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PPAP (Pen-Pineapple-Apple-Pen)

2016-09-27T19:25:24Z

Wikidemon: where — pen

'''Pen Pineapple Apple Pen''' (abbreviated "PPAP") is a [[earworm]]-style [[music video]] performed by Piko-Taro, a fictional songwriter/singer created by Japanese comedian [[Kosaka Daimaou]]<ref>[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37480920 How a 'Pen-Pineapple-Apple-Pen' earworm took over the internet]</ref>. It was posted on [[YouTube]] on 25 August 2016<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0E00Zuayv9Q YouTube video of "Pen Pineapple Apple Pen" by Piko-Taro.]</ref> and has since gone viral with over 5 million views and 53 thousand likes as of 15:30 PM 27 Sep 2016 BST (GMT +1). The video was posted as well on [[Facebook]] by [[9GAG]], where it has over 50 million views, over 500 thousand likes and almost 1 million shares.<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/9gag/videos/10154978441766840/ 9GAG's post on Facebook of the "PPAP" video]</ref>
==References==

PPAP (Pen-Pineapple-Apple-Pen)

2016-09-27T19:25:04Z

Wikidemon: run-on-sentence — pen

'''Pen Pineapple Apple Pen''' (abbreviated "PPAP") is a [[earworm]]-style [[music video]] performed by Piko-Taro, a fictional songwriter/singer created by Japanese comedian [[Kosaka Daimaou]]<ref>[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37480920 How a 'Pen-Pineapple-Apple-Pen' earworm took over the internet]</ref>. It was posted on [[YouTube]] on 25 August 2016<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0E00Zuayv9Q YouTube video of "Pen Pineapple Apple Pen" by Piko-Taro.]</ref> and has since gone viral with over 5 million views and 53 thousand likes as of 15:30 PM 27 Sep 2016 BST (GMT +1). The video was posted as well on [[Facebook]] by [[9GAG]], it has over 50 million views, over 500 thousand likes and almost 1 million shares.<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/9gag/videos/10154978441766840/ 9GAG's post on Facebook of the "PPAP" video]</ref>
==References==

420 (Cannabis-Kultur)

2016-04-20T16:08:34Z

Wikidemon: /* Origins */ add missing space… oh … spaaaace

{{pp-protected|reason=Persistent [[WP:Disruptive editing|disruptive editing]]|expiry=05:53, 22 April 2016|small=yes}}
{{distinguish|Section 420}}

{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Infobox holiday
|holiday_name = 420
|type = secular
|image = 420Louis.jpg
|imagesize =
|caption = Statue of [[Louis Pasteur]] at [[San Rafael High School]], said to be the site of the original 4:20 gatherings.
|official_name =
|nickname =
|observedby = [[Cannabis (drug)|Cannabis]] [[counterculture]], [[Legality of cannabis|legal reformers]], [[Religious and spiritual use of cannabis|entheogenic spiritualists]]
|date = April 20
|scheduling = same day each year
|observances = [[Cannabis consumption]]
|relatedto =
|frequency = annual
|duration = 1 day
}}
{{Cannabis sidebar}}
'''420''', '''4:20''', or '''4/20''' (pronounced '''four-twenty''') is a code-term that refers to the annual consumption of [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] and by extension, as a way to identify oneself with [[cannabis culture]]. Observances based on the number 420 include smoking cannabis around the time 4:20 p.m., as well as smoking and celebrating cannabis on the date April 20 (4/20 in [[Date and time notation in the United States|U.S. form]]).<ref name=UCSC>{{cite web |url=http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/archive/2007/April/24/local/stories/08local.htm |title=Thousands at UCSC burn one to mark cannabis holiday |first=Matt |last=King |date=April 24, 2007 |work=[[Santa Cruz Sentinel]] |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070426081319/http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/archive/2007/April/24/local/stories/08local.htm |archivedate = April 26, 2007}}</ref>

== Origins ==
A group of people in [[San Rafael, California]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2000/04/20/MN101165.DTL|title=Stoner Chic Traces Origin To San Rafael – Snickering high schoolers brought `420' into lexicon |work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |accessdate=April 4, 2012}}</ref><ref name=NYT2009>{{cite news|first=Jesse|last=McKinley|title=Marijuana Advocates Point to Signs of Change|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/20/us/20marijuana.html|quote=Mr. Hager said the significance of April 20 dates to a ritual begun in the early 1970s in which a group of Northern California teenagers smoked cannabis every day at 4:20 p.m. Word of the ritual spread and expanded to a yearly event in various places. Soon, cannabis aficionados were using "420" as a code for smoking and using it as a sign-off on flyers for concerts where the drug would be plentiful. In recent years, the April 20 events have become so widespread that several colleges have discouraged students from participating.|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 19, 2009|accessdate=January 23, 2011 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110120011019/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/20/us/20marijuana.html| archivedate= 20 January 2011 | deadurl= no}}</ref> calling themselves the Waldos<ref name="Times2012">{{cite book|author=High Times|title=The Official High Times Cannabis Cookbook: More Than 50 Irresistible Recipes That Will Get You High|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W-vas6K75YYC&pg=PA97|accessdate=19 April 2012|date=21 March 2012|publisher=Chronicle Books|isbn=978-1-4521-0133-0|pages=97–}}</ref> because "their chosen hang-out spot was a wall outside the school",<ref name=HuffPost2009>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/04/20/what-420-means-the-true-s_n_188320.html|title=What 420 Means: The True Story Behind Stoners' Favorite Number|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=April 20, 2009|accessdate=January 23, 2011|first=Ryan|last=Grim|authorlink=Ryan Grim}}</ref> used the term in connection with a fall 1971 plan to search for an abandoned cannabis crop that they had learned about,<ref name="Times2012"/><ref name=HuffPost2010>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/04/20/420-meaning-the-true-stor_n_543854.html|title=420 Meaning: The True Story Of How April 20 Became 'Weed Day'|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=April 20, 2010|accessdate=January 23, 2011|first=Ryan|last=Grim|authorlink=Ryan Grim}}</ref> based on a [[treasure map]] made by the grower. <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Bay-Area-originators-of-420-term-marijuana-7255771.php|date=April 20, 2016|title=Local originators of term 420 solve 45-year-old mystery|author=Alyssa Pereira|publisher=San Francisco Chronicle}}</ref>The Waldos designated the [[Louis Pasteur]] statue on the grounds of [[San Rafael High School]] as their meeting place, and 4:20 p.m. as their meeting time.<ref name=HuffPost2009/> The Waldos referred to this plan with the phrase "4:20 Louis". Several failed attempts to find the crop eventually shortened their phrase to simply "4:20", which ultimately evolved into a codeword that the teens used to mean marijuana-smoking in general.<ref name=HuffPost2010/> [[Mike Edison]] says that [[Steven Hager]] of ''[[High Times]]'' was responsible for taking the story about the Waldos to "mind-boggling, cult-like extremes" and "suppressing" all other stories about the origin of the term.<ref name="Edison2009">{{cite book|last=Edison|first=Mike|title=I Have Fun Everywhere I Go: Savage Tales of Pot, Porn, Punk Rock, Pro Wrestling, Talking Apes, Evil Bosses, Dirty Blues, American Heroes, and the Most Notorious Magazines in the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y9lMGpb0HD4C&pg=PA207|accessdate=20 April 2013|date=2009-05-12|publisher=Faber & Faber|isbn=9780865479036|pages=207–}}</ref>

Hager wrote "Stoner Smart or Stoner Stupid?" in which he called for 4:20 p.m. to be the socially accepted hour of the day to consume cannabis.<ref name=dead>{{cite web|url=http://hightimes.com/entertainment/ht_admin/834|work=High Times|title=Stoner Smart, or Stoner Stupid?|year=2008|accessdate=2012-04-20}}</ref> He attributes the early spread of the phrase to [[Deadhead|Grateful Dead followers]], who were also linked to the city of San Rafael.<ref name=dead/>

== April 20 observances ==
April 20 has become a [[counterculture]] [[holiday]] in North America, where people gather to celebrate and consume cannabis.<ref name=UCSC/><ref name="hightimes.com">{{cite web |url=http://hightimes.com/read/power-420 |title=The power of 420 |last1=Halnon |first1=Karen Bettez |last2= |first2= |date=11 April 2005 |website= |publisher= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>[http://cannabis.shoutwiki.com/wiki/420_event_lists 420 event lists - Cannabis Wiki]</ref> Some events have a political nature to them, advocating for the legalization of cannabis. North American observances have been held at Hippie Hill in [[San Francisco]]'s [[Golden Gate Park]] near the [[Haight-Ashbury]] district,<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://sfcitizen.com/blog/2010/04/20/a-huge-turn-out-for-420-day-on-hippie-hill-in-san-franciscos-golden-gate-park/
|title=A Huge Turn Out for 420 Day on Hippie Hill in San Francisco’s Golden Gate Park " San Francisco Citizen |publisher=Sfcitizen.com
|date=2010-04-20
|accessdate=2011-04-20
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110430000040/http://sfcitizen.com/blog/2010/04/20/a-huge-turn-out-for-420-day-on-hippie-hill-in-san-franciscos-golden-gate-park/
| archivedate= 30 April 2011 | deadurl= no}}</ref> the [[University of Colorado system|University of Colorado]]'s [[University of Colorado at Boulder|Boulder campus]],<ref name=NYT2009 /><ref name=autogenerated1>
[http://web.archive.org/web/20080728060041/http://www.dailycamera.com/news/2008/apr/20/cus-420-pot-smoke-out-draws-10000/ CU's 4/20 pot smoke-out draws crowd of 10,000 : CU News].</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailycamera.com/archivesearch/ci_14855977?IADID=Search-www.dailycamera.com-www.dailycamera.com#axzz0lJwVBnxu |title=Medical marijuana expected to give momentum to CU-Boulder 4/20 event – Boulder Daily Camera |publisher=Dailycamera.com |date= |accessdate=2011-04-20| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110430022905/http://www.dailycamera.com/archivesearch/ci_14855977?IADID=Search-www.dailycamera.com-www.dailycamera.com| archivedate= 30 April 2011 | deadurl= no}}</ref> Ottawa, Ontario, at [[Parliament Hill]] and [[Majors Hill Park|Major's Hill Park]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/Canada/2009/04/19/9165666-sun.html |title=Pot activists to light up on Hill |publisher=Cnews.canoe.ca |date= |accessdate=2011-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/290409 |title=Ottawa's Parliament Hill just one site for planned 4/20 protest |publisher=Digitaljournal.com |date= |accessdate=2011-04-20| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110511102321/http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/290409| archivedate= 11 May 2011 | deadurl= no}}</ref> Montreal, Quebec at [[Mount Royal]] monument,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samesun.com/blog/420-day-cannabis-festival/ |title=420 Day- Cannabis Festival |publisher=samesun.com Samesun Nation Travel Blog|date= |accessdate=2011-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/April2011/19/c5308.html|title=Canada's marijuana activists unite against American-style drug laws – 420 vote mobs to be held in over 10 cities across Canada on April 20th|publisher=newswire.ca CNW Group|date= |accessdate=2011-04-20}}</ref> [[Edmonton]], [[Alberta]] at the [[Alberta Legislature Building]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edmontonsun.com/2013/04/20/hundreds-of-tokers-flood-alberta-legislature-in-protest-to-push-for-legalization-of-marijuana|title=Hundreds of Tokers Flood Alberta Legislature in Protest to Push for Legalization of Marijuana|accessdate=2013-04-22}}</ref> as well as Vancouver, British Columbia at the [[Vancouver Art Gallery]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://wiki4weed.com/archive/thousands-marijuana-smokers-gather-vancouver-celebrate-420/ |title=Thousands of marijuana smokers gather in Vancouver to celebrate "420" |first=Neal |last=Hall |work=[[The Vancouver Sun]] |date=May 2, 2009 |accessdate=September 30, 2009}}</ref> The growing size of the unofficial event at [[University of California, Santa Cruz|UC Santa Cruz]] caused the Vice Chancellor of Student Affairs to send an e-mail to parents in 2009 stating: "The growth in scale of this activity has become a concern for both the university and surrounding community."<ref name="SCS2009">{{cite news | url=http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/localnews/ci_12087719|title=Mom and Dad now know about '4/20' | first=Genevieve | last=Bookwalter|date=7 April 2009|work=Santa Cruz Sentinel|accessdate=20 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410164141/http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/ci_12087719?|archivedate=10 April 2009}}</ref>

Events have also occurred in [[Auckland]], New Zealand at the [[Daktory]]<ref name="Hopkins">{{cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/3218470/Pot-clubs-go-nationwide|title=Pot clubs go nationwide|last=Hopkins|first=Steve|date=January 10, 2010|work=Sunday News|accessdate=January 13, 2010| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100112102900/http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/3218470/Pot-clubs-go-nationwide| archivedate= 12 January 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=April 2012}} and [[Dunedin]], New Zealand, at [[University of Otago]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/on-campus/university-otago/9276/police-swoop-cannabis-protest|title=Police swoop on cannabis protest|last=Porteous|first=Debbie |date=June 12, 2008|work=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=March 31, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=420 Protest|url=http://www.ch9.co.nz/node/7704|date=February 22, 2008|work=Channel 9 News Dunedin|accessdate=October 7, 2008| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081022143006/http://ch9.co.nz/node/7704| archivedate= 22 October 2008 | deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/on-campus/university-otago/12872/campus-arrests-follow-marijuana-complaints|title=Campus arrests follow marijuana complaints (+ video)|last=Porteous|first=Debbie |date=July 11, 2008|work=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=April 22, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/24064/moore039s-appeal-rejected|title=Moore's appeal rejected|last=Rudd|first=Allison |date=September 26, 2008|work=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=April 22, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/on-campus/university-otago/14321/lack-quorum-foils-cannabis-vote|title=Lack of quorum foils cannabis vote|last=Rudd|first=Allison |date=July 22, 2008|work=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=April 22, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/23171/ousa-general-meeting-promises-controversy|title=OUSA general meeting promises controversy|last=Rudd|first=Allison |date=September 20, 2008|work=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=April 22, 2009}}</ref>

==Impact ==
Signs bearing the number "420" have been frequently stolen. In Colorado, the [[Colorado Department of Transportation]] replaced the Mile Marker 420 sign on I-70 east of Denver with one reading 419.99 in an attempt to stop the thievery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.9news.com/news/story.aspx?storyid=372755|title=State alters 420 MM sign to thwart thieves |work=[[KUSA-TV]] |accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> The [[Idaho Department of Transportation]] replaced the Mile Marker 420 sign on U.S. Highway 95, just south of Coeur d'Alene, with Mile Marker 419.9.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ktvb.com/story/news/local/idaho/2015/08/18/idaho-replaces-mile-marker-420-with-4199-to-thwart-stoners/31928433/|title=Idaho replaces mile marker 420 with 419.9 to thwart stoners |work=[[KTVB]] |accessdate=August 18, 2015}}</ref> In Goodhue County, Minnesota, officials have changed "420 St" street signs to "42x St".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.postbulletin.com/news/local/after-deadline-county-finds-fix-for-missing-signs/article_b88939fb-3c91-5523-b41e-a3b6c2dff8e4.html|title=County finds fix for missing 420 signs |work=[[Post-Bulletin]] |accessdate=July 20, 2015}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:420 - Glasgow Green, Easter 2014 12 Stall and overlooking Clyde.jpeg|2014 [[Glasgow Green]] 420 event
File:420 event in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, April 20th 2013.webm|<center>420 event in [[Golden Gate Park]], [[San Francisco]], April 20, 2013</center>
File:UCSC 420 celebration.jpg|<center>Students and others gather for a "420 Day" event in Porter Meadow at the [[University of California, Santa Cruz]], campus on April 20, 2007.</center>
File:Vancouver Canada 2012 April 20 crowd.jpg|[[Vancouver]] Canada 2012 April 20 crowd
File:420 cannabis event at University of Colorado at Boulder - panorama 3.jpg|420 cannabis event at [[University of Colorado]] at Boulder
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{portal|Cannabis}}
* [[Hash Bash]], held annually the first Saturday in April since 1972 at the [[University of Michigan]]
* [[Hanfparade]]
* [[Cannabis legalization in Canada]]
* [[Cannabis in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Cannabis in the United States]]
* [[Drug subculture]]
* [[Legality of cannabis by country]]
* [[Religious and spiritual use of cannabis]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Commonscat-inline|420 (cannabis culture)}}

{{drug use}}
{{Cannabis}}
{{U.S. Holidays}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:420 (Cannabis Culture)}}
[[Category:April observances]]
[[Category:Cannabis culture]]
[[Category:Cannabis in the United States]]
[[Category:In-jokes]]
[[Category:International observances]]
[[Category:Unofficial observances]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

420 (Cannabis-Kultur)

2016-04-20T16:07:59Z

Wikidemon: /* Origins */ a little more detail from this year's annual coverage

{{pp-protected|reason=Persistent [[WP:Disruptive editing|disruptive editing]]|expiry=05:53, 22 April 2016|small=yes}}
{{distinguish|Section 420}}

{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Infobox holiday
|holiday_name = 420
|type = secular
|image = 420Louis.jpg
|imagesize =
|caption = Statue of [[Louis Pasteur]] at [[San Rafael High School]], said to be the site of the original 4:20 gatherings.
|official_name =
|nickname =
|observedby = [[Cannabis (drug)|Cannabis]] [[counterculture]], [[Legality of cannabis|legal reformers]], [[Religious and spiritual use of cannabis|entheogenic spiritualists]]
|date = April 20
|scheduling = same day each year
|observances = [[Cannabis consumption]]
|relatedto =
|frequency = annual
|duration = 1 day
}}
{{Cannabis sidebar}}
'''420''', '''4:20''', or '''4/20''' (pronounced '''four-twenty''') is a code-term that refers to the annual consumption of [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] and by extension, as a way to identify oneself with [[cannabis culture]]. Observances based on the number 420 include smoking cannabis around the time 4:20 p.m., as well as smoking and celebrating cannabis on the date April 20 (4/20 in [[Date and time notation in the United States|U.S. form]]).<ref name=UCSC>{{cite web |url=http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/archive/2007/April/24/local/stories/08local.htm |title=Thousands at UCSC burn one to mark cannabis holiday |first=Matt |last=King |date=April 24, 2007 |work=[[Santa Cruz Sentinel]] |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070426081319/http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/archive/2007/April/24/local/stories/08local.htm |archivedate = April 26, 2007}}</ref>

== Origins ==
A group of people in [[San Rafael, California]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2000/04/20/MN101165.DTL|title=Stoner Chic Traces Origin To San Rafael – Snickering high schoolers brought `420' into lexicon |work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |accessdate=April 4, 2012}}</ref><ref name=NYT2009>{{cite news|first=Jesse|last=McKinley|title=Marijuana Advocates Point to Signs of Change|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/20/us/20marijuana.html|quote=Mr. Hager said the significance of April 20 dates to a ritual begun in the early 1970s in which a group of Northern California teenagers smoked cannabis every day at 4:20 p.m. Word of the ritual spread and expanded to a yearly event in various places. Soon, cannabis aficionados were using "420" as a code for smoking and using it as a sign-off on flyers for concerts where the drug would be plentiful. In recent years, the April 20 events have become so widespread that several colleges have discouraged students from participating.|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 19, 2009|accessdate=January 23, 2011 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110120011019/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/20/us/20marijuana.html| archivedate= 20 January 2011 | deadurl= no}}</ref> calling themselves the Waldos<ref name="Times2012">{{cite book|author=High Times|title=The Official High Times Cannabis Cookbook: More Than 50 Irresistible Recipes That Will Get You High|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W-vas6K75YYC&pg=PA97|accessdate=19 April 2012|date=21 March 2012|publisher=Chronicle Books|isbn=978-1-4521-0133-0|pages=97–}}</ref> because "their chosen hang-out spot was a wall outside the school",<ref name=HuffPost2009>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/04/20/what-420-means-the-true-s_n_188320.html|title=What 420 Means: The True Story Behind Stoners' Favorite Number|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=April 20, 2009|accessdate=January 23, 2011|first=Ryan|last=Grim|authorlink=Ryan Grim}}</ref> used the term in connection with a fall 1971 plan to search for an abandoned cannabis crop that they had learned about,<ref name="Times2012"/><ref name=HuffPost2010>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/04/20/420-meaning-the-true-stor_n_543854.html|title=420 Meaning: The True Story Of How April 20 Became 'Weed Day'|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=April 20, 2010|accessdate=January 23, 2011|first=Ryan|last=Grim|authorlink=Ryan Grim}}</ref> based on a [[treasure map]] made by the grower.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Bay-Area-originators-of-420-term-marijuana-7255771.php|date=April 20, 2016|title=Local originators of term 420 solve 45-year-old mystery|author=Alyssa Pereira|publisher=San Francisco Chronicle}}</ref>The Waldos designated the [[Louis Pasteur]] statue on the grounds of [[San Rafael High School]] as their meeting place, and 4:20 p.m. as their meeting time.<ref name=HuffPost2009/> The Waldos referred to this plan with the phrase "4:20 Louis". Several failed attempts to find the crop eventually shortened their phrase to simply "4:20", which ultimately evolved into a codeword that the teens used to mean marijuana-smoking in general.<ref name=HuffPost2010/> [[Mike Edison]] says that [[Steven Hager]] of ''[[High Times]]'' was responsible for taking the story about the Waldos to "mind-boggling, cult-like extremes" and "suppressing" all other stories about the origin of the term.<ref name="Edison2009">{{cite book|last=Edison|first=Mike|title=I Have Fun Everywhere I Go: Savage Tales of Pot, Porn, Punk Rock, Pro Wrestling, Talking Apes, Evil Bosses, Dirty Blues, American Heroes, and the Most Notorious Magazines in the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y9lMGpb0HD4C&pg=PA207|accessdate=20 April 2013|date=2009-05-12|publisher=Faber & Faber|isbn=9780865479036|pages=207–}}</ref>

Hager wrote "Stoner Smart or Stoner Stupid?" in which he called for 4:20 p.m. to be the socially accepted hour of the day to consume cannabis.<ref name=dead>{{cite web|url=http://hightimes.com/entertainment/ht_admin/834|work=High Times|title=Stoner Smart, or Stoner Stupid?|year=2008|accessdate=2012-04-20}}</ref> He attributes the early spread of the phrase to [[Deadhead|Grateful Dead followers]], who were also linked to the city of San Rafael.<ref name=dead/>

== April 20 observances ==
April 20 has become a [[counterculture]] [[holiday]] in North America, where people gather to celebrate and consume cannabis.<ref name=UCSC/><ref name="hightimes.com">{{cite web |url=http://hightimes.com/read/power-420 |title=The power of 420 |last1=Halnon |first1=Karen Bettez |last2= |first2= |date=11 April 2005 |website= |publisher= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>[http://cannabis.shoutwiki.com/wiki/420_event_lists 420 event lists - Cannabis Wiki]</ref> Some events have a political nature to them, advocating for the legalization of cannabis. North American observances have been held at Hippie Hill in [[San Francisco]]'s [[Golden Gate Park]] near the [[Haight-Ashbury]] district,<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://sfcitizen.com/blog/2010/04/20/a-huge-turn-out-for-420-day-on-hippie-hill-in-san-franciscos-golden-gate-park/
|title=A Huge Turn Out for 420 Day on Hippie Hill in San Francisco’s Golden Gate Park " San Francisco Citizen |publisher=Sfcitizen.com
|date=2010-04-20
|accessdate=2011-04-20
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110430000040/http://sfcitizen.com/blog/2010/04/20/a-huge-turn-out-for-420-day-on-hippie-hill-in-san-franciscos-golden-gate-park/
| archivedate= 30 April 2011 | deadurl= no}}</ref> the [[University of Colorado system|University of Colorado]]'s [[University of Colorado at Boulder|Boulder campus]],<ref name=NYT2009 /><ref name=autogenerated1>
[http://web.archive.org/web/20080728060041/http://www.dailycamera.com/news/2008/apr/20/cus-420-pot-smoke-out-draws-10000/ CU's 4/20 pot smoke-out draws crowd of 10,000 : CU News].</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailycamera.com/archivesearch/ci_14855977?IADID=Search-www.dailycamera.com-www.dailycamera.com#axzz0lJwVBnxu |title=Medical marijuana expected to give momentum to CU-Boulder 4/20 event – Boulder Daily Camera |publisher=Dailycamera.com |date= |accessdate=2011-04-20| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110430022905/http://www.dailycamera.com/archivesearch/ci_14855977?IADID=Search-www.dailycamera.com-www.dailycamera.com| archivedate= 30 April 2011 | deadurl= no}}</ref> Ottawa, Ontario, at [[Parliament Hill]] and [[Majors Hill Park|Major's Hill Park]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/Canada/2009/04/19/9165666-sun.html |title=Pot activists to light up on Hill |publisher=Cnews.canoe.ca |date= |accessdate=2011-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/290409 |title=Ottawa's Parliament Hill just one site for planned 4/20 protest |publisher=Digitaljournal.com |date= |accessdate=2011-04-20| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110511102321/http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/290409| archivedate= 11 May 2011 | deadurl= no}}</ref> Montreal, Quebec at [[Mount Royal]] monument,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.samesun.com/blog/420-day-cannabis-festival/ |title=420 Day- Cannabis Festival |publisher=samesun.com Samesun Nation Travel Blog|date= |accessdate=2011-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/April2011/19/c5308.html|title=Canada's marijuana activists unite against American-style drug laws – 420 vote mobs to be held in over 10 cities across Canada on April 20th|publisher=newswire.ca CNW Group|date= |accessdate=2011-04-20}}</ref> [[Edmonton]], [[Alberta]] at the [[Alberta Legislature Building]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edmontonsun.com/2013/04/20/hundreds-of-tokers-flood-alberta-legislature-in-protest-to-push-for-legalization-of-marijuana|title=Hundreds of Tokers Flood Alberta Legislature in Protest to Push for Legalization of Marijuana|accessdate=2013-04-22}}</ref> as well as Vancouver, British Columbia at the [[Vancouver Art Gallery]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://wiki4weed.com/archive/thousands-marijuana-smokers-gather-vancouver-celebrate-420/ |title=Thousands of marijuana smokers gather in Vancouver to celebrate "420" |first=Neal |last=Hall |work=[[The Vancouver Sun]] |date=May 2, 2009 |accessdate=September 30, 2009}}</ref> The growing size of the unofficial event at [[University of California, Santa Cruz|UC Santa Cruz]] caused the Vice Chancellor of Student Affairs to send an e-mail to parents in 2009 stating: "The growth in scale of this activity has become a concern for both the university and surrounding community."<ref name="SCS2009">{{cite news | url=http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/localnews/ci_12087719|title=Mom and Dad now know about '4/20' | first=Genevieve | last=Bookwalter|date=7 April 2009|work=Santa Cruz Sentinel|accessdate=20 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410164141/http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/ci_12087719?|archivedate=10 April 2009}}</ref>

Events have also occurred in [[Auckland]], New Zealand at the [[Daktory]]<ref name="Hopkins">{{cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/3218470/Pot-clubs-go-nationwide|title=Pot clubs go nationwide|last=Hopkins|first=Steve|date=January 10, 2010|work=Sunday News|accessdate=January 13, 2010| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100112102900/http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/3218470/Pot-clubs-go-nationwide| archivedate= 12 January 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=April 2012}} and [[Dunedin]], New Zealand, at [[University of Otago]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/on-campus/university-otago/9276/police-swoop-cannabis-protest|title=Police swoop on cannabis protest|last=Porteous|first=Debbie |date=June 12, 2008|work=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=March 31, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=420 Protest|url=http://www.ch9.co.nz/node/7704|date=February 22, 2008|work=Channel 9 News Dunedin|accessdate=October 7, 2008| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081022143006/http://ch9.co.nz/node/7704| archivedate= 22 October 2008 | deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/on-campus/university-otago/12872/campus-arrests-follow-marijuana-complaints|title=Campus arrests follow marijuana complaints (+ video)|last=Porteous|first=Debbie |date=July 11, 2008|work=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=April 22, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/24064/moore039s-appeal-rejected|title=Moore's appeal rejected|last=Rudd|first=Allison |date=September 26, 2008|work=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=April 22, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/on-campus/university-otago/14321/lack-quorum-foils-cannabis-vote|title=Lack of quorum foils cannabis vote|last=Rudd|first=Allison |date=July 22, 2008|work=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=April 22, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/23171/ousa-general-meeting-promises-controversy|title=OUSA general meeting promises controversy|last=Rudd|first=Allison |date=September 20, 2008|work=Otago Daily Times|accessdate=April 22, 2009}}</ref>

==Impact ==
Signs bearing the number "420" have been frequently stolen. In Colorado, the [[Colorado Department of Transportation]] replaced the Mile Marker 420 sign on I-70 east of Denver with one reading 419.99 in an attempt to stop the thievery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.9news.com/news/story.aspx?storyid=372755|title=State alters 420 MM sign to thwart thieves |work=[[KUSA-TV]] |accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> The [[Idaho Department of Transportation]] replaced the Mile Marker 420 sign on U.S. Highway 95, just south of Coeur d'Alene, with Mile Marker 419.9.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ktvb.com/story/news/local/idaho/2015/08/18/idaho-replaces-mile-marker-420-with-4199-to-thwart-stoners/31928433/|title=Idaho replaces mile marker 420 with 419.9 to thwart stoners |work=[[KTVB]] |accessdate=August 18, 2015}}</ref> In Goodhue County, Minnesota, officials have changed "420 St" street signs to "42x St".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.postbulletin.com/news/local/after-deadline-county-finds-fix-for-missing-signs/article_b88939fb-3c91-5523-b41e-a3b6c2dff8e4.html|title=County finds fix for missing 420 signs |work=[[Post-Bulletin]] |accessdate=July 20, 2015}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:420 - Glasgow Green, Easter 2014 12 Stall and overlooking Clyde.jpeg|2014 [[Glasgow Green]] 420 event
File:420 event in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, April 20th 2013.webm|<center>420 event in [[Golden Gate Park]], [[San Francisco]], April 20, 2013</center>
File:UCSC 420 celebration.jpg|<center>Students and others gather for a "420 Day" event in Porter Meadow at the [[University of California, Santa Cruz]], campus on April 20, 2007.</center>
File:Vancouver Canada 2012 April 20 crowd.jpg|[[Vancouver]] Canada 2012 April 20 crowd
File:420 cannabis event at University of Colorado at Boulder - panorama 3.jpg|420 cannabis event at [[University of Colorado]] at Boulder
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{portal|Cannabis}}
* [[Hash Bash]], held annually the first Saturday in April since 1972 at the [[University of Michigan]]
* [[Hanfparade]]
* [[Cannabis legalization in Canada]]
* [[Cannabis in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Cannabis in the United States]]
* [[Drug subculture]]
* [[Legality of cannabis by country]]
* [[Religious and spiritual use of cannabis]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Commonscat-inline|420 (cannabis culture)}}

{{drug use}}
{{Cannabis}}
{{U.S. Holidays}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:420 (Cannabis Culture)}}
[[Category:April observances]]
[[Category:Cannabis culture]]
[[Category:Cannabis in the United States]]
[[Category:In-jokes]]
[[Category:International observances]]
[[Category:Unofficial observances]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

ALS Ice Bucket Challenge

2014-08-17T04:40:18Z

Wikidemon: /* Origin */ reword for encyclopedic tone

[[File:Bill Gates Dumping Ice water.jpg|270px|thumb|right|[[Bill Gates]] dumps ice water on himself in response to a challenge by [[Mark Zuckerberg]] to raise awareness of [[ALS]] research.]]

The ''''Ice Bucket Challenge'''' is an activity involving dumping a bucket of ice water on one's head, generally in conjunction with donating to the [[ALS Association]] in the United States. It went viral throughout [[social media]], where the challenge was to either dump a bucket of ice water on one's head or to donate to a charity of the participant's choice.<ref>http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/charities-benefit-viral-ice-challenge-6023429</ref><ref>https://www.cancersocietyauckland.org.nz/newsandmedia</ref>

The challenge required nominated participants to have a bucket of icy water thrown over their head. They have 24-hours to complete the mission from the time they are nominated and if they don't complete the dare they have to donate $100 to charity. If you complete the challenge then you only have to donate $10.

==Origin==
The challenge started in New Zealand on July 4, 2014, with a fundraising page on behalf of the Cancer Society to help support patients and their families cope with a cancer diagnosis. As with similar challenges, it was usually filmed so footage can be shared online.

The challenge was popularized in the [[United States]] when, on July 15 2014, golfer Chris Kennedy did the ice-bucket challenge and challenged his cousin Jeanette Senerchia of Pelham, N.Y., whose husband, Anthony, has had ALS for 11 years. A day later she did the challenge while her 6-year-old daughter filmed her in front of their house. Ms. Senerchia's network on Facebook connected with Pat Quinn, a 31-year-old in Yonkers, N.Y., who was diagnosed with ALS in March 2013. Mr. Quinn called upon his friends and family. Soon, his whole network was posting challenges, including family in Florida, friends in Ireland and Greece, and a bar full of locals, which was broadcast on local television.
Mr. Quinn's Facebook network overlapped with [[Massachusetts]] resident and former [[Boston College]] [[Boston College baseball|baseball]] player Pete Frates, who has [[ALS]], began posting about it on [[Twitter]]. Together, Senerchia, Quinn and Frates are directly responsible for the tremendous increase in awareness and donations for ALS.<ref>http://www.popopics.com/blog/news/ice-bucket-challenge-videos/</ref>
A campaign to encourage Russian PM [[Vladimir Putin]] was launched in an effort to separate political status from research.<ref>http://wordswithmeaning.org/the-als-ice-bucket-challenge-phenomenon-vladimir-putin/</ref>

==Rules for Ice Bucket Challenge==
Within 24 hours of receiving a challenge, participants are to video record themselves in continuous footage. First, they are to announce their acceptance of the challenge followed by pouring ice into a bucket of water. The bucket is then to be lifted overhead and poured over the participant's head. After completion, the participant has the option of extend the challenge and to donate $10 to a charity of their choice. Alternatively, they can decline the challenge, in which case they are encouraged to donate $100.

==Notable participants==

{|
*[[Oprah Winfrey]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Winfrey|first1=Oprah|title=Ice Bucket Challenge|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?v=10152665361942220&set=vb.22433917219&type=2&theater|website=Facebook|accessdate=16 August 2014}}</ref>
*[[Martha Stewart]]<ref>[http://www.marthastewart.com/1078233/watch-martha-accept-ice-bucket-challenge]</ref> (With a bucket of ice rather than ice water.)
*[[Lil Wayne]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/articles/list/6221509/justin-timberlake-adam-levine-lil-wayne-and-more-musics-top-10-ice-bucket Justin Timberlake, Adam Levine, Lil Wayne and More: Music's Top 10 Ice Bucket Challenges]</ref>
*[[Darren Fletcher]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.itv.com/news/granada/update/2014-08-15/manchester-uniteds-darren-fletcher-does-ice-bucket-challenge/ |title=Manchester United's Darren Fletcher does ice bucket challenge |date=15 August 2014 |accessdate=16 August 2014 |publisher=[[ITV (TV network)|ITV]]}}</ref>
*[[Damian Lillard]]<ref>[http://ripcityproject.com/2014/08/15/trail-blazers-ice-bucket-challenge-als/ Trail Blazers take on ALS “ice bucket challenge”]</ref>
*[[Aaron Rodgers]]<ref>[http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/sports/270931981.html Aaron Rodgers, Brewers players accept 'Ice Bucket Challenge']</ref>
*[[Meredith Vieira]]<ref>{{cite web|title=‘This One’s For You, KLG’: Meredith Completes the Ice Bucket Challenge!|url=http://meredithvieirashow.com/articles/meredith-vieira-als-ice-bucket-challenge/|website=http://meredithvieirashow.com/|accessdate=17 August 2014}}</ref>
*[[The Rockettes]]
*[[Chris Christie]]<ref name=nj>{{cite web | url=http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2014/08/chris_christie_gets_in_on_ice_bucket_challenge_dares_cory_booker.html | title=Chris Christie gets in on 'Ice Bucket Challenge,' dares Cory Booker | work=[[Nj.com]] | date=13 August 2014 | accessdate=13 August 2014 | author=Arco, Matt}}</ref>
*[[Paul Bissonnette]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cbssports.com/nhl/eye-on-hockey/24657202/watch-paul-bissonnette-uses-helicopter-glacier-water-for-challenge | title='BizNasty' uses helicopter, glacier water in Ice Bucket Challenge | work=[[CBS Sports]] | date=12 August 2014 | accessdate=13 August 2014 | author=Peters, Chris}}</ref>
*[[Jimmy Fallon]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/health/hoda-kotb-takes-ice-challenge-article-1.1900554 | title=Celebs taking the plunge in 'Ice Bucket Challenge' for Lou Gehrig's disease | work=[[New York Daily News]] | date=12 August 2014 | accessdate=13 August 2014 | author=Kuntzman, Gersh}}</ref>
*[[Conan O'Brien]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://teamcoco.com/video/conan-ice-bucket-challenge?playlsist=x%3BeyJ0eXBlIjoicmVsYXRlZCIsImlkIjo4NDUzM30 | title=Conan Takes The ALS Ice Bucket Challenge date=14 August 2014}}</ref> After Aaron Bleyaert poured the bucket of ice water on him, Conan challenged President Jimmy Carter, Soccer Star Pele and actor Haley Joel Osment.
*[[David Ortiz]]
*[[Coach K]]<ref>[http://www.cbssports.com/collegebasketball/eye-on-college-basketball/24659354/great-video-coach-k-takes-on-the-als-ice-bucket-challenge Great video: Coach K takes on the ALS ice bucket challenge]</ref>
*[[Justin Timberlake]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/names/2014/08/12/patriots-including-belichick-and-kraft-take-ice-bucket-challenge/mm0zhN09WqVPmDYrKSRqHJ/story.html | title=Patriots, Timberlake take ‘Ice Bucket Challenge’ | work=[[Boston Globe]] | date=12 August 2014 | accessdate=13 August 2014 | author=Shanahan, Mark}}</ref>
*[[Ethel Kennedy]]<ref name=cbslocal>{{cite web | url=http://washington.cbslocal.com/2014/08/13/obama-rejects-als-ice-bucket-challenge-will-donate-to-charity-instead/ | title=Obama Rejects ALS Ice Bucket Challenge, Will Donate To Charity Instead | work=[[CBS DC]] | date=13 August 2014 | accessdate=13 August 2014}}</ref> Kennedy also challenged [[Barack Obama]], the President of the United States, to take the challenge, but Obama declined, saying he will donate $100 to an ALS charity instead.<ref name=cbslocal/>
*[[Mark Zuckerberg]]<ref name=zuckerberg>{{cite web | url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?v=10101586925575221 | title=Mark Zuckerberg accepts challenge | date=14 August 2014 | accessdate=14 August 2014}}</ref>
*[[Satya Nadella]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2014/08/13/microsoft-ceo-satya-nadella-reveals-oneweek-hackathons-grand-prize-winner-ability-eye-gaze/ | title=Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella reveals grand prize winner of //oneweek Hackathon: Ability Eye Gaze | date=14 August 2014 | accessdate=14 August 2014}}</ref>
*[[Steve Ballmer]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.theverge.com/2014/8/16/6015681/steve-ballmer-ice-bucket-challenge | title=Steve Ballmer takes the Ice Bucket Challenge without any developers, developers, developers}}</ref>
*[[Larry Page]]<ref name="androidcentral.com">http://www.androidcentral.com/larry-page-and-sergey-brin-get-iced-raise-awareness-als</ref>
*[[Sergey Brin]]<ref name="androidcentral.com"/>
*[[New England Patriots]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.patriots.com/media-center/videos/Robert-Kraft-Patriots-take-Ice-Bucket-Challenge/47cb97f4-8d58-45a1-96a0-3655cf90cb52 | title=Robert Kraft, Patriots take Ice Bucket Challenge}}</ref>
*[[Jason Garrett]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dallascowboys.com/multimedia/videos/Jason-Garrett-Takes-The-Ice-Bucket-Challenge/17578fe3-b9f1-4460-a47c-aa849bf7c21a | title=Jason Garrett Takes The Ice Bucket Challenge}}</ref>
*[[Tony Romo]]<ref name="dallascowboys.com">{{cite web | url=http://www.dallascowboys.com/multimedia/videos/Romo_And_Dez_Accept_The_Ice_Bucket_Challenge/aeea7415-691a-4d9e-9dfd-0e6e3a0be6e3 | title=Romo And Dez Accept The Ice Bucket Challenge}}</ref>
*[[Dez Bryant]]<ref name="dallascowboys.com"/>
*[[Ronda Rousey]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://mmajunkie.com/2014/08/ufc-champ-ronda-rousey-doused-with-ice-water-invites-gina-carano-to-do-same|title=UFC champ Ronda Rousey doused with ice water, invites Gina Carano to do same}}</ref>
*[[Tim Cook]]<ref>[http://9to5mac.com/2014/08/14/tim-cook-takes-up-phil-schillers-ice-bucket-challege-during-diversity-week-beer-bash-video/ Tim Cook takes up Phil Schiller’s Ice Bucket Challenge during diversity week beer bash]</ref>
*[[Taylor Swift]]<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?v=10152367974920369]</ref>
*[[Adam Levine]]<ref>[http://hollywoodlife.com/2014/08/14/als-ice-bucket-challenge-celebs-accept-to-raise-awareness/]</ref>
*[[Gary Bettman]]<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/nhl/ice-bucket-challenge-gary-bettman-joins-in-1.2737441]</ref>
*[[Bill Gates]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Debnath |first=Neela |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/ice-bucket-challenge-bill-gates-gets-soaked-after-mark-zuckerberg-nomination-9673360.html |title=Bill Gates ice bucket challenge: Microsoft founder gets soaked after Mark Zuckerberg nomination |date=16 August 2014 |accessdate=16 August 2014 |publisher=[[The Independent]]}}</ref>
*[[Ryan Seacrest]]
*[[Jeff Bezos]]<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2014/08/14/zuckerberg-ice-bucket/14046605/ Apple's Cook, other tech CEOs join Ice Bucket Challenge]</ref>
*[[Triple H]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/overtheropes/triple-h-ice-bucket-challenge-26572226 | title=Triple H takes the 'Ice Bucket Challenge' for ALS | date=15 August 2014}}</ref>
*[[Sidney Crosby]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/crosby-kane-take-part-in-ice-bucket-challenge/ | title=Sidney Crosby takes the 'Ice Bucket Challenge' for ALS | date=15 August 2014}}</ref>
*[[David Boreanaz]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.whosay.com/l/eLD91Au | title=David Boreanaz takes the 'Ice Bucket Challenge' for ALS | date=14 August 2014}}</ref>
*[[Phoenix Jones]]<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2725734/Watch-moment-real-life-superhero-takes-ice-bucket-challenge-TASERED.html]</ref>
*[[George Lopez]]<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?v=10152211662376408&set=vb.30776016407&type=2&theater]</ref>
*[[CM Punk]]<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-T0gBJJSaU]</ref>
*[[The Miz]]<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?v=10152629992437429&set=vb.9972312428&type=2&theater]</ref>
*[[Bob Iger]]<ref>[http://www.laughingplace.com/w/news/2014/08/15/bob-iger-takes-the-als-ice-bucket-challenge/ Bob Iger Takes the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge]</ref>
*[[Dwayne Johnson]]<ref>[http://instagram.com/p/ruF9KPoh1k/?modal=true]</ref>
*[[United States men's national basketball team|United States Men's National Basketball Team]]<ref>[http://www.sbnation.com/lookit/2014/8/15/6007971/usa-basketball-did-a-group-ice-bucket-challenge-nominated-barack-obama USA Basketball did a group Ice Bucket Challenge, nominated Barack Obama]</ref>
*[[Stephen Amell]]<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwNpd-QLnC0]</ref>
*[[Demi Lovato]]<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OluUeUBfc1s]</ref>
*[[Hilary Duff]]<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YEGOlsZRfL0]</ref>
*[[Luke Bryan]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Strike Out ALS #IceBucketChallenge|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vZqfW_HHPHs|website=youtube.com|accessdate=17 August 2014}}</ref>
*[[Robert Downey Jr.]]<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NM3cAyA5jAo]</ref>
*[[Vince McMahon]]<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XMg3Na1Rl80]</ref>
*[[Rajon Rondo]] <ref>[https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?v=10153073673685031&set=vb.79102700030&type=2&theater]</ref>
*[[Elon Musk]]<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Retn7RDjYiw]</ref>
*[[Ricky Gervais]]<ref>https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?v=283624991761861</ref>
*[[Tie Domi]]<ref>http://www.torontosun.com/2014/08/15/tie-domi-issues-als-ice-bucket-challenge-to-rob-ford</ref>
*[[Rob Ford]]<ref>[http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/08/16/rob-ford-does-ice-bucket-challege-and-calls-out-kimmel-wynne-and-harper-to-do-the-same/]</ref> The challenge was issued by [[Tie Domi]] who, along with councillor [[Doug Ford, Jr.|Doug Ford]], poured a garbage can of ice water on the mayor. Ford later challenged [[Jimmy Kimmel]], Ontario Premier [[Kathleen Wynne]], and Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]].
*[[Pete Wentz]] and [[Joe Trohman]] <ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=fw15Kx3Oa4o]</ref>
*[[Nathan Fillion]]<ref>http://www.whosay.com/status/nathanfillion/968362?wsref=tw&code=Nrs92qK</ref>
*[[Mark Hoppus]]
*[[Diamond Dallas Page]]
*[[Jake Roberts]]
*[[Eddie Vedder]]<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HOe12kVXauQ&feature=youtu.be]</ref>
*[["Weird Al" Yankovic]]<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nYjEF6e_n8]</ref>
*[[Jack Black]]<ref>{{cite web|title=ALS Ice Bucket Challenge|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?v=10152400912788801|website=facebook.com|accessdate=17 August 2014}}</ref>
*[[Dikembe Mutombo]]<ref>http://instagram.com/p/rx2EEfNXMs</ref>
*[[Carrie Underwood]] and husband Mike Fisher<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oKbw6sUeqUk</ref> (where they used a tractor to dump the water on them)
*[[Sabine Lisicki]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Facebook - Sabine Lisicki|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?v=10152283891701517&set=vb.175535596516&type=2&theater|website=facebook.com|accessdate=17 August 2014}}</ref>
*[[Stephen Speilberg]]<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=QFF6EWVSACE]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Challenges]]
[[Category:Health-related fundraisers]]
[[Category:2010s fads and trends]]

Peacock Theater

2012-12-11T20:26:45Z

Wikidemon: fix superfluous word in lede, WP:CRYSTAL phrasing in body

{{Infobox Venue
| name = Nokia Theatre
| image = [[File:NokiaTheaterLA-Live02.jpg|250px]]
| image_caption = Front facade of the Nokia Theatre
| nickname =
| location = 777 Chick Hearn Court [[Los Angeles]], [[California]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|34|02|40|N|118|16|00|W|region:US-CA_type:landmark}}
| type = Indoor theater
| broke_ground =
| built =
| opened = October 18, 2007
| expanded =
| closed =
| demolished =
| owner = [[Anschutz Entertainment Group]]
| former_names =
| seating_type = Reserved
| seating_capacity = 7,100
}}

The '''Nokia Theatre''' is a music and theatre venue located in [[downtown Los Angeles]], [[California]] located at [[L.A. Live]].

==History==

The Nokia Theatre opened on October 18, 2007 with a concert featuring [[The Eagles]] and [[The Dixie Chicks]].

===Events===
The Nokia Theatre has become the venue for multiple award shows since its opening. The theatre has hosted the [[ESPY Awards]] since 2008 as well as the [[American Music Awards]] since 2007. The venue has been the home to the [[Primetime Emmy Awards]] since 2008 and will continue to do so until at least 2018.<ref name = "EmmyMove">{{cite news|author=Associated Press | work=USAToday |title=Emmys Will Move To New Venue |url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2008-03-11-emmys_N.htm |date=11 March 2008 |accessdate=13 July 2008}}</ref> The Nokia Theatre hosted the [[MTV Video Music Awards]] in [[2010 MTV Video Music Awards|2010]] and [[2011 MTV Video Music Awards|2011]]. In 2008 and 2011, the venue hosted ''The GRAMMY Nominations Live'' concert where the nominees for the [[Grammy Awards]] were announced. The Grammy Awards take place annually across the street at the [[Staples Center]]. The Nokia Theatre has hosted the [[People's Choice Awards]] since 2010. It has also been used by [[Nintendo]] multiple times for press conferences during the [[E3 Expo]].

The [[BET Awards]] are scheduled to move to the Nokia Theatre in 2013.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jun/30/entertainment/la-et-0630-bet-awards-20120630 | title=BET Awards stage one more in the Shrine before going to L.A. Live | work=Los Angeles Times | date=30 June 2012| author=Gerrick D. Kennedy |accessdate=13 October 2012}}</ref>

[[File:Nokia Theatre Los Angeles interior.jpg|thumb|Nokia Theatre as viewed from the stage]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://nokiatheatrelalive.com/ Nokia Theatre Official Website]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| title = Venues of the [[American Music Awards]]
| years = 2007-present
| before = [[Shrine Auditorium]]
| after = -
}}
{{succession box
| title = Venues of the [[Primetime Emmy Awards]]
| years = 2007-present
| before = [[Shrine Auditorium]]
| after = -
}}
{{succession box
| title = Venues of the [[ESPY Awards]]
| years = 2008-present
| before = [[Kodak Theatre]]
| after = -
}}
{{succession box
| title = Venues of the [[American Idol]] Finale
| years = 2008-present
| before = [[Kodak Theatre]]
| after = -
}}
{{succession box
| title = Venues of the [[MTV Video Music Awards]]
| years = 2010-2011
| before = [[Radio City Music Hall]]
| after = [[Staples Center]]
}}
{{succession box
| title = Venues of the [[People's Choice Awards]]
| years = 2010-present
| before = [[Shrine Auditorium]]
| after =
}}
{{end}}

{{Music venues of California}}

[[Category:Music venues in Los Angeles, California]]
[[Category:Concert halls in California]]
[[Category:Music venues completed in 2007]]

Ausschreitungen in Palästina 1929

2012-07-21T08:32:59Z

Wikidemon: /* External links */ rm terrorism categories not supported by article text (mob violence / riot is not terrorism)

{{pov|date=April 2012}}
{{coord|31.783|35.216|display=title}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Safed pogrom
| image = 1929massacre-safed.jpg
| image_size = 240px
| alt =
| caption = Sign directing to the section in Safed's cemetery where the Jews killed in 1929 are buried
| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| location = [[Safed]]
| target =
| coordinates =
| date = 29 August 1929
| time =
| timezone =
| type =
| fatalities = 18
| injuries = 80
| victim =
| perps =
| perp =
| susperps =
| susperp =
| weapons =
| numparts =
| numpart =
| dfens =
| dfen =
| footage =
}}
{{Campaignbox 1929 Palestine riots}}
The '''1929 Safed pogrom''' took place on 29 August during the [[1929 Palestine riots]]. Eighteen [[Jew]]s were killed (some sources say twenty) and eighty wounded.<ref>Kaplan, Neil (1983) ''Early Arab-Zionist Negotiation Attempts, 1913-1931''. London: Routledge, ISBN 0-7146-3214-7, p. 82.</ref> The main Jewish street was looted and burned.<ref>'Arab Attack At Safed', ''The Times'', Saturday, August 31, 1929; pg. 10; Issue 45296; col D.</ref><ref>'The Safed Disorders', ''The Times'', Monday, September 2, 1929; pg. 12; Issue 45297; col D.</ref> The members of the [[Shaw Report|Commission of Inquiry]] visited the town on 1 November 1929.<ref>'Palestine Inquiry Commissioners To Visit Safed', ''The Times'', Saturday, November 2, 1929; pg. 11; Issue 45350; col E.</ref>

==History==
The first [[Jews]] arrived in [[Safed]] around 1000 B.C.E, and since then Safed has had a Jewish population.<ref>http://rslissak.com/content/safeds-jewish-population-first-temple-modern-times-drrslissak.</ref> The [[Crusaders]] arrived in Safed in the 11th century, and stayed until the 13th century. During the Crusader era, an [[Arab]] community began to grow in Safed and the Arab Quarter was established.<ref>http://www.zissil.com/topics/Safed-History.</ref> Both the Arab and Jewish communities in Safed grew, and they lived together relatively peacefully, despite some periods of unrest. Arab unrest grew, as many Arabs began to be aggravated by the [[Jewish land purchase in Palestine|immigration of Jews to Palestine]]. Following the 1929 Jewish demonstration in Jerusalem, tensions rose. The [[Haj Amin al-Husseini|Mufti of Jerusalem]], told his followers that Jews were preparing to take over the [[Al Aqsa Mosque]]. This, among the other rising tensions across [[Palestine]], caused the [[1929 Palestine riots]], which the 1929 Safed pogrom was a part of.<ref>http://www.zissil.com/topics/Tarpat-1929-Arab-Riots-in-Safed.</ref>

==Personal account==

[[David Hacohen]] was a resident of Safed and witnessed the aftermath of the Safed pogrom. He documented his observations in his diary.

"We set out on Saturday morning. . . I could not believe my eyes. . . I met some of the town's Jewish elders, who fell on my neck weeping bitterly. We went down alleys and steps to the old town. Inside the houses I saw the mutilated and burned bodies of the victims of the massacre, and the burned body of a woman tied to the grille of a window. Going from house to house, I counted ten bodies that had not yet been collected. I saw the destruction and the signs of fire. Even in my grimmest thoughts I had not imagined that this was how I would find Safed where "calm prevailed."

The local Jews gave me a detailed description of how the tragedy had started. The pogrom began on the afternoon of Thursday, August 29, and was carried out by Arabs from Safed and from the nearby villages, armed with weapons and tins of kerosene. Advancing on the street of the Sefardi Jews from Kfar Meron and Ein Zeitim, they looted and set fire to houses, urging each other on to continue with the killing. They slaughtered the schoolteacher, Aphriat, together with his wife and mother, and cut the lawyer, Toledano, to pieces with their knives. Bursting into the orphanages, they smashed the children's heads and cut off their hands. I myself saw the victims. Yitshak Mammon, a native of Safed who lived with an Arab family, was murdered with indescribable brutality: he was stabbed again and again, until his body became a bloody sieve, and then he was trampled to death. Throughout the whole pogrom the police did not fire a single shot."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LDxPY1QvJWcC&pg=PA37&lpg=PA37&dq=david+hacohen+safed+pogrom&source=bl&ots=XivAJ_Mbex&sig=EOE2ksvobw6V-h1sYfHwbhFypMM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GvyLT73fN-mv0QWEi93UCQ&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false | title=Time to Tell: An Israeli Life, 1898-1984 | publisher=Associated University Presses | date=1 Jun 1985 | accessdate=April 16, 2012 | author=David Hacohen | pages=37,38}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[1929 Palestine riots]]
*[[List of massacres in Israel]]
*[[Timeline of Zionism]]
*[[Timeline of Jewish History]]
*[[Riots in Palestine of May, 1921]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*[http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/5f21f8a1ca578a57052566120067f658?OpenDocument Minutes of the Seventeenth (Extraordinary)Session of the Permanent Mandates Commission]
*[http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/59a92104ed00dc468525625b00527fea!OpenDocument Report of the Commission appointed by His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, with the approval of the Council of the League of Nations, to determine the rights and claims of Moslems and Jews in connection with the Western or Wailing Wall at Jerusalem]

{{Arab-Israeli Conflict}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Safed Massacre}}
[[Category:1929 Palestine riots|Safed massacre]]
[[Category:Massacres in Palestine|Safed]]
[[Category:History of Safed]]
[[Category:Anti-Jewish pogroms by Muslims]]

{{Jewish-hist-stub}}
{{Mandate-Palestine-stub}}

[[ar:مذبحة صفد]]
[[es:Masacre de Safed]]
[[he:טבח צפת (מאורעות תרפ"ט)]]
[[pl:Pogrom w Safedzie]]
[[ru:Еврейский погром в Цфате]]

Sierra Nevada Corporation

2012-06-08T19:38:46Z

Wikidemon: rv promotional / copyvio

{{Cleanup|date=January 2009}}
{{Infobox Company |
company_name = Sierra Nevada Corporation |
company_logo = |
company_type = [[Private company|Private]] |
company_slogan = |
foundation = |
location = [[Sparks, Nevada]]|
key_people = Eren Ozmen, President and CFO; Fatih Ozmen, CEO |
num_employees = 2000 |
industry = [[Aerospace engineering|Aerospace]] |
products = [[Orbital spaceflight|Orbital]] [[rocket launch]] [[Commercial Orbital Transportation Services]] |
homepage = [http://www.sncorp.com/ sncorp.com]
}}
'''Sierra Nevada Corporation''' (SNC) is an electronic systems provider and systems integrator specializing in [[Miniaturized satellite|microsatellite]]s, [[energy]], [[telemedicine]], [[nanotechnology]], and commercial orbital transportation services. The company contracts with the [[US military]], [[NASA]] and [[private spaceflight]] companies. The company is headquartered in Sparks, Nevada.

SNC employs over 2000 people.<ref name=Fg20091027/> SNC has six different business areas, and 35 locations in 16 states along with numerous customer support sites located throughout the world.<ref>[http://www.sncorp.com/about/ataglance.shtml Company at a glance]</ref>

==SpaceDev==
On December 16, 2008 SNC announced it had completed its acquisition of [[SpaceDev]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sncorp.com/news/press/snc_2008_spacedev.shtml |title=Sierra Nevada Corporation Acquires Space Dev Inc |date=December 16, 2008 |publisher=SNC}}</ref> SNC is now developing an [[orbit]]al [[spacecraft]] called the [[Dream Chaser (spacecraft)|Dream Chaser]].<ref name=Fg20091027>{{Cite video
| people = Mark Sirangelo
| title = International Astronautical Congress 2009: Civilian Access to Space
| medium = video
| publisher = [[Flightglobal]] Hyperbola, Rob Coppinger
| location = [[Daejeon, Korea]]
| url = http://www.flightglobal.com/blogs/hyperbola/2009/10/video-iac2009-civilian-access.html
| date = 2009-10-27 }}, video comments at 11:30 ff.</ref> On February 1, 2010, Sierra Nevada Corporation was awarded<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sncorp.com/news/press/pr10/snc_ccdev_spacenews.shtml |title=SNC receives largest award of NASA's CCDev Competitive Contract |date=February 1, 2010 |publisher=SNC}}</ref> $20 million in seed money in phase 1 of NASA’s [[Commercial Crew Development]] (CCDev) program for the development of the DreamChaser. Of the $50 million awarded in the phase 1 CCDev program, Dream Chaser's award represents the largest share of the funds.

==RocketMotorTwo==
{{main|RocketMotorTwo}}
SNC is the prime contractor on [[RocketMotorTwo]] for [[SpaceShipTwo]], and is designing the [[rocket engine]] for [[Scaled Composites]].<ref name=Space-2011-06-10> Space.com, [http://www.space.com/11928-virgin-galactic-spaceshiptwo-test-flights-space-tourism.html "Virgin Galactic Pushes Private Spaceship Envelope in Test Flights"], '''Leonard David''', ''10 June 2011'' </ref>
==Aircraft reconnaissance development==
''[[Gorgon Stare]]'', a wide-area surveillance sensor, is being developed and tested on the [[MQ-9 Reaper]] at [[Eglin Air Force Base]], Florida. with the [[53rd Wing]]. These sensors pods have been in development since 2009 by the Air Force’s Big Safari group and Sierra Nevada Corp.<ref name=times>[http://www.airforcetimes.com/news/2011/01/air-force-stands-by-gorgon-stare-012511w/ AirForcTimes.com: ''Air Force stands by Gorgon Stare program''], by Ben Iannotta - C4ISR Journal Writer, posted Tuesday Jan 25, 2011 14:15:59 EST</ref>

==See also==
*[[Top 100 US Federal Contractors]]
*[[SpaceX]]
*[[Bigelow Aerospace]]
*[[Rocketplane Kistler|Kistler]]
*[[Thor III]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.sncorp.com/ Sierra Nevada Corporation website]

{{Space tourism}}

[[Category:Private spaceflight]]
[[Category:Electronics companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Private spaceflight companies]]
[[Category:Space Act Agreement companies]]
[[Category:Companies based in Sparks, Nevada]]

[[fr:Sierra Nevada Corporation]]

Kreayshawn

2011-07-10T14:17:15Z

Wikidemon: not that young

{{Infobox musical artist
| Name = Kreayshawn
| Img =
| Img_capt =
| Background = solo_singer
| Birth_name = Natassia Zolot
| Born = September 24, 1989
| Genre = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]
| Occupation = [[Rapper]], [[Editor]], [[Music video director|Director]]
| Instrument = [[Vocals]]
| Years_active = 2008–present
| Label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
| Associated_acts = White Girl Mob (group)
| URL = [http://www.kreayshawn.tumblr.com kreayshawn.tumblr.com]
| Notable_instruments =
}}

'''Natassia Zolot''' (born September 24, 1989), better known by her stage name '''Kreayshawn''', is an American [[hip hop]] singer-songwriter based in [[Oakland, California]].

==Personal life==
Zolot was born in [[San Francisco, California]]<ref name="san">{{cite news|url=http://globalgrind.com/music/kreayshawn-white-girl-mobbin-gucci-gucci-video-x-photos|title=Kreayshawn Is White Girl Mobbin' In "Gucci Gucci" |publisher=GlobalGrind|date=May 31, 2011}}</ref> and grew up in [[Oakland, California]]. She is the daughter of [[Elka Zolot]], former member of the San Francisco Garage-Punk band [[The Trashwomen]]. After dropping out of high school she attended The Berkeley Digital Film Institute on scholarship.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2011/05/who-is-kreayshawn/directing|date=May 31, 2011}}</ref>

She is a self-proclaimed "occasional lesbian".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2011/05/who-is-kreayshawn/sexual-orientation|publisher=Complex|title=In Her Own Words: Who Is Kreayshawn?|author=Insanul Ahmed|date=May 31, 2011}}</ref>

==Career==
Kreayshawn directed East Bay rapper [[Lil B]]'s videos.<ref name = "NowPublic2011">{{cite news|title=Kreayshawn: 'Gucci Gucci' Video from East Oakland-Born Rapper|url=http://www.nowpublic.com/culture/kreayshawn-gucci-gucci-video-east-oakland-born-rapper-2789609.html|accessdate=23 May 2011|date=19 May 2011}}</ref> Kreayshawn additionally performs as part of the White Girl Mob, consisting of herself, fellow vocalist [[V-Nasty]], and [[DJ Lil' Debbie]].

She became well-known after posting the video for her single, "Gucci Gucci" (video directed by Joseph Zentil of [[Strange Customs]]), generating nearly three million YouTube views in three weeks. In the song she proclaims her disdain for wearing designer brands such as [[Gucci]], [[Louis Vuitton]], [[Fendi]], or [[Prada]]: "Basic bitches wear that shit, so I don't even bother."<ref name = "BaltimoreSun2011">{{cite news|last=Case|first=Wesley|title=Kreayshawns Gucci Gucci isn't what you think it is|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/bthesite/louder-now-blog/bal-kreayshawn-drops-gucci-gucci-video-20110519,0,7821813.story|accessdate=23 May 2011|newspaper=Baltimore Sun|date=19 May 2011}}</ref>
Jasper Dolphin and Left Brain of the hip-hop group [[OFWGKTA]] also make appearances in the video for the single, along with Stephen James Turner and Aaron Matthew Perez. On June 8, 2011 it was announced that she signed a recording contract with [[Columbia Records]].

On June 23, 2011 it was announced that Kreayshawn would direct the music video for "[[The Adventures of Raindance Maggie]]," the first single from the [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]] album, ''[[I'm with You (album)|I'm with You]]'', which is due for release on August 30, 2011. The single is due for release on July 18, 2011 though it is unknown when the video will be released. <ref>http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1666327/red-hot-chili-peppers-adventures-rain-dance-maggie-video-kreayshawn.jhtml</ref> Kreyshawn told [[MTV]] that she was shocked when the band's label contacted her management about directing the video. She said she went to film school but never thought it would translate to something this big. <ref>http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1666696/kreayshawn-red-hot-chili-peppers-rhcp-rain-dance-maggie.jhtml?xrs=share_fb</ref>

==Discography==
*2010: ''Kittys x Choppas'' (Mixtape)
*2011: ''Kreayshawn X The Mob'' (mixtape)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2011/may/25/new-band-kreayshawn Kreayshawn (No 1,030) Natassia Zolot's rap brat persona suggests a female Tyler] Guardian.co.UK
*[http://www.gq.com/entertainment/music/201105/kreayshawn-interview-gucci-gucci Icebreaker: Kreayshawn ] GQ Magazine
*[http://blogs.villagevoice.com/music/2011/05/kreayshawn_gucci_gucci_angel_haze.php Beyond Kreayshawn: The Women In Hip-Hop Who The Internet Should Freak Out About Next] Village Voice

{{Persondata 
| NAME =
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = September 24, 1989
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Female rappers]]
[[Category:American rappers]]
[[Category:LGBT musicians from the United States]]
[[Category:Rappers from the San Francisco Bay Area]]

Kreayshawn

2011-07-04T17:36:26Z

Wikidemon: smooth out construct used to support awkward sentence construction that makes unsourced attribution of opinion

{{Infobox musical artist
| Name = Kreayshawn
| Img =
| Img_capt =
| Background = solo_singer
| Birth_name = Natassia Zolot
| Born = September 24, 1989
| Genre = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]
| Occupation = [[Rapper]], [[Editor]], [[Music video director|Director]]
| Instrument = [[Vocals]]
| Years_active = 2008–present
| Label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
| Associated_acts = White Girl Mob (group)
| URL = [http://www.kreayshawn.tumblr.com kreayshawn.tumblr.com]
| Notable_instruments =
}}

'''Natassia Zolot''' (born September 24, 1989), better known by her stage name '''Kreayshawn''', is an American [[hip hop]] singer-songwriter based in [[Oakland, California]], occasionally billed as "the female [[Lil B]]" or the "based goddess".

==Personal life==
Zolot was born in [[San Francisco, California]]<ref name="san">{{cite news|url=http://globalgrind.com/music/kreayshawn-white-girl-mobbin-gucci-gucci-video-x-photos|title=Kreayshawn Is White Girl Mobbin' In "Gucci Gucci" |publisher=GlobalGrind|date=May 31, 2011}}</ref> and grew up in [[Oakland, California]]. She is the daughter of [[Elka Zolot]], former member of the San Francisco Garage-Punk band [[The Trashwomen]]. After dropping out of high school she attended The Berkeley Digital Film Institute on scholarship.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2011/05/who-is-kreayshawn/directing|date=May 31, 2011}}</ref>

She is a self-proclaimed "occasional lesbian".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2011/05/who-is-kreayshawn/sexual-orientation|publisher=Complex|title=In Her Own Words: Who Is Kreayshawn?|author=Insanul Ahmed|date=May 31, 2011}}</ref>

==Career==
Kreayshawn directed East Bay rapper [[Lil B]]'s videos.<ref name = "NowPublic2011">{{cite news|title=Kreayshawn: 'Gucci Gucci' Video from East Oakland-Born Rapper|url=http://www.nowpublic.com/culture/kreayshawn-gucci-gucci-video-east-oakland-born-rapper-2789609.html|accessdate=23 May 2011|date=19 May 2011}}</ref> Kreayshawn additionally performs as part of the White Girl Mob, consisting of herself, fellow vocalist [[V-Nasty]], and [[DJ Lil' Debbie]].

She became well-known after posting the video for her single, "Gucci Gucci" (video directed by Joseph Zentil of [[Strange Customs]]), generating nearly two million YouTube views in two weeks. Then on the third week the video had over 2.7 million views. In the song she proclaims her disdain for wearing designer brands such as [[Gucci]], [[Louis Vuitton]], [[Fendi]], or [[Prada]]: "Basic bitches wear that shit, so don't even bother."<ref name = "BaltimoreSun2011">{{cite news|last=Case|first=Wesley|title=Kreayshawns Gucci Gucci isn't what you think it is|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/bthesite/louder-now-blog/bal-kreayshawn-drops-gucci-gucci-video-20110519,0,7821813.story|accessdate=23 May 2011|newspaper=Baltimore Sun|date=19 May 2011}}</ref>
Jasper Dolphin and Left Brain of the hip-hop group [[OFWGKTA]] also make appearances in the video for the single, along with Stephen James Turner and Aaron Matthew Perez. On June 8, 2011 it was announced that she signed a recording contract with [[Columbia Records]].

On June 23, 2011 it was announced that Kreayshawn would direct the music video for "[[The Adventures of Raindance Maggie]]," the first single off the [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]] album, ''[[I'm with You (album)|I'm with You]]'', which is due for release on August 30, 2011. The single is due for release on July 18, 2011 though it is unknown when the video will be released. <ref>http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1666327/red-hot-chili-peppers-adventures-rain-dance-maggie-video-kreayshawn.jhtml</ref> Kreyshawn told [[MTV]] that she was shocked when the band's label contacted her management about directing the video. She said she went to film school but never thought it would translate to something this big. <ref>http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1666696/kreayshawn-red-hot-chili-peppers-rhcp-rain-dance-maggie.jhtml?xrs=share_fb</ref>

==Discography==
*2010: ''Kittys x Choppas'' (Mixtape)
*2011: ''Kreayshawn X The Mob'' (mixtape)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2011/may/25/new-band-kreayshawn Kreayshawn (No 1,030) Natassia Zolot's rap brat persona suggests a female Tyler] Guardian.co.UK
*[http://www.gq.com/entertainment/music/201105/kreayshawn-interview-gucci-gucci Icebreaker: Kreayshawn ] GQ Magazine
*[http://blogs.villagevoice.com/music/2011/05/kreayshawn_gucci_gucci_angel_haze.php Beyond Kreayshawn: The Women In Hip-Hop Who The Internet Should Freak Out About Next] Village Voice

{{Persondata 
| NAME =
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = September 24, 1989
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Female rappers]]
[[Category:American rappers]]
[[Category:LGBT musicians from the United States]]
[[Category:Rappers from the San Francisco Bay Area]]

Kreayshawn

2011-06-27T02:21:14Z

Wikidemon: /* Personal life */ rm statement that is apparently unsourced, and if true would not be remarkable or relevant

{{Infobox musical artist
| Name = Kreayshawn
| Img =
| Img_capt =
| Background = solo_singer
| Birth_name = Natassia Zolot
| Born = September 24, 1989
| Genre = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]
| Occupation = [[Rapper]], [[Editor]], [[Music video director|Director]]
| Instrument = [[Vocals]]
| Years_active = 2008–present
| Label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
| Associated_acts = White Girl Mob (group)
| URL = [http://www.kreayshawn.tumblr.com kreayshawn.tumblr.com]
| Notable_instruments =
}}

'''Natassia Zolot''' (born September 24, 1989), better known by her stage name '''Kreayshawn''', is an American [[hip hop]] singer-songwriter based in [[Oakland, California]], occasionally billed as "the female [[Lil B]]" or the "based goddess".

==Personal life==
Zolot was born in [[San Francisco, California]]<ref name="san">{{cite news|url=http://globalgrind.com/music/kreayshawn-white-girl-mobbin-gucci-gucci-video-x-photos|title=Kreayshawn Is White Girl Mobbin' In "Gucci Gucci" |publisher=GlobalGrind|date=May 31, 2011}}</ref> and grew up in [[Oakland, California]]. She is the daughter of [[Elka Zolot]], former member of the San Francisco Garage-Punk band [[The Trashwomen]]. After dropping out of high school she attended The Berkeley Digital Film Institute on scholarship.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2011/05/who-is-kreayshawn/directing|date=May 31, 2011}}</ref>

She is a self-proclaimed "occasional lesbian" and can be seen strolling the streets of Oakland with her friend 'Lil Debbie'.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2011/05/who-is-kreayshawn/sexual-orientation|publisher=Complex|title=In Her Own Words: Who Is Kreayshawn?|author=Insanul Ahmed|date=May 31, 2011}}</ref>

==Career==
Kreayshawn directed East Bay rapper [[Lil B]]'s videos.<ref name = "NowPublic2011">{{cite news|title=Kreayshawn: 'Gucci Gucci' Video from East Oakland-Born Rapper|url=http://www.nowpublic.com/culture/kreayshawn-gucci-gucci-video-east-oakland-born-rapper-2789609.html|accessdate=23 May 2011|date=19 May 2011}}</ref> Kreayshawn additionally performs as part of the White Girl Mob, consisting of herself, fellow vocalist V-Nasty, and DJ Lil' Debbie.

She became well-known after posting the video for her single, "Gucci Gucci" (video directed by [[Joseph Zentil]] of [[Strange Customs]]), generating nearly two million YouTube views in two weeks. Then on the third week the video had over 2.7 million views. In the song she proclaims her disdain for wearing designer brands such as [[Gucci]], [[Louis Vuitton]], [[Fendi]], or [[Prada]] because "Basic bitches wear that shit, so I don't even bother."<ref name = "BaltimoreSun2011">{{cite news|last=Case|first=Wesley|title=Kreayshawns Gucci Gucci isn't what you think it is|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/bthesite/louder-now-blog/bal-kreayshawn-drops-gucci-gucci-video-20110519,0,7821813.story|accessdate=23 May 2011|newspaper=Baltimore Sun|date=19 May 2011}}</ref>
Jasper Dolphin and Left Brain of the hip-hop group [[OFWGKTA]] also make appearances in the video for the single, along with Stephen James Turner and Aaron Matthew Perez. On June 8, 2011 it was announced that she signed a recording contract with [[Columbia Records]].

On June 23, 2011 it was announced that Kreayshawn would direct the music video for "[[The Adventures of Raindance Maggie]]," the first single off the [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]] album, [[I'm with You]], which is due for release on August 30, 2011. <ref>http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1666327/red-hot-chili-peppers-adventures-rain-dance-maggie-video-kreayshawn.jhtml</ref>

On June 26, 2011 the "Gucci Gucci" video was removed from YouTube and replaced with a notice from YouTube that it had violated YouTube's Terms of Service.

==Discography==
*2010: ''Kittys x Choppas'' (Mixtape)
*2011: ''Kreayshawn X The Mob'' (mixtape)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2011/may/25/new-band-kreayshawn Kreayshawn (No 1,030) Natassia Zolot's rap brat persona suggests a female Tyler] Guardian.co.UK
*[http://www.gq.com/entertainment/music/201105/kreayshawn-interview-gucci-gucci Icebreaker: Kreayshawn ] GQ Magazine
*[http://blogs.villagevoice.com/music/2011/05/kreayshawn_gucci_gucci_angel_haze.php Beyond Kreayshawn: The Women In Hip-Hop Who The Internet Should Freak Out About Next] Village Voice

{{Persondata 
| NAME =
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = September 24, 1989
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Female rappers]]
[[Category:American rappers]]
[[Category:Rappers from the San Francisco Bay Area]]

Kreayshawn

2011-06-27T02:18:20Z

Wikidemon: /* Career */ more specific - we don't know why the video was removed or whether it violated the TOS, only that YouTube appears to have put a notice up to that effect

{{Infobox musical artist
| Name = Kreayshawn
| Img =
| Img_capt =
| Background = solo_singer
| Birth_name = Natassia Zolot
| Born = September 24, 1989
| Genre = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]
| Occupation = [[Rapper]], [[Editor]], [[Music video director|Director]]
| Instrument = [[Vocals]]
| Years_active = 2008–present
| Label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
| Associated_acts = White Girl Mob (group)
| URL = [http://www.kreayshawn.tumblr.com kreayshawn.tumblr.com]
| Notable_instruments =
}}

'''Natassia Zolot''' (born September 24, 1989), better known by her stage name '''Kreayshawn''', is an American [[hip hop]] singer-songwriter based in [[Oakland, California]], occasionally billed as "the female [[Lil B]]" or the "based goddess".

==Personal life==
Zolot was born in [[San Francisco, California]]<ref name="san">{{cite news|url=http://globalgrind.com/music/kreayshawn-white-girl-mobbin-gucci-gucci-video-x-photos|title=Kreayshawn Is White Girl Mobbin' In "Gucci Gucci" |publisher=GlobalGrind|date=May 31, 2011}}</ref> and grew up in [[Oakland, California]]. She is the daughter of [[Elka Zolot]], former member of the San Francisco Garage-Punk band [[The Trashwomen]]. After dropping out of high school she attended The Berkeley Digital Film Institute on scholarship.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2011/05/who-is-kreayshawn/directing|date=May 31, 2011}}</ref>

She is a self-proclaimed "occasional lesbian" and can be seen strolling the streets of Oakland with her friend (a believer in Cartesian Dualism and a staunch proponent of Keynesian economics) 'Lil Debbie'.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2011/05/who-is-kreayshawn/sexual-orientation|publisher=Complex|title=In Her Own Words: Who Is Kreayshawn?|author=Insanul Ahmed|date=May 31, 2011}}</ref>

==Career==
Kreayshawn directed East Bay rapper [[Lil B]]'s videos.<ref name = "NowPublic2011">{{cite news|title=Kreayshawn: 'Gucci Gucci' Video from East Oakland-Born Rapper|url=http://www.nowpublic.com/culture/kreayshawn-gucci-gucci-video-east-oakland-born-rapper-2789609.html|accessdate=23 May 2011|date=19 May 2011}}</ref> Kreayshawn additionally performs as part of the White Girl Mob, consisting of herself, fellow vocalist V-Nasty, and DJ Lil' Debbie.

She became well-known after posting the video for her single, "Gucci Gucci" (video directed by [[Joseph Zentil]] of [[Strange Customs]]), generating nearly two million YouTube views in two weeks. Then on the third week the video had over 2.7 million views. In the song she proclaims her disdain for wearing designer brands such as [[Gucci]], [[Louis Vuitton]], [[Fendi]], or [[Prada]] because "Basic bitches wear that shit, so I don't even bother."<ref name = "BaltimoreSun2011">{{cite news|last=Case|first=Wesley|title=Kreayshawns Gucci Gucci isn't what you think it is|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/bthesite/louder-now-blog/bal-kreayshawn-drops-gucci-gucci-video-20110519,0,7821813.story|accessdate=23 May 2011|newspaper=Baltimore Sun|date=19 May 2011}}</ref>
Jasper Dolphin and Left Brain of the hip-hop group [[OFWGKTA]] also make appearances in the video for the single, along with Stephen James Turner and Aaron Matthew Perez. On June 8, 2011 it was announced that she signed a recording contract with [[Columbia Records]].

On June 23, 2011 it was announced that Kreayshawn would direct the music video for "[[The Adventures of Raindance Maggie]]," the first single off the [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]] album, [[I'm with You]], which is due for release on August 30, 2011. <ref>http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1666327/red-hot-chili-peppers-adventures-rain-dance-maggie-video-kreayshawn.jhtml</ref>

On June 26, 2011 the "Gucci Gucci" video was removed from YouTube and replaced with a notice from YouTube that it had violated YouTube's Terms of Service.

==Discography==
*2010: ''Kittys x Choppas'' (Mixtape)
*2011: ''Kreayshawn X The Mob'' (mixtape)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2011/may/25/new-band-kreayshawn Kreayshawn (No 1,030) Natassia Zolot's rap brat persona suggests a female Tyler] Guardian.co.UK
*[http://www.gq.com/entertainment/music/201105/kreayshawn-interview-gucci-gucci Icebreaker: Kreayshawn ] GQ Magazine
*[http://blogs.villagevoice.com/music/2011/05/kreayshawn_gucci_gucci_angel_haze.php Beyond Kreayshawn: The Women In Hip-Hop Who The Internet Should Freak Out About Next] Village Voice

{{Persondata 
| NAME =
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = September 24, 1989
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Female rappers]]
[[Category:American rappers]]
[[Category:Rappers from the San Francisco Bay Area]]

HomeAway

2011-06-21T19:37:13Z

Wikidemon: general cleanup: misc. copyedits

{{Infobox company
| name = HomeAway.com, Inc.
| logo =
| type =
| genre =
| foundation = February 2005
| founders = Brian Sharples and Carl Shepherd
| location_city = [[Austin, TX]]
| location_country = USA
| location =
| locations =
| area_served =
| key_people = Brian Sharples (CEO) Carl Shepherd (CDO) Brent Bellm (COO) Tom Hale (CPO) Ross Buhrdorf (CTO) Lynn Atchison (CFO)
| industry = [[Travel]]
| products =
| services = Vacation Rentals
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = [http://www.homeaway.com/]
| footnotes =
| intl =
}}

'''HomeAway, Inc.''' is an online [[vacation rental]] marketplace.<ref>*Cain Miller, Claire. [http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/11/11/vacation-rental-site-raises-250-million-in-venture-funds/ "Vacation Rental Site Raises $250 Million"], ''New York Times'', November 11, 2008. </ref> HomeAway connects homeowners and property managers who advertise (or list) their properties available for rent with travelers who choose these alternative accommodations instead of hotels.

HomeAway is a [[privately held]] company funded by [[venture capital]] firms [[Austin Ventures]], [[Institutional Venture Partners]], [[Redpoint Ventures]], Technology Crossover Ventures and Trident Capital.<ref name="VC Splash">*Nuttall, Chris. [http://blogs.ft.com/techblog/2008/11/homeaway-makes-a-splash-with-250m-vc-round/ "HomeAway makes $250m VC round splash"], ''FinancialTimes.com'', November 11, 2008. </ref> The company is headquartered in Austin, Texas with additional offices in Colorado, Virginia, New York, England, Germany, Brazil and France.<ref> HomeAway.com [http://www.homeaway.com/info/about-us/company-description "About HomeAway"], HomeAway.com, 2010. <October 26, 2010></ref>

== History ==
HomeAway, Inc was founded in February 2005.<ref name="VC Splash"/> The company initially acquired several sites and consolidated them into a single vacation marketplace, launching HomeAway.com in June 2006.<ref>*Austin Business Journal. [http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2006/06/05/daily23.html "Live the destination: Local company launches vacation rental Web site"], ''Austin Business Journal'', June 7, 2006. </ref> Travelers can search HomeAway.com to find a vacation rental for free and homeowners can pay to advertise their property.<ref>*Perkins, Ed. [http://www.smartertravel.com/travel-advice/what-the-best-way-to-arrange-vacation-rental.html?id=4671711 "What's the Best Way to Arrange a Vacation Rental], ''Smarter Travel'', April, 19, 2010. 
</ref>

The acquisitions that HomeAway has made include:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Date !! Acquisition !! Location
|-
| 2005 || CyberRentals.com<ref name=Corporate>*CrunchBase.[http://www.crunchbase.com/company/homeaway "HomeAway Corporate Profile"], ''CrunchBase''. </ref> || U.S.
|-
| 2005 || GreatRentals.com<ref name="Corporate"/> || U.S.
|-
| 2005 || A1Vacations.com<ref name="Corporate"/> || U.S.
|-
| 2005 || TripHomes.com<ref name="Corporate"/> || U.S.
|-
| 2005 || Holiday-Rentals.co.uk<ref name="Corporate"/> || United Kingdom
|-
| 2005 || FeWo-direkt.de<ref name="Corporate"/> || Germany
|-
| 2006 || VRBO.com<ref>*Austin Business Journal.[http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2006/11/13/daily2.html "Vacation rental site lands $160M, buys competitor"], ''Austin Business Journal'' November 13, 2006. </ref> || U.S.
|-
| 2007 || Arbritel.fr<ref>*Austin Business Journal.[http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2007/01/22/daily2.html "HomeAway buys French Web site"], ''Austin Business Journal'' January 22, 2007. </ref> || France
|-
| 2007 || VacationRentals.com<ref>*Austin Business Journal.[http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2007/05/14/daily2.html "HomeAway continues buying spree"], ''Austin Business Journal'' May 14, 2007. </ref> || U.S.
|-
| 2007 || OwnersDirect.co.uk<ref>*Austin Business Journal.[http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2007/10/01/daily9.html "HomeAway continues buying streak with UK-based acquisition"], ''Austin Business Journal'' October 2, 2007. </ref> || United Kingdom
|-
| 2009 || Homelidays.com<ref>*Austin Business Journal.[http://www.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2009/02/02/daily28.html "HomeAway picks up Homelidays SAS of Paris"], ''Austin Business Journal'' February 4, 2009. </ref> || France
|-
| 2010|| BedandBreakfast.com<ref>*Travel Weekly.[http://www.travelweekly.com/article3_ektid210956.aspx "HomeAway buys B&B website"], ''Jerry Limone'' March 3, 2010. </ref> || U.S.
|-
| 2010 || AlugueTemporada.com.br<ref>*TechCrunch.[http://techcrunch.com/2010/03/09/homeaway-south-america/ "HomeAway Expands To South America With Purchase Of Brazilian Counterpart"], ''Robin Wauters'' March 9, 2010. </ref> || Brazil
|}

HomeAway moved into its new global headquarters in Austin, Texas on October 2, 2009; the first mixed-use project and the second company in Austin to achieve [[Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design|LEED]] Gold certification for Commercial Interior Design.<ref>*Austin Business Journal.[http://austin.bizjournals.com/austin/stories/2010/04/12/daily45.html "HomeAway HQ nabs LEED gold rating"], ''Austin Business Journal'', April 15, 2010. 
</ref>

On November 18, 2009, [[Us Weekly]] announced that HomeAway would reunite actors Chevy Chase and Beverly D’Angelo in a new short film and advertising campaign based on [[National Lampoon’s Vacation]]. The HomeAway ad represents the company’s first national advertising campaign that debuted during the CBS television network broadcast of Super Bowl XLIV on February 7, 2010.<ref>*US Weekly. [http://www.usmagazine.com/moviestvmusic/news/chevy-chase-beverly-dangelo-to-reprise-vacation-roles-20091811 "Exclusive: Chevy Chase, Beverly D'Angelo to Reprise Vacation Roles"], ''US Weekly'', November 18, 2009. </ref>

==Financing==

HomeAway announced in November 2006 its $160 million in financing to fund global expansion initiatives, including the acquisition of VRBO.com (Vacation Rentals by Owner).<ref name="VC Splash"/> On November 11, 2008, HomeAway announced it had completed an additional $250 million equity capital raise.<ref>[http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/08_52/b4114082621198.htm "Some Startups Still Lure Investors"], ''BusinessWeek.com''. </ref> The investment was led by Technology Crossover Ventures (TCV) and with existing investors Institutional Venture Partners (IVP) and [[Redpoint Ventures]].<ref>*Ante, Spencer. [http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/nov2008/tc20081111_033472.htm "HomeAway: A Find in Online Vacation Rentals"], ''BusinessWeek Online'', November 11, 2008. </ref> In 2010 the Wall Street Journal named HomeAway one of the top 10 venture funded companies.<ref>*DEBAISE, Colleen and Austin, Scott. [http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703915204575104222702359984.html?KEYWORDS=Promising+Young+firms "Sizing Up Promising Young Firms "], ''Wall Street Journal'', March 9, 2010. </ref>

In March 2011, HomeAway filed with the SEC to raise up to $230 million in an initial public offering.<ref>[http://www.renaissancecapital.com/ipohome/news/Vacation-rental-website-HomeAway-gears-up-for-$230-million-IPO-9162.html Vacation rental website HomeAway gears up for $230 million IPO] Renaissance Capital </ref>

== Competitive environment ==
On August 19, 2008, [[Orbitz]] announced its entrance into the vacation rental marketplace.<ref>*Kaufman, David. [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26287992/ "Orbitz adds vacation rentals to online offerings"], Associated Press, August 19, 2008. </ref> The following day after the Orbitz announcement, Expedia’s [[TripAdvisor]] Web site took a majority stake in FlipKey, a website that features vacation rental properties and verified guest reviews.<ref>*Munarriz, Rick Aristotle. [http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2008/08/20/expedias-widening-hammock.aspx "Expedia's Widening Hammock"], ''The Motley Fool'', August 20, 2008. </ref>

Craigslist also lists vacation rental properties.<ref>*Perkins, Ed. [http://www.usatoday.com/travel/deals/inside/2010-09-16-ebay-craigslist-travel-deals_N.htm "Can you trust travel deals on eBay and Craigslist?"], USA Today, September 16, 2010. </ref> Other lodging alternatives to hotels include Homelink.org and HomeExchange.com that offer home swaps, Couchsurfing.org and HospitalityClub.org, Airbnb.com and Wimdu.com which offer rooms or space in homes to travelers, Hosteling International which offers dorm-style accommodations.<ref>*Sullivan, Laura. [http://www.mint.com/blog/goals/budget-travel-tips-08162010/ "Budget Travel Tips: Skip the Hotel With These Five Lodging Alternatives"], ''Mint.com Blog'', August 16, 2010. </ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

;General references
{{Refbegin}}
[http://www.travelandleisure.com/articles/tls-top-travel-websites-of-2009/3?comments_page=1 T+L’s Top Travel Websites of 2009, Travel + Leisure ] 
[http://www.travelandleisure.com/articles/best-travel-websites-2010/1 T+L’s Top Travel Websites of 2010, Travel + Leisure] 
[http://www.budgettravel.com/bt-dyn/content/article/2008/10/05/AR2008100501141.html The Best Sites to Search, Budget Travel (2009)] 
[http://images.businessweek.com/ss/08/09/0929_loved_websites/22.htm Best of the Web, BusinessWeek (2008)] [http://www.kiplinger.com/features/archives/2004/06/travelsites.html#lodging%20 30 Best Travel Sites, Kiplinger.com - 2009] 
[http://blogs.wsj.com/deals/2008/11/12/internet-company-raises-250-million-in-this-market/ Internet Company Raises $250 Million. In This Market?, Wall Street Journal (2008)] 
[http://travellingslacker.com/2011/06/wimdu-traveller-accommodation/ Save money while you travel, Earn while you sleep. The Travelling Slacker (2011)]
{{Refend}}

==External links==
*[http://www.homeaway.com/ HomeAway Official Site]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hGoExhzil5s HomeAway Super Bowl Ad]

[[Category:Travel websites]]
[[Category:Vacation rental]]

Kreayshawn

2011-06-02T19:49:05Z

Wikidemon: /* Personal life */ delinking berkeley film school - lots of sources mention it, but it's not clear which school that is

{{Infobox musical artist
| Name = Kreayshawn
| Img = [[File:http://30.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_l8fxe4jjTH1qambyno1_500.jpg]]
| Img_capt =
| Background = solo_singer
| Birth_name = Natassia Zolot
| Born = September 24, 1989
| Genre = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]
| Occupation = [[Rapper]], [[Editor]], [[Music video director|Director]]
| Instrument = [[Vocals]]
| Years_active = 2008–present
| Associated_acts = White Girl Mob (group)
| URL = [http://www.kreayshawn.tumblr.com kreayshawn.tumblr.com]
| Notable_instruments =
}}

'''Natassia Zolot''' (born September 24, 1989), better known by her stage name '''Kreayshawn''', is an American [[hip hop]] singer-songwriter based in [[Oakland, California]], occasionally billed as "the female [[Lil B]]" or the "based goddess".

==Personal life==
Zolot was born in [[San Francisco, California]]<ref name="san">{{cite news|url=http://globalgrind.com/music/kreayshawn-white-girl-mobbin-gucci-gucci-video-x-photos|title=Kreayshawn Is White Girl Mobbin' In "Gucci Gucci"|publisher=GlobalGrind|date=May 31, 2011}}</ref> and grew up in Oakland. She is the daughter of Elka Zolot, former member of the San Fransico Garage-Punk band "The Trashwomen". After dropping out of high school she attended Berkeley film school on scholarship.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.urbanspectator.com/component/tag/kreayshawn|publisher=Urban Spectator|title=Film School Drop Out x Rapper x Cinematographer x Swag Assassin|date=May 18, 2011}}</ref>

She is a self-procclaimed "occasional lesbian".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2011/05/who-is-kreayshawn/sexual-orientation|publisher=Complex|title=In Her Own Words: Who Is Kreayshawn?|author=Insanul Ahmed|date=May 31, 2011}}</ref>

==Career==
Kreayshawn directed East Bay rapper [[Lil B]]'s videos.<ref name = "NowPublic2011">{{cite news|title=Kreayshawn: 'Gucci Gucci' Video from East Oakland-Born Rapper|url=http://www.nowpublic.com/culture/kreayshawn-gucci-gucci-video-east-oakland-born-rapper-2789609.html|accessdate=23 May 2011|date=19 May 2011}}</ref> Kreayshawn additionally performs as part of the White Girl Mob, consisting of herself, fellow vocalist V-Nasty, and DJ Lil' Debbie.

She became well-known after posting the video for her single, "Gucci Gucci", generating nearly two million YouTube views in two weeks. In the song she proclaims her disdain for wearing designer brands such as Gucci, Louis Vuitton, Fendi, or Prada because "Basic bitches wear that shit, so I don't even bother."<ref name = "BaltimoreSun2011">{{cite news|last=Case|first=Wesley|title=Kreayshawns Gucci Gucci isn't what you think it is|http://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/bthesite/louder-now-blog/bal-kreayshawn-drops-gucci-gucci-video-20110519,0,7821813.story|accessdate=23 May 2011|newspaper=Baltimore Sun|date=19 May 2011}}</ref>
Jasper and Left Brain of the hip-hop group [[OFWGKTA|Odd Future Wolf Gang Kill Them All]] also make appearances in the video for the single.

==Discography==
*2010: ''Kittys x Choppas'' (Mixtape)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2011/may/25/new-band-kreayshawn Kreayshawn (No 1,030) Natassia Zolot's rap brat persona suggests a female Tyler] Guardian.co.UK
*[http://www.gq.com/entertainment/music/201105/kreayshawn-interview-gucci-gucci Icebreaker: Kreayshawn ] GQ Magazine
*[http://blogs.villagevoice.com/music/2011/05/kreayshawn_gucci_gucci_angel_haze.php Beyond Kreayshawn: The Women In Hip-Hop Who The Internet Should Freak Out About Next] Village Voice

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1989 births]]

Kreayshawn

2011-06-02T19:47:35Z

Wikidemon: /* Personal life */ expand a bit, mention youtube phenomenon

{{Infobox musical artist
| Name = Kreayshawn
| Img = [[File:http://30.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_l8fxe4jjTH1qambyno1_500.jpg]]
| Img_capt =
| Background = solo_singer
| Birth_name = Natassia Zolot
| Born = September 24, 1989
| Genre = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]
| Occupation = [[Rapper]], [[Editor]], [[Music video director|Director]]
| Instrument = [[Vocals]]
| Years_active = 2008–present
| Associated_acts = White Girl Mob (group)
| URL = [http://www.kreayshawn.tumblr.com kreayshawn.tumblr.com]
| Notable_instruments =
}}

'''Natassia Zolot''' (born September 24, 1989), better known by her stage name '''Kreayshawn''', is an American [[hip hop]] singer-songwriter based in [[Oakland, California]], occasionally billed as "the female [[Lil B]]" or the "based goddess".

==Personal life==
Zolot was born in [[San Francisco, California]]<ref name="san">{{cite news|url=http://globalgrind.com/music/kreayshawn-white-girl-mobbin-gucci-gucci-video-x-photos|title=Kreayshawn Is White Girl Mobbin' In "Gucci Gucci"|publisher=GlobalGrind|date=May 31, 2011}}</ref> and grew up in Oakland. She is the daughter of Elka Zolot, former member of the San Fransico Garage-Punk band "The Trashwomen". After dropping out of high school she attended [[Berkeley Film School]] on scholarship.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.urbanspectator.com/component/tag/kreayshawn|publisher=Urban Spectator|title=Film School Drop Out x Rapper x Cinematographer x Swag Assassin|date=May 18, 2011}}</ref>

She is a self-procclaimed "occasional lesbian".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2011/05/who-is-kreayshawn/sexual-orientation|publisher=Complex|title=In Her Own Words: Who Is Kreayshawn?|author=Insanul Ahmed|date=May 31, 2011}}</ref>

==Career==
Kreayshawn directed East Bay rapper [[Lil B]]'s videos.<ref name = "NowPublic2011">{{cite news|title=Kreayshawn: 'Gucci Gucci' Video from East Oakland-Born Rapper|url=http://www.nowpublic.com/culture/kreayshawn-gucci-gucci-video-east-oakland-born-rapper-2789609.html|accessdate=23 May 2011|date=19 May 2011}}</ref> Kreayshawn additionally performs as part of the White Girl Mob, consisting of herself, fellow vocalist V-Nasty, and DJ Lil' Debbie.

She became well-known after posting the video for her single, "Gucci Gucci", generating nearly two million YouTube views in two weeks. In the song she proclaims her disdain for wearing designer brands such as Gucci, Louis Vuitton, Fendi, or Prada because "Basic bitches wear that shit, so I don't even bother."<ref name = "BaltimoreSun2011">{{cite news|last=Case|first=Wesley|title=Kreayshawns Gucci Gucci isn't what you think it is|http://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/bthesite/louder-now-blog/bal-kreayshawn-drops-gucci-gucci-video-20110519,0,7821813.story|accessdate=23 May 2011|newspaper=Baltimore Sun|date=19 May 2011}}</ref>
Jasper and Left Brain of the hip-hop group [[OFWGKTA|Odd Future Wolf Gang Kill Them All]] also make appearances in the video for the single.

==Discography==
*2010: ''Kittys x Choppas'' (Mixtape)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2011/may/25/new-band-kreayshawn Kreayshawn (No 1,030) Natassia Zolot's rap brat persona suggests a female Tyler] Guardian.co.UK
*[http://www.gq.com/entertainment/music/201105/kreayshawn-interview-gucci-gucci Icebreaker: Kreayshawn ] GQ Magazine
*[http://blogs.villagevoice.com/music/2011/05/kreayshawn_gucci_gucci_angel_haze.php Beyond Kreayshawn: The Women In Hip-Hop Who The Internet Should Freak Out About Next] Village Voice

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1989 births]]

Kreayshawn

2011-06-02T19:36:35Z

Wikidemon: organize a bit, remove unsourced commentary

{{Infobox musical artist
| Name = Kreayshawn
| Img = [[File:http://30.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_l8fxe4jjTH1qambyno1_500.jpg]]
| Img_capt =
| Background = solo_singer
| Birth_name = Natassia Zolot
| Born = September 24, 1989
| Genre = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]
| Occupation = [[Rapper]], [[Editor]], [[Music video director|Director]]
| Instrument = [[Vocals]]
| Years_active = 2008–present
| Associated_acts = White Girl Mob (group)
| URL = [http://www.kreayshawn.tumblr.com kreayshawn.tumblr.com]
| Notable_instruments =
}}

'''Natassia Zolot''' (born September 24, 1989), better known by her stage name '''Kreayshawn''', is an American [[hip hop]] singer-songwriter based in [[Oakland, California]], occasionally billed as "the female [[Lil B]]" or the "based goddess".

==Personal life==
Zolot is the daughter of Elka Zolot, former member of the San Fransico Garage-Punk band "The Trashwomen". She is a self-procclaimed "occasional lesbian"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2011/05/who-is-kreayshawn/sexual-orientation|publisher=Complex|title=In Her Own Words: Who Is Kreayshawn?|author=Insanul Ahmed|date=May 31, 2011}}</ref>

With training from Berkeley Film School, Kreayshawn has also acted as director for fellow East Bay rapper Lil B's videos.<ref name = "NowPublic2011">{{cite news|title=Kreayshawn: 'Gucci Gucci' Video from East Oakland-Born Rapper|url=http://www.nowpublic.com/culture/kreayshawn-gucci-gucci-video-east-oakland-born-rapper-2789609.html|accessdate=23 May 2011|date=19 May 2011}}</ref> Kreayshawn additionally performs as part of the White Girl Mob, consisting of herself, fellow vocalist V-Nasty, and DJ Lil' Debbie.

She is most known for her single, "Gucci Gucci" in which she proclaims her disdain for wearing designer brands such as Gucci, Louis Vuitton, Fendi, or Prada because "Basic bitches wear that shit, so I don't even bother."<ref name = "BaltimoreSun2011">{{cite news|last=Case|first=Wesley|title=Kreayshawns Gucci Gucci isn't what you think it is|http://www.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/bthesite/louder-now-blog/bal-kreayshawn-drops-gucci-gucci-video-20110519,0,7821813.story|accessdate=23 May 2011|newspaper=Baltimore Sun|date=19 May 2011}}</ref>
Jasper and Left Brain of the hip-hop group [[OFWGKTA|Odd Future Wolf Gang Kill Them All]] also make appearances in the video for the single.

==Discography==
*2010: ''Kittys x Choppas'' (Mixtape)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2011/may/25/new-band-kreayshawn Kreayshawn (No 1,030) Natassia Zolot's rap brat persona suggests a female Tyler] Guardian.co.UK
*[http://www.gq.com/entertainment/music/201105/kreayshawn-interview-gucci-gucci Icebreaker: Kreayshawn ] GQ Magazine
*[http://blogs.villagevoice.com/music/2011/05/kreayshawn_gucci_gucci_angel_haze.php Beyond Kreayshawn: The Women In Hip-Hop Who The Internet Should Freak Out About Next] Village Voice

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1989 births]]

Lytico-Bodig

2011-01-23T11:02:12Z

Wikidemon: /* Mechanism */ avoiding opinionated wording - this whole section reads like a single editor's essay

'''Lytico-Bodig disease''', sometimes spelled '''Lytigo-bodig'''<ref>[http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140673600026726/fulltext Elsevier]</ref> is a neurological disease of uncertain [[Etiology|aetiology]] that exists on the island of [[Guam]].

It resembles [[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]] (ALS) (more commonly known as Lou Gehrig's disease), [[Parkinson's Disease]], and [[Alzheimer|Alzheimer's]]<ref>[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=batty-hypothesis-on-neurodegeneration-resurfaces "A Batty Hypothesis on the Origins of Neurodegenerative Disease Resurfaces," Scientific American]</ref>. First reports of the disease surfaced in 3 death certificates on Guam in 1904. These death certificates made some mention of paralysis. The frequency of cases grew amongst the Chamorro people on Guam until it was the leading cause of death between 1940 and 1956. The symptoms range from strongly resembling ALS to those resembling Parkinson's Dementia Complex (PDC). The symptoms tend to show themselves between the ages of 25 and 40. Many victims aren't able to speak of their own accord but they can speak coherently and fluidly when spoken to. It is commonly thought that the disease is caused by toxins in the [[Cycad]] trees which are prevalent on Guam.

The [[neurologist]] [[Oliver Sacks]] detailed this mysterious condition in his book ''[[The Island of the Colorblind|Island of the Colourblind]]''
<ref>{{cite book| first = Oliver |last =Sacks | year=2006 | title = The Island of the Colorblind | publisher = Random House | location = New York| isbn = 0679775455}}</ref>. Sacks wrote that a local species of [[Guam flying fox|fruit bat]], which is now largely extinct due to over-hunting, had been feeding on Cycads and concentrating [[beta-Methylamino-L-alanine|β-Methylamino-L-alanine]] (BMAA), a known neurotoxin, in its body fat. The theory is that consumption of the fruit bat transferred sufficient quantities of the toxin to lead to long term toxicity,<ref>[http://www.itg.be/itg/DistanceLearning/LectureNotesVandenEndenE/47_Medical_problems_caused_by_plantsp12.htm Lytico-bodig]</ref> although this has not yet been proven.<ref>{{cite journal| doi = 10.1126/science.313.5786.428| first = Greg |last =Miller | year=2006 | title = Guam's Deadly Stalker: On the Loose Worldwide? | journal = Science | volume = 313| issue = 5786 | pages = 428–431| pmid = 16873621}}</ref>

== History ==
Lytico-bodig is a disease that presents itself in two ways:
*lytico: a progressive paralysis that resembles ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) which is a disease of the neuron
*bodig: a condition resembling parkinsonism with occasional dementia.

Patients can exhibit one or both of the above portions of the disease, but in order to understand this neurodegenerative phenomenon one must examine the history of the disease itself and the people who are affected.

Lytico-bodig was discovered in 1952 by Koerner and a year later was confirmed by Arnold. The study that led these two scientists to this remarkable discovery was an instance that was peculiarly notable on the island of Guam. Both scientists noted a 50 to 100 fold greater occurrence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis than the rest of the world, and a notable increase in parkinsonism with dementia <ref>{{cite journal| doi = 10.1093/aje/kwf175| last1 = Plato |first1 =C.C. | last2=Garruto | first2=R.M. | last3=Galasko | first3=D.|last4=Craig|first4=U.|last5=Plato|first5=M.|last6=Gamst|first6=A.|last7=Torres|first7=J.M.|last8=Wiederholt|first8=W. | year=2003 | title = Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism-dementia complex of Guam: Changing incidence rates during the past 60 years | journal = American Journal of Epidemiology | volume = 157| issue = 2| pages = 149–157| pmid = 12522022}}</ref>.

The people who were found to have this disease were the Chamorro people who were native to Guam. Guam has undergone several serious events over the course of their history. In 1668, a near genocide of the Chamorro was started and by 1710 there was almost no Chamorro on the island of Guam. The island was handed over to the United States Government in 1898 and after World War II it was retaken from the Japanese by American Forces. After the aforementioned hardships the Chamorro survived and their living situation was improved.

There was no documentation of anything that could resemble lytico-bodig in the entire history of the Chamorro. They were actually described as a very healthy people who live to old age. It was not until 1904 that any cases of death from paralysis occurred. By 1940 this illusive paralysis was the primary cause of death in an adult Chamorro.

== Symptoms ==
There is no standard form of lytico-bodig. It is a disease that can take three, six, or twenty different forms.

===Symptoms of Bodig===

The symptoms for this disease differ from patient to patient but a good example of what happens to the body once bodig sets in is an excerpt from the book ''The Island of the Colorblind'' by Oliver Sacks.

The doctor visited a patient that had just suddenly come down with a virulent form of bodig. His symptoms had begun 18 months ago, starting with a strange immobility, a loss of initiative and spontaneity; he found he had to make a huge effort to walk, to stand, and to make the least movement—his body was disobedient. The immobility attacked with frightening speed and within a year he was unable to stand alone and could not control the posture of his body (2006).

Progressive dementia is also characteristic of bodig. Those who experience dementia are often [[Aphasia|aphasic]], restless, demonstrate irrational behavior such as violence, and deep emotions at odd intervals. They experience highs and lows such as giggling one minute and screaming the next.

Patients in the most virulent stage of bodig have the mouth hang open, drooling with saliva; the palate hangs motionless so that speech and swallowing are impossible. The arms and legs become severely spastic and become bent in immovable tension.

The clinical picture of bodig was often one of a profound motionlessness, almost catatonia, accompanied with little tremor or rigidity. Except in the cases of those who have dementia coupled with bodig, most patients are capable of lucid thought and speech.

===Symptoms of Lytico===
As with bodig, the symptoms and forms of lytico present themselves differently from patient to patient.

Symptoms such as muscles wasting away, not being able to move or open the mouths to speak, and choking to death because of the inability to swallow are just some of the things that are prevalent in patients. Some patients retain lucidity throughout the illness until the end.

The muscles of respiration become paralyzed and mechanical ventilation is needed to induce breathing, saliva must be suctioned from the mouth in order to prevent aspiration of the trachea and lungs because the swallowing muscles are locked up.

This form of lytico-bodig is fatal in all cases.

== Mechanism ==

The mechanism is complex and poorly understood. During autopsies, neurofibrillary tangles are found in the brain which are practically congruent to the brain of an Alzheimer's patient.

The following is an excerpt from ''Island of the Colorblind'' viewing samples of substantia nigra. "Many of the cells are pale and depigmented. There's a lot of glial reaction, and bits of loose pigment. Shifting to a higher power,he saw a huge number of neurofibrillary tangles, densely staining, convoluted masses, harshly evident within the destroyed nerve cells." Looking at other samples of hypothalamus, spinal cord, and cortex, all were full of neurofibrillary tangles. Neurofibrillary degeneration was everywhere. These slides were similar in appearance to those taken from post-encephalitic parkinsonism.

These slides were also very similar to the neurofibrillary tangles found in Alzheimer's disease, however, in Alzheimer's there are not as many, and they occur in a different distribution. This could be a possible clue as to the process of neurodegeneration but it is still inconclusive.

While neurofibrillary degeneration is a potential cause of the mechanism of lytico-bodig, much is still undiscovered as to what causes the symptoms, the severity, and how the onset of symptoms progresses. However because of the similarities to those of post-encephalitic patients and Alzheimer's patients this could account for the similarities in symptoms of lytico and bodig. Some even wonder if lytico-bodig, post-encephalitis, and Alzheimer's could possibly be the same disease, a viral one, which could take three different forms.

Age of onset seems to be increasing with no more teenage cases and almost no cases in their twenties. Sometimes one form of the disease will present itself chiefly in one decade and then predominately bodig in the next. This is unaccounted for.

No treatment has been found to cure the disease of lytico-bodig. In some cases L-DOPA was given to patients to alleviate some of the symptoms of bodig but this only gave the patient one or two hours of freedom from the complete paralysis and rigidity of limbs. It seems in the case of the Chamorro's, the family is the primary caregiver and that they have accepted those that are ill and provide home care for all those inflicted with lytico-bodig.

== An Evolution of Research ==
Some hypotheses to the cause of the disease include genetics, cycad seeds, and ingested BMAA from the consumption of fruit bats. The actual cause of the disease is as mysterious as the vast manifestations of the disease itself.

;Genetics
:This was the first hypothesis due to the situation on Guam. Lytico-bodig was found in great numbers on an Island among members of the Chamorro community. It would make sense that it was some sort genetic factor that played a role. This hypothesis was the first to be created and the first to be disproved. There was no Mendellian connection in the disease. It was actually found that only the older generation of Chamorro had the disease, so it had disappeared in one generation. Also, Chamorro who grew up outside of Guam had not developed the disease, and some non-Chamorro who moved to the Island and followed the culture did develop it. Therefore, this hypothesis was quickly dropped. For more information view [http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/124/11/2215 Pathological Study of Motor Neurone Disease]

;Cycad Seeds
:Cycad seeds are a big part of the Chamorro lifestyle. They are ground to make a flour which is called "fadang", and the flour is then used to make tortillas and dumplings. The flour is soaked and cleaned several times because the seed in is natural form is extremely toxic. One article decsribed that livestock that drink from the water of the first cleaning dropped dead instantly<ref>{{cite journal| doi = 10.1126/science.313.5786.428| first = Greg |last =Miller | year=2006 | title = Guam's Deadly Stalker: On the Loose Worldwide? | journal = Science | volume = 313| issue = 5786 | pages = 428–431| pmid = 16873621}}</ref>. Much research was done on this the Cycad hypothesis and it was found that cycasin was a component of the seeds. Cycasin was discovered in the 1950's and was once considered one of the most potent carcinogens known. As toxic as it was, it would not be the cause of the symptoms of lytico-bodig. All hope for this hypothesis was not lost, for another toxic substance was found in the seeds. In the 1960s, British biochemists found a substance called beta-N-methylamino-levoalanine or [[BMAA]]. Experiments were performed to test the toxicity, and it was found that when monkeys were fed synthetic BMAA they developed symptoms of ALS-PDC and thus of lytico-bodig. However, the flour treated flour was tested for BMAA, and was not found to contain sufficient quantities. {{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}

;Fruit Bats
:Another theory was introduced by the Paul Cox and Oliver Sacks after examining aspects of the Chamorro diet<ref>[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=batty-hypothesis-on-neurodegeneration-resurfaces "A Batty Hypothesis on the Origins of Neurodegenerative Disease Resurfaces," Scientific American]</ref>. Fruit bats were a common food for the Chamorro, which often ate cycad seeds themselves. It was found that the bats would bioaccumulate BMAA in their fat, and that eating even a few bats would cause a dose of BMAA similar to levels that produced disease symptoms in the earlier animal models. Cox also observed that there was a matching decline in fruit bat consumption, and in lytico-bodig. This hypothesis is still being investigated.

The actual disease could die off before a cure is found since it is only found in the older generation of people on Guam, and the cause has not yet been found.

Lytico-bodig is isolated to Guam which makes it an excellent opportunity to research neurodegenerative diseases. If a cure was found, it could lead to significant information on other diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimers. Only time and future research will tell the outcome of the disease.

==See also==
*For more information about the Evolution of Research see:

[http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/157/2/149 American Journal of Epidemiology]

[http://www.jneuro-ophthalmology.com/pt/re/jneuroophth/fulltext.0041327-200303000-0 Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology]
* [[beta-Methylamino-L-alanine|β-Methylamino-L-alanine]] (BMAA)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Wiederholt, W.C. 2000. Guam: the puzzle of Parkinson's. National Institute of Health Report 3:3.

Morris, H.R., Al-Sarraj, S., Schwab, C., Gwinn-Hardy, K., Perez-Tur, J., Wood, N.W., Hardy, J., Lees, A.J., McGreer, P.L., Daniel, S.E., and J.C. Steele. 2001. A clinical and pathological study of motor neurone disease on Guam. Brain 11:2215-2222.

Carrico, C. 2004. Island Lore. Beyond the bench: Representations of pharmacology and science in the media 4:296-297

Sedwick, L.A. 2003. Terry A. Cox, md,PhD, neuro-ophthalmologist, biostatistician, and birdwatcher. Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology 23:108-110

==External links==
*[http://apps.ashland.edu/index.php/Lytico-bodig Ashland University Ohio Wiki Entry]
*[http://www.parkinson.org/site/pp.asp?c=9dJFJLPwB&b=99904 Details at National Parkinson's Foundation]

[[Category:Neurological disorders]]

{{Link FA|pl}}
[[pl:Stwardnienie zanikowe boczne-parkinsonizm/zespół otępienny]]

Lytico-Bodig

2011-01-23T11:00:52Z

Wikidemon: /* Symptoms of Bodig */ +1 wikilink

'''Lytico-Bodig disease''', sometimes spelled '''Lytigo-bodig'''<ref>[http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140673600026726/fulltext Elsevier]</ref> is a neurological disease of uncertain [[Etiology|aetiology]] that exists on the island of [[Guam]].

It resembles [[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]] (ALS) (more commonly known as Lou Gehrig's disease), [[Parkinson's Disease]], and [[Alzheimer|Alzheimer's]]<ref>[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=batty-hypothesis-on-neurodegeneration-resurfaces "A Batty Hypothesis on the Origins of Neurodegenerative Disease Resurfaces," Scientific American]</ref>. First reports of the disease surfaced in 3 death certificates on Guam in 1904. These death certificates made some mention of paralysis. The frequency of cases grew amongst the Chamorro people on Guam until it was the leading cause of death between 1940 and 1956. The symptoms range from strongly resembling ALS to those resembling Parkinson's Dementia Complex (PDC). The symptoms tend to show themselves between the ages of 25 and 40. Many victims aren't able to speak of their own accord but they can speak coherently and fluidly when spoken to. It is commonly thought that the disease is caused by toxins in the [[Cycad]] trees which are prevalent on Guam.

The [[neurologist]] [[Oliver Sacks]] detailed this mysterious condition in his book ''[[The Island of the Colorblind|Island of the Colourblind]]''
<ref>{{cite book| first = Oliver |last =Sacks | year=2006 | title = The Island of the Colorblind | publisher = Random House | location = New York| isbn = 0679775455}}</ref>. Sacks wrote that a local species of [[Guam flying fox|fruit bat]], which is now largely extinct due to over-hunting, had been feeding on Cycads and concentrating [[beta-Methylamino-L-alanine|β-Methylamino-L-alanine]] (BMAA), a known neurotoxin, in its body fat. The theory is that consumption of the fruit bat transferred sufficient quantities of the toxin to lead to long term toxicity,<ref>[http://www.itg.be/itg/DistanceLearning/LectureNotesVandenEndenE/47_Medical_problems_caused_by_plantsp12.htm Lytico-bodig]</ref> although this has not yet been proven.<ref>{{cite journal| doi = 10.1126/science.313.5786.428| first = Greg |last =Miller | year=2006 | title = Guam's Deadly Stalker: On the Loose Worldwide? | journal = Science | volume = 313| issue = 5786 | pages = 428–431| pmid = 16873621}}</ref>

== History ==
Lytico-bodig is a disease that presents itself in two ways:
*lytico: a progressive paralysis that resembles ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) which is a disease of the neuron
*bodig: a condition resembling parkinsonism with occasional dementia.

Patients can exhibit one or both of the above portions of the disease, but in order to understand this neurodegenerative phenomenon one must examine the history of the disease itself and the people who are affected.

Lytico-bodig was discovered in 1952 by Koerner and a year later was confirmed by Arnold. The study that led these two scientists to this remarkable discovery was an instance that was peculiarly notable on the island of Guam. Both scientists noted a 50 to 100 fold greater occurrence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis than the rest of the world, and a notable increase in parkinsonism with dementia <ref>{{cite journal| doi = 10.1093/aje/kwf175| last1 = Plato |first1 =C.C. | last2=Garruto | first2=R.M. | last3=Galasko | first3=D.|last4=Craig|first4=U.|last5=Plato|first5=M.|last6=Gamst|first6=A.|last7=Torres|first7=J.M.|last8=Wiederholt|first8=W. | year=2003 | title = Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism-dementia complex of Guam: Changing incidence rates during the past 60 years | journal = American Journal of Epidemiology | volume = 157| issue = 2| pages = 149–157| pmid = 12522022}}</ref>.

The people who were found to have this disease were the Chamorro people who were native to Guam. Guam has undergone several serious events over the course of their history. In 1668, a near genocide of the Chamorro was started and by 1710 there was almost no Chamorro on the island of Guam. The island was handed over to the United States Government in 1898 and after World War II it was retaken from the Japanese by American Forces. After the aforementioned hardships the Chamorro survived and their living situation was improved.

There was no documentation of anything that could resemble lytico-bodig in the entire history of the Chamorro. They were actually described as a very healthy people who live to old age. It was not until 1904 that any cases of death from paralysis occurred. By 1940 this illusive paralysis was the primary cause of death in an adult Chamorro.

== Symptoms ==
There is no standard form of lytico-bodig. It is a disease that can take three, six, or twenty different forms.

===Symptoms of Bodig===

The symptoms for this disease differ from patient to patient but a good example of what happens to the body once bodig sets in is an excerpt from the book ''The Island of the Colorblind'' by Oliver Sacks.

The doctor visited a patient that had just suddenly come down with a virulent form of bodig. His symptoms had begun 18 months ago, starting with a strange immobility, a loss of initiative and spontaneity; he found he had to make a huge effort to walk, to stand, and to make the least movement—his body was disobedient. The immobility attacked with frightening speed and within a year he was unable to stand alone and could not control the posture of his body (2006).

Progressive dementia is also characteristic of bodig. Those who experience dementia are often [[Aphasia|aphasic]], restless, demonstrate irrational behavior such as violence, and deep emotions at odd intervals. They experience highs and lows such as giggling one minute and screaming the next.

Patients in the most virulent stage of bodig have the mouth hang open, drooling with saliva; the palate hangs motionless so that speech and swallowing are impossible. The arms and legs become severely spastic and become bent in immovable tension.

The clinical picture of bodig was often one of a profound motionlessness, almost catatonia, accompanied with little tremor or rigidity. Except in the cases of those who have dementia coupled with bodig, most patients are capable of lucid thought and speech.

===Symptoms of Lytico===
As with bodig, the symptoms and forms of lytico present themselves differently from patient to patient.

Symptoms such as muscles wasting away, not being able to move or open the mouths to speak, and choking to death because of the inability to swallow are just some of the things that are prevalent in patients. Some patients retain lucidity throughout the illness until the end.

The muscles of respiration become paralyzed and mechanical ventilation is needed to induce breathing, saliva must be suctioned from the mouth in order to prevent aspiration of the trachea and lungs because the swallowing muscles are locked up.

This form of lytico-bodig is fatal in all cases.

== Mechanism ==

The mechanism is tricky. During autopsies, neurofibrillary tangles are found in the brain which are practically congruent to the brain of an Alzheimer's patient.

The following is an excerpt from ''Island of the Colorblind'' viewing samples of substantia nigra. "Many of the cells are pale and depigmented. There's a lot of glial reaction, and bits of loose pigment. Shifting to a higher power,he saw a huge number of neurofibrillary tangles, densely staining, convoluted masses, harshly evident within the destroyed nerve cells." Looking at other samples of hypothalamus, spinal cord, and cortex, all were full of neurofibrillary tangles. Neurofibrillary degeneration was everywhere. These slides were similar in appearance to those taken from post-encephalitic parkinsonism.

These slides were also very similar to the neurofibrillary tangles found in Alzheimer's disease, however, in Alzheimer's there are not as many, and they occur in a different distribution. This could be a possible clue as to the process of neurodegeneration but it is still inconclusive.

While neurofibrillary degeneration is a potential cause of the mechanism of lytico-bodig, much is still undiscovered as to what causes the symptoms, the severity, and how the onset of symptoms progresses. However because of the similarities to those of post-encephalitic patients and Alzheimer's patients this could account for the similarities in symptoms of lytico and bodig. Some even wonder if lytico-bodig, post-encephalitis, and Alzheimer's could possibly be the same disease, a viral one, which could take three different forms.

Age of onset seems to be increasing with no more teenage cases and almost no cases in their twenties. Sometimes one form of the disease will present itself chiefly in one decade and then predominately bodig in the next. This is unaccounted for.

No treatment has been found to cure the disease of lytico-bodig. In some cases L-DOPA was given to patients to alleviate some of the symptoms of bodig but this only gave the patient one or two hours of freedom from the complete paralysis and rigidity of limbs. It seems in the case of the Chamorro's, the family is the primary caregiver and that they have accepted those that are ill and provide home care for all those inflicted with lytico-bodig.

== An Evolution of Research ==
Some hypotheses to the cause of the disease include genetics, cycad seeds, and ingested BMAA from the consumption of fruit bats. The actual cause of the disease is as mysterious as the vast manifestations of the disease itself.

;Genetics
:This was the first hypothesis due to the situation on Guam. Lytico-bodig was found in great numbers on an Island among members of the Chamorro community. It would make sense that it was some sort genetic factor that played a role. This hypothesis was the first to be created and the first to be disproved. There was no Mendellian connection in the disease. It was actually found that only the older generation of Chamorro had the disease, so it had disappeared in one generation. Also, Chamorro who grew up outside of Guam had not developed the disease, and some non-Chamorro who moved to the Island and followed the culture did develop it. Therefore, this hypothesis was quickly dropped. For more information view [http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/124/11/2215 Pathological Study of Motor Neurone Disease]

;Cycad Seeds
:Cycad seeds are a big part of the Chamorro lifestyle. They are ground to make a flour which is called "fadang", and the flour is then used to make tortillas and dumplings. The flour is soaked and cleaned several times because the seed in is natural form is extremely toxic. One article decsribed that livestock that drink from the water of the first cleaning dropped dead instantly<ref>{{cite journal| doi = 10.1126/science.313.5786.428| first = Greg |last =Miller | year=2006 | title = Guam's Deadly Stalker: On the Loose Worldwide? | journal = Science | volume = 313| issue = 5786 | pages = 428–431| pmid = 16873621}}</ref>. Much research was done on this the Cycad hypothesis and it was found that cycasin was a component of the seeds. Cycasin was discovered in the 1950's and was once considered one of the most potent carcinogens known. As toxic as it was, it would not be the cause of the symptoms of lytico-bodig. All hope for this hypothesis was not lost, for another toxic substance was found in the seeds. In the 1960s, British biochemists found a substance called beta-N-methylamino-levoalanine or [[BMAA]]. Experiments were performed to test the toxicity, and it was found that when monkeys were fed synthetic BMAA they developed symptoms of ALS-PDC and thus of lytico-bodig. However, the flour treated flour was tested for BMAA, and was not found to contain sufficient quantities. {{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}

;Fruit Bats
:Another theory was introduced by the Paul Cox and Oliver Sacks after examining aspects of the Chamorro diet<ref>[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=batty-hypothesis-on-neurodegeneration-resurfaces "A Batty Hypothesis on the Origins of Neurodegenerative Disease Resurfaces," Scientific American]</ref>. Fruit bats were a common food for the Chamorro, which often ate cycad seeds themselves. It was found that the bats would bioaccumulate BMAA in their fat, and that eating even a few bats would cause a dose of BMAA similar to levels that produced disease symptoms in the earlier animal models. Cox also observed that there was a matching decline in fruit bat consumption, and in lytico-bodig. This hypothesis is still being investigated.

The actual disease could die off before a cure is found since it is only found in the older generation of people on Guam, and the cause has not yet been found.

Lytico-bodig is isolated to Guam which makes it an excellent opportunity to research neurodegenerative diseases. If a cure was found, it could lead to significant information on other diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimers. Only time and future research will tell the outcome of the disease.

==See also==
*For more information about the Evolution of Research see:

[http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/157/2/149 American Journal of Epidemiology]

[http://www.jneuro-ophthalmology.com/pt/re/jneuroophth/fulltext.0041327-200303000-0 Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology]
* [[beta-Methylamino-L-alanine|β-Methylamino-L-alanine]] (BMAA)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Wiederholt, W.C. 2000. Guam: the puzzle of Parkinson's. National Institute of Health Report 3:3.

Morris, H.R., Al-Sarraj, S., Schwab, C., Gwinn-Hardy, K., Perez-Tur, J., Wood, N.W., Hardy, J., Lees, A.J., McGreer, P.L., Daniel, S.E., and J.C. Steele. 2001. A clinical and pathological study of motor neurone disease on Guam. Brain 11:2215-2222.

Carrico, C. 2004. Island Lore. Beyond the bench: Representations of pharmacology and science in the media 4:296-297

Sedwick, L.A. 2003. Terry A. Cox, md,PhD, neuro-ophthalmologist, biostatistician, and birdwatcher. Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology 23:108-110

==External links==
*[http://apps.ashland.edu/index.php/Lytico-bodig Ashland University Ohio Wiki Entry]
*[http://www.parkinson.org/site/pp.asp?c=9dJFJLPwB&b=99904 Details at National Parkinson's Foundation]

[[Category:Neurological disorders]]

{{Link FA|pl}}
[[pl:Stwardnienie zanikowe boczne-parkinsonizm/zespół otępienny]]

Lytico-Bodig

2011-01-23T10:57:45Z

Wikidemon: not sure whether this fancy word is a term of art, but might as well wikilink it

'''Lytico-Bodig disease''', sometimes spelled '''Lytigo-bodig'''<ref>[http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140673600026726/fulltext Elsevier]</ref> is a neurological disease of uncertain [[Etiology|aetiology]] that exists on the island of [[Guam]].

It resembles [[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]] (ALS) (more commonly known as Lou Gehrig's disease), [[Parkinson's Disease]], and [[Alzheimer|Alzheimer's]]<ref>[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=batty-hypothesis-on-neurodegeneration-resurfaces "A Batty Hypothesis on the Origins of Neurodegenerative Disease Resurfaces," Scientific American]</ref>. First reports of the disease surfaced in 3 death certificates on Guam in 1904. These death certificates made some mention of paralysis. The frequency of cases grew amongst the Chamorro people on Guam until it was the leading cause of death between 1940 and 1956. The symptoms range from strongly resembling ALS to those resembling Parkinson's Dementia Complex (PDC). The symptoms tend to show themselves between the ages of 25 and 40. Many victims aren't able to speak of their own accord but they can speak coherently and fluidly when spoken to. It is commonly thought that the disease is caused by toxins in the [[Cycad]] trees which are prevalent on Guam.

The [[neurologist]] [[Oliver Sacks]] detailed this mysterious condition in his book ''[[The Island of the Colorblind|Island of the Colourblind]]''
<ref>{{cite book| first = Oliver |last =Sacks | year=2006 | title = The Island of the Colorblind | publisher = Random House | location = New York| isbn = 0679775455}}</ref>. Sacks wrote that a local species of [[Guam flying fox|fruit bat]], which is now largely extinct due to over-hunting, had been feeding on Cycads and concentrating [[beta-Methylamino-L-alanine|β-Methylamino-L-alanine]] (BMAA), a known neurotoxin, in its body fat. The theory is that consumption of the fruit bat transferred sufficient quantities of the toxin to lead to long term toxicity,<ref>[http://www.itg.be/itg/DistanceLearning/LectureNotesVandenEndenE/47_Medical_problems_caused_by_plantsp12.htm Lytico-bodig]</ref> although this has not yet been proven.<ref>{{cite journal| doi = 10.1126/science.313.5786.428| first = Greg |last =Miller | year=2006 | title = Guam's Deadly Stalker: On the Loose Worldwide? | journal = Science | volume = 313| issue = 5786 | pages = 428–431| pmid = 16873621}}</ref>

== History ==
Lytico-bodig is a disease that presents itself in two ways:
*lytico: a progressive paralysis that resembles ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) which is a disease of the neuron
*bodig: a condition resembling parkinsonism with occasional dementia.

Patients can exhibit one or both of the above portions of the disease, but in order to understand this neurodegenerative phenomenon one must examine the history of the disease itself and the people who are affected.

Lytico-bodig was discovered in 1952 by Koerner and a year later was confirmed by Arnold. The study that led these two scientists to this remarkable discovery was an instance that was peculiarly notable on the island of Guam. Both scientists noted a 50 to 100 fold greater occurrence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis than the rest of the world, and a notable increase in parkinsonism with dementia <ref>{{cite journal| doi = 10.1093/aje/kwf175| last1 = Plato |first1 =C.C. | last2=Garruto | first2=R.M. | last3=Galasko | first3=D.|last4=Craig|first4=U.|last5=Plato|first5=M.|last6=Gamst|first6=A.|last7=Torres|first7=J.M.|last8=Wiederholt|first8=W. | year=2003 | title = Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism-dementia complex of Guam: Changing incidence rates during the past 60 years | journal = American Journal of Epidemiology | volume = 157| issue = 2| pages = 149–157| pmid = 12522022}}</ref>.

The people who were found to have this disease were the Chamorro people who were native to Guam. Guam has undergone several serious events over the course of their history. In 1668, a near genocide of the Chamorro was started and by 1710 there was almost no Chamorro on the island of Guam. The island was handed over to the United States Government in 1898 and after World War II it was retaken from the Japanese by American Forces. After the aforementioned hardships the Chamorro survived and their living situation was improved.

There was no documentation of anything that could resemble lytico-bodig in the entire history of the Chamorro. They were actually described as a very healthy people who live to old age. It was not until 1904 that any cases of death from paralysis occurred. By 1940 this illusive paralysis was the primary cause of death in an adult Chamorro.

== Symptoms ==
There is no standard form of lytico-bodig. It is a disease that can take three, six, or twenty different forms.

===Symptoms of Bodig===

The symptoms for this disease differ from patient to patient but a good example of what happens to the body once bodig sets in is an excerpt from the book ''The Island of the Colorblind'' by Oliver Sacks.

The doctor visited a patient that had just suddenly come down with a virulent form of bodig. His symptoms had begun 18 months ago, starting with a strange immobility, a loss of initiative and spontaneity; he found he had to make a huge effort to walk, to stand, and to make the least movement—his body was disobedient. The immobility attacked with frightening speed and within a year he was unable to stand alone and could not control the posture of his body (2006).

Progressive dementia is also characteristic of bodig. Those who experience dementia are often aphasic, restless, demonstrate irrational behavior such as violence, and deep emotions at odd intervals. They experience highs and lows such as giggling one minute and screaming the next.

Patients in the most virulent stage of bodig have the mouth hang open, drooling with saliva; the palate hangs motionless so that speech and swallowing are impossible. The arms and legs become severely spastic and become bent in immovable tension.

The clinical picture of bodig was often one of a profound motionlessness, almost catatonia, accompanied with little tremor or rigidity. Except in the cases of those who have dementia coupled with bodig, most patients are capable of lucid thought and speech.

===Symptoms of Lytico===
As with bodig, the symptoms and forms of lytico present themselves differently from patient to patient.

Symptoms such as muscles wasting away, not being able to move or open the mouths to speak, and choking to death because of the inability to swallow are just some of the things that are prevalent in patients. Some patients retain lucidity throughout the illness until the end.

The muscles of respiration become paralyzed and mechanical ventilation is needed to induce breathing, saliva must be suctioned from the mouth in order to prevent aspiration of the trachea and lungs because the swallowing muscles are locked up.

This form of lytico-bodig is fatal in all cases.

== Mechanism ==

The mechanism is tricky. During autopsies, neurofibrillary tangles are found in the brain which are practically congruent to the brain of an Alzheimer's patient.

The following is an excerpt from ''Island of the Colorblind'' viewing samples of substantia nigra. "Many of the cells are pale and depigmented. There's a lot of glial reaction, and bits of loose pigment. Shifting to a higher power,he saw a huge number of neurofibrillary tangles, densely staining, convoluted masses, harshly evident within the destroyed nerve cells." Looking at other samples of hypothalamus, spinal cord, and cortex, all were full of neurofibrillary tangles. Neurofibrillary degeneration was everywhere. These slides were similar in appearance to those taken from post-encephalitic parkinsonism.

These slides were also very similar to the neurofibrillary tangles found in Alzheimer's disease, however, in Alzheimer's there are not as many, and they occur in a different distribution. This could be a possible clue as to the process of neurodegeneration but it is still inconclusive.

While neurofibrillary degeneration is a potential cause of the mechanism of lytico-bodig, much is still undiscovered as to what causes the symptoms, the severity, and how the onset of symptoms progresses. However because of the similarities to those of post-encephalitic patients and Alzheimer's patients this could account for the similarities in symptoms of lytico and bodig. Some even wonder if lytico-bodig, post-encephalitis, and Alzheimer's could possibly be the same disease, a viral one, which could take three different forms.

Age of onset seems to be increasing with no more teenage cases and almost no cases in their twenties. Sometimes one form of the disease will present itself chiefly in one decade and then predominately bodig in the next. This is unaccounted for.

No treatment has been found to cure the disease of lytico-bodig. In some cases L-DOPA was given to patients to alleviate some of the symptoms of bodig but this only gave the patient one or two hours of freedom from the complete paralysis and rigidity of limbs. It seems in the case of the Chamorro's, the family is the primary caregiver and that they have accepted those that are ill and provide home care for all those inflicted with lytico-bodig.

== An Evolution of Research ==
Some hypotheses to the cause of the disease include genetics, cycad seeds, and ingested BMAA from the consumption of fruit bats. The actual cause of the disease is as mysterious as the vast manifestations of the disease itself.

;Genetics
:This was the first hypothesis due to the situation on Guam. Lytico-bodig was found in great numbers on an Island among members of the Chamorro community. It would make sense that it was some sort genetic factor that played a role. This hypothesis was the first to be created and the first to be disproved. There was no Mendellian connection in the disease. It was actually found that only the older generation of Chamorro had the disease, so it had disappeared in one generation. Also, Chamorro who grew up outside of Guam had not developed the disease, and some non-Chamorro who moved to the Island and followed the culture did develop it. Therefore, this hypothesis was quickly dropped. For more information view [http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/124/11/2215 Pathological Study of Motor Neurone Disease]

;Cycad Seeds
:Cycad seeds are a big part of the Chamorro lifestyle. They are ground to make a flour which is called "fadang", and the flour is then used to make tortillas and dumplings. The flour is soaked and cleaned several times because the seed in is natural form is extremely toxic. One article decsribed that livestock that drink from the water of the first cleaning dropped dead instantly<ref>{{cite journal| doi = 10.1126/science.313.5786.428| first = Greg |last =Miller | year=2006 | title = Guam's Deadly Stalker: On the Loose Worldwide? | journal = Science | volume = 313| issue = 5786 | pages = 428–431| pmid = 16873621}}</ref>. Much research was done on this the Cycad hypothesis and it was found that cycasin was a component of the seeds. Cycasin was discovered in the 1950's and was once considered one of the most potent carcinogens known. As toxic as it was, it would not be the cause of the symptoms of lytico-bodig. All hope for this hypothesis was not lost, for another toxic substance was found in the seeds. In the 1960s, British biochemists found a substance called beta-N-methylamino-levoalanine or [[BMAA]]. Experiments were performed to test the toxicity, and it was found that when monkeys were fed synthetic BMAA they developed symptoms of ALS-PDC and thus of lytico-bodig. However, the flour treated flour was tested for BMAA, and was not found to contain sufficient quantities. {{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}

;Fruit Bats
:Another theory was introduced by the Paul Cox and Oliver Sacks after examining aspects of the Chamorro diet<ref>[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=batty-hypothesis-on-neurodegeneration-resurfaces "A Batty Hypothesis on the Origins of Neurodegenerative Disease Resurfaces," Scientific American]</ref>. Fruit bats were a common food for the Chamorro, which often ate cycad seeds themselves. It was found that the bats would bioaccumulate BMAA in their fat, and that eating even a few bats would cause a dose of BMAA similar to levels that produced disease symptoms in the earlier animal models. Cox also observed that there was a matching decline in fruit bat consumption, and in lytico-bodig. This hypothesis is still being investigated.

The actual disease could die off before a cure is found since it is only found in the older generation of people on Guam, and the cause has not yet been found.

Lytico-bodig is isolated to Guam which makes it an excellent opportunity to research neurodegenerative diseases. If a cure was found, it could lead to significant information on other diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimers. Only time and future research will tell the outcome of the disease.

==See also==
*For more information about the Evolution of Research see:

[http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/157/2/149 American Journal of Epidemiology]

[http://www.jneuro-ophthalmology.com/pt/re/jneuroophth/fulltext.0041327-200303000-0 Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology]
* [[beta-Methylamino-L-alanine|β-Methylamino-L-alanine]] (BMAA)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Wiederholt, W.C. 2000. Guam: the puzzle of Parkinson's. National Institute of Health Report 3:3.

Morris, H.R., Al-Sarraj, S., Schwab, C., Gwinn-Hardy, K., Perez-Tur, J., Wood, N.W., Hardy, J., Lees, A.J., McGreer, P.L., Daniel, S.E., and J.C. Steele. 2001. A clinical and pathological study of motor neurone disease on Guam. Brain 11:2215-2222.

Carrico, C. 2004. Island Lore. Beyond the bench: Representations of pharmacology and science in the media 4:296-297

Sedwick, L.A. 2003. Terry A. Cox, md,PhD, neuro-ophthalmologist, biostatistician, and birdwatcher. Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology 23:108-110

==External links==
*[http://apps.ashland.edu/index.php/Lytico-bodig Ashland University Ohio Wiki Entry]
*[http://www.parkinson.org/site/pp.asp?c=9dJFJLPwB&b=99904 Details at National Parkinson's Foundation]

[[Category:Neurological disorders]]

{{Link FA|pl}}
[[pl:Stwardnienie zanikowe boczne-parkinsonizm/zespół otępienny]]

Vendor Relationship Management

2010-09-05T09:19:37Z

Wikidemon: /* About VRM */ oh, brother. tone down some excessive language

{{Article issues|technical=September 2009|advert =September 2009}}
{{Citations missing|article|date=June 2009}}

== About VRM ==
VRM, or '''Vendor Relationship Management''' is a category of business activity made possible by software tools that provide customers with both independence from vendors and better means for engaging with vendors. These same tools can also apply to individuals' relations with other institutions and organizations.

The term VRM was coined by Mike Vizard on a [[Gillmor Gang]] podcast<ref>[http://www.mevio.com/episode/24321/vrm-gang-part-i] Gillmor Gang: VRM Gang Part I</ref> on September 1, 2006, in a conversation with [[Doc Searls]] about the project Searls had recently started as a fellow at the [[Berkman Center for Internet & Society]] at [[Harvard University]]. Vizard saw VRM as a natural counterpart of [[Customer relationship management]]. Searls' project then became named ProjectVRM, and has since worked to guide development of VRM tools and services.

VRM tools provide customers with the means to bear their share of the relationship burden with vendors and other organizations. They relieve CRM of the perceived need to "target," "capture," "acquire," "lock in," "direct," "own," "manage," and otherwise take the lead of relationships with customers. With VRM operating on the customer's side, Customers are also involved as participants, rather than as followers.

In its description of ProjectVRM<ref>[http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/research/projectvrm#]ProjectVRM page at the Berkman Center for Internet & Society</ref>, the Berkman Center says "The primary theory behind ProjectVRM is that many market problems (including the widespread belief that customer lock-in is a 'best practice') can only be solved from the customer side: by making the customer a fully-empowered actor in the marketplace, rather than one whose power in many cases is dependent on exclusive relationships with vendors, by coerced agreement provided entirely by those vendors."

Doc Searls believes VRM will help create what he calls an "The Intention Economy," which he described first in an essay<ref>[http://www.linuxjournal.com/node/1000035] The Intention Ecomomy, in the March 8, 2006 issue of Linux Journal</ref> by that name in [[Linux Journal]]. There he writes, "The Intention Economy grows around buyers, not sellers. It leverages the simple fact that buyers are the first source of money, and that they come ready-made. You don't need advertising to make them. The Intention Economy is about markets, not marketing. You don't need marketing to make Intention Markets." Searls is currently working on a book by the same title for [[Harvard Business Press]]. He also sees VRM addressing some of what he calls the "unfinished business"<ref>[http://www.destinationcrm.com/Articles/Editorial/Magazine-Features/Its-Not-Your-Relationship-to-Manage-66870.aspx] It's Not Your Relationship to Manage, by Lauren McKay, in ''CRM'' Magazine, May 2010</ref> of [[The Cluetrain Manifesto]], which he co-wrote in 1999 with [[Christopher Locke]], Rick Levine and [[David Weinberger]]. Here he refers to Cluetrain's preambe, which says "We are not seats or eyeballs or end users or consumers. We are human beings—and our reach exceeds our grasp. Deal with it."

''CRM'' Magazine devoted much of its May 2010 issue<ref>[http://www.destinationcrm.com/Issue/1776-May-2010.htm] ''CRM Magazine'': May, 2010</ref> to VRM. The magazine also named Doc Searls' one of its Influential Leaders in its August issue<ref>[http://www.destinationcrm.com/Articles/Editorial/Magazine-Features/Influential-Leaders-The-People-Person-69303.aspx] Influential Leaders: The People Person — Doc Searls, fellow, Berkman Center for Internet and Society, head of ProjectVRM, By Joshua Weinberger, for the August 2010 issue of CRM Magazine</ref>.

==VRM Development Work==
As of August 2010 ProjectVRM lists nineteen VRM development efforts<ref>[http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/projectvrm/Main_Page#VRM_Development_Work]Development work list at the ProjectVRM wiki</ref>. These include:

*Azigo <ref>[http://azigo.com] Azigo</ref>
*EmanciPay<ref>[http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/projectvrm/EmanciPay] EmanciPay, at ProjectVRM</ref>
*Information Sharing Workgroup<ref>[http://kantarainitiative.org/confluence/display/infosharing/Home] Information Sharing Workgroup at the Kantara Initiative</ref>
*Kynetx<ref>[http://kynetx.com]Kynetx</ref>
*ListenLog<ref>[http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/projectvrm/ListenLog]ListenLog, at ProjectVRM</ref>
*Mydex<ref>[http://mydex.org/]MyDex</ref>
*Paoga<ref>[http://www.paoga.com/]Paoga</ref>
*SwitchBook<ref>[http://www.switchbook.com/]SwitchBook</ref>
*TrustFabric.org<ref>[http://www.trustfabric.org/]TrustFabric.org</ref>
*UMA<ref>[http://kantarainitiative.org/confluence/display/uma/]UMA</ref>
*Banyan Project<ref>[http://www.banyanproject.com/]The Banyan Project</ref>
*The Mine Project<ref>[http://themineproject.org/]The Mine! Project </ref>

== References ==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://projectvrm.org ProjectVRM]
*[http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/projectvrm/ ProjectVRM blog]
*[http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/research/projectvrm Berkman Center page on ProjectVRM]
*[http://www.linuxjournal.com/node/1000035 The Intention Economy, by Doc Searls, in Linux Journal, March 8, 2006]
*[http://www.destinationcrm.com/Articles/Editorial/Magazine-Features/V-Is-for-Victory-But-the-Victory-Isnt-Yours-66880.aspx V Is for Victory — But the Victory Isn't Yours, by the editors of CRM Magazine, May 2010]
*[http://www.destinationcrm.com/Articles/Editorial/Magazine-Features/V-Is-for-Victory-But-the-Victory-Isnt-Yours-66880.aspxhttp://www.destinationcrm.com/Articles/Editorial/Magazine-Features/Its-Not-Your-Relationship-to-Manage-66870.aspx It's Not Your Relationship to Manage, by Lauren McKay in CRM Magazine, May 2010]

[[Category:Buzzwords]]
[[Category:Management]]
[[Category:Electronic commerce]]
[[fr:Gestion de la relation vendeur]]

Vendor Relationship Management

2010-09-05T09:17:38Z

Wikidemon: /* About VRM */ tiny improvement

{{Article issues|technical=September 2009|advert =September 2009}}
{{Citations missing|article|date=June 2009}}

== About VRM ==
VRM, or '''Vendor Relationship Management''' is a category of business activity made possible by software tools that provide customers with both independence from vendors and better means for engaging with vendors. These same tools can also apply to individuals' relations with other institutions and organizations.

The term VRM was coined by Mike Vizard on a [[Gillmor Gang]] podcast<ref>[http://www.mevio.com/episode/24321/vrm-gang-part-i] Gillmor Gang: VRM Gang Part I</ref> on September 1, 2006, in a conversation with [[Doc Searls]] about the project Searls had recently started as a fellow at the [[Berkman Center for Internet & Society]] at [[Harvard University]]. Vizard saw VRM as a natural counterpart of [[Customer relationship management]]. Searls' project then became named ProjectVRM, and has since worked to guide development of VRM tools and services.

VRM tools provide customers with the means to bear their share of the relationship burden with vendors and other organizations. They relieve CRM of the perceived need to "target," "capture," "acquire," "lock in," "direct," "own," "manage," and otherwise employ the language of slave-owners when dealing with customers. With VRM operating on the customer's side, CRM systems should no longer be alone in trying to improve the ways companies relate to customers. Customers will be also be involved, as fully empowered participants, rather than as captive followers.

In its description of ProjectVRM<ref>[http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/research/projectvrm#]ProjectVRM page at the Berkman Center for Internet & Society</ref>, the Berkman Center says "The primary theory behind ProjectVRM is that many market problems (including the widespread belief that customer lock-in is a 'best practice') can only be solved from the customer side: by making the customer a fully-empowered actor in the marketplace, rather than one whose power in many cases is dependent on exclusive relationships with vendors, by coerced agreement provided entirely by those vendors."

Doc Searls believes VRM will help create what he calls an "The Intention Economy," which he described first in an essay<ref>[http://www.linuxjournal.com/node/1000035] The Intention Ecomomy, in the March 8, 2006 issue of Linux Journal</ref> by that name in [[Linux Journal]]. There he writes, "The Intention Economy grows around buyers, not sellers. It leverages the simple fact that buyers are the first source of money, and that they come ready-made. You don't need advertising to make them. The Intention Economy is about markets, not marketing. You don't need marketing to make Intention Markets." Searls is currently working on a book by the same title for [[Harvard Business Press]]. He also sees VRM addressing some of what he calls the "unfinished business"<ref>[http://www.destinationcrm.com/Articles/Editorial/Magazine-Features/Its-Not-Your-Relationship-to-Manage-66870.aspx] It's Not Your Relationship to Manage, by Lauren McKay, in ''CRM'' Magazine, May 2010</ref> of [[The Cluetrain Manifesto]], which he co-wrote in 1999 with [[Christopher Locke]], Rick Levine and [[David Weinberger]]. Here he refers to Cluetrain's preambe, which says "We are not seats or eyeballs or end users or consumers. We are human beings—and our reach exceeds our grasp. Deal with it."

''CRM'' Magazine devoted much of its May 2010 issue<ref>[http://www.destinationcrm.com/Issue/1776-May-2010.htm] ''CRM Magazine'': May, 2010</ref> to VRM. The magazine also named Doc Searls' one of its Influential Leaders in its August issue<ref>[http://www.destinationcrm.com/Articles/Editorial/Magazine-Features/Influential-Leaders-The-People-Person-69303.aspx] Influential Leaders: The People Person — Doc Searls, fellow, Berkman Center for Internet and Society, head of ProjectVRM, By Joshua Weinberger, for the August 2010 issue of CRM Magazine</ref>.

==VRM Development Work==
As of August 2010 ProjectVRM lists nineteen VRM development efforts<ref>[http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/projectvrm/Main_Page#VRM_Development_Work]Development work list at the ProjectVRM wiki</ref>. These include:

*Azigo <ref>[http://azigo.com] Azigo</ref>
*EmanciPay<ref>[http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/projectvrm/EmanciPay] EmanciPay, at ProjectVRM</ref>
*Information Sharing Workgroup<ref>[http://kantarainitiative.org/confluence/display/infosharing/Home] Information Sharing Workgroup at the Kantara Initiative</ref>
*Kynetx<ref>[http://kynetx.com]Kynetx</ref>
*ListenLog<ref>[http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/projectvrm/ListenLog]ListenLog, at ProjectVRM</ref>
*Mydex<ref>[http://mydex.org/]MyDex</ref>
*Paoga<ref>[http://www.paoga.com/]Paoga</ref>
*SwitchBook<ref>[http://www.switchbook.com/]SwitchBook</ref>
*TrustFabric.org<ref>[http://www.trustfabric.org/]TrustFabric.org</ref>
*UMA<ref>[http://kantarainitiative.org/confluence/display/uma/]UMA</ref>
*Banyan Project<ref>[http://www.banyanproject.com/]The Banyan Project</ref>
*The Mine Project<ref>[http://themineproject.org/]The Mine! Project </ref>

== References ==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://projectvrm.org ProjectVRM]
*[http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/projectvrm/ ProjectVRM blog]
*[http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/research/projectvrm Berkman Center page on ProjectVRM]
*[http://www.linuxjournal.com/node/1000035 The Intention Economy, by Doc Searls, in Linux Journal, March 8, 2006]
*[http://www.destinationcrm.com/Articles/Editorial/Magazine-Features/V-Is-for-Victory-But-the-Victory-Isnt-Yours-66880.aspx V Is for Victory — But the Victory Isn't Yours, by the editors of CRM Magazine, May 2010]
*[http://www.destinationcrm.com/Articles/Editorial/Magazine-Features/V-Is-for-Victory-But-the-Victory-Isnt-Yours-66880.aspxhttp://www.destinationcrm.com/Articles/Editorial/Magazine-Features/Its-Not-Your-Relationship-to-Manage-66870.aspx It's Not Your Relationship to Manage, by Lauren McKay in CRM Magazine, May 2010]

[[Category:Buzzwords]]
[[Category:Management]]
[[Category:Electronic commerce]]
[[fr:Gestion de la relation vendeur]]

KSD-VP-1/1

2010-06-21T22:36:25Z

Wikidemon: it's really a nickname

'''Kadanuumuu''' ("Big Man" in the [[Afar language]]) is the nickname given a 3.58-million-year-old partial [[Australopithecus afarensis]] fossil discovered in the [[Afar Region]] of Ethiopia in 2005, by a team lead by [[Yohannes Haile-Selassie]]. Based on skeletal analysis, the fossil is believed to conclusively show that the species was fully bipedal.<ref name="nature">{{cite news|publisher=Nature|title=Africa's next top hominid: Ancient human relative could walk upright.|url=http://www.nature.com/news/2010/100621/full/news.2010.305.html|author=Rex Dalton|date=2010-06-20}}</ref>

At more than five feet in stature, Kadanuumuu is much taller than the famous "[[Lucy (Australopithecus)|Lucy]]" fossil of the same species discovered in the 1970s, and is approximately 400,000 years older.<ref name="nature"/> Among other characteristics, Kadanuumuu's [[scapula]] (part of the shoulder blade), the oldest discovered to date for a hominid, is comparable to that of modern humans, suggesting that the species was land rather than tree-based.<ref name="nature"/> Not all researchers agree with this conclusion.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=National Geographic|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/06/100621-lucy-early-humans-walking-upright-science/|title="Lucy" Kin Pushes Back Evolution of Upright Walking? |author=Ker Than|date=2010-06-21}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category: Hominin fossils]]
[[Category: Specific fossil specimens]]
[[Category: Paleoanthropology]]
[[Category: Transitional fossil]]

KSD-VP-1/1

2010-06-21T22:35:27Z

Wikidemon: improve citation

'''Kadanuumuu''' ("Big Man" in the [[Afar language]]) is the name given a 3.58-million-year-old partial [[Australopithecus afarensis]] fossil discovered in the [[Afar Region]] of Ethiopia in 2005, by a team lead by [[Yohannes Haile-Selassie]]. Based on skeletal analysis, the fossil is believed to conclusively show that the species was fully bipedal.<ref name="nature">{{cite news|publisher=Nature|title=Africa's next top hominid: Ancient human relative could walk upright.|url=http://www.nature.com/news/2010/100621/full/news.2010.305.html|author=Rex Dalton|date=2010-06-20}}</ref>

At more than five feet in stature, Kadanuumuu is much taller than the famous "[[Lucy (Australopithecus)|Lucy]]" fossil of the same species discovered in the 1970s, and is approximately 400,000 years older.<ref name="nature"/> Among other characteristics, Kadanuumuu's [[scapula]] (part of the shoulder blade), the oldest discovered to date for a hominid, is comparable to that of modern humans, suggesting that the species was land rather than tree-based.<ref name="nature"/> Not all researchers agree with this conclusion.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=National Geographic|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/06/100621-lucy-early-humans-walking-upright-science/|title="Lucy" Kin Pushes Back Evolution of Upright Walking? |author=Ker Than|date=2010-06-21}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category: Hominin fossils]]
[[Category: Specific fossil specimens]]
[[Category: Paleoanthropology]]
[[Category: Transitional fossil]]

KSD-VP-1/1

2010-06-21T22:34:07Z

Wikidemon: mention a different scientific opinion

'''Kadanuumuu''' ("Big Man" in the [[Afar language]]) is the name given a 3.58-million-year-old partial [[Australopithecus afarensis]] fossil discovered in the [[Afar Region]] of Ethiopia in 2005, by a team lead by [[Yohannes Haile-Selassie]]. Based on skeletal analysis, the fossil is believed to conclusively show that the species was fully bipedal.<ref name="nature">{{cite news|publisher=Nature|title=Africa's next top hominid:Ancient human relative could walk upright.|author=Rex Dalton|date=2010-06-20}}</ref>

At more than five feet in stature, Kadanuumuu is much taller than the famous "[[Lucy (Australopithecus)|Lucy]]" fossil of the same species discovered in the 1970s, and is approximately 400,000 years older.<ref name="nature"/> Among other characteristics, Kadanuumuu's [[scapula]] (part of the shoulder blade), the oldest discovered to date for a hominid, is comparable to that of modern humans, suggesting that the species was land rather than tree-based.<ref name="nature"/> Not all researchers agree with this conclusion.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=National Geographic|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/06/100621-lucy-early-humans-walking-upright-science/|title="Lucy" Kin Pushes Back Evolution of Upright Walking? |author=Ker Than|date=2010-06-21}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category: Hominin fossils]]
[[Category: Specific fossil specimens]]
[[Category: Paleoanthropology]]
[[Category: Transitional fossil]]

KSD-VP-1/1

2010-06-21T21:54:36Z

Wikidemon: I think this is what the source is saying...

'''Kadanuumuu''' ("Big Man" in the [[Afar language]]) is the name given a 3.58-million-year-old partial [[Australopithecus afarensis]] fossil discovered in the [[Afar Region]] of Ethiopia in 2005, by a team lead by [[Yohannes Haile-Selassie]]. Based on skeletal analysis, the fossil is believed to conclusively show that the species was fully bipedal.<ref name="nature">{{cite news|publisher=Nature|title=Africa's next top hominid:Ancient human relative could walk upright.|author=Rex Dalton|date=2010-06-20}}</ref>

At more than five feet in stature, Kadanuumuu is much taller than the famous "[[Lucy (Australopithecus)|Lucy]]" fossil of the same species discovered in the 1970s, and is approximately 400,000 years older.<ref name="nature"/> Among other characteristics, Kadanuumuu's [[scapula]] (part of the shoulder blade), the oldest discovered to date for a hominid, is comparable to that of modern humans, indicating that the species was land rather than tree-based.<ref name="nature"/>
==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category: Hominin fossils]]
[[Category: Specific fossil specimens]]
[[Category: Paleoanthropology]]
[[Category: Transitional fossil]]

KSD-VP-1/1

2010-06-21T21:50:58Z

Wikidemon: wikilinks

KSD-VP-1/1

2010-06-21T21:39:34Z

Wikidemon: /* References */ +catagories

'''Kadanuumuu''' ("Big Man" in the Afar language) is the name given a 3.58-million-year-old partial [[Australopithecus afarensis]] fossil discovered in Ethiopia in 2005. Based on skeletal analysis, the fossil is believed to conclusively show that the species was fully bipedal.<ref name="nature">{{cite news|publisher=Nature|title=Africa's next top hominid:Ancient human relative could walk upright.|author=Rex Dalton|date=2010-06-20}}</ref>

At more than five feet in stature, Kadanuumuu is much taller than the famous "[[Lucy (Australopithecus)|Lucy]]" fossil of the same species discovered in the 1970s, and is approximately 400,000 years older.<ref name="nature"/>
==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category: Hominin fossils]]
[[Category: Specific fossil specimens]]
[[Category: Paleoanthropology]]
[[Category: Transitional fossil]]

KSD-VP-1/1

2010-06-21T21:38:38Z

Wikidemon: +factoidalize

KSD-VP-1/1

2010-06-21T21:37:05Z

Wikidemon: +factoid

'''Kadanuumuu''' ("Big Man" in the Afar language) is the name given a 3.58-million-year-old partial [[Australopithecus afarensis]] fossil discovered in Ethiopia in 2005. Based on skeletal analysis, the fossil is believed to conclusively show that the species was fully bipedal.<ref name="nature">{{cite news|publisher=Nature|title=Africa's next top hominid:Ancient human relative could walk upright.|author=Rex Dalton|date=2010-06-20}}</ref>

Unlike the famous "[[Lucy (Australopithecus)|Lucy]]" fossil, which was short in stature, Kadanuumuu stood at least five feet tall.<ref name="nature"/>
==References==
{{reflist}}

KSD-VP-1/1

2010-06-21T21:35:51Z

Wikidemon: initial save

Huma Abedin

2010-06-07T04:37:20Z

Wikidemon: Undid revision 365768422 by Kauffner (talk) per BLP

[[File:Hillary Clinton and Huma Abedin 1a.jpg|thumb|right|Abedin (left) with Hillary Clinton, August 2008.]]
'''Huma M. Abedin''' (born 1976) is an [[aide]] to [[United States Secretary of State]] [[Hillary Rodham Clinton]]<ref name="mysterywoman">{{cite news
| last =Morgan
| first =Spencer
| title =Hillary's Mystery Woman: Who is Huma?
| work =[[The New York Observer]]
| date =2007-04-01
| url =http://www.observer.com/node/37040
| accessdate = 2007-07-12 }}</ref> who served as traveling chief of staff and "[[body man|body woman]]" during [[Hillary Clinton presidential campaign, 2008|Clinton's campaign]] for the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] nomination in the [[2008 United States presidential election|2008 presidential election]].<ref>[http://niralimagazine.com/2007/08/hillarys-handler-huma-abedin/ Nirali Magazine | Hillary’s Handler: Huma Abedin]</ref><ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/22/fashion/22candidates.html Campaign Chic: Not Too Cool, Never Ever Hot]</ref>

Abedin was born in [[Kalamazoo, Michigan|Kalamazoo]], [[Michigan]]. Her [[India]]n born father was a [[Muslim]] and Middle Eastern scholar who died when she was 17 years old, and her [[Pakistan]]i born mother is a professor in [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref name="mysterywoman"/> At the age of two, her family relocated to [[Jeddah]], Saudi Arabia. Abedin returned to the United States to attend [[George Washington University]].

Huma Abedin began working as an intern for the White House in 1996 and landed an assignment with the [[First Lady]]. She has since risen to the role of Hillary Clinton's right-hand woman. She currently works for Clinton at the [[United States Department of State|State Department]].<ref>[http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0209/18642.html "Clintonites jostle for jobs at State" - Politico]</ref>

She is engaged to New York Representative [[Anthony Weiner]].<ref>[http://www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/2009/07/12/2009-07-12_weiner_hillary_aide_to_tie_knot.html "Rep. Anthony Weiner engaged to Hillary Clinton aide Huma Abedin" - New York Daily News]</ref>

==References==
{{Commons category|Huma Abedin}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/2008/05/28/2008-05-28_yes_im_hot_for_hillary_clintons_body_wom.html "Yes, I'm hot for Hillary Clinton's 'body woman,' Congressman Weiner admits" - New York Daily News]
* [http://www.indianexpress.com/news/huma-hillarys-secret-weapon-very-very-muc/214568/ "Huma, Hillary’s secret weapon, very very much in Vogue" - Indian Express]
* [http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200805301551.htm "Indo-Pak beauty being wooed by Jewish US lawmaker" - The Hindu]
* [http://www.emgonline.co.uk/news.php?news=6558 "For the Love of Huma - Jewish-Muslim story" - The Sikh Times]
* [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/28/AR2008052803678.html "Their Romance Is Now Official" - The Washington Post]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abedin, Huma}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Spouses of members of the United States House of Representatives]]
[[Category:People from Kalamazoo, Michigan]]
[[Category:American people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American people of Pakistani descent]]
[[Category:George Washington University alumni]]

{{US-poli-bio-stub}}

[[pt:Huma Abedin]]

Abdul Ghani Baradar

2010-02-16T07:20:45Z

Wikidemon: rm apparent copyvio

{{cleanup|date=February 2010}}
[[Mullah]] '''Abdul Ghani Baradar''' ([[Dari (Eastern Persian)|Dari]]: عبدالغنی برادر; born c. 1968)<ref name=Interpol>{{cite web |title=BARADAR, Abdul Ghani |url=http://www.interpol.int/public/data/noticesun/notices/data/2006/10/2006_25910.asp |publisher=[[Interpol]] |accessdate=2010-02-16}}</ref> also called Mullah '''Baradar Akhund''', is an [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] [[Taliban]] leader. The deputy of [[Mullah Mohammed Omar]] and member of the [[Quetta Shura]], Baradar was largely seen as the de facto leader of the Taliban as of 2009.<ref>{{cite news |first=Ron |last=Moreau |title=America’s New Nightmare |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/208637 |publisher=''[[Newsweek]]'' |date=2009-07-25 |accessdate=2010-02-16}}</ref> Reported killed in an airstrike in [[Helmand Province]] on August 30, 2007,<ref>{{cite news |title=Top Taliban Commander Killed In Southern Afghanistan |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1078423.html |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |Date=2007-08-30 |accessdate=2010-02-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Top Taliban Leader Killed in Afghanistan |url=http://blogs.abcnews.com/theblotter/2007/08/top-taliban-lea.html |publisher=[[ABC News]] |date=2007-08-30 |accessdate=2010-02-16}}</ref> he was captured by the [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] and [[CIA]] in [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]] in February 2010.<ref name=NYT>{{cite news |first=Mark |last=Mazzetti |coauthors=Filkins, Dexter |title=Secret Joint Raid Captures Taliban’s Top Commander |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/16/world/asia/16intel.html?hp=&pagewanted=all |publisher=''[[The New York Times]]'' |date=2010-02-16 |accessdate=2010-02-16}}</ref> One Taliban commander confirmed his capture to the press, though claimed that Baradar had instead been captured in Helmand during [[Operation Moshtarak]];<ref>{{cite news |title=Afghanistan’s Taliban Confirm Capture of Number-Two Commander |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-02-15/afghanistan-s-taliban-confirm-capture-of-number-two-commander.html |agency=[[Bloomberg]] |publisher=''[[Business Week]]'' |date=2010-02-15 |accessdate=2010-02-15}}</ref> another flatly denied that he was in custody.<ref>{{cite news |title=Report: Taliban's top military commander captured |url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5h-DcFG8htzcLniHywoAQPeII8TqQD9DT2AOG0 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |date=2010-02-15 |accessdate=2010-02-15}}</ref>

Born in Weetmak, [[Deh Rahwod District]], [[Orūzgān Province]],<ref name=Interpol/> he is [[Durrani]] [[Pashtun]] of the [[Popolzai tribe]],<ref>{{cite book |first=Antonio |last=Giustozzi |title=Koran, Kalashnikov, and laptop: the neo-Taliban insurgency in Afghanistan |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2008 |isbn=0231700091 |page=47|url-http://books.google.com/books?id=LV7-WYlOgRIC&pg=PA47&dq=mullah+baradar&client=firefox-a&cd=1#v=onepage&q=mullah%20baradar&f=false}}</ref> and a former governor of [[Herat]] and [[Nimruz Province]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The Hunt For Bin Laden |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1001287-5,00.html |publisher=''[[TIME]]'' |date=2001-11-26 |accessdate=2010-02-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Ludwig W. |last=Adamec |title=Volume 30 of Historical dictionary of Afghan wars, revolutions, and insurgencies |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2005 |isbn=0810849488 |page=lxxxiii |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xyW-uxh7m5gC&pg=PR83&dq=mullah+baradar&client=firefox-a&cd=12#v=onepage&q=baradar&f=false}}</ref> An unclassified [[US State Department]] document lists him as the former Deputy Chief of Army Staff and Commander of Central Army Corps, [[Kabul]]<ref>{{cite web |title=B1, 1.4(D) |url=http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&ct=res&cd=15&ved=0CCsQFjAO&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwu.edu%2F~nsarchiv%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB295%2Fdoc17.pdf&rct=j&q=Mullah+Baradar+Akhund&ei=SRl6S63JFI3T8AbqqID0CQ&usg=AFQjCNHK-Vmc5RMkBKnwznleG4ys1PMXqA |accessdate=2010-02-16}}</ref> while [[Interpol]] states that he was the Taliban's Deputy Minister of Defense.<ref name=Interpol/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.alemarah.info/english/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=359:remarks-of-esteemed-mullah-brader-akhund-made-to-media-about-obamas-new-strategy&catid=5:statement-&Itemid=22 2009 Statement] on official Taliban website
*[http://www.juancole.com/2010/01/taleban-deputy-leader-warns-of-more.html Interview] with the ''[[Afghan Islamic Press]]''
*[http://www.newsweek.com/id/208638 Interview] with ''[[Newsweek]]''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baradar, Abdul Ghani}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Taliban leaders]]

Greylock Partners

2009-12-21T22:28:25Z

Wikidemon: refine cats

{{Infobox company
| company_name = Greylock Partners
| company_logo = [[Image:Greylock Ventures logo.png|185px|Greylock Ventures logo]]
| company_type = [[Private Company|Private]]
| foundation = 1965
| founder = Bill Elfers, Dan Gregory
| location = [[San Mateo, California]] [[Waltham, Massachusetts]]
| industry = [[Private equity]]
| products = [[Venture capital]]
| assets = $2 billion
| homepage = [http://www.greylock.com www.greylock.com]
| num_employees = 30+
}}
'''Greylock Partners''' is one of the oldest [[venture capital]] firms, founded in 1965, with committed capital of over $2 billion under management. The firm focuses on early stage companies in the consumer, enterprise software and infrastructure as well as semiconductor sectors.

Today, Greylock operates out of offices in the [[Bay Area]], [[Boston]], [[Israel]] and [[India]].

Over the ensuing 43 years, Greylock has raised a series of partnerships, with current committed capital in excess of $2 billion, and helped build over 300 growth companies.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}

== History ==
{{history of private equity and venture capital}}
Greylock was founded in 1965 by Bill Elfers and Dan Gregory, joined shortly thereafter by Charlie Waite. Bill and Charlie had both worked at [[American Research and Development Corporation]]—one of the country’s first venture capital firms—while Dan was an investment manager at John P. Chase. The original capital ($9 million in total) was committed by a group of six prominent families, all of whom are still investors in Greylock.

== Investments ==
Greylock's early-stage investments in recent years have included Corio, Xros (now part of [[Nortel]]), Sirocco Systems (now part of Sycamore Networks), Octane (now part of E.piphany), Red Hat, Phone.com (now Openwave Systems), ISS Group, DoubleClick, Open Market, Kiva Software (now part of [[Netscape]]), CheckFree, Cygnus (now part of Red Hat), Forte Software (now part of [[Sun Microsystems]]), Legato (now part of EMC), Trilogy, Clarus, Xircom (now part of [[Intel]]), Ascend Communications (now part of Lucent), and Copper Mountain Networks. Greylock has sponsored more companies to successful initial public offerings than any other early-stage venture firm, with over 125 total and has been lead or co-lead investor in most of these companies.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}

===Investment Areas of Focus===
* '''Consumer and Services''': Financial, Healthcare, Internet, Mobile, Retail, Systems Integration.
* '''Enterprise Infrastructure''': Compute/Data Center, Management, Networking, Security, Storage.
* '''Enterprise Software''': Applications, Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)
* '''Semiconductor''': EDA, Networking, Wireless

== Funding ==

Greylock Partners is organized in a series of twelve limited partnerships begun in 1965, 1973, 1979, 1983, 1985, 1987, 1990, 1994, 1997, 2000, 2001 and 2005. In 2006, Greylock launched Greylock Israel, a separate fund dedicated to Israel. Committed capital across the Greylock partnerships exceeds $2 billion. Greylock's limited partners include the nation’s most prestigious university endowments, major American industrial families and not for profit foundations. Greylock has had all of its limited partners participate in all partnerships subsequent to their original investment.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}

== Significant Investments ==

Some of the more notable investments include financing upstart [[adware]]/[[spyware]] firms, most notably [[Claria Corporation]], formerly and notoriously known as [[Gator Corporation]].
At the same time, Greylock Partners has invested in the security side of computing, including database encryption companies such as [http://www.imperva.com Imperva], and networking product companies, such as [[CentrePath]].
Perhaps the most notable investment is [[Facebook.com]]

== References ==
{{No footnotes|date=November 2008}}

{{Refbegin}}
*Ganapati, Priya. [http://www.ironport.com/company/pp_red_herring_03-12-2007.html Networks Under Siege]. Red Herring. Accessed July 14, 2008 from

*Greylock Partners. http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=20767 Greylock Partners Business Week Profile]. Accessed July 13, 2008 from

*Rand, Matt. [http://www.forbes.com/best/2005/0328/bow001.html Socking it to Spyware]. Forbes. Accessed July 13, 2008 from
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.greylock.com Greylock Partners] (company website)
* [http://www.zerogwireless.com/ ZeroG Wireless] (Greylock Partners is one of the investors of ZeroG Wireless.)

{{Venture capital firms}}

[[Category:Companies established in 1965]]
[[Category:Boston venture capital firms]]
[[Category:Silicon Valley venture capital firms]]

[[fi:Greylock Partners]]

Kleiner Perkins

2009-12-21T22:11:05Z

Wikidemon: rm redundant cat (parent unneeded)

{{Infobox_Company |
company_name = Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers |
company_logo = [[Image:KPCB-logo.png|100px|Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers]] |
company_type = [[Limited liability company]]|
foundation = [[1972]] |
key_people = [[Eugene Kleiner]], [[Bill Joy]] |
location = [[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] [[Menlo Park, California|Menlo Park]], [[California]] |
industry = [[Venture Capital]] |
products = [[Investments]], [[Private equity fund| private equity funds]] |
assets = |
homepage = [http://www.kpcb.com/ www.kpcb.com] |
num_employees = |
}}

'''Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers''' (KPCB) is a [[venture capital]] firm located on [[Sand Hill Road]] in [[Silicon Valley]]. The firm was named after its four founding partners: [[Eugene Kleiner]] ([[emeritus]]), [[Tom Perkins]] (emeritus), [[Frank J. Caufield]] (emeritus), and [[Brook Byers]].

The firm was formed in [[1972]]. At that point, the founders of most [[venture capital]] firms came from financial backgrounds, however Kleiner Perkins's founders distinguished themselves through their industry experience—Kleiner as a founder of [[Fairchild Semiconductor]] and Perkins as one of the leaders of [[Hewlett-Packard]]'s early computer hardware division.

Like other venture capital firms, the firm does not discourage transactions among companies in which it holds a [[stake]].{{Fact|date=November 2007}} This is similar to the Japanese [[keiretsu]] style of company structure.{{Fact|date=November 2007}}

== Investments ==
{{history of private equity and venture capital}}
The company has been an early investor in more than 300 IT (information technology) and biotech firms, over the past thirty five years, including: [[Amazon.com]], [[America Online]], [[Brio Technology]], [[Compaq]], [[Electronic Arts]], [[Flextronics]], [[Genentech]], [[Google]], [[Intuit]], [[Lotus Development]], [[LSI Logic]], [[Macromedia]], [[Netscape Communications Corporation|Netscape]], [[Quantum Corporation|Quantum]], [[Segway]], [[Sun Microsystems]], and [[Tandem Computers|Tandem]].<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9903E4DF1339F937A25750C0A962948260 "Executive Joins Kleiner Perkins"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', [[March 14]], [[1984]].</ref> Current private investments as of November 2007 include [[EEstor]], [[Vertica]], [[Ocarina Networks]] and [[OptiMedica]].

KPCB paid $4 million in 1994 for around 25% of Netscape and profited from Netscape's [[initial public offering|IPO]] and subsequent $4 billion acquisition by [[America Online]]. An investment of $8 million in [[Cerent]] was worth around $2 billion when the optical equipment maker was sold to [[Cisco Systems]] for $6.9 billion in August 1999.

In [[1999]], Kleiner Perkins and [[Sequoia Capital]] paid $25 million for 20% of [[Google]]—as of November 2008 Google's [[market capitalization]] stood at about $108 billion. As initial investors in Amazon.com KPCB scored returns of over 55,000% at the December [[1999]] peak of that stock, although the value of that investment was subsequently reduced by downturns in Amazon.com's stock price.

In March, [[2008]], KPCB announced the [[iFund]], a $100 million venture capital investment initiative that will fund innovators developing applications, services, and components for Apple’s iPhone and iPod touch platform. KPCB's other mobile initiatives also include an investment in [[InMobi]], a mobile ad network based out of Bangalore.

In April 2008, it was reported that KPCB was raising funds for a $400 million growth-stage clean-technology fund.<ref>{{cite news |first=Alexander |last=Haislip |authorlink= |coauthors=Dan Primack |title=Kleiner Perkins raising green growth fund |url=http://www.pewnews.com/story.asp?sectioncode=36&storycode=44384 |work=Private Equity Week |publisher= |date=[[24 April]], [[2008]] |accessdate=2008-04-27 }}</ref>

==Partners==
Notable members of the firm include partners [[John Doerr]] and [[Brook Byers]], as well as high-profile individuals such as [[Sun Microsystems]] co-founder [[Bill Joy]] (who joined as partner in January 2005), former [[United States Secretary of State|U.S. Secretary of State]] [[Colin Powell]] (who joined in July 2005 in the newly-created position of "strategic limited partner"), and former [[Vice President of the United States|U.S. Vice President]] [[Al Gore]], who joined as partner in November 2007<ref>{{cite news|first=Zachary |last=Coile |title = Gore joins Valley's Kleiner Perkins to push green business |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/11/13/BAUCTAV4I.DTL |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date= November 13, 2007 |accessdate = 2007-11-13}}</ref><ref name="Greentech">{{cite web |url=http://www.kpcb.com/initiatives/greentech/ |title=Greentech Initiative |accessdate=2007-11-13 |publisher=Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers |doi= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref> as part of a collaboration between KPCB and Gore's firm [[Generation Investment Management]] (GIM) to promote [[environmental technology|green technology]], business and policy solutions.<ref name="Greentech announcement">{{cite web |url=http://www.kpcb.com/news/articles/2007_11_12.html |title=Generation Investment Management and Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers Create International Alliance to Accelerate Global Climate Solutions |accessdate=2007-11-13 |date=2007-11-12 |publisher=Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, [[Generation Investment Management]] |pages= |language= |doi= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref> In 2008, [[John Gage]] of [[Sun Microsystems]] joined Gore as a partner. <ref>[http://www.kpcb.com/news/articles/2008_06_09.html John Gage Joins Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers as Partner]</ref><ref name=established>{{cite web
|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-11128_3-9964131-54.html
|title=Sun's John Gage joins Al Gore in clean-tech investing
|accessdate= 2008-06-12
|author=
|last= Olsen
|first= Stephanie
|authorlink=
|coauthors=
|date= June 9, 2008
|work=
|publisher=
}}</ref>

== Think America ==
KPCB has publicized its plan to put as many as 50,000 [[electric car]]s on U.S. roads beginning late next year and could make the famed tech region south of San Francisco a center for these vehicles. The venture will be called Think North America and be based in [[Menlo Park, California]].<ref name="IHT">{{cite news |first=Anupreeta |last=Das |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Silicon Valley gets behind electric cars |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/04/22/technology/cars.php |work=[[International Herald Tribune]] |publisher= |date=2008-04-22 |accessdate=2008-10-06 }}</ref>

The plan will bring together Kleiner with RockPort Capital Management, a venture capital firm focused on [[clean technology]], and [[Think Global]], a Norwegian electric car maker.<ref name="IHT" />

== Conflict-of-interests concerns ==
Various politicians, journalists, and public-policy wonks have raised concerns about KPCB partners having conflicts of interests as they play the dual role of investors and governmental advisers. For example, in November 2009, the [[National Center for Public Policy Research]] drew attention to the fact that KPCB partner [[John Doerr]] remains a member of President Obama's Economic Recovery Advisory Board while KPCB has simultaneously been directly benefiting from millions of dollars of newly created U.S. taxpayer subsidies.<ref>http://www.nationalcenter.org/PR-Taxes_Energy_110309.html</ref>

High-profile KPCB partner [[Al Gore]] has been under even more scrutiny. On April 24, 2009, during a congressional hearing, Tennessee Congresswoman [[Marsha Blackburn]] asked Gore if he was a member of KPCB, and then inquired: "The legislation that we are discussing here today, is that something that you are going to personally benefit from?”<ref>http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/environment/climatechange/6496196/Al-Gore-profiting-from-climate-change-agenda.html</ref> She cited constituent concerns about Gore's role with KPCB as the reason for her inquiry.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6i1JCqnd8AQ</ref> The exchange ended with Gore stating: “Do you think there is something wrong with being active in business in this country? . . . I am proud of it. I am proud of it.”<ref>http://www.metro.us/us/article/2009/11/04/06/5708-82/index.xml</ref> The Gore-Blackburn exchange was not widely publicized by major news outlets like ''[[The New York Times]]'' and ''[[The Los Angeles Times]]'' until November 3, 2009 -- more than five months after its occurrence -- upon the revelation that KPCB had indirectly landed a $560 million taxpayer-funded contract from the U.S. government.<ref>http://dealbook.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/11/03/gores-dual-role-in-spotlight-advocate-and-investor/</ref><ref>http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/washington/2009/11/al-gore-worlds-first-carbon-billionaire.html</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.kpcb.com/ Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers]
* [http://edcorner.stanford.edu/materialSearch.html?keywords=KPCB&x=0&y=0 Videos of Khosla, Doerr, Komisar], speaking at Stanford

 

{{Venture capital firms}}

[[Category:Silicon Valley venture capital firms]]
[[Category:Companies based in Menlo Park, California]]

[[Category:Companies established in 1972]]
[[Category:Electric vehicle industry]]
[[Category:Electric vehicle financing]]

[[ja:クライナー・パーキンス・コーフィールド・アンド・バイヤーズ]]
[[fi:Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers]]

Mads Tolling

2009-10-30T04:30:52Z

Wikidemon: wikilink national origin

{{Cleanup|date=September 2009}}
{{Wikify|date=September 2009}}
'''Mads Tolling''' is a [[Danish-American]] violinist, violist and composer. Tolling won [[Grammy Award]]s for "Best classical crossover album" as part of [[Turtle Island Quartet]]'s recordings ''4+Four'' (2006)<ref name="grammy.com">http://www.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/Winners/Results.aspx?title=&winner=Evan%20Price&year=0&genreID=0&hp=1</ref> and ''A Love Supreme - The Legacy of John Coltrane'' (2008)<ref name="grammy.com"/>. Tolling also recorded on Stanley Clarke's ''Toys of Men'' (2007)<ref name="stanleyclarke.com">http://www.stanleyclarke.com/players/mads_pg.htm</ref>. He is currently first violinist with the Turtle Island Quartet<ref>http://www.turtleislandquartet.com</ref>, soloist with bassist Stanley Clarke’s band<ref name="stanleyclarke.com"/> and bandleader of his solo project the Mads Tolling Quartet.<ref>http://www.dailycal.org/article/104310/mads_tolling_quartet_fires_up_oakland_venue_yoshi_</ref>

Born and raised in [[Copenhagen, Denmark]], Tolling relocated to the United States to study at [[Berklee College of Music]] where he graduated Summa Cumme Laude in 2003. Tolling received Denmark's [[Sankt Annae's Award]] for Musical Excellence as well as grants from Queen Margaret, the Sonning Foundation and the Berklee Elvin Jones Award. Since graduating from Berklee College of Music, Tolling has toured worldwide with the Stanley Clarke band and Turtle Island Quartet. Tolling has also performed with Al Di Meola, Kenny Barron, Paquito d’Rivera and Leo Kottke.<ref name="jfmpresents.com">http://jfmpresents.com/bio_madstolling.php</ref>

== From Mads Tolling Trio to Mads Tolling Quartet ==

In 2007, Mads Tolling formed the Mads Tolling Trio and immediately recorded ''Speed of Light'' (2008)<ref>http://www.stringsmagazine.com/article/?articleid=24347</ref>. Six of the 11 tracks are original compositions. The following year, Tolling added a drummer, became the Mads Tolling Quartet <ref name="jfmpresents.com"/> and has performed at: Yoshi's Oakland, Yerba Buena Gardens Festival, San Jose Jazz Flavors and Jazz, Kuumbwa Jazz, Throckmorton Theater, Moody's Bistro and Russian River Jazz Festival.<ref>http://www.sonicbids.com/epk/epk.aspx?epk_id=178475</ref>

== ''The Playmaker'' ==

Mads Tolling's sophomore CD release ''The Playmaker'' features Stanley Clarke, Russell Ferrante and Stefon Harris. Seven of the 11 tracks are original compositions. Endorsed by both Yamaha Corporation of America<ref>http://www.yamaha.com/Artists/ArtistDetail.html?CNTID=5020964&CTID=501403&CNTYP=ARTIST</ref> and Connolley Music, Inc.,<ref>http://www.connollyandco.com/Pages/artistitem.php?the_ID=204</ref> Tolling views his instrument as part fiddle, part saxophone, part acoustic and electric violin. ''The Playmaker'' is a journey into jazz, fusion, funk, classical, Danish folk along with rock & roll arrangements of Led Zeppelin’s “Black Dog” and Radiohead’s “Just.” ''The Playmaker'' (Madsman Records/City Hall) will be released on October 20, 2009.<ref>http://www.cityhallrecords.com/cgi-bin/movit.cgi?cmd=displayrec&wdata=14285&wfilename=/home/httpd/public_html/databases/ItemsTable.txt&prefile=/home/httpd/public_html/templates/database/itemdbpage.html&fieldsfile=/home/httpd/public_html/templates/database/null.html&postfile=/home/httpd/public_html/templates/database/null.html</ref>

== Grammy Awards ==

*Turtle Island Quartet: ''4+Four'' (2006)<ref name="grammy.com"/>
*Turtle Island Quartet: ''A Love Supreme - The Legacy of John Coltrane'' (2008)<ref name="grammy.com"/>

== Other awards and recognition ==

*Berklee Elvin Jones Award (2002)
*Sonning Award (2001)
*The Augustinus Foundation, Denmark (2000)
*Queen Margaret Award (2000)

== Discography ==

*Ann Hampton Callaway – ''At Last'' (2009/Telarc)<ref>http://www.annhamptoncallaway.com/discography/index.html</ref>
*Mads Tolling Trio – ''Speed of Light'' (2008)<ref>http://www.madstolling.com</ref>
*Sekou Bunch – ''The Next Level'' (2008/Trippin N Rhythm)<ref>http://www.jazzreview.com/article/review-6270.html</ref>
*Stanley Clarke – ''Toys of Men'' (2007/Heads Up)<ref name="stanleyclarke.com"/>
*Turtle Island Quartet – ''A Love Supreme – The Legacy of John Coltrane'' (2007/Telarc)<ref name="turtleislandquartet.com">http://turtleislandquartet.com/</ref>
*Freddy Clarke – ''Wobbly World'' (2007/Wobbly World)<ref>http://www.freddyclarke.com/wobbly-world/</ref>
*Jessica Fichot – ''Le Chemin'' (2007/www.jessicasongs.com)<ref>http://www.jessicasongs.com/music.html</ref>
*Fernando Ortega – ''The Shadow of your Wings'' (2006/Curb Records)<ref>http://www.artistdirect.com/nad/store/artist/album/0,,4711476,00.html</ref>
*Turtle Island Quartet & Ying Quartet – ''4+Four'' (2005/Telarc)<ref name="turtleislandquartet.com"/>
*Yotam Rosenbaum & Dave Samuels – ''Balance'' (2005/YRM)<ref>http://www.yotamrosenbaum.com/site/?p=cds</ref>
*Teena Marie – ''La Dona'' (2004/Universal)<ref>http://www.discogs.com/Teena-Marie-La-Do%C3%B1a/release/1869225</ref>

== Personal life ==
Tolling presently lives in the [[San Francisco Bay Area]].<ref>http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/02/05/DDKI15MF2T.DTL&hw=violin&sn=004&sc=374</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.http://www.pacificsun.com/story.php?story_id=3289 ''Pacifica Sun'' interview with Greg Cahill]
*[http://www.examiner.com/x-12458-Oakland-Jazz-Music-Examiner~y2009m7d28-Stringing-along-with-Mads-Tollings-new-quartet ''San Francisco Examiner'' interview with Brian McCoy]
*[http://www.http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2009/mar/06/violin-came-first-then-he-applied-it-jazz/ ''Las Vegas Sun'' Interview with Kristen Peterson]
*[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/02/05/DDKI15MF2T.DTL&hw=violin&sn=004&sc=374 ''San Francisco Chronicle'' interview with Jesse Hamlin link title]
*[http://www.dailycal.org/article/104310/mads_tolling_quartet_fires_up_oakland_venue_yoshi_ ''The Daily California'' article with Nick Moore]
*[http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/album_search.php?is_reissue=&keyword=&label=&month=10 All About Jazz]
*[http://www.turtleislandquartet.com/ Turtle Island Quartet Official Website]
*[http://www.stanleyclarke.com/players/mads_pg.htm Stanley Clarke Official Website]






[[Category:Articles created via the Article Wizard]]

Mads Tolling

2009-10-30T04:30:15Z

Wikidemon: reword and reorganize to be more encyclopedic and less promotional-sounding

{{Cleanup|date=September 2009}}
{{Wikify|date=September 2009}}
'''Mads Tolling''' is an American violinist, violist and composer. Tolling won [[Grammy Award]]s for "Best classical crossover album" as part of [[Turtle Island Quartet]]'s recordings ''4+Four'' (2006)<ref name="grammy.com">http://www.grammy.com/GRAMMY_Awards/Winners/Results.aspx?title=&winner=Evan%20Price&year=0&genreID=0&hp=1</ref> and ''A Love Supreme - The Legacy of John Coltrane'' (2008)<ref name="grammy.com"/>. Tolling also recorded on Stanley Clarke's ''Toys of Men'' (2007)<ref name="stanleyclarke.com">http://www.stanleyclarke.com/players/mads_pg.htm</ref>. He is currently first violinist with the Turtle Island Quartet<ref>http://www.turtleislandquartet.com</ref>, soloist with bassist Stanley Clarke’s band<ref name="stanleyclarke.com"/> and bandleader of his solo project the Mads Tolling Quartet.<ref>http://www.dailycal.org/article/104310/mads_tolling_quartet_fires_up_oakland_venue_yoshi_</ref>

Born and raised in [[Copenhagen, Denmark]], Tolling relocated to the United States to study at [[Berklee College of Music]] where he graduated Summa Cumme Laude in 2003. Tolling received Denmark's [[Sankt Annae's Award]] for Musical Excellence as well as grants from Queen Margaret, the Sonning Foundation and the Berklee Elvin Jones Award. Since graduating from Berklee College of Music, Tolling has toured worldwide with the Stanley Clarke band and Turtle Island Quartet. Tolling has also performed with Al Di Meola, Kenny Barron, Paquito d’Rivera and Leo Kottke.<ref name="jfmpresents.com">http://jfmpresents.com/bio_madstolling.php</ref>

== From Mads Tolling Trio to Mads Tolling Quartet ==

In 2007, Mads Tolling formed the Mads Tolling Trio and immediately recorded ''Speed of Light'' (2008)<ref>http://www.stringsmagazine.com/article/?articleid=24347</ref>. Six of the 11 tracks are original compositions. The following year, Tolling added a drummer, became the Mads Tolling Quartet <ref name="jfmpresents.com"/> and has performed at: Yoshi's Oakland, Yerba Buena Gardens Festival, San Jose Jazz Flavors and Jazz, Kuumbwa Jazz, Throckmorton Theater, Moody's Bistro and Russian River Jazz Festival.<ref>http://www.sonicbids.com/epk/epk.aspx?epk_id=178475</ref>

== ''The Playmaker'' ==

Mads Tolling's sophomore CD release ''The Playmaker'' features Stanley Clarke, Russell Ferrante and Stefon Harris. Seven of the 11 tracks are original compositions. Endorsed by both Yamaha Corporation of America<ref>http://www.yamaha.com/Artists/ArtistDetail.html?CNTID=5020964&CTID=501403&CNTYP=ARTIST</ref> and Connolley Music, Inc.,<ref>http://www.connollyandco.com/Pages/artistitem.php?the_ID=204</ref> Tolling views his instrument as part fiddle, part saxophone, part acoustic and electric violin. ''The Playmaker'' is a journey into jazz, fusion, funk, classical, Danish folk along with rock & roll arrangements of Led Zeppelin’s “Black Dog” and Radiohead’s “Just.” ''The Playmaker'' (Madsman Records/City Hall) will be released on October 20, 2009.<ref>http://www.cityhallrecords.com/cgi-bin/movit.cgi?cmd=displayrec&wdata=14285&wfilename=/home/httpd/public_html/databases/ItemsTable.txt&prefile=/home/httpd/public_html/templates/database/itemdbpage.html&fieldsfile=/home/httpd/public_html/templates/database/null.html&postfile=/home/httpd/public_html/templates/database/null.html</ref>

== Grammy Awards ==

*Turtle Island Quartet: ''4+Four'' (2006)<ref name="grammy.com"/>
*Turtle Island Quartet: ''A Love Supreme - The Legacy of John Coltrane'' (2008)<ref name="grammy.com"/>

== Other awards and recognition ==

*Berklee Elvin Jones Award (2002)
*Sonning Award (2001)
*The Augustinus Foundation, Denmark (2000)
*Queen Margaret Award (2000)

== Discography ==

*Ann Hampton Callaway – ''At Last'' (2009/Telarc)<ref>http://www.annhamptoncallaway.com/discography/index.html</ref>
*Mads Tolling Trio – ''Speed of Light'' (2008)<ref>http://www.madstolling.com</ref>
*Sekou Bunch – ''The Next Level'' (2008/Trippin N Rhythm)<ref>http://www.jazzreview.com/article/review-6270.html</ref>
*Stanley Clarke – ''Toys of Men'' (2007/Heads Up)<ref name="stanleyclarke.com"/>
*Turtle Island Quartet – ''A Love Supreme – The Legacy of John Coltrane'' (2007/Telarc)<ref name="turtleislandquartet.com">http://turtleislandquartet.com/</ref>
*Freddy Clarke – ''Wobbly World'' (2007/Wobbly World)<ref>http://www.freddyclarke.com/wobbly-world/</ref>
*Jessica Fichot – ''Le Chemin'' (2007/www.jessicasongs.com)<ref>http://www.jessicasongs.com/music.html</ref>
*Fernando Ortega – ''The Shadow of your Wings'' (2006/Curb Records)<ref>http://www.artistdirect.com/nad/store/artist/album/0,,4711476,00.html</ref>
*Turtle Island Quartet & Ying Quartet – ''4+Four'' (2005/Telarc)<ref name="turtleislandquartet.com"/>
*Yotam Rosenbaum & Dave Samuels – ''Balance'' (2005/YRM)<ref>http://www.yotamrosenbaum.com/site/?p=cds</ref>
*Teena Marie – ''La Dona'' (2004/Universal)<ref>http://www.discogs.com/Teena-Marie-La-Do%C3%B1a/release/1869225</ref>

== Personal life ==
Tolling presently lives in the [[San Francisco Bay Area]].<ref>http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/02/05/DDKI15MF2T.DTL&hw=violin&sn=004&sc=374</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.http://www.pacificsun.com/story.php?story_id=3289 ''Pacifica Sun'' interview with Greg Cahill]
*[http://www.examiner.com/x-12458-Oakland-Jazz-Music-Examiner~y2009m7d28-Stringing-along-with-Mads-Tollings-new-quartet ''San Francisco Examiner'' interview with Brian McCoy]
*[http://www.http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2009/mar/06/violin-came-first-then-he-applied-it-jazz/ ''Las Vegas Sun'' Interview with Kristen Peterson]
*[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/02/05/DDKI15MF2T.DTL&hw=violin&sn=004&sc=374 ''San Francisco Chronicle'' interview with Jesse Hamlin link title]
*[http://www.dailycal.org/article/104310/mads_tolling_quartet_fires_up_oakland_venue_yoshi_ ''The Daily California'' article with Nick Moore]
*[http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/album_search.php?is_reissue=&keyword=&label=&month=10 All About Jazz]
*[http://www.turtleislandquartet.com/ Turtle Island Quartet Official Website]
*[http://www.stanleyclarke.com/players/mads_pg.htm Stanley Clarke Official Website]






[[Category:Articles created via the Article Wizard]]

Michael Arrington

2009-07-16T07:35:34Z

Wikidemon: rm new claim / opinion not supported by source

{{Infobox Person
|name = J. Michael Arrington
|image = Mike Arrington, founder of TechCrunch.jpg
|image_size =
|caption = Arrington at the [[World Economic Forum]]
|birth_name =
|birth_date = [[March 13]], [[1970]]
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|nationality = American
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|occupation = Blogger, entrepreneur
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|website = [[TechCrunch]]
|footnotes =
}}

'''J. Michael Arrington''' (born [[March 13]], [[1970]] in [[Orange, California]])<ref name="TechCrunch Screenshot">[http://www.techcrunch.com/wp-content/genib.png Techcrunch Screenshot]</ref> is an entrepreneur and founder/co-editor of [[TechCrunch]], a blog covering the [[Silicon Valley]] technology start-up communities and the wider technology field in USA and elsewhere. Magazines such as [[Wired (magazine)|''Wired'']] and ''[[Forbes]]'' have named Arrington one of the most powerful people on the Internet. <ref>[http://www.forbes.com/2007/01/23/web-celeb-25-tech-media_cx_de_06webceleb_0123top_slides_11.html Forbes' 25 Web Celebrities]</ref><ref>[http://www.wired.com/techbiz/people/magazine/15-07/ff_arrington Wired 4th Most Powerful Blogger]</ref> In 2008, he was selected by ''TIME'' Magazine as one of the most influential people in the world. <ref>[http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1733748_1733758_1735848,00.html Michael Arrington - The 2008 TIME 100]</ref> Wired magazine also included him in a flowchart of internet blowhards citing his obsession with "[[Web 2.0]]".<ref>[http://www.wired.com/culture/culturereviews/magazine/17-04/st_flowchart Wired Magazine's Which Blowhard Are You?]</ref>

==Biography==
Arrington grew up in [[California]], [[USA]] and [[Surrey]], [[England]] and graduated from [[Claremont McKenna College]] with a major in [[economics]]. He went on to [[Stanford Law School]] and graduated in 1995.<ref name="TechCrunch Bio">[http://www.techcrunch.com/about-techcrunch/ TechCrunch Bio]</ref> He practiced corporate and securities law at [[O’Melveny & Myers]], and [[Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati]].<ref name="CrunchBase Profile">[http://www.crunchbase.com/person/michael-arrington CrunchBase Profile]</ref> Arrington was co-founder of [[Achex]], an internet payments company, which was sold to [[First Data Corp]] for [[United States dollar|US$]]32 million and is now the back end of [[Western Union]] online. His other entrepreneurial endeavors include co-founding [[Zip.ca]] and Pool.com, acting as chief operating officer for [[Razorgator]], and founding [[Edgeio]]. He was also more recently on the board of directors for the startup [[Foldera]] which was designing a [[software as a service]] comprehensive collaboration organizational tool.

==TechCrunch==
Arrington rose to internet stardom with his Silicon Valley blog, [[TechCrunch]]. TechCrunch covers internet startups and news, and has been the origin of several startup news scoops and exclusives however their reporting has turned up many false positives. {{Citation needed|date={{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}}}

==See also==
*[[CrunchPad]]

==Notes==
<references />

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
*[http://techcrunch.com/ TechCrunch]
*[http://crunchnotes.com/ CrunchNotes]
*[http://www.personratings.com/name/Michael/Arrington/88/ PersonRatings Profile]
* [http://online.wsj.com/public/article_print/SB116244521605611149-xEEW_Dh1mMLLs0dtYRdw492SQYE_20061109.html "TechCrunch Site Makes Arrington A Power Broker"], ''Wall Street Journal'', [[2006-11-03]]
* [http://eliasbizannes.com/blog/2008/12/the-makings-of-a-media-mogul-michael-arrington-of-techcrunch/ "The makings of a media mogul: Michael Arrington"], ''Elias Bizannes's blog'', [[2008-12-26]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arrington, Michael}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:American bloggers]]
[[Category:American Internet personalities]]
[[Category:Claremont McKenna College alumni]]
[[Category:Dot-com people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Orange County, California]]
[[Category:People from Surrey]]
[[Category:Stanford Law School alumni]]

{{internet-bio-stub}}

[[fr:Michael Arrington]]

Nagelhaus

2009-06-15T18:35:04Z

Wikidemon: /* In Fiction */ there's actually a cite for this one

A '''nail house''' (''dingzihu'' or '''钉子户''') is a Chinese [[neologism]] for homes belonging to people (sometimes called "stubborn nails") who refuse to make room for [[real-estate development|development]], often in an attempt to negotiate a high price in exchange for selling out. The term, a [[pun]] coined by [[real-estate developer|developer]]s, refers to nails that are stuck in wood, and cannot be pounded down with a hammer.<ref name="at"/><ref name="independent">{{cite news|accessdate=2007-11-13|publisher=The Independent|title=A Chinese man's home is his castle: kung fu master keeps bailiffs at bay in the siege of Chongqing|author=Clifford Coonan|date=[[March 31]], [[2007]]|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/world/asia/article2407977.ece}}</ref>

==Historical background==
[[Image:Chongqing yangjiaping 2007.jpg|300px|right|thumb|The famous nail house in Chongqing]]
During most of the [[Communist]] era, private ownership of [[real property]] was abolished. The central government officially owned all real estate, and could in theory dictate who was entitled to control any piece of property according to national interests. Private citizens, therefore, did not have a legal right to keep their property if the government decided they should leave (although in practice, entitlements arose for various reasons). With a strengthening economy and the rise of [[free market]]s beginning in the late 1990s, private developers began building [[shopping mall]]s, hotels, and other private developments in densely populated urban centers, which required displacing residents who lived on the land. Developers would typically offer relatively low compensation to the residents, reflecting the pre-development value of their properties or the cost of obtaining alternate housing elsewhere. Should residents resist, or try to take advantage of their bargaining position, powerful developers could persuade local officials and courts to order residents off the land. In other cases, residents would be arrested on false charges or thugs would be hired to scare away the residents.<ref name="at"/><ref name="nyt">{{cite news|publisher=New York times|accessdate=2007-11-13|title=In China, Fight Over Development Creates a Star|date=[[March 26]], [[2007]]|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/26/world/asia/26cnd-china.html?ex=1332561600&en=a821e4ef4e73851a&ei=5090}}</ref>

More recently, China has begun to accept private ownership of real estate, including the still-controversial notion that owners are free to earn money when their land becomes more valuable due to planned developments, or even simply not to sell. Discontent arose among the people over accusations of illegal land seizures by developers and corruption by complicit government officials.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6483997.stm|date=[[March 23]], [[2007]]|title=Woman defies Chinese developers}}</ref>

In March 2007, amidst widespread sentiment in favor of private ownership, China passed its first modern private property law.<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=2007-11-12|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China_Business/IC14Cb02.html|date=[[May 14]], [[2007]]|title=China's rough ideological transition|author=Wu Zhong|publisher=Asia Times}}</ref><ref name="demo"/> The law prohibits government taking of land, except when it is in the public interest. The law strengthened the position of nail house owners, but did not entirely resolve whether making room for private commercial developments was a public interest that entitled the taking of land.<ref>{{cite news|title=First Test Case for Newly Approved Property Law?|publisher=China.org|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/China/204173.htm|author=Zhang Rui|date= [[March 23]], [[2007]]|accessdate=2007-11-13}}</ref>

==Examples==
A number of high-profile nail houses have received widespread attention in the Chinese press. In one famous case, one family among 280 others at the location of a six-story shopping mall under construction at the location of a former "snack street" in [[Chongqing]] refused for two years to vacate a home their family had inhabited for three generations.<ref name="demo"/> Developers cut their power and water, and excavated a 10-meter deep pit around their home. <ref name="at">{{cite news|accessdate=2007-11-12|publisher=Asia Times|date=[[March 31]], [[2007]]|title=The coolest nail house in history|author=Kent Ewing|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China_Business/IC31Cb01.html}}</ref><ref name="danwei">{{cite web|url=http://www.danwei.org/bbs/property_rights_the_coolest_na.php|accessdate=2007-11-12|publisher=Danwei|title=Property rights: the coolest nail house in history|author=Jeremy Goldkorn|date=[[March 22]], [[2007]]}}</ref> The owners broke into the construction site, reoccupied it, and flew a Chinese flag on top. Yang Wu, a local [[martial arts]] champion, made a staircase to their house out of [[nunchaku]]s, and threatened to beat any authorities who attempted to evict him.<ref name="at"/> His wife, a [[restaurateur]] named [[Wu Ping]] who had planned to open a restaurant in the home's ground floor, granted interviews and frequent press releases to generate publicity.<ref name="independent"/> The owners turned down an offer of 3.5 million yuan (US$453,000), but eventually settled with the developers in 2007.<ref name="demo">{{cite news|accessdate=2007-11-13|publisher=China Daily|title=Nail house in Chongqing demolished|date=[[April 3]], [[2007]]|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-04/03/content_842221.htm}}</ref>

In another example, a "nail house" remained in [[Changsha]], even after a shopping mall was built around it, and now sits in a courtyard of the mall. <ref>{{cite news|publisher=San Francisco Chronicle|accessdate=2007-11-13|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/object/dayinpictures?o=3&f=/g/a/2007/11/13/dip.DTL|title=Day In Pictures|date=2007-11-13}}</ref> One owner in [[Shenzhen]] was paid between 10 and 20 million yuan (US $1.3 million to $2.7 million) for selling a seven-story building at the site of the future 439-meter (1,440 foot) Kingkey Finance Tower, that had cost him only 1 million yuan ($130,000) to build ten years before. The resident held out for months following an eviction order, and was subject to harassment and extortion attempts even after he reached a settlement.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nail house owner receives millions of yuan in compensation|date=[[September 30]], [[2007]]|accessdate=2007-11-13|publisher=China Daily|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-09/30/content_6149005.htm}}</ref> Two other nail house owners held out against the Kingkey development.<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=2007-11-13|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China_Business/IK02Cb01.html|publisher=Asia Times|date=[[November 2]], [[2007]]|title=Chinese homeowners nail down their rights|author=Catherine Jiang}}</ref>

==Media coverage==
Nail houses have received an unusual degree of coverage in the Chinese Press. The Chongqing incident was initially called "coolest nail house in history" by a [[blogger]],<ref name="danwei"/> after which the incident was picked up by major media throughout China, including state-run newspapers, and became a national sensation.<ref name="nyt"/> 85% of respondents to a poll on [[sina.com]] supported the couple rather than the developers.<ref name="demo"/> Later, however, the Chinese government forbade newspapers from reporting on the event.<ref name="nyt"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2007/03/chinese_government_forbidden_media_reports_about_the_na.php|publisher=China Digital Times|title=Chinese Government Forbids Media Reporting of The "Nailhouse" Story|accessdate=2007-11-13|author=Xiao Qiang|date=[[March 24]], [[2007]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nail house tests China's new property rights law|url=http://www.scrippsnews.com/node/20533.|publisher=Scripps News|accessdate=2007-11-13|author=Geoffrey York|date=[[March 26]], [[2007]]}}</ref> Another blogger, vegetable vendor [[Zhou Shuguang]], traveled by train from his home in [[Hunan province]] to cover the incident, funded by donations from his readers. Writing under the pen name "zola", Zhou interviewed the participants, as well as crowds that had gathered and others who claimed to have been evicted from their homes. He was popularly referred to as China's first "citizen journalist" although his site was blocked as well.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.interfax.cn/displayarticle.asp?aid=25175&slug=CHINA-IT-INTERNET|publisher=Interfax|title=Interview with "citizen reporter" Zhou Shuguang, aka Zola|accessdate=2007-11=13|date=[[June 22]], [[2007]]}}</ref> Others defied the prohibition as well, including the Chinese edition of [[Sports Illustrated]], which worked a subtle reference of the incident into a magazine cover.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sports Illustrated Nods At The Nailhouse|author=Jonathan Ansfield|date=2009-06-12|accessdate=2007-11-13|url=http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2007/04/sports-illustrated-nods-at-the-nailhouse-updated/}}</ref>

==Analogies in other countries==

State-run media have commented that the nail house phenomenon is not limited to China, mentioning that there have been similar hold-outs in the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Japan.
In particular they have cited families that refused to move even as the original and subsequent [[runway]] construction projects began around them for the [[Narita Airport]] outside of [[Tokyo, Japan]].<ref>{{cite news|publisher=CCTV|url=http://news.cctv.com/world/20070404/103835.shtml|date=[[April 4]], [[2007]]|accessdate=2007-11-13|title=Nail households in Japan delay Narita Airport construction more than ten years}} - see [http://72.14.203.104/translate_c?hl=en&u=http://news.cctv.com/world/20070404/103835.shtml&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%25E4%25B9%259F%25E5%258F%25AF%25E8%2583%25BD%25E5%2587%25BA%25E7%258F%25BE%25E7%2599%25BC%25E5%25B1%2595%25E5%2595%2586%25E6%2589%2580%25E7%25A8%25B1%25E8%25AC%2582%25E7%259A%2584%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26hs%3DDSZ google translation]</ref>

In the United States, private property is protected by the [[Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fifth Amendment]] to the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]] from seizure by the government without "just compensation". Under the concept of [[eminent domain]], local and national government agencies are entitled to take private property for purposes in the public interest, but must offer owners compensation amounting to the value of the property. The [[United Kingdom]], [[New Zealand]], and the [[Republic of Ireland]] have a comparable process called [[compulsory purchase]], and there are equivalent laws in [[Australia]] and [[South Africa]]. In ''[[Kelo v. City of New London]]'', the [[Supreme Court of the United States|United States Supreme Court]] held that the government is entitled to take land from private parties to give to private developers. The decision was widely unpopular, and spurred various [[U.S. state|states]] to enact laws prohibiting the practice. However, the practice is common in other states. As in China, the efforts generally begin with an offer by the private group or government agency to purchase the land, and only become a question of eminent domain if the parties cannot negotiate a purchase price. When eminent domain seizures do occur there are often disputes over the value of the property, and whether it should fully compensate the landowner for the holdout value of the land.

==In Fiction==
The 1942 American book ''[[The Little House]]'' tells the story of a woman whose house becomes a nail house through the passage of time.

The 2009 [[Pixar]] movie [[Up]] involves a nail house.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=USA Today|url=http://www.usatoday.com/topics/article/Organizations/Companies/Publishers,+Media,+Music/Pixar/05DI3SzgVp0mM/6|title=6 Stubborn Nail Houses|date=2009-06-11}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.zuola.com/weblog/ zola's blog]
*[http://www.soquan.cc 专业站内搜索]

[[Category:Law of the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Property law]]

[[zh:钉子户]]

Nagelhaus

2009-06-11T08:30:33Z

Wikidemon: /* In Fiction */ edit to add some context

A '''nail house''' (''dingzihu'' or '''钉子户''') is a Chinese [[neologism]] for homes belonging to people (sometimes called "stubborn nails") who refuse to make room for [[real-estate development|development]], often in an attempt to negotiate a high price in exchange for selling out. The term, a [[pun]] coined by [[real-estate developer|developer]]s, refers to nails that are stuck in wood, and cannot be pounded down with a hammer.<ref name="at"/><ref name="independent">{{cite news|accessdate=2007-11-13|publisher=The Independent|title=A Chinese man's home is his castle: kung fu master keeps bailiffs at bay in the siege of Chongqing|author=Clifford Coonan|date=[[March 31]], [[2007]]|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/world/asia/article2407977.ece}}</ref>

==Historical background==
[[Image:Chongqing yangjiaping 2007.jpg|300px|right|thumb|The famous nail house in Chongqing]]
During most of the [[Communist]] era, private ownership of [[real property]] was abolished. The central government officially owned all real estate, and could in theory dictate who was entitled to control any piece of property according to national interests. Private citizens, therefore, did not have a legal right to keep their property if the government decided they should leave (although in practice, entitlements arose for various reasons). With a strengthening economy and the rise of [[free market]]s beginning in the late 1990s, private developers began building [[shopping mall]]s, hotels, and other private developments in densely populated urban centers, which required displacing residents who lived on the land. Developers would typically offer relatively low compensation to the residents, reflecting the pre-development value of their properties or the cost of obtaining alternate housing elsewhere. Should residents resist, or try to take advantage of their bargaining position, powerful developers could persuade local officials and courts to order residents off the land. In other cases, residents would be arrested on false charges or thugs would be hired to scare away the residents.<ref name="at"/><ref name="nyt">{{cite news|publisher=New York times|accessdate=2007-11-13|title=In China, Fight Over Development Creates a Star|date=[[March 26]], [[2007]]|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/26/world/asia/26cnd-china.html?ex=1332561600&en=a821e4ef4e73851a&ei=5090}}</ref>

More recently, China has begun to accept private ownership of real estate, including the still-controversial notion that owners are free to earn money when their land becomes more valuable due to planned developments, or even simply not to sell. Discontent arose among the people over accusations of illegal land seizures by developers and corruption by complicit government officials.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6483997.stm|date=[[March 23]], [[2007]]|title=Woman defies Chinese developers}}</ref>

In March 2007, amidst widespread sentiment in favor of private ownership, China passed its first modern private property law.<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=2007-11-12|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China_Business/IC14Cb02.html|date=[[May 14]], [[2007]]|title=China's rough ideological transition|author=Wu Zhong|publisher=Asia Times}}</ref><ref name="demo"/> The law prohibits government taking of land, except when it is in the public interest. The law strengthened the position of nail house owners, but did not entirely resolve whether making room for private commercial developments was a public interest that entitled the taking of land.<ref>{{cite news|title=First Test Case for Newly Approved Property Law?|publisher=China.org|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/China/204173.htm|author=Zhang Rui|date= [[March 23]], [[2007]]|accessdate=2007-11-13}}</ref>

==Examples==
A number of high-profile nail houses have received widespread attention in the Chinese press. In one famous case, one family among 280 others at the location of a six-story shopping mall under construction at the location of a former "snack street" in [[Chongqing]] refused for two years to vacate a home their family had inhabited for three generations.<ref name="demo"/> Developers cut their power and water, and excavated a 10-meter deep pit around their home. <ref name="at">{{cite news|accessdate=2007-11-12|publisher=Asia Times|date=[[March 31]], [[2007]]|title=The coolest nail house in history|author=Kent Ewing|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China_Business/IC31Cb01.html}}</ref><ref name="danwei">{{cite web|url=http://www.danwei.org/bbs/property_rights_the_coolest_na.php|accessdate=2007-11-12|publisher=Danwei|title=Property rights: the coolest nail house in history|author=Jeremy Goldkorn|date=[[March 22]], [[2007]]}}</ref> The owners broke into the construction site, reoccupied it, and flew a Chinese flag on top. Yang Wu, a local [[martial arts]] champion, made a staircase to their house out of [[nunchaku]]s, and threatened to beat any authorities who attempted to evict him.<ref name="at"/> His wife, a [[restaurateur]] named [[Wu Ping]] who had planned to open a restaurant in the home's ground floor, granted interviews and frequent press releases to generate publicity.<ref name="independent"/> The owners turned down an offer of 3.5 million yuan (US$453,000), but eventually settled with the developers in 2007.<ref name="demo">{{cite news|accessdate=2007-11-13|publisher=China Daily|title=Nail house in Chongqing demolished|date=[[April 3]], [[2007]]|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-04/03/content_842221.htm}}</ref>

In another example, a "nail house" remained in [[Changsha]], even after a shopping mall was built around it, and now sits in a courtyard of the mall. <ref>{{cite news|publisher=San Francisco Chronicle|accessdate=2007-11-13|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/object/dayinpictures?o=3&f=/g/a/2007/11/13/dip.DTL|title=Day In Pictures|date=2007-11-13}}</ref> One owner in [[Shenzhen]] was paid between 10 and 20 million yuan (US $1.3 million to $2.7 million) for selling a seven-story building at the site of the future 439-meter (1,440 foot) Kingkey Finance Tower, that had cost him only 1 million yuan ($130,000) to build ten years before. The resident held out for months following an eviction order, and was subject to harassment and extortion attempts even after he reached a settlement.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nail house owner receives millions of yuan in compensation|date=[[September 30]], [[2007]]|accessdate=2007-11-13|publisher=China Daily|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-09/30/content_6149005.htm}}</ref> Two other nail house owners held out against the Kingkey development.<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=2007-11-13|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China_Business/IK02Cb01.html|publisher=Asia Times|date=[[November 2]], [[2007]]|title=Chinese homeowners nail down their rights|author=Catherine Jiang}}</ref>

==Media coverage==
Nail houses have received an unusual degree of coverage in the Chinese Press. The Chongqing incident was initially called "coolest nail house in history" by a [[blogger]],<ref name="danwei"/> after which the incident was picked up by major media throughout China, including state-run newspapers, and became a national sensation.<ref name="nyt"/> 85% of respondents to a poll on [[sina.com]] supported the couple rather than the developers.<ref name="demo"/> Later, however, the Chinese government forbade newspapers from reporting on the event.<ref name="nyt"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2007/03/chinese_government_forbidden_media_reports_about_the_na.php|publisher=China Digital Times|title=Chinese Government Forbids Media Reporting of The "Nailhouse" Story|accessdate=2007-11-13|author=Xiao Qiang|date=[[March 24]], [[2007]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nail house tests China's new property rights law|url=http://www.scrippsnews.com/node/20533.|publisher=Scripps News|accessdate=2007-11-13|author=Geoffrey York|date=[[March 26]], [[2007]]}}</ref> Another blogger, vegetable vendor [[Zhou Shuguang]], traveled by train from his home in [[Hunan province]] to cover the incident, funded by donations from his readers. Writing under the pen name "zola", Zhou interviewed the participants, as well as crowds that had gathered and others who claimed to have been evicted from their homes. He was popularly referred to as China's first "citizen journalist" although his site was blocked as well.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.interfax.cn/displayarticle.asp?aid=25175&slug=CHINA-IT-INTERNET|publisher=Interfax|title=Interview with "citizen reporter" Zhou Shuguang, aka Zola|accessdate=2007-11=13|date=[[June 22]], [[2007]]}}</ref> Others defied the prohibition as well, including the Chinese edition of [[Sports Illustrated]], which worked a subtle reference of the incident into a magazine cover.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sports Illustrated Nods At The Nailhouse|author=Jonathan Ansfield|date=2007-04-01|accessdate=2007-11-13|url=http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2007/04/dingzi_bu.php}}</ref>

==Analogies in other countries==

State-run media have commented that the nail house phenomenon is not limited to China, mentioning that there have been similar hold-outs in the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Japan.
In particular they have cited families that refused to move even as the original and subsequent [[runway]] construction projects began around them for the [[Narita Airport]] outside of [[Tokyo, Japan]].<ref>{{cite news|publisher=CCTV|url=http://news.cctv.com/world/20070404/103835.shtml|date=[[April 4]], [[2007]]|accessdate=2007-11-13|title=Nail households in Japan delay Narita Airport construction more than ten years}} - see [http://72.14.203.104/translate_c?hl=en&u=http://news.cctv.com/world/20070404/103835.shtml&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%25E4%25B9%259F%25E5%258F%25AF%25E8%2583%25BD%25E5%2587%25BA%25E7%258F%25BE%25E7%2599%25BC%25E5%25B1%2595%25E5%2595%2586%25E6%2589%2580%25E7%25A8%25B1%25E8%25AC%2582%25E7%259A%2584%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26hs%3DDSZ google translation]</ref>

In the United States, private property is protected by the [[Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fifth Amendment]] to the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]] from seizure by the government without "just compensation". Under the concept of [[eminent domain]], local and national government agencies are entitled to take private property for purposes in the public interest, but must offer owners compensation amounting to the value of the property. The [[United Kingdom]], [[New Zealand]], and the [[Republic of Ireland]] have a comparable process called [[compulsory purchase]], and there are equivalent laws in [[Australia]] and [[South Africa]]. In ''[[Kelo v. City of New London]]'', the [[Supreme Court of the United States|United States Supreme Court]] held that the government is entitled to take land from private parties to give to private developers. The decision was widely unpopular, and spurred various [[U.S. state|states]] to enact laws prohibiting the practice. However, the practice is common in other states. As in China, the efforts generally begin with an offer by the private group or government agency to purchase the land, and only become a question of eminent domain if the parties cannot negotiate a purchase price. When eminent domain seizures do occur there are often disputes over the value of the property, and whether it should fully compensate the landowner for the holdout value of the land.

==In Fiction==
The 1942 American book ''[[The Little House]]'' tells the story of a woman whose house becomes a nail house through the passage of time.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.zuola.com/weblog/ zola's blog]
*[http://www.soquan.cc 专业站内搜索]

[[Category:Law of the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Property law]]

[[zh:钉子户]]

Art Gallery of Alberta

2009-05-18T07:09:26Z

Wikidemon: fix taggin

{{Infobox Museum
|name = Art Gallery of Alberta
|image =
|established = 1924
|location = [[Edmonton]], [[Alberta]], [[Canada]]
|type =
|visitors =
|director = Tony Luppino
|curator = Catherine Crowston
|website = [http://www.artgalleryalberta.com/ Art Gallery of Alberta]
}}

The '''Art Gallery of Alberta''' (formerly the '''Edmonton Art Gallery''') is a public [[art gallery]] located in [[Edmonton, Alberta|Edmonton]], [[Alberta]], [[Canada]]. Its collection of well over 5,000 works of art includes historical and contemporary paintings, sculptures, installation works and photographs by Canadian and international artists. <ref> [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0010267 The Canadian Encyclopedia] </ref>

Originally designed in 1968 as a [[Brutalist]] building by Don Bittorf, the gallery is currently undergoing an $88 million renovation.

== History ==

[[Image:Edmonton Art Gallery.jpg|thumb|right|Former Art Gallery Building.{{deletable image-caption|1=Sunday, 24 May 2009}}]]
The Art Gallery of Alberta was founded in 1924 under the name “The Edmonton Museum of Arts”. Its first exhibition was held that year in the Palm Room of the Hotel MacDonald. The museum later found its home in four different locations, including the Palm Room, the old Edmonton Public Library, the fourth floor of the Civic Block and the Edmonton Motors building before settling into historic Secord House in 1952. It was after this time that the museum re-titled itself “The Edmonton Art Gallery” in 1956.

Soon, even Secord House was too small for the gallery’s ever-expanding collection. In 1961, the Museum set out to build a new facility for itself. The City of Edmonton donated {{convert|0.59|acre|m2}} at #2 Sir Winston Churchill Square for the site of the new gallery and in 1969, the new building was opened as the “Arthur Blow Condell Memorial Building”, colloquially titled “The Bittorf Building” after architect Don Bittorf.

The acquisition of this new building meant that the gallery could now invite in larger exhibitions with higher exhibition standards. However, by the early 1990’s, the building was considered outdated in design, and the gallery required a new facility. In 2005, and architectural competition was held, and a design by Los Angeles architect [[Randall Stout]] was chosen as the winning design for the new Art Gallery. At this time, the gallery re-titled itself again as the Art Gallery of Alberta. In April 2007, the Bittorf building was demolished. Completion of the new Gallery is slated for Fall 2009 with opening exhibitions in early 2010.

==Affiliations==
The Museum is affiliated with: [[Canadian Museums Association|CMA]], [[Canadian Heritage Information Network|CHIN]], and [[Virtual Museum of Canada]].

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Commons}}

==External links==
*[http://www.artgalleryalberta.com/ Official Website]
{{Edmonton landmarks}}
{{coord missing|Canada}}
[[Category:Museums in Edmonton]]
[[Category:Art museums and galleries in Alberta]]
{{Edmonton-stub}}
{{art-display-stub}}
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Alberta]]

Carson Ellis

2009-03-23T14:25:07Z

Wikidemon: change to refimprove now that we have a ref

{{Refimprove|date=March 2009}}


'''Carson Friedman Ellis''' (born [[October 5]], [[1975]]) is an artist from [[Portland, Oregon]]. Her artwork is known for its subtle palette and distinctive line quality.<ref>Jahn, Jeff PORT [http://www.portlandart.net/archives/2008/03/carson_ellis_at.html] 2008</ref>

She is best known for her work on the album covers of rock band [[The Decemberists]]. She was responsible for the covers for their albums ''[[The Crane Wife]]'', ''[[Her Majesty (Decemberists album)|Her Majesty]]'', ''[[Castaways and Cutouts]]'', and the [[Extended play|EPs]] ''[[5 Songs (The Decemberists EP)|5 Songs]]'' and ''[[The Tain]]'', as well as doing artwork for other albums such as [[Weezer]], where she contributed to the [[liner notes]] for their album ''[[Make Believe]]''. She has also made a number of flyers for bands to publicize their concerts. She provided illustrations for the 2007 children's novel'' [[The Mysterious Benedict Society]]'' by [[Trenton Lee Stewart]], and illustrated the book version of [[Lemony Snicket]]'s ''[[The Composer is Dead]]''.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=USA Today|title=Compose yourself: Snicket is back with a kids' mystery, CD|date=2009-03-02|url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/books/news/2009-03-01-lemony-snicket_N.htm}}</ref>

She is married to Decemberists singer [[Colin Meloy]], whom she met as a college roommate creating posters for his [[alt-country]] band [[Tarkio (band)|Tarkio]]. She and Meloy have one child, Henry "Hank" Meloy. They are currently working on an untitled children's book involving a talking cat, Albert.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.carsonellis.com CarsonEllis.com], with examples of her work.
* [http://www.littlelittlegreenhouse.blogspot.com Little Green House] had work posted daily for several months.
* [http://www.themorningnews.org/archives/people/carson_ellis.php An interview] with Ellis about her work.
* [http://vdov.net/index.php/2006/06/carson-ellis-on-art-and-life-artist-interview-w-new-art/ Another interview] with Ellis.
* [http://scenemissingmagazine.com/article/?p=1035 Scene Missing Magazine Interviews Carson Ellis]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ellis, Carson}}
[[Category:American artists]]
[[Category:Women artists]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{US-artist-stub}}

[[nl:Carson Ellis]]

Carson Ellis

2009-03-23T14:05:38Z

Wikidemon: mention composer is dead

{{Unreferenced|date=May 2007}}


'''Carson Friedman Ellis''' (born [[October 5]], [[1975]]) is an artist from [[Portland, Oregon]]. Her artwork is known for its subtle palette and distinctive line quality.<ref>Jahn, Jeff PORT [http://www.portlandart.net/archives/2008/03/carson_ellis_at.html] 2008</ref>

She is best known for her work on the album covers of rock band [[The Decemberists]]. She was responsible for the covers for their albums ''[[The Crane Wife]]'', ''[[Her Majesty (Decemberists album)|Her Majesty]]'', ''[[Castaways and Cutouts]]'', and the [[Extended play|EPs]] ''[[5 Songs (The Decemberists EP)|5 Songs]]'' and ''[[The Tain]]'', as well as doing artwork for other albums such as [[Weezer]], where she contributed to the [[liner notes]] for their album ''[[Make Believe]]''. She has also made a number of flyers for bands to publicize their concerts. She provided illustrations for the 2007 children's novel'' [[The Mysterious Benedict Society]]'' by [[Trenton Lee Stewart]], and illustrated the book version of [[Lemony Snicket]]'s ''[[The Composer is Dead]]''.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=USA Today|title=Compose yourself: Snicket is back with a kids' mystery, CD|date=2009-03-02|url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/books/news/2009-03-01-lemony-snicket_N.htm}}</ref>

She is married to Decemberists singer [[Colin Meloy]], whom she met as a college roommate creating posters for his [[alt-country]] band [[Tarkio (band)|Tarkio]]. She and Meloy have one child, Henry "Hank" Meloy. They are currently working on an untitled children's book involving a talking cat, Albert.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.carsonellis.com CarsonEllis.com], with examples of her work.
* [http://www.littlelittlegreenhouse.blogspot.com Little Green House] had work posted daily for several months.
* [http://www.themorningnews.org/archives/people/carson_ellis.php An interview] with Ellis about her work.
* [http://vdov.net/index.php/2006/06/carson-ellis-on-art-and-life-artist-interview-w-new-art/ Another interview] with Ellis.
* [http://scenemissingmagazine.com/article/?p=1035 Scene Missing Magazine Interviews Carson Ellis]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ellis, Carson}}
[[Category:American artists]]
[[Category:Women artists]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{US-artist-stub}}

[[nl:Carson Ellis]]

Bacon Explosion

2009-01-29T19:22:41Z

Wikidemon: wikilink

The '''Bacon Explosion''' is a [[Smoking (cooking)|smoked]] or [[baking|baked]] dish consisting of [[bacon]] wrapped around spiced [[sausage]] filling mixed with crunch bacon bits.<ref name=NYTimes>{{cite news|first=Damon|last=Darlin|date=27 January 2009|accessdate=28 January 2009|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/28/dining/28bacon.html|title=Take Bacon. Add Sausage. Blog.|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>

The Bacon Explosion was publicized by Jason Day and Aaron Chronister in December 2008 on their BBQ Addicts blog.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bacon Explosion: The BBQ Sausage Recipe of all Recipes|url=http://www.bbqaddicts.com/blog/recipes/bacon-explosion/|last=Day|first=Jason|date=23 December 2008|accessdate=28 January 2009|work=BBQ Addicts blog}}</ref> Subsequently, it became an [[internet phenomenon]], generating more than 390,000 hits and 16,000 links to the blog.<ref name=NYTimes/>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{meat-stub}}
[[Category:Pork]]
[[Category:Cooking]][[Category:Meat dishes]]

Kubanoamerikaner

2008-11-01T22:06:39Z

Wikidemon: /* Food */ batido wikilink

{{Refimprove|date=December 2007}}
{{Infobox Ethnic group
|group = {{flagicon|Cuba}} Cuban American {{flagicon|USA}} ''Cubano Americano''
|image = [[Image:CesarRomero.jpg|68px]][[Image:GloriaEstefan.jpg|70px]][[Image:CameronDiazJune07crop.jpg|70px]][[Image:CathyWeb.jpg|77px]] [[Image:Andy Garcia by David Shankbone.jpg|61px]][[Image:Carlos Gutierrez.jpg|82px]][[Image:EnriqueMurciano.png|68px]][[Image:CUN2008_Oscar_party_Christina_Milian.jpg|72px]]
|caption = Notable Cuban Americans: [[Cesar Romero]]{{·}}[[Gloria Estefan]]{{·}}[[Cameron Diaz]]{{·}}[[Cathy Areu]] [[Andy Garcia]]{{·}}[[Carlos Gutierrez]]{{·}}[[Enrique Murciano]]{{·}}[[Christina Milian]]
|poptime = '''Cuban''' '''1,611,478 Americans''' 0.5% of the total US population (2007)<ref>[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-state=dt&-context=dt&-ds_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_&-CONTEXT=dt&-mt_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G2000_B03001&-tree_id=306&-redoLog=true&-all_geo_types=N&-_caller=geoselect&-currentselections=ACS_2006_EST_G2000_B03002&-geo_id=01000US&-search_results=01000US&-format=&-_lang=en HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN]</ref>
|poplace = [[Image:Flag of Florida.svg|22px]] '''[[Florida]]''' (mainly [[South Florida]], but also the [[Tampa Bay Area]], [[Central Florida]], and the [[Florida Keys]]: [[Miami, Florida|Miami]]; [[Hialeah, Florida|Hialeah]]; [[Key West, Florida|Key West]]; [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]]; [[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]])[[Image:Flag of New Jersey.svg|22px]] '''[[New Jersey]]''' ([[Union City, New Jersey|Union City]]; [[West New York, New Jersey|West New York]]) [[Image:Flag of New York.svg|22px]] '''[[New York]]''' ([[New York City]]) [[Image:Flag of North Carolina.svg|22px]] '''[[North Carolina]]''' ([[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]])
|langs = [[American English]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
|rels = Predominantly [[Roman Catholic]]; minority [[Protestant]], [[Jewish]], [[Santeria]], [[Atheist]], [[Agnostic]]
|related = [[Spaniards]]{{·}} [[Italians]]{{·}} [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]]{{·}} [[Hispanics]] [[White Cuban]]{{·}}[[Afro-Cuban]]{{·}}[[Jewish Cuban]]{{·}}[[Chinese Cuban]]
}}
{{Hispanic and Latino Americans|right}}
A '''Cuban American''' ({{lang-es|'''Cuban americano'''}}) is a [[United States nationality law|United States citizen]] who traces his or her "national origin" to [[Cuba]]. Cuban Americans form the third-largest [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]] group in the United States and also the third-largest group of [[White Hispanic]]s.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/35.pdf |title=Shades of Belonging |last=Tafoya |first=Sonya |accessdate=2008-05-07 |date=2004-12-06 |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]] |publisher=[[Pew Research Center|Pew Hispanic Center]]}}</ref><ref>[http://pewhispanic.org/files/reports/35.pdf Microsoft Word - SomeOtherRace-Final 12-04.doc]</ref>

Many communities throughout the United States have significant Cuban American populations. However [[Miami, Florida]] stands out as the most prominent Cuban American community, in part because of its proximity to Cuba. It is followed by [[North Jersey]], particularly [[Union City, New Jersey|Union City]] and [[West New York, New Jersey|West New York]].

== Immigration ==
Prior to the [[Louisiana Purchase]] and the [[Adams-Onís Treaty]] of 1819, all of [[Florida]] and [[Louisiana]] were provinces of the [[Captaincy General of Cuba]] (Captain General being the Spanish title equivalent to the British colonial Governor). Consequently, Cuban immigration to the U.S. has a long history, beginning in the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spanish colonial period]] in 1565 when [[St. Augustine, Florida]] was established by [[Pedro Menéndez de Avilés]], and hundreds of Spanish/Cuban soldiers and their families moved from Cuba to St. Augustine to establish a new life. Thousands of Cuban settlers also immigrated to Louisiana between 1778 – 1802 and [[Texas]] during the period of Spanish rule.

Many early Cubans migrated to [[New York City]], [[St. Augustine, Florida]], [[Miami]], [[Key West, Florida|Key West]], and [[Tampa, Florida]]. Many Cubans were absorbed into the mainstream of American culture after the United States claimed Florida from Spain in 1821.{{Fact|date=October 2007}}

In the late 1800s, a Cuban entrepreneur named [[Vicente Martinez-Ybor]] started a [[cigar]] making business in Tampa. Soon, other Cuban businessmen {Fuente, Villazon, Garcia, and Vega} followed Ybor's example. Within several years, Tampa had a thriving cigar-making industry. Numerous Cuban families lived and worked in the area known as [[Ybor City]] near Tampa, and there are many third and fourth generation Cuban Americans who trace their Cuban heritage directly to this early immigration.

Smaller waves of Cuban emigration to the U.S. occurred in the early 20th century (1900-1959); most settled in Florida and the northeast U.S. The majority of an estimated 100,000 Cubans arrived in that time period usually came for economic reasons {1929 depression, volatile sugar prices}, but included anti-Batista refugees fleeing the military dictatorship, which had pro-U.S. diplomatic ties.

=== US communities with high percentages of people of Cuban ancestry ===
The top 25 US communities with the highest percentage of people claiming Cuban ancestry are:<ref name=MDFLCuba>{{cite web |url=http://www.epodunk.com/ancestry/Cuban.html |title=Ancestry Map of Cuban Communities |publisher=Epodunk.com |accessdate=2007-12-23}}</ref> 
#[[Westchester, Florida]] 65.69%
#[[Hialeah, Florida]] 62.12%
#[[Coral Terrace, Florida]] 61.87%
#[[West Miami, Florida]] 61.61%
#[[University Park, Florida]] 59.80%
#[[Olympia Heights, Florida]] 57.65%
#[[Tamiami, Florida]] 56.63%
#[[Hialeah Gardens, Florida]] 54.31%
#[[Medley, Florida]] 51.91%
#[[Sweetwater, Florida]] 49.92%
#[[Palm Springs North, Florida]] 43.59%
#[[Miami Lakes, Florida]] 42.28%
#[[Kendale Lakes, Florida]] 38.58%
#[[Fountainbleau, Florida]] 37.29%
#[[Miami, Florida]] 34.14%
#[[Miami Springs, Florida]] 31.83%
#[[Richmond West, Florida]] 29.30%
#[[Coral Gables, Florida]] 28.72%
#[[Virginia Gardens, Florida]] 26.11%
#[[South Miami Heights, Florida]] 25.70%
#[[Kendall, Florida]] 21.31%
#[[Miami Beach, Florida]] 20.51%
#[[Surfside, Florida]] 20.15%
#[[Country Club, Florida]] 19.97%
#[[West New York, New Jersey]] 19.64%

===U.S. communities with the most residents born in Cuba===
Top 101 U.S. communities with the most residents born in Cuba are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.city-data.com/top2/h134.html |title=Top 101 cities with the most residents born in Cuba (population 500+) |publisher=city-data.com |accessdate=2008-07-14}}</ref> 
#Westchester, FL 55.8%
#Hialeah, FL 53.5%
#Coral Terrace, FL 51.9%
#West Miami, FL 50.5%
#[http://www.city-data.com/city/South-Westside-Florida.html South Westside, FL] 48.3%
#University Park, FL 48.1%
#Hialeah Gardens, FL 47.5%
#Medley, FL 46.0%
#Tamiami, FL 45.7%
#Olympia Heights, FL 45.2%
#Sweetwater, FL 45.2%
#[[Westwood Lakes, FL]] 44.9%
#[[Sunset, FL]] 32.7%
#Fountainbleau, FL 32.3%
#[http://www.city-data.com/city/North-Westside-Florida.html North Westside, FL] 30.4%
#Miami, FL 30.3%
#Miami Lakes, FL 30.1%
#Palm Springs North, FL 29.8%
#Kendale Lakes, FL 28.9%
#[http://www.city-data.com/city/Kendale-Lakes-Lindgren-Acres-Florida.html Kendale Lakes-Lindgren Acres, FL] 24.3%
#[[Stock Island, FL]] 23.3%
#Miami Springs, FL 22.2%
#[[Glenvar Heights, FL]] 21.0%
#[[Chula Vista, FL]] 20.9%
#[[Kendall West, FL]] 20.4%
#South Miami Heights, FL 20.0%
#Coral Gables, FL 19.2%
#Virginia Gardens, FL 19.0%
#West New York, NJ 18.3%
#Richmond West, FL 17.7%
#Miami Beach, FL 17.5%
#[[Carol City, FL]] 15.6%
#Surfside, FL 14.8%
#[[Leisure City, FL]] 14.7%
#[[Egypt Lake-Leto, FL]] 14.1%
#[[West Little River, FL]] 14.0%
#[[South Miami, FL]] 13.7%
#Kendall, FL 13.6%
#[[Union City, NJ]] 13.2%
#Country Club, FL 12.8%
#[[Key Biscayne, FL]] 12.8%
#[[Rolling Oaks, FL]] 12.4%
#[[The Crossings, FL]] 12.1%
#[[Country Walk, FL]] 11.0%
#[[The Hammocks, FL]] 10.9%
#[[Gun Club Estates, FL]] 10.9%
#[[Riverland Village, FL]] 10.8%
#[[Miami Gardens, Broward County, Florida|Miami Gardens, FL (Broward County)]] 10.7%
#[[Lakes by the Bay, FL]] 10.7%
#[[North Bay Village, FL]] 10.5%
#[[Tavernier, FL]] 10.4%
#[[Princeton, FL]] 10.2%
#[http://www.city-data.com/city/Kendall-Perrine-Florida.html Kendall-Perrine, FL] 10.1%
#[[Broadview Park, FL]] 10.0%
#[[Guttenberg, NJ]] 9.7%
#[[Doral, FL]] 9.7%
#[http://www.city-data.com/city/Northwest-Dade-Florida.html Northwest Dade, FL] 9.6%
#[[Three Lakes, FL]] 9.5%
#[[Marathon, FL]] 9.3%
#[[Cutler Ridge, FL]] 9.0%
#[[Sunny Isles Beach, FL]] 8.5%
#[http://www.city-data.com/city/Middle-Keys-Florida.html Middle Keys, FL] 8.4%
#[[Clewiston, FL]] 8.4%
#[[Bal Harbour, FL]] 8.3%
#[[Key Colony Beach, FL]] 7.5%
#[[Pinecrest, FL]] 7.5%
#[[Country Estates, FL]] 7.4%
#[[Bay Harbor Islands, FL]] 7.2%
#[[Opa-locka North, FL]] 7.1%
#[[Key Largo, FL]] 7.0%
#[[East Perrine, FL]] 6.9%
#[[Canal Point, FL]] 6.7%
#[[Golden Gate, FL]] 6.6%
#[[Royal Palm Estates, FL]] 6.6%
#[[Gladeview, FL]] 6.4%
#[[Palmetto Estates, FL]] 6.4%
#[[Utopia, FL]] 6.3%
#[[Lake Clarke Shores, FL]] 6.3%
#[[Palm Springs, FL]] 6.3%
#[[Belle Glade, FL]] 6.0%
#[[Cutler, FL]] 6.0%
#[[Big Coppitt Key, FL]] 5.9%
#[[Naranja, FL]] 5.9%
#[[Golden Beach, FL]] 5.9%
#[[Loughman, FL]] 5.9%
#[[Pine Castle, FL]] 5.9%
#[[Miramar, FL]] 5.7%
#[[Homestead, FL]] 5.5%
#[[Opa-locka, FL]] 5.3%
#[[Pinewood, FL]] 5.3%
#[[Islamorada, Village of Islands, FL]] 5.3%
#[http://www.city-data.com/city/Upper-Keys-Florida.html Upper Keys, FL] 5.3%
#[[Pembroke Pines, FL]] 5.2%
#[[Westview, FL]] 5.2%
#[[Haverhill, FL]] 5.0%
#[[Naples Manor, FL]] 5.0%
#[[Ojus, FL]] 5.0%
#[[Stacey Street, FL]] 4.9%
#[[Sunshine Ranches, FL]] 4.9%
#[[Elizabeth, NJ]] 4.8%
#[[West Perrine, FL]] 4.7%

=== 1960 - 1980 ===
Political upheaval in Cuba created new waves of Cuban immigrants to the U.S. In 1959, after the [[Cuban revolution]] led by [[Fidel Castro]], a large Cuban exodus began. From 1960 to 1979, hundreds of thousands of Cubans left Cuba and began a new life in America, often forming the backbone of the anti-Castro movement. Most Cuban Americans that arrived in the United States came from Cuba's educated upper and middle classes. Between December 1960 and October 1962 more than 14,000 Cuban children arrived alone in the U.S. Their parents were afraid that their children were going to be sent to some Soviet bloc countries to be educated and they decided to send them to the States as soon as possible. This program was called Operation Pedro Pan (Peter Pan). When the children arrived in Miami they were met by representatives of Catholic Charities and they were sent to live with relatives if they had any or were sent to foster homes, orphanages or boarding schools till their parents could leave Cuba. In order to provide aid to recently arrived Cuban immigrants, the [[United States Congress]] passed the [[Cuban Adjustment Act]] in 1966. The Cuban Refugee Program provided more than $1.3 billion of direct financial assistance. They also were eligible for [[public assistance]], [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]], free English courses, [[scholarship]]s, and low-interest college [[loan]]s. Some banks even pioneered loans for exiles who did not have collateral or credit but received help in getting a business loan simply because they were of Cuban descent. These loans enabled many Cuban Americans to secure funds and start up their own businesses. With their Cuban-owned businesses and low cost of living, [[Miami, Florida]] and [[Union City, New Jersey]] (dubbed "Havana-on-the Hudson"{{Fact|date=October 2007}}) were the preferred destinations for many immigrants, and soon became the main centers for Cuban American culture. Miami was particularly attractive due{{Fact|date=October 2007}} to its similar climate, geography, and architecture; Union City for the opportunities offered by the [[embroidery]] industry. However, [[Westchester, Florida]] within [[Miami-Dade County, Florida|Miami-Dade County]], stands as the area most populated by Cubans and Cuban Americans in the United States, followed by [[Hialeah, Florida]] in second.<ref name=MDFLCuba/>

=== 1980s ===
Another large wave (an estimated 120,000 people) of Cuban immigration occurred in the early 1980s with the [[Mariel boatlift]]s. Some of the "Marielitos" became prosperous through their own efforts, with government assistance and assistance from earlier immigrants, relatives and charitable organizations.

=== mid-1990s to 2000s ===
Since the mid-1990s, after the implementation of the [[wet feet, dry feet]] policy immigration patterns changed. Many Cuban immigrants departed from the southern and western coasts of Cuba and arrived at the [[Yucatán Peninsula]] in [[Mexico]]; many landed on [[Isla Mujeres]]. From there Cuban immigrants traveled to the [[United States-Mexico border|Texas-Mexico border]] and found asylum. Many of the Cubans who did not have family in Miami settled in [[Houston]]; this has caused Houston's Cuban American community to increase in size.<ref>"Immigration: Cubans Enter U.S. at Texas-Mexico Border." ''[[Houston Press]]''. [http://www.houstonpress.com/2008-01-10/news/immigration-cubans-enter-u-s-at-texas-mexico-border/ 1].</ref> The term "dusty foot" refers to Cubans immigrating to the U.S. through Mexico.<ref>"Immigration: Cubans Enter U.S. at Texas-Mexico Border." ''[[Houston Press]]''. [http://www.houstonpress.com/2008-01-10/news/immigration-cubans-enter-u-s-at-texas-mexico-border/2 2].</ref> In 2005 the [[Department of Homeland Security]] had abandoned the approach of detaining every dry foot Cuban who crosses through Texas and began a policy allowing most Cubans to obtain immediate parole.<ref>"Immigration: Cubans Enter U.S. at Texas-Mexico Border." ''[[Houston Press]]''. [http://www.houstonpress.com/2008-01-10/news/immigration-cubans-enter-u-s-at-texas-mexico-border/5 5].</ref>

Jorge Ferragut, a Cuban immigrant who founded Casa Cuba, an agency that assists Cuban immigrants arriving in Texas, said in a 2008 article that many Cuban immigrants of the 2000s left due to economic instead of political issues.<ref>"Immigration: Cubans Enter U.S. at Texas-Mexico Border." ''[[Houston Press]]''. [http://www.houstonpress.com/2008-01-10/news/immigration-cubans-enter-u-s-at-texas-mexico-border/3 3].</ref> By October 2008 Mexico and Cuba created an agreement to prevent immigration of Cubans through Mexico.<ref>"[http://blogs.houstonpress.com/hairballs/2008/10/immigration_cuba_mexico.php Cuba, Mexico Look To Block The Texas Entrance To The U.S.]." "Hair Balls." ''[[Houston Press]]''. October 20, 2008.</ref><ref>Olsen, Alexandra. "[http://www.themonitor.com/articles/mexico_18862___article.html/cuban_cubans.html Cuba: Mexico to fight illegal migration to US]." ''[[Associated Press]]'' via ''[[The Monitor (Texas)|The Monitor]]''. October 20, 2008.</ref>

== Assimilation ==
Many Cuban Americans have assimilated themselves into the American culture, which includes Cuban influences.

Since the 1980s, Cuban Americans have moved out of "Little Havana" to the suburbs of Miami, such as [[Hialeah, Florida|Hialeah]] and [[Kendall, Florida|Kendall]] as well as the more affluent [[Coral Gables, Florida|Coral Gables]] and [[Miami Lakes, Florida|Miami Lakes]].

Many new [[South America|South]] and [[Central America]]ns, along with new Cuban refugees, have replaced the Cuban Americans who have relocated elsewhere in Florida ([[Fort Lauderdale, Florida|Fort Lauderdale]], [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]], [[Tampa Bay Area|Tampa Bay]] and [[West Palm Beach, Florida|West Palm Beach]]) and dispersed throughout the nation.

Cuban Americans live in all 50 states, [[Washington, D.C.]] and [[Puerto Rico]], which received thousands of anti-Castro refugees as well in the 1960s, and Cuban American population growth is found in [[California]], [[Georgia (US state)|Georgia]], [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], [[New York]], [[North Carolina]], and [[Virginia]].

More recently, there has been substantial growth of new Cuban-American communities in places like [[Hazleton, Pennsylvania]]; [[Raleigh, North Carolina]]; and [[Palm Desert, California]]. {{Fact|date=November 2007}}

Cuban Americans have been very successful in establishing businesses and developing political clout by transforming Miami from a beach retirement community into a modern city with a distinct Caribbean flavor.

== Cuban American culture ==
=== Political beliefs ===
{{POV-check|date=April 2008}}
Cuban Americans tend to be significantly more [[American conservatism|conservative]] politically than other [[Latino]] groups in the United States and form a major voting block for the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] (GOP) in the state of [[Florida]]. Many Cuban Americans are deeply resentful of the Castro [[regime]]. As such, they may be more in tune with the strong anti-communist stance of the Republican Party.

The failed [[Bay of Pigs invasion]], and its association with [[John F. Kennedy]], left many Cubans distrustful of the [[Democratic Party(United States)|Democratic Party]]. [[Ronald Reagan]], on the other hand, is particularly popular in the Cuban exile community (there is a street in Miami named for [[Ronald Reagan]]). The return of [[Elián González]] by the [[Bill Clinton|Clinton administration]] may contribute to some Cuban Americans support of Republican-oriented political views.

=== Food ===
{{see also|Cuban cuisine}}
[[Cuisine of Cuba|Cuban food]] is varied, though rice is a staple and commonly served at lunch and dinner. Other common dishes are ''[[arroz con pollo]]'' (chicken and rice), ''pan con bistec'' ([[steak]] [[sandwich]]), ''platanos maduros'' (sweet [[plantain]]s), ''lechon asado'' ([[pork]]), ''[[yuca]]'' ([[cassava root]]), ''[[flan]]'', ''[[batido]] de mamey'' (mamey [[milkshake]]), [[papaya]]s, and [[guava]] paste.

Cuban versions of pizza contains bread, which is usually soft, and cheese, toppings, and sauce, which is made with spices such as Adobo and Goya onion. Picadillo, ground beef that could be sauteed with tomato, green peppers, green olives, and garlic is another popular Cuban dish. It can be served with black beans and rice, and a side of deep-fried, ripened plantains.

=== Beverages ===
[[Image:Materva.jpg|right|thumb|70px|[[Materva]]]]
Cubans often drink cafe cubano: a small cup of coffee called a cafecito (or a colada), which is traditional espresso coffee, sweetened, with a sugar foam on top called espumita. It is also popular to add milk, which is called a cortadito for a small cup or a cafe con leche for a larger cup.

A common soft drink is [[Materva]], a Cuban soda made of [[yerba mate]]. [[Jupiña]], [[Ironbeer]] and Cawy lemon-lime are soft drinks which originated in Cuba. Since the Castro era, they are also produced in Miami.

==Demographics==
{| border="1" align="right" cellpadding="8" cellspacing="0"
|+ '''(Official Immigration to the U.S)'''<ref>[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dybsets/1956%20DYB.pdf Cuba 1953 UN Statistics; Ethnic composition. Page: 260.May take time to load page]</ref><ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QCSJ61F4j34C&pg=PA155&lpg=PA155&dq=cuba+1953+census+white+73%25&source=web&ots=Z6VlMJonqQ&sig=fMlpWGcys_DWA2dTNOy65kdFEW4&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA156,M1 Cuba Statistics Demographic and Immigrants to the USA. Page 156.]</ref> 
|-----
! style="background:#efefef;" | Year of Immigration
! style="background:#efefef;" | [[White people|White]]
! style="background:#efefef;" | [[Black people|Black]]
! style="background:#efefef;" | [[Other]]
! style="background:#efefef;" | [[Asian people|Asian]]
! style="background:#efefef;" | Number
|-----
| 1959-64 ||93.3||1.2||5.3||0.2||144,732
|-----
| 1965-74 ||87.7||2.0||9.1||0.2||247,726
|-----
| 1975-79||82.6||4.0||13.3||0.1||29,508
|-----
| 1980||80.9||5.3||13.7||0.1||94,095
|-----
| 1981-89||85.7||3.1||10.9||0.3||77,835
|-----
| 1990-93||84.7||3.2||11.9||0.2||60,244
|-----
| 1994-2000||85.8||3.7||10.4||0.7||174,437
|-----
| Total||87.2||2.9||0.6||0.2||828,577
|-----
|-
!colspan=6|Race by Cuban national Origin, 2000 <ref name=autogenerated1 />
|-----
! Country of Origin
! [[White Hispanic|White]]
! [[Black Hispanic|Black]]
! [[Racial and ethnic demographics of the United States#Some Other Race| Other ]]
|-----
|{{flagicon|Cuba}} '''[[Cuban]]'''||85.0%||3.6%||7.1%
|-----
|'''Total: 1,241,685'''||1,055,432||44,700||88,159
|-----
|}

The ancestry of Cuban Americans comes primarily from [[Spanish people|Spain]], with many others being of [[French people|French]], [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], [[Italian people|Italian]], [[Irish people|Irish]] and [[Russian people|Russian]] descent, with a sizable population of African or mixed African [[Mulatto]] ancestry.<ref>[http://www.cubagenweb.org/french/index.htm#refugees Etat des propriétés rurales appartenant à des Français dans l'île de Cuba] from http://www.cubagenweb.org</ref><ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cu.html CIA - The World Factbook - Cuba]</ref>

During the 18th, 19th and early part of the 20th century, large waves of [[Canarian people|Canarian]], [[Catalan people|Catalan]], [[Andalusian people|Andalusian]] and [[Galician people|Galician]] emigrated to Cuba. Much of Haiti's white population migrated to Cuba after the Haitian War of Independence in the early 18th century. Also, minor but significant ethnic influx is derived from diverse peoples from [[Middle East]] places such as Lebanon and Palestine. There was also a significant influx of [[History of the Jews in Cuba|Jews]], especially between the World Wars, from many countries, including [[Sephardic Jews]] from Turkey and [[Ashkenazic Jews]] from Poland, Germany and Russia. Other Europeans that have contributed slightly include Italians, Germans, Swedes, and Hungarians. Many Chinese also settled Cuba as contract laborers and they formerly boast the largest [[Chinatown]] in Western Hemisphere as most [[Chinese Cubans]] left for Florida.
In the most recent census in 2000 there were 1,241,685 Cuban Americans, both native and foreign born and represented 3.5% of all Hispanics in the US.
About 85% of Cuban Americans identify themselves as being [[White people|White]], mostly [[Spanish people|Spanish]], which is the highest proportion of all other major Hispanic groups. In Florida, Cuban Americans have cultural ties with the state's large [[Spanish American]] or European Spanish community.

=== Economics ===
The median household income for Cuban Americans is $36,671, a figure higher than other Hispanic groups, but lower than for non-Hispanic whites.

In contrast, US-born Cuban Americans have a higher median income than even non-Hispanic whites, $50,000 as compared to $48,000 for non-Hispanic whites.

=== Education ===
25% of Cuban Americans have a college education, about twice the average of all other Hispanic groups, and lower than that of non-Hispanic whites, of which 30% are college graduates. {{Fact|date=November 2007}}

However, 39% of US-born Cuban Americans have a college degree or higher, as compared to only 30% of non-Hispanic whites, and 12% for all other Hispanic groups. {{Fact|date=November 2007}}

=== Religion ===
Being of primarily [[Spain|Spanish]] extraction, most Cuban Americans are [[Roman Catholic]], but some Cubans practice the African Traditional Religions (such as [[Santeria,IFA]]), which evolved from mixing the catholic religion with the traditional African religion. However, there are many [[Protestant]] (primarily [[Pentecostal]]), [[syncretism]] nonreligious, and [[History of the Jews in Cuba|Jewish Cuban]] Americans.

== Immigration policy ==
Before the 1980s, all refugees from Cuba were welcomed into the United States as political refugees. This changed in the 1990s so that only Cubans who reach U.S. soil are granted refuge under the "[[wet feet, dry feet policy]]". Cuban immigration also continues with an allotted number of Cubans (20,000 per year) provided legal U.S. visas.

According to a U.S. Census 1970 report, Cuban Americans as well as [[Latino]]s lived in all 50 states. But as later Census reports demonstrated, the majority of Cuban immigrants settled in south Florida. A new trend in the late 1990s showed that fewer immigrants arrived from Cuba than previously. While U.S. born Cuban Americans moved out of their enclaves, other nationalities settled there.

In late 1999, U.S. news media focused on the case of [[Elián González]], the 6-year-old Cuban boy caught in a custody battle between his relatives in Miami and his father in Cuba. The fiasco ended on April 22, 2000, when INS agents took Elián González to the Cuban Interests Section in Washington, D.C. From there, his father took him back to Cuba.

== Political representation ==

There are now four Cuban American members of the [[United States House of Representatives]] and two Senators ([[Mel Martinez]] of Florida, and [[Bob Menendez]] of [[New Jersey]]) in the [[United States Senate]], as well as the Cuban American [[United States Secretary of Commerce|Secretary of Commerce]], Carlos M. Gutierrez

In 2006 [[Marco Rubio]] became Speaker of the [[Florida House of Representatives]]. Eduardo Aguirre served as Vice Chairman of the [[Export-Import Bank of the United States]] in the [[George W. Bush]] administration and later named Director of Immigration and Naturalization Services under the Department of Homeland Security. In 2006, Eduardo Aguirre was named US ambassador to Spain. Cuban Americans have also served other high profile government jobs including [[White House Chief of Staff]], [[John H. Sununu]].

Cuban Americans also serve in high ranking judicial positions as well. [[Danny Boggs]] is the current chief judge of [[United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit]] and [[Raoul G. Cantero, III]], served as a Florida Supreme Court justice until stepping down in 2008.

== See also ==
*[[White Hispanic]]
*[[White Latin American]]
*[[Afro Latin American]]
*[[Cuba-United States relations]]
*[[Cuban British]]
*[[Cuban exile]]
*[[Cubans]]
*[[Diaspora politics in the United States]]
*[[Hispanos]]
*[[Hyphenated American]]
*[[List of Cuban Americans]]
*[[Spanish American]]
*[[U.S. embargo against Cuba]]
*[[White Cuban]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://academic.udayton.edu/race/02rights/immigr02.htm Immigration Law and the Racialization of Latina/Latino]
*http://pewhispanic.org/files/factsheets/23.pdf

{{Hispanics/Latinos}}
{{Cuba-United States relations}}
{{Caribbean American}}

[[Category:Cuban-Americans|*]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States]]
[[Category:Cuba–United States relations]]

[[es:Cubanoamericano]]
[[fi:Amerikankuubalaiset]]

Northridge-Erdbeben 1994

2008-06-29T23:52:45Z

Wikidemon: wikilink

{{earthquake
|title= Northridge earthquake
|map=
|date=[[January 17]], [[1994]]
|magnitude=6.7 [[Moment magnitude scale|Mw]]
|depth= 17.0 [[kilometers|km]]
|epicenter location={{Coor dms|34|12|47|N|118|32|13|W|}}
|countries affected=[[United States]] ([[Southern California]])
|location=[[Reseda, Los Angeles, California|Reseda, California]]
|intensity = [[Mercalli intensity scale|IX - Ruinous]]
|casualties=72 killed 12,000 injured
}}

The '''Northridge earthquake''' occurred on [[January 17]], [[1994]] at 4:31 AM [[Time zone|Pacific Standard Time]] in [[Reseda]], a neighborhood in the city of [[Los Angeles, California]]. The earthquake had a "strong" [[moment magnitude]] of 6.7, but the [[Peak ground acceleration|ground acceleration]] was the highest ever instrumentally recorded in an urban area in North America.<ref>[http://www.data.scec.org/chrono_index/northreq.html Northridge Earthquake] Southern California Earthquake Data Center, Accessed October 6, 2006</ref> 72 people died as a result of the earthquake and over 12,000 were injured. In addition, the earthquake caused an estimated $12.5 billion in damage, making it one of the costliest natural disasters in U.S. history.<ref name=">{{cite web| title = Anniversary of Deadly Northridge Quake|publisher=abc7.com|date=|url= http://abclocal.go.com/kabc/story?section=local&id=3819852|accessdate=2007-07-08 }}</ref>

==The earthquake==
The earthquake struck in the [[San Fernando Valley]] about 31 km (20 mi) northwest of downtown Los Angeles near the community of [[Northridge, Los Angeles, California|Northridge]]. The actual epicenter of the quake was in [[Reseda]], near the intersection of Reseda Blvd. and Saticoy St. However, it took several days to pinpoint the epicenter with accuracy, and in the meantime the media had already dubbed it "The Northridge Earthquake." The name stuck, in part due to the extensive damage and loss of life in [[Northridge, California|Northridge]]. The [[National Geophysical Data Center]] places the epicenter's geographical coordinates at {{Coor dms|34|12|47|N|118|32|13|W|}} and a depth of 17 km (10.56mi). Despite the area's proximity to the [[San Andreas Fault]], the Northridge quake did not occur along this fault, but rather on a previously-undiscovered [[Thrust fault|blind thrust fault]].
[[Image:Northridge earthquake 10 frwy2.png|thumb|300px|The underpass of the 10 Freeway at La Cienega Blvd. This image shows the collapsed section of the freeway.]]
[[Image:Northridge earthquake 10 frwy3.png|thumb|300px|The freeway "bent" just before the section collapsed.]]
[[Image:Kaiser Permanente Building After Northridge Earthquake.jpg|thumb|300px|Kaiser Permanente Building]]
[[Image:Collapsed Apartment After Northridge Earthquake.jpg|thumb|300px|Collapsed Apartment Building]]
[[Image:Street Damage After Northridge Earthquake.jpg|thumb|300px|Street Damage]]
Damage occurred up to 125 km (85 mi) away, with the most damage in the west [[San Fernando Valley]], and the cities of [[Santa Monica, California|Santa Monica]], [[Simi Valley, California|Simi Valley]] and [[Santa Clarita, California|Santa Clarita]]. Seventy-two people died as a result of the earthquake, and over more than 7,000 were injured including 1,600 that required hospitalization.<ref>[http://www.huduser.org/publications/destech/bigone/summary.html Executive Summary]</ref> Major freeway damage occurred up to 32 km (20 mi) from the epicenter. Portions of [[Interstate 10 (California)|Interstate 10]] (the [[Santa Monica Freeway]]), [[Interstate 5 (California)|Interstate 5]] (the [[Golden State Freeway]]) and [[California State Route 14|State Route 14]] (the [[Antelope Valley Freeway]]) collapsed and had to be rebuilt. The [[Newhall Pass interchange]] of [[Interstate 5 (California)|Interstate 5]] and [[California State Route 14|State Route 14]] collapsed as it had 23 years earlier during the [[1971]] [[Sylmar earthquake]] even though it had been rebuilt with improved structural components.<ref>[http://www.tfhrc.gov/pubrds/summer94/p94su26.htm Public Roads On-Line (Summer 1994): The Northridge Earthquake: Progress Made, Lessons learned in Seismic-Resistant bridge Design]</ref> One life was lost in the Newhall Pass interchange collapse: [[Los Angeles Police]] officer Clarence W. Dean fell 40 feet from the severed overpass along with his motorcycle after he failed to observe the damaged overpass in the early morning darkness, and was unable to stop in time to avoid the fall.

Additional damage occurred about 50 miles south in [[Anaheim, California]] as the scoreboard at Anaheim Stadium collapsed onto several hundred seats. Fortunately, the stadium was empty at the time of the quake, partially because both professional sports for which it was used were out of season. Although several commercial buildings collapsed, loss of life was minimized because of the early morning hour of the quake, and it occurred on a Federal holiday ([[Martin Luther King, Jr. Day]]). Also, because of known seismic activity in California, area [[building code]]s dictate that buildings incorporate [[structural design]] intended to withstand earthquakes. However, the damage caused by the earthquake revealed that some structural specifications did not perform as well as expected. Because of this building codes were revised. Some structures were not [[Red-tagged structure|red-tagged]] until months after the earthquake because damage was not immediately apparent.

The quake produced unusually strong ground accelerations in the range of 1.0 [[g-force|''g'']]. Damage was also caused by fire and landslides. The Northridge earthquake was notable for striking almost the same area as the MW 6.6 [[San Fernando Earthquake|San Fernando (Sylmar) Earthquake]]. In terms of property damage, the earthquake is one of the worst [[natural disaster]]s in U.S. history.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. Some estimates of total damage range as high as 18 billion dollars (U.S.).

Most casualties and damage occurred in multi-story wood frame buildings (e.g. the three-story Northridge Meadows apartment building). In particular, buildings with a weak first floor (such as those with parking areas on the bottom) performed poorly. Numerous fires were also caused by broken gas pipes caused by houses shifting off foundations or by unsecured water heaters falling over.<ref>[http://www.earthquakecountry.info/daretoprepare/stuff/waterheater.html Secure Your Stuff: Water Heater]</ref>
As is common in earthquakes, [[unreinforced masonry building]]s and houses on steep slopes suffered damage. However, school buildings (K-12), which are required to be reinforced against earthquakes, in general survived fairly well.

An unusual effect of the Northridge earthquake was an outbreak of [[coccidioidomycosis]] (Valley Fever), a respiratory disease caused by inhaling airborne spores. The number of cases (203) in [[Ventura County, California|Ventura County]] was roughly 10 times the normal rate in the eight weeks following the earthquake and three people died. It is thought that the spores were carried in large clouds of dust created by seismically triggered landslides. Most of the cases occurred immediately downwind of the landslides.<ref>[http://landslides.usgs.gov/recent/archives/1997northridge.php Coccidioidmycosis Outbreak]</ref>

Eleven hospitals suffered structural damage and were damaged or unusable after the earthquake.<ref>[http://www.huduser.org/publications/destech/bigone/summary.html Executive Summary]</ref>Not only were they unable to serve their local neighborhoods, they had to transfer out their inpatient populations, which further increased the burden on nearby hospitals that were still operational. As a result, the state legislature passed a law requiring all California hospitals to ensure that their acute care units and emergency rooms are in earthquake-proof structures by [[January 1]], [[2005]].

The quake stopped production of movies and TV shows filming in the area at the time, most notably [[The Simpsons]] season 6's first two episodes [[Bart of Darkness]] and [[Lisa's Rival]].

The Northridge earthquake led to a number of legislative changes. Due to the large amount lost by insurance companies because of the earthquake, most insurance companies either stopped offering or severely restricted earthquake insurance in California (and elsewhere). In response, the California Legislature created the [[California Earthquake Authority]] (CEA), which is a publicly managed but privately funded organization that offers minimal coverage.<ref>[http://www.earthquakeauthority.com/ California Earthquake Authority (CEA) Version 2.0]</ref> A substantial effort was also made to reinforce freeway bridges against seismic shaking and a law requiring water heaters to be properly strapped was passed in 1995.

==Notes==
{{reflist|1}}

==See also==
*[[Earthquake]]
*[[Northridge, Los Angeles, California]]
*[[San Fernando Valley]]

==External links==
*[http://www.data.scec.org/chrono_index/northreq.html Southern California Earthquake Data Center]
*[http://pasadena.wr.usgs.gov/office/hudnut/hudnut/nr_eq.html USGS Pasadena]
*[http://www.usc.edu/dept/civil_eng/Earthquake_eng/North_res/ USC Earthquake Engineering-Strong Motion Group]
*[http://www.sacsteel.org/ SAC Steel Project (Study of welded steel failures)]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Northridge earthquake, 1994}}
[[Category:1994 natural disasters]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in California]]
[[Category:History of Los Angeles, California]]
[[Category:History of the United States (1991–present)]]
[[Category:San Fernando Valley]]
[[Category:1994 earthquakes]]

[[af:Northridge-aardbewing]]
[[es:Terremoto de Northridge de 1994]]
[[ja:ノースリッジ地震]]

Northridge-Erdbeben 1994

2008-06-29T23:52:45Z

Wikidemon: wikilink

Razorfish

2008-06-25T06:01:37Z

Wikidemon: wikilink

{{Cleanup|date=February 2007}}
{{Refimprove|date=February 2007}}

{{pipe in title|title=Avenue A | Razorfish}}
'''Avenue A | Razorfish Inc.''' is one of the world's largest interactive agencies and is an operating unit of Seattle-based [[aQuantive]], a wholly owned subsidiary of [[Microsoft]]. Avenue A | Razorfish works with companies to build websites and the digital marketing programs that drive traffic to them. The company works in numerous digital areas, including advertising, web design & development, intranets / extranets, search engine marketing, email marketing, and emerging media.

Avenue A | Razorfish has about 2,000 employees worldwide, with U.S. offices in New York, Chicago, Seattle, San Francisco, Philadelphia, Portland, Boston, Los Angeles, Atlanta, Austin, and Fort Lauderdale. In 2005-2006, it expanded overseas through acquisitions in London, Paris, Sydney, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Beijing, Berlin, Frankfurt and a joint venture in Tokyo.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Avenue A | Razorfish clients include [[AT&T]], [[Capital One]], [[AstraZeneca]], [[Best Buy]], [[Carnival Cruise Lines]], [[Condé Nast Publications|CondéNet]], [[Ford Motor Company]], [[Disney]], [[Kraft Foods|Kraft]], [[EMC Corporation|EMC ]], [[Kodak]], Williams Sonoma, Adidas, JPMorgan Chase, Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, and the [[Wall Street Journal]]. 

==Awards==
Ad Age named Avenue A | Razorfish 2005 media agency of the year. Forrester Research ranked it as a top-tier web design agency in its 2006 Web Design Agency Shootout. Its work for Mercedes-AMG won the 2006 Webby Award for Best Automotive Site, and its redesign of NYTimes.com has garnered a 2007 Webby for Best Newspaper Site. {{Fact|date=February 2007}}

==History==
===Beginnings===
Razorfish was founded in New York in 1995 by [[Craig Kanarick]] and [[Jeff Dachis]] with the motto "Everything that can be digital will be." It and other New York-based Web design companies formed the core of a cluster of New Media companies known as [[Silicon Alley]].

At its peak, the company had $260 M in annual revenue{{Fact|date=February 2007}}, and a market capitalization of over $6 billion. Its early success led it to be included in what the industry dubbed "The Fast Five," a group of "e-consultancies" that also included [[Scient]], Viant, iXL Enterprises and USWeb/CKS, which was bought and rebranded [[MarchFirst]]. The "Fast Five" was affected negatively by the downturn in the [[Dot-com bubble]] which began in 2000, and Razorfish saw its revenues plunge to $50.1 million during that year. In February of 2001, Razorfish laid off 400 employees, roughly 20 percent of its staff, with its stock price descending from a February 2000 high of $57 to just $1 per share.

Razorfish, Inc. was eventually acquired by SBI Group (formerly SBI and Company) in 2004 it was renamed to SBI.Razorfish. The company was again renamed as Avenue A | Razorfish when the SBI.Razorfish division of the SBI Group (formerly SBI and Company) was acquired by [[aQuantive]], Inc in 2004.

SBI also purchased other assets from "The Fast Five," including [[Scient]]/iXL, [[MarchFirst]] (formerly [[USWeb]] & [[CKS Group]]), [[Emerald Solutions]], Lante, and Xcelerate; many of these companies' employees still survive today as part of the new Avenue A | Razorfish team{{Fact|date=February 2007}}.

The Avenue A | Razorfish combination in 2004 resulted in the largest interactive agency<ref>[http://adage.com/article?article_id=108866 TOP 50 INTERACTIVE AGENCIES - Advertising Age - DataCenter: Agencies]</ref> which married a pioneer in web marketing with a pioneer in site development.

=== Acquisition by Microsoft ===
Microsoft announced on [[May 18]], [[2007]] its intention to acquire Avenue A | Razorfish as part of a $6.0 billion cash purchase of parent company aQuantive.<ref>[http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/press/2007/may07/05-18Advertising.mspx Microsoft Press Release, 18 May 2007]</ref> The transaction closed on August 10, 2007. Continuing under the leadership of Clark Kokich, Avenue A | Razorfish is now part of Microsoft's newly created Advertiser and Publisher Solutions (APS) Group. The APS Group is run by Brian McAndrews, formerly CEO of aQuantive, who reports directly to Kevin Johnson, president of Microsoft's Platforms & Services Division (PSD).

==References==
<div class="references-small">
<references />
</div>

==External links==
*[http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.09/razorfish.html Brattitude Adjustment] - Wired Magazine, September 2000
===Official sites===
*[http://www.avenuea-razorfish.com/ Avenue A | Razorfish]
*[http://www.aquantive.com/ aQuantive] (parent company)
*[http://www.aa-rf.co.uk Avenue A | Razorfish UK] - London Office for Avenue A Razorfish
*[http://www.e-crusade.com/ e-Crusade] - Hong Kong & China Office for Avenue A Razorfish
*[http://www.amnesia.com.au Amnesia Group] - Australian Office for Avenue A Razorfish
*[http://www.neue-digitale.de/ Neue Digitale] - German Office for Avenue A Razorfish
*[http://www.duke-interactive.com/ duke] - French Office for Avenue A Razorfish
*[http://www.digitalpalette.co.jp/index.html Dentsu/Avenue A/Razorfish] - Japanese Firm that has an alliance with AARF

[[Category:Companies established in 1995]]
[[Category:Dot-com consulting firms]]
[[Category:Information technology management]]

Nagelhaus

2008-02-03T22:12:50Z

Wikidemon: Undid revision 188858861 by Rapido (talk) restore link - referenced in article text

A '''Nail House''' ('''Dingzihu''' or '''钉子户''') is a Chinese [[neologism]] for homes belonging to people (sometimes called "stubborn nails") who refuse to make room for [[development]], often in an attempt to negotiate a high price in exchange for selling out. The term, a [[pun]] coined by [[developer]]s, refers to nails that are stuck in wood, and cannot be pounded down with a hammer.<ref name="at"/><ref name="independent">{{cite news|accessdate=2007-11-13|publisher=The Independent|title=A Chinese man's home is his castle: kung fu master keeps bailiffs at bay in the siege of Chongqing|author=Clifford Coonan|date=March 31, 2007|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/world/asia/article2407977.ece}}</ref>

==Historical background==
[[image:Chongqing_yangjiaping_2007.jpg|300px|right|thumb|The famous nail house in Chongqing]]
During most of the [[Communist]] era, private ownership of [[real property]] was abolished. The central government officially owned all real estate, and could in theory dictate who was entitled to control any piece of property according to national interests. Private citizens, therefore, did not have a legal right to keep their property if the government decided they should leave (although in practice, entitlements arose for various reasons). With a strengthening economy and the rise of [[free market]]s beginning in the late 1990s, private developers began building [[shopping mall]]s, hotels, and other private developments in densely populated urban centers, which required displacing residents who lived on the land. Developers would typically offer relatively low compensation to the residents, reflecting the pre-development value of their properties or the cost of obtaining alternate housing elsewhere. Should residents resist, or try to take advantage of their bargaining position, powerful developers could persuade local officials and courts to order residents off the land. In other cases, residents would be arrested on false charges or thugs would be hired to scare away the residents.<ref name="at"/><ref name="nyt">{{cite news|publisher=New York times|accessdate=2007-11-13|title=In China, Fight Over Development Creates a Star|date=March 26, 2007|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/26/world/asia/26cnd-china.html?ex=1332561600&en=a821e4ef4e73851a&ei=5090|}}</ref>

More recently, China has begun to accept private ownership of real estate, including the still-controversial notion that owners are free to earn money when their land becomes more valuable due to planned developments, or even to simply not sell. Discontent arose among the people over accusations of illegal land seizures by developers and corruption by complicit government officials.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6483997.stm|date=March 23, 2007|title=Woman defies Chinese developers|}}</ref>

In March, 2007, amidst widespread sentiment in favor of private ownership, China passed its first modern private property law.<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=2007-11-12|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China_Business/IC14Cb02.html|date=May 14, 2007|title=China's rough ideological transition|author=Wu Zhong|publisher=Asia Times}}</ref><ref name="demo"/> The law prohibits government taking of land, except when it is in the public interest. The law strengthened the position of nail house owners, but did not entirely resolve whether making room for private commercial developments was a public interest that entitled the taking of land.<ref>{{cite news|title=First Test Case for Newly Approved Property Law?|publisher=China.org|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/China/204173.htm|author=Zhang Rui|date= March 23, 2007|accessdate=2007-11-13}}</ref>

==Examples==
A number of high-profile nail houses have received widespread attention in the Chinese press. In one famous case, one family among 280 others at the location of a six-story shopping mall under construction at the location of a former "snack street" in [[Chongqing]] refused for two years to vacate a home their family had inhabited for three generations.<ref name="demo"/> Developers cut their power and water, and excavated a 10-meter deep pit around their home. <ref name="at">{{cite news|accessdate=2007-11-12|publisher=Asia Times|date=Mar 31, 2007|title=The coolest nail house in history|author=Kent Ewing|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China_Business/IC31Cb01.html}}</ref><ref name="danwei">{{cite web|url=http://www.danwei.org/bbs/property_rights_the_coolest_na.php|accessdate=2007-11-12|publisher=Danwei|title=Property rights: the coolest nail house in history|author=Jeremy Goldkorn|date=March 22, 2007}}</ref> The owners broke into the construction site, reoccupied it, and flew a Chinese flag on top. Yang Wu, a local [[martial arts]] champion, made a staircase to their house out of [[nunchaku]]s, and threatened to beat any authorities who attempted to evict him.<ref name="at"/> His wife, a [[restaurateur]] named [[Wu Ping]] who had planned to open a restaurant in the home's ground floor, granted interviews and frequent press releases to generate publicity.<ref name="independent"/> The owners turned down an offer of 3.5 million yuan (US$453,000), but eventually settled with the developers in 2007.<ref name="demo">{{cite news|accessdate=2007-11-13|publisher=China Daily|title=Nail house in Chongqing demolished|date=April 3, 2007|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-04/03/content_842221.htm|}}</ref>

In another example, a "nail house" remained in [[Changsha]], even after a shopping mall was built around it, and now sits in a courtyard of the mall. <ref>{{cite news|publisher=San Francisco Chronicle|accessdate=2007-11-13|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/object/dayinpictures?o=3&f=/g/a/2007/11/13/dip.DTL|title=Day In Pictures|date=2007-11-13}}</ref> One owner in [[Shenzen]] was paid between 10 and 20 million yuen (US $1.3 million to $2.7 million) for selling a seven-story building at the site of the future 439-meter (1,440 foot) Kingkey Finance Tower, that had cost him only 1 million yuen ($130,000) to build ten years before. The resident held out for months following an eviction order, and was subject to harassment and extortion attempts even after he reached a settlement.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nail house owner receives millions of yuan in compensation|date=September 30, 2007|accessdate=2007-11-13|publisher=China Daily|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-09/30/content_6149005.htm}}</ref> Two other nail house owners held out against the Kingkey development.<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=2007-11-13|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China_Business/IK02Cb01.html|publisher=Asia Times|date=November 2, 2007|title=Chinese homeowners nail down their rights|author=Catherine Jiang}}</ref>

==Media coverage==
Nail Houses have received an unusual degree of coverage in the Chinese Press. The Chongqing incident was initially called "coolest nail house in history" by a [[blogger]],<ref name="danwei"/> after which the incident was picked up by major media throughout China, including state-run newspapers, and became a national sensation.<ref name="nyt"/> 85% of respondents to a poll on [[sina.com]] supported the couple rather than the developers.<ref name="demo"/> Later, however, the Chinese government forbid newspapers from reporting on the event.<ref name="nyt"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2007/03/chinese_government_forbidden_media_reports_about_the_na.php|publisher=China Digital Times|title=Chinese Government Forbids Media Reporting of The "Nailhouse" Story|accessdate=2007-11-13|author=Xiao Qiang|Date=March 24, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nail house tests China's new property rights law|url=http://www.scrippsnews.com/node/20533.|publisher=Scripps News|accessdate=2007-11-13|author=Geoffrey York|date=March 26, 2007}}</ref> Another blogger, vegetable vendor Zhou Shuguang, traveled by train from his home in [[Hunan province]] to cover the incident, funded by donations from his readers. Writing under the pen name "zola", Zhou interviewed the participants, as well as crowds that had gathered and others who claimed to have been evicted from their homes. He was popularly referred to as China's first "citizen journalist" although his site was blocked as well.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.interfax.cn/displayarticle.asp?aid=25175&slug=CHINA-IT-INTERNET|publisher=Interfax|title=Interview with "citizen reporter" Zhou Shuguang, aka Zola|accessdate=2007-11=13|date=June 22, 2007}}</ref> Others defied the prohibition as well, including the Chinese edition of [[Sports Illustrated]], which worked a subtle reference of the incident into a magazine cover.<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=2007-11-13|title=Sports Illustrated Nods At The Nailhouse|author=Jonathan Ansfield|date=2007-04-01|accessdate=2007-11-13|url=http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2007/04/dingzi_bu.php}}</ref>

==Analogies in other countries==

State-run media have commented that the nail house phenomenon is not limited to China, mentioning that there have been similar hold-outs in the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Japan.
In particular they have cited families that refused to move even as the original and subsequent [[runway]] construction projects began around them for the [[Narita Airport]] outside of [[Tokyo, Japan]].<ref>{{cite news|publisher=CCTV|url=http://news.cctv.com/world/20070404/103835.shtml|date=April 4, 2007|accessdate=2007-11-13|title=Nail households in Japan delay Narita Airport construction more than ten years}} - see [http://72.14.203.104/translate_c?hl=en&u=http://news.cctv.com/world/20070404/103835.shtml&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%25E4%25B9%259F%25E5%258F%25AF%25E8%2583%25BD%25E5%2587%25BA%25E7%258F%25BE%25E7%2599%25BC%25E5%25B1%2595%25E5%2595%2586%25E6%2589%2580%25E7%25A8%25B1%25E8%25AC%2582%25E7%259A%2584%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26hs%3DDSZ google translation]</ref>

In the United States, private property is protected by the [[Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Fifth Amendment]] to the [[United States Constitution|Constitution]] from seizure by the government without "just compensation". Under the concept of [[eminent domain]], local and national government agencies are entitled to take private property for purposes in the public interest, but must offer owners compensation amounting to the value of the property. The [[United Kingdom]], [[New Zealand]], and the [[Republic of Ireland]] have a comparable process called [[compulsory purchase]], and there are equivalent laws in [[Australia]] and [[South Africa]]. In [[Kelo v. City of New London]], the United States [[Supreme Court]] ruled that the government is entitled to take land from private parties to give to private developers. The decision was widely unpopular, and spurred various [[U.S. state|states]] to enact laws prohibiting the practice. However, the practice is common in other states. As in China, the efforts generally begin with an offer by the private group or government agency to purchase the land, and only become a question of eminent domain if the parties cannot negotiate a purchase price. When eminent domain seizures do occur there are often disputes over the value of the property, and whether it should fully compensate the landowner for the holdout value of the land.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.zuola.com/weblog/ zola's blog]

[[zh:钉子户]]

[[Category:Law of the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Property law]]

Smithsonian Magazine

2008-01-10T03:16:53Z

Wikidemon: /* External links */ webby awards

{{Infobox_Magazine|
title = Smithsonian|
image = |
editor = [[Carey Winfrey]] |
frequency = Monthly |
category = [[History]], [[Science]], [[Arts]], [[Nature]]|
company = [[Smithsonian Institution]] |
firstdate = April [[1970]] |
country = {{flag|United States}} |
language = [[English language|English]] |
website = [http://www.smithsonian.com www.smithsonian.com] |
issn =
}}

'''''Smithsonian''''' is a monthly [[magazine]] published by the [[Smithsonian|Smithsonian Institution]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] The first issue was published in 1970. It is edited by Carey Winfrey.

==History==
The history of ''Smithsonian'' began when [[Edward K. Thompson]], the retired editor of the weekly ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'', was recruited by the then Secretary of the Smithsonian, [[S. Dillon Ripley]], to produce a magazine "about things in which the Smithsonian [Institution] is interested, might be interested or ought to be interested."

Thompson would later recall that his philosophy for the new magazine was that it "would stir curiosity in already receptive minds. It would deal with history as it is relevant to the present. It would present art, since true art is never dated, in the richest possible reproduction. It would peer into the future via coverage of social progress and of science and technology. Technical matters would be digested and made intelligible by skilled writers who would stimulate readers to reach upward while not turning them off with jargon. We would find the best writers and the best photographers — not unlike the best of the old Life." The first issue debuted in April 1970, reaching 160,000 readers with a cover story about amorous elephants in [[Sri Lanka]].

The magazine's early history, however, was plagued by instability and embarrassing gaffes - including the addressing of a letter to [[NBC News]] as "Dear Mr. News," an incident which caused then-anchor [[John Chancellor]] to bring the fledgling magazine to somewhat less than flattering national attention.

In 1973, the magazine turned a profit for the first time. By 1974, circulation had nearly quadrupled, to 635,000, and it reached the one million milestone in 1975 — one of the most successful launches of its time. In 1980, Thompson was replaced by [[Don Moser]], who had also worked at ''Life'', and circulation reached upwards of two million. He was replaced, in turn, by Carey Winfrey upon his retirement in 2001.

==Contributors==
''Smithsonian'' has no staff writers, and instead relies entirely on freelance contributions. Notable past and current contributors to ''Smithsonian'' have included:
* [[Jon Krakauer]]
* [[Diana Lemieux]]
* [[Paul Levinson]]
* [[Alan Lightman]]

==External links==
* [http://www.smithsonian.com/ ''Smithsonian'' webpage]
{{Webby Awards|cat=Science|year=1997|type=Nominee|cat2=Education|year2=1998|type2=Nominee}}
[[Category:Smithsonian Institution]]
[[Category:American magazines]]
[[Category:Monthly magazines]]
[[Category:Publications established in 1970]]

{{mag-stub}}

Smithsonian Magazine

2008-01-09T01:43:25Z

Wikidemon: /* External links */ webbies

{{Infobox_Magazine|
title = Smithsonian|
image = |
editor = [[Carey Winfrey]] |
frequency = Monthly |
category = [[History]], [[Science]], [[Arts]], [[Nature]]|
company = [[Smithsonian Institution]] |
firstdate = April [[1970]] |
country = {{flag|United States}} |
language = [[English language|English]] |
website = [http://www.smithsonian.com www.smithsonian.com] |
issn =
}}

'''''Smithsonian''''' is a monthly [[magazine]] published by the [[Smithsonian|Smithsonian Institution]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] The first issue was published in 1970. It is edited by Carey Winfrey.

==History==
The history of ''Smithsonian'' began when [[Edward K. Thompson]], the retired editor of the weekly ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'', was recruited by the then Secretary of the Smithsonian, [[S. Dillon Ripley]], to produce a magazine "about things in which the Smithsonian [Institution] is interested, might be interested or ought to be interested."

Thompson would later recall that his philosophy for the new magazine was that it "would stir curiosity in already receptive minds. It would deal with history as it is relevant to the present. It would present art, since true art is never dated, in the richest possible reproduction. It would peer into the future via coverage of social progress and of science and technology. Technical matters would be digested and made intelligible by skilled writers who would stimulate readers to reach upward while not turning them off with jargon. We would find the best writers and the best photographers — not unlike the best of the old Life." The first issue debuted in April 1970, reaching 160,000 readers with a cover story about amorous elephants in [[Sri Lanka]].

The magazine's early history, however, was plagued by instability and embarrassing gaffes - including the addressing of a letter to [[NBC News]] as "Dear Mr. News," an incident which caused then-anchor [[John Chancellor]] to bring the fledgling magazine to somewhat less than flattering national attention.

In 1973, the magazine turned a profit for the first time. By 1974, circulation had nearly quadrupled, to 635,000, and it reached the one million milestone in 1975 — one of the most successful launches of its time. In 1980, Thompson was replaced by [[Don Moser]], who had also worked at ''Life'', and circulation reached upwards of two million. He was replaced, in turn, by Carey Winfrey upon his retirement in 2001.

==Contributors==
''Smithsonian'' has no staff writers, and instead relies entirely on freelance contributions. Notable past and current contributors to ''Smithsonian'' have included:
* [[Jon Krakauer]]
* [[Diana Lemieux]]
* [[Paul Levinson]]
* [[Alan Lightman]]

==External links==
* [http://www.smithsonian.com/ ''Smithsonian'' webpage]
{{Webby Awards|cat=Science|year=1997|type=Nominee}}
[[Category:Smithsonian Institution]]
[[Category:American magazines]]
[[Category:Monthly magazines]]
[[Category:Publications established in 1970]]

{{mag-stub}}