Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

420 (Cannabis-Kultur)

2015-11-01T16:19:16Z

Wordwright: /* Origins */ Don't overuse "multiple," stop sounding like an idiot—remember that "several," "many," and other adjectives exist, and using them will make you sound human, not mindless.

{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Infobox holiday
|holiday_name = 420
|type = secular
|image = 420Louis.jpg
|imagesize =
|caption = Statue of [[Louis Pasteur]], at [[San Rafael High School]], which is said to be the site of the original 4:20 gatherings.
|official_name =
|nickname =
|observedby = [[Cannabis (drug)|Cannabis]] [[counterculture]], [[Legality of cannabis|legal reformers]], [[Religious and spiritual use of cannabis|entheogenic spiritualists]]
|date = April 20
|scheduling = same day each year
|observances = [[Cannabis consumption]]
|relatedto =
|frequency = annual
|duration = 1 day
}}
{{Cannabis sidebar}}
'''420''', '''4:20''', or '''4/20''' (pronounced '''four-twenty''') is a code-term that refers to the consumption of [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] and by extension, as a way to identify oneself with [[cannabis culture]] or simply cannabis itself. Observances based on the number 420 include smoking cannabis around the time 4:20 p.m., as well as smoking and celebrating cannabis on the date April 20 (4/20 in [[Date and time notation in the United States|U.S. form]]).<ref name=UCSC>{{cite web |url=http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/archive/2007/April/24/local/stories/08local.htm |title=Thousands at UCSC burn one to mark cannabis holiday |first=Matt |last=King |date=April 24, 2007 |work=[[Santa Cruz Sentinel]] |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070426081319/http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/archive/2007/April/24/local/stories/08local.htm |archivedate = April 26, 2007}}</ref>

== Origins ==
A group of people in [[San Rafael, California]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2000/04/20/MN101165.DTL|title=Stoner Chic Traces Origin To San Rafael – Snickering high schoolers brought `420' into lexicon |work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |accessdate=April 4, 2012}}</ref><ref name=NYT2009>{{cite news|first=Jesse|last=McKinley|title=Marijuana Advocates Point to Signs of Change|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/20/us/20marijuana.html|quote=Mr. Hager said the significance of April 20 dates to a ritual begun in the early 1970s in which a group of Northern California teenagers smoked cannabis every day at 4:20 p.m. Word of the ritual spread and expanded to a yearly event in various places. Soon, cannabis aficionados were using "420" as a code for smoking and using it as a sign-off on flyers for concerts where the drug would be plentiful. In recent years, the April 20 events have become so widespread that several colleges have discouraged students from participating.|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 19, 2009|accessdate=January 23, 2011 | archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110120011019/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/20/us/20marijuana.html| archivedate= 20 January 2011 | deadurl= no}}</ref> calling themselves the Waldos<ref name="Times2012">{{cite book|author=High Times|title=The Official High Times Cannabis Cookbook: More Than 50 Irresistible Recipes That Will Get You High|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=W-vas6K75YYC&pg=PA97|accessdate=19 April 2012|date=21 March 2012|publisher=Chronicle Books|isbn=978-1-4521-0133-0|pages=97–}}</ref> because "their chosen hang-out spot was a wall outside the school",<ref name=HuffPost2009>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/04/20/what-420-means-the-true-s_n_188320.html|title=What 420 Means: The True Story Behind Stoners' Favorite Number|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=April 20, 2009|accessdate=January 23, 2011|first=Ryan|last=Grim|authorlink=Ryan Grim}}</ref> used the term in connection with a fall 1971 plan to search for an abandoned cannabis crop that they had learned about.<ref name="Times2012"/><ref name=HuffPost2010>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/04/20/420-meaning-the-true-stor_n_543854.html|title=420 Meaning: The True Story Of How April 20 Became 'Weed Day'|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=April 20, 2010|accessdate=January 23, 2011|first=Ryan|last=Grim|authorlink=Ryan Grim}}</ref> The Waldos designated the [[Louis Pasteur]] statue on the grounds of [[San Rafael High School]] as their meeting place, and 4:20 p.m. as their meeting time.<ref name=HuffPost2009/> The Waldos referred to this plan with the phrase "4:20 Louis". Several failed attempts to find the crop eventually shortened their phrase to simply "4:20", which ultimately evolved into a codeword that the teens used to mean marijuana-smoking in general.<ref name=HuffPost2010/> [[Mike Edison]] says that [[Steven Hager]] of ''[[High Times]]'' was responsible for taking the story about the Waldos to "mind-boggling, cult like extremes" and "suppressing" all other stories about the origin of the term.<ref name="Edison2009">{{cite book|last=Edison|first=Mike|title=I Have Fun Everywhere I Go: Savage Tales of Pot, Porn, Punk Rock, Pro Wrestling, Talking Apes, Evil Bosses, Dirty Blues, American Heroes, and the Most Notorious Magazines in the World|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=y9lMGpb0HD4C&pg=PA207|accessdate=20 April 2013|date=2009-05-12|publisher=Faber & Faber|isbn=9780865479036|pages=207–}}</ref>

Hager wrote "Stoner Smart or Stoner Stupid?" in which he called for 4:20 p.m. to be the socially accepted hour of the day to consume cannabis.<ref name=dead>{{cite web|url=http://hightimes.com/entertainment/ht_admin/834|work=High Times|title=Stoner Smart, or Stoner Stupid?|year=2008|accessdate=2012-04-20}}</ref> He attributes the early spread of the phrase to [[Deadhead|Grateful Dead followers]], who were also linked to the city of San Rafael.<ref name=dead/>

== April 20 observances ==
[[File:420 event in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, April 20th 2013.webm|thumb|420 event in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, April 20, 2013]]
[[File:UCSC 420 celebration.jpg|thumb|Students and others gather for a "420 Day" event in Porter Meadow at the [[University of California, Santa Cruz]], campus on April 20, 2007.]]

April 20 has become a [[counterculture]] [[holiday]] in North America, where people gather to celebrate and consume cannabis.<ref name=UCSC/><ref name="hightimes.com">{{cite web |url=http://hightimes.com/read/power-420 |title=The power of 420 |last1=Halnon |first1=Karen Bettez |last2= |first2= |date=11 April 2005 |website= |publisher= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>[http://cannabis.shoutwiki.com/wiki/420_event_lists 420 event lists - Cannabis Wiki]</ref> Some events have a political nature to them, advocating for the legalization of cannabis. North American observances have been held at Hippie Hill in [[San Francisco]]'s [[Golden Gate Park]] near the [[Haight-Ashbury]] district,<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://sfcitizen.com/blog/2010/04/20/a-huge-turn-out-for-420-day-on-hippie-hill-in-san-franciscos-golden-gate-park/
|title=A Huge Turn Out for 420 Day on Hippie Hill in San Francisco’s Golden Gate Park " San Francisco Citizen |publisher=Sfcitizen.com
|date=2010-04-20
|accessdate=2011-04-20
| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110430000040/http://sfcitizen.com/blog/2010/04/20/a-huge-turn-out-for-420-day-on-hippie-hill-in-san-franciscos-golden-gate-park/
| archivedate= 30 April 2011 | deadurl= no}}</ref> the [[University of Colorado system|University of Colorado]]'s [[University of Colorado at Boulder|Boulder campus]],<ref name=NYT2009 /><ref name=autogenerated1>
[http://web.archive.org/web/20080728060041/http://www.dailycamera.com/news/2008/apr/20/cus-420-pot-smoke-out-draws-10000/ CU's 4/20 pot smoke-out draws crowd of 10,000 : CU News].</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailycamera.com/archivesearch/ci_14855977?IADID=Search-www.dailycamera.com-www.dailycamera.com#axzz0lJwVBnxu |title=Medical marijuana expected to give momentum to CU-Boulder 4/20 event – Boulder Daily Camera |publisher=Dailycamera.com |date= |accessdate=2011-04-20| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110430022905/http://www.dailycamera.com/archivesearch/ci_14855977?IADID=Search-www.dailycamera.com-www.dailycamera.com| archivedate= 30 April 2011 | deadurl= no}}</ref> Ottawa, Ontario, at [[Parliament Hill]] and [[Majors Hill Park|Major's Hill Park]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/Canada/2009/04/19/9165666-sun.html |title=Pot activists to light up on Hill |publisher=Cnews.canoe.ca |date= |accessdate=2011-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/290409 |title=Ottawa's Parliament Hill just one site for planned 4/20 protest |publisher=Digitaljournal.com |date= |accessdate=2011-04-20| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110511102321/http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/290409| archivedate= 11 May 2011 | deadurl= no}}</ref> Montréal, Québec at [[Mount Royal]] monument,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samesun.com/blog/420-day-cannabis-festival/ |title=420 Day- Cannabis Festival |publisher=samesun.com Samesun Nation Travel Blog|date= |accessdate=2011-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/April2011/19/c5308.html|title=Canada's marijuana activists unite against American-style drug laws – 420 vote mobs to be held in over 10 cities across Canada on April 20th|publisher=newswire.ca CNW Group|date= |accessdate=2011-04-20}}</ref> [[Edmonton]], [[Alberta]] at the [[Alberta Legislature Building]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edmontonsun.com/2013/04/20/hundreds-of-tokers-flood-alberta-legislature-in-protest-to-push-for-legalization-of-marijuana|title=Hundreds of Tokers Flood Alberta Legislature in Protest to Push for Legalization of Marijuana|accessdate=2013-04-22}}</ref> as well as Vancouver, British Columbia at the [[Vancouver Art Gallery]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://wiki4weed.com/archive/thousands-marijuana-smokers-gather-vancouver-celebrate-420/ |title=Thousands of marijuana smokers gather in Vancouver to celebrate "420" |first=Neal |last=Hall |work=[[The Vancouver Sun]] |date=May 2, 2009 |accessdate=September 30, 2009}}</ref> The growing size of the unofficial event at [[University of California, Santa Cruz|UC Santa Cruz]] caused the Vice Chancellor of Student Affairs to send an e-mail to parents in 2009 stating: "The growth in scale of this activity has become a concern for both the university and surrounding community."<ref name="SCS2009">{{cite news | url=http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/localnews/ci_12087719|title=Mom and Dad now know about '4/20' | first=Genevieve | last=Bookwalter|date=7 April 2009|work=Santa Cruz Sentinel|accessdate=20 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410164141/http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/ci_12087719?|archivedate=10 April 2009}}</ref>

Events have also occurred in [[Auckland]], New Zealand at the [[Daktory]]<ref name="Hopkins">{{cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/3218470/Pot-clubs-go-nationwide|title=Pot clubs go nationwide|last=Hopkins|first=Steve|date=January 10, 2010|work=Sunday News|accessdate=January 13, 2010| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20100112102900/http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/3218470/Pot-clubs-go-nationwide| archivedate= 12 January 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=April 2012}} and [[Dunedin]], New Zealand, at [[University of Otago]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/on-campus/university-otago/9276/police-swoop-cannabis-protest|title=Police swoop on cannabis protest|last=Porteous|first=Debbie |date=June 12, 2008|work=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=March 31, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=420 Protest|url=http://www.ch9.co.nz/node/7704|date=February 22, 2008|work=Channel 9 News Dunedin|accessdate=October 7, 2008| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20081022143006/http://ch9.co.nz/node/7704| archivedate= 22 October 2008 | deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/on-campus/university-otago/12872/campus-arrests-follow-marijuana-complaints|title=Campus arrests follow marijuana complaints (+ video)|last=Porteous|first=Debbie |date=July 11, 2008|work=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=April 22, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/24064/moore039s-appeal-rejected|title=Moore's appeal rejected|last=Rudd|first=Allison |date=September 26, 2008|work=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=April 22, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/on-campus/university-otago/14321/lack-quorum-foils-cannabis-vote|title=Lack of quorum foils cannabis vote|last=Rudd|first=Allison |date=July 22, 2008|work=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=April 22, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/23171/ousa-general-meeting-promises-controversy|title=OUSA general meeting promises controversy|last=Rudd|first=Allison |date=September 20, 2008|work=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=April 22, 2009}}</ref>

==Impact ==
Signs bearing the number "420" have been frequently stolen. In Colorado, the [[Colorado Department of Transportation]] replaced the Mile Marker 420 sign on I-70 east of Denver with one reading 419.99 in an attempt to stop the thievery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.9news.com/news/story.aspx?storyid=372755|title=State alters 420 MM sign to thwart thieves |work=[[KUSA-TV]] |accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> The [[Idaho Department of Transportation]] replaced the Mile Marker 420 sign on U.S. Highway 95, just south of Coeur d'Alene, with Mile Marker 419.9.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ktvb.com/story/news/local/idaho/2015/08/18/idaho-replaces-mile-marker-420-with-4199-to-thwart-stoners/31928433/|title=Idaho replaces mile marker 420 with 419.9 to thwart stoners |work=[[KTVB]] |accessdate=August 18, 2015}}</ref> In Goodhue County, Minnesota, officials have changed "420 St" street signs to "42x St".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.postbulletin.com/news/local/after-deadline-county-finds-fix-for-missing-signs/article_b88939fb-3c91-5523-b41e-a3b6c2dff8e4.html|title=County finds fix for missing 420 signs |work=[[Post-Bulletin]] |accessdate=July 20, 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{portal|Cannabis}}
* [[Hash Bash]], held annually the first Saturday in April since 1972 at the [[University of Michigan]]
* [[Cannabis legalization in Canada]]
* [[Cannabis in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Cannabis in the United States]]
* [[Drug subculture]]
* [[Legality of cannabis by country]]
* [[Religious and spiritual use of cannabis]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Commonscat-inline|420 (cannabis culture)}}

{{drug use}}
{{Cannabis}}
{{U.S. Holidays}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:420 (Cannabis Culture)}}
[[Category:April observances]]
[[Category:Cannabis culture]]
[[Category:Cannabis in the United States]]
[[Category:In-jokes]]
[[Category:International observances]]
[[Category:Unofficial observances]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Thomas E. Watson (Politiker)

2009-06-27T20:23:50Z

Wordwright: Changed "politician that" to "politician who."

{{For|the U.S. Marine Corps general (1892-1966)|Thomas E. Watson (USMC)}}
{{Infobox Senator
| name=Thomas Edward Watson
| nationality=American
| image name=Tom E Watson.jpg
| jr/sr=United States Senator
| state=[[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
| party=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]], [[Populist Party (United States)|Populist]]
| term=March 4, 1921 – September 26, 1922
| preceded=[[M. Hoke Smith]]
| succeeded=[[Rebecca L. Felton]]
| party_election2 = [[Populist Party (United States)|Populist Party ]]
| candidate2= [[United States presidential election, 1896|Vice President of the United States]]
| term_start2= November 3, 1896
| runningmate2= [[William Jennings Bryan]]
| opponent2= [[Garret Hobart]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]) [[Arthur Sewall]] ([[US Democratic Party|D]])
| incumbent2= [[Adlai E. Stevenson I]] (D)
| party_election3 = [[Populist Party (United States)|Populist Party]]
| candidate3= [[United States presidential election, 1904|President of the United States]]
| term_start3= November 8, 1904
| runningmate3= [[Thomas Tibbles]]
| opponent3= [[Theodore Roosevelt]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]) [[Alton B. Parker]] ([[US Democratic Party|D]]) [[Eugene Debs]] ([[Socialist Party of America|Socialist]]) [[Silas C. Swallow]] ([[Prohibition Party|Prohibition]])
| incumbent3= [[Theodore Roosevelt]] (R)
| party_election4 = [[Populist Party (United States)|Populist Party]]
| candidate4= [[United States presidential election, 1908|President of the United States]]
| term_start4= November 3, 1908
| runningmate4= [[Samuel Williams]]
| opponent4= [[William Howard Taft]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]) [[William Jennings Bryan]] ([[US Democratic Party|D]]) [[Eugene Debs]] (Socialist) [[Eugene W. Chafin]] (Prohibition) [[Thomas Louis Hisgen]] ([[United States Independence Party|Independence]])
| incumbent4= [[Theodore Roosevelt]] (R)
| date of birth={{birth date|1856|9|5|mf=y}}
| place of birth=[[Thomson, Georgia]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| dead=dead
| date of death={{death date and age|1922|9|26|1856|9|5|mf=y}}
| place of death=[[Washington, D.C.]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| spouse=Georgia Durham Watson
| alma_mater=[[Mercer University]]
| profession=[[Politician]], [[Lawyer]], [[Editing|Editor]], [[Publisher]], [[Teacher]]
}}

'''Thomas Edward Watson''' (September 5, 1856 – September 26, 1922), generally known as '''Tom Watson''', was a [[United States]] politician from [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]. In early years, Watson championed poor farmers and the [[working class]]; later he became a controversial publisher and a controversial [[United States Populist Party|Populist]] politician who supported the [[Ku Klux Klan]]. Two years prior to his death, he was elected to the [[United States Senate]].

==Early career==
Watson was born in [[Thomson, Georgia|Thomson]], the county seat of [[McDuffie County, Georgia]]. After attending [[Mercer University]] (he did not graduate; family finances forced withdrawal after two years), he became a school teacher. Watson later studied law and was admitted to the Georgia [[Bar (law)|bar]] in 1875. He joined the [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic Party]], and in 1882 was elected to the [[Georgia General Assembly|Georgia Legislature]].

As a state legislator, Watson struggled unsuccessfully to curb the abuses of the powerful railroad corporations. A bill subjecting railroads to county property taxes was voted down after U.S. Senator [[Joseph E. Brown]] offered to provide the legislators with round-trip train fares to the [[Southern Exposition (1883)|Louisville Exposition]] of 1883. In disgust, Watson resigned his seat and returned to the practice of law before his term expired. He was a [[presidential elector]] for the Democratic ticket of [[Grover Cleveland]] and [[Allen G. Thurman]] in the [[United States presidential election, 1888|1888 election]].

[[Image:Younger Tom Watson.gif|thumb|left|200px|Thomas E. Watson as a younger man.]]
==Congressman==
Watson began to support the [[Farmers' Alliance]] platform, and was elected to the [[United States House of Representatives]] as an Alliance Democrat in 1890. In [[United States Congress|Congress]], he was the only [[U.S. Southern states|Southern]] Alliance Democrat to abandon the Democratic caucus, instead attending the first [[United States Populist Party|Populist Party]] congressional caucus. At that meeting, he was nominated for [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]] by the eight [[American West|Western]] Populist Congressmen. Watson was instrumental in the founding of the Georgia Populist Party in early 1892. The Populist Party advocated the public ownership of the railroads, steamship lines and telephone and telegraph systems. It also supported the free and unlimited coinage of silver, the abolition of national banks, a system of graduated income tax and the direct election of [[United States Senate|United States Senator]]s. As a Populist, Watson tried to unite the agrarians across class lines, overcoming racial divides. He also supported the right of African American men to vote. Unfortunately, the failures of the Populist Party's attempt to make political progress through fusion tickets with the Democrats in 1896 and 1898 deeply affected Watson.

Watson served in the House of Representatives from 1891 until March 1893. After being defeated he returned to work as a lawyer in Thomson, Georgia. He also served as editor of the ''People's Party Paper''.

==Vice Presidential candidacy==
[[Image:thomas-e-watson.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Tom Watson in 1915.]]
In the [[U.S. presidential election, 1896|1896 presidential election]] the leaders of the Populist Party entered into talks with [[William Jennings Bryan]], the proposed Democratic Party candidate. They were led to believe that Watson would become Bryan's running mate. After giving their support to Bryan, the latter announced that [[Arthur Sewall]], a [[conservatism|conservative]] politician with a record of hostility towards [[labor union|trade unions]], would be his [[Vice President of the United States|vice presidential]] choice.

This created a split in the Populist Party. Some refused to support Bryan, whereas others, such as [[Mary Elizabeth Lease|Mary Lease]], reluctantly campaigned for him. Watson's name remained on the ballot as Bryan's vice presidential nominee on the Populist Party ticket, while Sewall was listed as Bryan's Democratic Party vice presidential nominee. Watson received 217,000 votes for Vice President, less than a quarter of the number of votes received by the [[U.S. presidential election, 1892|1892]] Populist ticket. However, Watson received more votes than any national Populist candidate from this time on.

Bryan's defeat damaged the Populist Party. While Populists held some offices in western states for several years, the party ceased to be a factor in national politics.

==Presidential candidacies==
As his own personal wealth grew, Watson denounced [[socialism]], which had drawn many converts from the ashes of Populism. He became a vigorous [[anti-Semitism|anti-Semite]] and [[anti-Catholic]] crusader, and advocated reorganizing the [[Ku Klux Klan]].<ref>Comer Vann Woodward. ''Tom Watson: Agrarian Rebel.'' Oxford University Press, 1963.</ref>

Watson was nominated as the Populist Party's candidate in [[U.S. presidential election, 1904|1904]] and received 117,183 votes. This was double the Populist's showing in 1900, but less than one-eighth of the party's support from just 12 years earlier.

[[Image:Older Sen-T-Watson.jpg|thumb|left|215px|Senator Thomas E. Watson]]
The Populist Party's fortunes declined in the [[U.S. presidential election, 1908|1908]] presidential campaign, and Watson as the party's standard bearer attracted just 29,100 votes. While Watson never received more than 1% of the nation wide vote, he had respectable showings in selected Western and Southern states. In the 1904 and 1908 campaigns, Watson received 18% and 12% respectively in his home state of Georgia.

==Subsequent influence==
Through his publications ''Watson's Magazine'' and ''The Jeffersonian'', Watson continued to have great influence on public corn opinion, especially in his native Georgia.

In 1913 he played a prominent role in inflaming public opinion in the case of [[Leo Frank]], a [[Jewish American]] factory manager who was accused of the murder of [[Mary Phagan]], a 13 year-old factory worker. Frank was convicted and [[capital punishment|sentenced to death]] by hanging.

On June 20, 1915, departing [[Governor of Georgia]] [[John M. Slaton]] commuted the sentence of Frank to [[life in prison]]. The decision followed a lengthy appeals process. Some viewed the action as a [[conflict of interest]], as Slaton was a law partner of Frank's lead defense counsel, a fact which Watson made sure to emphasize.<ref>Dinnerstein, Leonard. "Leo Frank Case." Athens, GA: [[University of Georgia Press]], 1987: 123-34. [http://books.google.com/books?id=3vnRrYTnCFkC&pg=PA124&lpg=PA124&dq=Governor+Slaton+law+partner+Frank+%22conflict+of+interest%22&source=web&ots=Ki-dP2rnC2&sig=Rjkhx0QzmwR-t5IG_X2VwJ2RFC8&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=7&ct=result#PPA124,M1 Accessed via Google Book Search], August 12, 2008.</ref> On August 17, 1915, Frank was dragged from his prison cell by a group of men and [[lynching|lynched]].

==Senator==
Watson rejoined the Democratic Party, and was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1920. He died of a [[stroke|cerebral hemorrhage]] in 1922 at age 66. This triggered the appointment of [[Rebecca L. Felton]] to replace him, where she served as the first female Senator.

Watson is honored with a twelve foot high bronze statue on the lawn of the [[Georgia State Capitol]] in [[Atlanta]] over the legend "A champion of right who never faltered in the cause."<ref>Jonathan Turley ''Atlanta Journal-Constitution'' 2000Aug13 </ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

===Books by Watson===
* ''The Story of [[France]]'' (1899),
* ''[[Napoleon]]: A Sketch of His Life, Character, Struggles, and Achievements'' (1902)
* ''The Life and Times of [[Thomas Jefferson]]'' (1903).

==Further reading==
*''Tom Watson: Agrarian Rebel'', by [[C. Vann Woodward]]
* ''The Life of Thomas E. Watson'', by William W. Brewton

==External links==
{{CongBio|W000205}}
* [http://www.lib.unc.edu/mss/inv/w/Watson,Thomas_E.html/ Inventory of the Thomas E. Watson Papers, 1863-1996] in the [[Southern Historical Collection]] at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
*[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=7827002 Tom Watson] at [[Find A Grave]]
*[http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/watson.html Tom Watson Biography at Vassar]
*[http://www.watson-brown.org/heritage/tw_bio.html Tom Watson Biography at Watson-Brown Foundation]
*[http://www.wvu.edu/~lawfac/jelkins/lp-2001/watson.html Tom Watson Biography at Strangers To Us All]
*[http://www.augustachronicle.com/history/watson.html Fiery Politician Alienated Many, By Ben Palmer]
*[http://www.philsp.com/homeville/FMI/d1447.htm#A71931 A selection of some of his editorials and writings]
*[http://www.philsp.com/homeville/FMI/t1386.htm#BOT Selections from ''Watsons Jeffersonian Magazine'']
*[http://www.philsp.com/homeville/FMI/t1387.htm#TOP More selections from ''Watsons Jeffersonian Magazine'']
*[http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=title%3AWatson%27s%20magazine%20AND%20mediatype%3Atexts ''Watson's Magazine''], full issues at [[Internet Archive]]
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=-wjrKs0ZxHQC ''Political and Economic Handbook''] By Thomas Edward Watson (1916)
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=ajYPAAAAYAAJ ''Socialists and Socialism''] By Thomas Edward Watson (1910)
*[http://www.archive.org/details/lifetimesofandre00wats ''The Life and Times of Andrew Jackson''] By Thomas E. Watson (1912)
*[http://www.archive.org/details/watsonjefferson00thomrich ''The Life and Times of Thomas Jefferson''] By Thomas E. Watson
*''The Story of France'' By Thomas E. Watson [http://www.archive.org/details/storyoffrancefro01watsiala Vol. I] [http://www.archive.org/details/storyoffrancefro02watsiala Vol. II] (1899)
*{{cite book
|title=Napoleon
|author=Thomas Edward Watson
|year=1902
|publisher=The Macmillan co.
|isbn=
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NAjb_NH62_YC&pg=PA1&dq=inauthor:Thomas+inauthor:Watson&as_brr=1#PPP15,M1
}}
*{{cite book
|title=The Roman Catholic Hierarchy
|author=Thomas Edward Watson
|year=1915
|publisher=Jeffersonian Pub. Co.
|isbn=
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XCkwGkMTeDwC&pg=PA7&dq=inauthor:Thomas+inauthor:Watson&as_brr=1#PPA3,M1
}}
*{{cite book
|title=Bethany
|author=Thomas Edward Watson
|year=1904
|publisher=D. Appleton
|isbn=
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2QUeAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA3&dq=inauthor:Thomas+inauthor:Watson&as_brr=1#PPP9,M1
}}
*{{cite book
|title=Contested Election Case of Thomas E. Watson Vs. J.C.C. Black
|author=United States Congress. House
|year=1896
|publisher=Govt. Prtg. Off.
|isbn=
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=uJYRAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA278&dq=inauthor:Thomas+inauthor:Watson&as_brr=1#PPA1,M1
}}

{{start box}}
{{s-par|us-hs}}
{{U.S. Representative box|
state=Georgia|
district=10|
before=[[George T. Barnes]]|
years=March 4, 1891 – March 3, 1893|
after=[[James C. C. Black]]
}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{succession box|
before=[[James G. Field]]|
title=[[Populist Party (United States)|Populist Party vice presidential candidate]] |
years=[[U.S. presidential election, 1896|1896]] (lost)|
after=[[Ignatius L. Donnelly]]
}}
{{succession box|
before=[[Wharton Barker]]|
title=[[Populist Party (United States)|Populist Party presidential candidate]]|
years=[[U.S. presidential election, 1904|1904]] (lost), [[U.S. presidential election, 1908|1908]] (lost)|
after= ''(none)''
}}
{{s-par|us-sen}}
{{U.S. Senator box
| state=Georgia
| class=3
| before=[[M. Hoke Smith]]
| after=[[Rebecca Latimer Felton|Rebecca L. Felton]]
| alongside=[[William J. Harris]]
| years=March 4, 1921 – September 26, 1922
}}
{{end box}}
{{USSenGA}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Watson, Thomas E.}}
[[Category:United States Senators from Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Members of the Georgia House of Representatives]]
[[Category:United States presidential electors]]
[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1904]]
[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1908]]
[[Category:United States vice-presidential candidates]]
[[Category:Populist Party (United States) elected officials]]
[[Category:People from McDuffie County, Georgia]]
[[Category:Georgia (U.S. state) lawyers]]
[[Category:American newspaper editors]]
[[Category:American newspaper publishers (people) of the 19th century]]
[[Category:American newspaper publishers (people) of the 20th century]]
[[Category:1856 births]]
[[Category:1922 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage]]