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Jyutping

2019-03-08T12:51:55Z

Wikifresc: Beispielbild ändern

[[Datei:Jyutpingexample.svg|mini|200px|Jyutping ({{zh|kurz=|t=粵拼|v=粤拼}})]]
'''The Linguistic Society of Hong Kong Cantonese Romanization Scheme''' ({{zh|t=香港語言學學會粵語拼音方案|v=香港语言学学会粤语拼音方案|p=Xiānggǎng Yǔyánxué Xuéhuì Yuèyǔ Pīnyīn Fāng'àn|kj=Hoeng1gong2 Jyu5jin4hok6 Hok6wui2 Jyut6jyu5 Ping1*3jam1 Fong1on3}}), meist nur '''Jyutping''', seltener '''Jyutpin''' ({{zh|kurz=|t=粵拼|v=粤拼|p=Yuèpīn|ky=Yuhtping|kj=Jyut6ping1*3}}) genannt, ist eine [[Transkription (Schreibung)|Umschrift]] der [[Kantonesische Sprache|kantonesischen Sprache]]. Sie wurde von der Linguistic Society of Hong Kong, kurz: LSHK, ({{zh|kurz=|t=香港語言學學會|v=香港语言学学会}}) im Jahr 1993 für die Verwendung als offiziellem Standard publiziert. Sie ist neben der [[Yale-Romanisierung des Kantonesischen|Yale-Romanisierung]] eine der meistverbreitete Umschrift des Kantonesischen in lateinische Buchstaben.

== Umschrift- / Transkriptionstabelle ==
Chinesische Schriftzeichen repräsentieren meist eine [[Silbe]] als Lautstruktur eines [[Morphem]]s. Silben setzen sich aus einem Anlaut ({{zh|kurz=|v=声母|t=聲母|p=shēngmǔ|kj=sing1mou5}}) und einem Auslaut ({{zh|kurz=|v=韵母|t=韻母|p=yùnmǔ|kj=wan5mou5}}) zusammen. Das Kantonesische ist darüber hinaus wie [[Hochchinesisch]] eine [[Tonsprache]]. Damit lassen sich die chinesischen Zeichen als Kombination von Anlaut und Auslaut mit Markierung des Tones durch Zahlen in die lateinische Schrift transkribieren.

=== Anlaute ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
|b {{IPA|/p/}} 巴
|p {{IPA|/pʰ/}} 怕
|m {{IPA|/m/}} 媽
|f {{IPA|/f/}} 花
|-
|d {{IPA|/t/}} 打
|t {{IPA|/tʰ/}} 他
|n {{IPA|/n/}} 那
|l {{IPA|/l/}} 啦
|-
|g {{IPA|/k/}} 家
|k {{IPA|/kʰ/}} 卡
|ng {{IPA|/ŋ/}} 牙
|h {{IPA|/h/}} 蝦
|-
|gw {{IPA|/kʷ/}} 瓜
|kw {{IPA|/kʰʷ/}} 誇
|w {{IPA|/w/}} 蛙
| 
|-
|z {{IPA|/ts/}} 渣
|c {{IPA|/tsʰ/}} 叉
|s {{IPA|/s/}} 沙
|j {{IPA|/j/}} 也
|}

=== Auslaute ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
|aa {{IPA|/aː/}} 沙
|aai {{IPA|/aːi/}} 徙
|aau {{IPA|/aːu/}} 梢
|aam {{IPA|/aːm/}} 三
|aan {{IPA|/aːn/}} 山
|aang {{IPA|/aːŋ/}} 坑
|aap {{IPA|/aːp/}} 圾
|aat {{IPA|/aːt/}} 剎
|aak {{IPA|/aːk/}} 客
|-
| 
|ai {{IPA|/ɐi/}} 西
|au {{IPA|/ɐu/}} 收
|am {{IPA|/ɐm/}} 心
|an {{IPA|/ɐn/}} 新
|ang {{IPA|/ɐŋ/}} 笙
|ap {{IPA|/ɐp/}} 濕
|at {{IPA|/ɐt/}} 失
|ak {{IPA|/ɐk/}} 塞
|-
|e {{IPA|/ɛː/}} 些
|ei {{IPA|/ei/}} 四
|eu<ref name="bb">Modern Cantonese Phonology (摩登廣州話語音學), Seiten 471–474</ref> {{IPA|/ɛu/}} 掉
|em<ref name="bb" /> {{IPA|/ɛːm/}} 舐
|en<ref name="bb" /> {{IPA|/ɛːn/}} 
|eng {{IPA|/ɛːŋ/}} 鄭
|ep<ref name="bb" /> {{IPA|/ɛːp/}} 夾
|et<ref name="bb" /> {{IPA|/ɛːt/}} 
|ek {{IPA|/ɛːk/}} 石
|-
|i {{IPA|/iː/}} 詩
| 
|iu {{IPA|/iːu/}} 消
|im {{IPA|/iːm/}} 閃
|in {{IPA|/iːn/}} 先
|ing {{IPA|/ɪŋ/}} 星
|ip {{IPA|/iːp/}} 攝
|it {{IPA|/iːt/}} 洩
|ik {{IPA|/ɪk/}} 識
|-
|o {{IPA|/ɔː/}} 疏
|oi {{IPA|/ɔːi/}} 開
|ou {{IPA|/ou/}} 蘇
| 
|on {{IPA|/ɔːn/}} 看
|ong {{IPA|/ɔːŋ/}} 桑
| 
|ot {{IPA|/ɔːt/}} 喝
|ok {{IPA|/ɔːk/}} 索
|-
|u {{IPA|/uː/}} 夫
|ui {{IPA|/uːi/}} 灰
| 
| 
|un {{IPA|/uːn/}} 寬
|ung {{IPA|/ʊŋ/}} 鬆
| 
|ut {{IPA|/uːt/}} 闊
|uk {{IPA|/ʊk/}} 叔
|-
|oe {{IPA|/œː/}} 鋸
| 
| 
| 
| 
|oeng {{IPA|/œːŋ/}} 商
| 
| 
|oek {{IPA|/œːk/}} 削
|-
| 
|eoi {{IPA|/ɵy/}} 需
| 
| 
|eon {{IPA|/ɵn/}} 詢
| 
| 
|eot {{IPA|/ɵt/}} 摔
| 
|-
|yu {{IPA|/yː/}} 書
| 
| 
| 
|yun {{IPA|/yːn/}} 孫
| 
| 
|yut {{IPA|/yːt/}} 雪
| 
|-
| 
| 
| 
|m {{IPA|/m̩/}} 唔
| 
|ng {{IPA|/ŋ̩/}} 吳
| 
| 
| 
|}

=== Töne ===
Drei der neun Töne im Kantonesischen sind so genannte [[Eintrittston|Eintrittstöne]], auch ''jap-'' / ''ru-''Töne ({{zh|kurz=|t=入聲|v=入声|p=rùshēng|kj=jap6sing1}}), die nur in Silben auftreten und mit -p, -t oder -k enden. Diese drei Eintrittstöne haben in Jyutping keine eigene Tonzahl. Der Verlauf der Töne des Kantonesischen lassen sich wie folgt durch jeweils ein Zahlenpaar (außer den drei Eintrittstöne) charakterisieren:
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Töne des Kantonesischen
|-
! style="width:8%"|Gruppe
! colspan="3" style="width:30%"|Jam- / Yin-Töne Hochtöne (陰聲 / 阴声)
! colspan="3" style="width:30%"|Joeng- / Yang-Töne Tieftöne (陽聲 / 阳声)
! colspan="3" style="width:30%"|Jap- / Ru-Töne Eintrittstöne (入聲 / 入声)
|-
!Name
| style="text-align:center|Jamping Yinping {{lang|zh-Hant|陰平}}
| style="text-align:center|Jamsoeng Yinshang {{lang|zh-Hant|陰上}}
| style="text-align:center|Jamheoi Yinqu {{lang|zh-Hant|陰去}}
| style="text-align:center|Joengping Yangping {{lang|zh-Hant|陽平}}
| style="text-align:center|Joengsoeng Yangshang {{lang|zh-Hant|陽上}}
| style="text-align:center|Joengheoi Yangqu {{lang|zh-Hant|陽去}}
| style="text-align:center|Jamjap Yinru {{lang|zh-Hant|陰入}}
| style="text-align:center|Zongjap Zongru {{lang|zh-Hant|中入}}
| style="text-align:center|Joengjap Yangru {{lang|zh-Hant|陽入}}
|-
!Zahl
| style="text-align:center| 1
| style="text-align:center| 2
| style="text-align:center| 3
| style="text-align:center| 4
| style="text-align:center| 5
| style="text-align:center| 6
| style="text-align:center| 1 (7)
| style="text-align:center| 3 (8)
| style="text-align:center| 6 (9)
|-
!Art
|* Hoher Ton * Leicht fallender heller Ton
|* Mittlerer steigender Ton * Mitte steigender heller Ton
|* Mittlerer Ton * Heller Ton
|* Tiefer Ton * Leicht fallender dunkler Ton
|* Tiefer steigender Ton * Mitte steigender dunkler Ton
|* Tiefer Ton * dunkler Ton
|* Hoher Eintrittston * Eintrittshöhe hoch
|* Mittlerer Eintrittston * Eintrittshöhe mitte
|* Tiefer Eintrittston * Eintrittshöhe tief
|-
!Verlauf
| style="text-align:center|53
| style="text-align:center|35
| style="text-align:center|33
| style="text-align:center|21
| style="text-align:center|13
| style="text-align:center|22
| style="text-align:center|5
| style="text-align:center|3
| style="text-align:center|2
|-
!Bsp. (Zeichen)
| style="text-align:center|詩
| style="text-align:center|史
| style="text-align:center|試
| style="text-align:center|時
| style="text-align:center|市
| style="text-align:center|事
| style="text-align:center|色
| style="text-align:center|錫
| style="text-align:center|食
|-
!Umschr. Standard (Altern.)
| style="text-align:center|si1 (si1)
| style="text-align:center|si2 (si2)
| style="text-align:center|si3 (si3)
| style="text-align:center|si4 (si4)
| style="text-align:center|si5 (si5)
| style="text-align:center|si6 (si6)
| style="text-align:center|sik1 (sik1)
| style="text-align:center|sik3 (sik3)
| style="text-align:center|sik6 (sik6)
|}

== Beispiele ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:28%"| Kantonesisch
! colspan="2" style="width:50%"| Umschrift
! rowspan="2" | Bedeutung
|-
! Standard Tonzahl
! Alternativ Tonzahl hochgestellt
|-
|{{zh|kurz=|t=廣州話|v=广州话}}
|gwong2zau1waa2
|gwong2zau1waa2
|Kantonesisch
|-
|{{zh|kurz=|t=粵語|v=粤语}}
|jyut6jyu5
|jyut6jyu5
|Kantonesisch
|-
|{{zh|kurz=|c=你好}}
|nei5 hou2
|nei5 hou2
|Hallo
|-
|{{zh|kurz=|t=我係中國人。|v=我系中国人。}}
|Ngo5 hai6 zung1gwok3jan4
|Ngo5 hai6 zung1gwok3jan4
|Ich bin Chinese.
|}

Beispieltranskription des Gedichts ''[[Meng Haoran#Werk|Erwachen im Frühling]]'' ({{zh|kurz=|t=春曉|v=春晓|p=Chūnxiǎo|kj=Ceon1hiu2}}), ein Klassiker von [[Meng Haoran]] ({{zh|kurz=|c=孟浩然|p=Mèng Hàorán|kj=Maang6 Hou6jin4}}) aus [[Dreihundert Tang-Gedichte]]:

{| style="margin:auto; font-size:larger; text-align:left;" align="left"
|-
! width="200"| {{lang|zh-HK|春曉}} || Ceon1hiu2 
|-
| {{lang|zh-HK|春眠不覺曉,}} || Ceon1min4 bat1 gok3hiu2,
|-
| {{lang|zh-HK|處處聞啼鳥.}} || cyu3cyu3 man4 tai4niu5.
|-
| {{lang|zh-HK|夜來風雨聲,}} || Je6 loi4 fung1jyu5sing1,
|-
| {{lang|zh-HK|花落知多少?}} || faa1 lok6 zi1 do1siu2?
|}
{{Absatz}}

== Siehe auch ==
* [[Eingabesysteme für die chinesische Schrift]]
* [[Eingabemethode#Mit einem speziellen Eingabeprogramm|Input Method Editor, IME]]
* [[Liste von Transkriptionssystemen für die chinesischen Sprachen]]
* [[Yale-Romanisierung]]
* [[Yale-Romanisierung des Kantonesischen]]

== Literatur ==
* Robert S. Bauer: ''Modern Cantonese Phonology (摩登廣州話語音學).'' Walter de Gruyter, 1997, ISBN 978-3-11-014893-0 ({{Google Buch|BuchID=QWNj5Yj6_CgC}}).

== Weblinks ==
* [http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/essays/jyutping.htm Aussprache-Anleitung für die kantonesische Aussprache nach Jyutping (englisch)]
* [http://www.oddcast.com/home/demos/tts/tts_example.php?sitepal Aussprache-Tool für chinesischen Text nach kantonesischer Aussprache mittels Schriftzeicheneingabe]
* [http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/scripts/wordlist.htm Cantodict Project:] Chinesisch-Kantonesisch-Englisch-Wörterbuch mit Jyutping-Pinyin-Umschrift (chinesisch / englisch)
* [http://www.cpime.hk/p/cantonese-pinyin-input-software.html?lang=en Eingabetool für Microsoft OS - CPIME - Cantonese Pinyin IME - Eingabe-Software mit Jyutping-Unterstützung]
* [http://input.foruto.com/cccls/hkctv10.html Eingabetool für Microsoft OS - Cantonese Easy Input - Software für Jyutping]
* [http://www.linguistics.hku.hk/staff/kkl_cime.htm Eingabetool für Microsoft OS - RD Chinese Input - Software für Jyutping von der Department of Linguistics, University of Hong Kong]
* [http://www.pinyinjoe.com/faq/microsoft-office-2010-new-phonetic-cangjie-cantonese-jyutping-ime-update.htm Eingabetool für MS Office - IME-Software mit Jyutping-Unterstützung]
* [https://www.lshk.org/ Linguistic Society of Hong Kong (LSHK) - Cantonese Romanization Scheme – Jyutping] (chinesisch / englisch)
* [http://www.jyutping.com/ Online Eingabe-Tool für Chinesisch nach Jyutping - jyutping.com]
* [https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/webime-select Online Eingabe-Tool für Chinesisch nach Jyutping - mdbg.net]
* [http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/ The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK):] Chinese Character Database with Word-formations Phonologically disambiguated according to the Cantonese Dialect – Jyutping / Pinyin – (chinesisch / englisch)

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

[[Kategorie:Umschrift für Chinesisch]]

Invertierter Totalitarismus

2018-08-24T19:49:24Z

Wikifresc: /* Reception */ add missing space

The political philosopher [[Sheldon Wolin]] coined the term '''inverted totalitarianism''' in 2003 to describe what he saw as the emerging form of [[government]] of the [[United States of America | United States]]. Wolin analysed the United States as increasingly turning into a [[managed democracy]] (similar to an [[illiberal democracy]]). He uses the term "inverted totalitarianism" to draw attention to the [[totalitarianism |totalitarian]] aspects of the American political system while emphasizing its differences from proper [[totalitarianism]], such as [[Nazi Germany|Nazi]] and [[Stalinism|Stalinist]] regimes.{{sfn | Wolin | 2008}}

The book ''[[Days of Destruction, Days of Revolt]]'' (2012) by [[Chris Hedges]] and [[Joe Sacco]] portrays inverted totalitarianism as a system where [[corporation]]s have corrupted and subverted [[democracy]] and where economics trumps politics.<ref name = Hedges-Liberal-Class>{{cite book | first = Chris | last = Hedges | author-link = Chris Hedges | title = [[Death of the Liberal Class]] | pages = 14, 23–24, 25–26, 196, 200–1}}</ref><ref name= Hedges-As-It-Is>{{Citation | first = Chris | last = Hedges | author-link = Chris Hedges | title = The World As It Is | ISBN = 978-1-56858-640-3 | publisher = [[Nation Books]] |date= April 2011 | pages = 3–7}}.
</ref><ref name=Hedges-2010-01-24>
{{Citation
| first = Chris | last = Hedges | author-link = Chris Hedges
| url = http://www.truthdig.com/report/item/democracy_in_america_is_a_useful_fiction_20100124/
| title = Democracy in America Is a Useful Fiction
| publisher = [[Truth Dig]]
| date = 2010-01-24
}}
</ref><ref>
[[Chris Hedges]] and [[Joe Sacco]] (2012). ''Days of Destruction, Days of Revolt.'' Nation Books. {{ISBN|1568586434}} p. 238
</ref>{{qn|date=June 2018}}
Every natural resource and living being is [[Commodification|commodified]] and exploited by large corporations to the point of collapse as excess [[consumerism]] and [[sensationalism]] lull and manipulate the [[citizenry]] into surrendering their liberties and their participation in government.<ref name=CJ-TD/><ref name=MargaretFlowers-2013-02/>

== Inverted totalitarianism and managed democracy ==
Wolin argues that the United States is increasingly totalitarian as a result of repeated military mobilizations: to fight the [[Axis powers]] in the 1940s, to [[containment|contain]] the [[Soviet Union]] during the [[Cold War]] and to fight the [[War on Terror]] after the [[September 11 attacks]].{{sfn |Wolin|2008| p=70}}<ref name=Hedges-Liberal-Class/>

Wolin describes this development toward inverted totalitarianism in terms of two conflicting political power centers, namely the constitutional imaginary and the power imaginary. Wolin speaks of imaginaries to include political tendencies as well as existing political conditions. He explains: {{quote|A political imaginary involves going beyond and challenging current capabilities, inhibitions, and constraints regarding power and its proper limits and improper uses. It envisions an organization of resources, ideal as well as material, in which a potential attributed to them becomes a challenge to realize it.{{sfn |Wolin|2008| p=18}}}}

Wolin explains that the constitutional imaginary "prescribes the means by which power is legitimated, accountable and constrained".{{sfn |Wolin|2008| p=19}} Referring to [[Thomas Hobbes]], Wolin understands the power imaginary as a quest for power that is rationalized by a fear of collective mortality. The power imaginary may "undermine or override the boundaries mandated in the constitutional imaginary"{{sfn |Wolin|2008| p=18}} through fears of a dangerous enemy: {{quote|A power imaginary is usually accompanied by a justifying mission ("to defeat communism" or "to hunt out terrorists wherever they may hide") that requires capabilities measured against an enemy whose powers are dynamic but whose exact location indeterminate.{{sfn |Wolin|2008| p=19}}}}

The power imaginary does not only reduce democracy within the United States, it also promotes the United States as "Superpower" that develops and expands its current position as the only global [[superpower]]: {{quote|While the versions of totalitarianism represented by Nazism and Fascism consolidated power by suppressing liberal political practices that had sunk only shallow cultural roots, Superpower represents a drive towards totality that draws from the setting where liberalism and democracy have been established for more than two centuries. It is Nazism turned upside-down, "inverted totalitarianism." While it is a system that aspires to totality, it is driven by an ideology of the [[cost-effective]] rather than of a "[[master race]]" (''Herrenvolk''), by the material rather than the "ideal."{{sfn | Wolin |2004| p=591}}}}

=== Comparison to the classical totalitarian regimes ===
Inverted totalitarianism shares similarities with the classical totalitarianism, like Nazi Germany. First of all, both regimes are totalitarian because they tend to dominate as much as possible. Both regimes use fear,{{sfn|Wolin|2008|p=56}} [[Preemptive war|preemptive wars]]{{sfn|Wolin|2008|p=48}} and elite domination,{{sfn|Wolin|2008|p=162}} but inverted and classical totalitarianism deviate in several important ways:
* Revolution – While the classical totalitarian regimes overthrew the established system, inverted totalitarianism instead exploits the legal and political constraints of the established democratic system and uses these constraints to defeat their original purpose.{{sfn|Wolin|2008|p=56}}
* Government – Whereas the classical totalitarian government was an ordered, idealized and coordinated whole,{{sfn|Wolin|2008|p=44}} inverted totalitarianism is a managed democracy which applies managerial skills to basic democratic political institutions.{{sfn|Wolin|2008|p=140}}
* Propaganda and dissent – Although propaganda plays an essential role in both the United States and Nazi Germany, the role it plays in the United States is inverted; that is, American propaganda "is only in part a state-centered phenomenon".{{sfn|Wolin|2008|p=xviii}} Whereas the production of propaganda was crudely centralized in Nazi Germany, in the United States it is left to highly [[Concentration of media ownership|concentrated media corporations]] and thus maintaining the illusion of a "[[Freedom of the press|free press]]".<ref>{{Citation|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Taking_the_risk_out_of_democracy.html?id=_UrtQ89Kp3YC|title=Taking the Risk Out of Democracy: Corporate Propaganda versus Freedom and Liberty}}.</ref> According to this model, dissent is allowed, though the corporate media serve as a filter, allowing most people, with limited time available to keep themselves apprised of current events, to hear only points of view that the corporate media deem "serious".{{sfn|Wolin|2004|p=594}}<ref name=Hedges-2010-01-24/><ref name=Hedges-2012-10-03-TRNN>{{Citation|url=http://therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=767&Itemid=74&jumival=8887|title=US Elections: Pick Your Poison|type=interview|first=Chris|last=Hedges|author-link=Chris Hedges|publisher=[[The Real News Network]]|date=2012-10-03}}.</ref>
* Democracy – Whereas the classical totalitarian regimes overthrew weak democracies/regimes, inverted totalitarianism has developed from a strong democracy. The United States even maintains its democracy is the model for the whole world.{{sfn|Wolin|2008|p=52}}
Wolin writes: {{quote|Inverted totalitarianism reverses things. It is all politics all of the time but a politics largely untempered by the political. Party squabbles are occasionally on public display, and there is a frantic and continuous politics among factions of the party, interest groups, competing corporate powers, and rival media concerns. And there is, of course, the culminating moment of national elections when the attention of the nation is required to make a choice of personalities rather than a choice between alternatives. What is absent is the political, the commitment to finding where the common good lies amidst the welter of well-financed, highly organized, single-minded interests rabidly seeking governmental favors and overwhelming the practices of representative government and public administration by a sea of cash.{{sfn|Wolin|2008|p=66}}}}
* Ideology – Inverted totalitarianism deviates from the Nazi regime as to ideology, i.e. cost-effectiveness versus master race.
* Economy – In Nazi Germany, the state dominated the economic actors whereas in inverted totalitarianism corporations through [[lobbying]], political contributions and the [[Revolving door (politics)|revolving door]] dominate the United States, with the government acting as the servant of large corporations. This is considered "normal" rather than corrupt.{{sfn|Wolin|2008|pp=51,140}}
* Nationalism – While Nazi Germany and [[Kingdom of Italy under Fascism (1922–1943)|Fascist Italy]] were nationalistic, inverted totalitarianism is a global superpower based on global exchange of jobs, culture and commodities.{{sfn|Wolin|2008|p=50}}
* The people – While the classical totalitarian regimes aimed at the constant political mobilization of the populace, inverted totalitarianism aims for the mass of the populace to be in a persistent state of political apathy. The only type of political activity expected or desired from the citizenry is voting. Low electoral turnouts are favorably received as an indication that the bulk of the populace has given up hope that the government will ever significantly help them.{{sfn|Wolin|2008|p=64}}
* Punishment – While the classical totalitarian regimes punished harshly (imprisoning or killing political or ideological opponents and scapegoats), inverted totalitarianism in particular punishes by means of an economy of fear (minimizing social security, [[union busting| busting unions]], outdating skills, outsourcing jobs and so on).{{sfn|Wolin|2008|p=57-58,67}}
* Leader – While the classical totalitarian regimes had charismatic leaders that were the architects of the state, inverted totalitarianism does not depend on a certain leader, but produces its leaders who are akin to corporate leaders.{{sfn|Wolin|2008|p=44}}
* Social policy – While [[Nazism]] made life uncertain for the wealthy and privileged and had a [[social policy]] for the working class, inverted totalitarianism exploits the poor by reducing health and social programs and weakening working conditions.{{sfn|Wolin|2008|p=239}}

=== Managed democracy ===
The superpower claims both democracy and global [[hegemony]].{{sfn|Wolin|2008|p=97}} Democracy and hegemony is coupled by means of managed democracy, where the elections are free and fair but the people lack the actual ability to change the policies, motives and goals of the state.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wolin|first=Sheldon S.|authorlink=Sheldon Wolin|title=Democracy Incorporated: Managed Democracy and the Specter of Inverted Totalitarianism|year=2008|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton|url=http://press.princeton.edu/titles/9175.html|isbn=0-691-13566-5}} p. 47</ref>

Managerial methods are applied to elections: {{quote|Managed democracy is the application of managerial skill to the basic democratic political institution of popular elections.{{sfn|Wolin|2008|p=140}}}}

By using managerial methods and developing management of elections, the democracy of the United States has become sanitized of political participation, therefore managed democracy is "a political form in which governments are legitimated by elections that they have learned to control".{{sfn|Wolin|2008|p=47}} Under managed democracy, the electorate is prevented from having a significant impact on policies adopted by the state because of the opinion construction and manipulation carried out by means of technology, social science, contracts and corporate subsidies.{{sfn|Wolin|2008|p=59-60}}

Managerial methods are also the means by which state and global corporations unite so that corporations increasingly assume governmental functions and services and corporations become still more dependent on the state. A main object of managed democracy is privatization and the expansion of the private, together with reduction of governmental responsibility for the welfare of the citizens.{{sfn|Wolin|2008|p=131,136}}

According to Wolin, the United States has two main totalizing dynamics:
* The first, directed outward, finds its expression in the global War on Terror and in the [[Bush Doctrine]] that the United States has the right to launch [[preemptive war]]s. This amounts to the United States seeing as illegitimate the attempt by any state to resist its domination.{{sfn|Wolin|2008|pp=82–88}}<ref name=Hedges-2010-01-24/><ref name=Hedges-2012-10-03-TRNN/>
* The second dynamic, directed inward, involves the subjection of the mass of the populace to economic "[[Rationalization (economics)|rationalization]]", with continual "[[Layoff|downsizing]]" and "[[outsourcing]]" of jobs abroad and dismantling of what remains of the [[welfare state]] created by President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s [[New Deal]] and President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]'s [[Great Society]]. [[Neoliberalism]] is an integral component of inverted totalitarianism. The state of insecurity in which this places the public serves the useful function of making people feel [[Learned helplessness|helpless]], therefore making it less likely they will become politically [[Activism|active]] and thus helping maintain the first dynamic.{{sfn|Wolin|2008|pp=27, 64–65}}{{sfn|Wolin|2008|p=195}}<ref name=Hedges-2010-01-24/><ref name=Hedges-2012-10-03-TRNN/>

== Reception ==
Sheldon Wolin's book ''Democracy Incorporated: Managed Democracy and the Specter of Inverted Totalitarianism'' received a [[Lannan Foundation#Lannan Literary Award for An Especially Notable Book|Lannan Literary Award for an Especially Notable Book]] in 2008.<ref>[http://www.lannan.org/literary/detail/sheldon-wolin-notable-book-award/notable-book-award/ Sheldon Wolin - 2008 Lannan Literary Award for An Especially Notable Book]. "This Lannan Notable Book Award recognizes Democracy Incorporated: Managed Democracy and the Specter of Inverted Totalitarianism by Sheldon Wolin." From the official website of the [[Lannan Foundation]].</ref>

In a review of Wolin's ''Democracy Incorporated'' in ''[[Truthdig]],'' political scientist and author [[Chalmers Johnson]] wrote that the book is a "devastating critique" of the contemporary government of the United States—including the way it has changed in recent years and the actions that "must" be undertaken "if it is not to disappear into history along with its classic totalitarian predecessors: Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany and Bolshevik Russia".<ref name=CJ-TD/> In Johnson's view, Wolin’s is one of the best analyses of why presidential elections are unlikely to be effective in mitigating the detrimental effects of inverted totalitarianism. Johnson writes that Wolin’s work is "fully accessible" and that understanding Wolin's argument "does not depend on possessing any specialized knowledge".<ref name=CJ-TD/> Johnson believes Wolin's analysis is more of an explanation of the problems of the United States than a description of how to solve these problems, "particularly since Wolin believes that the U.S. political system is corrupt"<ref name=CJ-TD/> and "heavily influenced by financial contributions primarily from wealthy and corporate donors, but that nonetheless Wolin’s analysis is still one of the best discourses on where the U.S. went wrong".<ref name=CJ-TD>{{Citation | url = http://www.truthdig.com/arts_culture/item/20080515_chalmers_johnson_on_our_managed_democracy | title = Chalmers Johnson on Our ‘Managed Democracy’ | first = Chalmers | last = Johnson | author-link = Chalmers Johnson|newspaper=[[Truthdig]]}}</ref>

[[Kevin Zeese]] and Margaret Flowers expressed the following view:<ref name=MargaretFlowers-2013-02/> <blockquote>We are living in a time of Inverted Totalitarianism, in which the tools used to maintain the status quo are much more subtle and technologically advanced ... These include propaganda and major media outlets that hide the real news about conditions at home and our activities around the world behind distractions [...] Another tool is to create insecurity in the population so that people are unwilling to speak out and take risks for fear of losing their jobs [...] Changes in college education also silence dissent [...] Adjunct professors [...] are less willing to teach topics that are viewed as controversial. This, combined with massive student debt, are tools to silence the student population, once the center of transformative action.<ref name=MargaretFlowers-2013-02>{{Citation | url = http://truth-out.org/news/item/14489-lifting-the-veil-of-mirage-democracy-in-the-united-states | title = Lifting the Veil of Mirage Democracy in the United States|date= February 2013 | type = article | first = and [[Kevin Zeese]] | last = Margaret Flowers | newspaper = [[Truthout]]}}</ref></blockquote>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Politics}}
* [[Americanism (ideology)]]
* [[Class conflict]]
* [[Corporatocracy]]
* [[Corruption in the United States]]
* [[Income inequality in the United States]]
* [[Prison–industrial complex]], a phrase that is sometimes used to describe the United States criminal justice system
* [[Totalitarian democracy]]
* [[Voter suppression in the United States]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|25em}}

== References ==
* {{cite book |ref = harv| last = Wolin | first = Sheldon S. | authorlink = Sheldon Wolin | title = Politics and Vision: Continuity and Innovation in Western Political Thought | year = 2004 | edition = expanded | publisher = [[Princeton University Press]] | location = Princeton | url=http://press.princeton.edu/titles/7767.html | isbn = 0-691-12627-5}}
* {{cite book |ref = harv| last = Wolin | first = Sheldon S. | authorlink = Sheldon Wolin | author-mask = 3 | title = Democracy Incorporated: Managed Democracy and the Specter of Inverted Totalitarianism | year = 2008 | publisher = Princeton University Press | location = Princeton | url=https://press.princeton.edu/titles/11159.html | isbn = 0-691-13566-5}}

== External links ==
{{sisterlinks|d=Q6060546|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|s=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|q=no|c=no}}
* {{citation | url = http://therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=33&Itemid=74&jumival=1250 | title = Hedges & Wolin: Can Capitalism and Democracy Coexist? | type = 8-part video interview | first = Sheldon | last = Wolin | date = October 2014 | newspaper = [[The Real News]]}}. Wolin and [[Chris Hedges]] discuss inverted totalitarianism.
* {{citation | url = http://www.thenation.com/article/inverted-totalitarianism | title = Inverted Totalitarianism | type = article | first = Sheldon | last = Wolin | newspaper = [[The Nation]]}}.

{{Authoritarian types of rule}}
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[[Category:Words and phrases introduced in 2003]]
[[Category:Words and phrases introduced in 2004]]