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Orange Line (Lahore)

2018-04-18T21:45:33Z

Willard84:

{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox rail line
|box_width = auto
|name = Orange Line {{Nastaliq|نارنجی خط}}
|color = {{Lahore Metro color|Orange}}
|logo =
|logo_width =
|logo_alt =
|image =
|image_width =
|image_alt =
|caption =
|type = [[Heavy rail]]
|system =
|status = Under construction
|locale = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]
|start = Ali Town Terminal
|end = Dera Gujran Terminal
|stations = 26 (24 elevated, 2 underground)
|planopen = May 2018
|routes =
|daily_ridership =
|close =
|owner =
|operator = [[Lahore Metro]]
|character = Elevated & underground
|depot =
|stock = [[Norinco]]
|linelength = {{convert|27.1|km|mi|1|abbr=on}}
|tracklength =
|tracks =
|gauge = {{Track gauge|sg|allk=on}}
|electrification = [[Third rail]] 750 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]]
|speed = {{convert|80|km/h|abbr=on}}
|map = {{Infobox RDT|Lahore Orange Line|navbar=1|legend=0}}
|elevation =
|map_state = show
}}

'''Orange Line''' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|'''نارنجی خط'''}}}}) is an automated [[rapid transit]] system under construction in [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]].
<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/711864/good-news-on-track-lahore-to-get-pakistans-first-metro-train/ "Good news on track: Lahore to get Pakistan’s first metro train"], ''[[Express Tribune]]'', Lahore, 23 Mar 2014. Retrieved on 20 October 2014.</ref><ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/886037/development-agenda-lahore-metro-train-gets-green-signal/ Development agenda: Lahore metro train gets green signal]</ref> Will operational in May 2018, the Orange line will become Pakistan's first metro rail line.<ref>{{cite news|title=Need for speed: Pakistan’s first metro train to roar to life in March|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/171472-need-for-speed-pakistans-first-metro-train-to-roar-to-life-in-march|accessdate=9 December 2017|agency=Geo News|date=9 December 2017|quote=Pakistan’s first metro train service is slated to begin operations by March 23, 2018, in Lahore, after a go-ahead from the Supreme Court on Friday.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Manufacturing of orange trains starts, says Kh Hassan|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/122738-Manufacturing-of-orange-trains-starts-says-Kh-Hassan|accessdate=24 January 2017|agency=The News|date=26 May 2016|quote=Latest technology will be employed for fabricating these trains and the rolling-stock will be fully computerised, automatic and driverless.}}</ref> The Orange line is the first of the three proposed rail lines proposed for the [[Lahore Metro]]. The line will span {{convert|27.1|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} with {{convert|25.4|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} elevated and {{convert|1.72|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} underground.<ref name="Norinco">{{cite web|title=Norinco Technical Proposal|url=http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf|accessdate=25 January 2017|date=January 2016|page=12}}</ref> The line will be served by 26 stations and is expected to handle 250,000 passenger daily. Though it is frequently mentioned as a part of the wider [[China Pakistan Economic Corridor]], the Orange line is being financed by the [[Government of Punjab, Pakistan|Government of Punjab]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Orange Line not part of CPEC: NA body|url=http://nation.com.pk/national/17-Jan-2017/orange-line-lahore-not-part-of-cpec-na-body|accessdate=24 January 2017|agency=The Nation|date=17 January 2017}}</ref> [[CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive]] rolled out the first of 27 trains for the metro on 16 May 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1410624/first-orange-line-metro-train-rolls/|title=First Orange Line Metro train rolls out - The Express Tribune|date=2017-05-16|work=The Express Tribune|access-date=2017-05-16|language=en-US}}</ref>. Recently numerous successful trials have been ran.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/285872-orange-line-metro-train-run-on-trial-basis-in-lahore|title=Orange Line Metro train runs on trial basis in Lahore|website=www.thenews.com.pk|language=en|access-date=2018-03-01}}</ref>

==History==
The project was initiated with a signed [[memorandum of understanding]] between the governments of Pakistan and China in May 2014.<ref>[http://www.dawn.com/news/1107936 "Pakistan, China sign pact on Lahore Orange Line metro project"], ''[[Dawn]]'', Lahore, 22 Mar 2014. Retrieved on 20 October 2014.</ref> Financing for the project was secured in December 2015 when China's [[Exim Bank of China|Exim Bank]] agreed to provide a soft loan of $1.55 billion for the project.<ref>{{cite news|title=China signs funding agreement for Lahore metro|url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/asia/funding-agreed-for-lahore-metro-line.html|accessdate=24 January 2017|agency=International Railway Journal|date=23 December 2015}}</ref> Construction works on the project began in October 2015.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Randhawa|first1=Samiullah|title=Court orders violated in Orange Line Metro Train project|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/01/02/court-orders-violated-in-orange-line-metro-train-project/|accessdate=24 January 2017|agency=Pakistan Today|quote=The court in its verdict on August 19 ordered the government to stop all construction work of the project within 200 feet of eleven historical buildings and ordered the formation of a review committee to assess the effects of the construction at these historical sites. The eleven sites are Chauburji, Saint Andrew Church, GPO building, the tomb of Zeb-un-Nisa, Supreme Court Registry Branch, Aiwan-e-Auqaf, Shalimar Gardens, Budhu ka Awa, the tomb of Baba Mauj Daria, Lakshmi Building, and Shah Chiragh Building.}}</ref> This project is under construction and is expected to be completed by March 2018.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Reporter|first1=Newspaper's|title=Lahore Metro Train Approved|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1180260|accessdate=May 6, 2015|date=May 15, 2015}}</ref> [http://www.hcs.com.pk/ Habib Construction Services] was awarded the first phase in October 2015 for {{PKRConvert|21.49|b}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=LAHORE ORANGE LINE METRO TRAIN PROJECT – PACKAGE-1 CIVIL & ALLIED WORKS FROM DERA GUJJRAN TO CHAUBURJI 13.6 KM|url=http://www.hcs.com.pk/current-projects/lahore-orange-line-metro-train-package-1/|website=Habib Construction Services|accessdate=24 January 2017}}</ref> In October 2016, Phase 2 of the project was awarded to [http://zkb.com.pk/ ZKB Engineers and Constructors] for civil works between [[Chauburji]] and Ali Town at a cost of 11.39 billion rupees.<ref>{{cite news|title=Contract for Orange Line Package-2 re-awarded|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1215597/contract-orange-line-package-2-re-awarded/|accessdate=24 January 2017|agency=Tribune|date=31 October 2016}}</ref> On 12 January 2017, 7 labourers perished at a makeshift residence for Orange Line construction workers.<ref>{{cite news|title=Seven workers hired for Orange Line Train project perish in fire|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1307879|accessdate=24 January 2017|publisher=Dawn|date=12 January 2017}}</ref>

==Design==

===Stations===
The project will have 26 stations. [[Anarkali Bazaar|Anarkali]] and Central stations will be underground, while the remaining 24 will be elevated.<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/711864/good-news-on-track-lahore-to-get-pakistans-first-metro-train/ "Good news on track: Lahore to get Pakistan’s first metro train"], ''[[Express Tribune]]'', Lahore, 23 Mar 2014. Retrieved on 20 October 2014.</ref> The rail line will run through the centre of each station, with platforms flanking the track.<ref name="Norinco"/> Elevated stations will have a width of 22.5 metres, while Anarkali Station will be 16 metres wide, and Central Station 49.5 metres wide.<ref>{{cite web|title=SECTION - 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT|url=http://epd.punjab.gov.pk/system/files/Section-3-Project%20Description.pdf|website=EIA of Construction of Lahore Orange Line Metro Train Project (Ali Town –Dera Gujran)|publisher=Environmental Protection Department|accessdate=25 January 2017}}</ref> Elevated stations will all be 102 metres long, while Anarkali and Central Stations will be 121.5 and 161.6 metres long, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title=SECTION - 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT|url=http://epd.punjab.gov.pk/system/files/Section-3-Project%20Description.pdf|website=EIA of Construction of Lahore Orange Line Metro Train Project (Ali Town –Dera Gujran)|publisher=Environmental Protection Department|accessdate=25 January 2017}}</ref>

Anarkali and Central Stations were initially planned to have two underground levels,<ref>{{cite web|title=Norinco Technical Proposal|url=http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf|accessdate=25 January 2017|date=January 2016|page=7}}</ref> Anarkali Station will now both feature a ground-level concourse with one underground level, while Central Station will have a single underground level, in order to reduce the maximum gradient for trains from 35% to 30%.<ref>{{cite web|title=Norinco Technical Proposal|url=http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf|accessdate=25 January 2017|date=January 2016|page=9}}</ref> Rail tracks will be 9.7m below street level at Central Station, and 8.7m below street level at Anarkali Station.<ref>{{cite web|title=Norinco Technical Proposal|url=http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf|accessdate=25 January 2017|date=January 2016|page=69}}</ref>

Underground stations will feature automated doors between platforms and trains. Public areas of the station will be air conditioned during warm months.<ref>{{cite web|title=SECTION - 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT|url=http://epd.punjab.gov.pk/system/files/Section-3-Project%20Description.pdf|website=EIA of Construction of Lahore Orange Line Metro Train Project (Ali Town –Dera Gujran)|publisher=Environmental Protection Department|accessdate=25 January 2017|page=3-10}}</ref> Elevated stations will feature natural ventilation throughout the platforms, with localized air conditioning in public areas of the ticket-hall level.<ref>{{cite web|title=SECTION - 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT|url=http://epd.punjab.gov.pk/system/files/Section-3-Project%20Description.pdf|website=EIA of Construction of Lahore Orange Line Metro Train Project (Ali Town –Dera Gujran)|publisher=Environmental Protection Department|accessdate=25 January 2017|page=3-10}}</ref>

===Rolling stock===
Orange Line trains will be composed of five wagons manufactured by China's [[Norinco]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Short Cuts|url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21695034-chinese-style-modernisation-draws-perilously-close-brilliant-17th-century-landmarks-short-cuts|accessdate=24 January 2017|publisher=The Economist|date=17 March 2016}}</ref> and will be automated and driverless.<ref>{{cite news|title=Manufacturing of orange trains starts, says Kh Hassan|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/122738-Manufacturing-of-orange-trains-starts-says-Kh-Hassan|accessdate=24 January 2017|agency=The News|date=26 May 2016|quote=Latest technology will be employed for fabricating these trains and the rolling-stock will be fully computerised, automatic and driverless.}}</ref> A standard Chinese "Type B" train-set consisting of 5 cars with 4 doors each will be used,<ref>{{cite web|title=SECTION - 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT|url=http://epd.punjab.gov.pk/system/files/Section-3-Project%20Description.pdf|website=EIA of Construction of Lahore Orange Line Metro Train Project (Ali Town –Dera Gujran)|publisher=Environmental Protection Department|accessdate=25 January 2017}}</ref> that will have a stainless steel body and will be illuminated by [[LED]] lighting.<ref>{{cite web|title=Norinco Technical Proposal|url=http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf|accessdate=25 January 2017|date=January 2016|page=36}}</ref> Each car will have a nominal capacity of 200 seated and standing passengers at an average density of 5 persons per square metre with 20% of passengers seated and 80% standing.<ref>{{cite web|title=Norinco Technical Proposal|url=http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf|accessdate=25 January 2017|date=January 2016|page=35}}</ref> A total of 27 trains with 135 cars have been ordered for the system, <ref>{{cite news|title=Manufacturing of orange trains starts, says Kh Hassan|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/122738-Manufacturing-of-orange-trains-starts-says-Kh-Hassan|accessdate=24 January 2017|agency=The News|date=26 May 2016}}</ref> at a cost of $1 billion.<ref>{{cite news|title=27 trains to be acquired for Metro project|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/02/05/27-trains-to-be-acquired-for-metro-project/|accessdate=24 January 2017|agency=Pakistan Today|date=5 February 2016}}</ref> A total of 54 trains are expected to be in service by 2025.<ref>{{cite news|title=27 trains to be acquired for Metro project|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/02/05/27-trains-to-be-acquired-for-metro-project/|accessdate=24 January 2017|agency=Pakistan Today|date=5 February 2016}}</ref>The trains will be powered by a 750-volt [[third rail]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Orange train to run on 750 volts|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1233719|accessdate=25 January 2017|publisher=Dawn|date=18 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=27 trains to be acquired for Metro project|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/02/05/27-trains-to-be-acquired-for-metro-project/|accessdate=24 January 2017|agency=Pakistan Today|date=5 February 2016}}</ref>

===Track===
The Orange Line's tracks will meet China's national standards,<ref>{{cite web|title=SECTION - 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT|url=http://epd.punjab.gov.pk/system/files/Section-3-Project%20Description.pdf|website=EIA of Construction of Lahore Orange Line Metro Train Project (Ali Town –Dera Gujran)|publisher=Environmental Protection Department|accessdate=25 January 2017}}</ref> and will employ [[Track_circuit#Jointless_track_circuits|jointless track circuits]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Norinco Technical Proposal|url=http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf|accessdate=25 January 2017|date=January 2016|page=143}}</ref> Mainline track will be capable of supporting 60 kg/m, while track in the depot and storage yards will be capable of supporting 50 kg/m.<ref>{{cite web|title=SECTION - 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT|url=http://epd.punjab.gov.pk/system/files/Section-3-Project%20Description.pdf|website=EIA of Construction of Lahore Orange Line Metro Train Project (Ali Town –Dera Gujran)|publisher=Environmental Protection Department|accessdate=25 January 2017}}</ref> Track will be laid upon a monolithic concrete track bed, with crossovers located between every 2 to 3 stations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Norinco Technical Proposal|url=http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf|accessdate=25 January 2017|date=January 2016|page=27}}</ref> Double turnover track will be used at each terminus for turnaround.<ref>{{cite web|title=Norinco Technical Proposal|url=http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf|accessdate=25 January 2017|date=January 2016|page=28}}</ref> Tracks will be [[standard gauge]] at 1435mm.<ref>{{cite web|title=Norinco Technical Proposal|url=http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf|accessdate=25 January 2017|date=January 2016|page=33}}</ref> Fasteners between tracks will be elastic.<ref>{{cite web|title=SECTION - 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT|url=http://epd.punjab.gov.pk/system/files/Section-3-Project%20Description.pdf|website=EIA of Construction of Lahore Orange Line Metro Train Project (Ali Town –Dera Gujran)|publisher=Environmental Protection Department|accessdate=25 January 2017}}</ref>

===Depot===
A depot will be constructed at the northeast portion of the line, directly east of the [[Lahore Ring Road]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Norinco Technical Proposal|url=http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf|accessdate=25 January 2017|date=January 2016}}</ref> while a stabling yard will be constructed at the line's southern terminus at Ali Town.<ref>{{cite web|title=Norinco Technical Proposal|url=http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf|accessdate=25 January 2017|date=January 2016}}</ref> The depot will also be site of the Orange Line's central control centre.<ref>{{cite web|title=Norinco Technical Proposal|url=http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf|accessdate=25 January 2017|date=January 2016}}</ref> The depot and stabling yard will respectively require 0.56 and 0.49 kilometres of track.<ref>{{cite web|title=Norinco Technical Proposal|url=http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf|accessdate=25 January 2017|date=January 2016|page=12}}</ref>

==Alignment==
The line spans {{convert|27.1|km|mi|1|abbr=on}}. {{convert|1.72|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} of the line is to be underground, while transition zones between underground and elevated portions will cover {{convert|0.7|km|mi|1|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Norinco Technical Proposal|url=http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf|accessdate=25 January 2017|date=January 2016}}</ref> The remaining track will be elevated.<ref>{{cite web|title=Norinco Technical Proposal|url=http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf|accessdate=25 January 2017|date=January 2016}}</ref> The maximum gradient for the track's main-line is 30%,<ref>{{cite web|title=Norinco Technical Proposal|url=http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf|accessdate=25 January 2017|date=January 2016|page=7}}</ref> while the minimum turning radius on the mainline is 250 metres.<ref>{{cite web|title=Norinco Technical Proposal|url=http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf|accessdate=25 January 2017|date=January 2016|page=46}}</ref>

The planned alignment roughly parallels several of Lahore's major thoroughfares, including the [[Grand Trunk Road]], McLeod Road, Lake Road, Multan Road and Raiwind Road. The Orange Line will connect several important nodes in Lahore, including the [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalimar Gardens]], [[University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore|University of Engineering and Technology]], [[Lahore Junction railway station|Lahore's main train station]], [[Chauburji]] Square, and Ali Town.

==Route==
[[File:Lakshmi Building, Lakshmi Chowk, Lahore.JPG|thumb|Lakshmi Station is named after the historic Lakshmi Building, which in turn was named in honour of the Hindu goddess of fortune and prosperity, [[Lakshmi]].]]
From Orange Line's northeastern terminus at Dera Gujjran, the track is elevated and runs in the median of the [[Grand Trunk Road|GT Road]] until [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalimar]] Station. From Dera Gujjran Station in northeast Lahore, the route travels 5.5 kilometres westward with stations at Islam Park, Salamatpura, Mahmood Booti, [[Pakistan Mint]], and [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalimar Gardens]]. The track does not run in the GT Road's median near Shalimar Station - it instead turns and travels along the southern edge of the GT Road in order to bypass the garden in order to prevent damage to mature trees there.<ref>{{cite web|title=Norinco Technical Proposal|url=http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf|accessdate=25 January 2017|date=January 2016|page=62}}</ref> Traveling west from Shalimar Station, the track returns to the median of GT Road, with stops at [[Baghbanpura]], [[University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore|University of Engineering and Technology]], and Sultanpura. From Sultanpura, the line then travel towards Lahore's central [[Lahore Junction railway station|Junction Railway Station]]. From there, it travels southwest along McLeod road towards Lakshmi Chowk Station. The total distance from Sultanpura to Lakshmi Chowk is 2.5 km.<ref>{{cite web|title=Norinco Technical Proposal|url=http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf|accessdate=25 January 2017|date=January 2016|page=64}}</ref>
[[File:Lahore Bus Service at Central Station, Lahore.jpg|left|thumb|Passengers from the Orange Line will be able to use [[Anarkali Bazaar|Anarkali]] Station to transfer to the [[Lahore Metrobus]] stop at [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College|MAO College]].]]
Leaving Lakshmi Chowk, the line travels southwest along McLeod Road, and descends into the 1.15 km underground portion that leads to the first underground station in the system, the Central Station. Central Station is located at the intersection of [[The Mall, Lahore|The Mall]] and McLeod Road, in front of Lahore's [[General Post Office, Lahore|General Post Office]] (GPO) and the [[Lahore High Court]]. From Central Station, the line continues from McLeod Road and travels under Allah Baksh Road before turning south where the second underground station, Anarkali, is located. Connections from the Orange Line to the [[Lahore Metrobus]] will be available via an underground walkway. From Anarkali Station, the route continues under Jain Mandir and Lytton Road. It then emerges along Lake Road and again travels above ground towards [[Chauburji]] Station.
[[File:RS 0052.JPG|thumb|The Orange Line will include connections to the historic [[Lahore Junction railway station|Lahore Railway Station]].]]
From [[Chauburji]] the line continues 4.5 km towards the southwest, along the median of Multan Road. Elevated stations are located at [[Gulshan-e-Ravi]],[[Samanabad Town|Samanabad]], Bund Road, Salahuddin Road, and Shahnoor. From Shahnoor, the line shifts from Multan Road's median and travels along the road's southern/eastern side with a stop at [[Sabzazar]] Station. The line continues along Multan Road's edge until Awan Road Station, after which it reverts to Multan Road's median. Leaving Awan Road Station, the line continues to travel southwest along Multan Road until it reaches Wahdat Station, which lies 2.85 km to the southwest of Sabzazar Station. The line 5.2 kilometers along Multan and Raiwind Roads, with stops at Hanjarwal Station, Canal View, [[Thokar Niaz Beg|Thokar Niaz Baig]], before terminating at Ali Town.<ref>{{cite web|title=Norinco Technical Proposal|url=http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf|accessdate=25 January 2017|date=January 2016|page=67}}</ref>

===Connections===

The Orange line will be connected to the [[Lahore Metrobus]] via an underground walkway from the Anarkali Station of the Orange Line, to [[MAO College]] Station of the Metrobus. The line will be connected to the [[Lahore Junction railway station|Lahore Railway Station]] via a [[moving walkway]] to the Orange Line's Bohrwala Chowk Station.

==Operations==
The Orange Line will be operated by a joint venture of [[China Railways]] and [[Norinco]] for the first 5 years after the project's completion.<ref>{{cite news|title=27 trains to be acquired for Metro project|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/02/05/27-trains-to-be-acquired-for-metro-project/|accessdate=24 January 2017|agency=Pakistan Today|date=5 February 2016}}</ref> Infrastructure for the line has an expected life span of approximately 100 years with routine maintenance.<ref>{{cite web|title=Norinco Technical Proposal|url=http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf|accessdate=25 January 2017|date=January 2016|page=4}}</ref>

===Projected ridership===
The system is designed to handle 30,000 passengers per hour.<ref>{{cite news|title=China signs funding agreement for Lahore metro|url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/asia/funding-agreed-for-lahore-metro-line.html|accessdate=24 January 2017|agency=International Railway Journal|date=23 December 2015}}</ref> The Orange Line will initially carry 250,000 passengers per day, with ridership of 500,000 passengers per day three years after commencement of service.<ref>{{cite news|title=Manufacturing of orange trains starts, says Kh Hassan|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/122738-Manufacturing-of-orange-trains-starts-says-Kh-Hassan|accessdate=24 January 2017|agency=The News|date=26 May 2016}}</ref> The system is designed to operate with a minimum headway of two minutes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Norinco Technical Proposal|url=http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf|accessdate=25 January 2017|date=January 2016|page=4}}</ref> It is expected that the station will serve 24,520 passengers per hour in the Orange Line's first year of operations - a figure which is expected to rise to 49,550 by 2025.<ref>{{cite web|title=SECTION - 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT|url=http://epd.punjab.gov.pk/system/files/Section-3-Project%20Description.pdf|website=EIA of Construction of Lahore Orange Line Metro Train Project (Ali Town –Dera Gujran)|publisher=Environmental Protection Department|accessdate=25 January 2017}}</ref>

The system's busiest station is projected to be Anarkali Station with an estimated 45,550 daily trips in the first year of operations, rising to 110,000 trips in 2025.<ref>{{cite web|title=Norinco Technical Proposal|url=http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf|accessdate=25 January 2017|date=January 2016|page=75}}</ref> Lakshmi Chowk is expected to be the second busiest station in the first year of operations with 23,200 trips, and 41,500 in 2025. Lahore Junction Railway Station is expected to be the third busiest station within the line's first year of operation with 17,500 trips, rising to 44,000 in 2025.<ref>{{cite web|title=Norinco Technical Proposal|url=http://www.lahoremetroauraap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Norinco-Technical-Proposal.pdf|accessdate=25 January 2017|date=January 2016|page=75}}</ref>

===Speed===
The maximum speed of the trains is 80 km/h (50 mph) per hour.<ref>[http://www.pma.punjab.gov.pk/sites/pma.punjab.gov.pk/files/DraftRFPOrangeLine_FplusEPC.pdf FINANCING PLUS ENGINEERING, PROCUREMENT AND CONSTRUCTION OF METRO RAIL TRANSIT SYSTEM ON OF THE ORANGE LINE IN LAHORE (PHASE-I FROM ALI TOWN TO LAHORE RAILWAY STATION)]</ref> Riders will be served be 26 stations, two of which will be underground stations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1190468/city-to-lose-620-trees-for-orange-line-train|title=City to lose 620 trees for Orange Line train|last=Hasnain|first=Khalid|date=2015-06-26|website=www.dawn.com|access-date=2016-05-12}}</ref> The total ride time from one end of the system to the other is estimated to be 45 minutes,<ref>{{cite news|title=Manufacturing of orange trains starts, says Kh Hassan|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/122738-Manufacturing-of-orange-trains-starts-says-Kh-Hassan|accessdate=24 January 2017|agency=The News|date=26 May 2016}}</ref> compared to the current commute time of 2 to 5 hours.<ref>{{cite news|title=Short Cuts|url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21695034-chinese-style-modernisation-draws-perilously-close-brilliant-17th-century-landmarks-short-cuts|accessdate=24 January 2017|publisher=The Economist|date=17 March 2016}}</ref>

===Hours of operation===
The Orange Line is planned to be in operation for 18 hours per day, between 05:30 and 23:30.<ref>{{cite news|title=27 trains to be acquired for Metro project|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/02/05/27-trains-to-be-acquired-for-metro-project/|accessdate=24 January 2017|agency=Pakistan Today|date=5 February 2016}}</ref>

===Electric supply===
The system will require approximately 74 [[Megawatt|MW]]s of electricity to power the trains, as well as the system's stations.<ref>{{cite news|title=27 trains to be acquired for Metro project|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/02/05/27-trains-to-be-acquired-for-metro-project/|accessdate=24 January 2017|agency=Pakistan Today|date=5 February 2016}}</ref> 80 MWs of electricity have been secured for the project's operations from the [[Lahore Electric Supply Company]].<ref>{{cite web|title=SECTION - 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT|url=http://epd.punjab.gov.pk/system/files/Section-3-Project%20Description.pdf|website=EIA of Construction of Lahore Orange Line Metro Train Project (Ali Town –Dera Gujran)|publisher=Environmental Protection Department|accessdate=25 January 2017|page=3-10}}</ref> The system will have a back-up unit in case of power failure, while a third emergency system will also be available to if both power sources fail.<ref>{{cite news|title=27 trains to be acquired for Metro project|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/02/05/27-trains-to-be-acquired-for-metro-project/|accessdate=24 January 2017|agency=Pakistan Today|date=5 February 2016}}</ref>

Two high-voltage [[electrical substation]]s will be built for the line - one near UET Station, and the other at Shahnoor Station.<ref>{{cite web|title=SECTION - 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT|url=http://epd.punjab.gov.pk/system/files/Section-3-Project%20Description.pdf|website=EIA of Construction of Lahore Orange Line Metro Train Project (Ali Town –Dera Gujran)|publisher=Environmental Protection Department|accessdate=25 January 2017}}</ref> The project will also include 16 traction substations.<ref>{{cite web|title=SECTION - 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT|url=http://epd.punjab.gov.pk/system/files/Section-3-Project%20Description.pdf|website=EIA of Construction of Lahore Orange Line Metro Train Project (Ali Town –Dera Gujran)|publisher=Environmental Protection Department|accessdate=25 January 2017}}</ref>

==Finance==
The 27-kilometer metro train is expected to cost $1.6 billion,<ref>{{cite news|title=China signs funding agreement for Lahore metro|url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/asia/funding-agreed-for-lahore-metro-line.html|accessdate=24 January 2017|agency=International Railway Journal|date=23 December 2015}}</ref> out of which $300 million would come from the [[Federal Government of Pakistan]], the rest is financed through [[soft loan]]'s by the [[Government of China]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1101837/infrastructure-project-first-tranche-of-olmt-loan-released/|title=Infrastructure project: First tranche of OLMT loan released - The Express Tribune|date=2016-05-12|website=The Express Tribune|language=en-US|access-date=2016-05-12}}</ref> Though the project is frequently mentioned as a part of the wider [[China Pakistan Economic Corridor]] (CPEC), the project is financed separately from CPEC, and is being undertaken by the Government of Punjab.<ref>{{cite news|title=Orange Line not part of CPEC: NA body|url=http://nation.com.pk/national/17-Jan-2017/orange-line-lahore-not-part-of-cpec-na-body|accessdate=24 January 2017|agency=The Nation|date=17 January 2017}}</ref> These loans will be paid back by Punjab Government in installments over a 20-year period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1081669/china-financing-orange-line-metro-train-shahbaz-sharif/|title=China financing Orange Line Metro Train: Shahbaz Sharif - The Express Tribune|date=2016-04-09|website=The Express Tribune|language=en-US|access-date=2016-05-12}}</ref>

In November 2016, the Punjab Provincial Development Working Party approved an additional 391 million rupees towards construction of the Orange Line.<ref>{{cite news|title=Another Rs391m okayed for Orange Line|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1221123/shot-arm-another-rs391m-okayed-orange-line/|accessdate=24 January 2017|agency=Express Tribune|date=5 November 2016}}</ref> In January 2017, the Government of Punjab was awarded 20 billion rupees' worth of tax exemptions to help control costs for the project.<ref>{{cite news|title=Govt approves Rs20 billion tax exemptions for Orange Line Metro project in Lahore|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1306793/govt-approves-rs20-billion-tax-exemptions-for-orange-line-metro-project-in-lahore|accessdate=24 January 2017|publisher=Dawn|date=7 January 2017}}</ref> Also in January 2017, the Lahore Development Authority noted that it would require an additional 2 billion rupees in order to better integrate the Orange Line with the [[Lahore Metrobus]] where they interchange.<ref>{{cite news|title=If well-connected, Orange Line will cost Rs2b more|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1302941/additional-works-well-connected-orange-line-will-cost-rs2b/|accessdate=24 January 2017|agency=Express Tribune|date=22 June 2017}}</ref>

In Jan 2018 as per report presented in Punjab Assembly, till date PKR 25.61 billion have been spent on the purchase of land, utility shifting and for provision of security, in addition to the $1.626 billion cost of the project. PKR 44.56 billion were spent on the construction of metro tracks, and all track expenses have been borne by the Punjab Government.<ref>https://dailytimes.com.pk/191304/report-metro-train-bus-expenditure-presented-punjab-assembly/</ref>

==Criticism==
[[File:Chauburji under the sky.jpg|thumb|200px|Advocates charge that construction works threaten numerous heritage sites in Lahore, such as the 17th century [[Chauburji]].]]
The project has been subject to criticism regarding transparency,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1096026/orange-line-hearing-govt-told-to-present-metro-train-agreement/|title=Orange Line hearing: Govt told to present metro train agreement - The Express Tribune|date=2016-05-03|website=The Express Tribune|language=en-US|access-date=2016-05-12}}</ref> while [[Environmentalism|environmental]] groups have been critical of the environmental sustainability of the project.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1186880|title=‘Environmental and economic sustainability’ of CPEC assured|last=Shahid|first=Jamal|date=2015-06-08|website=www.dawn.com|access-date=2016-05-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1196661|title=‘Conditional’ approval of Orange Line project EIA|last=Hasnain|first=Khalid|date=2015-07-27|website=www.dawn.com|access-date=2016-05-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1091058/public-transport-metro-train-will-change-countrys-transport-culture/|title=‘Metro train will change country’s transport culture’ - The Express Tribune|date=2016-04-25|website=The Express Tribune|language=en-US|access-date=2016-05-12}}</ref> The [[Asian Development Bank]] is reported to have offered to finance a comparable underground transit system at a lower cost of borrowing, but with longer construction times and higher overall cost.<ref>{{cite news|title=Short Cuts|url=http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21695034-chinese-style-modernisation-draws-perilously-close-brilliant-17th-century-landmarks-short-cuts|accessdate=24 January 2017|publisher=The Economist|date=17 March 2016}}</ref>

Various people and organizations have raised concerns that the Lahore Metro Orange Line might be a possible threat to heritage sites in this historic city.<ref>[http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/02/14/city/lahore/orange-line-metro-train-building-a-disaster/ News Report about Heritage Concerns]</ref> On 19 August 2016, the Lahore High Court ordered the cessation of construction works located within 200 feet of 11 historical sites,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Randhawa|first1=Samiullah|title=Court orders violated in Orange Line Metro Train project|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/01/02/court-orders-violated-in-orange-line-metro-train-project/|accessdate=24 January 2017|agency=Pakistan Today|quote=The court in its verdict on August 19 ordered the government to stop all construction work of the project within 200 feet of eleven historical buildings and ordered the formation of a review committee to assess the effects of the construction at these historical sites. The eleven sites are Chauburji, Saint Andrew Church, GPO building, the tomb of Zeb-un-Nisa, Supreme Court Registry Branch, Aiwan-e-Auqaf, Shalimar Gardens, Budhu ka Awa, the tomb of Baba Mauj Daria, Lakshmi Building, and Shah Chiragh Building.}}</ref> though the injunction was eventually lifted and construction allowed to proceed.

==See also==
* [[Lahore Metro Bus]]
* [[Karachi Circular Railway]]
* [[Pakistan Railways]]
* [[Transport in Pakistan]]
* [[Peshawar Metro]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{Lahore Metro}}
{{Public transport in Lahore}}

[[Category:Transport in Lahore]]
[[Category:China–Pakistan Economic Corridor]]
[[Category:Lahore Metro lines]]

2017-12-26T01:15:29Z

Willard84: /* Sikh era */

{{good article}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2012}}
{{Infobox Historic Site
| name = Lahore Fort شاہی قلعہ
| native_language = English
| image = File:Lahore_Fort_view_from_Baradari.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = A view of the fort's iconic Alamigiri Gate
| location = [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]]
| built =
| architect =
| architecture = [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]], [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]]
| coordinates = {{coord|31|35|25|N|74|18|35|E|display=inline,title}}
| locmapin =
| map_caption =
| embedded = {{Infobox World Heritage Site|child=yes}}
}}
The '''Lahore Fort''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and {{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|شاہی قلعہ}}}}: ''Shahi Qila'', or ''"Royal Fort"''), is a [[citadel]] in the city of [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]].<ref name="Location of Lahore Fort">{{cite web|last=Google maps|title=Location of Lahore Fort|url=https://maps.google.com/maps?ie=UTF8&q=shahi+qila+lahore&fb=1&hq=lahore+fort&cid=3872470187115328748&hnear=&t=m&z=16&vpsrc=0&iwloc=A|publisher=Google maps|accessdate=23 September 2013}}</ref> The fortress is located at the northern end of [[Walled City of Lahore|Lahore's Walled City]], and spreads over an area greater than 20 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Unesco"/> It contains 21 notable monuments, some of which date to the era of Emperor [[Akbar]]. The Lahore Fort is notable for having been almost entirely rebuilt in the 17th century,<ref name="Ruggles">{{cite book|last1=Ruggles|first1=D. Fairchild|title=Islamic Gardens and Landscapes|date=2011|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=9780812207286}}</ref> when the [[Mughal Empire]] was at the height of its splendour and opulence.<ref>{{cite book|title=Islamic art in the Metropolitan Museum: The Historical Context|date=1992|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|pages=34}}</ref>

Though the site of the Lahore Fort has been inhabited for millennia,<ref name="Unesco"/> the first record of a fortified structure at the site was in regard to an 11th-century mud-brick fort.<ref name="Unesco"/> The foundations of the modern Lahore Fort date to 1566 during the reign of Emperor Akbar, who bestowed the fort with a syncretic architectural style that featured both Islamic and Hindu motifs.<ref name="Unesco"/> Additions from the [[Shah Jahan]] period are characterized by luxurious marble with inlaid Persian floral designs,<ref name="Unesco"/> while the fort's grand and iconic Alamgiri Gate was constructed by the last of the great Mughal Emperors, [[Aurangzeb]], and faces the renowned [[Badshahi Mosque]].

After the fall of the Mughal Empire, the Lahore Fort was used as the residence of [[Ranjit Singh]], founder of the [[Sikh Empire]]. The fort then passed to [[British Raj|British colonialists]] after they annexed Punjab following their victory over the Sikhs at the [[Battle of Gujrat]] in February 1849. In 1981, the fort was inscribed as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] for its "outstanding [[wikt:repertoire|repertoire]]" of Mughal monuments dating from the era when the empire was at its artistic and aesthetic [[wikt:zenith|zenith]].<ref name="Unesco"/>

==Location==
The fort is located in the northern part of [[Lahore]]'s old walled city. The fort's Alamgiri gate is part of an ensemble of buildings, which along with the [[Badshahi Mosque]], [[Roshnai Gate]], and [[Samadhi of Ranjit Singh]], form a [[quadrangle (architecture)|quadrangle]] around the [[Hazuri Bagh]]. The ''[[Minar-e-Pakistan]]'' and [[Iqbal Park]] are adjacent to the northern boundary of the fort.

== History ==

===Early history===
[[File:The Hazuri Bagh Pavilion(1870).jpg|thumb|A picture showing the Lahore Fort and Hazuri Bagh Pavilion in 1870.]]
Though the site is known to have been inhabited for millennia,<ref name="Unesco"/> the origins of Lahore Fort are obscure and traditionally based on various myths.<ref>G. Johnson, [[Christopher Bayly|C. A. Bayly]], and J F Richards (1988). [[The New Cambridge History of India]]. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-40027-9}}</ref>

===Delhi Sultanate===
The first historical reference to a fort at the site is from the 11th century during the rule of [[Mahmud of Ghazni]]. The fort was made of mud, and was destroyed in 1241 by the [[Mongols]] during their invasion of Lahore.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.ualberta.ca/~rnoor/lahore_fort.html|title=lahore fort|publisher=University of Alberta}}</ref> A new fort was constructed in 1267 at the site by Sultan [[Ghiyas ud din Balban|Balban]] of the Turkic [[Mamluk dynasty of Delhi|Mamluk dynasty]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]].<ref>Hamadani, p.103</ref> The re-built fort was destroyed in 1398 by the invading forces of [[Timur]], only to be rebuilt by [[Sayyid dynasty#Sayyid Mubarak Shah|Mubarak Shah Sayyid]] in 1421,<ref>Khan, p.10</ref> In the 1430s, the fort was occupied by Shaikh Ali of [[Kabul]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Punjab (India)|title=Punjab District Gazetteers, Volume 13|publisher=Controller of Print. and Stationery, 2002|page=26}}</ref> and remained under the control of the [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] sultans of the [[Lodi dynasty]] until Lahore was captured by the Mughal Emperor [[Babur]] in 1524.

===Mughal era===

====Akbar period====
[[File:Lahore Fort Elephant Pillars.jpg|thumb|upright|The use of elephant-shaped column brackets reflects Hindu influences on the syncretic architectural style of [[Akbar|Emperor Akbar]].]]
The present design and structure of the fort traces its origins to 1575, when the Mughal Emperor [[Akbar]] occupied the site as a post to guard the northwest frontier of the empire.<ref name="LF">Asher, p.47</ref> The strategic location of Lahore, between the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal territories]] and the strongholds of [[Kabul]], [[Multan]], and [[Kashmir]] necessitated the dismantling of the old mud-fort and fortification with solid brick masonry.<ref>[http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=3991 Lahore Fort Complex] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080507070803/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=3991 |date=7 May 2008 }}. Archnet Digital Library. Retrieved 7 March 2008</ref> Lofty palaces were built over time, along with lush gardens.<ref>Neville, p.xiv</ref> Notable Akbar period structures included the ''Doulat Khana-e-Khas-o-Am'', ''Jharoka-e-Darshan'', and ''Akbari Gate''. Many Akbari structures were modified or replaced by subsequent rulers.<ref>Chaudhry, p.258</ref>

====Jahangir period====
[[File:A_picture_of_Gate_back_in_2000AD_by_Usman_Ghani.jpg|thumb|The fort's massive Picture Wall dates from the [[Jahangir]] period.]]
Emperor [[Jahangir]] first mentions his alterations to the fort in 1612 when describing the [[Lahore Fort#Maktab Khana|Maktab Khana]]. Jahangir also added the [[Lahore Fort#Kala Burj|Kala Burj]] pavilion, which features European-inspired angels on its vaulted ceiling.<ref name="AMI"/> British visitors to the fort noted [[Christian iconography]] during the Jahangir period, with paintings of the [[Madonna (art)|Madonna]] and [[Jesus]] found in the fort complex.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schimmel|first1=Annemarie|title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture|date=2004|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=9781861891853|pages=352}}</ref> In 1606, [[Guru Arjan]] of the Sikh faith was imprisoned at the fort before his death.<ref>{{cite book|author=Pashaura Singh| title= Life and Work of Guru Arjan: History, Memory, and Biography in the Sikh Tradition| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FbPXAAAAMAAJ| year=2006| publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-567921-2| pages=23, 217–218}}</ref>

Jahangir bestowed the massive [[Lahore Fort#Picture Wall|Picture Wall]], a {{convert|1450|ft|m}} by {{convert|50|ft|m}} wall<ref name="Completion of Fort Picture Wall">{{cite news|title=Completion of Fort Picture Wall|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/134915-Completion-of-Fort-Picture-Wall|accessdate=24 December 2016|agency=The News|date=15 July 2016}}</ref> which is exquisitely decorated with a vibrant array of glazed tile, faience mosaics, and frescoes.<ref name="Completion of Fort Picture Wall"/> The [[Mosque of Mariyam Zamani Begum]] was built adjacent to the forts eastern walls during the reign of Jahangir. While the mosque likely served as a Friday congregational mosque for members of the Royal Court, it was not financed by Jahangir, although it likely required his approval.<ref name="AMI"/>

====Shah Jahan period====
[[Shah Jahan]]'s first contribution to the fort commenced in the year of his coronation, 1628, and continued until 1645.<ref name="AMI"/> Shah Jahan first ordered construction of the [[Lahore Fort#Diwan-i-Aam|Diwan-i-Aam]] in the style of a ''Chehel Sotoun'' - a Persian style 40-pillar public audience hall.<ref name="AMI"/> Though construction of the Shah Burj commenced under Jahangir, Shah Jahan was displeased with its design and appointed [[Abul-Hasan ibn Mirza Ghiyas Beg|Asif Khan]] to oversee reconstruction.<ref name="AMI"/> Shah Jahan's Shah Burj forms a quadrangle with the famous [[Sheesh Mahal (Lahore Fort)|Sheesh Mahal]], and Naulakha Pavilion. Both are attributed to Shah Jahan, although the Naulakha Pavilion may be a later addition possibly from the Sikh era.<ref name="AMI"/> The white marble Moti Masjid, or Pearl Mosque, also dates from the Shah Jahan period.

====Aurangzeb period====
[[File:Lahore Fort - Main Entrance.JPG|thumbnail|The fort's iconic Alamgiri Gate was built during the reign of Emperor [[Aurangzeb]].]]
Emperor [[Aurangzeb]], built the Alamgiri Gate,<ref>Bhalla, p.81</ref> whose semi-circular towers and domed pavilions are a widely recognised symbol of Lahore that was once featured on [[Pakistani rupee|Pakistani currency]].

===Sikh era===
The Mughals lost the fort to the Afghan [[Durrani]]s, who in turn briefly lost the fort to [[Maratha Empire|Maratha forces]] before being recaptured by the Durranis.<ref name="Emotional Literacy">{{cite web|title=The Fall of the Moghul Empire of Hindustan|url=http://emotional-literacy-education.com/classic-books-online-a/tfmeh10.htm|publisher=Emotional Literacy|accessdate=14 May 2015}}</ref> The fort was then captured by the [[Bhangi Misl]] - one of the 12 Sikh Misls of Punjab that ruled Lahore from 1767 until 1799. The fort fell to the army of [[Ranjit Singh]], who took Lahore from the Bhangi Misl in 1799.<ref name="Lulu">{{cite book|author1=Students’ Academy|title=Lahore-The Cultural Capital of Pakistan|publisher=Lulu|isbn=1458322874|page=18}}</ref> Maharaja [[Duleep Singh]] was born at the fort's ''Jind Kaur Haveli'' in 1838.<ref name=bansal>{{cite book|last1=Bansal|first1=Bobby|title=Remnants of the Sikh Empire: Historical Sikh Monuments in India & Pakistan|date=2015|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=9384544930|accessdate=26 December 2017}}</ref> The fort and the city remained under the control of Ranjit Singh's family until the fall of the last Sikh empire in 1849.<ref name="Abhinav Publications">{{cite book|author1=Kartar Singh Duggal|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Last to Lay Arms|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=9788170174103|page=56}}</ref>

During their occupation of the fort, the Sikhs repurposed portions of the fort for their own use. The fort's famous Moti Masjid was forcibly converted into a Sikh [[gurdwara]],<ref name="Historical mosques of Lahore">{{cite web|title=Historical mosques of Lahore|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2015/01/03/comment/historical-mosques-of-lahore/|publisher=Pakistan Today|accessdate=13 April 2015}}</ref> while Ranjit Singh used the fort's Summer Palace as his own residence.<ref name="Qureshi"/> The ''Sehdari'' pavilion, or "Three-doored" pavilion, was added to the fort during Sikh rule. The fort's Naag Temple was also constructed during Sikh rule, while the ''Mai Jindan Haveli'' was extensively modified during Sikh rule. The fort's Diwan-i-Aam was destroyed in 1841 when the son of Ranjit Singh, [[Sher Singh]] bombarded the fort in his fight against [[Chand Kaur]].<ref name="Lahore">{{cite web|title=Notable Buildings and Structures of Lahore Fort:|url=http://www.pakistantoursguide.com/lahore-fort.html|publisher=Pakistan Tourist Guide|accessdate=13 April 2015}}</ref>

===Modern era===
[[File:Plan map of Lahore Fort 1911.jpg|thumb|upright|Layout of the Lahore Fort in 1911]]
Excavations in 1959 in front of Diwan-i-Am led to the discovery of a gold coin dated 1025 CE belonging to Mahmud of Ghazvani. The coin was unearthed at the depth of {{convert|25|ft|m}} from the lawn. The cultural layers were continuous to the depth of {{convert|15|ft|m|}} indicating that the fort was inhabited by people even before his conquest.

While relaying the deteriorated floor of Akbari Gate in April 2007, three floors in the fort were unearthed belonging to the British, Sikh and Mughal period. The floor of the British, Sikh and Mughal periods were constructed with bricks, burnt bricks and pebbles respectively. The latter either built during Jahangir's or Shah Jahan's era was the hallmark of Mughals.<ref name="Pak">{{cite web|title=Three floors revealed at Lahore Fort|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/244473/three-floors-revealed-at-lahore-fort|publisher=Dawn|accessdate=13 April 2015}}</ref>

== Layout ==
[[File:Lahore Fort Top view.JPG|thumb|The fort, as seen from the northeast minaret of the [[Badshahi Mosque]].]]
The fort is divided into two sections: first the administrative section, which is well connected with main entrances, and includes gardens and ''Diwan-e-Khas'' for royal audiences. The second, a private and concealed residential section is divided into courts in the north and accessible through elephant gate. It also contains Sheesh Mahal, spacious bedrooms and small gardens.<ref>Catherine E G Asher (1993) Architecture of Mughal India. [[Cambridge University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-521-26728-5}}</ref> The exterior walls are decorated with blue Persian Kashi tiles. The original entrance faces the [[Maryam Zamani Mosque]] and the larger Alamgiri gate opens towards Hazuri Bagh through the majestic [[Badshahi mosque]].<ref>A N Khan (1997). Studies in Islamic Archaeology of Pakistan Sang-e-Meel Publications</ref> Influence of Hindu architecture is seen in the zoomorphic corbels.<ref name="Unesco"/>

==Major structures==

===Shah Burj Quadrangle===
==== Naulakha Pavilion ====
[[File:Naulakha Pavilion in Lahore Fort.jpg|thumbnail|The marble [[Naulakha Pavilion]] is one of the most iconic sights at the fort.]]
{{main article|Naulakha Pavilion}}
The [[Naulakha Pavilion]] is an iconic sight of the Lahore Fort built in 1633 during the Shah Jahan period that is made of prominent [[white marble]], and known for its distinctive [[Curvilinear|curvilinear roof]]. It cost around 900,000 [[rupee]]s,<ref>{{cite book|author1=AB Rajput|title=Architecture in Pakistan|publisher=Pakistan Publications|page=9}}</ref> an exorbitant amount at the time.<ref>Rajput A B (1963) Architecture in Pakistan. Pakistan Publications, pp. 8-9</ref> The structure derives its name from the [[Urdu]] word for 900,000, ''Naulakha''.

The Naulakha pavilion served as a personal chamber and was located to the west of the [[Sheesh Mahal (Lahore)|Sheesh Mahal]], in the northern section of the fort. The pavilion served as inspiration for [[Rudyard Kipling]], who named his [[Vermont]] home [[Naulakha (Rudyard Kipling House)|Naulakha]] in honour of the pavilion.<ref>Kipling, Rudyard (1996) Writings on Writing. Cambridge University Press. 241 pages. {{ISBN|0-521-44527-2}}. see p.36 and p.173</ref>

The structure was originally inlaid with [[precious stones|precious and semi-precious stones]]. It reflects a mixture of contemporary traditions at the time of its construction, with a sloping-roof based on a [[Bengal]]i style, and a [[baldachin]] from Europe, which makes evident the imperial as well as religious function of the pavilion.<ref>Asher, p.180</ref> The marble shades of the pavilion are capped with merlons to hide view from the grounds.<ref>Nabi Khan, p.117</ref>

====Picture Wall====
[[File:Old lahore pattern.jpg|thumb|The Picture Wall features mosaics depicting a myriad of scenes.]]
Emperor Jahangir ordered construction of the massive "Picture Wall', which is considered to be the greatest artistic triumph of the Lahore Fort.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nicoli|first1=Fernando|title=Shah Jahan|date=2009|publisher=Penguin Books|location=India|isbn=9780670083039}}</ref> Unlike the [[Red Fort]] and [[Agra Fort]], Lahore Fort's ramparts were made of brick rather than red stone. The monumental Picture Wall is a large section of the outer wall which is exquisitely decorated with a vibrant array of glazed tile, faience mosaics, and frescoes.<ref name="Completion of Fort Picture Wall"/>

The embellished wall stretches over much of the fort's northern and western walls and measures approximately {{convert|1450|ft|m}} by {{convert|50|ft|m}}.<ref name="Completion of Fort Picture Wall"/> The wall contains 116 panels,<ref name="nation.com.pk">{{cite news|title=Steps afoot to restore Fort's Picture Wall|url=http://nation.com.pk/featured/16-Mar-2016/steps-afoot-to-restore-fort-s-picture-wall|accessdate=25 December 2016|agency=The Nation|date=16 March 2016}}</ref> which depict a myriad of subjects, including elephant fights, angels, and polo games that do not form a cohesive narrative; each can be viewed in isolation. Though begun under Jahangir, the Picture Wall was decorated throughout the 1620s, and may have been completed under the reign of his son, Shah Jahan.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Vogel|first1=J.P.|editor1-last=Marshall|editor1-first=Sir John|title=TIle Mosaics of Lahore Fort|date=1921|publisher=Government Printing|location=Calcutta|pages=69}}</ref>

The Picture Wall was badly neglected, and suffered from disrepair and damage. Conservation works at the site began in 2015 by the [[Aga Khan Trust for Culture]] and [[Walled City of Lahore Authority]], which together have also restored other Lahore landmarks such as the [[Wazir Khan Mosque]] and [[Shahi Hammam]]. Detailed documentation of the wall using [[3D scanner]] was completed in July 2016,<ref name="thenews.com.pk">{{cite news|title=Completion of Fort Picture Wall|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/134915-Completion-of-Fort-Picture-Wall|accessdate=25 December 2016|agency=The News|date=15 July 2016}}</ref> after which conservation work would start.<ref name="nation.com.pk"/>

==== Sheesh Mahal ====
{{main article|Sheesh Mahal (Lahore Fort)}}
[[File:Magnificent Shish Mehal.jpg|thumb|The Sheesh Mahal is elaborately decorated with a myriad of reflective glass tiles.]]
The [[Sheesh Mahal (Lahore Fort)|Sheesh Mahal]] ("''The Palace of Mirrors''"; {{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|شیش محل}}}}) is located within Jahangir's ''Shah Burj'' block in northern-western corner of the Lahore Fort. It was constructed under the reign of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in 1631-32 by Mirza Ghiyas Begh, the grand father of [[Mumtaz Mahal]], and father of Nur Jahan. The ornate white marble pavilion's walls are decorated with frescoes, and are inlaid with [[pietra dura]] and complex mirror-work known as ''ayina kari''. It is among the best known monuments of Lahore Fort, and forms the jewel in the fort's crown.<ref name="khan">Khan, Shehar Bano (2004) [http://www.dawn.com/weekly/dmag/archive/040711/dmag1.htm Wither heritage?] ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]''. 11 July. Retrieved 22 April 2008</ref> The distinctive Shah Jahani style is reflected in the extensive use of white marble, and hierarchical accents of the construction.<ref>[[Ebba Koch|Koch, Ebba]] (1991). Mughal Architecture: An Outline of Its History and Development, 1526-1858. Prestel. {{ISBN|3-7913-1070-4}}, p. 114</ref>

Sheesh Mahal was reserved for personal use by the imperial family and close [[:wiktionary:aide|aide]]s. During the [[Sikh Empire]], ''Shah Burj'' became [[Ranjit Singh]]'s favourite place, who built a [[harem]] on top of the Sheesh Mahal.<ref>Chaudhry, Nazir Ahmed (1998) Lahore: Glimpses of a Glorious Heritage. Sang-e-Meel Publications. {{ISBN|969-35-0944-7}}</ref> This was also the place where he would display his prized possession, the [[Koh-i-Noor]].<ref>Lal, Kanhaiya (1876). ''Rai Bahadur. Zafar Nzmah-i-Ranjit Singh, Ranjit Namah''. Mustafaee Press. Lahore</ref><ref>[[Sheesh Mahal (Lahore Fort)]], Wikipedia, ''retrieved 24 December 2016''</ref>

====Summer Palace====
[[File:Summer Palace Lahore Fort (WCLA).jpg|thumb|The Summer Palace is a labyrinth of chambers that was used as a residence during the hot summer months.]]
Located directly beneath the Sheesh Mahal and Shah Burj quadrangle is the Summer Palace, also known as the ''Pari Mahal'', or "Fairy Palace." The palace is a labyrinth of chambers that date from the Shah Jahan period.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dar|first1=Nadeem|title=The Hidden Palace|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/tns/80518-The-hidden-palace|accessdate=25 December 2016|agency=The News (Magazine edition)}}</ref> They were used as a residence during hot weather months, as they were cooled by effective ventilation systems that channeled cool breezes into the palace.<ref name="Qureshi"/> The palace's flooring system also helped cool the space - its floors were made of two layers that were separated by a layer of water pumped in from the Ravi River.<ref name="Qureshi">{{cite web|last1=Qureshi|first1=Tania (Deputy Director of [[Walled CIty of Lahore Authority]])|title=The secret chamber of royals – summer palace|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/blog/2016/06/25/the-secret-chamber-of-royals-summer-palace/|website=Pakistan Today|accessdate=25 December 2016|date=25 June 2016}}</ref> Cool water perfumed by roses flowed through an elaborate system of 42 waterfalls and cascades throughout the palace.<ref name="Qureshi"/>

The palace was historically only accessible from the overlying Sheesh Mahal,<ref name="Qureshi"/> though a new entrance was built by the British near Hathi Pul, or "Elephant Stairs."<ref name="The Nation">{{cite news|title=The best-kept secret of Lahore Fort|url=http://nation.com.pk/national/24-Mar-2016/the-best-kept-secret-of-lahore-fort|accessdate=25 December 2016|publisher=The Nation|date=24 March 2016}}</ref> Its walls were decorated with intricate frescoes and marble [[inlay]] that have been severely deteriorate by layers of subsequent white-washing and centuries of dampness.<ref name="Qureshi"/> Passage tunnels also exist that lead from the palace to the fort's exterior where the River Ravi once flowed, suggesting that it may have been part of an escape tunnel designed to allow occupants to flee in case of attack.<ref name="Qureshi"/>

The Summer Palace remained in use during the Sikh period under the reign of [[Ranjit Singh]]. Beginning in World War 2, the Summer Palace was used as a storehouse for the British [[Civil Defence Department]], and remained in use by Pakistan until 1973.<ref name="The Nation"/> The building's structural integrity was affected by its use as a storehouse. As of 2014, the [[Walled City of Lahore Authority]] has assumed control of the space in order to undertake restoration works with the [[Aga Khan Trust for Culture]]<ref name="Qureshi"/><ref name="The Nation"/> Following its restoration, the space will house the Lahore Fort's museum.<ref name="Qureshi"/>

=== Khilawat Khana ===
''Khilawat Khana'' was built by Shah Jahan in 1633 to the east of the Shah Burj Pavilion, and west of the Shah Jahan Quadrangle. It was the residence of the royal ladies of the court.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Camerapix|title=Spectrum guide to Pakistan|publisher=University of Michigan|isbn=9780816021260|page=259}}</ref> The plinth and door frames are made of marble with a curvilinear roof.<ref name="Lahore"/>

====Kala Burj====
[[File:Oldheritageinlahore.jpg|thumb|The Kala Burj.]]
In the northwest corner of the Khilawat Khana stands the Kala Burj ("Black Pavilion"). The pavilion is the most significant of the Jahangir-era additions to the Lahore Fort.<ref name="AMI"/> The vaulted ceilings in the pavilion feature paintings in a European-influenced style of angels which symbolize the virtuosity of [[King Solomon]],<ref name="AMI"/> who is regarded as the ideal ruler in the [[Quran]], and a ruler with whom Jahangir identified.<ref name="AMI"/> Angels directing ''[[djinn]]s'' are also painted on tiles in the ceiling, which also reference King Solomon.<ref name="AMI"/> Kala Burj was used as a summer pavilion.<ref name="Lahore"/>

====Lal Burj====
In the northeast corner of the Khilawat Khana stands the Lal Burj ("Red Pavilion"). Like the nearby Kala Burj, the Lal Burj was built during the reign of Jahangir, though finished during the reign of Shah Jahan. Octagonal in shape, the Lal Burj was used as a summer pavilion. It features primary windows that opened to the north to catch cool breezes. The interior frescoes date mostly from the Sikh era, along with the entire upper level that was also added during the Sikh era.<ref name="AMI"/>

===Shah Jahan's Quadrangle===
The collection of buildings surrounding the quadrangle situated between Jahangir's Quadrangle and Khilawat Khana is referred to as Shah Jahan's Quadrangle.

====Diwan-i-Khas====
[[File:Dewan-e-Khas (Hall of Special Audience).JPG|thumb|The ''Diwan-i-Khas'' is where the Emperor would attend to state affairs.]]
{{main article|Diwan-i-Khas (Lahore Fort)}}
In contrast to the Diwan-i-Aam, the Diwan-i-Khas served as a hall where the Emperor would attend to matters of the state, and where courtiers and state guests were received.<ref name="IA">{{cite web |url=http://islamic-arts.org/2011/the-citadel-lahore-fort/ |title=The Citadel (Lahore Fort) |year=2011 |website= |publisher=Islamics Arts and Architecture |accessdate=2016-07-13}}</ref> The hall was site of elaborate pageantry, with processions of up to one hour long occurring before each audience session.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Latif|first1=Syad Muhammad|title=Lahore: Its History, Architectural Remains and Antiquities: With an Account of Its Modern Institutions, Inhabitants, Their Trade, Customs, &c|date=1892|publisher=Oxford University|location=New Imperial Press (London)|pages=426}}</ref>

====The Khwabgah of Shah Jahan====
Khwabgah was the bedroom of Shah Jahan. It was built by Shah Jahan under the supervision of Wazir Khan in 1634 during his first visit to the city.<ref name="Lahore"/> Five sleeping chambers are aligned in a single row. The chambers feature carved marble screens, and are decorated with inlaid white marble and frescoes, It is the first building built by Shah Jahan in the fort. At present its decorations have vanished except for a trace of the marble which once might have beautified the façade.<ref name="LFF"/>

===Jahangir's Quadrangle===
Jahangir's Quadrangle occupies the northeastern corner of the fort. Though named for Jahangir, construction on the site began in 1617 or 1618 during the reign of Akbar, but was completed in 1620 under Jahangir.<ref name="Ruggles"/> Akbar's syncretic style is noted in the quadrangle, as it employs column brackets carved in the form of animals. The quadrangle's layout differs from other Mughal quadrangles which are based upon the layout of a Persian [[paradise garden]], and instead is formed by concentric rectangles with a fountain in its centre.<ref name="Ruggles"/>

====Diwan-i-Aam====
The Diwan-i-Aam was built by [[Shah Jahan]] in 1628 in a prominent part of the fort immediately south of Jahangir's Quadrangle. It was built style of a ''Chehel Sotoun'' - a Persian style 40-pillar public audience hall,<ref name="AMI"/> in a style similar to the Diwan-i-Aam at the [[Agra Fort]]. The Diwan-i-Aam was used a hall for the emperors to hold audience with commoners.

Shah Jahan's Diwan-i-Aam was destroyed in 1841 when the son of Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]], [[Sher Singh]] bombarded the fort in his fight against Maharani [[Chand Kaur]], the wife of Mahraja [[Kharak Singh]]. The current structure was built by the British in the 1849 after their victory against the Sikhs.<ref name="Lahore"/>

====Kharak Singh Haveli====
Kharak Singh Haveli was the ''haveli'' of Kharak Singh, the heir to Ranjit Singh. It lies in the south-east of the Jahangir's Quadrangle. It was later occupied by the British where the first and the ground floor were used as a Commandant's Quarters and godown and servants house respectively. Currently it houses the archaeological survey office.<ref name="LFF">{{cite web|title=Lahore Fort|url=https://www.ualberta.ca/~rnoor/lahore_fort.html|publisher=University of Alberta|accessdate=12 May 2015}}</ref>

====The Khwabgah of Jahangir====
The Jahangir Quadrangle is bordered on its northern edge by Jahangir's sleeping chambers, the ''Bari Khwabgah'', which was largely reconstructed during the British era.

====Sehdari pavilion====
[[File:Lahore Fort - 1.JPG|thumbnail|The Sikh-era ''Sehdari'', or "Three-doored pavilion" served as an office for Faqir Syed Noor-ud-din, a trusted Governor of [[Ranjit Singh]].]]
The Sikh-era ''Sehdari'' pavilion, or "Three-doored" pavilion, is located to the east of the ''Bari Khwabgah''. A second ''Sehdari'' pavilion was located to the west of the ''Bari Khwabgah'', but was subsequently destroyed during the British period.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dar|first1=Nadeem|title=Jahangir’s quadrangle through the centuries|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2015/11/21/jahangirs-quadrangle-through-the-centuries/|accessdate=2 January 2017|publisher=Pakistan Today|date=21 November 2015}}</ref> The surviving pavilion was used as an office for Faqir Syed Noor-ud-din, a trusted Governor of Ranjit Singh. The architectural style of the ''Sehdari'' pavilion is typical of the Sikh period. Frescoes decorating the pavilion portray floral designs, birds, and Hindu religious themes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Projects by WCLA|url=http://www.itdhub.net/wcla/?page_id=2448|publisher=Walled City of Lahore Authority|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref>

===Maktab Khana===
The Maktab Khana ("Clerk's Quarters") originally known as ''Dawlat Khana-e-Jahangir'', was constructed in 1617 under the supervision of Mamur Khan during the reign of Jahangir as a set of cloisters near the Moti Masjid.<ref name="AMI">{{cite book|last1=Asher|first1=Catherine|title=Architecture of Mughal India, Part 1, Volume 4|date=1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521267281|pages=368}}</ref> Designed by Khawaja Jahan Muhammad Dost, it was used as passage to the Audience Hall from the palace buildings to the north.<ref name="AMI"/><ref name="Lahore"/> Clerks in the Maktab Khana would also record the entry of guests into the fort. It features [[iwan]]s in the Persian-Timurid style in each of its four sides. Each iwan is flanked by arches.

=== Moti Masjid ===
{{main article|Moti Masjid (Lahore Fort)}}
[[File:Moti Masjid lahore fort.jpg|thumbnail|Lahore's Moti Masjid is earliest of three Mughal "Pearl Mosques." The two others are [[Moti Masjid (Agra Fort)|the one in Agra]] and [[Moti Masjid (Red Fort)|the other in Delhi]].]]
The [[Moti Masjid (Lahore Fort)|Moti Masjid]] ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|موتی مسجد}}}}), one of the "Pearl Mosques", is a [[mosque]] dating from the Shah Jahan Period that is located on the western side of Lahore Fort, closer to Alamgiri Gate. It is situated in the northwestern corner of ''Dewan-e-Aam''. The white marble structure is among his prominent extensions (such as [[Sheesh Mahal (Lahore)|Sheesh Mahal]] and [[Naulakha pavilion]]) to the Lahore Fort Complex.<ref>Nadiem (2004)</ref> ''Moti'' in [[Urdu|Urdu language]] means ''[[pearl]]'', which designates a perceived preciousness to the religious structure. It was an established practice among [[List of Mughal emperors|Mughal emperors]] to name the mosques after [[wikt:generic|generic]] names for [[gemstones]].<ref>Koch 1991, p. 121-22</ref> The mosque, built between 1630–35,<ref name="nath422">Nath (1982), p. 422</ref> has three superimposed domes, two aisles of five bays, and a slightly raised central ''[[pishtaq]]'', or [[Portal (architecture)|portal]] with a [[rectangular]] frame.<ref>Koch (1991), p. 123</ref> This five-arched [[facade]] distinguishes it from other mosques of the similar class with three-arched facades. The interior is simple and plain with the exception of ceilings that are decorated and designed in four different orders, two arcuate, and two trabeated.<ref>Nath (1982), p. 423</ref>

After the demise of the [[Mughal Empire]], the mosque was converted into a [[Sikh temple]] and renamed ''Moti Mandir'' during the period of the Sikh rule under Ranjit Singh's [[Sikh Confederacy]].<ref name="Historical mosques of Lahore"/> He later used the building for the [[State (polity)|state]] [[treasury]]. When the [[British raj|British]] took over [[Punjab region|Punjab]] in 1849, they discovered [[precious stones]] wrapped in bits of [[textile|rags]] and placed in [[velvet]] [[Coin purse|purse]]s scattered inside the mosque, along with other inventory.<ref>Zaman, Mahmood (2002). [http://www.dawn.com/2002/01/25/nat40.htm The Login inventory of the Lahore Fort]. ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]''. 25 January. Retrieved 16 April 2008</ref>

=== Gates ===
[[File:Akbari-Gate-Lahore-Fort.jpg|thumbnail|Akbari Gate]]

====Akbari Gate====
Mughal Emperor [[Akbar]] built two gates. Akbari Gate was built in 1566 and now called Maseeti Gate.

====Alamgiri Gate====
Located at the western end of the fort, the Alamgiri Gate is the entrance of the Lahore Fort. It was built by Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]] in 1674.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Mohammad Abdulhai Qureshi|title=Muslim Rule in Spain, Muslim Rule in India, Memories of Two Failures|publisher=Author House|isbn=9781456776152|page=58}}</ref> It has two semi-circular bastions where lotus petal design adorns its base.<ref>Ancient India by Daud Ali, p.5</ref> It opens to the [[Hazuri Bagh]] and faces the [[Badshahi Mosque]]. The gate is one of Lahore's most iconic monuments, and once featured on Pakistani currency.

=== Naag Temple ===
The Naag temple is a Sikh temple built by [[Chand Kaur]], the wife of [[Kharak Singh]] who was the son of the then ruling Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]]. The temple is square in plan and built on a raised platform. Its exterior walls are covered with fresco paintings. The temple also has a water-melon shaped dome. The site is currently closed to the public in order to prevent further deterioration.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lahore Fort's Naag Temple – a no-go area for public|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/657902/lahore-forts-naag-temple-a-no-go-area-for-public|publisher=Dawn|accessdate=13 April 2015}}</ref>

===Mai Jindan Haveli===
''Mai Jindan Haveli'' is of unknown origins and believed to be a Mughal structure but attributed to the Mai Jindan, Chand Kaur because of the extensive additions by the Sikhs. It is a two storied building where she is alleged to have been murdered. Presently this building is site of the Sikh Gallery Museum.<ref name="LFF"/>

== Conservation ==
In 1980, Government of Pakistan nominated the fort for inclusion in [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] based on the criteria i, ii, and iii together with the [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalimar]].<ref name="Unesco">{{cite web|title=International council on monuments and sites|url=http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/171.pdf|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=13 April 2015}}</ref> In the fifth meeting session held in [[Sydney]] in October 1981, the World Heritage Site committee added both the monuments to the list.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Heritage Committee Fifth session|url=http://whc.unesco.org/archive/repcom81.htm#171|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=13 April 2015}}</ref>

In 2000, Pakistan sent a letter to the organization to include both the sites in List of World Heritage in Danger and sought help to restore the damaged part of the outer walls and hydraulic works of Shalamar Gardens.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Heritage Committee Twenty Fourth session|url=http://whc.unesco.org/archive/repcom00.htm#shalamar|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=13 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Committee Decisions|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/decisions/2422|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=13 April 2015}}</ref> In April 2006, it was reported that officials had urged [[UNESCO]] to remove the name of the fort from the list of endangered World Heritage Sites because of extensive restoration work funded by [[Norway]], [[Hong Kong]], the [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Unesco urged to delist Lahore Fort|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/186988/unesco-urged-to-delist-lahore-fort|publisher=Dawn|accessdate=13 April 2015}}</ref> Restoration projects included works at the Sheesh Mahal, Alamgiri Gate, and Hazuri Bagh.<ref>[http://www.dawn.com/2006/08/16/nat23.htm Cultural week opens at Fort]. ''Dawn''. 16 August 2006. Retrieved 22 April 2008</ref> After years of extensive renovation and restoration work, the fort and Shalimar Gardens were removed from the endangered list in June 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Establishment of the World Heritage List in Danger (Removed Properties)|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/decisions/4839|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=13 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Shalimar Garden, Lahore Fort not in danger anymore|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2012/06/29/city/lahore/shalimar-garden-lahore-fort-not-in-danger-anymore/|publisher=Pakistan Today|accessdate=13 April 2015}}</ref>

Though in 1990, UNESCO had ordered the Punjab Archaeological Department to bar the use of the Fort for state or private functions on account of historical significance, a wedding reception was held in violation on December 23, 2010. The Antiquities Act of 1975, which prohibits the use of historical places to protect them from damage, was violated in the following month by hosting a dinner in the Diwan-i-Khas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Another function at Lahore Fort in violation of rules|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/601831/another-function-at-lahore-fort-in-violation-of-rules|publisher=Dawn|accessdate=13 April 2015}}</ref>

Conservation works at the Picture Wall began in 2015 by the [[Aga Khan Trust for Culture]] and [[Walled City of Lahore Authority]]. Documentation of the wall using [[3D scanner]] was completed in July 2016,<ref name="thenews.com.pk"/> after which conservation work would start.<ref name="nation.com.pk"/>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:LFPW5.jpg|Picture wall
File:'Pakistan'- Sheesh Mahal (Mirrors Palace)- Lahore Fort- @ibneazhar Sep 2016 (90).jpg|Sheesh Mahal is known for its ''ayina kari'' - mirrored tile-work.
File:Pakistan-Lahore Fort-By @ibneazhar Sep 2016 (126).jpg|Naulakha Pavilion is known for its distinctive Bengali-style curvilinear roof.
File:Monument_of_Mughal_Era.jpg
File:Sheesh Mahal Arches.jpg|Sheesh Mahal exterior
File:Palace_of_Mirrors.jpg|Sheesh Mahal
File:Lahore_Fort_124.jpg
File:Lahore_Fort_6_(WCLA).jpg|Naulakha Pavilion and Sheesh Mahal form parts of the ''Shah Burj'' Quadrangle.
File:Lahore_Fort_._(17).JPG|The Sheesh Mahal is embellished with reflective glass tile work.
File:Smadhi Jhinger Shah Suthra 2 (WCLA).jpg|The [[samadhi]] of Jhingar Shah Suthra is a Hindu shrine located adjacent to the fort's northern wall.
File:Smadhi Jhinger Shah Suthra (WCLA).jpg|[[Sanskrit]] inscription above the samadhi of Jhingar Shah Suthra
File:Pakistan-Lahore_Fort-By_@ibneazhar_Sep_2016_(91).jpg
File:Lahore_fort_gate_with_badshahi_masjid_in_back_ground.JPG
File:Lahore_fort_(2).JPG
File:Aunzee_34.JPG|Interior of the Sheesh Mahal
File:Watchman%27s_room.JPG|Sikh-era addition to the Mussaman Burj
File:Makatib Khana (Secretariat), built by Jahangir in Lahore Fort.jpg|The Maktab Khana
File:Oldmonumentinlahore.jpg
File:Pakistan-Lahore Fort-By @ibneazhar Sep 2016 (149).jpg
File:Exterior Facade Lahore Fort 3.JPG|The Sikh-era Naag Temple
File:Pakistan-Lahore_Fort_Exteriors-_@ibneazhar_SEp_2016_(3).jpg
File:Pakistan-Lahore_Fort-By_@ibneazhar_Sep_2016_(30).jpg|Outer walls below the Khilawat Khana
File:Pakistan-Lahore_Fort_Exteriors-_@ibneazhar_SEp_2016_(46).jpg|Mussaman Burj
File:Pakistan-Lahore_Fort-By_@ibneazhar_Sep_2016_(104).jpg|Jehangir's Quadrangle
File:Pakistan-Lahore_Fort-By_@ibneazhar_Sep_2016_(173).jpg|Sehdari Pavilion
File:LF26.JPG
File:LF22.JPG
File:LF4.JPG
</gallery>

== See also ==
*[[List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Pakistan]]
*[[List of forts in Pakistan]]
*[[Red Fort]]
*[[Agra Fort]]

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==
*{{cite book|title = The Frontier Policy of the Delhi Sultans | publisher = Atlantic Publishers | author = Agha Hussain Hamadani | isbn = 9694150035}}
*{{cite book|title = Lahore Fort | publisher = Department of Archaeology & Museums, Government of Pakistan, 1974 | author = Muhammad Ishtiaq Khan }}
*{{cite book|title = Architecture of Mughal India| publisher = Cambridge University Press | author = Catherine Blanshard Asher | isbn = 9780521267281}}
*{{cite book|title = Lahore Fort: A Witness to History| publisher = Sang-e-Meel Publications| author = Nazir Ahmad Chaudhry| isbn = 9789693510409}}
*{{cite book|title = Monuments, Power and Poverty in India: From Ashoka to the Raj| publisher = I.B.Tauris|author=A. S. Bhalla|isbn=9781784530877}}
*{{cite book|title = Mughal Architecture: An Outline of Its History and Development| publisher =Prestel| author = [[Ebba Koch]] | isbn = 3-7913-1070-4}}
*{{cite book|title = Studies in Islamic Archaeology of Pakistan| publisher =Sang-e-Meel Publications| author = Ahmed Nabi Khan | isbn = 969-35-0717-7}}
* {{cite book|author=Pran Neville|title=Lahore : A Sentimental Journey|isbn=9780143061977|publisher=Penguin Books}}

== External links ==
*[http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-RCMS-00087/1 Coloured drawings of paintings, mosaics, tiles and other architectural features in Lahore Fort] in [[Cambridge Digital Library]]. These were prepared {{Circa|1890}} for a publication entitled ''Preservation of national monuments in India'' as part of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].

{{commons category|Lahore Fort}}

{{Lahore Fort Complex}}
{{Walled City of Lahore}}
{{World Heritage Sites in Pakistan}}
{{Mughal Empire|state=collapsed}}
{{Cultural heritage sites in Punjab, Pakistan |state=autocollapse}}
{{World Heritage Sites in Pakistan|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Lahore Fort| ]]
[[Category:Architecture of Lahore]]
[[Category:Defunct prisons in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Islamic architecture]]
[[Category:Lahore]]
[[Category:Mughal fortress gardens in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Mughal architecture]]
[[Category:Royal residences in Pakistan]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Lahore]]
[[Category:Palaces in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Persian gardens in Pakistan]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Danger]]