoon version of "The Tortoise and the Hare" (1935).<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2DrKmpuKhKE |title=The cartoon can be viewed on YouTube |publisher=Youtube.com |date=2008-06-07 |accessdate=2012-03-24}}</ref> Another departure from the ordinary in Grandville's etching is the choice of a mole (complete with dark glasses) rather than, as usual, a fox as the judge at the finishing line. Auguste Delierre makes the judge a monkey in the 1883 edition of La Fontaine's fables that he illustrated.<ref>The preparatory water colour is at the [[:fr:Musée jean de la Fontaine|La Fontaine Museum]]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cuniculture.info/Docs/Phototheque/Peinture&Decor/Peintres-D/Delierre-01.jpg|format=JPG|title=Photographic image|website=Cuniculture.info|accessdate=23 June 2018}}</ref> La Fontaine says in his rhyme that it does not matter who the judge is; his interpreters have taken him at his word.

Outside of book production, there is an early 17th-century oil painting of the fable by the Flemish landscape artist [[Jan Wildens]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1st-art-gallery.com/thumbnail/183278/1/The-Tortoise-And-The-Hare,-From-Aesops-Fables.jpg|format=JPG|title=Photographic image|website=1st-art-gallery.com|accessdate=23 June 2018}}</ref> The hare enters on the left, racing over an upland road as dawn breaks; the tortoise is nowhere in sight. In the mid-19th century, the French animal painter [[:fr:Philibert Léon Couturier|Philibert Léon Couturier]] also devoted an oil painting to the fable in which, as in Grandville's illustration, the tortoise is shown racing upright.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philibert-leon-couturier.com/oeuvre-151-1141-le-lievre-et-la-tortue.html|title=Le Lièvre et la Tortue Philibert Léon Couturier Peinture Toile Huile|work=philibert-leon-couturier.com}}</ref> In modern times there have been two pieces of popular sculpture aimed at children. [[Nancy Schön]]'s was made to commemorate the centenary of the [[Boston Marathon]] in 1996 and is sited in [[Copley Square]], the finishing line for the race.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.schon.com/public/tortoise-hare.php |title=Hare and Tortoise, Boston, Mass by Nancy Schön |publisher=Schon.com |date=1993-05-19 |accessdate=2012-03-24}}</ref> The tortoise is shown determinedly stumping forward while the hare has paused to scratch behind its ear. In the following year a painted steel sculpture by Michael Browne and Stuart Smith was set up near the cross-country finish line at [[Van Cortlandt Park]] in the Bronx.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.neh.gov/humanities/2009/novemberdecember/curio/public-art-in-the-bronx|title=Public Art in the Bronx|website=National Endowment for the Humanities|accessdate=23 June 2018}}</ref> The hare is mounted on the tortoise's shell and appears to be trying to leap over him.

The fable has also been illustrated on stamps from several countries. These include:
*[[Cyprus]], in which cartoon characters are depicted on a set of five €0.34 stamps (2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcw.gov.cy/mcw/dps/dps.nsf/All/D184114F547B4133C225798B00408A37?OpenDocument|title=Cyprus postal service|website=Mcw.gov.cy|accessdate=23 June 2018|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20121217202042/http://www.mcw.gov.cy/mcw/dps/dps.nsf/All/D184114F547B4133C225798B00408A37?OpenDocument|archivedate=17 December 2012|df=}}</ref>
*[[Dahomey]], on a set commemorating the third centenary of La Fontaine's death in which it figures on the 10 franc stamp.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.creighton.edu/aesop/artifacts/stamps/dahomey/dahomeystamps/index.php |title=Creighton University :: Aesop's Fables: Dahomey Stamps |publisher=Creighton.edu |date= |accessdate=2012-03-24}}</ref>
*[[Dominica]], on a 2 cent stamp for Easter 1984, picturing a Disney tortoise carrying Easter eggs as it overtakes the sleeping hare<ref>{{cite web|url=http://philatelia.ru/pict/cat5/stamp/12393s.jpg|format=JPG|title=Photographic image|website=Philatelia.ru|accessdate=23 June 2018}}</ref>
*[[France]] issued surcharged [[Red Cross]] stamps in 1978 on which the fable appeared on the 1 franc + 0.25 denomination.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://environnement.ecole.free.fr/Timbres/1978066-fable-la-fontaine.jpg|format=JPG|title=Photographic image|website=Environnement.ecole.free.fr|accessdate=23 June 2018}}</ref> It was also included in the 1995 strip of six 2.80 franc stamps commemorating the third centenary of the author's death.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.creighton.edu/aesop/artifacts/stamps/france/1995frenchlaf/individualstamps/index.php |title=Creighton University :: Aesop's Fables: Individual Stamps |publisher=Creighton.edu |date= |accessdate=2012-03-24}}</ref>
*[[Greece]] issued a 1987 set illustrating Aesop's fables, including the tortoise and the hare on the 130 drachma stamp<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.creighton.edu/aesop/artifacts/stamps/greece/index.php |title=Creighton University :: Aesop's Fables: Greece |publisher=Creighton.edu |date=1987-03-05 |accessdate=2012-03-24}}</ref>
*[[Hungary]] issued a set in 1980 with this fable on the 4 forint stamp<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.creighton.edu/aesop/artifacts/stamps/hungary/index.php |title=Creighton University :: Aesop's Fables: Hungary |publisher=Creighton.edu |date=1960-12-01 |accessdate=2012-03-24}}</ref>
*The [[Maldives]] issued a 1990 set in which Disney characters act out the fables; the tortoise and the hare appear on the 15 laree stamp<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.creighton.edu/aesop/artifacts/stamps/maldives/index.php |title=Creighton University :: Aesop's Fables: Maldives |publisher=Creighton.edu |date=1990-12-11 |accessdate=2012-03-24}}</ref>
*[[Monaco]] issued a composite 50 centime stamp on the 350th anniversary of La Fontaine's birth in 1971, on which this fable appears<ref>Scroll down to 12 April 2011 on [http://www.stampboards.com/viewtopic.php?f=17&t=16852&start=1400 Stampboard.com]</ref>
*[[Sri Lanka]] issued a 5 rupee stamp for Child’s broadcasting day 2007 showing the contestants at the starting line<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/162748-Hare_and_the_tortoise_at_the_starting_line-International_Childrens_Broadcasting_Day_2007-Sri_Lanka_Ceylon|title=Stamp: Hare and the tortoise at the starting line (Sri Lanka (Ceylon)) (International Children's Broadcasting Day 2007) Mi:LK 1679,WAD:LK064.07|work=colnect.com}}</ref>

==Musical versions==
{{refex|section|date=April 2017}}
Many allusions to the fable in musical titles are of limited or no relevance, but two instrumental versions may be noted. The one by [[Yellow Jackets]] jazz quartet was recorded on their ''Politics'' album in 1988<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hMGz0-fJ-Xw |title=Yellow Jackets - Tortoise and the Hare (Live) |publisher=YouTube |date=2006-07-27 |accessdate=2012-03-24}}</ref> The Anglo-Irish band [[Flook (band)|Flook]]'s title is on their ''Haven'' album (2005)

There have also been several musical settings of Aesop's fable:
*In Mabel Wood Hill's ''Aesop's Fables Interpreted Through Music'' (New York, 1920)<ref>The score is available on the [https://urresearch.rochester.edu/institutionalPublicationPublicView.action;jsessionid=30700D0F9F7E51EB09864FD05D437FB8?institutionalItemId=20901 Rochester University site]</ref>
*[[Vincent Persichetti]] included it as the third piece in his ''Fables for narrator and orchestra'' (Op. 23, 1943)
*A poetic version set for children's voices and piano by Edward Hughes in his ''Songs from Aesop's Fables'' (1965)
*The [[cellist]] Evalyn Steinbock's setting for violin, cello and narrator in 1979
*As the first of [[Anthony Plog]]'s ''Aesop’s Fables'' for narrator, piano and horn (1989/93)<ref>A performance on [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xNQL9pGisVo YouTube]</ref>
*Among Scott Watson's ''Aesop's Fables'' for narrator and orchestral accompaniment (1999)
*A setting for solo voice by Lucian Cristofor Tugui (2006)
*As one of the five pieces in [[Bob Chilcott]]'s ''Aesop's Fables'' for piano and choir (2008)<ref>{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lcL_ZzivtrQ|title=FMHS Jaguar Chorale -- "Aesop's Fables: the Hare and the Tortoise"|date=26 May 2009|work=YouTube}}</ref>
*A setting for [[a cappella]] choir by Darmon Meader (2009)<ref>{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CZ3wcmrvXyI|title=Harambee - The Tortoise and The Hare (Darmon Meader) Acappella|date=1 September 2010|work=YouTube}}</ref>
*As one of David Edgar Walther's ‘short operatic dramas’, composed in 2009

==Folk variants==
The many other variants of the story in oral folk tradition appear worldwide and are classed as Aarne-Thompson-Uther type 275.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/type0275.html |title=The Tortoise and the Hare, and Other Races between Unequal Contestants |publisher=Pitt.edu |date=2011-06-05 |accessdate=2012-03-24}}</ref> In most of these there is a race between unequal partners but most often brain is matched against brawn and the race is won by means of trickery. Broadly this is of two types: either the slower animal jumps on the other's back or tail and hops off at the end when the creature turns round to see where his challenger has got to, or else he is deceived by lookalikes substituting themselves along the course.

Tales with a similar theme emphasizing doggedness have been recorded in [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] culture. Hummingbird and Crane agree to race from one ocean to the other. Though Hummingbird flies faster, he stops at night to sleep. Crane, however, flies overnight and is overtaken by Hummingbird later and later during the day, at length coming in first. The ultimate prize differs between versions and includes choice of habitat, the love of a girl, or the right to cut the other down to size.<ref>John Reed Swanton, ''Myths and Tales of the Southeastern Indians'', University of Oklahoma 1929, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bwbBQ8ojzxAC&lpg=PA253&ots=H7e2Yyg48c&dq=The%20Humming%20bird%20and%20the%20Crane&pg=PA253#v=onepage&q=The%20Humming%20bird%20and%20the%20Crane&f=false p. 253]</ref>

==See also==
{{wikisource}}
*[[Achilles and the Tortoise]]
*[[Festina lente]]
*[[Law of the handicap of a head start]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscatinline}}
*15th-20th century book illustrations [https://www.flickr.com/search/?w=38299630%40N05&q=lepus+et+testudo&m=text online]

{{Aesop}}
{{The Tortoise and the Hare}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tortoise and the Hare, The}}
[[Category:Aesop's Fables]]
[[Category:La Fontaine's Fables]]
[[Category:Fictional hares and rabbits]]
[[Category:Fictional turtles]]
[[Category:Literary duos]]

Travon Free

2018-11-07T19:50:57Z

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'''Travon Free''' (born {{birth based on age as of date |30|2015|7|4|noage=1}})<ref name=guardabascio/> is an American comedian and actor and writer. As of 2017, he writes for ''[[Full Frontal with Samantha Bee]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3579257/|title=IMDb: Travon Free|website=IMDb}}</ref>

He formerly wrote for ''[[The Daily Show]]'' on [[Comedy Central]]<ref name="zummallen">{{cite news|last=ZumMallen|first=Ryan|title=Former 49er Free Charging The Comedy Game|date=March 14, 2013|work=Gazettes.com|url=http://www.gazettes.com/sports/lbsu/feature-former-er-free-charging-the-comedy-game/article_0cf1a8be-8d42-11e2-a38e-001a4bcf887a.html|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6MO0OYWr6|archivedate=January 4, 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=About Travon Free|work=ComedyCentral.com|url=http://www.comedycentral.com/comedians/travon-free|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6MO0YN6lx|archivedate=January 4, 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref> and [[Any Given Wednesday with Bill Simmons]] on [[HBO]]. Free won an [[Emmy Award]] for his work on the ''Daily Show'' in 2015. He is a former [[college basketball]] player.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thinkprogress.org/former-cal-state-long-beach-center-travon-free-on-coming-out-in-college-sports-ef4bf8492cd9/|title=Former Cal State — Long Beach Center Travon Free On Coming Out In College Sports|access-date=2018-04-23|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early life==
Free grew up with his mother and grandmother in [[Compton, California]].<ref name=guardabascio/> He attended [[Dominguez High School]], where he played basketball. In 2002, the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' called him the "team's best player".<ref>{{cite news|last=Bolch|first=Ben|title=Otis Says Return 'Unbelievable'|date=December 12, 2002|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2002/dec/12/sports/sp-otis12|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6MO2bd7GF|archivedate=January 4, 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref> He chose to remain local and decided to play [[college basketball]] for the [[Long Beach State 49ers men's basketball|Long Beach State 49ers]]. Their program was struggling, and Free liked his chances of earning a starting role. Injuries sapped his dream of playing professionally in the [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA), and he had no interest in playing overseas.<ref name=guardabascio/> While he was out injured with a [[torn meniscus]] in his right knee that required surgery, he entertained the team with his humor, which was a prelude to his career in comedy.<ref>{{cite news|last=Smith|first=Marcia C.|title=Laughs are as big as the comedian|date=July 18, 2006|newspaper=Orange County Register|url=http://www.ocregister.com/articles/free-115392-night-comedy.html|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6MO1b1dL2|archivedate=January 4, 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref> While in college, Free took a Comedy Writing class and performed at [[Laugh Factory]] in [[Hollywood]] and [[The Ice House (comedy club)|The Ice House Club]] in [[Pasadena, California]].<ref name=zummallen/><ref>{{cite news|last=Jenkins|first=Lee|title=At Long Beach State, It’s Players, Not Games, That Get Away|date=March 14, 2007|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/14/sports/ncaabasketball/14long.html?fta=y&_r=0|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6MUc8QoFE|archivedate=January 9, 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref>

==Professional career==
Free began writing for ''[[The Daily Show]]'' in October 2012.<ref name=zummallen/> After coming in second place in a contest to win a position working for the show, he was invited by Executive Producer [[Rory Albanese]] to tour the show's set, which Free treated as a consolation prize.<ref name=guardabascio>{{cite news|last=Guardabascio|first=Mike|title=Travon Free goes from Compton to Long Beach State to the Daily Show|date=July 6, 2015|newspaper=Long Beach Press-Telegram|url=http://www.presstelegram.com/arts-and-entertainment/20150704/travon-free-goes-from-compton-to-long-beach-state-to-the-daily-show|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6dSfHdNPM|archivedate=December 1, 2015|deadurl=no}}</ref> During his visit, he was surprised backstage when [[Jon Stewart]] offered him a full-time writing job.<ref name=zummallen/> Free won a [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series]] on ''The Daily Show'' in 2015 after being nominated in the two years prior.<ref>{{cite news|last=Colurso|first=Mary|title=Emmy Awards 2015: See photos, full list of winners including Jon Hamm, Viola Davis, Peter Dinklage|date=September 20, 2015|website=AL.com|url=http://www.al.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2015/09/emmy_awards_2015_live_updates.html|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6dSfBXvct|archivedate=December 1, 2015|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Travon Free|website=Emmys.com|url=http://www.emmys.com/bios/travon-free|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6dSfHdNPM|archivedate=December 1, 2015|deadurl=no}}</ref> He has also had [[recurring role]]s on the shows ''[[Tosh.0]]'' and ''[[Chelsea Lately]]''.<ref name=zummallen/> In 2016, Free wrote on the HBO show ''[[Any Given Wednesday with Bill Simmons|Any Given Wednesday]]''. In 2017, Free was hired as a writer for ''[[Full Frontal with Samantha Bee]]''.

==Personal life==
In 2011, Free [[Coming out|came out]] as [[bisexual]], one of the few [[Division I (NCAA)|Division I]] college basketball players who have come out.<ref name=zummallen/><ref>{{cite news|last=Zeigler|first=Cyd|title=Former Long Beach State baller is bisexual|date=January 25, 2011|work=OutSports.com|url=http://www.outsports.com/2011/1/25/4050856/former-long-beach-state-baller-is-bisexual|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6MO4USJVB|archivedate=January 4, 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of LGBT sportspeople]]
*[[List of The Daily Show writers|List of ''The Daily Show'' writers]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{EmmyAward ComedyVarietyMusicWriting 2010s}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Free, Travon}}
[[Category:American male actors]]
[[Category:American stand-up comedians]]
[[Category:American television writers]]
[[Category:LGBT basketball players]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Long Beach State 49ers men's basketball players]]
[[Category:Male television writers]]
[[Category:People from Compton, California]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century American comedians]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from California]]
[[Category:Comedians from California]]

Sherif Gaber

2018-10-22T14:57:48Z

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{{Orphan|date=July 2015}}
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{{Infobox person
| name = Sherif Gaber
| image =
| image_size = 265px
| alt =
| caption = Sherif Gaber in the role of narrator in his video "The Story of Religions" (2017).
| birth_name = Sherif Gaber Abdelazim Bakr
| birth_date = {{circa}} {{Birth based on age as of date|25|2018|05|07}}<ref name="HuffPost Maroc">{{Cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/2018/05/07/le-blogueur-sherif-gaber-arrete-en-egypte-pour-apologie-de-latheisme_a_23428637/ |title=Le blogueur Sherif Gaber arrêté en Égypte pour "apologie de l'athéisme" |author=HuffPost Maroc |work=Huffington Post |date=7 May 2018 |accessdate=24 August 2018 |language=fr}}</ref>
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for = Being arrested for atheist activism
| notable_works =
}}
'''Sherif Gaber''' (full name: [[Egyptian Arabic]]: ''Sherif Gaber Abdelazim Bakr''; شريف جابر عبد العظيم بكر)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/346690|title=القبض على خاروق جامعي يدعو إلى الإلحاد في العريش|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|accessdate=September 18, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417053102/http://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/346690|archivedate=April 17, 2015}}</ref> {{IPA-arz|ʃɪˈɾiːf ˈɡæːbeɾ ʕæbdelʕɑˈzˤiːm bɑkɾ|pron}}) born c. 1993, is an [[Egypt]]ian political activist and blogger who was arrested on October 27, 2013 for professing [[atheism]], contempt of religion relating to activities on campus and atheist statements online.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/02/19/sherif-gaber-sentenced_n_6714770.html |title=Sherif Gaber, Egyptian Student, Sentenced To Prison For Atheist Facebook Posts |publisher=Huffingtonpost.com |date=2015-02-19 |accessdate=2015-03-03}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Gaber has been making satirical videos that [[criticism of religion|criticise religions]] for years. With titles such as "Does God exist?", "Evolution and religion are incompatible" and "Criticising religion is a human right", his videos brought him into legal troubles. The [[Blasphemy law in Egypt|Egyptian law against blasphemy]], Article 98(f) of the Penal Code, was eventually used to justify his arrest.<ref name="HuffPost Maroc"/>

=== Arrest and court case ===
At 3:00 a.m. on October 27, 2013, three armored state security cars and an army vehicle arrived at Gaber's house. A number of state security agents entered his apartment, conducted a search, and confiscated all of his property, including but not limited to his school papers and documents, books, his PC, mobile phone, and his money. After that they threw him in the car and took him to jail.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.albersaber.com/2013/11/sherif-gaber-2.html |title=Full details in the case of Sharif Jaber - التفاصل الكاملة في قضية شريف جابر | ALBER SABER ألبير صابر |publisher=Albersaber.com |date= |accessdate=2015-03-03}}</ref>

On December 3, 2013, the court agreed to release Gaber after paying 7500 LE (2500 for the "Contempt of Religion" charge and 5000 for "spreading immoral values and abnormal thoughts that provoke and disturb the public peace and the national security of Egypt.") He was released the next day, but his case was ongoing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://afteegypt.org/academic_freedom/2014/04/27/7489-afteegypt.html |title=جنح ثالث الإسماعيلية تؤجل نظر قضية الطالب "شريف جابر" المتهم بازدراء الأديان لجلسة 8 يونيو | مؤسسة حرية الفكر والتعبير |publisher=Afteegypt.org |date=2014-04-27 |accessdate=2015-03-03}}</ref>

On February 16, 2015 Gaber was found guilty and sentenced to one year in jail. He was allowed to appeal if he paid 1,000 LE,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shorouknews.com/mobile/news/view.aspx?cdate=18022015&id=35324542-6525-462c-93f9-c3fadea86cb1 |title=الحبس سنة لطالب جامعي ملحد لإدانته بازدراء الإسلام على "فيس بوك" :: بوابة الشروق :: نسخة الموبايل |publisher=Shorouknews.com |date= |accessdate=2015-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://afteegypt.org/digital_freedoms/2015/02/18/9486-afteegypt.html |title=حكم جديد يجرم الحق في حرية التعبير .. حبس الطالب شريف جابر سنة وكفالة ألف جنيه للتعبير عن رأيه | مؤسسة حرية الفكر والتعبير |publisher=Afteegypt.org |date=2015-02-18 |accessdate=2015-03-03}}</ref> but instead Gaber went into hiding.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/i-live-face-things-not-run-them-political-repression-and-asylum-egypt-1565425661|title=‘I live to face things, not run from them’: Political repression and asylum in Egypt|last=Nader|first=Emir|date=30 May 2015|publisher=[[Middle East Eye]]|accessdate=18 September 2015}}</ref>

=== Hiding and re-arrest ===
Gaber's whereabouts were unknown, but in July 2015 the blog ''Patheos'' reported that Gaber had been releasing pro-science and pro-human rights videos on YouTube.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.patheos.com/blogs/friendlyatheist/2015/07/15/egyptian-atheist-sentenced-to-prison-but-hiding-from-police-is-now-releasing-pro-science-youtube-videos/|accessdate=17 September 2015|first=Hemant|last=Mehta|title=Egyptian Atheist, Sentenced to Prison but Hiding from Police, is Now Releasing Pro-Science YouTube Videos|date=15 July 2015}}</ref>

On March 31, 2018 Gaber published a tweet about an imminent arrest, call for calm among his supporters and claimed he would "keep making videos when i get out.. i'll write the scripts in prison." <ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Mr_SherifGaber/status/980189390482927617|title='some muslim lawyers reported me to the attorney general because of my videos'|date=31 March 2018|publisher=[[twitter]]|accessdate=31 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="HuffPost Maroc"/>

On Saturday May 5, 2018, Gaber was arrested once again and imprisoned.<ref name="HuffPost Maroc"/> Several media associated his arrest with a large number of arrests around the time of the [[Egyptian presidential election, 2018|March 2018 reelection of president El-Sisi]] (generally regarded as "farcical" as the elections were not free and fair), including a fellow satirical video maker named Shady Abuzaid (or Shadi Abuzeid) a week after Gaber.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/06/egypt-sisi-sworn-term-office-180602100504726.html |title=Egypt's Sisi sworn in for second term in office |author= |work=Aljazeera English |date=2 June 2018 |accessdate=24 August 2018}}</ref>

On October 1, 2018, Gaber tweeted saying that his passport was confiscated at an Egyptian airport, and that he was banned from leaving the country. He also said that there were two "different ongoing blasphemy charges" against him, and that he couldn't share more details.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://twitter.com/Mr_SherifGaber/status/1046781807734210561 |title=Sherif Gaber's tweet |author=@Mr_SherifGaber |date=1 October 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/SherifGaberOfficial Gaber's YouTube channel]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaber, Sherif}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Political activism]]
[[Category:Egyptian activists]]
[[Category:Egyptian atheists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Egyptian YouTubers]]

Luo Yunxi

2018-10-09T22:00:53Z

XLinkBot: BOT--Reverting link addition(s) by AnelynLv to revision 863287898 (www.facebook.com/luoyunxi/ [\bfacebook\.com])

{{Infobox Chinese-language singer and actor
| name = Luo Yunxi
| image =
| caption =
| gender = male
| tradchinesename =
| simpchinesename = 罗云熙
| pinyinchinesename =
| birth_name = Luo Yi (罗弋)
| ancestry =
| origin =
| ethnicity = [[Han Chinese|Han]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1988|7|28}}
| birth_place = [[Chengdu]], China
| othername = Leo
| occupation = Actor, Singer
| instrument =
| voicetype =
| agent = Lafeng Entertainment
| label = Wonderful Music<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/y/yneidi/2015-07-29/doc-ifxfhxmp9745043.shtml|title=罗云熙签约美妙音乐音乐之路全新起航|date=July 29, 2018|website=Sina|language=zh}}</ref>
| yearsactive = 2010–present
| currentmembers =
| pastmembers =
| associatedact =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| influences =
| influenced =
| website =
|alma_mater = [[Shanghai Theater Academy]]
}}

'''Luo Yunxi''' ({{zh|s=罗云熙}}, born 28 July 1988), also known by his English name '''Leo''', is a Chinese actor and singer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/photo/2016-07/31/c_135552205_2.htm|title=Chinese actor Luo Yunxi releases fashion shots on birthday|date=July 31, 2016|website=Xinhua News Agency}}</ref> He graduated from the [[Shanghai Theater Academy]], majoring in ballet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/s/2014-09-15/11054208691.shtml|title=候选人资料：娱乐圈宝贝计划--罗云熙|date=September 15, 2014|website=Sina|language=zh}}</ref>

Luo gained popularity with his role as the younger counterpart of the male protagonist He Yichen in the hit romance drama ''[[My Sunshine]]''. He achieved breakthrough with the xianxia romance drama ''[[Ashes of Love]]'', where his role as a morally ambiguous antagonist received predominantly positive reviews and popularity.

==Early life and education==
Luo was born and raised in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China. When Luo was three years old, Luo’s father, who was a dance teacher, discovered Luo’s talent and started to teach Luo dancing. Luo had been trained professional ballet for 11 years. In 2005, Luo was admitted to the Shanghai Theater Academy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://new.qq.com/omn/20180914/20180914A1UWVC.html|title=罗云熙谈三岁就喜欢跳舞，因胡歌选择上戏却“完美错过”|date=Oct 8, 2018|website=Tencent|language=zh}}</ref> In 2008, Luo and his college classmates participated in the sixth Lotus Award National College Dance Competition in China and performed the group ballet dance “Tchaikovsky Rhapsody”. As a part of the competition, Luo also performed a single impromptu solo “The Burning Flame”. The “Tchaikovsky Rhapsody” group ballet dance received the golden medal of the competition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sohu.com/20081006/n259859741.shtml|title=第六届中国舞蹈荷花奖校园舞蹈大赛落幕|date=October 8, 2018|website=Sohu|language=zh}}</ref>

After Luo graduated, he worked as an instructor at Macau Conservatory, School of Dance. During his time in Macau, he participated in stage performance of the contemporary ballet “Flying to the Moon” and served as one of the lead dancers. The dancing drama was selected to be performed on the “Celebration of 10th Anniversary of Macau’s transfer of sovereignty: Series of Artistic Performances” in 2009. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icm.gov.mo/en/News/detail/8632|title=“Flying to the Moon” by the Macao Youth Dance Troupe premiers on October 7|date=October 8, 2018|website=Cultural Affairs Bureau Macau|language=en}}</ref>

==Biography==
===2010–2013: Singing and acting debut===
In 2010, Luo debuted as part of the three-member boy group JBOY3 with the single "Promise of Love".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/y/2011-01-07/16173201101.shtml|title=J3新年迎头彩《爱的契约书》空降电台|date=November 7, 2018|website=Sina|language=zh}}</ref> The group released its second single “Gravity” on March 23, 2011,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/y/2011-03-22/14113260670.shtml|title=J3组合献声《万有引力》同名主题曲首播(附图)|website=Sina|date=March 22, 2011|language=zh}}</ref> and the third single ”Walking Emoji” on July 26, 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://music.yule.sohu.com/20110615/n310245966.shtml|title=表情帝夜袭北京助阵MV “誓死”参演J3反转剧|website=Sohu|date=June 15, 2011|language=zh}}</ref> JBOY3 disbanded in 2012.

Luo then teamed up with one of the members Fu Longfei to form a duo named Double JL (双孖JL), and they released the single "JL" in April 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.163.com/12/0427/12/803N2BJE00031H0O.html|title=男子组合双孖JL同名主打歌《JL》首播|date=April 27, 2012|website=Netease|language=zh}}</ref> and the second single MV “Us” in August 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ent.163.com/12/0817/10/893PE6F700031H0O.html|title=双孖JL拍《我们》MV颠覆形象演绎另类校园故事|last=|website=Netease|date=August 17, 2012|language=zh}}</ref> As a group, Double JL participated in various activities; including auditioning for the singing reality competition show ''[[Asian Wave]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kankanews.com/a/2012-07-26/0011344828.shtml|title=20120725《声动亚洲》：双孖JL晋级|last=|first=|date=July 2, 2012|language=zh|website=Kankan News|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> and hosting an internet variety show ''Music ShowShowShow'' from December 2012 to March 2013. They also participated in a few television gala events, such as 2013 Sichuan TV New Year Gala Concert and Shanghai Dragon TV New Year Gala Concert.
Double JL disbanded in 2013.

Luo made his acting debut in 2012, when he was cast in the romance film ''The Spring of My Life'' opposite [[Tan Songyun]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.cntv.cn/2015/11/26/ARTI1448500893183236.shtml|title=《最美的时候遇见你》罗云熙定义"国民男友"新标准|date=November 26, 2015|website=CCTV|language=zh}}</ref> The film was released in theaters in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/m/c/2015-10-16/doc-ifxivsch3637150.shtml|title=《最美的时候》定档11.20 定档海报现头吻|date=October 16, 2015|website=Sina|language=zh}}</ref> In 2013, he was cast in his first drama ''Flip in Summer'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.huanqiu.com/yuleyaowen/2013-10/4463554.html|title=《花样跳水少年》热拍罗云熙苦练跳水险毁容|date=October 18, 2013|website=Global Times|language=zh}}</ref> which was broadcast in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ent.163.com/18/0730/12/DNVCSIN700038793.html|title=偶像剧《夏日心跳》播出在即迎“清凉体验”|last=|website=Netease|date=July 30, 2018|language=zh}}</ref>

===2014–2017: Solo activities and Rising popularity===
In 2014, Luo starred in the science fiction campus web drama ''Hello Aliens''.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://yule.sohu.com/20140704/n401775342.shtml|title=《你好外星人》今日开播罗云熙领衔花美男盛宴|date=July 4, 2014|website=Sohu|language=zh}}</ref> The same year, he signed a contract with the agency [[:zh:拉风娱乐|Lafeng Entertainment]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/s/m/2014-05-16/10034142685.shtml|title=罗云熙进军影视正式签约拉风传媒|date=May 16, 2014|website=Sina|language=zh}}</ref>

Luo became known to audiences with his role as the younger counterpart of the male protagonist He Yichen (played by [[Wallace Chung]]) in the hit romance drama ''[[My Sunshine]]'' (2015).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/v/m/2015-01-29/doc-icczmvun5540704.shtml|title=《何以》收官小以琛罗云熙获封国民学长|date=January 9, 2015|website=Sina|language=zh}}</ref> Following the airing of the drama, Luo experienced a significant rise in popularity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/v/m/2015-01-28/doc-ichmifpx5892289.shtml|title=《何以》少年何以琛罗云熙新晋人气偶像|date=January 28, 2015|website=Sina|language=zh}}</ref> The same year, he released his first solo single "Endless Summer".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/y/yneidi/2015-03-16/doc-ichmifpy0474342.shtml|title=罗云熙单曲《夏未央》首发为爱发声|date=March 16, 2015|website=Sina|language=zh}}</ref>

Luo then starred in several television series, most notably in historical fantasy drama ''Fox in the Screen'' as a fox demon in love with a human,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.qq.com/a/20160720/035976.htm#p=1|title=原创季播剧《屏里狐》开机罗云熙上演人狐虐恋|date=July 20, 2016|website=Tencent|language=zh}}</ref> in fantasy romance drama ''[[A Life Time Love]]'' where he played one half of a pair of devoted lovers with ''My Sunshine'' co-star [[Janice Wu]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/v/m/2017-06-13/doc-ifyfzfyz3813519.shtml|title=《上古情歌》罗云熙深情上线与吴倩组CP期待满满|date=June 13, 2017|website=Sina|language=zh}}</ref> and as a devoted doctor in the medical drama ''Children's Hospital Pediatrician''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.163.com/17/0124/15/CBI9I53600038793.html|title=罗云熙出演《儿科医生》从法医到儿科医生忙不停|date=January 24, 2017|website=Netease|language=zh}}</ref>

Luo played the protagonist Qin Ming in the crime suspense drama ''Voice of the Dead'', an adaption of one of the books in the ''Medical Examiner Dr. Qin'' novel series. Filmed in 2016, the series is set to premiere on Tencent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hb.people.com.cn/n2/2016/0902/c192237-28940457.html|title=罗云熙《尸语者》开机饰演法医成破案利器|date=September 2, 2016|website=People's Daily|language=zh}}</ref> He also voiced the role of Flame in the animated film ''Dragon Force'', which was released in September 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/m/c/2017-09-25/doc-ifymfcih4604424.shtml|title=罗云熙《钢铁飞龙》首映礼首次配音展声音魅力|date=September 25, 2018|website=Sina|language=zh}}</ref>

===2018–present: Breakthrough===
In April 2018, Luo released his first solo album ''Love Yourself'' which consisted of ten songs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.ifeng.com/a/20180428/43045577_0.shtml|title=罗云熙首张专辑《12人生》荧幕上演别人音乐里做自己|date=April 28, 2018|website=ifeng|language=zh}}</ref>

In August 2018, Luo starred in the hit xianxia romance drama ''[[Ashes of Love (TV series)|Ashes of Love]]'' as the second male lead.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/v/m/2017-06-16/doc-ifyhfnqa4370715.shtml|title=罗云熙《香蜜》出演夜神润玉称终于"情场失意"|website=Sina|date=June 16, 2017|language=zh}}</ref> The drama topped television ratings and was one of the most watched dramas online,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.163.com/18/0809/15/DOPCOK2800038793.html|title=《香蜜》收视率稳居榜首！罗云熙《白发王妃》杀青引期待|date=August 9, 2018|website=Netease|language=zh}}</ref> and Luo's portrayal of a morally ambiguous antagonist received praise from the audience and led to increased recognition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fun.youth.cn/gnzx/201808/t20180828_11711326.htm|title=《香蜜》温润夜神化身腹黑天帝罗云熙演技获赞|date=August 28, 2018|website=Youth.cn|language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.people.com.cn/n1/2018/0828/c40606-30254540.html|title="润玉"罗云熙否认抢戏：每个人有自己的命运|date=August 28, 2018|website=People's Daily|language=zh}}</ref>

Luo is set to star in the historical romance drama ''Princess Silver''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.163.com/18/0905/12/DQUKABP400038793.html|title=罗云熙《香蜜》演技获赞新剧《白发王妃》引期待|date=September 5, 2018|website=Netease|language=zh}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! English title !! Chinese title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2015 || ''The Spring of My Life'' || 最美的时候遇见你 || Guo Yang ||
|-
| 2017 || ''Dragon Force'' || 钢铁飞龙 || Chi Yan || Voice actor
|}

===Television series===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! English title !! Chinese title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2014 || ''Hello Aliens'' || 你好外星人 || Guo Xin ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[My Sunshine]]'' || 何以笙箫默 || He Yichen (younger) ||
|-
| rowspan=3|2016 || ''The Love of Happiness'' || 因为爱情有幸福 || Su Lekai ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.163.com/16/0406/14/BJVMSVHC000333J5.html|title=《因为爱情有幸福》收官罗云熙演绎学渣逆袭|date=April 6, 2016|website=Netease|language=zh}}</ref>
|-
| ''Ultimate Ranger'' || 终极游侠 || Ju Heng ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.ifeng.com/a/20160118/42564307_0.shtml|title=芒果TV《终极游侠》开机罗云熙演绝世高手|date=January 8, 2016|website=ifeng|language=zh}}</ref>
|-
| ''Fox in the Screen'' || 屏里狐 || Yu Yan ||
|-
| rowspan=2|2017 || ''[[A Life Time Love]]'' || 上古情歌 || Xuanyang Zhiruo ||
|-
| ''Children's Hospital Pediatrician'' || 儿科医生 || Shen He ||
|-
| rowspan=2|2018 || ''[[Ashes of Love (TV series)|Ashes of Love]]'' || 香蜜沉沉烬如霜 || Runyu ||
|-
| ''Flip in Summer'' || 夏日心跳 || Xiaoshen ||
|-
| rowspan=3|TBA || ''Guys with Kids'' || 奶爸当家 || Yu Bo ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://yule.sohu.com/20150417/n411430230.shtml|title=罗云熙《奶爸当家》热拍骑哈雷上演速度与激情|date=April 7, 2018|website=Sohu|language=zh}}</ref>
|-
| ''Voice of the Dead'' || 尸语者 || Qin Ming ||
|-
| ''Princess Silver'' || 白发王妃 || Rong Qi ||
|}

==Discography==
===Albums===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! English title !! Chinese title !! Notes
|-
| 2018 || ''Love Yourself'' || 12人生 ||
|}

===Singles===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! English title !! Chinese title !! Album !! Notes
|-
| 2015 || "Endless Summer" || 夏未央 || ||
|-
| 2016 || "Fox in the Screen" || 屏里狐 || ''Fox in the Screen OST'' ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.qq.com/a/20161124/015069.htm|title=尽显温柔本色罗云熙献唱《屏里狐》主题曲|date=November 24, 2016|website=Tencent|language=zh}}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || "It's Not Me" || 不是我 || ''Love Yourself'' || Title track
|}

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !!Nominated work!! Ref.
|-
| 2003 || Seventh Taoli Cup Dance Competition in China || Final Round || rowspan=4 {{NA}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wudaoku.com/news/dasai/201203/1097.html|title=第七届桃李杯舞蹈比赛总目录|date=March 2012|website=WuDaoKu|language=zh}}</ref>
|-
| 2008 || Sixth Lotus Award National College Dance Competition in China || Gold Medal
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sohu.com/20081006/n259859741.shtml|title=第六届中国舞蹈荷花奖校园舞蹈大赛落幕|date=Oct 6, 2008|website=Sohu|language=zh}}</ref>
|-
| 2008 || Professional Dance Competition in Six Provinces and One City in East China || Winning Prize
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cflac.org.cn/ysb/2008-05/23/content_13345883.htm|title=华东六省一市专业舞蹈比赛圆满落幕|date=May 23, 2008|website=Chinese Art Newspaper|language=zh}}</ref>
|-
| 2017 || The Mobile Video Festival 2017 || Annual Charity Star Role Model
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wemedia.ifeng.com/47888155/wemedia.shtml|title=罗云熙出席2017移动视频风云盛典荣获“年度公益星榜样”|date=February 4, 2018|website=ifeng|language=zh}}</ref>
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Luo, Yunxi}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chengdu]]
[[Category:Singers from Sichuan]]
[[Category:Shanghai Theatre Academy alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Chinese male actors]]
[[Category:Chinese male television actors]]

Neo-Feudalismus

2018-10-07T18:53:53Z

XLinkBot: BOT--Reverting link addition(s) by 87.223.255.157 to revision 858524759 (twitter.com/QVEF [\btwitter\.com\b])

{{distinguish|Refeudalization}}
'''Neo-feudalism''' or '''new feudalism''' refers to a theorized contemporary rebirth of policies of [[governance]], [[economy]], and public life reminiscent of those present in many [[feudalism|feudal]] societies, such as unequal rights and legal protections for common people and for nobility.<ref name=Huggins />

The concept of "neofeudalism" may focus on economics. Among the issues claimed to be associated with the idea of neofeudalism in contemporary society are [[class stratification]], [[globalization]], mass immigration/illegal immigration, [[open border]]s policies, [[multinational corporation]]s, and "[[corporatism|neo-corporatism]]".<ref>'''Thom Hartmann''', "[http://www.commondreams.org/views/2002/11/06/time-remove-bananas-and-return-our-republic-democracy Time to Remove the Bananas...and Return Our Republic to Democracy]", ''CommonDreams.org'', 6 November 2002</ref>

==Use and etymology==
The term originated as a criticism of the left; an early example being the essay ''[[John Kenneth Galbraith|Galbraith's]] Neo-Feudalism''<ref>[[George Reisman]] ''Human Events'', February 1961 [http://www.mises.org/web/2793]</ref> published in 1961. The term is still used by some on the right in that sense in the twenty-first century:

<blockquote>Although he would later become a naturalized American citizen, Soros remains in social outlook very much a European and believer in the paternalistic neo-feudalism euphemistically called "[[democratic socialism]]" or "[[social democracy]]."<ref>'''Lowell Ponte''' "[http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=15491 George Soros: Billionaire for the Left]" ''Front Page Magazine'', November 13, 2003</ref></blockquote>

In 1992 [[Immanuel Wallerstein]] has made his view on global development of the world, which has neo-feudalism among three other variants, which meant [[autarky]] regions with local hierarchy and hi-tech goods available only for elite.<ref>Wallerstein I. Capitalist civilization. -Binghampton (N.Y.), 1992. {{cite journal |author= Malinovsky P. V. |year= 2001|title= Globalisation as a Civilization Shaping Process|url= http://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=9952491|journal=Russia and the modern world (Россия и современный мир)|publisher=ИНИОН РАН|volume= |issue= 2 |pages= 7 (5–30) |issn=1726-5223 }}</ref>

==Privatized governance==
According to Les Johnston, Clifford Shearing's theoretical approach of neofeudalism has been influential.<ref name=Johnston1999>{{cite journal |last1=Johnston |first1=Les |year=1999 |doi=10.1023/A:1008753326991 |title=Private Policing in Context |journal=European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=175–196}}</ref> Shearing "use[s] this term in a limited sense to draw attention to the emergence of domains of mass private property that are ‘gated’ in a variety of ways".<ref name=Shearing2001>{{cite journal |last1=Shearing |first1=Clifford |year=2001 |title=Punishment and the Changing Face of the Governance |journal= Punishment & Society |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages= 203–220 |doi= 10.1177/1462474501003002001}}</ref><ref name=Shearing1983>{{cite journal |last1=Shearing |first1=Clifford D. |year=1983 |title=Private Security: Implications for Social Control |journal=[[Social Problems]] |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=493–506 |url=http://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=89492 |issn=0037-7791 |doi=10.1525/sp.1983.30.5.03a00020}}</ref><ref name=Shearing2001

Lucia Zedner responds that this use of neo-feudalism is ''too'' limited in scope; Shearing's comparison does not draw parallels with earlier governance explicitly enough. Zedner prefers more definitive endorsements.<ref name=Zedner2006>{{cite journal |last1=Zedner |first1=Lucia |authorlink=Lucia Zedner |year=2006 |title=Policing Before and After the Police: The Historical Antecedents of Contemporary Crime Control |doi=10.1093/bjc/azi043 |journal=The British Journal of Criminology |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=78–96}}</ref>

Neofeudalism entails an order defined by commercial interests and administered in large areas, according to Bruce Baker, who argues that this does not fully describe the extent of cooperation between state and non-state policing.<ref name=Baker2004>{{cite journal |last1=Baker |first1=Bruce |year=2004 |title=Protection from crime: what is on offer for Africans? |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=165–188 |doi=10.1080/cjca0258900042000230005 |url=http://www.ssrnetwork.net/uploaded_files/3606.pdf |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317005318/http://www.ssrnetwork.net/uploaded_files/3606.pdf |archivedate=2012-03-17 |df= }}</ref> The significance of the comparison to feudalism, for Randy Lippert and Daniel O'Connor, is that corporations have power similar to states' governance powers.<ref name=Lippert2006>{{cite journal |last1=Lippert |first1=Randy |authorlink1=Randy K. Lippert |last2=O'Connor |first2=Daniel |year=2006 |doi=10.1080/10439460500399445 |title=Security Intelligence Networks and the Transformation of Contract Private Security |journal=Policing & Society |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=50–66}}</ref>

The widening of the wealth gap, as poor and marginalized people are excluded from the state's provision of security, can result in neofeudalism, argues Marina Caparini, who says this has already happened in [[South Africa]].<ref name=Caparini2006>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Caparini |first=Marina |editor-first=Alan |editor-last=Bryden |editor2-first=Marina |editor2-last=Caparini |encyclopedia=Private Actors and Security Governance |title=Applying a Security Governance Perspective to the Privatisation of Security |url=http://kms1.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/96894/ichaptersection_singledocument/D52C839B-6A34-48DD-98E1-BE33926FCE17/en/chapter14.pdf |year=2006 |publisher=LIT Verlag |isbn=3-8258-9840-7 |pages=263–282 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319221311/http://kms1.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/96894/ichaptersection_singledocument/D52C839B-6A34-48DD-98E1-BE33926FCE17/en/chapter14.pdf |archivedate=2012-03-19 |df= }}</ref> Neofeudalism is made possible by the [[commodification]] of policing, and signifies the end of shared citizenship, says Ian Loader.<ref name=Loader1999>{{cite journal |last1=Loader |first1=Ian |year=1999 |doi=10.1177/S003803859900022X |title=Consumer Culture and the Commodification of Policing and Security |journal=Sociology |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=373–392}}</ref> A primary characteristic of neofeudalism is that individuals' public lives are increasingly governed by business corporations, as Martha K. Huggins finds.<ref name=Huggins>{{cite journal |last1=Huggins |first1=Martha K. |year=2000 |title=Urban Violence and Police Privatization in Brazil: Blended Invisibility |journal=Social Justice |volume=27 |issue=2 |url=http://intranet.ukzn.ac.za/geog/ugrad/level3/hc_sust_cities/readings/8_URBAN%20VULNERABILITIES/Huggins,%20M.K.%202000.doc |issn=1043-1578 }}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Seattle-based technology billionaire [[Nick Hanauer]] has stated that "our country is rapidly becoming less a capitalist society and more a feudal society".<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/06/the-pitchforks-are-coming-for-us-plutocrats-108014.html|title=The Pitchforks Are Coming… For Us Plutocrats|author=Nick Hanauer|publisher=Politico Magazine|date=July 2014}}</ref>

John Braithwaite notes that neofeudalism brings a different approach to governance, since business corporations in particular have this specialized need for loss reduction.<ref name=Braithwaite2000>{{cite journal |last1=Braithwaite |first1=John |author1-link=John Braithwaite (criminologist) |year=2000 |doi=10.1093/bjc/40.2.222 |url=http://www.anu.edu.au/fellows/jbraithwaite/_documents/Articles/New_Regulatory_2000.pdf |title=The New Regulatory State and the Transformation of Criminology |journal=The British Journal of Criminology |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=222–238}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
* [[Frank Herbert]]'s ''[[Dune (franchise)|Dune]]'' series of novels is set in the distant future with a neofeudalistic galactic empire known as the Imperium after the [[Butlerian Jihad]] which prohibits all kinds of thinking machine technology, even its simpler forms.<ref>{{Citation
| last1 = Erman
| first1 = Eva
| last2 = Möller
| first2 = Niklas
| editor-last = Nicholas
| editor-first = Jeffery
| title = Dune and Philosophy: Weirding Way of the Mentat
| publisher = Open Court
| series = Popular Culture and Philosophy Series
| volume = 56
| date = August 2013
| chapter = What's Wrong with Politics in the Duniverse?
| chapterurl = https://books.google.com/books?id=AmflF2QmEyQC&pg=PA61#v=onepage&q&f=false
| page = 66
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AmflF2QmEyQC
| isbn = 0812697278
}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[New medievalism]]
* [[Neo-tribalism]]
* [[Refeudalization]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://bizshifts-trends.com/2014/08/13/mutation-medieval-feudalism-modern-business-capitalism-rise-neofeudalism-corporate-governance/ Mutation of Medieval Feudalism Into Modern Corporate Capitalism: The Rise of Neofeudalism in Corporate Governance]
{{wikiquote}}

[[Category:Feudalism]]
[[Category:Political theories]]
[[Category:Social theories]]
[[Category:Economic systems]]
[[Category:Criminology]]

Titanfall 2

2018-09-25T18:40:44Z

XLinkBot: BOT--Reverting link addition(s) by Roxy111171 to revision 860757810 (titanfall.wikia.com/wiki/Interstellar_Manufacturing_Corporation [\bwikia\.com\b])

{{good article}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2015}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox video game
| title = Titanfall 2
| image = Titanfall 2 box art.jpeg
| caption = Cover art showing protagonist Jack Cooper and his Titan BT-7274
| developer = [[Respawn Entertainment]]
| publisher = [[Electronic Arts]]
| director = Steve Fukuda
| producer = Drew McCoy
| designer = {{ubl|Todd Alderman |Mackey McCandlish}}
| programmer = Richard A. Baker
| artist = Joel Emslie
| writer = {{ubl|Steve Fukuda |Manny Hagopian |Jesse Stern}}
| composer = [[Stephen Barton]]
| engine = [[Source (game engine)|Source]]
| platforms = {{ubl|[[Microsoft Windows]]|[[PlayStation 4]]|[[Xbox One]]}}
| released = October 28, 2016
| genre = [[First-person shooter]]
| modes = [[Single-player video game|Single-player]], [[Multiplayer video game|multiplayer]]
}}

'''''Titanfall 2''''' is a [[first-person shooter]] [[video game]], developed by [[Respawn Entertainment]] and published by [[Electronic Arts]]. A sequel to 2014's ''[[Titanfall]]'', the game was released worldwide on October 28, 2016 for [[Microsoft Windows]], [[PlayStation 4]] and [[Xbox One]]. In ''Titanfall 2'', players control Titans, [[mecha]]-style exoskeletons and their pilots, who are agile and equipped with a variety of skills ranging from wall-running to [[cloaking]]. Set in a [[science fiction]] universe, the single-player campaign follows the story of Jack Cooper, a [[rifleman]] from Frontier Militia, who bonds with his Titan BT-7274 after an accident. Together, they embark on a quest to stop the Interstellar Manufacturing Corporation (IMC) from launching a [[superweapon]].

The game's development began in mid-2014, and the title had a two-year development cycle. The decision to add a single-player campaign to the game came about because the team wanted to expand the game's player base. They came up with different ideas and prototypes, and integrated them to form a single coherent campaign. ''[[Gargantia on the Verdurous Planet]]'' and [[buddy cop film]]s, as well as the video game ''[[Half-Life (series)|Half-Life]]'' inspired the game's campaign and narrative. The team also overhauled the progression system and made subtle changes to the multiplayer to make the game fairer to players. [[Valve Corporation]]'s [[Source (engine)|Source]] engine powers the game. [[Stephen Barton]] returned to compose the game's music.

Upon release, the game received critical acclaim. The single-player campaign was praised for its design and execution, and the multiplayer modes for building on the foundation of the original game. Despite the positive reception, ''Titanfall 2'' underperformed commercially, with most attributing its underwhelming performance to it going on sale in a crowded release window. It was nominated for multiple year-end accolades including [[List of Game of the Year awards|Game of the Year]] and Best Shooter awards, by several [[Video game journalism|gaming publications]]. Respawn continued to support the game after its release, providing several updates and free [[downloadable content]].

==Gameplay==
[[File:Titanfall 2 gameplay screenshot.png|thumb|left|256px|In this gameplay screenshot, the player attaches the player character to a Titan using a [[grappling hook]].]]
Similar to its predecessor, ''Titanfall 2'' is a [[first-person shooter]] game where players can control both a pilot and their Titans—mecha-style exoskeletons. The pilot has an large variety of abilities that enhance their efficiency during combat. These include [[cloaking device|cloaking]], [[Grappling hook|grappling]], and [[parkour]]—such as double-jumping and wall-running—with the aid of a [[jetpack|jump kit]].<ref name="PolyPre">{{cite web|url=http://www.polygon.com/2016/8/11/12439628/titanfall-2-single-player-campaign-revealed|title=Titanfall 2: First single-player campaign details|first=Michael|last=McWhertor|work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|date=August 11, 2016|accessdate=August 12, 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812003524/http://www.polygon.com/2016/8/11/12439628/titanfall-2-single-player-campaign-revealed|archivedate=August 12, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> These movements can be [[combo (gaming)|chained]] together to travel between locations quickly.<ref name="samediff">{{cite web|url=http://www.gameinformer.com/games/titanfall_2/b/playstation4/archive/2016/06/20/whats-the-same-whats-different-in-titanfall-2-multiplayer.aspx|title=What's the Same, What's Different in Titanfall 2 Multiplayer|first=Matt|last=Bertz|work=[[Game Informer]]|date=June 20, 2016|accessdate=June 12, 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623073011/http://www.gameinformer.com/games/titanfall_2/b/playstation4/archive/2016/06/20/whats-the-same-whats-different-in-titanfall-2-multiplayer.aspx|archivedate=June 23, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnet.com/news/titanfall-2/|title=Titanfall 2's grappling hook is unreal (hands-on)|first=Sean|last=Hollister|work=[[CNet]]|date=June 12, 2016|accessdate=August 12, 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817080321/http://www.cnet.com/news/titanfall-2/|archivedate=August 17, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The game introduces several new gameplay mechanics. These include: a movement system that allows players to [[Sliding (motion)|slide]] on the ground, the pulse blade (which is a [[throwing knife]] that reveals the location of any nearby enemy), the holo-pilot, (a holographic pilot that mimics players' action to confuse enemies), and a [[grappling hook]], which can be used to slingshot players to a building or an enemy it attaches to. The pilots have a large arsenal of gadgets and weapons, such as [[shotgun]]s, [[submachine gun]]s, [[pistol]]s and [[grenades]] to fight their enemies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcgamer.com/best-titanfall-2-guns/|title=The best guns in Titanfall 2|first=James|last=Busby|work=[[PC Gamer]]|date=January 16, 2017|accessdate=May 28, 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525003852/http://www.pcgamer.com/best-titanfall-2-guns/|archivedate=May 25, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> At close range, players can execute their opponents from behind with a [[Melee (gaming)|melee attack]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vg247.com/2016/06/20/heres-four-minutes-of-titanfall-2-gameplay/|title=Here's four minutes of Titanfall 2 gameplay|first=Sherif|last=Saed|work=[[VG247]]|date=June 20, 2016|accessdate=August 12, 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820025323/http://www.vg247.com/2016/06/20/heres-four-minutes-of-titanfall-2-gameplay/|archivedate=August 20, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

Titans are significantly less mobile than the pilots, but they have stronger firearms and armor. Replacing the three classes featured in the first ''Titanfall'', six Titans are introduced—Ion, Scorch, Northstar, Ronin, Tone and Legion. Ion uses a directed-energy arsenal. Scorch engages in combat using area-denial incendiary weaponry, Northstar excels in long-range precision attacks and setting traps, and is the only Titan with the ability to hover. Ronin specializes in close quarters combat, using a shotgun and a sword. Tone focuses on mid-range combat with its target locking weapons. Legion uses a minigun designed for defense and controlling combat zones.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/gallery/titanfall-2-every-single-titan-and-what-they-do/2900-959/4/|title=Titanfall 2: Every Single Titan and What They Do|first=Matt|last=Espineli|work=[[GameSpot]]|date=October 28, 2016|accessdate=May 28, 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010055348/https://www.gamespot.com/gallery/titanfall-2-every-single-titan-and-what-they-do/2900-959/4/|archivedate=October 10, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Finally, Monarch—added post-release via downloadable content (DLC)—is a Vanguard-class chassis that can steal power from other Titans to power up its own defensive shield.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.destructoid.com/monarch-s-reign-brings-another-titan-and-map-to-titanfall-2-today-438862.phtml|title=Monarch's Reign brings another Titan and map to Titanfall 2 today|first=Jordan|last=Devore|work=[[Destructoid]]|date=May 30, 2017|accessdate=June 29, 2018}}</ref> The Titans have their own move sets which are different from those of the pilots—for instance, they can dodge quickly to evade attacks.<ref name="tips"/>

===Single-player===
Unlike its predecessor, ''Titanfall 2'' has a single-player story campaign with gameplay split between commanding the Titan and controlling the pilot.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polygon.com/e3/2016/6/12/11913270/titanfall-2-interview-e3-2016|title=Titanfall 2 Brings Personality To Its Messive Mechs, And A Story For The Fans|first=Brian|last=Crecente|work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|date=June 12, 2016|accessdate=August 12, 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812183825/http://www.polygon.com/e3/2016/6/12/11913270/titanfall-2-interview-e3-2016|archivedate=August 12, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> It features a linear story, but levels offer players multiple paths to explore.<ref name="GSpotPre">{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/titanfall-2-single-player-campaign-revealed-shows-/1100-6442525/|title=Titanfall 2 Single-Player Campaign Revealed, Shows New Details|first=Mike|last=Mahardy|work=[[GameSpot]]|date=August 12, 2016|accessdate=August 12, 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813210215/http://www.gamespot.com/articles/titanfall-2-single-player-campaign-revealed-shows-/1100-6442525/|archivedate=August 13, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> For most parts of the game the Titan BT-7274 accompanies players. It can change its weapon loadouts under players' command to maximize its efficiency when combating different Titan variants. These loadouts are unlocked after players defeat an enemy [[boss (gaming)|boss]].<ref name="IGNRev"/> Players are allowed to use multiple ways to complete objectives and attack enemies, such as utilizing [[stealth game|stealth]], or using firearms provided in the game. [[Level (gaming)|Level]]s are large, and there are multiple paths for players to choose from to reach their destination.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/09/29/titanfall-2-campaign-hands-on-preview-the-first-3-hours-are-intense|title=Titanfall 2 Campaign Hand-On Preview: The First 3 Hours Are Intense|first=Brian|last=Albert|work=[[IGN]]|date=September 29, 2016|accessdate=May 27, 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806035343/http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/09/29/titanfall-2-campaign-hands-on-preview-the-first-3-hours-are-intense|archivedate=August 6, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The game also features [[platform game|platform]] elements, which task players to make use of Cooper's parkour abilities to solve environmental puzzles, and travel to previously inaccessible areas. Some weapons are level-specific and can only be used in certain regions.<ref name="PolyPre"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/08/11/titanfall-2-single-player-campaign-is-surprising|title=Titanfall 2 Single Player Is Surprising|first=Brandin|last=Tyrrel|work=[[IGN]]|date=August 11, 2016|accessdate=August 12, 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812204727/http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/08/11/titanfall-2-single-player-campaign-is-surprising|archivedate=August 12, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> There are also level-specific gameplay mechanics. For instance, in the "Effect and Cause" level, players are required to shift between modern times and the past with a temporal device.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kotaku.com/let-s-talk-about-titanfall-2-s-best-mission-1788777731|title=The Mission That Proved Titanfall 2 Was Something Special|first=Kirk|last=Hamilton|work=[[Kotaku]]|date=November 25, 2016|accessdate=May 28, 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615221529/http://kotaku.com/let-s-talk-about-titanfall-2-s-best-mission-1788777731|archivedate=June 15, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Players can also select dialogue options and talk to the Titan at certain points in the campaign.<ref name="EuroGPre">{{cite web|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2016-08-11-you-can-talk-to-the-titans-in-titanfall-2s-campaign|title=You can talk to the Titans in Titanfall 2's campaign|first=Martin|last=Robinson|work=[[Eurogamer]]|date=August 11, 2016|accessdate=August 12, 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811225443/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2016-08-11-you-can-talk-to-the-titans-in-titanfall-2s-campaign|archivedate=August 11, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The single-player also features a training gauntlet, which acts as a [[tutorial]] for players. The faster they complete the gauntlet, the higher their position will be on a [[Glossary of video game terms|leaderboard]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vg247.com/2016/11/03/watch-someone-clear-titanfall-2s-training-gauntlet-in-20-6-seconds/|title=Watch someone clear Titanfall 2’s training Gauntlet in 20.6 seconds|first=Sherif|last=Saed|work=[[VG 247]]|date=November 3, 2016|accessdate=April 26, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429025801/https://www.vg247.com/2016/11/03/watch-someone-clear-titanfall-2s-training-gauntlet-in-20-6-seconds/|archivedate=April 29, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

===Multiplayer===
The multiplayer mode introduces a Titan meter, which fills slowly when the player is playing the game. It fills faster when the player kills an opponent, inflicts damage on enemies, or completes certain objectives.<ref name="mashable"/><ref name="ignpre"/> When a certain percentage of the meter is filled, the player can summon a Titan, which descends from the sky.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://metro.co.uk/2016/06/20/titanfall-hands-on-preview-and-interview-its-very-different-to-anything-weve-done-in-the-past-5956319/|title=Titanfall 2 hands-on preview and interview – 'It's very different to anything we've done in the past'|work=[[Metro (magazine)|Metro]]|date=June 20, 2016|accessdate=August 12, 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817060711/http://metro.co.uk/2016/06/20/titanfall-hands-on-preview-and-interview-its-very-different-to-anything-weve-done-in-the-past-5956319/|archivedate=August 17, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> A Titan can crush opponents if it lands on one when summoned.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/06/13/e3-2016-titanfall-2-our-first-multiplayer-hands-on-is-fire|title=E3 2016: Titanfall 2: Our First Multiplayer Hand-On Is On Fire|first=Ryan|last=McCaffery|work=[[IGN]]|date=June 12, 2016|accessdate=May 28, 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901205208/http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/06/13/e3-2016-titanfall-2-our-first-multiplayer-hands-on-is-fire|archivedate=September 1, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> When the Titan meter is filled completely while in a Titan, the Titan can use their core ability, which inflicts a lot more damage than typical attacks.<ref name="tips"/> Pilot players can steal a Titan battery, causing damage to it. The battery can also be taken and implemented on a friendly Titan, recharging its shield and filling the Titan meter.<ref name="ignpre">{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/10/12/7-big-differences-between-titanfall-and-titanfall-2|title=7 Big Differences Between Titanfall and Titanfall 2|first=Miranda|last=Sanchez|work=[[IGN]]|date=October 12, 2016|accessdate=May 28, 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805145803/http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/10/12/7-big-differences-between-titanfall-and-titanfall-2|archivedate=August 5, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2016-10-21-be-advised-titanfall-2s-multiplayer-is-looking-amazing|title=Be advised: Titanfall 2's multiplayer runs much deeper than the original|first=Jon|last=Denton|work=[[Eurogamer]]|date=October 24, 2016|accessdate=May 28, 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610191100/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2016-10-21-be-advised-titanfall-2s-multiplayer-is-looking-amazing|archivedate=June 10, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Players can disembark from their Titan at any time. It will continue attacking nearby opponents under "follow mode", where the Titan follows the pilot as closely as it can. Players can also set it to "guard mode" and it will stay put.<ref name="tips">{{cite web|url=http://kotaku.com/tips-for-playing-titanfall-2-1788446358|title=Tips For Playing Titanfall 2|first=Heather|last=Alexandra|work=[[Kotaku]]|date=November 1, 2016|accessdate=May 28, 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607000957/http://kotaku.com/tips-for-playing-titanfall-2-1788446358|archivedate=June 7, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

Players earn "merits" based on their performance in a multiplayer match whether their team wins or loses. Merits are [[experience (gaming)|experience points]] through participating in the match or getting access to unlocks. Players need to accumulate merits to level up, which unlocks additional weapons, abilities and more. There are also other ways to earn merits, like surviving the evacuation phase when the players' team loses a match. Players can also earn Credits, a form of currency used to buy weapons, boosts, Titans, or abilities before they are unlocked. These can be earned by gaining merits and completing challenges.<ref name="mashable">{{cite web|url=http://mashable.com/2016/10/31/titanfall-2-pvp-multiplayer-tips-tricks-guide/#hCm.GjG_i8qw|title=10 'Titanfall 2' tips for those who struggle with multiplayer|first=Adam|last=Rosenberg|work=[[Mashable]]|date=November 1, 2016|accessdate=May 28, 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609092909/http://mashable.com/2016/10/31/titanfall-2-pvp-multiplayer-tips-tricks-guide/#hCm.GjG_i8qw|archivedate=June 9, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The game's customization options have expanded significantly compared to ''Titanfall''. Players' outfits and weapons, as well as Titans' appearances and combat efficiency, can be extensively customized.<ref name="ignpre"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.playstationlifestyle.net/2016/10/21/titanfall-2-titan-customization-blowout-full-list-of-pilot-boosts-executions/#/slide/39|title=Titanfall 2 – Full List of Pilot Boosts & Executions, Titan Customization Blowout|first=Alex|last=Co|work=PlayStation LifeStyle|date=October 21, 2016|accessdate=May 28, 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521075853/http://www.playstationlifestyle.net/2016/10/21/titanfall-2-titan-customization-blowout-full-list-of-pilot-boosts-executions/#/slide/39|archivedate=May 21, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Boosts replace burn cards featured in the earlier game. They are tactical abilities that enhance the players' combat efficiency. Each boost has its own specific access requirement. Ticks, which are explosive mines that track enemies, for example, require 65% of the Titan meter filled. Amped Weapons, where players inflict more damage with their firearms, need 80%. Players must decide which boost they are going to use before a match begins; they cannot swap their boost during the game.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2016/10/28/12-tips-to-help-you-master-titanfall-2s-multiplayer.aspx|title=12 Tips To Help You Master Titanfall 2's Multiplayer|first=Javy|last=Gwaltney|work=[[Game Informer]]|date=October 30, 2016|accessdate=May 28, 2017|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618100332/http://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2016/10/28/12-tips-to-help-you-master-titanfall-2s-multiplayer.aspx|archivedate=June 18, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

''Titanfall 2'' features several of multiplayer modes at launch. These modes include:<ref name="tips"/>
* '''Amped Hardpoint''': In this mode, teams receive points if they can hold control points for an extensive period. The team that accumulates more points wins.
* '''Bounty Hunt''': Players are rewarded with money if they kill enemies, opponents or [[artificial intelligence|AI]]-controlled grunts. Players need to return to specific points to deposit the money. Players can also steal opponents' money by killing them. The team that has the highest score wins.
* '''Pilot vs. Pilot''': A standard [[team deathmatch]] mode but players cannot summon any Titan.
* '''Capture the Flag''': Players are tasked to [[capture the flag]] of an enemy and bring it to their team's base, while preventing opponents from stealing the player's flag.
* '''Attrition''': A standard team deathmatch mode in which players can summon Titans. Points are rewarded to a player's team when they kill a human-controlled enemy or an AI-controlled grunt. When a team earns enough points, the game transitions into another phase. The losing team needs to reach the evacuation zone and escape, while the winning team needs to eliminate all opponents.
* '''Skirmish''': This mode is like Attrition, but there is no AI-controlled grunt and the score needed for phase transitioning is lower.
* '''Last Titan Standing''': A standard team deathmatch mode, but players cannot eject from their titan.
* '''Free for All''': Players are tasked to kill each other in this mode. All other players will be marked as their opponents.
* '''Coliseum''': This is a one-versus-one multiplayer mode where the player is tasked to eliminate the other player. Players can gain access to this mode through Coliseum tickets. These are earned by playing other multiplayer modes, buying them with credits or receiving them in gifts granted when the player levels up a faction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamesradar.com/titanfall-2-has-a-1v1-me-bro-mode-brought-to-you-by-mtn-dew-and-doritos/|title=Titanfall 2 has a "1v1 me bro" mode brought to you by Mtn Dew and Doritos|first=Connor|last=Sheriden|work=[[GamesRadar]]|date=September 22, 2016|accessdate=May 28, 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507122343/http://www.gamesradar.com/titanfall-2-has-a-1v1-me-bro-mode-brought-to-you-by-mtn-dew-and-doritos/|archivedate=May 7, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
* '''Titan Brawl''': A standard [[team deathmatch]] mode, but players spawn with their titans and cannot eject or disembark from their titans.
* '''Frontier Defense''': A [[player versus environment]] (PvE) multiplayer game mode where four players must face up to five waves of Enemies.

Matchmaking is also enhanced, with the game automatically helping players to find a new match after the end of every match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/how-titanfall-2s-matchmaking-is-being-improved/1100-6442487/|title=How Titanfall 2's Matchmaking Is Being Improved|first=Chris|last=Pereira|date=August 9, 2016|accessdate=August 12, 2016|work=[[GameSpot]]|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813021516/http://www.gamespot.com/articles/how-titanfall-2s-matchmaking-is-being-improved/1100-6442487/|archivedate=August 13, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The game also introduces a new feature called "Networks", which allows players to form a group, similar to a [[Video gaming clan|guild]]. The game automatically groups both the player and other members of the network together in a match. Players can join more than one network and can switch between joined networks in-game.<ref name="CNET">{{cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/titanfall-2-networks-interview-e3-2016/|title=Titanfall 2 may fix one of the biggest problems with team-based multiplayer games|first=Sean|last=Hollister|work=[[CNET]]|date=June 24, 2016|accessdate=August 12, 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807110648/http://www.cnet.com/news/titanfall-2-networks-interview-e3-2016/|archivedate=August 7, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Each network has its own "happy hour". If the player plays the game during this period, they gain extra merits.<ref name="mashable"/>

==Synopsis==
===Setting===
The game's conflict takes place in "The Frontier", a region of star systems far removed from the "Core Systems" where Earth is located. The Interstellar Manufacturing Corporation (IMC) and the Frontier Militia battle for control of the Frontier. The IMC seeks to exploit the Frontier's rich resources regardless of the consequences for planetary environments and civilian populations, while the Militia fight to expel the IMC and gain the Frontier's independence. In the wake of the [[Titanfall#Plot|Battle of Demeter]], the Militia is on the offensive, battling for resources and control of the Frontier planets. Though weakened by the lack of reinforcements from the core systems because of the destruction of the refueling facility by James MacAllan, IMC is still a dominant fighting force attempting to drive the Militia out and put down any resistance to their control of the Frontier.

In the singleplayer campaign the player assumes control of Jack Cooper, a rifleman from the Frontier Militia, sent to the alien planet of Typhon who must join his former squadmate's Titan—named BT-7274—to fight local alien creatures and human enemies from the IMC.<ref name="EuroGPre" />

===Plot===
Jack Cooper is a rifleman in the Militia. He aspires to become a Titan Pilot for the Militia and is receiving off-the-books training from Captain Tai Lastimosa to prepare for his candidacy. The two are part of a Militia force which attacks the IMC-held planet of Typhon. In the initial battle, the Apex Predators, a group of mercenaries contracted to the IMC and led by Blisk, mortally wound Lastimosa and incapacitate his Vanguard-class Titan, BT-7274. Lastimosa transfers control of BT to Cooper. BT explains that Cooper has also inherited Lastimosa's mission, Special Operation 217: to rendezvous with Major Anderson and assist in the completion of their original assignment. Anderson's last known position is at an IMC laboratory. BT and Cooper are forced to detour through a manufacturing plant where they are ambushed and separated. Cooper fights through the factory alone until he is trapped in a combat simulation being run by the mercenary Ash, who is using captured Militia soldiers as test subjects to test the potency of IMC machine units. Cooper escapes, and after being reunited with BT, defeats Ash.

BT and Cooper continue to the IMC laboratory only to find it destroyed, and corpses artificially aged due to time-travel distortion. Anderson is present, though also deceased from a time-travel mishap. Cooper learns Anderson was gathering intelligence on a new IMC device, the "Fold Weapon", which utilizes time-displacement technology to destroy entire planets. The planet Harmony, which houses the Militia headquarters, will be the first target. Fortunately for the Militia, the Fold Weapon is dependent upon a power source known as the Ark. Cooper and BT hijack an IMC communications array and broadcast a signal to the Militia fleet. The transmission contained sensor data on the Ark's electromagnetic signature so that the Militia could find and seize it.

After receiving the transmission, Militia's military unit, the Marauder Corps, leads an assault against the IMC-held installation where the Ark is being kept. Arriving too late to prevent it from being loaded onto an IMC transport, the Militia give chase in hijacked IMC ships. The mercenary Viper nearly kills BT and Cooper by throwing them off their transport, but freelance pilot Barker rescues them by catching them with his dropship. Cooper regroups with a friendly mercenary group called the Six Four, and the Pilots secure the IMC ship nearest to the Draconis, the transport carrying the Ark. Barker drops off BT and Cooper. They face off with Viper who falls out of the sky after a short skirmish. BT and Cooper attempt to board the Draconis but are again interrupted by Viper. BT loses an arm in the battle, but Cooper kills Viper by shooting his exposed body after his Titan's hatch is blown off.

Cooper and BT successfully board the Draconis holding the Ark, and they secure it before the ship crashes. BT becomes incapacitated from damage sustained in his fight with Viper, and the duo are captured by Blisk and his second-in-command, Slone. BT surrenders the Ark to save Cooper but is destroyed by Slone for trying to help Cooper escape. However, BT gives Cooper his data core before he dies, and Cooper uses it to revive BT by installing it in a Vanguard chassis provided by Briggs after he escapes captivity. Reunited, Cooper and BT fight their way to the base where the Fold Weapon is being prepared for use against Harmony. They kill Slone, earning Blisk's respect; Blisk spares Cooper because the IMC never included killing him in their contract and he does not work for free. He offers Cooper a place in the Apex Predators before departing. BT and Cooper then launch themselves into the Fold Weapon's superstructure where the Ark has already been installed. BT hurls Cooper free before sacrificing himself by killing himself, destroying the Ark and the Fold Weapon and the planet Complex.

The game ends with a monologue by Cooper, talking about having his status as a pilot affirmed and being inducted into the Marauder Corps, as well as reminiscing over his experiences with BT. The Titan neural link to Cooper's helmet flashes with the message "Jack?" encoded in binary.

==Development==
[[Respawn Entertainment]], founded by [[Vince Zampella]], and a team of ninety people developed the game.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mcvuk.com/development/divide-and-conquer-the-next-step-for-respawn|title=Divide and conquer: the next step for Respawn|first=Matthew|last=Jarvis|work=[[MCVUK]]|date=March 29, 2016|accessdate=April 25, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624084253/https://www.mcvuk.com/development/divide-and-conquer-the-next-step-for-respawn|archivedate=June 24, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> ''[[Titanfall]]''{{'}}s original director, Steve Fukuda, producer Drew McCoy, and composer [[Stephen Barton]] returned for the sequel. Production of the title began in mid-2014 with a two-year development cycle.<ref name="VBInt"/> Publisher [[Electronic Arts]] provided funding and marketing support.<ref name="EdgeTheMakingOf"/> The game's development was completed on September 29, 2016, with Respawn confirming it had been declared [[Software release life cycle#Release to manufacturing (RTM)|gold]], indicating it was being prepared for duplication and release.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vg247.com/2016/09/29/titanfall-2-has-gone-gold/|title=Titanfall 2 has gone gold|first=Sherif|last=Saed|work=[[VG 247]]|date=September 29, 2016|accessdate=April 26, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429030348/https://www.vg247.com/2016/09/29/titanfall-2-has-gone-gold/|archivedate=April 29, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

===Single-player===
''Titanfall'' had a low engagement with players post-release, despite huge initial sales. Fukuda believed the dwindling size of the community was due mainly to the game's lack of a single-player campaign.<ref name="EdgeTheMakingOf"/> Zampella confirmed the introduction of a single-player campaign was intended to expand the player base,<ref name="RollingStoneInt">{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/glixel/interviews/qa-titanfall-2-creator-on-what-makes-a-great-shooter-w450709|title=Q&A: 'Titanfall 2' Creator on What Makes a Great Shooter and Launching Against 'Call of Duty'|first=Chris|last=Suellentrop|work=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=November 16, 2016|accessdate=April 25, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429024852/https://www.rollingstone.com/glixel/interviews/qa-titanfall-2-creator-on-what-makes-a-great-shooter-w450709|archivedate=April 29, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> and McCoy believed this could make the overall package more complete.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.polygon.com/2016/8/18/12533412/titanfall-2-single-player-demo-gamescom-2016|title=Titanfall 2's 'unexpected single-player' needs time to win over players|first=Allegra|last=Frank|work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|date=August 18, 2016|accessdate=April 28, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429025200/https://www.polygon.com/2016/8/18/12533412/titanfall-2-single-player-demo-gamescom-2016|archivedate=April 29, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The team's vision for the campaign was to make it different from other [[first-person shooter]]s, especially ''[[Call of Duty]]''.<ref name="EdgeTheMakingOf"/> This proved to be a challenge since many of them had worked at [[Infinity Ward]], the developer of ''Call of Duty'', before joining Respawn and had become accustomed to making a campaign in that style. According to McCoy, the team initially tried putting all the mechanics from the first ''Titanfall'' into the campaign, but it did not work out.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2016/08/19/titanfall-2-gamescom-2016/|title=Crafting a story for 'Titanfall 2'|first=Nick|last=Summers|work=[[Engadget]]|date=August 19, 2016|accessdate=April 25, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429025336/https://www.engadget.com/2016/08/19/titanfall-2-gamescom-2016/|archivedate=April 29, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> As a result, the team decided to host many [[game jam]]s in the studio, where team members were free to create new designs and experiment with technology with few constraints other than adhering to ''Titanfall''{{'}}s existing mechanics. The team was tasked not to follow traditional shooter campaign's design conventions. Team members were free to build prototypes for it, which would then be integrated to form a coherent campaign. These prototypes were internally referred to as "action blocks". They allowed the team to introduce "ideas after ideas" in the full game since these blocks were often independent of each other and had unique gameplay features. For instance, players would be time traveling in one level and assaulting Titans in the next. These blocks enabled the team to discover new ideas and work out the structure of the overall campaign. Internally it was called "211" as every level consisted of two parts involving pilot combat, one part involving pilot movement and puzzle solving, and one part involving Titan combat.<ref name="EdgeTheMakingOf">{{cite web|url=https://www.gamesradar.com/the-making-of-titanfall-2-how-building-blocks-buddy-robots-and-half-life-led-to-one-of-the-freshest-fps-in-years/|title=The making of Titanfall 2: How building blocks, buddy robots, and Half-Life led to one of the freshest FPS in years|first=Alex|last=Wiltshire|date=October 13, 2017|accessdate=April 25, 2018|work=[[Edge (magazine)|Edge]]|publisher=[[GamesRadar]]|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429025013/https://www.gamesradar.com/the-making-of-titanfall-2-how-building-blocks-buddy-robots-and-half-life-led-to-one-of-the-freshest-fps-in-years/|archivedate=April 29, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

[[File:AH-64D Apache Longbow.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Military technologies such as the [[Boeing AH-64 Apache]] helicopter inspired the look of BT-7274.]]
The "action blocks" approach meant ''Titanfall 2''{{'}}s gameplay was designed before the story. The team intended making the game similar to the ''[[Half-Life (series)|Half-Life]]'' series, where a mystery takes center stage in the story, hooking players to continue exploring it and completing the campaign. ''[[Portal (video game)|Portal]]'' also influenced the game's design.<ref name="RollingStoneInt"/> One of the major components of the campaign is the interactions between Cooper and his Titan BT-7274.<ref name="EdgeTheMakingOf"/> Fukuda described it as a "buddy" story, inspired by [[buddy cop film]]s like ''[[Lethal Weapon]]'' or ''[[Beverly Hills Cop]]'', as well as [[anime]] ''[[Gargantia on the Verdurous Planet]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/olliebarder/2017/04/19/respawn-finally-talks-about-the-obvious-mecha-anime-influences-in-titanfall-2/#3a5e99d42596|title=Respawn Finally Talks About The Obvious Mecha Anime Influences In 'Titanfall 2'|first=Ollie|last=Barder|work=[[Forbes]]|date=April 19, 2017|accessdate=April 25, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429025641/https://www.forbes.com/sites/olliebarder/2017/04/19/respawn-finally-talks-about-the-obvious-mecha-anime-influences-in-titanfall-2/#3a5e99d42596|archivedate=April 29, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> "BT" stood for "Buddy Titan", a name the team hated, but Fukuda insisted on using. To increase the chemistry between the duo, the two characters have opposite personalities: Jack is enthusiastic, while BT is robotic and calm.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.redbull.com/au-en/titanfall-2-making-of-and-insight-news-red-bull-games|title=Titanfall 2’s Campaign is a Sci-Fi Buddy Cop Romp|first=Ben|last=Salter|work=[[Red Bull]]|date=September 14, 2016|accessdate=April 25, 2018}}</ref> Cooper was difficult for the team to write since his personality may not align with players' choices or vision for the character.<ref name="TelegraphInterview"/> While the team intentionally avoided making BT similar to characters like [[Optimus Prime]] or cute robots like [[Wall-E]], they found BT's personality difficult to write, as they had to find a balance between making it "a lovable partner and a 20-foot-tall war machine". Early drafts of BT's scripts were deemed too "bossy", and five writers took five months to rework them. To make BT more human, the team designed a large emotive eye, so players would know where the titan is looking, and a small pair of robotic arms that allow it to interact with other characters in a more natural way. The front of BT is filled with colored paints which inform players of the Titan's head movement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/10/18/13256052/titanfall-2-bt-mech-design-interview-respawn-entertainment|title=How The Team Behind Titanfall 2 Built A Titan You'll Actually Care About|first=Andrew|last=Webster|work=[[The Verge]]|date=October 16, 2018|accessdate=April 25, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429024811/https://www.theverge.com/2016/10/18/13256052/titanfall-2-bt-mech-design-interview-respawn-entertainment|archivedate=April 29, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The team added a design choice that let players communicate with BT enabling players to bond with the Titan without using any [[cutscene]].<ref name="EdgeTheMakingOf"/> This also provided players with more insights into the game's world,<ref name="RollingStoneInt"/> though some staff questioned the decision since ''Half-Life''<nowiki/>'s protagonist is silenced. To make players feel that Cooper and BT are separate entities even when they are controlling the Titan, the team included several small graphical hints to remind them that BT will still continue to talk to the player character.<ref name="TelegraphInterview"/> [[Akira Kurosawa]] films and [[Clint Eastwood]] and [[Sam Elliott]]'s cowboy roles inspired animator Shawn Lee Wilson creation of BT's unique physical appearance and expression. The [[Apache helicopter]] and other military technologies also inspired BT's design. Wilson provided motion capture for the Titan.<ref name="EdgeTheMakingOf"/>

While designing the game's single-player, one of the team's goals was to keep the energy present in ''Titanfall''{{'}}s multiplayer mode.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/titanfall-2-single-player-campaign-revealed-shows-/1100-6442525/|title=Titanfall 2 Single-Player Campaign Revealed, Shows New Details|first=Mike|last=Mahardy|work=[[GameSpot]]|date=August 11, 2016|accessdate=April 25, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829074259/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/titanfall-2-single-player-campaign-revealed-shows-/1100-6442525/|archivedate=August 29, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The team wanted to make the campaign more creative instead of simply having robots in it. Both the unique traits of pilots and Titans had to be used and expanded upon. Therefore, the team decided to create both intricate environments for pilots' transversal and large open space for titan combat, instead of making it a [[linear gameplay|corridor shooter]]. According to gameplay designer Mohammed Alavi, this gave players greater control and freedom over the character's movement.<ref name="TelegraphInterview">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/gaming/what-to-play/titanfall-2-single-player-interview---you-are-going-to-be-doing/|title=Titanfall 2 interview - 'You are going to be doing things in our single-player that you have never done before'|first=Dan|last=Silver|work=[[The Telegraph (magazine)|The Telegraph]]|date=September 1, 2016|accessdate=April 25, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429030108/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/gaming/what-to-play/titanfall-2-single-player-interview---you-are-going-to-be-doing/|archivedate=April 29, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The team focused a great deal on [[platform game|platforming]] designed to further expand the use of the pilot movement sets. Many team members created action blocks dedicated to platforming, including ideas such as having players solve puzzles to find a new surface to wall-run on, and Titan being able to throw the pilot, so they could travel over long distances. The concept of Titan throwing pilots was ultimately discarded from the gameplay and became part of a cinematic cutscene because the team had trouble implementing it due to its lack of interactivity.<ref name="EdgeTheMakingOf"/> The game also features a variety of puzzles inspired by ''[[BioShock]]'' and ''Half-Life'', where players maintain "a certain level of speed" while solving puzzles.<ref name="biggest challenge yet"/> There are also puzzles which change the game's pace and require players to stop to think of a solution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.polygon.com/2016/10/11/13243948/titanfall-2-single-player-adventure-video|title=Titanfall 2’s campaign makes time for slow moments|first=Samit|last=Sarker|work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|date=October 11, 2016|accessdate=April 25, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429025202/https://www.polygon.com/2016/10/11/13243948/titanfall-2-single-player-adventure-video|archivedate=April 29, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

''[[X2 (film)|X2]]''{{'}}s [[Nightcrawler (comics)|Nightcrawler]] and the documentary series ''[[Life After People]]'' inspired the most acclaimed level, "Effect and Cause", initially an action block created by designer Jake Keating involving time travel. He had the idea before the development of ''Titanfall''. He experimented with it with one of ''Titanfall''{{'}}s multiplayer maps. The action block was warmly welcomed by the entire development team, with some feeling that it had the potential to be the main feature through the entire game rather than being confined to one level. However, Keating insisted on limiting its use to one level so that the mechanic would not become boring for players.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://waypoint.vice.com/en_us/article/av3a7b/a-behind-the-scenes-look-at-the-best-mission-in-titanfall-2|title=A Behind-The-Scenes Look at the Best Mission in ‘Titanfall 2’|first=Patrick|last=Klepek|work=Waypoint|date=November 29, 2016|accessdate=April 25, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429025118/https://waypoint.vice.com/en_us/article/av3a7b/a-behind-the-scenes-look-at-the-best-mission-in-titanfall-2|archivedate=April 29, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> To make the level, the team created two building [[computer model]]s with one on top of the other. As the player switches timelines, they are teleported from one building to the other. Fukuda added it was the landmark level the team was looking for and it did not need demanding technology. However, the added level created more work for the team since the two buildings, each with different features and characteristics, needed to be built twice.<ref name="EdgeTheMakingOf"/>

The game's single-player starts with simple missions before gradually introducing players to more complicated situations which demand more skills and precision.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://venturebeat.com/2016/10/27/titanfall-2-gradually-eases-players-into-grunt-combat/|title=Titanfall 2 gradually eases players into Grunt combat|first=Dean|last=Takahashi|work=[[VentureBeat]]|date=October 27, 2016|accessdate=April 25, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429024439/https://venturebeat.com/2016/10/27/titanfall-2-gradually-eases-players-into-grunt-combat/|archivedate=April 29, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The game story also supplements this, as Cooper transforms from a normal Frontier grunt to a skillful pilot at the end.<ref name="EdgeTheMakingOf"/> The campaign was created as a stepping stone for inexperienced players by providing a more "relaxing" environment that teaches players' the basic gameplay mechanics, training them before they join multiplayer matches.<ref name="can't get anywhere else">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/gaming/what-to-play/titanfall-2-interview---we-think-were-offering-something-that-pe/|title=Titanfall 2 interview - "We are offering something that people are not going to get anywhere else"|first=Tom|last=Hoggins|work=[[The Telegraph (magazine)|The Telegraph]]|date=October 24, 2016|accessdate=April 25, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429104801/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/gaming/what-to-play/titanfall-2-interview---we-think-were-offering-something-that-pe/|archivedate=April 29, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

===Multiplayer===
The team evaluated ''Titanfall'' and listened to both feedback and analytical research from gaming journalists and identified two major concerns: there was not enough content for players, and at times the game became too chaotic. The team slowed down the gameplay pace of ''Titanfall 2''{{'}}s multiplayer so that players could actively make decisions relying less on [[reflex]]. The team also improved the game's map design by introducing more verticality to each map. Fukuda described it as the [[3D computer graphics|3D]] [[swiss cheese effect]]. The team also employed the strategy of "window pane", where each map has three obvious paths: left, middle and right. This helped make each map's environments more predictable to players.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shacknews.com/article/96446/titanfall-2-game-director-on-a-slower-paced-multiplayer|title=Titanfall 2 game director on a slower-paced multiplayer|first=Ozzie|last=Mejia|work=[[Shacknews]]|date=August 23, 2016|accessdate=April 25, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429025428/http://www.shacknews.com/article/96446/titanfall-2-game-director-on-a-slower-paced-multiplayer|archivedate=April 29, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> ''Titanfall2'' features a brighter color pattern and environment compared to both the first game and other military shooters,<ref name="biggest challenge yet">{{cite web|url=https://www.redbull.com/int-en/titanfall-2-interview-red-bull-games|title=Titanfall 2’s biggest challenge yet|first=Benjamin|last=Kratsch|work=Red Bull|date=August 16, 2016|accessdate=April 25, 2018}}</ref> as the team aimed for graphical quality that is "postcard-worthy".<ref name="vg247interview">{{cite web|url=https://www.vg247.com/2016/09/06/titanfall-2-interview-respawn-talks-the-challenges-of-creating-a-campaign/|title=Titanfall 2 Interview: Respawn talks the challenges of creating a campaign|first=Alex|last=Donaldson|work=[[VG 247]]|date=September 6, 2016|accessdate=April 25, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429030228/https://www.vg247.com/2016/09/06/titanfall-2-interview-respawn-talks-the-challenges-of-creating-a-campaign/|archivedate=April 29, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> There is also a greater variety of environments featured in the multiplayer maps, ranging from industrial centers to outdoor maps with more foliage.<ref name="engine improvement">{{cite web|url=https://www.hardcoregamer.com/2016/06/14/e3-2016-respawn-talks-content-variety-reworked-engine-in-titanfall-2/212196/|title=E3 2016: Respawn Talks Content Variety, Reworked Engine in Titanfall 2|first=Kevin|last=Dunsmore|work=[[Hardcore Gamer]]|date=June 14, 2016|accessdate=April 25, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429091721/https://www.hardcoregamer.com/2016/06/14/e3-2016-respawn-talks-content-variety-reworked-engine-in-titanfall-2/212196/|archivedate=April 29, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

There are also various revisions to the game's multiplayer mode. McCoy described these changes as "subtle" as the team focused more on adding slight modifications to existing mechanics. The Titans were redesigned so that players can "tell at a glance everything that [they] need to know" and stay prepared for each combat encounter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pcgamer.com/titanfall-2-interview-on-mechs-modes-and-the-new-campaign/|title=Titanfall 2 interview: on mechs, modes and the new campaign|first=Samuel|last=Roberts|work=[[PC Gamer]]|date=July 7, 2016|accessdate=April 25, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429024927/https://www.pcgamer.com/titanfall-2-interview-on-mechs-modes-and-the-new-campaign/|archivedate=April 29, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> This enabled players to have a clearer picture of the combat situations and facilitated learning from each defeat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2016-06-23-respawn-talks-titanfall-2-and-that-call-of-duty-remaster|title=Respawn talks Titanfall 2 and that Call of Duty remaster|first=Tom|last=Phillips|work=[[Eurogamer]]|date=June 23, 2016|accessdate=April 25, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429025305/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2016-06-23-respawn-talks-titanfall-2-and-that-call-of-duty-remaster|archivedate=April 29, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The team also introduced cosmetic changes to the pilots and the six Titan class giving them distinct visual characteristics so that players can easily identify an opponent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.polygon.com/e3/2016/6/12/11913270/titanfall-2-interview-e3-2016|title=Titanfall 2 Brings Personality To Its Massive Mech, And A Story For Fans|first=Brian|last=Crecente|work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|date=June 12, 2016|accessdate=April 25, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829073642/https://www.polygon.com/e3/2016/6/12/11913270/titanfall-2-interview-e3-2016|archivedate=August 29, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The team attempted to add more depth to the gameplay by introducing more Titans, gadgets and pilot abilities, allowing players to play in accordance with their own playstyle. These added more variety to the game so there are more things for players to discover and master.<ref name="VBInt">{{cite web|url=https://venturebeat.com/2016/10/21/how-respawn-crafted-better-mech-combat-and-single-player-play-in-titanfall-2/view-all/|title=How Respawn crafted better mech combat and single-player play in Titanfall 2|first=Dean|last=Takahashi|work=[[VentureBeat]]|date=October 21, 2016|accessdate=April 25, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429025349/https://venturebeat.com/2016/10/21/how-respawn-crafted-better-mech-combat-and-single-player-play-in-titanfall-2/view-all/|archivedate=April 29, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The game's extensive customization options, and the class-based progression system, were designed to engage players, so they can "get the most out of the game".<ref name="can't get anywhere else"/> Unlike its predecessor, Titans need to be earned using certain gameplay actions. The principle behind the design was to make Titan gameplay more satisfying and rewarding.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://metro.co.uk/2016/06/20/titanfall-hands-on-preview-and-interview-its-very-different-to-anything-weve-done-in-the-past-5956319/|title=Titanfall 2 hands-on preview and interview – ‘It’s very different to anything we’ve done in the past’|work=[[Metro (magazine)|Metro]]|date=June 20, 2016|accessdate=April 25, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817060711/http://metro.co.uk/2016/06/20/titanfall-hands-on-preview-and-interview-its-very-different-to-anything-weve-done-in-the-past-5956319/|archivedate=August 17, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

===Technology===
The game used a heavily modified version of [[Valve Corporation]]'s [[Source (engine)|Source]] as its [[video game engine|game engine]]. Many improvements were made to the engine's aspects such as [[physically based rendering]], a texture streaming system developed in house, [[high dynamic range]] and [[depth of field]]. The team also made changes to the audio, such as introducing [[Occlusion effect|sound occlusion]] and [[reverberation]].<ref name="engine improvement"/> According to John Haggerty, senior software engineer, the team broke part of the engine's code for level progression and saves when they were making the first game. The programming team found it a huge challenge to fix and reinstate these codes to accommodate the sequel's single-player campaign. The team also developed a scripting system from scratch, allowing designers to quickly assemble action blocks.<ref name="EdgeTheMakingOf"/> The game's [[artificial intelligence]] was significantly enhanced, with new movesets and behaviors for pilots and titans in both single-player and multiplayer modes.<ref name="VBInt"/> As ''Titanfall 2'' was the first game Respawn developed for the [[PlayStation 4]], the engineering team spent a lot of time and effort to get it running on the platform.<ref name="engine improvement"/> A [[virtual reality]] version of the game was prototyped but never went into full production because, according to Joe Emslie, the player would "vomit all over their controller."<ref name="CNET"/>

Combat [[animation]] can be interrupted by players' movement, which gives them more direct control instead of needing to wait for the animation to end.<ref name="RollingStoneInt"/> Most ''Titanfall''{{'}}s pilots' movesets returned in ''Titanfall 2'' but with some slight modifications. For instance, players no longer fall off as they are wall running near the tops of walls. Before players begin to wall run, the game's [[camera]] also tilts slightly so that players can anticipate the movement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/293282/Designer_Interview_Getting_Titanfalls_controls_just_right.php|title=Designer Interview: Getting Titanfall's controls just right|first=Alex|last=Wiltshire|date=March 9, 2017|accessdate=April 25, 2018|work=[[Gamasutra]]|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429091849/https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/293282/Designer_Interview_Getting_Titanfalls_controls_just_right.php|archivedate=April 29, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

==Release==
In May 2014, two months after the first game's release, publisher Electronic Arts announced they would collaborate with Respawn Entertainment for more experiences set within the ''Titanfall'' universe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2014/05/06/ea-and-respawn-partner-on-new-titanfall-experiences|title=EA and Respawn Partnered On New Titanfall Experiences|first=Mitch|last=Dyer|work=[[IGN]]|date=May 6, 2014|accessdate=April 26, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429025710/http://www.ign.com/articles/2014/05/06/ea-and-respawn-partner-on-new-titanfall-experiences|archivedate=April 29, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> A sequel was officially confirmed on March 12, 2015, by Respawn's Vince Zampella at the [[12th British Academy Games Awards]]. He also confirmed the game would come to [[PlayStation 4]], unlike the first one.<ref name="DLC">{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2015/03/12/titanfall-2-confirmed-coming-to-xbox-one-ps4-and-pc|title=Titanfall 2 Confirmed, Coming to Xbox One, PS4 and PC|first=Luke|last=Karmali|work=[[IGN]]|date=March 12, 2015|accessdate=April 26, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Wyot9Erm?url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2015/03/12/titanfall-2-confirmed-coming-to-xbox-one-ps4-and-pc|archivedate=March 12, 2015|df=mdy-all}}</ref> EA opened their press conference at [[E3 2016|EA Play]] 2016 with ''Titanfall 2'', and announced that the game would be released worldwide on October 28, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/06/12/e3-2016-titanfall-2-release-date-revealed|title=E3 2016: Titanfall 2 Release Date Revealed|first=Andrew|last=Goldfarb|work=[[IGN]]|date=June 12, 2016|accessdate=April 26, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110142647/http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/06/12/e3-2016-titanfall-2-release-date-revealed|archivedate=November 10, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> This meant the title would have to compete with other [[AAA (video game industry)|triple-A]] [[first-person shooter]]s including ''[[Battlefield 1]]'', made by [[EA DICE|DICE]] (one of EA's studios), and [[Activision]]'s futuristic ''[[Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare]]'', developed by Zampella's old studio Infinity Ward.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamerevolution.com/features/12644-battlefield-1-vs-infinite-warfare-vs-titanfall-2-which-fps-should-you-buy-this-year|title=Battlefield 1 vs Infinite Warfare vs Titanfall 2: Which FPS Should You Buy This Year?|first=Jonathon|last=Leack|work=[[Game Revolution]]|date=October 25, 2016|accessdate=April 26, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121002822/http://www.gamerevolution.com/features/12644-battlefield-1-vs-infinite-warfare-vs-titanfall-2-which-fps-should-you-buy-this-year|archivedate=November 21, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> According to McCoy, EA confirmed the release date long before and the team could not change it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vg247.com/2016/10/31/titanfall-2-release-date-was-locked-in-a-long-time-ago-no-changing-it-says-respawn/|title=Titanfall 2 release date was "locked in a long time ago, no changing it," says Respawn|first=Sherif|last=Saed|work=[[VG 247]]|date=October 31, 2016|accessdate=April 26, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429030247/https://www.vg247.com/2016/10/31/titanfall-2-release-date-was-locked-in-a-long-time-ago-no-changing-it-says-respawn/|archivedate=April 29, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The game's Collector's Edition and Vanguard SRS Collector's Edition, which include additional content, were released on the same day as the standard edition.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vg247.com/2016/06/13/titanfall-2-deluxe-and-collectors-editions-now-available-for-preorder/|title=Titanfall 2: Deluxe and Collectors editions now available for preorder|first=James|last=O'Connor|work=[[VG 247]]|date=June 13, 2016|accessdate=April 26, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429030139/https://www.vg247.com/2016/06/13/titanfall-2-deluxe-and-collectors-editions-now-available-for-preorder/|archivedate=April 29, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> ''Titanfall 2'' was added to [[EA Access]] and [[Origin Access]] on July 7, 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.destructoid.com/battlefield-1-and-titanfall-2-are-joining-ea-access-447562.phtml|title=Battlefield 1 and Titanfall 2 are joining EA Access|first=Jordon|last=Devore|work=[[Destructoid]]|date=July 7, 2017|accessdate=April 26, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708230251/https://www.destructoid.com/battlefield-1-and-titanfall-2-are-joining-ea-access-447562.phtml|archivedate=July 8, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> An Ultimate Edition, which bundles the base game and all the updates as well as some bonus content, was released on the same day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pcgamer.com/titanfall-2-ultimate-edition-includes-maps-modes-weapons-and-more-freebies/|title=Titanfall 2 Ultimate Edition includes maps, modes, weapons, and more freebies|first=Andy|last=Chalk|work=[[PC Gamer]]|date=August 1, 2017|accessdate=April 26, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429092209/https://www.pcgamer.com/titanfall-2-ultimate-edition-includes-maps-modes-weapons-and-more-freebies/|archivedate=April 29, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

EA partnered with a restaurant and a snack food company to promote the game. Players who purchased food or drink at any [[Buffalo Wild Wings]] restaurant received a free customization item and access to a multiplayer mode. Similarly, players who purchased [[Mountain Dew]] or [[Doritos]] were given a code granting them double XP, early access to a new multiplayer mode, a Titan, and Titan customization items.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/how-to-get-titanfall-2-dlc-by-eating-and-drinking/1100-6442755/?ftag=GSS-05-10aaa0b|title=How to Get Titanfall 2 DLC by Eating and Drinking|first=Eddie|last=Makuch|work=[[GameSpot]]|date=August 17, 2016|accessdate=August 18, 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208004219/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/how-to-get-titanfall-2-dlc-by-eating-and-drinking/1100-6442755/?ftag=GSS-05-10aaa0b|archivedate=February 8, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> EA also partnered with toy manufacturer [[McFarlane Toys]] to produce a toyline for the game which includes a seven-inch tall Cooper figurine and a ten-inch tall BT-7274 figurine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/titanfall-2-figures-come-with-in-game-content-see-/1100-6440924/|title=Titanfall 2 Figures Come With In-Game Content, See Them Here|first=Mat|last=Paget|work=[[GameSpot]]|date=June 15, 2016|accessdate=April 26, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429093433/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/titanfall-2-figures-come-with-in-game-content-see-/1100-6440924/|archivedate=April 29, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Respawn prepared two technical tests for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One users in August 2016, allowing players to try some of the game's multiplayer modes and maps.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/titanfall-2-beta-dates-and-details-confirmed/1100-6442675/|title=Titanfall 2 Beta Dates and Details Confirmed|first=Chris|last=Pereira|date=August 16, 2016|accessdate=April 26, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429092038/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/titanfall-2-beta-dates-and-details-confirmed/1100-6442675/|archivedate=April 29, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> They made several major gameplay adjustments after hearing feedback from players participating in these tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamezone.com/news/titanfall-2-technical-test-feedback-bringing-major-gameplay-changes-3442771/|title=Titanfall 2 Technical Test feedback bringing major gameplay changes|work=GameZone|date=August 24, 2016|first=Tom|last=Caswell|accessdate=April 26, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429030217/https://www.gamezone.com/news/titanfall-2-technical-test-feedback-bringing-major-gameplay-changes-3442771/|archivedate=April 29, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The official ''Titanfall'' [[Twitter]] account, controlled by EA rather than Respawn, also helped promote the game by suggesting it to Twitter users who indicated they were looking for games to play.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kotaku.com/titanfall-twitter-spams-random-people-who-tweet-they-wa-1791116692|title=Titanfall Twitter Spams Random People Who Tweet They Want New Games|work=[[Kotaku]]|first=Heather|last=Alexandra|date=December 1, 2017|accessdate=April 26, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429024721/https://kotaku.com/titanfall-twitter-spams-random-people-who-tweet-they-wa-1791116692|archivedate=April 29, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> It was also used to mock its competitors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.polygon.com/2016/11/4/13529026/titanfall-2-twitter-beef-ea-battlefield-call-of-duty|title=Respawn publicly distances itself from Titanfall’s official Twitter account|first=Samit|last=Sarker|work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|date=November 4, 2016|accessdate=April 26, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429024447/https://www.polygon.com/2016/11/4/13529026/titanfall-2-twitter-beef-ea-battlefield-call-of-duty|archivedate=April 29, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Players who purchased ''Battlefield 1'' and this game also had exclusive access to a Titan skin inspired by [[World War One]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vg247.com/2016/10/24/this-cool-skin-will-be-waiting-for-you-in-titanfall-2-if-you-play-battlefield-1/|title=This cool skin will be waiting for you in Titanfall 2 if you play Battlefield 1|first=Sherif|last=Saed|work=[[VG 247]]|date=October 24, 2016|accessdate=April 26, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429030353/https://www.vg247.com/2016/10/24/this-cool-skin-will-be-waiting-for-you-in-titanfall-2-if-you-play-battlefield-1/|archivedate=April 29, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

At [[E3 2016]], Respawn announced that all the updates and [[downloadable content]] would be free for all players. Inspired by ''[[Evolve (video game)|Evolve]]''{{'}}s free maps model, the team hoped this approach would make players more satisfied with the full-priced package.<ref name="DLC"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamesradar.com/titanfall-2s-free-dlc-is-about-making-sure-gamers-are-happy-with-their-60-game/|title=Titanfall 2’s free DLC is about making sure gamers are ‘happy with their $60 game’|first=Leon|last=Hurley|work=[[GamesRadar]]|date=June 20, 2016|accessdate=April 26, 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621121034/http://www.gamesradar.com/titanfall-2s-free-dlc-is-about-making-sure-gamers-are-happy-with-their-60-game/|archivedate=June 21, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Respawn supported the game with multiple pieces of downloadable content in the first year after the game's release, including:

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! colspan=4 | Downloadable content
|-
! style="width:23%;"| Name
! style="width:16%;"| Release date
! style="width:70%;"| Notes
|-
| ''Angel City’s Most Wanted''
| November 30, 2016
| The ''Angel City’s Most Wanted'' is ''Titanfall''{{'}}s first downloadable content, which remastered the map "Angel City" from the first game, as well as a weapon called Wingman Elite Pistol. Other content includes execution animations and Titan kits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/11/23/first-free-titanfall-2-dlc-arrives-next-week|title=First Titanfall 2 DLC Arrives Next Week|first=Luke|last=Reilly|work=[[IGN]]|date=November 22, 2016|accessdate=April 26, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429025722/http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/11/23/first-free-titanfall-2-dlc-arrives-next-week|archivedate=April 29, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
|-
| ''Colony Reborn''
| March 30, 2017
| ''Colony Reborn'' introduced a remastered version of a ''Titanfall'' map, "Colony", a weapon R-101 Carbine, execution animations as well as cosmetics for multiplayer Titans including Northstar and Legion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pcgamer.com/titanfall-2-free-dlc-colony-reborn-is-coming-at-the-end-of-the-month/|title=Titanfall 2 free DLC 'Colony Reborn' is coming at the end of the month|first=Andy|last=Chalk|work=[[PC Gamer]]|date=March 23, 2017|accessdate=April 26, 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409211003/http://www.pcgamer.com/titanfall-2-free-dlc-colony-reborn-is-coming-at-the-end-of-the-month/|archivedate=April 9, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
|-
| ''A Glitch in the Frontier''
| April 25, 2017
| ''A Glitch in the Frontier'' introduced two maps named "Glitch", and "Deck", which is a map dedicated to the Live Fire mode. The DLC also included several gameplay adjustments, a faction named MRVN, and a menu overhaul.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pcgamer.com/titanfall-2-dlc-a-glitch-in-the-frontier-goes-live-next-week/|title=Titanfall 2 DLC 'A Glitch in the Frontier' goes live next week|first=Andy|last=Chalk|work=[[PC Gamer]]|date=April 18, 2017|accessdate=April 26, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429024641/https://www.pcgamer.com/titanfall-2-dlc-a-glitch-in-the-frontier-goes-live-next-week/|archivedate=April 29, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
|-
| ''Monarch's Reign''
| May 30, 2017
| ''Monarch's Reign'' introduced the Monarch Titan, which belonged to the Vanguard class, as well as new Titans skins. "Relic", a map from ''Titanfall'', was also remastered and included in the package.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-05-25-titanfall-2s-final-dlc-is-out-next-week|title=Titanfall 2's latest DLC is out next week, adds new Titan|first=Jeffery|last=Matulef|work=[[Eurogamer]]|date=May 25, 2017|accessdate=April 26, 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525220650/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-05-25-titanfall-2s-final-dlc-is-out-next-week|archivedate=May 25, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
|-
| ''Operation Frontier Shield''
| July 25, 2017
| ''Operation Frontier Shield'' introduced a [[cooperative gameplay|cooperative multiplayer]] mode named Frontier Defense, in which four players fight against waves of AI-controlled enemies. It also added new maps for the game, including the remastered "Rise" map from the first game and "Township", a map for both the Pilot vs. Pilot and Live Fire modes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/next-free-titanfall-2-dlc-includes-4-player-horde-/1100-6451785/|title=Next Free Titanfall 2 DLC Includes 4-Player Horde Mode, Two New Maps|first=Alex|last=Newhouse|work=[[GameSpot]]|date=July 18, 2017|accessdate=April 26, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429024937/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/next-free-titanfall-2-dlc-includes-4-player-horde-/1100-6451785/|archivedate=April 29, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
|-
| ''Postcards from the Frontier''
| August 29, 2017
| ''Postcards from the Frontier'' added a Live Fire map named "Uma", three maps for the Frontier Defense mode, "Exoplanet", "Drydock" and "Angel City", as well as weapon cosmetics and warprints.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.videogamer.com/news/titanfall-2-receives-postcards-from-the-frontier-dlc|title=Titanfall 2 receives Postcards from the Frontier DLC|first=Chris|last=Hallam|work=VideoGamer.com|date=August 23, 2017|accessdate=April 26, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429091810/https://www.videogamer.com/news/titanfall-2-receives-postcards-from-the-frontier-dlc|archivedate=April 29, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
|}

== Reception ==
{{Video game reviews
| MC = (PC) 86/100<ref name="MCPC">{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/titanfall-2 |title=Titanfall 2 for PC Reviews |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |accessdate=November 5, 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107221756/http://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/titanfall-2 |archivedate=November 7, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> (PS4) 89/100<ref name="MCPS4">{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-4/titanfall-2 |title=Titanfall 2 for PlayStation 4 Reviews |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |accessdate=November 5, 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107221407/http://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-4/titanfall-2 |archivedate=November 7, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> (XONE) 87/100<ref name="MCXONE">{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/game/xbox-one/titanfall-2 |title=Titanfall 2 for Xbox One Reviews |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |accessdate=November 5, 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101005923/http://www.metacritic.com/game/xbox-one/titanfall-2 |archivedate=November 1, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
| Destruct = 8.5/10<ref name="DestructRev">{{cite web |last=Rowen |first=Nic |date=November 1, 2016 |url=https://www.destructoid.com/review-titanfall-2-396814.phtml |title=Review: Titanfall 2 |publisher=[[Destructoid]] |accessdate=November 1, 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104000431/https://www.destructoid.com/review-titanfall-2-396814.phtml |archivedate=November 4, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
| EuroG = Essential<ref name="EuroGRev">{{cite web|url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2016-10-28-titanfall-2-review|title=Titanfall 2 review|first=Jon|last=Denton|work=[[Eurogamer]]|date=October 28, 2016|accessdate=April 28, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429024743/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2016-10-28-titanfall-2-review|archivedate=April 29, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
| GI = 9.5/10<ref name="GIRev">{{cite web |last=Gwaltney |first=Javy |date=October 24, 2016 |url=http://www.gameinformer.com/games/titanfall_2/b/playstation4/archive/2016/10/24/striking-a-fine-balance.aspx |title=Striking A Fine Balance - Titanfall 2 - PlayStation 4 |publisher=[[Game Informer]] |accessdate=October 24, 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027140223/http://www.gameinformer.com/games/titanfall_2/b/playstation4/archive/2016/10/24/striking-a-fine-balance.aspx |archivedate=October 27, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
| GameRev = {{Rating|4|5}}<ref name="GameRevRev">{{cite web |last=Paras |first=Peter |date=October 24, 2016 |url=http://www.gamerevolution.com/review/titanfall-2 |title=Titanfall 2 Review |publisher=[[Game Revolution]] |accessdate=October 24, 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024213045/http://www.gamerevolution.com/review/titanfall-2 |archivedate=October 24, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
| GSpot = 9/10<ref name="GSpotRev">{{cite web |last=Mahardy |first=Mike |date=October 24, 2016 |url=http://www.gamespot.com/reviews/titanfall-2-review/1900-6416561/ |title=Titanfall 2 Review |publisher=[[GameSpot]] |accessdate=October 24, 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024171330/http://www.gamespot.com/reviews/titanfall-2-review/1900-6416561/ |archivedate=October 24, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
| GRadar = {{Rating|4.5|5}}<ref name="GRadarRev">{{cite web |last=Houghton |first=David |date=October 24, 2016 |url=http://www.gamesradar.com/titanfall-2-review/ |title=Titanfall 2 review: 'The campaign's craft and creativity will blindside you' |publisher=[[GamesRadar]] |accessdate=October 24, 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025050141/http://www.gamesradar.com/titanfall-2-review/ |archivedate=October 25, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
| IGN = 9/10<ref name="IGNRev">{{cite web |last=Tyrrel |first=Brandin |date=October 28, 2016 |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/10/28/titanfall-2-review |title=Titanfall 2 Review |publisher=[[IGN]] |accessdate=October 28, 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029063542/http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/10/28/titanfall-2-review |archivedate=October 29, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
| PCGUS = 91/100<ref name="PCGRev">{{cite web |last=Thursten |first=Chris |date=October 31, 2016 |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/titanfall-2-review/ |title=Titanfall 2 review |publisher=[[PC Gamer]] |accessdate=October 31, 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031203009/http://www.pcgamer.com/titanfall-2-review/ |archivedate=October 31, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
| Poly = 7/10<ref name="PolyRev">{{cite web |last=Gies |first=Arthur |date=October 24, 2016 |url=http://www.polygon.com/2016/10/24/13377822/titanfall-2-review-xbox-one-PC-ps4-playstation-4 |title=Titanfall 2 review |publisher=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |accessdate=October 24, 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024171415/http://www.polygon.com/2016/10/24/13377822/titanfall-2-review-xbox-one-PC-ps4-playstation-4 |archivedate=October 24, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
}}

===Critical reception===
The game's plot received positive reviews. Nic Rowen of ''[[Destructoid]]'' found it had an unsurprising and "by the number" sci-fi plot. He was disappointed by the campaign's five-hour length and noted that the emotional core of the story lacked development.<ref name="DestructRev"/> ''[[Game Informer]]''[[']]s Javy Gwaltney compared the plot to a "buddy comedy" remarking positively that BT is a relatable character.<ref name="GIRev"/> Peter Paras of [[Game Revolution]] praised the interesting story, despite feeling the nine-chapter story is basic. He also liked BT's personality, calling it a "straight-laced 'I take what you say literally' thinking machine". He noted the interactions with the Titan successfully added more context to the game's world and setting.<ref name="GameRevRev"/> Jon Denton of [[Eurogamer]] praised BT's character, saying its lines were skillfully written.<ref name="EuroGRev"/> [[GameSpot]]'s Mike Mahardy felt the story was poorly written and that it ended abruptly.<ref name="GSpotRev"/> Arthur Gies of ''[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]'' felt the narrative was subpar, with mediocre voice acting, "corny names" for characters, and insufficient context for players to truly remember the story.<ref name="PolyRev"/>

''Titanfall 2''{{'s}} gameplay received critical acclaim. Rowen described it as "frantic and exhilarating", saying the fluidity of gameplay further enhanced the quality of the single-player campaign.<ref name="DestructRev"/> Gwaltney shared similar thoughts, saying that no matter how players chose to approach a mission, combat or stealth, it was satisfying. Furthermore, he found controlling the Titan an interesting experience that resembles ''[[MechWarrior]]'' and ''[[Star Fox]]''.<ref name="GIRev"/> Mahardy also felt that player movement controls remained "invigorating". He liked the Titan combat more for often presenting "David versus Goliath" scenarios. Mahardy and described the game as a "thinking man"{{'}}s shooter, adding it required players to think tactically instead of simply having good reflexes.<ref name="GSpotRev"/> David Houghton of [[GamesRadar]] praised the game's controls and movement options for turning many seemingly gameplay obstacles and barriers into opportunities for players to manipulate.<ref name="GRadarRev"/> Chris Thursten of ''[[PC Gamer]]'' praised the game's variety of weapons and their sounds and the "brilliant" freedom of movement.<ref name="PCGRev"/>

Rowen praised the level design, which he found one of the game's "real stars". He was impressed by the variety of settings and set pieces featured in each level and praised the design for having tricky environments for transversal encouraging free movements. He singled out "Effect and Cause" as one of the game's most imaginative levels, comparing it favorably with ''[[Portal (video game)|Portal]]''.<ref name="DestructRev"/> Paras remarked that two of the game's chapters were extremely impressive, and that they "[re-examine] level design in most action games". Thursten also enjoyed these levels but added that not all of them share this level of creativity. He wished some of the novel concepts introduced "stuck around longer" during his playtime.<ref name="PCGRev"/> Gwaltney liked the flexibility of the game's campaign, which provides players plenty of freedom to handle combat encounters. He also appreciated the inclusion of the game's puzzles, which requires players to "think outside the box".<ref name="GIRev"/> Both Paras and Houghton liked the levels for incorporating elements of Pilot and Titan gameplay. Paras said it added variety to the package,<ref name="GameRevRev"/> and Houghton felt it improved the game's pacing, making it very "exhilarating" to play.<ref name="GRadarRev"/> Mahardy admired the pacing, attributing its success to the fact that players can switch BT's loadouts to handle various combat situations, presenting a different dynamic from multiplayer.<ref name="GSpotRev"/> Brandin Tyrrel of [[IGN]] admired the game's sense of scale and map design, where each level stage felt large but at the same time linear enough to direct players' progression.<ref name="IGNRev"/>

The game's multiplayer was also acclaimed. Rowen described it as "more than solid" and praised the more complex and extended progression system for rectifying ''Titanfall''{{'}}s lack of long-term appeal. While Titan's customization became more limited, he felt this was a necessary change to make the Titan combat deeper and more rewarding. He noted there were many "smart" gameplay adjustments and design changes that emphasize players' skills, but he was disappointed there were not enough modes featuring AI opponents.<ref name="DestructRev"/> Gwaltney, however, felt there were no significant changes to the multiplayer, but there were sufficient subtle design adjustments making it more refined and improved than its predecessor. He still found the progression system lacking in substance. He appreciated the new gadgets, which make the game more tactical. He commented positively on the game modes' structure, which prompts all types of players to engage in teamwork.<ref name="GIRev"/> Paras criticized the multiplayer for being unforgiving, though he enjoyed some of the game modes, like Bounty Hunt.<ref name="GameRevRev"/> Mahardy praised the six new Titans types for being easy to learn and difficult to master. As the six Titan types have distinct controls and attack schemes, Mahardy noted that combat resembles that of a [[fighting game]] and [[multiplayer online battle arena]]s games.<ref name="GSpotRev"/> Tyrrel praised the overhauled rodeo mechanic, which promoted teamwork, and Boosts, which make the game more balanced.<ref name="IGNRev"/> Gies described some of the design changes as "odd" and "difficult to understand", including the rodeo mechanic which he found mostly useless. In addition, he criticized the maps for being too confined, and not fitting with the game's fast gameplay.<ref name="PolyRev"/>

Critics generally had a positive reception to the overall package. Rowen admired the game for being an imaginative and creative shooter, one that no other competitor in the market can achieve.<ref name="DestructRev"/> Gwaltney described the game as a "must-play" that unlike most other shooters offered a complete package with both a fully-fledged single-player campaign and a refined multiplayer.<ref name="GIRev"/> Paras felt that ''Titanfall 2'' successfully delivered on the promises made by the first game.<ref name="GameRevRev"/> Tyrrel also shared similar opinions, calling the game a rare and exceptional title that improved on every aspect of its predecessor.<ref name="IGNRev"/> Houghton called the game the year's surprise, describing it as one of the most "creative and rewarding FPS in recent memory".<ref name="GRadarRev"/> Thursten worried that ''Titanfall 2'' would suffer from a short lifespan like its predecessor due to the same poor release timing. He noted the single-player campaign was the game's true highlight.<ref name="PCGRev"/> Denton strongly recommended the game and gave it the highest possible rating, but he shared the same concern as Thursten.<ref name="EuroGRev"/>

The game received "generally positive reviews" upon release according to review aggregator [[Metacritic]], with the PlayStation 4 version attaining the highest score of 89 out of 100.<ref name="MCPS4"/> [[GamesRadar]] selected it as their [[game of the year]], while ''PC Gamer'' chose it as their shooter of the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamesradar.com/best-games-2016/3/|title=GamesRadar+'s Game of the Year 2016|publisher=[[GamesRadar]]|date=December 30, 2016|accessdate=April 28, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429025231/https://www.gamesradar.com/best-games-2016/3/|archivedate=April 29, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pcgamer.com/shooter-of-the-year-2016-titanfall-2/|title=Best Shooter 2016: Titanfall 2|work=[[PC Gamer]]|date=December 25, 2018|accessdate=April 28, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429024949/https://www.pcgamer.com/shooter-of-the-year-2016-titanfall-2/|archivedate=April 29, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

===Sales===
Electronic Arts expected the game to sell approximately nine to ten million units in its first year of release.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.videogamer.com/ps4/titanfall_2/news/titanfall_2_to_sell_9-10_million_units_battlefield_1_15_million_says_ea.html|title=Titanfall 2 to sell 9-10 million units, Battlefield 1 15 million, says EA|first=James|last=Orry|work=VideoGamer.com|date=August 3, 2016|accessdate=August 3, 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807232604/http://www.videogamer.com/ps4/titanfall_2/news/titanfall_2_to_sell_9-10_million_units_battlefield_1_15_million_says_ea.html|archivedate=August 7, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> However, financial analysts predicted the game's sales would be substantially disappointing due to EA's decision to release the game in late October, a period between the launch of EA's own hugely popular ''[[Battlefield 1]]'', and Activision's ''[[Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare]]''. Despite that, EA expressed no concern about the release window, as they felt that the player base of ''Battlefield 1'' and ''Titanfall 2'' would not overlap.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/titanfall-2-sales-will-be-substantially-disappoint/1100-6444884/|title=Titanfall 2 Sales Will Be "Substantially Disappointing," Analyst Says|first=Eddie|last=Makuch|work=[[GameSpot]]|date=October 28, 2016|accessdate=November 3, 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031214937/http://www.gamespot.com/articles/titanfall-2-sales-will-be-substantially-disappoint/1100-6444884/|archivedate=October 31, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

The game was the fourth best-selling retail game in the UK in its week of release, behind ''Battlefield 1'', ''[[The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim|The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim – Special Edition]]'', and ''[[FIFA 17]]''. Its first-week sales only reached a quarter of the launch-week sales of ''Titanfall'' despite ''Titanfall 2'' being a multi-platform release. Digital sales of the game were also down, only reaching a quarter of its predecessor's sales.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcgamer.com/titanfall-2-tanks-on-uk-physical-sales-charts-despite-multiplatform-release/|title=Titanfall 2 tanks on UK physical sales charts, despite multiplatform release|first=Andy|last=Chalk|work=[[PC Gamer]]|date=November 3, 2016|accessdate=November 3, 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103102531/http://www.pcgamer.com/titanfall-2-tanks-on-uk-physical-sales-charts-despite-multiplatform-release/|archivedate=November 3, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> According to the [[NPD Group]], the game was the ninth best-selling game in October 2016 and the fifth best-selling game in November 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://venturebeat.com/2016/12/15/november-2016-npd-pokemon-sun-and-moon-have-biggest-debut-in-franchise-history/|title=November 2016 NPD: Pokémon has its biggest debut in franchise history|first=Jeff|last=Grubb|work=[[VentureBeat]]|date=December 15, 2016|accessdate=April 28, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429025240/https://venturebeat.com/2016/12/15/november-2016-npd-pokemon-sun-and-moon-have-biggest-debut-in-franchise-history/|archivedate=April 29, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> In their earnings call for the third quarter of the 2017 fiscal year, EA stated that the game's sales fell below expectations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://venturebeat.com/2017/01/31/ea-titanfall-2-didnt-meet-sales-expectations/|title=EA: Titanfall 2 didn’t meet sales expectations|first=Jeff|last=Grubb|work=[[VentureBeat]]|date=January 31, 2017|accessdate=April 28, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429025437/https://venturebeat.com/2017/01/31/ea-titanfall-2-didnt-meet-sales-expectations/|archivedate=April 29, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> However, EA CEO Blake Jorgensen went on to say the company was pleased with the positive reviews the game received and expected it to have strong sales into the next fiscal year.<ref>[http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/ERTS/4818588412x0x926062/D62107D7-CCA4-49A5-8D8D-87D0AFAE7A7E/EA_Transcript_Q317.pdf "Q3 2017 Electronic Arts Inc Earnings Call on January 31, 2017."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731145948/http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/ERTS/4818588412x0x926062/D62107D7-CCA4-49A5-8D8D-87D0AFAE7A7E/EA_Transcript_Q317.pdf |date=July 31, 2017 }}</ref> According to Zampella, ''Titanfall 2'' sold well and was successful, but it could have sold better.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/titanfall-2-should-have-sold-better-dev-says/1100-6452273/|title=Titanfall 2 Should Have Sold Better, Dev Says|first=Eddie|last=Makuch|work=[[GameSpot]]|date=August 3, 2017|accessdate=April 28, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429091743/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/titanfall-2-should-have-sold-better-dev-says/1100-6452273/|archivedate=April 29, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> In January 2017, financial firm [[Morgan Stanley]] estimated that the game had sold 4 million units.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://venturebeat.com/2017/01/23/morgan-stanley-raises-battlefield-1-sales-estimate-to-15-million/|title=Morgan Stanley raises Battlefield 1 sales estimate to 15 million|first=Jeff|last=Grubb|work=[[VentureBeat]]|date=January 23, 2017|accessdate=April 28, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429025526/https://venturebeat.com/2017/01/23/morgan-stanley-raises-battlefield-1-sales-estimate-to-15-million/|archivedate=April 29, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Result !! Ref
|-
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | 2016
| rowspan="3" | [[Game Critics Awards]] 2016
| Best of Show
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamecriticsawards.com/nominees.html |title=Game Critics Awards 2016 Nominees |accessdate=October 25, 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704063303/http://www.gamecriticsawards.com/nominees.html |archivedate=July 4, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamecriticsawards.com/winners.html |title=Game Critics Awards 2016 Winners |accessdate=October 25, 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6WcF9nnip?url=http://www.gamecriticsawards.com/winners.html |archivedate=February 25, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
|-
| Best Action Game
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Online Multiplayer
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Golden Joystick Awards]] 2016
| Critics' Choice
| {{Won}}
| align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamesradar.com/overwatch-scoops-5-awards-firewatch-wins-best-indie-game-here-are-all-the-golden-joystick-2016-winners/|title=Overwatch scoops five awards, Firewatch wins Best Indie Game: Here are all the Golden Joystick 2016 winners|first=Connor|last=Sheridan|date=November 18, 2016|accessdate=April 28, 2018|work=[[GamesRadar]]|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429024759/https://www.gamesradar.com/overwatch-scoops-5-awards-firewatch-wins-best-indie-game-here-are-all-the-golden-joystick-2016-winners/|archivedate=April 29, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[The Game Awards 2016]]
| Game of the Year
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/all-the-2016-game-awards-nominees/1100-6445481/| title=All the 2016 Game Awards Nominees| first=Eddie| last=Makuch| date=November 16, 2016| accessdate=November 18, 2016| work=[[GameSpot]]| deadurl=no| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118191246/http://www.gamespot.com/articles/all-the-2016-game-awards-nominees/1100-6445481/| archivedate=January 18, 2017| df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.polygon.com/2016/12/1/13784410/the-game-awards-winners| title=The Game Awards: Here’s the full winners list| first=Chelsea| last=Stark| date=December 1, 2016| accessdate=December 1, 2016| work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]| publisher=[[Vox Media]]| deadurl=no| archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6mRfc8KHW?url=http://www.polygon.com/2016/12/1/13784410/the-game-awards-winners| archivedate=December 2, 2016| df=mdy-all}}</ref>
|-
| Best Game Direction
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Multiplayer
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Action Game
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="13"|2017
| [[Annie Awards]]
| Outstanding Achievement, Character Animation in a Video Game
| {{nom}}
| align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Annie Awards Nominees|url=http://annieawards.org/nominees/|website=Annie Awards|accessdate=November 28, 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214105919/http://annieawards.org/nominees/|archivedate=December 14, 2014|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4"|[[D.I.C.E. Awards]] 2017
| Outstanding Achievement in Original Music Composition
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2017/02/24/dice-2017-overwatch-wins-game-of-the-year-at-dice-awards-2017|title=DICE 2017: Overwatch Wins Game Of The Year At DICE 2017|first=Lucy|last=O'Brien|work=[[IGN]]|date=February 23, 2017|accessdate=April 28, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218080720/http://www.ign.com/articles/2017/02/24/dice-2017-overwatch-wins-game-of-the-year-at-dice-awards-2017|archivedate=February 18, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
|-
| Outstanding Technical Achievement
| {{nom}}
|-
| Action Game of the Year
| {{nom}}
|-
| Outstanding Achievement in Online Gameplay
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="5"|[[SXSW Gaming Awards]] 2017
| Video Game of the Year
| {{Nom}}
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/uncharted-4-wins-game-of-the-year-at-sxsw-awards/1100-6448819/|title=Uncharted 4 Wins Game Of The Year At SXSW Awards|first=Eddie|last=Makuch|work=[[GameSpot]]|date=March 19, 2017|accessdate=April 28, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803052055/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/uncharted-4-wins-game-of-the-year-at-sxsw-awards/1100-6448819/|archivedate=August 3, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
|-
| Most Memorable Character (for BT-7274)
| {{nom}}
|-
| Excellence in Multiplayer
| {{nom}}
|-
| Excellence in Visual Achievement
| {{nom}}
|-
| Excellence in SFX
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3"| [[13th British Academy Games Awards]]
| Best Game
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="3"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2017/04/07/bafta-games-awards-2017-winners-revealed|title=BAFTA Game Awards 2017 Winners Revealed|first=Joe|last=Skrebels|work=[[IGN]]|date=April 7, 2017|accessdate=April 28, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420130044/http://www.ign.com/articles/2017/04/07/bafta-games-awards-2017-winners-revealed|archivedate=April 20, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
|-
| Game Design
| {{nom}}
|-
| Multiplayer
| {{nom}}
|}

==Sequel==
In October 2016, Zampella said the team would like to deliver more experiences for the player set within the franchise, though a trilogy was not planned.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/more-titanfall-games-could-come-after-titanfall-2/1100-6444581/|title=More Titanfall Games Could Come After Titanfall 2|first=Eddie|last=Makuch|work=[[GameSpot]]|date=October 18, 2016|accessdate=April 28, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429024515/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/more-titanfall-games-could-come-after-titanfall-2/1100-6444581/|archivedate=April 29, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref> When publisher Electronic Arts acquired Respawn Entertainment, however, it was revealed that a new mainline ''Titanfall'' title was in development.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2017/11/09/ea-buys-titanfall-developer-respawn|title=EA Buys Respawn For $455 Million, New Titanfall Confirmed|first=Seth|last=G. Macy|work=[[IGN]]|date=November 9, 2017|accessdate=April 28, 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203082632/http://www.ign.com/articles/2017/11/09/ea-buys-titanfall-developer-respawn|archivedate=February 3, 2018|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Respawn}}
{{Portal bar|Video games}}

[[Category:2016 video games]]
[[Category:Corporate warfare in fiction]]
[[Category:Electronic Arts games]]
[[Category:First-person shooter multiplayer online games]]
[[Category:First-person shooters]]
[[Category:Mecha video games]]
[[Category:Parkour video games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 4 games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced games]]
[[Category:Powered exoskeletons in video games]]
[[Category:Respawn games]]
[[Category:Science fiction video games]]
[[Category:Source (game engine) games]]
[[Category:Video games developed in the United States]]
[[Category:Video games with downloadable content]]
[[Category:Windows games]]
[[Category:Xbox One games]]
[[Category:Time travel video games]]

FIFA Mobile

2018-09-02T15:14:08Z

XLinkBot: BOT--Reverting link addition(s) by 79.106.126.33 to revision 854627038 (www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4_SNuSz0yM [\byoutube\.com])

Madhusree Dutta

2018-08-09T10:59:46Z

XLinkBot: BOT--Reverting link addition(s) by 194.95.164.151 to revision 851228722 (www.youtube.com/watch?v=IEKbD95Kp50, www.youtube.com/watch?v=DNnPnxgkNBs [\byoutube\.com])

{{Multiple issues|{{notability|1=Biographies|date=November 2016}}{{BLP sources|date=November 2016}}}}

{{nofootnotes|BLP=yes|date=September 2016}}
'''Madhusree Dutta''' (born 1959) is an Indian filmmaker, curator, author, and cultural activist.

== Life and education==

Madhusree Dutta was born in the industrial town of [[Jamshedpur]], [[Jharkhand]] (then Bihar). She has studied Economics at [[Jadavpur University]], [[Kolkata]] and Dramatics at [[National School of Drama]], New Delhi. In 1987 Dutta shifted her base to Mumbai ( called Bombay in 1987).

== Work ==

Madhusree Dutta brought art practices, [[activism]] and pedagogy together in one platform as early as in 1990 when she curated the first national level feminist cultural festival EXPRESSION. The festival witnessed coming together of feminist scholars, women artists and women's movement activists, and is regarded as a landmark in the history of [[feminism]] in India. Her works generally contemplates on [[gender]] construction, urban development, public arts and documentary practices. Most of her works are situated within a hybrid form engaging multiple genres and a provocative mixing of high art and low art. Her works often display a flamboyant mix of pedagogical, political and experimental indicating towards her multiple identities as political activist and avant garde artist. In order to achieve this mix she has developed a conceptual approach and a practical method of working in collaboration with contemporaries across disciplines and practices. Some of the artists whom she has collaborated with are filmmaker Philip Scheffner and photo artist Ines Schaber from [[Berlin]], theater director Anuradha Kapur from [[Delhi]], visual artist [[Nilima Sheikh]] from [[Baroda]] and Archana Hande and architect Rohan Shivkumar from [[Mumbai]], playwright Malini Bhattacharya from [[Kolkata]]

=== Theatre ===

Dutta began her career with a [[Bengal|Bengali]] theatre group Anarjya (non-Aryans) in [[Kolkata]]. She was also a member of cadre of Sachetana, a feminist group in [[Kolkata]]. For Anarjya and Sachetana she directed plays both for proscenium and street theatre. A Bengali adaptation of [[Bertolt Brecht]]'s [[Mother Courage and Her Children]], and an anti-dowry musical by Malini Bhattacharya – Meye Dile Sajiye (Giving Away the Girl) are considered as two most memorable directorial works of her during that period. In Mumbai too she was active in theatre for a few years before getting fully involved with visual arts. She directed a popular street play for the women's movement – Nari Itihas ki Talash mein (In search of Women's History) in 1988 and an adaptation of Aristophanes’ Lysistrata – Aaj Pyar Bandh (Love is on Strike) in 1991. She has even dabbled with television serial in her salad days and directed a 13-episode Gujarati serial for her friend producer-actor Meenal Patel (1989–1990).

=== Films ===

The first film made by her is I Live in Behrampada (1993). The documentary made on a Muslim ghetto in the context of communal riots in Mumbai 1992-93 received [[Filmfare Award]] for best documentary in 1994. The film turned out to be a serious discursive material for conflict study and the script of it was published in an anthology - Politics of Violence: From Ayodhya to Behrampada, eds. John McGuire, Peter Reeves and Howard Brasted, Sage Publication, 1996. Subsequently, she has made several films – documentary, shorts, video spots and non-fiction features. Most of her films are made with the same unit comprising cameraman Avijit Mukul Kishore and editor Shyamal Karmakar. Her 2006 film Seven Islands and A Metro on the city of Bombay / Mumbai was one of the first documentary films to have been commercially released in the theatres in India. Apart from making her own films she has also produced several short films for younger filmmakers. Her role as a pedagogue, mentor, and producer has helped to consolidate a peer group around documentary practices in Mumbai. Her films had received three [[National Film Awards]]<ref>https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0244894/</ref>.

On 5 October 2015 she participated in a nationwide movement spearheaded by the writers and filmmakers of India to protest against the cultural policy of the state and returned the National Awards as part of the protest.<ref>https://scroll.in/article/767162/why-kundan-shah-and-23-other-filmmakers-are-now-returning-their-national-awards</ref><ref>http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/24-members-of-film-fraternity-return-awards/article10196634.ece</ref>

=== Curatorial practices ===

Madhusree Dutta is a co-founder of [[Majlis]] (1990), an institution that works on cultural activism and women's rights in [[Mumbai]]. She functioned as executive director of the institution till March 2016.<ref>https://scroll.in/article/805688/as-mumbai-feminist-group-majlis-turns-25-co-founder-resigns-with-a-scathing-open-letter</ref> She is also a founding member of Akademie Der Künste Der Welt (Academy of Arts of the World) in Cologne and member of the academic council of School of Environment & Architecture, [[Mumbai]]. She has been an active member of the women's movement in [[India]] and the [[World Social Forum]] (WSF) process, and has made major contribution by producing, mobilizing and disseminating arts and artists for the movements.<ref>http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/motoring/under-blue-skies-and-open-road/article19108740.ece</ref>

[http://Project%20Cinema%20City Project Cinema City]: Research Art and Documentary Practices, a monumental endeavour of multi-disciplinary interfaces of arts, is curated by her in 2009-2013. The project enquires into various layers of relationship between the city of Mumbai and the cinema that it manufactures<ref>http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/irrepressible-metropolis/article3232137.ece</ref>. The project primarily argues for cinema to be regarded as a labour-intensive phenomenon that is connected to labour migration, post-industrial norm of sweatshop production, shifts in urban demography and urban development, access to technology and market etc. [[Arjun Appadurai]], social-cultural anthropologist, wrote in the Foreword of the book Project Cinema City, [[Tulika Books]], 2013 - '"The work of the Cinema City group may be seen as a Situationist move, no longer in the context of Paris in the 1950s and 1960s, but of [[Bombay]] in the 1990s and in the decade of the twenty-first century. Like the Situationists, the Cinema City group is not concerned with art as comment on the city but as a product of the city, a lens into urban life and re-situating its already existing visual elements."'The project outputs contain documentary films production, public art installations, pedagogical courses, publications, and archives<ref>http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/mogambo-as-muse-2/</ref>. The project was first exhibited at Berlinale ([[Berlin International Film Festival]]) -Forum Expanded as part of the 60th anniversary of the festival in 2010. Subsequently, it was exhibited in the galleries of [[National Gallery of Modern Art]] in [[Mumbai]], [[Delhi]], and [[Bangalore]] as well as in several smaller galleries and public places in 2011-14<ref>http://in.blouinartinfo.com/ai-interview/article/809809-cinema-and-the-city-madhusree-dutta-on-curating-an-art-show-inspired-by-the-silver-screen</ref>. Within the project Madhusree has authored dates.sites: Bombay / Mumbai (co-designed with [[Shilpa Gupta]]), [[Tulika Books]], 2012 and co-edited Project Cinema City: Bombay / Mumbai (with Kaushik Bhaumik and Rohan Shivkumar, designed by Sherna Dastur), [[Tulika Books]], 2014.<ref>http://www.printweek.in/news/tulika-books-delhi-bags-printed-book-award-publishing-12942</ref> Project Cinema City, an anthology of essays, graphics, annotated films and art works was adjudged the Best Printed Book of the Year in Publishing Next Industry Award, 2014.

Dutta co-edited The Nation, the State and Indian Reality with [[Flavia Agnes]] and Neera Adarkar, Samya of [[Bhatkal and Sen]], in 1996. It is an anthology of essays in the context of the demolition of Babri masjid in December 1992. Her international collaboration in book making is a project (with Ines Schaber) titled KEYWORDING: Notes on Enculturation of Words and Word Practice within the Image Archive – for the 50th anniversary of Arsenal Institute of films and Video Art – Berlin.

In her pursuit for newer and subversive forms, Dutta has also produced a popular CDrom game Spice Adventures, in collaboration with artist [[Shilpa Gupta]]. The interactive narrative, with games and animation, unveils the secret of Indian cuisine – spices that have migrated to India from all over the world. The same pursuit also led to several digital archiving projects and pedagogical initiatives in found footage filmmaking. One such project Godaam is available online in the free access site PADMA (Public Access Digital Media Archive).

Dutta was jury in Berlinale [[Berlin International Film Festival]] Shorts in 2015<ref>http://www.arsenal-berlin.de/en/living-archive/projects/living-archive-archive-work-as-a-contenporary-artistic-and-curatorial-practice/individual-projects/madhusree-dutta-ines-schaber.html</ref>; [[Feminale]]: International Women's Film Festival, Cologne in 2006; [[Message to Man]] International Documentary Film Festival, St. Petersburg in 2001; and was chair person of the jury in Documentary and Short Film Festival of Kerala International Film Festival in 2009; and SIGNS festival of digital videos in 2014. Her retrospective was held in NGBK Gallery; [[Berlin]] in 2001, in Feminale, Cologne in 2006; in Madurai Film Festival in 2007; Persistance Resistance Film Festival, [[Delhi]] in 2008 and in Signs festival for digital videos, [[Kochi]] in 2014.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dutta, Madhusre}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women filmmakers]]
[[Category:Indian filmmakers]]
[[Category:Artists from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Indian feminists]]
[[Category:Indian curators]]
[[Category:Situationists]]
[[Category:People from Jamshedpur]]

Scutoid

2018-08-03T18:40:06Z

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[[File:Prism, frustum, prismatoid and scutoid.svg|thumb|alt=Alt text|A scutoid compared with a [[Prism|prism]], [[Frustum|frustum]], and [[Prismatoid|prismatoid]]]]
A '''scutoid''' is a [[geometric solid]] between two parallel surfaces. The boundary of each of the surfaces (and of all the other parallel surfaces between them) is a [[polygon]], and the vertices of the two end polygons are joined by either a curve or a Y-shaped connection. Scutoids present at least one vertex between these two planes. Scutoids are not necessarily convex, and lateral faces are not necessarily planar, so several scutoids can pack together to fill all the space between the two parallel surfaces.<ref name="natcomm2018">{{Cite journal |last=Gómez-Gálvez |first=Pedro |last2=Vicente-Munuera |first2=Pablo |last3=Tagua |first3=Antonio |last4=Forja |first4=Cristina |last5=Castro |first5=Ana M. |last6=Letrán |first6=Marta |last7=Valencia-Expósito |first7=Andrea |last8=Grima |first8=Clara |last9=Bermúdez-Gallardo |first9=Marina |date=2018-07-27 |title=Scutoids are a geometrical solution to three-dimensional packing of epithelia |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-05376-1.epdf |journal=Nature Communications |language=En |volume=9 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-05376-1 |issn=2041-1723}} </ref><ref name="burdick">{{Cite web |url=https://www.newyorker.com/elements/lab-notes/we-are-all-scutoids-a-brand-new-shape-explained |title=We Are All Scutoids: A Brand-New Shape, Explained |last=Burdick |first=Alan |date=July 30, 2018 |website=The New Yorker |language=en-US |access-date=2018-08-03}}</ref>

==Naming==

The object was first described in ''[[Nature Communications]]'' in July 2018, and the name ''scutoid'' was coined because of its resemblance to the shape of the [[Notum|scutum]] and [[Scutellum (insect anatomy)|scutellum]] in some insects, such as beetles in the [[Cetoniidae]] subfamily.<ref name="natcomm2018" /> Clara Grima has stated that while working on the project, the shape was called an ''escutoid'' after the biology group leader Luis M. Escudero.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2_NZ1ql8B8Y|title=THE SCUTOID: did scientists discover a new shape?|last=Parker|first=Matt|date=2018-08-03|website=YouTube: standupmaths|access-date=2018-08-03}}</ref>

== Appearance in nature ==
{{Quote
|text=The shape, however odd, is a building block of multicellular organisms; complex life might never have emerged on Earth without it.
|author=Alan Burdick
|source=''We Are All Scutoids: A Brand New Shape, Explained''<ref name="burdick" />
}}

[[File:Protaetia-cuprea-ignicollis-IZE-257.jpg|thumb|A beetle with a scutoid-esque notch, for which the object was named.]]
[[Epithelium|Epithelial]] cells adopt the "scutoidal shape" under certain circumstances.<ref name="natcomm2018" /> In epithelia, cells can 3D-pack as scutoids, facilitating tissue curvature. This is fundamental to the shaping of the organs during development.<ref name="natcomm2018" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gizmodo.com/the-scutoid-is-geometrys-newest-shape-and-it-could-be-1827924643|title=The 'Scutoid' Is Geometry's Newest Shape, and It Could Be All Over Your Body|last=Boddy|first=Jessica|date=|work=Gizmodo|access-date=2018-07-29|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newsweek.com/scutoid-scientists-discover-entirely-new-shape-and-its-been-hiding-inside-1045097|title=Scientists have discovered a brand-new three-dimensional shape|date=2018-07-27|work=Newsweek|access-date=2018-07-29|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Prism]]
* [[Frustum]]
* [[Prismatoid]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2_NZ1ql8B8Y THE SCUTOID: did scientists discover a new shape?] Matt Parker

{{Polyhedron navigator}}

{{polyhedron-stub}}

[[Category:Prismatoid polyhedra]]
[[Category:Space-filling polyhedra]]
[[Category:Volume]]
[[Category:Zonohedra]]
[[Category:Epithelium]]

Benutzer:Rowohlt/Christian Cameron

2018-07-24T20:11:46Z

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{{BLP sources|date=July 2010}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Christian G. Cameron
| image =Author_Photo_of_Christian_Cameron.png
| imagesize =198x249px
| caption = June 2009
| pseudonym = Gordon Kent, Miles Cameron
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|08|16|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania|PA]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Author]]
| nationality = {{flagcountry|Canada|name = Canadian}}
| period = 1996–present
| genre = [[Historical Fiction]]
| subject =
| movement =
| influences = [[Patrick O'Brian]], [[Glen Cook]], [[Alexandre Dumas, père]], [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Homer]], [[Dorothy Dunnett]], [[Roger Zelazny]], [[Xenophon]], [[Heraclitus]], [[Eric Rücker Eddison]]
| signature =
| website = {{URL|http://www.hippeis.com/}}
}}
'''Christian Gordon Cameron''' (born August 16, 1962), who writes under the pen names '''Gorden Kent''' and '''Miles Cameron''', is a Canadian [[author|novelist]], who was educated and trained as both an [[historian]] and a former career officer in the [[US Navy]].
His best-known work is the ongoing [[historical fiction]] series ''Tyrant'',<ref>{{cite news |title=A brainy Hellenistic bromance |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/arts/books/article1496033.ece |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |date=March 10, 2010 |accessdate=March 12, 2011 }}</ref> which by 2009 had sold over 100,000 copies.

==Biography==
Cameron was born in the US, in [[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]], in 1962 and grew up in [[Rochester, New York|Rochester]], NY, and [[Iowa City]], Iowa, as well as [[Rockport, Massachusetts]]. He attended high school at McQuaid Jesuit High School in Rochester, NY, and got an honors BA in Medieval History at the [[University of Rochester]]. After University, Cameron joined the [[United States Navy]] as an ensign, serving in [[VS-31]] as an air intelligence officer and gaining his air observer wings before going to spend the rest of his military career as a humint officer, first with [[Naval Criminal Investigative Service|NCIS]] and later with the [[United States Department of Homeland Security|DHS]] in Washington, DC. Cameron left the US military in 2000 as a lieutenant commander.

While still serving in the Navy, Cameron proposed his first novel with his father (Kenneth Cameron, American novelist and playwright) to HarperCollins UK, which was published in 1996 as ''Night Trap'' in the UK and ''Rules of Engagement'' in the United States. In 2002, Cameron wrote his first solo novel, ''Washington and Caesar'', published by HarperCollins in the UK and Random House in the US. Also in 2002, Cameron moved to Canada and married his wife, Sarah. They have one child, Beatrice.

==Fictional works==
===''Alan Craik'' series===
The ''Alan Craik'' series of espionage thrillers was conceived on a camping trip in the [[Adirondacks]] in 1994-5 and the events of the first book are very loosely based on the activities of [[John Anthony Walker]] and his son, father and son spies working for the [[Soviet Union]] against the [[United States Navy]]. Christian Cameron envisioned the books as a modern-day [[Horatio Hornblower|Hornblower]] series, depicting the life of a modern naval officer from his earliest career until his retirement. Over the course of eight novels, Alan Craik changes from a patriotic, enthusiastic and driven young man to a cynical and ambitious middle-aged man who resigns as a Captain to protest the use of intelligence to justify bad political decisions.

===''Tyrant'' series===
The ''Tyrant'' series was born in the classrooms of the Classics Department of the University of Toronto, where Cameron decided to write a series of historical novels in 2003. From 2003 to the present, Cameron has written six Tyrant novels: ''Tyrant'' (2008),<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Foex | first1 = B. A | title = Back to the future: emergency departments and ancient Greek warfare | doi = 10.1136/bmj.a2761 | journal = BMJ | volume = 337 | issue = dec15 1 | pages = a2761-a2761 | year = 2008 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref> ''Storm of Arrows'' (2009), ''Funeral Games'' (2010), ''King of the Bosporus'' (2011), ''Destroyer of Cities'' (2013) and ''Force of Kings'' (2014). The Tyrant series is set in the time of [[Alexander the Great]] and concerns the history of the [[Euxine]] area and the inter-relations between the [[Greeks]] and [[Scythians]]. Cameron also produced a single volume fictional biography of Alexander entitled ''God of War'' which ties into the Tyrant series. ''God of War'' was published in 2012.

===''Long War'' series===
The ''Long War'' series is Cameron's second historical series, also published by Orion in the UK. Cameron's series covers the [[Persian Wars]] from the first-person point of view of a historical figure, [[Arimnestos]] of [[Plataea]]. The first book, ''Killer of Men'' (published in 2010), is named after Achilles, the man-killer of the [[Iliad]], and covers in first person the early life of Arimnestos and his participation in the [[Ionian Revolt]]. The next installment of the series is ''Marathon'' (published 2011), which culminates in the titular [[Battle of Marathon|battle]]. ''Poseidon's Spear'' (2013) covers the five years after Marathon and is a more personal tale of adventure, exploration and revenge across the western Mediterranean and [[Atlantic Europe]]. ''The Great King'' (2014) has Arimnestos partake in [[Sparta|Sparta's]] diplomatic mission to Persia and ends with the [[Battle of Artemisium]]. ''Salamis'' (2015) covers the titular [[Battle of Salamis|battle]] and ''The Rage of Ares'' (2016) ends the series with the battles of [[Battle of Plataea|Plataea]] and [[Battle of Mycale|Mycale]]. In addition to the battles, the series also features aspects of life in ancient Greece, such as [[Metalsmith|smithery]], [[Agriculture in ancient Greece|farming]] and [[Ancient maritime history|sailing]], and historical figures such as [[Heraclitus]], [[Aristides]], [[Gorgo, Queen of Sparta|Gorgo]] and [[Xerxes I|Xerxes]].

===''Chivalry'' series===

[[File:Torneo Del Cigno Bianco Verona 2013.jpg|thumb|Christian Cameron at a reenactment in Verona Italy]]

The ''Chivalry'' series is Cameron's third historical series, also published by Orion (May 2013). Based loosely around the exploits of Sir William Gold, one of [[Sir John Hawkwood]]'s lieutenant's in Italy, this series begins with Gold's life as a goldsmith's apprentice in London just after the great plague of 1347 and will continue through the [[Battle of Poitiers]] and the [[Savoyard Crusade]], as well as the [[Peasants' Revolt]] of 1381, right through to the [[Battle of Agincourt]] in 1415, covering the history of the period—military, chivalric, and literary—in England, France, Italy, and Greece and roughly in parallel with the career of Chaucer's knight. [[Geoffrey Chaucer]] is a major character, along with [[John Hawkwood]] and [[Jean Le Maingre]].

===''Traitor Son Cycle''===
Originally planned as a trilogy, and extended to a five book<ref name=hippeis-2015-04-17/> fantasy series with an alternative medieval setting. The major story arc takes the Red Knight from the relative obscurity of command of a little-known mercenary company to fame, international renown, worldly power, and confrontation with the real powers of his world and perhaps with his own belief system.

==Reenactment==
Cameron is a passionate [[Historical reenactment|reenactor]], and uses the experiences of reenacting, including knowledge of the material culture and the skill sets required to recreate any portion of life in the past as essential tools in writing his novels.<ref>Christian Cameron: Representing the past, {{cite web|url=http://arts.nationalpost.com/2012/03/01/christian-cameron-representing-the-past/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-09-24 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302073542/http://arts.nationalpost.com/2012/03/01/christian-cameron-representing-the-past/ |archivedate=2012-03-02 |df= }}</ref> Cameron helps organize and direct military and non-military reenactments in the United States, Canada, and [[Europe]]. In 2011, Cameron, with the help of [[Greeks|Greek]] reenactor Giannis Kadaglou, put on the 2500th anniversary of the [[Battle of Marathon]] in [[Marathon, Greece|Marathon]], [[Greece]]<ref>History brought to life as Battle of Marathon re-enacted, https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gXARXuUc4gFuTJbWh-RY5zRXX50Q</ref> with over 100 reenactors from all over the world and thousands of Greek spectators. In addition to recreating the life of an early 5th-century [[Plataea]]n [[Hoplite]], Cameron also runs a group dedicated to the role of rangers and [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] in the [[American Revolution]], and participates in [[tournament]]s as a [[knight]] of the late 14th century.

==Bibliography==
[[File:Marathon's Best.jpg|thumb|right|400px|alt=text|Reenactors in phalanx at Marathon, September, 2011]]

===As Gordon Kent===

;Alan Craik series{{!:}} Novels
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''Night Trap''
* ''Peacemaker''
* ''Top Hook''
* ''Hostile Contact''
* ''Force Protection''
* ''Damage Control''
* ''The Spoils of War''
* ''The Falconer's Tale'' (2007)
{{div col end}}

===As Christian Cameron===

* ''Washington and Caesar'', (2003)
* ''God of War'', (2012)

;Tyrant Series{{!:}} Novels
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''Tyrant'', (2008)
* ''Storm of Arrows'', (2009)
* ''Funeral Games'', (2010)
* ''King of the Bosporus'', (2011)
* ''Destroyer of Cities'', (2013)
* ''Force of Kings'', (2014)
{{div col end}}
;Long War Series{{!:}} Novels
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''Killer of Men'' (2010)
* ''Marathon'' (2011)
* ''Poseidon's Spear'' (2012)
* ''The Great King'' (2014)
* ''Salamis'' (13 August 2015)
* ''The Rage of Ares'' (2016)
{{div col end}}
;Chivalry series{{!:}} Novels
* ''The Ill-Made Knight'' (2013)
* ''The Long Sword'' (2014)
* The Green Count (2017)
*Sword of Justice (2018)

;Tom Swan Serial{{!:}} e-books, 6 or 7 to a complete novel
Novel One
* ''Tom Swan and the Head of Saint George 1: Castillon''
* ''Tom Swan and the Head of Saint George 2: Venice''
* ''Tom Swan and the Head of Saint George 3: Constantinople''
* ''Tom Swan and the Head of Saint George 4: Rome''
* ''Tom Swan and the Head of Saint George 5: Rhodes''
* ''Tom Swan and the Head of Saint George 6: Chios''

Novel Two
* ''Tom Swan and the Siege of Belgrade 1''
* ''Tom Swan and the Siege of Belgrade 2''
* ''Tom Swan and the Siege of Belgrade 3''
* ''Tom Swan and the Siege of Belgrade 4'' (April 2015)
* ''Tom Swan and the Siege of Belgrade 5'' (May 2015)
* ''Tom Swan and the Siege of Belgrade 6'' (June 2015)
* ''Tom Swan and the Siege of Belgrade 7'' (July 2015)

Novel 3
* ''Tom Swan and Last Spartans 1: Florence'' (October 2015)
* ''Tom Swan and Last Spartans 2: Milan'' (January 2016)
* ''Tom Swan and Last Spartans 3'' (March 2017)
*''Tom Swan and Last Spartans 4'' (April 2017)
*''Tom Swan and Last Spartans 5'' (May 2017)

===As Miles Cameron===
;Traitor Son Cycle{{!:}} Novels
* ''The Red Knight'' (2013)
* ''The Fell Sword'' (2014)
* ''The Dread Wyrm'' (October 2015) <ref name=hippeis-2015-04-17>{{cite web |url= http://www.hippeis.com/forum/index.php?topic=1316.msg16289#msg16289 |title= Traitor Son Cycle book 3 question |author= Shelley Power |publisher= Hippeis (Christian Cameron) }}</ref> — formerly "Tournament of Fools" was the third book <ref name=hippeis-2014-03-24>{{Cite web |url= http://www.hippeis.com/forum/index.php?topic=1109.msg13146#msg13146 |title= Fell Sword (Agora) |date= 24 March 2014 |author= Phokion (Christian Cameron) |publisher= Hippeis (Christian Cameron) }}</ref>
* ''The Plague of Swords'' (October 2016) — formerly "The Giants' Dance" was the fourth book <ref name=hippeis-2014-03-24/>
* ''The Fall of Dragons'' (October 2017) {{citation needed|date=May 2015}} — formerly "The Dread Wyrm" was the title of the fifth book <ref name=hippeis-2014-03-24/>
;
;Short stories

* ''The Messenger’s Tale I'' (2013) — prequel to ''The Red Knight'' <ref>Miles Cameron, [http://www.hippeis.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/The-Messengers-Tale-Part-I.pdf "The Messenger’s Tale I"], Hippeis (Christian Cameron)</ref>
* ''The Messenger’s Tale II'' (2014) — set between ''The Fell Sword'' and ''Tournament of Fools'' <ref>Miles Cameron, [http://www.hippeis.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/The-Messengers-Tale-Part-II.pdf "The Messenger’s Tale II"], Hippeis (Christian Cameron)</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.hippeis.com/}}
* [http://www.csmid.com/ Author's American Revolution period reenacting group]
* [http://www.hoplologia.org/ NFP Historical organization]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cameron, Christian}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Canadian male novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian male writers]]

Superstition Mountains

2018-07-22T20:05:06Z

XLinkBot: BOT--Reverting link addition(s) by Seaduner to revision 849465408 (www.youtube.com/watch?v=CXIZMrTGM38 [\byoutube\.com])

{{Infobox protected area
| name = Superstition Wilderness
| alt_name = {{lang|yuf-x-yav|Wi:kchsawa}}
| iucn_category = Ib
| photo = SUPERSTITIONS AZ15.jpg
| photo_caption = Praying Hands Formation
| location = [[Maricopa County, Arizona|Maricopa]] / [[Pinal County, Arizona|Pinal]] / [[Gila County, Arizona|Gila]] counties, [[Arizona]], [[United States|USA]]
| nearest_city = [[Apache Junction, Arizona]]
| coordinates = {{coord|33|28|41|N|111|14|20|W|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| area = {{convert|159757|acre|ha}}
| established = 1939
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = [[U.S. Forest Service]]
}}
[[File:Miners Needle from Bluff Spring Trail, Superstition Wilderness.jpg|thumb|Miners Needle from Bluff Spring Trail. Note prominent [[bedding plane]]s in the volcanics.]]

The '''Superstition Mountains''' ({{lang-yuf-x-yav|'''Wi:kchsawa'''}}), popularly called "The Superstitions," is a range of mountains in [[Arizona]] located to the east of the [[Phoenix metropolitan area]]. They are anchored by [[Superstition Mountain]], a large mountain that is a popular recreation destination for residents of the [[Phoenix, Arizona]] area.

==History==
The mountains were once known in Spanish as '''Sierra de la Espuma'''.

==Bounded by roads==
The Superstition Mountains are bounded roughly by [[U.S. Route 60 in Arizona|U.S. Route 60]] on the south, [[Arizona State Route 88|State Route 88]] on the northwest, and [[State Route 188 (Arizona)|State Route 188]] on the northeast. The roads find it easier to go around these mountains, rather than through them.

==Wilderness area==
The mountain range is in the federally designated '''Superstition Wilderness Area''', and includes a variety of natural features in addition to its namesake mountain. [[Weavers Needle]], a prominent landmark and rock climbing destination set behind and to the east of Superstition Mountain, is a tall eroded volcanic remnant<ref name="kollenborn">{{cite web
| url=http://www.ajpl.org/aj/superstition/1eedle.htm
| title=Weaver's Needle or Picacho?
| accessdate=April 1, 2007
| author=Kollenborn, Tom
| year=1990
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20041030050018/http://www.ajpl.org/aj/superstition/1eedle.htm |archivedate = 2004-10-30}}</ref> that plays a significant role in the legend of the [[Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine]].

==Arid climate and hiking trails==
As with most of the terrain surrounding the Phoenix metropolitan area, the Superstition Mountains have a desert climate, with high summer temperatures and a handful of perennial sources of water. The elevation in the more remote, eastern portion of the wilderness is higher than the western portion, which lowers temperatures slightly. Numerous hiking trails cross the mountains from multiple access points, including the Peralta Trailhead, the most popular.<ref name="azcentral">{{cite web
| url=http://www.azcentral.com/travel/arizona/features/articles/archive/superhiking.html
| title=Hiking the Supsertitions
| accessdate=April 1, 2007
| author=Carroll, Doug
}}</ref> The Lost Dutchman State Park, located on the west side of Superstition Mountain, includes several short walking trails.

[[Peralta Canyon]], on the northeast side of Superstition Mountain, contains a popular trail that leads up to Fremont Saddle, which provides a very picturesque view of Weavers Needle. [[Miner's Needle]] is another prominent formation in the wilderness and a popular hiking destination.

==Elevation==
The Superstition Mountains have a maximum elevation of {{convert|6,266|ft|abbr=on}} and prominence of {{convert|1,706|ft|abbr=on}} at Mound Mountain in the far eastern section of the range.<ref>{{ Cite web |url=http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=4175 |title=Mound Mountain, East Superstition Mountains |publisher=peakbagger.com |accessdate=2016-09-02}}</ref><ref>{{ Cite web |url=http://www.peakbagger.com/range.aspx?rid=135301 |title=East Superstition Mountains |publisher=peakbagger.com |accessdate=2016-09-02}}</ref><ref>{{ Cite web |url=http://www.peakbagger.com/range.aspx?rid=135300 |title=Superstition Mountains Benchmark, Western section |publisher=peakbagger.com |accessdate=2016-09-02}}</ref>

== Superstition legends ==

[[Image:flatironpeak1.jpg|thumb|View from the Flat Iron hiking trail, February, 2008]]
The legend of the [[Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine]] centers around the Superstition Mountains. According to the legend, a German immigrant named Jacob Waltz discovered a [[mother lode]] of gold in the Superstition Wilderness and revealed its location on his deathbed in Phoenix in 1891 to Julia Thomas, a boarding-house owner who had taken care of him for many years. Several mines have been claimed to be the actual mine that Waltz discovered, but none of those claims have been verified.<ref name="kollenborn" /> The legends and lore of the Superstition Mountains can be experienced at the [http://SuperstitionMountainMuseum.org ''Superstition Mountain Museum''] on the Apache Trail where artifacts of the Lost Dutchman are on display.

Some [[Apache]]s believe that the hole leading down into the lower world, or hell, is located in the Superstition Mountains. Winds blowing from the hole is supposed to be the cause of severe dust storms in the metropolitan region.<ref>Vitaliano, Dorothy. 1973. ''Legends of the Earth'', Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 170-171.</ref>

== Nearby towns and cities ==
[[Image:Superstition Petroglyphs.jpg|thumb|right|[[Petroglyph]]s in Superstition Wilderness]]
* [[Apache Junction, Arizona]]
* [[Tortilla Flat, Arizona]]
* [[Superior, Arizona]]
* [[Mesa, Arizona]]
* [[Gold Canyon, Arizona]]

==See also==
*[[Legend of the Superstition Mountains]] a 2015 TV series with 6 episodes on [[History (U.S. TV channel)|History Channel]] about people looking for gold in the area
*[[List of U.S. Wilderness Areas]]
*[[List of Arizona Wilderness Areas]]
*[[List of mountain ranges of Arizona]]
*[[Wilderness Act]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Superstition Mountains}}
*[http://hikearizona.com/map.php?X=17 HikeArizona.com: Numbered Trails Map]
*[http://ApacheTrailArizona.com Official Apache Trail website: Superstition Mountains]
*[http://www.fs.fed.us/r3/tonto/wilderness/wilderness-superstition-index.shtml Tonto National Forest: Superstition Wilderness Area] Forest Service information
*[http://www.wilderness.net/index.cfm?fuse=NWPS&sec=wildView&WID=583 Wilderness.net: Superstition Wilderness Area]
*[http://www.gorp.com/parks-guide/travel-ta-tonto-national-forest-arizona-sidwcmdev_069086.html GORP.com: Superstition Wilderness]
*[http://www.ajpl.org/aj/superstition/ Ajpl.org: History of the Superstitions]
*[http://www.justroughinit.com/sites/default/files/forms-information/Average%20Temperatures%20for%20Superstitions%20Wilderness%20Area.pdf JustRoughinIt.com: Superstition Wilderness Average Climate]

{{Mountains of Arizona}}

[[Category:Superstition Mountains| ]]
[[Category:Arizona transition zone mountain ranges]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of the Sonoran Desert]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Maricopa County, Arizona]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Pinal County, Arizona]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Gila County, Arizona]]
[[Category:Phoenix metropolitan area]]
[[Category:Religious places of the indigenous peoples of North America]]
[[Category:Wilderness Areas of Arizona]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Gila County, Arizona]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Maricopa County, Arizona]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Pinal County, Arizona]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of Arizona]]
[[Category:IUCN Category Ib]]
[[Category:Tonto National Forest]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1939]]

FIFA Mobile

2018-07-13T14:10:18Z

XLinkBot: BOT--Reverting link addition(s) by Rsingh6589 to revision 849117367 (https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRCPdWPFyq_fUH_9YzwolrA [\byoutube\.com])

{{Infobox video game
|title = FIFA Mobile
|image = FIFAMobile.jpg
|caption = ''[[FIFA (video game series)|FIFA]]'' Mobile Cover Photo starring [[Marco Reus]]
|developer = [[EA Mobile]] [[EA Canada]]
|publisher = [[EA Sports]]
|series = [[FIFA (video game series)|''FIFA'']]
|platforms = [[iOS]]<ref name="easports.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.easports.com/fifa/fifa-mobile|title=FIFA Mobile|publisher=easports.com|accessdate=11 January 2018}}</ref> [[Android (operating system)|Android]] [[Microsoft Windows]]
|released = {{Video game release|WW|11 October 2016}}
|genre = [[Sports game|Sports]]
|modes = [[Single-player video game|Single-player]], [[Multiplayer video game|multiplayer]]
|producer = Matt Lafreniere<ref>{{cite web|url=//www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=10&v=RgRZlKEPlVg|title=FIFA 17 MOBILE - Official Gameplay + New Features...etc|work=ZAN OMG|publisher=[[YouTube]]|date=16 August 2016|accessdate=11 January 2018}}</ref>
}}

'''''FIFA Mobile''''' is an [[association football]] [[Simulation video game|simulation]] [[video game]] developed by [[EA Mobile]] and [[EA Canada]] and published by [[EA Sports]] for [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]]. It was released worldwide on 11 October 2016, for [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]], and [[Microsoft Windows]]. It was announced on August 16, 2016 during [[Gamescom|Gamescom 2016]].<ref>https://www.easports.com/fifa/fifa-mobile/news</ref>

==Gameplay==
The game introduces a new "Attack Mode" in which players mostly play the offensive stages of a match. They also have to defend counter-attacks from the opposition. Attack Mode features an asynchronous turn-based multiplayer. The game also features Live Events themed on recent real world events, as well as mini games based on skills such as shooting, passing, dribbling and goalkeeping.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pocketgamer.co.uk/r/iPhone/FIFA+Mobile/news.asp?c=71421|title=FIFA 17 on iOS and Android will be called FIFA Mobile - Here's everything we know|author=Glen Fox|website=[[Pocket Gamer]]|date=16 September 2016|accessdate=11 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.easports.com/fifa/fifa-mobile/news/2016/fifa-mobile-live-services|title=FIFA Mobile - Live Services - The Story of the Football World|department=[[EA Sports]]|publisher=[[Electronic Arts]]|date=5 September 2016|accessdate=11 January 2018}}</ref>

==Development and release==
EA announced the game on August 16, 2016 during [[Gamescom|Gamescom 2016]] and the game was released worldwide on 11 October 2016 for [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]], and [[Microsoft Windows]].{{cn|date=January 2018}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Football video games by Electronic Arts}}
{{Portal bar|2010s|Video games|Association football}}

[[Category:Association football video games]]
[[Category:EA Sports games]]
[[Category:Electronic Arts games]]
[[Category:FIFA (video game series)]]
[[Category:Android (operating system) games]]
[[Category:IOS games]]
[[Category:2016 video games]]
[[Category:Windows games]]
[[Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games]]
[[Category:Video games developed in Canada]]

Chinesisch-pakistanische Beziehungen

2018-07-07T23:10:23Z

{{Infobox bilateral relations|China–Pakistan
| party1 = Pakistan
| party2 = China
| map = Pakistan China Locator.svg
| filetype = 250px
| envoytitle1 = [[Ambassador]]
| envoy1 = Masood Khalid
| envoytitle2 = [[Ambassador]]
| envoy2 = Sun Weidong
| mission1 = [[Beijing|Pakistani Embassy, Beijing]]
| mission2 = [[Islamabad|Chinese Embassy, Islamabad]]
}}

'''China–Pakistan relations''' began in 1950 when Pakistan was among the first countries to end official diplomatic relations with the [[Republic of China]] (on [[Taiwan]]) and recognize the [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC) regime on mainland China. Since then, both countries have placed considerable importance on the maintenance of an extremely close and supportive [[special relationship]]<ref name="bbcnews">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13418957|title= Pakistani PM hails China as his country's 'best friend'|work=BBC News|accessdate=17 May 2011|date=17 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="nyt">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/13/world/asia/13pstan.html|title= Pakistan President to Visit China, a Valued Ally|work=New York Times|accessdate=12 October 2008|first=Salman|last=Masood|date=13 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-11/14/content_732562.htm|title=China-Pakistan relations|accessdate=14 November 2006|work=China Daily}}</ref> and the two countries have regularly exchanged high-level visits resulting in a variety of agreements. The PRC has provided economic, military, and technical assistance to Pakistan, and each country considers the other a close strategic ally.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2011-05-17/world/china.pakistan.friend_1_minister-yousuf-raza-gilani-chinese-president-hu-jintao-pakistani-counterpart?_s=PM:WORLD|title=Pakistan cements China ties amid tension with U.S|date=17 May 2011|accessdate=12 July 2011|work=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90883/7384378.html|title=China, Pakistan joined in bonds of brotherhood|accessdate=18 May 2011|work=People's Daily}}</ref>

Bilateral relations have evolved from an initial Chinese policy of neutrality to a partnership with a smaller but militarily powerful Pakistan. Diplomatic relations were established in 1950, boundary issues resolved in 1963, military assistance began in 1966, a strategic alliance was formed in 1972, and economic co-operation began in 1979. China has become Pakistan’s largest supplier of arms and its third-largest trading partner.<ref>{{cite web|agency=Reuters |url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/05/21/pakistan-says-wants-china-to-build-naval-base.html |title=Pakistan wants China to build it a naval base |publisher=Dawn.com |date=21 May 2011 |accessdate=13 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://thecommongood.net/2011/05/china-to-fast-track-jets-for-pakistan/ |title=China to Fast-Track Jets for Pakistan |publisher=Thecommongood.net |accessdate=13 May 2012}}</ref> China has given Pakistan a loan of $60 million which was later made a grant after [[East Pakistan|east Pakistan]] broke away. Recently, both nations have decided to cooperate in improving [[Pakistan's civil nuclear power sector]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10340642 |title=China says Pakistan nuclear deal 'peaceful' |publisher=BBC |date=17 June 2010 |accessdate=13 May 2012}}</ref>

Maintaining close relations with China is a central part of [[Pakistan's foreign policy]]. In 1986, President [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] visited China to improve diplomatic relations, and Pakistan was one of only two countries, alongside Cuba, to offer crucial support to the PRC after the [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989]]. China and Pakistan also share close military relations, with China supplying a range of modern armaments to the Pakistani defence forces. China supports Pakistan's stance on [[Kashmir]], while Pakistan supports China on the issues of [[East Turkestan independence movement|Xinjiang]], [[Tibetan independence movement|Tibet]], and [[Taiwan independence|Taiwan]]. Military cooperation has deepened, with joint projects producing armaments ranging from [[fighter jet]]s to guided missile frigates.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1320868|title=China, Pakistan agree to further increase military cooperation|last=Dawn.com|date=2017-03-16|work=DAWN.COM|access-date=2017-11-17|language=en-US}}</ref>

Chinese cooperation with Pakistan has reached economic high points, with substantial Chinese investment in Pakistani infrastructural expansion including the Pakistani deep-water port at [[Gwadar]]. Both countries have an ongoing [[free trade]] agreement.

According to China's custom statistics the bilateral trade volume for the calendar year 2017 crossed the US$ 20 billion mark for the first time. In 2017 China's exports to Pakistan grew by 5.9% to reach US$ 18.25 billion whereas Pakistan's exports to China fell by 4.1% to US$ 1.83 billion.<ref>http://info.hktdc.com/hktdc_offices/mi/ccs/index_static_type/ExportsbyCountryofOriginFinalDestinationex.htm</ref> <ref>http://info.hktdc.com/hktdc_offices/mi/ccs/index_static_type/ImportsbyCountryofOriginFinalDestinationim.htm</ref>

Pakistan has served as China's main bridge to the [[Islamic world]], and also played an important role in bridging the communication gap between the PRC and the West by facilitating [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Richard Nixon]]'s [[Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China|historic 1972 visit]] to China. The relations between Pakistan and China have been described by Pakistan's ambassador to China as ''higher than the mountains, deeper than the oceans, stronger than steel, dearer than eyesight, sweeter than honey, and so on.'' <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/18682839|title=Sweet as can be?|publisher=The Economist|accessdate=12 February 2013|date=14 May 2011}}</ref> According to [[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]], Pakistan is China's biggest arms buyer, counting for nearly 47% of Chinese arms exports.<ref>[http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=475 Trends in international arms transfers, 2013 Siemon T. Wezeman and Pieter D. Wezeman]</ref> According to a 2014 BBC World Service Poll, 75% of [[Pakistanis]] view China's influence positively with only 15% expressing a negative view. In the Asia-Pacific region, [[Chinese people]] hold third most positive opinions of Pakistan's influence in the world, behind Indonesia and Pakistan itself.<ref>http://www.globescan.com/images/images/pressreleases/bbc2014_country_ratings/2014_country_rating_poll_bbc_globescan.pdf</ref>

==Overview==
[[File:Passu Gojal hunza pakistan.jpg|thumb|left|alt=JF-17 Thunder.|[[Karakoram Highway]] connects the two states, it is also sometimes referred to as the Eighth Wonder of the World.]]

Pakistan has a long and strong relationship with China. The long-standing ties between the two countries have been mutually beneficial. A close identity of views and mutual interests remain the centre-point of bilateral ties. Since the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]], Pakistan has supported China on most issues of importance to the latter, especially those related to the question of China's sovereignty like [[Taiwan]], [[Xinjiang]], and [[Tibet]] and other sensitive issues such as human rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/coe21/publish/no16_1_ses/11_rahman.pdf |title=Eager Eyes Fixed on Eurasia Russia and Its Neighbors in Crisis Russia and Its Neighbors in Crisis, Edited by IWASHITA Akihiro, Slavic Research Center, p 212 |format=PDF |accessdate=13 May 2012}}</ref>

The Chinese leadership has acknowledged Pakistan's steadfast support on key issues. Pakistan helped China in reestablishing formal ties with the West, where they helped make possible the [[1972 Nixon visit to China]].{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} Pakistan has collaborated with China in extensive military and economic projects, seeing China as a counterweight to [[India]] and the United States. Pakistan has also served as a conduit for China's influence in the Muslim world.

China also has a consistent record of supporting Pakistan in regional issues. Pakistan's military depends heavily on [[Equipment Development Department of the Central Military Commission|Chinese armaments]], and joint projects of both economic and militaristic importance are ongoing. China has supplied equipment to support Pakistan's nuclear program.

==Relations prior to the founding of the modern states of Pakistan and the PRC==
Buddhist monks from the area of what is now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region of Pakistan were involved in the [[Silk Road transmission of Buddhism]] to [[Han dynasty]] China. The Han dynasty's [[Protectorate of the Western Regions]] bordered the [[Kushan Empire]]. [[Faxian]] traveled in what is now modern day Pakistan.

During World War II, the Hui Muslim Imam Da Pusheng [[w:zh:达浦生|达浦生]] toured the Middle East and South Asia to confront Japanese propagandists in Muslim countries and denounce their invasion to the Islamic world.<ref name="Luo1995">{{cite book|author=Zhufeng Luo|title=Religion Under Socialism in China|url=https://books.google.com/?id=cEfiZlUpI5oC&pg=PA50&lpg=PA50&dq=da+pusheng+1938#v=onepage&q=da%20pusheng%201938&f=false|date=January 1991|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-87332-609-4|pages=50–}}</ref> Misinformation on the war was spread in the Islamic Middle Eastern nations by Japanese agents. In response, in the World Islamic Congress in Hejaz, Imam Du openly confronted fake Muslim Japanese agents and exposed them as non-Muslims. Japan's history of imperialism was explained by Du to his fellow Muslims. [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the future founder of Pakistan, met with Imam Du. The [[Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War|Chinese Muslim's anti-Japanese war effort]] received a pledge of support from Jinnah.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.88dict.com/archives/485094/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-08-24 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20140613193920/http://www.88dict.com/archives/485094/ |archivedate=13 June 2014 |df=dmy-all }} {{cite web |url=http://archive |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-08-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712160429/http://archive/ |archivedate=12 July 2013 |df=dmy }}. is/jDCDc</ref> The Hindu leaders Tagore and Gandhi and Muslim Jinnah both discussed the war with the Chinese Muslim delegation under Ma Fuliang while in Turkey President [[İsmet İnönü]] also met the delegation.<ref>http://www.huizu360.com/huizu/news_view.asp?tid=5&id=19276</ref> Gandhi and Jinnah met with the Hui Ma Fuliang and his delegation as they denounced Japan.<ref>http://www.xzbu.com/7/view-1606508.htm</ref>

==Diplomatic relations==
[[File:Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy and Zhou Enlai signing the Treaty of Friendship Between China and Pakistan in Beijing.jpg|thumb|right|Pakistani Prime Minister [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]] and Chinese Premier [[Zhou Enlai]] signing the Treaty of Friendship Between China and Pakistan in Beijing in 1956.]]
Diplomatic relations between Pakistan and China were established on 21 May 1951, shortly after the [[Republic Of China]] lost power in [[Mainland China|the Mainland]] in 1949.<ref>[http://202.83.164.26/wps/portal/Mocul/!ut/p/c0/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os_hQN68AZ3dnIwML82BTAyNXTz9jE0NfQwNfA_2CbEdFAA2MC_Y!/?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/MoculCL/ministry/highlights/iap-pakchina-01 Pakistan and China Relations]{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> While initially ambivalent towards the idea of a Communist country on its borders, Pakistan hoped that China would serve as a counterweight to Indian influence. [[India]] had recognized China a year before, and Indian Prime Minister Nehru also hoped for closer relations with the Chinese. In 1956, Pakistani Prime Minister [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]] and Chinese Premier [[Zhou Enlai]] signing the Treaty of Friendship Between China and Pakistan, marking closer bilateral ties.

With escalating border tensions leading to the [[1962 Sino-Indian war]], China and Pakistan aligned with each other in a joint effort to counter India and the Soviet Union as both have border disputes with India. One year after China's border war with India, Pakistan ceded the [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]] to China to end border disputes and improve diplomatic relations.

Since then, an informal alliance that initially consisted of joint Indian opposition{{clarify|date=June 2013}} has grown into a lasting relationship that has benefited both nations on the diplomatic, economic and military frontiers. Along with diplomatic support, Pakistan served as a conduit for China to open up to the West. China has in turn provided extensive economic aid and political support to Pakistan.

[[File:Kashmir map big.jpg|thumb|200px|Disputed territory ceded to China in 1963.]]

[[File:Ambassador Hilaly receiving US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in Rawalpindi on 8 July 1971.jpg|thumb|left|alt=JF-17 Thunder.|[[Henry Kissinger]] was on a secret mission to China facilitated by the [[Government of Pakistan]], a fact known to very few people including [[Agha Hilaly|Ambassador Hilaly]].]]

Since the two sides established their "all-weather diplomatic relations", there have been frequent exchanges between the two countries' leadership and peoples. For example, former Chinese Premier [[Zhou Enlai]] received warm welcomes in all of his four visits to Pakistan. When Zhou died in 1976, then Pakistani's Ambassador to China rushed to the [[Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] at 8 in the morning without appointment. Upon arriving at the ministry, the ambassador cried due to his grief in front of Chinese diplomats. In 2004, a road in Pakistani capital [[Islamabad]] leading to the Diplomatic Enclave was named "Zhou Enlai Road". It is the first road in Pakistan that is named after foreign leaders. On 27 May 1976, then Chinese leader [[Mao Zedong]], aged 83, received his last foreign guest Pakistani president [[Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]] despite his illness.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://politics.people.com.cn/n/2015/0417/c1001-26863311.html |title=中国与巴基斯坦高层交往的5则小故事 |publisher=[[People's Daily China]] |date=17 April 2015 |accessdate=18 April 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Eight Pakistan Air Force JF-17s escort Air China Boeing 747-400.jpg|thumb|right|The presidential plane of PRC President [[Xi Jinping]] escorted by eight JF-17s upon entering Pakistani airspace on a two-day official visit.]]

On 22 May 2013, Chinese Premier [[Li Keqiang]]'s airplane was escorted by six JF-17 Thunder jets, jointly developed by the two countries, as it entered Pakistani airspace.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-22650591 |title=China media: Li Keqiang's Pakistan visit |publisher=BBC |date=24 May 2013 |accessdate=18 April 2015}}</ref> The premier was also received by both Pakistani president and prime minister upon his arrival at the airport. On 20 April 2015, Chinese President [[Xi Jinping]] visited Pakistan as his first foreign visit of the year, also the first by a Chinese president in 9 years. Before his arrival, he published an article praising the friendship on Pakistani newspapers like ''[[Daily Jang]]''. The Chinese president compared visiting Pakistan with visiting his brother's home.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://politics.people.com.cn/n/2015/0420/c1001-26873284.html |title=解读：习近平为何说访巴就像到自己兄弟家中探访？ |publisher=People's Daily China |date=20 April 2015 |accessdate=20 April 2015}}</ref> Like previous visit by Premier Li, the airplane was escorted by 8 JF-17 Thunder jets. Xi was given a grand welcome upon his arrival at Noor Khan airbase, a 21-gun salute and guard of honour was presented to him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1177109/chinese-presidents-visit-to-usher-in-new-era-of-development-pm |title=Chinese president's visit to usher in new era of development: PM |publisher=[[DAWN News]] |date=20 April 2015 |accessdate=20 April 2015}}</ref>

{{quote|text=When I was young, I heard many touching stories about Pakistan and the friendship between our two countries. To name just a few, I learned that the Pakistani people were working hard to build their beautiful country, and that Pakistan opened an air corridor for China to reach out to the world and supported China in restoring its lawful seat in the United Nations. The stories have left me with a deep impression. I look forward to my upcoming state visit to Pakistan.|sign=[[Xi Jinping]], [[President of the People's Republic of China]] before his 2015 visit to Pakistan|source=<ref>[http://thediplomat.com/2015/04/xi-jinping-on-pakistan-i-feel-as-if-i-am-going-to-visit-the-home-of-my-own-brother/ Xi Jinping on Pakistan: 'I Feel as if I Am Going to Visit the Home of my Own Brother']</ref>}}

Pakistan's military initially depended almost entirely on American armaments and aid, which was increased during the covert U.S. support of Islamic militants in the [[Soviet war in Afghanistan]]. America under US President [[Richard Nixon]] supported Pakistan in the 1971 [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].<ref name="Shalom">Shalom, Stephen R., [http://coat.ncf.ca/our_magazine/links/issue47/articles/a07.htm The Men Behind Yahya in the Indo-Pak War of 1971]</ref> However, the period following the Soviet withdrawal and the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] led indirectly to the increasing realignment of America with the previously pro-Soviet India. The [[Pressler Amendment]] in 1990 suspended all American military assistance and any new economic aid amidst concerns that Pakistan was attempting to develop a nuclear weapon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=larry_pressler_1 |title=Larry Pressler |publisher=Historycommons.org |date=29 March 1993 |accessdate=13 May 2012}}</ref> Given the support that Pakistan had given them during the War in Afghanistan, many Pakistanis saw this as a betrayal that sold out Pakistani interests in favor of India. This belief was further strengthened as India had developed a nuclear weapon without significant American opposition, and Pakistan felt obligated to do the same. Consequently, the primarily geopolitical alliance between Pakistan and China has since 1990 branched out into military and economic cooperation, due to Pakistan's belief that America's influence and support in the region should be counterbalanced by the Chinese.

With the U.S.-led [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|war in Afghanistan]], there is a general sentiment in Pakistan to adopt a foreign policy which favors China over the United States.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/pakistan/2010/pakistan-100619-irna03.htm Global Security] and [http://pakobserver.net/201009/28/detailnews.asp?id=54483 Pakistan Foreign Policy Makers Urged to tie strongly with China compared to US]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Washington has been accused deserting Pakistan in favor of a policy that favors stronger relations with India, while Pakistan sees China as a more reliable ally over the long term.<ref name="articles.cnn.com">{{Cite news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2011-05-17/world/china.pakistan.friend_1_minister-yousuf-raza-gilani-chinese-president-hu-jintao-pakistani-counterpart?_s=PM:WORLD|title=Pakistan cements China ties amid tension with U.S|date=17 May 2011|accessdate=12 July 2011|publisher=CNN}}</ref>

Since [[September 11 attacks]], Pakistan has increased the scope of Chinese influence and support by agreeing to a number of military projects, combined with extensive economic support and investment from the Chinese.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}

==Military relations==
[[File:Pakistan Air Force Chengdu JF-17 Gu.jpg|thumb|left|alt=JF-17 Thunder.|The [[JF-17 Thunder]] is a joint Pakistan-China project.]]
There are strong military ties between China and Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/pakistan/2010/pakistan-100619-irna03.htm|title=Pakistan enjoys strong defense ties with China|date=19 June 2010|accessdate=30 December 2010|publisher=[[Islamic Republic News Agency|IRNA – Islamic Republic News Agency]]|first=IRNA|last=Islamic Republic News Agency}}</ref> This alliance between two neighbouring Asian nations is significant geo-politically. The strong military ties primarily aim to counter regional Indian and American influence, and was also to repel [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] influence in the area. In recent years this relationship has strengthened through ongoing military projects and agreements between Pakistan and China.

Since 1962, China has been a steady source of military equipment to the [[Pakistani Army]], helping establish ammunition factories, providing technological assistance and modernizing existing facilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/10070/chinapakistan_relations.html|title=China-Pakistan Relations|work=Backgrounder|publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]|date=6 July 2010|accessdate=16 July 2010|first1=Jamal|last1=Afridi|first2=Jayshree|last2=Bajoria}}</ref>
[[File:Pakistan airforce K8.jpg|framepx200|right|thumb|[[Hongdu JL-8]] is co-produced by both Pakistan and China.]]

Most recently, the Chinese [[Chengdu J-10]]B fighter was compared to its closest American counterpart, the [[Lockheed Martin F-16]]C Block 52/60, the most advanced F-16, for orders on either aircraft for the [[Pakistan Air Force]], resulting in the wins of the Chinese [[Chengdu J-10]]B. Accordingly, the [[Chengdu J-10]]B had more advanced technology such as its radar and OLS targeting system, and its new generation stealthy features, such as its DSI intake gave it an edge over the [[Lockheed Martin F-16]].

China and Pakistan are involved in several projects to enhance military and weaponry systems, which include the joint development of the [[JF-17 Thunder]] fighter aircraft,<ref name="scmp">{{cite news |title=China-Pakistan military ties set to get even closer as ‘iron brothers’ eye new alliance |url=http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2127106/china-pakistan-military-ties-set-get-even-closer-iron |date=January 7, 2018 |access-date=January 8, 2018 |first=Catherine |last=Wong |publisher=''[[South China Morning Post]]''}}</ref> [[K-8 Karakorum]] advance [[training aircraft]], a tailor made training aircraft for the [[Pakistan Air Force]] based on the Chinese domestic [[Hongdu L-15]], [[space technology]], [[Airborne Early Warning and Control|AWACS]] systems, [[Al-Khalid tank]]s, which China granted license production and tailor made modifications based on the initial Chinese Type 90 and/or MBT-2000. The Chinese has designed tailor made advanced weapons for Pakistan, making it a strong military power in the Asian region. The armies have a schedule for organising joint military exercises.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/mbt-2000.htm|title=Al Khalid MBT-2000 / Type 2000 Main Battle Tank|publisher=GlobalSecurity.org|accessdate=16 July 2010}}</ref>

China is the largest investor in Pakistan's [[Gwadar]] Deep Sea Port, which is strategically located at the mouth of the [[Strait of Hormuz]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianresearch.org/articles/2528.html|title=Gwadar: China's Naval Outpost on the Indian Ocean|first=Tarique|last=Niazi|date=28 February 2005|accessdate=16 July 2010|publisher=Association for Asian Research}}</ref> It is viewed warily by both America and India as a possible launchpad for the Chinese Navy, giving them the ability to launch submarines and warships in the Indian Ocean. China has recently pledged to invest nearly $43 billion US dollars.

China’s leadership appreciated Pakistan’s fight against terrorism with a special mention of eliminating Al Qaeda, Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) and the East Turkmenistan Islamic Movement (ETIM), added the ISPR statement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1320868|title=China, Pakistan agree to further increase military cooperation|last=|first=|date=March 16, 2017|website=DAWN News|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> In 2008, Pakistan had purchased military equipment from China for an improved quality of defence arsenal and force to fight the constant attack from foreign militants.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.zeenews.com/news439060.html|title=China offers Pakistan military aid to fight terrorism|date=26 April 2008|accessdate=16 July 2010|publisher=[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee News Ltd]]}}</ref> This relationship still continues nine years later when Pakistan Army imported Chinese-built Low to Medium Altitude Air Defence System (LOMADS) LY-80 for its air defence system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1320053/army-inducts-chinese-built-air-defence-system-to-its-arsenal|title=Army inducts Chinese-built air defence system to its arsenal|last=|first=|date=March 12, 2017|website=DAWN News|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

{{Quote box
|quote = If you love China, love Pakistan too.
|source = [[Li Keqiang]], [[Premier of the People's Republic of China]]<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-22650591 China media: Li Keqiang's Pakistan visit]</ref>
|width = 25%
|align = left
}}
In the past, China has played a major role in the development of Pakistan's nuclear infrastructure, especially when increasingly stringent export controls in [[Western countries]] made it difficult for Pakistan to acquire plutonium and uranium enriching equipment from elsewhere such as the Chinese help in building the [[Khushab]] reactor, which plays a key role in Pakistan's production of plutonium. A subsidiary of the [[China National Nuclear Corporation]] contributed in Pakistan's efforts to expand its uranium enrichment capabilities by providing 5,000 custom made ring magnets, which are a key component of the bearings that facilitate the high-speed rotation of centrifuges. China has also provided technical and material support in the completion of the [[Chashma Nuclear Power Complex]] and plutonium reprocessing facility, which was built in the mid-1990s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/pakistan/nuke/|title=Pakistan Nuclear Weapons: A Brief History of Pakistan's Nuclear Program|date=11 December 2002|accessdate=16 July 2010|work=Strategic Security Project|publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]]}}</ref> China has become increasing concerned about al-Qaeda linked [[Terrorism in Pakistan|terrorism originating in Pakistan]] and sought help to set up military bases on Pakistani soil to deal with the problem.<ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/china-seeks-military-bases-in-paks-restive-tribal-region/articleshow/10497288.cms "China seeks military bases in Pak's restive tribal region."] ''PTI'', 26 October 2011.</ref>

On January 26, 2015, Chinese Foreign Minister [[Wang Yi (politician)|Wang Yi]] during a conclusion of a two-day visit of [[Raheel Sharif]] to [[Beijing]] called Pakistan China's 'irreplaceable, all-weather friend'. Sharif also met [[Yu Zhengsheng]], [[Meng Jianzhu]] and [[Xu Qiliang]].<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/827836/coas-visit-chinese-foreign-minister-terms-pakistan-chinas-irreplaceable-friend/ Pakistan an 'irreplaceable' friend, Chinese foreign minister tells army chief]</ref> On April 19, 2015, China concluded sale of eight conventional [[submarines]] worth $5bn, the biggest arms sale by China in its history.<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/world/xi-jinpings-sale-of-submarines-to-pakistan-raises-risk-of-indian-ocean-nuclear-clash-20150418-1mnt6i.html Xi Jinping's sale of submarines to Pakistan raises risk of Indian Ocean nuclear clash]</ref> The vessels are supplied by the China Shipbuilding Trading Company, and financed to Pakistan at a low [[interest rate]].<ref name="scmp"/>

===Counterterrorism===

China, Pakistan and Afghanistan have coordinated to increase regional stability.<ref name="scmp"/> Foreign Minister Wang Yi has said that China intends to use [[Xinjiang]] as a base of economic development for the region, increasing security and facilitating trade.<ref name="scmp"/>

==Economic relations==
{{See also|China–Pakistan Free Trade Agreement}}
Pakistan has been one of China’s major trade partners.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/95442/IPCS-Special-Report-30.pdf|title=China-Pakistan Economic Relations|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

Recently though, economic trade between Pakistan and China is increasing, and a free trade agreement has been signed. Military and technological transactions continue to dominate the economic relationship between the two nations, and China has pledged to increase their investment in Pakistan's economy and infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/688389/top-ten-trading-partners |title=Top ten trading partners |publisher=Dawn |date=15 January 2012}}</ref>

In 2011 China Kingho Group canceled a $19 billion mining deal because of security concerns.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/8799596/US-finds-new-friend-in-Uzbekistan-after-Pakistan-fallout.html "US finds new friend in Uzbekistan after Pakistan fallout."] ''Telegraph Media Group Limited'', 30 September 2011.</ref>

On 26 April, ''[[China Mobile]]'' announced $1 billion of investment in [[Pakistan]] in telecommunication infrastructure and training of its officials within a period of three years.<ref>[http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/04/24/city/karachi/china-mobile-to-invest-1b-in-pakistan/ China Mobile to invest $ 1b in Pakistan]</ref> The announcement came a day after China Mobile subsidy [[Zong Pakistan|Zong]] emerged as the highest bidder in the 3G auction, claiming a 10 MHz 3G band licence, qualifying for the 4G licence.<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/699257/spectrum-auction-live-updates/ Next-generation licence: Govt raises over $1.1 billion in spectrum auction]</ref>

On 22 April 2015, According to ''[[China Daily]]'', China released its first overseas investment project under the [[One Belt, One Road]] for developing a hydropower station near [[Jhelum]].<ref>[http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2015-04/22/content_20508778.htm Silk Road Fund makes first investment]</ref>

The biggest development off late to open up the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) has changed the situation completely as China has carved an enormous plan for economic growth and development in Pakistan as pointed out below in the next section.

===China–Pakistan Economic Corridor===
[[File:Gwadar Port.jpg|framepx200|right|thumb|Gwadar Port.]]
The CPEC will connect Pakistan with China and the Central Asian countries with highway connecting [[Kashgar]] to [[Khunjerab Pass|Khunjerab]] and [[Gwadar]].<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/591372/boosting-trade-pak-china-economic-corridor-plan-gets-premiers-go-ahead/</ref> [[Gwadar port]] in southern Pakistan will serve as the trade nerve center for China, as most of its trade especially that of oil will be done through the port, which is operated by the China Overseas Port Holding Company, a state-owned Chinese company.<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/589268/pak-china-ties-gawadar-port-one-part-of-a-larger-plan/ Pak-China ties: Gawadar port one part of a larger plan]</ref> Currently, sixty percent of China’s oil must be transported by ship from the [[Persian Gulf]] to the only commercial port in China, Shanghai, a distance of more than 16,000 kilometres. The journey takes two to three months, during which time the ships are vulnerable to pirates, bad weather, political rivals and other risks. Using Gwadar port instead would reduce the distance and possibly the cost.

The plan seeks to build on a market presence already established by Chinese enterprises, Haier in household appliances, ChinaMobile and Huawei in telecommunications and China Metallurgical Group Corporation (MCC) in mining and minerals. In other cases, such as textiles and garments, cement and building materials, fertiliser and agricultural technologies (among others) it calls for building the infrastructure and a supporting policy environment to facilitate fresh entry. According to the plan, a key element in this is the creation of industrial parks, or special economic zones, would be done with the provision of water, perfect infrastructure, sufficient supply of energy and the capacity of self-service power.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1333101|title=Exclusive: CPEC master plan revealed|last=Husain|first=Khurram|date=2017-05-14|work=DAWN.COM|access-date=2017-11-03|language=en-US}}</ref>

But the main thrust of the plan actually lies in agriculture, contrary to the image of CPEC as a massive industrial and transport undertaking, involving power plants and highways. The plan acquires its greatest specificity, and lays out the largest number of projects and plans for their facilitation, in agriculture. For agriculture, the plan outlines an engagement that runs from one end of the supply chain all the way to the other. From provision of seeds and other inputs, like fertiliser, credit and pesticides, Chinese enterprises will also operate their own farms, processing facilities for fruits and vegetables and grain. Logistics companies will operate a large storage and transportation system for agrarian produce, as stated by the plan in DAWN News.<ref name=":1" />

The other common investment is expected in information and technology, a full system of monitoring and surveillance will be built in cities from Peshawar to Karachi, with 24 hour video recordings on roads and busy marketplaces for law and order. A national fibreoptic backbone will be built for the country not only for internet traffic, but also terrestrial distribution of broadcast TV, which will cooperate with Chinese media in the “dissemination of Chinese cultures”.<ref name=":1" />

==Views==
{{externalvideo|video1=[http://money.cnn.com/2015/04/20/news/economy/pakistan-china-aid-infrastucture/ Pakistan lands $46 billion investment from China.]}}
The support that China and Pakistan give each other is considered significant in global diplomacy, and has been compared to [[Israel – United States relations]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Thalif Deen |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2010/10/20101028135728235512.html |title=China: 'Pakistan is our Israel' – Features |publisher=Al Jazeera English |accessdate=13 May 2012}}</ref> According to a Pew survey of Pakistani public opinion in 2010, 84 percent of respondents said they had a favorable view of China and 16 percent had a favourable view of the United States.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2010/12/13/us-pakistan-china-idUSTRE6BC12D20101213 | work=Reuters | title=Pakistan-China ties to be strengthened in Wen visit | date=13 December 2010}}</ref> Similarly, the Chinese state-run media has portrayed Pakistan in a favorable light in regional issues. In 2013, this figure increased to 90% of Pakistanis having a favorable view of China.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://afpak.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/03/25/could_pakistan_bridge_the_us_china_divide?wp_login_redirect=0 |title=Could Pakistan bridge the U.S.-China divide? - by Ziad Haider | The AfPak Channel |publisher=Afpak.foreignpolicy.com |date=2013-03-25 |accessdate=2013-05-23}}</ref>

Pakistan and China have long praised the close ties the two countries have with each other. Pakistani President [[Pervez Musharraf]] referred to China as Pakistan's "time-tested and all-weather friend," while in return Chinese president [[Hu Jintao]] has referred to Pakistan as "a good friend and partner".<ref name="cbsnews.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/04/16/world/main4018992.shtml | work=CBS | title=Olympic Torch Hits China-Friendly Pakistan | date=11 February 2009}}</ref> Some observers have noted these statements as occurring after Pakistani relations with the United States or India have become strained, such as after [[Osama Bin Laden]] was killed by American forces without Pakistan's prior permission.<ref name="articles.cnn.com"/>

In July 2013, ''[[Pew Research Center]]'' as part of their ''Global Attitudes Project'' declared Pakistan to have the most positive view of China in the world. According to the research, 81% of Pakistanis responded favourably to China. On the other hand, only 11% of Pakistanis had a favorable view of the United States, the lowest in the world.<ref>http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/33/country/166/</ref><ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/579055/pakistanis-increasingly-view-china-as-postive-over-us/ Pakistanis increasingly view China as positive over US]</ref>

{{Quote box
|quote = Pakistan, with its strategic position, natural resources and warm-water ports, has long been an ally of Beijing. The Chinese see the south Asian state, the closest they have to a friend both in south Asia and in the Islamic world, as important to the security and development of their western, predominantly Muslim provinces, and as a useful aide in efforts to counter the influence of India. In recent years, links have grown closer.
|source = ''[[The Guardian]]''<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/mar/22/china-pakistan Pakistan kept sweet by China's money – and shared strategic interests]</ref>
|width = 70%
|align = center
}}

The author of the book ''[[The China-Pakistan Axis: Asia's New Geopolitics]]'' concludes the book by connecting the bilateral relationship to broader themes in Chinese foreign policy. According to the author, on the one hand, Pakistan is both a Chinese pawn (against India) and platform for power projection, but there are limits to this approach. For instance, as Small notes, 'Beijing's counterterrorism strategy has been essentially parasitic on the United States being a more important target for transnational militant groups than China'. It's unclear how long that can last.'<ref>[http://www.lowyinterpreter.org/post/2015/01/21/Book-review-China-Pakistan-Axis-Asias-New-Geopolitics-andrew-small.aspx Book review: The China-Pakistan Axis]</ref>

{{Quote box
|quote = if there were recriminations they were not made public. Indeed China's ties with Pakistan, which were established during Mao's rule and are based on shared hostility towards India, thrive on many common interests. A long history of secret deals between their two armies--overrides the problems with Islamic extremism.
|source = Andrew Small, the author of ''[[The China-Pakistan Axis: Asia's New Geopolitics]]''<ref>[http://www.businessinsider.com/china-and-pakistan-are-geopolitical-friends-2015-1 China And Pakistan Are Geopolitical Friends]</ref>
|width = 70%
|align = center
}}

==Issues==

The [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement|ETIM]] is an Afghanistan-based terrorist organization and has also attacked Pakistan on several occasions. There is a deep sense in both the security officials in Pakistan and China that India over the years have used such terrorist networks to disrupt Chinese development efforts in the region. Both China and Pakistan believe that India could also use such terrorist networks to sabotage the CPEC project between China and Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://waziristanhills.com/Taliban/MilitantOrganizations/EastTurkistanIslamicMovementETIM/tabid/141/language/en-GB/Default.aspx |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-12-30 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628070537/http://waziristanhills.com/Taliban/MilitantOrganizations/EastTurkistanIslamicMovementETIM/tabid/141/language/en-GB/Default.aspx |archivedate=28 June 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> As these militants are labeled as terrorists from the Chinese province of [[Xinjiang]], Pakistan and China strongly believe that India's intelligence services are behind such notorious terrorist organizations based in Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Politics/03-Jun-2009/Hu-Jintao-urges-Zardari-to-crush-ETIM-extremists |title=Hu Jintao urges Zardari to crush ETIM extremists |publisher=The Nation |date=3 June 2009 |accessdate=13 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2010/12/13/us-pakistan-china-idUSTRE6BC12D20101213?pageNumber=2 | work=Reuters | title=Pakistan-China ties to be strengthened in Wen visit | date=13 December 2010}}</ref>

==Timeline==
[[File:Pakistan embassy Beijing.jpg|framepx200|right|thumb|Pakistan embassy in [[Beijing]], China.]]
[[File:PRC Towers and PNSC Building Karachi.jpg|framepx200|right|thumb|People Republic of China '''PRC''' Tower in Karachi (left) has offices of many Chinese corporations.]]
Important events:
: '''1950''' – Pakistan becomes the third non-communist country, and first Muslim one, to recognize the People's Republic of China.
: '''1951''' – Beijing and [[Karachi]] establish diplomatic relations.
: '''1956''' – Pakistani Prime Minister [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]] and Chinese Premier [[Zhou Enlai]] signing the Treaty of Friendship Between China and Pakistan in Beijing.
: '''1963''' – Pakistan cedes the Trans-Karakoram Tract to China, ending border disputes.
: '''1970''' – Pakistan helps the U.S. arrange the [[1972 Nixon visit to China]].
: '''1978''' – The [[Karakoram Highway]] linking the mountainous [[Northern Pakistan]] with Western China officially opens.
: '''1980'''s – China and the U.S. provide support through Pakistan to the [[Afghan mujahideen#Afghanistan|Afghan guerillas]] fighting [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] forces.
: '''1986''' – China and Pakistan reach a comprehensive nuclear co-operation agreement.
: '''1996''' – Chinese President [[Jiang Zemin]] pays a state visit to Pakistan.
: '''1999''' – A 300-megawatt nuclear power plant, built with Chinese help in [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab province]], is completed.
: '''2001''' – A joint-ventured Chinese-Pakistani tank, the [[MBT-2000]] (Al-Khalid) MBT is completed.
: '''2002''' – The building of the [[Gwadar]] deep sea port begins, with China as the primary investor.
: '''2003''' – Pakistan and China signed a $110 million contract for the construction of a housing project on Multan Road in Lahore<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/2004/12/16/top5.htm|title=China, Pakistan sign 7 accords in vital sectors: •Oil, gas exploration •high-level trade •Gwadar port improvement|author=Khan, Bahzad Alam|date=16 December 2004|accessdate=16 July 2010|publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref>
: '''2007''' – The [[People's Republic of China|Sino-]]Pakistani joint-ventured [[multirole]] [[fighter aircraft]] – the [[JF-17 Thunder]] (FC-1 Fierce Dragon) is formally rolled out.
:'''2008''' – Pakistan welcomes the Chinese Olympic Torch in an Islamabad sports stadium, under heavy guard amidst security concerns.<ref name="cbsnews.com"/>
:'''2008''' – China and Pakistan sign a free trade agreement.
:'''2008''' – Pakistan and China to build a railway through the [[Karakoram Highway]], in order to link China's rail network to [[Gwadar Port]].
:'''2008''' – The [[F-22P]] frigate, comes into service with the [[Pakistani Navy]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/brothers-in-arms-china-gives-warship-to-pak/98275-2.html|title=Brothers in 'arms'? China gives warship to Pak|date=31 July 2009|accessdate=16 July 2010|work=[[Press Trust of India]]|publisher=[[CNN-IBN|IBN Live]]}}</ref>
:'''2009''' – The [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] arrest several suspected [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]] terrorists seeking refuge in Pakistan.
:'''2010''' – Pakistan and China conduct a joint anti-terrorism drill.
:'''2010''' – China donates $260 million in dollars to flood-struck Pakistan and sends 4 military rescue helicopters to assist in rescue operations.
:'''2010''' – [[Wen Jiabao]] visits Pakistan. More than 30 billion dollars worth of deals were signed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://dailytimespakistan.com/china-pm-inaugurates-pak-china-friendship-centre/|title=Gilani, Jiabao inaugurate Pak-China Friendship Centre|date=18 December 2010|accessdate=30 December 2010|publisher=[[Associated Press of Pakistan|APP]]|first=APP|last=Express}}</ref>
:'''2011''' – Pakistan is expected to buy air-to-air SD 10 missiles from China for its 250 JF 17 thunder fighter fleet
:'''2013''' – Management of [[Gwadar port]] is handed over to state-run Chinese Overseas Port Holdings after previously being managed by Singapore’s PSA International,<ref>[http://dawn.com/2013/02/07/decision-to-hand-over-gwadar-port-to-china-worries-india/ "Decision to hand over Gwadar port to China worries India"], ''[[Dawn (newspaper)]]'', 7 February 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.</ref> and it becomes a matter of ''great concern'' for India.<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/503373/india-concerned-over-china-running-gwadar-port/ "India 'concerned' over China running Gwadar port"], ''[[The Express Tribune]]'', 6 February 2013. Retrieved on 13 February 2013.</ref>
:'''2013''' – Chinese Premier Li Keqiang visits Pakistan. Trade between China and Pakistan hit a 12-month figure of $12 billion for the first time in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/article-101959-Chinese-PM-begins-Pakistan-visit |title=Chinese PM begins Pakistan visit |publisher=Thenews.com.pk |date=2013-05-16 |accessdate=2013-05-23}}</ref>
:'''2013''' – On 5 July 2013, Pakistan and China approved the '''Pak-China Economic corridor''' which will link Pakistan’s [[Gwadar Port]] on the [[Arabian Sea]] and Kashghar in [[Xinjiang]] in northwest China. The [[$]]18 billion project will also includes the construction of a 200km-long tunnel.<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/572857/china-pakistan-friendship-sweeter-than-honey-nawaz/ Development projects: Nawaz signs $18 bn tunnel deal with China]</ref><ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/591372/boosting-trade-pak-china-economic-corridor-plan-gets-premiers-go-ahead/ Boosting trade: Pak-China economic corridor plan gets premier’s go-ahead]</ref>
:'''2013''' – On 24 December 2013, China announced a commitment $6.5 billion to finance the construction of a major nuclear power project in [[Karachi]], the project which will have two reactors with a capacity of 1,100 megawatts each.<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/649908/china-commits-6-5-billion-for-nuclear-project-in-pakistan/ China commits $6.5 billion for nuclear project in Pakistan- The Express Tribune]</ref>
:'''2014''' – Chinese Premier announced investment of $31.5 billion in Pakistan mainly in countries energy, infrastructure and port expansion for [[Gwadar]]. According to ''[[The Express Tribune]]'' initially projects worth $15–20 billion will be started which include Lahore-Karachi motorway, Gwadar Port expansion and energy sector projects will be launched in [[Gadani]] and six coal projects near [[Thar coalfield]]. The newspaper further claimed that the government has also handed over to Pakistan Army the task of providing fool-proof security to Chinese officials in [[Balochistan, Pakistan]] in a bid to address [[Beijing]]’s concerns and execute the investment plan in the province, which will get 38% of the funds.<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/683281/balochistan-to-receive-big-slice-of-chinese-funds/ Balochistan to receive big slice of Chinese funds]</ref>
:'''2014''' – On 22 May 2014, The governments of Pakistan and China on Thursday signed an agreement to start a metro train project in Lahore, Express News reported. The 27.1 kilometres long track – named Orange Line – will be built at the cost of $1.27 billion.<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/711614/pakistan-china-sign-lahore-metro-train-agreement/ Pakistan, China sign Lahore metro train agreement]</ref>
:'''2014''' – On 8 November 2014, Pakistan and China signed 19 agreements particularly relating to [[China–Pakistan Economic Corridor]], China pledged a total investment worth of $42 billion. While Pakistan pledged to help China in its fight concerning the [[Xinjiang conflict]].<ref>[http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/11/08/national/pakistan-wins-42b-chinese-investment/ Pakistan wins $42b Chinese investment]</ref>
:'''2015''' – On 20 April 2015, Chinese President Xi Jinping, accompanied by the First Lady and a delegation of high-level officials and businessmen, visits Pakistan. It is the first visit to Pakistan by a Chinese president after a gap of 9 years and the first foreign trip of Xi in 2015. 51 Memorandums of Understanding are signed, including the plan of "Pakistan China Economic Corridor".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1177109/economic-corridor-in-focus-as-pakistan-china-sign-51-mous |title=Economic corridor in focus as Pakistan, China sign 51 MoUs |publisher=DAWN News |date=20 April 2015 |accessdate=20 April 2015}}</ref>
:'''2015''' – Pakistan began circulating the Rs. 20 coin with the Pakistan and China flags to commemorate the countries' lasting friendship.

==See also==
{{Portal|China|Pakistan|International relations}}
* [[Pakistan Embassy College Beijing]]
* [[Hong Kong–Pakistan relations]]

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last1=Small|first1=Andrew|title=The China-Pakistan Axis: Asia's New Geopolitics|date=2015|publisher=Hurst|location=London|isbn=1849043418|pages=288|edition=1|url=http://www.andrewsmall.org}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Cardenal|first1=Juan Pablo|authorlink1=Juan Pablo Cardenal|last2=Araújo|first2=Heriberto|authorlink2=Heriberto Araújo |title=La silenciosa conquista china |location=Barcelona|publisher=Crítica|year=2011|url=https://books.google.com/?id=jQ2fvBVpQpYC |pages=247ff|isbn=9788498922578|language=es}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://blogs.reuters.com/india-expertzone/2012/01/20/the-limits-of-the-pakistan-china-alliance/ The limits of the Pakistan-China alliance]
*[https://www.youtube.com/v/Ogqj5UZiWEs&list=UURPwLKbd4S960c7hkYVNahQ&index=1&feature=plcp China hints at ally Pakistan's hand in Xinjiang unrest]
*[http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-02-12/news/31052205_1_china-pakistan-relationship-countries-trade-and-business-relationship Ahmed Rashid on the Sino-Pakistani relationship]
*[http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/coe21/publish/no16_1_ses/11_rahman.pdf Eager Eyes Fixed on Eurasia Russia and Its Neighbors in Crisis Russia and Its Neighbors in Crisis, Edited by IWASHITA Akihiro, Slavic Research Center]
*[https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSISL9262520061124 CHRONOLOGY-Main events in Chinese-Pakistani relations]
*[http://www.hindustantimes.com/audio-news-video/AV-World/Pakistan-trained-militants-pose-a-threat-to-Xinjiang/Article2-841360.aspx Xinjiang-Pakistan]

{{China–Pakistan relations}}This is not a map of Pakistan{{Foreign relations of China}}
{{Foreign relations of Pakistan}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:China-Pakistan Relations}}
[[Category:China–Pakistan relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of China|Pakistan]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Pakistan]]

Boisselot & Fils

2018-07-03T09:49:58Z

XLinkBot: BOT--Reverting link addition(s) by Fagmt to revision 847892535 (https://www.facebook.com/pianoboisselot/ [\bfacebook\.com])

'''Boisselot & Fils''' was a [[French language|French]] piano manufacturing company established in 1831 in [[Marseille]], [[France]], by [[Jean-Louis Boisselot]] and sons, Louis-Constantin and [[Xavier Boisselot]]. The rapid increase in the production capacity of the factory with 70 workers to 300 pianos per year from 1834 shows that father and son had prepared their case carefully. The constant expansion led in 1848 with 150 workers for the production of about 400 pianos a year. Highlighting this success, he was awarded with a gold medal at the French Industrial Exposition of 1844 (the 10th Paris Industrial Exhibition).<ref name="Pianos Boisselot">{{cite web|last=Pianos Boisselot|title=HISTOIRE D’UNE MANUFACTURE MARSEILLAISE : " Boisselot & Fils, l’élégance et la convivialité, inventeur de la pédale tonale "|url=http://www.piano-boisselot.com/histoireboisselot.html|publisher=Boisselot.com|accessdate=14 March 2013}}</ref> Among other innovations Boisselot presented for the first time at the exhibition a mechanism by which individual notes and sounds were identified as Tonhalte or sostenuto pedal today.<ref name=Sadie>{{cite book|last=Sadie|first=Stanley|title=The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians|year=2001|publisher=Macmillan|location=London|isbn=0333231112}}</ref>

The choice of Marseille as the location of such a factory had proved wise: Boisselot & Fils was in the 1840s one of the largest piano factory in France. The geographical location offered advantages: lower costs for workers, inexpensive availability of exotic woods over the harbor, easier access to export markets in Spain, Italy and in the French colonies.<ref name=Clinkscale>{{cite book|last=Clinkscale|first=Martha Novak|title=Makers of the Piano: 1820-1860|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0198166257|page=38|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iqK3FPhQm5gC&pg=PA38&dq=xavier+boisselot&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3PtBUZupKsaB0QGhsoCoBw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=xavier%20boisselot&f=false}}</ref>

In 1847, the company founded an office in Barcelona.<ref name="Pianos Romantiques">{{cite web|last=Pianos Romantiques|title=Jean-Louis Boisselot|url=http://www.pianosromantiques.com/boisselothistoire.html|publisher=Pianos Romantiques|accessdate=14 March 2013}}</ref> After his father's death, Louis Constantin, who survived his father for only three years, led the company on his own. His death undertook his brother Xavier to resume his career as a composer in Paris and take over the management of the company in 1850.<ref name="Pianos Romantiques"/> In 1865 Xavier handed over the management of the company to his nephew Franz Boisselot (1845-1908), the son of Louis Constantine, named after his godfather Liszt. Franz led the Boisselot & Fils from 1893, when it was re-established as Manufacture Marseillaise de pianos until his death in 1908,<ref name="Pianos Romantiques"/> having the First World War brought the company to an end.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.piano-boisselot.com/histoireboisselot.html Pianos Boisselot] Website

{{commons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Boisselot and Fils}}
[[Category:Piano manufacturing companies]]
[[Category:Musical instrument manufacturing companies of France]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Marseille]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1831]]
[[Category:1831 establishments in France]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1915]]
[[Category:1915 disestablishments in France]]

Crassvirales

2018-07-02T20:51:06Z

XLinkBot: BOT--Reverting reference addition(s) by Chinmaytikhe to revision 846820513 (https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2017.02548/full [\bfrontiersin\.org\b])

{{Lowercase title}}

'''CrAssphage''' (cross-assembly Phage) is a [[bacteriophage]] (virus that infects bacteria) that was discovered in 2014 by computational analysis of publicly accessible scientific data.<ref name="Dutilh2014">{{cite journal
|author1=Bas E. Dutilh |author2=Noriko Cassman |author3=Katelyn McNair |author4=Savannah E. Sanchez |author5=Genivaldo G. Z. Silva |author6=Lance Boling |author7=Jeremy J. Barr |author8=Daan R. Speth |author9=Victor Seguritan |author10=Ramy K. Aziz |author11=Ben Felts |author12=Elizabeth A. Dinsdale |author13=John L. Mokili |author14=Robert A. Edwards | year = 2014 | title = A highly abundant bacteriophage discovered in the unknown sequences of human faecal metagenomes | journal = [[Nature Communications]] | volume = 5 | pages=4498 | doi=10.1038/ncomms5498 | pmid=25058116 | url = http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/140724/ncomms5498/full/ncomms5498.html | accessdate =26 July 2014 | pmc=4111155}}</ref> Its circular genome is around 97 [[Base pair#Length measurements|kbp]] in size and contains 80 predicted [[open reading frame]]s, and the sequence is commonly found in human faecal samples.<ref name="Dutilh2014"></ref> The virus is predicted to infect bacteria of the phylum ''[[Bacteroidetes]]'' that are common in the intestinal tract of many animals including humans.<ref name="Dutilh2014"></ref> Based on analysis of [[metagenomics]] data, crAssphage sequences have been identified in about half of all sampled humans.<ref name="Dutilh2014"></ref> The virus was named after the crAss (cross-assembly)<ref>[http://edwards.sdsu.edu/crass/ Cross-Assembly of Metagenomes]</ref><ref name="Dutilh2012">{{cite journal
|author1=Bas E. Dutilh |author2=Robert Schimeder |author3=Jim Nulton |author4=Ben Felts |author5=Peter Salamon |author6=Robert A. Edwards |author7=John L. Mokili | year = 2012 | title = Reference-independent comparative metagenomics using cross-assembly: crAss | journal = [[Bioinformatics]] | volume = 28 | pages=3225-3231 | doi=10.1093/bioinformatics/bts613 | pmid=23074261 | url = https://academic.oup.com/bioinformatics/article/28/24/3225/246766 | accessdate =1 May 2018 | pmc=3519457}}</ref> software that was used to find the viral genome. CrAssphage is possibly the first organism to be named after a computer program.{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}}

While crAssphage did not have any known relatives when it was discovered in 2014, a range of related viruses were discovered in 2017.<ref name="Yutin2017">{{cite journal
|author1=Natalia Yutin |author2=Kira S. Makarova |author3=Ayal B. Gussow |author4=Mart Krupovic |author5=Anca Segall |author6=Robert A. Edwards |author7=Eugene V. Koonin | year = 2017 | title = Discovery of an expansive bacteriophage family that includes the most abundant viruses from the human gut | journal = [[Nature Microbiology]] | volume = 3 | pages=38–46 | doi=10.1038/s41564-017-0053-y | pmid=29133882 | url = https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-017-0053-y | accessdate =1 May 2017 | pmc=5736458}}</ref> Based on a screen of related sequences in public nucleotide databases and phylogenetic analysis, it was concluded that crAssphage may be part of an expansive bacteriophage [[Family_(biology)|family]] that is found in a range of environments including human gut and feces, termite gut, terrestrial/groundwater environments, soda lake (hypersaline brine), marine sediment, and plant root environments.<ref name="Yutin2017"></ref>

There is no indication that crAssphage is involved in human health or disease.<ref name="Liang2016">{{cite journal
|author1=Y.Y. LIANG |author2=W. ZHANG |author3=Y.G. TONG |author4=S.P. CHEN | year = 2016 | title = crAssphage is not associated with diarrhoea and has high genetic diversity | journal = [[Epidemiology & Infection]] | volume = 16 | pages= 3549-3553 | doi=10.1017/S095026881600176X | url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/crassphage-is-not-associated-with-diarrhoea-and-has-high-genetic-diversity/C80074697621D16C6D6504A632F8CF73 | accessdate =1 May 2017}}</ref> The virus may outperform [[indicator bacteria]] as a marker for human faecal contamination.<ref name="Ahmed2017">{{cite journal |author1=Ahmed W |author2=Lobos A |author3=Senkbeil J |author4=Peraud J |author5=Gallard J |author6=Harwood VJ | year = 2017 | title = Evaluation of the novel crAssphage marker for sewage pollution tracking in storm drain outfalls in Tampa, Florida | journal = [[Water Research]] | volume=131 |pages= 142-150 |doi=10.1016/j.watres.2017.12.011 |pmid=29281808}}</ref><ref name="Garcia2017">{{cite journal |author1=García-Aljaro C |author2=Ballesté E |author3=Muniesa M |author4=Jofre J | year = 2017 | title = Determination of crAssphage in water samples and applicability for tracking human faecal pollution | journal = [[Microbial Biotechnology]] | volume=10 |pages=1775-1780 |doi=10.1111/1751-7915.12841 |pmid=28925595 |pmc=5658656}}</ref><ref name="Stachler2017">{{cite journal |author1=Stachler E |author2=Kelty C |author3=Sivaganesan M |author4=Li X |author5=Bibby K |author6=Shanks OC | year = 2017 | title = Quantitative CrAssphage PCR Assays for Human Fecal Pollution Measurement | journal = [[Environmental Science and Technology]] | volume=51 | pages= 9146-9154| doi=10.1021/acs.est.7b02703 |pmid=28700235}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.bbc.com/news/health-28440006 Newly-found gut virus 'abundant in humans' - BBC News]
* [http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2014/07/24/why-has-this-really-common-virus-only-just-been-discovered/ Why Has This Really Common Virus Only Just Been Discovered? - National Geographic]
* [http://newscenter.sdsu.edu/sdsu_newscenter/news.aspx?s=75082 Novel Virus Discovered in Half the World's Population - SDSU]
* [https://www.npr.org/blogs/goatsandsoda/2014/07/24/334089538/globe-trotting-virus-hides-in-people-s-gut-bacteria Globe-Trotting Virus Hides Inside People's Gut Bacteria - NPR]

[[Category:Bacteriophages]]
[[Category:Gut flora]]

{{Virus-stub}}

NCT 127

2018-06-26T18:54:18Z

XLinkBot: BOT--Reverting reference addition(s) by NCT America to revision 838850993 (http://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/38328/1/the-20-best-k-pop-songs-of-2017 [\bdazeddigital\.com\b])

#REDIRECT [[NCT (band)]]

YouTube Music

2018-05-30T15:58:10Z

XLinkBot: BOT--Reverting link addition(s) by Jools625 to revision 843658350 (https://music.youtube.com [\byoutube\.com])

{{Infobox software
| name = YouTube Music
| logo = File:YouTubeMusic Logo.png
| logo alt = YouTube Music Logo
| logo caption =
| logo size = 200px
| screenshot = 
| screenshot alt =
| caption = A red circle with a smaller outline of a white circle inside. A play button triangle is shown in the center.
| collapsible = 
| author =
| developer = [[YouTube]]
| released = {{Start date and age|2015|11|12|df=no}}
| discontinued = 
| ver layout = 
| latest release version =
| latest release date = 
| latest preview version =
| latest preview date = 
| repo = 
| programming language =
| operating system = [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[iOS]]
| platform =
| size =
| language =
| language count = 
| language footnote =
| genre = [[Music streaming]]
| license =
| alexa =
| website = {{URL|https://music.youtube.com}}
| standard =
| AsOf =
}}
'''YouTube Music''' is a [[mobile app]] developed by [[YouTube]]; it provides a tailored interface for the service oriented towards music streaming, allowing users to browse through music videos on YouTube based on genres, playlists, and recommendations. The service also offers a premium tier, which enables ad-free playback, audio-only background playback, and downloading songs for offline playback. These subscription benefits are also offered to subscribers of [[Google Play Music]] and [[YouTube Premium]].

The app is available in Australia, New Zealand, Mexico, South Korea, and the United States.

==History==
The YouTube Music app was unveiled in October 2015 and released the following month; its release came alongside the unveiling of [[YouTube Red]], a larger subscription service that covers the entirety of the YouTube platform, including the Music app. Although redundant to [[Google]]'s existing [[Google Play Music]] All Access subscription service, the app is designed for users who primarily consume music through YouTube.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/10/21/9566973/youtube-red-ad-free-offline-paid-subscription-service|title=Exclusive: An inside look at the new ad-free YouTube Red|work=The Verge|access-date=2018-05-17|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="engadget-ytmusic"/>

On May 17, 2018, YouTube announced a new version of the YouTube Music app, which will include a desktop player and redesigned mobile app, more dynamic recommendations based on various factors, and use of Google artificial intelligence technology to search songs based on lyrics and descriptions. In addition, YouTube Music will become a separate subscription service (positioned as a more direct competitor to [[Apple Music]] and [[Spotify]]), offering ad-free and background/audio-only streaming, and downloading for offline playback, for music content on YouTube. The service's benefits will continue to be available as part of the existing [[YouTube Premium]] (formerly YouTube Red) service, and to Google Play Music All Access subscribers. The YouTube Music subscription will be priced in line with its competitors at US$9.99 per-month; the price of YouTube Premium will concurrently increase to $11.99 for new subscribers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2018/05/youtubes-revamped-music-subscription-service-launches-on-may-22/|title=New YouTube Music Premium costs $9.99 monthly, add $2 to get all Red perks|work=Ars Technica|access-date=2018-05-18|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/5/17/17364056/youtube-music-premium-google-launch|title=Google announces YouTube Music and YouTube Premium|work=The Verge|access-date=2018-05-17}}</ref>

The service will initially operate in parallel with Google Play Music, but product manager Elias Roman stated that Google Play Music users will eventually be migrated to YouTube Music after it reaches feature parity with Google Play Music (including the addition of features such as music purchases and a cloud-based library for user-provided music). YouTube Music product manager T. Jay Fowler stated that collections, playlists and preferences would be migrated.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/5/23/17386752/youtube-music-uploads-feature-google-play-music|title=YouTube Music will eventually get Google Play Music’s best features, including user uploads|work=The Verge|access-date=2018-05-24}}</ref>

==Features==
The app allows users to browse and stream all music-oriented videos on YouTube. The availability of music includes many of the releases from mainstream artists and extends to any video categorized as music on the YouTube service. Songs play via their [[music video]]s where applicable. YouTube Premium subscribers are able to switch to an audio-only mode that can play in the background while the application is not in use.<ref name="engadget-ytmusic">{{cite web | title = YouTube Music isn't perfect, but it's still heaven for music nerds | url = https://www.engadget.com/2015/11/12/youtube-music-app-hands-on/ | publisher = Engadget | accessdate = November 7, 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://music.youtube.com}}

{{YouTube navbox}}
{{Music digital distribution platforms}}
[[Category:Streaming music services]]
[[Category:YouTube]]

YouTube Music

2018-05-30T15:52:45Z

XLinkBot: BOT--Reverting link addition(s) by Jools625 to revision 842696198 (https://music.youtube.com [\byoutube\.com])

{{Infobox software
| name = YouTube Music
| logo = File:YouTubeMusic Logo.png
| logo alt = YouTube Music Logo
| logo caption =
| logo size = 200px
| screenshot = 
| screenshot alt =
| caption = A red circle with a smaller outline of a white circle inside. A play button triangle is shown in the center.
| collapsible = 
| author =
| developer = [[YouTube]]
| released = {{Start date and age|2015|11|12|df=no}}
| discontinued = 
| ver layout = 
| latest release version =
| latest release date = 
| latest preview version =
| latest preview date = 
| repo = 
| programming language =
| operating system = [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[iOS]]
| platform =
| size =
| language =
| language count = 
| language footnote =
| genre = [[Music streaming]]
| license =
| alexa =
| website = 
| standard =
| AsOf =
}}
'''YouTube Music''' is a [[mobile app]] developed by [[YouTube]]; it provides a tailored interface for the service oriented towards music streaming, allowing users to browse through music videos on YouTube based on genres, playlists, and recommendations. The service also offers a premium tier, which enables ad-free playback, audio-only background playback, and downloading songs for offline playback. These subscription benefits are also offered to subscribers of [[Google Play Music]] and [[YouTube Premium]].

The app is available in Australia, New Zealand, Mexico, South Korea, and the United States.

==History==
The YouTube Music app was unveiled in October 2015 and released the following month; its release came alongside the unveiling of [[YouTube Red]], a larger subscription service that covers the entirety of the YouTube platform, including the Music app. Although redundant to [[Google]]'s existing [[Google Play Music]] All Access subscription service, the app is designed for users who primarily consume music through YouTube.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/10/21/9566973/youtube-red-ad-free-offline-paid-subscription-service|title=Exclusive: An inside look at the new ad-free YouTube Red|work=The Verge|access-date=2018-05-17|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="engadget-ytmusic"/>

On May 17, 2018, YouTube announced a new version of the YouTube Music app, which will include a desktop player and redesigned mobile app, more dynamic recommendations based on various factors, and use of Google artificial intelligence technology to search songs based on lyrics and descriptions. In addition, YouTube Music will become a separate subscription service (positioned as a more direct competitor to [[Apple Music]] and [[Spotify]]), offering ad-free and background/audio-only streaming, and downloading for offline playback, for music content on YouTube. The service's benefits will continue to be available as part of the existing [[YouTube Premium]] (formerly YouTube Red) service, and to Google Play Music All Access subscribers. The YouTube Music subscription will be priced in line with its competitors at US$9.99 per-month; the price of YouTube Premium will concurrently increase to $11.99 for new subscribers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2018/05/youtubes-revamped-music-subscription-service-launches-on-may-22/|title=New YouTube Music Premium costs $9.99 monthly, add $2 to get all Red perks|work=Ars Technica|access-date=2018-05-18|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/5/17/17364056/youtube-music-premium-google-launch|title=Google announces YouTube Music and YouTube Premium|work=The Verge|access-date=2018-05-17}}</ref>

The service will initially operate in parallel with Google Play Music, but product manager Elias Roman stated that Google Play Music users will eventually be migrated to YouTube Music after it reaches feature parity with Google Play Music (including the addition of features such as music purchases and a cloud-based library for user-provided music). YouTube Music product manager T. Jay Fowler stated that collections, playlists and preferences would be migrated.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/5/23/17386752/youtube-music-uploads-feature-google-play-music|title=YouTube Music will eventually get Google Play Music’s best features, including user uploads|work=The Verge|access-date=2018-05-24}}</ref>

==Features==
The app allows users to browse and stream all music-oriented videos on YouTube. The availability of music includes many of the releases from mainstream artists and extends to any video categorized as music on the YouTube service. Songs play via their [[music video]]s where applicable. YouTube Premium subscribers are able to switch to an audio-only mode that can play in the background while the application is not in use.<ref name="engadget-ytmusic">{{cite web | title = YouTube Music isn't perfect, but it's still heaven for music nerds | url = https://www.engadget.com/2015/11/12/youtube-music-app-hands-on/ | publisher = Engadget | accessdate = November 7, 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://www.youtube.com/yt/music/}}

{{YouTube navbox}}
{{Music digital distribution platforms}}
[[Category:Streaming music services]]
[[Category:YouTube]]

Plogging

2018-05-29T18:45:43Z

XLinkBot: BOT--Reverting link addition(s) by Dionwave to revision 842079096 (https://www.facebook.com/PloggingPage/ [\bfacebook\.com])

'''Plogging''' is a combination of [[jogging]] with picking up [[litter]] (Swedish: ''plocka upp''). It started as an organised activity in [[Sweden]] around 2016 and spread to other countries in 2018, following increased concern about [[plastic pollution]]. As a workout, it provides variation in body movements by adding bending, squatting and stretching to the main action of running.<ref name=BBC/><ref name=G/><ref name=T/>

Author [[David Sedaris]] combines litter picking with exercise in the [[Parham, West Sussex|Parham]], [[Coldwaltham]] and [[Storrington]] districts of [[West Sussex]], taking up to 60,000 steps a day in pursuit of local rubbish.<ref name=Lytton/> He was so effective in keeping his neighbourhood clean that the local authority named a waste vehicle in his honour.<ref name=Dowling/> The [[Lord Lieutenant of West Sussex]], Susan Pyper, said "The sign on this truck is a very fitting way to say a huge ‘thank you’ to David for his tireless efforts ... he is a real local hero."<ref name=WSG/>

Erik Ahlström started plogging in the Swedish capital city, [[Stockholm]], when he moved there from the [[Åre ski resort]]. He created the website Plogga to organise the activity and encourage volunteers.<ref name=C77/>

The [[Keep America Beautiful]] organisation is now promoting plogging to its affiliates and has found that some already combined exercise with clean up, such as the ''Trashercize'' program in Tennessee.<ref name=WP/>

==References==
{{reflist |refs=
<ref name=BBC>{{citation |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree/article/237c63d4-0a54-406a-ae51-ad677a872456 |title=Plogging is the latest Scandinavian lifestyle trend to rock your world |author=Tomasz Frymorgen |date=30 January 2018 |publisher=BBC}}</ref>
<ref name=T>{{citation |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/health-fitness/body/plogging-2018-fitness-trend-yet/ |newspaper=Daily Telegraph |author=Tomé Morrissy Swan |date=1 February 2018 |title=Is 'plogging' the most 2018 fitness trend yet?}}</ref>
<ref name=G>{{citation |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/shortcuts/2018/feb/19/a-rubbish-way-to-get-fit-why-i-loved-going-plogging |newspaper=The Guardian |title=A rubbish way to get fit – why I loved going ‘plogging’ |author=Peter Ross |date=19 February 2018}}</ref>
<ref name=C77>{{citation |url=http://www.core77.com/posts/72971/New-Swedish-Fitness-Trend-Plogging-Combines-Jogging-with-Picking-Up-Litter |work=Core77 |title=New Swedish Fitness Trend, "Plogging," Combines Jogging with Picking Up Litter |author=Rain Noe |date=2 February 2018}}</ref>
<ref name=Lytton>{{citation |url=https://www.theage.com.au/lifestyle/health-and-wellness/plogging-the-fitness-trend-with-a-social-conscience-20180205-h0tx6r.html |title=Plogging: the fitness trend with a social conscience |author=Charlotte Lytton |date=6 February 2018 |newspaper=Daily Telegraph}}</ref>
<ref name=Dowling>{{citation |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/shortcuts/2014/jul/31/david-sedaris-litter-picker-rubbish-waste-vehicle-pig-pen-west-sussex |newspaper=The Guardian |title=David Sedaris? Who? Oh, you mean the local litter-picker |author=Tim Dowling |date=31 July 2014}}</ref>
<ref name=WSG>{{citation |url=https://www.westsussextoday.co.uk/news/south-downs-litter-picker-has-truck-named-after-him-1-6204429 |title=South Downs litter picker has truck named after him |newspaper=West Sussex Gazette |date=28 July 2014}}</ref>
<ref name=WP>{{citation |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/inspired-life/wp/2018/02/23/plogging-is-the-swedish-fitness-craze-for-people-who-want-to-save-the-planet-its-making-its-way-to-the-u-s/ |newspaper=Washington Post |title=‘Plogging’ is the Swedish fitness craze for people who want to save the planet. It’s making its way to the U.S. |author=Allison Klein |date=23 February 2018}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
* [https://spark.adobe.com/page/JjtHQYm7ijmVg/ Plogga] – a Swedish plogging website
* [http://www.cleantrails.org Clean Trails] – a US campaign focussed on trails through parks and wilderness
* [https://m.facebook.com/plogit.org/ Plog It] – a networking & meet-up platform for Plogging and Photo-Blogging the impact created

[[Category:Litter]]
[[Category:Physical exercise]]
[[Category:Plastics and the environment]]
[[Category:Waste collection]]

{{running-stub}}

Marienbasilika (Phoenix)

2018-02-15T16:10:30Z

XLinkBot: BOT--Reverting link addition(s) by Killiman to revision 802054545 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=3&v=oMhcvPzFHG8 [\byoutube\.com])

{{NRIS-only|date=November 2013}}
{{Infobox NRHP | name =St. Mary's Church
| nrhp_type =
| image = Saint Mary's Basilica001.jpg
| caption = Saint Mary's Basilica in [[Phoenix, Arizona]]
| location= [[Phoenix, Arizona]]
| coordinates = {{coord|33|27|2.48|N|112|4|6.26|W|display=inline,title}}
| locmapin = Arizona#USA
| area =
| built =1902
| architect= Gray, R.A., & Gallagher, George; Rifley, W.J.
| architecture= [[Mission Revival architecture|Mission Revival]]/[[Spanish Colonial Revival architecture|Spanish Colonial Revival]]
| added = November 29, 1978
| governing_body = Private
| refnum=78000551<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2007a}}</ref>
}}
'''Saint Mary's Basilica''', officially named '''The Church of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary''' in the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Phoenix]], was founded in 1881 and staffed by the [[Franciscan|Franciscan Friars]] since 1895.

The church was completed in 1914, dedicated in 1915, and listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] as '''St. Mary's Church''' in 1978. The oldest [[Roman Catholic]] parish in the greater [[Phoenix, Arizona]], area, it was the only Roman Catholic parish in Phoenix until 1924 and is home to Arizona's largest [[stained glass windows]] collection.

==Architecture==
The church's [[Mission Revival architecture|Mission Revival]]–[[Spanish Colonial Revival architecture|Spanish Colonial Revival]] structure supports four domes spanning the length of the Basilica. All the domes are compound design with the pendentives, following [[Roman architecture]], transferring the weight of the roof to the pillars. The dome over the intercept point of the crossover, the nave center aisle and the [[apse]], is topped with stained glass and features a lantern above the dome to emit light into the nave and sanctuary. The dome located over the altar is topped with a [[cupola]] designed to provide light to the altar.

==Basilica==
[[Pope John Paul II]] elevated St. Mary's to a minor [[basilica]] before his visit to Phoenix in 1987. St. Mary's became the 32nd basilica in the United States and remains the only basilica in Arizona. The church, a [[Phoenix Points of Pride]], is located at the northeast corner of North 3rd Street and Monroe in downtown Phoenix, a carillon of the burgeoning [[Copper Square]]. Mass is celebrated every day of the week.

==Gallery of St. Mary's Basilica==
<gallery>
File:Saint Mary's Basilica002.jpg|St. Mary's Basilica facing west
File:Saint Mary's Basilica003.jpg|St. Mary's Basilica at twilight
File:Saint Mary's Basilica Altar.jpg|St. Mary's Basilica Altar
File:Saint Mary's Basilica Windows01.jpg|St. Mary's Basilica Stained Glass Windows and Stations of the Cross left side
File:Saint Mary's Basilica Windows02.jpg|St. Mary's Basilica Stained Glass Windows and Stations of the Cross right side
File:Saint Mary's Basilica Rear and Organ.jpg|St. Mary's Basilica Organ
File:7800551 St. Mary's Church.jpg|
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Arizona}}
*[[List of basilicas#United States|Basilicas in the United States]]
*[[List of historic properties in Phoenix, Arizona]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.saintmarysbasilica.org/ St. Mary's Official Website]
*[http://www.via-assisi.org/giftShop.aspx St. Mary's Basilica gift shop]
*[http://sbfranciscans.org/ Order of Friars Minor Santa Barbara Province Official Website]
*[http://www.ofm.org/ Order of Friars Minor Official Website]
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06217a.htm The Franciscan Order]

{{PhxPoP}}
{{NRHP in Arizona by county}}
{{Maricopa County, Arizona}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Mary's Basilica, Phoenix}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic churches in Phoenix, Arizona]]
[[Category:Basilica churches in the United States|Mary]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic churches in Arizona|Mary]]
[[Category:Phoenix Points of Pride]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Phoenix, Arizona]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Arizona]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic Ecclesiastical Province of Santa Fe]]
[[Category:Mediterranean Revival architecture in the United States]]
[[Category:Mission Revival architecture in Arizona]]
[[Category:Spanish Colonial Revival architecture in Arizona]]

Bahawalnagar

2018-02-04T05:53:28Z

XLinkBot: BOT--Reverting link addition(s) by ShehzadMustafa to revision 823026647 (https://www.facebook.com/smbwn [\bfacebook\.com])

{{For|the district|Bahawalnagar district}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bahawalnagar
| native_name ={{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|بہاولنگر}}}}
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of cities in Punjab (Pakistan)|City]]

| image_skyline = Bahawalnagar.jpg
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| image_seal =
| image_shield =
| image_map =
| mapsize =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Punjab Pakistan#Pakistan 
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Bahawalnagar
| pushpin_mapsize =
Near pakistan India Border line
| coordinates = {{Coord|29|59|34|N|73|15|13|E|type:city_region:PK|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Pakistan]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Pakistan|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Pakistan#Punjab|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bahawalnagar District|Bahawalnagar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bahawalnagar Tehsil|Bahawalnagar]]
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| parts_type = [[Union councils of Pakistan|Union councils]]
| parts = 118

| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| established_title2 = 
| established_date2 =

| area_total_km2 = 1729
| area_footnotes = <ref name=census1/>

| population_total = 542,000
| population_as_of = 1998
| population_est = 2,662,000
| pop_est_as_of = June 2013
| pop_est_footnotes = <ref name=census2>{{cite book|url=http://www.bos.gop.pk/system/files/Dev-2013.pdf|chapter=Table 208: Area and Population by Division, District and Tehsil, The Punjab: 1951, 1961, 1972, 1981 and 1998 Censuses |title=2013 Punjab Development Statistics}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_footnotes = <ref name=census1>{{cite book|url=http://www.bos.gop.pk/system/files/Dev-2013.pdf|chapter=Table 209 : Estimated Population by Division and District, The Punjab|title=2013 Punjab Development Statistics}}</ref>
| elevation_m = 163
| elevation_footnotes =

| timezone = [[Pakistan Standard Time|PKT]]
| timezone1 = [[Pakistan Standard Time|PST]]
| utc_offset = +5
| timezone_DST = +6
| utc_offset_DST =

| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = [[List of dialling codes of Pakistan|Calling code]]
| area_code =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bahawalnagar''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], {{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|'''بہاولنگر'''}}}}), is the capital city of [[Bahawalnagar District]] situated in the south east region in the [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]] province of [[Pakistan]]. The town of Bahawalnagar is the headquarter of the district and [[Bahawalnagar Tehsil|tehsil]] as well.<ref name="NRB">[http://www.nrb.gov.pk/lg_election/union.asp?district=5&dn=Bahawalnagar Tehsils & Unions in the District of Bahawalnagar – Government of Pakistan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209041140/http://www.nrb.gov.pk/lg_election/union.asp?district=5&dn=Bahawalnagar |date=2012-02-09 }}</ref> Old name of Bahawalnagar was Rojanwali/Ubbha. It was named Bahawalnagar in 1904 after [[Bahawal Khan V]], the ruler of the [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Bahawalpur state]] comprising the present districts of [[Bahawalpur District|Bahawalpur]], [[Bahawalnagar District|Bahawalnagar]] and [[Rahim Yar Khan District|Rahim Yar Khan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tmabahawalnagar.lgpunjab.org.pk/History.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2017-04-20 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421000436/http://tmabahawalnagar.lgpunjab.org.pk/History.html |archivedate=2017-04-21 }}</ref> It is 192 miles south of Lahore and about 120 miles east of Bahwalpur. River [[Sutlej]] passes on the northern side at a distance of about 6 miles.<ref name="irispunjab.gov.pk">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160307135126/http://202.166.162.26:8929/Items/ODPs/Bahawalnagar%20(1976-1996).pdf Bahawalnagar – Outline Development Plan, Govt of Punjab, 1978]. Accessed 2017-02-24.</ref>

==History==
Bahawalnagar originally known as Rojhanwali<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nadīm |first1=Fārūq |title=Chaos: Research Articles on History and Socio Economic Situation of Pakistani Punjab |publisher=World Institute of Literature & Culture |url=https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=CuptAAAAMAAJ&q=Rojhanwali&dq=Rojhanwali |accessdate=21 April 2017 |language=en |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422033706/https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=CuptAAAAMAAJ&q=Rojhanwali&dq=Rojhanwali |archivedate=22 April 2017 |year=2005 }}</ref> was a small settlement consisting of few huts and shacks. This village Rojhanwali is still in existence at a distance of about 1.5 miles north of the Railway Station. In the year 1895, a [[Bahawalnagar Junction railway station|railway station]] was established and was named as Rojhanwali Railway Station. It was a junction between Bahawalnagar and Bhatinda at distance of 113 miles, now linking branch lines [[Amruka railway station|Amrooka]] and [[Fort Abbas railway station|Fort Abbas]]. Before partition it was very busy junction. Trains used to run from Karachi to Delhi and vice versa via Bahawalnagar. Passenger trains also used to run from Bahawalnagar to Fazilka, Ferozpur. There was a loco shed and two institutes meant for recreation.<ref name="irispunjab.gov.pk"/>

In 1904 when Nawab Mohammad Bahawal Khan Abbasi IV,<ref>[[Bahawalpur (princely state)]]</ref> who originally ruled over Bahawalpur State visited Rojhanwali the people asked that with His permission they want to rename the city on the name of Nawab, The Nawab allowed them with pleasure and since then the city is named as Bahawalnagar. With the advent of railways, 40–50 shops with a population of 100 dwelling units developed at existing railway bazar. Though this site was not fit for flourishing as the topographical features were not favorable and drinking water was unfit for health. With the introduction of canal system, it has become fertile area. The real achievement was Fordwah Canal which brought almost the entire district under the command of irrigation system. The town developed as colony town south of railway station.<ref name="irispunjab.gov.pk"/>

In the year 1900–1901, first police station post was established and in 1902–1903 the first primary school was established. In the year 1906 a panchayat committee consisting of nominated members was composed. 1914 Bahawalnagar was recommended as Tehsil and the police post Jweka was shifted to Bahawalnagar. A regular municipal committee was constituted in year 1922 along with many members. The Assistant Commissioner and Tehsildar were then appointed as Mir Majlis and Naib Mir Majlis.<ref name="irispunjab.gov.pk"/>

==Railways station==
[[File:BahawalNagr Railway Station.jpg|thumb|Train ready to go [[Samasata Junction railway station|Samasata Junction]] from [[Bahawalnagar Junction railway station|Bahawalnagar Junction]]]]

The [[Bahawalnagar Junction railway station|Bahawalnagar railway station]] played a key role in development of former [[Bahawalpur state]], especially of [[Bahawalnagar district]] which was established in 1952–53, while the rail section set up in 1894 was named as Rojhanwali Railway Station. Later, the station was renamed by Nawab Muhammad Bahawal Khan as Bahawalnagar Railway Junction in 1901. But now, it wears a deserted look as no train is running now-a-days. The only train which had been running through these tracks for years from [[Samasata Junction railway station|Samasata]] to [[Amruka railway station|Amrooka]] was suspended on July 26, 2011. Moreover, railway assets are being stolen and land being grabbed. Beside, most of the Railways quarters and officers accommodation have been occupied by influential persons. The rail service was originally introduced by the Southern Punjab Railway Company among [[Delhi]] on 257 kilometres track. The west part of the rail track was laid between Samasata and Amrooka section at the [[Pakistan-India border]]. It linked [[Bhalwal railway station|Baghdad-ul-Jadeed]], [[Khairpur Tamiwali|Khairpur]], Tamewali, Qaimpur, Hasilpur, [[Chishtian]], Bahawalnagar and [[Mandi Sadiq Ganj Junction railway station|Mandi Sadiq Ganj]] railway stations to [[Ferozpur]] and Amrooka stations through various lines. Likewise, the second railway track was laid down between [[Bhatinda]] and [[Hindumalkote railway station]] of [[Indian state]]. Before partition of the [[subcontinent]], the rail line was of great importance for connecting [[Dehli]] and [[Karachi]]. It was utilized for transportation of staff and their belongings in 1947 from [[India]] to [[Karachi]]. State railway lines were named as Darbar Lines and all their expenditures were borne by the respective states. It was running under the control of the [[History of rail transport in Pakistan|Northern Western Railways]]. The 112 km Darbar line of the then [[Bahawalpur state]] was laid down between Bahawalnagar and [[Fort Abbas]] in 1928. On the track, new grain markets of Khichiwala, [[Faqirwali]], [[Haroonabad, Bahawalnagar|Haroonabad]] and [[Donga Bonga]] were established. But unfortunately, the rail service on the track had been suspended since long, while a renowned Mandi Dhab Sanateka railway station has been submerged with filthy water. The Bahawalnagar Railways Junction was at its climax in 1935. Then, dozens of rails among [[Karachi]], [[Delhi]] and [[Lahore]] by [[Ferozepur]], Amrooka, Bahawalnagar to [[Samma Satta]], particularly freight trains from [[Quetta]] to [[Delhi]] used to run regularly. Hustle and bustle of passengers on the station round-the-clock was a permanent feature and it was considered one of the important railways junctions of the [[subcontinent]] at that time. In 1938, a power substation was set up which generated DC power with the help of diesel engine, while today, the railway section has been deprived of electricity supply due to non-payment. After the [[Partition of India|partition]], the well-equipped junction continued its reputation as business centre till 1980. It was more important than the town. It was given final shape in 1935 and 1938, when five hundred quarters for staff were constructed including the railway officers accommodations, railway hospital, DC electricity power station, [[dak bungalow]], playgrounds, [[graveyard]], dance club, workshop, [[Railway police]]. With the completion of the all railway requirements, it turned into a beautiful location. At its climax, hundreds of workers discharge their duties. A beautiful overhead bridge of the junction was unique for its visitors. Unfortunately, such a glorious railway junction had fallen prey to corruption.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nation.com.pk/national/14-Nov-2011/Bahawalnagar-rail-junction-a-relic-from-1901 |title=Bahawalnagar rail junction a relic from 1901 |date=14 November 2011 |work=The Nation |accessdate=23 March 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001075922/http://nation.com.pk/national/14-Nov-2011/Bahawalnagar-rail-junction-a-relic-from-1901 |archivedate=1 October 2016 |df= }}</ref>

==Education sector==
[[File:Govt post graduate college Bahawalnagar.jpg|thumb|Govt post graduate college Bahawalnagar is the biggest college of Bahawalnagar District]]
The literacy rate of Bahawalnagar is less than 25% and unemployment rate is much higher than 25%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.findpk.com/cities/Explorer-pakistan-Bahawalnagar.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-06-07 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208061414/http://www.findpk.com/cities/Explorer-pakistan-Bahawalnagar.html |archivedate=2016-02-08 }}</ref>
As the literacy rate of this city is not quite enough but the government owned institutions are offering their services to increase the literacy rate. The sub-Campus of Islamia University<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iub.edu.pk/department.php?id=33 |title=The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Pakistan – Department |work=iub.edu.pk |accessdate=23 March 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728061920/http://www.iub.edu.pk/department.php?id=33 |archivedate=28 July 2016 }}</ref> is also located in Bahawalnagar from which the students are getting the higher education with up to date syllabus.Bahawalnagar is not very popular but the quality of education in the city is up to the mark. There is a Army public school which is on the main bahawalnagar to Minchinabad road in bahawalnagar cantt.
<references group="Educational Institutes In Bahawalnagar" />

==Sports ground==
<references group="Education Sector" />Haider Stadium is the biggest stadium of Bahawalnagar City as well as Bahawalnagar District.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcboard.com.pk/Grounds/1937_misc.html |title=Pakistan Cricket – 'our cricket' website |work=pcboard.com.pk |accessdate=23 March 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405020333/http://www.pcboard.com.pk/Grounds/1937_misc.html |archivedate=5 April 2016 }}</ref>Other play grounds are also their such as: hussainabad play ground....: ;;; Commercial cricket club

==Demographics==
The population of the Bahawalnagar MC, according to the 1998 Census of Pakistan, was {{sigfig|111313|4}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/area-population-aadministrative-units |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2017-01-14 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204005136/http://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/area-population-aadministrative-units |archivedate=2016-12-04 }}</ref>

==Administration==
Bahawalnagar is the administrative center of Bahawalnagar District, one of the five tehsils or subdivisions of the district, the tehsil is subdivided into 31 [[Union Councils of Pakistan|Union Councils]].

==Climate==

Bahawalnagar has a [[hot desert climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BWh'') with hot summers and mild winters. Precipitation mostly falls in the monsoon season from June to August, although some rain also falls from February to April. Over the years, global climate change has affected Bahawalnagar as well as any other place on Earth and below comparison charts from Weatherbase and NOAA show the difference in rainfall and low temperatures between 1990 and 2015:

{{Weather box
|location = Bahawalnagar, Pakistan
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan high C = 20
|Feb high C = 23
|Mar high C = 29
|Apr high C = 36
|May high C = 40
|Jun high C = 41
|Jul high C = 38
|Aug high C = 37
|Sep high C = 36
|Oct high C = 34
|Nov high C = 28
|Dec high C = 22
|Jan high F = 68
|Feb high F = 73
|Mar high F = 84
|Apr high F = 96
|May high F = 104
|Jun high F = 105
|Jul high F = 100
|Aug high F = 98
|Sep high F = 96
|Oct high F = 93
|Nov high F = 82
|Dec high F = 71
|year high C = 32
|year high F = 89
|Jan low C = 4
|Feb low C = 7
|Mar low C = 13
|Apr low C = 19
|May low C = 23
|Jun low C = 28
|Jul low C = 27
|Aug low C = 27
|Sep low C = 24
|Oct low C = 17
|Nov low C = 11
|Dec low C = 6
|Jan low F = 39
|Feb low F = 44
|Mar low F = 55
|Apr low F = 66
|May low F = 73
|Jun low F = 82
|Jul low F = 80
|Aug low F = 80
|Sep low F = 75
|Oct low F = 62
|Nov low F = 51
|Dec low F = 42
|year low C = 17
|year low F = 62
|Jan precipitation mm = 18
|Feb precipitation mm = 8
|Mar precipitation mm = 21
|Apr precipitation mm = 3
|May precipitation mm = 8
|Jun precipitation mm = 19
|Jul precipitation mm = 92
|Aug precipitation mm = 75
|Sep precipitation mm = 35
|Oct precipitation mm = ---
|Nov precipitation mm = 5
|Dec precipitation mm = 1
|Jan precipitation inch = 0.7
|Feb precipitation inch = 0.3
|Mar precipitation inch = 0.8
|Apr precipitation inch = 0.1
|May precipitation inch = 0.3
|Jun precipitation inch = 0.8
|Jul precipitation inch = 3.6
|Aug precipitation inch = 2.9
|Sep precipitation inch = 1.4
|Oct precipitation inch = ---
|Nov precipitation inch = 0.2
|Dec precipitation inch = ---
|year precipitation cm = 28.5
|year precipitation mm =
|year precipitation inch = 11.1
|source 1 = Weatherbase 2015<ref name=Weatherbase>{{cite web
|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=416780&cityname=Bahawalnagar-Punjab-Pakistan&units=metric
|title=Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Bahawalnagar, Pakistan
|publisher=Weatherbase
|year=2015
|accessdate=
|deadurl=no
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922011806/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=416780&cityname=Bahawalnagar-Punjab-Pakistan&units=metric
|archivedate=2015-09-22
}}</ref>
|date=September 2015
}}

{{Weather box
|location = Bahawalnagar
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan record high C = 29.3
|Feb record high C = 35.6
|Mar record high C = 39.4
|Apr record high C = 45.6
|May record high C = 48.0
|Jun record high C = 50.1
|Jul record high C = 46.0
|Aug record high C = 42.4
|Sep record high C = 42.0
|Oct record high C = 40.0
|Nov record high C = 37.0
|Dec record high C = 29.6
|Jan high C = 20.6
|Feb high C = 22.76
|Mar high C = 28.3
|Apr high C = 35.9
|May high C = 40.8
|Jun high C = 42.0
|Jul high C = 38.3
|Aug high C = 37.4
|Sep high C = 36.5
|Oct high C = 34.2
|Nov high C = 28.6
|Dec high C = 22.5
|Jan mean C = 13.3
|Feb mean C = 15.7
|Mar mean C = 21.0
|Apr mean C = 28.0
|May mean C = 32.8
|Jun mean C = 35.1
|Jul mean C = 33.1
|Aug mean C = 32.4
|Sep mean C = 30.6
|Oct mean C = 26.4
|Nov mean C = 20.6
|Dec mean C = 15.0
|Jan low C = 5.8
|Feb low C = 8.4
|Mar low C = 13.8
|Apr low C = 20.0
|May low C = 24.7
|Jun low C = 28.2
|Jul low C = 27.8
|Aug low C = 27.4
|Sep low C = 24.7
|Oct low C = 18.6
|Nov low C = 12.6
|Dec low C = 7.6
|Jan record low C = 0.0
|Feb record low C = -1.0
|Mar record low C = 3.9
|Apr record low C = 12.6
|May record low C = 14.4
|Jun record low C = 18.3
|Jul record low C = 16.1
|Aug record low C = 21.4
|Sep record low C = 13.1
|Oct record low C = 11.0
|Nov record low C = 4.0
|Dec record low C = 1.7
|Jan precipitation mm = 4.5
|Feb precipitation mm = 16.5
|Mar precipitation mm = 15.2
|Apr precipitation mm = 10.2
|May precipitation mm = 4.8
|Jun precipitation mm = 15.3
|Jul precipitation mm = 77.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 39.9
|Sep precipitation mm = 9.5
|Oct precipitation mm = 1.0
|Nov precipitation mm = 4.3
|Dec precipitation mm = 5.0
|Jan sun = 222.4
|Feb sun = 218.9
|Mar sun = 250.8
|Apr sun = 274.3
|May sun = 269.1
|Jun sun = 213.9
|Jul sun = 218.3
|Aug sun = 256.6
|Sep sun = 279.3
|Oct sun = 284.0
|Nov sun = 260.8
|Dec sun = 223.5
|source 1 =NOAA (1971–1990)<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web
|url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/PK/41678.TXT
|title = Bahawalnagar Climate Normals 1971–1990
|publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
|accessdate = January 16, 2013}}</ref>
|date=March 2013}}

==Transportation==
{{Empty section|date=November 2017}}

==Economy==
{{Empty section|date=November 2017}}

==Gallery==
{{Empty section|date=November 2017}}

==See also==
{{columns-list|3|
* [[Bahawalnagar District]]
* [[Bahawalnagar Junction railway station]]
* [[Islamia University]]
* [[Punjab, Pakistan]]
* [[India–Pakistan relations]]
}}
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Punjab (Pakistan)|Geography}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|33em}}
* {{citation |author=Economic & Industrial Publications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=osfsAAAAMAAJ&q|title=Economic Review, Volume 21|date=1990|publisher=[[The University of Michigan]]|ref={{sfnref|Economic & Industrial Publications|1990}}}}
* {{citation |author=Pattan Development Organization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wlGNAAAAMAAJ&q|title=Working paper understanding the role of political dynasties: Local Government Election 2005|date=2006|publisher=[[The University of Michigan]]|ref={{sfnref|Pattan Development Organization|2006}}}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Wikivoyage|Punjab (Pakistan)}}

[[Category:Populated places in Bahawalnagar District]]
[[Category:Cities of Pakistan]]

Society of London Theatre

2018-01-15T02:54:28Z

XLinkBot: BOT--Reverting link addition(s) by 37.32.21.72 to revision 812903012 (Https://www.facebook.com/OfficialLondonTheatre/|à²§ [\bfacebook\.com])

{{Use British English|date=November 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2012}}
'''Society of London Theatre''' ('''SOLT''') is an umbrella organisation for [[West End theatre]] in [[London]]. Founded in 1908, SOLT is the not-for-profit organisation which provides a collective voice for the theatre owners, producers and managers of all the major commercial and grant-aided theatres across London. As well as protecting the interests of all its member theatres, SOLT promotes theatregoing through [https://officiallondontheatre.com OfficialLondonTheatre.com], the printed fortnightly London Theatre Guide, the [[Society of London Theatre#TKTS Ticket Booth|TKTS]] ticket booth, and [[Society of London Theatre#Theatre Tokens|Theatre Tokens]]. SOLT administers the audience development initiatives [[Society of London Theatre#Kids Week|Kids Week]] and [[Society of London Theatre#London Theatre.27s New Year Sale .23GetIntoLondonTheatre|London Theatre's New Year Sale]], and runs large-scale events such as the [[Laurence Olivier Award|Olivier Award]]s, [[Society of London Theatre#West End LIVE|West End LIVE]], and [[Society of London Theatre#TheatreCraft|TheatreCraft]]. SOLT also supports a number of theatrical charities including [[Society of London Theatre#Stage One|Stage One]] and [[Society of London Theatre#Mousetrap Theatre Projects|Mousetrap Theatre Projects]].

== Organization ==

SOLT is managed by a board consisting of 15 directors, each elected by the Membership, who are chaired by the SOLT President. [[Kenny Wax]] was elected in 2017, and will be President until 2020, with Caro Newling as the elected President from 2014-2017.

== TKTS Ticket Booth ==

[[TKTS]], originally known as ‘The Half Price Ticket Booth’, is run by SOLT on behalf of the theatre industry. Operating since 1980 in the heart of [[Leicester Square]], this discounted ticket booth offers customers a wide choice of discount theatre tickets on the day of the performance and in advance. There are also regularly full price tickets available through the booth.

Tickets can only be bought from TKTS in person, providing personal service from knowledgeable staff. Each TKTS ticket includes a booking fee of £3 on discount theatre tickets and £1 on full price tickets.

TKTS is accredited by the Society of Ticket Agents and Retailers (STAR) and all ticket sales are made following the STAR code of practice.

All profits made from SOLT, including TKTS, go straight back into the industry.

==Official London Theatre==

=== OfficialLondonTheatre.com ===
Official London Theatre (OLT) is the premier website for London theatre. An incredible resource for all the latest West End news, it also boasts a wealth of features and interviews alongside comprehensive listings that include trailers, cast lists, production shots and more. OLT offers secure online ticketing for all major West End shows and, ticket offers, hotel and meal packages, information about [https://officiallondontheatre.com/access/ assisted performances] and tips to improve your theatregoing experience.

====Social Media====
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The [https://www.facebook.com/OfficialLondonTheatre/ Official London Theatre Facebook] page has over 184k likes, making it the largest page for London theatre news. The channel also hosts Theatre Lounge Live! - a live and interactive showcase of the best from the world’s two theatrical capitals, exclusively on Facebook. The live videos consist of cast members performing a song followed by a Q&A, and fans are encouraged to comment along and ask questions directly to their favourite theatre stars. Theatre Lounge Live! is presented by Official London Theatre and the [[American Theatre Wing]], and is supported by LiveU.

Official London Theatre ([https://twitter.com/london_theatre @london_theatre]) partnered with [[Twitter]] (via [https://twitter.com/TwitterStage @TwitterStage]) to bring users Theatre #TwitterTalks.

On Instagram ([https://www.instagram.com/londontheatre/ @londontheatre]) cast members from a variety of shows often takeover the account, providing exclusive behind the scenes access.

As of November 2017, [https://www.youtube.com/c/officiallondontheatre Official London Theatre's YouTube channel] boasts more than 8500 subscribers and over 5 million views. The channel hosts video features, show trailers, as well as exclusive videos from '''West End LIVE''' and the '''Olivier Awards'''.

=== Official London Theatre Guide ===
Alongside the website, a printed '''London Theatre Guide''' is produced fortnightly with show listings and theatre news. The free guide has a distribution of 135,000 and is available to pick up in London theatres and at major tourist outlets across the UK. The printed booklet contains listings for shows playing in the West End, dance and opera productions, and a selection of Off-West End shows, as well as the London Underground map and a map of Theatreland.

==Accessibility==
SOLT is committed to making theatre as accessible as possible.

SOLT produces the [https://officiallondontheatre.com/access/ Access London Theatre brochure] which lists upcoming Audio-described, Captioned, Sign Language Interpreted and Relaxed performances in London. The brochure also includes a Venue Access Guide which details access information for wheelchair users.

The free guide, which is delivered to over 1000 customers, is produced four times a year and is available in a range of formats including print, braille, and CD/MP3 format.

Upcoming accessible performances are also listed on [https://officiallondontheatre.com/access/ OfficialLondonTheatre.com]

== Ticket Promotions ==
Official London Theatre has two annual ticket promotions: Kids Week in the Summer and London Theatre's New Year Sale in the Winter.

=== Kids Week ===
Kids Week offers children under 16 the opportunity to see a West End show for free when accompanied by a paying adult paying. Up to two extra children's tickets may also be purchased at half price. A variety of free theatre activities are also available for participants.

In 2012, Kids Week won 'Best Cultural Attraction' at [[the London Lifestyle Awards]].

=== London Theatre's New Year Sale #GetIntoLondonTheatre ===
London Theatre's New Year Sale is a discount ticket promotion run by SOLT that takes place annually from January to mid-February. The scheme, initially launched in 2001, offers the public the chance to see over 40 of the capital's most popular shows (including plays, musicals, and dance) at the highly reduced prices of £10, £20, £30 and £40. There are no booking or postage fees.

Tickets can be purchased via [https://officiallondontheatre.com/new-year-sale/ OfficialLondonTheatre.com/new-year-sale/].

[[MasterCard|Mastercard]] cardholders can access the promotion through an exclusive presale via [https://www.priceless.com/en-gb.html Priceless.com].

==Major Events==

=== Olivier Awards ===
{{Main|Olivier Awards}}
The Olivier Awards (or simply the Oliviers) are presented annually by SOLT to recognise excellence in professional theatre. Originally known as the Society of West End Theatre Awards, they were renamed in honour of the British actor [[Laurence Olivier]] in 1984.

Awards are presented annually across a range of categories covering plays, musicals, dance, opera and affiliate theatre.The Olivier Awards are recognised internationally as the highest honour in British theatre, equivalent to Broadway's [[Tony Awards]] and France's [[Molière Award]]. Winners receive a bronze statuette of Sir Laurence Olivier playing Henry V in 1937. The awards have taken place at various hotels and theatres across London, including at the [[Royal Opera House]] in Covent Garden from 2012-2016, before moving to the [[Royal Albert Hall]] in 2017.

The first awards ceremony took place in December 1976 at the Café Royal. The winners - who included Alan Howard, Peggy Ashcroft, Penelope Keith and Jonathan Miller - did not receive the iconic bronze statuette; the prize was a specially commissioned blue Wedgwood urn, causing the event to be nicknamed "The Urnies".

Award winners have included the leading names in British theatrical talent, including John Gielgud, Ralph Richardson, Laurence Olivier, Joan Plowright, Alec Guinness, Peggy Ashcroft, Harold Pinter, Peter Hall, Ian McKellan, Judi Dench, Helen Mirren, Alan Bennett, Andrew Lloyd Webber, Alan Ayckbourn, Maggie Smith, Gillian Lynne, Michael Frayn, Nicholas Hytner and Kevin Spacey.

===West End LIVE===
Alongside [[Westminster City Council]], SOLT annually presents West End LIVE. This free, two-day festival in Trafalgar Square showcases the quality and diversity of London’s world-class musical theatre. The event takes place over a weekend in June and regularly attracts a crowd of over 500,000 visitors.

===TheatreCraft===
TheatreCraft is London's largest, free careers event for 16-25 year olds interested in a career in theatre, in any non-performing role. The event is presented by SOLT alongside [[Theatre Royal Haymarket#Masterclass|Theatre Royal Haymarket Masterclass]], [[Royal Opera House]] and Mousetrap Theatre Projects.

The annual event gives young people the opportunity to gain ideas and understanding of how to further their interest and/or career, in areas such as producing, stage management, lighting, sound, costume, set design, marketing, journalism, directing and playwriting. Participants take part in workshops and Q&A sessions led by theatre professionals, explore a marketplace packed with more than 60 organisations and receive one-to-one advice from industry experts.

Since its inception, TheatreCraft has hosted over 300 exhibitors, 500 workshops, 950 one-to-one sessions and had more than 7500 young people through its doors.

In addition to the annual event, TheatreCraft also runs a series of free, interactive, monthly workshops.

==Theatre Tokens==
Theatre Tokens are national theatre gift vouchers that can be used at more than 240 venues nationwide, including all of London's West End.

The scheme was created in 1984 to encourage UK theatregoing and audience development, and remains the aim to this day.

Theatre Tokens can currently be redeemed via phone or in person. They can also be redeemed at the TKTS booth in Leicester Square, and can be used towards the cost of a theatre break with Superbreak

Tokens can be purchased online as a plastic gift card or as an eGift, in person at a participating theatre, from high street retailers including WHSmith and Waterstones, and from the TKTS booth.

Customers can use all or part of the balance on a Gift Card or eGift to pay, or part-pay for theatre tickets at participating venues.

== Charitable Activities ==
The Society makes charitable donations to the following organizations via the Theatre Development Trust (TDT):
* Stage One
* Laurence Olivier Bursary
* Mousetrap Theatre Projects
* UK Theatre - Industry Training & Events

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.solt.co.uk/ Society of London Theatre's official website]
*[https://officiallondontheatre.com/ OfficialLondonTheatre.com] (includes TKTS, New Year Sale, Kids Week, Olivier Awards, West End LIVE and Access).
*[https://www.theatretokens.com/ Theatre Tokens]
*[http://www.theatrecraft.org/ TheatreCraft]
*[https://www.mousetrap.org.uk/ Mousetrap Theatre Projects]
*[https://www.stageone.uk.com/ Stage One]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Society of London Theatre}}
[[Category:West End theatre]]
[[Category:Theatre in London]]
[[Category:Cultural organisations in London]]

{{UK-theatre-stub}}
{{UK-org-stub}}

Tim Burchett

2017-12-05T14:16:07Z

XLinkBot: BOT--Reverting link addition(s) by Apoliticaltn to revision 813827467 (https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Bjw1HqTCIAAoypp.jpg [\btwimg\.com\b])

{{Infobox Officeholder
|image = Mayor Tim Burchett Speaking at the 2012 Community Budget Hearings.JPG
|caption = Tim Burchett
|name = Tim Burchett
|office = [[Knox County, Tennessee|Knox County Mayor]]
|term_start = August 5, 2010
|term_end =
|predecessor = Mike Ragsdale
|successor =
|office1 = [[Tennessee State Senate]]
|term_start1 = 1999
|term_end1 = 2010
|office2 = [[Tennessee House of Representatives]]
|term_start2 = 1995
|term_end2 = 1998
|birth_name = Timothy Floyd Burchett
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|8|25}}
|birth_place = [[Knoxville, Tennessee|Knoxville]], [[Tennessee]], [[United States|U.S.]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
|alma_mater = [[University of Tennessee|University of Tennessee, Knoxville]]
|spouse = {{Marriage|Allison Beaver-Burchett|2008|2012|reason=Divorced}} {{Marriage|Kelly Kimball|2014}}
|children = 3 Stepchildren from Kimball
}}
'''Timothy Floyd Burchett''' (born August 25, 1964) is an [[United States|American]] [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] politician, currently the [[County executive|mayor]] of [[Knox County, Tennessee]]. He previously served in Tennessee General Assembly, first in the [[Tennessee House of Representatives]] and later in the [[Tennessee State Senate]], in which he represented Tennessee's District 7, part of Knox County. On August 5, 2010, Burchett was elected mayor of Knox County, replacing Mike Ragsdale.<ref name=DonilaAugust6>Mike Donila, [http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2010/aug/06/burchett-precise-plan-needed-for-mayor-post/?partner=popular Burchett: 'Precise plan' needed for mayor post]. ''Knoxnews.com'', 6 August 2010. Retrieved: 6 August 2010.</ref> Burchett is currently a candidate for the Republican nomination for [[Tennessee's 2nd congressional district]] in the [[United States House of Representatives elections, 2018|2018 elections]], with the incumbent [[John Duncan Jr.]] retiring.<ref>{{Citenews|url=http://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/politics/elections/2017/08/02/burchett-run-congress/534165001/|title=Tim Burchett to run for Congress|work=[[Knoxville News Sentinel]]|last=Whetstone|first=Tyler|date=August 2, 2017|accessdate=August 4, 2017}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Burchett is a native of [[Knoxville, Tennessee]], where he was born in 1964 and attended West Hills Elementary School, Bearden Junior High School, and [[Bearden High School (Tennessee)|Bearden High School]].<ref name=105GA/><ref name=MayorBio>{{cite web|url=http://www.knoxcounty.org/countymayor/bio.php |title=Mayor Tim Burchett Bio |accessdate=April 17, 2013 }}</ref> After graduating from Bearden High School in 1982, he enrolled in the [[University of Tennessee]] in Knoxville, where he earned a B.S. degree in education.<ref name=105GA>{{cite web|url=http://www.capitol.tn.gov/senate/archives/105GA/Members/s7.htm |title=Tennessee Senate: Tim Burchett |work=Tennessee Senate: 105th General Assembly (2007-2008) |type=website archives |accessdate=April 17, 2013}}</ref><ref name=MayorBio/>

==State legislature==
Burchett's first election to public office was in 1994, when he won a seat in the [[Tennessee House of Representatives]]. He served in the house for two two-year terms, from 1995 to 1998. In 1998, he was a successful candidate for a four-year term in the Tennessee State Senate, representing the 7th senatorial district. He twice won re-election to the state senate, serving a total of three four-year terms, from 1999 to 2010.<ref name=105GA/><ref name=MayorBio/>

===Roadkill===
In 1999, Burchett received national media attention for sponsoring a bill to legalize the eating of [[roadkill]], that is, wild animals killed by vehicles, before notifying the county game warden.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2008/aug/20/burchett-plans-run-for-knox-mayor/ |title=Burchett plans to run for county mayor |author= Scott Barker and David Keim |newspaper=Knoxville News Sentinel |date=August 20, 2008}}</ref><ref name=NYTjokesters>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/14/us/statehouse-journal-a-road-kill-proposal-is-food-for-jokesters.html |title=Statehouse Journal; A Road-Kill Proposal Is Food for Jokesters |author= David Firestone |newspaper=New York Times |date= March 14, 1999}}</ref> He defended the proposal as a "common-sense thing" intended to prevent edible meat from being wasted. Eating roadkill was already legal - as it is in most places - but required prior notification to the county game warden. Burchett's bill allowed processing and consumption of roadkill before notifying the game warden. Burchett proposed the bill after being contacted by a constituent who had been penalized for giving a needy family the meat from a [[deer]] that his vehicle had accidentally hit on the highway.<ref name=NYTjokesters/> Burchett's bill is often mischaracterized as "legalizing the eating of roadkill" when, in fact, doing so was already legal.

===''Salvia divinorum''===
{{see also|Legal status of Salvia divinorum}}
Senator Burchett sponsored a bill in 2006 to make illegal "possessing, producing, manufacturing, distributing, or possessing with intent to produce, manufacture, or distribute the active chemical ingredient in the hallucinogenic plant ''[[Salvia divinorum]]'' in the state of Tennessee."<ref name=Salvialaw>{{cite web |date=May 2006
| title = Senate Bill No. 3247; An Act to amend Tennessee Code Annotated, Title 39, Chapter 17, Part 4, relative to certain hallucinogenic plants | work = Public Acts 2006, Chapter 700 | url = http://tennessee.gov/sos/acts/104/pub/pc0700.pdf | format = pdf | publisher = General Assembly of the State of Tennessee}}</ref> Burchett stated, "We have enough problems with illegal drugs as it is without people promoting getting high from some glorified weed that's been brought up from Mexico. The only people I’ve heard from who are opposed to making it illegal are those who are getting stoned on it."<ref name=NashvilleBureau>{{cite journal | author = Nashville Bureau Reporter |date=April 2006 | title = The Senate passed (290-0) SB 3247 | volume = 8 | issue = 32 |publisher = Nashville Bureau }}</ref> The bill was signed into law on May 19, 2006 and went into effect on July 1, 2006.<ref name=Salvialaw/> Burchett originally wanted to make violations a [[felony]] offense, but the bill was amended during its passage to make it a Class A [[misdemeanor]].<ref name=SiebertLegalStatus>{{cite web |last=Siebert |first=Daniel |title=The Legal Status of Salvia divinorum |publisher=The Salvia divinorum Research and Information Center |url=http://www.sagewisdom.org/legalstatus.html |accessdate=2007-03-04}}</ref>

In a news report published shortly before the signing of the bill by Governor [[Phil Bredesen]], Burchett was quoted as saying, "It's not that popular. But I'm one of those who believes in closing the barn door before the cows get out.... In certain hands, it could be very dangerous, even lethal."<ref name=ORourke2006>{{cite news | last = O'Rourke | first = Shea | title = Smoking Out - Tennessee bill bans hallucinogenic herb salvia | url = http://www.memphisflyer.com/memphis/Content?oid=oid%3A16106 | work = Memphis Flyer | date = May 24, 2006  }}</ref> A store owner who had stopped selling the herb due to Burchett's bill said that he saw little point in banning salvia, "I have no idea why it's being outlawed. It's a sage. People in South America have been using it for years and years." The same report also gave the general counterargument of salvia proponents that legislation banning ''Salvia divinorum'' reflects a cultural bias, as there are fewer prohibitions on more addictive substances such as alcohol and nicotine, and questioned how effective the bill will be, pointing out that ''Salvia divinorum'' has no odor and is easy to grow, so enforcement will be difficult.<ref name=ORourke2006/>

==Knox County Mayor==
Burchett became Knox County Mayor in September 2010, succeeding Mike Ragsdale, who left office due to [[term limits]]. Earlier that year, Burchett defeated former Knox County Sheriff Tim Hutchison in the Republican [[primary election|primary]] and then [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] Ezra Maize in the general election.<ref name=DonilaAugust6/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2011/sep/04/one-year-in-burchett-says-he-delivered/ |title=One year in, Knox County Mayor Tim Burchett says he delivered |author= Mike Donila |newspaper=Knoxville News Sentinel |date= September 4, 2011}}</ref>

On February 10, 2012, Mayor Tim Burchett went on WBIR-TV and officially announced the county's first "[[cash mob]]" would be held at the Emory 5 & 10 store in South Knoxville.<ref>http://www.wbir.com/news/article/204931/2/Cash-Mob-underway-at-Emerys-5--10</ref> The cash mob gained national attention,<ref>http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/02/14/10400367-cash-mobs-flash-mobs-go-to-bat-for-small-local-businesses?lite</ref> and was mentioned in Time Magazine.<ref>http://www.wate.com/story/19945081/knox-countys-cash-mob-gets-a-nod-in-time-magazine</ref>

''<code>Bigfoot</code>''

Burchett declaired November 16th 2012 to be the Official Knox County Bigfoot Day.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://cryptomundo.com/bigfoot-report/knox-county-bigfoot-day/|title=Knox County Bigfoot Day|last=Cryptids|first=Cryptomundo,|date=2012-11-12|work=Cryptomundo|access-date=2017-12-05|language=en-US}}</ref> Tim Burchett is an avid Bigfoot Hunter and Aficionado of various conspiracies of how the existence of Bigfoot has been hid from the public. Many of his campaign signs and stickers have pictures of Bigfoot.

==Controversies==

===Campaign finance irregularities===
1st offence, In 2006, Tim Burchett, then a state senator, failed to report six political action committee checks totaling $3,300. The Registry of Election Finance didn't fine him. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/politics/2017/12/01/sources-fbi-asks-questions-knox-county-mayor-tim-burchett-mayor-says-no-truth-any-it/909061001/|title=Sources: FBI asks questions about Knox County Mayor Tim Burchett; mayor says ‘no truth to any of it’|work=Knoxville News Sentinel|access-date=2017-12-05|language=en}}</ref>

2nd offence, Two years later in 2008, though, while still a state senator, he was fined $250 for failing to disclose three PAC contributions that totaled $1,500.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/politics/2017/12/01/sources-fbi-asks-questions-knox-county-mayor-tim-burchett-mayor-says-no-truth-any-it/909061001/|title=Sources: FBI asks questions about Knox County Mayor Tim Burchett; mayor says ‘no truth to any of it’|work=Knoxville News Sentinel|access-date=2017-12-05|language=en}}</ref>

3rd offence, An investigation into campaign finance irregularities involving Burchett's [[Knox County, Tennessee|Knox County]] mayoral campaign fund began after the ''[[Knoxville News Sentinel]]'' published discrepancies in the campaign's financial reporting.<ref>[http://www.documentcloud.org/documents/472839-burchett-affidavit-filed-ahead-of-tuesday-hearing.html Affidavit of Mayor Tim Burchett]</ref> The ''News Sentinel'' assigned at the time their lead investigative reporter Mike Donila (now working at WBIR) to cover the story.<ref>http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2012/jun/24/burchett-reports-misstated/</ref> The issue of campaign finance irregularities became a governmental investigative issue when independent freelance writer Pam Strickland filed a citizen complaint with the Tennessee State Ethics Board.<ref name="knoxnews.com">http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2012/sep/06/registry-burchett-needs-to-explain-campaign/</ref> Strickland writes a weekly column for the ''News Sentinel''. On September 6, 2012 a "show cause" was issued by the Tennessee State Board of Ethics. Unlike Burchett's first two offences a full investigation took place documenting over $15,000 had been misappropriated for personal use. Burchett placed the blame for the third offence on his wife who filed for divorce the same year. Burchett was not married during the first two offences. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/politics/2017/12/01/sources-fbi-asks-questions-knox-county-mayor-tim-burchett-mayor-says-no-truth-any-it/909061001/|title=Sources: FBI asks questions about Knox County Mayor Tim Burchett; mayor says ‘no truth to any of it’|work=Knoxville News Sentinel|access-date=2017-12-05|language=en}}</ref>The vote was 4-1.<ref name="knoxnews.com" /> On October 23, 2012 the State Board of Ethics decided to take no action against Burchett due to the multiple corrective measures that were added in place before the meeting.<ref>http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2012/oct/23/state-board-takes-no-action-against-mayor-tim-burc/</ref>

===Twitter incident===
Burchett received negative media attention in November 2012 for an item he posted on [[Twitter]]. During a [[American football|football]] game that the [[Tennessee Volunteers]] were losing, Burchett tweeted that he needed to get his nephew (a high school football player who hoped to be recruited by a [[NCAA football|university football program]]) "some [[tattoo|tat]]s and a criminal record so UT will be interested." Following public criticism of the tweet that criticized the football team of the university in his county, Burchett said: "I didn't think anyone read that stupid thing. It was probably up for about five minutes."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2012/nov/10/burchett-regrets-tweet-on-vols/ |title=Knox County Mayor Tim Burchett regrets tweet on Vols |newspaper= Knoxville News Sentinel |date= November 10, 2012}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In June 2008, Tim Burchett married Allison Beaver in an impromptu ceremony conducted by [[Tennessee Governor]] [[Phil Bredesen]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wate.com/story/8513111/sen-tim-burchett-ties-the-knot-gov-bredesen-officiates |title=Sen. Tim Burchett ties the knot, Gov. Bredesen officiates | date= June 17, 2008 |publisher=WATE-TV |location=Knoxville, Tennessee}}</ref> This was his first marriage.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2008/apr/22/sen-burchetts-getting-hitched/ |title=Sen. Burchett's getting hitched |newspaper=Knoxville News Sentinel |date= April 22, 2008 }}</ref> Allison Burchett filed for [[divorce]] less than four years later, in April 2012, citing "irreconcilable differences";<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2012/apr/20/mayor-tim-burchetts-wife-files-for-divorce/ |title=Knox County Mayor Tim Burchett's wife files for divorce |author=Mike Donila | date=April 20, 2012 |newspaper=Knoxville News Sentinel}}</ref> the divorce was finalized later that year.<ref name=DivorceSettleSatterfield>{{cite news|url=http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2012/oct/01/mayor-burchett-estranged-wife-reach-divorce/ |title=Mayor Burchett, estranged wife reach divorce settlement |author=Jamie Satterfield |date= October 1, 2012 |newspaper=Knoxville News Sentinel}}</ref>

In July 2014, Burchett married his girlfriend, Kelly Kimball.<ref>"[http://www.wbir.com/story/life/people/2014/07/09/burchett-getting-married/12419613/ Knox Co. Mayor Getting Married]," WBIR.com, 9 July 2014.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

==External links==
*{{cite web
| title = Follow the Money
| url = http://www.followthemoney.org/Institute/index.phtml
| work = Tennessee/Burchett
| publisher = The National Institute on Money in State Politics
| accessdate=2008-09-12
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Burchett, Tim}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Heads of county government in Tennessee]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Tennessee House of Representatives]]
[[Category:People from Knoxville, Tennessee]]
[[Category:Tennessee Republicans]]
[[Category:Tennessee State Senators]]
[[Category:University of Tennessee alumni]]

Japanophilie

2017-12-04T19:09:15Z

XLinkBot: BOT--Reverting link addition(s) by 75.143.60.237 to revision 812481239 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4hYypxGTBlw [\byoutube\.com])

[[File:Lafcadio Hearn portrait.jpg|right|thumb|[[Lafcadio Hearn]], {{aka}} Koizumi Yakumo, a notable Irish-Greek international scholar and author well known for his strong interest in Japanese culture.]]

'''Japanophilia''' refers to the appreciation and love of Japanese culture, people or history.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Japanophile|encyclopedia=Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged|year=200|publisher= Merriam-Webster|quote= one who especially admires and likes Japan or Japanese ways|url=http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com|accessdate=2016-02-21}}</ref> In Japanese, the term for Japanophile is {{nihongo|"shinnichi"|親日}}, with "親" {{nihongo|"shin"|しん}} equivalent to the English prefix 'pro-', and "日" {{nihongo|"nichi"|にち}}, meaning "Japanese" (as in the word for Japan {{nihongo|"Nihon"|日本}}). The term was first used as early as the 18th century, switching in scope over time.

==History==

===Early usage===

The term "Japanophile" traces back to the late 18th and early 19th centuries before Japan became more open to foreign trade. [[Carl Peter Thunberg]] and [[Philipp Franz von Siebold]] helped introduce Japanese flora, artworks, and other objects to Europe which spiked interest.<ref>{{cite book|title=William and Henry Walters, the Reticent Collectors|author=William R. Johnston|year=1999|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=0-8018-6040-7|page=76}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Topsy-Turvy 1585|author=Robin D. Gill|year=2004|publisher=Paraverse Press|isbn=0-9742618-1-5|page=25}}</ref> [[Lafcadio Hearn]], an Irish-Greek author who made his home in Japan in the 19th century, was described as "a confirmed Japanophile" by [[Tuttle Publishing|Charles E. Tuttle Company]] in their forewords to several of his books.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lafcadio Hearn|first= Heather|last= Hale|newspaper=Japanfile, the Website of [[Kansai Time Out]] Magazine|date=September 1990|url= http://www.japanfile.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=139|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305210917/http://japanfile.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=139 |archivedate=2016-03-05 }}</ref> Others may include [[Jules Brunet]], a [[French Army]] officer who played a famous role in the Japanese [[Boshin War]].

===20th century===

In the first decade of the 20th century, several British writers lauded Japan. In 1904, for example, [[Beatrice Webb]] wrote that Japan was a "rising star of human self-control and enlightenment", praising the "innovating collectivism" of the Japanese, and the "uncanny" purposefulness and open-mindedness of its "enlightened professional elite." [[H. G. Wells]] similarly named the élite of his ''[[A Modern Utopia]]'' "samurai". In part this was a result of the decline of British industrial primacy, with Japan and Germany rising comparatively. Germany was seen as a threat close to hand, but Japan was seen as a potential ally. The British sought efficiency as the solution to issues of productivity, and after the publication of [[Alfred Stead]]'s 1906 book ''Great Japan: A Study of National Efficiency'', pundits in Britain looked to Japan for lessons. This interest however, ended with [[World War I]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Parallax Visions: Making Sense of American-East Asian Relations|author=Bruce Cumings
|chapter=Archaeology, Descent, Emergence: American Mythology and East Asian Reality|year=1999|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=0-8223-2924-7|page=25}}</ref>

[[General officer|General]] [[José Millán-Astray]], the founder of the [[Spanish Legion]], stated that the [[samurai]] warrior code [[Bushido]] exerted a great influence on him. Defining Bushido as "a perfect creed", Millán-Astray said that "the Spanish legionnaire is also a samurai and practices the Bushido essentials: Honor, Valor, Loyalty, Generosity, and Spirit of sacrifice", and added that [[Spain]] would become a great power like Japan by adhering to the code's principles.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jensen |first=Geoffrey |date=2002 |title=Irrational Triumph: Cultural Despair, Military Nationalism, and the Ideological Origins of Franco's Spain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XJRO8XheXvsC |location=[[Reno, Nevada]] |publisher=[[University of Nevada Press]] |page=150 |isbn=0874174813 |author-link= }}</ref> He also made a Spanish translation of [[Inazo Nitobe]]'s book [[Bushido: The Soul of Japan]] and a prologue to it.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2009/138541/meta_a2009v54n2p218.pdf |title=Millán-Astray’s Translation of Nitobe’s Bushido: The Soul of Japan |last=Beeby |first=Allison |last2=Rodríguez |first2=María Teresa |date=2009 |website=[[Autonomous University of Barcelona]] |access-date=6 June 2017}}</ref>

===21st century===
{{further|Anime and manga fandom}}
In the early 2000s, derogatory slang terms were created to demean those who appreciated [[Japanese popular culture]]. The term ''wapanese'' (from ''white Japanese'', or possibly also ''wannabe Japanese'') first came out in 2002 as a term used to describe a white person who is obsessed with Japanese culture, which includes [[anime]] and [[manga]]. The term ''weeaboo'' (or ''weeb'' later, compare ''[[wikt:dweeb|dweeb]]'') came from a comic strip created by [[Nicholas Gurewitch]] in which the term had no meaning other than it was something unpleasant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.japanpowered.com/otaku-culture/am-i-a-weeaboo-what-does-weeaboo-mean-anyway|title=Am I a Weeaboo? What does Weeaboo Mean Anyway?|publisher=Japan Powered|author=Chris Kincaid|date=2015-08-30|accessdate=2016-02-21}}</ref> According to an unpublished MA thesis, [[4chan]] quickly picked up the word, and applied it in an abusive way in place of the already existing wapanese term.<ref>{{cite web|last=Davis|first=Jesse Christian|title=Japanese animation in America and its fans|url=http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/8736/thesis.pdf|accessdate=12 December 2015}}</ref>

It is debatable whether ''weeaboo'' has the same meaning as the Japanese term ''[[otaku]]'' (people with obsessive interests) as ''weeaboo'' has been used as a [[blanket term]] that implies a connection. ''Frog-kun'' from [[Crunchyroll]] states that the meaning of the word ''Otaku'' is hindered by [[cultural appropriation]], and that some [[Western culture|westerners]] believe that it can only be used to describe a Japanese person.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-feature/2016/08/22/feature-found-in-translation-the-evolution-of-the-word-otaku-part-1|title=FEATURE: Found in Translation - The Evolution of the Word "Otaku" [PART 1]|publisher=[[Crunchyroll]]|author=Frog-kun|date=August 22, 2016|accessdate=August 26, 2016}}</ref> In a blog post on [[Anime News Network]], Justin Sevakis gives a difference between the two, saying that there is nothing wrong with loving Japanese culture. He points out that a person only becomes a ''weeaboo'' when they start to be obnoxious, immature, and ignorant about the culture they love.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/answerman/2014-08-22/.77818|title=Nobody Loves the Weeaboo|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|author=Justin Sevakis|date=August 22, 2014|accessdate=March 10, 2016}}</ref> Matt Jardin from the [[Alaska Dispatch]] gave an opinion on the definition saying that weeaboos blindly prefer things from Japan while looking down on anything else despite obvious merit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adn.com/arts/2016/09/29/going-to-senshi-con-here-are-5-terms-you-need-to-know/|title=Going to Senshi Con this weekend? Here are 5 terms to know.|work=[[Alaska Dispatch]]|author=Matt Jardin|date=September 29, 2016|accessdate=May 18, 2017}}</ref> Rocket News 24 did a number of interviews with Japanese citizens asking them what they thought of "weeaboos". A "general consensus" was that they felt that any foreign interest in Japan was a good thing, and that ignorance might over time become understanding of their culture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rocketnews24.com/2016/04/07/what-do-japanese-people-think-of-weeaboos%E3%80%90video%E3%80%91/|title=What do Japanese people think of "weeaboos"?【Video】|publisher=Rocket News 24|author=evie lund|date=Apr 7, 2016|accessdate=May 30, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rocketnews24.com/2016/04/21/japanese-people-react-to-weeaboo-cringe-videos-on-youtube/|title=Japanese people react to "weeaboo cringe videos" on YouTube【Video】|publisher=Rocket News 24|author=evie lund|date=Apr 21, 2016|accessdate=May 30, 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Japan}}
* [[Japanization]]
* [[Japanification]]: cultural assimilation into Japanese society
* [[Japonism]]
* [[Japanese studies]]
* [[Cool Japan]]
* [[Japan Expo]]
* [[Anime and manga fandom]]
* [[Anime club]]
* [[Sinophile]]
* [[Korean Wave]]
* [[Taiwanese Wave]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cultural appreciation}}

[[Category:18th-century neologisms]]
[[Category:Japanese culture]]
[[Category:Japan in non-Japanese culture]]
[[Category:Admiration of foreign cultures]]
[[Category:Japanese subcultures]]
[[Category:Asian culture]]
[[Category:Orientalism by type]]
[[Category:Japanese nationalism]]

Lawrence Schimel

2017-11-27T12:37:58Z

XLinkBot: BOT--Reverting link addition(s) by 83.251.161.137 to revision 789351786 (https://kulturspecial.blogspot.se/2017/08/literature-lawrence-schimel-1971.html [\bblogspot\.])

{{BLP sources|date=April 2011}}
[[File:Schimel.jpg|thumb|Lawrence Schimel, 2008]]
'''Lawrence Schimel''' (born October 16, 1971) is an American [[science fiction]] and [[fantasy]] writer, translator, and anthologist whose work frequently deals with gay and lesbian themes, and with Jewish themes.<ref name="KarvoskiJr.2002">{{cite book|last1=Karvoski|first1=Ed|last2=Jr.|first2=|title=Award-Winning Men: Up Close and Personal with Gay Honorees|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RtrMOtuG3IUC&pg=PA149|accessdate=1 May 2011|date=2002-03-14|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-0-595-21769-4|pages=149–}}</ref> He was born in [[New York City|New York]], and received his B.A. in Literature from [[Yale University]]. Schimel is a member of the [[National Book Critics Circle]] and the [[Academy of American Poets]]. His is a founding member of the [[Publishing Triangle]], an organization of lesbians and gay men in the publishing industry, which he chaired for two terms (1996–1998).

His work has received the [[Rhysling Award]]<ref>{{cite web|title=http://www.sfpoetry.com/ra/rhysarchive.html |url=http://www.sfpoetry.com/ra/rhysarchive.html |work=http://www.sfpoetry.com/ra/rhysarchive.html |accessdate=8 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829054625/http://sfpoetry.com/ra/rhysarchive.html |archivedate=29 August 2015 |df= }}</ref> and has twice received the [[Lambda Literary Award]].<ref name="lambdaliterary.org">{{cite web|title=http://www.lambdaliterary.org/awards/2011-judges/|url=http://www.lambdaliterary.org/awards/2011-judges/|work=http://www.lambdaliterary.org/awards/2011-judges/|accessdate=8 July 2011}}</ref>

Mr. Schimel was a juror for the 2010 James Tiptree, Jr. Award.<ref name="James Tiptree, Jr. Award Homepage">{{cite web|title=Tiptree Award|url=http://tiptree.org/|work=James Tiptree, Jr. Award Homepage|accessdate=8 July 2011}}</ref> He is also one of the volunteer judges for the 2011 Lambda Literary Award.<ref name="lambdaliterary.org"/>

==Bibliography==

===Collections===
* ''The Drag Queen of Elfland''
* ''His Tongue''

===Edited works===
* ''[[Juicy Mother]]'', (with [[Sara Rojo Perez]]) edited by [[Jennifer Camper]], [[Manic D Press]], 2007, {{ISBN|978-1-933149-20-2}}
* ''Fairy Tales for Writers'', [[A Midsummer Night's Press]]
* ''First Person Queer'', (with [[Richard Labonté]]) [[Arsenal Pulp Press]]
* ''Best Date Ever: True Stories That Celebrate Gay Relationships'', [[Alyson]]
* ''The Mammoth Book of New Gay Erotica'', [[UK-Constable Robinson/US-Carroll & Graf]]
* ''The Future Is Queer'', (with Richard Labonté) [[Arsenal Pulp Press]]
* ''Two Boys in Love: Stories of Romance and Desire'', [[Seventh Window]]
* ''Pomosexuals: Challenging Assumptions About Gender And Sexuality'', (with [[Carol Queen]]) [[Cleis Press]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/444283771.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=May+17%2C+1998&author=Mitchel+Raphael&pub=Toronto+Star&desc=Where+gay+goes+after+the+mainstream&pqatl=google|title=Where gay goes after the mainstream|last=Raphael|first=Mitchel|date=May 17, 1998|work=[[Toronto Star]]|page=1|accessdate=1 May 2011}}</ref>
* ''Switch Hitters: Lesbians Write Gay Male Erotica And Gay Men Write Lesbian Erotica'', (With Carol Queen) [[Cleis Press]]
* ''Found Tribe: Jewish Coming Out Stories'', [[Sherman Asher]]
* ''Kosher Meat: Gay Jewish Erotica'', [[Sherman Asher]]
* ''The Drag Queen of Elfland'', [[Circlet]]
* ''Things Invisible to See: Lesbian and Gay Tales of Magic Realism'', [[Circlet]]
* ''Vacation in Ibiza'', [[Graphic Novel; Nbm]]
* ''Two Hearts Desire: Gay Couples on Their Love'', [[St. Martin's Press]]
* ''Boy Meets Boy'', [[St. Martin's Press]]
* ''The Mammoth Book of Gay Erotica'', [[Carroll & Graf]]
* ''Streets of Blood: Vampire Stories from New York City'', [[Cumberland House]]
* ''Fields of Blood: Vampire Stories from the American Heartland'', [[Cumberland House]]
* ''Tarot Fantastic'', [[Daw Books]]
* ''Camelot Fantastic'', [[Daw Books]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070709023113/http://desayunoencama.livejournal.com/ Author's blog]
* [http://www.fantasticfiction.co.uk/s/lawrence-schimel/ Detailed bibliography at Fantastic Fiction site]
*{{isfdb name|id=Lawrence_Schimel|name=Lawrence Schimel}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schimel, Lawrence}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American fantasy writers]]
[[Category:American Jews]]
[[Category:American science fiction writers]]
[[Category:American short story writers]]
[[Category:Gay writers]]
[[Category:LGBT Jews]]
[[Category:LGBT writers from the United States]]
[[Category:Lambda Literary Award winners]]
[[Category:LGBT novelists]]
[[Category:Rhysling Award for Best Long Poem winners]]
[[Category:American male novelists]]
[[Category:American male short story writers]]
[[Category:American speculative fiction translators]]

{{US-sf-writer-stub}}

Rotrückenbaumsteiger

2017-11-01T23:21:42Z

XLinkBot: BOT--Reverting link addition(s) by 103.224.49.122 to revision 789998644 (http://reptiles.wikia.com/wiki/Red-backed_poison_dart_frog [\bwikia\.com\b])

{{Taxobox
| name = Red-backed poison frog
| image = Dendrobatid Frog, Peru, 02-02.jpg
| status = NT | status_system = IUCN3.1
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Amphibia]]
| ordo = [[Frog|Anura]]
| familia = [[Dendrobatidae]]
| genus = ''[[Ranitomeya]]''
| species = '''''R. reticulata'''''
| binomial = ''Ranitomeya reticulata''
| binomial_authority = ([[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]] 1884)
| synonyms =
*''Dendrobates reticulatus''
}}
The '''red-backed poison frog''' (''Ranitomeya reticulata'')<ref name=iucn>Icochea, J., et al. 2004. [http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/55198/0 ''Ranitomeya reticulata''.] In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. Downloaded on 31 May 2013.</ref> is a [[species]] of [[frog]] in the family [[Dendrobatidae]]. It is an [[arboreal]] [[insectivorous]] species, and is the second-most poisonous species in the genus, after ''[[splash-back poison frog|R. variabilis]]''. Like many species of small, poisonous frogs native to South America, it is grouped with the poison dart frogs, and is a moderately toxic species, containing poison capable of causing serious injury to humans, and death in animals such as [[chicken]]s. ''R. reticulata'' is native to the [[Amazon rainforest]] in [[Peru]] and [[Ecuador]].<ref name=iucn/>

== Poison ==
The red-backed poison frog is a moderately toxic dendrobatid, and is the second-most poisonous of the frogs in the ''[[Ranitomeya]]'' genus. Its toxins are used as the frog's natural defense mechanisms, making them inedible to many, if not most, of the predators in its natural area. To advertise its poison and further reduce the risk of injury, the red-backed poison frog displays its brilliant warning colors, especially its red-orange back, for which it is named. Like all dendrobatids, it does not manufacture its poison itself, but rather is theorized to take the toxins from the ants, mites, and beetles on which it lives. It absorbs the insects' poisons into its body, which is immune to the poison. The poison is stored in skin glands just beneath the frog's epidermis. The poison seeps through open wounds and orifices, and, it is believed, through the pores. This defense is especially effective against mammalian and avian predators, and, to a lesser extent, reptilian ones. Amazonian ground snakes have a limited resistance to the poison, and occasionally will attack such frogs.

== Description ==
[[File:Dendrobates reticulatus.jpg|thumb|left|''R. reticulata'' climbing a tree.]]
''Ranitomeya reticulata'' is one of the smaller species of poison dart frogs, hence its inclusion in the "thumbnail" species group. Males can reach approximately 12 mm in length from snout to vent, while the larger females may reach 15 or even 20 mm long. Like all poison dart frogs, ''R. reticulata'' are vividly coloured and patterned, which advertises their poison. Red-backed poison dart frogs have black legs with a cobalt or sky-blue mesh pattern, a black belly, and a back that ranges from fiery orange to scarlet in color, hence the common name. Like all arboreal frogs, ''R. reticulata'' possess suckerlike disks on their toes which makes their grip adhesive. As they are very small, they often attempt to advertise their poison by flaunting such colors or by ascending trees to escape from [[Predation|predators]]. If isolated from any form of escape, ''R. reticulata'' will use their poison as a defense mechanism. ''R. reticulata'' are more slimly built than many dendrobatids, which combined with their small size, gives them the ability to squeeze into minute hiding places.

== Reproduction ==
''R. reticulata'' naturally live in groups of five or six. At the end of the wet season, several of these groups join in large breeding gatherings. As with other poison dart frogs, the males court the females by calling to capture their attention, and then by gently stroking and licking them. A female will signal that she is sufficiently impressed by stamping her hind feet. The two frogs will then mate.[[File:Ranitomeya reticulata.jpg|thumb|''R. reticulata'']] The fact that the breeding season begins at the end of the wet season ensures that the eggs will be laid at the beginning of the next wet season, ensuring that the young will have a steady supply of water to keep them alive. Once the eggs hatch, the male carries the baby [[tadpole]]s into the canopy. The tadpoles have a water-soluble adhesive mucus that helps them stick to their father's back. The male ''R. reticulata'' will deposit the tadpoles into the tiny pools that accumulate in the centre of [[bromeliad]]s. The female will then feed the tadpoles with infertile eggs that she lays into the water. Once the tadpoles become froglets, they are led by their parents to an existing group of red-backed poison frogs. While the young froglets are accepted by all members of the group, only their parents will look after the young frogs.

== As pets ==
''R. reticulata'' is considered a species for advanced dart hobbyists only. Their small size, breeding difficulties, and generally difficult care relative to other darts shows through high mortality rates with novice keepers. These difficulties are also the reason that the frog is fairly uncommon in the dart frog hobby and command a price upwards of $125–150 U.S. dollars per frog. It is also recommended to only keep them in pairs unless the tank size is substantial (55 gallons or larger), as there are many witness accounts and anecdotal reports of heavy same-sex aggression in smaller enclosures.

== See also ==
*[[Splash-back poison frog]]
*''[[Ranitomeya imitator]]''
*[[Reticulated poison frog]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Poison dart frogs]]
[[Category:Amphibians of Ecuador]]
[[Category:Amphibians of Peru]]
[[Category:Animals described in 1884]]
[[Category:Ranitomeya]]

MeToo

2017-10-30T19:02:38Z

XLinkBot: BOT--Reverting link addition(s) by 70.112.227.232 to revision 807887714 (https://twitter.com/hashtag/MoiAussi?src=hash [\btwitter\.com\b])

{{Correct title|#MeToo|reason=#}}
"'''Me too'''" (or "'''#MeToo'''", with local alternative in other languages) spread [[Viral phenomenon|virally]] as a two-word [[hashtag]] used on social media in October 2017 to denounce [[sexual assault]] and [[Sexual harassment|harassment]], in the wake of [[Harvey Weinstein sexual misconduct allegations|sexual misconduct allegations]] against [[Harvey Weinstein]].<ref name=CNN>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/15/entertainment/me-too-twitter-alyssa-milano/index.html|title=#MeToo: Social media flooded with personal stories of assault|first=Lisa Respers|last=France|publisher=[[CNN]]|accessdate=October 16, 2017|date=October 16, 2017}}</ref><ref name=WaPo>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/10/16/me-too-alyssa-milano-urged-assault-victims-to-tweet-in-solidarity-the-response-was-massive/|title=#MeToo: Harvey Weinstein case moves thousands to tell their own stories of abuse, break silence|first=Samantha|last=Schmidt|date=October 16, 2017|work=[[The Washington Post]]|issn=0190-8286|oclc=2269358|accessdate=October 16, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/metoo-hashtag-becomes-anti-sexual-harassment-assault-rallying-cry-n810986|title=#MeToo: Alyssa Milano promotes hashtag that becomes anti-harassment rallying cry|publisher=[[NBC News]]|accessdate=October 16, 2017|first=Elizabeth|last=Chuck|date=October 16, 2017}}</ref> The phrase, long used in this sense by social activist Tarana Burke,<ref name="Guerra" /> was popularized by actress [[Alyssa Milano]], who encouraged women to [[Twitter|tweet]] it to publicize experiences to demonstrate the widespread nature of [[Misogyny|misogynistic]] behavior. Since then, millions of people have used the hashtag to come forward with their experiences, including many celebrities.<ref name="People" /><ref name=":0" />

==Origin==
[[File:Alyssa Milano 2, 2011.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Alyssa Milano]] encouraged use of the [[hashtag]] after accusations against [[Harvey Weinstein]] surfaced in 2017.]]

Social activist and community organizer Tarana Burke created the phrase "Me Too" on the [[Myspace|MySpace]] social network<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2017/10/19/the-woman-behind-me-too-knew-the-power-of-the-phrase-when-she-created-it-10-years-ago/|title=The woman behind ‘Me Too’ knew the power of the phrase when she created it — 10 years ago|last=Ohlheiser|first=Abby|date=19 October 2017|website=Washington Post|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-10-20}}</ref> in 2006 as part of a grassroots campaign to promote "empowerment through empathy" among women of color who have experienced sexual abuse, particularly within underprivileged communities.<ref name=Guerra>{{cite news|last=Guerra|first=Cristela|date=October 17, 2017|title=Where'd the #MeToo initiative really come from? Activist Tarana Burke, long before hashtags|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/2017/10/17/alyssa-milano-credits-activist-tarana-burke-with-founding-metoo-movement-years-ago/o2Jv29v6ljObkKPTPB9KGP/story.html|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|accessdate=October 17, 2017|issn=0743-1791|oclc=66652431}}</ref><ref name=Hill>{{cite news|url=http://www.ebony.com/news-views/black-woman-me-too-movement-tarana-burke-alyssa-milano#axzz4viv2XCUH|title=Black Woman Tarana Burke Founded the "Me Too" Movement|work=[[Ebony (magazine)|Ebony]]|issn=0012-9011|accessdate=October 17, 2017|first=Zahara|last=Hill|date=October 16, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Leah2">{{cite news|url=https://www.salon.com/2017/10/17/metoo-tarana-burke-jennifer-lawrence/|title=Hollywood's brightest join the 10-year-old #MeToo movement, but will that change anything?|last=Leah|first=Rachel|date=October 17, 2017|work=[[Salon (website)|Salon]]|accessdate=October 17, 2017|publisher=Salon Media Group Inc.|oclc=43916723}}</ref><ref name=Shugerman>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/me-too-facebook-hashtag-why-when-meaning-sexual-harassment-rape-stories-explained-a8005936.html|work=[[The Independent]]|title=Me Too: Why are women sharing stories of sexual assault and how did it start?|first=Emily|last=Shugerman|date=October 17, 2017|accessdate=October 17, 2017}}</ref><ref name=HuffPost>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/me-too-victims-come-forward_us_59e4271ae4b03a7be5817b3f|title=#MeToo: Alyssa Milano's Call for Sexual Abuse Victims to Come Forward Goes Viral|first=Ed|last=Mazza|date=October 16, 2017|work=[[HuffPost]]|accessdate=October 17, 2017}}</ref> Burke, who is creating a documentary titled ''Me Too'', has said she was inspired to use the phrase after being unable to respond to a 13-year-old girl who confided to her that she had been sexually assaulted. Burke later wished she had simply told the girl, "me too".<ref name=":1" />

After accusations against Weinstein surfaced in 2017, actress [[Alyssa Milano]] encouraged [[Spreadability|spreading]] the phrase as part of an awareness campaign to show the scale and ubiquity of the problem, tweeting: "If all the women who have been sexually harassed or assaulted wrote 'Me too.' as a status, we might give people a sense of the magnitude of the problem."<ref name="Graham">{{cite web|last1=Graham|first1=Ruth|title=Why the #MeToo Moment Is Liberating, Dispiriting, and Uncomfortable All at Once|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2017/10/17/why_the_metoo_moment_is_liberating_dispiriting_and_uncomfortable_all_at.html|website=Slate|accessdate=18 October 2017|date=17 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/oct/16/harvey-weinstein-women-sexual-assault-me-too|title=It's not just one monster. 'Me too' reveals the ubiquity of sexual assault|first=Suzanne|last=Moore|date=October 16, 2017|publisher=[[Guardian Media Group]]|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=October 16, 2017}}</ref><ref name="LA">{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-et-entertainment-news-updates-metoo-campaign-me-too-alyssa-milano-1508173882-htmlstory.html|title=In saying #MeToo, Alyssa Milano pushes awareness campaign about sexual assault and harassment|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|accessdate=October 17, 2017|publisher=[[Tronc]]|issn=0458-3035|oclc=3638237}}</ref><ref name="People">{{cite news|url=http://people.com/movies/me-too-alyssa-milano-heads-twitter-campaign-against-sexual-harassment-assault/|title=#MeToo: Sexual Harassment and Assault Movement Tweeted Over 500,000 Times as Celebs Share Stories|date=October 16, 2017|work=People}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/2017/10/17/alyssa-milano-credits-activist-tarana-burke-with-founding-metoo-movement-years-ago/o2Jv29v6ljObkKPTPB9KGP/story.html|title=Where’d the "Me Too" initiative really come from? Activist Tarana Burke, long before hashtags - The Boston Globe|last=Guerra|first=Cristela|date=17 October 2017|work=BostonGlobe.com|access-date=2017-10-18|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref> Milano later attributed the phrase to Burke, calling Burke's story "heartwarming and inspiring".<ref name=":1" />

==Reach and impact==
The phrase had been used more than 200,000 times by October 15,<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-41633857|title='MeToo' and the scale of sexual abuse|last=Sini|first=Rozina|date=October 16, 2017|publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> and tweeted more than 500,000 times by October 16.<ref name="CNN" /> On [[Facebook]], the hashtag had been used by more than 4.7 million people in 12 million posts during the first 24 hours.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/17/us/me-too-tarana-burke-origin-trnd/index.html|title=An activist, a little girl and the heartbreaking origin of 'Me too'|last=CNN|first=Cassandra Santiago and Doug Criss,|work=CNN|access-date=2017-10-18}}</ref> The platform reported that 45% of users in the United States had a friend who had posted using the term.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/metoo-more-than-12-million-facebook-posts-comments-reactions-24-hours/|title=More than 12M "Me Too" Facebook posts, comments, reactions in 24 hours|last=|first=|date=October 17, 2017|work=CBS News|access-date=2017-10-23|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en}}</ref>

Tens of thousands of people replied to Milano's tweet, including more than 30 public figures:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eyerys.com/articles/timeline/metoo-movement-social-media|title=The #MeToo Movement On Social Media|publisher=Eyerys|accessdate=October 17, 2017}}</ref>

{{Div col||15em}}
*[[Patricia Arquette]]<ref name=Time>{{cite news|url=http://time.com/4983731/me-too-alyssa-milano/|title=Tons of Celebrities Are Joining Alyssa Milano's 'Me Too' Protest|first=Tara|last=John|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|accessdate=October 17, 2017|publisher=[[Time Inc.]]|issn=0040-781X|oclc=1311479}}</ref>
*[[Björk]]<ref name=AV>{{cite web|url=https://www.avclub.com/an-incomplete-depressingly-long-list-of-celebrities-se-1819628519|first=Katie|last=Rife|work=[[The A.V. Club]]|title=An incomplete, depressingly long list of celebrities’ sexual assault and harassment stories|date=October 17, 2017|accessdate=October 17, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/news/music/bjork-lends-voice-metoo-campaign-detail-sexual-harassment-hands-danish-director-lars-von-trier-2150898|title=Björk lends voice to #MeToo campaign to detail sexual harassment at hands of Danish director - NME|date=17 October 2017|website=nme.com|accessdate=18 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[Gretchen Carlson]]<ref name=WaPo/>
*[[Barry Crimmins]]<ref name=Time/>
*[[Best Coast|Bethany Cosentino]]<ref name=Billboard2/>
*[[Sheryl Crow]]<ref name=People/>
*[[Vir Das]]<ref name=IndianExpress>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-globally/metoo-lady-gaga-mallika-dua-and-other-celebrities-share-their-experiences-4895069/|title=#MeToo: Lady Gaga, Mallika Dua and other celebrities share their experiences|date=October 17, 2017|work=[[The Indian Express]]|publisher=[[Indian Express Limited]]|accessdate=October 17, 2017|oclc=70274541}}</ref>
*[[Viola Davis]]<ref name=People/>
*[[Kimya Dawson]]<ref name=Bustle>{{cite web|url=https://www.bustle.com/p/9-celebrities-whose-me-too-tweets-lay-bare-the-everyday-reality-of-sexual-assault-2920067|website=[[Bustle (magazine)|Bustle]]|publisher=Bustle Digital Group|title=9 Celebrities Whose "Me Too" Tweets Lay Bare the Everyday Reality of Sexual Assault|first=Seth|last=Millstein|date=October 15, 2017|accessdate=October 17, 2017}}</ref>
*[[Rosario Dawson]]<ref name=People/>
*[[Felicia Day]]<ref name=AV/>
*[[Ellen DeGeneres]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Ellen DeGeneres shares #MeToo: 'Hell hath no fury like a woman with a Twitter account'|url=http://ew.com/tv/2017/10/19/ellen-degeneres-metoo/|website=EW.com|accessdate=30 October 2017|date=19 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[Laura Dreyfuss]]<ref>{{cite news|work=The New York Times|date=October 16, 2017|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/16/technology/metoo-twitter-facebook.html|title=#MeToo Floods Social Media With Stories of Harassment and Assault}}</ref>
*[[Mallika Dua]]<ref name=IndianExpress/>
*[[Nikki DuBose]]<ref name=HuffPost/>
*[[Sadie Dupuis]]<ref name="Billboard2">{{cite web|title=Lady Gaga, Sheryl Crow and More Tweet #MeToo To Raise Awareness for Sexual Assault|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7998799/metoo-harrassment-lady-gaga-sheryl-crow-twitter-more|website=Billboard|accessdate=30 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[America Ferrera]]<ref>{{cite news|work=Cosmopolitan|url=http://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/celebs/a13034861/america-ferrera-assaulted-as-child/|title=America Ferrera Says She Was Sexually Assaulted When She Was 9 Years Old}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2017/10/17/america-ferreras-metoo-story-sexually-assaulted-age-9/771521001/|title=America Ferrera's #MeToo story: I was sexually assaulted at age 9|website=usatoday.com|accessdate=18 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[Lady Gaga]]<ref name=People/>
*[[Ilana Glazer]]<ref name=AV/>
*[[Heather Graham]]<ref name=AV/>
*[[Sarah Hyland]]<ref name=People/>
*[[Rupi Kaur]]<ref name=Mercury>{{cite news|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/2017/10/16/as-metoo-trends-heres-a-list-of-sex-scandals-in-tech-and-entertainment/|work=Mercury News|date=October 16, 2017|title=As #MeToo trends, here’s a list of sex scandals in tech and entertainment}}</ref>
*[[Marne Levine]]<ref name=MC>{{cite news|work=Marie Claire|url=http://www.marieclaire.com/celebrity/a13035486/marne-levine-and-emily-ratajkowski-power-trip/|title=COO of Instagram Marne Levine and Emily Ratajkowski on How the Platform Is Combatting Sexual Harassment}}</ref>
*[[Monica Lewinsky]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Society/2017/1016/Women-join-forces-against-sexual-assault-with-me-too-social-media-campaign|title=Women join forces against sexual assault with 'me too' social media campaign|date=October 16, 2017|work=[[Christian Science Monitor]]}}</ref>
*[[Melanie Lynskey]]<ref name=AV/>
*[[McKayla Maroney]]<ref name=People/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/olympic-gymnast-mckayla-maroney-says-dr-larry-nassar-molested-her-n811766|title=In #metoo post, Olympic gymnast McKayla Maroney says she was molested|website=nbcnews.com|accessdate=18 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/18/sports/olympics/gymnast-mckayla-maroney-team-doctor-sexual-abuse.html|title=Olympic Gymnast McKayla Maroney Says She Too Was Molested by Team Doctor|first=Victor|last=Mather|date=18 October 2017|publisher=|accessdate=18 October 2017|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>
*[[Marlee Matlin]]<ref name="tbtimes">{{cite web|title=The celebrities who have said #MeToo about sexual assault and harassment|url=http://cars.tampabay.com/news/perspective/the-celebrities-who-have-said-metoo-about-sexual-assault-and-harassment/2341702|website=Tampa Bay Times|accessdate=30 October 2017|language=en-us}}</ref>
*[[Debra Messing]]<ref name=CNN/>
*[[Alyssa Milano]]<ref name=CNN/>
*[[Lane Moore]]<ref name=Bustle/>
*[[Javier Muñoz (actor)|Javier Muñoz]]<ref name=CNN/>
*[[Ashleigh Murray]]<ref name=EW>{{cite news|url=http://ew.com/news/2017/10/16/me-too-twitter-campaign-alyssa-milano-sexual-assault-awareness/|title=Stars raise sexual assault awareness with #MeToo Twitter campaign|date=October 16, 2017|work=EW|accessdate=October 17, 2017}}</ref>
*[[Anna Paquin]]<ref name=CNN/>
*[[Pauley Perrette]]<ref name=EW/>
*[[Christina Perri]]<ref name=Billboard2/>
*[[Busy Philipps]]<ref name=People/>
*[[Emily Ratajkowski]]<ref name=MC/>
*[[Molly Ringwald]]<ref name=AV/>
*[[Anika Noni Rose]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/me-too-twitter-trend-sexual-assault-awareness-alyssa-milano/|title="Me Too" trend on Twitter raises awareness about sexual assault|work=CBS News|accessdate=18 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[Jenny Slate]]<ref name=AV/>
*[[Gabrielle Union]]<ref name=WaPo/><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/gabrielle-union-opens-up-about-sexual-assault-w509348|work=US Magazine|title=Gabrielle Union Vows to 'Continue' Sexual Assault Conversation: 'It Was Wild ... to See #MeToo Trending'}}</ref>
*[[Jessica Valenti]]<ref name=Mercury/>
*[[Elizabeth Warren]]<ref name=Mercury/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.boston.com/news/national-news/2017/10/16/me-too-elizabeth-warren-adds-her-voice-to-campaign-raising-awareness-of-sexual-harassment-and-assault|work=Boston.com|title=‘Me too’: Elizabeth Warren adds her voice to campaign raising awareness of sexual harassment and assault}}</ref>
*[[Evan Rachel Wood]]<ref name=People/>
*[[Reese Witherspoon]]<ref name="HillLA">{{cite web|last1=Hill|first1=Libby|title=Today in Entertainment: Larissa Gomes, Lena Headey accuse Harvey Weinstein of sexual harassment|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-et-entertainment-news-updates-reese-witherspoon-shares-her-story-of-1508254090-htmlstory.html|website=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=18 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[Charlene Yi]]<ref name=AV/>
{{Div col end}}

Some men, such as actors [[Terry Crews]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/oct/11/actor-terry-crews-sexually-assaulted-by-hollywood-executive|title=Actor Terry Crews: I was sexually assaulted by Hollywood executive|first=Gwilym|last=Mumford|date=11 October 2017|publisher=|accessdate=29 October 2017|via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref> and [[James Van Der Beek]],<ref name="Leah">{{cite web|last1=Leah|first1=Rachel|title=James Van Der Beek's story of sexual abuse is a powerful reminder that men can be victims too|url=https://www.salon.com/2017/10/12/james-van-der-beek-tells-his-story-of-sexual-abuse-a-powerful-reminder-that-men-can-be-victims-too/|website=Salon|accessdate=18 October 2017|language=en}}</ref> have responded to the hashtag with their own experiences of harassment and abuse, while others have responded by acknowledging past behaviors against women, spawning the hashtag "HowIWillChange."<ref name="Graham" /> The hashtag "HimThough" was coined by [[Elizabeth Plank]].<ref>{{cite web|title=12 million women told their story of sexual assault with #MeToo. Now a new hashtag is asking men to take responsibility|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/women-me-too-hashtag-twitter-sexual-harassment-stories-trending-him-though-men-responsibility-a8004806.html|website=The Independent|accessdate=18 October 2017|date=17 October 2017}}</ref>

In addition to [[Hollywood]], "Me Too" declarations elicited discussion of sexual harassment and abuse in the [[music industry]],<ref name="Billboard2"/> sciences,<ref name="Neill">{{cite web|last1=Neill|first1=Ushma S.|title=When Scientists Say, "Me, Too"|url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/voices/when-scientists-say-me-too/|website=Scientific American Blog Network|publisher=Scientific American|language=en}}</ref> academia,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.houstonchronicle.com/life/article/Me-Too-the-end-of-the-beginning-of-a-movement-12289190.php|title='Me Too' the 'end of the beginning' of a movement|last=Gordon|first=Maggie|date=2017-10-19|work=Houston Chronicle|accessdate=2017-10-23}}</ref> and politics.<ref name="Wang">{{cite news|last1=Wang|first1=Amy B.|title=Senators say #MeToo: McCaskill, others share their stories of sexual harassment|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2017/10/21/senators-say-metoo-mccaskill-others-share-their-stories-of-sexual-harassment/?utm_term=.321e51ab8e62|accessdate=22 October 2017|work=Washington Post|agency=Washington Post|publisher=Washington Post|date=21 October 2017}}</ref> In the music industry, the band [[Veruca Salt]] used the #MeToo hashtag to air allegations of sexual harassment against [[James Toback]],<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/10/23/director-james-toback-accused-of-sexual-abuse-by-38-women/?utm_term=.49122ae4a03e Director James Toback accused of sexual harassment by 38 women] Travis M. Andrews, ''[[Washington Post]]'', October 23, 2017</ref> and [[Alice Glass]] used the hashtag to share a history of alleged sexual assault and other abuses by former [[Crystal Castles (band)|Crystal Castles]] bandmate [[Ethan Kath]].<ref name="Aswad">{{cite web|last1=Aswad|first1=Jem|title=Alice Glass Accuses Former Crystal Castles Bandmate of Sexual Assault, Abuse|url=http://variety.com/2017/music/news/alice-glass-accuses-former-crystal-castles-bandmate-of-sexual-assault-abuse-1202598036/|website=Variety|accessdate=25 October 2017|date=24 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Vincent">{{cite web|last1=Vincent|first1=Alice|title=Crystal Castles' Ethan Kath has denied claims by bandmate Alice Glass that he raped and abused her for years|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/news/crystal-castles-ethan-kath-has-denied-claims-bandmate-alice/|website=The Telegraph|accessdate=25 October 2017|date=25 October 2017}}</ref>

Statehouses in California, Illinois, Oregon, and Rhode Island responded to allegations of sexual harassment surfaced by the campaign,<ref name="Tareen">{{cite news|last1=Tareen|first1=Sophia|title=Latest Front in Weinstein Scandal: Statehouses Say 'Me Too'|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/illinois/articles/2017-10-24/open-letter-alleges-sexual-harassment-in-illinois-politics|accessdate=25 October 2017|agency=US News and World Report|publisher=US News}}</ref> and several women in politics spoke out about their experiences of sexual harassment, including United States Senators [[Heidi Heitkamp]], [[Mazie Hirono]], [[Claire McCaskill]] and [[Elizabeth Warren]].<ref name="Wang" /> Congresswoman [[Jackie Speier]] has introduced a bill aimed at making sexual harassment complaints easier to report on [[Capitol Hill]].<ref name="Cadei">{{cite news|last1=Cadei|first1=Emily|title=Few in Washington are saying #MeToo. California congresswoman wants to change that.|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics-government/article180767911.html|accessdate=25 October 2017|work=miamiherald|agency=McClatchy|publisher=Miami Herald|language=en}}</ref>

===International response===
The hashtag has trended in at least 85 countries,<ref name="Strum">{{cite web|last1=Strum|first1=Laura|title=Twitter chat: What #MeToo says about sexual abuse in society|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/twitter-chat-what-metoo-says-about-sexual-abuse-in-society|website=PBS NewsHour|accessdate=25 October 2017}}</ref> including India, Pakistan, and the United Kingdom. Variants of the phrase trended in France,<ref name="auto" /> using "BalanceTonPorc" (DenounceYourPig),<ref name="Etehad" /> which encouraged users to share the names of their alleged abusers.<ref name="Donadio">{{cite web|last1=Donadio|first1=Rachel|title=#BalanceTonPorc Is France's #MeToo|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/10/the-weinstein-scandal-seen-from-france/543315/|website=The Atlantic|accessdate=19 October 2017}}</ref> In Italy, women posted stories of assault and harassment under the hashtag #QuellaVoltaChe translated literally into "#TheTimeThat."<ref name="Montini">{{cite news |last=Montini |first=Beatrice |date=17 October 2017 |title=Weinstein, Giulia Blasi e le storie su #quellavoltache: «Se c’è squilibrio di potere non c’è mai consenso. Basta processare le vittime» |trans-title= Weinstein, Giulia Blasi, and stories posted to #quellavoltache: "When there's a power imbalance, it can never be consensual. Quit putting victims on trial." |language=Italian |url=http://27esimaora.corriere.it/17_ottobre_15/weinstein-giulia-blasi-storie-quellavoltache-se-c-squilibrio-potere-non-c-mai-consenso-basta-processare-vittime-1ad947a8-b1c7-11e7-8c05-16c4f9105c9c.shtml |work=[[Corriere della Sera]] |location=Milan |access-date=18 October 2017}}</ref><ref>See also: {{cite tweet |user=ResistanceItaly |number=920409937209167872 |date=17 October 2017 |title=#quellavoltache is the Italian #metoo hashtag.}}</ref> The Spanish-language counterpart is "#YoTambién". In French-speaking parts of Canada, the campaign is done under the hashtag "#MoiAussi". In [[Israel]], the Hebrew hashtag "גםאנחנו#" (#UsToo) began trending on October 18, with a front page spread in the newspaper ''[[Yediot Aharonot]]''.<ref name="Etehad">{{cite news|last1=Etehad|first1=Melissa|title=A global primal scream: #MeToo (#YoTambien #QuellaVoltaChe #גםאנחנו أنا_كمان#)|url=http://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-global-me-too-20171018-story.html|accessdate=19 October 2017|work=Los Angeles Times|agency=LA Times|date=18 October 2017}}</ref> In Sweden, several women used the hashtag to confront television presenter [[Martin Timell]]'s alleged abuse towards them.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.expressen.se/noje/anklagelserna-mot-tv4-stjarnan-martin-timell/|title=Martin Timell anklagas för sexism och rasism under inspelningar av "Äntligen hemma"|publisher=|accessdate=20 October 2017}}</ref> All of his shows on TV4 were cancelled on 20 October 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.expressen.se/noje/martin-timell-bryter-tystnaden-och-erkanner-/|title=Timell bryter tystnaden och erkänner: "Är chockad över att jag gjort så mycket fel"|publisher=|accessdate=20 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.se/20171020/swedish-media-probe-sexual-offence-allegations|title=Swedish media probe sexual offence allegations|date=20 October 2017|publisher=The Local|accessdate=20 October 2017}}</ref>

The [[European Parliament]] convened a session directly in response to the Me Too campaign, after it gave rise to allegations of abuse in Parliament and in the [[European Union|European Union's]] offices in [[Brussels]]. [[Cecilia Malmstrom]], the European Commissioner for Trade, specifically cited the hashtag as the reason the meeting had been convened.<ref name="Schreuer">{{cite news|last1=Schreuer|first1=Milan|title=A #MeToo Moment for the European Parliament|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/25/world/europe/european-parliament-weinstein-harassment.html?_r=0|accessdate=25 October 2017|work=The New York Times|agency=New York Times|publisher=New York Times|date=25 October 2017}}</ref> In the UK, the Cabinet Office has launched an investigation in allegations that Parliament member [[Mark Garnier]] ordered a secretary to buy sex toys for his wife and mistress.<ref name="Wootson">{{cite news|last1=Wootson Jr|first1=Cleve R.|title=A British minister admits he made his secretary buy sex toys as #MeToo hits Parliament|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/10/29/a-british-minister-admits-he-made-his-secretary-buy-sex-toys-as-metoo-hits-parliament/?utm_term=.4b172140f21c|accessdate=29 October 2017|work=Washington Post|agency=Washington Post|publisher=Washington Post|date=29 October 2017}}</ref>

In China, the websphere reacted in anger following the media claims that harassment was a foreign problem, claiming Chinese men to be educated as protective.<ref>Anger as Chinese media claim harassment is just a western problem https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/17/anger-as-chinese-media-claim-harassment-is-just-a-western-problem</ref>

===List of local alternative hashtags===
*Arabic: [https://twitter.com/hashtag/أنا_كمان?src=hash #أنا_كمان]
*{{flag|Canada}}: [https://twitter.com/hashtag/moiAussi?src=hash #moiAussi] (en: MeToo)
*{{flag|China}}: [https://twitter.com/hashtag/我也是?src=hash #我也是] (en: MeToo)
*{{flag|France}}: [https://twitter.com/hashtag/balanceTonPorc?src=hash #balanceTonPorc] (en: DenounceYourPig)
*{{flag|Italy}}: [https://twitter.com/hashtag/QuellaVoltaChe?src=hash #QuellaVoltaChe] (en: TheTimeThat)
*{{flag|Israel}}: [https://twitter.com/hashtag/גםאנחנו?src=hash גםאנחנו#] (en: UsToo)
*{{flag|Japan}}: [https://twitter.com/hashtag/meToo?src=hash #meToo] (en: MeToo)
*{{flag|South Korea}}: [https://twitter.com/hashtag/나도?src=hash #나도] (en: MeToo)
*{{flag|Spain}}: [https://twitter.com/hashtag/YoTambién?src=hash #YoTambién] (en: MeToo)
*{{flag|United States}}, {{flag|United Kingdom}}: #meToo
*{{flag|Vietnam}}: [https://twitter.com/hashtag/TôiCũngVậy?src=hash #TôiCũngVậy] (en: MeToo)

===Aftermath===
Subsequent to the accusations against Harvey Weinstein, the following public figures have also been accused of inappropriate behavior:

{{Div col|2}}
*[[Ben Affleck]], filmmaker<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/11/entertainment/ben-affleck-apology/index.html|title=Ben Affleck apologizes to Hilarie Burton|first=Sandra Gonzalez,|last=CNN|website=cnn.com|accessdate=29 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[Ken Baker (entertainment journalist)|Ken Baker]], TV personality<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2017/10/27/e-news-ken-baker-accused-sexual-harassment.html|title=E! News' Ken Baker accused of sexual harassment|first=Sasha|last=Savitsky|date=27 October 2017|website=foxnews.com|accessdate=29 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[John Besh]], chef<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delish.com/food-news/a56283/john-besh-sexual-harassment-allegations/|title=Celebrity Chef Accused Of Sexual Harassment And Resigns From His Company|date=24 October 2017|website=delish.com|accessdate=29 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[George H. W. Bush]], former President of the United States<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goerie.com/news/20171028/erie-city-council-candidate-george-hw-bush-made-inappropriate-touch-in-2004|title=Erie City Council candidate: George H.W. Bush made inappropriate touch in 2004|first=Kevin|last=Flowers|website=goerie.com|accessdate=29 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[Stephen Crabb]], UK Member of Parliament<ref name="Hughes">{{cite news|last1=Hughes|first1=Laura|last2=Newell|first2=Claire|title=Stephen Crabb sent young woman sexually explicit messages after rejecting her application for role in his office|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/10/28/stephen-crabb-sent-young-woman-sexually-explicit-messages-rejecting/|accessdate=29 October 2017|work=The Telegraph|agency=Telegraph|publisher=Telegraph|date=28 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[Hamilton Fish V]], magazine publisher<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ember|first1=Sydney|title=Hamilton Fish of The New Republic Goes on Leave After Women’s Complaints|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/business/media/new-republic-hamilton-fish.html|website=The New York Times|accessdate=30 October 2017|date=30 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[Mark Garnier]], UK Member of Parliament<ref name="Wootson" />
*[[The Gaslamp Killer]], musician<ref>{{cite web|last1=Minsker|first1=Evan|title=The Gaslamp Killer Accused of Rape {{!}} Pitchfork|url=https://pitchfork.com/news/the-gaslamp-killer-accused-of-rape/|website=pitchfork.com|accessdate=30 October 2017|language=en}}</ref>
*Tyler Grasham, talent agent<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ew.com/tv/2017/10/20/apa-agent-tyler-grasham-fired-sexual-assault-allegations/|title=Hollywood agent fired after sex abuse allegations surface|date=20 October 2017|website=ew.com|accessdate=29 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[Mark Halperin]], author and journalist<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/26/business/media/halperin-sexual-harassment.html|title=Mark Halperin, a Top Political Journalist, Faces Multiple Claims of Harassment|first1=John|last1=Koblin|first2=Michael M.|last2=Grynbaum|date=26 October 2017|publisher=|accessdate=29 October 2017|via=www.nytimes.com}}</ref>
*[[Ethan Kath]], musician<ref>{{cite web|last1=Aswad|first1=Jem|title=Alice Glass Accuses Former Crystal Castles Bandmate of Sexual Assault, Abuse|url=http://variety.com/2017/music/news/alice-glass-accuses-former-crystal-castles-bandmate-of-sexual-assault-abuse-1202598036/|website=Variety|accessdate=30 October 2017|date=24 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[R. Kelly]], musician<ref>{{cite web|title=Surviving R. Kelly: Former Girlfriend Alleges Abuse|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/features/surviving-r-kelly-former-girlfriend-alleges-abuse-w509860|website=Rolling Stone|accessdate=30 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[Val Kilmer]], actor<ref>{{cite web|title=Former actress claims Val Kilmer punched her during 'The Doors' audition|url=https://www.deathandtaxesmag.com/349628/o-heaney-kilmer-punch-stone-doors|website=Death and Taxes|accessdate=30 October 2017|date=25 October 2017}}</ref>
*Andrew Kramer, former [[Lionsgate]] executive<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lionsgate-exec-andrew-kramer-exits-harassment-allegation-1052209|title=Lionsgate Exec Andrew Kramer Exited After Harassment Allegation (Exclusive)|website=hollywoodreporter.com|accessdate=29 October 2017}}</ref>
*Tyler Malka, owner of [[NeoGAF]]<ref>https://www.theverge.com/2017/10/23/16520184/neogaf-tyler-evilore-malka-sexual-misconduct-forum-status</ref>
*Rupert Myers, writer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2017/10/19/male-feminist-writer-fired-by-gq-magazine-after-woman-accuses-him-sexual-assault.html|title=Male feminist writer fired by GQ Magazine after woman accuses him of sexual assault|first=Brian|last=Flood|date=19 October 2017|website=foxnews.com|accessdate=29 October 2017}}</ref>
*Lawrence "Larry" G. Nassar, ostheopathic physician<ref>https://www.theverge.com/2017/10/23/16520184/neogaf-tyler-evilore-malka-sexual-misconduct-forum-status</ref>
*[[Roman Polanski]], filmmaker<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/oct/23/roman-polanski-marianne-barnard-allegations</ref>
*[[Roy Price]], former [[Amazon Studios]] executive<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/17/business/media/roy-price-amazon-studios.html|title=Roy Price Quits Amazon Studios After Sexual Harassment Claim|first=John|last=Koblin|date=17 October 2017|publisher=|accessdate=29 October 2017|via=www.nytimes.com}}</ref>
*[[Twiggy Ramirez]], musician<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/twiggy-ramirez-issues-statement-following-rape-accusation-w510245|title=Twiggy Ramirez Issues Statement Following Rape Accusation|website=rollingstone.com|accessdate=29 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[Terry Richardson]], photographer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/10/23/exclusive-terry-richardson-banned-working-vogue-leading-mags/|title=Exclusive: Terry Richardson banned from working with Vogue and other leading mags, leaked email shows|first1=Ben|last1=Riley-Smith|first2=Nick|last2=Allen|date=23 October 2017|publisher=|accessdate=29 October 2017|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref>
*[[Chris Savino]], animator<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/nickelodeon-fires-loud-house-creator-sexual-harassment-allegations-1050485|title=Nickelodeon Fires 'Loud House' Creator After Sexual Harassment Allegations|website=hollywoodreporter.com|accessdate=29 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[Robert Scoble]], blogger<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/10/20/robert-scoble-has-allegedly-continued-to-sexually-harass-women-after-going-sober/|title=Robert Scoble has allegedly continued to sexually harass women after going sober|first=Sarah|last=Buhr|website=techcrunch.com|accessdate=29 October 2017}}</ref>
*Andy Signore, Internet media personality<ref>{{cite web|url=http://variety.com/2017/digital/news/honest-trailers-creator-andy-signore-fired-for-egregious-and-intolerable-sexual-behavior-1202583996/|title=‘Honest Trailers’ Creator Andy Signore Fired for ‘Egregious and Intolerable’ Sexual Behavior|first=Todd|last=Spangler|date=9 October 2017|website=variety.com|accessdate=29 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[Kevin Spacey]], actor<ref>http://deadline.com/2017/10/anthony-rapp-kevin-spacey-sexual-advances-harassment-1202197344/</ref>
*[[Lockhart Steele]], writer <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2017/10/19/vox_fires_editorial_director_lockhart_steele.html|title=Vox Media Fires Editorial Director Lockhart Steele|first=Elliot|last=Hannon|date=19 October 2017|publisher=|accessdate=29 October 2017|via=Slate}}</ref>
*[[Oliver Stone]], filmmaker<ref>{{cite web|title=Oliver Stone Accused of Groping TV Actress in Early 1990s|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oliver-stone-accused-groping-tv-actress-early-1990s-1048468|website=The Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=30 October 2017|language=en}}</ref>
*Martin Timell, TV personality<ref>https://www.aftonbladet.se/nojesbladet/a/2MVdq/martin-timell-polisanmald-for-sexofredande-pa-flygplan</ref>
*[[James Toback]], filmmaker<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/27/us/james-toback-accusations.html|title=More Women Accuse James Toback of Sexual Harassment|first=Jacey|last=Fortin|date=27 October 2017|publisher=|accessdate=29 October 2017|via=www.nytimes.com}}</ref>
*[[Bob Weinstein]], [[The Weinstein Company]] chairman<ref>{{cite web|last1=Littleton|first1=Cynthia|title=Bob Weinstein Accused of Sexual Harassment by TV Showrunner|url=http://variety.com/2017/tv/news/bob-weinstein-sexual-harassment-1202592165/|website=Variety|accessdate=30 October 2017|date=17 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[Leon Wieseltier]], writer<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2017/10/the-harvey-effect-reaches-leon-wieseltier/543897/|title=The ‘Harvey Effect’ Takes Down Leon Wieseltier's Magazine|first=Adrienne|last=LaFrance|website=theatlantic.com|accessdate=29 October 2017}}</ref>
{{Div col end}}

==Criticism==
The hashtag has been criticized for putting the responsibility of publicizing sexual harassment and abuse on those who experienced it, which could be re-traumatizing.<ref name="Schlack">{{cite web|last1=Schlack|first1=Julie|title=#MeToo Flared But Won't Endure|url=http://www.wbur.org/cognoscenti/2017/10/18/metoo-flared-but-wont-endure-julie-wittes-schlack|website=www.wbur.org|publisher=National Public Radio|accessdate=19 October 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Maltby">{{cite web|last1=Maltby|first1=Kate|title=Mayim Bialik and the trouble with #MeToo|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/16/opinions/me-too-mayim-bialik-kate-maltby-opinion/index.html|website=CNN|accessdate=19 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Gerson">{{cite web|last1=Gerson|first1=Jen|title=Jen Gerson: I mean no disrespect when I say that I have a problem with #MeToo|url=http://nationalpost.com/opinion/jen-gerson-the-problem-with-metoo-it-holds-the-wrong-people-responsible-for-sex-assault|website=National Post|accessdate=19 October 2017|date=17 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/19/health/me-too-sexual-assault-stories-trigger-trauma/index.html|title=#MeToo sexual assault stories trigger trauma for some|last=CNN|first=Sandee LaMotte,|work=CNN|access-date=2017-10-20}}</ref> Some found the hashtag to inspire fatigue and outrage, rather than emotionally dense communication.<ref name="Hempel">{{cite web|last1=Hempel|first1=Jessi|title=The Problem with #MeToo and Viral Outrage {{!}} Backchannel|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-problem-with-me-too-and-viral-outrage/|website=WIRED|accessdate=19 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Charleston">{{cite web|last1=Charleston|first1=Libby-Jane|title=Why I'm Not Joining The #MeToo Hashtag Even Though I Was Sexually Harassed|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/libby-jane-charleston/why-im-not-joining-the-metoo-hashtag-even-though-i-was-sexually-harassed_a_23245315/|website=Huffington Post|accessdate=19 October 2017|language=en-AU|date=17 October 2017}}</ref> Burke had initially criticized the movement for ignoring the work of black women in creating dialogue addressing sexual assault. However, she did salute those who partook in the movement and credited Milano for acknowledging Burke’s own similar movement.<ref name="Hill" />

==See also==
{{Portal|Internet|Sexuality}}
*[[Girls for Gender Equity]]
*[[Hashtag activism]]
*[[Who Needs Feminism]]
*[[YesAllWomen]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*''[http://metoo.support/the-movement/ Me too Movement]'' movement website

[[Category:2017 in women's history]]
[[Category:Hashtags]]
[[Category:Internet-based activism]]
[[Category:October 2017 events]]
[[Category:Phrases]]
[[Category:Sexual harassment]]
[[Category:Violence against women]]

Russell Tucker

2017-10-27T09:18:07Z

XLinkBot: BOT--Reverting link addition(s) by 196.214.58.57 to revision 792127127 (https://www.youtube.com/user/lifebeingsafter600hp [\byoutube\.com])

{{for|the member of the North Carolina General Assembly|Russell E. Tucker}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Russell Tucker
| nickname = That_tank_guy
| image = Russell TUcker Gold medal.jpg
| imagesize = 
| caption = The Tank winning Gold at All african Games 2015
| nationality = South African
| sport = [[Track and field]]
| event = [[Discus throw]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|04|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Barberton, Mpumalanga|Barberton]], [[South Africa]]<ref>[https://www.msa.ac.za/about/news/2013/south-african-athlete.html South African athlete has something to prove]</ref>
| height = {{convert|1.96|m|ft|}}<ref>[http://www.gwangju2015.com/IRS/eng/zb/engzb_athletics_biography_overview_n6301988_tucker_russell_wayne_george.htm 2015 Universiade profile]</ref>
| weight = {{convert|120|kg|lb}}
| education = [[Monash University]]
| club =
| coach =
| headercolor = lightsteelblue
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Sport | Men's [[Athletics (sport)|athletics]]}}
{{Medal|Country| {{RSA}} }}
{{Medal|Competition|[[All-Africa Games]]}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[2011 All-Africa Games|2011 Maputo]]|[[Athletics at the 2011 All-Africa Games|Discus throw]]}}
{{Medal|Gold |[[2015 All-Africa Games|2015 Brazzaville]]|[[Athletics at the All-Africa Games|Discus throw]]}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]]}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[2012 African Championships in Athletics|2012 Porto Novo]]|Discus throw}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[2014 African Championships in Athletics|2014 Marrakech]]|Discus throw}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2016 African Championships in Athletics|2016 Durban]]|Discus throw}}
}}

'''Russell Wayne George Tucker''' (born 11 April 1990) is a [[South Africa]]n athlete specialising in the [[discus throw]].<ref>{{iaaf name|271157}}</ref> He won several medals on continental level including the gold at the [[2015 African Games]] as well as Gold Medal in [[2016 African games]] and silver at the [[2014 African Championships in Athletics|2014 African Championships]].

His personal best in the event is 64.24 metres set in Pretoria in 2016.

Due to Injury, Russell Tucker Retired from Discus in May 2016.

'''Instagram @that_Tank_guy
'''
==Competition record==
{| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}}
|-
!colspan="6"|Representing {{RSA}}
|-
|2011
|[[Athletics at the 2011 All-Africa Games|All-Africa Games]]
|[[Maputo, Mozambique]]
|bgcolor=cc9966|3rd
|Discus throw
|[[Athletics at the 2011 All-Africa Games – Men's discus throw|55.98 m]]
|-
|2012
|[[2012 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]]
|[[Porto Novo, Benin]]
|bgcolor=cc9966|3rd
|Discus throw
|[[2012 African Championships in Athletics – Men's discus throw|57.99 m]]
|-
|2014
|[[2014 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]]
|[[Marrakech, Morocco]]
|bgcolor=silver|2nd
|Discus throw
|[[2014 African Championships in Athletics – Men's discus throw|62.15 m]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2015
|[[Athletics at the 2015 Summer Universiade|Universiade]]
|[[Gwangju, South Korea]]
|7th
|Discus throw
|[[Athletics at the 2015 Summer Universiade – Men's discus throw|57.31 m]]
|-
|[[Athletics at the 2015 African Games|African Games]]
|[[Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo]]
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|Discus throw
|[[Athletics at the 2015 African Games – Men's discus throw|60.41 m]]
|-
|2016
|[[2016 African Championships in Athletics|African Championships]]
|[[Durban, South Africa]]
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|Discus throw
|[[2016 African Championships in Athletics – Men's discus throw|61.44 m]]
|}

==Progression==
*2012 – 58.84
*2013 – 59.27
*2014 – 62.15
*2015 – 62.74
*2016 - '''64.24'''

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Footer All-Africa Champions Discus Men}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tucker, Russell}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:South African male discus throwers]]
[[Category:People from Ehlanzeni District Municipality]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2015 African Games]]
[[Category:African Games medalists for South Africa]]
[[Category:African Games medalists in athletics (track and field)]]

{{SouthAfrica-athletics-bio-stub}}

Karrar (Panzer)

2017-10-17T17:11:34Z

XLinkBot: BOT--Reverting link addition(s) by 79.104.198.44 to revision 803232357 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SrJI61CoLzc| [\byoutube\.com])

{{Infobox Weapon
|image= [[File:N3441109-5772190.jpg|250px]]
|name= Karrar
|caption= Front side of the Karrar
|origin= [[Iran]]
|type= [[Main battle tank]]
|is_vehicle= yes
|manufacturer= [[Defense Industries Organization]]
|production_date= 2017–present<ref name="armyrecognition">{{cite news|url=http://www.armyrecognition.com/march_2017_global_defense_security_news_industry/iran_launches_production_line_of_new_karrar_home-made_mbt_main_battle_tank_11201171.html|title=Iran launches production line of new Karrar home-made MBT main battle tank|publisher=Army Recognition|date=12 March 2017|accessdate=12 March 2017}}</ref>
|used_by= [[Iran]]
|In Service=2018<ref>http://www.armyrecognition.com/july_2017_global_defense_security_news_industry/karrar_mbt_tank_delivery_to_iranian_army_march_2018_10907171.html</ref>
|length=
|width=
|height=
|weight= 51 tons<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/iran-turns-its-back-on-russia-and-china-with-own-battle-tank-rdfnn9sfd|title=Iran turns its back on Russia and China with own battle tank|publisher=[[The Times]]|location=Cairo|first=Bel|last=Trew|date=14 March 2017|accessdate=15 March 2017}}</ref>
|suspension= Torsion bar
|speed= ~70 km/h
|vehicle_range=
|primary_armament= 125mm smoothbore gun
|secondary_armament= 12.7mm machine gun / 7.62mm machine gun
|armour= Classified armour, with ERA
|engine= diesel
|crew= 3 (Gunner, Commander and Driver)
|engine_power=
|pw_ratio=
}}

The '''Karrar (Striker)''' is an [[Iran]]ian main battle tank. The tank was announced on 12 March 2017. At the announcement, it was stated that it possessed an electro-optical fire control system, a laser rangefinder, ballistic computer and could fire at both stable and mobile targets in day or night.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.farsnews.com/newstext.aspx?nn=13951222000466|title=Iran Unveils Highly Advanced Home-Made Battle Tank|publisher=[[Fars News Agency]]|date=12 March 2017|accessdate=12 March 2017}}</ref>

Despite its visual similarity to the [[T-90]], Iran has not made any arrangements to acquire a license agreement with Russia to manufacture T-90s for the Iranian Army.<ref>http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/irans-new-karrar-tank-one-the-most-advanced-tanks-the-world-17468</ref>

==History==
After the Karrar was unveiled to the public, Tehran announced that it will undergo mass production on March 12, 2017.<ref>https://www.rt.com/news/380390-iran-karrar-tank-production/</ref><ref>http://www.defensenews.com/articles/iran-unveils-domestically-produced-tank-production-line</ref>

Speaking to the Tasnim News Agency, Brigadier General Kiomars Heidari has mentioned that the Karrar would be delivered in 2018.<ref>http://www.armyrecognition.com/july_2017_global_defense_security_news_industry/karrar_mbt_tank_delivery_to_iranian_army_march_2018_10907171.html</ref>

==Development==
{{Commons|category:Karrar tanks|Karrar}}
Main armament of the Karrar consists of one 125mm smoothbore gun fitted with a fume extractor and a thermal sleeve.<ref name="MT">http://www.military-today.com/tanks/karrar.htm</ref> A remotely operated weapon station armed with a 12.7mm machine gun is mounted on the roof of the turret. The main gun is able to fire anti-tank laser-guided missiles.<ref>http://ottawacitizen.com/news/national/defence-watch/irans-new-tank-photos-of-the-karrar</ref> An autoloader is also installed, removing the need of a loader.<ref>http://mod.gov.ir/news/%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%86%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83-%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A-%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D8%AD%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A-%D9%88-%D8%AE%D8%B7-%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%87-%D8%A2%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AD-%D8%B4%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4</ref>

The Karrar is fitted with latest generation of armour, with ERA (Explosive Reactive Armour) at the front of the hull and turret. There is also armour plates on the upper part of the suspension and slat armour at the rear of the hull and turret.<ref name="armyrecognition"/>

External fuel tanks can be attached to the rear in order to extend its range.<ref name="MT"/>

===Similarity to Russian tanks===
Defense Minister Brig. Gen. Hossein Dehqan said that the "tank can compete with the most advanced tanks in the world in three main areas: power, precision and mobility, as well as maintenance and durability on the battleground… The Karrar has the capability to fire missiles and precisely guide them [towards the target], Moreover Karrar can be operated by the gunner and commander from two parallel sites.”<ref>https://sputniknews.com/military/201703131051535093-iran-tank-karrar/</ref>

"It is no coincidence that specialists regard the Karrar as some kind of a copy of the Russian-made [[T-90|T-90MS]], the most advanced modification of the T-90 platform", according to retired Maj. Gen. Vladimir Bogatyrev, chair of the Board of the Russian National Association of Retired Military Officers. He also added that "It is based on the T-72 platform, but it also has something from the American Abrams and M-60 tanks. Some elements are borrowed from the M-48 and the British Chieftain tank. They took all these elements and tried to design their own tank."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sputniknews.com/military/201703131051535093-iran-tank-karrar/|title=Despite Striking Resemblance Iran's Newest Tank is no Match to Russia's T-90|publisher=[[Sputnik (news agency)|Sputnik]]|accessdate=18 March 2017|date= 2017-03-13}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Weapons of Iran}}

{{coord|40.2858|N|48.3664|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Main battle tanks of Iran]]
[[Category:Post–Cold War main battle tanks]]
[[Category:Iranian military stubs]]

{{Iran-mil-stub}}

Fenârî-Îsâ-Moschee

2017-09-05T01:09:04Z

XLinkBot: BOT--Reverting link addition(s) by 129.67.119.195 to revision 764043891 (https://oxfordbyzantinesociety.files.wordpress.com/2012/06/revisiting-lips-monastery_full-version.pdf [\bwordpress\.com])

{{Infobox religious building
|building_name = Fenâri Îsâ Mosque Fenâri Îsâ Câmîi
|image = FeneriIsaCamiiInIstanbul20070102 1.jpg
|image_size = 250px
|caption = The southern view of the Mosque, formerly the ''Church of St. John the Baptist'', {{As of|2007|lc=y}}
|map_type =
|map_size =
|map_caption =
|location = [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]]
|geo = {{coord|41|0|55.37|N|28|56|38.40|E|}}
|latitude =
|longitude =
|religious_affiliation = [[Sunni Islam]]
|rite =
|region =
|state =
|province =
|territory =
|prefecture =
|sector =
|consecration_year =1497
|status =
|architecture = yes
|architect =
|architecture_type = church with [[cross-in-square]] plan (North church) and square plan (south church)
|architecture_style = Byzantine
|general_contractor =
|facade_direction =
|groundbreaking = 908
|year_completed = 1304
|construction_cost =
|specifications = yes
|capacity =
|length =
|width =
|width_nave =
|height_max =
|dome_quantity =
|dome_height_outer =
|dome_height_inner =
|dome_dia_outer =
|dome_dia_inner =
|minaret_quantity = 1
|minaret_height =
|spire_quantity =
|spire_height =
|materials = [[brick]], stone
}}

'''Fenâri Îsâ Mosque''' (full name in {{lang-tr|Molla Fenâri Îsâ Câmîi}}), in [[Byzantine]] times known as the '''Lips Monastery''' ({{lang-el|Μονή του Λιβός}}), is a [[mosque]] in [[Istanbul]], made of two former [[Eastern Orthodox]] churches.

==Location==
The complex is located in the [[Fatih]] district of [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]], along the ''Adnan Menderes'' (formerly ''Vatan'') Avenue.

==History==

=== Byzantine period ===
[[File:Saint Eudocia Intarsia Istanbul.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Coloured stone inlay on marble ([[Opus sectile]]) depicting Empress [[Aelia Eudoxia]] as a Saint, 10th or 11th century, previously in the church, now in [[Istanbul Archaeological Museum]].]]
In 908, the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] admiral [[Constantine Lips]]<ref>The name of the founder has been found in an inscription on the cornice of the apse. Krautheimer (1986), p. 409.</ref> inaugurated a [[nunnery]] in the presence of the Emperor [[Leo VI the Wise]] (r. 886–912).<ref name="mw126">Müller-Wiener (1977), p. 126</ref> The nunnery was dedicated to the [[Blessed Virgin Mary|Virgin]] [[Theotokos]] Panachrantos ("Immaculate Mother of God") in a place called "Merdosangaris" ({{lang-el|Μερδοσαγγάρης}}),<ref>This [[toponym]] has a [[Persian language|Persian]] etymology ("Merd-il-sachra"), and is composed of the two [[Middle Persian|Persian]] words ''Merdo'' (meaning "man"), and ''sachra'' (meaning "solitude"): "Man of solitude". Janin (1964), p. 361.</ref> in the valley of the Lycus (the river of Constantinople).<ref name=mw126/> The nunnery was known also after his name (''Monē tou Libos''), and became one of the largest of [[Constantinople]].

The church was built on the remains of another shrine from the 6th century,<ref name="gul258">Gülersoy (1976), p. 258.</ref> and used the tombstones of an ancient Roman cemetery.<ref name="mw126"/> [[Relics]] of [[Irene of Athens|Saint Irene]] were stored here. The church is generally known as "North Church".

[[File:North Church Constantinople.JPG|thumb|left|220px|Byzantine remains from the North Church (kept in the Istanbul Archaeological Museums).]]
After the [[Fourth Crusade|Latin invasion]] and the restoration of the Byzantine Empire, between 1286 and 1304, Empress [[Theodora Palaiologina (Byzantine empress)|Theodora]], widow of Emperor [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]] (r. 1259–1282), erected another church dedicated to [[St. John the Baptist]] (Eκκλησία του Αγίου Ιωάννου Προδρόμου του Λίβος)<ref>"This church was added to the thirty five ones dedicated to this Saint, which existed in Constantinople in the tenth century!" Krautheimer (1986), p. 436</ref> south of the first church. Several exponents of the imperial dynasty of the [[Palaiologos]] were buried there besides Theodora: her son [[Constantine Palaiologos (son of Michael VIII)|Constantine]], Empress [[Irene of Montferrat|Irene]] of [[March of Montferrat|Montferrat]] and her husband Emperor [[Andronikos II Palaiologos|Andronikos II]] (r. 1282–1328).<ref name=gul258/> This church is generally known as the "South Church".
The Empress restored also the nunnery, which by that time had been possibly abandoned.<ref name=ne337>Talbot (2001), p. 337</ref> According to its ''[[typikon]]'', the nunnery at that time hosted a total of 50 women<ref name=ne337/><ref>Krautheimer (1986), p. 409.</ref> and also a ''Xenon''<ref>This was a charitable institution, something between an hospital and a nursing home. Talbot (2001), p. 337</ref> for laywomen with 15 beds attached.<ref name="mw126"/>

During the 14th century an [[Narthex|esonarthex]] and a [[parekklesion]]<ref>The ''parekklesion'' is a [[chapel]] leaning to the side of the church or of the narthex.</ref> were added to the church. The custom of burying members of the imperial family in the complex continued in the 15th century with [[Anna of Moscow|Anna]], first wife of Emperor [[John VIII Palaiologos]] (r. 1425–1448), in 1417.<ref name=mw127>Müller-Wiener (1977), p. 127.</ref><ref>Freely says that Anna was buried in the dead of night to avoid creating a public panic due to rumors of the Bubonic plague.</ref> The church was possibly used as a cemetery also after 1453.<ref name=mw127/>

=== Ottoman period ===
In 1497–1498, shortly after the [[Fall of Constantinople]] and during the reign of Sultan [[Beyazid II]] (1481–1512), the south church was converted into a ''mescit'' (a small mosque) by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] dignitary Fenarizade Alâeddin Ali ben Yusuf Effendi, ''[[Qadi 'asker]]''<ref>The ''Qadi 'asker'' ("Army-Judge") was the supreme military magistrate, and was one of the most important figures in the [[State organisation of the Ottoman Empire]].</ref> of [[Rumeli]], and nephew of [[Molla Şemseddin Fenari]],<ref name=mw126/> whose family belonged to the religious class of the [[ulema]]. He built a [[minaret]] in the southeast angle, and a [[mihrab]] in the [[apse]].<ref name=mw127/> Since one of the head preachers of the [[madrasah]] was named ''[[Jesus in Islam|Îsâ]]'' ("Jesus" in [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Turkish language|Turkish]]), his name was added to that of the mosque. The edifice burned down in 1633, was restored in 1636 by [[Grand Vizier]] [[Bayram Pasha]], who upgraded the building to ''cami'' ("mosque") and converted the north church into a [[Khanqah|tekke]] (a [[dervish]] lodge). In this occasion the columns of the north church were substituted with [[Pier (architecture)|piers]], the two domes were renovated, and the mosaic decoration was removed.<ref name=mw127/> After another fire in 1782,<ref name=mw128>Müller-Wiener (1977), p. 128</ref> the complex was restored again in 1847/48. In this occasion also the columns of the south church were substituted with piers, and the [[balustrade]] [[parapet]]s of the narthex were removed too.<ref name=mw128/> The building burned once more in 1918,<ref name=ey80>Eyice (1955), p. 80.</ref> and was abandoned. During excavations performed in 1929, twenty-two [[sarcophagi]] have been found.<ref name=ey80/> The complex has been thoroughly restored between the 1970s and 1980s by the Byzantine Society of America, and since then serves again as a mosque.<ref name=mw128/>

==Architecture and decoration==
[[File:Mosque of Fenari Isa, Istanbul.jpg|thumb|Interior of the North Church.]]

===North church===
The ''north church'' has an unusual [[quincuncial]] ([[cross-in-square]]) plan, and was one of the first shrines in Constantinople to adopt this plan, whose prototype is possibly the ''[[Nea Ekklesia]]'' ("New Church"), erected in Constantinople in the year 880, of which no remains are extant.<ref>Krautheimer (1986), p. 388.</ref> During the Ottoman period the four columns have been replaced with two [[pointed arch]]es which span the whole church.<ref name=vm128>Van Millingen (1912), p. 128</ref>

The dimensions of the north church are small: the ''[[Cella|naos]]'' is {{convert|13|m|abbr=off}} long and {{convert|9.5|m|1|abbr=off}} wide, and was sized according to the population living in the monastery at that time. The [[masonry]] of the northern church was erected by alternating courses of bricks and small rough stone blocks. In this technique, which is typical of the Byzantine architecture of the 10th century,<ref name="kr405">Krautheimer (1986), p. 405.</ref> the bricks sink in a thick bed of [[Mortar (masonry)|mortar]]. The building is topped by an Ottoman dome pierced by eight windows.<ref name=vm128/>

This edifice has three high [[apse]]s: the central one is polygonal, and is flanked by the other two, which served as ''pastophoria'':<ref>The ''pastophorium '' is a room, usually near the apse, which served as ''diakonikon'' or ''prothesis''.</ref> ''[[prothesis (altar)|prothesis]]'' and ''[[diaconicon|diakonikon]]''.

The apses are interrupted by triple (by the central one)and single [[lancet window]]s.<ref name=vm128/> The walls of the central arms of the ''naos'' cross have two orders of windows: the lower order has triple lancet windows, the higher semicircular windows. Two long ''parekklesia'', each one ended by a low apse, flanks the ''presbytery'' of the ''naos''. The angular and central bays are very slender. At the four edges of the building are four small roof chapels, each surmounted by a [[cupola]].

The remainders of the original decoration of this church are the bases of three of the four columns of the central bay, and many original decorating elements, which survive on the pillars of the windows and on the frame of the dome. The decoration consisted originally in marble panels and coloured tiles: the vaults were decorated with [[Mosaic#Byzantine mosaics|mosaic]]. Only spurs of it are now visible.<ref name=kr405/>

As a whole, the north church presents strong analogies with the [[Bodrum Mosque]] (the church of ''Myrelaion'').<ref>Krautheimer (1986), p. 404.</ref>

[[File:Hanci Fenari Isa Mosque N Dome.JPG|thumb|North Church Dome.]]

===South church===
The ''south church'' is a square room surmounted by a dome, and surrounded by two ''deambulatoria'',<ref>A ''deambulatorium'' is an aisle which encircles the central part of a church.</ref> an ''esonarthex'' and a ''parekklesion'' (added later). The north deambulatorium is the south parekklesion of the north church. This multiplication of spaces around the central part of the church is typical of the late Palaiologian architecture: the reason of that was the need for more space for tombs, monuments erected to benefactors of the church, etc.<ref>Krautheimer (1986), p. 457.</ref> The central room is divided from the aisles by a triple arcade. During the mass the believers were confined in the deambulatoria, which were shallow and dark, and could barely see what happened in the central part of the church.

[[File:FeneriIsaCamiiInIstanbul20070102 2.jpg|thumb|The Dome of the ''Church of St. John the Baptist''.]]

The masonry is composed of alternated courses of bricks and stone, typical of the late Byzantine architecture in Constantinople.

The lush decoration of the south and of the main apses (the latter is heptagonal), is made of a triple order of [[Niche (architecture)|niche]]s, the middle order being alternated with triple windows. The bricks are arranged to form patterns like arches, hooks, [[Meander (art)|Greek fret]]s, [[sun cross]]es, [[swastika]]s and fans.<ref>Krautheimer (1986), p. 467.</ref> Between these patterns are white and dark red bands, alternating one course of stone with two to five of bricks. This is the first appearance of this most important decorating aspect of the Palaiologian architecture in Constantinople.

The church has an exonarthex surmounted by a gallery, which was extended to reach also the north church. The ''parekklesion'' was erected alongside the southern side of the south church, and was connected with the esonarthex, so that the room surrounds the whole complex on the west and south side. Several marble [[sarcophagus|sarcophagi]] are placed within it.

As a whole, this complex represents a notable example{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}} of the middle and late [[Byzantine Architecture]] in Istanbul.

==See also==
*[[History of Roman and Byzantine domes]]

==References==
{{reflist|33em}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book
|last=Van Millingen
|first= Alexander
|authorlink=Alexander van Millingen
|title=Byzantine Churches of Constantinople
|publisher=MacMillan & Co
|location = London
|year=1912
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Janin
|first= Raymond
|authorlink= Raymond Janin
|title=Constantinople Byzantine
|publisher=Institut Français d'Etudes Byzantines
|location=Paris
|year=1964
|edition=2
|language=French
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Eyice
|first= Semavi
|authorlink=Semavi Eyice
|title=Istanbul. Petite Guide a travers les Monuments Byzantins et Turcs
|publisher=Istanbul Matbaası
|location=Istanbul
|year=1955
|language=French
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Gülersoy
|first= Çelik
|authorlink=Çelik Gülersoy
|title=A guide to Istanbul
|publisher=Istanbul Kitaplığı
|location=Istanbul
|year=1976
|oclc = 3849706
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Mathews
|first= Thomas F.
|title=The Byzantine Churches of Istanbul: A Photographic Survey
|publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press
|location = University Park
|year=1976
|isbn=0-271-01210-2
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Müller-Wiener
|first= Wolfgang
|authorlink=Wolfgang Müller-Wiener
|title=Bildlexikon zur Topographie Istanbuls: Byzantion, Konstantinupolis, Istanbul bis zum Beginn d. 17 Jh
|publisher=Wasmuth
|location=Tübingen
|year=1977
|isbn = 978-3-8030-1022-3
|language=German
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Krautheimer
|first= Richard
|authorlink= Richard Krautheimer
|title=Architettura paleocristiana e bizantina
|language=Italian
|publisher=Einaudi
|location=Turin
|year=1986
|isbn = 88-06-59261-0
}} (Note. While the page numbers in the citations refer to the Italian edition, an [[English (language)|English]] edition - not as up-to-date as the Italian one - is also available: {{cite book
|last=Krautheimer
|first= Richard
|authorlink= Richard Krautheimer
|title=Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture
|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]
|edition=Fourth
|year=1984
|isbn=978-0-300-05294-7
}})
*{{cite book
|last = Freely
|first = John
|authorlink=John Freely
|year = 2000
|title = Blue Guide Istanbul
|publisher = W. W. Norton & Company
|location =
|isbn = 0-393-32014-6
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Talbot
|first= Alice-Mary
|contribution=Building Activity under Andronikos II
|editor-last=Necipoğlu
|editor-first= Nevra
|title=Byzantine Constantinople: Monuments, Topography and everyday Life
|publisher=Brill
|location=Leiden, Boston, Köln
|year=2001
|isbn = 90-04-11625-7
}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.byzantium1200.com/c-lipsos.html Byzantium 1200 - Lips Monastery]
* [http://www.doaks.org/resources/publications/doaks-online-publications/byzantine-monastic-foundation-documents/typ051.pdf "Typikon of Theodora Palaiologina for the Convent of Lips in Constantinople" (trans. Alice-Mary Talbot)], from ''Byzantine Monastic Foundation Documents: A Complete Translation of the Surviving Founder's Typika and Testaments'', Thomas, J. & Hero, A.C. (eds.) (Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington D.C. 2000)

{{Mosques in Turkey}}
{{Churches and Monasteries of Constantinople}}
{{Churches-Mosques in Istanbul}}

[[Category:10th-century churches]]
[[Category:Religious buildings completed in 1497]]
[[Category:15th-century mosques]]
[[Category:Byzantine churches in Istanbul]]
[[Category:Fatih]]

Chen Pokong

2017-09-02T03:22:33Z

XLinkBot: BOT--Reverting link addition(s) by 74.73.183.180 to revision 774354491 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5BjuXezO34I [\byoutube\.com])

{{Chinese name|[[Chen (surname)|Chen]]}}
{{Infobox person
|name =Chen Pokong {{zh|c=陳破空}}
|image = cpknym300s.jpg
|image_size = 300
|caption =
|birth_name =
|birth_date ={{birth year and age|1963|12}}
|birth_place = Santai, [[Sichuan]], China
|death_date =
|death_place =
|death_cause =
|resting_place =
|resting_place_coordinates =
|residence =United States
|country_of_origin = China
|other_names = Chen Jinsong (birth name)
|known_for = Chinese political and current affairs commentary
|education = Hunan University, Sun Yat-set University, Tongji University, [[Columbia University]]
|employer =
|occupation = Author, commentator
|footnotes =
}}
'''Chen Pokong''' (born 20 December 1963) is the pen name of '''Chen Jinsong''', a Chinese author and political commentator based in the United States. Born in Sichuan Province, Santai County, Chen is a graduate of Hunan University and Tongji University in China, and Columbia University. As a postgraduate student in 1985, he submitted a joint letter calling for political reform to former Chinese Communist Party General Secretary Hu Yaobang.

In 1989, he initiated, organized and participated in a student movement in Guangzhou, and also established a "democracy salon" in Sun Yat-sen University in January. On April 22, 1989, he joined Chen Wei, Yu Shiwen and other student leaders in launching a democracy movement in Guangzhou Province in support of the student protests in Beijing's Tiananmen Square. He was arrested for his activism and spent the years between 1989 and 1993 in prison and forced labor. In 1994, he furnished evidence to the United Nations and other international bodies that China was exporting goods produced in labor camps for sale, a contravention of international law and a breach of human rights. Chen came to the United States in 1996, where he attended Columbia University as a visiting scholar and later obtained a master's degree.

In the U.S., Chen Pokong regularly appears as an analyst on Chinese current affair programs, including [[Voice of America]], [[Radio Free Asia]], [[New Tang Dynasty Television]], BBC Chinese, and others.<ref>Chen Pokong's appearances in [http://www.voachinese.com/search/?st=comments&k=%E9%99%B3%E7%A0%B4%E7%A9%BA&ob=rel#comments Voice of America, Chinese edition]. Accessed June 30, 2013</ref> He frequently writes political columns for Radio Free Asia, Hong Kong's Open Magazine, and other publications. He is also an author of several books on Chinese political culture, including "The Unwelcome Chinese," “A Hundred Points of Common Sense on China," "A Thick Black Theory of Zhongnanhai," and others. In 2007, Chen was awarded the "Prominent News and Culture Award."<ref>Chen Pokong biography and commentary, [http://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/chenpokong Radio Free Asia]. Accessed June 30, 2013</ref> He currently resides in New York City.

==Biography==
Chen Pokong was an assistant professor of economics at Zhongshan University in Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, when the 1989 pro-democracy demonstrations began in China. He co-organized the protests and was arrested in 1989. After nearly five years in prison on two separate occasions, Chen was exiled to the United States in 1996. There, he became a visiting scholar at Columbia University, and then obtained MPA from there. Chen later built a career in the United States as a principal of a business school located in Manhattan, New York.

At the same time, he has been writing for Chinese pro-reform or pro-democracy publications, As a talented writer, he has published a number of influential books in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Japan:

Power Struggle behind Red Wall, 2014,[http://www.gentosha-r.com/products/9784779061073/]; Japan, US and China, Coming War in Asia, 2014 [http://books.bunshun.jp/ud/book/num/9784166609765];Inside Story of Red Paper Tiger, 2013 [http://www.fusosha.co.jp/books/detail/3857]; If U.S., Japan, and China Go to War, 2013 [http://2-floor.dyndns.org/item_detail.php?pro_id=678595]; Zhongnanhai's Thick Black Theory, 2010,[http://www.hkbookcity.com/showbook2.php?serial_no=202876]; One hundred points of common sense about China,2007,[http://www.bannedbook.org/forum2/topic19.html].

As a prominent critic and writer, Chen has been writing and speaking on a number of media, including [[Radio Free Asia]], [[Voice of America]], [[Hong Kong Open Magazine]], [[Beijing Spring]],<ref>Beijing Spring, [http://bjzc.org/en/ Brief of No. 198], November 2009. Accessed June 31, 2013</ref> and others; speaking at news conferences,<ref>Getty Images, [http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/activist-chen-pokong-speaks-during-a-news-conference-held-news-photo/88202421 Activist Chen Pokong speaks during a news conference], June 4, 2009</ref><ref>Human Rights in China, [http://www.hrichina.org/content/2797 17 prominent Chinese dissidents living in exile in the U.S. - demand the right to return to China], October 12, 1997</ref> panel discussions,<ref>International Tibet Network, [https://archive.is/20130630200426/http://tibetnetwork.org/node/682 Implications of the Gongmeng Report on Tibet], June 25, 2009. Accessed June 31, 2013</ref> and other events;<ref>PEN America, [http://www.pen.org/video/bringing-down-great-firewall-china-chen-pokong Bringing Down The Great Firewall Of China - Chen Pokong], 2008. Accessed June 31, 2013</ref> writing books;<ref name="Zhongnan hai hou hei xue">Chen Pokong, [http://www.torontopubliclibrary.ca/detail.jsp?Entt=RDM2644534&R=2644534 Zhongnan hai hou hei xue], Xianggang: Kai fang chu ban she, 2009</ref> and offering commentary to media.<ref name=taipeitimes>Tzou Jing-wen, [http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/10/23/2003426687 INTERVIEW: Chinese dissident urges caution on cross-strait ties], October 23, 2008. Accessed June 30, 2013</ref><ref>Louisa Lim, "[http://www.npr.org/2012/09/14/161130008/absence-of-chinese-leader-could-spell-political-trouble China Leader's Absence Could Spell Political Trouble]", National Public Radio, September 14, 2012. Accessed June 31, 2013</ref><ref>Matthew Robertson, "[http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/124980-in-shift-snowden-now-said-to-reveal-us-monitoring-of-china/ In Shift, Snowden Now Said to Reveal US Monitoring of China]," Epoch Times, June 23, 2013. Accessed June 31, 2013</ref>

Topics of Chen's analysis include a range of contemporary topics involving the People's Republic of China and its political system, including: democracy, freedom of speech, instability, corruption, economic affairs, military affairs, foreign relations, [[Cross-Strait relations|cross-Strait affairs]], political reform, and strategic affairs.

==Prison time==
Chen Pokong was sent to prison or forced labor on two occasions:
*In August 1989 he was arrested for his involvement in democracy activities, and charged in February 1990 with "carrying out counter-revolutionary propaganda and incitement." On March 1, 1991, he was sentenced to three years in prison by the Guangzhou City Intermediate People's Court.
*In October 1993 Chen was sentenced to re-education through forced labor for three years under the charges of "illegally crossing state borders," a sentence that was carried out without a trial, as is custom with the re-education through forced labor system in China.<ref name=aichen>Amnesty International, [https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA17/038/1994/es/fa100a0d-f8bf-11dd-b40d-7b25bb27e189/asa170381994en.pdf Chen Pokong (30) and other prisoners at Guangzhou No. 1 Reeducation-Through-Labour CenterAmnesty International information note on Chen Pokong], 7 December 1994, accessed June 31, 2013</ref>

Chen had resumed political activities after his release from prison in July 1992, and was wanted by the government by 1993. He fled to Hong Kong and applied for political asylum, but was rejected. After being repatriated he was sent to forced labor.<ref name=aichen/>

In a letter to the international community in 1994, Chen alleged that prisoners in the Guangzhou No. 1 Reeducation-Through-Labor-Center were often beaten and "subjected to conditions which amount to cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment." Chen had the letter was smuggled out of the camp in the latter half of 1994, when it was reported on by international human rights groups. He said that production quotas force prisoners to work over 14 hours a day, 7 days a week, with only 3 days of holiday per year. Heavy labor is done during the daytime, including transporting and loading stones from a quarry to a boat. At night, prisoners were forced to make artificial flowers for export, according to Chen's letter. The food supplied by camp authorities was often insufficient and consisted of "coarse rice and rotten vegetables," according to Amnesty International.

Part of Chen's letter said: "Inmates who labour slightly slower are brutally beaten and misused by supervisors and team leaders (themselves inmates). Inmates are often beaten until they are blood-stained all over, collapse or lose consciousness (shortly before I was sent here, one inmate was beaten to death.)... Many inmates, including myself, their hands and feet squashed by big stones, stained with blood and pus, have to labour as usual. As a consequence, many inmates were crippled for life."<ref name=aichen/> In his letter, he said the Guangdong No. 1 Reform Through Labor, Quarry 1, Company 9 in Chini Town, Hua County, Guangdong was the "most vicious," and that he was sent there so the Guangdong authorities could "vent their bitter hatred on me."<ref name=chenletter/>

In a House Congressional testimony on the subject of Chinese forced labor, Nancy Pelosi characterized Chen's letter as "a compelling appeal for help, relating the terrible tale of ill treatment and slave labor" in Chinese prison camps.<ref name=chenletter>[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CREC-1994-10-05/html/CREC-1994-10-05-pt1-PgH81.htm Full text of Chen Pokong's letter], submitted by Nancy Pelosi, Congressional Record Volume 140, Number 143 (Wednesday, October 5, 1994), House, Chinese Forced Labor.</ref> Chen was reportedly the first person to provide the United Nations with evidence that the Chinese government and its agencies used forced labor to manufacture products for sale overseas.<ref name=taipeitimes/>

==Publications==
Books, monographs, and studies which Chen has authored or contributed authorship of include:
*''If the U.S. and China Go to War: The Battle of the Senkakus'' 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title = If the US and China Go to War|url = http://nationalinterest.org/feature/if-the-us-china-go-war-the-battle-the-senkakus-16380?page=1|website = The National Interest|access-date = 2016-05-27}}</ref>
*''If the U.S. and China Go to War: This is How a Bloody U.S.-China War Could Start'' 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title = If the US and China Go to War|url = http://nationalinterest.org/feature/how-bloody-us-china-war-could-start-16383|website = The National Interest|access-date = 2016-05-28}}</ref>
*''To know China, Commom Sense Doesn't Work'' 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Japan Business Sha|url = http://www.business-sha.co.jp/2016/12/%E5%B8%B8%E8%AD%98%E3%81%A7%E3%81%AF%E3%81%82%E3%82%8A%E5%BE%97%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E8%A3%8F%E5%81%B4/|website = Business Sha|access-date = 2016-12-15}}</ref>
*''100 Basic Facts about China,'' 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 博大出版社|url = http://www.books.com.tw/products/0010712104|website = 博客來|access-date = 2016-04-13}}</ref>
*''All over the World Do Not Know Chinese,'' 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 全世界都不了解中國人|url = http://www.books.com.tw/products/0010695043?loc=P_002_012|website = 博客來|access-date = 2016-01-19}}</ref>
*''The Unwelcome Chinese,'' 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 田園書屋|url = http://www.greenfieldbookstore.com.hk/index.php/books?task=view&id=327&catid=3|website = www.greenfieldbookstore.com.hk|access-date = 2016-01-19}}</ref>
*''Power Struggle behind Red Wall,'' 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 赤い中国の黒い権力者たち｜幻冬舎ルネッサンス|url = http://www.gentosha-r.com/products/9784779061073/|website = www.gentosha-r.com|access-date = 2016-01-19}}</ref>
*''Japan, US and China, Coming War in Asia,'' 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 文春新書『日米中アジア開戦』陳破空山田智美訳 {{!}} 新書 - 文藝春秋BOOKS|url = http://books.bunshun.jp/ud/book/num/9784166609765|website = 文藝春秋BOOKS|access-date = 2016-01-19|language = ja-JP}}</ref>
*''Inside Story of Red Paper Tiger,'' 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 赤い中国消滅{{!}}書籍詳細{{!}}扶桑社|url = http://www.fusosha.co.jp/books/detail/3857|website = www.fusosha.co.jp|access-date = 2016-01-19}}</ref>
*''If U.S.and China Go to War,'' 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 香港二樓書店 > 假如中美開戰：二十一世紀的戰爭|url = http://2-floor.dyndns.org/item_detail.php?pro_id=678595|website = 2-floor.dyndns.org|access-date = 2016-01-19}}</ref>
*''Zhongnanhai's Thick Black Theory,''(aka ''Machiavelli in Beijing'') 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 中南海厚黑學 - 香港書城網上書店 Hong Kong Book City|url = http://www.hkbookcity.com/showbook2.php?serial_no=202876|website = www.hkbookcity.com|access-date = 2016-01-19}}</ref>
*''One hundred points of common sense about China''2007.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 《关于中国的一百个常识》 - 禁书网|url = http://www.bannedbook.org/forum2/topic19.html|website = www.bannedbook.org|access-date = 2016-01-19}}</ref>
*''China’s economy: prosperity under a shadow''
*''Toward the Republic: A Not-So Distant Mirror,'' 2003.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://www.hrichina.org/sites/default/files/PDFs/CRF.4.2003/b7_pokong4.2003.pdf|title = Toward the Republic: A Not-So Distant Mirror|last = Chen|first = Pokong|date = October 2003|journal = Human Rights in China|doi = |pmid = |access-date = }}</ref>
*''Selective anticorruption in China,'' 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Taipei Times|url = http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/print/2014/01/28/2003582304|website = www.taipeitimes.com|access-date = 2016-01-19}}</ref>
*''Selective anticorruption in China,'' 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Selective anticorruption in China - Taipei Times|url = http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2014/01/28/2003582304/2|website = www.taipeitimes.com|access-date = 2016-01-19}}</ref>
*''China’s expansion, risky trajectory,'' 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|title = China’s expansion, risky trajectory - Taipei Times|url = http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2013/12/23/2003579609|website = www.taipeitimes.com|access-date = 2016-01-19}}</ref>
*''Strong chain to contain dictatorship,'' 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Strong chain to contain dictatorship - Taipei Times|url = http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2013/11/09/2003576454|website = www.taipeitimes.com|access-date = 2016-01-19}}</ref>
*''Activist pessimistic on reform in China,'' 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Activist pessimistic on reform in China - Taipei Times|url = http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2012/11/25/2003548566|website = www.taipeitimes.com|access-date = 2016-01-19}}</ref>
*''Chinese dissident urges Taiwan to push democracy Tiger,'' 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Chinese dissident urges Taiwan to push democracy - Taipei Times|url = http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2012/11/23/2003548406|website = www.taipeitimes.com|access-date = 2016-01-19}}</ref>
*''IDissidents warn ‘Beijing Model’ could harm Taiwan,'' 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Dissidents warn ‘Beijing Model’ could harm Taiwan - Taipei Times|url = http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2010/01/31/2003464854|website = www.taipeitimes.com|access-date = 2016-01-19}}</ref>
*''A Non-governmental White Paper on the June Fourth Massacre,'' 2009 (co-author).<ref>Feiyang Bookhouse, [https://sites.google.com/site/feiyangbookhouse/english A Non-governmental White Paper on the June Fourth Massacre, 2009]</ref>
*''Chen Pokong Info''.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Chen Pokong {{!}} Radio Free Asia {{!}} ZoomInfo.com|url = http://www.zoominfo.com/p/Chen-Pokong/1370994458|website = ZoomInfo|access-date = 2016-01-19}}</ref>
*''Book Review on The Unwelcome Chinese'' 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title = The Unwelcome Chinese - by Tienchi Martin-Liao|url = http://www.sampsoniaway.org/fearless-ink/2016/10/28/the-unwelcome-chinese/|website = http://www.sampsoniaway.org/|access-date = 2016-10-28}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Chinese democracy movement]]
*[[List of Chinese dissidents]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chinese political writers]]

Benutzer:Artikelstube/Glasgow Science Centre

2017-08-16T09:40:55Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox museum
|name = Glasgow Science Centre
|image = Glasgow Science Centre and Tower.jpg
|coordinates = {{coord|55.858542|-4.293803|display=inline}}
|established = 2001
|location = Glasgow, Scotland
|website = [http://www.glasgowsciencecentre.org www.glasgowsciencecentre.org]
}}

'''Glasgow Science Centre''' is a visitor attraction located in the [[Clyde Waterfront Regeneration]] area on the south bank of the [[River Clyde]] in [[Glasgow]], Scotland. [[Queen Elizabeth II]] opened Glasgow Science Centre on 5 June 2001. It is one of Scotland's most popular paid-for visitor attractions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-35690252 |title=Visitor numbers up at Scots attractions |publisher=BBC News |date=1 March 2016}}</ref> It is a purpose-built [[science centre]] composed of three principal buildings: Science Mall, [[Glasgow Tower]] and an [[IMAX]] [[Movie theater|cinema]]. The Scottish tourist board, [[VisitScotland]], awarded Glasgow Science Centre a five star rating in the visitor attraction category.<ref>{{cite web | title=Glasgow Science Centre on Visitscotland.com | url=http://guide.visitscotland.com/vs/guide/5,en,SCH1/objectId,SIG48295Svs,curr,GBP,season,at1,selectedEntry,home/home.html
|accessdate= 24 July 2007}}</ref> As well as its main location, Glasgow Science Centre also manages the visitor centre at [[Whitelee Wind Farm]], which opened to the public in 2009.

==Science Mall==
[[File:Glasgow Science Centre from the west.jpg|thumb|330px|Glasgow Science Centre from the west]]
The largest of the three main, titanium-clad buildings takes a crescent shape structure and houses a Science Mall. In architectural terms it represents the canted hull of a ship, a reference to the adjacent 'canting basin', where vessels were brought to have the marine growth removed from their hulls. Internally, there are three floors of over 250 science-learning exhibits. As is usual for science centres, the exhibits aim to encourage interaction, and can be used or played with as part of the informal learning experience the centre aims to deliver. The building was designed by BDP.

On Floor 1, amongst the many interactive exhibits that demonstrate scientific principles, visitors can access a Science Show Theatre and the Glasgow Science Centre Planetarium.<ref>{{cite web | title=MERO Construction website on the Glasgow Science Centre| url=http://www.merouk.co.uk/structures/2001gsc.htm |accessdate= 26 April 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Glasgow Science Centre webpage on the Science Mall | url=http://www.glasgowsciencecentre.org/sciencemall_4.aspx |accessdate= 26 April 2008}}</ref> The [[planetarium]] contains a [[zeiss projector|Zeiss]] [[Planetarium#Traditional electromechanical.2Foptical projectors|optical-mechanical projector]] that projects images of the night sky onto a 15m diameter dome.<ref>{{cite web | title=Zeiss Press release| url=http://www.zeiss.com/c12567b00038cd75/Contents-Frame/ee1fd0d05bbcc39bc1256b6f003c7d01 | archive-url=https://archive.is/20130210003926/http://www.zeiss.com/c12567b00038cd75/Contents-Frame/ee1fd0d05bbcc39bc1256b6f003c7d01 | dead-url=yes | archive-date=10 February 2013 |accessdate= 26 April 2008}} </ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Zeiss installation list| url=http://www.zeiss.com/c12567b00038cd75/Contents-Frame/cd498b133073712741256a76004e9e4b |accessdate= 26 April 2008}}</ref> There is an area specifically aimed at young children called, The Big Explorer.

On Floor 2, visitors can explore opportunities in STEM careers in the My World of Work Live interactive exhibition space. There is also The Lab, primarily used as an educational workshop space.

Floor 3 was refurbished in 2012 and reopened to the public on 28 March 2013. It now houses an interactive exhibition about human health and wellbeing in the 21st century called, BodyWorks. Visitors are invited to consider their bodies, health and lifestyle from a new perspective through 115 interactive exhibits, research capsules and live laboratory experiences.<ref>{{cite web | title=What is BodyWorks?| url=http://www.glasgowsciencecentre.org/bodyworks-newsroom/what-is-bodyworks.html |accessdate= 8 April 2015}}</ref>

The Ground Floor of the Science Mall contains the Ticket desk, Cafes, Gift Shop, and a cloakroom. There are a number of flexible room spaces on the Ground Floor that are used for a variety of educational and corporate purposes: an education space called, The Egg; a lecture-theatre space called, The Auditorium; and The Clyde Suite. Access to Glasgow Tower for the public is also via the Ground Floor.

==Glasgow Tower==

{{main article|Glasgow Tower}}
The Glasgow Tower was designed to be the tallest freely-rotating tower in the world. It missed its opening date in 2001 and has been plagued by problems ever since. It has been closed for over 80% of its life, and was closed from August 2010<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-22509056|title=BBC News - Faulty tower: Glasgow's £10m white elephant|work=[[BBC Online]]|accessdate=3 June 2013|date=3 June 2013}}</ref> until July 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-28366052|title=BBC News - Glasgow Science Centre tower reopens|date=19 July 2014|work=[[BBC Online]]|accessdate=19 July 2014}}</ref>

==IMAX Cinema==

The IMAX cinema was the first IMAX cinema to be built in Scotland. The single auditorium seats 370 in front of a rectangular screen measuring {{convert|80|ft|m}} by {{convert|60|ft|m}} and has the capability to show [[3-D film|3D films]] as well as standard 2D films in IMAX format.<ref>{{cite web | title=Big Movie Zone | url=http://www.bigmoviezone.com/txshows/theaters/index.html?uniq=695|accessdate= 17 September 2008}}</ref> It opened to the public in October 2000 Premiered The First Film Entitled "Dolphins", several months prior to the opening of the two other buildings.<ref>{{cite web | title=Millennium Commission News October 2000 | url=http://www.millennium.gov.uk/cgi-bin/item.cgi?id=1184&d=11&h=24&f=46&dateformat=%25o-%25B-%25Y|accessdate= 24 July 2007}}</ref> On 6 September 2013, [[Cineworld]] agreed a 10-year lease to operate the IMAX cinema and opened a [[Starbucks]] on site.{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}

==History==
[[File:Glasgow garden festival overhead.jpg|thumb|270px|right|View of the [[Glasgow Garden Festival]] site]]
Opened to the public in June 2001, Glasgow Science Centre is part of the ongoing redevelopment of [[Pacific Quay]], an area which was once a cargo port known as Prince's Dock.<ref>{{cite news |title=Science on the Clyde |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1394637.stm |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=26 April 2008 |date=19 June 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Glasgow Architecture website on Pacific Quay | url=http://www.glasgowarchitecture.co.uk/pacific_quay.htm |accessdate= 26 April 2008}}</ref> The redevelopment started with the [[Glasgow Garden Festival]] in 1988. As with the other [[National Garden Festival]]s, the {{convert|100|acre|km2}} Glasgow site was intended to be sold off for housing development, but due to a housing slump in 1987, the developers were unable to develop the land as they intended, and the majority of the site remained derelict for years. Parts were finally redeveloped for the Science Centre and also [[Pacific Quay]], including new headquarters for [[BBC Scotland]] and [[Scottish Television]], opened in 2007. The Clydesdale Bank Tower was dismantled and re-erected in [[Rhyl]] in North [[Wales]], however its spiritual successor came in the form of the [[Glasgow Tower]] as part of Science Centre complex, which stands on approximately the same spot.

The architects of the Glasgow Science Centre were [[Building Design Partnership]], however the Glasgow Tower was originally designed by the architect Richard Horden with engineering design by [[Buro Happold]].<ref name="hcla.co.uk">{{cite web | title=Horden Cherry Lee Architects | url=http://www.hcla.co.uk/projects/?prorub1=ap&prorub2=5&pid=67
|accessdate= 24 July 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=BDP Architects | url=http://www.bdp.co.uk|accessdate= 24 July 2007}}</ref> It was built at a cost of around [[£]]75 million, including £10 million for the Glasgow Tower, with over £37 million coming from the [[Millennium Commission]].<ref>{{cite web|title=HMie Review of the Contribution of the Scottish Science Centres Network |url=http://www.hmie.gov.uk/documents/publication/sscn.html |accessdate=5 May 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204034910/http://www.hmie.gov.uk:80/documents/publication/sscn.html |archivedate=4 December 2008 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Millennium Commission Awards | url=http://www.millennium.gov.uk/cgi-site/awards.cgi?action=detail&id=175|accessdate= 5 May 2008}}</ref>

==Funding issues==
In June 2004, it was announced that about a fifth of the workforce were to be made redundant following the creation of a funding deal with the [[Scottish Executive]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Redundancies at science centre |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/3851349.stm |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=2 July 2008 |date=29 June 2004}}</ref> In June 2008, the leader of the [[Scottish Liberal Democrats]], [[Nicol Stephen]], stated that Glasgow Science Centre was facing a 40% cut in government funding.<ref>{{cite news |title=Science centre '40% funding cut' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow_and_west/7437912.stm |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=2 July 2008 |date=5 June 2008}}</ref> [[Prime Minister]] [[Gordon Brown]] commented on this issue during [[Prime Minister's Questions]] saying, "It's unfortunate in Glasgow that as a result of the [[Scottish National Party|SNP]], funding has been cut, and they will live to regret that".<ref>{{cite web | title=Evening Times News Report | url=http://www.eveningtimes.co.uk/news/display.var.2376867.0.0.php|accessdate= 3 July 2008}}</ref> Although funding for the Scottish Science Centres as a whole has actually increased, it is now being split between four centres using a formula based on visitor numbers, and Glasgow is the only centre to face a reduction in budget.<ref>{{cite web | title=SNP News Release | url=http://www.snp.org/node/14009|accessdate= 3 July 2008}}</ref> This led to the announcement in July 2008 that 28 full-time jobs were to be cut as a direct consequence of the cuts "in order to secure Glasgow Science Centre's future", according to the Chief Executive, Kirk Ramsay.<ref>{{cite news |title=Troubled science centre cuts jobs |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/glasgow_and_west/7487335.stm |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=3 July 2008 |date=3 July 2008}}</ref>

==In the media==
Glasgow Science Centre is located in the [[Pacific Quay]] area, and as such, is surrounded by the media centres that form the Digital Media Quarter, a [[Scottish Enterprise]] development initiative,<ref>{{cite web | title=Digital Media Quarter webpage | url=http://www.pacificquaydmq.com/|accessdate= 10 August 2009}}</ref> With the opening of the new [[STV (TV network)|STV]] headquarters in June 2006 and the beginning of broadcast programming from [[BBC Pacific Quay]] in the summer of 2004, it can be expected that more programming will be filmed in the area.

In the [[CBeebies]] television programme ''[[Nina and the Neurons]]'', the title character Nina is a [[neuroscientist]] who works at Glasgow Science Centre.<ref>{{cite web | title=CBeebies Nina and the Neurons webpage | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies/grownups/about/programmes/ninaandtheneurons.shtml|accessdate= 28 April 2008}}</ref> In reality, Nina is played by the actress [[Katrina Bryan]] who is not a staff member at Glasgow Science Centre.

==See also==
* [[Our Dynamic Earth]] - Science Centre in [[Edinburgh]], Scotland.
* [[Aberdeen Science Centre]] - Science Centre in [[Aberdeen]], Scotland.
* [[Dundee Science Centre]] - Science Centre in [[Dundee]], Scotland.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Glasgow Science Centre}}
* [http://www.glasgowsciencecentre.org Official website]
* [http://www.inglasgow.com/inglaig/gallery.asp?categoryid=25 Photos of the Science Centre]
* [http://www.merouk.co.uk/structures/2001gsc.htm Article on Construction of the Glasgow Science Centre]
* [http://www.inglasgow.com/inglaig/gallery.asp?categoryid=25 Photographs taken from the tower and of the tower]
* [http://www.scotlandontv.tv/scotland_on_tv/video.html?vxSiteId=60fdd544-9c52-4e17-be7e-57a2a2d76992&vxChannel=Visit%20Places&vxClipId=1380_SMG781 Online video of the view from the tower]
* [http://www.clydewaterfront.com/glasgowsciencecentre_1.aspx Glasgow Science Centre - Clyde Waterfront Regeneration]

{{Glasgow museums}}
{{Glasgow}}

[[Category:Museums in Glasgow]]
[[Category:Science museums in Scotland]]
[[Category:IMAX venues]]
[[Category:Planetaria in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Govan]]
[[Category:Skyscrapers in Glasgow]]
[[Category:Towers in Scotland]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in Scotland]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 2001]]
[[Category:Museums established in 2001]]
[[Category:Science centers]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Glasgow]]

Karrar (Panzer)

2017-08-11T12:55:24Z

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{{Infobox Weapon
|image= N3441109-5772190.jpg
|name= Karrar
|caption= Front side of the Karrar
|origin= [[Iran]]
|type= [[Main battle tank]]
|is_vehicle= yes
|manufacturer= [[Defense Industries Organization]]
|production_date= 2017–present<ref name="armyrecognition">{{cite news|url=http://www.armyrecognition.com/march_2017_global_defense_security_news_industry/iran_launches_production_line_of_new_karrar_home-made_mbt_main_battle_tank_11201171.html|title=Iran launches production line of new Karrar home-made MBT main battle tank|publisher=Army Recognition|date=12 March 2017|accessdate=12 March 2017}}</ref>
|used_by= [[Iran]]
|In Service=2018<ref>http://www.armyrecognition.com/july_2017_global_defense_security_news_industry/karrar_mbt_tank_delivery_to_iranian_army_march_2018_10907171.html</ref>
|length=
|width=
|height=
|weight= 51 tons<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/iran-turns-its-back-on-russia-and-china-with-own-battle-tank-rdfnn9sfd|title=Iran turns its back on Russia and China with own battle tank|publisher=[[The Times]]|location=Cairo|first=Bel|last=Trew|date=14 March 2017|accessdate=15 March 2017}}</ref>
|suspension= Torsion bar
|speed= ~70 km/h
|vehicle_range=
|primary_armament= 125mm smoothbore gun
|secondary_armament= 12.7mm machine gun / 7.62mm machine gun
|armour= Classified armour, with ERA
|engine=
|crew= 3 (Gunner, Commander and Driver)
|engine_power=
|pw_ratio=
}}

The '''Karrar (Striker)''' is an [[Iran]]ian main battle tank. The tank was announced on 12 March 2017. At the announcement, it was stated that it possessed an electro-optical fire control system, a laser rangefinder, ballistic computer and could fire at both stable and mobile targets in day or night.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.farsnews.com/newstext.aspx?nn=13951222000466|title=Iran Unveils Highly Advanced Home-Made Battle Tank|publisher=[[Fars News Agency]]|date=12 March 2017|accessdate=12 March 2017}}</ref>

Despite its visual similarity to the [[T-90]], Iran has not made any arrangements to acquire a license agreement with Russia to manufacture T-90s for the Iranian Army.<ref>http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/irans-new-karrar-tank-one-the-most-advanced-tanks-the-world-17468</ref>

==History==
After the Karrar was unveiled to the public, Tehran announced that it will undergo mass production on March 12, 2017.<ref>https://www.rt.com/news/380390-iran-karrar-tank-production/</ref><ref>http://www.defensenews.com/articles/iran-unveils-domestically-produced-tank-production-line</ref>

Speaking to the Tasnim News Agency, Brigadier General Kiomars Heidari has mentioned that the Karrar would be delivered in 2018.<ref>http://www.armyrecognition.com/july_2017_global_defense_security_news_industry/karrar_mbt_tank_delivery_to_iranian_army_march_2018_10907171.html</ref>

==Development==
{{Commons|category:Karrar tanks|Karrar}}
Main armament of the Karrar consists of one 125mm smoothbore gun fitted with a fume extractor and a thermal sleeve.<ref name="MT">http://www.military-today.com/tanks/karrar.htm</ref> A remotely operated weapon station armed with a 12.7mm machine gun is mounted on the roof of the turret. The main gun is able to fire anti-tank laser-guided missiles.<ref>http://ottawacitizen.com/news/national/defence-watch/irans-new-tank-photos-of-the-karrar</ref> An autoloader is also installed, removing the need of a loader.<ref>http://mod.gov.ir/news/%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%86%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83-%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A-%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D8%AD%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A-%D9%88-%D8%AE%D8%B7-%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%87-%D8%A2%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AD-%D8%B4%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4</ref>

The Karrar is fitted with latest generation of armour, with ERA (Explosive Reactive Armour) at the front of the hull and turret. There is also armour plates on the upper part of the suspension and slat armour at the rear of the hull and turret.<ref name="armyrecognition"/>

External fuel tanks can be attached to the rear in order to extend its range.<ref name="MT"/>

===Similarity to Russian tanks===
Defense Minister Brig. Gen. Hossein Dehqan said that the "tank can compete with the most advanced tanks in the world in three main areas: power, precision and mobility, as well as maintenance and durability on the battleground… The Karrar has the capability to fire missiles and precisely guide them [towards the target], Moreover Karrar can be operated by the gunner and commander from two parallel sites.”<ref>https://sputniknews.com/military/201703131051535093-iran-tank-karrar/</ref>

"It is no coincidence that specialists regard the Karrar as some kind of a copy of the Russian-made [[T-90|T-90MS]], the most advanced modification of the T-90 platform", according to retired Maj. Gen. Vladimir Bogatyrev, chair of the Board of the Russian National Association of Retired Military Officers. He also added that "It is based on the T-72 platform, but it also has something from the American Abrams and M-60 tanks. Some elements are borrowed from the M-48 and the British Chieftain tank. They took all these elements and tried to design their own tank."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sputniknews.com/military/201703131051535093-iran-tank-karrar/|title=Despite Striking Resemblance Iran's Newest Tank is no Match to Russia's T-90|publisher=[[Sputnik (news agency)|Sputnik]]|accessdate=18 March 2017|date= 2017-03-13}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Weapons of Iran}}

{{coord|40.2858|N|48.3664|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Main battle tanks of Iran]]
[[Category:Post–Cold War main battle tanks]]
[[Category:Iranian military stubs]]

{{Iran-mil-stub}}

Balti (Sprache)

2017-07-25T07:53:11Z

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{{distinguish|Baltic languages}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{original research|date=July 2013}}
{{refimprove|date=July 2013}}
}}

{{Infobox language
|name = Balti
|nativename = {{nq|بلتی}} {{bo-textonly|སྦལ་འཐུས་}}
|states = [[Baltistan]], [[Kashmir]], [[Ladakh]], and small pockets in [[Karachi]], [[Rawalpindi]]
|region = [[Pakistan]], [[North India]]
|ethnicity = [[Balti people]]
|speakers = 290,000
|date = 1992–2001
|ref = e18
|familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
|fam2 = [[Tibeto-Kanauri languages|Tibeto-Kanauri]] ?
|fam3 = [[Bodish languages|Bodish]]
|fam4 = [[Tibetic languages|Tibetic]]
|fam5 = Ladakhi–Balti
|script = [[Urdu script]] and modified [[Tibetan script]]
|iso3 = bft
|glotto = balt1258
|glottorefname = Balti
|image = Balti in nastaliq.jpg
}}

'''Balti''' ([[Nastaʿlīq script]]: {{nq|بلتی}}; {{bo|w=bal ti skad|s=Beltiké}}) is a [[Tibetic languages|Tibetic language]] spoken in the [[Baltistan]] division of [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], [[Pakistan]]. It is quite different from [[Standard Tibetan]]. Many sounds of [[Old Tibetan]] that were lost in [[Standard Tibetan]] are retained in the Balti language. It also has a simple [[pitch accent]] system only in multisyllabic words<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sprigg|first1=R. K.|title=Lepcha and Balti Tibetan: Tonal or Non-Tonal Languages?|journal=Asia Major|date=1966|volume=12|pages=185–201|ref=harv}}</ref> while Standard Tibetan has a complex and distinct pitch system that includes [[tone contour]].

== Ethnography ==

All people living in [[Baltistan]] may be referred to as ''Balti''. The [[Greeks]] derived ''Byaltae'' from {{bo|t=སྦལ་ཏིའི་|w=sbal-ti}}, which, in Tibetan, means "water gorge." The historian [[Ptolemy (general)|Ptolemy]], also a general in the army of [[Alexander the Great]], named the region "Byaltae" in his book.{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}} In fact, [[Baltistan]] is the [[Persian language|Persian]] translation of ''Baltiyul'', "homeland of Balti." [[Balti people]] are settled on both banks of the [[Indus River]] from [[Kargil district]] in the east to [[Haramosh Peak]] in the west and from the [[Karakoram]] in the north to [[Deosai National Park]] in the south.

The Balti ethnicity is primarily [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]] in origin, with some [[Dards|Dardic]] admixture. Balti is a [[Tibetic languages|Tibetic language]].

In some rural areas, the [[Shina people]] still speak the [[Shina language]]. To develop Balti, local intellectuals like [[Yusuf Hussain Abadi]] has worked on the language. He discovered the history and the script and revived the Tibetan script in Baltistan after six centuries (1980).

He wrote the book 'Balti Zabaan' in 1990, the first book on the language. Abadi did the translated the Quran into Balti in 1995. Later on, many people inspired by him, worked on Balti. [[Ghulam Hassan Lobsang]] wrote a book 'Balti Grammar' in both English and Urdu versions: "Balti Grammar" and "Balti English Grammar". The latter was published by Bern University Switzerland in 1995.

The Balti have a reputation for being very forbearing, cheerful and hospitable people. During the [[Maqpon dynasty]] (from the twelfth century to 1840), the Balti invaded [[Ladakh]] and [[Tibet]] in the east and [[Gilgit]] and [[Chitral (princely state)|Chitral]] many times, thus making these people acknowledge the martial abilities of the Balti.

The modern population of Baltistan is a heterogeneous mixture of ethnic groups. Tibetans form the principal ethnic group in the area accounting for 60 percent of the population. Outside Baltistan, there are several Balti communities located in Pakistan's urban and rural areas.

==Classification==
Tournadre (2005)<ref>*N. Tournadre (2005) "L'aire linguistique tibétaine et ses divers dialectes." ''Lalies'', 2005, n°25, p. 7–56 [http://tournadre.nicolas.free.fr/fichiers/2005-aire.pdf]</ref> considers Balti, [[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]], and [[Burig language|Burig]] to be distinct languages because they do not have [[mutual intelligibility]]. As a group, they are termed Ladakhi–Balti or Western Archaic Tibetan, as opposed to Western Innovative Tibetan languages, such as [[Lahuli–Spiti language|Lahuli–Spiti]].
[[File:Balti language speaking areas.png|thumb|Geographical distribution of Balti language speaking area (including Purigi dialect, sometimes considered as different from Balti language)]]

== Script ==
The main is script for writing Balti is the local adaptation of the [[Tibetan alphabet]], but it is often written in the [[Persian alphabet]], especially within Pakistan.

According to his initial survey Balti resembles [[Khams Tibetan]] more than [[Central Tibetan language|Central Tibetan]], [[Amdo Tibetan]], and other varieties. He further suggests that either the first Tibetan settlers of Baltistan could be the [[Kham]]bas or at least majority of the settlers were Khambas. The people of Baltistan, dubbed as "mini-Tibet," are related to the Tibetans, and their language is a branch of the Tibetan language, retaining many features of archaic Tibetan pronunciation. The missionary, orientalist and linguist [[Heinrich August Jäschke]] (1817–1883) classified Balti as one of the westernmost [[Tibetic languages]]. In his ''Tibetan–English Dictionary'', he defines it as "Bal (Balti), the most westerly of the districts in which the Tibetan language is spoken".<ref>{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Heinrich|first=Heinrich August|authorlink=Heinrich August Jäschke|title=A Tibetan-English Dictionary, with Special Reference to the Prevailing Dialects: To which is Added an English-Tibetan Vocabulary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_RQTAAAAYAAJ|year=1881|publisher=Unger Brothers (T. Grimm)}}</ref>

Many other scholars also are of the view that Balti is a Tibetan dialect and not a separate language from the Tibetan.

In 1985, Abadi added four new letters to the Tibetan script and seven new letters to the Persian script to adapt both of them according to the need of Balti language. Two of the four added letters now stand included in the Tibetan Unicode alphabet.

The Tibetan script had been in vogue in Baltistan until the last quarter of the 14th century, when the Baltis converted to Islam. Since then, Persian script replaced the Tibetan script, but the former had no letters for seven Balti sounds and was in vogue in spite of the fact that it was defective. Adding the seven new letters has now made it a complete script for Balti.

Recently, a number of Balti scholars and social activists have tried to promote the use of the Tibetan Balti or "Yige" alphabet with the aim of helping to preserve indigenous Balti and Ladakhi culture and ethnic identity. Following a request from this community, the September 2006 Tokyo meeting of ISO/IEC 10646 WG2 agreed to encode two characters which are invented by Abadi (U+0F6B TIBETAN LETTER KKA and TIBETAN U+0F6C LETTER RRA) in the [[Universal Coded Character Set|ISO 10646]] and [[Unicode]] standards in order to support rendering Urdu loanwords present in modern Balti using the Yige alphabet.

Like other Tibetan dialects, Balti had no script of its own until Tibetans created a script for their language. In 727, when [[Me Agtsom]] conquered Baltistan and annexed it to his state, the Tibetan alphabet was formally introduced as the official script through government offices, religious books and rock inscriptions.

The famous [[mandala]] carving and the Tibetan inscription on a rock in village Manthal near [[Skardu]] town, which dates back to early eighth century, is one of the best examples of these efforts. Until then, [[mutual intelligibility]] remained between the speech of Central Tibet and Baltistan; therefore, the Baltis faced no problem in reciprocal communication and usage.

Before the invasion of Tibet in 727, the official script of both the [[Palula language|Palula]]-speaking [[Kabul Shahi]]s and the clergy was the [[Brahmi script]], brought into the area after the [[Fourth Buddhist council#Fourth Buddhist Council in Kashmir|Fourth Buddhist Council in Kashmir]] in [[Jalandhar]]. There are still many rock-inscriptions from the fifth and sixth centuries in the Brahmi script. The Tibetans spread their own script with all their zest and zeal. The Tibetan script remained in use among the Balti until the sixteenth century, when the mullahs persuaded the Balti masses to use the Persian alphabet. When the Maqpon dynasty rose to its climax in the 16th century, it developed a strong political and cultural relationship with the [[Mughal Empire]]. The Balti language, including its script, lost its strongest patron. The [[Dogra]]s of [[Jammu]] conquered Baltistan in 1840 and annexed it to their state.

Since Pakistan gained control of the region in 1948, Urdu words have been introduced into local dialects and languages, including Balti.

In modem times, Balti has no native names or vocabulary for dozens of newly invented and introduced things; instead, Urdu and English words are being used in Balti.

== Areas ==
Now, the Balti language or dialect is spoken in the whole of Baltistan in the northern Pakistan and some parts of Northern India in Jammu and Kashmir State and it is said that Purki-dialect of Purig and Suru-Kartse valleys come into the Balti group linguistically to some extent. However, Balti is spoken by nearly 0.9 million people living in Baltistan (Pakistan), different parts of the states of northern India like Dehradun, Masoorie, Kalsigate, Chakrotta, Ambadi in Uttrakhand and parts of Jammu and Kashmir like Jammu and Ramban in Jammu region, Hariparbat, Dalgate and Tral in Kashmir region. In the twin districts of Ladakh region (Kargil & Leh) it is spoken in Kargil city and its surrounding villages like Hardass, Lato, Karkitchhoo and Balti Bazar, and in Leh- Turtuk, Bogdang, Tyakshi including Leh city and nearby villages. Apart from these, about 0.1 million Baltis working abroad in different countries.

== Evolution ==

Balti has always been at a disadvantage. Its original Tibetan script was changed to a defective one based on [[Persian alphabet|Persian]], which did not correspond with the letters and requirements of Balti.
{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} Its folk literature is not yet available in written form but continues to be orally transmitted.

On the contrary, the Balti have been quite promising in the sense of literature in category, aptitude and profundity. Despite all the handicaps, the Balti language has retained many honorific words that are characteristic of Tibetan dialects and many other languages.

The first Balti grammar was written in Urdu by Ghulam Hassan Lobsang, a milestone for Balti. Below are a few examples:

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Ordinary Balti
!Text Writing!! Honorific !! Ladakhi !!Meaning
|-
|Ata
|اتا|| Baba || Aba || Father
|-
|kho
|کھو|| kho || - || he
|-
|gashay
|گشے|| liakhmo || liakhmo || Beautiful
|-
|paynay
|پینے|| khumul || painay || Money
|-
|bila
|بلا|| Bila || bilo || Cat
|-
|su
|سُو|| su || sou || Who
|-
|Ano/Amo
|انو/امو|| Zizi || Ama || Mother
|-
|Kaka
|ککا|| Kacho || Acho || Brother (elder)
|-
|Bustring
|بُسترنگ|| Zung || Nama || Woman / Wife
|-
|Momo
|مومو|| Jangmocho || Ajang || Maternal uncle
|-
|Nene
|نےنے|| Nenecho || Ane || Aunt
|-
|Bu
|بُو|| Bucho || Tugu || Son
|-
|Fru
|فُرو|| Nono || Busa || Boy
|-
|Apo
|اپو|| Apocho || Meme || Grandfather
|-
|Api
|اپی|| Apicho || Abi || Grandmother
|-
|Ashe
|اشے|| Ashcho || Singmo || Sister (elder)
|-
|Zo
|زو|| bjes || Zo || Eat
|-
|Thung
|تُھونگ|| bjes || Thung || Drink
|-
|Ong
|اونگ|| Shokhs || Yong || Come
|-
|Song
|سونگ|| Shokhs || Song || Go
|-
|Zair
|زیر|| Kasal-byung || Zer || Speak/Say
|-
|Ngid tong
|نِت تونگ|| gزim tong || Ngid tong || Sleep (go to)
|-
|Lagpa
|لقپا|| Phyaq-laq/g || Lagpa || Hand/Arm
|-
|Khyang
|کھیانگ|| Yang/Yari-phyaqpo || Khyorang || You
|-
|Kangma
|کنگما|| gzok-po || kang
|| Leg
|}

== Literature ==
No prose literature except proverb collections have been found written in Balti. Some epics and sagas appear in oral literature such as the ''[[Epic of King Gesar]]'', and the stories of ''rgya lu cho lo bzang'' and ''rgya lu sras bu''. All other literature is in verse. Balti literature has adopted numerous [[Persian language|Persian]] styles of verse and vocables which amplify the beauty and melody of its poetry.

Nearly all the languages and dialects of the mountain region in the north of Pakistan such as [[Pashto]], [[Khowar language|Khowar]] and Shina are [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] or [[Iranian languages|Iranic]] languages, but Balti is one of the [[Sino-Tibetan languages]]. As such, it has nothing in common with neighboring languages except some loanwords absorbed as a result of linguistic contact. Balti and Ladakhi are closely related.

The major issue facing the development of Balti literature is its centuries-long isolation from [[Tibet]], owing to political divisions and strong religious differences and even from its immediate neighbor Ladakh for the last 50 years. Separated from its linguistic kin, Balti is under pressure from more dominant languages such as [[Urdu]]. This is compounded by the lack of a suitable means of transcribing the language following the abandonment of its original Tibetan script. The Baltis do not have the awareness to revive their original script and there is no institution that could restore it and persuade the people to use it again. Even if the script is revived, it would need modification to express certain Urdu phonemes that occur in common loanwords within Balti.

Balti literature may be categorised as follows:
:'''Hamd''': This is the form of verses in praise of God.
:'''[[Qasida]]''': These are verses in praise of [[Muhammad]] and the twelve Imams, their family members according to [[Shia Islam]].
:'''[[Marsiya]]''': Versed elegy commemorating the martyrdom of [[Imam Hussain]] (the grandson of Muhammad, the third Imam) in [[Karbala]], other Imams, and the like.
:'''[[Noha]]''': These are versed elegies sung with rhythm while the (Shiaite) mourners beat their chests. This category is also attributed to the martyrs of Karbala and other family members of Muhammad. For example:{{quote|<center>
تھونما زینب قتلگاہ عباس چھوزورکھا سھوکفامید 
تھون نارے ستریمو لا تعزیم چی بیک پارگولا نین مہ مید </center>}}
:'''Bahr-e-Taweel''': These verses are in long metre and consist of several stanzas of 9 to 14 lines. In this poetry, generally, the mortality of life and other similar topics are explored in a mystic way.
:'''Goshwara''': This is similar to the Persian or Urdu "Masnavi" Narrative couplets. Usually the dignity and illustrious personalities and deeds of Muhammad and the Imams are narrated.
:'''Rgya-glu''': This can be categorised as a classical one in the folk-verses for its meaning or deepness. It contains romantic songs, elegies, advice, complaints, historical events, and the like.
:'''Rtse-glu''':This is a light type of poetry sung while dancing. In this kind of song, different topics and events of life, families and their social or cultural conditions, jokes, and the like are the subject matter.
:'''Yurmi-glu''': This is a song sung by the women while working or weeding in the fields. In such songs, women recollect their childhood, love and longing for her parents, pleasant or unpleasant experience or feelings about her husband or other relatives.
:'''Ridagsi-glu''': These are the songs composed in praise of mountain-goats of all sort. Some songs admire the beauty of wild-life, some depict motherhood in these animals for their kids and in some the poets lament the extinction of goats and sheep.
:'''Bar-glu''': Also called ''Deewan'', this can be described as the medieval stage between the Rgya-glu and the modern poetry (glu). This type of poetry also involves romantic and other general experiences.
:'''Glu''': This can be described as the mGul-glu as it has only romantic feelings and flavour.
:'''[[Ghazal]]''': These are the odes of love and romance exactly on the principles of Persian and Urdu Ghazal and Nazm.
{{quote|<center>
:Youq fangsay thalang paqzi na mandoq na mabour na
:Na drolbi laming yani si soq fangse chi thobtook
:Nasir Karmi</center>}}
:'''Sa-get-pi-glu''': These are the songs praising or encouraging the farmers and agriculturists in modern time.
:'''Milli naghma''': These are like Urdu Milli naghmas.

==See also==
* [[Sart]]
* [[Balti people]]
* [[Gilgit-Baltistan]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==

* Muhammad Yousuf Hussainabadi, 'Baltistan per aik Nazar'. 1984.
* Hussainabadi, Mohamad Yusuf. ''Balti Zaban''. 1990.
* Muhammad Hassan Hasrat, 'Tareekh-e-Adbiat;.
* Muhammad Yousuf Hussainabadi, 'Tareekh-e-Baltistan'. 2003.
* Engineer Wazir Qalbi Ali, 'Qadam Qadam Baltistan'. 2006.
* "A Short Sketch of Balti English Grammar" by [[Ghulam Hassan Lobsang]], 1995.
* Everson, Michael. [http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n2985.pdf ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N2985: Proposal to add four Tibetan characters for Balti to the BMP of the UCS]. 2005-09-05
* Read, A.F.C. ''Balti grammar''.London:The Royal Asiatic society, 1934.
* Sprigg, Richard Keith. ''Balti-English English-Balti dictionary''. Richmond: RoutledgeCurzon, 2002.
* Backstrom, Peter C. ''Languages of Northern Areas (Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 2)'', 1992. 417 pp. {{ISBN|969-8023-12-7}}.

== External links ==
{{Incubator|code=bft}}
* [http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr3-2 Unicode]
* [http://koshur.org/Linguistic/7.html Koshur: The Balti Language]
* [http://www.tibet.com/newsroom/tibetan%20script.htm Tibetan script makes a comeback in Pakistan]
* [http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n2985.pdf Proposal to add four Tibetan characters for Balti to the BMP of the UCS]
* [[Andrew West (linguist)|Andrew West]], [http://babelstone.blogspot.com/2006/08/tibetan-extensions-2-balti.html Tibetan Extensions 2 : Balti]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1491179.stm Pakistan's Northern Areas dilemma]
* [http://www.northernareas.org.pk Northern Areas Development Gateway]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040107222554/http://paknews.com/articles.php?id=1&date1=2003-04-17 Pakistan's Northern Areas]
* [http://wikimapia.org/#lat=35.3029642&lon=75.6247973&z=18&l=0&m=a&v=2]
* [[Wikibooks:Research on Tibetan Languages: A Bibliography|A Bibliography of Tibetan Linguistics]]
* [https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.121696557911269.30420.120793871334871&type=3&l=79831095a2]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K5W1SDLHcpA]

{{Languages of Pakistan}}
{{Bodic languages}}

[[Category:Languages of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Bodic languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Gilgit-Baltistan]]
[[Category:Languages of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Baltistan]]
[[Category:Languages written in Tibetan script]]
[[Category:Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages]]

Rhythm 0

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{{italic title}}
'''''Rhythm 0''''' (1974) was a six-hour work of [[performance art]] by Yugoslav artist [[Marina Abramović]] in Studio Morra, [[Naples]].<ref>Marina Abramović, Chris Thompson and Katarina Weslien, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4139995 "Pure Raw: Performance, Pedagogy, and (Re)presentation"], ''PAJ: A Journal of Performance and Art'', 28(1), January 2006 (pp. 29–50), p. 47.</ref> The work involved Abramović standing still while the audience was invited to do to her whatever they wished, using one of 72 objects she had placed on a table. These included a rose, feather, perfume, honey, bread, grapes, wine, scissors, a scalpel, nails, a metal bar, and a gun loaded with one bullet.<ref name=Abramovic01:00mins>[https://vimeo.com/71952791 "Marina Abramović on ''Rhythm 0'' (1974)"], Marina Abramović Institute, 2014, c. 01:00 mins.</ref><ref>[http://www.moma.org/explore/multimedia/audios/190/1972 "Marina Abramović. Rhythm 0. 1974"], Museum of Modern Art.</ref>

There were no separate stages. Abramović and the visitors stood in the same space, making it clear that the latter were part of the work.<ref>Frazer Ward, ''No Innocent Bystanders: Performance Art and Audience'', University Press of New England, 2012, p. 125.</ref> The purpose of the piece, she said, was to find out how far the public would go: "What is the public about and what are they going to do in this kind of situation?"<ref name=Abramovic00:00mins>[https://vimeo.com/71952791 Abramović 2014], c. 00:00 mins.</ref>

==Performance==
Her instructions were placed on the table:

<blockquote style="background-color:none;margin-right:5em;margin-left:0em;border-left:solid 5px #ccc;padding:1.2em">
Instructions. 
There are 72 objects on the table that one can use on me as desired. 
Performance. 
I am the object. 
During this period I take full responsibility. 
Duration: 6 hours (8 pm – 2 am)<ref>Ward 2012, p. 119.</ref></blockquote>

Abramović said the work "pushed her body to the limits."<ref name=Abramovic00:00mins/> Visitors were gentle to begin with, offering her a rose or a kiss.<ref name=Abramovic01:00mins/> Art critic [[Thomas McEvilley]], who was present, wrote:

<blockquote style="background-color:none;margin-right:5em;margin-left:0em;border-left:solid 5px #ccc;padding:1.2em">

It began tamely. Someone turned her around. Someone thrust her arms into the air. Someone touched her somewhat intimately. The Neapolitan night began to heat up. In the third hour all her clothes were cut from her with razor blades. In the fourth hour the same blades began to explore her skin. Her throat was slashed so someone could suck her blood. Various minor sexual assaults were carried out on her body. She was so committed to the piece that she would not have resisted rape or murder. Faced with her abdication of will, with its implied collapse of human psychology, a protective group began to define itself in the audience. When a loaded gun was thrust to Marina's head and her own finger was being worked around the trigger, a fight broke out between the audience factions."<ref>Ward 2012, p. 120.</ref></blockquote>

As Abramović described it later: “What I learned was that... if you leave it up to the audience, they can kill you.” ... “I felt really violated: they cut up my clothes, stuck rose thorns in my stomach, one person aimed the gun at my head, and another took it away. It created an aggressive atmosphere. After exactly 6 hours, as planned, I stood up and started walking toward the audience. Everyone ran away, to escape an actual confrontation.”<ref>Daneri, 29; and 30</ref>

When the gallery announced the work was over, and Abramović began to move again, she said the audience left, unable to face her as a person.<ref>[https://vimeo.com/71952791 Abramović 2014], c. 01:45 mins.</ref>

==Reception==
''Rhythm 0'' ranked ninth on a ''[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]'' list of the greatest works of performance art ever done.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.complex.com/style/2013/04/the-25-best-performance-art-pieces-of-all-time/rhythm-0-the-artist-is-present|title=The 25 Best Performance Art Pieces of All Time|last=Eisinger|first=Dale|magazine=Complex|date=April 9, 2013|accessdate=July 19, 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Endurance art]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{performance art|state=uncollapsed}}

[[Category:Performance art]]
[[Category:1974 in art]]

Magnitsky Act

2017-07-17T11:53:00Z

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{{Infobox U.S. legislation
| name = Russia and Moldova Jackson-Vanik Repeal and Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012
| fullname = An Act To authorize the extension of nondiscriminatory treatment (normal trade relations treatment) to products of the Russian Federation and Moldova and to require reports on the compliance of the Russian Federation with its obligations as a member of the World Trade Organization, and for other purposes.
| acronym =
| nickname = Magnitsky Act
| enacted by = 112th
| effective date =
| public law url =
| cite public law = {{USPL|112|208}}
| cite statutes at large = {{USStat|126|1496}}
| acts amended =
| acts repealed =
| title amended = 
| sections created = 
| sections amended =
| leghisturl =
| introducedin = House
| introducedbill = "Russia and Moldova Jackson-Vanik Repeal Act of 2012" ({{USBill|112|HR|6156}})
| introducedby = [[Dave Camp]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]-[[Michigan|MI]])
| introduceddate = July 19, 2012
| committees = [[United States House Committee on Ways and Means|House Ways and Means]]
| passedbody1 = House
| passeddate1 = November 16, 2012
| passedvote1 = [http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2012/roll608.xml 365–43]
| passedbody2 = Senate
| passedas2 = 
| passeddate2 = December 6, 2012
| passedvote2 = [http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=112&session=2&vote=00223 92–4]
| signedpresident = [[Barack Obama]]
| signeddate = December 14, 2012
| amendments =
| SCOTUS cases =
}}

The '''Magnitsky Act''', formally known as the '''Russia and Moldova Jackson-Vanik Repeal and Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012''', is a bipartisan bill passed by the [[U.S. Congress]] and signed by President [[Barack Obama|Obama]] in November–December 2012, intending to punish Russian officials responsible for the death of Russian lawyer [[Sergei Magnitsky]] in a Moscow prison in 2009.

== Background ==

In 2009, Russian lawyer and auditor [[Sergei Magnitsky]] died in a Moscow prison after investigating fraud involving Russian tax officials. While in prison, Magnitsky developed gall stones, pancreatitis and calculous cholecystitis and was refused medical treatment for months. Finally, after almost a year of imprisonment, he died.<ref name=Bbc2012-12-07>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-20626960
| title = Q&A: The Magnitsky affair
| publisher = BBC News
| author =
| date = 2012-12-07
| page =
| accessdate = 2013-01-24

| archivedate = 2013-01-23
| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-20626960&date=2013-01-23
| deadurl = no
| quote =
}}
</ref><ref name=PerthNow2012-12-27>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/world/russia-puts-dead-lawyer-magnitsky-on-trial/story-fnd14032-1226544326077
| title = Russia puts dead lawyer Sergei Magnitsky on trial
| publisher = [[Perth Now]]
| author =
| date = 2012-12-27
| page =
| accessdate = 2013-01-23
| archivedate = 2013-01-23
| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perthnow.com.au%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Frussia-puts-dead-lawyer-magnitsky-on-trial%2Fstory-fnd14032-1226544326077&date=2013-01-23
| deadurl = no
| quote =
}}
</ref>{{Failed verification|date=July 2017}}

==Law==
In June 2012, the [[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs]] reported to the House a bill called the Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012 (H.R. 4405).<ref>"[http://archives.republicans.foreignaffairs.house.gov/news/story/?2401 "Russia Human Rights Legislation Passes Foreign Affairs Committee]" [committee press release]. June 07, 2012. Retrieved 2015-09-19.</ref> The main intention of the law was to punish Russian officials who were thought to be responsible for the death of Sergei Magnitsky by prohibiting their entrance to the United States and their use of its banking system.<ref name=WP2012/> The legislation was taken up by a [[United States Senate|Senate]] panel the next week, sponsored by Senator [[Ben Cardin]], and cited in a broader review of the mounting tensions in the international relationship.<ref>[[Peter Baker (author)|Baker, Peter]], [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/14/world/europe/putins-return-brings-rapid-chill-to-us-russia-ties.html?hp "Syria Crisis and Putin’s Return Chill U.S. Ties With Russia"], ''The New York Times'', June 13, 2012. Retrieved 2012-06-13.</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Belton |first=Catherine |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e2bcc8b6-bfac-11e1-8bf2-00144feabdc0.html#axzz22XRZQJ9p |title=‘Magnitsky law’ makes progress in Senate |publisher=Ft.com |date=2012-06-26 |accessdate=2012-12-18}}</ref>

In November 2012, provisions of the Magnitsky bill were attached to a House bill (H.R. 6156) normalizing trade with Russia (i.e. repealing the [[Jackson–Vanik amendment]]) and [[Moldova]].<ref name=NYT111612>{{cite news|title=House Passes Russia Trade Bill With Eye on Rights Abuses|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/17/world/americas/house-votes-to-increase-trade-with-russia.html|accessdate=November 17, 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=November 16, 2012|author=Jeremy W. Peters}}</ref> On December 6, 2012, the U.S. Senate passed the House version of the law.<ref name=WP2012>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/us-passes-magnitsky-bill-aimed-at-russia/2012/12/06/262a5bba-3fd5-11e2-bca3-aadc9b7e29c5_story.html|title=Russia fumes as U.S. Senate passes Magnitsky law aimed at human rights|date=December 6, 2012|accessdate=11 December 2012|work=The Washington Post|author=Kathy Lally |author2=Will Englund}}</ref> The law was signed by President [[Barack Obama]] on December 14, 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2012/12/14/statement-press-secretary-hr-6156 |title=Statement by the Press Secretary on H.R. 6156 |publisher=Whitehouse.gov |date=2012-12-14 |accessdate=2012-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.ruvr.ru/2012_12_15/Russia-US-Normalization-fraught-with-conflict/|title=Russia-US: Normalization fraught with conflictill|work=The Moscow Times|publisher=The Voice of Russia|author=Andrey Fedyashin|date=December 15, 2012|accessdate=26 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Obama signs Magnitsky Act linked with Jackson-Vanik Amendment termination|url=http://www.interfax.com/newsinf.asp?id=383015|publisher=Interfax|date=14 December 2012|accessdate=26 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Obama Signs Magnitsky Bill|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/obama-signs-magnitsky-bill/473144.html|work=Reuters|publisher=The Moscow Times|accessdate=26 December 2012|date=17 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ifTJR_NiuSC0kkGDgBkKJjDDYSqQ?docId=CNG.1a7e217111e4906ef1b6b3e54e79e1b0.141 |title=Obama signs Russia rights law despite Putin fury |publisher=AFP |date= |accessdate=2012-12-14}}</ref>

==Individuals affected==
The Obama administration made public a list of 18 individuals affected by the Act in April 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Magnitsky Sanctions Listings|url=http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/OFAC-Enforcement/Pages/20130412.aspx|publisher=US Department of the Treasury|date=April 12, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Factbox: Who's who on the U.S. Magnitsky list|url=https://news.yahoo.com/factbox-whos-u-magnitsky-list-220046497.html|newspaper=Yahoo News|date=April 12, 2013|agency=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Magnitsky List release: severe blow on Moscow-US ties|date=12 April 2013|work=[[Voice of Russia]]|url=http://english.ruvr.ru/2013_04_12/Magnitsky-List-release-severe-blow-on-Moscow-US-ties/}}</ref> The people included on the list are:
{{div col|2}}
*Artyom Kuznetsov, a tax investigator for the Moscow division of the [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)|Ministry of Internal Affairs]]
*Pavel Karpov, a senior investigator for the Moscow division of the Ministry of Internal Affairs
*Oleg F. Silchenko, a senior investigator for the Ministry of Internal Affairs
*Olga Stepanova, head of Moscow Tax Office No. 28
*Yelena Stashina, [[Tverskoy District|Tverskoy]] [[Judiciary of Russia#District courts|District Court]] judge who prolonged Magnitsky's detention
*Andrey Pechegin, deputy head of the investigation supervision division of the general prosecutor's office
*Aleksey Droganov
*Yelena Khimina
*Dmitriy Komnov
*Aleksey Krivoruchko, Tverskoy District Court judge
*Oleg Logunov
*Sergei G. Podoprigorov, Tverskoy District Court judge
*Ivan Pavlovitch Prokopenko
*Dmitri M. Tolchinskiy
*Svetlana Ukhnalyova
*Natalya V. Vinogradova
*Kazbek Dukuzov, Chechen acquitted of the murder of [[Paul Klebnikov]]
*Lecha Bogatyrov, implicated by Austrian authorities as the murderer of [[Umar Israilov]]
{{div col end}}

==Russian government reaction==

In response to the adoption of the Magnitsky Act, the Russian government [[Dima Yakovlev Law|denied Americans adoption of Russian children]], issued a list of US officials prohibited from entering Russia, and posthumously convicted Magnitsky as guilty.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dead Russian lawyer Magnitsky found guilty|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/dead-russian-lawyer-magnitsky-found-guilty|publisher=AP|accessdate=11 July 2013|archiveurl=https://wayback.archive.org/web/20130714160622/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/dead-russian-lawyer-magnitsky-found-guilty|archivedate=14 July 2013}}</ref> In addition, the Russian government reportedly lobbied against the legislation acting through a public relations company led by [[Kenneth Duberstein]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Adam Kredo |url=http://freebeacon.com/bank-of-putin/ |title=Bank of Putin. Goldman Sachs lobbying against human rights legislation |publisher=Freebeacon.com |date=2012-07-19 |accessdate=2012-12-18}}</ref><ref>[http://grani.ru/opinion/abarinov/m.199413.html Unlawful Arrest] by Vladimir Abarinov</ref>

=== Ban on U.S. adoption of Russian children ===
On December 19, 2012, the [[State Duma]] voted 400 to 4 to ban the [[international adoption]] of Russian children into the United States. The bill was unofficially named after Dmitri Yakovlev (Chase Harrison), a Russian toddler who died in 2008 of [[heat stroke]] after neglect from his adoptive American father.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/20/world/europe/russia-votes-to-ban-all-adoptions-by-americans.html|title=Russia Vote Favors Ban on Adoptions by Americans|first=David M.|last=Herszenhorn|date=2012-12-19|accessdate=2012-12-20|publisher=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>Tom Jackman, [http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-state-of-nova/post/toddlers-tragic-death-in-herndon-in-overheated-car-continues-as-political-issue-in-russia-four-years-later/2012/12/12/c6a6c9c6-43e4-11e2-9648-a2c323a991d6_blog.html Toddler’s tragic death in Herndon, in overheated car, continues as political issue in Russia four years later.] ''Washington Post'', 12/12/2012</ref> Other recent developments include the proposition of a law to prevent US citizens from working with political [[Non-governmental organization|NGOs]] in Russia and a proposition of a law, recently abandoned, preventing any foreigner from speaking on state television if they discredited the state.<ref>{{cite web|author=J.Y. |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/easternapproaches/2013/01/russian-politics?fsrc=scn/tw/te/bl/thekremlinsnewantiamericanism |title=Russian politics: The Kremlin's new Anti-Americanism |publisher=The Economist |date=2013-01-30 |accessdate=2013-04-14}}</ref>

=== Banning some U.S. officials from Russia ===
{{main|Guantanamo list}}
On April 13, 2013, Russia released a list naming 18 Americans banned from entering the Russian Federation over their alleged human rights violations, as a direct response to the Magnitsky list.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|author=RT News |url=http://rt.com/news/anti-magnitsky-list-russia-799/ |title=Russia strikes back with Magnitsky list response|publisher=[[RT News]] |date=2013-04-13 |accessdate=2013-04-13}}</ref> The people banned from Russia are listed below:

US officials involved in legalizing [[enhanced interrogation techniques|torture]] and indefinite detention of prisoners:
*[[David Addington]], Chief of Staff to Vice President [[Dick Cheney]] (2005–2009)
*[[John Yoo]], Assistant US Attorney General in the Office of Legal Counsel, Department of Justice (2001–2003)
*[[Geoffrey D. Miller]], retired US Army Major General, commandant of [[Joint Task Force Guantanamo]] (JTF-GTMO), the organization that runs the [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp]]s (2002–2003)
*Jeffrey Harbeson, US Navy officer, commandant of JTF-GTMO (2010–2012)

The Russian lawmakers also banned several U.S. officials involved in the prosecution and trial of Russian arms smuggler [[Viktor Bout]] and drug smuggler Konstantin Yaroshenko, both serving prison time in the United States:<ref>{{cite web|author=Englund, Will |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/russia-bans-american-officials-in-retaliatory-move/2013/04/13/9de797ae-a429-11e2-9c03-6952ff305f35_story.html |title=Russia retaliates against U.S., bans American officials |publisher=The Washington Post |date=April 13, 2013 |accessdate=2013-04-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Loiko |first=Sergei L. |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-18-americans-barred-from-russia-in-titfortat-sanctions-20130413,0,2431471.story |title=18 Americans barred from Russia in tit-for-tat sanctions |publisher=Los Angeles Times |date=April 13, 2013 |accessdate=2013-04-14}}</ref>
*[[Jed Rakoff]], Senior US District Judge for the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York|Southern District of New York]]
*[[Preet Bharara]], former US Attorney for the Southern District of New York
*[[Michael J. Garcia]], former US Attorney for the Southern District of New York
*Brendan R. McGuire, Assistant US Attorney
*Anjan S. Sahni, Assistant US Attorney
*Christian R. Everdell, Assistant US Attorney
*Jenna Minicucci Dabbs, Assistant US Attorney
*Christopher L. Lavigne, Assistant US Attorney
*Michael Max Rosensaft, Assistant US Attorney
*Louis J. Milione, Special Agent, US [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] (DEA)
*Sam Gaye, Senior Special Agent, US DEA
*Robert F. Zachariasiewicz, Special Agent, US DEA
*Derek S. Odney, Special Agent, US DEA
*Gregory A. Coleman, Special Agent, US [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

===Trump campaign–Russian meeting===
{{main| Trump campaign–Russian meeting}}

In June 2016, Russian lawyer, [[Natalia Veselnitskaya]], set up a [[Trump campaign–Russian meeting| meeting with Donald Trump, Jr.]] to discuss the issue of adoptions of Russian children. Emails came to light in 2017 which indicated that Trump expected the meeting to be about Russian government help in getting damaging information against Hillary Clinton, just months before the election. The emergence of the emails set off a major controversy.<ref>[http://www.politico.com/story/2017/07/14/russia-lobbyist-rinat-akhmetshin-us-investigation-240562 U.S. investigation] Retieved July 14, 2017</ref>

==Reception==
{{incomplete|date=January 2013}}
Australian expatriate jurist [[Geoffrey Robertson]], who is representing some of the Magnitsky campaigners, has described the Act as "one of the most important new developments in human rights". He says it provides "a way of getting at the Auschwitz train drivers, the [[apparatchik]]s, the people who make a little bit of money from human rights abuses and generally keep under the radar".<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.humanrights.gov.au/news/stories/international-human-rights-lawyer-geoffrey-robertson-speaks-fate-assange|title='International human rights lawyer Geoffrey Robertson speaks on fate of Assange'|date=2012-12-18|publisher=Australian Human Rights Commission}}</ref>

[[State Duma]] deputy Yevgeny Fedorov argued that the real purpose of the Magnitsky bill was to manipulate key figures in big business and government, with the aim of pro-American policy in the [[Russian Federation]].<ref>[http://tv.russia.ru/video/diskurs_13815/ Yevgeny Fedorov: Magnitsky Act – manipulation] // RUSSIA.RU</ref>

The Ministry of Internal Affairs Directorate for Special Affairs in the U.K. stated that it is aware of those on the list. The U.K. bans travel of those on the list under existing legislation which prohibits entry for those implicated in cases of human rights violations.<ref name=PRU7913>{{cite web|title=Will Britain sing America's anti-Russian tunes?|url=http://english.pravda.ru/russia/politics/09-07-2013/125073-britain_russia-0/|publisher=Pravda.ru|accessdate=July 14, 2013|date=July 7, 2013}}</ref>

The ''[[World Socialist Web Site]]'' condemned the United States for only invoking human rights as a cover for [[realpolitik]], stating that Washington had supported "far greater crimes, [such] as when Boris Yeltsin in 1993 ordered [[1993 Russian constitutional crisis|bombardment]] of the [[White House (Moscow)|Russian White House]], the seat of the country’s parliament, killing over 1,000 people".<ref>{{cite web|title=Moscow calls Obama's human rights bluff|url=http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2013/04/16/pers-a16.html|work=[[World Socialist Web Site]]|publisher=International Committee of the Fourth International|accessdate=16 April 2013}}</ref>

In March 2015, the parliament of Canada passed an initial motion towards passing such a law.<ref>“[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/all-parties-signal-support-for-magnitsky-law-to-sanction-russian-officials/article23617841/ All parties signal support for Magnitsky law to sanction Russian officials]” in the ''Globe and Mail'', 2015-03-25.</ref>

==January 2017 blacklisting==
On January 9, 2017, under the Magnitsky Act, the [[United States Department of the Treasury|United States Treasury]]'s [[Office of Foreign Assets Control]] updated its Specially Designated Nationals List and blacklisted [[Alexander Bastrykin|Aleksandr I. Bastrykin]], [[Andrey Lugovoy|Andrei K. Lugovoi]], [[Dmitry Kovtun|Dmitri V. Kovtun]], Stanislav Gordievsky, and Gennady Plaksin, which froze any of their assets held by American financial institutions or transactions with those institutions and banned their travelling to the United States.<ref>{{cite news | last = Landler | first = Mark | author-link = Mark Landler | title = U.S. to Blacklist 5 Russians, a Close Putin Aide Among Them | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/09/us/politics/russian-sanctions-obama-administration.html?_r=0 | work = New York Times | date = January 9, 2017 | accessdate = January 9, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Magnitsky-related Designations; Counter Terrorism Designations 1/9/2017, Office of Foreign Assests Control: Specially Designated Nationals List Update | url = https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/OFAC-Enforcement/Pages/20170109.aspx | work = Office of Foreign Assets Control | publisher = United States Treasury | date = January 9, 2017 | accessdate = January 9, 2017}}</ref>

==Implementation oversight in 2017==
''[[The Washington Post]]'' published an opinion piece on February 9, 2017, arguing that Congress should preserve the act.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/congress-must-preserve-the-magnitsky-act-to-protect-human-rights/2017/02/09/53b8a3c4-ee3c-11e6-a100-fdaaf400369a_story.html|title=Congress must preserve the Magnitsky Act to protect human rights|agency=[[Associated Press]]|work=[[The Washington Post]]|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|date=February 9, 2017|accessdate=April 22, 2017}}</ref> [[United States President|President]] [[Donald Trump]] gave a memorandum to Congress on the implementation of the act on April 21, 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.politico.eu/article/donald-trump-crackdown-on-rights-abusers-in-russia/|title=Trump pledges crackdown on rights abusers in Russia and beyond|first=David M.|last=Herszenhorn|work=[[Politico]]|publisher=[[Capitol News Company]]|location=[[Arlington County, Virginia]]|date=April 21, 2017|accessdate=April 22, 2017}}</ref>

In May 2017 US authorities came to an agreement with Prevezon, one of companies used for laundering the money exfiltrated from Russia as result of the fraud discovered by Sergey Magnitsky, based on which the real-estate company agreed to pay $5.8 million fine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/31fd3496-3669-11e7-99bd-13beb0903fa3|title=Subscribe to read|website=www.ft.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-05-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lawandorderinrussia.org/2017/son-of-senior-russian-government-official-to-pay-us-5-9-million-to-the-us-treasury-in-the-first-money-laundering-action-linked-to-magnitsky-case/|title=Son of Senior Russian Government Official to Pay US$5.9 Million to the US Treasury in the First Money Laundering Action Linked to Magnitsky Case : Law and Order in Russia|website=lawandorderinrussia.org|access-date=2017-05-13}}</ref>

Also in May 2016 an investigation was started on £6.6m that was allegedly transferred from the fraud scheme into a banking firm in the UK.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-39964545|title=Police probe UK links to Magnitsky money|last=Vardy|first=Emma|date=2017-05-20|work=BBC News|access-date=2017-05-20|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Dima Yakovlev Law]]
*[[International sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis]]
*[[List of companies that applied sanctions during the Crimean crisis]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/hr6156 H.R. 6156: Russia and Moldova Jackson-Vanik Repeal and Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012]
*[http://www.the-american-interest.com/articles/2012/12/18/what-the-magnitsky-act-means/ What the Magnitsky Act Means] opinion piece. (If over 3 article free limit, use this [http://web.archive.org/web/www.the-american-interest.com/articles/2012/12/18/what-the-magnitsky-act-means/ archive link] instead.)

[[Category:Corruption in Russia]]
[[Category:Political scandals in Russia]]
[[Category:Human rights in Russia]]
[[Category:United States federal banking legislation]]
[[Category:United States federal civil rights legislation]]
[[Category:United States federal immigration and nationality legislation]]
[[Category:United States federal trade legislation]]
[[Category:Acts of the 112th United States Congress]]
[[Category:Russia–United States relations]]
[[Category:Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections]]
[[Category:Trump administration controversies]]

Benutzer:Zollernalb/Dude Perfect

2017-07-12T02:44:45Z

XLinkBot: BOT--Reverting link addition(s) by 115.70.195.89 to revision 790169615 (https://www.youtube.com/user/DudePerfect [\byoutube\.com])

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Advert|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox YouTube personality
| name = Dude Perfect
| image =
| image_size =
| caption = Current logo of Dude Perfect as of June 2016
| channel_name = corycotton
| views = 3 billion+
| alt =
| signature =
| website = {{URL|http://www.dudeperfect.com/}}
| years_active = 2009–present
| genre = {{plainlist|
*[[Sports]]
*[[entertainment]]
*[[comedy]]
}}
| subscribers = 20 million+
| network =
| creator = {{plainlist|
*Coby Cotton
*Cory Cotton
*Garrett Hilbert
*Tyler Toney
*Cody Jones

}}
| silver_year = 2011
| gold_year = 2013
| diamond_year = 2016
| stats_update = June 16, 2017
| silver_button = yes
| gold_button = yes
| diamond_button = yes
}}
'''''Dude Perfect''''' is an American [[sports]] [[entertainment]] group based on [[YouTube]], and consists of twins Coby and Cory Cotton, Garrett Hilbert, Cody Jones and Tyler Toney, who are all former high school [[basketball]] players<ref name="Daily Mail">{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1215511/Dude-perfect-Is-really-amazing-basketball-shot-entire-world.html|title='Dude, perfect!' Is this really the most amazing basketball shot in the entire world?|newspaper=[[Daily Mail]]|date=September 23, 2009|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> and college roommates at [[Texas A&M University]].

They are widely known for their [[extreme sports]] methods, including stunt-based trick shots, and are also involved in comedy with their "Stereotypes" series, in which they poke fun at common stereotypes, mostly in the sports world. Occasionally, the group also takes part in non-profitable and [[charity (practice)|charitable]] actions, once collaborating with [[Make-A-Wish]].

The group has commented that their shots typically rely more on [[American football]] skills than basketball.<ref name="CBS News">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/trick-b-ball-shots-turn-youtube-sensation/|title=Trick B-Ball Shots Turn YouTube Sensation|publisher=[[CBS News]]|date=September 28, 2009|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> They have broken several [[Guinness World Records]] themselves, and have over 3.3 billion total views and 20 million subscribers {{as of|lc=y|July 2017}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://subscribercount.live/channel?user=Dude+Perfect|title=Dude Perfect Live Subscriber Count and Stats|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=SubscriberCount.live|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=May 26, 2017}}</ref> making them the [[List of the most subscribed users on YouTube|16th most subscribed channel]] and most subscribed sports channel on YouTube.

==History==

===Early years and formation===
They originally had Tyler as the main person while Garrett, Cory and Coby were also in the group. The twins then asked Cody if he wanted to join. The group was betting on sandwiches via basketball shots in their backyard, which were eventually recorded on camera, and a video of trick shots at Toney's ranch called "Backyard Edition" was eventually released on YouTube.<ref name="TAMU" /> Within a week, the video received 100,000 views. When asked about the name, Toney stated,<ref name="Star Local" />

{{bquote|Our camera guy, Sean (inspired by Kawdel Ainsworth), set the camera down on a ledge. When he turned on the camera, Tyler was already in the frame and he just said "dude, perfect" and said that he barely had to move the camera. When we went back to edit the video, we heard that the twins (Coby and Cory) had the mindset to brand this and called it Dude Perfect.|sign=|source=}}

Afterwards, a trick shot video from the Christian summer camp Sky Ranch was released, which now has over 18 million views.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T4giMyqv0qc|title=Trick Shot Basketball {{!}} Dude Perfect {{!}} Summer Camp|publisher=Dude Perfect|via=[[YouTube]]|date=August 30, 2009|accessdate=March 17, 2017}}</ref> For every 100,000 views the video received, Dude Perfect pledged to sponsor a child from [[Compassion International]].<ref name="TAMU">{{cite web|last=Ralston|first=Katy|url=http://tamunews.tamu.edu/dude-perfect-becomes-national-sensation/|title=‘Dude Perfect’ Becomes National Sensation|publisher=[[Texas A&M University]]|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> Afterwards, [[ESPN]]'s ''[[E:60]]'' contacted the group for a segment, and on the third floor of Texas A&M's [[Kyle Field]], Toney converted a shot, which traveled 3.9 seconds, a world record at the time. The shot prompted television appearances on ESPN's ''[[First Take (TV series)|First Take]]'', ''[[Pardon the Interruption]]'', ''[[Around the Horn]]'' and ''[[SportsNation (TV series)|SportsNation]]''.

====Introduction of Panda mascot====
Eventually, Dude Perfect introduced the Panda mascot, who "developed a cult following at [[Texas A&M Aggies men's basketball|A&M basketball]] games" when taunting players of the opposing team.<ref name="Star Local">{{cite web|last=Welch|first=Matt|url=http://starlocalmedia.com/sports/hoop-dreams-local-goes-from-online-sensation-to-nationwide-phenomenon/article_082fe9d7-e9f7-5dd1-84a7-9acf3a7ca8f6.html|title=Hoop Dreams: Local goes from online sensation to nationwide phenomenon|publisher=Star Local Media|date=June 18, 2011|accessdate=January 13, 2014}}</ref> The Panda has even competed in a few Battles, winning one of them; "Go-Kart Battle".

===Popular follower increase===
Later, the group received professional endorsements and requests, which began with then-[[Sacramento Kings]] player [[Tyreke Evans]], in an effort to promote Evans' run for [[NBA Rookie of the Year Award|Rookie of the Year]].<ref name="TheBlaze">{{cite web|last=Klimas|first=Liz|url=http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2013/03/08/you-know-those-viral-trick-shot-videos-we-talked-to-the-guys-behind-many-of-them-and-theyre-fascinating/|title=You Know Those Viral Trick Shot Videos? We Talked to the Guys Behind Many of Them and They're Fascinating|publisher=[[TheBlaze]]|date=March 8, 2013|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> Dude Perfect also worked with quarterback [[Aaron Rodgers]], [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] star [[Chris Paul]], Australian bowler [[Jason Belmonte]], actor [[Paul Rudd]], singer [[Tim McGraw]], [[Seattle Seahawks]] coach [[Pete Carroll]] and [[quarterback]] [[Russell Wilson]], Golfer Jamie Sadlowski, Ryan Swope, Volleyball Star Morgan Beck, and [[Heisman Trophy]] winner quarterback [[Johnny Manziel]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Gaines|first=Cork|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/johnny-manziel-trick-shot-video-with-dude-perfect-2013-1|title=Johnny Manziel Made A Trick Shot Video That Is Hard To Believe|work=[[Business Insider]]|date=January 25, 2013|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kercheval|first=Ben|url=http://collegefootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2013/01/24/johnny-manziel-has-an-absurd-trick-shot-video/|title=Johnny Manziel has an absurd trick shot video|publisher=[[NBC Sports]]|date=January 24, 2013|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> at Kyle Field,<ref>{{cite web|last=Speros|first=Bill|url=http://espn.go.com/blog/playbook/trending/post/_/id/13546/its-manziel-and-dude-perfect-mash-up|title=It's Manziel and Dude Perfect mash-up|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=January 25, 2013|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> [[Miami Dolphins]] quarterback [[Ryan Tannehill]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Newport|first=Kyle|url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1872125-ryan-tannehill-and-dude-perfect-make-trick-shot-video-at-dicks-sporting-goods|title=Ryan Tannehill and 'Dude Perfect' Make Trick Shot Video at Dick's Sporting Goods|publisher=[[Bleacher Report]]|accessdate=January 12, 2014}}</ref> the [[United States at the Olympics|U. S. Olympic team]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/19/team-usa-olympics-trick-shot-video-dude-perfect_n_1687732.html|title=Team USA Olympics Trick Shot Video: Dude Perfect Celebrates The Olympics With Amazing Accuracy|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=July 19, 2012|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> [[NASCAR]] drivers [[Ricky Stenhouse Jr.]], [[Travis Pastrana]], [[James Buescher]], [[Dale Earnhardt Jr.]] and [[IndyCar Series]] driver [[James Hinchcliffe]] at [[Texas Motor Speedway]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Haag|first=Mike|url=http://blog.mysanantonio.com/motorsports/2013/03/nascar-drivers-dude-perfect-hoop-it-up-at-texas-motor-speedway/|title=NASCAR drivers, Dude Perfect hoop it up at Texas Motor Speedway|newspaper=[[San Antonio Express-News]]|date=March 8, 2013|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> [[New York Giants]] wide receiver [[Odell Beckham Jr.]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Super Bowl Edition ft. Odell Beckham Jr|publisher=Dude Perfect|date=February 2, 2015|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EvCCwnLGtLY|accessdate=May 25, 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref> the [[Seattle Seahawks]], and [[Los Angeles Rams]] players [[Greg Zuerlein (American football)|Greg Zuerlein]], [[John Hekker]], and [[Jacob McQuaide]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Wagoner|first=Nick|url=http://www.stlouisrams.com/news-and-events/article-1/Rams-Get-Their-Kicks-with-Dude-Perfect/ec71fcbc-f54b-49a2-bfa3-54ac0b7fa3d4|title=Rams Get Their Kicks with Dude Perfect|publisher=[[St. Louis Rams]]|date=June 30, 2013|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> The group also worked with A&M wideout [[Travis Labhart]], and later they collaborated with the hockey team [[Dallas Stars]]' forward duo [[Tyler Seguin]] and [[Jamie Benn]]. They also have shot videos with fellow trick shot maestros [[Brodie Smith (ultimate)|Brodie Smith]] and [[Florian Kohler|Florian "Venom" Kohler]], and YouTube singer [[Luke Conard]]. The group has also interviewed [[National Basketball Association]] stars including, but not limited to: [[LeBron James]], [[Kobe Bryant]], [[Kevin Love]], [[Kevin Durant]], [[James Harden]], [[Carmelo Anthony]], and [[Chris Paul]], in their period as the [[United States men's national basketball team]]. Recently the Dude Perfect team traveled to the United Kingdom to film a video with players of [[Manchester City F.C.]] and [[Arsenal F.C.]] such as, [[Raheem Sterling]], [[Kevin De Bruyne]], [[Calum Chambers]], and [[Mathieu Flamini]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Dude Perfect goes to Manchester City, Arsenal|url = http://www.si.com/planet-futbol/2016/01/19/dude-perfect-soccer-manchester-city-arsenal|website = Sports Illustrated|access-date = January 21, 2016}}</ref>

===Launch of mobile app, draft, television show===
In 2011, Dude Perfect launched a mobile game for [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]], self-titled ''Dude Perfect''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/dude-perfect/id424123969?mt=8|title=Dude Perfect|publisher=[[iTunes Store]]|accessdate=July 7, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.dudeperfect.dudeperfect&hl=en|title=Dude Perfect|work=[[Google Play]]|accessdate=July 7, 2014}}</ref> Additionally, Cory Cotton authored a nationally published book titled ''Go Big'' in which he shares the secrets the group has learned along the way building a business in a world largely influenced by social media.

In June 2015, the group was selected by the [[Harlem Globetrotters]] in their annual player draft.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/early-lead/wp/2015/06/24/harlem-globetrotters-draft-mone-davis-alex-morgan-and-dude-perfect/|title=Harlem Globetrotters draft Mo’ne Davis, Alex Morgan and Dude Perfect|date=June 24, 2015|first=Marissa|last=Payne|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> In September 2015, the group was approved for a television series entitled [[The Dude Perfect Show]] on [[CMT (U.S. TV channel)|CMT]], which began airing during the first half of 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cmt.com/news/1757585/dude-perfect-series-coming-to-cmt/|title=Dude Perfect Series Coming to CMT|website=CMT News|access-date=May 26, 2016}}</ref>

Season 2 of the Dude Perfect show has been picked up by Nickelodeon <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chron.com/entertainment/the-wrap/article/Nickelodeon-Picks-Up-The-Dude-Perfect-Show-10899889.php|title=Nickelodeon Picks Up ‘The Dude Perfect Show’ for Season 2|website=Houston Chronicle|access-date=June 23, 2017}}</ref> and will premiere on July 22nd.<ref>Cite web|url=http://tvseriesfinale.com/tv-show/dude-perfect-show-season-two-premieres-nickelodeon-july/|title=The Dude Perfect Show: Season Two Premieres on Nickelodeon in July|website=TV Series Finale|acces-date=June 23, 2017}}</ref>

==Channel series==

===Regular videos===
Regular videos from Dude Perfect consist of the [[extreme sports]] genre. They are mostly [[stunt]]-based trick shots based on [[American football]] techniques and maneuvers, but also consists of go-karts, [[Nerf]] shots, contraptions, and more.

===Stereotypes===
"Stereotypes" is a [[satirical]] series where the group acts out the usual stereotypes of different subjects, such as pick-up basketball, softball, fishing, golf, driving (which guest-starred NASCAR driver [[Dale Earnhardt Jr.]]), and ''[[Madden NFL]]'' video game players. In "Editor Edition" the cameramen and editors of Dude Perfect, Chad and Tim, did a Stereotypes clip on the Dudes. One constant running gag in each of the series' videos is the "Rage Monster" stereotype, where Tyler portrays a guy who goes on an angry rampage over innocent incidents, mainly against Cody.

===Contests===

====Battles====
"Battles" is a "last man standing" competition where the members compete in a [[tournament]]-style battle, usually for a trophy. Garrett had a running gag before each battle when he proclaimed, "I'm gonna make a bold prediction, he ain't winning" in reference to Coby who had never won a battle at the time, although he did win a team battle, "Archery Kart", with his brother Cory. Coby finally gained his first victory in "Giant Sumo Battle", after a total of 28 battles, when he defeated Garrett in the final round. The video ended with Coby receiving a procession, and giving a speech.

Team battles are 2 on 2 events with one judge. The motto is "they're less about winning and more about not losing". The winning team does not receive a prize, however the losing team receives a punishment. Some punishments include paint angels, drinking blended cold hot pockets and getting taped to a column.

Some celebrities have competed in Battles as well. [[Paul Rudd]] competed in "Dizzy Sports Battle 2", as part of a promotion for the movie ''[[Ant-Man (film)|Ant-Man]]''. [[Liam Hemsworth]] and [[Jeff Goldblum]] competed in "Drone Racing Battle", as part of a promotion for ''[[Independence Day: Resurgence]]''. [[Luke Bryan]] competed in "Archery Kart Team Battle".

====Face-Off====
Face-Off videos are featured on the [[Whistle Sports Network]] YouTube channel. In these Face-Off videos, the Dude Perfect members draw two people to Face-Off in a contest and a sideline announcer to commentate. The commentator is usually portrayed in a comedic sense, with an outlandish outfit and personality. Tyler is most often chosen to play this role, having been selected 10 times. At first, there were no real prizes or trophies for the winners of the Face-Offs, though this was later rectified with a Face-Off title belt, first debuting in the Office Golf Face-Off.

Cody is the most successful member of the group in regards to Face-Offs; he has competed in 5 Face-Offs and won 4 of them. By contrast, Cory is the least successful, being winless in his 7 Face-Offs.

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan=6|Dude Perfect Face-Offs
|-
! No. !! Contest !! Winner !! Score !! Loser !! Commentator(s)
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 1 || Table Tennis || style="background: #000040; color:white"|'''Coby''' || '''20''' – 17 || style="background: #00cd00; color:white"|Cory || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 2 || Golf || style="background: #0000FF; color:white"|'''Cody''' || '''-3''' – E || style="background: #800080; color:white"|Garrett || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 3 || Hockey Shootout || style="background: #800080; color:white"|'''Garrett''' || '''2''' – 1 || style="background: #000040; color:white"|Coby || style="background: #0000FF; color:white"|Cody
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 4 || Darts || style="background: #0000FF; color:white"|'''Cody''' || '''3''' – 0 || style="background: #00cd00; color:white"|Cory || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 5 || Football || style="background: #000040; color:white"|'''Coby''' || '''10''' – 9 || style="background: #0000FF; color:white"|Cody || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 6 || Super Smash Bros (3DS) || style="background: #000040; color:white"|'''Coby''' || '''2''' – 0 || style="background: #00cd00; color:white"|Cory || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 7 || The Most Dangerous Game || style="background: #808080; color:black"|'''Toby''' || '''2''' – 0 || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler || style="background: #ffff00; color:black"|Coby & Cory
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 8 || Field Goal Kicking || style="background: #800080; color:white"|'''Garrett''' || '''4''' – 1 || style="background: #000040; color:white"|Coby || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 9 || Roller Skating Tennis || style="background: #000040; color:white"|'''Coby''' || '''2''' – 1 || style="background: #800080; color:white"|Garrett || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 10 || Turkey Bowling || style="background: #800080; color:white"|'''Garrett''' || '''27''' – 21 || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler || style="background: #000040; color:white"|Coby
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 11 || Hockey || style="background: #808080; color:black"|'''Tim''' || '''2''' – 1 || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler || style="background: #00cd00; color:white"|Cory
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 12 || Office Golf || style="background: #0000FF; color:white"|'''Cody''' || '''840''' – 50 || style="background: #00cd00; color:white"|Cory || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 13 || Gingerbread House || style="background: #ffff00; color:black"|'''Tyler and Cody''' || '''1''' – 0 || style="background: #ffff00; color:black"|Coby and Cory || style="background: #800080; color:white"|Garrett
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 14 || Home Run Derby || style="background: #800080; color:white"|'''Garrett''' || '''6''' - 5 ||style="background: #00cd00; color:white"|Cory|| style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 15 || Basketball Shootout || style="background: #000040; color:white"|'''Coby''' || '''17''' - 15 ||style="background: #00cd00; color:white"|Cory|| style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler
|-style="text-align:center;"
| colspan=6 style="text-align:center;"|'''Best Record:''' Cody, 4–1 (0.80)
|}
†Toby, who at the time was an intern cameraman, put his name in the drawing and got selected to compete in the faceoff.

====Record====
In 2009, the group set the world record for the longest basketball shot after shooting from the third deck of Kyle Field. The record was jeopardized by Legendary Shots, who made a shot from [[Birmingham, Alabama]]'s [[Vulcan statue]], but in October 2010, Dude Perfect extended their record with a "cross-tower" shot, which was {{convert|216|ft|m}} high, and the basket was {{convert|150|ft|m|abbr=on}} away from the tower's base.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://probasketballtalk.nbcsports.com/2010/10/01/dude-perfect-shatters-longest-shot-record/|title=Dude Perfect shatters longest shot record|work=[[NBC Sports]]|date=October 1, 2010|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> In March 2011, Dude Perfect unofficially{{ref|Official record|[a]}} extended the record with a shot from the top of [[NRG Stadium]], which lasted 5.3 seconds.<ref name="Star Local" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Goodman|first=William|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/dude-perfect-make-alleged-new-world-record-basketball-shot-at-reliant-stadium/|title="Dude Perfect" make alleged new world record basketball shot at Reliant Stadium|publisher=[[CBS News]]|date=March 23, 2011|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> In January 2014, the group successfully attempted a shot from the {{convert|561|ft|m|abbr=on}}-high [[Reunion Tower]], with Jones and Hilbert holding the basket at the base of the tower.<ref name="Dallas Observer">{{cite news|last=Nicholson|first=Eric|url=http://www.dallasobserver.com/news/watch-dude-perfect-hit-a-500-foot-trick-shot-from-reunion-tower-7121459|title=Watch Dude Perfect Hit a 500-Foot Trick Shot from Reunion Tower|newspaper=[[Dallas Observer]]|date=January 2, 2014|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref>

==Legitimacy==
Despite their success, questions arose over the legitimacy of the group's tricks; ''[[Good Morning America]]'' hosted a segment about the tricks and whether they were real,<ref>{{cite news|last=Chivers|first=Tom|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/6223653/YouTube-sensation-Dude-Perfects-worlds-longest-basketball-shot-real-or-fake.html|title=YouTube sensation Dude Perfect's 'world's longest basketball shot' - real or fake?|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=September 23, 2009|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> though experts contacted by ''GMA'' stated they were unable to find evidence of the tricks being fake.<ref name="Daily Mail" /> Regarding the doubts, Jones stated, "We love it when people claim it's fake because it makes the shots seem even more ridiculously impossible; and we get more publicity and hits on YouTube so we love the mystery of knowing whether it's real or fake."<ref name="TAMU" /> Tyler Toney, Coby and Cory Cotton stated that it takes multiple attempts when filming before successfully converting the final shots.<ref name="CBS News" />

==Notes==
:{{note|Official record|[a]}} ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' has not recognized Dude Perfect as the record holder; Thunder Law of the [[Harlem Globetrotters]] officially holds the record with a {{convert|33.45|m|ft|abbr=on}} shot at [[US Airways Center]] in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, on November 11, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/1000/longest-basketball-shot|title=Longest basketball shot|work=[[Guinness World Records]]|accessdate=January 15, 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://dudeperfect.com/}}
* {{YouTube|u=corycotton|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}
{{Streamy Awards Series Winners Subject}}

[[Category:2009 introductions]]
[[Category:Internet celebrities]]
[[Category:Streamy Award-winning channels, series or shows]]
[[Category:Texas A&M University alumni]]
[[Category:YouTube channels]]
[[Category:YouTube Diamond Play Button recipients]]

Lough Hyne

2017-07-07T09:29:40Z

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{{coord|51.502064|-9.305506|type:waterbody|display=title}}

[[Image:Lough Hyne.jpg|380px|thumb|Lough Hyne (2007)]]

'''Lough Hyne''' ([[Irish language|Irish]]: ''Loch Oighinn'') is a [[Marine (ocean)|marine]] [[lake]] in [[West Cork]], [[Ireland]], about 5 km southwest of [[Skibbereen]]. It was designated as Ireland's first [[Marine Nature Reserve]] in 1981.<ref name=book>{{cite book |title=
Lough Hyne -from Prehistory to the Present |publisher=Macalla Publishing |year=2013 |first=Terri |last=Kearney |ISBN=9780992624200}}</ref>

Lough Hyne was probably a [[freshwater]] lake until about four [[millennia]] ago, when rising [[sea level]]s flooded it with [[saline water|saline]] ocean water. The lake is now fed by [[tidal]] [[Ocean current|current]]s that rush in from the [[Atlantic]] through Barloge Creek. The stretch between the creek and the lake is known as "The Rapids." The lake's small size, only 0.8 km by 0.6 km, creates an unusual habitat of highly [[oxygenate]]d yet warm [[seawater]] that sustains an enormous variety of plants and animals, many of which are not found anywhere else in Ireland. A wide variety of [[Environment (biophysical)|environment]]s such as [[cliff]]s, [[salt marsh]], [[beach]], and areas of greatly varying water movement add to the area's [[biodiversity]]. Some of the [[seawall]]s around the lake and the Rapids were built as relief work during the [[Great Hunger]].

Scientific investigation of the area began in 1886 when [[William Spotswood Green|Rev. William Spottswood Green]] first recorded the presence of the purple [[sea urchin]] ''Paracentrotus lividus''. Prof. Louis Renouf resumed the scientific work in 1923 and promoted it as a 'biological station' and sustained studies have been carried out there since then.<ref name="book"/> It is now one of the most-studied sites of its size in the world. Several laboratories were constructed near the shores of the lake, supporting ground-breaking ecological research under Prof. Jack Kitching and Dr [[John Ebling]].<ref name=book2>{{cite book |title=Reflections on a Summer Sea |publisher=Random House |year=2002 |first=Trevor |last=Norton |ISBN=9780099416166}}</ref> An illustrated history of the marine research was published in 2011 'Lough Hyne: The Marine Researchers - in Pictures'.<ref name=book1>{{cite book |title=Lough Hyne: the Marine Researchers - in Pictures |publisher=Skibbereen Heritage Centre |year=2011 |first=Terri |last=Kearney |ISBN=9780956886309}}</ref>

The area is a [[tourism|tourist]] attraction with a permanent exhibition on the lough and its importance at nearby [http://www.skibbheritage.com/ Skibbereen Heritage Centre]. The ruins of [[Saint Bridgit]]'s Church are on the shores of the lake, as well as holy wells, Tobarín Súl and Skour Well, on the side of Knockomagh Hill. Castle Island is located in the center of the lake where the ruins of Cloghan Castle, once a [[fortress]] of the [[Driscoll (surname)|O'Driscoll]] [[clan]], are still visible. A nature trail up Knockomagh Hill offers superb views of the lough and the surrounding area. Lough Hyne is a popular kayaking and swimming destination for locals and tourists in the summer.

==See also==
*[[List of loughs in Ireland]]

==References and sources==
;Notes
{{reflist}}

;Sources
*[http://www.skibbheritage.com/hyne.htm The Skibbereen Heritage Center]
*[https://www.ucc.ie/en/bees/research/loughhyne The history of scientific research at Lough Hyne]
*[http://www.myguideireland.com/lough-hyne Tourist information]
*[http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1981/en/si/0206.html#zzsi206y1981 The establishment of Lough Hyne as a Marine Reserve, including a map of the Reserve]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_1BK2ixhQwM Underwater video from Lough Hyne]

==Further reading==
*Kearney, T. 2013. ''Lough Hyne - from Prehistory to the Present'' published by Macalla Publishing in 2013. {{ISBN|9780992624200}}
*Kearney, T. 2011. ''Lough Hyne: The Marine Researchers - in Pictures'' published by Skibbereen Heritage Centre in 2011. {{ISBN|9780956886309}}
*Norton, T.A. 2001. ''And in the beginning... the Pioneering Ecological work at Lough Hyne.'' in Marine Biodiversity in Ireland and Adjacent Waters. Proceedings of a Conference 26–27 April 2001. Ulster Museum publication no. 8.
*Norton, T.A. 2002.''Reflections on a summer sea'' published by Century (Random House Group), London. {{ISBN|9780099416166}}
*Holmes, J.M.C. 2008. Crustacean records from Lough Hyne (Ine), Co. Cork, Ireland: Part VIII. ''Bull. Ir. biogeog. Soc. No. 32: 62 - 68.

[[Category:Sea loughs of the Republic of Ireland|Hyne]]
[[Category:Marine reserves of the Republic of Ireland]]
[[Category:Nature reserves in the Republic of Ireland]]
[[Category:Protected areas of County Cork]]
[[Category:Landforms of County Cork]]

Lauren Southern

2017-07-04T09:00:30Z

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{{pp-pc}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lauren Southern
| image = Lauren Southern 2 (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1995}}<ref name="Lauren Southern, l'attivista che combatte islam, immigrazione e Ong">{{cite web|last1=De Lorenzo|first1=Giuseppe|title=Lauren Southern, l'attivista che combatte islam, immigrazione e Ong|url=http://www.ilgiornale.it/news/cronache/lauren-southern-lattivista-che-combatte-islam-immigrazione-e-1399117.html|website={{ill|il Giornaletitle|it}}|accessdate=1 July 2017|archiveurl=http://archive.is/2017.07.01-203748/http://www.ilgiornale.it/news/cronache/lauren-southern-lattivista-che-combatte-islam-immigrazione-e-1399117.html|archivedate=1 July 2017|language=Italian|trans-title=Lauren Southern, the Islamic, immigrant, and NGO fighter|date=19 May 2017}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Surrey, British Columbia]], [[Canada]]
| nationality = Canadian
| occupation = Commentator, media personality
| party = [[Libertarian Party of Canada|Libertarian]]
}}
{{Conservatism Canada}}

'''Lauren Southern''' is a Canadian [[Libertarianism|libertarian]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ksby.com/story/35522095/tense-interactions-at-lauren-southern-event-at-cal-poly|title=Tense interactions at Lauren Southern event at Cal Poly|last=Slyke|first=Matt Van|access-date=2017-06-30|language=en}}{{better source|date=June 2017}}</ref> and [[conservative]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3603345/Conservative-activist-Lauren-Southern-banned-Facebook-mentioning-censorship.html|title=Conservative activist banned from Facebook for mentioning censorship|publisher=}}{{better source needed|date=June 2017}}</ref> political activist<ref>Cynthia Dizikes: ''[https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/arrests-made-as-protesters-clash-at-pro-trump-rally-in-berkeley/ar-BBzSqR9 Arrests made].'' In: [[MSN|The Microsoft Network]], 2017/04/16.</ref><ref>Alan Yuhas, Lauren Gambino: ''[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/apr/15/arrests-violent-berkeley-trump-protests-tax-marches Arrests at violent Berkeley].'' In: [[The Guardian]], 2017/04/16.</ref>, writer, and journalist.<ref>Edmund Kozak: ''[http://nation.foxnews.com/2017/04/24/shadowy-extremist-group-behind-anti-trump-riots/ The Shadowy Extremist Group].'' In: [[Fox News]], 2017/04/24.</ref><ref>Peter Lloyd: Stand by Your Manhood: A Game-Changer for Modern Men, Biteback Publishing, 2014, {{ISBN|1-84954-743-2}}.</ref><ref>Jamil Smith: ''[https://newrepublic.com/article/123157/what-rapist-can-look-actually This Is What].'' In: [[The New Republic]], 2015/10/20.</ref> She created content for [[The Rebel Media]], a Canadian online media company, until March 2017. Southern also ran as a candidate for the [[Libertarian Party of Canada]] in the [[Canadian federal election, 2015|2015 Canadian federal election]]. Currently, she is an independent journalist, focusing on her YouTube channel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCla6APLHX6W3FeNLc8PYuvg|title=Lauren Southern|last=|first=|date=|website=[[YouTube]]|access-date=}}</ref>

== Education and personal life ==
Southern was born in [[Surrey, British Columbia]] and currently resides in [[Toronto]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.libertarian.ca/candidate/lauren-southern |title=Lauren Southern | Libertarian Party of Canada | Home |publisher=Libertarian.ca |date= |accessdate=2016-07-01}}</ref> She studied [[political science]] at the [[University of the Fraser Valley]] but dropped out after two years to focus on her political activism.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.langleyadvance.com/federalelection/323015761.html|title=Langley post-secondary student runs as Libertarian - News|last=Claxton|first=Matthew|newspaper=Langley Advance|access-date=2016-10-30}}</ref>
She is of [[Denmark|Danish]] descent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Lauren_Southern/status/749691361348116480|title=Danish|first=Lauren|last=Southern|date=3 July 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Her father's family emigrated from [[Denmark]] and relocated to Canada during [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/The_Donald/comments/5jy3th/im_lauren_southern_i_just_wrote_a_book_called/|title=I'm Lauren Southern - I just wrote a book called Barbarians - Ask me anything! • r/The_Donald|website=reddit}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Lauren_Southern/status/601934068217872385|title=@willfull19 Jewish people are still recovering from the holocaust, my grandparents escaped the Nazi's in Denmark & lost everything.|first=Lauren|last=Southern|date=22 May 2015|publisher=}}</ref>

==Media and political career==

=== Political career ===
In 2015, Southern was a candidate in the [[Canadian Federal Election]] representing the [[Libertarian Party of Canada]] in the [[Electoral district (Canada)|electoral district]] of [[Langley—Aldergrove]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailydot.com/lifestyle/lauren-southern-libertarian/|work=[[The Daily Dot]]|title=Meet the Canadian college student who's about to be the next enemy of the feminist movement|first=Marisa|last=Kabas|date=June 15, 2015}}</ref> She was briefly removed by the party as a candidate, but was reinstated with support from ''[[Breitbart News]]'' and ''The Rebel''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Claxton|first1=Matthew|title=Former Langley Libertarian candidate detained in Italy - Abbotsford News|url=http://www.abbynews.com/news/former-langley-libertarian-candidate-detained-in-italy/|accessdate=May 28, 2017|work=Abbotsford News|date=May 17, 2017}}</ref> The riding was eventually won by [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] candidate [[Mark Warawa]].

=== Media activism ===
In June 2015, Southern's Rebel Media cameraman was shoved at the SlutWalk in [[Vancouver]] and Southern's protest sign "There Is No [[Rape Culture]] In The West" was torn up while reporting on the event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.themarysue.com/the-triggering-is-dumb/|last=Lachenal|first=Jessica|date=2016-03-09|website=TheMarySue|access-date=2016-09-03|title=Internet Jerks Pledge to Make Internet Even Worse in #TheTriggering}}</ref><ref>Jean-François Cloutier: ''[http://www.tvqc.com/2015/06/lauren-southern-troll-la-slutwalk-en-disant-il-ny-a-pas-de-culture-du-viol-en-occident/ Lauren Southern troll la SlutWalk]'' (in French). In: TVQC, 2015/06/14.</ref>

In March 2016, a protester in [[Vancouver]] poured a container of urine over Southern's head while she was speaking with other protesters at a rally in Vancouver.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/activist-pours-bottle-of-urine-on-rebel-reporter-during-anti-fascist-in-vancouver|title=Activist accused of pouring bottle of urine on Rebel reporter during ‘anti-fascist’ rally in Vancouver|last=Raptis|first=Mike|date=2016-03-07|website=[[National Post]]|access-date=2016-05-21}}</ref><ref>Mike Raptis: ''[http://www.torontosun.com/2016/03/07/activist-pours-urine-onto-reporters-head Activist pours urine].'' In: [[Toronto Sun]], 2016/03/07</ref> The incident resulted from statements Southern made about there being "[[gender binary|only two genders]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/a/31043202/protester-pours-urine-on-journalist-for-hateful-comments/|title=Protester pours urine on journalist for 'hateful' comments|last=Christian|first=Natasha|date=2016-03-08|website=Yahoo7|access-date=2016-05-21}}</ref> Southern was banned from [[Facebook]] after she criticized Facebook policies in 2016 after a string of conservatives were banned from the site.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3603345/Conservative-activist-Lauren-Southern-banned-Facebook-mentioning-censorship.html Trump supporter BLOCKED by Facebook for complaining about site's censorship of right-wing activists] By DAILYMAIL.COM REPORTER, PUBLISHED: 15:33, 22 May 2016{{better source|date=June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-troll-booth-1464026102|title=The Troll Booth|last=Taranto|first=James|date=2016-05-23|website=WSJ.com|access-date=2016-09-03|subscription=yes}}</ref>

Southern initiated "The Triggering", whereby every March 9, the day after [[International Women's Day]], Twitter users post taboo content in defence of free speech.<ref name="The Triggering: A powerful defence of free speech against the professionally offended">{{cite web|last1=Southern|first1=Lauren|authorlink1=Lauren Southern|title=The Triggering: A powerful defence of free speech against the professionally offended|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/triggering-powerful-defence-free-speech-against-professionally-offended-1548705|website=International Business Times UK|accessdate=6 June 2017|archiveurl=http://archive.is/2016.03.10-233953/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/triggering-powerful-defence-free-speech-against-professionally-offended-1548705|archivedate=10 March 2016|deadurl=no|language=English|date=10 March 2016}}</ref> During one of "The Triggering" events Southern posted on Twitter saying "#AltRightMeans I don't have to be ashamed of my heritage".<ref>{{cite web|title=The alt-right, explained in its own words|website=washingtonpost.com|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2016/08/29/the-alt-right-explained-in-its-own-words/}}</ref> Tamara Khandaker from ''[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]'' magazine classifies Southern as [[Alt-right]].<ref>Tamara Khandaker: ''[https://news.vice.com/story/lauren-southern-is-the-alt-rights-not-so-secret-weapon Lauren Southern is the alt-right’s not-so-secret weapon]''. In: ''[[Vice (magazine)|VICE]]'', 2017/03/17.</ref>

In October 2016, Southern had her gender legally changed to male as part of a video produced for Rebel Media to show the ease of the new gender ID laws.<ref name="Trans video">{{cite web | url=http://www.therebel.media/lauren_southern_becomes_a_man | title=Lauren Southern Becomes a Man! | work=[[The Rebel Media]] | date=October 3, 2016 | accessdate=October 28, 2016 | author=Southern, Lauren}}</ref><ref>Tamara Wernli: ''[http://bazonline.ch/leben/gesellschaft/Total-durchgeknallt/story/28206664 Total durchgeknallt]'' (in German). In: [[Basler Zeitung]], 2016/12/01.</ref>

Southern posted unverified and incorrect rumours from [[4chan]] that the January 2017 [[Quebec City mosque shooting]] had been carried out by Syrian refugees, and later deleted those tweets and apologized.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/ishmaeldaro/quebec-shooting-hoaxes-and-bullshit|title=Here Are All The Hoaxes And Bullshit Stories That Spread After The Quebec Shooting|last=Daro|first=Ishmael N.|last2=Lytvynenko|first2=Jane|date=January 31, 2017|website=[[BuzzFeed News]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=June 21, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/twitter-and-the-mosque-shooting-a-tale-of-fake-news-and-bias/|title=Twitter, the mosque shooting, fake news and bias - Macleans.ca|last=Hutchins|first=Aaron|date=January 30, 2017|work=[[Macleans.ca]]|access-date=June 21, 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-CA}}</ref>

In March 2017, Southern announced she would be leaving Rebel Media to become an independent journalist.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=18ZRJ0D6zPE&feature=share|title=Going Independent|first=|last=Lauren Southern|date=9 March 2017|publisher=|via=YouTube}}</ref>

In the same month Lauren Southern gained access to the press briefings by the [[White House Press Secretary]] [[Sean Spicer]].<ref>Cristina López G.: ''[https://www.mediamatters.org/research/2017/03/14/meet-lauren-southern-latest-alt-right-media-troll-gain-access-white-house-press-briefing/215674 Meet Lauren Southern].'' In: Media Matters for America, 2017/03/14.</ref><ref>Sam Kestenbaum: ''[http://forward.com/news/366179/trumps-white-house-welcomes-5-new-far-right-figures/ Trump's White House].'' In: [[The Jewish Daily Forward|The Forward]], 2017/03/15.</ref>

In April 2017, she was one of several scheduled speakers at a [[Patriots' Day]] rally in Berkeley, California along with [[Gavin McInnes]], [[Brittany Pettibone]], and [[Kyle Chapman (Alt-Right)|Kyle Chapman]]. The rally led to [[2017 Berkeley protests#April 15|a riot]] between pro-Trump demonstrators and anti-Trump counter-protesters.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/Berkeley-Braces-for-Latest-Face-Off-Between-Trump-Supporters-Detractors-419535563.html|title=Clashes Break Out at Opposing Rallies in Berkeley|work=NBC Bay Area|access-date=2017-04-15|language=en}}</ref>

Lauren Southern took part with [[Martin Sellner]] in activism by the [[Identitarian movement]] in May 2017, when they tried to block the passage of an NGO ship which was to carry migrants to Sicily.<ref name="abbynews">Matthew Claxton: ''[http://www.abbynews.com/news/former-langley-libertarian-candidate-detained-in-italy/ Former Langley Libertarian candidate detained in Italy].'' In: ''[[Abbotsford News]]'' 2017/05/17.</ref><ref>Claudio Cartaldo: [http://www.ilgiornale.it/news/cronache/migranti-blitz-contro-long-identiatari-bloccano-nave-che-va-1396686.html Migranti, blitz contro l'Ong] (in Italian). In: [[il Giornale]], 2017/05/13.</ref>

== Publications ==
Lauren Southern wrote ''Barbarians: How Baby Boomers, Immigrants, and Islam Screwed My Generation'', which she self-published in 2016 through [[Amazon.com|Amazon]]'s [[CreateSpace]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Southern|first1=Lauren|title=Barbarians: How Baby Boomers, Immigrants, and Islam Screwed My Generation|url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/1541136942|website=Amazon.com|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform|accessdate=22 December 2016|language=English|date=21 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="Southern-Barbarians">{{cite web|last1=Southern|first1=Lauren|title=Purchase your copy of Lauren Southern's first book "Barbarians" now!|url=http://www.therebel.media/barbarians-book-lauren-southern|website=The Rebel|accessdate=22 December 2016}}</ref>

== Electoral record==

{{Canadian election result/top|CA|2015|Langley—Aldergrove|percent=yes|change=yes|expenditures=yes}}
{{CANelec|CA|Conservative|[[Mark Warawa]]|27,333|45.6|-20.22|–}}
{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|Leon Jensen|21,894|36.6|+27.62|–}}
{{CANelec|CA|NDP|Margot Sangster|7,490|12.5|-6.85|–}}
{{CANelec|CA|Green|Simmi Kaur Dhillon|2,644|4.4|-0.86|–}}
{{CANelec|CA|Libertarian|Lauren Southern|535|0.9|''new''|–}}
{{Canadian election result/total|Total valid votes/Expense limit|59,896|100.0  | |$216,042.49}}
{{Canadian election result/total|Total rejected ballots|204|–|–}}
{{Canadian election result/total|Turnout|60,100|–|–}}
{{Canadian election result/total|Eligible voters|80,360}}
{{CANelec/hold|CA|Conservative|-23.92}}
{{CANelec/source|Source: [[Elections Canada]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.ca/Scripts/vis/candidates?L=e&ED=59016&EV=41&EV_TYPE=1&PC=&PROV=BC&PROVID=59&MAPID=&QID=8&PAGEID=17&TPAGEID=&PD=&STAT_CODE_ID=-1|title=Voter Information Service - Who are the candidates in my electoral district?|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.ca/content2.aspx?section=can&dir=cand/canlim&document=index&lang=e |title=Elections Canada On-line - Élection Canada en-ligne |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815061116/http://www.elections.ca/content2.aspx?section=can&dir=cand%2Fcanlim&document=index&lang=e |archivedate=2015-08-15 |df= }}</ref>}}{{dead link|date=October 2016}}
{{end}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons}}
* {{IMDb name|8762031}}
*[http://www.therebel.media/laurensouthern Lauren Southern] at [[The Rebel Media|The Rebel]]
*{{Twitter}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Southern, Lauren}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Alt-right]]
[[Category:Canadian libertarians]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Danish descent]]
[[Category:Canadian media personalities]]
[[Category:Canadian political writers]]
[[Category:Canadian social commentators]]
[[Category:Canadian women in federal politics]]
[[Category:Canadian anti-communists]]
[[Category:Conservatism in Canada]]
[[Category:Critics of multiculturalism]]
[[Category:Critics of Islam]]
[[Category:Female critics of feminism]]
[[Category:Libertarianism in Canada]]
[[Category:Libertarian Party of Canada candidates for the Canadian House of Commons]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Surrey, British Columbia]]

Bobi Wine

2017-06-19T09:47:56Z

XLinkBot: BOT--Reverting link addition(s) by WhiteheadComm to revision 785934970 (https://www.facebook.com/BobiWineLive/ [\bfacebook\.com])

{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bobi Wine
| image = Bobi Wine.png
| caption = Bobi Wine
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1982|02|12}}
| birth_place = [[Uganda]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = '''General Education''' [[Makerere University]], [[Kampala]], Uganda
| occupation = Musician, entrepreneur, entertainer, philanthropist, politician.
| years_active = 2000 – present
| nationality = Ugandan
| ethnicity = [[Buganda Kingdom|Muganda]]
| citizenship = [[Uganda]]
| residence = [[Kampala]], Uganda
| known_for = Music
| networth =
| home_town = [[Kanoni]]
| title =
|religion =
| relatives = Mikie Wine (Brother)
}}

'''Bobi Wine''' (born '''Robert Ssentamu Kyagulanyi'''; 12 February 1982) is a [[Uganda]]n musician.

==Biography==
{{Unreferenced|section|date=June 2017}}
He was born in [[Mpigi District]] and baptised Robert Kyagulanyi in the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. He attended [[Makerere University]] in [[Kampala]].

==Career==
Wine started making music in the early 2000s. His first singles were ''Akagoma'', ''Funtula'', and Sunda (featuring [[Ziggy D]]), which brought Wine into the limelight.<ref>Saturday Vision, 12 June 2009: [http://www.saturdayvision.co.ug/content/view/987/31/ Your Stars - Bobi Wine]</ref> He was previously part of the group ''Fire Base Crew''. Later, he formed a new group, ''Ghetto Republic of Uganja'', which he leads.<ref>Guardian Unlimited, 5 January 2009: [http://www.scenta.co.uk/viewitem.cfm?404;http://www.scenta.co.uk:80/home/search/cit/1739763/scene-and-heard-ugandan-dancehall.htm&printfriendly Scene and heard: Ugandan dancehall]</ref> {{citation needed span|He is associated with other musicians like Buchaman and Nubian Li who have sung alongside him in various productions. He recently released a new song entitled ''Dilemma'' starring Mr. G, Cindy and Wine himself.|date=May 2017}}

The Uganda Professional Boxing Commission (UPBC) has given him a professional boxing license.<ref>The Monitor, 7 November 2008: [http://allafrica.com/stories/200811070412.html [http://www.hipipo.com/home/artists/bobi-wine/ Bobi Wine] Secures Pro Boxing License ]</ref>

{{Citation needed span|He has had a number of conflicts with [[Bebe Cool]] and [[Chameleone]].

Wine is also a movie actor, mainly starring in a few local movies commonly known as Binayugandda. Wine is also associated with a TV show filmed at his lake-view mansion.|date=May 2017}}

In late May 2017, he became a candidate for parliament in an upcoming by-election for the Kyadondo east constituency. His house to house walk campaign still remains the most followed parliamentary election campaign in Uganda's recent History.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-39261833 | title=Africa highlights: Wednesday 31 May 2017 as it happened | website=BBC News | access-date=31 May 2017}}</ref>

==Humanitarian work==
Wine's lyrics often advocate for ghetto-residents in Uganda. He has supported several practical projects to improve conditions for the poor.<ref name="Giving">{{Cite web | url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/634964-bobi-giving-back-to-the-hands-that-lifted-him-up.html | title=Bobi giving back to the hands that lifted him up | date=6 September 2012 | publisher=New Vision}}</ref>

In July 2012, he started a campaign to promote more regular cleaning in hospitals,<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.koonadance.co.ug/mobile/newsdetails.php?story_id=469|title = KoonaDance|date = 6 July 2012 | website=www.koonadance.co.ug | publisher=koonadance}}</ref> and more attention to sanitization, garbage management, and hand washing to prevent disease.{{fact|date=June 2017}} A YouTube [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7LbIBheR83c&feature=youtube_gdata_player video] from September 2012 shows Wine joining Kampala mayor Elias Lukwago in cleaning up Kamwokya, the slum neighbourhood where he grew up. Also in 2012, Bobi donated funds to build pit latrines and construct a drainage channel in Kisenyi II, a Kampala slum that [http://www.newvision.co.ug/ New Vision], a major local newspaper, described as being "characterized by filth, crowded shanty structures, poor sanitation and lack of basic social facilities."<ref name="Giving"/> The newspaper quoted Wine as explaining "I am doing this because these are my people, and no matter where I go, this will always be home."

He has also campaigned for malaria prevention, with donations to the Nakasongola Health [http://health.go.ug/docs/nakasongola.pdf Centre], and reference to the disease in his songs.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://bigeye.ug/bobi-wine-campaign-malaria/ | title=Bobi Wine In Campaign Against Malaria | date=24 April 2014 | website=bigeye.ug}}</ref> "Malaria is more dangerous than [[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|Al-Shabab]]" became a popular refrain in one of his 2010 songs.{{fact|date=June 2017}}

He visited the [http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/645325-over-15-000-refugees-registered-in-bundibugyo.html Bundibugyo Refugee Camp] in Rwenzori region in August 2013,<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://bigeye.ug/bobi-wine-in-bundibugyo-charity-drive/ | title=Bobi WINE in Bundibugyo Charity Drive | date=14 August 2013 | website=bigeye.ug}}</ref> along with representatives from [[Save the Children]] [http://uganda.savethechildren.net/], [[UNHCR]], and the [http://www.redcrossug.org/ Red Cross] to deliver funds and supplies. The same year, Wine was appointed Parenting Ambassador by [http://www.twaweza.org/ Twaweza], a NGO that focuses on education and citizen engagement in [[East Africa]]; his message in this partnership was to promote responsible parenting among his Ugandan [http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/647771-bobi-wine-appointed-parenting-ambassador.html#.VFNm8mzeZTQ.mailto fans]. "Education is what will ultimately change the course of our country and as an artiste and a father, I believe we can all make a difference in our children’s learning," he said.

In November 2013, he held what local media reported to be Uganda's first<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/artsculture/Entertainment/Bobi-makes-l-history/-/812796/2068132/-/akd5dxz/-/index.html | publisher=Daily Monitor | date=11 November 2013 | website=monitor.co.ug}}</ref> large-scale free entry album launch concert, at the Lugogo Cricket Oval, a very large venue where donations were collected by the Red Cross for victims of landslides in Bududa in eastern Uganda.

In 2014, Wine was appointed a Save the Children Ambassador for their EVERY [http://www.savethechildren.net/what-we-do/every-one-campaign ONE] Campaign, and joined a team of [http://everyone.savethechildren.net/articles/leading-music-artists-produce-new-campaign-song-uganda 14 Ugandan artists] who recorded a special song and [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=10QCSdzZCKs video] about maternal and child health. Other leading Uganda artists in the video included [[Jose Chameleone]], and Radio and Weasel, who make up the [[Goodlyfe Crew]]. Bobi and his wife Barbie ([https://www.facebook.com/kyagulanyi.barbara Kyagulanyi Barbie Itungo]) traveled to hospitals throughout Uganda – including [[Nakaseke Hospital]], meeting with midwives and health workers, to popularize the campaign.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.healthynewbornnetwork.org/blog/ending-newborn-deaths-ensuring-every-baby-uganda-survives | title=Healthy Newborn Network | date=11 April 2014 | website=www.healthynewbornnetwork.org}}</ref> Save the Children also took Wine to other regions with the EVERY ONE Campaign, including a refugee camp for South Sudanese.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/655590-bobi-wine-thrills-south-sudanese-refugees.html | publisher=New Vision | date=15 May 2014 | title=Bobi Wine thrills South Sudanese refugees | website=newvision.co.ug}}</ref>

== Controversies==
Wine is often outspoken about political and social issues in Uganda, and has, as a result, provoked controversy.

Wine has a long-standing competition / animosity toward fellow Ugandan musician [[Bebe Cool|Bebe <nowiki/>Cool]], who has sung in support of long-time Ugandan President [[Yoweri Museveni|Museveni]] and his ruling NRM party; while Wine has supported opposition interests.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bigeye.ug/bebe-cool-fans-forsake-him-over-politics-and-join-bobi-wine/|title=Bebe Cool fans forsake him over politics, and join Bobi Wine.|date=2016-02-22|website=Bigeye.ug|language=en-US|access-date=2016-05-29}}</ref>

in 2015 Bobi, who is also known as Omubanda Wa Kabaka for his devotion to the [[Kabaka of Buganda|Kabaka]] [king of Buganda], publicly defended the kingdom's fundraising efforts, when they were harshly criticized by outspoken Sheikh Muzaata, stirring up a war of words.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.chimpreports.com/bobi-wine-warns-of-war-with-muzaata/|title=Bobi Wine Warns of War with Muzaata {{!}}|website=www.chimpreports.com|access-date=2016-05-29}}</ref>

When the only radiotherapy machine in Uganda broke down<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201604130167.html|title=Uganda: Butabika Hospital X-Ray Machine Breaks Down|website=allAfrica.com|access-date=2016-06-01}}</ref> in April 2016, Bobi Wine took a leading position in widespread public anger at the slow official response, and posted a critique of the government's handling of public health care, challenging the country's leaders to make better use of citizens' taxes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=10154785140013012&substory_index=0&id=130737598011|title=Photo|website=m.facebook.com|access-date=2016-06-01}}</ref>

In July 2014, it was announced that Wine was to perform in the United Kingdom, at [[The Drum (Arts Centre)|The Drum]] arts centre in Birmingham and the [[Troxy]] in London.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anti-gay Ugandan singer due to perform in Birmingham and London |url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2014/07/24/anti-gay-ugandan-singer-due-to-perform-in-birmingham-and-london |date=24 July 2014 |publisher=Pink News}}</ref> This led to calls for a ban because of his lyrics expressing opinions against homosexuality.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bobi Wine UK Performance Faces Resistance |url=http://chimpreports.com/?p=551 |date=28 July 2014 |publisher=Chimp Reports}}</ref> Both venues subsequently cancelled Wine's appearances.<ref>{{cite web |title=‘Burn the gays’ rapper axed from UK venues |url=http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/%E2%80%98burn-gays%E2%80%99-rapper-axed-uk-venues290714 |date=29 July 2014 |publisher=Gay Star News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anti-gay rapper banned from Birmingham venue over homophobic lyrics |url=http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/drum-arts-centre-aston-cancels-7525289 |date=29 July 2014 |publisher=Birmingham Mail}}</ref> In a May 2016 Twitter exchange<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ULCMLGBTI/status/735354249186578432|title=ULC Monastery LGBTI on Twitter|website=Twitter|access-date=2016-05-29}}</ref> with [https://www.facebook.com/ulcmlgbticlergy ULC Monastery LGBTI], an American Christian group that promotes tolerance toward the LGBT community, Wine acknowledged that he has moved away from his previous public comments about homosexuality.

Throughout Uganda's election period in 2015 and 2016, Wine refocused his messages to call for tolerance of different views.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.howwe.biz/news/entertainment/10661/bobi-wine-has-today-been-interviewed-by-bbc-world-service|title=BBC Interviews Bobi Wine, Calls For Peace During Elections|website=Howwe Entertainment|access-date=2016-05-29}}</ref> Wine's public calls for calm activism during the 2016 election - with songs such as ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7J7b_a2EczE Dembe]'' - provoked mixed reactions, from different political interests in Uganda. The [[Uganda Communications Commission|Ugandan Communications Commission]] denied, during the election period, that it had banned ''Dembe'' from Uganda radio.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201601040648.html|title=Uganda: UCC Denies Banning Bobi Wine Dembe Song|website=allAfrica.com|access-date=2016-05-29}}</ref> Three months after the election, the U.S. Ambassador to Uganda invited Wine to a formal embassy event, and commented that he was a positive influence for local youth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bigeye.ug/bobi-wine-and-his-wife-hang-out-with-us-ambassador/|title=PHOTO: Bobi Wine and his wife hang out with US Ambassador|date=2016-05-25|website=Bigeye.ug|language=en-US|access-date=2016-05-29}}</ref>

Following the 2016 election, Bobi released the song "''Situka''," which challenges Ugandans to do something about corruption and injustice in their country. The song opens with the lines: “When the going gets tough, the tough must get going, especially when our Leaders have become Misleaders and Mentors have become Tormentors. When freedom of expression is met with suppression and oppression.” A fan [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QmYbdVzL99M video] for the song shows news footage of public protests and arrests of demonstrators and journalists.

When the Ugandan [[Ugandan general election, 2016|government turned off social media]] during the 2016 election, Wine used [[Virtual private network|VPN]] to post about his defiance to the communications shut down on his Facebook page,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chano8.com/being-on-social-media-is-an-ultimate-act-of-defiance-bobi-wine/|title=Being On Social Media Is An Ultimate Act Of Defiance - Bobi Wine - Chano8|date=2016-02-19|website=Chano8|language=en-US|access-date=2016-05-29}}</ref> while also pointing out that the government continued to use social media during the shut-down they initiated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=10154606144658012&id=130737598011|title=Comments|website=m.facebook.com|access-date=2016-05-29}}</ref> Bobi Wine was later chosen as a panelist to speak about freedom of expression on World Press Freedom Day in Kampala in May 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chimpreports.com/entertainment/ugandan-artistes-criticize-state-limitation-of-their-expression/|title=Ugandan Artistes Criticize State Limitation of their Expression {{!}} ChimpReports|website=chimpreports.com|access-date=2016-05-29}}</ref> On that occasion, his fans were surprised to hear him defend the right of his artistic rivals to express views that Wine himself does not support.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.observer.ug/lifestyle/42-entertainment/43259-don-t-boycott-tubonga-naawe-artistes-bobi-wine|title=Don’t boycott Tubonga Naawe artistes – Bobi Wine|last=SSEKANDI|first=JAMES|website=www.observer.ug|access-date=2016-05-29}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Wine married his long-time partner Barbie Itungo, whom he met at Makerere University, in August 2011. They have four children: Solomon Kampala Nyanzi, Shalom Namagembe, Shadraq Shilling Mbogo, and one who was due in August 2015.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://bigeye.ug/bobi-wine-cancelled-all-his-shows-to-bathe-feed-take-care-of-me-barbie-talks-about-her-current-pregnancy/ | title=Bobi Wine cancelled all his shows to bathe, feed & take care of me - Barbie talks about her current pregnancy. | date=29 June 2015 | website=bigeye.ug}}</ref> In 2013, after having shown a good example caring for his children on his Ghetto President Reality TV Show, he was appointed parenting ambassador by [http://www.twaweza.org/ Twaweza].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/647771-bobi-wine-appointed-parenting-ambassador.html#.VFNm8mzeZTQ.mailto | title=Bobi Wine appointed parenting ambassador | date=29 September 2013 | website=www.newvision.co.ug}}</ref> At his home in Magere Village, Wakiso District, Wine raises his children away from the media glare. He said to ''The Daily Monitor'' about his home life, "I have this big garden at home and I always ensure we go together to dig and get food, whenever we can. I do that because I want them to learn to live an ordinary life, not as a celebrity’s children."<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/659659-bobi-wine-rough-as-a-musician-smooth-as-a-father.htm | title=Bobi Wine rough as a musician, smooth as a father | date=11 September 2014 | website=www.newvision.co.ug}}</ref> In a 2015 interview, Wine’s wife Barbie spoke of his canceling work trips to take care of thir children during her fourth pregnancy when she suffered from severe morning sickness.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/Life/Barbie-tips-on-her-fourth-pregnancy/-/689856/2766820/-/t3r53q/-/index.htm | title=Barbie tips on her fourth pregnancy | date=28 June 2015 | website=www.monitor.co.ug}}</ref>

Wine lost his father, whom he credited with influencing him to be a good parent, on 11 February 2015. The vigil and burial attracted hundreds of mourners, including government officials and other celebrities.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://oops.ug/2015/02/13/musicians-politicians-turn-burial-bobi-wines-father/ | title=Musicians, politicians turn up for burial of Bobi Wine's father|date = 13 February 2015 | website=oops.ug}}</ref> One month later, he released the song "Paradiso," which had the message of valuing your parents while they still live.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.hipipo.com/music/news/2446/A-Critical-Analysis-Of-Bobi-Wine-s-Paradiso-Audio-And-Vide | title=A critical analysis of Bobi Wine's Paradiso audio and video | date=12 March 2015 | website=www.hipipo}}</ref>

== Awards ==

Bobi Wine has won awards at the prestigious [[HiPipo Music Awards|HiPipo Music Awards (HMA)]] and Pearl Of Africa Music Awards.

'''Won:'''
*2005 [[Pearl of Africa Music Awards]] - Song of the Year ("Mama Mbiire" with [[Juliana Kanyomozi]]) PAM Awards: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070702053829/http://pamawards.com/pages/2005.php 2005 Winners]
*2006 [[Pearl of Africa Music Awards]] - Artiste of the Year & Best Afro Beat Single ("Bada")Ugandaonline.net: [http://www.ugandaonline.net/2006 PAM Awards 2006 Winners]
*2007 [[Pearl of Africa Music Awards]] - Best Afro-Beat Artiste/Group Best Afro-Beat Single ("Kiwani") Museke: [http://www.museke.com/node/1617 Pearl of Africa Music (PAM) awards 2007 winners - Uganda]
*2008 [[Pearl of Africa Music Awards]] - Best Afro-Beat Artiste/Group Museke: [http://www.museke.com/en/node/2396 Pearl of Africa Music (PAM) awards 2008 winners - Uganda]
*2013 [[HiPipo Music Awards]] - Best Afrobeat Song ("Jennifer") <ref>http://www.hipipo.com/hma/news/494/Hipipo-Music-Awards-2013-Winners-Bebe-Cool--Navio--Walukaga--Rema-Win-Big HiPipo Music Awards 2013</ref>
'''Nominated:'''
*2006 [[Tanzania Music Awards]] - Best East African Album ("Mama Mbiire").[https://web.archive.org/web/20061110013751/www.kilitimetz.com/2006/awards/vote.html Tanzania Music Awards - Nominees 2006]
*[[2007 Kisima Music Awards]] - Best Song Uganda ("Bada") [http://www.kisimaawards.co.ke/kminner.asp?cat=nom07&pcat=nominees&sid=&pags=18743 Kisima Awards nominees 2007]
*[[MTV Africa Music Awards 2009|2009 MTV Africa Music Awards]] - Best Video ("Little Things You Do" with [[Wahu]]) Museke: [http://www.museke.com/en/node/3989 MTV Africa Music Awards (MAMAs) 2009 nominees].
* 2013 [[HiPipo Music Awards]] - Best Dancehall/Ragga Song ("By Far") <ref>[http://www.hipipo.com/hma/news/481/List-Of-Nominees-For-The-1st-Hipipo-Music-Awards--hma--Released- List of Nominees for the 1st HiPipo Music Awards]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080708162117/www.bobiwine.com/bobi.html Official website] (through archive.org)
*[http://www.hipipo.com/index.php?linkvar=music&pg=music_celeb_profiles&artist_id=4&title=Bobi%20Wine Bobi Wine News, Videos and Photos]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wine, Bobi}}
[[Category:Ugandan musicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1982 births]]