Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Pounamu

2008-03-21T01:13:34Z

WikidSmaht: wikilink

[[Image:Pounamu pendant.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Pounamu pendant]]

'''Pounamu''' (New Zealand greenstone) is a highly prized hard nephrite [[jade]] found in [[New Zealand]] and parts of [[Australia]]. It is composed of [[Chlorite group|chlorite]] and [[epidote]] which makes the stone a mid-to-dark green colour.

Greenstone rocks are generally found in rivers. They appear as nondescript boulders and stones and are difficult to identify without cutting them open. The [[mining]] of pounamu is closely controlled.

The [[Māori]] call the [[South Island]] of New Zealand ''Te Wai Pounamu'', meaning "The [land of] Greenstone Water". Pounamu is highly valued by the Māori and it plays an important role in [[Culture of the Maori|their culture]]. It is considered a ''[[taonga]]'' or treasure, and so is protected under the [[Treaty of Waitangi]].

Pounamu is a very hard stone and must be worked with care and patience. Today, [[diamond tools]] are often used to carve it, and it can be turned into beautiful [[jewellery]] such as [[Hei-tiki]]. Much of this is in traditional Māori designs. Pounamu jewelery is now very popular among New Zealanders and is seen as somewhat iconic of the country. Such jewelery is often used as gifts to visitors. [[Viggo Mortensen]] of [[The Lord of the Rings]] fame, took to wearing a ''[[hei matau]]'' around his neck. [[Michael Hurst]] of the television program [[Hercules: The Legendary Journeys|Hercules]] was gifted a large and heavy pounamu pendant necklace which he wore on the program. During a particularly energetic action scene the pendant bumped his teeth. The producers felt the ornament suited the nature of the program yet considered it a safety risk, and had it replaced with a latex replica.

Because pounamu is so hard it has been used as an alternative to iron in axes and similar hand tools. The Māori club, the ''[[Mere (weapon)|mere]]'', was often made of pounamu. Pounamu artefacts were often given as gifts to seal important agreements.

==External links==
*[http://www.ngaitahu.iwi.nz/About%20Ngai%20Tahu/The%20Settlement/The%20Crowns%20Settlement%20Offer/Cultural%20Redress/Pounamu Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu] — Web site of the [[Ngāi Tahu]] tribe in Southern New Zealand, with information about pounamu relating to the Treaty of Waitangi

==See also==
*[[Greenstone Digital Library Software]]

[[Category:Rocks]]
[[Category:Gemstones]]
[[Category:Minerals of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Petrology]]
[[Category:New Zealand culture]]

[[es:Pounamu]]

Jamaica Plain

2006-05-13T05:42:37Z

WikidSmaht: not enough info for mulitple paragraphs

'''Jamaica Plain''', more commonly known as "JP", is an historic neighborhood in [[Boston, Massachusetts]]. It was originally part of [[Roxbury, Massachusetts]], and then part of the town of [[West Roxbury, Massachusetts]] when that was established in [[1848]]. West Roxbury (including Jamaica Plain) was annexed to Boston in [[1874]]. According to an official city estimate, it had a population of 38,196 in [[October]], [[2003]].

==History==

"Jamaica" may be an Anglicization of the name [[Kuchamakin]], [[sachem]] (chief) of the [[Massachusett]] tribe.[http://www.jphs.org/colonial/native-americans-in-jamaica-plain.html]

Jamaica Plain was settled by the Curtis family, circa 1640. A number of the still-extant streets date to this era, including Centre Street, Day Street, and Perkins Street. Jamaica Pond is a spring-fed kettle pond and at one time was a major source of water and ice.

By the [[1850s]] Jamaica Plain included massive summer "cottages" near [[Jamaica Pond]] belonging to Boston's oldest families, [[middle-class]] single-family homes, and immigrant worker "[[triple decker]]" housing. In the 1880s, philanthropist [[Robert Treat Paine (Boston)|Robert Treat Paine]] (1810-1905) pioneered affordable housing concepts for lower- and middle-class workers with his Workingmen's Building Association and a 114-house development between Round Hill and Sunnyside streets. JP was the home of almost a dozen [[brewery|breweries]] which relied on the relatively pure water of Stony Brook. By 1896, the [[Thomas G. Plant Shoe Factory]] at Centre Street and Bickford Street proclaimed itself to be the largest shoe factory in the world.

Streetcars played a significant role in the neighborhood's growth by providing access to downtown along Centre Street and Columbus Avenue (then Pynchon Street) via Roxbury Crossing.

[[Image:VictorianHouseJamaicaPlain20040313.jpg|thumb|250px|right|A Victorian-era house in Jamaica Plain]]

By the end of the [[19th century]], the annexation by Boston had provided municipal services to the neighborhood, and it began to experience a rapid growth in population. This was fostered by the creation of [[Forest Hills Cemetery]], the [[Arnold Arboretum]], Franklin Park and the [[Emerald Necklace]] -- a series of [[park]]s and [[parkway]]s designed by [[Frederick Law Olmsted]] on the western and southern sides of Jamaica Plain.

During the [[20th century]] Jamaica Plain transformed from a streetcar suburb to a more urban neighborhood, with a heavily Irish-American population. [[Prohibition]] brought an end to the breweries and the [[Great Depression|Depression]] launched a significant public housing development effort on Heath Street and later at Bromley Park, eventually creating over 1,000 government-subsidized housing units for the poor.

Significant portions of the neighborhood adjacent to the [[Boston & Providence Railroad]] were demolished in the 1960s, in preparation for bringing [[I-95]] through the city. Many poor families were displaced and left homeless and sick. Eventually, public opposition shut the project down, and the areas demolished for the interstate right-of-way were rebuilt as the [[Southwest Corridor]] linear park. The [[MBTA]] [[Orange Line (MBTA)|Orange Line]] reopened through this corridor in 1985, replacing an elevated train along Washington Street.

[[Image:Hyde_Square_steeple.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Steeple of Blessed Sacrament Church towers above Hyde Square]]

In the [[1970s]] JP was better known for its arson and petty crime than for its parks, but had become a more diverse and aging community. A dramatic fire in 1976 destroyed the Plant Shoe Factory and its adjacent park, creating a crater of rubble that remained for nearly two decades.

The 1990s brought significant redevelopment to JP. Residents began to take back the parks, and Jamaica Pond became a rallying point with the [[Jamaica Pond Project]]'s restoration efforts. Nonprofit housing groups bought up rundown houses and vacant lots to create low-income rental units. The Plant Shoe Factory site was redeveloped as JP Plaza, a strip mall, and later a supermarket and a new facility for the Martha Eliot Health Center completed the site's redevelopment. Boston Main Streets districts sprouted in three corners of the neighborhood ([http://www.cityofboston.gov/mainstreets/hj.asp Hyde/Jackson Square], [http://www.cityofboston.gov/mainstreets/egleston.asp Egleston Square], and [http://www.jpcentresouth.org/ Centre/South]), bringing city funds and tools of neighborhood revitalization to local business owners.

===Present day===
By the turn of the century, the neighborhood was experiencing rapid [[gentrification]] during a citywide [[real estate]] boom, and had attracted a large community of political activists, artists, and young families– while also experiencing a loss in low- to moderate-income housing.

Modern JP is uniquely diverse, a melting pot of race, ethnicities, and family types. The area has become home to blacks, latinos, and members of several [[Asian]] populations, as well as several families of various European descent, and a growing [[gay]] and [[lesbian]] presence. Hyde and Jackson Squares have significant Spanish-speaking populations from Cuba and the Dominican Republic. JP is a popular area among Boston [[lesbian]]s, including older couples, and increasingly attracts young [[gay]] men and women. This blend of multiple cultures is reflected in local businesses, such as the many different eating and drinking establishments which line Centre Street.

Although some see Jamaica Plain as relatively isolated from the rest of the Boston metro area, the [[Green Line "E" Branch]] at [[Heath Street (MBTA station)|Heath Street]], the [[Orange Line (MBTA)|Orange Line]], and the [[39 (MBTA bus)|#39 bus]] (one of only two buses whose fare is covered by the purchase of a monthly subway pass) provide easy access to [[Back Bay]], the [[South End]], and Downtown; as well as the Amtrak trains and most southbound commuter rails. Low rents and a funky, populist feel have helped popularize the area with post-GenX youth, artist, professionals, and students.

A hot real estate market has driven conversion of older buildings into [[condominiums]], particularly in historic areas such as Hyde Square, Pondside, and Sumner Hill. Some believe this has sped up gentrification, to the dismay of renters and long-time residents. A large number of formerly vacant sites are being now being converted to residential use, among them the ABC Brewery, the Gormley Funeral Home, the Eblena Brewery, 319 Centre Street, Jackson Square, JP Cohousing, Blessed Sacrament, Our Lady of the Way, and 80 Bickford Street.

==Cultural references==
Jamaica Plain, along with other Boston neighborhoods, created the setting of the novel and film [[Mystic River]]; the name given to this fictitious neighborhood was "Buckingham Flats."

==Notable Natives==
*[[Emily Greene Balch]], co-winner of the 1946 [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (130 Prince Street)
*[[James Michael Curley]], four-term mayor of Boston, later governor of Massachusetts (350 Jamaicaway)
*[[James Dole]], founder of Hawaiian Pineapple Company which became [[Dole Food Company]] (14 Roanoke Avenue)
*[[Sylvia Plath]], poet (birthplace at 24 Prince Street)
*[[Ellen Swallow Richards]], first woman admitted to the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (and other notable accomplishments) (32 Eliot Street)
*[http://www.joeymcintyre.com/ Joey McIntyre], former member of boy band [[New Kids on the Block]], grew up in JP and performed in community theater at [http://www.footlight.org/ The Footlight Club]

==Transportation==
JP is served by the [[MBTA]]'s bus and rail services. Major roads are Centre Street, the Jamaicaway (formerly US 1), the Arborway (MA 203), Washington Street, and Columbus Avenue (MA 28).

===Bicycle Paths===
Two major bicycle paths serve JP. Along the [[Southwest Corridor]] Park is the [[Pierre Lallement]] Bicycle Path, which runs from Forest Hills to Back Bay. To the west are the Emerald Necklace bicycle paths, which run through the parks along the Jamaicaway and Riverway. Jamaica Plain is home to the only bike lane in in a Boston street, along one block of Perkins Street at Jamaica Pond.

===Subway===
The [[Green Line (MBTA)|Green Line]] [[Green Line "E" Branch|"E" Train]] terminates at Heath Street. This line used to continue along South Huntington Avenue, Centre Street, and South Street to its terminus at the Arborway Yard across from Forest Hills Station. Service beyond Heath Street was suspended by the MBTA in 1985.

The [[Orange Line (MBTA)|Orange Line]] runs through the middle of JP with stops at Jackson Square, Stony Brook, Green Street, and Forest Hills. The Orange Line carries as many passengers as the #39 bus, on which ridership is steadily declining.

Forest Hills Station is a major transportation hub and is walking distance to the Arnold Arboretum and Forest Hills Cemetery.

====Green Line controversy====
Proposed restoration of the [[Green Line "E" Branch|"E" Train]] extension to Forest Hills (part of the promised [[environmental mitigation]] measures relating to the [[Big Dig]]) has caused considerable tension in the area. Some residents and commuters are eager to embrace what is seen as a reconnection with the rest of the city, while many others cite the #39 Bus along the old route and the [[Orange Line (MBTA)|Orange Line]] just a few blocks away as easy travel solutions. Opposition is mainly based on this availability of transport, and fears that restoration of the trolley service would eliminate on-street parking and create traffic snares in an area already plagued by a shortage of the former and abundance of the latter. Advocates on both sides of the issue, including [http://www.arborway.net/lrv/ the Arborway Committee] and [http://www.btwt.org/ Better Transit Without Trolleys], present compelling arguments for improved service while the MBTA has not yet committed to a permanent transit solution.

===Commuter Rail===
The Needham Line of the Commuter Rail stops at Forest Hills Station, and many other lines are easily accessible by riding the Orange Line subway train to Ruggles and Back Bay.

===Buses===
The #[[39 (MBTA bus)|39]] Bus ([[Back Bay (MBTA station)|Back Bay]] to [[Forest Hills (MBTA station)|Forest Hills]]) is a replacement service for the "temporarily" suspended Green Line streetcar from [[Heath Street (MBTA station)|Heath Street]] to [[Forest Hills (MBTA station)|Forest Hills]].

The #41 bus carries passengers from JP Center to Dudley Square.

The #48 bus runs a loop around the neighborhood, tying together the Washington and Centre Street corridors.

'''Green Line - Heath Street'''
*14 Roslindale Sq.-Heath St. Sta.
*39 Forest Hills Sta.-Back Bay Sta.

'''Orange Line - Jackson Square'''
*22 Ashmont Sta.-Ruggles Sta. via Talbot Ave.
*29 Mattapan Sta.-Jackson Sq. Sta. via Seaver St.
*41 Centre & Eliot Streets-JFK/UMASS Sta.
*44 Jackson Sq. Sta.-Ruggles Sta. via Seaver St.
*48 Jamaica Plain Loop Monument-Jackson Sq. Sta.
*66 Harvard Sq.-Dudley Sta. via Harvard St.

'''Orange Line - Stony Brook'''
*48 Jamaica Plain Loop Monument-Jackson Sq. Sta.

'''Orange Line - Green Street'''
*48 Jamaica Plain Loop Monument-Jackson Sq. Sta.

'''Orange Line - Forest Hills'''
*16 Forest Hills Sta.-Andrew Station or JFK/UMASS Sta.
*21 Ashmont Sta.-Forest Hills Sta.
*31 Mattapan Sta.-Forest Hills Sta. via Morton St.
*32 Wolcott Sq. or Cleary Square-Forest Hills Sta.
*34/34E Walpole Center or Dedham Line-Forest Hills Sta. via Washington St.
*35 Dedham Mall/Stimson St.-Forest Hills Sta.
*36 Charles River Loop or V.A. Hospital-Forest Hills Sta. via Belgrade Ave.
*37 Baker and Vermont Sts.-Forest Hills Sta.
*38 Wren St.-Forest Hills Sta.
*39 Forest Hills Sta.-Back Bay Sta.
*40 Georgetowne-Forest Hills Sta.
*42 Forest Hills Sta.-Ruggles Sta. via Washington St.
*50 Cleary Sq.-Forest Hills Sta.
*51 Reservoir (Cleveland Circle)-Forest Hills Sta.

===Cars and parking===
Shared car service [[Zipcar]] once had a number of cars stationed throughout the neighborhood. In January 2006, the number of shared cars was sharply reduced to five (four at JP Oil and one at Forest Hills). Municipal parking lots are located off Centre Street at Burroughs Street in JP Center, across from the Mary Curley School on Centre Street at Spring Park Ave., and across from Blessed Sacrament Church in Hyde Square. There are no parking meters in JP; on-street parking is free. Many streets near the MBTA Orange Line stations are posted "resident permit only" during working hours (8 AM to 6 PM). This is intended to discourage commuters from using residential streets as parking lots during the day.

==External links==
*[http://www.jamaicaplaingazette.com Jamaica Plain Gazette] -- Free neighborhood newspaper
*[http://www.jamaicaplain.com JamaicaPlain.com] -- neighborhood information and links
*[http://www.jphs.org Jamaica Plain Historical Society] -- Jamaica Plain Historical Society
**[http://www.jphs.org/locales/2005/4/14/sumner-hill-historic-district.html Sumner Hill] -- Sumner Hill Historic District
*[http://www.historichydesquare.org/ Historic Hyde Square] -- Historic Hyde Square
**[http://www.historichydesquare.org/gaslamps/ Gas Lamps of Jamaica Plain] -- photos of gas street lights
*[http://www.franklinparkcoalition.org Franklin Park Coalition] -- Franklin Park Coalition
*[http://www.arborway.net/lrv/ Arborway Committee] -- Arborway Committee, Advocates for light rail
*[http://www.mass.gov/dcr/parks/metroboston/southwestCorr.htm Southwest Corridor Park]

==References==
{{unreferenced}}
*Streetcar Suburbs : The Process of Growth in Boston, 1870-1900, Second Edition, by Sam Bass Warner, Jr., Harvard University Press (2004), ISBN 0674842111.
*Local Attachments : The Making of an American Urban Neighborhood, 1850 to 1920 (Creating the North American Landscape), by Alexander von Hoffman, The John Hopkins University Press (1996), ISBN 0801853931.
*Tom Plant: The Making of a Franco-American Entrepreneur, 1859-1941 (Studies in Entrepreneurship), by Barry Hatfield Rodrigue, Garland Publishing (1994), ISBN 0815309880.
*A Home in the Heart of a City: A Woman's Search for Community (Hardcover), by Kathleen Hirsch, North Point Pr (1998), ISBN 0374280797.
*Rites of Way: The Politics of Transportation in Boston and the U.S. City (Hardcover), by Alan Lupo, Little Brown & Company (January, 1971), ISBN 0316536709.

[[Category:Boston neighborhoods]]
[[Category:Gay villages]]

Jamaica Plain

2006-05-04T11:05:16Z

WikidSmaht: rv

'''Jamaica Plain''', more commonly known as "JP", is an historic neighborhood in [[Boston, Massachusetts]]. It was originally part of [[Roxbury, Massachusetts]], and then part of the town of [[West Roxbury, Massachusetts]] when that was established in [[1848]]. West Roxbury (including Jamaica Plain) was annexed to Boston in [[1874]]. According to an official city estimate, it had a population of 38,196 in [[October]], [[2003]].

==History==

"Jamaica" may be an Anglicization of the name [[Kuchamakin]], [[sachem]] (chief) of the [[Massachusett]] tribe.[http://www.jphs.org/colonial/native-americans-in-jamaica-plain.html]

Jamaica Plain was settled by the Curtis family, circa 1640. A number of the still-extant streets date to this era, including Centre Street, Day Street, and Perkins Street. Jamaica Pond is a spring-fed kettle pond and at one time was a major source of water and ice.

By the [[1850s]] Jamaica Plain included massive summer "cottages" near [[Jamaica Pond]] belonging to Boston's oldest families, [[middle-class]] single-family homes, and immigrant worker "[[triple decker]]" housing. In the 1880s, philanthropist [[Robert Treat Paine (Boston)|Robert Treat Paine]] (1810-1905) pioneered affordable housing concepts for lower- and middle-class workers with his Workingmen's Building Association and a 114-house development between Round Hill and Sunnyside streets. JP was the home of almost a dozen [[brewery|breweries]] which relied on the relatively pure water of Stony Brook. By 1896, the [[Thomas G. Plant Shoe Factory]] at Centre Street and Bickford Street proclaimed itself to be the largest shoe factory in the world.

Streetcars played a significant role in the neighborhood's growth by providing access to downtown along Centre Street and Columbus Avenue (then Pynchon Street) via Roxbury Crossing.

[[Image:VictorianHouseJamaicaPlain20040313.jpg|thumb|250px|right|A Victorian-era house in Jamaica Plain]]

By the end of the [[19th century]], the annexation by Boston had provided municipal services to the neighborhood, and it began to experience a rapid growth in population. This was fostered by the creation of [[Forest Hills Cemetery]], the [[Arnold Arboretum]], Franklin Park and the [[Emerald Necklace]] -- a series of [[park]]s and [[parkway]]s designed by [[Frederick Law Olmsted]] on the western and southern sides of Jamaica Plain.

During the [[20th century]] Jamaica Plain transformed from a streetcar suburb to a more urban neighborhood, with a heavily Irish-American population. [[Prohibition]] brought an end to the breweries and the [[Great Depression|Depression]] launched a significant public housing development effort on Heath Street and later at Bromley Park, eventually creating over 1,000 government-subsidized housing units for the poor.

Significant portions of the neighborhood adjacent to the [[Boston & Providence Railroad]] were demolished in the 1960s, in preparation for bringing [[I-95]] through the city. Many poor families were displaced and left homeless and sick. Eventually, public opposition shut the project down, and the areas demolished for the interstate right-of-way were rebuilt as the [[Southwest Corridor]] linear park. The [[MBTA]] [[Orange Line (MBTA)|Orange Line]] reopened through this corridor in 1985, replacing an elevated train along Washington Street.

[[Image:Hyde_Square_steeple.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Steeple of Blessed Sacrament Church towers above Hyde Square]]

In the [[1970s]] JP was better known for its arson and petty crime than for its parks, but had become a more diverse and aging community. A dramatic fire in 1976 destroyed the Plant Shoe Factory and its adjacent park, creating a crater of rubble that remained for nearly two decades.

The 1990s brought significant redevelopment to JP. Residents began to take back the parks, and Jamaica Pond became a rallying point with the [[Jamaica Pond Project]]'s restoration efforts. Nonprofit housing groups bought up rundown houses and vacant lots to create low-income rental units. The Plant Shoe Factory site was redeveloped as JP Plaza, a strip mall, and later a supermarket and a new facility for the Martha Eliot Health Center completed the site's redevelopment. Boston Main Streets districts sprouted in three corners of the neighborhood ([http://www.cityofboston.gov/mainstreets/hj.asp Hyde/Jackson Square], [http://www.cityofboston.gov/mainstreets/egleston.asp Egleston Square], and [http://www.jpcentresouth.org/ Centre/South]), bringing city funds and tools of neighborhood revitalization to local business owners.

===Present day===
By the turn of the century, the neighborhood was experiencing rapid [[gentrification]] during a citywide [[real estate]] boom, and had attracted a large community of political activists, artists, and young families– while also experiencing a loss in low- to moderate-income housing.

Modern JP is uniquely diverse, a melting pot of race, ethnicities, and family types. The area has become home to blacks, latinos, and members of several [[Asian]] populations, as well as several families of various European descent, and a growing [[gay]] and [[lesbian]] presence. Hyde and Jackson Squares have significant Spanish-speaking populations from Cuba and the Dominican Republic. JP is a popular area among Boston [[lesbian]]s, including older couples, and increasingly attracts young [[gay]] men and women. This blend of multiple cultures is reflected in local businesses, such as the many different eating and drinking establishments which line Centre Street.

Although some see Jamaica Plain as relatively isolated from the rest of the Boston metro area, the [[Green Line "E" Branch]] at [[Heath Street (MBTA station)|Heath Street]], the [[Orange Line (MBTA)|Orange Line]], and the [[39 (MBTA bus)|#39 bus]] (one of only two buses whose fare is covered by the purchase of a monthly subway pass) provide easy access to [[Back Bay]], the [[South End]], and Downtown; as well as the Amtrak trains and most southbound commuter rails. Low rents and a funky, populist feel have helped popularize the area with post-GenX youth, artist, professionals, and students.

A hot real estate market has driven conversion of older buildings into [[condominiums]], particularly in historic areas such as Hyde Square, Pondside, and Sumner Hill. Some believe this has sped up gentrification, to the dismay of renters and long-time residents. A large number of formerly vacant sites are being now being converted to residential use, among them the ABC Brewery, the Gormley Funeral Home, the Eblena Brewery, 319 Centre Street, Jackson Square, JP Cohousing, Blessed Sacrament, Our Lady of the Way, and 80 Bickford Street.

==Cultural references==
Jamaica Plain, along with other Boston neighborhoods, created the setting of the novel and film [[Mystic River]]; the name given to this fictitious neighborhood was "Buckingham Flats."

==Notable Natives==
*[[Emily Greene Balch]], co-winner of the 1946 [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (130 Prince Street)
*[[James Michael Curley]], four-term mayor of Boston, later governor of Massachusetts (350 Jamaicaway)
*[[James Dole]], founder of Hawaiian Pineapple Company which became [[Dole Food Company]] (14 Roanoke Avenue)
*[[Sylvia Plath]], poet (birthplace at 24 Prince Street)
*[[Ellen Swallow Richards]], first woman admitted to the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (and other notable accomplishments) (32 Eliot Street)
*[http://www.joeymcintyre.com/ Joey McIntyre], former member of boy band [[New Kids on the Block]], grew up in JP and performed in community theater at [http://www.footlight.org/ The Footlight Club]

==Transportation==
JP is served by the [[MBTA]]'s bus and rail services. Major roads are Centre Street, the Jamaicaway (formerly US 1), the Arborway (MA 203), Washington Street, and Columbus Avenue (MA 28).

===Bicycle Paths===
Two major bicycle paths serve JP. Along the [[Southwest Corridor]] Park is the [[Pierre Lallement]] Bicycle Path, which runs from Forest Hills to Back Bay. To the west are the Emerald Necklace bicycle paths, which run through the parks along the Jamaicaway and Riverway. Jamaica Plain is home to the only bike lane in in a Boston street, along one block of Perkins Street at Jamaica Pond.

===Subway===
The [[Green Line (MBTA)|Green Line]] [[Green Line "E" Branch|"E" Train]] terminates at Heath Street. This line used to continue along South Huntington Avenue, Centre Street, and South Street to its terminus at the Arborway Yard across from Forest Hills Station. Service beyond Heath Street was suspended by the MBTA in 1985.

The [[Orange Line (MBTA)|Orange Line]] runs through the middle of JP with stops at Jackson Square, Stony Brook, Green Street, and Forest Hills. The Orange Line carries as many passengers as the #39 bus, on which ridership is steadily declining.

Forest Hills Station is a major transportation hub and is walking distance to the Arnold Arboretum and Forest Hills Cemetery.

====Green Line controversy====
Proposed restoration of the [[Green Line "E" Branch|"E" Train]] extension to Forest Hills (part of the promised [[environmental mitigation]] measures relating to the [[Big Dig]]) has caused considerable tension in the area. Some residents and commuters are eager to embrace what is seen as a reconnection with the rest of the city, while many others cite the #39 Bus along the old route and the [[Orange Line (MBTA)|Orange Line]] just a few blocks away as easy travel solutions. Opposition is mainly based on this availability of transport, and fears that restoration of the trolley service would eliminate on-street parking and create traffic snares in an area already plagued by a shortage of the former and abundance of the latter. Advocates on both sides of the issue, including [http://www.arborway.net/lrv/ the Arborway Committee] and [http://www.btwt.org/ Better Transit Without Trolleys], present compelling arguments for improved service while the MBTA has not yet committed to a permanent transit solution.

===Commuter Rail===
The Needham Line of the Commuter Rail stops at Forest Hills Station, and many other lines are easily accessible by riding the Orange Line subway train to Ruggles and Back Bay.

===Buses===
The #[[39 (MBTA bus)|39]] Bus ([[Back Bay (MBTA station)|Back Bay]] to [[Forest Hills (MBTA station)|Forest Hills]]) is a replacement service for the "temporarily" suspended Green Line streetcar from [[Heath Street (MBTA station)|Heath Street]] to [[Forest Hills (MBTA station)|Forest Hills]].

The #41 bus carries passengers from JP Center to Dudley Square.

The #48 bus runs a loop around the neighborhood, tying together the Washington and Centre Street corridors.

'''Green Line - Heath Street'''
*14 Roslindale Sq.-Heath St. Sta.
*39 Forest Hills Sta.-Back Bay Sta.

'''Orange Line - Jackson Square'''
*22 Ashmont Sta.-Ruggles Sta. via Talbot Ave.
*29 Mattapan Sta.-Jackson Sq. Sta. via Seaver St.
*41 Centre & Eliot Streets-JFK/UMASS Sta.
*44 Jackson Sq. Sta.-Ruggles Sta. via Seaver St.
*48 Jamaica Plain Loop Monument-Jackson Sq. Sta.
*66 Harvard Sq.-Dudley Sta. via Harvard St.

'''Orange Line - Stony Brook'''
*48 Jamaica Plain Loop Monument-Jackson Sq. Sta.

'''Orange Line - Green Street'''
*48 Jamaica Plain Loop Monument-Jackson Sq. Sta.

'''Orange Line - Forest Hills'''
*16 Forest Hills Sta.-Andrew Station or JFK/UMASS Sta.
*21 Ashmont Sta.-Forest Hills Sta.
*31 Mattapan Sta.-Forest Hills Sta. via Morton St.
*32 Wolcott Sq. or Cleary Square-Forest Hills Sta.
*34/34E Walpole Center or Dedham Line-Forest Hills Sta. via Washington St.
*35 Dedham Mall/Stimson St.-Forest Hills Sta.
*36 Charles River Loop or V.A. Hospital-Forest Hills Sta. via Belgrade Ave.
*37 Baker and Vermont Sts.-Forest Hills Sta.
*38 Wren St.-Forest Hills Sta.
*39 Forest Hills Sta.-Back Bay Sta.
*40 Georgetowne-Forest Hills Sta.
*42 Forest Hills Sta.-Ruggles Sta. via Washington St.
*50 Cleary Sq.-Forest Hills Sta.
*51 Reservoir (Cleveland Circle)-Forest Hills Sta.

===Cars and parking===
Shared car service [[Zipcar]] has a number of cars stationed throughout the neighborhood. Municipal parking lots are located off Centre Street at Burroughs Street in JP Center, across from the Mary Curley School on Centre Street at Spring Park Ave., and across from Blessed Sacrament Church in Hyde Square. There are no meters in JP; on-street parking is free. Many streets near the MBTA Orange Line stations are posted "resident permit only" during working hours (8 AM to 6 PM).

==External links==
*[http://www.jamaicaplaingazette.com Jamaica Plain Gazette] -- Free neighborhood newspaper
*[http://www.jamaicaplain.com JamaicaPlain.com] -- neighborhood information and links
*[http://www.jphs.org Jamaica Plain Historical Society] -- Jamaica Plain Historical Society
**[http://www.jphs.org/locales/2005/4/14/sumner-hill-historic-district.html Sumner Hill] -- Sumner Hill Historic District
*[http://www.historichydesquare.org/ Historic Hyde Square] -- Historic Hyde Square
**[http://www.historichydesquare.org/gaslamps/ Gas Lamps of Jamaica Plain] -- photos of gas street lights
*[http://www.franklinparkcoalition.org Franklin Park Coalition] -- Franklin Park Coalition
*[http://www.arborway.net/lrv/ Arborway Committee] -- Arborway Committee, Advocates for light rail
*[http://www.mass.gov/dcr/parks/metroboston/southwestCorr.htm Southwest Corridor Park]

==References==
{{unreferenced}}
*Streetcar Suburbs : The Process of Growth in Boston, 1870-1900, Second Edition, by Sam Bass Warner, Jr., Harvard University Press (2004), ISBN 0674842111.
*Local Attachments : The Making of an American Urban Neighborhood, 1850 to 1920 (Creating the North American Landscape), by Alexander von Hoffman, The John Hopkins University Press (1996), ISBN 0801853931.
*Tom Plant: The Making of a Franco-American Entrepreneur, 1859-1941 (Studies in Entrepreneurship), by Barry Hatfield Rodrigue, Garland Publishing (1994), ISBN 0815309880.
*A Home in the Heart of a City: A Woman's Search for Community (Hardcover), by Kathleen Hirsch, North Point Pr (1998), ISBN 0374280797.
*Rites of Way: The Politics of Transportation in Boston and the U.S. City (Hardcover), by Alan Lupo, Little Brown & Company (January, 1971), ISBN 0316536709.

[[Category:Boston neighborhoods]]
[[Category:Gay villages]]

Kirby’s Dream Course

2006-05-02T02:39:04Z

WikidSmaht: rmv irrelevant

{{Infobox CVG| title = Kirby's Dream Course
|image = [[Image:Kirbydreamcourse.jpg]]
|developer = [[HAL Laboratory]]
|publisher = [[Nintendo]]
|designer =
|engine =
|released = [[February 1]], [[1995]] (''N. America'') [[September 21]], [[1995]] (''Japan'') [[August 24]], [[1996]] (''Europe'')
|genre = [[Sports game|Sports (Golf)]]
|modes = [[Single player]]
|ratings = [[Entertainment Software Rating Board|ESRB]]: Kids to Adults (K-A)
|platforms = [[Super Famicom]] / [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System|SNES]]
|media = [[Cartridge (electronics)|Cartridge]]
|requirements =
|input =
}}

'''Kirby's Dream Course''' is a [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System|Super Nintendo]] [[video game|game]] developed by [[HAL Laboratory]] and released by [[Nintendo]] in [[1995]]. It was one of four [[Kirby]] games released for the [[Super NES]]. Originally, the game was not to have been a Kirby title at all, but rather a miniature golf game called ''Special Tee Shot''; it was only midway through development that the game was retooled with elements from the Kirby series. (The original, non-Kirby version was eventually released for the Japanese [[Satellaview]] add-on.)

''Dream Course'' is an [[Isometric projection|isometric]] view [[golf]] game with Kirby as the ball. You must set the power, [[angle]], and spin to collect various enemies scattered on the levels. The last enemy turns into the hole. There are 64 regular holes, 64 extra holes, 32 2-Player holes, and 32 extra 2-Player holes.

The game has eight courses, each with eight holes on each. There is a high score board for each level, with medals to be won on each of them. The player can unlock extra features by winning the medals. There are Bronze, Silver and Gold medals to be won, which are awarded to Kirby at the end of the course.

Kirby loses one of his 4 [[tomato]]es every time he makes a shot, and gains one every time he hits an enemy or lands in a hole. He loses one life when all his tomatoes are gone. When you run out of lives, you get a [[Game Over]] and can either continue from the beginning of the course or exit. Getting a Hole in One earns an [[extra life]].

If Kirby hits any of the special enemies during a shot, he gains its ability. Activating the ability can help to complete the level in fewer shots. The following list describes each ability.
*''[[Fire|Fireball]]'' - Kirby gets a boost of [[speed]].
*''Freeze'' - Kirby turns to slippery [[ice]] and freezes any water [[solid]].
*''High Jump'' - This causes Kirby to fly high in the air.
*''[[Parasol]]'' - This parasol lets Kirby fall slowly and steer his [[Descent (aircraft)|descent]].
*''Spark'' - Activating this causes Kirby to spark with [[electricity]]. He can destroy some dangerous enemies, such as Kracko and [[Gordo (monster)|Gordo]].
*''Needle'' - Kirby sticks to any surface regardless of its slope.
*''[[Rock (geology)|Stone]]'' - Turns Kirby into a heavy stone that falls straight down.
*''[[Tornado]]'' - Allows Kirby to steer along the ground until he stops spinning.
*''[[Wheel]]'' - This turns Kirby into a wheel that goes in a straight path, rolling and treading water, until it hits a wall.
*''[[UFO]]'' - Kirby can move at constant speed with full steering for 9 seconds.

[[Category:Kirby games]]
[[Category:Super NES games]]
[[Category:1995 computer and video games]]

== External links ==
* [http://www.classicgaming.com/kirby/games/dreamcourse/ Kirby's Dream Course] at [http://www.classicgaming.com/kirby/ Kirby's Rainbow Resort]
*{{moby game|id=/kirbys-dream-course|name=''Kirby's Dream Course''}}

{{Kirby series}}

Mission Hill (Boston)

2006-05-01T05:16:04Z

WikidSmaht: replace cleanup tag

{{cleanup-date|February 2006}}
{{POV}}
'''Mission Hill''' is a neighbourhood of the [[Roxbury]] section of [[Boston, Massachusetts]]. It started as a farming community and steadily progressed from a location for country estates for rich Bostonians, to a location for industry, including many breweries, and finally to a streetcar suburb. Today, Mission Hill is home to a diverse community and most recently has been home for thousands of students from nearby Massachusetts College of Art and Northeastern University. As of less than 10 years ago Mission Hill was regarded as an extremely dangerous neighborhood home to one of the city's largest projects (mission park) but as Northeastern University, which is located in the neighborhood, has risen in recognition and as those driven out of nearby South End have looked for new places to live, Mission Hill has been transformed seemingly overnight into an extremely livable and diverse neighborhood. Buildings have been fixed up, markets have moved in and the future looks bright. Mission Hill did what many did not think was possible: start to gentrify Roxbury.

{{Massachusetts-geo-stub}}
[[Category:Boston neighborhoods]]
[[Category:Northeastern University, Boston]]

Jamaica Plain

2006-03-03T22:18:47Z

WikidSmaht: why?

'''Jamaica Plain''', more commonly known as "JP", is an historic neighborhood in [[Boston, Massachusetts]]. It was originally part of [[Roxbury, Massachusetts]], and then part of the town of [[West Roxbury, Massachusetts]] when that was established in [[1848]]. West Roxbury (including Jamaica Plain) was annexed to Boston in [[1874]]. According to an official city estimate, it had a population of 38,196 in [[October]], [[2003]].

==History==
Jamaica Plain was settled by the Curtis family, circa 1640. A number of the still-extant streets date to this era, including Centre Street, Day Street, and Perkins Street. Jamaica Pond is a spring-fed kettle pond and at one time was a major source of water and ice.

By the [[1850s]] Jamaica Plain included massive summer "cottages" near [[Jamaica Pond]] belonging to Boston's oldest families, [[middle-class]] single-family homes, and immigrant worker "[[triple decker]]" housing. In the 1880s, philanthropist [[Robert Treat Paine (Boston)|Robert Treat Paine]] (1810-1905) pioneered affordable housing concepts for lower- and middle-class workers with his Workingmen's Building Association and a 114-house development between Round Hill and Sunnyside streets. JP was the home of almost a dozen [[brewery|breweries]] which relied on the relatively pure water of Stony Brook. By 1896, the [[Thomas G. Plant Shoe Factory]] at Centre Street and Bickford Street proclaimed itself to be the largest shoe factory in the world.

Streetcars played a significant role in the neighborhood's growth by providing access to downtown along Centre Street and Columbus Avenue (then Pynchon Street) via Roxbury Crossing.

[[Image:VictorianHouseJamaicaPlain20040313.jpg|thumb|250px|right|A Victorian-era house in Jamaica Plain]]

By the end of the [[19th century]], the annexation by Boston had provided municipal services to the neighborhood, and it began to experience a rapid growth in population. This was fostered by the creation of [[Forest Hills Cemetery]], the [[Arnold Arboretum]], Franklin Park and the [[Emerald Necklace]] -- a series of [[park]]s and [[parkway]]s designed by [[Frederick Law Olmsted]] on the western and southern sides of Jamaica Plain.

During the [[20th century]] Jamaica Plain transformed from a streetcar suburb to a more urban neighborhood, with a heavily Irish-American population. [[Prohibition]] brought an end to the breweries and the [[Great Depression|Depression]] launched a significant public housing development effort on Heath Street and later at Bromley Park, eventually creating over 1,000 government-subsidized housing units for the poor.

Significant portions of the neighborhood adjacent to the [[Boston & Providence Railroad]] were demolished in the 1960s, in preparation for bringing [[I-95]] through the city. Many poor families were displaced and left homeless and sick. Eventually, public opposition shut the project down, and the areas demolished for the interstate right-of-way were rebuilt as the [[Southwest Corridor]] linear park. The [[MBTA]] [[Orange Line (MBTA)|Orange Line]] reopened through this corridor in 1985, replacing an elevated train along Washington Street.

[[Image:Hyde_Square_steeple.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Steeple of Blessed Sacrament Church towers above Hyde Square]]

In the [[1970s]] JP was better known for its arson and petty crime than for its parks, but had become a more diverse and aging community. A dramatic fire in 1976 destroyed the Plant Shoe Factory and its adjacent park, creating a crater of rubble that remained for nearly two decades.

The 1990s brought significant redevelopment to JP. Residents began to take back the parks, and Jamaica Pond became a rallying point with the [[Jamaica Pond Project]]'s restoration efforts. Nonprofit housing groups bought up rundown houses and vacant lots to create low-income rental units. The Plant Shoe Factory site was redeveloped as JP Plaza, a strip mall, and later a supermarket and a new facility for the Martha Eliot Health Center completed the site's redevelopment. Boston Main Streets districts sprouted in three corners of the neighborhood ([http://www.cityofboston.gov/mainstreets/hj.asp Hyde/Jackson Square], [http://www.cityofboston.gov/mainstreets/egleston.asp Egleston Square], and [http://www.jpcentresouth.org/ Centre/South]), bringing city funds and tools of neighborhood revitalization to local business owners.

===Present day===
By the turn of the century, the neighborhood was experiencing rapid [[gentrification]] during a citywide [[real estate]] boom, and had attracted a large community of political activists, artists, and young families– while also experiencing a loss in low- to moderate-income housing.

Modern JP is uniquely diverse, a melting pot of race, ethnicities, and family types. The area has become home to blacks, latinos, and members of several [[Asian]] populations, as well as several families of various European descent, and a growing [[gay]] and [[lesbian]] presence. Hyde and Jackson Squares have significant Spanish-speaking populations from Cuba and the Dominican Republic. JP is a popular area among Boston [[lesbian]]s, including older couples, and increasingly attracts young [[gay]] men and women. This blend of multiple cultures is reflected in local businesses, such as the many different eating and drinking establishments which line Centre Street.

Although some see Jamaica Plain as relatively isolated from the rest of the Boston metro area, the [[Green Line "E" Branch]] at [[Heath Street (MBTA station)|Heath Street]], the [[Orange Line (MBTA)|Orange Line]], and the [[39 (MBTA bus)|#39 Bus]] (one of only two buses whose fare is covered by the purchase of a monthly subway pass) provide easy access to [[Back Bay]], the [[South End]], and Downtown; as well as the Amtrak trains and most southbound commuter rails. Low rents and a funky, populist feel have helped popularize the area with post-GenX youth, the creative, professional, and student sets in particular.

A hot real estate market has driven conversion of older buildings into [[condominiums]], particularly in historic areas such as Hyde Square, Pondside, and Sumner Hill. Some believe this has sped up gentrification, to the dismay of renters and long-time residents. A large number of formerly vacant sites are being now being converted to residential use, among them the ABC Brewery, the Gormley Funeral Home, the Eblena Brewery, 319 Centre Street, Jackson Square, JP Cohousing, Blessed Sacrament, Our Lady of the Way, and 80 Bickford Street.

==Cultural References==
Jamaica Plain, along with other Boston neighborhoods, created the setting of the novel and film [[Mystic River]]; the name given to this fictitious neighborhood was "Buckingham Flats."

==Notable Natives==
* [[Emily Greene Balch]], co-winner of the 1946 [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (130 Prince Street)
* [[James Michael Curley]], four-term mayor of Boston, later governor of Massachusetts (350 Jamaicaway)
* [[James Dole]], founder of Hawaiian Pineapple Company which became [[Dole Food Company]] (14 Roanoke Avenue)
* [[Sylvia Plath]], poet (birthplace at 24 Prince Street)
* [[Ellen Swallow Richards]], first woman admitted to the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (and other notable accomplishments) (32 Eliot Street)
* [http://www.joeymcintyre.com/ Joey McIntyre], former member of boy band [[New Kids on the Block]], grew up in JP and performed in community theater at [http://www.footlight.org/ The Footlight Club]

==Transportation==
JP is served by the [[MBTA]]'s bus and rail services. Major roads are Centre Street, the Jamaicaway (formerly US 1), the Arborway (MA 203), Washington Street, and Columbus Avenue (MA 28).

===Subway===
The [[Green Line (MBTA)|Green Line]] [[Green Line "E" Branch|"E" Train]] terminates at Heath Street. This line used to continue along South Huntington Avenue, Centre Street, and South Street to its terminus at the Arborway Yard across from Forest Hills Station. Service beyond Heath Street was suspended by the MBTA in 1985.

The [[Orange Line (MBTA)|Orange Line]] runs through the middle of JP with stops at Jackson Square, Stony Brook, Green Street, and Forest Hills. The Orange Line carries as many passengers as the #39 bus, on which ridership is steadily declining.

Forest Hills Station is a major transportation hub and is walking distance to the Arnold Arboretum and Forest Hills Cemetery.

====Green Line controversy====
Proposed restoration of the [[Green Line "E" Branch|"E" Train]] extension to Forest Hills (part of the promised [[environmental mitigation]] measures relating to the [[Big Dig]]) has caused considerable tension in the area. Some residents and commuters are eager to embrace what is seen as a reconnection with the rest of the city, while many others cite the #39 Bus along the old route and the [[Orange Line (MBTA)|Orange Line]] just a few blocks away as easy travel solutions. Opposition is mainly based on this availability of transport, and fears that restoration of the trolley service would eliminate on-street parking and create traffic snares in an area already plagued by a shortage of the former and abundance of the latter. Advocates on both sides of the issue present compelling arguments while the MBTA has not yet committed to a permanent transit solution.

===Commuter Rail===
The Needham Line of the Commuter Rail stops at Forest Hills Station, and many other lines are easily accessible by riding the Orange Line subway train to Ruggles and Back Bay.

===Buses===
The #[[39 (MBTA bus)|39]] Bus ([[Back Bay (MBTA station)|Back Bay]] to [[Forest Hills (MBTA station)|Forest Hills]]) is a replacement service for the "temporarily" suspended Green Line streetcar from [[Heath Street (MBTA station)|Heath Street]] to [[Forest Hills (MBTA station)|Forest Hills]].

The #41 bus carries passengers from JP Center to Dudley Square.

The #48 bus runs a loop around the neighborhood, tying together the Washington and Centre Street corridors.

'''Green Line - Heath Street'''
* 14 Roslindale Sq.-Heath St. Sta.
* 39 Forest Hills Sta.-Back Bay Sta.

'''Orange Line - Jackson Square'''
* 22 Ashmont Sta.-Ruggles Sta. via Talbot Ave.
* 29 Mattapan Sta.-Jackson Sq. Sta. via Seaver St.
* 41 Centre & Eliot Streets-JFK/UMASS Sta.
* 44 Jackson Sq. Sta.-Ruggles Sta. via Seaver St.
* 48 Jamaica Plain Loop Monument-Jackson Sq. Sta.
* 66 Harvard Sq.-Dudley Sta. via Harvard St.

'''Orange Line - Stony Brook'''
* 48 Jamaica Plain Loop Monument-Jackson Sq. Sta.

'''Orange Line - Green Street'''
* 48 Jamaica Plain Loop Monument-Jackson Sq. Sta.

'''Orange Line - Forest Hills'''
*16 Forest Hills Sta.-Andrew Station or JFK/UMASS Sta.
*21 Ashmont Sta.-Forest Hills Sta.
*31 Mattapan Sta.-Forest Hills Sta. via Morton St.
*32 Wolcott Sq. or Cleary Square-Forest Hills Sta.
*34/34E Walpole Center or Dedham Line-Forest Hills Sta. via Washington St.
*35 Dedham Mall/Stimson St.-Forest Hills Sta.
*36 Charles River Loop or V.A. Hospital-Forest Hills Sta. via Belgrade Ave.
*37 Baker and Vermont Sts.-Forest Hills Sta.
*38 Wren St.-Forest Hills Sta.
*39 Forest Hills Sta.-Back Bay Sta.
*40 Georgetowne-Forest Hills Sta.
*42 Forest Hills Sta.-Ruggles Sta. via Washington St.
*50 Cleary Sq.-Forest Hills Sta.
*51 Reservoir (Cleveland Circle)-Forest Hills Sta.

===Cars & Parking===
Shared car service [[Zipcar]] has a number of cars stationed throughout the neighborhood. Municipal parking lots are located off Centre Street at Burroughs Street in JP Center, across from the Mary Curley School on Centre Street at Spring Park Ave., and across from Blessed Sacrament Church in Hyde Square. There are no meters in JP; on-street parking is free. Many streets near the MBTA Orange Line stations are posted "resident permit only" during working hours (8 AM to 6 PM).

==External links==
*[http://www.jamaicaplaingazette.com Jamaica Plain Gazette] -- Free neighborhood newspaper
*[http://www.jamaicaplain.com JamaicaPlain.com] -- neighborhood information and links
*[http://www.jphs.org Jamaica Plain Historical Society] -- Jamaica Plain Historical Society
**[http://www.jphs.org/locales/2005/4/14/sumner-hill-historic-district.html Sumner Hill] -- Sumner Hill Historic District
*[http://www.historichydesquare.org/ Historic Hyde Square] -- Historic Hyde Square
*[http://www.shore.net/~rik/gaslamps/ Gas Lamps of Jamaica Plain]

==References==
*Streetcar Suburbs : The Process of Growth in Boston, 1870-1900, Second Edition, by Sam Bass Warner, Jr., Harvard University Press (2004), ISBN 0674842111.
*Local Attachments : The Making of an American Urban Neighborhood, 1850 to 1920 (Creating the North American Landscape), by Alexander von Hoffman, The John Hopkins University Press (1996), ISBN 0801853931.
*Tom Plant: The Making of a Franco-American Entrepreneur, 1859-1941 (Studies in Entrepreneurship), by Barry Hatfield Rodrigue, Garland Publishing (1994), ISBN 0815309880.
*A Home in the Heart of a City: A Woman's Search for Community (Hardcover), by Kathleen Hirsch, North Point Pr (1998), ISBN 0374280797.
*Rites of Way: The Politics of Transportation in Boston and the U.S. City (Hardcover), by Alan Lupo, Little Brown & Company (January, 1971), ISBN 0316536709.


[[Category:Gay villages]]
[[Category:Boston neighborhoods]]

Jamaica Plain

2006-02-24T01:32:33Z

WikidSmaht: You broke the triple decker link, and sometimes it's good to leave links to non-existent pages about notable subjects, to encourage their creation.

'''Jamaica Plain''', more commonly known as "JP", is an historic neighborhood in [[Boston, Massachusetts]]. It was originally part of [[Roxbury, Massachusetts]], and then part of the town of [[West Roxbury, Massachusetts]] when that was established in [[1848]]. West Roxbury (including Jamaica Plain) was annexed to Boston in [[1874]]. According to an official city estimate, it had a population of 38,196 in [[October]], [[2003]].

==History==
Jamaica Plain was settled by the Curtis family, circa 1640. A number of the still-extant streets date to this era, including Centre Street, Day Street, and Perkins Street. Jamaica Pond is a spring-fed kettle pond and at one time was a major source of water and ice.

By the [[1850s]] Jamaica Plain included massive summer "cottages" near [[Jamaica Pond]] belonging to Boston's oldest families, [[middle-class]] single-family homes, and immigrant worker "[[triple decker]]" housing. In the 1880s, philanthropist [[Robert Treat Paine (Boston)|Robert Treat Paine]] (1810-1905) pioneered affordable housing concepts for lower- and middle-class workers with his Workingmen's Building Association and a 114-house development between Round Hill and Sunnyside streets. JP was the home of almost a dozen [[brewery|breweries]] which relied on the relatively pure water of Stony Brook. By 1896, the [[Thomas G. Plant Shoe Factory]] at Centre Street and Bickford Street proclaimed itself to be the largest shoe factory in the world.

Streetcars played a significant role in the neighborhood's growth by providing access to downtown along Centre Street and Columbus Avenue (then Pynchon Street) via Roxbury Crossing.

[[Image:VictorianHouseJamaicaPlain20040313.jpg|thumb|250px|right|A Victorian-era house in Jamaica Plain]]

By the end of the [[19th century]], the annexation by Boston had provided municipal services to the neighborhood, and it began to experience a rapid growth in population. This was fostered by the creation of [[Forest Hills Cemetery]], the [[Arnold Arboretum]], Franklin Park and the [[Emerald Necklace]] -- a series of [[park]]s and [[parkway]]s designed by [[Frederick Law Olmsted]] on the western and southern sides of Jamaica Plain.

During the [[20th century]] Jamaica Plain transformed from a streetcar suburb to a more urban neighborhood, with a heavily Irish-American population. [[Prohibition]] brought an end to the breweries and the [[Great Depression|Depression]] launched a significant public housing development effort on Heath Street and later at Bromley Park, eventually creating over 1,000 government-subsidized housing units for the poor.

Significant portions of the neighborhood adjacent to the [[Boston & Providence Railroad]] were demolished in the 1960s, in preparation for bringing [[I-95]] through the city. Many poor families were displaced and left homeless and sick. Eventually, public opposition shut the project down, and the areas demolished for the interstate right-of-way were rebuilt as the [[Southwest Corridor]] linear park. The [[MBTA]] [[Orange Line (MBTA)|Orange Line]] reopened through this corridor in 1985, replacing an elevated train along Washington Street.

[[Image:Hyde_Square_steeple.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Steeple of Blessed Sacrament Church towers above Hyde Square]]

In the [[1970s]] JP was better known for its arson and petty crime than for its parks, but had become a more diverse and aging community. A dramatic fire in 1976 destroyed the Plant Shoe Factory and its adjacent park, creating a crater of rubble that remained for nearly two decades.

The 1990s brought significant redevelopment to JP. Residents began to take back the parks, and Jamaica Pond became a rallying point with the [[Jamaica Pond Project]]'s restoration efforts. Nonprofit housing groups bought up rundown houses and vacant lots to create low-income rental units. The Plant Shoe Factory site was redeveloped as JP Plaza, a strip mall, and later a supermarket and a new facility for the Martha Eliot Health Center completed the site's redevelopment. Boston Main Streets districts sprouted in three corners of the neighborhood ([http://www.cityofboston.gov/mainstreets/hj.asp Hyde/Jackson Square], [http://www.cityofboston.gov/mainstreets/egleston.asp Egleston Square], and [http://www.jpcentresouth.org/ Centre/South]), bringing city funds and tools of neighborhood revitalization to local business owners.

===Present day===
By the turn of the century, the neighborhood was experiencing rapid [[gentrification]] during a citywide [[real estate]] boom, and had attracted a large community of political activists, artists, and young families– while also experiencing a loss in low- to moderate-income housing.

Modern JP is uniquely diverse, a melting pot of race, ethnicities, and family types. The area has become home to blacks, latinos, and members of several [[Asian]] populations, as well as several families of various European descent, and a growing [[gay]] and [[lesbian]] presence. Hyde and Jackson Squares have significant Spanish-speaking populations from Cuba and the Dominican Republic. JP is a popular area among Boston [[lesbian]]s, including older couples, and increasingly attracts young [[gay]] men and women. This blend of multiple cultures is reflected in local businesses, such as the many different eating and drinking establishments which line Centre Street.

Although some see Jamaica Plain as relatively isolated from the rest of the Boston metro area, the [[Green Line "E" Branch]] at [[Heath Street (MBTA station)|Heath Street]], the [[Orange Line (MBTA)|Orange Line]], and the [[39 (MBTA bus)|#39 Bus]] (one of only two buses whose fare is covered by the purchase of a monthly subway pass) provide easy access to [[Back Bay]], the [[South End]], and Downtown; as well as the Amtrak trains and most southbound commuter rails. Low rents and a funky, populist feel have helped popularize the area with post-GenX youth, the creative, professional, and student sets in particular.

A hot real estate market has driven conversion of older buildings into [[condominiums]], particularly in historic areas such as Hyde Square, Pondside, and Sumner Hill. Some believe this has sped up gentrification, to the dismay of renters and long-time residents. A large number of formerly vacant sites are being now being converted to residential use, among them the ABC Brewery, the Gormley Funeral Home, the Eblena Brewery, 319 Centre Street, Jackson Square, JP Cohousing, Blessed Sacrament, Our Lady of the Way, and 80 Bickford Street.

==Cultural References==
Jamaica Plain, along with other Boston neighborhoods, created the setting of the novel and film [[Mystic River]]; the name given to this fictitious neighborhood was "Buckingham Flats."

==Notable Natives==
* [[Emily Greene Balch]], co-winner of the 1946 [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (130 Prince Street)
* [[James Michael Curley]], four-term mayor of Boston, later governor of Massachusetts (350 Jamaicaway)
* [[James Dole]], founder of Hawaiian Pineapple Company which became [[Dole Food Company]] (14 Roanoke Avenue)
* [[Sylvia Plath]], poet (birthplace at 24 Prince Street)
* [[Ellen Swallow Richards]], first woman admitted to the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (and other notable accomplishments) (32 Eliot Street)
* [http://www.joeymcintyre.com/ Joey McIntyre], former member of boy band [[New Kids on the Block]], grew up in JP and performed in community theater at [http://www.footlight.org/ The Footlight Club]

==Transportation==
JP is served by the [[MBTA]]'s bus and rail services. Major roads are Centre Street, the Jamaicaway (formerly US 1), the Arborway (MA 203), Washington Street, and Columbus Avenue (MA 28).

===Subway===
The [[Green Line (MBTA)|Green Line]] [[Green Line "E" Branch|"E" Train]] terminates at Heath Street. This line used to continue along South Huntington Avenue, Centre Street, and South Street to its terminus at the Arborway Yard across from Forest Hills Station. Service beyond Heath Street was suspended by the MBTA in 1985.

The [[Orange Line (MBTA)|Orange Line]] runs through the middle of JP with stops at Jackson Square, Stony Brook, Green Street, and Forest Hills. The Orange Line carries as many passengers as the #39 bus, on which ridership is steadily declining.

Forest Hills Station is a major transportation hub and is walking distance to the Arnold Arboretum and Forest Hills Cemetery.

====Green Line controversy====
Proposed restoration of the [[Green Line "E" Branch|"E" Train]] extension to Forest Hills (part of the promised [[environmental mitigation]] measures relating to the [[Big Dig]]) has caused considerable tension in the area. Some residents and commuters are eager to embrace what is seen as a reconnection with the rest of the city, while many others cite the #39 Bus along the old route and the [[Orange Line (MBTA)|Orange Line]] just a few blocks away as easy travel solutions. Opposition is mainly based on this availability of transport, and fears that restoration of the trolley service would eliminate on-street parking and create traffic snares in an area already plagued by a shortage of the former and abundance of the latter. Advocates on both sides of the issue present compelling arguments while the MBTA has not yet committed to a permanent transit solution.

===Commuter Rail===
The Needham Line of the Commuter Rail stops at Forest Hills Station, and many other lines are easily accessible by riding the Orange Line subway train to Ruggles and Back Bay.

===Buses===
The #[[39 (MBTA bus)|39]] Bus ([[Back Bay (MBTA station)|Back Bay]] to [[Forest Hills (MBTA station)|Forest Hills]]) is a replacement service for the "temporarily" suspended Green Line streetcar from [[Heath Street (MBTA station)|Heath Street]] to [[Forest Hills (MBTA station)|Forest Hills]].

The #41 bus carries passengers from JP Center to Dudley Square.

The #48 bus runs a loop around the neighborhood, tying together the Washington and Centre Street corridors.

'''Green Line - Heath Street'''
* 14 Roslindale Sq.-Heath St. Sta.
* 39 Forest Hills Sta.-Back Bay Sta.

'''Orange Line - Jackson Square'''
* 22 Ashmont Sta.-Ruggles Sta. via Talbot Ave.
* 29 Mattapan Sta.-Jackson Sq. Sta. via Seaver St.
* 41 Centre & Eliot Streets-JFK/UMASS Sta.
* 44 Jackson Sq. Sta.-Ruggles Sta. via Seaver St.
* 48 Jamaica Plain Loop Monument-Jackson Sq. Sta.
* 66 Harvard Sq.-Dudley Sta. via Harvard St.

'''Orange Line - Stony Brook'''
* 48 Jamaica Plain Loop Monument-Jackson Sq. Sta.

'''Orange Line - Green Street'''
* 48 Jamaica Plain Loop Monument-Jackson Sq. Sta.

'''Orange Line - Forest Hills'''
*16 Forest Hills Sta.-Andrew Station or JFK/UMASS Sta.
*21 Ashmont Sta.-Forest Hills Sta.
*31 Mattapan Sta.-Forest Hills Sta. via Morton St.
*32 Wolcott Sq. or Cleary Square-Forest Hills Sta.
*34/34E Walpole Center or Dedham Line-Forest Hills Sta. via Washington St.
*35 Dedham Mall/Stimson St.-Forest Hills Sta.
*36 Charles River Loop or V.A. Hospital-Forest Hills Sta. via Belgrade Ave.
*37 Baker and Vermont Sts.-Forest Hills Sta.
*38 Wren St.-Forest Hills Sta.
*39 Forest Hills Sta.-Back Bay Sta.
*40 Georgetowne-Forest Hills Sta.
*42 Forest Hills Sta.-Ruggles Sta. via Washington St.
*50 Cleary Sq.-Forest Hills Sta.
*51 Reservoir (Cleveland Circle)-Forest Hills Sta.

===Cars & Parking===
Shared car service [[Zipcar]] has a number of cars stationed throughout the neighborhood. Municipal parking lots are located off Centre Street at Burroughs Street in JP Center, across from the Mary Curley School on Centre Street at Spring Park Ave., and across from Blessed Sacrament Church in Hyde Square. There are no meters in JP; on-street parking is free. Many streets near the MBTA Orange Line stations are posted "resident permit only" during working hours (8 AM to 6 PM).

==External links==
*[http://www.jamaicaplaingazette.com Jamaica Plain Gazette] -- Free neighborhood newspaper
*[http://www.jamaicaplain.com JamaicaPlain.com] -- neighborhood information and links
*[http://www.jphs.org Jamaica Plain Historical Society] -- Jamaica Plain Historical Society
**[http://www.jphs.org/locales/2005/4/14/sumner-hill-historic-district.html Sumner Hill] -- Sumner Hill Historic District
*[http://www.historichydesquare.org/ Historic Hyde Square] -- Historic Hyde Square
*[http://www.shore.net/~rik/gaslamps/ Gas Lamps of Jamaica Plain]

==References==
*Streetcar Suburbs : The Process of Growth in Boston, 1870-1900, Second Edition, by Sam Bass Warner, Jr., Harvard University Press (2004), ISBN 0674842111.
*Local Attachments : The Making of an American Urban Neighborhood, 1850 to 1920 (Creating the North American Landscape), by Alexander von Hoffman, The John Hopkins University Press (1996), ISBN 0801853931.
*Tom Plant: The Making of a Franco-American Entrepreneur, 1859-1941 (Studies in Entrepreneurship), by Barry Hatfield Rodrigue, Garland Publishing (1994), ISBN 0815309880.
*A Home in the Heart of a City: A Woman's Search for Community (Hardcover), by Kathleen Hirsch, North Point Pr (1998), ISBN 0374280797.
*Rites of Way: The Politics of Transportation in Boston and the U.S. City (Hardcover), by Alan Lupo, Little Brown & Company (January, 1971), ISBN 0316536709.


[[Category:Gay villages]]
[[Category:Boston neighborhoods]]

Katzenjunges

2006-02-08T21:31:49Z

WikidSmaht: rv, headers

{{unreferenced}}

[[Image:Stray_kitten_Rambo002.jpg|thumb|250px|right|A kitten.]]

The term '''kitten''' ([[Old English language|Old English]] [[genitive]] of ''Cat'') most commonly refers to a pre-adolescent [[cat]]. It may also refer to a young [[rabbit]], [[rat]], [[hedgehog]] or [[squirrel]]. This article discusses kittens of the domestic cat.

==Birth and development==
[[Image:White Cat Nursing Four Kittens.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Kitten]]s nursing.]]

A litter of kittens usually consists of three to six kittens. Born after approximately 63 days of [[gestation]], kittens emerge in an [[amnion]] which is bitten off and eaten by the mother cat. For the first several weeks, kittens are unable to urinate or defecate without being stimulated by their mother. They are also unable to regulate their body temperature for the first three weeks, so kittens born in temperatures less than 27[[Centigrade|°C]] / 80[[Farenheit|°F]] are at risk for death from exposure if they are not kept warm by their mother.

Kittens open their eyes about seven to ten days following birth. At first, the [[retina]] is poorly developed and the vision is poor. Kittens are not able to see as well as adult cats for about three months. Cats cannot see in total darkness, but what seems dark to humans may just be an extremely low light level, sufficient for feline vision. This dim light vision is somewhat fuzzy and they cannot distinguish detail. During daylight, their vision is far more acute.

Between two and seven weeks kittens develop very quickly. Their coordination and strength improve and they spar with their litter-mates and begin to explore the world outside the nest. They learn to wash themselves and others and play hunting and stalking games. If they are outdoor cats their mother or other adult cats may demonstrate hunting techniques for them to emulate.

Gradually, as they reach one month of age, the kittens are [[weaning|weaned]] and begin to eat solid food. Kittens live primarily on solid food after weaning but usually continue to suckle from time to time until separated from their mothers. Some mother cats will scatter their kittens as early as at three months of age while others continue to look after them until they approach sexual maturity.

[[Image:Manx Beatrice and Dante with siblings.jpg|left|thumb|A litter of [[Manx (cat)|Manx]] kittens]]Between two and six months, kittens grow quickly, going through a "leggy" and energetic phase. By the end of its first year, the kitten has become a cat, although some larger [[breed]]s such as the [[Maine Coon]] may take a few more months to attain full adult size. The breed [[Manx (cat)|Manx]] requires a full five years before becoming fully grown. Kittens usually become sexually mature at six to eight months, but females in particular can mature earlier. Kittens' [[gender]] can be determined relatively easy around the age of six to eight weeks, although it is also possible at earlier stages of development. [[Male]]s' [[urinal opening]] is round, whereas [[female]]s' is a slit. Also the distance between [[anus]] and urinal opening is greater in males than in females.

Kittens are highly social animals and spend most of their waking hours interacting with their mother and littermates. Although domestic kittens are commonly sent to new homes at six to eight weeks of age, some experts believe that being with its mother and littermates from six to twelve weeks is important for a kitten's behavioral development. Most cat breeders will not sell a kitten that is younger than twelve weeks.

The young of [[species]] in the genus ''[[Panthera]]'', and of some other [[big cat]]s, are called [[cub]]s rather than kittens. Either term may be used for the young of smaller wild [[felidae|felids]] such as [[ocelot]]s, [[caracal]]s, and [[lynx]]es, but "kitten" is usually more common for these species.

==Caring for domestic kittens==
[[image:Kittens.jpg|right|thumb|250px|A litter of kittens]]
Kittens require a diet higher in protein and fat than adult cats do. From weaning until about one year of age they should be fed a diet specifically formulated for kittens. Most veterinarians recommend that kittens be vaccinated against common illnesses beginning at 2-3 months of age and [[spaying and neutering|spayed or neutered]] at 5-8 months of age. Some veterinarians will spay or neuter kittens who are as young as 6-8 weeks. This practice is particularly common in animal shelters. Kittens should also be wormed against roundworms from 4 weeks.

Orphaned kittens who are too young to eat solid food should be fed a commercial cat milk replacement formula every two to four hours. Kittens should not be fed cow's milk because it does not provide all of the necessary nutrients and may cause diarrhea. Orphaned kittens who are too young to urinate and defecate at will should be stimulated to do so by rubbing with a damp washcloth after each meal.

If your kitten develops diarrhea, the best treatment is removal of food for 12 hours (provide access to water only). Slowly reintroduce small amounts of bland food such as boiled chicken and rice. Slowly reintroduce their usual food, avoiding 'strong' varieties, such as beef and liver-based food. Your kitten may also need to be dewormed, as parasitic infestation may be to blame.

==Perceptions of cuteness==
[[Image:Young cat.png|thumb|left|150px|Feline kittens have a "cute" stereotype]]
Feline kittens are [[stereotype|stereotypical]]ly (and typically) very [[cuteness|cute]] to [[human]] [[perception]]. Entire websites such as [http://kittenwar.com/ Kittenwar.com] are devoted to the [[cuteness|cute]] look and behavior of kittens.

There are good [[evolution]]ary reasons to expect humans to find juvenile humans, and perhaps juvenile animals in general, cute. This is related to the novelty of the exaggerated size of the head that is common to juvenile mammals and many other species. Why humans find [[cat]]s in general cuter than most other species remains a topic of speculation. It may be the retention of some aspects of the scheme of childlike characteristics: the relative lack of a distinct snout( in favor of something approaching a snub nose) and the relatively round face and big eyes, all characteristic of human young.

As a result of these perceptions, kittens are sometimes referred to figuratively as something pleasant to view, or as something that will induce affectionate or protective behaviour in humans. The enormously popular (and profitable) [[Hello Kitty]] franchise, among other phenomena, plays on this perception.

==See also==
*[[Cat]]
*[[Purr]]
*[[Felidae]]
*[[Felis]]
*[[Cuteness]]
*[[Every time you masturbate... God kills a kitten]]

==External link==
{{commons|Kitten|Kittens}}
*[[Wikibooks:How to choose your pet and take care of it]]


[[Category:Cats]]


[[de:Kätzchen]]
[[tr:Kedi yavrusu]]

Katzenjunges

2006-01-30T21:52:48Z

WikidSmaht: img edits

{{unreferenced}}

[[Image:Stray_kitten_Rambo002.jpg|thumb|250px|right|A kitten.]]

The term '''kitten''' ([[Old English language|Old English]] [[genitive]] of ''Cat'') most commonly refers to a pre-adolescent [[cat]]. It may also refer to a young [[rabbit]], [[rat]], [[hedgehog]] or [[squirrel]]. This article discusses kittens of the domestic cat.

==Birth and development==
[[Image:White Cat Nursing Four Kittens.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Kitten]]s nursing.]]

A litter of kittens usually consists of three to six kittens. Born after approximately 63 days of [[gestation]], kittens emerge in an [[amnion]] which is bitten off and eaten by the mother cat. For the first several weeks, kittens are unable to urinate or defecate without being stimulated by their mother. They are also unable to regulate their body temperature for the first three weeks, so kittens born in temperatures less than 27[[Centigrade|°C]] / 80[[Farenheit|°F]] are at risk for death from exposure if they are not kept warm by their mother.

Kittens open their eyes about seven to ten days following birth. At first, the [[retina]] is poorly developed and the vision is poor. Kittens are not able to see as well as adult cats for about three months. Cats cannot see in total darkness, but what seems dark to humans may just be an extremely low light level, sufficient for feline vision. This dim light vision is somewhat fuzzy and they cannot distinguish detail. During daylight, their vision is far more acute.

Between two and seven weeks kittens develop very quickly. Their coordination and strength improve and they spar with their litter-mates and begin to explore the world outside the nest. They learn to wash themselves and others and play hunting and stalking games. If they are outdoor cats their mother or other adult cats may demonstrate hunting techniques for them to emulate.

Gradually, as they reach one month of age, the kittens are [[weaning|weaned]] and begin to eat solid food. Kittens live primarily on solid food after weaning but usually continue to suckle from time to time until separated from their mothers. Some mother cats will scatter their kittens as early as at three months of age while others continue to look after them until they approach sexual maturity.

[[Image:Manx Beatrice and Dante with siblings.jpg|left|thumb|A litter of [[Manx (cat)|Manx]] kittens]]Between two and six months, kittens grow quickly, going through a "leggy" and energetic phase. By the end of its first year, the kitten has become a cat, although some larger [[breed]]s such as the [[Maine Coon]] may take a few more months to attain full adult size. The breed [[Manx (cat)|Manx]] requires a full five years before becoming fully grown. Kittens usually become sexually mature at six to eight months, but females in particular can mature earlier. Kittens' [[gender]] can be determined relatively easy around the age of six to eight weeks, although it is also possible at earlier stages of development. [[Male]]s' [[urinal opening]] is round, whereas [[female]]s' is a slit. Also the distance between [[anus]] and urinal opening is greater in males than in females.

Kittens are highly social animals and spend most of their waking hours interacting with their mother and littermates. Although domestic kittens are commonly sent to new homes at six to eight weeks of age, some experts believe that being with its mother and littermates from six to twelve weeks is important for a kitten's behavioral development. Most cat breeders will not sell a kitten that is younger than twelve weeks.

The young of [[species]] in the genus ''[[Panthera]]'', and of some other [[big cat]]s, are called [[cub]]s rather than kittens. Either term may be used for the young of smaller wild [[felidae|felids]] such as [[ocelot]]s, [[caracal]]s, and [[lynx]]es, but "kitten" is usually more common for these species.

==Caring for domestic kittens==
[[image:Kittens.jpg|right|thumb|250px|A litter of kittens]]
Kittens require a diet higher in protein and fat than adult cats do. From weaning until about one year of age they should be fed a diet specifically formulated for kittens. Most veterinarians recommend that kittens be vaccinated against common illnesses beginning at 2-3 months of age and [[spaying and neutering|spayed or neutered]] at 5-8 months of age. Some veterinarians will spay or neuter kittens who are as young as 6-8 weeks. This practice is particularly common in animal shelters. Kittens should also be wormed against roundworms from 4 weeks.

Orphaned kittens who are too young to eat solid food should be fed a commercial cat milk replacement formula every two to four hours. Kittens should not be fed cow's milk because it does not provide all of the necessary nutrients and may cause diarrhea. Orphaned kittens who are too young to urinate and defecate at will should be stimulated to do so by rubbing with a damp washcloth after each meal.

If your kitten develops diarrhea, the best treatment is removal of food for 12 hours (provide access to water only). Slowly reintroduce small amounts of bland food such as boiled chicken and rice. Slowly reintroduce their usual food, avoiding 'strong' varieties, such as beef and liver-based food. Your kitten may also need to be dewormed, as parasitic infestation may be to blame.

==Perceptions of cuteness==
[[Image:1-49.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Feline kittens have a "cute" stereotype]]
Feline kittens are [[stereotype|stereotypical]]ly (and typically) very [[cuteness|cute]] to [[human]] [[perception]]. Entire websites such as [http://kittenwar.com/ Kittenwar.com] are devoted to the [[cuteness|cute]] look and behavior of kittens.

There are good [[evolution]]ary reasons to expect humans to find juvenile humans, and perhaps juvenile animals in general, cute. This is related to the novelty of the exaggerated size of the head that is common to juvenile mammals and many other species. Why humans find [[cat]]s in general cuter than most other species remains a topic of speculation. It may be the retention of some aspects of the scheme of childlike characteristics: the relative lack of a distinct snout( in favor of something approaching a snub nose) and the relatively round face and big eyes, all characteristic of human young.

As a result of these perceptions, kittens are sometimes referred to figuratively as something pleasant to view, or as something that will induce affectionate or protective behaviour in humans. The enormously popular (and profitable) [[Hello Kitty]] franchise, among other phenomena, plays on this perception.

==See also==
*[[Cat]]
*[[Purr]]
*[[Felidae]]
*[[Felis]]
*[[Cuteness]]
*[[Every time you masturbate... God kills a kitten]]

==External link==
{{commons|Kitten|Kittens}}
* [[Wikibooks:How to choose your pet and take care of it]]

[[Category:Cats]]

[[de:Kätzchen]]
[[tr:Kedi yavrusu]]

Katzenjunges

2006-01-14T06:04:34Z

WikidSmaht: Relevant to the kitten's percieved cuteness/innocence and poluarity with humans. AFD is overwhelmingly keep( in fact, the nomination is currently only delete vote except for one claming it's copyvio).

{{unreferenced}}

[[Image:Cute Kitten on grass.jpg|thumb|right|A kitten.]]

The term '''kitten''' ([[Old English language|Old English]] [[genitive]] of ''Cat'') most commonly refers to a pre-adolescent [[cat]]. It may also refer to a young [[rabbit]], [[rat]], [[hedgehog]] or [[squirrel]]. This article discusses kittens of the domestic cat.

==Birth and development==
A litter of kittens usually consists of three to six kittens. Born after approximately 63 days of [[gestation]], kittens emerge in an [[amnion]] which is bitten off and eaten by the mother cat. For the first several weeks, kittens are unable to urinate or defecate without being stimulated by their mother. They are also unable to regulate their body temperature for the first three weeks, so kittens born in temperatures less than 27[[Centigrade|°C]] / 80[[Farenheit|°F]] are at risk for death from exposure if they are not kept warm by their mother.

Kittens open their eyes about seven to ten days following birth. At first, the [[retina]] is poorly developed and the vision is poor. Kittens are not able to see as well as adult cats for about three months. Cats cannot see in total darkness, but what seems dark to humans may just be an extremely low light level, sufficient for feline vision. This dim light vision is somewhat fuzzy and they cannot distinguish detail. During daylight, their vision is far more acute.

Between two and seven weeks kittens develop very quickly. Their coordination and strength improve and they spar with their litter-mates and begin to explore the world outside the nest. They learn to wash themselves and others and play hunting and stalking games. If they are outdoor cats their mother or other adult cats may demonstrate hunting techniques for them to emulate.

Gradually, as they reach one month of age, the kittens are [[weaning|weaned]] and begin to eat solid food. Kittens live primarily on solid food after weaning but usually continue to suckle from time to time until separated from their mothers. Some mother cats will scatter their kittens as early as at three months of age while others continue to look after them until they approach sexual maturity.

[[Image:Manx Beatrice and Dante with siblings.jpg|left|thumb|A litter of [[Manx (cat)|Manx]] kittens]]Between two and six months, kittens grow quickly, going through a "leggy" and energetic phase. By the end of its first year, the kitten has become a cat, although some larger [[breed]]s such as the [[Maine Coon]] may take a few more months to attain full adult size. The breed [[Manx (cat)|Manx]] requires a full five years before becoming fully grown. Kittens usually become sexually mature at six to eight months, but females in particular can mature earlier. Kittens' [[gender]] can be determined relatively easy around the age of six to eight weeks, although it is also possible at earlier stages of development. [[Male]]s' [[urinal opening]] is round, whereas [[female]]s' is a slit. Also the distance between [[anus]] and urinal opening is greater in males than in females.

Kittens are highly social animals and spend most of their waking hours interacting with their mother and littermates. Although domestic kittens are commonly sent to new homes at six to eight weeks of age, some experts believe that being with its mother and littermates from six to twelve weeks is important for a kitten's behavioral development. Most cat breeders will not sell a kitten that is younger than twelve weeks.

The young of [[species]] in the genus ''[[Panthera]]'', and of some other [[big cat]]s, are called [[cub]]s rather than kittens. Either term may be used for the young of smaller wild [[felidae|felids]] such as [[ocelot]]s, [[caracal]]s, and [[lynx]]es, but "kitten" is usually more common for these species.

==Caring for domestic kittens==
[[image:Kittens.jpg|right|thumb|250px|A litter of kittens]]
Kittens require a diet higher in protein and fat than adult cats do. From weaning until about one year of age they should be fed a diet specifically formulated for kittens. Most veterinarians recommend that kittens be vaccinated against common illnesses beginning at 2-3 months of age and [[spaying and neutering|spayed or neutered]] at 5-8 months of age. Some veterinarians will spay or neuter kittens who are as young as 6-8 weeks. This practice is particularly common in animal shelters. Kittens should also be wormed against roundworms from 4 weeks.

Orphaned kittens who are too young to eat solid food should be fed a commercial cat milk replacement formula every two to four hours. Kittens should not be fed cow's milk because it does not provide all of the necessary nutrients and may cause diarrhea. Orphaned kittens who are too young to urinate and defecate at will should be stimulated to do so by rubbing with a damp washcloth after each meal.

If your kitten develops diarrhea, the best treatment is removal of food for 12 hours (provide access to water only). Slowly reintroduce small amounts of bland food such as boiled chicken and rice. Slowly reintroduce their usual food, avoiding 'strong' varieties, such as beef and liver-based food. Your kitten may also need to be dewormed, as parasitic infestation may be to blame.

==Perceptions of cuteness==
[[Image:1-49.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Feline kittens have a "cute" stereotype]]
Feline kittens are [[stereotypical]]ly (and typically) very [[cuteness|cute]] to [[human]] [[perception]]. Entire websites such as [http://kittenwar.com/ Kittenwar.com] are devoted to the [[cuteness|cute]] look and behavior of kittens.

There are good [[evolution]]ary reasons to expect humans to find juvenile humans, and perhaps juvenile animals in general, cute. This is related to the novelty of the exaggerated size of the head that is common to juvenile mammals and many other species. Why humans find [[cat]]s in general cuter than most other species remains a topic of speculation. It may be the retention of some aspects of the scheme of childlike characteristics: the relative lack of a distinct snout( in favor of something approaching a snub nose) and the relatively round face and big eyes, all characteristic of human young.

As a result of these perceptions, kittens are sometimes referred to figuratively as something pleasant to view, or as something that will induce affectionate or protective behaviour in humans. The enormously popular (and profitable) [[Hello Kitty]] franchise, among other phenomena, plays on this perception.

==See also==
*[[Cat]]
*[[Purr]]
*[[Felidae]]
*[[Felis]]
*[[Cuteness]]
*[[Every time you masturbate... God kills a kitten]]

==External link==
* [[Wikibooks:How to choose your pet and take care of it]]

[[Category:Cats]]

[[de:Kätzchen]]
[[tr:Kedi yavrusu]]

Katzenjunges

2006-01-09T19:15:28Z

WikidSmaht: Once again: relevant cultural phenomenon. If you're going to remove it, come up with a better reason than thinking it's "silly".

[[Image:Ft-carson-vet-kitten.jpg|right|thumb|float|A kitten.]]
The term '''kitten''' ([[Old English language|Old English]] [[genitive]] of ''Cat'') most commonly refers to a pre-adolescent [[cat]]. It may also refer to a young [[rabbit]], [[rat]], [[hedgehog]] or [[squirrel]]. This article discusses kittens of the domestic cat.

==Birth and development==
[[Image:Cute Kitten on grass.jpg|200px|right]]
A litter of kittens usually consists of three to six kittens. Born after approximately 63 days of [[gestation]], kittens emerge in an [[amnion]] which is bitten off and eaten by the mother cat. For the first several weeks, kittens are unable to urinate or defecate without being stimulated by their mother. They are also unable to regulate their body temperature for the first three weeks, so kittens born in temperatures less than 27[[Centigrade|°C]] / 80[[Farenheit|°F]] are at risk for death from exposure if they are not kept warm by their mother.

Kittens open their eyes about seven to ten days following birth. At first, the [[retina]] is poorly developed and the vision is poor. Kittens are not able to see as well as adult cats for about three months. Cats cannot see in total darkness, but what seems dark to humans may just be an extremely low light level, sufficient for feline vision. This dim light vision is somewhat fuzzy and they cannot distinguish detail. During daylight, their vision is far more acute.

Between two and seven weeks kittens develop very quickly. Their coordination and strength improve and they spar with their litter-mates and begin to explore the world outside the nest. They learn to wash themselves and others and play hunting and stalking games. If they are outdoor cats their mother or other adult cats may demonstrate hunting techniques for them to emulate.

Gradually, as they reach one month of age, the kittens are [[weaning|weaned]] and begin to eat solid food. Kittens live primarily on solid food after weaning but usually continue to suckle from time to time until separated from their mothers. Some mother cats will scatter their kittens as early as at three months of age while others continue to look after them until they approach sexual maturity.

[[Image:Manx Beatrice and Dante with siblings.jpg|left|thumb|A litter of [[Manx (cat)|Manx]] kittens]]Between two and six months, kittens grow quickly, going through a "leggy" and energetic phase. By the end of its first year, the kitten has become a cat, although some larger [[breed]]s such as the [[Maine Coon]] may take a few more months to attain full adult size. The breed [[Manx (cat)|Manx]] requires a full five years before becoming fully grown. Kittens usually become sexually mature at six to eight months, but females in particular can mature earlier. Kittens' [[gender]] can be determined relatively easy around the age of six to eight weeks, although it is also possible at earlier stages of development. [[Male]]s' [[urinal opening]] is round, whereas [[female]]s' is a slit. Also the distance between [[anus]] and urinal opening is greater in males than in females.

Kittens are highly social animals and spend most of their waking hours interacting with their mother and littermates. Although domestic kittens are commonly sent to new homes at six to eight weeks of age, some experts believe that being with its mother and littermates from six to twelve weeks is important for a kitten's behavioral development. Most cat breeders will not sell a kitten that is younger than twelve weeks.

The young of [[species]] in the genus ''[[Panthera]]'', and of some other [[big cat]]s, are called [[cub]]s rather than kittens. Either term may be used for the young of smaller wild [[felidae|felids]] such as [[ocelot]]s, [[caracal]]s, and [[lynx]]es, but "kitten" is usually more common for these species.

==Caring for domestic kittens==
[[image:Kittens.jpg|right|thumb|250px|A litter of kittens]]
Kittens require a diet higher in protein and fat than adult cats do. From weaning until about one year of age they should be fed a diet specifically formulated for kittens. Most veterinarians recommend that kittens be vaccinated against common illnesses beginning at 2-3 months of age and [[spaying and neutering|spayed or neutered]] at 5-8 months of age. Some veterinarians will spay or neuter kittens who are as young as 6-8 weeks. This practice is particularly common in animal shelters. Kittens should also be wormed against roundworms from 4 weeks.

Orphaned kittens who are too young to eat solid food should be fed a commercial cat milk replacement formula every two to four hours. Kittens should not be fed cow's milk because it does not provide all of the necessary nutrients and may cause diarrhea. Orphaned kittens who are too young to urinate and defecate at will should be stimulated to do so by rubbing with a damp washcloth after each meal.

If your kitten develops diarrhea, the best treatment is removal of food for 12 hours (provide access to water only). Slowly reintroduce small amounts of bland food such as boiled chicken and rice. Slowly reintroduce their usual food, avoiding 'strong' varieties, such as beef and liver-based food. Your kitten may also need to be dewormed, as parasitic infestation may be to blame.

==Perceptions of cuteness==
[[Image:1-49.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Feline kittens have a "cute" stereotype]]
Feline kittens are [[stereotypical]]ly (and typically) very [[cuteness|cute]] to [[human]] [[perception]]. Entire websites such as [http://kittenwar.com/ Kittenwar.com] are devoted to the [[cuteness|cute]] look and behavior of kittens.

There are good [[evolution]]ary reasons to expect humans to find juvenile humans, and perhaps juvenile animals in general, cute. This is related to the novelty of the exaggerated size of the head that is common to juvenile mammals and many other species. Why humans find [[cat]]s in general cuter than most other species remains a topic of speculation. It may be the retention of some aspects of the scheme of childlike characteristics: the relative lack of a distinct snout( in favor of something approaching a snub nose) and the relatively round face and big eyes, all characteristic of human young.

As a result of these perceptions, kittens are sometimes referred to figuratively as something pleasant to view, or as something that will induce affectionate or protective behaviour in humans. The enormously popular (and profitable) [[Hello Kitty]] franchise, among other phenomena, plays on this perception.

==See also==
*[[Cat]]
*[[Purr]]
*[[Felidae]]
*[[Felis]]
*[[Cuteness]]
*[[Every time you masturbate... God kills a kitten]]

==External link==
* [[Wikibooks:How to choose your pet and take care of it]]

[[Category:Cats]]

[[de:Kätzchen]]
[[tr:Kedi yavrusu]]

Katzenjunges

2006-01-07T02:24:22Z

WikidSmaht: rv - relevant cultural phenomenon, anon gave no reason for deletion.

Katzenjunges

2006-01-04T06:38:48Z

WikidSmaht: Yes, there certainly are. Read the opening paragraph of the article.

[[Image:Ft-carson-vet-kitten.jpg|right|thumb|float|A kitten.]]
The term '''kitten''' ([[Old English language|Old English]] [[genitive]] of ''Cat'') most commonly refers to a pre-adolescent [[cat]]. It may also refer to a young [[rabbit]], [[rat]], [[hedgehog]] or [[squirrel]]. This article discusses kittens of the domestic cat.

==Birth and development==
[[Image:Cute Kitten on grass.jpg|200px|right]]
A litter of kittens usually consists of three to six kittens. Born after approximately 63 days of [[gestation]], kittens emerge in an [[amnion]] which is bitten off and eaten by the mother cat. For the first several weeks, kittens are unable to urinate or defecate without being stimulated by their mother. They are also unable to regulate their body temperature for the first three weeks, so kittens born in temperatures less than 27[[Centigrade|°C]] / 80[[Farenheit|°F]] are at risk for death from exposure if they are not kept warm by their mother.

Kittens open their eyes about seven to ten days following birth. At first, the [[retina]] is poorly developed and the vision is poor. Kittens are not able to see as well as adult cats for about three months. Cats cannot see in total darkness, but what seems dark to humans may just be an extremely low light level, sufficient for feline vision. This dim light vision is somewhat fuzzy and they cannot distinguish detail. During daylight, their vision is far more acute.

Between two and seven weeks kittens develop very quickly. Their coordination and strength improve and they spar with their litter-mates and begin to explore the world outside the nest. They learn to wash themselves and others and play hunting and stalking games. If they are outdoor cats their mother or other adult cats may demonstrate hunting techniques for them to emulate.

Gradually, as they reach one month of age, the kittens are [[weaning|weaned]] and begin to eat solid food. Kittens live primarily on solid food after weaning but usually continue to suckle from time to time until separated from their mothers. Some mother cats will scatter their kittens as early as at three months of age while others continue to look after them until they approach sexual maturity.

[[Image:Manx Beatrice and Dante with siblings.jpg|left|thumb|A litter of [[Manx (cat)|Manx]] kittens]]Between two and six months, kittens grow quickly, going through a "leggy" and energetic phase. By the end of its first year, the kitten has become a cat, although some larger [[breed]]s such as the [[Maine Coon]] may take a few more months to attain full adult size. The breed [[Manx (cat)|Manx]] requires a full five years before becoming fully grown. Kittens usually become sexually mature at six to eight months, but females in particular can mature earlier. Kittens' [[gender]] can be determined relatively easy around the age of six to eight weeks, although it is also possible at earlier stages of development. [[Male]]s' [[urinal opening]] is round, whereas [[female]]s' is a slit. Also the distance between [[anus]] and urinal opening is greater in males than in females.

Kittens are highly social animals and spend most of their waking hours interacting with their mother and littermates. Although domestic kittens are commonly sent to new homes at six to eight weeks of age, some experts believe that being with its mother and littermates from six to twelve weeks is important for a kitten's behavioral development. Most cat breeders will not sell a kitten that is younger than twelve weeks.

The young of [[species]] in the genus ''[[Panthera]]'', and of some other [[big cat]]s, are called [[cub]]s rather than kittens. Either term may be used for the young of smaller wild [[felidae|felids]] such as [[ocelot]]s, [[caracal]]s, and [[lynx]]es, but "kitten" is usually more common for these species.

==Caring for domestic kittens==
[[image:Kittens.jpg|right|thumb|250px|A litter of kittens]]
Kittens require a diet higher in protein and fat than adult cats do. From weaning until about one year of age they should be fed a diet specifically formulated for kittens. Most veterinarians recommend that kittens be vaccinated against common illnesses beginning at 2-3 months of age and [[spay|spayed]] or [[castration|neutered]] at 5-8 months of age. Some veterinarians will spay or neuter kittens who are as young as 6-8 weeks. This practice is particularly common in animal shelters. Kittens should also be wormed against roundworms from 4 weeks.

Orphaned kittens who are too young to eat solid food should be fed a commercial cat milk replacement formula every two to four hours. Kittens should not be fed cow's milk because it does not provide all of the necessary nutrients and may cause diarrhea. Orphaned kittens who are too young to urinate and defecate at will should be stimulated to do so by rubbing with a damp washcloth after each meal.

If your kitten develops diarrhea, the best treatment is removal of food for 12 hours (provide access to water only). Slowly reintroduce small amounts of bland food such as boiled chicken and rice. Slowly reintroduce their usual food, avoiding 'strong' varieties, such as beef and liver-based food. Your kitten may also need to be dewormed, as parasitic infestation may be to blame.

==Perceptions of cuteness==
[[Image:1-49.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Feline kittens have a "cute" stereotype]]
Feline kittens are [[stereotypical]]ly (and typically) very [[cuteness|cute]] to [[human]] [[perception]]. Entire websites such as [http://kittenwar.com/ Kittenwar.com] are devoted to the [[cuteness|cute]] look and behavior of kittens.

There are good [[evolution]]ary reasons to expect humans to find juvenile humans, and perhaps juvenile animals in general, cute. This is related to the novelty of the exaggerated size of the head that is common to juvenile mammals and many other species. Why humans find [[cat]]s in general cuter than most other species remains a topic of speculation. It may be the retention of some aspects of the scheme of childlike characteristics: the relative lack of a distinct snout( in favor of something approaching a snub nose) and the relatively round face and big eyes, all characteristic of human young.

As a result of these perceptions, kittens are sometimes referred to figuratively as something pleasant to view, or as something that will induce affectionate or protective behaviour in humans. The enormously popular (and profitable) [[Hello Kitty]] franchise, among other phenomena, plays on this perception.

==See also==
*[[Cat]]
*[[Purr]]
*[[Felidae]]
*[[Felis]]
*[[Cuteness]]
*[[Every time you masturbate... God kills a kitten]]"

==External link==
* [[Wikibooks:How to choose your pet and take care of it]]

[[Category:Cats]]

[[de:Kätzchen]]

Katzenjunges

2005-12-22T07:03:55Z

WikidSmaht: I don't find this new kitten cute, it's way too fat.

[[Image:Ft-carson-vet-kitten.jpg|right|thumb|float|A kitten.]]
The term '''kitten''' ([[Old English language|Old English]] [[genitive]] of ''Cat'') most commonly refers to a pre-adolescent [[cat]]. It may also refer to a young [[rabbit]], [[rat]], [[hedgehog]] or [[squirrel]]. This article discusses kittens of the domestic cat.

==Birth and development==
A litter of kittens usually consists of three to six kittens. Born after approximately 63 days of [[gestation]], kittens emerge in an [[amnion]] which is bitten off and eaten by the mother cat. For the first several weeks, kittens are unable to urinate or defecate without being stimulated by their mother.

Kittens open their eyes about seven to ten days following birth. At first, the [[retina]] is poorly developed and the vision is poor. Kittens are not able to see as well as adult cats for about three months. Cats cannot see in total darkness. What may seem dark to us offers some glimmer of light to enable a cat to see. This dim light vision is somewhat fuzzy and they cannot distinguish detail. During daylight, their vision is far more acute.

Between two and seven weeks kittens develop very quickly. Their coordination and strength improve and they spar with their litter-mates and begin to explore the world outside the nest. They learn to wash themselves and others and play hunting and stalking games. If they are outdoor cats their mother or other adult cats may demonstrate hunting techniques for them to emulate.

Gradually, as they reach one month of age, the kittens are [[weaning|weaned]] and begin to eat solid food. Kittens live primarily on solid food after weaning but usually continue to suckle from time to time until separated from their mothers. Some mother cats will scatter their kittens as early as at three months of age while others continue to look after them until they approach sexual maturity.

[[Image:Manx Beatrice and Dante with siblings.jpg|left|thumb|A litter of [[Manx (cat)|Manx]] kittens]]Between two and six months, kittens grow quickly, going through a "leggy" and energetic phase. By the end of its first year, the kitten has become a cat, although some larger [[breed]]s such as the [[Maine Coon]] may take a few more months to attain full adult size. The breed [[Manx (cat)|Manx]] requires a full five years before becoming fully grown. Kittens usually become sexually mature at six to eight months, but females in particular can mature earlier. Kittens' [[gender]] can be determined relatively easy around the age of six to eight weeks, although it is also possible at earlier stages of development. [[Male]]s' [[urinal opening]] is round, whereas [[female]]s' is a slit. Also the distance between [[anus]] and urinal opening is greater in males than in females.

Kittens are highly social animals and spend most of their waking hours interacting with their mother and littermates. Although domestic kittens are commonly sent to new homes at six to eight weeks of age, some experts believe that being with its mother and littermates from six to twelve weeks is important for a kitten's behavioral development. Most cat breeders will not sell a kitten that is younger than twelve weeks.

The young of [[species]] in the genus ''[[Panthera]]'', and of some other [[big cat]]s, are called [[cub]]s rather than kittens. Either term may be used for the young of smaller wild [[felidae|felids]] such as [[ocelot]]s, [[caracal]]s, and [[lynx]]es, but "kitten" is usually more common for these species.

==Caring for domestic kittens==
[[image:Kittens.jpg|right|thumb|250px|A litter of kittens]]
Kittens require a diet higher in protein and fat than adult cats do. From weaning until about one year of age they should be fed a diet specifically formulated for kittens. Most veterinarians recommend that kittens be vaccinated against common illnesses beginning at 2-3 months of age and [[spay|spayed]] or [[castration|neutered]] at 5-8 months of age. Some veterinarians will spay or neuter kittens who are as young as 6-8 weeks. This practice is particularly common in animal shelters. Kittens should also be wormed against roundworms from 4 weeks.

Orphaned kittens who are too young to eat solid food should be fed a commercial cat milk replacement formula every two to four hours. Kittens should not be fed cow's milk because it does not provide all of the necessary nutrients and may cause diarrhea. Orphaned kittens who are too young to urinate and defecate at will should be stimulated to do so by rubbing with a damp washcloth after each meal.

If your kitten develops diarrhea, the best treatment is removal of food for 12 hours (provide access to water only). Slowly reintroduce small amounts of bland food such as boiled chicken and rice. Slowly reintroduce their usual food, avoiding 'strong' varieties, such as beef and liver-based food. Your kitten may also need to be dewormed, as parasitic infestation may be to blame.

==Perceptions of cuteness==
[[Image:1-49.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Feline kittens have a "cute" stereotype]]
Feline kittens are [[stereotypical]]ly (and typically) very [[cuteness|cute]] to [[human]] [[perception]]. Entire websites such as [http://kittenwar.com/ Kittenwar.com] are devoted to the [[cuteness|cute]] look and behavior of kittens.

There are good [[evolution]]ary reasons to expect humans to find juvenile humans, and perhaps juvenile animals in general, cute. This is related to the novelty of the exaggerated size of the head that is common to juvenile mammals and many other species. Why humans find [[cat]]s in general cuter than most other species remains a topic of speculation.

As a result of these perceptions, kittens are sometimes referred to figuratively as something pleasant to view, or as something that will induce affectionate or protective behaviour in humans.

The 2002 [[Internet meme]] "[[Every time you masturbate... God kills a kitten]]" played on this [[cliche]].

==See also==
*[[Cat]]
*[[Purr]]
*[[Felidae]]
*[[Felis]]
*[[Hello Kitty]]
*[[Cuteness]]

==External link==
* [[Wikibooks:How to choose your pet and take care of it]]

[[Category:Cats]]

Katzenjunges

2005-12-20T10:31:42Z

WikidSmaht:

[[Image:Ft-carson-vet-kitten.jpg|right|thumb|float|A kitten.]]
The term '''kitten''' ([[Old English language|Old English]] [[genitive]] of ''Cat'') most commonly refers to a pre-adolescent [[cat]]. It may also refer to a young [[rabbit]], [[rat]], [[hedgehog]] or [[squirrel]]. This article discusses kittens of the domestic cat.

==Birth and development==
A litter of kittens usually consists of three to six kittens. Born after approximately 63 days of [[gestation]], kittens emerge in an [[amnion]] which is bitten off and eaten by the mother cat. For the first several weeks, kittens are unable to urinate or defecate without being stimulated by their mother.

Kittens open their eyes about seven to ten days following birth. At first, the [[retina]] is poorly developed and the vision is poor. Kittens are not able to see as well as adult cats for about three months. Cats cannot see in total darkness. What may seem dark to us offers some glimmer of light to enable a cat to see. This dim light vision is somewhat fuzzy and they cannot distinguish detail. During daylight, their vision is far more acute.

Between two and seven weeks kittens develop very quickly. Their coordination and strength improve and they spar with their litter-mates and begin to explore the world outside the nest. They learn to wash themselves and others and play hunting and stalking games. If they are outdoor cats their mother or other adult cats may demonstrate hunting techniques for them to emulate.

Gradually, as they reach one month of age, the kittens are [[weaning|weaned]] and begin to eat solid food. Kittens live primarily on solid food after weaning but usually continue to suckle from time to time until separated from their mothers. Some mother cats will scatter their kittens as early as at three months of age while others continue to look after them until they approach sexual maturity.

[[Image:Manx Beatrice and Dante with siblings.jpg|left|thumb|A litter of [[Manx (cat)|Manx]] kittens]]Between two and six months, kittens grow quickly, going through a "leggy" and energetic phase. By the end of its first year, the kitten has become a cat, although some larger [[breed]]s such as the [[Maine Coon]] may take a few more months to attain full adult size. The breed [[Manx (cat)|Manx]] requires a full five years before becoming fully grown. Kittens usually become sexually mature at six to eight months, but females in particular can mature earlier. Kittens' [[gender]] can be determined relatively easy around the age of six to eight weeks, although it is also possible at earlier stages of development. [[Male]]s' [[urinal opening]] is round, whereas [[female]]s' is a slit. Also the distance between [[anus]] and urinal opening is greater in males than in females.

Kittens are highly social animals and spend most of their waking hours interacting with their mother and littermates. Although domestic kittens are commonly sent to new homes at six to eight weeks of age, some experts believe that being with its mother and littermates from six to twelve weeks is important for a kitten's behavioral development. Most cat breeders will not sell a kitten that is younger than twelve weeks.

The young of [[species]] in the genus ''[[Panthera]]'', and of some other [[big cat]]s, are called [[cub]]s rather than kittens. Either term may be used for the young of smaller wild [[felidae|felids]] such as [[ocelot]]s, [[caracal]]s, and [[lynx]]es, but "kitten" is usually more common for these species.

==Caring for domestic kittens==
[[image:Kittens.jpg|right|thumb|A litter of kittens]]
Kittens require a diet higher in protein and fat than adult cats do. From weaning until about one year of age they should be fed a diet specifically formulated for kittens. Most veterinarians recommend that kittens be vaccinated against common illnesses beginning at 2-3 months of age and [[spay|spayed]] or [[castration|neutered]] at 5-8 months of age. Some veterinarians will spay or neuter kittens who are as young as 6-8 weeks. This practice is particularly common in animal shelters. Kittens should also be wormed against roundworms from 4 weeks.

Orphaned kittens who are too young to eat solid food should be fed a commercial cat milk replacement formula every two to four hours. Kittens should not be fed cow's milk because it does not provide all of the necessary nutrients and may cause diarrhea. Orphaned kittens who are too young to urinate and defecate at will should be stimulated to do so by rubbing with a damp washcloth after each meal.

If your kitten develops diarrhea, the best treatment is removal of food for 12 hours (provide access to water only). Slowly reintroduce small amounts of bland food such as boiled chicken and rice. Slowly reintroduce their usual food, avoiding 'strong' varieties, such as beef and liver-based food. Your kitten may also need to be dewormed, as parasitic infestation may be to blame.

==Perceptions of cuteness==
Feline kittens are [[stereotypical]]ly (and typically) very [[cuteness|cute]] to [[human]] [[perception]]. Entire websites such as [http://kittenwar.com/ Kittenwar.com] are devoted to the [[cuteness|cute]] look and behavior of kittens.

There are good [[evolution]]ary reasons to expect humans to find juvenile humans, and perhaps juvenile animals in general, cute. This is related to the novelty of the exaggerated size of the head that is common to juvenile mammals and many other species. Why humans find [[cat]]s in general cuter than most other species remains a topic of speculation.

As a result of these perceptions, kittens are sometimes referred to figuratively as something pleasant to view, or as something that will induce affectionate or protective behaviour in humans.

The 2002 [[Internet meme]] "[[Every time you masturbate... God kills a kitten]]" played on this [[cliche]].
==See also==
*[[Cat]]
*[[Purr]]
*[[Felidae]]
*[[Felis]]
*[[Hello Kitty]]
*[[Cuteness]]

==External link==
* [[Wikibooks:How to choose your pet and take care of it]]

[[Category:Cats]]

0,999…

2005-11-20T10:55:42Z

WikidSmaht:

Various proofs exist to demonstrate that the [[recurring decimal]] '''0.9999… equals 1''', not approximately but exactly.

==Basis of concept==
In [[arithmetic]] with [[decimal]] [[fractions]], a simple division of [[integer]]s like

:1&frasl;3

becomes a [[recurring decimal]],

:0.3333…,

in which digits repeat without end. Also, new numbers appear that are not [[quotient]]s of integers, numbers like √2 = 1.41421356… and π = 3.14159265… with an endless number of digits that do not repeat. A benefit of the decimal notation is that most calculations — [[addition]], [[subtraction]], [[multiplication]], [[division (mathematics)|division]], [[inequality|comparison]] — use manipulations that are much the same as for integers. And like integers, for most numbers a different series of digits means a different number (ignoring trailing zeros as in 0.250 and 0.2500). The one notable class of exceptions is numbers with trailing repeating 9's.

It should be no surprise that a notation allows a single number to be written in different ways. For example,

:1&frasl;2 = 3&frasl;6.

The 9's case does surprise, perhaps because any number of the form 0.99…9, where the 9's eventually stop, is strictly less than 1. Thus [[infinity#Mathematical infinity|infinity]], a sometimes mysterious concept, plays an important role behind the scenes.

Proofs fall into two main categories, depending on the level of mathematical sophistication and rigor demanded. Examples of both are given.

== Elementary proofs ==

Elementary proofs assume that manipulations at the digit level are well-defined and meaningful, even in the presence of infinite repetition.

===Fraction proof===
The standard method used to convert the fraction 1&frasl;3 to decimal form is [[long division]], and the well-known result is 0.3333…, with the digit 3 repeating. Multiplication of 3 times 3 produces 9 in each digit, so 3 × 0.3333… equals 0.9999…; but 3 × 1&frasl;3 equals 1, so it must be the case that 0.9999… = 1.

===Algebra proof===
Another kind of proof adapts to any repeating decimal. When a fraction in decimal notation is multiplied by 10, the digits do not change but the decimal separator moves one place to the right. Thus 10 × 0.9999… equals 9.9999…, which is 9 more than the original number. Subtracting the smaller number from the larger can proceed digit by digit; the result is 9 − 9, which is 0, in each of the digits after the decimal separator. But trailing zeros do not change a number, so the difference is exactly 9. The final step uses algebra. Let the decimal number in question, 0.9999…, be called ''c''. Then 10''c'' − ''c'' = 9. This is the same as 9''c'' = 9. Dividing both sides by 9 completes the proof: ''c'' = 1.

== Advanced proofs ==
Proofs at a more advanced level draw on the [[axiom|axiomatic]] [[foundations of mathematics]]. They use careful and sound definitions of [[integer]]s, [[rational number|fraction]]s, [[real number]]s, [[infinity#Mathematical infinity|infinity]], [[limit (mathematics)|limit]]s, and [[equality (mathematics)|equality]]. The validity of manipulations at the elementary level is a logical consequence of these foundations.

One requirement is to characterize numbers that can be written in decimal notation, consisting of an optional sign, a finite sequence of any number of digits forming an integer part, a decimal separator, and a sequence of digits forming a fractional part. It is vital that the fraction part, unlike the integer part, is not limited to a finite number of digits. This is a [[positional notation]], so that the 5 in 500 contributes ten times as much as the 5 in 50, and the 5 in 0.05 contributes one tenth as much as the 5 in 0.5. Without sign the value is determined as follows:

:{|
|-
| <math>a_n \cdots a_2 a_1 a_0 . b_1 b_2 \cdots = \,\!</math> || <math> a_n \times 10^n + \cdots + a_2 \times 10^2 + a_1 \times 10^1 + a_0 \times 10^0</math>
|-
| || <math> {} + b_1 / 10^1 + b_2 / 10^2 + \cdots .</math>
|}

A minus sign negates the value. For purposes of this discussion the integer part can be summarized as ''b''0. To proceed further, to give any meaning to the sum of the ''b''''k'' terms, requires a theoretical exploration of numbers, especially [[real number]]s.

The [[natural number]]s — 0, 1, 2, 3, and so on — begin with 0 and continue upwards, so that every number has a successor. [[Peano axioms]] are the usual formal definition, and these in turn draw upon [[axiomatic set theory]]. There is little difficulty, conceptual or formal, in extending natural numbers with their negatives to give all the [[integer]]s, and to further extend to ratios, giving the [[rational number]]s. These number systems are accompanied by the arithmetic of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. More subtly, they include [[order theory|ordering]], so that one number can be compared to another and found less than, greater than, or equal.

=== Order proof ===
The step from rationals to reals is a huge extension, and order is an essential part of any [[construction of real numbers|construction]]. In the [[Dedekind cut]] approach, each real number ''z'' is a partition of the rational numbers into two sets, (''B'', ''A''), with the numbers in ''B'' being all those ordered less than (below) ''z'' and the numbers in ''A'' being the rest (above or equal). So for any non-empty set of rationals ''S'' bounded above, let ''U''(''S'') be the set of all rationals that are upper bounds of ''S''. (Thus for any ''x'' in ''S'' and ''y'' in ''U''(''S''), ''x'' ≤ ''y''.) With ''U''(''S'') as ''A'' and its [[complement (set theory)|complement]] (in the rationals) as ''B'', a definite real number is selected.

Now let the set ''S'' be {0&frasl;1, 9&frasl;10, 99&frasl;100, 999&frasl;1000, …}, the rational numbers obtained as truncations of 0.9999… to 0, 1, 2, 3, or any number of decimal places. In this way, every number in decimal notation determines a Dedekind cut, which is taken to ''define'' its meaning as a real number. The task is thus to show that ''U''({1}) is the same set (and thus gives the same Dedekind cut) as ''U''(''S''), or equivalently, to show that 1 is the least rational greater than or equal to every member of ''S''.

If an upper bound less than 1 exists, it can be written as 1−''x'' for some positive rational ''x''. To bound 9&frasl;10, which is 1&frasl;10 less than 1, ''x'' can be at most 1/10. Continuing in this fashion through each decimal place in turn, [[mathematical induction|induction]] shows that ''x'' must be less than 1&frasl;10''n'' for every positive integer ''n''. But the rationals have the [[Archimedean property]] (they contain no [[infinitesimal]]s), so it must be the case that ''x'' = 0. Therefore ''U''(''S'') = ''U''({1}), and 0.9999… = 1.

=== Limit proof ===
Another approach to constructing the real numbers uses the ordering of rationals less directly. First, the distance between ''x'' and ''y'' is defined as the absolute value |''x''−''y''|, where |''z''| is the maximum of ''z'' and −''z'', thus never negative. Then the reals are defined to be the sequences of rationals that are [[Cauchy sequence|Cauchy]] using this distance. That is, in the sequence (''x''0, ''x''1, ''x''2, …), a mapping from natural numbers to rationals, for any positive rational δ there is an ''N'' such that |''x''''m''−''x''''n''| ≤ δ for all ''m'', ''n'' >''N''. (The distance between terms becomes arbitrarily small.)

A sequence (''x''0, ''x''1, ''x''2, …) has a [[limit]] ''x'' if the distance |''x''−''x''''n''| becomes arbitrarily small as ''n'' increases. Now if (''x''''n'') and (''y''''n'') are two Cauchy sequences, taken to be real numbers, then they are defined to be equal as real numbers if the sequence (''x''''n''−''y''''n'') has the the limit 0. Truncations of the decimal number ''b''0.''b''1''b''2''b''3… generate a sequence of rationals which is Cauchy; this is taken to define the real value of the number. Thus in this formalism the task is to show that the sequence

:(1−0, 1−9&frasl;10, 1−99&frasl;100, …) = (1, 1&frasl;10, 1&frasl;100, …)

has the limit 0. But this is clear by inspection, and so again it must be the case that 0.9999… = 1.

== Generalizations ==
This proof immediately generalizes in two ways. First, every nonzero number with a finite decimal notation (equivalently, endless trailing 0's) has a [[Doppelgänger]] with trailing 9's. For example, 0.24999… equals 0.25, exactly as in the special case considered. Second, a comparable theorem applies with a different [[radix]]. For example, in the radix 3 version 0.222… equals 1.

== See also ==

* [[Recurring decimal]]
* [[Geometric series]]
* [[Convergent series]]
* [[Infinite series]]
* [[Limit (mathematics)]]

== External links==

*[http://mathforum.org/dr.math/faq/faq.0.9999.html Why does 0.9999... = 1 ?]
*[http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/math99/math99167.htm Ask A Scientist: Repeating Decimals]
*[http://descmath.com/diag/nines.html Repeating Nines]

[[Category:Real numbers]]
[[Category:Proofs]]

[[ja:0.999...が1に等しいことの証明]]
[[th:การพิสูจน์ว่า 0.999... เท่ากับ 1]]
[[zh:证明0.999...等于1]]

Jamaica Plain

2005-11-20T09:13:42Z

WikidSmaht:

'''Jamaica Plain''', more commonly known as "JP", is an historic neighborhood in [[Boston, Massachusetts]]. It was originally part of [[Roxbury, Massachusetts]], and then part of the town of [[West Roxbury, Massachusetts]] when that was established in [[1848]]. West Roxbury (including Jamaica Plain) was annexed to Boston in [[1874]]. According to an official city estimate, it had a population of 38,196 in [[October]], [[2003]].

==History==
Jamiaca Plain was settled by the Curtis family, circa 1640. A number of the still-extant streets date to this era, including Centre Street, Day Street, and Perkins Street. Jamaica Pond is a spring-fed kettle pond and at one time was a major source of water and ice.

By the [[1850s]] Jamaica Plain included massive summer "cottages" near [[Jamaica Pond]] belonging to Boston's oldest families, [[middle-class]] single-family homes, and immigrant worker "[[triple decker]]" housing. In the 1880s, philanthropist [[Robert Treat Paine (Boston)|Robert Treat Paine]] (1810-1905) pioneered affordable housing concepts for lower- and middle-class workers with his Workingmen's Building Association and a 114-house development between Round Hill and Sunnyside streets. JP was the home of almost a dozen [[brewery|breweries]] which relied on the relatively pure water of Stony Brook. By 1896, the [[Thomas G. Plant Shoe Factory]] at Centre Street and Bickford Street proclaimed itself to be the largest shoe factory in the world.

Streetcars played a significant role in the neighborhood's growth by providing access to downtown along Centre Street and Columbus Avenue (then Pynchon Street) via Roxbury Crossing.

[[Image:VictorianHouseJamaicaPlain20040313.jpg|thumb|250px|right|A Victorian-era house in Jamaica Plan]]

By the end of the [[19th century]], the annexation by Boston had provided municipal services to the neighborhood, and it began to experience a rapid growth in population. This was fostered by the creation of [[Forest Hills Cemetery]], the [[Arnold Arboretum]], Franklin Park and the [[Emerald Necklace]] -- a series of [[park]]s and [[parkway]]s designed by [[Frederick Law Olmsted]] on the western and southern sides of Jamaica Plain.

During the [[20th century]] Jamaica Plain transformed from a streetcar suburb to a more urban neighborhood, with a heavily Irish-American population. [[Prohibition]] brought an end to the breweries and the [[Great Depression|Depression]] launched a significant public housing development effort on Heath Street and later at Bromley Park, eventually creating over 1,000 government-subsidized housing units for the poor.

Significant portions of the neighborhood adjacent to the [[Boston & Providence Railroad]] were demolished in the 1960s, in preparation for bringing [[I-95]] through the city. Many poor families were displaced and left homeless and sick. Eventually, public opposition shut the project down, and the areas demolished for the interstate right-of-way were rebuilt as the [[Southwest Corridor]] linear park. The [[MBTA]] [[Orange Line (MBTA)|Orange Line]] reopened through this corridor in 1985, replacing an elevated train along Washington Street.

In the [[1970s]] JP was better known for its arson and petty crime than for its parks, but had become a more diverse and aging community. A dramatic fire in 1976 destroyed the Plant Shoe Factory and its adjacent park, creating a crater of rubble that remained for nearly two decades.

The 1990s brought significant redevelopment to JP. Residents began to take back the parks, and Jamaica Pond became a rallying point with the [[Jamaica Pond Project]]'s restoration efforts. Nonprofit housing groups bought up rundown houses and vacant lots to create low-income rental units. The Plant Shoe Factory site was redeveloped as JP Plaza, a strip mall, and later a supermarket and a new facility for the Martha Eliot Health Center completed the site's redevelopment. Boston Main Streets districts sprouted in three corners of the neighborhood ([http://www.cityofboston.gov/mainstreets/hj.asp Hyde/Jackson Square], [http://www.cityofboston.gov/mainstreets/egleston.asp Egleston Square], and [http://www.jpcentresouth.org/ Centre/South]), bringing the tools of neighborhood revitalization to local business owners.

===Present day===
By the turn of the century, the neighborhood was experiencing rapid [[gentrification]] during a citywide [[real estate]] boom, and had attracted a large community of political activists, artists, and young families– while also experiencing a loss in low- to moderate-income housing.

Modern JP is uniquely diverse, a melting pot of race, ethnicities, and family types. The area has become home to blacks, latinos, and members of several [[Asian]] populations, as well as several families of various European descent, and a growing [[gay]] and [[lesbian]] presence. Hyde and Jackson Squares have significant Spanish-speaking populations from Cuba and the Dominican Republic. JP is a popular area among Boston [[lesbian]]s, including older couples, and increasingly attracts young [[gay]] men and women. This blend of multiple cultures is reflected in local businesses, such as the many different eating and drinking establishments which line Centre Street.

Although some see Jamaica Plain as relatively isolated from the rest of the Boston metro area, the [[Green Line "E" Branch]] at [[Heath Street (MBTA station)|Heath Street]], the [[Orange Line (MBTA)|Orange Line]], and the [[39 (MBTA bus)|#39 Bus]] (one of only two buses whose fare is covered by the purchase of a monthly subway pass) provide easy access to [[Back Bay]], the [[South End]], and Downtown; as well as the Amtrak trains and most southbound commuter rails. Low rents and a funky, populist feel have helped popularize the area with post-GenX youth, the creative, professional, and student sets in particular.

A hot real estate market has driven conversion of older buildings into [[condominiums]], particularly in historic areas such as Hyde Square, Pondside, and Sumner Hill. Some believe this has sped up gentrification, to the dismay of renters and long-time residents. A large number of formerly vacant sites are being now being converted to residential use, among them the ABC Brewery, the Gormley Funeral Home, the Eblena Brewery, 319 Centre Street, Jackson Square, JP Cohousing, Blessed Sacrament, Our Lady of the Way, and 80 Bickford Street.

==Cultural References==
Jamaica Plain, along with other Boston neighborhoods, created the setting of the novel and film [[Mystic River]]; the name given to this fictitious neighborhood was "Buckingham Flats."

==Notable Natives==
* [[Emily Greene Balch]], co-winner of the 1946 [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (130 Prince Street)
* [[James Michael Curley]], four-term mayor of Boston, later governor of Massachusetts (350 Jamaicaway)
* [[James Dole]], founder of Hawaiian Pineapple Company which became [[Dole Food Company]] (14 Roanoke Avenue)
* [[Sylvia Plath]], poet (birthplace at 24 Prince Street)
* [[Ellen Swallow Richards]], first woman admitted to the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (and other notable accomplishments) (32 Eliot Street)
* [http://www.joeymcintyre.com/ Joey McIntyre], former member of boy band [[New Kids on the Block]], grew up in JP and performed in community theater at [http://www.footlight.org/ The Footlight Club]

==Transportation==
JP is served by the [[MBTA]]'s bus and rail services. Major roads are Centre Street, the Jamaicaway (formerly US 1), the Arborway (MA 203), Washington Street, and Columbus Avenue (MA 28).

===Subway===
The [[Green Line (MBTA)|Green Line]] [[Green Line "E" Branch|"E" Train]] terminates at Heath Street. This line used continue along South Huntington Avenue, Centre Street, and South Street to its terminus at the Arborway Yard across from Forest Hills Station. Service beyond Heath Street was suspended by the MBTA in 1985.

The [[Orange Line (MBTA)|Orange Line]] runs through the middle of JP with stops at Jackson Square, Sony Brook, Green Street, and Forest Hills. The Orange Line carries as many passengers as the #39 bus, on which ridership is steadily declining.

Forest Hills Station is a major transportation hub and is walking distance to the Arnold Arboretum and Forest Hills Cemetery.

====Green Line controversy====
Proposed restoration of the [[Green Line "E" Branch|"E" Train]] extension to Forest Hills (part of the promised [[environmental mitigation]] measures relating to the [[Big Dig]]) has caused considerable tension in the area. Some residents and commuters are eager to embrace what is seen as a reconnection with the rest of the city, while many others cite the #39 Bus along the old route and the [[Orange Line (MBTA)|Orange Line]] just a few blocks away as easy travel solutions. Opposition is mainly based on this availability of transport, and fears that restoration of the trolley service would eliminate on-street parking and create traffic snares in an area already plagued by a shortage of the former and abundance of the latter.

===Commuter Rail===
The Needham Line of the Commuter Rail stops at Forest Hills Station, and many other lines are easily accessible by riding the Orange Line subway train to Ruggles and Back Bay.

===Buses===
The #[[39 (MBTA bus)|39]] Bus ([[Back Bay (MBTA station)|Back Bay]] to [[Forest Hills (MBTA station)|Forest Hills]]) is a replacement service for the "temporarily" suspended Green Line streetcar from [[Heath Street (MBTA station)|Heath Street]] to [[Forest Hills (MBTA station)|Forest Hills]].

The #41 bus carries passengers from JP Center to Dudley Square.

The #48 bus runs a loop around the neighborhood, tying together the Washington and Centre Street corridors.

'''Green Line - Heath Street'''
* 14 Roslindale Sq.-Heath St. Sta.
* 39 Forest Hills Sta.-Back Bay Sta.

'''Orange Line - Jackson Square'''
* 22 Ashmont Sta.-Ruggles Sta. via Talbot Ave.
* 29 Mattapan Sta.-Jackson Sq. Sta. via Seaver St.
* 41 Centre & Eliot Streets-JFK/UMASS Sta.
* 44 Jackson Sq. Sta.-Ruggles Sta. via Seaver St.
* 48 Jamaica Plain Loop Monument-Jackson Sq. Sta.
* 66 Harvard Sq.-Dudley Sta. via Harvard St.

'''Orange Line - Stony Brook'''
* 48 Jamaica Plain Loop Monument-Jackson Sq. Sta.

'''Orange Line - Green Street'''
* 48 Jamaica Plain Loop Monument-Jackson Sq. Sta.

'''Orange Line - Forest Hills'''
*16 Forest Hills Sta.-Andrew Station or JFK/UMASS Sta.
*21 Ashmont Sta.-Forest Hills Sta.
*31 Mattapan Sta.-Forest Hills Sta. via Morton St.
*32 Wolcott Sq. or Cleary Square-Forest Hills Sta.
*34/34E Walpole Center or Dedham Line-Forest Hills Sta. via Washington St.
*35 Dedham Mall/Stimson St.-Forest Hills Sta.
*36 Charles River Loop or V.A. Hospital-Forest Hills Sta. via Belgrade Ave.
*37 Baker and Vermont Sts.-Forest Hills Sta.
*38 Wren St.-Forest Hills Sta.
*39 Forest Hills Sta.-Back Bay Sta.
*40 Georgetowne-Forest Hills Sta.
*42 Forest Hills Sta.-Ruggles Sta. via Washington St.
*50 Cleary Sq.-Forest Hills Sta.
*51 Reservoir (Cleveland Circle)-Forest Hills Sta.

===Cars & Parking===
Shared car service [[Zipcar]] has a number of cars stationed throughout the neighborhood. Municipal parking lots are located off Centre Street at Burroughs Street in JP Center, across from the Mary Curley School on Centre Street at Spring Park Ave., and across from Blessed Sacrament Church in Hyde Square. There are no meters in JP; on-street parking is free. Many streets near the MBTA Orange Line stations are posted "resident permit only" during working hours (8 AM to 6 PM).

==External links==
*[http://www.jamaicaplaingazette.com Jamaica Plain Gazette] -- Free neighborhood newspaper
*[http://www.jamaicaplain.com JamaicaPlain.com] -- neighborhood information and links
*[http://www.jphs.org Jamaica Plain Historical Society] -- Jamaica Plain Historical Society
**[http://www.jphs.org/locales/2005/4/14/sumner-hill-historic-district.html Sumner Hill] -- Sumner Hill Historic District
*[http://www.historichydesquare.org/ Historic Hyde Square] -- Historic Hyde Square
*[http://www.shore.net/~rik/gaslamps/ Gas Lamps of Jamaica Plain]
*[http://www.lucknow.com/ Lucknow, the estate of Tom Plant] -- Lucknow, today known as the Castle in the Clouds
*[http://www.stonehurstwaltham.org/ Stonehurst, the estate of Robert Treat Paine]

==References==
*Streetcar Suburbs : The Process of Growth in Boston, 1870-1900, Second Edition, by Sam Bass Warner, Jr., Harvard University Press (2004), ISBN 0674842111.
*Local Attachments : The Making of an American Urban Neighborhood, 1850 to 1920 (Creating the North American Landscape), by Alexander von Hoffman, The John Hopkins University Press (1996), ISBN 0801853931.
*Tom Plant: The Making of a Franco-American Entrepreneur, 1859-1941 (Studies in Entrepreneurship), by Barry Hatfield Rodrigue, Garland Publishing (1994), ISBN 0815309880.
*A Home in the Heart of a City: A Woman's Search for Community (Hardcover), by Kathleen Hirsch, North Point Pr (1998), ISBN 0374280797.
*Rites of Way: The Politics of Transportation in Boston and the U.S. City (Hardcover), by Alan Lupo, Little Brown & Company (January, 1971), ISBN 0316536709.


[[Category:Gay villages]]
[[Category:Boston neighborhoods]]

Jamaica Plain

2005-11-02T08:06:14Z

WikidSmaht:

Jamaica Plain

2005-10-09T18:59:33Z

WikidSmaht:

Orange Line (MBTA)

2005-10-09T08:01:17Z

WikidSmaht:

[[Image:Orange-line-state.jpg|thumb|300px|''A Forest Hills-bound Orange Line train at State'']]
[[Image:Main Line Elevated.jpg|thumb|300px|The old Main Line Elevated and related lines]]
The '''Orange Line''' is one of the four subway lines of the [[MBTA]]. It extends from [[Forest Hills (MBTA station)|Forest Hills]] in [[Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts|Jamaica Plain]], [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] in the south to [[Oak Grove (MBTA station)|Oak Grove]] in [[Malden, Massachusetts]] in the north. It meets the [[Red Line (MBTA)|Red Line]] at [[Downtown Crossing (MBTA station)|Downtown Crossing]], the [[Blue Line (MBTA)|Blue Line]] at [[State (MBTA station)|State]], and the [[Green Line (MBTA)|Green Line]] at [[Haymarket (MBTA station)|Haymarket]] and [[North Station (MBTA station)|North Station]]. It connects with [[Amtrak]] and Commuter Rail service at [[Back Bay (MBTA station)|Back Bay]] and North Station.

Originally known as the Main Line of the [[Boston Elevated Railway]] and later the Forest Hills-Everett Elevated Line, the current name is derived from Orange Street, an old name for the section of Washington Street immediately south of downtown under which the Washington Street Tunnel, forming the center of the line, still runs. (Cars throughout the Boston rapid transit network were formerly painted orange or with orange stripes by MBTA predecessors, and restored [[streetcar]]s on the [[Ashmont-Mattapan High Speed Line]] wear their historical orange livery, but this is largely coincidental.) In 1975, the [[Charlestown Elevated]] to [[Everett, Massachusetts|Everett]] was shut down and replaced with a rerouting to Malden. In April 1987, the [[Washington Street Elevated]] south of the Essex (Chinatown) station was closed (service along part of the line was ultimately replaced in 2002 with the [[Silver Line (MBTA)|Silver Line]]. The line was rerouted into a modern subway running along the Amtrak right-of-way (the [[Northeast Corridor]]) from Back Bay to Forest Hills.

During the conceptual stages of the modern Orange Line in the 1970s, extensions to the [[beltway]] [[Massachusetts State Highway 128|Route 128]] were proposed, with termini at [[Reading, Massachusetts|Reading]] in the north and [[Dedham, Massachusetts|Dedham]] in the south.

The old Orange Line El was the train seen in the opening sequence of the television program [[St. Elsewhere]].

==Stations==
==Station listing==
{| border=1
!Station
!Time to Downtown Crossing
!Opened
!Transfers and notes
|-
|[[Image:Accessible.png]] [[Oak Grove (MBTA station)|Oak Grove]]
|
|[[March 20]], [[1977]]
|-
|[[Image:Accessible.png]] [[Malden Center (MBTA station)|Malden Center]]
|
|[[December 27]], [[1975]]
|[[Commuter Rail (MBTA)|Commuter Rail]] [[Haverhill/Reading Line]]
|-
|[[Image:Accessible.png]] [[Wellington (MBTA station)|Wellington]]
|
|[[September 6]], [[1975]]
|-
|[[Image:Accessible.png]] [[Sullivan Square (MBTA station)|Sullivan Square]]
|
|[[April 7]], [[1975]]
|-
|[[Image:Accessible.png]] [[Community College (MBTA station)|Community College]]
|
|[[April 7]], [[1975]]
|-
|[[Image:Accessible.png]] [[North Station (MBTA station)|North Station]]
|
|[[April 7]], [[1975]]
|[[Green Line (MBTA)|Green Line]] and [[Commuter Rail (MBTA)|Commuter Rail]] north side lines
|-
|[[Image:Accessible.png]] [[Haymarket (MBTA station)|Haymarket]]
|
|[[November 30]], [[1908]]
|[[Green Line (MBTA)|Green Line]] originally Friend-Union until [[January 25]], [[1967]]
|-
|[[Image:Accessible.png]] [[State (MBTA station)|State]]
|
|[[November 30]], [[1908]]
|[[Blue Line (MBTA)|Blue Line]] originally Milk-State until [[January 24]], [[1967]]
|-
|[[Image:Accessible.png]] [[Downtown Crossing (MBTA station)|Downtown Crossing]]
|
|[[November 30]], [[1908]]
|[[Red Line (MBTA)|Red Line]], [[Green Line (MBTA)|Green Line]] and [[Silver Line (MBTA)|Silver Line]] originally Winter-Summer until [[January 22]], [[1967]], then Washington until [[May 3]], [[1987]]
|-
|[[Image:Accessible.png]] [[Chinatown (MBTA station)|Chinatown]]
|
|[[November 30]], [[1908]]
|[[Silver Line (MBTA)|Silver Line]] originally Boylston-Essex until [[February 10]], [[1967]], then Essex until [[May 3]], [[1987]]
|-
|[[Image:Accessible.png]] [[New England Medical Center (MBTA station)|New England Medical Center]]
|
|[[May 4]], [[1987]]
|[[Silver Line (MBTA)|Silver Line]]
|-
|[[Image:Accessible.png]] [[Back Bay (MBTA station)|Back Bay]]
|
|[[May 4]], [[1987]]
|[[Commuter Rail (MBTA)|Commuter Rail]] [[Attleboro/Stoughton Line]], [[Framingham/Worcester Line]], [[Franklin Line]] and [[Needham Line]] also called Back Bay/South End
|-
|[[Image:Accessible.png]] [[Massachusetts Avenue (MBTA station)|Massachusetts Avenue]]
|
|[[May 4]], [[1987]]
|-
|[[Image:Accessible.png]] [[Ruggles (MBTA station)|Ruggles]]
|
|[[May 4]], [[1987]]
|[[Commuter Rail (MBTA)|Commuter Rail]] [[Attleboro/Stoughton Line]], [[Franklin Line]] and [[Needham Line]]
|-
|[[Image:Accessible.png]] [[Roxbury Crossing (MBTA station)|Roxbury Crossing]]
|
|[[May 4]], [[1987]]
|-
|[[Image:Accessible.png]] [[Jackson Square (MBTA station)|Jackson Square]]
|
|[[May 4]], [[1987]]
|-
|[[Image:Accessible.png]] [[Stony Brook (MBTA station)|Stony Brook]]
|
|[[May 4]], [[1987]]
|-
|[[Image:Accessible.png]] [[Green Street (MBTA station)|Green Street]]
|
|[[May 4]], [[1987]]
|-
|[[Image:Accessible.png]] [[Forest Hills (MBTA station)|Forest Hills]]
|
|[[May 4]], [[1987]]
|[[Commuter Rail (MBTA)|Commuter Rail]] [[Attleboro/Stoughton Line]], [[Franklin Line]] and [[Needham Line]]
|}

==Trains/Equipment==
The Orange Line's current fleet is the 01200 series, built [[1980]]-[[1981]] by [[Hawker Siddeley]] Canada Car and Foundry (now [[Bombardier]] Transportation) of [[Fort William, Ontario]], [[Canada]]. They are 65 feet (20 meters) long and 111 inches (2.8 meters) wide, with three pairs of doors on each side. They are based on the PA3 model used by [[Port Authority Trans-Hudson|PATH]] in [[New Jersey]]. There are 120 cars, numbered 01200-01319. These units are expected to remain in service until [[2015]].[http://www.mbta.com/insidethet/transitcommitments.asp]

==Accessibility==
All stations on the Orange Line are [[handicapped accessible]], though [[State (MBTA station)|State]] is not fully accessible on the [[Blue Line (MBTA)|Blue Line]].

{{MBTA}}

==External links==
*[http://www.jphs.org/transportation/orange-line-memories.html Jamaica Plain Historical Society - Orange Line Memories]
*[http://www.jphs.org/transportation/orange-line-replaced-old-railroad-embankment.html Jamaica Plain Historical Society - Orange Line Replaced Old Railroad Embankment]

[[Category:Orange Line (MBTA)| ]]
{{metro-stub}}

Boston South Station

2005-10-09T07:34:13Z

WikidSmaht: poor attempt to stop the list from being squeezed and de-bulleted

{{Amtrak station|
name=[[Image:SouthStation.agr.JPG|300px]] Boston South Station|
code=BOS|
address=2 South Station Summer St. and Atlantic Ave. [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], [[Massachusetts]] 02110|
line=[[Acela Express]] - [[Lake Shore Limited]] - [[Regional (Amtrak)|Regional]]|
other=[[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority|MBTA]] [[Red Line (MBTA)|Red Line]]/[[Silver Line (MBTA)|Silver Line]], bus routes and [[MBTA commuter rail|commuter rail]]|
owned=[[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority|MBTA]]|
lat=42.35181|long=-71.05593}}
'''South Station''', located at Atlantic Avenue and Summer Street, in [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]] is a major [[intermodal passenger transport|intermodal]] transportation hub. Its facilities include:

*the northern terminus of [[Amtrak]]'s [[Northeast Corridor]] train service, including [[Acela Express]] high-speed trains and [[Regional (Amtrak)|Regional]] local trains. There is also a daily Amtrak overnight train to [[Chicago]] - the [[Lake Shore Limited]].
*a [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority]] ([[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority|MBTA]]) [[MBTA Commuter Rail|commuter rail]] terminus.
*a station stop on the Boston subway's [[Red Line (MBTA)|Red Line]].
*the eastern terminus of Phase 2 of the [[Silver Line (MBTA)|Silver Line]], with direct service to all [[Logan Airport]] terminals and to the [[Boston Convention and Exhibition Center]]
*Boston's main inter-city bus terminal.
*local bus service.
*parking garage.
*staffed ticket windows.
*a food court and waiting area.
*[[public art]], including a sculpture built of [[railroad]] car [[coupling (railway)|coupler]]s and a model of the planet [[Jupiter (planet)|Jupiter]], part of the [[Museum of Science, Boston|Museum of Science's]] [[solar system model|scale model of the solar system]]

'''Note:''' Several [[MBTA Commuter Rail|MBTA commuter rail]] lines plus Amtrak's [[Downeaster]] service to [[Maine]] originate from [[North Station (MBTA)|North Station]], about 1-1/4 miles around the Boston peninsula from South Station. No direct link exists between the two stations although [[Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority|MBTA]] subway connections exist; see [[MBTA Commuter Rail]] and [[North-South Rail Link]].
{{MBTA Red Line|right}}

==History==
South Station is over 105 years old.
===Pre-opening===
When the railroads serving Boston were first laid out and built, each one stopped at its own terminal. The four terminals serving the south-side railroads were as follows:
*The [[New York and New England Railroad]] crossed the [[Fort Point Channel]] from [[South Boston]], just south of the present [[Summer Street Bridge]], and terminated just east of [[Dewey Square]] (right at the north end of today's South Station).
*The [[Old Colony Railroad]] had a long passenger terminal on the east side of [[South Street (Boston)|South Street]], stretching from [[Kneeland Street (Boston)|Kneeland Street]] south to [[Harvard Street (Boston)|Harvard Street]]. This site is now part of the [[South Bay Interchange]], near the South Station bus terminal.
*The [[Boston and Albany Railroad]]'s passenger terminal was in the block bounded by [[Kneeland Street (Boston)|Kneeland Street]], [[Beach Street (Boston)|Beach Street]], [[Albany Street (Boston)|Albany Street]] (now [[Surface Artery (Boston)|Surface Artery]]) and [[Lincoln Street (Boston)|Lincoln Street]]. This later became a freight house, and is now a block in [[Chinatown (Boston)|Chinatown]]; the passenger terminal was moved to the west side of [[Utica Street (Boston)|Utica Street]], from Kneeland Street south to a bit past [[Harvard Street (Boston)|Harvard Street]], now part of the [[South Bay Interchange]].
*The [[Boston and Providence Railroad]] continued straight where it now merges with the Boston and Albany, terminating at [[Park Square (Boston)|Park Square]], with the passenger terminal on the south side of [[Providence Street (Boston)|Providence Street]] from [[Columbus Avenue (Boston)|Columbus Avenue]] west about 2/3 of the way to [[Berkeley Street (Boston)|Berkeley Street]].

South Station combined the four terminals in one spot (a [[union station]]).

===Opening and beyond===
[[Image:South Station postcard front.jpg|thumb|left|300px|A view of the [[Atlantic Avenue Elevated]] in front of South Station; the elevated station was at far right]]
South Station opened as '''South Union Station''' on [[January 1]], [[1899]] at a cost of $3.6 million (1899 dollars). It became the busiest station in the country by [[1910]]. A station on the [[Atlantic Avenue Elevated]] served the station from [[1901]] to [[1938]]; what is now the Red Line subway was extended from [[Park Street (MBTA station)|Park Street]] to South Station in [[1913]]. The train shed was replaced in a [[1930]] renovation. While the station handled 125,000 passengers each day during [[World War II]], after the war passenger rail declined in the U.S. In [[1959]], the [[Old Colony Railroad]], which served the South Shore and [[Cape Cod]], stopped passenger service. The [[New Haven Railroad]] went [[bankruptcy|bankrupt]] in [[1961]]. South Station was sold to the [[Boston Redevelopment Authority]] (BRA) in [[1965]]. Portions of the station were demolished and the land was used to build the Boston South Postal Annex and the Stone and Webster building.

[[Image:4a11367u.jpg|thumb|300px|Looking north at the merge of the two approaches, with the two pairs of tracks approaching the lower-level loop at right; the terminal is in the background]]
[[Image:South Station lower level loop.jpg|thumb|200px|The never-used lower-level loop platforms]]
In the original configuration, two tracks came off each approach to join into a four-track line and then run under the main platforms in a two-track loop. These tracks were never put into service, and later became a [[parking lot]] and [[bowling alley]] for employees.[http://www.southstation.org/southst.htm]

In [[1978]], the BRA sold what was left of the station, now on the [[National Register of Historic Places]], to the MBTA, though the BRA retained air rights over the station. Funding was obtained for a major renovation of the station that was completed in [[1989]]. A total of 13 tracks became available, all with high level platforms and some capable of handling 12 car trains. Piers were installed for the eventual construction of an office building and bus station above the tracks. After some delays, an inter-city bus terminal opened in [[October]] [[1995]], replacing one on top of the [[I-93]] [[Dewey Square Tunnel]] diagonally across from the station between Summer Street and Congress Street. The new bus terminal has been called “the best bus facility in the country” and has direct ramp connections to I-93 and the [[Massachusetts Turnpike]]. The renovations, including the bus terminal, cost $195 million (2001 dollars).

The Red Line subway platforms were extended to allow 6 car trains in 1985 and renovated again in 2005, as part of the Silver Line Phase 2 project.

[[Image:South-station-rail.jpg|thumb|300px|Amtrak and Commuter Rail trains at South Station; the two share platforms. Behind is the long-distance bus terminal.]]
===Ridership===
Ridership has grown considerably, in part due to the reopening of Old Colony commuter rail service and the [[Railway electrification system|electrification]] of the Amtrak Northeast Corridor from New Haven to Boston, which allowed high speed Acela service.

'''South Station Ridership (passengers/year)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
!Service
!1975
!1990
!2001
|-
|Intercity rail
|537,000
|839,000
|1,060,000
|-
|Commuter rail
|2,774,000
|12,000,000
|18,000,000
|-
|Intercity Bus
|n/a
|n/a
|3,000,000
|}
===Future===
Planned system improvements should result in additional passenger traffic. Construction is underway on a commuter rail line to [[Greenbush, Massachusetts|Greenbush]]. Silver Line Phase 3 would build a tunnel connecting South Station with the Silver Line Phase I BRT service to [[Dudley Square]], [[Roxbury, Massachusetts|Roxbury]]. Current plans also include commuter rail service to [[Fall River, Massachusetts|Fall River]] and [[New Bedford, Massachusetts|New Bedford]] Massachusetts, and to [[T.F. Green Airport]] in [[Rhode Island]]. There are still plans to construct an office tower above the track platforms. A relocation of the adjacent Boston South Postal Annex might allow additional expansion.

==Attractions==
*Boston [[South Postal Annex]], with a post office that is almost never closed (there is a passageway to it at the foot of Track 13).
*Boston's financial district including the [[Federal Reserve Bank Building]].
*the Children's Museum.
*the [[Boston Convention and Exhibition Center]], about a 15 minute walk east, or one can take the Silver Line to the World Trade Center stop.
*Boston's [[Chinatown]]
*Rowes Wharf ferry terminal, several blocks north of the station.
*[[Tufts University]] medical campus and hospital

==Accessibility==
*South Station is wheelchair accessible, but finding the elevator to the subway can be a bit tricky - it's in the corridor behind the information booth.
*Other Amtrak stations on the Northeast Corridor are generally accessible.
*Some MBTA commuter rail stations have no wheelchair access and many of those that do have short elevated platforms that only serve one or two cars, on the outbound end of the train. ''See'' [[MBTA accessibility]].

==External links==
{{commonscat|South Station (Boston)}}
*[http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=Amtrak/am2Station/Station_Page&c=am2Station&cid=1080080550772&ssid=93 Amtrak - Boston South Station]
*[http://web.mit.edu/wilrf/www/work/southstation/South_Station_web.pdf French & Fowler, The Renovation of Boston’s South Station, 2003]
*[http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=102188 Proposed South Station office tower]
*[http://www.south-station.net South Station web site], with event listings

==References==
*Various [[Sanborn map]]s

{{transitlinestart|bg=gray|system=MBTA|linename=Silver Line|here=South Station|dir2=outbound|end2=Silver Line Way|extra3=|next2=Courthouse|extra4=}}

[[Category:Amtrak stations|Boston South]]
[[Category:Red Line (MBTA)]]
[[Category:Silver Line (MBTA)]]
[[Category:MBTA Commuter Rail]]
[[Category:New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places]]
[[Category:Union stations]]
[[Category:Boston and Albany Railroad]]
[[category:New York and New England Railroad]]
[[Category:Old Colony Railroad]]
[[Category:Bus stations]]

Katzenjunges

2005-09-17T05:35:29Z

WikidSmaht: rv - it's relevant and a reference to a culturally significant phenomenon, not actually a reference to masturbation.

[[Image:Ft-carson-vet-kitten.jpg|right|thumb|float|A kitten.]]
The term '''kitten''' ([[Old English]] [[genitive]] of ''Cat'') most commonly refers to a pre-adolescent [[cat]]. It may also refer to a young [[rabbit]], [[rat]], [[hedgehog]] or [[squirrel]]. This article discusses kittens of the domestic cat.

==Birth and development==
A litter of kittens usually consists of three to six kittens. Born after approximately 63 days of [[gestation]], kittens emerge in an [[amnion]] which is bitten off and eaten by the mother cat. For the first several weeks, kittens are unable to urinate or defecate without being stimulated by their mother.

Kittens open their eyes about seven to ten days following birth. At first, the [[retina]] is poorly developed and the vision is poor. Kittens are not able to see as well as adult cats for about three months. Cats cannot see in total darkness. What may seem dark to us offers some glimmer of light to enable a cat to see. This dim light vision is somewhat fuzzy and they cannot distinguish detail. During daylight, their vision is far more acute.

Between two and seven weeks kittens develop very quickly. Their coordination and strength improve and they spar with their litter-mates and begin to explore the world outside the nest. They learn to wash themselves and others and play hunting and stalking games. If they are outdoor cats their mother or other adult cats may demonstrate hunting techniques for them to emulate.

Gradually as they reach two months of age the kittens are [[weaning|weaned]] and begin to eat solid food. Kittens live primarily on solid food after weaning but usually continue to suckle from time to time until separated from their mothers. Some mother cats will scatter their kittens as early as at three months of age while others continue to look after them until they approach sexual maturity.

[[Image:Manx Beatrice and Dante with siblings.jpg|left|thumb|A litter of [[Manx (cat)|Manx]] kittens]]Between two and six months, kittens grow quickly, going through a "leggy" and energetic phase. By the end of its first year, the kitten has become a cat, although some larger [[breed]]s such as the [[Maine Coon]] may take a few more months to attain full adult size. The breed [[Manx (cat)|Manx]] requires a full five years before becoming fully grown. Kittens usually become sexually mature at six to eight months, but females in particular can mature earlier. Kittens' [[gender]] can be determined relatively easy around the age of six to eight weeks, although it is also possible at earlier stages of development. [[Male]]s' [[urinal opening]] is round, whereas [[female]]s' is a slit. Also the distance between [[anus]] and urinal opening is greater in males than in females.

Kittens are highly social animals and spend most of their waking hours interacting with their mother and littermates. Although domestic kittens are commonly sent to new homes at six to eight weeks of age, some experts believe that being with its mother and littermates from six to twelve weeks is important for a kitten's behavioral development. Most cat breeders will not sell a kitten that is younger than twelve weeks.

The young of [[species]] in the genus ''[[Panthera]]'', and of some other [[big cat]]s, are called [[cub]]s rather than kittens. Either term may be used for the young of smaller wild [[felidae|felids]] such as [[ocelot]]s, [[caracal]]s, and [[lynx]]es, but "kitten" is usually more common for these species.

==Caring for domestic kittens==
[[image:Kittens.jpg|right|thumb|A litter of kittens]]
Kittens require a diet higher in protein and fat than adult cats do. From weaning until about one year of age they should be fed a diet specifically formulated for kittens. Most veterinarians recommend that kittens be vaccinated against common illnesses beginning at 2-3 months of age and [[spay|spayed]] or [[neuter|neutered]] at 5-8 months of age. Some veterinarians will spay or neuter kittens who are as young as 6-8 weeks. This practice is particularly common in animal shelters. Kittens should also be wormed against roundworms from 4 weeks.

Orphaned kittens who are too young to eat solid food should be fed a commercial cat milk replacement formula every two to four hours. Kittens should not be fed cow's milk because it does not provide all of the necessary nutrients and may cause diarrhea. Orphaned kittens who are too young to urinate and defecate at will should be stimulated to do so by rubbing with a damp washcloth after each meal.

If your kitten develops diarrhea, the best treatment is removal of food for 12 hours (provide access to water only). Slowly reintroduce small amounts of bland food such as boiled chicken and rice. Slowly reintroduce their usual food, avoiding 'strong' varieties, such as beef and liver-based food. Your kitten may also need to be wormed, as this may cause diarrhea.

==Perceptions of cuteness==
Feline kittens are [[stereotypical]]ly (and typically) very [[cute]] to [[human]] [[perception]]. There are good [[evolution]]ary reasons to expect humans to find juvenile humans, and perhaps juvenile animals in general, cute. Why humans find [[cat]]s in general cuter than most other species remains a topic of speculation.

As a result of these perceptions, kittens are sometimes referred to figuratively as something pleasant to view, or as something that will induce affectionate or protective behaviour in humans.
The 2002 [[Internet meme]] "[[Every time you masturbate... God kills a kitten]]" played on this [[cliche]].

==See also==
*[[Cat]]
*[[Purr]]
*[[Felidae]]
*[[Felis]]
*[[Hello Kitty]]
*[[Cuteness]]

==External link==
* [[Wikibooks:How to choose your pet and take care of it]]

[[Category:Cats]]