Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Benutzer:WoelfiVW/Britische Klasse 195

2019-06-26T17:05:51Z

Wikidroid 2000:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox train
| name = British Rail Class 195 ''Civity''
| image = 195WGN.jpg
| imagealt =
| imagesize = 250px
| caption = 195113 at [[Wigan North Western railway station | Wigan North Western]] on mileage accumulation tests.
| background = #{{Northern colour}};color:white
| interiorimage =
| interiorimagealt =
| interiorcaption =
| service = 1 July 2019 – present <ref name="launch">{{cite news |title=Northern launches new £500m fleet of 101 trains |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-48770078 |accessdate=26 June 2019 |agency=BBC News |date=26 June 2019}}</ref>
| manufacturer = [[Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles|CAF]]
| factory = [[Irun]], [[Spain]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Clinnick|first1=Richard|title=Northern unveils its first new CAF-built train|url=https://www.railmagazine.com/news/network/northern-unveils-its-first-new-caf-built-train|website=Rail Magazine|publisher=Rail Magazine|accessdate=31 January 2018}}</ref> [[Newport, Wales|Newport]], [[Wales]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Clinnick |first1=Richard |title=Northern to introduce first new trains from December |url=https://www.railmagazine.com/news/network/northern-to-introduce-first-new-trains-from-december |website=Rail Magazine |publisher=Rail Magazine |accessdate=4 December 2018}}</ref>
| family = [[CAF Civity|''Civity'']]
| replaced = {{brc|142}} {{brc|144}} {{brc|153}} ''{{brc|156}}''{{refn|group=nb|The 195s will predominantly directly replace the {{brc|156}} which currently operate on many express routes. These surplus Class 156 units will then replace services on lines operated by the Class 142 and 144 ''Pacer'' trains which will then be retired.}} ''{{brc|185}}''{{refn|group=nb|The routes the 195s will be used on have a variety of stock used currently from Class 142 Pacers to Class 185 Desiros. However, the delivery of 195s will allow cascades to allow Northern to no longer require 142s, 143s, 144s, 153s and 185s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.northernrailway.co.uk/travel/northern-connect|title=Northern Connect - Northern|publisher=}}</ref><ref name=northernfranchiseagreement/>}}
| yearconstruction = 2017–present
| yearservice =
| refurbishment =
| yearscrapped =
| numberconstruction= 58 units to be built<ref>{{cite web |title=UK railway news round-up |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/uk-railway-news-round-up-87.html |website=Railway Gazette |accessdate=15 November 2018}}</ref>
| numberbuilt =
| numberservice =
| numberpreserved =
| numberscrapped =
| formation = 25 x 2-car units 33 x 3-car units DMSO+DMSOL (195/0) DMSO+MS+DMSOL (195/1)
| fleetnumbers = 195001–195025 (195/0) 195101–195133 (195/1)
| capacity = 124 seats (195/0) 204 seats (195/1)<ref name=northernfranchiseagreement>{{cite web |title=Northern Franchise Agreement |url= https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/537465/northern-franchise-agreement.pdf |website=Gov.uk |publisher =Eversheds LLP |year=2015 |accessdate=14 July 2016}}</ref>
| operator = [[Northern (train operating company)|Northern]]
| depots = [[Newton Heath TMD]]
| lines =
| carbody =
| trainlength = {{convert|48.05|m|ftin|abbr=on}} (195/0) {{convert|71.4|m|ftin|abbr=on}} (195/1)
| carlength =
| width =
| height =
| floorheight =
| platformheight =
| entrylevelorstep =
| doors =
| art-sections =
| wheeldiameter =
| wheelbase =
| maxspeed = {{convert|100|mph|order=flip|abbr=on}}
| weight =
| axleload =
| traction =
| engine = One per car, [[Rolls-Royce Power Systems|Rolls-Royce]] [[MTU Friedrichshafen|MTU]] 6H1800R85L<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mtu-online.com/mtu/news/detail/140_mtu_powerpacks_from_rolls_royce_for_caf_regional_trains_in_the_north_of_england/cHash/00a787df5fee65cf0235e2a636fd6213/?no_cache=1 |title= 140 MTU PowerPacks from Rolls-Royce for CAF regional trains in the North of England |publisher=MTU |access-date=3 February 2017 |quote=}}</ref>
| poweroutput = {{convert|523|hp|kW|abbr=on}} per engine<ref>http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/traction-rolling-stock/single-view/view/engines-ordered-for-civity-uk-dmus.html</ref>
| tractiveeffort =
| transmission = [[ZF Friedrichshafen|ZF]] [[ZF_EcoLife|EcoLife]]
| acceleration =
| deceleration =
| aux =
| powersupply =
| hvac =
| electricsystem =
| collectionmethod =
| uicclass =
| aarwheels =
| bogies =
| brakes =
| safety =
| coupling =
| multipleworking = Within class
| gauge = {{RailGauge|sg}} (Standard Gauge)
| notes=
}}
The '''Class 195 ''Civity'''''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.raildeliverygroup.com/what-we-do/publications.html?task=file.download&id=758 |title=Long Term Passenger Rolling Stock Strategy for the Rail Industry, Fourth Edition, March 2016 |publisher=Rail Delivery Group |access-date=22 March 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> is a class of [[diesel multiple unit]] which is currently being constructed for [[Arriva UK Trains]] subsidiary [[Northern (train operating company)|Northern]] by Spanish rolling stock manufacturer [[Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles|CAF]]. A total of 58 units are to be built, 25 two-car units and 33 three-car units. Construction commenced in July 2017 with an option for additional carriages part of the order.<ref name="engineer">{{Cite web |title=Northern's trains from Spain |last=Shirres |first=David |url=https://www.railengineer.uk/2018/04/03/northerns-trains-from-spain/ |work=Railway Engineer |date=3 April 2018 |accessdate=14 September 2018}}</ref>

The first Class 195 was delivered in July 2018 and in November 2018, a further three Class 195/1s were ordered, taking the order to 58 units.<ref>{{cite web |title=UK railway news round-up |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/uk-railway-news-round-up-87.html |website=Railway Gazette |accessdate=15 November 2018}}</ref> The first units will operate services between [[Manchester Airport railway station|Manchester Airport]] and [[Liverpool Lime Street]] via [[Warrington Central railway station|Warrington]] and [[Barrow-in-Furness railway station|Barrow-in-Furness]] to Manchester Airport. The units, along with their sister [[British Rail Class 331|Class 331 units]], were due to enter service in December 2018 but this has been pushed back to sometime in 2019 due to testing issues.<ref name="early2019">{{Cite web |title=@northernassist on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/northernassist/status/1067683218898460672 |work=Twitter |date=28 November 2018 |accessdate=2018-12-01}}</ref>

==History==
The creation of new rolling stock for Northern was fuelled by the need to phase out the unpopular ''[[Pacer (train)|Pacer]]'' trains by 2020. The tender for the new franchise in 2015 originally permitted the continued use of Pacer trains as it was adjudged by the [[Department for Transport]] (DfT) that a new rolling stock order represented "''poor value for money.''".<ref>{{Cite web |title=McLoughlin overrules officials who called Pacer replacement ‘poor value’ |url=http://www.railtechnologymagazine.com/Rail-News/mcloughlin-overrules-officials-who-called-pacer-replacement-poor-value-for-money |work=Rail Technology Magazine |date=27 February 2015}}</ref> However the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] [[Transport Select Committee]] described the continued use of ''Pacer'' trains as "''unacceptable''" and recommended that the [[Secretary of State for Transport|Secretary of State]] use franchise specification power to include the need for a new rolling stock order.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Proposals to withdraw pacer trains by 2020 |url=https://www.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a-z/commons-select/transport-committee/news/pacer-trains/ |work=House of Commons |date=27 February 2015}}</ref> Subsequently, the then Secretary of State for Transport [[Patrick McLoughlin]] issued a [[Ministerial order|ministerial directive]] in February 2015 to force the new franchise to include a new rolling stock order as part of the franchise agreement and which would enable the ''Pacer'' trains to be phased out.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pacer vehicles withdrawal: confirming the ministerial direction |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pacer-vehicles-withdrawal-confirming-the-ministerial-direction |work=gov.uk |date=27 February 2015 |accessdate=14 September 2018}}</ref>

The announcement of the new trains was made by Arriva UK Trains when it was confirmed that it would become the next operator of the Northern franchise from 1 April 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.arrivarailnorth.org/keeping-you-posted/9-test-news-article-2 |title= Intention to award Northern franchise to Arriva |publisher= Arriva Rail North |access-date= 22 March 2016 |quote= |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160317020324/http://www.arrivarailnorth.org/keeping-you-posted/9-test-news-article-2 |archive-date= 17 March 2016 |dead-url= yes }}</ref> The Class 195 order was fuelled by Arriva's belief that the ageing and dilapidated state of rolling stock in Northern England is an inherent obstacle to enticing new passengers - particularly those in cars - and that investing in new modern trains for the long term represented the best strategy for enabling passenger growth.<ref name="engineer"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Northern’s new trains set to trigger fleet rejuvenation |quote=However, Northern believes that withdrawal of the Pacers by the end of next year means attention will then turn to the quality of the remaining trains. There is concern that Class 150, ‘155’ and ‘156’ DMUs dating from 1985 onwards will still be in traffic into the next decade, and the operator believes the standards set by the new ‘195’ and ‘331’ fleets will generate an evaluation of what is on offer. |url=https://www.railmagazine.com/news/network/northern-s-new-trains-set-to-trigger-fleet-rejuvenation |work=Rail Magazine |date=13 February 2018 |accessdate=14 September 2018}}</ref>

CAF were selected by Arriva as they were the only manufacturer able to produce both new diesel and electric ({{brc|331}}) multiple units from the same platform, the ''[[CAF Civity|Civity]]'', thus increasing familiarity for drivers and reducing maintenance costs once in operation.<ref name="engineer"/> [[Bombardier Transportation|Bombardier]] made a bid to produce electric ''[[Aventra]]'' units but was unable to offer a sister diesel unit which Arriva required.<ref name="robertleanewtrains">{{Cite web |last=Lea |first=Robert |title=Spain wins £490m race to replace unloved Pacer |quote=However, the Arriva order needed a substantial number of diesel trains, too, because so much of the network in the north is not electrified. It is understood that Bombardier declined to bid for the diesel train sets. The Spanish acquisition is likely to have been determined by CAF’s ability to deliver the trains more quickly than rivals. |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/spain-wins-pound490m-race-to-replace-unloved-pacer-lgsbvd72ww7 |newspaper=The Times of London |date=23 January 2016 |accessdate=15 September 2018}}</ref> Furthermore, Bombardier already had a long order book for ''Aventra'' units and Arriva believed CAF were in a stronger position to guarantee on-time delivery of the units.<ref name="robertleanewtrains"/>

===Construction and testing===
Construction of the bodyshells of the 195s began in Zaragoza in July 2017.<ref name=railjournalcaf195s>{{cite web|url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/rolling-stock/caf-begins-production-of-new-trains-for-northern.html?channel=529 |title=CAF begins production of new trains for Northern}}</ref> The wheelsets will be constructed in Beasain and final assembly of the units will take place in [[Irun]].<ref>[[RAIL magazine]] issue 823</ref> The first completed Class 195 began undergoing tests at the [[Velim railway test circuit|Velim test track]] in May 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://railjournal.com/index.php/rolling-stock/first-caf-civity-emu-for-northern-on-test-at-velim.html |title=First CAF Civity EMU for Northern on test at Velim |last=Barrow |first=Keith |work=International Railway Journal |date=8 May 2018 |accessdate=26 July 2018}}</ref> The first arrived in England in June 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.railway-technology.com/news/first-northerns-500m-class-195-train-fleet-arrives-uk/ |title=First of Northern’s £500m Class 195 train fleet arrives in the UK |work=Railway Technology |date=29 June 2018 |accessdate=26 July 2018}}</ref> and testing on the main line began in September.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.railmagazine.com/news/fleet/caf-dmus-for-northern-begin-main-line-testing|work=Rail Magazine|title=CAF DMUs for Northern begin main line testing|date=15 September 2018|accessdate=20 September 2018|author=Clinnick, Richard}}</ref>

==Operators==
===Northern===
In April 2016, it was confirmed that Spanish rolling stock manufacturer CAF would construct the new diesel-powered trains, planned to operate on most ''Northern Connect'' regional express services.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.arrivarailnorth.org/keeping-you-posted/20-arriva-signs-rolling-stock-contract-for-new-northern-rail-franchise |title= Arriva signs rolling stock contract for new Northern rail franchise |publisher=Arriva Rail North |access-date=22 March 2016 |quote=}}</ref> The notable exception being the Middlesbrough-Newcastle-Carlisle route, which will be operated by refurbished {{brc|158}}s.

The Class 195s will directly replace {{brc|156}} and 158 units, which are currently the main unit types operated on Northern's regional express routes. These released ''Sprinters'' will then replace the Class 150s, which will in turn replace {{brc|142}} and {{brc|144}} [[Pacer (train)|''Pacer'']] trains on other local and commuter lines across the Northern network.

In February 2018, it was announced that the first Class 195 trains would operate on a new direct service between [[Chester railway station|Chester]] and [[Leeds railway station|Leeds]] in December 2018.<ref>http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/rolling-stock/caf-presents-first-civity-emu-for-northern.html</ref> However, this new service was to be part of the December 2018 timetable change but which was postponed to May 2019 due to the widespread chaos following the May 2018 timetable change.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rail timetable changes scaled back to avoid further chaos |quote=A rail timetable overhaul planned for December has been scaled back amid fears of a repeat of the chaos seen in May when a new schedule was introduced. Timetable changes for eight franchises, including Govia Thameslink Railway and Northern, whose operations descended into chaos in May, have been postponed. |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-44774539 |work=BBC News |date=10 July 2018 |accessdate=14 September 2018}}</ref>

The first unit of the class, 195001, was delivered to the United Kingdom on 25 June 2018, before moving to [[Edge Hill Intercity Depot|Edge Hill]] by road for final fitting and testing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.railmagazine.com/news/network/first-of-98-new-northern-trains-delivered|title=First of 98 new Northern trains arrives in UK|journal=Rail Magazine|date=29 June 2018|accessdate= 1 July 2018|author= Richard Clinnick}}</ref> The first track testing run took place on the West Coast Main Line between Warrington and Carnforth on 14 September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Northern starts track-testing for next generation for new trains |url=https://www.northernrailway.co.uk/news/latest-news/2031-northern-starts-track-testing-for-next-generation-of-new-trains |work=Northern Rail |date=14 September 2018 |accessdate=14 September 2018}}</ref> As the first unit in operation on the British rail network, it will accumulate 1500 miles of testing to acquire its operation worthiness certificate before being introduced into service in December 2018; subsequent Class 195 units will require only 500 miles before gaining certification for operational use.<ref name="engineer"/>

It was announced in November 2018 that the first unit would not be entering service in December 2018 but will be introduced in "early 2019".<ref name="early2019"></ref>

On 26 June 2019, the new trains were launched by a special service for the media. Regular passenger service is expected to begin on 1 July 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Northern officially launches new trains |url=https://media.northernrailway.co.uk/news/northern-officially-launches-new-trains |website=Northern |accessdate=26 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=New trains for the North to carry customers from 1 July |url=https://media.northernrailway.co.uk/news/new-trains-for-the-north-to-carry-customers-from-1-july |website=Northern |accessdate=26 June 2019}}</ref>

==Named units==
* 195116 – ''Proud To Be Northern''<ref>{{cite web |title=New trains for the North to carry customers from 1 July |url=https://media.northernrailway.co.uk/news/new-trains-for-the-north-to-carry-customers-from-1-july |website=Northern |publisher=Northern |accessdate=26 June 2019}}</ref>

==Fleet details==
{| class="wikitable"
!Class
!Operator
!Number
!Year Built
!Cars
!Unit nos.
|-
!Class 195/0
|rowspan=2|[[Northern (train operating company)|Northern]]
|align=center|25
|align=center rowspan="2"|2017-
|align=center|2
|195001–195025
|-
!Class 195/1
|align=center|33
|align=center|3
|195101–195133
|}
[[File:Northern Class 195-0.png|none|thumb|1125x1125px|Northern Class 195/0]]
[[File:Northern Class 195-1.png|none|thumb|1125x1125px|Northern Class 195/1]]

==See also==
* [[British Rail Class 196]] - A diesel multiple unit variant of the CAF ''Civity UK'' platform being built for [[West Midlands Trains]].
* [[British Rail Class 331]] - An electric multiple unit variant of the CAF ''Civity UK'' platform also being built for Northern.
* [[British Rail Class 397]] - An electric multiple unit variant of the CAF ''Civity UK'' platform being built for [[TransPennine Express]].

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons Category|British Rail Class 195}}

{{British Rail DMU|state=collapsed}}
{{Civity UK|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:British Rail diesel multiple units|195]]
[[Category:CAF multiple units]]

Benutzer:WoelfiVW/Britische Klasse 195

2019-06-26T17:05:17Z

Wikidroid 2000:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox train
| name = British Rail Class 195 ''Civity''
| image = 195WGN.jpg
| imagealt =
| imagesize = 250px
| caption = 195113 at [[Wigan North Western railway station | Wigan North Western]] on mileage accumulation tests.
| background = #{{Northern colour}};color:white
| interiorimage =
| interiorimagealt =
| interiorcaption =
| service = 1 July 2019 - present <ref name="launch">{{cite news |title=Northern launches new £500m fleet of 101 trains |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-48770078 |accessdate=26 June 2019 |agency=BBC News |date=26 June 2019}}</ref>
| manufacturer = [[Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles|CAF]]
| factory = [[Irun]], [[Spain]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Clinnick|first1=Richard|title=Northern unveils its first new CAF-built train|url=https://www.railmagazine.com/news/network/northern-unveils-its-first-new-caf-built-train|website=Rail Magazine|publisher=Rail Magazine|accessdate=31 January 2018}}</ref> [[Newport, Wales|Newport]], [[Wales]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Clinnick |first1=Richard |title=Northern to introduce first new trains from December |url=https://www.railmagazine.com/news/network/northern-to-introduce-first-new-trains-from-december |website=Rail Magazine |publisher=Rail Magazine |accessdate=4 December 2018}}</ref>
| family = [[CAF Civity|''Civity'']]
| replaced = {{brc|142}} {{brc|144}} {{brc|153}} ''{{brc|156}}''{{refn|group=nb|The 195s will predominantly directly replace the {{brc|156}} which currently operate on many express routes. These surplus Class 156 units will then replace services on lines operated by the Class 142 and 144 ''Pacer'' trains which will then be retired.}} ''{{brc|185}}''{{refn|group=nb|The routes the 195s will be used on have a variety of stock used currently from Class 142 Pacers to Class 185 Desiros. However, the delivery of 195s will allow cascades to allow Northern to no longer require 142s, 143s, 144s, 153s and 185s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.northernrailway.co.uk/travel/northern-connect|title=Northern Connect - Northern|publisher=}}</ref><ref name=northernfranchiseagreement/>}}
| yearconstruction = 2017–present
| yearservice =
| refurbishment =
| yearscrapped =
| numberconstruction= 58 units to be built<ref>{{cite web |title=UK railway news round-up |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/uk-railway-news-round-up-87.html |website=Railway Gazette |accessdate=15 November 2018}}</ref>
| numberbuilt =
| numberservice =
| numberpreserved =
| numberscrapped =
| formation = 25 x 2-car units 33 x 3-car units DMSO+DMSOL (195/0) DMSO+MS+DMSOL (195/1)
| fleetnumbers = 195001–195025 (195/0) 195101–195133 (195/1)
| capacity = 124 seats (195/0) 204 seats (195/1)<ref name=northernfranchiseagreement>{{cite web |title=Northern Franchise Agreement |url= https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/537465/northern-franchise-agreement.pdf |website=Gov.uk |publisher =Eversheds LLP |year=2015 |accessdate=14 July 2016}}</ref>
| operator = [[Northern (train operating company)|Northern]]
| depots = [[Newton Heath TMD]]
| lines =
| carbody =
| trainlength = {{convert|48.05|m|ftin|abbr=on}} (195/0) {{convert|71.4|m|ftin|abbr=on}} (195/1)
| carlength =
| width =
| height =
| floorheight =
| platformheight =
| entrylevelorstep =
| doors =
| art-sections =
| wheeldiameter =
| wheelbase =
| maxspeed = {{convert|100|mph|order=flip|abbr=on}}
| weight =
| axleload =
| traction =
| engine = One per car, [[Rolls-Royce Power Systems|Rolls-Royce]] [[MTU Friedrichshafen|MTU]] 6H1800R85L<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mtu-online.com/mtu/news/detail/140_mtu_powerpacks_from_rolls_royce_for_caf_regional_trains_in_the_north_of_england/cHash/00a787df5fee65cf0235e2a636fd6213/?no_cache=1 |title= 140 MTU PowerPacks from Rolls-Royce for CAF regional trains in the North of England |publisher=MTU |access-date=3 February 2017 |quote=}}</ref>
| poweroutput = {{convert|523|hp|kW|abbr=on}} per engine<ref>http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/traction-rolling-stock/single-view/view/engines-ordered-for-civity-uk-dmus.html</ref>
| tractiveeffort =
| transmission = [[ZF Friedrichshafen|ZF]] [[ZF_EcoLife|EcoLife]]
| acceleration =
| deceleration =
| aux =
| powersupply =
| hvac =
| electricsystem =
| collectionmethod =
| uicclass =
| aarwheels =
| bogies =
| brakes =
| safety =
| coupling =
| multipleworking = Within class
| gauge = {{RailGauge|sg}} (Standard Gauge)
| notes=
}}
The '''Class 195 ''Civity'''''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.raildeliverygroup.com/what-we-do/publications.html?task=file.download&id=758 |title=Long Term Passenger Rolling Stock Strategy for the Rail Industry, Fourth Edition, March 2016 |publisher=Rail Delivery Group |access-date=22 March 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> is a class of [[diesel multiple unit]] which is currently being constructed for [[Arriva UK Trains]] subsidiary [[Northern (train operating company)|Northern]] by Spanish rolling stock manufacturer [[Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles|CAF]]. A total of 58 units are to be built, 25 two-car units and 33 three-car units. Construction commenced in July 2017 with an option for additional carriages part of the order.<ref name="engineer">{{Cite web |title=Northern's trains from Spain |last=Shirres |first=David |url=https://www.railengineer.uk/2018/04/03/northerns-trains-from-spain/ |work=Railway Engineer |date=3 April 2018 |accessdate=14 September 2018}}</ref>

The first Class 195 was delivered in July 2018 and in November 2018, a further three Class 195/1s were ordered, taking the order to 58 units.<ref>{{cite web |title=UK railway news round-up |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/uk-railway-news-round-up-87.html |website=Railway Gazette |accessdate=15 November 2018}}</ref> The first units will operate services between [[Manchester Airport railway station|Manchester Airport]] and [[Liverpool Lime Street]] via [[Warrington Central railway station|Warrington]] and [[Barrow-in-Furness railway station|Barrow-in-Furness]] to Manchester Airport. The units, along with their sister [[British Rail Class 331|Class 331 units]], were due to enter service in December 2018 but this has been pushed back to sometime in 2019 due to testing issues.<ref name="early2019">{{Cite web |title=@northernassist on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/northernassist/status/1067683218898460672 |work=Twitter |date=28 November 2018 |accessdate=2018-12-01}}</ref>

==History==
The creation of new rolling stock for Northern was fuelled by the need to phase out the unpopular ''[[Pacer (train)|Pacer]]'' trains by 2020. The tender for the new franchise in 2015 originally permitted the continued use of Pacer trains as it was adjudged by the [[Department for Transport]] (DfT) that a new rolling stock order represented "''poor value for money.''".<ref>{{Cite web |title=McLoughlin overrules officials who called Pacer replacement ‘poor value’ |url=http://www.railtechnologymagazine.com/Rail-News/mcloughlin-overrules-officials-who-called-pacer-replacement-poor-value-for-money |work=Rail Technology Magazine |date=27 February 2015}}</ref> However the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] [[Transport Select Committee]] described the continued use of ''Pacer'' trains as "''unacceptable''" and recommended that the [[Secretary of State for Transport|Secretary of State]] use franchise specification power to include the need for a new rolling stock order.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Proposals to withdraw pacer trains by 2020 |url=https://www.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a-z/commons-select/transport-committee/news/pacer-trains/ |work=House of Commons |date=27 February 2015}}</ref> Subsequently, the then Secretary of State for Transport [[Patrick McLoughlin]] issued a [[Ministerial order|ministerial directive]] in February 2015 to force the new franchise to include a new rolling stock order as part of the franchise agreement and which would enable the ''Pacer'' trains to be phased out.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pacer vehicles withdrawal: confirming the ministerial direction |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pacer-vehicles-withdrawal-confirming-the-ministerial-direction |work=gov.uk |date=27 February 2015 |accessdate=14 September 2018}}</ref>

The announcement of the new trains was made by Arriva UK Trains when it was confirmed that it would become the next operator of the Northern franchise from 1 April 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.arrivarailnorth.org/keeping-you-posted/9-test-news-article-2 |title= Intention to award Northern franchise to Arriva |publisher= Arriva Rail North |access-date= 22 March 2016 |quote= |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160317020324/http://www.arrivarailnorth.org/keeping-you-posted/9-test-news-article-2 |archive-date= 17 March 2016 |dead-url= yes }}</ref> The Class 195 order was fuelled by Arriva's belief that the ageing and dilapidated state of rolling stock in Northern England is an inherent obstacle to enticing new passengers - particularly those in cars - and that investing in new modern trains for the long term represented the best strategy for enabling passenger growth.<ref name="engineer"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Northern’s new trains set to trigger fleet rejuvenation |quote=However, Northern believes that withdrawal of the Pacers by the end of next year means attention will then turn to the quality of the remaining trains. There is concern that Class 150, ‘155’ and ‘156’ DMUs dating from 1985 onwards will still be in traffic into the next decade, and the operator believes the standards set by the new ‘195’ and ‘331’ fleets will generate an evaluation of what is on offer. |url=https://www.railmagazine.com/news/network/northern-s-new-trains-set-to-trigger-fleet-rejuvenation |work=Rail Magazine |date=13 February 2018 |accessdate=14 September 2018}}</ref>

CAF were selected by Arriva as they were the only manufacturer able to produce both new diesel and electric ({{brc|331}}) multiple units from the same platform, the ''[[CAF Civity|Civity]]'', thus increasing familiarity for drivers and reducing maintenance costs once in operation.<ref name="engineer"/> [[Bombardier Transportation|Bombardier]] made a bid to produce electric ''[[Aventra]]'' units but was unable to offer a sister diesel unit which Arriva required.<ref name="robertleanewtrains">{{Cite web |last=Lea |first=Robert |title=Spain wins £490m race to replace unloved Pacer |quote=However, the Arriva order needed a substantial number of diesel trains, too, because so much of the network in the north is not electrified. It is understood that Bombardier declined to bid for the diesel train sets. The Spanish acquisition is likely to have been determined by CAF’s ability to deliver the trains more quickly than rivals. |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/spain-wins-pound490m-race-to-replace-unloved-pacer-lgsbvd72ww7 |newspaper=The Times of London |date=23 January 2016 |accessdate=15 September 2018}}</ref> Furthermore, Bombardier already had a long order book for ''Aventra'' units and Arriva believed CAF were in a stronger position to guarantee on-time delivery of the units.<ref name="robertleanewtrains"/>

===Construction and testing===
Construction of the bodyshells of the 195s began in Zaragoza in July 2017.<ref name=railjournalcaf195s>{{cite web|url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/rolling-stock/caf-begins-production-of-new-trains-for-northern.html?channel=529 |title=CAF begins production of new trains for Northern}}</ref> The wheelsets will be constructed in Beasain and final assembly of the units will take place in [[Irun]].<ref>[[RAIL magazine]] issue 823</ref> The first completed Class 195 began undergoing tests at the [[Velim railway test circuit|Velim test track]] in May 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://railjournal.com/index.php/rolling-stock/first-caf-civity-emu-for-northern-on-test-at-velim.html |title=First CAF Civity EMU for Northern on test at Velim |last=Barrow |first=Keith |work=International Railway Journal |date=8 May 2018 |accessdate=26 July 2018}}</ref> The first arrived in England in June 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.railway-technology.com/news/first-northerns-500m-class-195-train-fleet-arrives-uk/ |title=First of Northern’s £500m Class 195 train fleet arrives in the UK |work=Railway Technology |date=29 June 2018 |accessdate=26 July 2018}}</ref> and testing on the main line began in September.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.railmagazine.com/news/fleet/caf-dmus-for-northern-begin-main-line-testing|work=Rail Magazine|title=CAF DMUs for Northern begin main line testing|date=15 September 2018|accessdate=20 September 2018|author=Clinnick, Richard}}</ref>

==Operators==
===Northern===
In April 2016, it was confirmed that Spanish rolling stock manufacturer CAF would construct the new diesel-powered trains, planned to operate on most ''Northern Connect'' regional express services.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.arrivarailnorth.org/keeping-you-posted/20-arriva-signs-rolling-stock-contract-for-new-northern-rail-franchise |title= Arriva signs rolling stock contract for new Northern rail franchise |publisher=Arriva Rail North |access-date=22 March 2016 |quote=}}</ref> The notable exception being the Middlesbrough-Newcastle-Carlisle route, which will be operated by refurbished {{brc|158}}s.

The Class 195s will directly replace {{brc|156}} and 158 units, which are currently the main unit types operated on Northern's regional express routes. These released ''Sprinters'' will then replace the Class 150s, which will in turn replace {{brc|142}} and {{brc|144}} [[Pacer (train)|''Pacer'']] trains on other local and commuter lines across the Northern network.

In February 2018, it was announced that the first Class 195 trains would operate on a new direct service between [[Chester railway station|Chester]] and [[Leeds railway station|Leeds]] in December 2018.<ref>http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/rolling-stock/caf-presents-first-civity-emu-for-northern.html</ref> However, this new service was to be part of the December 2018 timetable change but which was postponed to May 2019 due to the widespread chaos following the May 2018 timetable change.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rail timetable changes scaled back to avoid further chaos |quote=A rail timetable overhaul planned for December has been scaled back amid fears of a repeat of the chaos seen in May when a new schedule was introduced. Timetable changes for eight franchises, including Govia Thameslink Railway and Northern, whose operations descended into chaos in May, have been postponed. |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-44774539 |work=BBC News |date=10 July 2018 |accessdate=14 September 2018}}</ref>

The first unit of the class, 195001, was delivered to the United Kingdom on 25 June 2018, before moving to [[Edge Hill Intercity Depot|Edge Hill]] by road for final fitting and testing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.railmagazine.com/news/network/first-of-98-new-northern-trains-delivered|title=First of 98 new Northern trains arrives in UK|journal=Rail Magazine|date=29 June 2018|accessdate= 1 July 2018|author= Richard Clinnick}}</ref> The first track testing run took place on the West Coast Main Line between Warrington and Carnforth on 14 September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Northern starts track-testing for next generation for new trains |url=https://www.northernrailway.co.uk/news/latest-news/2031-northern-starts-track-testing-for-next-generation-of-new-trains |work=Northern Rail |date=14 September 2018 |accessdate=14 September 2018}}</ref> As the first unit in operation on the British rail network, it will accumulate 1500 miles of testing to acquire its operation worthiness certificate before being introduced into service in December 2018; subsequent Class 195 units will require only 500 miles before gaining certification for operational use.<ref name="engineer"/>

It was announced in November 2018 that the first unit would not be entering service in December 2018 but will be introduced in "early 2019".<ref name="early2019"></ref>

On 26 June 2019, the new trains were launched by a special service for the media. Regular passenger service is expected to begin on 1 July 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Northern officially launches new trains |url=https://media.northernrailway.co.uk/news/northern-officially-launches-new-trains |website=Northern |accessdate=26 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=New trains for the North to carry customers from 1 July |url=https://media.northernrailway.co.uk/news/new-trains-for-the-north-to-carry-customers-from-1-july |website=Northern |accessdate=26 June 2019}}</ref>

==Named units==
* 195116 – ''Proud To Be Northern''<ref>{{cite web |title=New trains for the North to carry customers from 1 July |url=https://media.northernrailway.co.uk/news/new-trains-for-the-north-to-carry-customers-from-1-july |website=Northern |publisher=Northern |accessdate=26 June 2019}}</ref>

==Fleet details==
{| class="wikitable"
!Class
!Operator
!Number
!Year Built
!Cars
!Unit nos.
|-
!Class 195/0
|rowspan=2|[[Northern (train operating company)|Northern]]
|align=center|25
|align=center rowspan="2"|2017-
|align=center|2
|195001–195025
|-
!Class 195/1
|align=center|33
|align=center|3
|195101–195133
|}
[[File:Northern Class 195-0.png|none|thumb|1125x1125px|Northern Class 195/0]]
[[File:Northern Class 195-1.png|none|thumb|1125x1125px|Northern Class 195/1]]

==See also==
* [[British Rail Class 196]] - A diesel multiple unit variant of the CAF ''Civity UK'' platform being built for [[West Midlands Trains]].
* [[British Rail Class 331]] - An electric multiple unit variant of the CAF ''Civity UK'' platform also being built for Northern.
* [[British Rail Class 397]] - An electric multiple unit variant of the CAF ''Civity UK'' platform being built for [[TransPennine Express]].

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons Category|British Rail Class 195}}

{{British Rail DMU|state=collapsed}}
{{Civity UK|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:British Rail diesel multiple units|195]]
[[Category:CAF multiple units]]

London Buses

2017-09-17T18:59:59Z

Wikidroid 2000:

{{about|the organisation responsible for most local bus services in London|a more general article|Buses in London}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}
{{refimprove|date=March 2011}}
{{Infobox Bus transit
|name = London Buses
|logo = Buses roundel.svg
|logo_size = 150
|image =
|image_width = 360px
|caption = [[New Bus for London]] on [[London Bus route 38|route 38]]
|company_slogan =
|parent = [[Transport for London]]
|founded = November 11, 1999
|headquarters = [[London]]
|locale =
|service_area = [[Greater London]] [[Berkshire]] [[Buckinghamshire]] [[Essex]] [[Hertfordshire]] [[Kent]] [[Surrey]]
|service_type = Bus transport network
|alliance =
|routes = [[List of bus routes in London|673]] (52 night buses)<ref name="TFLcoporate"/>
|destinations =
|stops = 19,000<ref name="guardian">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/feb/28/research.transport |title=London buses headed in the same direction as Helsinki's high-tech transport system | Technology |work=The Guardian |date= 28 February 2008|accessdate=2 February 2010 | first=Sean | last=Dodson}}</ref>
|hubs =
|stations =
|lounge =
|fleet = 9,588<ref>[https://tfl.gov.uk/corporate/publications-and-reports/bus-fleet-data-and-audits Bus fleet data & audits] Transport for London. Retrieved 26 March 2017</ref>
|ridership = 6 million per weekday<ref name="TFLcoporate"/>
|fuel_type = [[Diesel fuel|Diesel]] and [[Hybrid electric bus|Hybrid Technology]]
|operator = Tendered Out Franchisees
|ceo =
|website = [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/buses www.tfl.gov.uk/buses]}}

[[File:Rudolph Road bus stop KC 023.jpg|thumb|right|200px|An example of an old-type typical London bus stop.]]

'''London Buses''' is the subsidiary of [[Transport for London]] (TfL) that manages bus services within [[Greater London]]. It was formed following the [[Greater London Authority Act 1999]] that transferred control of bus services in [[Greater London]] and its surrounding areas from the [[Government of the United Kingdom|UK Government]]'s [[London Regional Transport]] (LRT) to TfL, controlled by the locally elected [[Mayor of London]].

==Overview==
Transport for London's key areas of direct responsibility through London Buses are the following:
*planning new bus routes
*revising existing bus routes
*specifying service levels
*monitoring service quality
*management of bus stations and bus stops
*assistance in 'on ground' set up of diversions, bus driver assistance in situations over and above job requirements, for example [[Road traffic accident|Road Accidents]]
*providing information for passengers in the form of timetables and maps at bus stops and online, and an online route planning service
*producing leaflet maps, available from Travel Information Centres, libraries etc., and as online downloads.
*operating [[CentreComm]] London Buses' 24‑hour command-and-control centre based in Southwark

===Bus operations===
All bus operations are undertaken under [[Tendering|a tendering system]] in which operators bid for routes in return for a set price per route operated. Contracts are normally for five years, with two-year extensions available if performance criteria is met.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/tenderresults/ |title=London Buses tendering system |publisher=Transport for London |date= 28 December 2010|accessdate=28 December 2010}}</ref> Routes are set up, controlled and tendered out by [[Transport for London]] (TfL) and they provide day to day assistance via [[CentreComm]] which coordinates a large scale network of Network Traffic Controllers to help with any traffic issues that may occur.
Operators provide staff to drive the buses, provide the buses to operate and also adhere to set TfL guidelines. Operators are then in return paid per mile that each bus runs, the pricing is announced on new tenders.

===Publications===
London Buses publishes a variety of bus maps. Some are traditional street maps of London marked with bus numbers. In 2002, TfL introduced the first [[spider map|"spider" maps]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/mayor/transport/buses.jsp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005054612/http://www.london.gov.uk/mayor/transport/buses.jsp|archivedate=5 October 2007|title=Transport Strategy – Buses|accessdate=13 November 2007|author=Mayor of London}}</ref> Rather than attempting to cover the entire city, these maps are centred on a particular locality or bus station, and convey the route information in the schematic style of [[Harry Beck (graphic designer)|Harry Beck]]'s influential [[Tube map]], capitalising on TfL's iconic style of [[information design]]. The arachnoid form of bus routes radiating from a centre earned them the nickname "spider" maps, although TfL refer to them on their website as route maps. The maps are displayed at most major bus stops, and can be downloaded in [[PDF format]] via the Internet from the TfL website.<ref name="spidermaps">{{cite web
|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/gettingaround/maps/buses/|title=Bus route maps|author=Transport for London|accessdate=13 November 2007}}</ref>

==Legal status==
{{see also|History of public transport authorities in London}}

The legal identity of London Buses is London Bus Services Limited (LBSL),<ref>[http://data.companieshouse.gov.uk/doc/company/03914787 Companies House extract company no 3914787] London Bus Services Limited</ref> a wholly owned subsidiary of [[Transport for London]]. [[East Thames Buses]] was the trading name of another wholly owned subsidiary of TfL called, rather confusingly, London Buses Limited (LBL).<ref>[http://data.companieshouse.gov.uk/doc/company/01900906 Companies House extract company no 1900906] London Buses Limited</ref>

LBL was formed on 1 April 1985 as part of the [[privatisation of London bus services]], and acted as an arm's-length subsidiary of TfL's precursor organisation, [[London Regional Transport]] (LRT), holding twelve bus operating units (from late 1988) and other assets. The operating units were sold off in 1994/95, and their purchasers make up the majority of companies awarded bus operating tenders from the current London Buses (LBSL).

After 1994/95, the LBL company lay dormant, passing from LRT to TfL. It was resurrected when [[East Thames Buses]] was formed, separated by a [[chinese wall]] from LBSL, and acted as a London bus operator by proxy.

==Scope==
The local bus network in London is one of the largest and most comprehensive in the world. Over 8000<ref name="London Data Store">{{cite web |title=London Data Store |author=Mayor of London |url=http://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/tfl-bus-stop-locations-and-routes |accessdate=25 May 2016}}</ref> scheduled buses operate on over 700 different [[List of bus routes in London|routes]].<ref name="TFLcoporate">{{cite web|title=London Buses |author=Transport for London |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/1548.aspx |accessdate=13 November 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116090326/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/1548.aspx |archivedate=16 November 2007 |df= }}</ref> Over the year this network carries over 1.8 billion passenger journeys.

==Fares and concessions==
Buses in the London Buses network accept [[Travelcard]]s, [[Oyster card]] products (including bus passes and [[Oyster card#Pay-as-you-go|Oyster pay as you go]]) and [[Contactless payment|contactless]] [[debit card|debit]] and [[credit cards]]. Cash fares have not been available since 6 July 2014, but Day Bus passes (issued either as a single use Oyster card, or on paper from station ticket machines) were re-introduced on 2 January 2015.<ref>[https://www.london.gov.uk/mayor-assembly/mayor/mayoral-decisions/MD1418 MD1418 January 2015 Fare Changes] Greater London Authority 18 November 2014</ref> Single journey fares used to be charged in relation to length of journey (fare stages), but are now charged as single flat fares for any length of journey. From 2000, the flat fare was higher for journeys in Zone 1 than in outer zones, although from 2004 this difference was eliminated, the change coinciding with the introduction of Oyster card flat fares.

With Oyster pay as you go, users are charged a set amount for single journeys, although there is a "daily cap", which limits the maximum amount of money that will be deducted from the balance, regardless of how many buses are taken that day (from 04.30 to 04.29 the next day). Alternatively, weekly and monthly passes may also be purchased and loaded onto an Oyster card.

Passengers using contactless payment cards are charged the same fares as on Oyster pay as you go. Unlike Oyster cards, contactless cards also have a 7-day fare cap though it currently only operates on a Monday-Sunday basis.<ref>Leaflet 'Contactless travel' published by TfL.</ref>

Under 11s can travel free on London buses and trams at any time unaccompanied by an adult; they do not need an Oyster card or a ticket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tfl.gov.uk/fares-and-payments/travel-for-under-18s/travelling-with-children#on-this-page-2 |title=Travelling with children}}</ref> Children aged 11 to 15 travel free on buses with an 11–15 Oyster photocard; without an Oyster card or Travelcard, they have to pay the full adult fare. Visitors can have a special discount added to an ordinary Oyster card at TfL's Travel Information Centres. There are also concessions for London residents aged 16 to 18.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tickets/faresandtickets/1063.aspx |title=Children and students | Transport for London |publisher=Tfl.gov.uk |date=19 January 2010 |accessdate=2 February 2010}}</ref>

The [[Freedom Pass]] scheme allows Greater London residents over state pension age, and those with a disability, to travel free at any time on buses and TfL's rail services. People who have concessionary bus passes issued by English local authorities travel free on TfL bus services at any time.

==Operators==
Bus services in London are operated by [[Abellio (London & Surrey)|Abellio London]], [[Arriva London]], [[HCT Group|CT Plus]], [[Go-Ahead London]], [[London Sovereign]], [[London United Busways|London United]], [[Metroline]], [[Quality Line]], [[Stagecoach London]], [[Sullivan Buses]], [[Tower Transit]] and [[Uno (bus company)|Uno]].{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

Each company has its own operating code, and [[List of bus garages in London|every bus garage in London]] has its own garage code.

==Vehicles==
{{see also|List of bus types used in London}}
[[Image:Routemaster bus alongside new bus.jpg|thumb|right|New and old: A 2005 [[Alexander ALX400]] model overtakes a 1963 [[AEC Routemaster]]]]
[[Image:HyFLEETCUTE-HydrogenBus-London1.JPG|thumb|right|An elevated view of London's first HyFLEET:CUTE hydrogen fuel cell bus, showing the six roof mounted hydrogen fuel tanks, looking down from the high level concourse at Tower Gateway Docklands Light Railway station.]]

The various bus operators providing services under contract to London Buses operate a wide variety of vehicles, about the only immediately obvious common feature being their use of a largely red livery. However, London Buses in fact maintains a close control over both the age and specification of the vehicles. Particular examples of this include the use of separate exit doors, increasingly unusual on buses in the United Kingdom outside London, and, on double-deckers, the use of a straight staircase where most other UK operators specify a more compact curved staircase. Additionally, London Buses also specifies that vehicles operating in London use traditional printed roller destination blinds, whereas in most other parts of the country, electronic dot matrix or LED displays are the norm on new buses. These have been known to tear and get dirty quickly, however there have been improvements with LED Backlights and the 'SmartBlind' system installed on newer vehicles.

Because of London Buses' close control on the age of the fleet, it is very common for London buses to be cascaded by their owners to operations in other parts of the country after only a few years service.

==iBus==
[[File:London Buses Route 482 iBus.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The front of the top deck on a [[London United Busways|London United]] [[Scania OmniCity]]. * Top: iBus display showing the route number & destination ([[London Buses route 482|482]] to [[Southall]] Town Hall). * Below: A screen display a live feed from the [[CCTV]].]]

All of London's buses use the [[iBus (London)|London iBus system]], an [[Automatic Vehicle Location]] system that provides passengers with audio visual announcements, and are able to trigger priority at traffic junctions. The system was on trial in 2006, and was extended to all bus routes by 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2009/april/all-londons-buses-now-fitted-with-ibus|title = All London's buses now fitted with iBus|date = 23 April 2009|accessdate = 18 April 2015|website = Transport for London|publisher = Transport for London}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|London Transport}}
*[[Aldenham Works]]
*[[Articulated buses in London]]
*[[East London Transit]]
*[[List of bus routes in London]]
*[[Low emission buses in London]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|1=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/modes/buses/|2=Official website of London Buses}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100123002842/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/projectsandschemes/2373.aspx iBus]

{{Transport in London}}
{{Bus companies in Greater London}}
{{Bus transport in the United Kingdom}}

[[Category:Bus transport in London| ]]
[[Category:Local government in London]]
[[Category:Transport organisations based in London]]
[[Category:Transport authorities in London|Buses]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Transport for London]]