Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Philosophie der Chemie

2010-04-13T07:57:38Z

WildBot: Repairing broken #section link

{{Cleanup|date=October 2008}}

The '''[[philosophy]] of [[chemistry]]''' considers the [[methodology]] and underlying assumptions of the [[science]] of chemistry. It is explored by philosophers, chemists, and philosopher-chemist teams. For much of its history, [[philosophy of science]] has been dominated by the [[philosophy of physics]], but the philosophical questions that arise from chemistry have received increasing attention since the latter part of the 20th century.<ref name="Weisberg">Weisberg, M. (2001). Why not a philosophy of chemistry? ''American scientist.'' Retrieved April 10, 2009 from [http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/why-not-a-philosophy-of-chemistry|http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/why-not-a-philosophy-of-chemistry]</ref><ref name="Scerri">Scerri, E.R., & McIntyre, L. (1997). The case for the philosophy of chemistry. ''Synthese'', 111: 213–232. Retrieved April 10, 2009 from http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/archive/00000254/ [http://www.chem.ucla.edu/dept/Faculty/scerri/pdf/Case_for_poc.pdf|.pdf here]</ref>

==Foundations of chemistry==

Major philosophical questions arise as soon as one attempts to define chemistry and what it studies. [[Atom]]s and [[molecule]]s are often assumed to be the fundamental units of chemical theory,<ref name="Schummer">Schummer, Joaquin. (2006). Philosophy of science. In ''Encyclopedia of philosophy, second edition.'' New York, NY: Macmillan.</ref> but traditional descriptions of molecular structure and [[chemical bond]]ing fail to account for the properties of many substances, including [[metallic bond|metals]] and [[Coordination complex#Electronic properties of metal complexes|metal complexes]]<ref name="Gammon">Ebbing, D., & Gammon, S. (2005). ''General chemistry.'' Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.</ref> and [[aromaticity]].<ref name="PLK">Pavia, D., Lampman, G., & Kriz, G. (2004). ''Organic chemistry, volume 1.'' Mason, OH: Cenage Learning.</ref> Chemists frequently use non-existent chemical entities like [[transition state]]s<ref name="PLK" /> and [[resonance (chemistry)|resonance structures]]<ref name="Gammon" /><ref name="PLK" /> to explain the structure and reactions of different substances; these explanatory tools use the language and graphical representations of molecules to describe the behavior of chemicals and chemical reactions that in reality do not behave as straightforward molecules. Some chemists and philosophers of chemistry prefer to think of substances, rather than microstructures, as the fundamental units of study in chemistry. There is not always a one-to-one correspondence between the two methods of classifying substances.<ref name="Schummer" /> For example, many rocks exist as mineral complexes composed of multiple ions that do not occur in fixed proportions or spatial relationships to one another.<ref name="Gammon" />

A related philosophical problem is whether chemistry is the study of substances or reactions.<ref name="Schummer" /> Atoms, even in a solid, are in perpetual motion and under the right conditions many chemicals react spontaneously to form new products. A variety of environmental variables contribute to a substance's properties, including temperature and pressure, proximity to other molecules and the presence of a magnetic field.<ref name="Schummer" /><ref name="Gammon" /><ref name="PLK" /> As Schummer puts it, “Substance philosophers define a
chemical reaction by the change of certain substances, whereas process philosophers define a substance by its characteristic chemical reactions.”<ref name="Schummer" />

Philosophers of chemistry discuss whether nature is [[symmetric]] as between right-and left-[[handedness]]. [[organic chemistry|Organic]] (i.e., [[carbon]]-based) [[molecules]] are those most often handed one way or another, i.e., "stereo-specific." Left-handed [[amino acids]] and right-handed [[sugar]]s are the basis of the chemistry of [[life]]. [[Chemists]], [[biochemistry|biochemists]], and [[biologists]] alike debate the origins of this stereo-specificity. Philosophers want to know if life emerged as it did contingently, amid a lifeless and symmetrical chemical [[world]], or did life emerge, in part, because chemistry was already stereo-specific? Some speculate that [[humans]] will know the answer only when we can compare earth-bound life with [[extraterrestrial life]]. Some philosophers question whether humans ''want'' nature to be symmetrical, thereby causing them to resist or ignore evidence to the contrary.

One of the most topical issues is determining to what extent physics, specifically, quantum mechanics, explains chemical phenomena. Can chemistry, in fact, be reduced to physics as has been assumed by many, or are there inexplicable gaps? Some authors have recently suggested that a number of difficulties exist in the reductionist program, notwithstanding our increasing knowledge of the microcosmic realm. The noted philosopher of science, [[Karl Popper]], among others, predicted as much.

==Methodology==

Chemistry is in a sense the paradigmatic laboratory science, one that predates both experimental and theoretical [[physics]]. While astronomers have to get along without experimenting directly on the distant objects of their attention, and biologists have to experiment within ethical and legal restraints on more available objects, chemistry conforms to, and indeed gave rise to, textbook explanations of what constitutes the [[scientific method]].

One theme arising from chemical experiments is the value of [[ambiguity]] as a spur to the type of science that chemists do. [[Emily R. Grosholz]] and [[Roald Hoffmann]], for example, have argued that equivocations in chemistry have helped bridge the gap between experiment and theory, thereby advancing the field. Such an argument challenges preconceptions to the effect that the more fully concepts are clarified, the more useful they will prove.

==Philosophers of chemistry==

Several [[philosophers]] and [[scientists]] have focused on the philosophy of chemistry in recent years, notably, the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] philosopher [[Jaap van Brakel]], who wrote ''The Philosophy of Chemistry'' in 2000, and the [[Malta|Maltese]] philosopher-chemist [[Eric Scerri]], editor of the journal "Foundations of Chemistry" and author of ''Normative and Descriptive Philosophy of Science and the Role of Chemistry in Philosophy of Chemistry'', 2004, among other articles. Scerri is especially interested in the philosophical foundations of the [[periodic table]], and how physics and chemistry intersect in relation to it, which he contends is not merely a matter for science, but for philosophy.<ref>{{cite book | last = Scerri
| first = Eric R. | authorlink = | coauthors =
| title = Collected Papers on Philosophy of Chemistry | publisher = Imperial College Press
| date = 2008 | location = London
| pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-1-84816-137-5}}</ref>

Although in other fields of science students of the method are generally not practitioners in the field, in chemistry (particularly in synthetic organic chemistry) intellectual method and philosophical foundations are often explored by investigators with active research programmes. [[Elias James Corey]] developed the concept of "[[retrosynthesis]]" published a seminal work "the logic of chemical synthesis" which deconstructs these thought processes and speculates on computer-assisted synthesis. Other chemists such as [[K.C. Nicolaou]] (co-author of ''Classics in Total Synthesis'') have followed in his lead.

==Further reading==
===Journals===
*[http://www.springeronline.com/sgw/cda/frontpage/0,11855,4-0-70-35545882-0,00.html?referer=www.wkap.nl Foundations of Chemistry], an international peer-reviewed journal for History and Philosophy of Chemistry as well as Chemical Education published by Springer.
*[http://www.hyle.org/journal/concept.htm Hyle: International Journal for Philosophy of Chemistry], an English-language peer-reviewed journal associated with the [[University of Karlsruhe]], [[Germany]].

===Books===

*''Philosophy of Chemistry'', J. van Brakel, Leuven University Press, 2000. ISBN 9-05867-063-5
*''Philosophy of Chemistry : Synthesis of a New Discipline'', Davis Baird, Eric Scerri, Lee McIntyre (eds.), Dordrecht: Springer, 2006. ISBN 1402032560
*''The Periodic Table: Its Story and Its Significance'', E.R. Scerri, Oxford University Press, New York, 2006. ISBN 0195305736
*[http://www.americanscientist.org/template/BookReviewTypeDetail/assetid/14418;jsessionid=aaaeI64wZUcz2T ''Of Minds and Molecules:] ''New Philosophical Perspectives on Chemistry'', 'Nalini Bhushan and Stuart Rosenfeld (eds.), [[Oxford University Press]], 2000, Reviewed by Michael Weisberg

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://ispc.sas.upenn.edu/ International Society for the Philosophy of Chemistry]

{{philosophy of science}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Philosophy Of Chemistry}}
[[Category:Philosophy of science]]
[[Category:Chemistry]]
[[Category:Philosophy by field|Chemistry]]

[[es:Filosofía de la química]]
[[pt:Filosofia da química]]
[[fi:Kemian filosofia]]

Liste der 32X-Spiele

2010-04-13T05:09:49Z

WildBot: Repairing broken #section link

[[Image:Sega 32x.jpeg|thumb|right|The Sega 32X]]
The [[Sega 32X]] was an add-on for the [[Sega Mega Drive]] [[video game console]]. Unveiled at June 1994's [[Consumer Electronics Show]], Sega presented the Sega 32X as the "poor man's entry into 'next generation' games."<ref name="Kent_493_496"/> The 32X was originally conceived as an entirely new console by Sega of Japan,<ref name="Kent_493_496"/> but Sega of America [[R&D]] head Joe Miller convinced Sega of Japan to strengthen the console and convert it into an add-on to the existing Sega Mega Drive, Sega's current console. They did not, however, make it a competitor to the forthcoming [[Sega Saturn]]. Although this add-on contained two 32-bit [[central processing unit]] chips, and a 3D graphics processor,<ref name="HardwareSpecs">{{cite book |title=Sega Mega Drive 32X instruction manual |origyear=1994 |publisher=Sega Enterprises |pages=20 |chapter=Mega Drive 32X Hardware Information|accessdate=2008-05-22}}</ref> it failed to attract either developers or consumers as the superior Saturn had already been announced for release the next year.<ref name="Kent_493_496"/> Originally released at [[US$]]159, Sega dropped the price to $99 in only a few months and ultimately cleared the remaining inventory at $19.95.<ref name="Kent_493_496">{{cite book |last=Kent |first=Steven L. |authorlink=Steven L. Kent |title=The Ultimate History of Video Games: The Story Behind the Craze that Touched our Lives and Changed the World |year=2001 |publisher=Prima Publishing |location=Roseville, California |isbn=0-7615-3643-4 |pages=493–496}}</ref> 600,000 Sega 32X units were shipped by January 1995.<ref name="allgame">{{cite web | title=32X North American Launch | url=http://www.allgame.com/platform.php?id=35}}</ref>

The following list contains all 34 games released on the Sega 32X, as well as five Sega CD 32X games (marked with a '''†''') that required both the 32X and the [[Sega Mega-CD]]. The Sega 32X has been sold in several regions around the world, including [[Japan]] (JP), [[North America]] (NA), and [[Europe]] (EU). All release dates are given for Japan, unless otherwise noted. For the game ''Sangokushi IV'', the single Sega 32X game released in Japan only, the title ''[[Romance of the Three Kingdoms IV: Wall of Fire]]'' is given, since that is the English name of the game released on other [[Video game console|consoles]] or [[personal computers]].

==Games==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="width: 100%;"
! width="36%" align="left" | Title<ref name="Sega-16">{{cite web|url=http://www.sega-16.com/master_list.php?sys=32X|title=Sega-16's 32X Master List|accessdate=2008-05-20|publisher=www.sega-16.com}}</ref><ref name="GameSpot">{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/games.html?platform=1003&category=&type=games&mode=all&sort=title&sortdir=desc|title=GameSpot's 32X Games List|accessdate=2008-08-03|publisher=www.gamespot.com}}</ref>
! width="20%" align="left" | Developer<ref name="Sega-16"/>
! width="20%" align="left" | Publisher<ref name="Sega-16"/>
! width="9%" align="left" | Regions Released<ref name="Sega-16"/>
! width="8%" align="left" | Release Date(s) <ref name="Sega-16"/><ref name="Sega 32X FAQ">{{cite web|url=http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~dzubera/FAQs/32x.faq|title=Sega 32X FAQ|accessdate=2008-11-17|publisher=www.cs.colostate.edu}}</ref><ref name="GameSpot"/>
! width="7%" align="left" | Max. # of Players <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mobygames.com/browse/games/sega-32x/tic,19/ti,140/|title=MobyGames' 32X games list (1 player)|accessdate=2008-11-07|publisher=www.mobygames.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mobygames.com/browse/games/sega-32x/tic,19/ti,141/|title=MobyGames' 32X games list (2 players)|accessdate=2008-11-07|publisher=www.mobygames.com}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mobygames.com/browse/games/sega-32x/tic,19/ti,142/|title=MobyGames' 32X games list (4 players)|accessdate=2008-11-07|publisher=www.mobygames.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mobygames.com/browse/games/sega-32x/tic,19/ti,143/|title=MobyGames' 32X games list (8 players)|accessdate=2008-11-07|publisher=www.mobygames.com}}</ref>
|-
|''[[After Burner|After Burner Complete]]''
|[[Rutubo Games]]
|[[Sega]]
|1[[Japan|JP]] [[North America|NA]] [[Europe|EU]]
|1995/01/13 JP
|<center>1<center/>
|-
|''[[BC Racers]]''
|[[U.S. Gold]]
|[[Core Design]]
|3[[Image:Invis flag.png|15x20px]] [[North America|NA]]
|1995
|<center>2<center/>
|-
|''[[Blackthorne]]''
|[[Paradox Development]]
|[[Interplay]]
|3[[Image:Invis flag.png|15x20px]] [[North America|NA]]
|1995
|<center>1<center/>
|-
|''[[Brutal: Paws of Fury#Series Synopsis|Brutal Unleashed: Above the Claw]]''
|[[GameTek]]
|[[GameTek]]
|3[[Image:Invis flag.png|15x20px]] [[North America|NA]]
|1995
|<center>2<center/>
|-
|''[[Corpse Killer]]'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sega-16.com/ml_game_page.php?id=11&title=Corpse%20Killer%2032X|title=Sega-16 listing for Corpse Killer|accessdate=2008-06-02|publisher=www.sega-16.com}}</ref>†
|[[Digital Pictures]]
|[[Digital Pictures]]
|2[[Image:Invis flag.png|15x20px]] [[North America|NA]] [[Europe|EU]]
|1994
|<center>1<center/>
|-
|''[[Cosmic Carnage]]'' <center>''Cyber Brawl''JP<center/>
|[[Sega]]
|[[Sega]]
|1[[Japan|JP]] [[North America|NA]] [[Europe|EU]]
|1995/01/27 JP
|<center>2<center/>
|-
|''[[Darxide]]''
|[[Frontier Developments]]
|[[Sega]]
|4[[Image:Invis flag.png|16x20px]] [[Image:Invis flag.png|16x20px]] [[Europe|EU]]
|1995
|<center>1<center/>
|-
|''[[Doom (video game)|Doom]]''
|[[id Software]]
|[[Sega]]
|1[[Japan|JP]] [[North America|NA]] [[Europe|EU]]
|1994/12/03 JP
|<center>1<center/>
|-
|''[[Fahrenheit (1994 video game)|Fahrenheit]]'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sega-16.com/ml_game_page.php?id=15&title=Fahrenheit|title=Sega-16 listing for Fahrenheit|accessdate=2008-06-02|publisher=www.sega-16.com}}</ref>†
|[[Sega]]
|[[Sega]]
|3[[Image:Invis flag.png|15x20px]] [[North America|NA]]
|1995
|<center>1<center/>
|-
|''[[FIFA Soccer '96]]''
|[[Probe Entertainment Limited|Probe]]
|[[EA Sports]]
|4[[Image:Invis flag.png|16x20px]] [[Image:Invis flag.png|16x20px]] [[Europe|EU]]
|1995
|<center>4<center/>
|-
|''[[Golf Magazine: 36 Great Holes Starring Fred Couples]]''
|[[Sega]]
|[[Sega]]
|1[[Japan|JP]] [[North America|NA]] [[Europe|EU]]
|1995/02/24 JP
|<center>1<center/>
|-
|''[[Knuckles' Chaotix]]'' <center>''Chaotix''JP<center/>
|[[Sonic Team]]
|[[Sega]]
|1[[Japan|JP]] [[North America|NA]] [[Europe|EU]]
|1995/04/21 JP
|<center>2<center/>
|-
|''[[Kolibri (video game)|Kolibri]]''
|[[Appaloosa Interactive|Novotrade]]
|[[Sega]]
|2[[Image:Invis flag.png|15x20px]] [[North America|NA]] [[Europe|EU]]
|1995
|<center>2<center/>
|-
|''[[Metal Head]]''
|[[Sega]]
|[[Sega]]
|1[[Japan|JP]] [[North America|NA]] [[Europe|EU]]
|1995/02/24 JP
|<center>1<center/>
|-
|''[[Mortal Kombat II]]''
|[[Midway Games]]
|[[Acclaim Entertainment]]
|1[[Japan|JP]] [[North America|NA]] [[Europe|EU]]
|1995/05/19 JP
|<center>2<center/>
|-
|''[[Motocross Championship]]''
|[[Artech Studios]]
|[[Sega]]
|2[[Image:Invis flag.png|15x20px]] [[North America|NA]] [[Europe|EU]]
|1995
|<center>2<center/>
|-
|''[[NBA Jam Tournament Edition]]''
|[[Acclaim Entertainment]]
|[[Acclaim Entertainment]]
|1[[Japan|JP]] [[North America|NA]] [[Europe|EU]]
|1995/09/01 JP
|<center>4<center/>
|-
|''[[NFL Quarterback Club]]''
|[[Iguana Entertainment]]
|[[Acclaim Entertainment]]
|1[[Japan|JP]] [[North America|NA]] [[Europe|EU]]
|1995/07/14 JP
|<center>5<center/>
|-
|''[[Night Trap]]'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sega-16.com/ml_game_page.php?id=26&title=Night%20Trap%2032X|title=Sega-16 listing for Night Trap|accessdate=2008-06-02|publisher=www.sega-16.com}}</ref>†
|[[Digital Pictures]]
|[[Digital Pictures]]
|2[[Image:Invis flag.png|15x20px]] [[North America|NA]] [[Europe|EU]]
|1994
|<center>1<center/>
|-
|''[[Pitfall: The Mayan Adventure]]''
|[[Activision]]
|[[Activision]]
|3[[Image:Invis flag.png|15x20px]] [[North America|NA]]
|1995
|<center>1<center/>
|-
|''[[Primal Rage]]''
|[[Probe Entertainment Limited|Probe]]
|[[Midway Games]]
|2[[Image:Invis flag.png|15x20px]] [[North America|NA]] [[Europe|EU]]
|1995
|<center>2<center/>
|-
|''[[RBI Baseball|RBI Baseball '95]]''
|[[Atari]]
|[[Time Warner Interactive]]
|3[[Image:Invis flag.png|15x20px]] [[North America|NA]]
|1995
|<center>2<center/>
|-
|''[[Romance of the Three Kingdoms IV: Wall of Fire]]'' <center>''Sangokushi IV''JP<center/>
|[[Koei]]
|[[Koei]]
|1[[Japan|JP]]
|1995/07/28 JP
|<center>8<center/>
|-
|''[[Shadow Squadron]]'' <center>''Stellar Assault''EU,JP<center/>
|[[Sega]]
|[[Sega]]
|1[[Japan|JP]] [[North America|NA]] [[Europe|EU]]
|1995/05/26 JP
|<center>2<center/>
|-
|''[[Slam City with Scottie Pippen]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sega-16.com/ml_game_page.php?id=32&title=Slam%20City%20with%20Scotty%20Pippen|title=Sega-16 listing for Slam City with Scotty Pippen|accessdate=2008-06-02|publisher=www.sega-16.com}}</ref>†
|[[Digital Pictures]]
|[[Digital Pictures]]
|2[[Image:Invis flag.png|15x20px]] [[North America|NA]] [[Europe|EU]]
|1995
|<center>1<center/>
|-
|''[[Space Harrier]]''
|[[Sega-AM2]]
|[[Sega]]
|1[[Japan|JP]] [[North America|NA]] [[Europe|EU]]
|1994/12/03 JP
|<center>1<center/>
|-
|''[[Spider-Man: Web of Fire]]''
|[[Sega]]
|[[Sega]]
|3[[Image:Invis flag.png|15x20px]] [[North America|NA]]
|1996
|<center>1<center/>
|-
|''[[Star Trek: Starfleet Academy Starship Bridge Simulator]]''
|[[Sega]]
|[[Sega]]
|3[[Image:Invis flag.png|15x20px]] [[North America|NA]]
|1995
|<center>2<center/>
|-
|''[[Star Wars Arcade]]''
|[[Sega]]
|[[Sega]]
|1[[Japan|JP]] [[North America|NA]] [[Europe|EU]]
|1994/12/03 JP
|<center>2<center/>
|-
|''[[Supreme Warrior]]'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sega-16.com/ml_game_page.php?id=37&title=Supreme%20Warior|title=Sega-16 listing for Supreme Warrior|accessdate=2008-06-02|publisher=www.sega-16.com}}</ref>†
|[[Digital Pictures]]
|[[Digital Pictures]]
|2[[Image:Invis flag.png|15x20px]] [[North America|NA]] [[Europe|EU]]
|1995
|<center>1<center/>
|-
|''[[T-Mek]]''
|[[Sega]]
|[[Sega]]
|2[[Image:Invis flag.png|15x20px]] [[North America|NA]] [[Europe|EU]]
|1995
|<center>2<center/>
|-
|''[[Tempo (video game)|Tempo]]''
|[[Sega]]
|[[Sega]]
|3[[Japan|JP]] [[North America|NA]]
|1995
|<center>1<center/>
|-
|''[[Toughman Contest (video game)|Toughman Contest]]''
|[[Electronic Arts]]
|[[Electronic Arts]]
|2[[Image:Invis flag.png|15x20px]] [[North America|NA]] [[Europe|EU]]
|1995
|<center>8<center/>
|-
|''[[Virtua Fighter (arcade game)|Virtua Fighter]]''
|[[Sega-AM2]]
|[[Sega]]
|1[[Japan|JP]] [[North America|NA]] [[Europe|EU]]
|1995/10/20 JP
|<center>2<center/>
|-
|''[[Virtua Racing Deluxe]]''
|[[Sega-AM2]]
|[[Sega]]
|1[[Japan|JP]] [[North America|NA]] [[Europe|EU]]
|1994/12/16 JP
|<center>2<center/>
|-
|''[[World Series Baseball starring Deion Sanders]]''
|[[Blue Sky Software]]
|[[Sega]]
|3[[Image:Invis flag.png|15x20px]] [[North America|NA]]
|1995
|<center>2<center/>
|-
|''[[WWF RAW (video game)|WWF RAW]]''
|[[Acclaim Entertainment]]
|[[Acclaim Entertainment]]
|1[[Japan|JP]] [[North America|NA]] [[Europe|EU]]
|1995/09/01 JP
|<center>4<center/>
|-
|''[[WWF WrestleMania: The Arcade Game]]''
|[[Acclaim Entertainment]]
|[[Acclaim Entertainment]]
|3[[Image:Invis flag.png|15x20px]] [[North America|NA]]
|1995
|<center>2<center/>
|-
|''[[Zaxxon's Motherbase 2000]]'' <center>''Motherbase''EU<center/> <center>''Parasquad''JP<center/>
|[[Sega]]
|[[Sega]]
|1[[Japan|JP]] [[North America|NA]] [[Europe|EU]]
|1995/07/14 JP
|<center>2<center/>
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Sega}}
* [[List of Sega Mega Drive games]]
* [[List of Sega Mega-CD games]]
* [[List of Sega Saturn games]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{featured list}}
[[Category:Sega 32X games| ]]
[[Category:Video game lists by platform|Sega 32X]]

[[pt:Anexo:Lista de jogos para 32X]]
[[sv:Lista över spel till Sega 32X]]

Benutzer:Leo067/Early flying machines de

2010-04-12T15:38:52Z

WildBot: Repairing broken #section link

[[Image:1783 balloonj.jpg|right|thumb|200px|A 1786 depiction of the [[Montgolfier brothers]]' balloon.]]This article is an overview of primarily pre-20th century flying machines and work, and an analysis of the debates over '''early flying machines'''. The goal is to examine the properties of flying machines, and to list the claims to allow a proper analysis of all the early flying machines.

There are conflicting views as to what was the '''first flying machine'''.
The controversy of invention is not limited to flight e.g.:Debates over the [[world's tallest structures|tallest building]] tend to break into debates around what constitutes a building and what is the most important measure of such structures' height. In the same way some records of flying machines can come down to the exact definition of what, for example, constitutes a "flying machine", or "flight", or even "first".

== Theories ==
Early attempts at [[flight]] are the subject of much debate, both for the often sketchy details of machines and people that have vanished away in time and perhaps as a matter of pride for some given group, like a country. The main focus is the attempts at gliders and powered aircraft in the decades before and soon after the [[Wright Flyer]]. Ancient flying machines, gliders, or balloons if they existed are not generally known about or recorded at any level of accepted validity.

Along with many inventions developed during the [[Industrial revolution]], such as the [[steam engine]], flying machines followed a slow process of study and analysis by various people but culminated in a pivotal design. Following this pivotal design, development continues but with the benefit of some new breakthrough or a slightly new direction. Who receives the award for a specific achievement can be difficult to decide with some developments due to the nature of ''what was developed'', the ''definition of the award'', and ''veracity of claims''. Also, if something was invented independently by different people, conflict can arise as well.

The various benchmarks awarded to flying machines are especially vulnerable to all these.

===Veracity of claims===
Early flying machines, such those that predated the development of practical [[photography]] are often doubted for lack of proof, and ancient machines are almost entirely dismissed for a lack of credibility. Recreations or claims made long after events can add confusion to even the more straightforward cases. The number and quality of witnesses is also often analyzed. Various governments and other organisations will often only give some claims a 'official' approval in attempt to elevate one attempt over another, usually in the interest of a national or cultural pride, or in order to set themselves up as technical and historical authority figures. A great deal of disinformation and revisions can take place as well with some claims, both from individuals and governments, to adjust the level of importance of some respective claims.

===Definition of the title===
It can be especially rough for more general titles falling prey to technical definitions versus common usage, or differences between languages. More general titles can be favoured for their greater weight, such as a title like 'Father of flight', but could be greatly debated because of being open to interpretation. On the other hand very specific claims can begin to sound trivial, carry less weight, and in being so specific fall prey to debates over accuracy of the claim. What constitutes the most import criteria for a given award is also a matter of debate in early aircraft. Is the 'oldest ancestor of modern aircraft' the earliest design, the earliest prototype, one that actually flew? The arbitrary nature of many titles will automatically create controversy if its not defined specifically. For example, debates over the [[world's tallest structures|tallest building]] tend to break into debates around what constitutes a building and what is the most important measure of such structures height. In the same way some records of flying machines can come down to the exact definition of what constitutes a fixed-wing aircraft.

===The nature of what was developed===
This is an especially important source of controversy for early flying machines. The source of trouble is the transition between what are considered gliders and what are powered aircraft. Just as objects that displace less water than their weight will sink (see [[buoyancy]]), objects that displace less than their weight in air sink also. [[Balloons]] and other lighter-than-air craft 'fly' by displacing more than their weight in air to rise, but a flying machine must supply an upward force some other way to remain aloft. Supplying this force requires energy, which brings us to the benchmarks given to the various flying machines. With [[Glider aircraft|gliders]] this energy comes out of [[potential energy]] of their height as they trade the energy "stored" by their height for lift and forward speed (aside from taking advantage of air currents).

In powered flight, energy comes from fuel stored aboard (or given to) the machine which is turned into lift in some way. For example, in many aircraft gasoline fuels an [[internal combustion engine]] which turns a [[propeller]] causing forward motion, which in turn allows the wing to generate lift. Also considered to be important is the ability in early flying machines to control where the device goes, very important for making the device practically useful.

===Energy to lift===
Anything that falls can trade height for some forward motion, so what becomes very important with powered flying machines is turning stored energy into lift. With a wing, turning forward motion into lift requires turning energy into forward motion or with [[helicopter]]s directly into lift. The end result requires a moving airfoil to generate an upward force. A good breakpoint for powered flight in design would be if it can not lose altitude or speed in level flight by turning energy into lift. Unfortunately such a device could not take off under its own power(barring numerous complicated exceptions), and such a benchmark would also depends on the conditions of the air, especially the air density. Of course wind conditions can have a big effect as well, with wind from behind extending range and from the front shortening it (for both gliders and powered aircraft).

Also, for example, an engine could be used to build up speed (as could going down a hill) and then forward speed could be traded for lift while maintaining level flight. Other difficulties include a fixed-wing aircraft that derives some lift from attaching itself to lighter than air objects, thus becoming a hybrid. Other matters expand to other facets of claims. Since claims are event based, the veracity of a claim is thought to be capable of being tested by making a recreation of the event. Unfortunately, improvements to a new model can be added or removed, weather condition can vary significantly and even things such as the quality of fuel used can effect a recreation attempt. To make matters worse accurate blueprints are usually difficult to find, and for often the bordline designs small changes can have a big effect. The inability to recreate exactly results in most attempts being of dubious value to the ultimate credibility of a claim, but regardless, a success or a failure can figure heavily in analyzation of a flying machine.

Other issues include a design taking advantage of [[Wing In Ground|ground effect]] which is an aerodynamic effect that adds lift when very close to the ground. If a design is not reported to have risen high enough it is often considered a 'hop', or unsustained leap into the air. Also, starting height, and any additional energy given to aircraft can become a subject of debate. If a motorised design is given energy, and does not demonstrate the ability to climb it may or may not be considered a power flight.

=== Conclusion ===
The end result of all this is that it ends up becoming very complicated giving definitions at the borderline of flying machines that are gliders and flying machines that are powered aircraft. Disputes over important titles, such as 'first powered heavier than air flight' can descend into the particulars of design. More general titles like 'father of aviation' add another layer of complexity by implying a societal effect and an effect on other machines.

Many of titles given to various claims vary from country to county, and indeed among various references and encyclopedias - that all use different criteria when considering the validity of a claim, the meaning of the title used, and all the other issues mentioned above. Various advancements are presented here, mostly prototype machines and also some important pieces of literature.

==Claims to first piloted flight by date==




===Pre-19th century===
{{gloss}}
{{term|[[Archytas]], [[Ancient Greece]]}}
: According to [[Aulus Gellius]], Archytas, the Ancient Greek philosopher, mathematician, astronomer, statesman, and strategist, was reputed to have designed and built the first artificial, self-propelled flying device, a bird-shaped model propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have actually flown some 200 meters.<ref>[[Aulus Gellius]], "Attic Nights", Book X, 12.9 at [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Gellius/10*.html LacusCurtius]</ref><ref>[http://www.tmth.edu.gr/en/aet/1/14.html ARCHYTAS OF TARENTUM, Technology Museum of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece.]</ref> This machine, which its inventor called ''The Pigeon'' (Greek: ''Περιστέρα'' "Peristera"), may have been suspended on a wire or pivot for its flight.<ref>[http://www.pressconnects.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070104/NEWS02/701040323/1006/ Modern rocketry ]{{Dead link|date=December 2008}}</ref><ref>[http://automata.co.uk/History%20page.htm Automata history].</ref>
{{term|[[Abbas Ibn Firnas]], [[Al-Andalus|Moorish Spain]]}}
: In the 9th century, Ibn Firnas attempted an early manned [[glider]] flight. This is considered the first attempt at [[heavier-than-air]] flight in [[aviation history]].<ref>{{citation|title=Flying's strangest moments: extraordinary but true stories from over one thousand years of aviation history|first=John|last=Harding|publisher=[[Anova Books|Robson Publishing]]|year=2006|isbn=1861059345|pages=1-2}}</ref>
{{term|[[Bartolomeu de Gusmão]], Brazil and Portugal, an experimenter with early airship designs}}
: In 1709 Bartolomeu de Gusmão demonstrated a small airship model before the Portuguese court, but never succeeded with a full-scale model.
{{term|[[Pilâtre de Rozier]]}}
: Pilâtre de Rozier made the first trip by a human in a free-flying balloon (the [[Montgolfière]]). 9 km covered in 25 minutes. October 15, 1783 near Paris.
{{term|[[Jacques Charles|Professor Jacques Charles]] and [[Les Frères Robert]], (Anne-Jean and Nicolas-Louis)}}
:1. ''[[Robert brothers#First hydrogen balloon|Le Globe]]'', the first hydrogen gas balloon flew on 26 August 1783.
:2. On 1 December 1783 ''[[Robert brothers#First manned hydrogen balloon flight|La Charlière]]'' piloted by Jacques Charles and [[Nicolas-Louis Robert]] made the first manned hydrogen balloon flight.
:3. On 19 September 1784, ''[[Robert brothers#Further ballooning activities - La Caroline|La Caroline]]'', an elongated craft that followed [[Jean Baptiste Meusnier]]'s proposals for a dirigible balloon, completed the first flight over 100 km from Paris to [[Beuvry]].
{{glossend}}

===19th century===
{{gloss}}
{{term|[[Hans Andreas Navrestad]], Norway — 1825}}
:Allegedly flew manned glider.

{{term|[[John Stringfellow]], England — 1848}}
: First [[heavier than air]] powered flight, accomplished by an unmanned steam powered [[monoplane]] of {{convert|10|ft|m|sing=on}} wingspan. In 1868, he flew a powered monoplane model a few dozen feet at an exhibition at the Crystal Palace in London.
[[Image:CayleyGliderCropped.gif|100px|right|Cayley's glider, the "governable parachute"]]

{{term|[[George Cayley]], England — 1853}}
: First well-documented Western human glide. Cayley also made the first scientific studies into the [[aerodynamic]] forces on a winged flying machine and produced designs incorporating a fuselage, wings, stabilizing tail and control surfaces. He discovered and identified the four aerodynamic forces of flight - weight, [[Lift (force)|lift]], [[Drag (physics)|drag]], and [[thrust]]. Modern airplane design is based on those discoveries including [[Camber (aerodynamics)|cambered wings]]. He is sometimes called the "Father of [[aviation]]".<ref>{{cite web
| title = Sir George Carley (British Inventor and Scientist)
| url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/100795/Sir-George-Cayley-6th-Baronet
| publisher = Britannica
| accessdate = 2009-07-26
| quote = English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| title = The Pioneers: Aviation and Airmodelling
| url = http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/cayley.html
| publisher =
| accessdate = 2009-07-26
| quote = Sir George Cayley, is sometimes called the 'Father of Aviation'. A pioneer in his field, he is credited with the first major breakthrough in heavier-than-air flight. He was the first to identify the four aerodynamic forces of flight - weight, lift, drag, and thrust - and their relationship and also the first to build a successful human carrying glider.}}</ref>
[[Image:LeBris1868.jpg|100px|right|Le Bris and his flying machine, Albatros II.]]

{{term|[[Matias Perez]], Havana, flight in 1856}}
: Matias Perez was a Portuguese pilot, canopy maker and Cuban resident who, carried away with the ever increasing popularity of aerostatic aircraft, disappeared while attempting an aerostatic flight from Havana's "Plaza de Marte" (currently Parque de la Fraternidad) on June, 1856.

{{term|[[Jean-Marie Le Bris]], France, flight in 1856}}
: Jean-Marie Le Bris was the first to fly higher than his point of departure, by having his glider pulled by a horse on a beach, against the wind.
[[Image:Jan Wnek Model.jpg|100px|right|Wnek glider]]

{{term|[[Jan Wnek]], Poland — controlled flights 1866 - 1869.}}
: Jan Wnek controlled his glider by twisting the wing's trailing edge via strings attached to stirrups at his feet.<ref>http://www.dziecidodzieci.republika.pl/wnekfr.htm</ref> Church records only—Kraków Museum unwilling to allow verification.

{{term|[[Goodman Household]], South Africa, 1871}}
:Goodman built and flew his own glider over one hundred meters. The story is that he crashed breaking both glider and a leg. The event took place in the Kwazulu Natal Midlands near Curry's Post in 1871 and is recorded variously in legend and local literature.<ref>[http://www.sapfa.org.za/history/history_1.php The History of Aviation in South Africa] Flight in South Africa in the 1870's - Fact or myth. South African Power Flying Association. Accessed May 2008.</ref>

{{term|[[Félix du Temple de la Croix]], France, 1874}}
:[[Image:1874DuTemple.jpg|100px|right|Félix du Temple's 1874 ''Monoplane''.]] First take-off of a manned and powered aircraft, from a downsloped ramp, resulting in a brief hop a few feet above the ground.

{{term|[[Victor Tatin]], France, 1874}}
:[[File:Victor Tatin aeroplane 1879.jpg|100px|right|The ''Aeroplane'' of [[Victor Tatin]], 1879.]] First airplane to lift itself under its own power, the ''Aeroplane'' was an unmanned plane powered by a [[compressed-air engine]].

{{term|[[John J. Montgomery|John Joseph Montgomery]], United States of America 1883}}
: First controlled glider flight in the United States, from a hillside near [[Otay, California]].

{{term|[[Alexander F. Mozhaiski|Alexander Feodorovich Mozhaiski]], [[Russian Empire]] — 1884}}
: First powered hop by a manned multi-engine (steam) fixed-wing aircraft, 60–100 feet (20-30 meters), from a downsloped ramp.

{{term|[[Clément Ader]], France — October 9, 1890}}
:[[Image:AderAvion3(1897).jpg|100px|right|Clément Ader Avion No 3 (1897 photograph).]] He reportedly made the first manned, powered, heavier-than-air flight of a significant distance (50 m) but insignificant altitude from level ground in his bat-winged monoplane, the [[Ader Éole]] . Seven years later, the Avion III (a different machine) was said to be flown upon 300 metres (in fact just lifted off the ground, and lost control). The event was not publicized until many years later, as it had been a military secret. The events were poorly documented, the aeroplane not suited to have been controlled; there was no further development. Later in life Ader claimed to have flown the Avion II in 1891 for over 200 meters.

[[Image:More otho flying.JPG|100px|right|[[Otto Lilienthal]].]]

{{term|[[Otto Lilienthal]], Germany — 1891 }}
: The German "Glider King" was a pioneer of human aviation—the first person to make controlled untethered glides repeatedly and the first to be photographed flying a heavier-than-air machine. He made about 2,000 glides until his death August 10, 1896 from injuries in a glider crash the day before.

{{term|[[Chūhachi Ninomiya]], Japan - 1894}}
:Japanese inventor who developed several small powered models including an early tailless aircraft.

{{term|[[Lawrence Hargrave]], Australia—November 12, 1894}}
: The Australian inventor of the box kite, linked four of his kites together, added a sling seat, and flew 16 feet. By demonstrating to a sceptical public that it was possible to build a safe and stable flying machine, Hargrave opened the door to other inventors and pioneers. Hargrave devoted most of his life to constructing a machine that would fly. He believed passionately in open communication within the scientific community and would not patent his inventions. Instead, he scrupulously published the results of his experiments in order that a mutual interchange of ideas may take place with other inventors working in the same field, so as to expedite joint progress. [http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/hargrave.html]

{{term|[[Hiram Stevens Maxim]], United Kingdom — 1894}}
: The American inventor of the machine gun built a very large 3.5 ton flying machine that ran on a track and was propelled by powerful twin naphtha fueled steam engines. He made several tests in the huge biplane that were well recorded and reported. On July 31, 1894 he made a record breaking speed run at {{convert|42|mi/h|km/h}}. The machine lifted from the {{convert|1800|ft|m|sing=on}} track and broke a restraining mechanism, crashing after a short uncontrolled flight just above the ground.

{{term|[[Samuel Pierpont Langley]], United States — May 6, 1896}}
: First sustained flight by a heavier-than-air powered, unmanned aircraft: the Number 5 model, driven by a miniature steam engine, flew half a mile in 90 seconds over the Potomac River near Washington, D.C. In November the Number 6 flew more than five thousand feet. Langley's full-size manned powered Aerodrome failed twice in October and December 1903.

{{term|[[Octave Chanute]], United States — Summer 1896}}
: Designer of first rectangular wing strut-braced biplane (originally tri-plane) hang glider, a configuration that strongly influenced the Wright brothers. Flown successfully at the Indiana shore of Lake Michigan, U.S. by his proteges, including Augustus Herring, for distances exceeding {{convert|100|ft|m}}.

{{term|[[Carl Rickard Nyberg]], Sweden — 1897}}
: Managed a few short jumps in his [[Flugan]], a steam powered, manned aircraft

{{term|[[Gustave Whitehead]], United States — 1899}}
: Reportedly flew a steam-powered monoplane about half a mile and crashed into a three-story building in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]] in April or May 1899, according to a witness who gave a statement in 1934 and said he was the passenger.<ref>Gustave Whitehead's Flying Machines [http://gustavewhitehead.org/affidavits_-_1934/affidavit:_louis_darvarich_.html Affidavit: Louis Darvarich - July 19, 1934]</ref><ref name="APGW">[http://www.weisskopf.de/history.htm Aviation Pioneer Gustave Whitehead]</ref><ref>[http://www.deepsky.com/~firstflight/Pages/devine.html Martin Devine - August 15, 1936]</ref><ref>[http://www.deepsky.com/~firstflight/Pages/daravich.html Louis Darvarich - July 19, 1934]</ref>

{{term|[[Percy Pilcher]], England — 1899}}
:Pioneer British glider/plane builder and pilot; protege of Lilienthal; killed in 1899 when his fourth glider crashed shortly before the intended public test of his powered triplane. Cranfield University built a replica of the triplane in 2003 from drawings in Philip Jarrett's book "Another Icarus". Test pilot Bill Brooks successfully flew it several times, staying airborne up to 1 minute and 25 seconds.

{{term|[[Augustus Moore Herring]], United States — 1899 }}
:Claimed a flight of {{convert|70|ft|m}} by attaching a compressed air motor to a biplane hang glider. However, he was unable to repeat said flight with anyone present.
{{glossend}}

===20th century===
{{gloss}}
{{term|Dr [[Wilhelm Kress]], Austria — 1901}}
: Tested [[Kress Drachenflieger|Drachenflieger]], tandem monoplane seaplane similar to [[Samuel Langley]], which made brief airborne hops but could not sustain itself.
[[Image:Whitehead woodcut.jpg|100px|right|The sketch by Dick Howell, August 14, 1901.]]

{{term|[[Gustave Whitehead]], United States — August 14, 1901}}
: First publicized account of a flight by an aeroplane heavier than air propelled by its own motor — [[Whitehead No. 21]]. Reports were published in the ''[[New York Herald]]'', and the ''Bridgeport (CT) Herald''. The event was reportedly witnessed by several people, one of them a reporter for the ''Bridgeport Herald''. Children and youngsters who were present signed affidavits about 30 years later about what they saw. Reports said he started on the wheels from a flat surface, flew 800 meters at 15 meter height, and landed softly on the wheels.

{{term|[[Lyman Gilmore]], United States — May 15, 1902 }}
: Gilmore claimed to be the first person to fly a powered [[fixed-wing aircraft|aircraft]] (a [[steam]]-powered glider). No witnesses. But he was an able inventor, rotary snow plow, 8-cylinder rotary motor, etc.

{{term|[[Gustave Whitehead]], United States — January 17, 1902}}
: Whitehead claimed two spectacular flights on January 17, 1902 in his improved [[Whitehead No. 22|Number 22]], with a 40 [[Horsepower]] (30 [[Watt|kilowatt]]) motor instead of the 20 hp (15 kW) in the Number 21 aircraft and [[aluminium]] instead of [[bamboo]]. In two published letters that he wrote to ''American Inventor'' magazine,<ref>[http://www.deepsky.com/~firstflight/Pages/article4.html Whitehead letters to ''American Inventor'' magazine]. Accessed December 24, 2007.</ref> he said the flights took place over [[Long Island Sound]] and covered distances of about two [[mile]]s (3 [[Kilometre|kilometers]]) and seven mi (11 km) at heights up to 200 ft (61 m), ending with safe landings in the water by the boat-like [[fuselage]]. A. Pruckner affidavit: "I saw him make the flight across the Sound to which he refers."<ref>{{citation | url = http://www.deepsky.com/~firstflight/Pages/Pruckner.html | title = Anton T. Pruckner – July 16, 1934 | publisher = Deep Sky}}</ref>

{{term|[[Wright brothers|Orville & Wilbur Wright]], United States — October 1902}}
: Completed development of the [[Flight dynamics|three-axis control]] system with the incorporation of a movable rudder connected to the wing warping control on their [[1902 Glider]]. They subsequently made several fully controlled heavier than air gliding flights, including one of 622.5 ft (189.7 m) in 26 seconds. The 1902 glider was the basis for their patented control system still used on modern [[fixed-wing aircraft]].

{{term|[[Richard Pearse]], New Zealand — March 31, 1903}}
: Several people reportedly witnessed Pearse make powered flights including one on this date of over {{convert|100|ft|m}} in a high-wing, tricycle undercarriage monoplane powered by a {{convert|15|hp|abbr=on}} air-cooled horizontally opposed engine. Flight ended with a crash into a hedgerow. Although the machine had pendulum stability and a three axis control system, incorporating ailerons, Pearse's pitch and yaw controls were ineffectual. (In the [[mockumentary]] [[Forgotten Silver]], director [[Peter Jackson]] recreated this flight, supposedly filmed by New Zealand filmmaker Colin McKenzie. The film was so convincing, [[Paul Harvey]] reported it as genuine on his syndicated ''News and Comment'' program).

{{term|[[Karl Jatho]], Germany — August 18, 1903}}
: On August 18, 1903 he flew with his self-made motored gliding aircraft. He had four witnesses for his flight. The plane was equipped with a single-cylinder 10 horsepower (7.5 kW) Buchet engine driving a two-bladed [[Pusher configuration|pusher]] propeller and made hops of up to 200 ft (60 m), flying up to 10 ft (3 m) high.
[[File:First flight2.jpg|right|100px|First flight, December 17, 1903.]]

{{term|[[Wright brothers|Orville & Wilbur Wright]], United States — December 17, 1903}}
: First recorded controlled, powered, sustained heavier than air flight, in [[Wright Flyer]]. In the day's fourth flight, Wilbur Wright flew 279 meters (852 ft) in 59 seconds. First three flights were approximately 120, 175, and {{convert|200|ft|m|abbr=on}}, respectively. The Wrights laid particular stress on fully and accurately describing all the requirements for controlled, powered flight and put them into use in an aircraft which took off from a level launching rail, with the aid of a headwind to achieve sufficient airspeed before reaching the end of the rail.

{{term|[[John Joseph Montgomery]] and [[Daniel Maloney (aviation)|Daniel Maloney]], United States 1905}}
: First high altitude flights with Maloney as pilot of a Montgomery tandem-wing glider design. The glider was launched by balloon to heights up to {{convert|4000|ft|m}} with Maloney controlling the aircraft through a series of prescribed maneuvers to a predetermined landing location in front of a large public gathering at [[Santa Clara, California]].

{{term|[[Wilbur Wright]], United States — October 5, 1905 }}
: Wilbur Wright pilots [[Wright Flyer III]] in a flight of 24 miles (39 km) in 39 minutes (a world record that stood until Orville Wright broke it in 1908) and returns to land the plane at the takeoff site.

{{term|[[Traian Vuia]], Romania — March 18, 1906 }}
: [[Image:Traian Vuia aircraft.jpg|right|100px|Traian Vuia]] First European flight by a fully self-propelled, fixed-wing aircraft using an internal combustion engine and a single [[tractor configuration|tractor propeller]]. He flew for 12 meters in Paris without the aid of external takeoff mechanisms, such as a catapult, a point emphasized in newspaper reports in France, the U.S., and the UK. The possibility of such unaided heavier-than-air flight was heavily contested by the [[French Academy of Sciences]], which had declined to assist Vuia with funding

{{term|[[Jacob Ellehammer]], Denmark — September 12, 1906}}
:[[Image:Te000016.jpg|150px|right|]] Built monoplane, which he tested with a tether on the Danish Lindholm island.

{{term|[[Alberto Santos-Dumont]], Brazil — October 23, 1906}}
: The "[[14 Bis]]" at Bagatelle field, Paris. The Aero Club of France certified the distance of 60 meters (197 ft); height was about 2–3 meters (6–10 ft). Winner of the Archdeacon Prize for first official flight of more than 25 meters. Described by some scholars as the first "sportsman of the air". As reported in previous years and months by Ader, Whitehead, Pearse, Jatho and Vuia, the 14-Bis biplane flew and landed without a rail, catapult, or the presence of high winds, propelled by an internal combustion engine.
{{glossend}}

==Table of flying machines==

Literature, Designs only:


{| border="2" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="margin:4px; border:4px solid #cccccc; font-size:80%;"
|- align="center" bgcolor="cccccc"
|Designer-Maker|| Nationality || Title or specialty || Year || Status/Description
|-
| [[Roger Bacon]] || British || ''[[Secrets of Art and Nature]]'' || c. 1250 || ornithopter design
|-
|[[Leonardo da Vinci]] || Italian|| [[The Ornithopter]] ||c. 1490 || design, literature
|-
|[[Emanuel Swedenborg]]|| Swedish || [[Flying Machine (Swedenborg)|Flying Machine]] || 1714 || design, literature
|-
| [[Sir George Cayley]] || British || [[On Aerial Navigation]] ||1809-1810 ||Technical literature. This work laid the ground rules for all later aircraft
|-
|[[Le Comte Ferdinand Charles Honore Phillipe d'Esterno]]|| || [[On The Flight Of Birds]] (''Du Vol des Oiseaux'') || 1864 || technical literature
|-
|[[Louis Pierre Mouillard]] || French || [[The Empire Of The Air]] (''L'Empire de L'Air'') || 1865 || literature
|-
|[[Otto Lilienthal]] || German || [[Birdflight as the Basis of Aviation]] (''Der Vogelflug als Grundlage der Fliegekunst'') || 1889 || literature
|-
|[[James Means]]|| American ||[[The Problem of Manflight]], [[Aeronautical Annual]] || 1894 - 1897 || literature
|-
|[[Octave Chanute]]|| American (born in France)||[[Progress in Flying Machines]] || 1894 || His technical articles collected in a book
|-
|[[Wilbur Wright]]|| American||[http://invention.psychology.msstate.edu/inventors/i/Wrights/library/Aeronautical.html Some Aeronautical Experiments] || 1901 || Published speech to Western Society of Engineers, Chicago
|-
|[[Martin Wiberg]]|| Swedish || "Luftmaskin" || 1903 || Received a patent for a design powered by a liquid fuel rocket
|-
|}


==More than design or literature==
Note overlapping years in several cases, so all items in this list may not be in strict chronological order.


{| border="2" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="margin:4px; border:4px solid #cccccc; font-size:80%;"
|- align="center" bgcolor="cccccc"
|Designer/Maker||Nationality||Machine name/description||Year || Claimed || Achieved
|-
|[[John Childs (Aviator)|John Childs]] || American || "Feathered glider"||1757|| Three successful flights in two days ||Reports suggest that this was a fairground trick, involving sliding down a tethered rope. He had claimed to have performed the same stunt many times earlier in Europe||
|-
|[[William Samuel Henson]] || British || [[Aerial Steam Carriage]], "modern"-looking monoplane with "cabin", tail and twin pusher propellers ||1842|| || Models only, publicity illustrations
|-
|[[John Stringfellow]] || British || [[The Stringfellow Machines]] || 1848, 1868 || ||Indoor flights by fixed-wing steam-powered models
|-
|[[Sir George Cayley]]|| British ||"[[Governable Parachute]]"||1849-1853 || || Child- and man-carrying glides, both towed and free-flying
|-
|[[Rufus Porter]]|| American ||[[The New York to California Aerial Transport]]|| 1849 || || Uncompleted steam-powered dirigible
|-
|[[Jean Marie Le Bris]] ||French || [[The Artificial Albatross]] || 1857, 1867|| || Towed [[gliding (flight)|gliding flight]]
|-
|[[Felix and Louis du Temple de la Croix]]||French||[[Du Temple Monoplane]], aluminum construction, steam-powered|| 1857-1877 || || Powered manned hop from ramp
|-
| [[James William Butler]], [[Edmund Edwards]]|| || [[The Steam-Jet Dart]] || 1865
|-
|[[Francis Herbert Wenham]]|| British ||"[[Aerial Locomotion]]" (academic paper) || 1866 || || Patented superposed wing design (biplane, mulitplane); invented wind tunnel
|-
|[[Jan Wnęk]]|| Polish || glider || 1866-1869 || Controlled flights from local church tower
|-
|[[Frederick Marriott]]|| ||[[Marriott flying machines]] || 1869
|-
|[[Alphonse Pénaud]] ||French || [[Planophore]], [[Pénaud Toy Helicopter]] || 1871 || ||Rubber-powered fixed-wing and helicopter models
|-
|[[Thomas Moy]]|| British ||[[Moy Aerial Steamer]], tandem wings, 120 lb (55 kg), 15 ft (4.6 m) wingspan, 3 horsepower, twin fan-type propellers|| 1875 || || Lifted 6 inches (0.15 m) from ground at London Crystal Palace
|-
|[[Enrico Forlanini]] || Italian || [[Demonstration in Milan]], Helicopter, unmanned, steam-powered. || 1877 || ||rose to 13 meters (40 feet) for 20 s duration: first heavier than air self-powered machine to fly
|-
|[[Thomas Moy]]||as above || [[The Military Kite]] || 1879
|-
|[[Charles F. Ritchel]]|| American ||[[Ritchel Hand-powered Airship]] || 1878
|-
|[[Victor Tatin]]|| French || [[Tatin flying machines]]|| 1879
|-
|[[J. B. Biot]]|| French ||[[The Biot Kite]] || 1880
|-
|[[Alexandre Goupil]]||French || [[Goupi Monoplane]], [[La Locomotion Aerienne]]|| 1883
|-
|[[John Joseph Montgomery]]|| American ||Montgomery monoplane, Tandem-wing Gliders || 1883-1911 || ||A pre-1900 foot-launched manned glide; balloon-launched after 1900
|-
|[[Alexander Mozhaiski|Aleksandr Fyodorovich Mozhaiski]] || Russian || [[The Mozhaiski Monoplane]], multi-engine, steam || 1884 || || Powered manned hop from ramp
|-
|[[Massia and Biot]]|| ||[[The Massia-Biot Glider]]|| 1887
|-
|[[Pichancourt]]|| ||[[Mechanical Birds]] || 1889
|-
|[[Lawrence Hargrave]]|| British immigrant to Australia || [[Hargave flying machines and Box Kites]]|| 1889-1893 || || influential designs
|-
|[[Clément Ader]]|| French ||[[Eole]], [[Avion]], bat-wing, steam-driven || 1890-1897 || Manned, powered hops from level surface ||
|-
|[[Chuhachi Ninomiya]]||Japanese || [[The Tamamushi]] (model) || 1891
|-
|[[Otto Lilienthal]]|| German ||Bat-wing hang gliders, mono- and biplane || 1891-1896 || || 2,000 manned glides, dozens photographed
|-
|[[Horatio Frederick Phillips]]|| British || [[Muliplanes]] || 1893-1907 || || Multiple-wing test machines; successful flight in 1907
|-
|[[Sir Hiram Stevens Maxim|Hiram Stevens Maxim]]|| British (born in America) || [[Maxim Biplane]], a behemoth machine: 145 ft (44.2 m) long, 3.5 tons, 110 ft (33.5 m) wingspan, two 180 hp steam engines driving two propellers.|| 1894 || || Broke from restraining rail and made uncontrolled manned flight. Total flying distance, 1000 ft (305 m) while restrained, 924 ft (282 m) free flight. Total 1924 ft (586 m)
|-
|[[Pablo Suarez]]|| ||[[The Suarez Glider]] || 1895
|-
|[[Percy Sinclair Pilcher]]|| British ||Bat, Beetle, Hawk bat-wing hang gliders || 1896-1899 || || Manned glides; fatal crash before planned public test of powered triplane; modern replica flown
|-
|[[Octave Chanute]] and [[Augustus Herring]]|| American (Chanute born in France) || Hang gliders, "modern" biplane wing design || 1896 || || Manned glides
|-
|[[William Paul Butusov]], with Chanute group||Russian immigrant to U.S. || [[Albatross Soaring Machine]] || 1896 || || unmanned unpowered uncontrolled hop from ramp
|-
|[[Samuel Pierpont Langley]] || American || [[Langley Aerodrome]], Tandem wings, unmanned, steam-powered. || 1896 || ||5,000 ft. (1.7 km), photographed
|-
|[[William Frost]]|| Welsh || [[Frost Airship Glider]] || 1896 || Manned, 500 meters, possibly with balloon assist ||
|-
|[[Carl Rickard Nyberg]] || Swedish ||[[Flugan]] || 1897 and on || Hops
|-
|[[Edson F. Gallaudet]]|| American || [[The Gallaudet Wing Warping Kite]] || 1898
|-
|[[Lyman Gilmore|Lyman Wiswell Gilmore, Jr.]] || American || [[The Gilmore Monoplane, steam driven]] || 1898 || Too little info
|-
|[[Gustave Whitehead]]||German (Emigrated to U.S.)|| Monoplane with pilot and passenger, steam powered || 1899 || Flew 500 m, crash ||
|-
|[[Wilhelm Kress]]|| Austrian || [[The Kress Waterborne Aeroplane]]|| 1901 || Long hops ||
|-
|[[Gustave Whitehead]] ||as above|| [[The Whitehead Albatross]], glider || 1901
|-
|[[Gustave Whitehead]] ||as above || [[Number 21 (plane)|No. 21]], bat-wing, 20 hp motor, twin tractor propellers || 1901 || 800 m, 4 flights, body shifting control || Modern replica successfully flown
|-
|[[Gustave Whitehead]] ||as above ||[[No. 22]], 40 hp motor, twin tractor propellers || 1902 || Flew 10 km circle; control by variable propeller speed and "rudder" ||
|-
|[[Richard Pearse|Richard William Pearse]] || New Zealand || [[Pearse Monoplane]]|| 1903 || 150 m, believed controllable but unstable - no witnesses ||
|-
|[[Karl Jatho]]|| German ||[[The Jatho Biplane]] || 1903 ||.|| 70 m powered hop, unstable
|-
|[[Wright Brothers]] || American ||[[Wright Flyer]], level launch rail, headwind for sufficient airspeed|| 1903 ||.|| Four flights, longest 852 feet (260 m), 59 s, controlled
|-
|[[Guido Dinelli]] || ||[[Dinelli Glider]], [[The Aereoplano]] || 1903 || 70 m, no motor ||
|-
|[[Wilbur Wright]] ||American ||[[Wright Flyer III]], catapult launch || 1905 || || 24 miles (39 km), circling, max height about 50 feet (15.2 m)
|-
|[[Louis Blériot]], [[Gabriel Voisin]] || French ||[[Blériot-Voisin floatplane glider]], [[Blériot-Voison biplane]] || 1905 || || Towed up, 600 m
|-
|[[Alberto Santos-Dumont]] || Brazilian living in France || [[14-bis]], Hargrave-style box-cell wings, sharp dihedral, pusher propeller, internal combustion. ([[Demoiselle]] in 1909, tractor monoplane with wing-warping)|| 1906 || || Controlled, rose off flat ground with no external assistance, 200 meters, 21 s, first official European flight
|-
|[[Jacob Ellehammer]]||Danish|| Monoplane, helicopter || 1906, 1912 || || Tethered powered fixed-wing flight
|-
| [[Traian Vuia]] || Romanian, flight experiments in France || [[Vuia I, Vuia II monoplanes]], internal combustion engine || 1906-1907 || || Powered manned hops
|-
|[[Glenn H. Curtiss]] and [[Aerial Experiment Association|A.E.A.]] || American || [[AEA June Bug|June Bug]], biplane with wingtip ailerons || 1908 || ||First official 1 km U.S. flight
|-
|[[Louis Blériot]] || French ||[[Blériot XI]] monoplane, tractor propeller || 1909 || || Crossed the English Channel, France to Britain, 23 miles (37 km)
|-
| [[Aerial Experiment Association]] (A.E.A) || American || [[AEA Silver Dart|Silver Dart]] || 1909 || || First controlled powered flight in Canada
|-
| [[Edvard Rusjan]] ||Slovenian|| EDA 1 || 1909
|-
| [[Ivan Sarić]] || Croatian ||Sarić 1 || 1910
|-
| [[Duigan Brothers]], John and Reginald ||Australian || [[Duigan Pusher Biplane]] || 1910
|-
|}

==Historic records==
{| class="wikitable"
!Inventor!!Accomplishment or Claim!!Year
|-
| [[Zhuge Liang]] || [[Kongming lantern]], first [[hot air balloon]] || 2nd or 3rd century
|-
| [[Abbas Ibn Firnas|'Abbas Ibn Firnas]] || Single flight of manned ornithopter; ended in crash and injury. || 875<ref>[[Lynn Townsend White, Jr.]] (Spring, 1961). "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition", ''Technology and Culture'' '''2''' (2), p. 97-111 [100-101].</ref><ref>[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/196401/first.flights.htm First Flights], ''[[Saudi Aramco World]]'', January-February 1964, p. 8-9.</ref>
|-
| [[Eilmer of Malmesbury]] || Single flight of manned glider. || 1010
|-
| Unknown [[Zhonghua Minzu|Chinese]] || Manned kites are common. Reported by [[Marco Polo]] || 1290
|-
| [[Lagari Hasan Çelebi]] || First manned [[rocket]] flight || 1633
|-
| [[Bartolomeu de Gusmão]] || First [[lighter-than-air]] [[airship]] flight|| 1709
|-
| [[John Childs (Aviator)|John Childs]] || Unnamed flying device, flew 700m three times over two days. Documentation suggests that he glided down along a 700m rope and landed where the rope was fixed to the ground. || 1757
|-
| [[Montgolfier brothers]] || Modern [[hot air balloon]] || 1783
|-
| [[Diego Marín Aguilera]] || Single flight of manned-glider-wings || 1793
|-
| [[William Samuel Henson]] || [[Aerial Steam Carriage]], flight of model || 1842
|-
| [[John Stringfellow]] || [[Stringfellow Machine]]s || 1848, 1868
|-
| [[Henri Giffard]] || [[Non-rigid airship]], hydrogen filled envelope for lift, powered by steam engine || 1852
|-
| [[Sir George Cayley]] || [[Cayley Glider]], flight of manned glider. Investigating many theoretical aspects of flight. Many now acknowledge him as the first aeronautical engineer. || 1853
|-
| [[Rufus Porter]] || [[New York to California Aerial Transport]], an early attempt at an [[airline]] || 1849
|-
| [[Jean Marie Le Bris]] || [[Artificial Albatross]] || 1857, 1867
|-
| [[Félix du Temple de la Croix]] || [[Monoplane (1874)]] Maybe first powered manned fixed-wing flight, a short hop, from a downward ramp.|| 1857 - 1877
|-
| [[James William Butler]] and [[Edmund Edwards]] || [[Steam-Jet Dart]] Patented a prophetic design, that of a delta-winged jet-propelled aircraft, derived from a folded paper plane. || 1865
|-
| [[Francis Herbert Wenham]] || [[Wenham's Aerial Locomotion]] || 1866
|-
| [[Jan Wnęk]] || [[Loty]] glider, many flights || 1866
|-
| [[Frederick Marriott]] || [[Marriott flying machines]], as well as an attempt at an early airline || 1869
|-
| [[Alphonse Pénaud]] || [[Planophore]], [[Pénaud Toy Helicopter]] || 1871
|-
| [[Thomas Moy]] || [[Moy Aerial Steamer]], || 1875
|-
| [[Thomas Moy]] || [[The Military Kite]] || 1879
|-
| [[Charles F. Ritchel]] || [[Ritchel Hand-powered Airship]] || 1878
|-
| [[Victor Tatin]] || [[Tatin flying machine]]s || 1879
|-
| [[Massia and Biot]] || [[Massia-Biot Glider]] || 1879? 1887?
|-
| [[Alexandre Goupil]] || [[Goupi Monoplane]], [[La Locomotion Aerienne]] || 1883
|-
| [[John J. Montgomery]] || [[Montgomery Monoplane]] and [[Tandem-Wing Glider]]s || 1883 - 1911
|-
| [[Alexander Mozhaiski|Aleksandr Fyodorovich Mozhaiski]] || [[Mozhaiski Monoplane]] || 1884
|-
| [[Charles Renard]]|[[Arthur Constantin Krebs]] || The first fully controllable free-flight was made with the [[La France (airship)|La France]] || 1884
|-
| [[Pichancourt]] || [[Mechanical Bird]]s || 1889
|-
| [[Lawrence Hargrave]] || [[Hargrave flying machine]]s and [[Box kite]]s || 1889 - 1893
|-
| [[Clément Ader]] || [[Ader Éole|Éole]], [[Ader Avion III|Avion]], short, manned and powered, flights || 1890 - 1897
|-
| [[Chuhachi Ninomiya]] ||[[Karasu model]], [[Tamamushi model]] || 1891 ,1895
|-
| [[Otto Lilienthal]] || [[Derwitzer Glider]], [[Normal soaring apparatus]] and others, many flights || 1891 - 1896
|-
| [[Horatio Phillips]] || [[Phillips Flying Machine]] || 1893, 1906
|-
| [[Sir Hiram Stevens Maxim|Hiram Stevens Maxim]] || [[Maxim Biplane]] || 1894
|-
| [[Pablo Suarez]] || [[Suarez Glider]] || 1895
|-
| [[Octave Chanute]] and [[Augustus Herring]] || [[Chanute and Herring Gliding Machine]]s || 1896
|-
| [[William Paul Butusov]] || [[Albatross Soaring Machine]] || 1896
|-
| [[William Frost]] || [[Frost Airship Glider]] || 1896
|-
| [[Percy Sinclair Pilcher]] || [[Pilcher Hawk]] Based on the work of his mentor Otto Lilienthal, in 1897 Pilcher built a glider called The Hawk with which he broke the world distance record when he flew 250 m (820 ft) || 1897
|-
| [[Samuel Pierpont Langley]] || [[Langley Aerodrome]]s || 1896 - 1903
|-
| [[Gustave Whitehead]] || Aeronautical Club of Boston and manufacturer Horsman in New York hired Whitehead as a specialist for hanggliders, aircraft models, kites and motors for flying craft. Whitehead flew short distances in his glider. || 1897
|-
| [[Carl Rickard Nyberg]] || [[Flugan]], very short manned flight || 1897
|-
| [[Edson F. Gallaudet]] || [[Gallaudet Wing Warping Kite]] || 1898
|-
| [[Gustave Whitehead]] || Steam engine powered, 500-1000m flight ended in collision with a three-story house, according to affidavit 37 years later by Louis Darvarich, self-described passenger.<ref>[http://gustavewhitehead.org/affidavits_-_1934/affidavit:_louis_darvarich_.html Affidavit: Louis Darvarich - July 19, 1934 | Gustave Whitehead's Flying Machines | redcedar]</ref>. The fireman Martin Devane, who was called to the scene of the accident reported: "...I believe I arrived immediately after it crashed into a brick building, a newly constructed apartment house on the O'Neal Estate. I recall that someone was hurt and taken to the hospital. I am able to identify the inventor Gustave Whitehead from a picture shown to me".<ref>[http://www.weisskopf.de/history.htm Gustav Weisskopf - Geschichte des 1.Motorflugs der Welt 1901]</ref><ref>[http://www.deepsky.com/~firstflight/Pages/devine.html Martin Devine - August 15, 1936]</ref><ref>[http://www.deepsky.com/~firstflight/Pages/daravich.html Louis Darvarich - July 19, 1934]</ref> || 1899
|-
| Count [[Ferdinand von Zeppelin]] || [[Zeppelin]] airship LZ 1. The first Zeppelin flight occurred on July 2, 1900 over the Bodensee, lasted 18 minutes. The second and third flights were in October 1900 and October 24, 1900 respectively, beating the 6 m/s velocity record of the French airship La France by 3 m/s. || 1900
|-
| [[Wilhelm Kress]] || [[Kress Waterborne Aeroplane]] hops || 1901
|-
| [[Gustave Whitehead]] ||[[Number 21 (plane)|Number 21]], 20 hp. Newspaper reported manned, powered, controlled 800m flight. Witnessed by a reporter and other people who said the airplane landed softly on the ground without damage, one of four flights the same day.<ref>[http://www.deepsky.com/~firstflight/Pages/article8.html Air Enthusaist, January 1988]</ref> According to affidavits and witness reports he made many flights that summer, before the publicized August 14 event. For example: Harworth also said No. 21 was flown by Weisskopf in the summer of 1901 from Howard Avenue East to Wordin Avenue, along the edge of property belonging to the Bridgeport Gas Company. Upon landing, recalled Harworth, the machine was turned around and another hop was made back to Howard Avenue.[6] || 1901
|-
| [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]] || Santos-Dumont came to prominence by designing, building, and flying dirigible balloons. On 19 October 1901, he won the Deutsch de la Meurthe prize of 100,000 francs by taking off from Saint-Cloud, flying his steerable balloon around the Eiffel Tower, and returning.
|| 1901
|-
| [[Gustave Whitehead]] ||Number 22, 40 hp. He claimed a manned, powered, controlled 10 km flight, a circle over Long Island Sound, one of two flights the same day, landing in the water twice without damage to the plane. Supported by signed affidavit from Pruckner.<ref>[http://www.deepsky.com/~firstflight/Pages/Pruckner.html Anton T. Pruckner - July 16, 1934]</ref> || 1902
|-
| [[Lyman Gilmore]] || [[Gilmore Monoplane]] Built a steam-powered airplane and claimed that he flew it on May 15, 1902. || 1902
|-
| [[Richard Pearse|Richard William Pearse]] || Pearse Monoplane. First flight March 31, 1902 Waitohi, New Zealand. Evidence exists that on 31 March 1903 Pearse achieved a powered, though poorly controlled, flight of several hundred metres, crashed into the hedge at the end of the field. The aircraft had a modern tricycle type landing gear. It apparently was the first to use ailerons rather than wing-warping. By the end of July 1903, possible flights of around 1 kilometre in length, some with turns.<ref>http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/pearse1.html</ref>|| 1902-1903
|-
| [[Wright brothers]] || Completed development of the three-axis control system with the incorporation of a movable rudder connected to the wing warping control on their 1902 Glider. They subsequently made several fully controlled heavier than air gliding flights, including one of 622.5 ft (189.7 m) in 26 seconds. || 1902
|-
| [[Karl Jatho]] || Jatho Biplane 10 hp 70m hops || 1903
|-
| [[Guido Dinelli]] || Dinelli Glider, Aereoplano || 1903, 1904
|-
| [[Wright brothers]] || [[Wright Flyer]] I, Successful, manned, powered, controlled and sustained flight, 259m, according to the Federation Aeronautique International and Smithsonian Institution. Every flight of the aircraft on December 14 and 17—under very difficult conditions on the 17th—ended in a bumpy and unintended landing. The last, by Wilbur, after a flight of 59 seconds that covered 852 feet (260 m), broke the front elevator supports. In 1904, the Wrights continued refining their designs and piloting techniques in order to obtain fully controlled flight. Major progress toward this goal was achieved in 1904 and even more decisively with the modifications during the 1905 program. While the 1903 Flyer was clearly a historically important test vehicle, its near-mythical status in American imagination has obscured its place as part of a continuing development program that eventually led to the Wrights' mastery of controlled flight in 1905. || 1903
|-
| [[Ferdinand Ferber]] and [[Gabriel Voisin]] || [[Archdeacon glider]] || 1904
|-
| [[Wright Brothers]] || [[Wright Flyer III]] Wilbur Wright pilots a flight of 24 miles (39 km) in nearly 39 minutes on Oct. 5, a world record that stood until Orville Wright surpassed it in 1908. Testing of Flyer III had resumed in September after a crash led to design changes, which resulted in better pitch control. Crashes stopped and flights with the redesigned machine started lasting over 20 minutes. Flyer III became a practical and dependable aircraft, flying safely for a consistent duration and bringing its pilot back to the starting point and landing without damage.|| 1905
|-
| [[Louis Blériot]] and [[Gabriel Voisin]] || [[Blériot-Voison floatplane glider]], [[Blériot-Voison biplane|biplane]] || 1905
|-
| [[Traian Vuia]] || [[Vuia I]], [[Vuia II]], Several short powered flights. August 1906, 24m flight. July 5, 1907, Flew 20m. and crashed. || 1906 - 1907
|-
| [[Jacob Ellehammer]] || [[Ellehammer monoplane]] September 12, 1906 became the second European to fly an airplane (after Traian Vuia). He made over 200 flights in the next two years using many different machines. No distance data found. || 1906 - 1907
|-
| [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]] || [[Santos-Dumont 14-bis|14-bis]], First official European flight. Santos-Dumont made the first public European demonstration of a powered heavier-than-air aircraft in Paris on 23 October 1906. Designated 14-bis or Oiseau de proie (French for "bird of prey"), this craft, in which the pilot would stand rather than sit, made a short hop under ground effect of 50 meters. On 12 November 1906, Santos-Dumont flew the 14-bis 220 metres in 21.5 seconds. He won the Archdeacon Prize founded by the Frenchman Ernest Archdeacon in July 1906, to be awarded to the first aviator to demonstrate a flight of more than 25 m. He released the drawings of Demoiselle for free in the June 1910 edition of the Popular Mechanics magazine. || 1906
|-
| [[Glenn H. Curtiss]] || [[AEA June Bug]] Performance: Maximum speed: 39 mph (34 knots, 62 km/h) Range: 5,360 ft (1,630 m). || 1908
|-
| [[Louis Blériot]] || [[Blériot V]], [[Blériot XI]] On July 25, 1909 Louis Blériot successfully crossed the Channel from Calais to Dover in 36.5 minutes, 35 km || 1909
|-
| [[Aerial Experiment Association]] (AEA) || [[AEA Silver Dart|Silver Dart]] on 10 March 1909, McCurdy flew the aircraft on a circular course over a distance of more than 35 km (20 mi). || 1909
|-
| [[Aurel Vlaicu]] || [[Vlaicu 1909]], [[Vlaicu I]], [[Vlaicu II]], [[Vlaicu III]] || 1909-1910
|-
| [[Henri Fabre]] || [[Le Canard]], First seaplane. || 1910
|-
| [[Duigan Brothers]] || [[Duigan Pusher Biplane]] || 1910
|-
| [[John William Dunne]] || With the [[Dunne D.5]] tailless Biplane, the fifth in a series of tailless swept-wing designs, Dunne was among the first to achieved natural stability in flight in the same year. || 1910.
|-
| [[Henri Coanda]] || [[Coandă-1910|Coandă 1910 Biplane]] First built jet engine airplane. At the airport of Issy-les-Moulineaux near Paris, Coandă lost control of the jet plane, which went off of the runway and caught fire. Coanda discovered the [[Coanda-effect]]. (Hans von Ohain, went to work for Ernst Heinkel, a planebuilder who had a strong interest in advanced engines. Together they crafted the world's first flying jet plane, the experimental Heinkel He 178, which first flew on August 27, 1939.) || 1910
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Timeline of aviation]]
*[[Aviation history]]
*[[Accidents and incidents in aviation]]
*[[World War I Aviation]]
*[[Vaimanika Shastra]]
*[[List of years in aviation]]
*[[Incidents in Aviation]]
*[[History by contract]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
*[http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/history/q0159.shtml Aerospaceweb - Who was the first to fly?]
*[http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/history/q0189.shtml Aerospaceweb - Why do Brazilians consider Alberto Santos-Dumont the first man to fly if he didn't fly until 1906 and the Wright brothers did so in 1903?]
*[http://www.flyingmachines.org/ Listing and descriptions of pre-wright flying machines]
*[http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Prehistory/PH-OV.htm Prehistory of Flight]
*[[Octave Chanute]], [http://invention.psychology.msstate.edu/i/Chanute/library/Prog_Contents.html ''Progress in Flying Machines'', 1891 - 1894]
*{{cite web|url=http://www.bondle.co.uk/personal_pages/jon/maxim/|title=The Maxim Flyer|accessdate=2007-06-26}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.weisskopf.de/museume.htm The Aviation Pioneer Gustav Weißkopf Museum]
* [http://dougmalan.com/?p=56 Douglas S. Malan article]
* [http://www.weisskopf.de/ Gustav Weisskopf 1. Motorflug der Welt 1901]
* [http://www.gustavewhitehead.org/ Gustave Whitehead's Flying Machines]
* [http://www.weisskopf.de/zeittafel.htm Timetable of Whitehead's life]
* [http://www.flyingmachines.org/gwhtd.html Flying Machines — Gustave Whitehead]
* [http://airsports.fai.org/jun98/jun9805.html Air Sports International — Did He Actually Fly Before The Wright Brothers?]
* [http://www.historynet.com/air_sea/aviation_history/3032816.html?page=1&c=y History Net article]
* [http://gustavewhitehead.org/the_record.html Why Whitehead received little recognition in life.]
*Wright Brothers Aeroplane Company, text of news articles: [http://www.first-to-fly.com/History/History%20of%20Airplane/whiteheadarticles.htm ''Popular Aviation'' (1935), ''Bridgeport Herald'' (1901)] and [http://www.first-to-fly.com/History/History%20of%20Airplane/Whitehead.htm August 2001 issue of WWI Aero Magazine]
*[http://www.flyingmachines.org/ Listing and descriptions of pre-wright flying machines]
*[http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Prehistory/PH-OV.htm Prehistory of Flight]
* [http://www.wwbirthplace.com Wilbur Wright Birthplace Museum]
* [http://www.wright-brothers.org Wright Brothers Aeroplane Company]
* [http://invention.psychology.msstate.edu/inventors/i/Wrights/library/Aeronautical.html Some Aeronautical Experiments] by Wilbur Wright, to Western Society of Engineers September 18, 1901
* [http://www.fi.edu/wright/ Wright Aeronautical Engineering Collection]
* [http://firstflight.open.ac.uk FirstFlight - flight simulation, videos and experiments]
* [http://www.outerbanks.com/wrightbrothers/photographs/ Kitty Hawk - Kill Devil Hills Wright Brothers Photographs 1900–1911 - Library of Congress]
* [http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/planetruth.html Plane truth: list of greatest technical breakthroughs in manned flight] by [[Jürgen Schmidhuber]], Nature 421, 689, 2003
* [http://invention.psychology.msstate.edu/moviesandphotos/index.html Video clips about the invention of the fixed-wing aircraft]
* [http://www.thefirsttofly.hpg.ig.com.br/pioneer2.htm About Santos Dumont first flight in Paris, with the "14-bis"]
* [http://www.flyingmachines.org/ The Pioneer Aviation Group web site] contains many pictures of early flying machines and a comprehensive chronology of flight attempts
* [http://invention.psychology.msstate.edu/i/Wrights/WrightUSPatent/WrightPatent.html HTML version of the Wright brothers' original patent]
* [http://www.wright-house.com/wright-brothers/taleplane.html Analysis of Wright Brothers' work]
* [http://www.centennialofflight.gov/ U.S. Centennial of Flight] 2003 celebration of the 100th anniversary of the first flight
* [http://www.rtptv.homestead.com/rtpwrightbrothers.html AeroSpace Show - RTP-TV] 2003 Video Tour of Wright Brothers Monument at Kill Devil Hills
* [http://www.immediart.com/catalog/product_info.php?cPath=46_52&products_id=178 New Scientist Magazine] Scientific Firsts: Print of Wright Flyer in France 1907
* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/wright/ PBS Nova: The Wright Brothers' Flying Machines]
* [http://www.asme.org/Communities/History/Landmarks/Wright_Flyer_III_1905.cfm 1905 Wright Flyer III]
* [http://www.nps.gov/wrbr/ National Park Service, Wright Brothers' Memorial]
* [http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/wright/index.html Smithsonian Stories of the Wright flights]
* [http://www.picture-history.com/wright-brothers-index-001.htm Photographic Record of the Wright Brothers]
* [http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&articleID=000E2A9A-2E05-1FA8-AE0583414B7F0000 Scientific American Magazine (December 2003 Issue) The Equivocal Success of the Wright Brothers]
* [http://video.google.com/videosearch?q=Wright+Brothers&hl=en Wright Brothers videos and archive films on Google Video]
*[http://individual.utoronto.ca/firstflight/ Centennial Flight]

{{Aviation lists}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Early Flying Machines}}
[[Category:Aviation history]]
[[Category:Lists of aircraft]]
[[Category:Discovery and invention controversies]]

Gilpin Tramway

2010-03-10T09:05:17Z

WildBot: Changing incorrect name Colorado and Southern Railroad to correct name Colorado and Southern Railway

[[Image:Enginehouse-01.jpg|right|thumb|The Gilpin Tramway locomotives and enginehouse]]
The '''Gilpin Railroad''', earlier the '''GIlpin Tramway Company''', was a [[narrow-gauge railway]] in [[Gilpin County, Colorado]], in operation from 1887 to 1917.

==Gold extraction==

The story of the Gilpin Tramway starts in April 1859 when [[John H. Gregory]] started up Clear Creek from [[Golden, Colorado|Golden]] searching for [[gold]]. Gold flakes were being found in the creek, so the question was, where was the gold coming from. Working up the creek and following the north branch of Clear Creek at what is now know as Forks (for years, a station and restaurant, now a traffic light), Gregory found the richest gold dust in what is now called Gregory Gulch above [[Blackhawk, Colorado|Blackhawk]]. The Gregory Lode had been found.

The news of gold hit the nation. By September, a population of 900 in log shanties and tents had invaded the valley. By the summer of 1860 sixty ore mills and thirty arastras (a kind of ore grinding pit) were in operation and the population had risen to 15,000. Soon numerous mining camps had sprung up including [[Black Hawk, Colorado|Black Hawk]], [[Central City, Colorado|Central City]], Nevadaville, Russell Gulch and Apex.

But by the mid-1860s, the easy gold had been mined out. Gilpin county came on hard times. What was needed was both better technology in milling, and a means of transporting the ore from mine to mill and mill to the rest of the world. New technology did come, with the first smelter being setup in Black Hawk in 1865. As for transportation, that came in the form of the {{RailGauge|3}} [[narrow gauge railway|narrow gauge]] [[Colorado Central Railroad]] (CCRR). The CCRR was formed in 1870 with construction starting in September 1871. Based in [[Golden, Colorado|Golden]], the trackage worked its way up Clear Creek, splitting at Forks with the first branch going on to Black Hawk. The train arrived in Black Hawk on December 15, 1873. The mills now had a way to get their product to Denver and the world beyond. In 1878, a switchback extension was built the one mile (1.6 km) distance from Black Hawk to Central City with four miles (6 km) of trackage, and the first train arriving on May 21, 1878.

==Gilpin Tramway Company==
The problem still remained on how to economically get the gold bearing quartz ore down to the mills of Central City and Black Hawk. It was a dangerous, slow and expensive process to bring the ore down in horse drawn wagons. In Summer 1886 five mining men met to solve the problem. The solution was the Gilpin Tramway Company, formed on July 29 in Central City by Henry C. Bolsinger, Bradford H. Locke, Robert A. Campbell, Andrew W. Rogers and Henry J. Hawley. The purpose of the company was to build a {{RailGauge|2}} [[Rail gauge|gauge]] railroad to transport ore from the mines above Black Hawk to the mills.

===Construction of the tramway===
Grading was started in May 1887. A frame barn was purchased above Black Hawk as an engine house. The first rails were laid on July 1, 1887. [[Shay locomotive]] #1 arrived on August 26, with its first run on September 1. Trackage worked its way back down Clear Creek climbing the side of the hill and climbing up into Gregory Gulch. The maximum grade was six percent with several curves having a {{convert|50|ft|m|sing=on}} radius. The trackage continued on above Central City (there was an excursion train for Central City residents from where the tram crossed Eureka Gulch to Black Hawk on September 29, 1887). From there the trackage continued up to Nevadaville, Quartz Hill and Russel Gultch.

Much of the altitude gained by the Gilpin was done by the use of [[Zig zag (railway)|switchback]]s. The Tram had more switchbacks than any other American railroad. At one point, seven switchbacks were used to reach a single mine.

===Opposition===
The railroad was not without its opponents. The Gilpin was in direct competition to the various teamster outfits. An agreement had been made with the Colorado Central to lay a third rail through Black Hawk (creating a [[dual gauge]] track) to allow the Gilpin to reach its various mills and smelters. Mayor William Fick, associated with many of the teamsters, fought to stop the Gilpin from coming through 'his' town. The third rail was laid after various legal actions starting in December 1887. But that was not the end of it, in April 1888, the Mayor accompanied by the marshal ordered laborers to stop laying the third rail and to start removing trackage that had already been laid. Fick declared that the tram would throw teamsters out of work, a great calamity for the city. But with a payment from the Gilpin of $450 to the city, the Mayor was advised to quit his losing fight, and none of the trackage was removed.

===Tourism===
Ore and supplies were not the only cargo carried on the Gilpin. On May 23, 1888, the tram received six new excursion [[Passenger car (rail)|passenger car]]s. As with many other railroads in the west, tourist traffic created a good supplement to the railroads income. Excursions occurred throughout each summer. A round trip from Black Hawk with lunch was 75 cents. A combined trip on the Colorado Central from Denver was $2.40.

===Extensions===
Throughout 1888, track was extended to mines and mills leading to fifteen and a half miles of track by winter of that year. Once winter arrived, a new and interesting problem arrived as well. Ore comes from wet ground, and in the winter, it has a tendency to freeze solid in the cars before delivery to the mills. The tram solved this problem with a unique solution. A warming house was built near the engine house with tracks running its entire length. Steam pipes and stoves warmed the building to a high of {{convert|120|F}}, thus keeping the ore warm and dry.

===Sale to the Colorado and Southern===
Traffic continued to grow throughout the 1890s, with three [[Shay locomotive|Shays]] taking up the load. Accidents did happen on occasion with engines jumping the track and rolling over. By 1900, new shays were replacing the old ones.

In January 1899, the Colorado Central (then owned by the bankrupt [[Union Pacific Railroad]]) was taken over by the [[Colorado and Southern Railway|Colorado and Southern]] (C&S). The Gilpin had been showing a nice profit in the early 1900s so by 1905, the C&S was looking at the Gilpin as a likely acquisition. On June 27, 1906, the Gilpin was sold to the Colorado and Southern.

===Closure of the tramway===
1910 saw the Gilpin at its greatest length of {{convert|26.46|mi|km}} including spurs and sidings. But unfortunately, the C&S bought the Gilpin at the height of its profitability. The profit margins on mining gold was dropping both due to increased cost to extract the gold, and fixed prices in the gold market due to government. As such, traffic was dropping. Soon the Gilpin was running in the red. The last train ran on January 17, 1917. The railroad was sold for scrap in June 1917.

== Locomotives ==
{|class="wikitable"
!Number
!Builder
!Type
!Date
!Works number
!Notes
|-
|1
|[[Lima Locomotive Works]]
|10-ton Shay
|August 1887
|181
|sold [[Silver City, Pinos Altos and Mogollon Railroad]] #1 1905
|-
|2
|[[Lima Locomotive Works]]
|12-ton Shay
|February 1888
|199
|sold [[Silver City, Pinos Altos and Mogollon Railroad]] #2 1905
|-
|3
|[[Lima Locomotive Works]]
|15-ton Shay
|December 1889
|264
|scrapped 1938
|-
|4
|[[Lima Locomotive Works]]
|17-ton Shay
|January 1900
|594
|scrapped 1938
|-
|5
|[[Lima Locomotive Works]]
|18-ton Shay
|April 1902
|696
|scrapped 1938
|}

== Cars ==
{|class="wikitable"
!Number
!Builder
!Type
!Date
!Length
!Notes
|-
|1-5
|
|[[flatcar]]s
|1888
|{{convert|17|ft|abbr=on}}
|#3 rebuilt to coal car #14
|-
|6-13
|
|coal cars
|1888
|17 ft
|
|-
|14-17
|
|coal cars
|
|17 ft
|
|-
|18-37
|[[Lima Locomotive Works]]
|ore cars
|1887
|{{convert|17|ft|7|in|abbr=on}}
|originally 1/2 cord capacity rebuilt to 3/4 cord capacity
|-
|38-87
|[[Lima Locomotive Works]]
|ore cars
|1888
|17 ft 7 in
|one cord capacity
|-
|88-155
|[[Lima Locomotive Works]]
|ore cars
|1889
|17 ft 7 in
|one card capacity
|-
|300
|Gilpin
|[[tank car|water car]]
|
|{{convert|23|ft|abbr=on}}
|{{convert|2200|USgal}} capacity
|-
|1st #400
|Gilpin
|[[caboose]]
|1904
|{{convert|13|ft|2|in|abbr=on}}
|destroyed 1912
|-
|2nd #400
|[[Colorado and Southern Railway]]
|[[caboose]]
|1912
|{{convert|14|ft|2|in|abbr=on}}
|
|-
|401
|[[Colorado and Southern Railway]]
|[[caboose]]
|1913
|14 ft 2 in
|
|-
|500-505
|
|excursion cars
|1888
|{{convert|21|ft|abbr=on}}
|one rebuilt to flatcar 2nd #4; one rebuilt to rail & boiler car #01 in 1906; one used as parts for caboose #401 in 1913; last one (#500) renumbered #1 in 1915
|}

==References==
{{nofootnotes|date=August 2008}}
* {{cite book| title=Silver City Narrow Gauge |author=Ericson, Duane |publisher=M2FQ Publications |year=2007}}
* {{cite book| title=The Gilpin Gold Tram |author=Ferrell, Mallory Hope |publisher=Pruett Publishing |year=1970| isbn=0-87108-045-1}}
* {{cite book| title=The Shay Locomotive Titan of the Timber |author=Koch, Michael |publisher=The World Press |year=1971}}

==External links==
*[http://www.gilpintram.com/ www.gilpintram.com]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gilpin Railroad}}
[[Category:Defunct Colorado railroads]]
[[Category:Two foot gauge railways]]
[[Category:Narrow gauge railroads in the United States]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1886]]
[[Category:1917 disestablishments]]

Union Bay Natural Area

2010-03-10T08:46:18Z

WildBot: Changing incorrect name Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railroad to correct name Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway

{{Infobox Protected area
| name = Union Bay Natural Area
| iucn_category = Ib
| map = US_Locator_Blank.svg
| map_caption =
| locator_x = 27
| locator_y = 15
| location = [[Washington]], [[United States|USA]]
| nearest_city = [[Seattle, Washington|Seattle, WA]]
| lat_d = 47
| lat_m = 39
| lat_s = 21
| lat_NS = N
| long_d = 122
| long_m = 17
| long_s = 38
| long_EW = W
| area = 50 acres (0.2 km²)
| established = 1972
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = [[University of Washington]]
}}
__NOTOC__
The '''Union Bay Natural Area''' (UBNA), also known as Union Bay Marsh, is the restored remainder of the filled former Union Bay and Union Bay Marsh after [[University Village, Seattle, Washington|University Village]] [[shopping center|Shopping Center]], the [[University of Washington]] (UW) athletic facilities, buildings, and main parking area E1. It is located at the east of the main UW campus in [[Seattle, Washington]], south of NE 45th Street and west of [[Laurelhurst, Seattle, Washington|Laurelhurst]].<ref>(1)
{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| date =n.d., map.Jpg [sic] dated 13 June 2002 | year = | month =
| url =http://clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/public/nmaps/S/NN-1120S.htm
| title ="University District", map
| publisher =Office of the Seattle City Clerk
| accessdate =2006-04-21
}} (2)
{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| date =n.d. | year = | month =
| url =http://clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/about.htm
| title ="About the Seattle City Clerk's On-line Information Services"
| work =Information Services
| publisher =Office of the Seattle City Clerk
| accessdate =2006-04-21
}} See heading, "Note about limitations of these data". (3) Shenk, Pollack, Dornfeld, Frantilla, & Neman
</ref> Ravenna Creek is connected to University Slough (Drainage [[Canal]]), thence to [[Union Bay (Seattle, Washington)|Union Bay]], and [[Lake Washington]].<ref>
The UW identifies the body, entirely on its campus, as Drainage Canal since 1970 or earlier. (1) University of Washington Computing and Communications, Facilities Services (modified 18 May 2005) (2) UW Publication Services & UW Facility Services (revised July 1996). (3) University of Washington Publication Services (revised September 1991), from August 1971, revised Sherman (August 1991).</ref><ref>(1)
{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| date =n.d. | year = | month =
| url =http://depts.washington.edu/ubna/
| title ="Union Bay Natural Area"
| work =Center for Urban Horticulture
| publisher =University of Washington
| accessdate =2006-04-21
}} (2)
{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| date =n.d., 1999 per [http://depts.washington.edu/ubna/landfillreport.pdf "Montlake Landfill Information SumMarchy, January 1999"] on page)
| year =
| month =
| url =http://depts.washington.edu/ubna/history.htm
| title ="HISTORY @ UBNA"
| work =Center for Urban Horticulture, Departments of the University of Washington
| publisher =
| accessdate =2006-04-21
}}
</ref> Drainage Canal is one of three or four areas of open water connected with [[Lake Washington]] around Union Bay Marsh. The canal extends from NE 45th Street, between the [[golf|driving range]] and IMA Sports Field 1, south to the bay, ending southeast of the baseball grandstand (northeast of the IMA Building).<ref name=UniversityDistrict_NN-1120S>
{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| date =n.d., map.jpg 13 June 2002
| year =
| month =
| url =http://clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/public/nmaps/html/NN-1120S.htm
| title ="University District"
| work =Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas
| publisher =
| accessdate =2006-04-21
}}</ref><ref>Shenk et al.</ref> The Drainage Canal that carries Ravenna Creek past UBNA to Union Bay is locally sometimes called University [[River delta|Slough]], though that is something of a misnomer in that "[[swamp|slough]]" is both used in the eastern and southeastern U.S. meaning, rather than the western U.S. meaning, and it is no longer a natural watercourse in that it is a canal that replaced bay and marsh, both now filled.

[[Image:Anas strepera 0062.JPG|left|thumb|[[Gadwall]]s (''Anas strepera'') on the west pond]]
The little [[grassland]]s, modest ponds, and lake shoreline of the UBNA is a sanctuary for birds (most dramatically crested cormorants, great blue herons, and eagles);<ref>(1) {{cite news
| first =
| last =
| author =P-I Staff
| coauthors =
| url =http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/268964_tl104.html
| title ="Nesting eagles stop fireworks show"
| work =
| publisher =Seattle Post-Intelligencer
| pages =
| page =
| date =2006-05-14
| accessdate =2006-05-14
}} (2) Gurriere (3) Parrish</ref> turtles and frogs may be seen. The UBNA is notable for diverse habitats including a good-sized lake, small permanent ponds, seasonal ponds, woods, sample [[prairie]], and [[marsh]]land. The interfaces among these make the area particularly attractive for birdwatching, with more than 150 species of birds sighted.<ref>Dolan & True, pp. 148–150.</ref> The canal or slough was part of a restoration of the [[wetlands]] called Union Bay Marsh that had been drained by the opening of the [[Montlake Cut]] of the [[Lake Washington Ship Canal]] (1916) and much of Union Bay filled by the Montlake [[Landfill|Dump]],<ref name=ubna/history>
{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| date =(n.d., 1999 per [http://depts.washington.edu/ubna/landfillreport.pdf "Montlake Landfill Information SumMarchy, January 1999"] on page)
| year =
| month =
| url =http://depts.washington.edu/ubna/history.htm
| title ="HISTORY @ UBNA"
| work =Center for Urban Horticulture, Departments of the University of Washington
| publisher =
| accessdate =2006-04-21
}}
</ref> (home of [[J. P. Patches]], resident 1958-1981).<ref>Stein</ref> Formerly the Montlake Landfill,<ref name=ubna/history /> University Dump,<ref>Phelps, p.210</ref> or Ravenna Landfill,<ref>{{tl|Citation needed}} for unknown name.</ref> it was used by the City of Seattle for residential and industrial [[Municipal solid waste|solid waste]] from 1911 to 1966.<ref>[[Landfill]] and belatedly, [[Landfill#Landfill classes|sanitary landfill]], succeeding sites 1911, 1920, 1926; closed to the public 1966 or 1967, [Phelps, p. 208, 210]</ref> It was fully closed five years later and overlaid with two feet of clean [[soil]].<ref name=ubna/history /><ref>1967, Phelps. p. 208</ref> Most of the land has been built upon by University Village (1956), UW athletic fields, buildings, and main parking lot E; the remainder comprises the UBNA, colloquially called "the fill".<ref>(1) Dolan & True, p. 148 (2) UBNA, Center for Urban Horticulture, 1980; Laurel Village 1982 (2.1)
{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| coauthors =
| date =2003-05-28
| year =
| month =
| url =http://www.washington.edu/community/cmp_site/cmpfinal/G.pdf
| title ="Appendix G: List of Campus Buildings"
| format =PDF
| work =[http://www.washington.edu/community/cmp_site/final_cmp.html Campus Master Plan]
| publisher =University of Washington
| accessdate =2006-06-21
}}
</ref>

[[Image:Tachycineta bicolor 3285.JPG|right|thumb|[[Tree Swallow]] (''Tachycineta bicolor'') over the south pond]]
Before the lowering of [[Lake Washington]] during the early part of the 20th century,<ref>1916 [Phelps, p. 59]</ref> [[Ravenna Creek|Ravenna]] and [[Yesler Creek]]s flowed into marshland north of where the canal now begins, and the land through which the canal would be cut lay under the waters of Union Bay. The [[Burke-Gilman Trail]] follows the [[Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway]] line along the original shoreline of Union Bay past the UW power plant and University Village. Construction was completed in 2006 on a project that reconnects partially daylighted Ravenna Creek to Union Bay by piping it underground to the canal, thus converting the upper reach from a relatively stagnant drainage to the outlet for one of Seattle's partially restored urban [[stream|creek]]s. [[Daylighting (streams)|Daylighting]] from southeast Ravenna Park to the UW and the UBNA has been blocked by the owners of University Village<ref>(1) Ravenna Creek Alliance (2) O'Neil</ref>

Unlike a [[commons]] in the UK and Ireland, the UBNA is owned by the State of Washington and held under the aegis of the University of Washington; access is controlled. Parts of the Area are open during park hours, access to other portions is discouraged, some portions seasonally, for habitat or species protection.<ref>[http://depts.washington.edu/ubna/ "Union Bay Natural Area"]. Center for Urban Horticulture</ref>

Many restoration projects take place at UBNA. Removal of invasive species, such as [[Rubus armeniacus|Himalayan Blackberry]] (''Rubus armeniacus'') and [[Convolvulus arvensis|Morning Glory]] (''Convolvulus arvensis''), are part of a continual effort to restore the site to a natural area. Volunteers account for much of the progress in the Union Bay Natural Area. [http://depts.washington.edu/ubna/]

== See also ==
{{Commons|Union Bay Natural Area}}
* [[Daylighting (streams)]]
* [[Ravenna Creek]]
* [[Ravenna, Seattle, Washington#Cowen Park–Ravenna Park and Ravenna Creek|Ravenna neighborhoods and the creek]]
* [[Stream]]
* [[Thornton Creek]]
* [[Urban horticulture]]
* [[Water resources]]

== Notes and references ==

{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* [http://clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/about.htm "About the Seattle City Clerk's On-line Information Services"], Information Services, Seattle City Clerk's Office. Retrieved 21 April 2006. See heading, "Note about limitations of these data".
* {{cite web | last = | first = | coauthors = | date =2003-05-28 | year = | month = | url=http://www.washington.edu/community/cmp_site/cmpfinal/G.pdf | title ="Appendix G: List of Campus Buildings" | format =PDF | work =[http://www.washington.edu/community/cmp_site/final_cmp.html Campus Master Plan] | publisher =University of Washington | accessdate =2006-06-21}}
* Dolan, Maria & True, Kathryn (2003). "Reclaiming Paradise: Union Bay Natural Area" and "Northeast Seattle: Lakes, Ponds, Springs, and Wetlands", in ''Nature in the city: Seattle'', pp. 148–150 and p. 223. Seattle: Mountaineers Books. ISBN 0-89886-879-3 (paperback). Particularly useful.
* {{cite web| last = | first = | coauthors = | date =n.d., August 1998 per Chronology | year = | month =| url=http://home.earthlink.net/~ravennacreek/chronology.htm| title ="Chronology" | publisher =Ravenna Creek Alliance| accessdate =2006-04-21}}
* Gurriere, Joe (3 May 2006). [http://www.windermere.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=about.pressReleaseDetail&prID=162 "Windermere Real Estate Cancels Fireworks to Protect Nesting Eagles"], Windermere Real Estate Company. Retrieved 14 May 2006.
* {{cite web | last = | first = | coauthors = | date =(n.d., 1999 per [http://depts.washington.edu/ubna/landfillreport.pdf "Montlake Landfill Information SumMarchy, January 1999"] on page) | year = | month = | url=http://depts.washington.edu/ubna/history.htm | title ="HISTORY @ UBNA" | work =Center for Urban Horticulture, Departments of the University of Washington | publisher = | accessdate =2006-04-21}}
* O'Neil, Kit, University Community Urban Center, (n.d. [1997 per http://home.earthlink.net/~ravennacreek/chronology.htm]). [http://www.scn.org/neighbors/ucuc/rcreek.html "Ravenna Creek Daylighting Project"]. Retrieved 21 April 2006.
* Parrish, Geov (10 May 2006). [http://www.seattleweekly.com/news/0619/geov-parrish.php "A Parks Lesson Learned: A citizen, the city, a corporation, and a sound decision."], ''The Seattle Weekly''. Retrieved 14 May 2006.
* {{cite book | last=Phelps | first=Myra L. | authorlink= | coauthors= | editor= | title=Public works in Seattle | origdate= | origyear= | origmonth= | url= | accessdate =2006-04-21 | edition= | date= | year=1978 | month= | publisher=Seattle Engineering Department | location=Seattle | isbn=0-9601928-1-6 | pages= | chapter= | chapterurl= }}
* P-I Staff (4 May 2006). [http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/268964_tl104.html "Nesting eagles stop fireworks show"], ''The Seattle Post-Intelligencer''. Retrieved 14 May 2006.
* [http://depts.washington.edu/ubna/ "Union Bay Natural Area"]. Center for Urban Horticulture, (n.d.). Retrieved 21 April 2006.
* [http://clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/public/nmaps/S/NN-1120S.htm "University District"]. Seattle City Clerk's Neighborhood Map Atlas (n.d., map NN-1120S.Jpg dated 13 June 2002), retrieved 21 April 2006. Note caveat in footer.
* {{cite web | last=Shenk | first=Carol | coauthors=Pollack, Laurie; Dornfeld, Ernie; Frantilla, Anne; and Neman, Chris | date=2002-06-26, maps.jpg c. 2002-06-15 | year= | month= | url=http://clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/~public/nmaps/aboutnm.htm | title="About neighborhood maps" | work =Seattle City Clerk's Office Neighborhood Map Atlas | publisher=Information Services, Seattle City Clerk's Office | accessdate=2006-04-21}} Sources for this atlas and the neighborhood names used in it include a 1980 neighborhood map produced by the Department of Community Development (relocated to the [http://www.ci.seattle.wa.us/neighborhoods/resources.htm Department of Neighborhoods] and other agencies), [[Seattle Public Library]] indexes, a 1984-1986 Neighborhood Profiles feature series in the ''Seattle Post-Intelligencer'', numerous parks, land use and transportation planning studies, and records in the [http://www.cityofseattle.net/CityArchives/ Seattle Municipal Archives]. [Maps "NN-1120S", "NN-1130S", "NN-1140S".Jpg [sic] dated 13 June 2002; "NN-1030S", "NN-1040S".jpg dated 17 June 2002.]
* Stein, Alan J. (2 March 2003) [http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=5344 "Patches, Julius Pierpont"], ''HistoryLink''. Retrieved 21 April 2006. Stein referenced Jack Broom, “The J.P. Generation,” ''Pacific Magazine'', ''The Seattle Times'', 4 April 1993, pp. 6–11,14-17; Bill Cartmel, “Hi Ya, Patches Pals,” ''Seattle Post-Intelligencer'', 11April 1971, pp. 6–7; Erik Lacitis, “Patches Understands – and Survivies,” ''The Seattle Times'', 23 February 1978, p. A15; [no titles], ''The East Side Journal'', 31 May 1962, p. 3; Ibid. 14 May 1969, p. 19.
* University of Washington Computing and Communications, Facilities Services (2005). [http://www.washington.edu/home/maps/northeast.html "Northeast Campus Map"], UW Home > UWIN > About the UW > Campus Maps. Modified 18 May 2006, retrieved 21 May 2006.
* University of Washington Publication Services (Revised September 1991). "The University of Washington Campus & Vicinity" map. Compiled, designed, drafted in cooperation between Physical Plant and the Department of Geography, August 1971, revised Sherman (August 1991). Seattle: University of Washington.
* UW Publication Services & UW Facility Services (Revised July 1996). "The University of Washington Campus & Vicinity" map. Seattle: University of Washington.
* Walter, Sunny & local Audubon chapters (updated 10 February 2006). [http://www.nwlink.com/~sunnywww/WhereView-WNW-Birds-PugetSound.html "Sunny Walter's Washington Nature Weekends: Wildlife Viewing Locations - Greater Seattle Area"]. Retrieved 21 April 2006. Walter excerpted from Dolan, Maria & True, Kathryn (2003). ''Nature in the city: Seattle''. Seattle: Mountaineers Books. ISBN 0-89886-879-3 (paperback). [With additions by Sunny Walter and local Audubon chapters.] On-line of the book, but only the viewing locations.

== Further reading ==
*[http://depts.washington.edu/ubna/ "Union Bay Natural Area"] page, University of Washington

[[Category:Parks in Seattle, Washington]]

Lake Forest Park

2010-03-10T08:46:10Z

WildBot: Changing incorrect name Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railroad to correct name Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = City of Lake Forest Park
|settlement_type = [[City]]
|nickname = LFP
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|image_seal = Lakeforestparklogo.PNG
|image_map = King_County_Washington_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Lake_Forest_Park_Highlighted.svg
|mapsize = 250px
|map_caption = Location of Lake Forest Park in King County and Washington
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 =
|subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Washington|County]]
|subdivision_name = [[United States]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Washington]]
|subdivision_name2 = King
|established_title = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]]
|established_date = 1961<ref name=incorporationdate>{{cite web |url=http://www.cityoflfp.com/history/timeline.html
|publisher=City of Lake Forest Park
|title=Lake Forest Park Timeline
|accessdate=2007-08-07}}</ref>
|government_type =
|leader_title = [[Mayor]]
|leader_name = David R. Hutchinson
|area_magnitude =
|area_total_km2 = 9.5
|area_land_km2 = 9.2
|area_water_km2 = 0.3
|area_total_sq_mi = 3.66
|TotalArea_sq_km = 9.48
|area_land_sq_mi = 3.54
|LandArea_sq_km = 9.17
|area_water_sq_mi = 0.12
|WaterArea_sq_km = 0.31
|population_total = 13,142
|population_as_of = [[2000 US Census]]
|population_footnotes = <ref name=populationtotal>{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-context=gct&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-mt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_GCTPH1_ST7&-CONTEXT=gct&-tree_id=4001&-geo_id=04000US53&-format=ST-7%7CST-7S&-_lang=en
|publisher=US Census Bureau
|title=Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density of Washington Areas
|accessdate=2007-08-07}}</ref>
|timezone = [[Pacific Standard Time Zone|PST]]
|utc_offset = -8
|timezone_DST = [[Pacific Daylight Time|PDT]]
|utc_offset_DST = -7
|elevation_m = 21
|elevation_ft = 69
|coordinates_display = inline,title
|coordinates_type = region:US_type:city
|latd = 47 |latm = 45 |lats = 24 |latNS = N
|longd = 122 |longm = 17 |longs = 23 |longEW = W
|postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]
|postal_code = 98155
|area_code = [[Area code 206|206]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 53-37270{{GR|2}}
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info = 1512366{{GR|3}}
|footnotes =
|website = [http://www.cityoflfp.com/default.html]
}}
[[Image:Lfp-farmer-market-2k7-06.jpg|thumb|Lake Forest Park Town Centre and [[Farmers' Market]]]]
'''Lake Forest Park''' is a city in [[King County, Washington|King County]], [[Washington]], [[United States]], just north of [[Seattle, Washington|Seattle]]. A bedroom community by design, most of the city consists of single-family housing on medium to large-sized lots, with an emphasis placed on retaining the natural features of the landscape. Less than 4% of the city land is zoned commercial; most of that is in one location, and there are no industrial areas.

Lake Forest Park has lakefront and lakeview residential property, assorted parks and nature preserves, convenient access to the [[Burke-Gilman Trail]], a summertime [[farmer's market]], and a large new and used bookstore / food court holding frequent musical events. The population was 13,142 at the [[2000 United States Census|2000 census]].

==History==
Lake Forest Park was founded in 1912 by [[Ole Hanson]] and A.H. Reid as one of the Seattle area's first planned communities. Envisioned as a picturesque retreat for professionals, the developers planned roads and lots in strict consideration for natural landmarks.<ref>Stein, A., "[http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=419 Lake Forest Park -- Thumbnail History]", HistoryLink.org, 5 December 1998. Online as of 19 April 2007.]</ref> The original prospectus for lot sales declared:<blockquote>
...the strict fiat has gone forth that all the natural beauty must be preserved; that no tree must unwittingly be cut down; that the natural wild flowers must remain; that the streams, the springs, the lake front, the nodding willows, the stately cedar, the majestic fir, the quivering cypress and the homelike maple and all the flora and fauna with which Nature has blessed this lakeshore, must not be defiled by the hand of man.<ref>Alan J. Stein transcribing Ole Hanson, "[http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=420 Lake Forest Park brochure]", Seattle, Washington, 1912, held by Shoreline Historical Museum, Shoreline, Washington, 1998.</ref></blockquote>
Until 1914 and completion of the Red Brick Road (now Bothell Way, part of [[Washington State Route 522|State Route 522]]) to nearby [[Kenmore, Washington|Kenmore]] and [[Bothell, Washington|Bothell]], it also marked the literal end of improved roads heading north from Seattle, with best access to points further north and east being by boat across [[Lake Washington]] or the [[Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway]].

Lake Forest Park officially incorporated on June 20, 1961, in large part to help maintain its specific identity in the face of increasing local development pressing north from Seattle.<ref>"[http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/webtowns/article.asp?WTID=31&ID=105881 Once a refuge from ' disagreeable things']", Seattle Post-Intelligencer, online as of 19 April 2007.</ref> The town remained small - under 5,000 in population - until the 1990s, when a series of annexations expanded city borders significantly and more than doubled the official population.

The city's only public lake access - the 3/4 acre Lyon Creek Park - was created in the late 1990s on land purchased by the city in 1998. For the prior fifty years, the lot had belonged to Marcia and Robert Morris, who had built a modernist home and a horse stable on the property. Both buildings were torn down as part of the park conversion, which also included replanting the park with 5,000 native shrubs and plants. The replanting portion of the project involved the labor of hundreds of citizen volunteers.<ref>Informational signs in Lyon Creek Park, City of Lake Forest Park, March 2007.</ref>

Lake Forest Park Towne Centre, the city's commercial core, hugs Bothell Way on the eastern border of town, not far from the lakeshore. In late 2005, city government began holding public meetings to discuss whether and how to improve this small area in order to develop a higher-density pedestrian-friendly shopping and residential hub.

==Geography==
[[Image:WAMap-doton-Lake Forest Park.png|right|Location of Lake Forest Park, Washington]]Lake Forest Park is located at {{coord|47|45|24|N|122|17|23|W|city}} (47.756720, -122.289679){{GR|1}}.

Lake Forest Park is situated at the north end of Lake Washington. The city's southern boundary begins at the city limit of Seattle. To the north, Lake Forest Park ends at the Snohomish county line, where the adjacent towns of Mountlake Terrace and Brier border it. To the east, the city is bounded by Lake Washington and at 55th Avenue NE where the city of Kenmore begins; the Burke-Gilman Trail runs in parallel to the lake shore, following the shoreline into Kenmore to the north, and Seattle to the south. The city's western boundary is at the [[Shoreline, Washington|City of Shoreline's]] city limit, mostly following 25th Avenue NE.

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of 3.7 square miles (9.5 km²), of which, 3.5 square miles (9.2 km²) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.3 km²) of it (3.28%) is water, much of which consists of shoreline and streams. The two largest streams are Lyon Creek and McAleer Creek, both of which provide habitat for salmon.<ref>"[http://www.cityoflfp.com/news/2007pr/news_20070131.html Request for Proposal: 100 Year Legacy project for Parks, Recreation and Open Space]", City of Lake Forest Park, 31 January 2007. Online as of 19 April 2007.]</ref> The shoreline includes three access points to Lake Washington, aside from private homes; two are private beach clubs. The third - and only public - access point is Lyon Creek Park.

[[Image:Lyon-creek-park.jpg|thumb|Lyon Creek Park, the only public access to Lake Washington from Lake Forest Park]]
===Parks===
* Horizon View Park
* Pfingst Animal Acres Park
* Eagle Scout Park
* Blue Heron Park
* Grace Cole Nature Park
* Lyon Creek Waterfront Park

[[Image:GraceColeNaturePark.jpg|left|thumb|550px|Grace Cole Nature Park through the seasons, 2006-2008]]
{{clear}}

== Neighborhoods ==
Lake Forest Park Town Centre forms the city's commercial core. This one complex - originally built as a suburban mall - includes the [[King County Library System|public library]], police department, town hall, and approximately 40 shops, small businesses, and medical/professional offices.<ref>[http://www.lakeforestparktownecentre.com/go/dirListing.cfm?fl=all Lake Forest Park Towne Centre Store Directory], Madison Marquette Mallfinder Network LLC, online as of 24 August 2008.</ref> It is home to [[Shoreline Community College]]'s Lake Forest Park satellite campus, and the location of Third Place Commons, a large public space occupying much of the central building's upper level, and which serves as the city's social spaces core.<ref>Stadler, A., "[http://www.pps.org/info/newsletter/december2005/third_place_commons How a Failing Suburban Mall Became a Beloved Indoor Town Square]", Making Places, December 2005.</ref> In the summer, this same complex hosts a large outdoor farmer's market.<ref>[http://www.thirdplacecommons.org/farmersmarket/ Third Place Commons Farmer's Market], thirdplacecommons.org, online as of 19 April 2007.</ref> Until late 2007, the city was also served by a [[United States Postal Service#Types of postal facilities|finance unit post office]] in the same compex, the functions of which have since been moved to nearby [[Shoreline, Washington|Shoreline]].

Residential neighborhoods include:
* Horizon View, in the northeast corner of the city, is characterized by its proximity to Horizon View Park, the highest point in Lake Forest Park. The park sits atop a small plateau, approached by several steep hills. Half of the "train park", as some local youth refer to it, is the park, which was improved between 2001 and 2003 with a trail extension, field upgrades and a new playset. The other half is a reservoir. They hold recreational sports in the park.
* Sheridan Beach/Heights, in the southeast corner of the city, is characterized by its proximity to the Sheridan Beach Club, to which its residents have access for a fee of a few hundred dollars annually.

==Demographics==
{{USCensusPop
|1970= 2530
|1980= 2485
|1990= 3372
|2000= 12871
|estimate= 12438
|estyear= 2008
}}
As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of 2000, there were 13,142 people, 5,029 households, and 3,600 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was 3,716.2 people per square mile (1,433.4/km²). There were 5,168 housing units at an average density of 1,461.4/sq mi (563.7/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 85.32% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 1.64% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.43% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 7.94% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.11% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.92% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 3.64% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 2.24% of the population.

There were 5,029 households out of which 31.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.1% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 7.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.4% were non-families. 21.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 2.97.

In the city the population was spread out with 22.4% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 26.6% from 25 to 44, 31.5% from 45 to 64, and 13.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 97.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $74,149, and the median income for a family was $84,316. Males had a median income of $53,164 versus $39,531 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $33,419. About 1.3% of families and 3.8% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 2.3% of those under age 18 and 2.2% of those age 65 or over. Based on [[Washington locations by per capita income|per capita income]], one of the more reliable measures of affluence, Lake Forest Park ranks 27th of 522 areas in the state of Washington to be ranked.

==Education==
Of the city's population over the age of 25, 21.1 percent have a graduate or professional degree, 51.1 percent (vs. a national average of 24 percent) hold a bachelor's degree or higher, and 93.2 percent (vs. 80 percent nationally) have a high school diploma or equivalent according to the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of 2000.

There are two public schools (Brookside Elementary and Lake Forest Park Elementary) which are served by the [[Shoreline School District]].

==References==
<references/>

===Further reading===
* [http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=419 Alan J. Stein, ''Lake Forest Park -- Thumbnail History'', HistoryLink.org, Seattle, Washington, 1998]
* [http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=420 Alan J. Stein transcribing Ole Hanson, ''Lake Forest Park brochure'', Seattle, Washington, 1912, held by Shoreline Historical Museum, Shoreline, Washington, 1998.]
* [http://www.cityoflfp.com/community/default.html ''Our Community'', City of Lake Forest Park, Lake Forest Park, Washington, 2006]
* [http://cityoflfp.com/history/default.html ''History of Lake Forest Park'', City of Lake Forest Park, Lake Forest Park, Washington, 2006]

==External links==
* [http://www.cityoflfp.com/ City of Lake Forest Park]
* [http://www.thirdplacecommons.org/farmersmarket/ Lake Forest Park Farmer's Market]
* [http://www.metrokc.gov/parks/trails/burkegilman.html Burke Gilman Regional Trail]
* [http://www.lfpsf.org/ColeNaturePark/ Grace Cole Nature Park]
* [http://www.thirdplacebooks.com/ Third Place Books]

{{King County, Washington}}
{{Washington}}
{{Geographic Location (8-way)
|Northwest = [[Mountlake Terrace, Washington|Mountlake Terrace]]
|North = [[Brier, Washington|Brier]]
|Northeast = [[Brier, Washington|Brier]]
|West = [[Shoreline, Washington|Shoreline]]
|Center = Lake Forest Park
|East = [[Kenmore, Washington|Kenmore]]
|Southwest = [[Shoreline, Washington|Shoreline]] / [[Seattle, Washington|Seattle]]
|South = [[Seattle, Washington|Seattle]]
|Southeast = [[Lake Washington]]
|}}

[[Category:Settlements established in 1912]]
[[Category:Cities in King County, Washington]]
[[Category:Cities in Washington (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:King County, Washington]]
[[Category:Cities in the Seattle metropolitan area]]
[[Category:Planned cities]]

[[ar:ليك فورست بارك، واشنطن]]
[[bg:Лейк Форест Парк]]
[[ht:Lake Forest Park, Washington]]
[[nl:Lake Forest Park]]
[[pt:Lake Forest Park]]
[[vo:Lake Forest Park]]

Kenmore (Washington)

2010-03-10T08:45:49Z

WildBot: Changing incorrect name Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railroad to correct name Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = City of Kenmore
|settlement_type = [[City]]
|nickname = 
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_flag = flag_of_kenmore.png
|image_seal = Kenmore-wa-usa-city-sign-logo-redraw.png
|image_map = King_County_Washington_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Kenmore_Highlighted.svg
|image_skyline = Kenmore_harbour_from_uplake.jpg
|mapsize = 250px
|map_caption = Location of Kenmore in [[King County, Washington|King County]] and [[Washington]]
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 =
|subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Political divisions of the United States|State]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Washington|County]]
|subdivision_name = [[United States]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Washington]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[King County, Washington|King]]
|established_title = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]]
|established_date = August 31, 1998
|government_type =
|leader_title = [[Mayor]]
|leader_name = [[David Baker]]
|area_magnitude =
|area_total_km2 = 16.2
|area_land_km2 = 16.0
|area_water_km2 = 0.2
|area_total_sq_mi = 6.3
|TotalArea_sq_km = 16.2
|area_land_sq_mi = 6.2
|LandArea_sq_km = 16.0
|area_water_sq_mi = 0.1
|WaterArea_sq_km = 0.3
|population_total = 19353
|population_as_of = June 1, 2004
|population_footnotes = <ref name=populationtotal>{{cite web
|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2004-04-53.xls
|format=xls
|publisher=US Census Bureau
|title=Annual Estimates of the Population for Incorporated Places in Washington, Listed Alphabetically: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2004
|accessdate=2007-03-02}}
</ref>
|timezone = [[Pacific Standard Time Zone|PST]]
|utc_offset = -8
|timezone_DST = [[Pacific Daylight Time|PDT]]
|utc_offset_DST = -7
|elevation_m = 9
|elevation_ft = 30
|latd = 47 |latm = 45 |lats = 10 |latNS = N
|longd = 122 |longm = 14 |longs = 50 |longEW = W
|postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]
|postal_code = 98028
|area_code = [[Area code 425|425]]
|blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info = 53-35170{{GR|2}}
|blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info = 1512345{{GR|3}}
|footnotes =
|website = [http://www.cityofkenmore.com/ www.cityofkenmore.com]
}}
'''Kenmore''' (sometimes referred to as '''Kenmore by the Lake''') is a city in [[King County, Washington|King County]], [[Washington]], [[United States]], along the northernmost shores of [[Lake Washington]]. A mix of bedroom community, one-time country retreat, and freshwater industrial port, prominent features include the nation's largest seaplane-only, commercial air facility at [[Kenmore Air Harbor]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/aviation/AllStateAirports/Kenmore_KenmoreAirHarbor.htm Kenmore |title=Kenmore Air Harbor |publisher=[[Washington State Department of Transportation]]}}</ref>, [[Bastyr University]], several waterside parks and marinas, and easy access to the [[Burke-Gilman Trail]] and the King County bike-trail system. Sites of local historical interest include the former [[St. Edward Seminary]], now [[Saint Edward State Park]]; and Log Boom Park. Kenmore's official city flower is the [[dahlia]], the official city bird is the [[great blue heron]], and the official city [[evergreen]] is the [[rhododendron]]. The population was 18,678 at the [[2000 United States Census|2000 census]].

==History==
Founded in 1901, Kenmore's name comes third-hand from the [[Scotland|Scottish]] village of [[Kenmore, Perth and Kinross|Kenmore]], via town founder John McMasters' home town of [[Kenmore, Ontario]]. McMasters and his wife Annie arrived in Puget Sound circa 1889 from [[Canada]], intending to establish themselves in the shingle-making trade. They opened a shingle mill on the northern shore of Lake Washington on land leased from Watson Squire. By 1903, Kenmore had established a school system and post office,<ref name="PO">"[http://historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=583 Kenmore Post Office opens on November 12, 1903]." ''[http://www.historylink.org/ HistoryLink.org].'' Essay 583. Retrieved on March 24, 2007.</ref> but it did not formally incorporate as a city until August 31, 1998.<ref name="incorp">"[http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=4092 Kenmore votes to incorporate on September 16, 1997]." ''[http://www.historylink.org/ HistoryLink.org].'' Essay 4092. Retrieved on March 24, 2007.</ref>

===Country living: lumber, gardeners, nudists, and booze===
Despite cargo railway service passing through the area as early as 1887 via the [[Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway]], most access to the city in its early days was by boat, with regular ferry service to [[Seattle, Washington|Seattle]], [[Bothell, Washington|Bothell]], and [[Woodinville, Washington|Woodinville]] starting in 1906. The city later gained a passenger railroad stop. The first improved road connection to Seattle and Bothell—the Red Brick Road—opened between 1913 and 1914, with bus service following the laying of the bricks. As a result, Kenmore became a country retreat for weekend gardeners with local landowners selling off clear-cut "garden plots" to Seattlites with automobiles and green thumbs. It attracted at least two short-lived nudist camps during the 1920s.

Far more striking, however, was the impact of [[Prohibition]]. Kenmore quickly became famous in [[Seattle, Washington|Seattle]] for its fine country dining and, more importantly, its fine country [[drinking]], as a substantial illegal alcohol industry developed to meet the demands of [[Jazz Age]] Seattle nightlife. Although relatively close to Seattle proper—thanks to [[Washington State Route 522|Bothell Way]]'s status as one of the few improved roads then heading north from downtown— it was nonetheless far enough out that Department of Revenue officers could, for the most part, ignore it.

The Blind Pig, a roadhouse on Shuter's Landing at Lake Washington, was probably the most famous of the Kenmore [[speakeasy]]s. At the lakeside, its illegal hooch could be dumped into the lake quickly and easily should it become necessary. Few people were fooled; the name itself was, in fact, [[blind pig|a well-known slang term meaning "speakeasy".]] But despite its notoriety, the Pig was not even the city's most infamous saloon. Routine violence and fist-fights at the Inglewood Tavern earned that establishment an alternative name: the Bucket of Blood.

This archipelago of dining and entertainment - over 30 different restaurants, dance halls, bars, and clubs in a three-block area - remained a major part of Kenmore's identity through the 1940s.

===Voucherville, the Cold War, and redevelopment===
Once the [[Great Depression]] hit, Kenmore became home for a small settlement of workers under President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s [[Back to the Land]] program. Paid by the [[Works Progress Administration]], a small number of workers settled in an area of northwestern Kenmore which became known as "Voucherville", after the vouchers the WPA paid in lieu of a cash salary.

After the end of [[World War II]], Kenmore became home to [[Nike Hercules|US Army Nike Hercules missile batteries]] as part of cold-war era defense plans. These nuclear-tipped anti-aircraft missiles were intended to protect Seattle and environs from [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] bombers, should war break out. They were removed in 1974.<ref name="nike-battery">"[http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=3688 Seattle tests a super siren during the Cold War on February 27, 1952]." ''[http://www.historylink.org/ HistoryLink.org].'' Essay 3688. Retrieved on April 2, 2007.</ref>

The post-war era largely transformed downtown. [[Kenmore Air Harbor]], which today is one of the world's largest [[seaplane]]-only airports, opened not far from the old location of the Blind Pig; [[Kenmore Air]] itself today runs a fleet of seaplanes serving waterside destinations throughout [[Pacific Northwest|Cascadia]]. At the same time, Kenmore's immediate proximity to Seattle—just two miles (3 km) north of modern Seattle city limits— made it an early target of post-war housing development. The first plaits in the new Uplake neighborhood were sold in 1954. Housing development continued throughout the Kenmore area for the next several decades, mostly following the postwar suburban model; industrial and commercial growth followed quickly behind, and within a few decades, most of the old Kenmore dining and drinking had vanished, replaced by shopping centers, industrial development, and housing. However, one part of this new development brought its own history along with it: the Jewel Box Building in downtown Kenmore is a [[Century 21 Exposition|Seattle World's Fair]] artifact, moved from [[Seattle Center]] to Kenmore after the end of the fair in October, 1962.

The city gained its first college in 1996, with the relocation of [[Bastyr University]] from [[Seattle]] onto the grounds of the former [[St. Edward Seminary]].

===Incorporation and rebuilding downtown===
Kenmore residents considered incorporation many times since the town's founding; one such incorporation vote failed in 1954.<ref name="khs-timeline">''[http://www.scn.org/kenmoreheritage/timeline.htm Kenmore Heritage Society Timeline],'' Kenmore Heritage Society. Retrieved on April 15, 2007.</ref> The idea gained popular support through the 1990s, however, partly in response to the passage of the [[Washington State Growth Management Act]] of 1990. Formation of an exploration committee in 1995 led to a successful public vote shortly thereafter, and the city formally incorporated on August 31, 1998, 97 years after its original founding.

Following incorporation, the new government set about devising a local set of zoning codes and a downtown development plan with the intent of reviving and rebuilding the traditional core areas of the city. A significant component of this plan involves extensive use of land now owned by the city, in the area known within the plan as the Northwest Quadrant. An open invitation was extended to all architects and developers to submit development plans for this newly available area in December, 2005. The City Council chose to negotiate primarily with Kenmore Partners LLC in April 2006. Design plans were submitted to the city the following summer, with a conceptual overview made available to the public at the same time.<ref name="revital-downtown">"[http://www.downtownkenmore.com/ Revitalizing Downtown Kenmore]." ''[[Kenmore Partners, LLC]].'' Retrieved on March 24, 2007.</ref>

Kenmore's oldest roads, now known most often by their county-assigned number systems, originally had more traditional names such as Cat's Whiskers Road (61st Avenue NE), Squire Boulevard (later Red Brick Road, now Bothell Way/[[SR 522 (WA)|SR 522]]), and Remington Drive (NE 181st Street). These traditional names were reinstated in 2007 as secondary names in the downtown area.<ref name="traditional-streetnames">"[http://www.scn.org/kenmoreheritage/khsnewsspring07.pdf Street Signs]." ''Kenmore Heritage Society Spring 2007 Newsletter.'' Retrieved on April 2, 2007.</ref>

==Geography==
[[Image:WAMap-doton-Kenmore.png|right|Location of Kenmore, Washington]]Kenmore is located at {{coord|47|45|10|N|122|14|50|W|city}} (47.752870, -122.247360){{GR|1}}, with borders encompassing all of the north shore and a significant portion of the northeastern shore of [[Lake Washington]]. The local terrain is typical of the Puget Sound lowlands, consisting largely of rolling hills formed from glacial till, occasionally interrupted by flatlands typically found near substantial bodies of water. The largest river is the [[Sammamish River|Sammamish]], which connects [[Lake Sammamish]] to [[Lake Washington]], and divides the city into northern and southern halves. Additionally, the northeastern corner of the city includes a narrow set of [[swamp]]s and [[marshlands]] running north to south along [[Swamp Creek (Washington)|Swamp Creek]].

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of 6.3 square miles (16.2 km²), of which, 6.2 square miles (16.0 km²) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.3 km²) of it (1.60%) is water.

===Climate===
The climate of Kenmore is substantially similar to [[Seattle, Washington#Climate|that of nearby Seattle]], being defined principally by its latitude, proximity to the Pacific Ocean and Puget Sound, and inclusion in the [[Puget Sound Convergence Zone]]. As such, it is usually considered [[Marine west coast]] in nature, with damp, cool winters, and mild, dry summers, despite being further north than cities such as [[Toronto, Ontario|Toronto]] and [[Montreal, Quebec|Montreal]].

===Neighborhoods===
Kenmore has several distinct neighborhoods. These include:
[[Image:arrowhead-from-logboom.jpg|thumb|250px|Arrowhead, Kenmore, from across Lake Washington in Log Boom Park]]
* Arrowhead, in southern Kenmore, on the west (or lake) side, saw its first house built in 1888. This was a small summer cabin; the oldest house still standing dates from 1929.
* Inglewood, in southern Kenmore, was first platted in 1953, with large-scale suburban development appearing by 1962.
* Lower Moorlands, in eastern Kenmore, saw its first house in 1904. The significant development occurring in this area after [[World War I]] included the 1927 landmark Charles and Elvera Thomsen House.<ref name="kingctylandmarks">Heather MacIntosh, "[http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=2360 King County Landmarks: Charles and Elvera Thomsen House (1927), Kenmore]." ''[[HistoryLink.org]]'' Essay 2360, 2000-01-01, Retrieved 2007-03-24 says this is a King County Landmark. However, [http://your.kingcounty.gov/exec/bred/hpp/assist/T06_landmark-lst.doc King County and Local Landmarks List], King County (undated, last modified 2003-02-26, retrieved 2009-05-08), a document from the County government, says the house is a City of Kenmore landmark, not a county landmark.</ref>
* Upper Moorlands, also in eastern Kenmore, saw initial building in 1938-1939 but stayed quite rural due to the lack of a good water system until suburban development arrived in the mid 1950s.
* Central (or downtown) Kenmore hugs [[Washington State Route 522|Bothell Way]] and formed the original core of the city. Today it is Kenmore's commercial and industrial core.
[[Image:Uplake-terrace-to-northlake-terrace.jpg|thumb|250px|Northern Kenmore and the Cascade Mountains as seen from Uplake Terrace, looking west]]
* Northlake Terrace, an early residential neighborhood just north of town, is now a mix of commercial and residential development. Much of the eastern portion of this area is to be redeveloped as part of the new Downtown Plan.
* Linwood Heights, in northwest Kenmore, was first founded as part of the "Back to the Land" movement during the [[Great Depression]]. Then derisively referred to as Voucherville, it has long since been redeveloped and is now largely suburban housing. Portions were annexed by [[Lake Forest Park, Washington|Lake Forest Park]] in 1995, predating Kenmore's formal incorporation.
* Kenlake Vista, in northern Kenmore, is post-war residential suburban housing.
* [http://uplake.org Uplake Terrace], in northwestern Kenmore, was one of the few areas of Kenmore with no residents at all before [[World War II]]. Its development started in 1953.<ref>[http://uplake.org/gallery-history.php Uplake Neighborhood Association Historical Photos] Uplake Neighborhood Association, from a December 1953 aerial photograph. Retrieved 28 July 2008.</ref>
* Kenmore Terrace
* Northshore Summit.

Since 2000, a significant number of developers have been converting former pastureland to high-end housing in the northern section of the city. As a result, the overall character of these sections of town has been rapidly changing, from run-down and semi-rural to affluent suburbia. This has also affected nearby [[Bothell, Washington|Bothell]], resulting in the creation of numerous commercial developments.

==Demographics==
{{USCensusPop
|2000= 18678
|estimate= 20374
|estyear= 2008
}}
As of the [[census]]{{GR|2}} of 2000, there were 18,678 people, 7,307 households, and 4,961 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was 3,028.7 people per square mile (1,168.8/km²). There were 7,562 housing units at an average density of 1,226.2/sq mi (473.2/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 86.70% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 1.39% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.37% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 7.16% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.18% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 1.24% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 2.96% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 3.51% of the population.

There were 7,307 households out of which 33.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.1% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.1% were non-families. 24.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.03.

In the city the population was spread out with 24.5% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 31.9% from 25 to 44, 25.8% from 45 to 64, and 10.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 98.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $61,756, and the median income for a family was $72,139 (these figures had risen to $79,847 and $100,999 respectively as of a 2007 estimate<ref>http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=16000US5333380&_geoContext=01000US%7C04000US53%7C16000US5333380&_street=&_county=kenmore&_cityTown=kenmore&_state=04000US53&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=geoSelect&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=160&_submenuId=factsheet_1&ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR_SAFF&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null&reg=null%3Anull&_keyword=&_industry=</ref>). Males had a median income of $50,160 versus $35,570 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $31,692, ranking 33rd of 522 areas in the state of Washington to be ranked. About 4.8% of families and 5.7% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 7.7% of those under age 18 and 4.1% of those age 65 or over.

==Economy==
[[Image:Kenmore-cranes.jpg|thumb|200px|Cranes in Kenmore harbor]]
[[Image:Cement-barge-kenmore.jpg|thumb|200px|Cement barge offloading at Kenmore Ready-Mix]]
[[Image:IMG 3553.jpg|thumb|200px|A [[Kenmore Air]] [[Cessna 208]] on the ground in [[Campbell River, British Columbia|Campbell River]]]]

While in large part now a bedroom community for workers commuting to nearby Seattle, Bothell, and Redmond, Kenmore retains a significant independent economic core centered around [[durable good]]s (construction materials, concrete, asphalt) and special trade contracting (construction, heavy construction, and highways).

Kenmore also hosts one of the last industrial ports on [[Lake Washington]], at the mouth of the [[Sammamish River]]. Larger local businesses near the port include [[Rinker Group|Rinker Materials]]'s Kenmore plant, [[Kenmore Ready-Mix]] (cements and asphalts, a division of Glacier Northwest), [[Pacific Topsoils]] (topsoils and landscape construction materials), [[Michael Homchick Stoneworks]] (stone fabrication and installation), [[Plywood Supply]] (lumber, plywood, and millwork, wholesale, retail, and company headquarters), and several others. As home to the [[James G. Murphy Company]], one of the ten largest commercial/industrial auction houses in the United States, the city is also an [[auction]] center.

Significant non-durable-goods businesses include [[Kenmore Air]], a large private seaplane-based airline; [[Alaska General Seafoods]]'s company headquarters and processing plant; [[Bastyr University]], a school of [[naturopathic medicine]].

==Education==
Kenmore is part of the [[Northshore School District]], and the local high school is [[Inglemoor High School]]. The nonprofit group [[Saint Edward Environmental Learning Center]] provides quarterly environmental education classes to the public in conjunction with [[Washington State Parks]] and [[Saint Edward State Park]]. They also operate the ALEAFA Model Public High School. The [[Kenmore Library Association]], a volunteer group affiliated with the local library, plans and sponsors library programming.

Kenmore is home to [[Bastyr University]], a leading private school of [[naturopathic medicine]] founded in 1978 and accredited by the [[Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities]] (NWCCU). The city is also located between the [[University of Washington]]'s main campus in Seattle and its satellite campus and the co-located [[Cascadia Community College]] in nearby [[Bothell, Washington|Bothell]], with paved bike trails and express bus service connecting the city to all three schools. The city also has a bus connection directly to [[Shoreline Community College]], and much of the town is within walking distance of SCC's Center for Business and Continuing Education located in [[Lake Forest Park, Washington]].

==Government and Politics==
Kenmore has a [[Council-manager government|Council/Manager government]], being governed by a [[City Council]] consisting of seven Councilmembers, each of whom is elected to a four year term. Council elections are held every two years, with either three or four positions standing, depending upon year. All positions are nonpartisan and at-large, elected by the entire city voting population. The Council passes ordinances, sets policies, and elects from its own membership a Mayor and Deputy Mayor for two year terms. The Council as a whole meets on the second and fourth Mondays of each month, with public Study Sessions held on the first and third Mondays.

Day to day operations of the city are administered by a [[City Manager]], hired by the City Council. City code also stipulates the hiring of a full-time [[City Clerk]]. Major committees included in Kenmore Municipal Code are the Landmarks and Heritage Commission, the Planning Commission, and the Library Advisory Board.

City of Kenmore police duties are subcontracted through the King County Sheriff's Office; the original City of Kenmore Fire Department's duties were expanded via agreement with nearby Lake Forest Park, becoming the [http://www.northshorefire.com/ Northshore Fire Department.]

===Police===
Kenmore contracts with the [[King County Sheriff's Office]] for police services. Deputies assigned to Kenmore wear city uniforms and drive patrol cars marked with the city logo. There are currently 9 patrol officers, one traffic officer, one storefront officer, and one chief assigned full time to the city.

===Cardroom Ordinance ===
When the City of Kenmore incorporated in 1998, one of the early actions by the first city council was to put a moratorium on cardrooms, enacted in 1999.<ref name="cardroom">Bain, Lara, "[http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=gambling18e&date=20050618&query=gambling City Council to decide future of Kenmore's only cardroom]," ''Seattle Times'' 18 June 2005</ref> Cardrooms are mini casinos that have card games such as Blackjack and allow bets under $100. There had been only one cardroom in Kenmore—the 11th Frame Restaurant and Lounge at Kenmore Lanes. The 11th Frame has been in operation since the 1970s and it, along with Kenmore Lanes, generates the most tax revenue of any business in Kenmore.

In March 2003, the city council put a ban on new cardrooms but grandfathered the 11th Frame. In October of that year, Len Griesel, a Kenmore businessman and commercial property owner, challenged the ban in court. In November, the city council removed the ban against new cardrooms and reinstated the moratorium.<ref name="cardroom"/>

In September 2004, the issue was put before Kenmore voters as Proposition 1, "Proposed Ban of Card Rooms" <ref name="propone">"[http://www.kingcounty.org/elections/2004sep/pamphlet/measures/kenp1.htm Proposition No. 1: Proposed Ban of Card Rooms]," ''King County Local Voters Pamphlet'' 4 Sept 2004</ref> Proposition 1 asked "Shall the City of Kenmore ban such “social card games”?" The proposition failed, but the city council did not lift the moratorium.<ref name="proponeresults">"[http://www.metrokc.gov/elections/2004sep/resPage24.htm Proposition 1 Election Results]," ''King County Election Results'' 14 Sept 2004</ref>

In December 2004, as part of the lawsuit brought by Len Griesel, King County Superior Court Judge Terry Lukens overturned the moratorium and gave the council until the end of June 2005 to allow or ban all gambling. In June 2005, the city council did not have enough votes to enact a ban on cardrooms.<ref name="failedvote">Bain, Lara, "[http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/eastsidenews/2002351585_standoff29e.html?syndication=rss Tenants pause before opening casinos]," ''Seattle Times,'' 29 June 2005</ref> Despite the fact that cardrooms were now open to new business, Len Griesel did not apply for a cardroom license.

The 2005 Council elections focused in part on whether the city should adopt a ban on [[cardroom]]s. Several candidates stated their positions that a cardroom ban would be key to any successful attempt to rebuild Kenmore's downtown core.<ref name="downtown">Whitely, P., "[http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=kenraces29e&date=20051029 Kenmore City Council contests deal with cardroom]," ''Seattle Times,'' 7 September 2005</ref>

Immediately after the election, in December 2005, the council voted to ban cardrooms.<ref name="cardroom-ban">Whitely, P., "[http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/eastsidenews/2003176762_cardroom05e.html Federal judge says lone cardroom has to go]," ''Seattle Times,'' 5 August 2006.</ref> At that time, the 11th Frame filed a lawsuit against the city in federal court. In August 2006, the lawsuit was dismissed on the grounds that gambling was not a vested right. An appeal was filed in the Ninth Circuit Court. That case was decided May 28, 2008 with the judges affirming the city’s ban on card rooms.<ref name="cardtrial">Hicks, Joshua, "[http://www.pnwlocalnews.com/north_king/bkn-b/news/19673234.html Court upholds Kenmore ban on card rooms]", ''Bothell Reporter,'' 11 June 2008</ref> Under an agreement between Frank Evans, city attorneys, and the state gambling commission, the cardroom attached to Kenmore Lanes closed on June 30, 2009.<ref name="cardroom-closeing">Corrigan, T., "[http://www.pnwlocalnews.com/north_king/bkn/news/49465407.html It's not in the cards: Kenmore spot to close]", "Kenmore Reporter," 29 June 2009</ref>

==Culture==
===Civic Events and Festivals===
Major annual civic events include:
* The [http://www.ci.kenmore.wa.us/NewsEvents/events/Events.html Kenmore Summer Concert Series], hosted at the former [[St. Edward Seminary]], now [[Saint Edward State Park]]
* The annual [http://www.washingtonbeer.com/wabf.htm Washington Brewers'] Father's Day Weekend Brewfest at Saint Edward State Park.
* The annual Kenmore Art Show, a juried art exhibition sponsored by the Arts of Kenmore
* The Kenmore [[Spring Egg Hunt]]
* Fourth of July Fireworks, a fireworks display at Log Boom Park, starting in 2006.

===Media===
Kenmore is served by [[Media in Seattle|Seattle-area media]], but town and neighborhood events are covered primarily by the [[Kenmore Reporter]], a weekly newspaper. Published by [[Reporter Newspapers]] of [[Kent, Washington]], almost all of its articles appear only in the print edition. Once a month, a Kenmore city government update is printed within the newspaper as a two- to four-page supplement. The ''Kenmore Reporter'' is delivered free of charge throughout the city. For its part, the city also sends out a quarterly eight-page newsletter to all residents discussing government activities, development project status reports, budgetary summaries, and a community events calendar.

[[Family Circle Magazine]] selected Kenmore,Washington as one of the "10 Best Towns for families" in their August 2009 edition. [[Seattle Magazine]] also ranked Kenmore as the best Seattle-area neighbourhood or surrounding city for 2008-2009<ref name="Nr1">"[http://www.pnwlocalnews.com/north_king/bkn/news/52995287.html Kenmore nabs No. 1 ranking from Seattle Magazine]." ''[http://kenmore-reporter.com/ Kenmore Reporter].'' August 13, 2009. Retrieved on August 17, 2009.</ref>.

===Parks===
Not all parks within city limits are operated by city government; the [[Burke-Gilman Trail]] is a King County park, and St. Edward State Park is operated by the Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission. Extant parks within city limits include:
* [[Burke-Gilman Trail]], a King County park which, combined with the [[Sammamish River Trail]], connects [[Marymoor Park]] just outside downtown [[Redmond, Washington|Redmond]] through the downtowns of Woodinville, Bothell, Kenmore, and Lake Forest Park to [[Gas Works Park]] in Seattle and points west. Several other trails and bike routes branch off of this trail backbone;
* Inglewood Wetlands, two separate shoreline protected areas next to the mouth of the Sammamish River;
* Linwood Park, a small {{convert|3|acre|m2|sing=on}} park in northwest Kenmore that is largely undeveloped;
* Moorlands Park, a {{convert|5|acre|m2|sing=on}} park including baseball and basketball facilities in southeastern Kenmore;
* Rhododendron Park, formerly Kenmore Park, a {{convert|13|acre|m2|sing=on}} park planted with hundreds of species of rhododendron, many rare;
[[File:81180007 (SESP Aerial Color).JPG|thumb|Southwesterly aerial view of Saint Edward Seminary and Saint Thomas Campuses, circa pre-1968 (Now Saint Edward State Park, and Bastyr University Campus]]
* [[Saint Edward State Park]], the largest park in Kenmore at {{convert|365|acre|km2}}; it includes over half a mile of undeveloped Lake Washington shoreline, the historic Saint Edward Seminary and gymnasium, and the [http://sports.groups.yahoo.com/group/Support_Northshore_Aquatics/links/_3_Topic___Media_about_Northshore_Pools_001229139720/ Carole Ann Wald Memorial Pool], a year-round indoor swimming facility, which has been the home practice pool for both Inglemoor High School Viking swim teams and [http://www.seattlesynchro.com/ Seattle Synchro], the Seattle Synchronized Swim Team;a playground ranked 2nd in 2009 by KING5 TV's Best of Washington competition.
* [http://finance.groups.yahoo.com/group/KBIN/message/3525 Swamp Creek Park], along the Sammamish River, consists of city-purchased farmland currently left in an undeveloped state;
* Tracy Owen Station at Log Boom Park, Kenmore's smaller Lake Washington park, includes {{convert|16|acre|m2}} of shoreline and a large walking dock extending out into the lake;
* Wallace Swamp Creek Park, {{convert|17|acre|m2}} surrounding Swamp Creek in northeast Kenmore, which features some walking trails.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Priscilla Droge, et al., ''Kenmore by the Lake: A Community History'', Kenmore Heritage Society, Kenmore, Washington, 2003
* Alan J. Stein, et al., ''John McMaster names the Village of Kenmore on January 10, 1901'', HistoryLink.org, Seattle, Washington, 2001
* PI Staff, ''Rich in history: Homemade beer, 'Voucherville,' stills and nudists'', [http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/webtowns/article.asp?WTID=29&ID=107028 Seattle Post-Intelligencer], Seattle, Washington, 2006

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
*[http://www.cityofkenmore.com/ City of Kenmore]
*[http://www.scn.org/kenmoreheritage/ Kenmore Heritage Society]
*[http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=2927 HistoryLink.org article on the founding and naming of Kenmore]
*{{dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/Washington/Localities/K/Kenmore}}

{{King County, Washington}}
{{Washington}}
{{Geographic Location (8-way)
|Northwest = [[Brier, Washington|Brier]]
|North = [[Brier, Washington|Brier]]
|Northeast = [[Bothell, Washington|Bothell]]
|West = [[Lake Forest Park, Washington|Lake Forest Park]]
|Center = Kenmore
|East = [[Bothell, Washington|Bothell]]
|Southwest = [[Lake Washington]]
|South = [[Juanita, Washington|Juanita]]
|Southeast = [[Juanita, Washington|Juanita]]
|}}

[[Category:Cities in King County, Washington]]
[[Category:Cities in Washington (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:King County, Washington]]
[[Category:Cities in the Seattle metropolitan area]]
[[Category:Settlements established in 1870]]

[[ar:كينمور، واشنطن]]
[[bg:Кенмор]]
[[ht:Kenmore, Washington]]
[[nl:Kenmore (Washington)]]
[[pt:Kenmore (Washington)]]
[[vo:Kenmore (Washington)]]

Iron Horse State Park

2010-03-10T08:44:53Z

WildBot: Changing incorrect name BNSF Railroad to correct name BNSF Railway

[[Image:MILW EP-3.jpg|210px|thumb|A [[Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad|Milwaukee Road]] passenger train after leaving Seattle, on the right-of-way circa 1925.]]

'''Iron Horse State Park''', part of the [[Washington State Park System]], is a {{convert|1612|acre|km2|0|sing=on}} [[state park]] located in the [[Cascade Mountains]] and [[Yakima River]] Valley, between Cedar Falls on the west and the [[Columbia River]] on the east.

The park is a [[rail trail]] that crosses [[Snoqualmie Pass]]. The heritage park commemorating railroading was once in the [[right-of-way (railroad)|right-of-way]] of the The Milwaukee Road, officially the [[Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad]]. The right-of-way was acquired by the state after the railroad's bankruptcy in the 1980s and has been converted into {{convert|110|mi|km|0}} of [[hiking]], [[mountain biking]], and [[horseback riding]] trail. It is the developed portion of the [[John Wayne Pioneer Trail]], which continues to the [[Idaho]] border.<ref name="Long">[http://www.parks.wa.gov/trails.asp Long-Distance Trails of the Washington State Parks System]</ref><ref>{{cite web
| last=
| first=
| date = | year=2006 | month=
| url =http://www.parks.wa.gov/parkpage.asp?selectedpark=Iron+Horse
| title ="Iron Horse"
| work=Welcome to Washington State Parks
| publisher =
| accessdate =2006-04-21 }}</ref>

The trail west continues as the Snoqualmie Valley Trail of the King County Regional Trail System.<ref>{{cite web
| last=
| first=
| date =2005-09-19 updated | year= | month=
| url =http://www.metrokc.gov/parks/trails/svt.html
| title ="Snoqualmie Valley Trail"
| work=King County Regional Trail System
| publisher = Department of Natural Resources and Parks, Parks and Recreation Division
| accessdate =2006-04-21 }}</ref> The trail east along the old Milwaukee Road is also called John Wayne Pioneer Trail, though Europeans arrived by boat or by travelling north from The Oregon Trail (1840)<ref>Oldham</ref>, or the railhead near south [[Puget Sound]] (1853 or c. 1872, respectively).<ref>(1) "In 1853 the [[Northern Pacific]] railroad line reached Puget Sound, linking the region to the other states.", [[Puget Sound#History|Puget Sound # History]], but no references provided. (2) Wilma (3) Prater</ref> Arrival to the Snoqualmie Cascades of the [[Great Northern Railway (U.S.)|Great Northern Railway]] in 1910 and the [[Chicago, Milwaukee and Puget Sound Railway]] in 1911 provided one of the means for development of the logging railroads and timber industry that eventually cut nearly all the Cascade Mountains forests.<ref>MacIntosh</ref> The park is part of the Mountains to Sound Greenway preserving the scenic corridor.<ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| date = | year =2006 | month =
| url =http://www.mtsgreenway.org/about/history
| title ="History of the Greenway Landscape"
| work ="Mountains to Sound Greenway: About the Greenway"
| publisher =
| accessdate =2006-04-21
}}</ref>

== Recreation ==
[[File:Iron_Horse_Trail_9083.JPG|left|thumb|Bridge across the [[Yakima River]] and the [[BNSF Railway]] line at [[Lake Easton]]]]
Like most [[rails-to-trails]] projects, Iron Horse is popular with hikers and cyclists. There are many trail heads across the state, most with modern facilities, ample parking for a less common trail, and even a handful of campgrounds.<ref Name="WSDOT">{{cite web | title = Washington State Tour Planning and Bicycling Maps | work = Collection of maps and resources | publisher = WSDOT | year = 2006 | url = http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/bike/Planning_Maps.htm | format = Web and PDF | doi = | accessdate = 2007-07-03 }}</ref>

The trail passes through mostly woodland, along lakes and waterfalls, and goes directly through the divide at the old [[Snoqualmie Tunnel]]. The park is easily accessible from [[I-90]].

Iron Horse seems to be more popular for its scenery than its history, although it is less well-known than other parks like the [[Alpine Lakes Wilderness]] area (which Iron Horse passes through) or [[Snoqualmie Falls]].

The park trail continues through the Town of [[South Cle Elum, Washington|South Cle Elum]] where the preserved Milwaukee Road depot and substation, as well as the remains of the rail yard are located. The [[Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad: South Cle Elum Yard|depot, substation, and rail yard]] are listed in the [[National Register of Historic Places]]. There is a small museum in the depot. In [[Kittitas, Washington|Kittitas]], the trail passes [[Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific Railroad-Kittitas Depot|The Milwaukee Road depot]] and the ruins of the substation. That depot is also listed in the National Register of Historic Places. In addition to these buildings, other infrastructure remains, such as tunnels and bridges.

== See also ==
*[[List of rail trails]]
*[[Northwest Railway Museum]]
*[[Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway]]
*[[Snoqualmie Pass]]
*[[Hyak, Washington]]

== References ==

<references/>

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite web | last = | first = | date = | year =2006 | month = | url=http://www.mtsgreenway.org/about/history | title ="History of the Greenway Landscape" | work ="Mountains to Sound Greenway: About the Greenway" | publisher = | accessdate =2006-04-21 }}
*[http://www.parks.wa.gov/parkpage.asp?selectedpark=Iron+Horse "Iron Horse"], "Welcome to Washington State Parks". 2006, retrieved 21 April 2006.
* {{cite web | last=Lange | first=Greg | date =1998-11-04 | year= | month= | url=http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=174 | title="Road is completed over Snoqualmie Pass by October 7, 1867." | work=HistoryLink.org Essay 174 | publisher= | accessdate=2006-04-21}} Lange referenced Thomas W. Prosch, "A Chronological History of Seattle From 1850 to 1897," typescript dated 1900-1901, pp. 178-180, Northwest Collection, University of Washington Library, Seattle; Yvonne Prater, ''Snoqualmie Pass: From Indian Trail to Interstate'' (Seattle: The Mountaineers, 1981), 29-32; James Oliphant, "Cattle Trade Through Snoqualmie Pass", ''Pacific Northwest Quarterly'' Vol. 38 (July 1947), p. 195.
* {{cite web | last =MacIntosh | first =Heather | date =2000-01-01 | year = | month = | url=http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=2369 | title ="King County Landmarks: Entwistle House (1912), Carnation" | work ="HistoryLink.org Essay 2369" | publisher = | accessdate =2006-04-21}} MacIntosh referenced King County Landmarks and Heritage Commission.
* Oldham, Kit (18 February 2003). [http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=5235 "Robert Newell and Joseph Meek reach Fort Walla Walla with the first wagons driven overland to the Columbia River in September 1840."], HistoryLink.org Essay 5235. Retrieved 21 April 2006. Oldham referenced Clinton A. Snowden, ''History of Washington'' (New York: The Century History Company, 1909), Vol. 2, pp. 5-7, 18, 23-25, 269, 274-75, 280-81.
* Prater, Yvonne (1981). ''Snoqualmie Pass: From Indian Trail to Interstate''. Seattle: The Mountaineers. ISBN 0-89886-015-6.
* {{cite web | last = | first = | date =2005-09-19 updated | year = | month = | url=http://www.metrokc.gov/parks/trails/trails/snoqv.htm | title ="Snoqualmie Valley Trail"
| work =King County Regional Trail System | publisher =Department of Natural Resources and Parks, Parks and Recreation Division | accessdate =2006-04-21}}
* {{cite web | last =Wilma | first =David | date =2003-01-22 | year = | month = | url=http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=5090 | title ="Northern Pacific Railroad establishes Tenino as a rail junction in 1872." | work ="HistoryLink.org Essay 5090"
| publisher = | accessdate =2006-04-21}} Wilma referenced Gordon R. Newell, ''So Fair A Dwelling Place: A History of Olympia and Thurston County, Washington'' (Olympia: The Olympia News Publishing Co., 1950), p. 27.

== External links ==
*[http://www.historylink.org/db_images/moh039.JPG "Chicago Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad through the Cascades"] '''image''', courtesy of MoHI ([http://www.seattlehistory.org Museum of History and Industry]).

{{Protected Areas of Washington}}

[[Category:Rail trails in Washington (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Washington (U.S. state) state parks]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Washington (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad]]

H & H Railroad

2010-03-10T07:21:30Z

WildBot: Changing incorrect name Great Northern Railroad to correct name Great Northern Railway

{{Infobox Station
| name=Stanwood
| type=
| style=Amtrak
| image=Stanwood Amtrak station 02.jpg
| image_size=290
| image_caption=The new station seen from Florence Way in December 2009.
| address=27111 Florence Way [[Stanwood, Washington|Stanwood]], [[Washington]]
| coordinates=
| line={{rail color box|system=Amtrak|line=Cascades}}
| other=[[Island Transit (Washington)|Island Transit]]
| structure=
| platform=
| depth=
| levels=
| tracks=
| parking=
| bicycle=
| baggage_check=
| opened=November 21, 2009
| closed=
| rebuilt=
| electrified=
| ADA=
| code=
| owned=
| zone=
| former=
| passengers=
| pass_year=
| pass_percent=
| pass_system=
| mpassengers=
| services=
{{s-rail|title=Amtrak}}
{{s-rail-line|system=Amtrak|line=Cascades|previous=Mount Vernon|next=Everett|type=R|type2=R}}
| map_locator=
}}

'''Stanwood''' is a [[railroad station]] in [[Stanwood, Washington|Stanwood]], [[Washington]], [[United States of America|USA]] that opened on November 21, 2009, with service on [[Amtrak]]'s [[Amtrak Cascades|Cascades]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/BlobServer?blobcol=urldata&blobtable=MungoBlobs&blobkey=id&blobwhere=1249201462017&blobheader=application%2Fpdf&blobheadername1=Content-disposition&blobheadervalue1=attachment;filename=Amtrak_ATK-09-091_Amtrak_Cascades_New_Stanwood_Station_Stop.pdf | title=Amtrak Cascades to Make New Stop at Stanwood, Washington Station: Twice Daily Service Begins November 21 | date=November 16, 2009 | accessdate=2009-12-02 | publisher=''Amtrak press release 09-091''}}</ref> Construction was originally slated to begin in January 2009, with the stop expected to open in the following June, but by November 2008 was expected to begin in March 2009 with the opening in September.<ref>{{cite news | title=Stanwood's Amtrak train stop on schedule | date=November 5, 2008 | accessdate=2008-12-02 | publisher=''[[The Herald (Everett)|The Herald]]'' | first=Gale | last=Fiege | url=http://www.heraldnet.com/article/20081105/NEWS01/711059791}}</ref><ref name="herald0217">{{cite news | url=http://www.heraldnet.com/article/20090128/NEWS01/701289818/1060/COMM0619 | title=Stanwood rail crossing set for closure | first=Gale | last=Fiege | date=January 28, 2009 | accessdate=2009-02-17 | publisher=''[[The Herald (Everett)|The Herald]]''}}</ref> The discovery of lead contamination on the project site further pushed back the opening of the station to mid-November 2009.<ref name="herald0921">{{cite news | url=http://heraldnet.com/article/20090921/NEWS01/709219920/0/SPORTS01 | title=Eagerly anticipated Stanwood train platform late, over budget | first=Gale | last=Fiege | date=September 21, 2009 | accessdate=2009-10-18 | publisher=''[[The Herald (Everett)|The Herald]]''}}</ref> The projected cost varies between $4.2 million and $5 million. [[Amtrak]]'s {{amtrak lines|Cascades}} will call at the station four times daily.<ref name="herald0217" /><ref>{{cite news | title=Stanwood to join Amtrak line | url=http://heraldnet.com/article/20080421/NEWS01/430951769 | first=Scott | last=Pesznecker | date=April 21, 2008 | accessdate=2008-04-21 | work=[[The Herald (Everett)|The Herald]]}}</ref> [[Island Transit (Washington)|Island Transit]] will provide connecting bus service to locations on [[Camano Island]].

Stanwood last saw train service in 1971 from the [[Great Northern Railway]].<ref name="NewsTrib1114">{{cite news | title=Train soon will stop again in Stanwood | date=November 14, 2009 | accessdate=2009-11-14 | url=http://www.thenewstribune.com/news/northwest/story/954052.html | publisher=''[[The News Tribune]]''}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commonscat}}
{{Amtrak web|STW|Stanwood|WASHINGTON}}
*[http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/Projects/Rail/StanwoodStation/ WSDOT - Project - Rail - Stanwood - New station]
*[http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/NR/rdonlyres/4B2A1A75-0FB9-447E-846C-9D5B28C8BC40/0/StanwoodStationReport.pdf WSDOT plan for the station from 2006]

{{coord missing|Washington}}

[[Category:Amtrak stations in Washington (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Railway stations opened in 2009]]