Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Agnès Martin-Lugand

2024-09-14T04:30:47Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.05b - Bot T3 PCS#67 - Correction syntaxique (Ponctuation avant une référence - Orthographe et typographie)

{{Infobox Biographie2
| charte = écrivain
| image = Agnès Martin-Lugand@mathieuthauvin.jpg
}}
'''Agnès Martin-Lugand''' est une [[Romancier|romancière]] [[France|française]] née le {{Date de naissance|22 7 1979|en littérature}} à [[Saint-Malo]] en [[Ille-et-Vilaine]] ([[Bretagne]]). Elle quitte ses terres pour partir étudier à Paris. Mariée et mère de deux enfants, elle décide de revenir s’y installer avec toute sa famille.

Depuis son tout premier roman déjà best-seller en 2013, ''Les gens heureux lisent et boivent du café'', elle fait partie du Top 10 des auteurs préférés des Français<ref>{{Lien web |langue=fr |titre=Qui a vendu le plus de livres en 2022 ? Découvrez le palmarès de L'Express |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/culture/livre/qui-a-vendu-le-plus-de-livres-en-2022-decouvrez-le-palmares-de-lexpress-I7BWFJPUABDLROVYFEDBAGEJRY/ |site=L'Express |date=2023-03-08 |consulté le=2023-06-22}}</ref>. Traduits dans plus de trente-cinq langues, ses romans se sont vendus à près de 5 millions d’exemplaires en France et dans le monde.

== Biographie ==
Psychologue de formation, c’est lors de la rédaction de son mémoire de fin d'études qu’Agnès Martin-Lugand prend conscience du plaisir qu’elle éprouve à écrire.

Après avoir exercé en tant que psychologue clinicienne en crèche puis en pouponnière, elle prend conscience de sa vocation littéraire et de la nécessité d'insérer de la douceur dans un contexte de violence. Elle se tourne vers l'écriture et publie un premier roman ''[[Les gens heureux lisent et boivent du café]]'' en [[auto-édition]] sur la plate-forme [[Amazon Kindle|Kindle]] d'[[Amazon.com]], le {{Date|25 décembre 2012|en littérature}}, après avoir suivi un accompagnement littéraire avec l'écrivain [[Laurent Bettoni]]<ref>{{Lien web |auteur=Charlie Bregman |titre=Quand Agnès Martin-Lugand écrit et boit du café |url=http://www.auteursindependants.com/quand-agnes-martin-lugand-ecrit-et-boit-du-cafe-a120998788 |site=auteursindependants.com}}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Lien web |auteur=Chrystel Chabert |titre=Le premier roman autoédité d'Agnès Martin-Lugand, un joli succès numérique |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/culture/livres/roman/le-premier-roman-auto-edite-d-agnes-martin-lugand-un-joli-succes-numerique_3307441.html |site=francetvinfo.fr}}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://chrisimon.com/pourquoi-en-numerique-entretien-avec-agnes-martin-lugand-auteure/|titre=Entretien avec Agnès Martin-Lugand, auteure|auteur=Chris Simon|date=18 janvier 2013|site=Chrisimon.com|consulté le=15 mars 2018}}.</ref>.

Vite repérée par des [[blog]]ueurs [[Littérature|littéraires]] proches du milieu de l'auto-édition<ref>La Bauge littéraire, [http://postlucemtenebrae.eu/agnes-martin-lugand-les-gens-heureux-lisent-et-boivent-du-cafe/ Agnès Martin-Lugand, Les gens heureux lisent et boivent du café ].</ref>, elle est finalement publiée par les [[éditions Michel Lafon]]<ref>Aurélie Gaillot, [https://web.archive.org/web/20180316151843/https://interviews-decalees.net/agnes-martin-lugand-linterview/ Interviews décalées], 2013.</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Lien web| auteur = Emilie Rivenq| titre = Les gens heureux lisent et boivent du café de Agnes Martin-lugand - Livre Roman - Elle| date = 4 juillet 2013| url = https://www.elle.fr/Loisirs/Livres/Genre/Roman/Les-gens-heureux-lisent-et-boivent-du-cafe| site = [[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]| consulté le = 10 octobre 2019}}.</ref>. Les Éditions Michel Lafon publient ''Les gens heureux lisent et boivent du café'' en juin 2013. Le succès est immédiat en France comme à l’étranger. Roman-événement de la célèbre Foire du livre de Londres où se réunissent tous les éditeurs internationaux, il est traduit dans le monde entier.

Son deuxième roman, ''[[Entre mes mains le bonheur se faufile]]'', est publié en 2014<ref>{{Lien web | auteur =[[Valérie Trierweiler]] | titre = Jusqu'au bout de ses rêves | date = 8 juillet 2014 | url =http://www.parismatch.com/Chroniques/Valerie-Trierweiler/Jusqu-au-bout-de-ses-reves-573991 | site = [[Paris-Match]]
}}.</ref> ; puis paraissent ''[[La vie est facile, ne t'inquiète pas|La vie est facile, ne t’inquiète pas]]'' — la suite des ''Gens heureux…'' — (2015), ''[[Désolée, je suis attendue]]'' (2016), ''J'ai toujours cette musique dans la tête'' (2017), ''[[À la lumière du petit matin]]'' (2018)<ref>vingt-sixième livre le plus vendu en France en 2018 : {{Lien web|langue=fr|titre=Hollande, Nothomb, Musso... Le déjeuner des best-sellers|url=https://www.lexpress.fr/culture/hollande-nothomb-musso-le-dejeuner-des-best-sellers_2060046.html|site=LExpress.fr|date=2019-02-04|consulté le=2020-05-18}}.</ref>, ''[[Une évidence]]'' (2019) et ''Nos résiliences'' (mai 2020). Depuis 2017, Agnès Martin-Lugand participe aux recueils collectifs [[13 à table !|''Treize à table'']] chez Pocket, édités au profit des [[Les Restos du cœur|Restos du cœur]].

En 2020, elle figure pour la troisième fois au palmarès des dix best-sellers de ''L’Express''<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr|titre=Hollande, Nothomb, Musso... Le déjeuner des best-sellers|url=https://www.lexpress.fr/culture/hollande-nothomb-musso-le-dejeuner-des-best-sellers_2060046.html|site=LExpress.fr|date=2019-02-04|consulté le=2020-05-22}}.</ref>, aux côtés d’[[Amélie Nothomb]], [[Sylvain Tesson]], [[Karine Tuil]] ou encore [[Michel Houellebecq]]…

Elle a été marraine de la Fête du livre de Saint-Étienne en 2016<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr|nom1=lessor42.fr|titre=Agnès Martin-Lugand, marraine de la Fête du livre de Saint-Étienne : « Je vis une aventure extraordinaire»|url=https://www.lessor42.fr/agnes-martin-lugand-marraine-de-la-fete-du-livre-de-saint-etienne-je-vis-une-aventure-extraordinaire-16541.html|site=L'Essor Loire|consulté le=2020-05-18}}.</ref>, membre du jury du prix littéraire Régine-Deforges en 2018 et 2019, présidente du salon du livre de Limoges en 2021<ref>{{Lien web |langue=fr |titre=Agnès Martin Lugand, présidente de Lire à Limoges : "Je vis dans l'espoir de retrouver les lecteurs" |url=https://www.francebleu.fr/infos/culture-loisirs/agnes-martin-lugand-presidente-de-lire-a-limoges-je-vis-dans-l-espoir-de-retrouver-les-lecteurs-1613116078 |site=ici, par France Bleu et France 3 |date=2021-02-12 |consulté le=2023-06-28}}</ref> et Saint-Raphaël en 2023<ref>{{Lien web |langue=fr |titre="Livres en fête" a ouvert ses portes ce 31 mars 2023 |url=https://www.ville-saintraphael.fr/information-transversale/actualites/livres-en-fete-a-ouvert-ses-portes-ce-31-mars-et-se-poursuit-tout-le-week-end-7752}}</ref>, et membre puis présidente du jury du prix littéraire Aufeminin.com en 2018 et 2019<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr|titre=Découvrez le jury du prix littéraire e-crire aufeminin 2018 !|url=https://www.aufeminin.com/livres-a-lire/decouvrez-le-jury-du-prix-litteraire-e-crire-aufeminin-2018-s2939144.html|site=aufeminin|date=2018-11-08|consulté le=2020-05-18}}.</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr|titre=Découvrez le jury du prix littéraire aufeminin 2019 !|url=https://www.aufeminin.com/livres-a-lire/decouvrez-le-jury-du-prix-litteraire-aufeminin-2019-s4006227.html|site=aufeminin|date=2019-10-29|consulté le=2020-05-18}}.</ref>. En 2022, elle a été la présidente du prix Les Petits Mots des libraires<ref>{{Lien web |langue=fr-FR |nom=https://lespetitsmotsdeslibraires |titre=PRIX 2022 |url=https://lespetitsmotsdeslibraires.fr/prix-2022/ |site=Les petits mots des libraires |consulté le=2023-06-28}}</ref>. En 2024, elle a été la présidente du 55e [[Prix Maison de la Presse]]<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr|titre=Agnès Martin-Lugand,Présidente du 55e Prix Maison de la Presse|url=https://actualitte.com/article/114685/prix-litteraires/agnes-martin-lugand-presidente-du-55e-prix-maison-de-la-presse}}</ref> et du Printemps du Livre de Montaigu<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr|titre=Agnès Martin-Lugand, romancière populaire, sera la présidente du Printemps du livre de Montaigu 2024|url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/culture/livres/printemps-du-livre/une-romanciere-populaire-a-succes-le-printemps-du-livre-de-montaigu-a-choisi-sa-presidente-2024-bedc7718-b53e-11ee-b2a2-ccb95da3b2ac}}</ref>.

Agnès Martin-Lugand est l'auteure d'un des trois textes de la Grande Dictée des jeux, organisée sur le Champ de Mars, dans le cadre du Festival du livre de Paris le 12 avril 2024, sous la houlette d'Augustin Trapenard<ref>https://www.francetvinfo.fr/culture/livres/salon-du-livre/paris-2024-la-grande-dictee-des-jeux-3000-candidats-sur-le-champs-de-mars_6478595.html</ref>.

== Thèmes ==
Dans ses romans, Agnès Martin-Lugand aborde divers sujets de société qui lui tiennent à cœur : le deuil (''Les gens heureux lisent et boivent du café'')<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre=Critique "Les gens heureux lisent et boivent du café" d'Agnes Martin-Lugand|url=https://www.justfocus.fr/arts/litterature/critique-les-gens-heureux-lisent-et-boivent-du-cafe-dagnes-martin-lugand-un-roman-leger-et-riche-en-emotions.html|date=2020-04-06|consulté le=2020-05-22}}.</ref>, la reconstruction (''La vie est facile, ne t’inquiète pas'')<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr|titre=Agnès Martin-Lugand : "La vie est facile, ne t'inquiète pas"|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-livre-du-jour/agnes-martin-lugand-la-vie-est-facile-ne-t-inquiete-pas_1779443.html|site=Franceinfo|date=2015-06-01|consulté le=2020-05-22}}</ref>, les choix de vie et l’accomplissement (''Entre mes mains le bonheur se faufile'')<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|nom1=Martin-Lug|prénom1=Agnès|nom2=Autour|prénom2=Confidences|titre=Agnès Martin-Lugand : confidences autour de son nouveau roman {{!}} ParlonsInfo|url=http://www.parlonsinfo.fr/culture/2014/06/11/agnes-martin-lugand-confidences-autour-de-son-nouveau-roman/#sthash.f5mi4WWC.dpbs|consulté le=2020-05-22}}.</ref>, l’addiction au travail (''Désolée, je suis attendue'')<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre=Agnès Martin-Lugand, une auteure toujours aussi attendue|url=https://www.paris-normandie.fr/region/agnes-martin-lugand-une-auteure-toujours-aussi-attendue-JL5519139|site=www.paris-normandie.fr|consulté le=2020-05-22}}</ref>, l’ambition (''J’ai toujours cette musique dans la tête'')<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|nom1=à 16h11|prénom1=Par S. B. Le 16 avril 2017|titre=Le livre du jour : la musique douce d'Agnès Martin-Lugand|url=http://www.leparisien.fr/culture-loisirs/livres/le-livre-du-jour-la-musique-douce-d-agnes-martin-lugand-16-04-2017-6858048.php|site=leparisien.fr|date=2017-04-16|consulté le=2020-05-22}}.</ref>, l’adultère (''À la lumière du petit matin'')<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr|titre=Agnès Martin-Lugand : "Je voulais montrer qu’une maîtresse est aussi une femme en souffrance"|url=https://www.lci.fr/livre/a-la-lumiere-du-petit-matin-livre-roman-agnes-martin-lugand-je-voulais-montrer-qu-une-maitresse-est-aussi-une-femme-en-souffrance-2086166.html|site=LCI|consulté le=2020-05-22}}.</ref>, les secrets de famille (''Une évidence'')<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr|nom1=Match|prénom1=Paris|titre=Agnès Martin-Lugand : secrets salés|url=https://www.parismatch.com/Culture/Livres/Agnes-Martin-Lugand-secrets-sales-1618077|site=parismatch.com|consulté le=2020-05-22}}.</ref>…

== La musique dans ses romans ==
La musique est indispensable au processus créatif d'Agnès Martin-Lugand. Chaque scène est écrite à partir d’une musique, d’un titre, qu’elle peut écouter cinquante fois, soixante fois s’il le faut, jusqu’à ce que la scène accueille son point final.

Chacun des onze romans d’Agnès a sa playlist dédiée<ref>{{Lien web |langue=fr |prénom=Eric |nom=Loret |titre=Agnès Martin-Lugand, plaies et playlist |url=https://www.liberation.fr/culture/livres/agnes-martin-lugand-plaies-et-playlist-20220416_ZPE3NQOGXBE35MGODJ3KTRZIWE/ |site=Libération |consulté le=2023-09-07}}</ref> que l’on retrouve sur toutes les plateformes d’écoute.

''La Déraison'' a donné lieu à des lectures musicales<ref>{{Lien web |langue=fr-FR |titre=FESTIVAL DU LIVRE DE PARIS |url=https://www.alinagurdiel.com/festival-du-livre-de-paris-2022/ |site=Alina Gurdiel et Associés |date=2022-02-22 |consulté le=2023-09-07}}</ref> (au [[Livre Paris|salon du livre de Paris]] 2022) durant lesquelles Agnès Martin-Lugand lisait des extraits de son roman accompagnée sur scène d’un pianiste jouant en live des morceaux de la playlist.

== Romans ==
* [[2013 en littérature|2013]] : ''[[Les gens heureux lisent et boivent du café]]'', [[Éditions Michel Lafon]] {{ISBN|978-2-749-91998-0}}
* [[2014 en littérature|2014]] : ''[[Entre mes mains le bonheur se faufile]]'', Éditions Michel Lafon {{ISBN|978-2-749-92209-6}}
* [[2015 en littérature|2015]] : ''[[La vie est facile, ne t'inquiète pas]]'', Éditions Michel Lafon {{ISBN|978-2-749-92386-4}}
* [[2016 en littérature|2016]] : ''[[Désolée, je suis attendue]]'', Éditions Michel Lafon {{ISBN|978-2-749-92387-1}}
* [[2017 en littérature|2017]] : ''J'ai toujours cette musique dans la tête'', Éditions Michel Lafon {{ISBN|978-2-749-92901-9}}<ref>{{Lien web|langue=ru-RU|titre=Мартен-Люган Аньес — ТОП КНИГ|url=http://top-knig.ru/marten-lyugan-anes/|site=top-knig.ru|consulté le=2017-02-01}}.</ref>
* [[2018 en littérature|2018]] : ''[[À la lumière du petit matin]]'', Éditions Michel Lafon {{ISBN|978-2-749-92902-6}}
* [[2019 en littérature|2019]] : ''[[Une évidence]]'', Éditions Michel Lafon {{ISBN|978-2-7499-3477-8}}
* [[2020 en littérature|2020]] : ''Nos résiliences'', Éditions Michel Lafon {{ISBN|978-2-7499-3478-5}}
* 2021 : ''La Datcha'', Éditions Michel Lafon {{ISBN|978-2-7499-4163-9}}<ref>{{Lien web |langue=fr-FR |titre=Agnès Martin-Lugand nous fait explorer "La Datcha" dans son nouveau roman |url=https://www.rtl.fr/culture/arts-spectacles/agnes-martin-lugand-nous-fait-explorer-la-datcha-dans-son-nouveau-roman-7900011512 |site=RTL.fr |consulté le=2021-03-26}}.</ref>
* 2022 : ''La Déraison'', Éditions Michel Lafon {{ISBN|9782749941646}} édition audio {{ISBN|9791036618772}}
* 2023 : ''L'Homme des Mille Détours'', Éditions Michel Lafon {{ISBN|9782749950631}}
* 2024 : ''Les gens heureux lisent et boivent du café & La vie est facile, ne t'inquiète pas'', Éditions Pocket {{ISBN|9782266341622}}
Tous les romans d’Agnès Martin-Lugand sont publiés en format poche aux éditions [[Pocket]] et en [[livre audio]] chez [https://www.lizzie.audio/ Lizzie]. À l'occasion des dix ans de la parution des ''Gens heureux lisent et boivent du café'', Agnès Martin-Lugand a enregistré une nouvelle version de son premier roman et de sa suite ''La vie est facile, ne t’inquiète'' ''pas'', dont elle assure elle-même la lecture''.''

== Nouvelles ==
* 2016 : ''Merci la maîtresse'', dans ''[[13 à table ! 2017]]'', Paris, Pocket, n° 16745, {{date-|novembre 2016}}, {{p.|163-190}}. {{ISBN|978-2-266-27126-4}}<ref>{{Lien web
| url = https://www.athenaeum.com/livre/10127761-13-a-table-2017-collectif-pocket
| titre = 13 à table !
| auteur = Athenaeum de la vigne et du vin
| site = athenaeum.com
| consulté le = 24 août 2018
}}.</ref>
* 2017 : ''Le monde est petit'', dans ''[[13 à table !]] 2018''. Paris, Pocket n° 17059, novembre 2017. {{ISBN|978-2-266-27952-9}}
* 2018 : ''Un voyage dans le temps'', dans ''[[13 à table !]] 2019''. Paris, Pocket n° 17272, novembre 2018{{ISBN|978-2-266-28641-1}}
* 2019 : ''Des lettres oubliées'', dans ''[[13 à table !]] 2020''. Paris, Pocket n° 17728, novembre 2019{{ISBN|978-2-266-30550-1}}
* 2020 : ''Le Coup de folie des vacances'', dans ''[[13 à table !]] 2021'', Paris, Pocket n° 18272, novembre 2020, p. 171-190<ref name="figaro">{{Lien web |langue=fr |auteur1=Lisette Didon |auteur2=Pierrot Bacon |titre=''13 à table !'' : le petit livre au service des Restos du cœur |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/livres/13-a-table-le-petit-livre-au-service-des-restos-du-coeur-20211101 |site=www.lefigaro.fr |date=28 octobre 2021 |consulté le=30 novembre 2021}}</ref>{{ISBN|978-2-266-30754-3}}

*2021 : ''Le Choix du monde'', dans ''[[13 à table !]] 2022'', Paris, Pocket n° 18272, novembre 2021.{{ISBN|978-2-266-31648-4}}
* 2022 : ''Ma planète à moi'', dans ''[[13 à table !]] 2023'', Paris, Pocket {{n°|18566}}, {{date-|novembre 2022}}, {{p.|149-160}}.{{ISBN|978-2-266-32330-7}}
* 2022 : ''Le Bar était désert'', dans le magazine ''Elle'', 22 juillet 2022, dans le cadre des « nouvelles inédites de l'été », ayant pour thème « Une nuit à l'hôtel »<ref>{{Lien web |langue=fr |titre=Nouvelle inédite de l'été (2/3) : « Le bar était désert » d'Agnès Martin-Lugand - Elle |url=https://www.elle.fr/Loisirs/Livres/News/Nouvelle-inedite-de-l-ete-2-3-Le-bar-etait-desert-d-Agnes-Martin-Lugand-4036801 |site=elle.fr |date=2022-07-22 |consulté le=2023-06-23}}</ref>
* 2023 : ''Chloé et Lynaïs, Deux anges pour l'éternité'', dans ''125 et des milliers'', Paris, Harper Collins, mars 2023, {{ISBN|979-10-339-1287-3}}

== Jeunesse ==
2021 : ''Le Voleur de sapins'', illustrations de Sess, Paris, Michel Lafon, collection ''Une histoire et Oli'', adaptée du podcast du même nom, en coédition avec France Inter {{ISBN|978-2-7499-4847-8}}

== Adaptations en bandes dessinées et à l'écran ==

* 2019 : ''Les gens heureux lisent et boivent du café'' en 2019, scenario : Véronique Grisseaux, dessin : [[Cécile Bidault]], Michel Lafon {{ISBN|978-2-7499-3334-4}}

* 2022 : ''La vie est facile, ne t’inquiète pas'' en 2022, scenario : Véronique Grisseaux, dessin : Cécile Bidault, Michel Lafon {{ISBN|978-2-7499-3619-2}}

* En 2024, les droits d'adaptation audiovisuelle de ''L'Homme des mille détours'' ont été acquis par la société de production Elephant pour une adaptation en série<ref>https://actualitte.com/article/116148/adaptation/le-best-seller-d-agnes-martin-lugand-l-homme-des-mille-detours-adapte-en-serie</ref>.

== Prix et nominations ==
* 2021: prix Les Petit Mots des libraires pour ''La Datcha''<ref>{{Lien web |langue=fr-FR |nom=ttps://lespetitsmotsdeslibraires.fr/laureats-prix-2021-les-petits-mots-des-libraires/ |titre=Lauréats du PRIX 2021 |url=https://lespetitsmotsdeslibraires.fr/laureats-prix-2021-les-petits-mots-des-libraires/ |site=Les petits mots des libraires |consulté le=2023-06-26}}</ref>.

* 2022 : nomination prix Babelio 2022 pour ''La Déraison''<ref>{{Lien web |langue=fr |titre=Prix Babelio : Découvrez les lauréats |url=https://www.babelio.com/prix-babelio-2022?categorie=2 |site=www.babelio.com |consulté le=2023-06-26}}</ref>''.''

* 2023 : prix des Palanges pour ''La Déraison''<ref>{{Lien web |langue=fr |titre=Laissac-Sévérac l'Église. Laissac: le prix des Palanges 2023 a été attribué à Agnès Martin-Lugand |url=https://www.centrepresseaveyron.fr/2023/05/03/le-prix-des-palanges-2023-a-ete-attribue-a-agnes-martin-lugand-11173585.php |site=centrepresseaveyron.fr |consulté le=2023-06-26}}</ref>.

== Notes et références ==
{{Références|taille=30}}

== Voir aussi ==
{{Autres projets|commons=Category:Agnès Martin-Lugand|commons titre=Agnès Martin-Lugand}}

=== Liens externes ===
{{Liens}}
* [https://www.babelio.com/auteur/Agnes-Martin-Lugand/251125 Agnès Martin-Lugand] sur ''[[Babelio]]''

{{Palette|Agnès Martin-Lugand}}
{{Portail|littérature française}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Martin-Lugand, Agnes}}
[[Catégorie:Agnès Martin-Lugand|*]]
[[Catégorie:Romancière française du XXIe siècle]]
[[Catégorie:Nouvelliste française du XXIe siècle]]
[[Catégorie:Auteur publié par les éditions Michel Lafon]]
[[Catégorie:Naissance en juillet 1979]]
[[Catégorie:Naissance à Saint-Malo]]

Benutzer:Lookingglass96/Alice, Through the Looking

2023-10-09T02:39:18Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.05b - Bot T20 CW#61 - Fix errors for CW project (Reference before punctuation)

{{Infobox film
| director = [[Adam Donen]]
| writer =
*[[Adam Donen]]
*[[Lewis Carroll]]
| based_on = Based on, inspired by ''[[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]'' and ''[[Through the Looking-Glass]]'', [[Lewis Carroll]]
| producer =
*[[Adam Donen]]
*[[Benjamin Lawrence]]
*[[Robert J Price]]
* [[Daniel S Reynolds]]
*[[Ela Sipicic]]
*[[Anja Wedell]]
| starring =
*[[Saskia Axten]]
*[[Elijah Rowen]]
*[[Vanessa Redgrave]]
*[[Steven Berkoff]]
*[[Carol Cleveland]]
| cinematography = Jason Elis
| editing = David Gesslbauer
| music =
* [[Adam Donen]]
* [[Robert Harder]]
| studio =
* [[2 Batallion Productions]]
* [[Czar Germany]]
| runtime = 90 minutes
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
}}

'''''Alice, Through the Looking'''''<ref>{{Citation |title=ALICE, THROUGH THE LOOKING Trailer {{!}} PÖFF 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4-FC0i5uusg |access-date=2023-08-23 |language=en}}</ref> (full title ''Alice, Through the Looking: À La Recherche d'Un Lapin Perdu'') is a 2021 [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Political film|political]] [[Satire|satirical]] [[comedy]] film directed by [[Adam Donen]], inspired by the novels [[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland|Alice's adventures in Wonderland]] and [[Through the Looking-Glass]] by [[Lewis Carroll]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adam Donen |url=https://www.adamdonen.com/ |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=Adam Donen |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ALICE,THROUGH THE LOOKING {{!}} 12th Battalion Productions |url=https://www.12thbattalionproductions.com/alice-through-the-looking |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=12th Battalion |language=en}}</ref> The film is produced by 12 Batallion productions and Czar Germany.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alice, Through the Looking |url=https://cineuropa.org/en/film/412509/ |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=Cineuropa - the best of european cinema |language=en}}</ref> It stars Saskia Axten, [[Vanessa Redgrave]], [[Sophie Vavasseur]], [[Steven Berkoff]], [[Elijah Rowen]], [[Slavoj Žižek|Slavoj Zizek]] and [[Carol Cleveland]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Donen |first=Adam |title=Alice, Through the Looking |date=2023-03-08 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt14372154/ |type=Adventure, Comedy, Mystery |access-date=2023-08-23 |others=Vanessa Redgrave, Lewis Allcock, Steven Berkoff |publisher=12th Battalion Productions, Czar Film}}</ref>

== Premise ==
The film follows Alice (Saskia Axten) a young student who stumbles into a bizarre version of London after her night with a newfound lover, Rabbit (Elijah Rowen) appears to suddenly have never happened. The night in question just happens to be the evening of the [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|UK's 2016 referendum on EU membership.]]

The film itself perodically shifts to different layers of narrative, from the ''Alice in Wonderland'' adapting narrative of Alice's search for Rabbit in an upside-down version of London, to a satirical "real world" sanario, showing philosophers and the "director" (played by Adam Donen) reacting to the film they are planning.

== Early Festival apperances ==
The film had its World Premiere on the 25th of November at the 2021 [[Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival|PÖFF Film Festival]], [[Tallinn]], [[Estonia]] as part of the First Features strand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alice, Through the Looking: À la recherche d'un lapin perdu |url=https://poff.ee/en/film/alice-through-the-looking-la-recherche-dun-lapin-perdu/ |access-date=2023-10-08 |website=poff.ee |language=en}}</ref> It subsequently was featured in the 2022 International Fuse Festival lineup.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fusion Film Festival (2022) |url=http://www.imdb.com/event/ev0004756/2022/1/ |access-date=2023-10-08 |website=IMDb}}</ref> Further in 2022, after a UK premiere at London Rocks Festival,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Screenings |url=https://www.rocksfestivals.com/lriff22.html |access-date=2023-10-08 |website=Rocks Film Festivals |language=en}}</ref> the film featured at [[Liverpool]] Film Festival,<ref>{{Cite web |title=official selection 2022 and tickets |url=http://www.liviff.com/official-selection-1 |access-date=2023-10-08 |website=Liverpool Film Festival |language=en-US}}</ref> and North East International Film Festival<ref>{{Cite web |last=Festival |first=North East Internatinal FIlm |title=Official Selection 2022 |url=https://neiff.co.uk/official-selection-2022 |access-date=2023-10-08 |website=The North East International Film Festival |language=en-GB}}</ref> in October and November respectively. In March 2023, it was screened at the [[Idyllwild International Festival of Cinema|Idyllwild International Festival Of Cinema]] in [[California]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/AliceThroughTheLookingMovie |access-date=2023-10-08 |website=www.facebook.com}}</ref>

== Major cast ==
Source:<ref>{{Citation |title=Alice, Through the Looking (2021) - IMDb |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt14372154/fullcredits |access-date=2023-08-23}}</ref>
* Saskia Axten as [[Alice (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|Alice]]
* [[Vanessa Redgrave]] as the Narrator
* Adam Donen as "Adam"
* [[Steven Berkoff]] as "The Executive Producer"
* Slavoj Zizek as [[Slavoj Žižek|himself]]
* Elijah Rowen as Rabbit
* John Locke as the Old Banker
* [[Adrian McLoughlin]] as [[Tweedle dum|PC Dum/Justice Dum]]
* Lewis Allcock as [[Tweedle Dee & Tweedle Dum|PC Dee/Lord Dee]]
* [[Sophie Vavasseur]] as Emma
* [[Joerg Stadler]] as [[Caterpillar (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|the Caterpillar]]
* [[Alan Ford (actor)|Alan Ford]] as the Chairman
* Julian M. Deuster as [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]
* Adam Ganne as [[Frédéric Chopin|Chopin]]
* Oengus MacNamara as [[T. S. Eliot|T.S. Eliot]]
* John Le Sage as the Colonel
* Patricia Le Sage as the Colonel's Wife
* Andy Dowson as The Wild Man
* [[Carol Cleveland]] as the [[Queen of Hearts (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|Queen]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*{{IMDb title|14372154}}
{{Cinema of the United Kingdom|state={{Cinema of the United Kingdom|state=collapsed}}}}{{Alice|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:British satirical films]]
[[Category:British satirical novels]]
[[Category:British political comedy films]]
[[Category:Films based on Alice in Wonderland]]
[[Category:Films set in London]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]
[[Category:Films shot in England]]
[[Category:Brexit in fiction]]

Sonya Eddy

2023-07-19T11:30:40Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.05b - Bot T20 CW#61 - Fix errors for CW project (Reference before punctuation)

{{short description|American actress (1967–2022)|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sonya Eddy
| image = SonyaEddySeinfeld.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1967|06|17}}
| birth_place = [[Concord, California]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|2022|12|19|1967|06|17}}
| death_place = [[Burbank, California]], U.S.
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1990–2022
}}

'''Sonya Eddy''' (June 17, 1967 – December 19, 2022)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ausiello |first=Michael |date=2022-12-20 |title=Sonya Eddy, Beloved General Hospital Vet, Dead at 55 |url=https://tvline.com/2022/12/20/sonya-eddy-cause-of-death-general-hospital-actress-epiphany-dead/ |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=TVLine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mistretta |first=Amy |date=2021-02-23 |title=General Hospital Star Shares Loss of Dear Friend: 'My Heart Is Broken, My Spirit Is Troubled' |url=https://soaps.sheknows.com/general-hospital/news/592851/general-hospital-sonya-eddy-dear-friend-died-covid/ |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=Soaps.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='General Hospital' Actress Sonya Eddy Dead At 55, Octavia Spencer Announces |url=https://www.tmz.com/2022/12/20/general-hospital-actress-sonya-eddy-dead-dies/ |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=TMZ |language=en}}</ref> was an American actress. She was best known for playing [[Epiphany Johnson]] in the American [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] soap opera ''[[General Hospital]]'' (2006—2022) for which she received a posthumous [[Daytime Emmy Award]] nomination for [[Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series|Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series]] in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.soapoperanetwork.com/2023/04/daytime-emmys-sonya-eddy-receives-posthumous-nomination-supporting-actress|last=Lewis|first=Errol|title=DAYTIME EMMYS: Sonya Eddy Receives Posthumous Nomination for Supporting Performance in a Daytime Drama Series: Actress |date=April 26, 2023 |website=[[Soap Opera Network]]| location=United States |access-date=June 2, 2023}}</ref><ref name="NATAS 2023">{{cite web|url=https://theemmys.tv/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Daytime-Nominations-with-Credits-2023-05-10-1700.pdf|title=The 50th Annual Daytime Emmy Awards Nominations |publisher=emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences |access-date=May 13, 2023|year=2023|location=New York/Los Angeles}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Eddy was born in [[Concord, California]], on June 17, 1967.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://soapcentral.com/gh/theactors/eddy_sonya.php|title=About GH: About the Actors - Sonya Eddy - General Hospital|work=[[Soapcentral]]|accessdate=23 October 2014}}</ref><ref>''Soap Opera Digest'': Birthdays. p. 76, June 24, 2013 (DAYS CAN'T-MISS PREVIEW!) issue.</ref> She majored in theatre and dance at [[University of California, Davis]] and received her [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in 1992.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://soaps.sheknows.com/generalhospital/actor/477/Sonya_Eddy/|title=Sonya Eddy Playing Epiphany Johnson on General Hospital|publisher= Soaps.com |accessdate=23 October 2014}}</ref> According to Eddy, she was a self-described lifelong [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] and practicing [[Catholic]].<ref>''An Interview with Sonya Eddy'', Skip E. Lowe, 1997</ref> Eddy never married nor had children due to the fact that she was contented being single.<ref>''An Interview with Sonya Eddy'', Skip E. Lowe, 1997</ref>

==Career==
{{Moresources|section|date=December 2022}}
Eddy made her acting debut {{where|date=December 2022}} in the [[Ruby Dee]]'s play ''Zora Is My Name'' in 1990. Other stage credits included ''[[The Comedy of Errors (musical)|The Comedy of Errors]]'', The Witch in [[Stephen Sondheim]]'s ''[[Into the Woods]]'' and Bloody Mary in ''[[South Pacific (musical)|South Pacific]]''.<ref name=soap>{{Cite web|url=https://www.soapcentral.com/theactors/eddy_sonya.php|title=About the Actors | Sonya Eddy|website=SoapCentral|accessdate=December 20, 2022}}</ref>

She moved to Los Angeles and appeared in such sitcoms as ''[[Married... with Children]]'', ''[[The Drew Carey Show]]'', ''[[Murphy Brown]]'', ''[[Seinfeld]]'' and ''[[Home Improvement (TV series)|Home Improvement]]''. From 2004 to 2005, she had a recurring role on ''[[Joan of Arcadia]]''. In 2006, Eddy began playing [[Epiphany Johnson]] on ''[[General Hospital]]'' on a recurring basis. From 2007 to 2008, she was a regular cast member on the spin-off, ''[[General Hospital: Night Shift]]''. From 2016 to 2019, she played Tammy in the [[truTV]] comedy series, ''[[Those Who Can't]]''.

==Death==
Eddy died on December 19, 2022, at the age of 55. Her cause of death was an infection after non-emergency surgery. <ref>{{cite news |title='General Hospital' Actress Sonya Eddy Dead At 55, Octavia Spencer Announces |url=https://www.tmz.com/2022/12/20/general-hospital-actress-sonya-eddy-dead-dies/ |access-date=20 December 2022 |publisher=[[TMZ]] |date=20 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/sonya-eddy-dead-general-hospital-actor-1235285560/|title=Sonya Eddy, 'General Hospital' Actress, Dies at 55|publisher=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=December 20, 2022|access-date=December 20, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/21/arts/television/sonya-eddy-general-hospital-dead.html|title=Sonya Eddy, 'General Hospital' Actress, Dies at 55|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 24, 2022|access-date=December 25, 2022}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Film===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1996
| ''[[High School High]]''
| Nurse
|
|-
|rowspan=2| 1997
| ''Blast''
| Bena
|
|-
| ''[[Motel Blue]]''
| Motel Blue Maid April Swanson
|
|-
|rowspan=4| 1998
| ''[[Sour Grapes (1998 film)|Sour Grapes]]''
| Nurse Loder
|
|-
| ''[[The Godson (film)|The Godson]]''
| Bank Clerk
|
|-
| ''[[Patch Adams (film)|Patch Adams]]''
|Annie
|
|-
| ''Sorcerers''
|Ruth
|
|-
|rowspan=2| 1999
| ''[[Blast from the Past (film)|Blast from the Past]]''
|Patrice
|
|-
| ''[[Inspector Gadget (film)|Inspector Gadget]]''
| Hospital Secretary Mary Blakeson
|
|-
|rowspan=3| 2000
| ''[[Nutty Professor II: The Klumps]]''
| Marie the Heavyset Woman
|
|-
| ''[[Dish Dogs]]''
|May
| Video
|-
| ''Ten Grand''
| Aunt Ruthie
| Video
|-
| 2001
| ''[[The Jennie Project]]''
|Donna
| TV movie
|-
|rowspan=5| 2002
| ''Strange Hearts''
|Lynette
|
|-
| ''[[Buying the Cow]]''
|Rhonda
|
|-
| ''[[Barbershop (film)|Barbershop]]''
| Janelle
|
|-
| ''The Third Society''
| Arlene McGregor
|
|-
| ''The Fine Line Between Cute and Creepy''
| Thelma
| Short
|-
|rowspan=5| 2003
| ''A Single Rose''
|Carlene
| Short
|-
| ''Mi Casa, Su Casa''
|Belinda
|
|-
| ''[[Daddy Day Care]]''
|Sandy
|
|-
| ''[[Matchstick Men]]''
| Maureen Fisher
|
|-
| ''[[Leprechaun: Back 2 tha Hood]]''
| Yolanda
| Video
|-
|rowspan=5| 2004
| ''Y.M.I.''
| DVD's Mom
|
|-
| ''[[One Last Ride (film)|One Last Ride]]''
|Sally
|
|-
| ''Promised Land''
| Claire
|
|-
| ''[[Surviving Christmas]]''
| Elaine
|
|-
| ''Office Max: Motivational Poster''
|Marla
| Short
|-
|rowspan=5| 2005
| ''[[Coach Carter]]''
| Worm's Mother
|
|-
| ''[[Come Away Home]]''
| Sonya Warfield
|
|-
| ''[[Bad News Bears]]''
|Ruby
|
|-
| ''[[The Reading Room (film)|The Reading Room]]''
| Mrs. Carr
| TV movie
|-
| ''[[Lost in Plainview]]''
| Joy
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Gridiron Gang]]''
| Theresa Wendal
|
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Year of the Dog (film)|Year of the Dog]]''
| Nurse Willheima
|
|-
|rowspan=3| 2008
| ''[[Player 5150]]''
|Jean
|
|-
| ''Disfigured''
| Pam Jones
|
|-
| ''[[Seven Pounds]]''
| Nurse Edna
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[The Perfect Game]]''
| Rose Bell
|
|-
| 2010
| ''Trim''
| Liz
|
|-
|rowspan=2| 2011
| ''[[Answers to Nothing (film)|Answers to Nothing]]''
| Nurse Edwards
|
|-
| ''Dorfman''
| Lil G
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[K-11 (film)|K-11]]''
| Teresa Luna
|
|-
|rowspan=3| 2013
| ''[[Miss Dial]]''
| Refried Bean Caller
|
|-
| ''[[The Incredible Burt Wonderstone]]''
| Hanna
|
|-
| ''RockBarnes: The Emperor in You''
| Shante
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[The Hive (2014 film)|The Hive]]''
| Nurse Tessa Jean
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Pee-wee's Big Holiday]]''
| Wanda
|
|-
|rowspan=3| 2017
| ''OH BABY''
|Nurse McQueen
| Short
|-
| ''Fixed''
| Wang
|
|-
| ''[[Thumper (film)|Thumper]]''
|Nurse Daniels
|
|-
|rowspan=3| 2021
| ''The Good Balloon''
| Denise
| Short
|-
| ''[[Good on Paper]]''
| Judge Harriet Gold
|
|-
| ''I Live Alone''
| Olivia
| Short
|-
|rowspan="2"|2022
| ''[[Frank and Penelope]]''
| Nurse
|
|-
| ''[[V/H/S/99]]''
| Debra
| Segment: "Ozzy's Dungeon"
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|rowspan=2| 1995
| ''[[The Drew Carey Show]]''
| Marie
| 1 episode
|-
| ''[[Married... with Children]]''
| Arlene / Betty
| 2 episodes
|-
| 1996
| ''[[Martin (TV series)|Martin]]''
| Lucille
| 1 episode
|-
|rowspan=5| 1997
| ''[[Beverly Hills, 90210]]''
| Nurse Carla
| 1 episode
|-
| ''[[Saved by the Bell: The New Class]]''
| Angie
| 1 episode
|-
| ''[[Murphy Brown]]''
| Estelle
| 1 episode
|-
| ''[[Family Matters]]''
| Esther
| 1 episode
|-
| ''[[Arliss (TV series)|Arli$$]]''
| Nurse Brooks
| 2 episodes
|-
|rowspan=2| 1997–98
| ''[[Tracey Takes On...]]''
| Sonya
| 2 episodes
|-
| ''[[Seinfeld]]''
| Rebecca DeMornay
| Episode: "[[The Muffin Tops]]" & "[[The Bookstore]]"
|-
|rowspan=5| 1998
| ''[[3rd Rock from the Sun]]''
| Joanne
| 1 episode
|-
| ''[[Any Day Now (TV series)|Any Day Now]]''
| Jasmine
| 1 episode
|-
| ''[[Martial Law (TV series)|Martial Law]]''
| Anne
| 1 episode
|-
| ''[[To Have & to Hold (American TV series)|To Have & to Hold]]''
| Delilah
| 1 episode
|-
| ''[[USA High]]''
| Lady
| 1 episode
|-
|rowspan=5| 1999
| ''[[Home Improvement (TV series)|Home Improvement]]''
| Gayle
| 1 episode
|-
| ''[[Malibu, CA (TV series)|Malibu, CA]]''
| Bertha
| 1 episode
|-
| ''[[Touched by an Angel]]''
| Mrs. Taggert
| 1 episode
|-
| ''[[Providence (American TV series)|Providence]]''
| Impatient #1
| 1 episode
|-
| ''[[Popular (TV series)|Popular]]''
| Receptionist
| 1 episode
|-
|rowspan=2| 2000
| ''[[Strip Mall]]''
| Nurse
| 1 episode
|-
| ''[[Gilmore Girls]]''
| Cashier
| 1 episode
|-
|rowspan=7| 2001
| ''[[Even Stevens]]''
| Mrs. Walters
| 1 episode
|-
| ''[[Lizzie McGuire]]''
| Photographer
| 1 episode
|-
| ''[[The Invisible Man (2000 TV series)|The Invisible Man]]''
| The Maid
| 2 episodes
|-
| ''[[Diagnosis: Murder]]''
| Mrs. Troobnik
| 1 episode
|-
| ''[[Resurrection Blvd.]]''
| Hospital Receptionist
| 1 episode
|-
| ''[[Spyder Games]]''
| Hospital Nurse
| 1 episode
|-
| ''[[The Mind of the Married Man]]''
| -
| 1 episode
|-
| 2001; 2006
| ''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]''
| Student Affairs Secretary / Harriet
| 3 episodes
|-
| 2001–02
| ''[[Primetime Glick]]''
| Miss Gathercole's Nurse
| Recurring role, 5 episodes
|-
|rowspan=3| 2002
| ''[[Felicity (TV series)|Felicity]]''
| Cop
| 1 episode
|-
| ''[[Reba (TV series)|Reba]]''
| Susan
| 1 episode
|-
| ''[[Still Standing (American TV series)|Still Standing]]''
| Carla
| 1 episode
|-
|rowspan=3| 2003
| ''[[The Pitts]]''
| Meter Maid
| 1 episode
|-
| ''[[Monk (TV series)|Monk]]''
| Opal
| 1 episode
|-
| ''[[MADtv]]''
| [[Star Jones]]
| 1 episode
|-
|rowspan=2| 2004
| ''[[Phil of the Future]]''
| Miss Donaldson
| 1 episode
|-
| ''[[House (TV series)|House]]''
| Sally
| 1 episode
|-
| 2004–05
| ''[[Joan of Arcadia]]''
| Female Custodian God
| 4 episodes
|-
|rowspan=2| 2005
| ''[[Less than Perfect]]''
| Security Woman
| 1 episode
|-
| ''[[Inconceivable (TV series)|Inconceivable]]''
| Nurse Dawson
| 1 episode
|-
|rowspan=2| 2006
| ''[[Malcolm in the Middle]]''
| Mabel
| 1 episode
|-
| ''[[Day Break]]''
| Waitress
| 1 episode
|-
| 2006–22
| ''[[General Hospital]]''
| [[Epiphany Johnson]]
| Main role, 543 episodes
|-
|rowspan=3| 2007
| ''[[In Case of Emergency (TV series)|In Case of Emergency]]''
| Sonya
| 1 episode
|-
| ''[[Everybody Hates Chris]]''
| DMV Clerk
| 1 episode
|-
| ''[[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation]]''
| Cab Dispatcher
| 1 episode
|-
| 2007–08
| ''[[General Hospital: Night Shift]]''
| Epiphany Johnson
| Main role, 25 episodes
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Desperate Housewives]]''
| Vanessa
| 1 episode
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Good Luck Charlie]]''
| Verna
| 1 episode
|-
|rowspan=2| 2011
| ''[[Glee (TV series)|Glee]]''
| Angry Mom
| 1 episode
|-
| ''[[Mike & Molly]]''
| Kay
| 1 episode
|-
| 2011–12
| ''[[The Middle (TV series)|The Middle]]''
| Senora Porter
| 2 episodes
|-
| 2012
| ''[[2 Broke Girls]]''
| Freddie
| 1 episode
|-
|rowspan=5| 2013
| ''[[Partners (2012 TV series)|Partners]]''
| Denise
| 1 episode
|-
| ''[[Monday Mornings]]''
| Joanne Whitman
| 1 episode
|-
| ''[[Bad Samaritans (TV series)|Bad Samaritans]]''
| Regina
| 1 episode
|-
| ''[[Zach Stone Is Gonna Be Famous]]''
| -
| 1 episode
|-
| ''[[Baby Daddy]]''
| Priest
| 1 episode
|-
| 2013–14
| ''[[Legit (2013 TV series)|Legit]]''
| Ramona
| Recurring role, 12 episodes
|-
|rowspan=2| 2014
| ''[[Girl Meets World]]''
| Geralyn Thompson
| 1 episode
|-
| ''[[Mulaney]]''
| Gerta
| 1 episode
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Mom (TV series)|Mom]]''
| Angela
| 1 episode
|-
|rowspan=3| 2016
| ''[[Castle (TV series)|Castle]]''
| Olivia "Mama" Toussaint
| 1 episode
|-
| ''[[Crazy Ex-Girlfriend]]''
| Professor Andrade
| 1 episode
|-
| ''[[Adam Ruins Everything]]''
| Pet Store Owner
| 1 episode
|-
| 2016–19
| ''[[Those Who Can't]]''
| Tammy
| Recurring role, 31 episodes
|-
|rowspan=2| 2019
| ''[[A Black Lady Sketch Show]]''
| Principal Dixon
| 1 episode
|-
| ''[[Black Jesus (TV series)|Black Jesus]]''
| Miss Emma
| 4 episodes
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Tommy (TV series)|Tommy]]''
| CPS Worker
| 1 episode
|-
| 2021
| ''[[PEN15]]''
| Grace
| 1 episode
|-
| 2022
| ''[[The Last Days of Ptolemy Grey]]''
| Miss Delia
| Miniseries, 2 episodes
|}

===Video games===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Saints Row 2]]''
| Various
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Driver: San Francisco]]''
| Additional Voices
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Guild Wars 2]]''
| Lyra Lancetooth, Riel Darkwater
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0248913}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eddy, Sonya}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Actresses from California]]
[[Category:African-American actresses]]
[[Category:American film actresses]]
[[Category:American soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:American television actresses]]
[[Category:American video game actresses]]
[[Category:American voice actresses]]
[[Category:American nurses]]
[[Category:American women nurses]]
[[Category:People from Concord, California]]
[[Category:University of California, Davis alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century American actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century American actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American women]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American people]]
[[Category:21st-century African-American women]]
[[Category:21st-century African-American people]]
[[Category:African-American nurses]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:California Democrats]]
[[Category:African-American Catholics]]

Lidia Thorpe

2023-06-22T10:02:26Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.05b - Bot T20 CW#61 - Fix errors for CW project (Reference before punctuation)

{{short description|Australian politician (born 1973)}}
{{pp-blp|small=yes}}
{{Use Australian English|date=November 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Missing information|Thorpe's activities and responsibilities while in state and federal parliament|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox AM
| honorific_prefix = [[Australian Senate|Senator]]
| image = Lidia Thorpe 2020.png
| name = Lidia Thorpe
| honorific-suffix =
| successor1 =
| office1 = [[Australian Senate|Senator]] for [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]
| term_start1 = 4 September 2020
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Richard Di Natale]]
| office2 = [[Leaders of the Australian Greens#Deputy Leaders in the Senate|Deputy Leader of the Greens in the Senate]]
| term_start2 = 10 June 2022
| term_end2 = 20 October 2022
| leader2 = [[Adam Bandt]]
| predecessor2 = ''Office established''
| successor2 =
| office3 = Member of the [[Victorian Legislative Assembly]] for [[Electoral district of Northcote|Northcote]]
| term_start3 = 18 November 2017
| term_end3 = 24 November 2018
| predecessor3 = [[Fiona Richardson]]
| successor3 = [[Kat Theophanous]]
| birth_name = Lidia Alma Thorpe
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1973}}
| birth_place = [[Carlton, Victoria]], Australia
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]] (since 2023)
| otherparty = [[Australian Greens|Greens]] (until 2023)
| alma_mater =
| children = 3
| relatives = [[Alma Thorpe]] (grandmother)
| website =
}}
'''Lidia Alma Thorpe''' (born 1973) is an Australian independent politician. She has been a [[Australian Senate|senator]] for [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] since 2020 and is the first [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal]] senator from that state. She was a member of the [[Australian Greens]] until February 2023 when she quit the party over disagreements concerning the proposed [[Indigenous Voice to Parliament]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last1=Kolovos |first1=Benita |last2=Karp |first2=Paul |date=6 February 2023 |title=Senator Lidia Thorpe quits Greens party to pursue black sovereignty |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/feb/06/senator-lidia-thorpe-to-quit-australian-greens-party-independent-black-sovereignty-indigenous-voice-to-parliament |access-date=6 February 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206015845/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/feb/06/senator-lidia-thorpe-to-quit-australian-greens-party-independent-black-sovereignty-indigenous-voice-to-parliament |url-status=live }}</ref> She had also served as the Greens' deputy leader in the Senate from June to October 2022.

Thorpe has previously been a member of the [[Parliament of Victoria|Victorian Parliament]]. On winning the [[2017 Northcote state by-election|Northcote state by-election]] on 18 November 2017 she became the first known Aboriginal woman elected to the state's parliament and served as the member for the division of [[Electoral district of Northcote|Northcote]] in the [[Victorian Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from 2017 to 2018.<ref name=smh240422"/>

Thorpe has received media attention for her criticism of the legitimacy of Australian political institutions, which she views as stemming from colonialism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senator Lidia Thorpe makes international headlines after 'colonising Queen' oath |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/senator-lidia-thorpe-makes-international-headlines-after-colonising-queen-oath/ea1ffhmym |access-date=15 September 2022 |website=SBS |language=en |archive-date=15 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915155206/https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/senator-lidia-thorpe-makes-international-headlines-after-colonising-queen-oath/ea1ffhmym |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life and education ==
Lidia Alma Thorpe<ref name=abn>{{cite web | title=Historical details for ABN 65 868 640 208 | website=ABN Lookup | date=November 2014 | url=https://abr.business.gov.au/AbnHistory/View?id=65868640208 | access-date=2 August 2022 | archive-date=2 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802074728/https://abr.business.gov.au/AbnHistory/View?id=65868640208 | url-status=live }}</ref> was born in 1973 in [[Carlton, Victoria]]<ref name="parlbio">{{cite Au Parliament|mpid=280301|name=Senator Lidia Thorpe|access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="birthyear">{{cite news|last1=Wahlquist|first1=Calla|title=Lidia Thorpe 'finds her voice', the first Indigenous woman to do so in Victorian parliament|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/nov/29/lidia-thorpe-finds-her-voice-the-first-indigenous-woman-to-do-so-in-victorian-parliament|access-date=8 February 2018|work=The Guardian|date=29 November 2017|language=en|archive-date=8 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208123852/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/nov/29/lidia-thorpe-finds-her-voice-the-first-indigenous-woman-to-do-so-in-victorian-parliament|url-status=live}}</ref> to Roy Illingworth<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/breaking-news/senator-lidia-thorpe-hits-back-at-anthony-albanese-on-3am-video/news-story/8ffa2e6bb7bdacd273cba5c46f9f7236 |title=Lidia Thorpe's dad says she's racist against whites as she hits back after incident outside strip club |publisher=The Australian |date=21 April 2023 |website=The Australian |access-date=21 April 2023}}</ref> and Marjorie Thorpe.<ref name=smh240422">{{cite web |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/shouty-uninformed-ineffective-how-senator-lidia-thorpe-annoys-the-establishment-20220323-p5a73j.html |title='Shouty, uninformed, ineffective': How Senator Lidia Thorpe annoys the establishment |publisher=Sydney Morning Herald |date=24 April 2022 |website=smh.com.au |access-date=20 April 2023}}</ref> She is of [[English people|English]], [[Irish people|Irish]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/breaking-news/senator-lidia-thorpe-hits-back-at-anthony-albanese-on-3am-video/news-story/8ffa2e6bb7bdacd273cba5c46f9f7236 |title=Lidia Thorpe's dad says she's racist against whites as she hits back after incident outside strip club |publisher=The Australian |date=21 April 2023 |website=The Australian |access-date=21 April 2023}}</ref> [[Djab wurrung|DjabWurrung]], [[Gunaikurnai people|Gunnai]] and [[Gunditjmara]] descent.<ref name="Greens">{{Cite web |title=Lidia Thorpe |url=https://greens.org.au/vic/person/lidia-thorpe |access-date=4 May 2022 |publisher=[[Australian Greens Victoria]] |language=en |archive-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114150419/https://greens.org.au/vic/person/lidia-thorpe |url-status=live }}</ref>

Thorpe grew up in [[Housing Commission of Victoria|Housing Commission]] flats in [[Collingwood, Victoria|Collingwood]] and went to Gold Street Primary School in [[Clifton Hill, Victoria|Clifton Hill]].<ref name=smh240422"/> She studied Year 7 at [[Fitzroy High School]], Year 8 at Collingwood High, returned to Fitzroy High for Year 9, but left soon afterwards, at the age of 14. She plays [[Australian rules football]] and [[netball]].<ref name=latimore2022/>

Her first job was working with her uncle [[Robbie Thorpe]] at the Koori Information Centre at 120 [[Gertrude Street]], Fitzroy, which at that time was "a hub of Black political activity".<ref name=smh240422"/> She says that from that day onwards, she has worked continuously, apart from six-month breaks when having babies.<ref name=latimore2022/>

She holds a Diploma of Community Development from [[Swinburne University of Technology]], a graduate certificate in [[public sector]] management and a Certificate IV Indigenous Leadership.<ref name=vicparl2021>{{cite re-member |title=Ms Lidia Thorpe |num2=127 | access-date=2 August 2022}}</ref>

She became a [[single mother]] at the age of 17.<ref name=latimore2022/>

==Early career==
Thorpe has worked as the Aboriginal employment adviser for the [[Municipal Association of Victoria]] and was president of the Lakes Entrance Basketball Association for three years.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} She has also been a member of the school council of the [[Nowa Nowa, Victoria|Nowa Nowa]] Primary School, a steering committee for Indigenous administrators and the [[Institute of Public Administration Australia]] (Victoria).{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} She worked as a [[project manager]] with the [[East Gippsland Shire Council]],<ref name=fellowship>{{cite news|url=https://indigenousfellowship.net.au/emerging-leaders/lidia-thorpe/|title=Lidia Thorpe: Emerging Leader 2008 - 2009|website=Indigenous Fellowship|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-date=12 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812151055/http://indigenousfellowship.net.au/emerging-leaders/lidia-thorpe/|url-status=live}}</ref> Indigenous manager at [[Centrelink]] and manager at [[Lake Tyers|Lake Tyers Aboriginal Training Centre]].<ref name=vicparl2021/>

Thorpe was the co-chair of the Victorian [[NAIDOC]] Committee from 2014 to 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vicnaidoc.com.au/the-committee|title=The Committee|access-date=5 April 2022|archive-date=2 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302225026/https://vicnaidoc.com.au/the-committee|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/elections/northcote-by-election-2017|last=Green|first=Antony|authorlink=Antony Green|title=2017 Northcote by-election|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|access-date=18 November 2017|archive-date=18 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118144352/http://www.abc.net.au/news/elections/northcote-by-election-2017/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/northcote-byelection-greens-pick-their-woman-for-key-battle-of-the-north-20170911-gyez5c.html|title=Northcote by-election: Greens pick their woman for key battle of the north|last1=Towell|first1=Noel|last2=Preiss|first2=Benjamin|newspaper=[[The Age]]|date=11 September 2017|access-date=18 November 2017|archive-date=14 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114233925/http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/northcote-byelection-greens-pick-their-woman-for-key-battle-of-the-north-20170911-gyez5c.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=fellowship/>

In 2013, Thorpe was declared [[bankrupt]] with over {{AUD|700,000}} in debts, including monies owed to Indigenous Business Australia and {{AUD|55,000}} owed to the [[Australian Taxation Office]]. She said that her bankruptcy resulted from [[domestic violence]], stating "like many survivors of family violence, I ended up losing everything in a bid to protect myself and my family from an impossible situation".<ref name="bankruptcy">{{cite news |last1=Hore |first1=Monique |title=Greens Northcote candidate reveals abusive relationship led to her bankruptcy |url=https://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/greens-northcote-candidate-reveals-abusive-relationship-led-to-her-bankruptcy/news-story/0b53d6f348de3f5aaf783cf11c816d42 |access-date=5 September 2020 |work=Herald Sun |date=26 October 2017 |archive-date=31 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831102149/https://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/greens-northcote-candidate-reveals-abusive-relationship-led-to-her-bankruptcy/news-story/0b53d6f348de3f5aaf783cf11c816d42 |url-status=live }}</ref> Her ex-husband, who was an alcoholic, confirmed her account of the marriage breakdown.<ref name=smh240422"/> She was discharged from bankruptcy in 2016.<ref name=latimore2022/>

==Political career==
===Victorian Legislative Assembly===
[[File:JMP 6094 (46499665305).jpg|thumb|right|Thorpe at a rally in Melbourne in 2019]]

Thorpe won the seat of [[Electoral district of Northcote|Northcote]] at the [[2017 Northcote state by-election|2017 by-election]] on 18 November 2017 after receiving 45.22% of the primary vote, which became 50.93% after the distribution of preferences.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vec.vic.gov.au/Results/State2017/NorthcoteDistrict.html|title=Northcote District By-election 2017 : Northcote District|work=VEC|access-date=9 August 2018|archive-date=9 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809122905/https://www.vec.vic.gov.au/Results/State2017/NorthcoteDistrict.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She was sworn in as a member of parliament on 28 November 2017 and delivered her first speech to the assembly the following day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/first-aboriginal-woman-mp-lidia-thorpe-speaks-of-genocide-lingering-disadvantage-20171129-gzv2ms.html|title=State's first Aboriginal woman MP Lidia Thorpe speaks of genocide, lingering disadvantage|last1=Carey|first1=Adam|work=The Age|date=29 November 2017|access-date=29 November 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201161723/http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/first-aboriginal-woman-mp-lidia-thorpe-speaks-of-genocide-lingering-disadvantage-20171129-gzv2ms.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Raue|first=Ben|date=19 November 2017|title=Northcote byelection: Greens' Lidia Thorpe takes Melbourne seat from Labor|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/nov/19/northcote-byelection-greens-lidia-thorpe-takes-melbourne-seat-from-labor|access-date=19 November 2017|archive-date=19 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119000210/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/nov/19/northcote-byelection-greens-lidia-thorpe-takes-melbourne-seat-from-labor|url-status=live}}</ref>
Thorpe was the [[Australian Greens Victoria]] portfolio holder for Aboriginal Justice, Consumer Affairs, Skills and Training, Sport and Mental Health.<ref name="Greens"/><ref name=vicparl2021/>

In May 2018, she organised an historic gathering of [[Aboriginal elder|Aboriginal Elder]]s at the [[Parliament of Victoria]] to discuss the state's treaty processes.<ref name=smh240422"/> The meeting was organised as part of Thorpe's campaign to implement clan-based treaties, which would recognise the approximately 100 Aboriginal clans in Victoria. At the time, Thorpe said: "Our sovereignty and each of our language groups and our Clans must be clearly recognised in the government's treaty advancement legislation."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/nitv-news/article/2018/05/14/victorian-elders-call-clan-based-treaties-and-more-inclusion-process|title=Victorian Elders call for Clan-based treaties and more inclusion in process|work=NITV|last1=Hocking|first1=Rachel|date=14 May 2018|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815202151/https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/nitv-news/article/2018/05/14/victorian-elders-call-clan-based-treaties-and-more-inclusion-process|url-status=live}}</ref> The delegation of clan elders unanimously agreed to form an elders council. Thorpe supported the [[Victorian Government]]'s 2018 treaty bill, but stated that she would continue to push for clan sovereignty to be recognised as the treaty process advances.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theage.com.au/politics/victoria/victoria-passes-aboriginal-treaty-bill-20180621-p4zmzz.html |title=Victoria passes Aboriginal treaty bill |work=The Age |date=21 June 2018 |last1=Banger |first1=Marie |last2=Offer |first2=Kaitlyn |access-date=15 August 2018 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726152434/https://www.theage.com.au/politics/victoria/victoria-passes-aboriginal-treaty-bill-20180621-p4zmzz.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Thorpe lost her seat to Labor candidate [[Kat Theophanous]] at the [[2018 Victorian state election]],<ref name=florance/> with her term finishing on 19 December 2018.<ref name=vicparl2021/> She told ABC Radio Melbourne: "We need to have a good look at ourselves and have a review of what this election has done to our party, losing quite a considerable amount of Greens members." She said Labor ran a "dirty campaign" against her but conceded that negative coverage due to internal party scandals had also contributed to her defeat.<ref name=florance>{{cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-11-26/victorian-election-greens-need-to-take-good-look-lidia-thorpe/10553616 |title=Victorian election should prompt Greens to take a 'good look at ourselves', losing Northcote MP says |website=ABC News |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |last1=Florance |first1=Loretta |date=26 November 2018 |access-date=25 May 2018 |archive-date=26 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126062649/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-11-26/victorian-election-greens-need-to-take-good-look-lidia-thorpe/10553616 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Parliament of Australia===
[[File:Lidia Thorpe in Parliament 2020.jpg|thumb|Thorpe being sworn into parliament in October 2020]]
In June 2020, Thorpe was [[Preselection|preselected]] by [[Australian Greens Victoria|Victorian Greens]] members to fill the federal [[Australian Senate|Senate]] vacancy caused by former leader [[Richard Di Natale]]'s resignation.<ref name=June2020>{{Cite web|date=20 June 2020|title=Aboriginal activist Lidia Thorpe to replace Richard Di Natale as Greens senator for Victoria|last1=Cox|first1=Lisa|url=http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/jun/20/aboriginal-activist-lidia-thorpe-to-replace-richard-di-natale-as-greens-senator-for-victoria|access-date=20 June 2020|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=20 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620062117/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/jun/20/aboriginal-activist-lidia-thorpe-to-replace-richard-di-natale-as-greens-senator-for-victoria|url-status=live}}</ref> She was appointed to the vacancy at a joint sitting of the [[Parliament of Victoria|Victorian Parliament]] on 4 September and sworn in on 6 October 2020.<ref name=Appointment4September2020/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/BrettMasonNews/status/1313294977103847425|title=Senator @lidia__thorpe arrives on Ngunnawal and Ngambri Country carrying a Message Stick "memorialising the 441 First Nations people who have died in custody without justice" #auspol @SBSNews @NITV|work=SBS News|author=Brett Mason|publisher=Twitter|date=6 October 2020|access-date=6 October 2020|archive-date=6 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006101201/https://twitter.com/BrettMasonNews/status/1313294977103847425|url-status=live}}</ref> She is the first Aboriginal woman to represent Victoria in the Senate and is the first Aboriginal federal parliamentarian from the Greens.<ref name=June2020/><ref name=Appointment4September2020>{{cite web|url=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6911014/vic-endorses-thorpe-as-new-greens-senator/|work=The Canberra Times|date=4 September 2020|title=Vic endorses Thorpe as new Greens senator|last1=Osborne|first1=Paul|access-date=4 September 2020|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404043939/https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6911014/vic-endorses-thorpe-as-new-greens-senator/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the [[2022 Australian federal election|May 2022 federal election]], at which she was re-elected, Thorpe was elected by the Greens party room as the party's deputy leader in the Senate.<ref>{{Cite tweet|last=Bandt|first=Adam|author-link=Adam Bandt|user=adambandt|date=10 June 2022|number=1535136884690927616|title=I thank my colleagues for their strong and continued support. After our best election result ever, I am very excited to be the Leader of an expanded Greens Party Room & leadership team as we fight for action on climate and inequality.}}</ref><ref name="parlbio"/>

==== Resignation from Greens' deputy leadership ====
On 20 October 2022, Thorpe resigned from her position as Greens' deputy leader in the Senate, shortly after [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC News]] revealed that in 2021 she had dated the ex-president of the [[Rebels Motorcycle Club|Rebels outlaw bikie gang]], Dean Martin. At the time of the relationship, she had held the justice portfolio for the Greens and had been serving on the joint parliamentary law enforcement committee,{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} so had been privy to confidential briefings about bikie gangs and [[organised crime]]. Thorpe had not disclosed the relationship, and it was only revealed when her staff notified party leader Adam Bandt's office and an independent parliamentary authority. Her staff became aware of the relationship in mid-2021. In August 2021, when confidential law enforcement committee briefing documents concerning motorcycle gangs arrived in her office hours after Thorpe had met Martin. One of her staffers urged her to inform Bandt but she failed to do so.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} She told the staffer that "she was being really careful": she used [[encrypted]] social media to communicate with Martin. Conversations were deleted weekly, and they never met at either one's home. The matter was referred to the [[Australian Federal Police]]. Thorpe said that she continues to be friends with Martin.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/bombshell-as-bandt-seeks-greens-senators-mresignation/news-story/adf3151b217081f68291330ff6619e61
|title=Bombshell as Bandt seeks Greens senator's resignation |website=news.com.au |date=20 October 2022 |access-date=20 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-10-20/lidia-thorpe-undisclosed-relationship-ex-rebel-president/101553386 |title=Greens senator Lidia Thorpe admits to undisclosed relationship with ex-Rebels president Dean Martin while on law enforcement committee |website=ABC News |date=20 October 2022 |access-date=20 October 2022 |archive-date=20 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020014844/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-10-20/lidia-thorpe-undisclosed-relationship-ex-rebel-president/101553386 |url-status=live }}</ref> Martin had been president of the Rebels in Victoria, and had been charged and pleaded guilty to liquor offences in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Butcher |first=Steve |date=29 August 2013 |title=Rebels president Dean Martin pleads guilty to liquor offences |url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/rebels-president-dean-martin-pleads-guilty-to-liquor-offences-20130829-2ss9c.html |access-date=22 October 2022 |website=The Age |language=en |archive-date=22 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022061936/https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/rebels-president-dean-martin-pleads-guilty-to-liquor-offences-20130829-2ss9c.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following the revelations, Thorpe faced a censure motion in the Senate. [[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] senator [[Helen Polley]], the head of the joint parliamentary law enforcement committee, of which Thorpe had been a member, said, with regard to Thorpe's position as a senator: "She should consider if it's the right place for her".<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/lidia-thorpe-to-face-censure-motion-amid-calls-to-resign-from-senate-over-bikie-relationship/8kanukb8y |title= Lidia Thorpe to face censure motion amid calls to resign from Senate over bikie relationship |website= SBS News |date= 21 October 2022 |access-date= 22 October 2022 |archive-date= 21 October 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221021223428/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/lidia-thorpe-to-face-censure-motion-amid-calls-to-resign-from-senate-over-bikie-relationship/8kanukb8y |url-status= live }}</ref>

It was also reported on 20 October that following a complaint by one of her staff, the Department of Finance was reviewing the culture of Thorpe's office.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-10-20/bandt-asks-thorpe-to-resign-as-senate-deputy/101557298 |title=Greens senator Lidia Thorpe resigns as Senate deputy after undisclosed relationship with ex-bikie boss |website=ABC News |date=20 October 2022 |access-date=20 October 2022 |archive-date=20 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020031759/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-10-20/bandt-asks-thorpe-to-resign-as-senate-deputy/101557298 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 24 October, Thorpe referred herself to the Senate privileges committee.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lowrey |first=Tom |date=24 October 2022 |title=Lidia Thorpe refers herself to privileges committee over undisclosed relationship with former bikie boss |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-10-24/lidia-thorpe-refers-herself-privileges-committee-ex-bikie-boss/101570058 |access-date=24 October 2022 |archive-date=24 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024042406/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-10-24/lidia-thorpe-refers-herself-privileges-committee-ex-bikie-boss/101570058 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2023, a parliamentary investigation cleared Thorpe of contempt of parliament.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-03-07/senate-probe-clears-lidia-thorpe-of-contempt-of-parliament/102066122 | title=Senate probe clears Lidia Thorpe of contempt over undisclosed relationship | newspaper=ABC News | date=7 March 2023 | access-date=7 March 2023 | archive-date=7 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307224235/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-03-07/senate-probe-clears-lidia-thorpe-of-contempt-of-parliament/102066122 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Resignation from the Greens ====
On 6 February 2023, Thorpe announced that she would resign from the Greens to become an independent senator, sitting on the crossbench, over disagreements concerning the proposed Indigenous Voice to Parliament.<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2023 |title=Indigenous Voice to parliament updates LIVE: Lidia Thorpe quits Greens over Voice division |url=https://www.afr.com/politics/federal/australia-should-prepare-for-chinese-spy-balloons-20230206-p5ci3n |access-date=6 February 2023 |website=Australian Financial Review |language=en |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206020117/https://www.afr.com/politics/federal/australia-should-prepare-for-chinese-spy-balloons-20230206-p5ci3n |url-status=live }}</ref> In a statement, Thorpe stated that "This country has a strong grassroots [[Australian Indigenous Sovereignty|black sovereign]] movement. Full of staunch and committed warriors and I want to represent that movement fully in this Parliament. It has become clear to me, that I can't do that from within the Greens."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/lidia-thorpe-quits-greens-over-voice-to-parliament/6f80zr453|title=Lidia Thorpe quits Greens over Voice to Parliament|work=SBS News|date=6 February 2023|access-date=6 February 2023|archive-date=6 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206021503/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/lidia-thorpe-quits-greens-over-voice-to-parliament/6f80zr453|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Ongoing roles and interests==
Thorpe is or has been the delegate for the Lakes Entrance Aboriginal Education Consultative Group, the Victorian representative to the National Advisory Committee for [[The Smith Family (charity)|The Smith Family]] and co-chair of the Victorian [[NAIDOC]] Committee.<ref name=fellowship/>

== Activism ==
Thorpe has supported the ''Pay the Rent'' campaign, which calls on non-Aboriginal Australians to voluntarily pay [[Reparation (legal)|reparations]] through an organisation of the same name.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/pay-the-rent-invasion-day-protesters-urged-to-hand-over-cash-at-march-20200121-p53tdr.html |title='Pay the rent': Invasion Day protesters urged to hand over cash at march |last=Cowie |first=Tom |publisher=The Age |date=21 January 2020 |accessdate=17 January 2023 |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117140726/https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/pay-the-rent-invasion-day-protesters-urged-to-hand-over-cash-at-march-20200121-p53tdr.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Thorpe has been critical of the ''[[Uluru Statement from the Heart]]'', believing there should be a [[Indigenous treaties in Australia|treaty]] before an [[Indigenous voice to government]]. Thorpe led a walk-out of the Uluru convention, believing that it was "hijacked by Aboriginal corporations and establishment appointments and did not reflect the aspirations of ordinary Indigenous people".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Grand |first1=Chip Le |title=Without treaty, incoming senator can't feel part of 'Team Australia' |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/without-treaty-incoming-senator-can-t-feel-part-of-team-australia-20200625-p55649.html |access-date=5 September 2020 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=25 June 2020 |language=en |archive-date=10 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200910211804/https://www.smh.com.au/national/without-treaty-incoming-senator-can-t-feel-part-of-team-australia-20200625-p55649.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On [[Australia Day]] 2019, an inaugural dawn service organised by Thorpe was held at the [[Kings Domain Resting Place]] as a [[Day of Mourning (Australia)|day of mourning]] and reflection on the [[colonisation of Australia]] with Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people in attendance for the ceremony.<ref name="Wahlquistov">{{cite news|last=Wahlquist|first=Calla|title='Overwhelmed': Hundreds attend first dawn service to be held on Australia Day|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/jan/26/overwhelmed-hundreds-attend-first-dawn-service-to-be-held-on-australia-day|work=The Guardian|date=26 January 2019|access-date=16 February 2021|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107232218/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/jan/26/overwhelmed-hundreds-attend-first-dawn-service-to-be-held-on-australia-day |archive-date=7 November 2020}}</ref>

Thorpe was removed from the [[Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras]] parade on 25 February 2023 when she had laid down in front of a float in protest against the presence of police.<ref name="HildebrandtABC">{{cite news |last1=Hildebrandt |first1=Carla |title=Federal senator Lidia Thorpe halts Sydney's Mardi Gras parade with police protest |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-02-26/federal-senator-lidia-thorpe-removed-from-parade/102024664 |access-date=26 February 2023 |work=ABC News |archive-date=26 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226005157/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-02-26/federal-senator-lidia-thorpe-removed-from-parade/102024664 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2023, footage emerged of Thorpe being tackled to the ground by a police officer while attending a demonstration outside of [[Parliament House, Canberra|Parliament House]]. Thorpe was part of a group countering an anti-transgender rights rally which included activist [[Kellie-Jay Keen-Minshull]] at Parliament House. Australian Attorney-General [[Mark Dreyfus]] is believed to be investigating the matter, having sought advice from the commissioner of the Australian Federal Police regarding the matter.<ref name="ThompsonTheAge">{{cite news |last1=Thompson |first1=Angus |title=Senator Lidia Thorpe clashes with police at anti-trans rally |url=https://www.theage.com.au/politics/federal/senator-lidia-thorpe-clashes-with-police-at-anti-trans-rally-20230323-p5cunr.html |access-date=23 March 2023 |work=The Age |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323030920/https://www.theage.com.au/politics/federal/senator-lidia-thorpe-clashes-with-police-at-anti-trans-rally-20230323-p5cunr.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Thorpe alleged the treatment by police constituted [[assault]] and the [[Minister for Indigenous Australians]], [[Linda Burney]], said the incident was “disturbing and concerning”.<ref>{{cite news |author=Paul Karp |agency= |title=Lidia Thorpe's treatment at anti-trans rally 'disturbing and concerning', Linda Burney says |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/mar/24/lidia-thorpe-treatment-at-anti-trans-rally-disturbing-and-concerning-linda-burney-says |quote= |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=24 March 2023 |access-date=4 April 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404034858/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/mar/24/lidia-thorpe-treatment-at-anti-trans-rally-disturbing-and-concerning-linda-burney-says |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Award==
Thorpe was awarded the Fellowship for Indigenous Leadership in 2008.<ref name=fellowship/>

== Personal life and family ==
Thorpe's grandmother, [[Alma Thorpe]], was one of the founders of the Victorian Aboriginal Health Service<ref name=2011_Vic_AHR>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vic.gov.au/aboriginalvictoria/community-engagement/leadership-programs/aboriginal-honour-roll/2011-victorian-aboriginal-honour-roll/alma-thorpe.html|title=2011 Victorian Aboriginal Honour Roll - Alma Thorpe|date=2012|publisher=State Government of Victoria|access-date=6 December 2017|archive-date=6 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206204014/https://www.vic.gov.au/aboriginalvictoria/community-engagement/leadership-programs/aboriginal-honour-roll/2011-victorian-aboriginal-honour-roll/alma-thorpe.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/new-greens-mp-lidia-thorpes-long-road-from-nowa-nowa-to-northcote-20171119-gzodm6.html|title=New Greens MP Lidia Thorpe's long road from Nowa Nowa to Northcote|newspaper=The Age|date=19 November 2017|last1=Carey|first1=Adam|access-date=19 November 2017|archive-date=22 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122114820/http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/new-greens-mp-lidia-thorpes-long-road-from-nowa-nowa-to-northcote-20171119-gzodm6.html|url-status=live}}</ref> in 1973, the year of Lidia's birth, and was also involved in the setting up of the [[Aboriginal Tent Embassy]].<ref name=smh240422"/> Her mother, Marjorie Thorpe, was a co-commissioner for the [[Stolen Generations]] inquiry<ref name=smh240422"/> that produced the ''[[Bringing Them Home]]'' report in the 1990s and later a member of the [[Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation]], and a preselected Greens federal candidate for [[Division of Gippsland|Gippsland]].<ref name=latimore2022>{{cite web | last=Latimore | first=Jack | title='Shouty, uninformed, ineffective': How Senator Lidia Thorpe annoys the establishment | website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] | date=23 April 2022 | url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/shouty-uninformed-ineffective-how-senator-lidia-thorpe-annoys-the-establishment-20220323-p5a73j.html | access-date=2 August 2022 | archive-date=2 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802203258/https://www.smh.com.au/national/shouty-uninformed-ineffective-how-senator-lidia-thorpe-annoys-the-establishment-20220323-p5a73j.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Both Alma and her mother, Edna Brown, were [[Koori]] activists in [[Footscray, Victoria|Footscray]] and [[Collingwood, Victoria|Collingwood]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} Edna had been forcibly moved out of [[Framlingham Aboriginal Reserve]] in 1932, aged 15, before becoming a community activist.<ref name=latimore2022/> Edna was married to James Brown, of Scottish/Australian descent.

Thorpe's sister is Meriki Onus, who co-founded the Warriors of Aboriginal Resistance (WAR) collective that was a driving force behind the [[Australian Aboriginal Sovereignty]] movement.<ref name=latimore2022/>

Her uncle is activist [[Robbie Thorpe]], who is linked to some of the earliest struggles for [[Aboriginal Australian self-determination]], and also involved with the Pay The Rent campaign.<ref name=latimore2022/>

Thorpe has three children<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lidiathorpe.com/about/|title=Lidia Thorpe website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621191237/http://lidiathorpe.com/about/|archive-date=21 June 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Greens"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/chamber/hansards/b97b0bb9-8120-4b6a-b093-173728d144de/toc_pdf/Senate_2020_12_02_8384.pdf;fileType=application%2Fpdf|title=Senate Hansard - Wednesday, 2 December 2020|date=2 December 2020|publisher=Parliament of Australia|access-date=3 December 2020|archive-date=3 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703013411/https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/chamber/hansards/b97b0bb9-8120-4b6a-b093-173728d144de/toc_pdf/Senate_2020_12_02_8384.pdf;fileType=application%2Fpdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and {{as of|April 2022|lc=yes}} has four grandchildren.<ref name=latimore2022/>

Thorpe was reportedly in a relationship with Gavan McFadzean, manager of the Climate Change and Clean Energy Program at the [[Australian Conservation Foundation]], from 2019 to 2022.<ref name =9newsfb>{{cite web | title=Jilted partner of firebrand senator Lidia Thorpe found out she had an affair with a bikie from news | website=9 Breaking News | date=20 October 2022 | url=https://9breakingnews.com/jilted-partner-of-firebrand-senator-lidia-thorpe-found-out-she-had-an-affair-with-a-bikie-from-news/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020230440/https://9breakingnews.com/jilted-partner-of-firebrand-senator-lidia-thorpe-found-out-she-had-an-affair-with-a-bikie-from-news/ | archive-date=20 October 2022 | url-status=live | access-date=23 October 2022}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
In a speech to Parliament in May 2021, Thorpe commented negatively on new bail laws being introduced into the Northern Territory and made an assumption that the [[Attorney-General of the Northern Territory]] was a white male. The attorney-general, [[Selena Uibo]], was an Aboriginal woman.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Heaney |first1=Chelsea |date=13 May 2021 |title=NT Attorney-General slams speech from Greens Senator that assumed she was a man who 'hopefully' was white |language=en-AU |work=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-05-13/nt-selena-uibo-lydia-thorpe-youth-justice-bail-law/100136066 |url-status=live |access-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513153107/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-05-13/nt-selena-uibo-lydia-thorpe-youth-justice-bail-law/100136066 |archive-date=13 May 2021}}</ref> Uibo stated that Thorpe was not qualified to speak on the Northern Territory's issues.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2021 |title=NT Attorney-General slams speech from Greens Senator that assumed she was a man who 'hopefully' was white |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-05-13/nt-selena-uibo-lydia-thorpe-youth-justice-bail-law/100136066 |url-status=live |access-date=20 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514192104/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-05-13/nt-selena-uibo-lydia-thorpe-youth-justice-bail-law/100136066 |archive-date=14 May 2021}}</ref>

In December 2021, Thorpe interjected to Liberal senator [[Hollie Hughes (politician)|Hollie Hughes]] "at least I keep my legs shut", during a Senate discussion about people living with disabilities. When challenged on the remark, Thorpe told the Chamber: "I just got a view of something over there that disturbed me. But I’m happy to retract.” Hughes believed the statement was in reference to her autistic son, and was reportedly left in tears.<ref>{{cite web |date=2 December 2021 |title=Greens Senator Lidia Thorpe accused of 'legs shut' gibe at Liberal colleague |url=https://www.news.com.au/national/politics/greens-senator-lidia-thorpe-accused-of-legs-shut-gibe-at-liberal-colleague/news-story/0c9d7e078ab0cd95a2b266b06953a4f0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202120712/https://www.news.com.au/national/politics/greens-senator-lidia-thorpe-accused-of-legs-shut-gibe-at-liberal-colleague/news-story/0c9d7e078ab0cd95a2b266b06953a4f0 |archive-date=2 December 2021 |access-date=3 December 2021 |website=news.com.au}}</ref> Later in the evening, Thorpe admitted to "inappropriate remarks" and apologised, but denied any reference to Hughes's son.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/dec/02/greens-senator-lidia-thorpe-apologises-for-disgusting-comment-directed-at-liberal-hollie-hughes Greens senator Lidia Thorpe apologises for ‘disgusting’ comment directed at Liberal Hollie Hughes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227095129/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/dec/02/greens-senator-lidia-thorpe-apologises-for-disgusting-comment-directed-at-liberal-hollie-hughes|date=27 February 2023}}; theguardian, 2 December 2021</ref>

In December 2021, following a fire that damaged the [[Old Parliament House, Canberra|Old Parliament House]] in Canberra, Thorpe was criticised for tweeting "Seems like the colonial system is burning down. Happy New Year everyone #AlwayswasAlwayswillBeAboriginalLand". The tweet was criticised by members of both the [[Coalition (Australia)|Coalition]] and [[Australian Labor Party]]. Thorpe deleted the tweet an hour later.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Alex |date=31 December 2021 |title=Probe into Old Parliament fire underway |work=[[Canberra Times]] |location=[[Canberra, Australian Capital Territory]] |url=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7567106/probe-into-old-parliament-fire-underway/ |url-status=live |access-date=9 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908235736/https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7567106/probe-into-old-parliament-fire-underway/ |archive-date=8 September 2022}}</ref>

In a June 2022 interview, Thorpe said she was there to 'infiltrate' the Australian parliament and that the [[Australian flag]] had "no permission to be here". Senator [[Jacinta Nampijinpa Price]] denounced Thorpe's comments and called for her dismissal from parliament.<ref name="Graham">{{Cite news |last=Graham |first=Ben |date=23 June 2022 |title=Greens senator Lidia Thorpe said she is 'here to infiltrate' Australia's parliament |website=news.com.au |url=https://www.news.com.au/national/politics/greens-senator-lidia-thorpe-said-she-is-here-to-infiltrate-australias-parliament/news-story/6d16a6a660f7f55612e20455d28d9fc8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623064536/https://www.news.com.au/national/politics/greens-senator-lidia-thorpe-said-she-is-here-to-infiltrate-australias-parliament/news-story/6d16a6a660f7f55612e20455d28d9fc8 |archive-date=23 June 2022}}</ref>

Thorpe gained media attention during her swearing-in ceremony. She added the words "the colonising" in the required [[Oath of Allegiance (Australia)|Oath of Allegiance]] to [[Queen Elizabeth II]] by saying "I swear by Almighty God that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to ''the colonising'' Her Majesty Elizabeth the Second, Queen of Australia, Her heirs and successors according to law." Thorpe was immediately criticised by fellow senators. After an instruction by Labor Senate president [[Sue Lines]] and interjections from others that the oath must be taken word-by-word, Thorpe recited the pledge once more, this time omitting the two words.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2022 |title=Australian senator Lidia Thorpe calls the Queen a 'coloniser' in mandatory oath of allegiance for parliament |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/australia-senator-lidia-thorpe-queen-coloniser-oath-alleigence-1772330 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801200039/https://inews.co.uk/news/world/australia-senator-lidia-thorpe-queen-coloniser-oath-alleigence-1772330 |archive-date=1 August 2022 |access-date=1 August 2022 |website=inews.co.uk |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Butler">{{Cite news |last=Butler |first=Josh |date=1 August 2022 |title=Australian senator calls the Queen a coloniser while being sworn in to parliament |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/aug/01/australian-greens-senator-lidia-thorpe-calls-queen-coloniser-while-being-sworn-into-parliament |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801202621/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/aug/01/australian-greens-senator-lidia-thorpe-calls-queen-coloniser-while-being-sworn-into-parliament |archive-date=1 August 2022}}</ref>

On 16 April 2023, footage emerged of Thorpe in a verbal altercation with men outside a Melbourne strip club.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 April 2023 |title=Senator Lidia Thorpe in heated exchange outside strip club |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/senator-lidia-thorpe-in-heated-exchange-outside-strip-club-20230416-p5d0w9.html |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=smh.com |publisher=Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> Thorpe claimed the men provoked the altercation,<ref>{{Cite web |last=McMillan |first=Ashleigh |date=16 April 2023 |title=Senator Lidia Thorpe in heated exchange outside strip club |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/senator-lidia-thorpe-in-heated-exchange-outside-strip-club-20230416-p5d0w9.html |access-date=22 April 2023 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> while the manager of the club claimed she provoked the incident by approaching white patrons and telling them they'd stolen her land.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 April 2023 |title=Senator Lidia Thorpe's strip club stoush |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ky2AxUDRXJ4 |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=youtube.com |publisher=7NEWS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 April 2023 |title=Lidia Thorpe says prime minister trying to undermine her following strip club altercation |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-04-20/thorpe-says-pm-undermining-her-over-strip-club-altercation/102248466 |access-date=21 April 2023}}</ref>

During a parliamentary hearing, Thorpe walked out of a Senate Estimates hearing after being called a "disgrace to her people" by Labor's assistant minister for Indigenous Australians [[Malarndirri McCarthy]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sakkal |first1=Paul |title=Thorpe storms out of Senate hearing after Labor MP calls her a ‘disgrace to her people’ |url=https://www.theage.com.au/politics/federal/thorpe-storms-out-of-senate-hearing-after-labor-mp-calls-her-a-disgrace-to-her-people-20230524-p5db1c.html |access-date=24 May 2023 |work=The Age |date=24 May 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 14 June 2023 Thorpe gained media attention after she accused Senator [[David Van]] of "sexual assaulting" her during parliament. Mr Van has denied the allegations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2023 |title=Lidia Thorpe withdraws claim against senator |url=https://www.9news.com.au/national/lidia-thorpe-accuses-liberal-senator-david-van-sexual-assault-harassment/918e8516-d114-44e5-9e24-8674f5427768 |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=www.9news.com.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2023 |title=Lidia Thorpe tells Senate she was 'inappropriately touched' in parliament |url=https://www.9news.com.au/national/liberal-senator-david-van-denies-lidia-thorpe-allegations/8872ca7d-549d-41dd-99ad-9e02f90c21cf |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=www.9news.com.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=readJune 15 |first=Heloise VyasDigital Reporter2 min |last2=2023 - 5:30pm |date=15 June 2023 |title='F*** off': Thorpe fires at Hanson after explosive sexual abuse claims |url=https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/politics/f-off-lidia-thorpe-fires-at-pauline-hanson-in-senate-after-explosive-revelation-of-alleged-sexual-abuse-in-parliament-house/news-story/6129936b915b7a1a56cf2947c1f13aa7 |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=skynews |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://indigenousx.com.au/daniel-james-lidia-thorpe-member-for-northcote/ IndigenousX]

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|au-vic-la}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Fiona Richardson]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member for [[Electoral district of Northcote|Northcote]]|years=2017–2018}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Kat Theophanous]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Australian Senators}}
{{Current Senate crossbench}}
{{Portal bar|Australia|Politics|2020s}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thorpe, Lidia}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Australian Greens members of the Parliament of Victoria]]
[[Category:Women members of the Australian Senate]]
[[Category:Members of the Australian Senate]]
[[Category:Members of the Australian Senate for Victoria]]
[[Category:Indigenous Australian politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Australian women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Australian politicians]]
[[Category:Australian indigenous rights activists]]
[[Category:Women human rights activists]]
[[Category:Women members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Australian Greens members of the Parliament of Australia]]
[[Category:Australian socialists]]
[[Category:Australian republicans]]
[[Category:People from Collingwood, Victoria]]
[[Category:Politicians from Melbourne]]
[[Category:Gunaikurnai people]]
[[Category:Anti-monarchists]]

Agnès Martin-Lugand

2023-06-20T05:25:53Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.05b - Catégorie:Page utilisant des liens magiques ISBN - Correction syntaxique (Lien magique ISBN obsolète - Espace insécable)

{{Infobox Biographie2|charte=écrivain}}
'''Agnès Martin-Lugand''' est une [[Romancier|romancière]] [[France|française]] née le {{Date de naissance|22 7 1979|en littérature}} à [[Saint-Malo]] en [[Ille-et-Vilaine]] ([[Bretagne]]).

== Biographie ==
Psychologue de formation, Agnès Martin-Lugand s'est tournée vers l'écriture et a publié un premier roman ''[[Les gens heureux lisent et boivent du café]]'' en [[auto-édition]] sur la plate-forme [[Amazon Kindle|Kindle]] d'[[Amazon.com]], le {{Date|25 décembre 2012|en littérature}}, après avoir suivi un accompagnement littéraire avec l'écrivain [[Laurent Bettoni]]<ref>{{Lien web |auteur=Charlie Bregman |titre=Quand Agnès Martin-Lugand écrit et boit du café |url=http://www.auteursindependants.com/quand-agnes-martin-lugand-ecrit-et-boit-du-cafe-a120998788 |site=auteursindependants.com}}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Lien web |auteur=Chrystel Chabert |titre=Le premier roman autoédité d'Agnès Martin-Lugand, un joli succès numérique |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/culture/livres/roman/le-premier-roman-auto-edite-d-agnes-martin-lugand-un-joli-succes-numerique_3307441.html |site=francetvinfo.fr}}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://chrisimon.com/pourquoi-en-numerique-entretien-avec-agnes-martin-lugand-auteure/|titre=Entretien avec Agnès Martin-Lugand, auteure|auteur=Chris Simon|date=18 janvier 2013|site=Chrisimon.com|consulté le=15 mars 2018}}.</ref>.

Vite repérée par des [[blog]]ueurs [[Littérature|littéraires]] proches du milieu de l'auto-édition<ref>La Bauge littéraire, [http://postlucemtenebrae.eu/agnes-martin-lugand-les-gens-heureux-lisent-et-boivent-du-cafe/ Agnès Martin-Lugand, Les gens heureux lisent et boivent du café ].</ref>, elle est finalement publiée par les [[éditions Michel Lafon]]<ref>Aurélie Gaillot, [https://web.archive.org/web/20180316151843/https://interviews-decalees.net/agnes-martin-lugand-linterview/ Interviews décalées], 2013.</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Lien web| auteur = Emilie Rivenq| titre = Les gens heureux lisent et boivent du café de Agnes Martin-lugand - Livre Roman - Elle| date = 4 juillet 2013| url = https://www.elle.fr/Loisirs/Livres/Genre/Roman/Les-gens-heureux-lisent-et-boivent-du-cafe| site = [[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]| consulté le = 10 octobre 2019}}.</ref>.

En 2019, parait une adaptation de ''Les gens heureux lisent et boivent du café'' en [[roman graphique]] avec le concours de [[Véronique Grisseaux]] (scénariste) et de la dessinatrice [[Cécile Bidault]], toujours chez l'éditeur Michel Lafon<ref>{{Lien web
| auteur = Rédaction
| titre = Les gens heureux en BD
| date = 9 novembre 2018
| url =https://www.livreshebdo.fr/article/les-gens-heureux-en-bd
| site = [[Livres Hebdo]]
}}.</ref>.

Son deuxième roman, ''[[Entre mes mains le bonheur se faufile]]'', est publié en 2014<ref>{{Lien web | auteur =[[Valérie Trierweiler]] | titre = Jusqu'au bout de ses rêves | date = 8 juillet 2014 | url =http://www.parismatch.com/Chroniques/Valerie-Trierweiler/Jusqu-au-bout-de-ses-reves-573991 | site = [[Paris-Match]]
}}.</ref> ; puis paraissent ''[[La vie est facile, ne t'inquiète pas|La vie est facile, ne t’inquiète pas]]'' — la suite des ''Gens heureux…'' — (2015), ''[[Désolée, je suis attendue]]'' (2016), ''J'ai toujours cette musique dans la tête'' (2017), ''[[À la lumière du petit matin]]'' (2018)<ref>vingt-sixième livre le plus vendu en France en 2018 : {{Lien web|langue=fr|titre=Hollande, Nothomb, Musso... Le déjeuner des best-sellers|url=https://www.lexpress.fr/culture/hollande-nothomb-musso-le-dejeuner-des-best-sellers_2060046.html|site=LExpress.fr|date=2019-02-04|consulté le=2020-05-18}}.</ref>, ''[[Une évidence]]'' (2019) et ''Nos résiliences'' (mai 2020). Depuis 2017, Agnès Martin-Lugand participe aux recueils collectifs [[13 à table !|''Treize à table'']] chez Pocket, édités au profit des [[Les Restos du cœur|Restos du cœur]].

Elle a vendu plus de 3 millions d’exemplaires de ses romans en France et à l’étranger<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre=Présidente de Lire à Limoges, Agnès Martin-Lugand dévoilera son roman secret|url=https://www.actualitte.com/article/culture-arts-lettres/presidente-de-lire-a-limoges-agnes-martin-lugand-devoilera-son-roman-secret/98898|site=www.actualitte.com|consulté le=2020-05-22}}.</ref>. En 2020, elle figure pour la troisième fois au palmarès des dix best-sellers de ''L’Express''<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr|titre=Hollande, Nothomb, Musso... Le déjeuner des best-sellers|url=https://www.lexpress.fr/culture/hollande-nothomb-musso-le-dejeuner-des-best-sellers_2060046.html|site=LExpress.fr|date=2019-02-04|consulté le=2020-05-22}}.</ref>, aux côtés d’[[Amélie Nothomb]], [[Sylvain Tesson]], [[Karine Tuil]] ou encore [[Michel Houellebecq]]… et est publiée dans plus de 30 langues différentes<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr|titre=Le 8e roman d'Agnès Martin-Lugand|url=https://www.livreshebdo.fr/article/le-8e-roman-dagnes-martin-lugand|site=Livres Hebdo|consulté le=2020-05-22}}.</ref>.

Elle a été marraine de la Fête du livre de Saint-Étienne en 2016<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr|nom1=lessor42.fr|titre=Agnès Martin-Lugand, marraine de la Fête du livre de Saint-Étienne : « Je vis une aventure extraordinaire»|url=https://www.lessor42.fr/agnes-martin-lugand-marraine-de-la-fete-du-livre-de-saint-etienne-je-vis-une-aventure-extraordinaire-16541.html|site=L'Essor Loire|consulté le=2020-05-18}}.</ref>, membre du jury du prix littéraire Régine-Deforges en 2018 et 2019, et présidente du jury du prix littéraire Aufeminin.com<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr|titre=Découvrez le jury du prix littéraire e-crire aufeminin 2018 !|url=https://www.aufeminin.com/livres-a-lire/decouvrez-le-jury-du-prix-litteraire-e-crire-aufeminin-2018-s2939144.html|site=aufeminin|date=2018-11-08|consulté le=2020-05-18}}.</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr|titre=Découvrez le jury du prix littéraire aufeminin 2019 !|url=https://www.aufeminin.com/livres-a-lire/decouvrez-le-jury-du-prix-litteraire-aufeminin-2019-s4006227.html|site=aufeminin|date=2019-10-29|consulté le=2020-05-18}}.</ref>.

== Thèmes ==
Dans ses romans, Agnès Martin-Lugand aborde divers sujets de société qui lui tiennent à cœur : le deuil (''Les gens heureux lisent et boivent du café'')<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre=Critique "Les gens heureux lisent et boivent du café" d'Agnes Martin-Lugand|url=https://www.justfocus.fr/arts/litterature/critique-les-gens-heureux-lisent-et-boivent-du-cafe-dagnes-martin-lugand-un-roman-leger-et-riche-en-emotions.html|date=2020-04-06|consulté le=2020-05-22}}.</ref>, la reconstruction (''La vie est facile, ne t’inquiète pas'')<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr|titre=Agnès Martin-Lugand : "La vie est facile, ne t'inquiète pas"|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-livre-du-jour/agnes-martin-lugand-la-vie-est-facile-ne-t-inquiete-pas_1779443.html|site=Franceinfo|date=2015-06-01|consulté le=2020-05-22}}</ref>, les choix de vie et l’accomplissement (''Entre mes mains le bonheur se faufile'')<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|nom1=Martin-Lug|prénom1=Agnès|nom2=Autour|prénom2=Confidences|titre=Agnès Martin-Lugand : confidences autour de son nouveau roman {{!}} ParlonsInfo|url=http://www.parlonsinfo.fr/culture/2014/06/11/agnes-martin-lugand-confidences-autour-de-son-nouveau-roman/#sthash.f5mi4WWC.dpbs|consulté le=2020-05-22}}.</ref>, l’addiction au travail (''Désolée, je suis attendue'')<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre=Agnès Martin-Lugand, une auteure toujours aussi attendue|url=https://www.paris-normandie.fr/region/agnes-martin-lugand-une-auteure-toujours-aussi-attendue-JL5519139|site=www.paris-normandie.fr|consulté le=2020-05-22}}</ref>, l’ambition (''J’ai toujours cette musique dans la tête'')<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|nom1=à 16h11|prénom1=Par S. B. Le 16 avril 2017|titre=Le livre du jour : la musique douce d'Agnès Martin-Lugand|url=http://www.leparisien.fr/culture-loisirs/livres/le-livre-du-jour-la-musique-douce-d-agnes-martin-lugand-16-04-2017-6858048.php|site=leparisien.fr|date=2017-04-16|consulté le=2020-05-22}}.</ref>, l’adultère (''À la lumière du petit matin'')<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr|titre=Agnès Martin-Lugand : "Je voulais montrer qu’une maîtresse est aussi une femme en souffrance"|url=https://www.lci.fr/livre/a-la-lumiere-du-petit-matin-livre-roman-agnes-martin-lugand-je-voulais-montrer-qu-une-maitresse-est-aussi-une-femme-en-souffrance-2086166.html|site=LCI|consulté le=2020-05-22}}.</ref>, les secrets de famille (''Une évidence'')<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr|nom1=Match|prénom1=Paris|titre=Agnès Martin-Lugand : secrets salés|url=https://www.parismatch.com/Culture/Livres/Agnes-Martin-Lugand-secrets-sales-1618077|site=parismatch.com|consulté le=2020-05-22}}.</ref>…

== Romans ==

* [[2013 en littérature|2013]] : ''[[Les gens heureux lisent et boivent du café]]'', [[Éditions Michel Lafon]] {{ISBN|978-2-749-91998-0}}
* [[2014 en littérature|2014]] : ''[[Entre mes mains le bonheur se faufile]]'', Éditions Michel Lafon {{ISBN|978-2-749-92209-6}}
* [[2015 en littérature|2015]] : ''[[La vie est facile, ne t'inquiète pas]]'', Éditions Michel Lafon {{ISBN|978-2-749-92386-4}}
* [[2016 en littérature|2016]] : ''[[Désolée, je suis attendue]]'', Éditions Michel Lafon {{ISBN|978-2-749-92387-1}}
* [[2017 en littérature|2017]] : ''J'ai toujours cette musique dans la tête'', Éditions Michel Lafon {{ISBN|978-2-749-92901-9}}<ref>{{Lien web|langue=ru-RU|titre=Мартен-Люган Аньес — ТОП КНИГ|url=http://top-knig.ru/marten-lyugan-anes/|site=top-knig.ru|consulté le=2017-02-01}}.</ref>
* [[2018 en littérature|2018]] : ''[[À la lumière du petit matin]]'', Éditions Michel Lafon {{ISBN|978-2-749-92902-6}}
* [[2019 en littérature|2019]] : ''[[Une évidence]]'', Éditions Michel Lafon {{ISBN|978-2-7499-3477-8}}
* [[2020 en littérature|2020]] : ''Nos résiliences'', Éditions Michel Lafon {{ISBN|978-2-7499-3478-5}}
* 2021 : ''La Datcha'', Éditions Michel Lafon {{ISBN|978-2-7499-4163-9}}<ref>{{Lien web |langue=fr-FR |titre=Agnès Martin-Lugand nous fait explorer "La Datcha" dans son nouveau roman |url=https://www.rtl.fr/culture/arts-spectacles/agnes-martin-lugand-nous-fait-explorer-la-datcha-dans-son-nouveau-roman-7900011512 |site=RTL.fr |consulté le=2021-03-26}}.</ref>
* 2022 : ''La Déraison'', Éditions Michel Lafon {{ISBN|9782749941646}} édition audio {{ISBN|9791036618772}}

== Nouvelles ==
* 2016 : ''Merci la maîtresse'', dans ''[[13 à table ! 2017]]'', Paris, Pocket, n° 16745, {{date-|novembre 2016}}, {{p.|163-190}}. {{ISBN|978-2-266-27126-4}}<ref>{{Lien web
| url = https://www.athenaeum.com/livre/10127761-13-a-table-2017-collectif-pocket
| titre = 13 à table !
| auteur = Athenaeum de la vigne et du vin
| site = athenaeum.com
| consulté le = 24 août 2018
}}.</ref>
* 2017 : ''Le monde est petit'', dans ''[[13 à table !]] 2018''. Paris, Pocket n° 17059, novembre 2017. {{ISBN|978-2-266-27952-9}}
* 2021 : ''Le Coup de folie des vacances'', dans ''[[13 à table !]] 2022'', Paris, Pocket n° 18272, novembre 2021, p. 171-190<ref name="figaro">{{Lien web |langue=fr |auteur1=Lisette Didon |auteur2=Pierrot Bacon |titre=''13 à table !'' : le petit livre au service des Restos du cœur |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/livres/13-a-table-le-petit-livre-au-service-des-restos-du-coeur-20211101 |site=www.lefigaro.fr |date=28 octobre 2021 |consulté le=30 novembre 2021}}</ref>.
* 2022 : ''Ma planète à moi'', dans ''[[13 à table !]] 2023'', Pocket {{n°|18566}}, {{date-|novembre 2022}}, {{p.|149-160}}.{{ISBN|978-2-266-32330-7}}

== Notes et références ==
{{Références|taille=30}}

== Voir aussi ==
{{Autres projets|commons=Category:Agnès Martin-Lugand|commons titre=Agnès Martin-Lugand}}

=== Liens externes ===
* {{Autorité}}
* {{Dictionnaires}}
* {{Bases}}
* [https://www.babelio.com/auteur/Agnes-Martin-Lugand/251125 Agnès Martin-Lugand] sur ''[[Babelio]]''

{{Palette|Agnès Martin-Lugand}}
{{Portail|littérature française}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Martin-Lugand, Agnes}}
[[Catégorie:Agnès Martin-Lugand|*]]
[[Catégorie:Romancière française du XXIe siècle]]
[[Catégorie:Nouvelliste française du XXIe siècle]]
[[Catégorie:Auteur publié par les éditions Michel Lafon]]
[[Catégorie:Naissance en juillet 1979]]
[[Catégorie:Naissance à Saint-Malo]]

Lidia Thorpe

2023-06-19T07:53:10Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.05b - Bot T20 CW#61 - Fix errors for CW project (Reference before punctuation)

{{short description|Australian politician (born 1973)}}
{{pp-blp|small=yes}}
{{Use Australian English|date=November 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Missing information|Thorpe's activities and responsibilities while in state and federal parliament|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox AM
| honorific_prefix = [[Australian Senate|Senator]]
| image = Lidia Thorpe 2020.png
| name = Lidia Thorpe
| honorific-suffix =
| successor1 =
| office1 = [[Australian Senate|Senator]] for [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]
| term_start1 = 4 September 2020
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Richard Di Natale]]
| office2 = [[Leaders of the Australian Greens#Deputy Leaders in the Senate|Deputy Leader of the Greens in the Senate]]
| term_start2 = 10 June 2022
| term_end2 = 20 October 2022
| leader2 = [[Adam Bandt]]
| predecessor2 = ''Office established''
| successor2 =
| office3 = Member of the [[Victorian Legislative Assembly]] for [[Electoral district of Northcote|Northcote]]
| term_start3 = 18 November 2017
| term_end3 = 24 November 2018
| predecessor3 = [[Fiona Richardson]]
| successor3 = [[Kat Theophanous]]
| birth_name = Lidia Alma Thorpe
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1973}}
| birth_place = [[Carlton, Victoria]], Australia
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]] (since 2023)
| otherparty = [[Australian Greens|Greens]] (until 2023)
| alma_mater =
| children = 3
| relatives = [[Alma Thorpe]] (grandmother)
| website =
}}
'''Lidia Alma Thorpe''' (born 1973) is an Australian independent politician. She has been a [[Australian Senate|senator]] for [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] since 2020 and is the first [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal]] senator from that state.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} She was a member of the [[Australian Greens]] until February 2023 when she quit the party over disagreements concerning the proposed [[Indigenous Voice to Parliament]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last1=Kolovos |first1=Benita |last2=Karp |first2=Paul |date=2023-02-06 |title=Senator Lidia Thorpe quits Greens party to pursue black sovereignty |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/feb/06/senator-lidia-thorpe-to-quit-australian-greens-party-independent-black-sovereignty-indigenous-voice-to-parliament |access-date=2023-02-06 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206015845/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/feb/06/senator-lidia-thorpe-to-quit-australian-greens-party-independent-black-sovereignty-indigenous-voice-to-parliament |url-status=live }}</ref> She had also served as the Greens' deputy leader in the Senate from June to October 2022.

Thorpe has previously been a member of the [[Parliament of Victoria|Victorian Parliament]]. On winning the [[2017 Northcote state by-election|Northcote state by-election]] on 18 November 2017 she became the first Aboriginal woman elected to the state's parliament and served as the member for the division of [[Electoral district of Northcote|Northcote]] in the [[Victorian Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from 2017 to 2018.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

Thorpe has received media attention for her criticism of the legitimacy of Australian political institutions, which she views as stemming from colonialism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senator Lidia Thorpe makes international headlines after 'colonising Queen' oath |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/senator-lidia-thorpe-makes-international-headlines-after-colonising-queen-oath/ea1ffhmym |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=SBS |language=en |archive-date=15 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915155206/https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/senator-lidia-thorpe-makes-international-headlines-after-colonising-queen-oath/ea1ffhmym |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life and education ==
Lidia Alma Thorpe<ref name=abn>{{cite web | title=Historical details for ABN 65 868 640 208 | website=ABN Lookup | date=November 2014 | url=https://abr.business.gov.au/AbnHistory/View?id=65868640208 | access-date=2 August 2022 | archive-date=2 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802074728/https://abr.business.gov.au/AbnHistory/View?id=65868640208 | url-status=live }}</ref> was born in 1973 in [[Carlton, Victoria]]<ref name="parlbio">{{cite Au Parliament|mpid=280301|name=Senator Lidia Thorpe|access-date=2022-08-04}}</ref><ref name="birthyear">{{cite news|last1=Wahlquist|first1=Calla|title=Lidia Thorpe 'finds her voice', the first Indigenous woman to do so in Victorian parliament|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/nov/29/lidia-thorpe-finds-her-voice-the-first-indigenous-woman-to-do-so-in-victorian-parliament|access-date=8 February 2018|work=The Guardian|date=29 November 2017|language=en|archive-date=8 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208123852/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/nov/29/lidia-thorpe-finds-her-voice-the-first-indigenous-woman-to-do-so-in-victorian-parliament|url-status=live}}</ref> to Roy Illingworth<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/breaking-news/senator-lidia-thorpe-hits-back-at-anthony-albanese-on-3am-video/news-story/8ffa2e6bb7bdacd273cba5c46f9f7236 |title=Lidia Thorpe's dad says she's racist against whites as she hits back after incident outside strip club |publisher=The Australian |date=April 21, 2023 |website=The Australian |access-date=April 21, 2023}}</ref> and Marjorie Thorpe.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/shouty-uninformed-ineffective-how-senator-lidia-thorpe-annoys-the-establishment-20220323-p5a73j.html |title='Shouty, uninformed, ineffective': How Senator Lidia Thorpe annoys the establishment |publisher=Sydney Morning Herald |date=April 24, 2022 |website=smh.com.au |access-date=April 20, 2023}}</ref> She is of [[English people|English]], [[Irish people|Irish]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/breaking-news/senator-lidia-thorpe-hits-back-at-anthony-albanese-on-3am-video/news-story/8ffa2e6bb7bdacd273cba5c46f9f7236 |title=Lidia Thorpe's dad says she's racist against whites as she hits back after incident outside strip club |publisher=The Australian |date=April 21, 2023 |website=The Australian |access-date=April 21, 2023}}</ref> [[Djab wurrung|DjabWurrung]], [[Gunaikurnai people|Gunnai]] and [[Gunditjmara]] descent.<ref name="Greens">{{Cite web |title=Lidia Thorpe |url=https://greens.org.au/vic/person/lidia-thorpe |access-date=2022-05-04 |publisher=[[Australian Greens Victoria]] |language=en |archive-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114150419/https://greens.org.au/vic/person/lidia-thorpe |url-status=live }}</ref>

Thorpe grew up in [[Housing Commission of Victoria|Housing Commission]] flats in [[Collingwood, Victoria|Collingwood]] and went to Gold Street Primary School in [[Clifton Hill, Victoria|Clifton Hill]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} She studied Year 7 at [[Fitzroy High School]], Year 8 at Collingwood High, returned to Fitzroy High for Year 9, but left soon afterwards, at the age of 14. She plays [[Australian rules football]] and [[netball]].<ref name=latimore2022/>

Her first job was working with her uncle [[Robbie Thorpe]] at the Koori Information Centre at 120 [[Gertrude Street]], Fitzroy, which at that time was "a hub of Black political activity".{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} She says that from that day onwards, she has worked continuously, apart from six-month breaks when having babies.<ref name=latimore2022/>

She holds a Diploma of Community Development from [[Swinburne University of Technology]], a graduate certificate in [[public sector]] management and a Certificate IV Indigenous Leadership.<ref name=vicparl2021>{{cite re-member |title=Ms Lidia Thorpe |num2=127 | access-date=2 August 2022}}</ref>

She became a [[single mother]] at the age of 17.<ref name=latimore2022/>

==Early career==
Thorpe has worked as the Aboriginal employment adviser for the [[Municipal Association of Victoria]] and was president of the Lakes Entrance Basketball Association for three years.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} She has also been a member of the school council of the [[Nowa Nowa, Victoria|Nowa Nowa]] Primary School, a steering committee for Indigenous administrators and the [[Institute of Public Administration Australia]] (Victoria).{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} She worked as a [[project manager]] with the [[East Gippsland Shire Council]],<ref name=fellowship>{{cite news|url=https://indigenousfellowship.net.au/emerging-leaders/lidia-thorpe/|title=Lidia Thorpe: Emerging Leader 2008 - 2009|website=Indigenous Fellowship|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-date=12 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812151055/http://indigenousfellowship.net.au/emerging-leaders/lidia-thorpe/|url-status=live}}</ref> Indigenous manager at [[Centrelink]] and manager at [[Lake Tyers|Lake Tyers Aboriginal Training Centre]].<ref name=vicparl2021/>

Thorpe was the co-chair of the Victorian [[NAIDOC]] Committee from 2014 to 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vicnaidoc.com.au/the-committee|title=The Committee|access-date=5 April 2022|archive-date=2 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302225026/https://vicnaidoc.com.au/the-committee|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/elections/northcote-by-election-2017|last=Green|first=Antony|authorlink=Antony Green|title=2017 Northcote by-election|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|access-date=18 November 2017|archive-date=18 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118144352/http://www.abc.net.au/news/elections/northcote-by-election-2017/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/northcote-byelection-greens-pick-their-woman-for-key-battle-of-the-north-20170911-gyez5c.html|title=Northcote by-election: Greens pick their woman for key battle of the north|last1=Towell|first1=Noel|last2=Preiss|first2=Benjamin|newspaper=[[The Age]]|date=11 September 2017|access-date=18 November 2017|archive-date=14 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114233925/http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/northcote-byelection-greens-pick-their-woman-for-key-battle-of-the-north-20170911-gyez5c.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=fellowship/>

In 2013, Thorpe was declared [[bankrupt]] with over {{AUD|700,000}} in debts, including monies owed to Indigenous Business Australia and {{AUD|55,000}} owed to the [[Australian Taxation Office]]. She said that her bankruptcy resulted from [[domestic violence]], stating "like many survivors of family violence, I ended up losing everything in a bid to protect myself and my family from an impossible situation".<ref name="bankruptcy">{{cite news |last1=Hore |first1=Monique |title=Greens Northcote candidate reveals abusive relationship led to her bankruptcy |url=https://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/greens-northcote-candidate-reveals-abusive-relationship-led-to-her-bankruptcy/news-story/0b53d6f348de3f5aaf783cf11c816d42 |access-date=5 September 2020 |work=Herald Sun |date=26 October 2017 |archive-date=31 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831102149/https://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/greens-northcote-candidate-reveals-abusive-relationship-led-to-her-bankruptcy/news-story/0b53d6f348de3f5aaf783cf11c816d42 |url-status=live }}</ref> Her ex-husband, who was an alcoholic,{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} confirmed her account of the marriage breakdown.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} She was discharged from bankruptcy in 2016.<ref name=latimore2022/>

==Political career==
===Victorian Legislative Assembly===
[[File:JMP 6094 (46499665305).jpg|thumb|right|Thorpe at a rally in Melbourne in 2019]]

Thorpe won the seat of [[Electoral district of Northcote|Northcote]] at the [[2017 Northcote state by-election|2017 by-election]] on 18 November 2017 after receiving 45.22% of the primary vote, which became 50.93% after the distribution of preferences.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vec.vic.gov.au/Results/State2017/NorthcoteDistrict.html|title=Northcote District By-election 2017 : Northcote District|work=VEC|access-date=9 August 2018|archive-date=9 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809122905/https://www.vec.vic.gov.au/Results/State2017/NorthcoteDistrict.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She was sworn in as a member of parliament on 28 November 2017 and delivered her first speech to the assembly the following day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/first-aboriginal-woman-mp-lidia-thorpe-speaks-of-genocide-lingering-disadvantage-20171129-gzv2ms.html|title=State's first Aboriginal woman MP Lidia Thorpe speaks of genocide, lingering disadvantage|last1=Carey|first1=Adam|work=The Age|date=29 November 2017|access-date=29 November 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201161723/http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/first-aboriginal-woman-mp-lidia-thorpe-speaks-of-genocide-lingering-disadvantage-20171129-gzv2ms.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Raue|first=Ben|date=19 November 2017|title=Northcote byelection: Greens' Lidia Thorpe takes Melbourne seat from Labor|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/nov/19/northcote-byelection-greens-lidia-thorpe-takes-melbourne-seat-from-labor|access-date=19 November 2017|archive-date=19 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119000210/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/nov/19/northcote-byelection-greens-lidia-thorpe-takes-melbourne-seat-from-labor|url-status=live}}</ref>
Thorpe was the [[Australian Greens Victoria]] portfolio holder for Aboriginal Justice, Consumer Affairs, Skills and Training, Sport and Mental Health.<ref name="Greens"/><ref name=vicparl2021/>

In May 2018, she organised an historic gathering of [[Aboriginal elder|Aboriginal Elder]]s at the [[Parliament of Victoria]] to discuss the state's treaty processes.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} The meeting was organised as part of Thorpe's campaign to implement clan-based treaties, which would recognise the approximately 100 Aboriginal clans in Victoria. At the time, Thorpe said: "Our sovereignty and each of our language groups and our Clans must be clearly recognised in the government's treaty advancement legislation."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/nitv-news/article/2018/05/14/victorian-elders-call-clan-based-treaties-and-more-inclusion-process|title=Victorian Elders call for Clan-based treaties and more inclusion in process|work=NITV|last1=Hocking|first1=Rachel|date=14 May 2018|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815202151/https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/nitv-news/article/2018/05/14/victorian-elders-call-clan-based-treaties-and-more-inclusion-process|url-status=live}}</ref> The delegation of clan elders unanimously agreed to form an elders council. Thorpe supported the [[Victorian Government]]'s 2018 treaty bill, but stated that she would continue to push for clan sovereignty to be recognised as the treaty process advances.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theage.com.au/politics/victoria/victoria-passes-aboriginal-treaty-bill-20180621-p4zmzz.html |title=Victoria passes Aboriginal treaty bill |work=The Age |date=21 June 2018 |last1=Banger |first1=Marie |last2=Offer |first2=Kaitlyn |access-date=15 August 2018 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726152434/https://www.theage.com.au/politics/victoria/victoria-passes-aboriginal-treaty-bill-20180621-p4zmzz.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Thorpe lost her seat to Labor candidate [[Kat Theophanous]] at the [[2018 Victorian state election]],<ref name=florance/> with her term finishing on 19 December 2018.<ref name=vicparl2021/> She told ABC Radio Melbourne: "We need to have a good look at ourselves and have a review of what this election has done to our party, losing quite a considerable amount of Greens members." She said Labor ran a "dirty campaign" against her but conceded that negative coverage due to internal party scandals had also contributed to her defeat.<ref name=florance>{{cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-11-26/victorian-election-greens-need-to-take-good-look-lidia-thorpe/10553616 |title=Victorian election should prompt Greens to take a 'good look at ourselves', losing Northcote MP says |website=ABC News |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |last1=Florance |first1=Loretta |date=26 November 2018 |access-date=25 May 2018 |archive-date=26 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126062649/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-11-26/victorian-election-greens-need-to-take-good-look-lidia-thorpe/10553616 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Parliament of Australia===
[[File:Lidia Thorpe in Parliament 2020.jpg|thumb|Thorpe being sworn into parliament in October 2020]]
In June 2020, Thorpe was [[Preselection|preselected]] by [[Australian Greens Victoria|Victorian Greens]] members to fill the federal [[Australian Senate|Senate]] vacancy caused by former leader [[Richard Di Natale]]'s resignation.<ref name=June2020>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-20|title=Aboriginal activist Lidia Thorpe to replace Richard Di Natale as Greens senator for Victoria|last1=Cox|first1=Lisa|url=http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/jun/20/aboriginal-activist-lidia-thorpe-to-replace-richard-di-natale-as-greens-senator-for-victoria|access-date=2020-06-20|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=20 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620062117/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/jun/20/aboriginal-activist-lidia-thorpe-to-replace-richard-di-natale-as-greens-senator-for-victoria|url-status=live}}</ref> She was appointed to the vacancy at a joint sitting of the [[Parliament of Victoria|Victorian Parliament]] on 4 September and sworn in on 6 October 2020.<ref name=Appointment4September2020/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/BrettMasonNews/status/1313294977103847425|title=Senator @lidia__thorpe arrives on Ngunnawal and Ngambri Country carrying a Message Stick "memorialising the 441 First Nations people who have died in custody without justice" #auspol @SBSNews @NITV|work=SBS News|author=Brett Mason|publisher=Twitter|date=6 October 2020|access-date=6 October 2020|archive-date=6 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006101201/https://twitter.com/BrettMasonNews/status/1313294977103847425|url-status=live}}</ref> She is the first Aboriginal woman to represent Victoria in the Senate and is the first Aboriginal federal parliamentarian from the Greens.<ref name=June2020/><ref name=Appointment4September2020>{{cite web|url=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6911014/vic-endorses-thorpe-as-new-greens-senator/|work=The Canberra Times|date=4 September 2020|title=Vic endorses Thorpe as new Greens senator|last1=Osborne|first1=Paul|access-date=4 September 2020|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404043939/https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6911014/vic-endorses-thorpe-as-new-greens-senator/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the [[2022 Australian federal election|May 2022 federal election]], at which she was re-elected, Thorpe was elected by the Greens party room as the party's deputy leader in the Senate.<ref>{{Cite tweet|last=Bandt|first=Adam|author-link=Adam Bandt|user=adambandt|date=June 10, 2022|number=1535136884690927616|title=I thank my colleagues for their strong and continued support. After our best election result ever, I am very excited to be the Leader of an expanded Greens Party Room & leadership team as we fight for action on climate and inequality.}}</ref><ref name="parlbio"/>

==== Resignation from Greens' deputy leadership ====
On 20 October 2022, Thorpe resigned from her position as Greens' deputy leader in the Senate, shortly after [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC News]] revealed that in 2021 she had dated the ex-president of the [[Rebels Motorcycle Club|Rebels outlaw bikie gang]], Dean Martin. At the time of the relationship, she had held the justice portfolio for the Greens and had been serving on the joint parliamentary law enforcement committee,{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} so had been privy to confidential briefings about bikie gangs and [[organised crime]]. Thorpe had not disclosed the relationship, and it was only revealed when her staff notified party leader Adam Bandt's office and an independent parliamentary authority. Her staff became aware of the relationship in mid-2021. In August 2021, when confidential law enforcement committee briefing documents concerning motorcycle gangs arrived in her office hours after Thorpe had met Martin. One of her staffers urged her to inform Bandt but she failed to do so.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} She told the staffer that "she was being really careful": she used [[encrypted]] social media to communicate with Martin. Conversations were deleted weekly, and they never met at either one's home. The matter was referred to the [[Australian Federal Police]]. Thorpe said that she continues to be friends with Martin.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/bombshell-as-bandt-seeks-greens-senators-mresignation/news-story/adf3151b217081f68291330ff6619e61
|title=Bombshell as Bandt seeks Greens senator's resignation |website=news.com.au |date=20 October 2022 |access-date=20 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-10-20/lidia-thorpe-undisclosed-relationship-ex-rebel-president/101553386 |title=Greens senator Lidia Thorpe admits to undisclosed relationship with ex-Rebels president Dean Martin while on law enforcement committee |website=ABC News |date=20 October 2022 |access-date=20 October 2022 |archive-date=20 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020014844/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-10-20/lidia-thorpe-undisclosed-relationship-ex-rebel-president/101553386 |url-status=live }}</ref> Martin had been president of the Rebels in Victoria, and had been charged and pleaded guilty to liquor offences in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Butcher |first=Steve |date=2013-08-29 |title=Rebels president Dean Martin pleads guilty to liquor offences |url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/rebels-president-dean-martin-pleads-guilty-to-liquor-offences-20130829-2ss9c.html |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=The Age |language=en |archive-date=22 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022061936/https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/rebels-president-dean-martin-pleads-guilty-to-liquor-offences-20130829-2ss9c.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following the revelations, Thorpe faced a censure motion in the Senate. [[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] senator [[Helen Polley]], the head of the joint parliamentary law enforcement committee, of which Thorpe had been a member, said, with regard to Thorpe's position as a senator: "She should consider if it's the right place for her".<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/lidia-thorpe-to-face-censure-motion-amid-calls-to-resign-from-senate-over-bikie-relationship/8kanukb8y |title= Lidia Thorpe to face censure motion amid calls to resign from Senate over bikie relationship |website= SBS News |date= 21 October 2022 |access-date= 22 October 2022 |archive-date= 21 October 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221021223428/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/lidia-thorpe-to-face-censure-motion-amid-calls-to-resign-from-senate-over-bikie-relationship/8kanukb8y |url-status= live }}</ref>

It was also reported on 20 October that following a complaint by one of her staff, the Department of Finance was reviewing the culture of Thorpe's office.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-10-20/bandt-asks-thorpe-to-resign-as-senate-deputy/101557298 |title=Greens senator Lidia Thorpe resigns as Senate deputy after undisclosed relationship with ex-bikie boss |website=ABC News |date=20 October 2022 |access-date=20 October 2022 |archive-date=20 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020031759/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-10-20/bandt-asks-thorpe-to-resign-as-senate-deputy/101557298 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 24 October, Thorpe referred herself to the Senate privileges committee.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lowrey |first=Tom |date=2022-10-24 |title=Lidia Thorpe refers herself to privileges committee over undisclosed relationship with former bikie boss |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-10-24/lidia-thorpe-refers-herself-privileges-committee-ex-bikie-boss/101570058 |access-date=2022-10-24 |archive-date=24 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024042406/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-10-24/lidia-thorpe-refers-herself-privileges-committee-ex-bikie-boss/101570058 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2023, a parliamentary investigation cleared Thorpe of contempt of parliament.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-03-07/senate-probe-clears-lidia-thorpe-of-contempt-of-parliament/102066122 | title=Senate probe clears Lidia Thorpe of contempt over undisclosed relationship | newspaper=ABC News | date=7 March 2023 | access-date=7 March 2023 | archive-date=7 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307224235/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-03-07/senate-probe-clears-lidia-thorpe-of-contempt-of-parliament/102066122 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Resignation from the Greens ====
On 6 February 2023, Thorpe announced that she would resign from the Greens to become an independent senator, sitting on the crossbench, over disagreements concerning the proposed Indigenous Voice to Parliament.<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-05 |title=Indigenous Voice to parliament updates LIVE: Lidia Thorpe quits Greens over Voice division |url=https://www.afr.com/politics/federal/australia-should-prepare-for-chinese-spy-balloons-20230206-p5ci3n |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=Australian Financial Review |language=en |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206020117/https://www.afr.com/politics/federal/australia-should-prepare-for-chinese-spy-balloons-20230206-p5ci3n |url-status=live }}</ref> In a statement, Thorpe stated that "This country has a strong grassroots [[Australian Indigenous Sovereignty|black sovereign]] movement. Full of staunch and committed warriors and I want to represent that movement fully in this Parliament. It has become clear to me, that I can't do that from within the Greens."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/lidia-thorpe-quits-greens-over-voice-to-parliament/6f80zr453|title=Lidia Thorpe quits Greens over Voice to Parliament|work=SBS News|date=6 February 2023|access-date=6 February 2023|archive-date=6 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206021503/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/lidia-thorpe-quits-greens-over-voice-to-parliament/6f80zr453|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Ongoing roles and interests==
Thorpe is or has been the delegate for the Lakes Entrance Aboriginal Education Consultative Group, the Victorian representative to the National Advisory Committee for [[The Smith Family (charity)|The Smith Family]] and co-chair of the Victorian [[NAIDOC]] Committee.<ref name=fellowship/>

== Activism ==
Thorpe has supported the ''Pay the Rent'' campaign, which calls on non-Aboriginal Australians to voluntarily pay [[Reparation (legal)|reparations]] through an organisation of the same name.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/pay-the-rent-invasion-day-protesters-urged-to-hand-over-cash-at-march-20200121-p53tdr.html |title='Pay the rent': Invasion Day protesters urged to hand over cash at march |last=Cowie |first=Tom |publisher=The Age |date=21 January 2020 |accessdate=17 January 2023 |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117140726/https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/pay-the-rent-invasion-day-protesters-urged-to-hand-over-cash-at-march-20200121-p53tdr.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Thorpe has been critical of the ''[[Uluru Statement from the Heart]]'', believing there should be a [[Indigenous treaties in Australia|treaty]] before an [[Indigenous voice to government]]. Thorpe led a walk-out of the Uluru convention, believing that it was "hijacked by Aboriginal corporations and establishment appointments and did not reflect the aspirations of ordinary Indigenous people".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Grand |first1=Chip Le |title=Without treaty, incoming senator can't feel part of 'Team Australia' |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/without-treaty-incoming-senator-can-t-feel-part-of-team-australia-20200625-p55649.html |access-date=5 September 2020 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=25 June 2020 |language=en |archive-date=10 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200910211804/https://www.smh.com.au/national/without-treaty-incoming-senator-can-t-feel-part-of-team-australia-20200625-p55649.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On [[Australia Day]] 2019, an inaugural dawn service organised by Thorpe was held at the [[Kings Domain Resting Place]] as a [[Day of Mourning (Australia)|day of mourning]] and reflection on the [[colonisation of Australia]] with Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people in attendance for the ceremony.<ref name="Wahlquistov">{{cite news|last=Wahlquist|first=Calla|title='Overwhelmed': Hundreds attend first dawn service to be held on Australia Day|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/jan/26/overwhelmed-hundreds-attend-first-dawn-service-to-be-held-on-australia-day|work=The Guardian|date=26 January 2019|access-date=16 February 2021|url-status=live|df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107232218/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/jan/26/overwhelmed-hundreds-attend-first-dawn-service-to-be-held-on-australia-day |archive-date=2020-11-07}}</ref>

Thorpe was removed from the [[Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras]] parade on 25 February 2023 when she had laid down in front of a float in protest against the presence of police.<ref name="HildebrandtABC">{{cite news |last1=Hildebrandt |first1=Carla |title=Federal senator Lidia Thorpe halts Sydney's Mardi Gras parade with police protest |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-02-26/federal-senator-lidia-thorpe-removed-from-parade/102024664 |access-date=26 February 2023 |work=ABC News |archive-date=26 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226005157/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-02-26/federal-senator-lidia-thorpe-removed-from-parade/102024664 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2023, footage emerged of Thorpe being tackled to the ground by a police officer while attending a demonstration outside of [[Parliament House, Canberra|Parliament House]]. Thorpe was part of a group countering an anti-transgender rights rally which included activist [[Kellie-Jay Keen-Minshull]] at Parliament House. Australian Attorney-General [[Mark Dreyfus]] is believed to be investigating the matter, having sought advice from the commissioner of the Australian Federal Police regarding the matter.<ref name="ThompsonTheAge">{{cite news |last1=Thompson |first1=Angus |title=Senator Lidia Thorpe clashes with police at anti-trans rally |url=https://www.theage.com.au/politics/federal/senator-lidia-thorpe-clashes-with-police-at-anti-trans-rally-20230323-p5cunr.html |access-date=23 March 2023 |work=The Age |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323030920/https://www.theage.com.au/politics/federal/senator-lidia-thorpe-clashes-with-police-at-anti-trans-rally-20230323-p5cunr.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Thorpe alleged the treatment by police constituted [[assault]] and the [[Minister for Indigenous Australians]], [[Linda Burney]], said the incident was “disturbing and concerning”.<ref>{{cite news |author=Paul Karp |agency= |title=Lidia Thorpe's treatment at anti-trans rally 'disturbing and concerning', Linda Burney says |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/mar/24/lidia-thorpe-treatment-at-anti-trans-rally-disturbing-and-concerning-linda-burney-says |quote= |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=2023-03-24 |access-date=2023-04-04 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404034858/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/mar/24/lidia-thorpe-treatment-at-anti-trans-rally-disturbing-and-concerning-linda-burney-says |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Award==
Thorpe was awarded the Fellowship for Indigenous Leadership in 2008.<ref name=fellowship/>

== Personal life and family ==
Thorpe's grandmother, [[Alma Thorpe]], was one of the founders of the Victorian Aboriginal Health Service<ref name=2011_Vic_AHR>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vic.gov.au/aboriginalvictoria/community-engagement/leadership-programs/aboriginal-honour-roll/2011-victorian-aboriginal-honour-roll/alma-thorpe.html|title=2011 Victorian Aboriginal Honour Roll - Alma Thorpe|date=2012|publisher=State Government of Victoria|access-date=2017-12-06|archive-date=6 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206204014/https://www.vic.gov.au/aboriginalvictoria/community-engagement/leadership-programs/aboriginal-honour-roll/2011-victorian-aboriginal-honour-roll/alma-thorpe.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/new-greens-mp-lidia-thorpes-long-road-from-nowa-nowa-to-northcote-20171119-gzodm6.html|title=New Greens MP Lidia Thorpe's long road from Nowa Nowa to Northcote|newspaper=The Age|date=19 November 2017|last1=Carey|first1=Adam|access-date=19 November 2017|archive-date=22 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122114820/http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/new-greens-mp-lidia-thorpes-long-road-from-nowa-nowa-to-northcote-20171119-gzodm6.html|url-status=live}}</ref> in 1973, the year of Lidia's birth, and was also involved in the setting up of the [[Aboriginal Tent Embassy]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} Her mother, Marjorie Thorpe, was a co-commissioner for the [[Stolen Generations]] inquiry{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} that produced the ''[[Bringing Them Home]]'' report in the 1990s and later a member of the [[Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation]], and a preselected Greens federal candidate for [[Division of Gippsland|Gippsland]].<ref name=latimore2022>{{cite web | last=Latimore | first=Jack | title='Shouty, uninformed, ineffective': How Senator Lidia Thorpe annoys the establishment | website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] | date=23 April 2022 | url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/shouty-uninformed-ineffective-how-senator-lidia-thorpe-annoys-the-establishment-20220323-p5a73j.html | access-date=2 August 2022 | archive-date=2 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802203258/https://www.smh.com.au/national/shouty-uninformed-ineffective-how-senator-lidia-thorpe-annoys-the-establishment-20220323-p5a73j.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Both Alma and her mother, Edna Brown, were [[Koori]] activists in [[Footscray, Victoria|Footscray]] and [[Collingwood, Victoria|Collingwood]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} Edna had been forcibly moved out of [[Framlingham Aboriginal Reserve]] in 1932, aged 15, before becoming a community activist.<ref name=latimore2022/> Edna was married to James Brown, of Scottish/Australian descent.

Thorpe's sister is Meriki Onus, who co-founded the Warriors of Aboriginal Resistance (WAR) collective that was a driving force behind the [[Australian Aboriginal Sovereignty]] movement.<ref name=latimore2022/>

Her uncle is activist [[Robbie Thorpe]], who is linked to some of the earliest struggles for [[Aboriginal Australian self-determination]], and also involved with the Pay The Rent campaign.<ref name=latimore2022/>

Thorpe has three children<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lidiathorpe.com/about/|title=Lidia Thorpe website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621191237/http://lidiathorpe.com/about/|archive-date=21 June 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Greens"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/chamber/hansards/b97b0bb9-8120-4b6a-b093-173728d144de/toc_pdf/Senate_2020_12_02_8384.pdf;fileType=application%2Fpdf|title=Senate Hansard - Wednesday, 2 December 2020|date=2 December 2020|publisher=Parliament of Australia|access-date=3 December 2020|archive-date=3 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703013411/https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/chamber/hansards/b97b0bb9-8120-4b6a-b093-173728d144de/toc_pdf/Senate_2020_12_02_8384.pdf;fileType=application%2Fpdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and {{as of|April 2022|lc=yes}} has four grandchildren.<ref name=latimore2022/>

Thorpe was reportedly in a relationship with Gavan McFadzean, manager of the Climate Change and Clean Energy Program at the [[Australian Conservation Foundation]], from 2019 to 2022.<ref name =9newsfb>{{cite web | title=Jilted partner of firebrand senator Lidia Thorpe found out she had an affair with a bikie from news | website=9 Breaking News | date=20 October 2022 | url=https://9breakingnews.com/jilted-partner-of-firebrand-senator-lidia-thorpe-found-out-she-had-an-affair-with-a-bikie-from-news/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020230440/https://9breakingnews.com/jilted-partner-of-firebrand-senator-lidia-thorpe-found-out-she-had-an-affair-with-a-bikie-from-news/ | archive-date=20 October 2022 | url-status=live | access-date=23 October 2022}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
In a speech to Parliament in May 2021, Thorpe commented negatively on new bail laws being introduced into the Northern Territory and made an assumption that the [[Attorney-General of the Northern Territory]] was a white male. The attorney-general, [[Selena Uibo]], was an Aboriginal woman.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Heaney |first1=Chelsea |date=13 May 2021 |title=NT Attorney-General slams speech from Greens Senator that assumed she was a man who 'hopefully' was white |language=en-AU |work=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-05-13/nt-selena-uibo-lydia-thorpe-youth-justice-bail-law/100136066 |url-status=live |access-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513153107/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-05-13/nt-selena-uibo-lydia-thorpe-youth-justice-bail-law/100136066 |archive-date=13 May 2021}}</ref> Uibo stated that Thorpe was not qualified to speak on the Northern Territory's issues.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-05-13 |title=NT Attorney-General slams speech from Greens Senator that assumed she was a man who 'hopefully' was white |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-05-13/nt-selena-uibo-lydia-thorpe-youth-justice-bail-law/100136066 |url-status=live |access-date=2022-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514192104/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-05-13/nt-selena-uibo-lydia-thorpe-youth-justice-bail-law/100136066 |archive-date=14 May 2021}}</ref>

In December 2021, Thorpe interjected to Liberal senator [[Hollie Hughes (politician)|Hollie Hughes]] "at least I keep my legs shut", during a Senate discussion about people living with disabilities. When challenged on the remark, Thorpe told the Chamber: "I just got a view of something over there that disturbed me. But I’m happy to retract.” Hughes believed the statement was in reference to her autistic son, and was reportedly left in tears.<ref>{{cite web |date=2 December 2021 |title=Greens Senator Lidia Thorpe accused of 'legs shut' gibe at Liberal colleague |url=https://www.news.com.au/national/politics/greens-senator-lidia-thorpe-accused-of-legs-shut-gibe-at-liberal-colleague/news-story/0c9d7e078ab0cd95a2b266b06953a4f0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202120712/https://www.news.com.au/national/politics/greens-senator-lidia-thorpe-accused-of-legs-shut-gibe-at-liberal-colleague/news-story/0c9d7e078ab0cd95a2b266b06953a4f0 |archive-date=2 December 2021 |access-date=3 December 2021 |website=news.com.au}}</ref> Later in the evening, Thorpe admitted to "inappropriate remarks" and apologised, but denied any reference to Hughes's son.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/dec/02/greens-senator-lidia-thorpe-apologises-for-disgusting-comment-directed-at-liberal-hollie-hughes Greens senator Lidia Thorpe apologises for ‘disgusting’ comment directed at Liberal Hollie Hughes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227095129/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/dec/02/greens-senator-lidia-thorpe-apologises-for-disgusting-comment-directed-at-liberal-hollie-hughes|date=27 February 2023}}; theguardian, 2 Dec 2021</ref>

In December 2021, following a fire that damaged the [[Old Parliament House, Canberra|Old Parliament House]] in Canberra, Thorpe was criticised for tweeting "Seems like the colonial system is burning down. Happy New Year everyone #AlwayswasAlwayswillBeAboriginalLand". The tweet was criticised by members of both the [[Coalition (Australia)|Coalition]] and [[Australian Labor Party]]. Thorpe deleted the tweet an hour later.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Alex |date=31 December 2021 |title=Probe into Old Parliament fire underway |work=[[Canberra Times]] |location=[[Canberra, Australian Capital Territory]] |url=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7567106/probe-into-old-parliament-fire-underway/ |url-status=live |access-date=2022-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908235736/https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7567106/probe-into-old-parliament-fire-underway/ |archive-date=8 September 2022}}</ref>

In a June 2022 interview, Thorpe said she was there to 'infiltrate' the Australian parliament and that the [[Australian flag]] had "no permission to be here". Senator [[Jacinta Nampijinpa Price]] denounced Thorpe's comments and called for her dismissal from parliament.<ref name="Graham">{{Cite news |last=Graham |first=Ben |date=June 23, 2022 |title=Greens senator Lidia Thorpe said she is 'here to infiltrate' Australia's parliament |website=news.com.au |url=https://www.news.com.au/national/politics/greens-senator-lidia-thorpe-said-she-is-here-to-infiltrate-australias-parliament/news-story/6d16a6a660f7f55612e20455d28d9fc8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623064536/https://www.news.com.au/national/politics/greens-senator-lidia-thorpe-said-she-is-here-to-infiltrate-australias-parliament/news-story/6d16a6a660f7f55612e20455d28d9fc8 |archive-date=June 23, 2022}}</ref>

Thorpe gained media attention during her swearing-in ceremony. She added the words "the colonising" in the required [[Oath of Allegiance (Australia)|Oath of Allegiance]] to [[Queen Elizabeth II]] by saying "I swear by Almighty God that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to ''the colonising'' Her Majesty Elizabeth the Second, Queen of Australia, Her heirs and successors according to law." Thorpe was immediately criticised by fellow senators. After an instruction by Labor Senate president [[Sue Lines]] and interjections from others that the oath must be taken word-by-word, Thorpe recited the pledge once more, this time omitting the two words.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2022 |title=Australian senator Lidia Thorpe calls the Queen a 'coloniser' in mandatory oath of allegiance for parliament |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/australia-senator-lidia-thorpe-queen-coloniser-oath-alleigence-1772330 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801200039/https://inews.co.uk/news/world/australia-senator-lidia-thorpe-queen-coloniser-oath-alleigence-1772330 |archive-date=1 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=inews.co.uk |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Butler">{{Cite news |last=Butler |first=Josh |date=August 1, 2022 |title=Australian senator calls the Queen a coloniser while being sworn in to parliament |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/aug/01/australian-greens-senator-lidia-thorpe-calls-queen-coloniser-while-being-sworn-into-parliament |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801202621/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/aug/01/australian-greens-senator-lidia-thorpe-calls-queen-coloniser-while-being-sworn-into-parliament |archive-date=August 1, 2022}}</ref>

On 16th April 2023, footage emerged of Thorpe in a verbal altercation with men outside a Melbourne strip club.<ref>{{cite web |date=April 16, 2023 |title=Senator Lidia Thorpe in heated exchange outside strip club |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/senator-lidia-thorpe-in-heated-exchange-outside-strip-club-20230416-p5d0w9.html |access-date=April 20, 2023 |website=smh.com |publisher=Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> Thorpe claimed the men provoked the altercation,<ref>{{Cite web |last=McMillan |first=Ashleigh |date=2023-04-16 |title=Senator Lidia Thorpe in heated exchange outside strip club |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/senator-lidia-thorpe-in-heated-exchange-outside-strip-club-20230416-p5d0w9.html |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> while the manager of the club claimed she provoked the incident by approaching white patrons and telling them they'd stolen her land.<ref>{{cite web |date=April 18, 2023 |title=Senator Lidia Thorpe's strip club stoush |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ky2AxUDRXJ4 |access-date=April 20, 2023 |website=youtube.com |publisher=7NEWS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-20 |title=Lidia Thorpe says prime minister trying to undermine her following strip club altercation |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-04-20/thorpe-says-pm-undermining-her-over-strip-club-altercation/102248466 |access-date=2023-04-21}}</ref>

During a parliamentary hearing, Thorpe walked out of a Senate Estimates hearing after being called a "disgrace to her people" by Labor's assistant minister for Indigenous Australians [[Malarndirri McCarthy]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sakkal |first1=Paul |title=Thorpe storms out of Senate hearing after Labor MP calls her a ‘disgrace to her people’ |url=https://www.theage.com.au/politics/federal/thorpe-storms-out-of-senate-hearing-after-labor-mp-calls-her-a-disgrace-to-her-people-20230524-p5db1c.html |access-date=24 May 2023 |work=The Age |date=24 May 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 14th of June of 2023 Thorpe gained media attention after she accused Senator [[David Van]] of "sexual assaulting" her during parliament. Mr Van has denied the allegations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-15 |title=Lidia Thorpe withdraws claim against senator |url=https://www.9news.com.au/national/lidia-thorpe-accuses-liberal-senator-david-van-sexual-assault-harassment/918e8516-d114-44e5-9e24-8674f5427768 |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=www.9news.com.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-15 |title=Lidia Thorpe tells Senate she was 'inappropriately touched' in parliament |url=https://www.9news.com.au/national/liberal-senator-david-van-denies-lidia-thorpe-allegations/8872ca7d-549d-41dd-99ad-9e02f90c21cf |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=www.9news.com.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=readJune 15 |first=Heloise VyasDigital Reporter2 min |last2=2023 - 5:30pm |date=2023-06-15 |title='F*** off': Thorpe fires at Hanson after explosive sexual abuse claims |url=https://www.skynews.com.au/australia-news/politics/f-off-lidia-thorpe-fires-at-pauline-hanson-in-senate-after-explosive-revelation-of-alleged-sexual-abuse-in-parliament-house/news-story/6129936b915b7a1a56cf2947c1f13aa7 |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=skynews |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://indigenousx.com.au/daniel-james-lidia-thorpe-member-for-northcote/ IndigenousX]

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|au-vic-la}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Fiona Richardson]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member for [[Electoral district of Northcote|Northcote]]|years=2017–2018}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Kat Theophanous]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Australian Senators}}
{{Current Senate crossbench}}
{{Portal bar|Australia|Politics|2020s}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thorpe, Lidia}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Australian Greens members of the Parliament of Victoria]]
[[Category:Women members of the Australian Senate]]
[[Category:Members of the Australian Senate]]
[[Category:Members of the Australian Senate for Victoria]]
[[Category:Indigenous Australian politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Australian women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Australian politicians]]
[[Category:Australian indigenous rights activists]]
[[Category:Women human rights activists]]
[[Category:Women members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Australian Greens members of the Parliament of Australia]]
[[Category:Australian socialists]]
[[Category:Australian republicans]]
[[Category:People from Collingwood, Victoria]]
[[Category:Politicians from Melbourne]]
[[Category:Gunaikurnai people]]
[[Category:Anti-monarchists]]

Lidia Thorpe

2023-04-24T02:38:26Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.05b - Bot T20 CW#61 - Fix errors for CW project (Reference before punctuation)

{{short description|Australian politician (born 1973)}}
{{pp-blp|small=yes}}
{{Use Australian English|date=November 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox AM
| honorific_prefix = [[Australian Senate|Senator]]
| image = Lidia Thorpe 2020.png
| name = Lidia Thorpe
| honorific-suffix =
| successor1 =
| office1 = [[Australian Senate|Senator]] for [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]
| term_start1 = 4 September 2020
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Richard Di Natale]]
| office2 = [[Leaders of the Australian Greens#Deputy Leaders in the Senate|Deputy Leader of the Greens in the Senate]]
| term_start2 = 10 June 2022
| term_end2 = 20 October 2022
| leader2 = [[Adam Bandt]]
| predecessor2 = ''Office established''
| successor2 =
| office3 = Member of the [[Victorian Legislative Assembly]] for [[Electoral district of Northcote|Northcote]]
| term_start3 = 18 November 2017
| term_end3 = 24 November 2018
| predecessor3 = [[Fiona Richardson]]
| successor3 = [[Kat Theophanous]]
| birth_name = Lidia Alma Thorpe
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1973}}
| birth_place = [[Carlton, Victoria]], Australia
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]] (since 2023)
| otherparty = [[Australian Greens|Greens]] (until 2023)
| alma_mater =
| children = 3
| relatives = [[Alma Thorpe]] (grandmother)
| website = {{Official|https://greens.org.au/vic/person/lidia-thorpe}}
}}
{{Missing information|Thorpe's activities and responsibilities while in state and federal parliament|date=April 2023}}'''Lidia Alma Thorpe''' (born 1973) is an Australian independent politician. She has been a [[Australian Senate|senator]] for [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] since 2020 and is the first [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal]] senator from that state. She was a member of the [[Australian Greens]] until February 2023 when she quit the party over disagreements concerning the proposed [[Indigenous Voice to Parliament]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last1=Kolovos |first1=Benita |last2=Karp |first2=Paul |date=2023-02-06 |title=Senator Lidia Thorpe quits Greens party to pursue black sovereignty |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/feb/06/senator-lidia-thorpe-to-quit-australian-greens-party-independent-black-sovereignty-indigenous-voice-to-parliament |access-date=2023-02-06 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206015845/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/feb/06/senator-lidia-thorpe-to-quit-australian-greens-party-independent-black-sovereignty-indigenous-voice-to-parliament |url-status=live }}</ref> She had also served as the Greens' deputy leader in the Senate from June to October 2022.

Thorpe has previously been a member of the [[Parliament of Victoria|Victorian Parliament]]. On winning the [[2017 Northcote state by-election|Northcote state by-election]] on 18 November 2017 she became the first Aboriginal woman elected to the state's parliament and served as the member for the division of [[Electoral district of Northcote|Northcote]] in the [[Victorian Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] from 2017 to 2018.

Thorpe has received media attention for her criticism of the legitimacy of Australian political institutions, which she views as stemming from colonialism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senator Lidia Thorpe makes international headlines after 'colonising Queen' oath |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/senator-lidia-thorpe-makes-international-headlines-after-colonising-queen-oath/ea1ffhmym |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=SBS |language=en |archive-date=15 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915155206/https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/senator-lidia-thorpe-makes-international-headlines-after-colonising-queen-oath/ea1ffhmym |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life and education ==
Lidia Alma Thorpe<ref name=abn>{{cite web | title=Historical details for ABN 65 868 640 208 | website=ABN Lookup | date=November 2014 | url=https://abr.business.gov.au/AbnHistory/View?id=65868640208 | access-date=2 August 2022 | archive-date=2 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802074728/https://abr.business.gov.au/AbnHistory/View?id=65868640208 | url-status=live }}</ref> was born in 1973 in [[Carlton, Victoria]]<ref name="parlbio">{{cite Au Parliament|mpid=280301|name=Senator Lidia Thorpe|access-date=2022-08-04}}</ref><ref name="birthyear">{{cite news|last1=Wahlquist|first1=Calla|title=Lidia Thorpe 'finds her voice', the first Indigenous woman to do so in Victorian parliament|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/nov/29/lidia-thorpe-finds-her-voice-the-first-indigenous-woman-to-do-so-in-victorian-parliament|access-date=8 February 2018|work=The Guardian|date=29 November 2017|language=en|archive-date=8 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208123852/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/nov/29/lidia-thorpe-finds-her-voice-the-first-indigenous-woman-to-do-so-in-victorian-parliament|url-status=live}}</ref> to Roy Illingworth<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/breaking-news/senator-lidia-thorpe-hits-back-at-anthony-albanese-on-3am-video/news-story/8ffa2e6bb7bdacd273cba5c46f9f7236 |title=Lidia Thorpe’s dad says she’s racist against whites as she hits back after incident outside strip club |publisher=The Australian |date=April 21, 2023 |website=The Australian |access-date=April 21, 2023}}</ref> and Marjorie Thorpe.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/shouty-uninformed-ineffective-how-senator-lidia-thorpe-annoys-the-establishment-20220323-p5a73j.html |title=‘Shouty, uninformed, ineffective’: How Senator Lidia Thorpe annoys the establishment |publisher=Sydney Morning Herald |date=April 24, 2022 |website=smh.com.au |access-date=April 20, 2023}}</ref> She is of [[English people|English]], [[Irish people|Irish]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/breaking-news/senator-lidia-thorpe-hits-back-at-anthony-albanese-on-3am-video/news-story/8ffa2e6bb7bdacd273cba5c46f9f7236 |title=Lidia Thorpe’s dad says she’s racist against whites as she hits back after incident outside strip club |publisher=The Australian |date=April 21, 2023 |website=The Australian |access-date=April 21, 2023}}</ref> [[Djab wurrung|DjabWurrung]], [[Gunaikurnai people|Gunnai]] and [[Gunditjmara]] descent.<ref name="Greens">{{Cite web |title=Lidia Thorpe |url=https://greens.org.au/vic/person/lidia-thorpe |access-date=2022-05-04 |publisher=[[Australian Greens Victoria]] |language=en |archive-date=14 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114150419/https://greens.org.au/vic/person/lidia-thorpe |url-status=live }}</ref>

Thorpe grew up in [[Housing Commission of Victoria|Housing Commission]] flats in [[Collingwood, Victoria|Collingwood]] and went to Gold Street Primary School in [[Clifton Hill, Victoria|Clifton Hill]]. She studied Year 7 at [[Fitzroy High School]], Year 8 at Collingwood High, returned to Fitzroy High for Year 9, but left soon afterwards, at the age of 14. She enjoyed playing [[Australian rules football]] and [[netball]], and says that she was very competitive.<ref name=latimore2022/>

Her first job was working with her uncle [[Robbie Thorpe]] at the Koori Information Centre at 120 [[Gertrude Street]], Fitzroy, which at that time was "a hub of Black political activity". She says that from that day onwards, she has worked continuously, apart from six-month breaks when having babies.<ref name=latimore2022/>

She holds a Diploma of Community Development from [[Swinburne University of Technology]], a graduate certificate in [[public sector]] management and a Certificate IV Indigenous Leadership.<ref name=vicparl2021>{{cite re-member |title=Ms Lidia Thorpe |num2=127 | access-date=2 August 2022}}</ref>

She became a [[single mother]] at the age of 17.<ref name=latimore2022/>

==Early career==
Thorpe has worked as the Aboriginal employment adviser for the [[Municipal Association of Victoria]] and was president of the Lakes Entrance Basketball Association for three years. She has also been a member of the school council of the [[Nowa Nowa, Victoria|Nowa Nowa]] Primary School, a steering committee for Indigenous administrators and the [[Institute of Public Administration Australia]] (Victoria). She worked as a [[project manager]] with the [[East Gippsland Shire Council]],<ref name=fellowship>{{cite news|url=https://indigenousfellowship.net.au/emerging-leaders/lidia-thorpe/|title=Lidia Thorpe: Emerging Leader 2008 - 2009|website=Indigenous Fellowship|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-date=12 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812151055/http://indigenousfellowship.net.au/emerging-leaders/lidia-thorpe/|url-status=live}}</ref> Indigenous manager at [[Centrelink]] and manager at [[Lake Tyers|Lake Tyers Aboriginal Training Centre]].<ref name=vicparl2021/>

Thorpe was the co-chair of the Victorian [[NAIDOC]] Committee from 2014 to 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vicnaidoc.com.au/the-committee|title=The Committee|access-date=5 April 2022|archive-date=2 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302225026/https://vicnaidoc.com.au/the-committee|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/elections/northcote-by-election-2017|last=Green|first=Antony|authorlink=Antony Green|title=2017 Northcote by-election|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|access-date=18 November 2017|archive-date=18 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118144352/http://www.abc.net.au/news/elections/northcote-by-election-2017/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/northcote-byelection-greens-pick-their-woman-for-key-battle-of-the-north-20170911-gyez5c.html|title=Northcote by-election: Greens pick their woman for key battle of the north|last1=Towell|first1=Noel|last2=Preiss|first2=Benjamin|newspaper=[[The Age]]|date=11 September 2017|access-date=18 November 2017|archive-date=14 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114233925/http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/northcote-byelection-greens-pick-their-woman-for-key-battle-of-the-north-20170911-gyez5c.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=fellowship/>

In 2013, Thorpe was declared [[bankrupt]] with over {{AUD|700,000}} in debts, including monies owed to Indigenous Business Australia and {{AUD|55,000}} owed to the [[Australian Taxation Office]]. She said that her bankruptcy resulted from [[domestic violence]], stating "like many survivors of family violence, I ended up losing everything in a bid to protect myself and my family from an impossible situation".<ref name="bankruptcy">{{cite news |last1=Hore |first1=Monique |title=Greens Northcote candidate reveals abusive relationship led to her bankruptcy |url=https://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/greens-northcote-candidate-reveals-abusive-relationship-led-to-her-bankruptcy/news-story/0b53d6f348de3f5aaf783cf11c816d42 |access-date=5 September 2020 |work=Herald Sun |date=26 October 2017 |archive-date=31 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831102149/https://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/greens-northcote-candidate-reveals-abusive-relationship-led-to-her-bankruptcy/news-story/0b53d6f348de3f5aaf783cf11c816d42 |url-status=live }}</ref> Her ex-husband, who was an alcoholic, confirmed her account of the marriage breakdown. She was discharged from bankruptcy in 2016.<ref name=latimore2022/>

==Political career==
===Victorian Legislative Assembly===
[[File:JMP 6094 (46499665305).jpg|thumb|right|Thorpe at a rally in Melbourne in 2019]]

Thorpe won the seat of [[Electoral district of Northcote|Northcote]] at the [[2017 Northcote state by-election|2017 by-election]] on 18 November 2017 after receiving 45.22% of the primary vote, which became 50.93% after the distribution of preferences.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vec.vic.gov.au/Results/State2017/NorthcoteDistrict.html|title=Northcote District By-election 2017 : Northcote District|work=VEC|access-date=9 August 2018|archive-date=9 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809122905/https://www.vec.vic.gov.au/Results/State2017/NorthcoteDistrict.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She was sworn in as a member of parliament on 28 November 2017 and delivered her first speech to the assembly the following day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/first-aboriginal-woman-mp-lidia-thorpe-speaks-of-genocide-lingering-disadvantage-20171129-gzv2ms.html|title=State's first Aboriginal woman MP Lidia Thorpe speaks of genocide, lingering disadvantage|last1=Carey|first1=Adam|work=The Age|date=29 November 2017|access-date=29 November 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201161723/http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/first-aboriginal-woman-mp-lidia-thorpe-speaks-of-genocide-lingering-disadvantage-20171129-gzv2ms.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Raue|first=Ben|date=19 November 2017|title=Northcote byelection: Greens' Lidia Thorpe takes Melbourne seat from Labor|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/nov/19/northcote-byelection-greens-lidia-thorpe-takes-melbourne-seat-from-labor|access-date=19 November 2017|archive-date=19 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119000210/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/nov/19/northcote-byelection-greens-lidia-thorpe-takes-melbourne-seat-from-labor|url-status=live}}</ref>
Thorpe was the [[Australian Greens Victoria]] portfolio holder for Aboriginal Justice, Consumer Affairs, Skills and Training, Sport and Mental Health.<ref name="Greens"/><ref name=vicparl2021/>

In May 2018, she organised an historic gathering of [[Aboriginal elder|Aboriginal Elder]]s at the [[Parliament of Victoria]] to discuss the state's treaty processes. The meeting was organised as part of Thorpe's campaign to implement clan-based treaties, which would recognise the approximately 100 Aboriginal clans in Victoria. At the time, Thorpe said: "Our sovereignty and each of our language groups and our Clans must be clearly recognised in the government's treaty advancement legislation."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/nitv-news/article/2018/05/14/victorian-elders-call-clan-based-treaties-and-more-inclusion-process|title=Victorian Elders call for Clan-based treaties and more inclusion in process|work=NITV|last1=Hocking|first1=Rachel|date=14 May 2018|access-date=15 August 2018|archive-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815202151/https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/nitv-news/article/2018/05/14/victorian-elders-call-clan-based-treaties-and-more-inclusion-process|url-status=live}}</ref> The delegation of clan elders unanimously agreed to form an elders council. Thorpe supported the [[Victorian Government]]'s 2018 treaty bill, but stated that she would continue to push for clan sovereignty to be recognised as the treaty process advances.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theage.com.au/politics/victoria/victoria-passes-aboriginal-treaty-bill-20180621-p4zmzz.html |title=Victoria passes Aboriginal treaty bill |work=The Age |date=21 June 2018 |last1=Banger |first1=Marie |last2=Offer |first2=Kaitlyn |access-date=15 August 2018 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726152434/https://www.theage.com.au/politics/victoria/victoria-passes-aboriginal-treaty-bill-20180621-p4zmzz.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Thorpe lost her seat to Labor candidate [[Kat Theophanous]] at the [[2018 Victorian state election]],<ref name=florance/> with her term finishing on 19 December 2018.<ref name=vicparl2021/> She told ABC Radio Melbourne: "We need to have a good look at ourselves and have a review of what this election has done to our party, losing quite a considerable amount of Greens members." She said Labor ran a "dirty campaign" against her but conceded that negative coverage due to internal party scandals had also contributed to her defeat.<ref name=florance>{{cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-11-26/victorian-election-greens-need-to-take-good-look-lidia-thorpe/10553616 |title=Victorian election should prompt Greens to take a 'good look at ourselves', losing Northcote MP says |website=ABC News |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |last1=Florance |first1=Loretta |date=26 November 2018 |access-date=25 May 2018 |archive-date=26 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126062649/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-11-26/victorian-election-greens-need-to-take-good-look-lidia-thorpe/10553616 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Parliament of Australia===
[[File:Lidia Thorpe in Parliament 2020.jpg|thumb|Thorpe being sworn into parliament in October 2020]]
In June 2020, Thorpe was [[Preselection|preselected]] by [[Australian Greens Victoria|Victorian Greens]] members to fill the federal [[Australian Senate|Senate]] vacancy caused by former leader [[Richard Di Natale]]'s resignation.<ref name=June2020>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-20|title=Aboriginal activist Lidia Thorpe to replace Richard Di Natale as Greens senator for Victoria|last1=Cox|first1=Lisa|url=http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/jun/20/aboriginal-activist-lidia-thorpe-to-replace-richard-di-natale-as-greens-senator-for-victoria|access-date=2020-06-20|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-date=20 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620062117/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/jun/20/aboriginal-activist-lidia-thorpe-to-replace-richard-di-natale-as-greens-senator-for-victoria|url-status=live}}</ref> She was appointed to the vacancy at a joint sitting of the [[Parliament of Victoria|Victorian Parliament]] on 4 September and sworn in on 6 October 2020.<ref name=Appointment4September2020/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/BrettMasonNews/status/1313294977103847425|title=Senator @lidia__thorpe arrives on Ngunnawal and Ngambri Country carrying a Message Stick "memorialising the 441 First Nations people who have died in custody without justice" #auspol @SBSNews @NITV|work=SBS News|author=Brett Mason|publisher=Twitter|date=6 October 2020|access-date=6 October 2020|archive-date=6 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006101201/https://twitter.com/BrettMasonNews/status/1313294977103847425|url-status=live}}</ref> She is the first Aboriginal woman to represent Victoria in the Senate and is the first Aboriginal federal parliamentarian from the Greens.<ref name=June2020/><ref name=Appointment4September2020>{{cite web|url=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6911014/vic-endorses-thorpe-as-new-greens-senator/|work=The Canberra Times|date=4 September 2020|title=Vic endorses Thorpe as new Greens senator|last1=Osborne|first1=Paul|access-date=4 September 2020|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404043939/https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6911014/vic-endorses-thorpe-as-new-greens-senator/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the [[2022 Australian federal election|May 2022 federal election]], at which she was re-elected, Thorpe was elected by the Greens party room as the party's deputy leader in the Senate.<ref>{{Cite tweet|last=Bandt|first=Adam|author-link=Adam Bandt|user=adambandt|date=June 10, 2022|number=1535136884690927616|title=I thank my colleagues for their strong and continued support. After our best election result ever, I am very excited to be the Leader of an expanded Greens Party Room & leadership team as we fight for action on climate and inequality.}}</ref><ref name="parlbio"/>

==== Resignation from Greens' deputy leadership ====
On 20 October 2022, Thorpe resigned from her position as Greens' deputy leader in the Senate, shortly after [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC News]] revealed that in 2021 she had dated the ex-president of the [[Rebels Motorcycle Club|Rebels outlaw bikie gang]], Dean Martin. At the time of the relationship, she had held the justice portfolio for the Greens and had been serving on the joint parliamentary law enforcement committee, so had been privy to confidential briefings about bikie gangs and [[organised crime]]. Thorpe had not disclosed the relationship, and it was only revealed when her staff notified party leader Adam Bandt's office and an independent parliamentary authority. Her staff became aware of the relationship in mid-2021. In August 2021, when confidential law enforcement committee briefing documents concerning bikie gangs arrived in her office hours after Thorpe had met Martin, one of her staffers urged her to inform Bandt, but she failed to do so. She told the staffer that "she was being really careful": she used [[encrypted]] social media to communicate with Martin, conversations were deleted weekly, and they never met at either one's home. The matter was referred to the [[Australian Federal Police]]. Thorpe said that she continues to be friends with Martin.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/bombshell-as-bandt-seeks-greens-senators-mresignation/news-story/adf3151b217081f68291330ff6619e61
|title=Bombshell as Bandt seeks Greens senator's resignation |website=news.com.au |date=20 October 2022 |access-date=20 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-10-20/lidia-thorpe-undisclosed-relationship-ex-rebel-president/101553386 |title=Greens senator Lidia Thorpe admits to undisclosed relationship with ex-Rebels president Dean Martin while on law enforcement committee |website=ABC News |date=20 October 2022 |access-date=20 October 2022 |archive-date=20 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020014844/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-10-20/lidia-thorpe-undisclosed-relationship-ex-rebel-president/101553386 |url-status=live }}</ref> Martin had been president of the Rebels in Victoria, and had been charged and pleaded guilty to liquor offences in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Butcher |first=Steve |date=2013-08-29 |title=Rebels president Dean Martin pleads guilty to liquor offences |url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/rebels-president-dean-martin-pleads-guilty-to-liquor-offences-20130829-2ss9c.html |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=The Age |language=en |archive-date=22 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022061936/https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/rebels-president-dean-martin-pleads-guilty-to-liquor-offences-20130829-2ss9c.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following the revelations, Thorpe faced a censure motion in the Senate. [[Australian Labor Party|ALP]] senator [[Helen Polley]], the head of the joint parliamentary law enforcement committee, of which Thorpe had been a member, said, with regard to Thorpe's position as a senator: "she should consider if it's the right place for her".<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/lidia-thorpe-to-face-censure-motion-amid-calls-to-resign-from-senate-over-bikie-relationship/8kanukb8y |title= Lidia Thorpe to face censure motion amid calls to resign from Senate over bikie relationship |website= SBS News |date= 21 October 2022 |access-date= 22 October 2022 |archive-date= 21 October 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221021223428/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/lidia-thorpe-to-face-censure-motion-amid-calls-to-resign-from-senate-over-bikie-relationship/8kanukb8y |url-status= live }}</ref>

It was also reported on 20 October that following a complaint by one of her staff, the Department of Finance was reviewing the culture of Thorpe's office.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-10-20/bandt-asks-thorpe-to-resign-as-senate-deputy/101557298 |title=Greens senator Lidia Thorpe resigns as Senate deputy after undisclosed relationship with ex-bikie boss |website=ABC News |date=20 October 2022 |access-date=20 October 2022 |archive-date=20 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020031759/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-10-20/bandt-asks-thorpe-to-resign-as-senate-deputy/101557298 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 24 October, Thorpe referred herself to the Senate privileges committee.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lowrey |first=Tom |date=2022-10-24 |title=Lidia Thorpe refers herself to privileges committee over undisclosed relationship with former bikie boss |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-10-24/lidia-thorpe-refers-herself-privileges-committee-ex-bikie-boss/101570058 |access-date=2022-10-24 |archive-date=24 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024042406/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-10-24/lidia-thorpe-refers-herself-privileges-committee-ex-bikie-boss/101570058 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2023, a parliamentary investigation cleared Thorpe of contempt of parliament.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-03-07/senate-probe-clears-lidia-thorpe-of-contempt-of-parliament/102066122 | title=Senate probe clears Lidia Thorpe of contempt over undisclosed relationship | newspaper=ABC News | date=7 March 2023 | access-date=7 March 2023 | archive-date=7 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307224235/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-03-07/senate-probe-clears-lidia-thorpe-of-contempt-of-parliament/102066122 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Resignation from the Greens ====
On 6 February 2023, Thorpe announced that she would resign from the Greens to become an independent senator, sitting on the crossbench, over disagreements concerning the proposed Indigenous Voice to Parliament.<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-05 |title=Indigenous Voice to parliament updates LIVE: Lidia Thorpe quits Greens over Voice division |url=https://www.afr.com/politics/federal/australia-should-prepare-for-chinese-spy-balloons-20230206-p5ci3n |access-date=2023-02-06 |website=Australian Financial Review |language=en |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206020117/https://www.afr.com/politics/federal/australia-should-prepare-for-chinese-spy-balloons-20230206-p5ci3n |url-status=live }}</ref> In a statement, Thorpe stated that "this country has a strong grassroots [[Australian Indigenous Sovereignty|black sovereign]] movement, full of staunch and committed warriors, and I want to represent that movement fully in this Parliament. It has become clear to me, that I can't do that from within the Greens."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/lidia-thorpe-quits-greens-over-voice-to-parliament/6f80zr453|title=Lidia Thorpe quits Greens over Voice to Parliament|work=SBS News|date=6 February 2023|access-date=6 February 2023|archive-date=6 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206021503/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/lidia-thorpe-quits-greens-over-voice-to-parliament/6f80zr453|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Ongoing roles and interests==
Thorpe is or has been the delegate for the Lakes Entrance Aboriginal Education Consultative Group, the Victorian representative to the National Advisory Committee for [[The Smith Family (charity)|The Smith Family]] and co-chair of the Victorian [[NAIDOC]] Committee.<ref name=fellowship/>

== Activism ==
Thorpe has supported the ''Pay the Rent'' campaign, which calls on non-Aboriginal Australians to voluntarily pay [[Reparation (legal)|reparations]] through an organisation of the same name.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/pay-the-rent-invasion-day-protesters-urged-to-hand-over-cash-at-march-20200121-p53tdr.html |title='Pay the rent': Invasion Day protesters urged to hand over cash at march |last=Cowie |first=Tom |publisher=The Age |date=21 January 2020 |accessdate=17 January 2023 |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117140726/https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/pay-the-rent-invasion-day-protesters-urged-to-hand-over-cash-at-march-20200121-p53tdr.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Thorpe has been critical of the ''[[Uluru Statement from the Heart]]'', believing there should be a [[Indigenous treaties in Australia|treaty]] before an [[Indigenous voice to government]]. Thorpe led a walk-out of the Uluru convention, believing that it was "hijacked by Aboriginal corporations and establishment appointments and did not reflect the aspirations of ordinary Indigenous people".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Grand |first1=Chip Le |title=Without treaty, incoming senator can't feel part of 'Team Australia' |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/without-treaty-incoming-senator-can-t-feel-part-of-team-australia-20200625-p55649.html |access-date=5 September 2020 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=25 June 2020 |language=en |archive-date=10 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200910211804/https://www.smh.com.au/national/without-treaty-incoming-senator-can-t-feel-part-of-team-australia-20200625-p55649.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On [[Australia Day]] 2019, an inaugural dawn service organised by Thorpe was held at the [[Kings Domain Resting Place]] as a [[Day of Mourning (Australia)|day of mourning]] and reflection on the [[colonisation of Australia]] with Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people in attendance for the ceremony.<ref name="Wahlquistov">{{cite news|last=Wahlquist|first=Calla|title='Overwhelmed': Hundreds attend first dawn service to be held on Australia Day|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/jan/26/overwhelmed-hundreds-attend-first-dawn-service-to-be-held-on-australia-day|work=The Guardian|date=26 January 2019|access-date=16 February 2021|url-status=live|df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107232218/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/jan/26/overwhelmed-hundreds-attend-first-dawn-service-to-be-held-on-australia-day |archive-date=2020-11-07}}</ref>

Thorpe was removed from the [[Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras]] parade on 25 February 2023 when she had laid down in front of a float in protest against the presence of police.<ref name="HildebrandtABC">{{cite news |last1=Hildebrandt |first1=Carla |title=Federal senator Lidia Thorpe halts Sydney's Mardi Gras parade with police protest |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-02-26/federal-senator-lidia-thorpe-removed-from-parade/102024664 |access-date=26 February 2023 |work=ABC News |archive-date=26 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226005157/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-02-26/federal-senator-lidia-thorpe-removed-from-parade/102024664 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2023, footage emerged of Thorpe being tackled to the ground by a police officer while attending a demonstration outside of [[Parliament House, Canberra|Parliament House]]. Thorpe was part of a group countering an anti-transgender rights rally which included activist [[Kellie-Jay Keen-Minshull]] at Parliament House. Australian Attorney-General [[Mark Dreyfus]] is believed to be investigating the matter, having sought advice from the commissioner of the Australian Federal Police regarding the matter.<ref name="ThompsonTheAge">{{cite news |last1=Thompson |first1=Angus |title=Senator Lidia Thorpe clashes with police at anti-trans rally |url=https://www.theage.com.au/politics/federal/senator-lidia-thorpe-clashes-with-police-at-anti-trans-rally-20230323-p5cunr.html |access-date=23 March 2023 |work=The Age |archive-date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323030920/https://www.theage.com.au/politics/federal/senator-lidia-thorpe-clashes-with-police-at-anti-trans-rally-20230323-p5cunr.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Thorpe alleged the treatment by police constituted [[assault]] and the [[Minister for Indigenous Australians]], [[Linda Burney]], said the incident was “disturbing and concerning”.<ref>{{cite news |author=Paul Karp |agency= |title=Lidia Thorpe’s treatment at anti-trans rally ‘disturbing and concerning’, Linda Burney says |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/mar/24/lidia-thorpe-treatment-at-anti-trans-rally-disturbing-and-concerning-linda-burney-says |quote= |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=2023-03-24 |access-date=2023-04-04 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404034858/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/mar/24/lidia-thorpe-treatment-at-anti-trans-rally-disturbing-and-concerning-linda-burney-says |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Award==
Thorpe was awarded the Fellowship for Indigenous Leadership in 2008.<ref name=fellowship/>

== Personal life and family ==
Thorpe's grandmother, [[Alma Thorpe]], was one of the founders of the Victorian Aboriginal Health Service<ref name=2011_Vic_AHR>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vic.gov.au/aboriginalvictoria/community-engagement/leadership-programs/aboriginal-honour-roll/2011-victorian-aboriginal-honour-roll/alma-thorpe.html|title=2011 Victorian Aboriginal Honour Roll - Alma Thorpe|date=2012|publisher=State Government of Victoria|access-date=2017-12-06|archive-date=6 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206204014/https://www.vic.gov.au/aboriginalvictoria/community-engagement/leadership-programs/aboriginal-honour-roll/2011-victorian-aboriginal-honour-roll/alma-thorpe.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/new-greens-mp-lidia-thorpes-long-road-from-nowa-nowa-to-northcote-20171119-gzodm6.html|title=New Greens MP Lidia Thorpe's long road from Nowa Nowa to Northcote|newspaper=The Age|date=19 November 2017|last1=Carey|first1=Adam|access-date=19 November 2017|archive-date=22 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122114820/http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/new-greens-mp-lidia-thorpes-long-road-from-nowa-nowa-to-northcote-20171119-gzodm6.html|url-status=live}}</ref> in 1973, the year of Lidia's birth, and was also involved in the setting up of the [[Aboriginal Tent Embassy]]. Her mother, Marjorie Thorpe, was a co-commissioner for the [[Stolen Generations]] inquiry that produced the ''[[Bringing Them Home]]'' report in the 1990s, and later a member of the [[Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation]], and a preselected Greens federal candidate for [[Division of Gippsland|Gippsland]].<ref name=latimore2022>{{cite web | last=Latimore | first=Jack | title='Shouty, uninformed, ineffective': How Senator Lidia Thorpe annoys the establishment | website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] | date=23 April 2022 | url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/shouty-uninformed-ineffective-how-senator-lidia-thorpe-annoys-the-establishment-20220323-p5a73j.html | access-date=2 August 2022 | archive-date=2 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802203258/https://www.smh.com.au/national/shouty-uninformed-ineffective-how-senator-lidia-thorpe-annoys-the-establishment-20220323-p5a73j.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Both Alma and her mother, Edna Brown, were [[Koori]] activists in [[Footscray, Victoria|Footscray]] and [[Collingwood, Victoria|Collingwood]]. Edna had been forcibly moved out of [[Framlingham Aboriginal Reserve]] in 1932, aged 15, before becoming a community activist.<ref name=latimore2022/> Edna was married to James Brown, of Scottish/Australian descent.

Thorpe's sister is Meriki Onus, who co-founded the Warriors of Aboriginal Resistance (WAR) collective that was a driving force behind the [[Australian Aboriginal Sovereignty]] movement.<ref name=latimore2022/>

Her uncle is activist [[Robbie Thorpe]], who is linked to some of the earliest struggles for [[Aboriginal Australian self-determination]], and also involved with the Pay The Rent campaign.<ref name=latimore2022/>

Thorpe has three children<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lidiathorpe.com/about/|title=Lidia Thorpe website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621191237/http://lidiathorpe.com/about/|archive-date=21 June 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Greens"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/chamber/hansards/b97b0bb9-8120-4b6a-b093-173728d144de/toc_pdf/Senate_2020_12_02_8384.pdf;fileType=application%2Fpdf|title=Senate Hansard - Wednesday, 2 December 2020|date=2 December 2020|publisher=Parliament of Australia|access-date=3 December 2020|archive-date=3 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703013411/https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/chamber/hansards/b97b0bb9-8120-4b6a-b093-173728d144de/toc_pdf/Senate_2020_12_02_8384.pdf;fileType=application%2Fpdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and {{as of|April 2022|lc=yes}} has four grandchildren.<ref name=latimore2022/>

Thorpe was reportedly in a relationship with Gavan McFadzean, manager of the Climate Change and Clean Energy Program at the [[Australian Conservation Foundation]], from 2019 to 2022.<ref name =9newsfb>{{cite web | title=Jilted partner of firebrand senator Lidia Thorpe found out she had an affair with a bikie from news | website=9 Breaking News | date=20 October 2022 | url=https://9breakingnews.com/jilted-partner-of-firebrand-senator-lidia-thorpe-found-out-she-had-an-affair-with-a-bikie-from-news/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020230440/https://9breakingnews.com/jilted-partner-of-firebrand-senator-lidia-thorpe-found-out-she-had-an-affair-with-a-bikie-from-news/ | archive-date=20 October 2022 | url-status=live | access-date=23 October 2022}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
In a speech to Parliament in May 2021, Thorpe commented negatively on new bail laws being introduced into the Northern Territory and made an assumption that the [[Attorney-General of the Northern Territory]] was a white male. The attorney-general, [[Selena Uibo]], was an Aboriginal woman.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Heaney |first1=Chelsea |date=13 May 2021 |title=NT Attorney-General slams speech from Greens Senator that assumed she was a man who 'hopefully' was white |language=en-AU |work=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-05-13/nt-selena-uibo-lydia-thorpe-youth-justice-bail-law/100136066 |url-status=live |access-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513153107/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-05-13/nt-selena-uibo-lydia-thorpe-youth-justice-bail-law/100136066 |archive-date=13 May 2021}}</ref> Uibo stated that Thorpe was not qualified to speak on the Northern Territory's issues.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-05-13 |title=NT Attorney-General slams speech from Greens Senator that assumed she was a man who 'hopefully' was white |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-05-13/nt-selena-uibo-lydia-thorpe-youth-justice-bail-law/100136066 |url-status=live |access-date=2022-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514192104/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-05-13/nt-selena-uibo-lydia-thorpe-youth-justice-bail-law/100136066 |archive-date=14 May 2021}}</ref>

In December 2021, Thorpe interjected to Liberal senator [[Hollie Hughes (politician)|Hollie Hughes]] "at least I keep my legs shut", during a Senate discussion about people living with disabilities. When challenged on the remark, Thorpe told the Chamber: "I just got a view of something over there that disturbed me. But I’m happy to retract.” Hughes believed the statement was in reference to her autistic son, and was reportedly left in tears.<ref>{{cite web |date=2 December 2021 |title=Greens Senator Lidia Thorpe accused of 'legs shut' gibe at Liberal colleague |url=https://www.news.com.au/national/politics/greens-senator-lidia-thorpe-accused-of-legs-shut-gibe-at-liberal-colleague/news-story/0c9d7e078ab0cd95a2b266b06953a4f0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202120712/https://www.news.com.au/national/politics/greens-senator-lidia-thorpe-accused-of-legs-shut-gibe-at-liberal-colleague/news-story/0c9d7e078ab0cd95a2b266b06953a4f0 |archive-date=2 December 2021 |access-date=3 December 2021 |website=news.com.au}}</ref> Later in the evening, Thorpe admitted to "inappropriate remarks" and apologised, but denied any reference to Hughes's son.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/dec/02/greens-senator-lidia-thorpe-apologises-for-disgusting-comment-directed-at-liberal-hollie-hughes Greens senator Lidia Thorpe apologises for ‘disgusting’ comment directed at Liberal Hollie Hughes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227095129/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/dec/02/greens-senator-lidia-thorpe-apologises-for-disgusting-comment-directed-at-liberal-hollie-hughes|date=27 February 2023}}; theguardian, 2 Dec 2021</ref>

In December 2021, following a fire that damaged the [[Old Parliament House, Canberra|Old Parliament House]] in Canberra, Thorpe was criticised for tweeting "Seems like the colonial system is burning down. Happy New Year everyone #AlwayswasAlwayswillBeAboriginalLand". The tweet was criticised by members of both the [[Coalition (Australia)|Coalition]] and [[Australian Labor Party]]. Thorpe deleted the tweet an hour later.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Alex |date=31 December 2021 |title=Probe into Old Parliament fire underway |work=[[Canberra Times]] |location=[[Canberra, Australian Capital Territory]] |url=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7567106/probe-into-old-parliament-fire-underway/ |url-status=live |access-date=2022-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908235736/https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7567106/probe-into-old-parliament-fire-underway/ |archive-date=8 September 2022}}</ref>

In a June 2022 interview, Thorpe said she was there to 'infiltrate' the Australian parliament and that the [[Australian flag]] had "no permission to be here". Senator [[Jacinta Nampijinpa Price]] denounced Thorpe's comments and called for her dismissal from parliament.<ref name="Graham">{{Cite news |last=Graham |first=Ben |date=June 23, 2022 |title=Greens senator Lidia Thorpe said she is 'here to infiltrate' Australia's parliament |website=news.com.au |url=https://www.news.com.au/national/politics/greens-senator-lidia-thorpe-said-she-is-here-to-infiltrate-australias-parliament/news-story/6d16a6a660f7f55612e20455d28d9fc8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623064536/https://www.news.com.au/national/politics/greens-senator-lidia-thorpe-said-she-is-here-to-infiltrate-australias-parliament/news-story/6d16a6a660f7f55612e20455d28d9fc8 |archive-date=June 23, 2022}}</ref>

Thorpe gained media attention during her swearing-in ceremony. She added the words "the colonising" in the required [[Oath of Allegiance (Australia)|Oath of Allegiance]] to [[Queen Elizabeth II]] by saying "I swear by Almighty God that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to ''the colonising'' Her Majesty Elizabeth the Second, Queen of Australia, Her heirs and successors according to law." Thorpe was immediately criticised by fellow senators. After an instruction by Labor Senate president [[Sue Lines]] and interjections from others that the oath must be taken word-by-word, Thorpe recited the pledge once more, this time omitting the two words.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2022 |title=Australian senator Lidia Thorpe calls the Queen a 'coloniser' in mandatory oath of allegiance for parliament |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/world/australia-senator-lidia-thorpe-queen-coloniser-oath-alleigence-1772330 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801200039/https://inews.co.uk/news/world/australia-senator-lidia-thorpe-queen-coloniser-oath-alleigence-1772330 |archive-date=1 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=inews.co.uk |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Butler">{{Cite news |last=Butler |first=Josh |date=August 1, 2022 |title=Australian senator calls the Queen a coloniser while being sworn in to parliament |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/aug/01/australian-greens-senator-lidia-thorpe-calls-queen-coloniser-while-being-sworn-into-parliament |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801202621/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/aug/01/australian-greens-senator-lidia-thorpe-calls-queen-coloniser-while-being-sworn-into-parliament |archive-date=August 1, 2022}}</ref>

On 16 April 2023, footage emerged of Thorpe in a verbal altercation with men outside a strip club.<ref>{{cite web |date=April 16, 2023 |title=Senator Lidia Thorpe in heated exchange outside strip club |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/senator-lidia-thorpe-in-heated-exchange-outside-strip-club-20230416-p5d0w9.html |access-date=April 20, 2023 |website=smh.com |publisher=Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> Thorpe claimed the men provoked the altercation,<ref>{{Cite web |last=McMillan |first=Ashleigh |date=2023-04-16 |title=Senator Lidia Thorpe in heated exchange outside strip club |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/senator-lidia-thorpe-in-heated-exchange-outside-strip-club-20230416-p5d0w9.html |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> while the manager of the club claimed she provoked the incident by approaching white patrons and telling them they'd stolen her land.<ref>{{cite web |date=April 18, 2023 |title=Senator Lidia Thorpe’s strip club stoush |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ky2AxUDRXJ4 |access-date=April 20, 2023 |website=youtube.com |publisher=7NEWS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-20 |title=Lidia Thorpe says prime minister trying to undermine her following strip club altercation |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-04-20/thorpe-says-pm-undermining-her-over-strip-club-altercation/102248466 |access-date=2023-04-21}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://indigenousx.com.au/daniel-james-lidia-thorpe-member-for-northcote/ IndigenousX]

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|au-vic-la}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Fiona Richardson]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member for [[Electoral district of Northcote|Northcote]]|years=2017–2018}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Kat Theophanous]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Australian Senators}}
{{Current Senate crossbench}}
{{Portal bar|Australia|Politics|2020s}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thorpe, Lidia}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Australian Greens members of the Parliament of Victoria]]
[[Category:Women members of the Australian Senate]]
[[Category:Members of the Australian Senate]]
[[Category:Members of the Australian Senate for Victoria]]
[[Category:Indigenous Australian politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Australian women politicians]]
[[Category:Australian indigenous rights activists]]
[[Category:Women human rights activists]]
[[Category:Women members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Australian Greens members of the Parliament of Australia]]
[[Category:Australian socialists]]
[[Category:Australian republicans]]
[[Category:People from Collingwood, Victoria]]
[[Category:Politicians from Melbourne]]
[[Category:Gunaikurnai people]]
[[Category:Anti-monarchists]]

Transformers: Botbots

2023-03-28T01:45:33Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.05b - Bot T5 CW#17 - Fix errors for CW project (Category duplication)

{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| native_name =
| genre = {{plainlist|
* [[Comedy]]
* [[Science fiction]]
* [[Action fiction|Action]]
* [[Adventure fiction|Adventure]]
}}
| creator =
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Transformers]]''|[[Hasbro]]}}
| developer = {{plainlist|
* Kevin Burke
* [[Chris Wyatt (producer)|Chris "Doc" Wyatt]]
}}
| director = Paul O'Flanagan
| creative_director =
| presenter = 
| starring = 
| judges = 
| voices = {{plainlist|
* Louisa Zhu
* James Hartnett
* [[Christian Potenza]]
* [[Mark Little (Canadian comedian)|Mark Little]]
* [[Deven Mack]]
* Lisa Norton
* [[Joseph Motiki]]
* Josette Jorge
* [[Cory Doran]]
}}
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer = The Wilders Music Group Inc.
| country = {{Plainlist|
* Canada
* Ireland
}}
| language = English
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 10 (20 segments)
| executive_producer = {{plainlist|
* Olivier Dumont
* Randi Yaffa
* Kevin Burke
* Chris "Doc" Wyatt
}}
| producer = {{plainlist|
* Peter Lewis
* Jon Wigfield
* Tristan Homer (creative producer)
}}
| news_editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera =
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = {{plainlist|
* [[Boulder Media]]
* [[Entertainment One]]
}}
| distributor = Entertainment One Hasbro [[Netflix Streaming Services]]
| network = [[Netflix]]
| picture_format =
| audio_format =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|3|25}}
| preceded_by =
| followed_by = [[Hasbro]] [[Boulder Media]]
| related = <
}}

'''''Transformers: BotBots''''' is a [[Canada|Canadian]] animated television series based on [[Hasbro]]'s collectable toy line of the same name, which is a spin-off of the wider ''[[Transformers]]'' franchise by [[Hasbro]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://about.netflix.com/en/news/transformers-botbots-and-my-little-pony-characters-to-be-reimagined-in-two|title='Transformers: Botbots' and 'My Little Pony' Characters to be Reimagined in Two All-New Animated Series at Netflix|website=Netflix Media Center|access-date=2022-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/my-little-pony-transformers-botbots-netflix-series-animated/|title='My Little Pony' and 'Transformers: BotBots' to Be 'Reimagined' in 2 New Netflix Animated Series|website=[[TheWrap]]|date=February 25, 2021}}</ref> The first season debuted on [[Netflix]] on March 25, 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-02-17/transformers-botbots-animated-series-debuts-on-netflix-on-march-25/.182716|title=Transformers: BotBots Animated Series Debuts on Netflix on March 25|website=Anime News Network|date=February 17, 2022}}</ref>

==Premise==
A shopping mall is struck by a mysterious Energon cloud, turning the various objects (including non-electronics) into tiny transformable robots called BotBots. Among them, a group of items that were separated from their stores of origin awoke inside the lost-and-found, dubbing themselves the Lost Bots. Lead by Burgertron, the leader of the Hunger Hubs, the Lost Bots dream to one day return to their original tribes, but after accidentally being spotted by the mall security guard (thus revealing the BotBots' existence to a human), they are treated as pariahs of the mall and set out to redeem themselves while discovering their own bonds and keeping away from many flesh beings.
squad, the Hunger Hubs. As Burgertron leaves for his squad, the Lost Bots want to join him to find their squads. When Dave comes out of the bathroom, Burgertron teaches the Lost Bots "The Sacred Rule of the Mall": BotBots must never reveal their bot forms in front of the humans. Burgertron and the Lost Bots ride a mall train to avoid getting seen by the Mall Guard. They soon ride the escalator and successfully arrived at the food court, which unfortunately alerted Dave. When Dave looks in the train, he sees Bonz-Eye, Dimlit, Kikmee and Clogstopper in disguise form. And when he sees Burgertron in disguise form, he attempts to eat him. However, Dimit changes back to bot form and jumps to save Burgertron, which unfortunately causes Dave to see Burgertron and Dimlit in their bot forms and see them disappear along with Bonz-Eye, Clogstopper and Kikmee, leading Dave to discover that BotBots exist. Spud Muffin, Ulf the Orange and the other BotBots later appear out of nowhere, furiated that Burgertron and the Lost Bots broke The Sacred Rule of the Mall, which caused Burgertron to be cast out of the Hunger Hubs, become a Lost Bot and be shunned by the other BotBots along with the Lost Bots. However, the Lost Bots weren't upset, they only cared about the other squads in the mall. Burgertron soon becomes the leader of the Lost Bots to attempt to reconcile the other BotBots.

==Characters==
===Lost Bots===
*'''Burgertron''' (voiced by James Hartnett) – the leader of the Lost Bots and former leader of the Hunger Hubs. Burgertron is egotistical and constantly thinks of himself as a superhero-type character, despite his shortcomings. He became a Lost Bot after he and Dimlit got caught by Dave, leaving him to be shunned by the others. A large portion of Season 1 revolves around him trying to get reaccepted, though after Spud Muffin's deceptions were revealed he stayed with the Lost Bots, which were made an official squad. He transforms into a [[hamburger]].
*'''Dimlit''' (voiced by Deven Mack) – one of the first 4 Lost Bots who wants to join the Shed Heads. Dimlit is shy, nervous, and very reserved and easy-going, though he always pulls through when it counts. Much like Clogstopper, he is typically short on intellect, and with nothing to fear about his life prior to leaving the Lost & Found is generally very paranoid. He falls in love with another BotBot named Jacqueline in "Dimlit In Love", and transforms into a [[flashlight]].
*'''Bonz-Eye''' (voiced by Louisa Zhu) – one of the first 4 Lost Bots who doesn't come from any squad in the mall. Bonz-Eye is very bold and calm, but far more level-headed than her compatriots. She is an expert swordsman and material artist. She was also revealed to be lesbian, Japanese and the only one of her kind so she does not have her very own squad. She is also the [[Lone Wolf]] as she alter ego name. Unlike the other females, she is the only one that doesn’t have eyelashes. She sometimes likes to meditate. She transforms into a potted [[bonsai tree]].
*'''Clogstopper''' (voiced by [[Christian Potenza]]) – one of the first 4 Lost Bots who wants to join the Custodial Crew. Clogstopper is idiotic, goofy, awkward, and prone to making very relaxed, funny and goofy decisions and unintentional comedies that usually cause odd problems for his groups. He hopes to go to the Custodial Crew as his own dream, Additionally, he is very funny compared to the others in his favorite comedy, he even uses a hand puppet sometimes. Clogstopper is also interest in Fottle Barts. He transforms into a [[plunger]].
*'''Kikmee''' (voiced by Lisa Norton) – one of the first 4 Lost Bots who wants to join the Jock Squad. Kikmee is the most energetic and excitable of the group and is comparatively hyperactive, always gets very excited and gigglish, and loves sports as well as winning. She hopes to join the Jockey Squad. She transforms into a [[soccer ball]]. Kikmee was a member of the Playroom Posse in the actual toyline, following her original planned release for the range. Her gender was also changed, with her original toy bio using male pronouns. She loves seeing Batsby from the Jock Squad too.

===Hunger Hubs===
*'''Spud Muffin''' (voiced by [[Joseph Motiki]]) – a former friend of Burgertron's. Spud actively sought to get rid of him on a permanent basis, and sabotaged the Lost Bots several times at their last chances at redemption and trouble, before being exposed for his crimes and exiled to the Dark Side of the Mall at the Season 1 finale. He transforms into a box of French [[fries]].
*'''Fottle Barts''' (voiced by Lisa Norton)- A member of the Hunger Hubs, she is the best friend of Ulf the Orange and always an nice and handy pal. Barts is also interested in Clogstopper. She transforms into a red-colored [[ketchup]] bottle.
*'''Angry Cheese''' (voiced by James Hartnett)
*'''Hawt Diggity'''
*'''Ulf the Orange''' (voiced by Josette Jorge) – the love interest of both Burgertron (boyfriend) and Spud Muffin. She constantly shot down the former until Spud Muffin was exposed and exiled in the Season 1 finale, finally understanding his motives. She also gets angry or selfish sometimes at any risk or trouble in the mall. She is also a kind friend of Fottle Barts too. She transforms into an [[orange (fruit)|orange]] flavored [[Juicebox (container)|juice box]], and is based on a BotBot in the sixth wave of toys.
*'''Brock O'Lonely''' (voiced by Devon Hyland) – the DJ
*'''Tappy Takeout'''

===Jock Squad===
*'''Batsby''' (voiced by Sarah Hiller) – one of the two leaders of the Jock Squad, she is the handy friend of Dinger and transforms into a [[Baseball bat]].
*'''Kidd Klobber''' – The boxer of the squad
*'''Laceface''' (voiced by Louisa Zhu) – A member of the Jock Squad, she is very brashed and cool to get many faces at once, she transforms into a football.
*'''Pucksie'''
*'''The In-Sole'''
*'''Dinger''' (voiced by Deven Mack) – a member of the Jock Squad. He is both brash and bold and always too much confident as well, and transforms into a [[baseball]].

===Shed Heads===
*'''Cuddletooth'''
*'''Nail Byter'''
*'''Drilit Yaself'''
*'''Sandy Man'''

===Sugar Shocks===
*'''Frostferatu''' (voiced by Deven Mack) – a member of the Sugar Shocks. He believes he has hypnotism powers and is a vampire bot, plus he loves hanging out with the lost bots, he transforms into a [[cupcake]].
*'''Sprinkleberry D'uhnut''' (voiced by Deven Mack) – a member of the Sugar Shocks. He normally stands around and is typically seen usually, he cannot say any words like the other bots, he only says "BotBots" but says "Lost Bots" at the season finale. He transforms into a [[donut]] with [[sprinkles]].
*'''Lolly Licks''' (voiced by Lisa Norton) – is a member of the Sugar Shocks in the Ruckus Rally. She poses like the reference of [[Sailor Moon]], she is the only bot to have a single eye, She is also a kind friend of Lady Macaron and Burgertron too, She even is selfish sometimes. and transforms into a [[lollipop]].
*'''Sweet Cheat''' (voiced by [[Joseph Motiki]])
*'''Wishy-Waffley''' (voiced by [[Cory Doran]])
*'''Lady Macaron''' (voiced by [[Julie Lemieux]]) – a member of the Sugar Shocks. Macaron is known for being aristocratic and French, but is nice deep down if not a little rebellious at any time. She is a very close friend of Bonz-eye a.k.a the "Lone Wolf", during her adventure from the Dark Side of the Mall and the lost bots. She transforms into a [[macaron]], and unlike most of the other BotBots, is not based on any of the toys.
*'''Freezewich'''

===Gamer Geeks===
*'''Game Over''' (voiced by Josette Jorge) – a member of the Gamer Geeks. Game Over is one of the technology specialists amongst her squad, and she is one of the BotBots who covers up the tracks of their fellow beings at a very perfect operation to prevent their existence from being revealed. Game Over was characterized as a male member of the Lost Bots in the original toyline and transforms into a [[game controller]].
*'''Fomo''' (voiced by [[Cory Doran]]) – a member of the Gamer Geeks. Fomo is one of the technology specialists in his squad, and he provides live footage through his lenses and a series of drones and soon becomes nice friends with the Lost Bots. Fomo was characterized as a female member of the Techie Team in the original toyline and transforms into a [[camera]].
*'''Snorg''' (voiced by JJ Gerber) – a member of the Gamer Geeks who loves karaoke and refers to himself in the third person besides Pop N. Lock. He transforms into a [[cassette player]] in the original toyline and a [[karaoke machine]] in the netflix show.
*'''Pop N. Lock'''
*'''Steer'd Wrong''' (voiced by Josette Jorge)
*'''Chitter Click''' (voiced by [[Joseph Motiki]])
*'''Ring-A-Ling''' (voiced by Ana Sani) – Dave's company phone which turned out to be a BotBot that controls everything on herself. She is one of the few that’s not based on one of the toys.

===Custodial Crew===
*'''King Toots'''
*'''Sgt. Scrubforce''' (voiced by [[Joseph Motiki]]) – is the leader of the Custodial Crew and the army leader. He transforms into a [[bucket]] with a [[mop]].
*'''Caution''' (voiced by [[Christian Potenza]]) – is an member of the custodial crew, he is even an nice person to all the bot bots, he tansforms into a slip hazard sign.
*'''Handy'''
*'''Lady Loofa''' (voiced by [[Jacqueline Pillon]]) – a member of the Custodial Crew, she is confident and transforms into a [[sponge]].
*'''Vomit Comet''' (voiced by Martin Roach) – a member of the Custodial Crew. He is one of the more level-headed BotBots, though he also likes causing mischief. He transforms into a [[vomit pile]].
*'''Loose Deuce'''

===Fashion Forwards===
*'''Ol' Tic Toc''' (voiced by [[Martin Roach]])
*'''Jacqueline''' (voiced by Julie Lemieux) – a shy BotBot from the Fashion Forwards and Dimlit's girlfriend. She transforms into a [[Mannequin|mannequin head]], and unlike most of the other BotBots, is not based on any of the toys. She always gets calm and pleasant to see the Lost Bots as well.

===Spoiled Rottens===
*'''Disgusto Desserto''' (voiced by Kyle Dooley)

===Arcade Renegades===
*'''24K-Bit''' (voiced by Kyle Dooley) – an arcaded token
*'''Knotzel''' (voiced by Sarah Hillier) – a pretzel

===Science Alliance===
*'''Dr. Flaskenstein''' (voiced by [[Julie Lemieux]]) – the leader
*'''Face Ace''' (voiced by [[Paloma Nuñez]]) – a member of the Science Alliance. She transforms into a pair of safety goggles.
*'''Starscope''' (voiced by Sean Jordan) – a member of the Science Alliance. He serves as the team's observer and a rapper and singer. Starscope was characterized as a female in the original toyline and transforms into a [[telescope]].
*'''Eye-Goon''' (voiced by Chris Locke)

===Pet Mob===
*'''Anty Farmwell''' (voiced by Julie Lemieux) is a caretaker of her ants, she is seen with Dinger and Batsby, and she transforms into an ant farm

===Top secret squad===
*'''Agent Smartlit''' (voiced by Raven Dauda) – an agent in need of the lost bots and transforms into a flashlight because she is the same appearance like Dimlit.

===Other notable BotBots===
*'''Playgor Cardquest''' (voiced by Brandon Hackett) – a member of an unknown squad. He is known to the other BotBots for his [[troubador]]-styled singing, which often annoys those around him. He transforms into a stack of [[gaming cards]], unlike the other BotBots, he is not based in any of the toys, along with Lady Macaron and Jaqueline.

===Humans===
*'''Dave''' (voiced by [[Mark Little (Canadian comedian)|Mark Little]]) – the mall security guard who is aware of the BotBots. He only saw three BotBots in robot form: Burgertron and Dimlit in the series premiere and Spud Muffin in the season 1 finale. He is known for being severely incompetent and easily fooled, though the BotBots refer to him as a dangerous threat. He also looks after the lost bots in their object form with nothing at risk that he carries a flashlight.
*'''Dave's mom''' – Dave's mother. She is the only person Dave frequently talks to, and she is constantly disappointed at her son.
*'''Randall''' – Dave's boss at the mall.
*'''Agent Wagner''' (voiced by Raven Dauda) – an agent from [[List of Transformers film series cast and characters|Sector Seven]] sent to deal with the mysterious occurrences at the mall and meets Dave for a talk in the Goldrush Games.

==Episodes==
===Season 1 (2022)===
{{Episode table |background=#B11310 |overall=8 |title=29 |writer=30 |aux2= |aux2T=Storyboard by |airdate=20 |released=y |episodes=

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1a
|Title = Mall Than Meets The Eye
|WrittenBy = Kevin Burke & [[Chris Wyatt (producer)|Chris "Doc" Wyatt]]
|Aux2 = Estrela Lourenco
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|3|25}}
|ShortSummary = {{Long plot|episode|date=June 2022}}
While the BotBots were having their party, Dave arrives and the BotBots went to their disguised forms but Dave then leaves and the Botbots resume their party. Burgerton's girlfriend, Ulf the Orange, discovers that Burgertron's missing. Burgerton appears to have fallen into the Lost and Found, and he meets four new BotBots named Dimlit, Kikmee, Bonz-Eye and Clogstopper, who are known as "The Lost Bots". He tells the Lost Bots about different BotBots squads including the Jock Squad, the Sugar Shocks, the Gamer Geeks, the Custodial Crew, and Burgerton's squad, the Hunger Hubs. As Burgertron leaves for his squad, the Lost Bots want to join him to find their squads. When Dave comes out of the bathroom, Burgertron teaches the Lost Bots "The Sacred Rule of the Mall": BotBots must never reveal their bot forms in front of the humans. Burgertron and the Lost Bots ride a mall train to avoid getting seen by the Mall Guard. They soon ride the escalator and successfully arrived at the food court, which unfortunately alerted Dave. When Dave looks in the train, he sees Bonz-Eye, Dimlit, Kikmee and Clogstopper in disguise form. And when he sees Burgertron in disguise form, he attempts to eat him. However, Dimit changes back to bot form and jumps to save Burgertron, which unfortunately causes Dave to see Burgertron and Dimlit in their bot forms and see them disappear along with Bonz-Eye, Clogstopper and Kikmee, leading Dave to discover that BotBots exist. Spud Muffin, Ulf the Orange and the other BotBots later appear out of nowhere, furiated that Burgertron and the Lost Bots broke The Sacred Rule of the Mall, which caused Burgertron to be cast out of the Hunger Hubs, become a Lost Bot and be shunned by the other BotBots along with the Lost Bots. However, the Lost Bots weren't upset, they only cared about the other squads in the mall. Burgertron soon becomes the leader of the Lost Bots to attempt to reconcile the other BotBots. Meanwhile, Dave is making plans to trap the BotBots and expose them.
|LineColor = B11310
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1b
|Title = (Never) Be Yourself
|WrittenBy = Kevin Burke & Chris "Doc" Wyatt
|Aux2 = Francesco Cipolla
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|3|25}}
|ShortSummary =
The Lost Bots make viral videos they hope will get them lots of likes.
|LineColor = B11310
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2a
|Title = Escape from Snackatraz
|WrittenBy = Alan Denton & Greg Hahn
|Aux2 = Estrela Lourenco
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|3|25}}
|ShortSummary =
A vampire-cupcake bot called Frostferatu needs help escaping from a snack machine before Dave shows up.
|LineColor = B11310
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2b
|Title = I, Cheeseburger
|WrittenBy = Kevin Burke & Chris "Doc" Wyatt
|Aux2 = Francesco Cipolla
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|3|25}}
|ShortSummary =
Burgertron hopes to bring his musical, "I, Cheeseburger" to the big stage... In the food court.
|LineColor = B11310
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3a
|Title = Phoning It In
|WrittenBy = Taneka Stotts
|Aux2 = Estrela Lourenco
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|3|25}}
|ShortSummary =
The Lost Bots have to delete photos off Dave's phone that could blow their cover.
|LineColor = B11310
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3b
|Title = The Lost Bots and the Claw Crusade
|WrittenBy = Alan Denton & Greg Hahn
|Aux2 = Francesco Cipolla
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|3|25}}
|ShortSummary =
Kikmee tries to win a toy snake from a claw machine while Burgertron and Dimlit seek a souvenir cup.
|LineColor = B11310
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4a
|Title = Live and Let LARP
|WrittenBy = Kevin Burke & Chris "Doc" Wyatt
|Aux2 = Estrela Lourenco & Francesco Cipolla
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|3|25}}
|ShortSummary =
Burgertron thinks he's too cool to join the Lost Bot's live-action role-playing game.
|LineColor = B11310
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4b
|Title = Lone Bot and Carb
|WrittenBy = Hanah Lee Cook
|Aux2 = Jamie Kerr & Adeola Lawal
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|3|25}}
|ShortSummary =
Bonz-Eye isn't sure which squad she belongs to.
|LineColor = B11310
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5a
|Title = Dimlit In Love
|WrittenBy = Hanah Lee Cook
|Aux2 = Estrela Lourenco & Francesco Cipolla
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|3|25}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = B11310
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5b
|Title = On the Bot Prom Dance Floor
|WrittenBy = Kevin Burke & Chris "Doc" Wyatt
|Aux2 = Jean Texier
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|3|25}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = B11310
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6a
|Title = The Ruckus Rally
|WrittenBy = Kevin Burke & Chris "Doc" Wyatt
|Aux2 = Estrela Lourenco & Francesco Cipolla
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|3|25}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = B11310
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6b
|Title = Crime and Bun-ishment
|WrittenBy = Alan Denton & Greg Hahn
|Aux2 = Jean Texier, Jamie Kerr & Adeola Lawal
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|3|25}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = B11310
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7a
|Title = Spirit of Halloween
|WrittenBy = Hanah Lee Cook
|Aux2 = Estrela Lourenco & Francesco Cipolla
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|3|25}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = B11310
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7b
|Title = Rage Against the Karaoke Machine
|WrittenBy = Merrill Hagan
|Aux2 = Jean Texier, Jamie Kerr & Adeola Lawal
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|3|25}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = B11310
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8a
|Title = Scanned Out
|WrittenBy = Rose Bueno
|Aux2 = Estrela Lourenco & Francesco Cipolla
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|3|25}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = B11310
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8b
|Title = The Science Alliance
|WrittenBy = Alan Denton & Greg Hahn
|Aux2 = Jean Texier
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|3|25}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = B11310
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9a
|Title = Agent Smartlit
|WrittenBy = Jacquie Menville
|Aux2 = Estrela Lourenco & Francesco Cipolla
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|3|25}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = B11310
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9b
|Title = Shopping Brawl
|WrittenBy = Kevin Burke & Chris "Doc" Wyatt
|Aux2 = Jean Texier, Jamie Kerr & Adeola Lawal
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|3|25}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = B11310
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|Title = The Goldrush Games
|WrittenBy = Katie Kaniewski ("Part the First") Kevin Burke & Chris "Doc" Wyatt ("Part the Second")
|Aux2 = Estrela Lourenco & Francesco Cipolla ("Part the First") Jean Texier, Jamie Kerr & Adeola Lawal ("Part the Second")
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|3|25}}
|ShortSummary = {{Long plot|episode|date=May 2022}}
A mysterious bot called the Game’s Master arrives and announces the Goldrush to show who’s the best in the mall. Burgertron, seeing an opportunity to get accepted back in his squad, allows himself and the Lost Bots to join but in exchange for an exile to the dark side of the mall if they don’t get first place. The Lost Bots were proven professional in the games, allowing them to get in the top rankings. Spud allows Burgertron back in the Hunger Hubs in hopes the Lost Bots would lose, which was succeeded. Burgertron, however, got suspicious of Spud and exposed the Games Master as Brock, whom Spud forced to rig the games and made him look like he was on vacation until Spud gave different locations spots. Burgertron reveals that the everything Goldrush Games was nothing more than a sham that Spud planned to get himself and the Lost Bots exiled, much to the others shocked and horror. Spud, exposed, goes insane and admits his actions in front of everyone, revealing that he was the one that got Burgertron in the Lost and Found and been trying to get rid of him from the start because of his envy of not being the leader of the Hunger Hubs he believe he should be, making him also responsible for the other events that got him and the Lost Bots involved and trying to prevent them from redeeming themselves. All of sudden Dave came by and finds Spud, who left himself exposed while he was ranting crazily without even noticing his surroundings just as the other bots, including Burgertron, were able to disguise and hide in the nick of time. Dave tells Spud to thank Burgertron for getting his job and says he’s done trying to prove the bots' existence since no one he told believed him anyway. Breaking the sacred rule of the mall, the bots, furious and disgusted at Spud’s actions and behavior, attempted to have him banned from the mall forever but Burgertron and the Lost Bots prevented that because he believes that Spud should be given a chance for redemption just like he was given the chance to redeem himself. In order for that to happen, Spud will be living in the dark side of the mall until he’s proven worthy of rejoining the bots again. With the truth finally reveal and Spud no long sabotaging any of their chances at redemption, the bots reconcile with Burgertron and finally accepts the Lost Bots as officially part of their society as an official squad. Meanwhile, Dave meets an agent from Sector 7 to learn about the bots and the energon cloud.
|LineColor = B11310
}}
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.netflix.com/title/81112503 Official website]
* ''[https://tfwiki.net/wiki/Transformers:_BotBots_(cartoon) Transformers: BotBots]'' on Transformers Wiki
* {{IMDb title|14202476}}

{{Transformers animated series}}
{{Allspark and Entertainment One}}

[[Category:Transformers (franchise) animated series]]
[[Category:2022 Canadian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2022 Canadian television series endings]]
[[Category:2020s Canadian animated television series]]
[[Category:2020s Canadian comic science fiction television series]]
[[Category:2022 Irish television series debuts]]
[[Category:Canadian animated television spin-offs]]
[[Category:Canadian children's animated action television series]]
[[Category:Canadian children's animated adventure television series]]
[[Category:Canadian children's animated comic science fiction television series]]
[[Category:Canadian children's animated science fantasy television series]]
[[Category:Canadian children's animated superhero television series]]
[[Category:Canadian flash animated television series]]
[[Category:Television series by Entertainment One]]
[[Category:English-language Netflix original programming]]
[[Category:Irish children's animated action television series]]
[[Category:Irish children's animated adventure television series]]
[[Category:Irish children's animated comic science fiction television series]]
[[Category:Irish children's animated science fantasy television series]]
[[Category:Irish children's animated superhero television series]]
[[Category:Irish flash animated television series]]
[[Category:Netflix children's programming]]

Schienenverkehr in Montenegro

2023-01-16T16:04:37Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.05b - Bot T13 CW#549 - Fix errors for CW project (Split link - Title linked in text)

{{Infobox rail network
|name = Rail transport in Montenegro
|color =
|logo =
|image = ŽCG 461 039 Vranjina.jpg
|caption = A [[JŽ series 461]] at [[Vranjina]].
|nationalrailway =
|infrastructure = [[#Railway Infrastructure of Montenegro|ŽICG]]
|majoroperators = [[#Railway transport of Montenegro|ŽPCG]], [[#Montecargo|Montecargo]]
|ridership = |passkm = |freight =
|length = {{convert|250|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
|doublelength =
|ellength = {{convert|225|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
|freightlength =
|hslength = |ogauge = |ogaugelength =
|gauge = {{RailGauge|1435mm}} ([[standard gauge]])
|hsgauge = |gauge1 = |gauge1length = |gauge2 = |gauge2length = |gauge3 = |gauge3length = |gauge4 = |gauge4length =
|el = [[25 kV AC|25 kV, 50 Hz AC]]
|el1 = |el1length = |el2 = |el2length = |el3 = |el3length = |notunnels = 121
|tunnellength = {{convert|58|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
|longesttunnel = Sozina (6,170 m)
|nobridges = 120
|longestbridge =
|nostations = [[Railway stations in Montenegro|7 stations, 41 stops]]
|highelevation = 1,032 m [[Above mean sea level|AMSL]] (at [[Kolašin]])
|highelat =
|lowelevation = 3 m [[Above mean sea level|AMSL]] (at [[Bar, Montenegro|Bar]])
|lowelat =
|map = [[Image:Railway map Montenegro.png|center|300px]]
|
}}

'''Rail transport in Montenegro''' is operated by four separate companies, which independently handle railway infrastructure, passenger transport, cargo transport and maintenance of the rolling stock. The four companies were a part of public company ''Railways of Montenegro'' ([[Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]]: Željeznica Crne Gore / Жељезница Црне Горе (ŽCG)) until it was split up in 2008.

Montenegro is a member of the [[International Union of Railways]] (UIC). The [[UIC Country Code]] for Montenegro is 62.

== Railway Infrastructure of Montenegro ==

'''Railway Infrastructure of Montenegro''' ([[Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]]: Жељезничка Инфраструктура Црне Горе / Željeznička Infrastruktura Crne Gore (ŽICG)) is a [[joint-stock company]] that handles operation and maintenance of the railway infrastructure in Montenegro.

=== History ===
{{see also|Narrow gauge railways in Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
The first railway line within the territory which today belongs to Montenegro was a [[narrow-gauge]] ({{RailGauge|760mm|lk=on}}) railway line [[Narrow gauge railways in Bosnia and Herzegovina#Dalmatian and Zelenika railway|Gabela - Zelenika]], which opened in 1901. This railway line was built by [[Austria-Hungary]], which governed the territory of [[Boka Kotorska]] at the time.

[[File:Narrow-Gauge-Railway_Bar-Virpazar_Station-Bar.jpg |thumbnail|left|Station Bar and the railway to Virpazar in around 1910]]
However, the works on the first Montenegrin railway, the [[Bar, Montenegro|Bar]] - [[Virpazar]] line, begun in 1905. This was a narrow-gauge ({{RailGauge|750mm|lk=on}}) railway line, 43,3 km long, which opened in 1908. The extension of this line from [[Virpazar]] to [[Cetinje]] was planned, but never came through, due to lack of funding, and the beginning of the [[First World War]]. This historic [[mountain railway]] line overcame a rise of 670m over an 18 km run on the [[Sutorman]] mountain, with a maximum [[Grade (slope)|grade]] of 40‰. Despite the steep gradient, the railway was not using [[Rack railway|rack technology]], due to the innovative route design by [[Italians|Italian]] engineers. The operating speeds on the line were 18 km/h for passenger transport, and 12 km/h for freight movement. In 2008, on the 100th anniversary of the line opening, and at the same time the anniversary of Montenegrin railways as a whole, it was planned to transfer the [[steam locomotive]] ''[[Lovćen]]'' from [[Podgorica Rail Station]] to Virpazar. This locomotive, which operated on the line, should become a part of a ''Montenegrin railway museum'' in Virpazar, which, due to lack of funds, never came through.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pobjeda.co.me/citanje.php?datum=2008-06-01&id=142257|title="Lovćen" se vraća kući |publisher=[[Pobjeda]] |date=2008-01-06|access-date=2011-01-19}}</ref>

The railway network in Montenegro expanded during the period of [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]. In 1927, the [[Podgorica]] - [[Plavnica, Montenegro|Plavnica]] line ({{RailGauge|600mm|lk=on}}) was opened, followed by [[Bileća]] - [[Nikšić]] line in 1938. At that time, the railway network of Montenegro measured 143 km in length, with {{RailGauge|760mm|lk=on}} [[narrow gauge]] as a most common standard. However, the railway network was not integrated, and {{RailGauge|600mm|disp=1}}, {{RailGauge|750mm}} and {{RailGauge|760mm|disp=1}} were present, additionally complicating the network operations. [[Multimodal transport]] was used for freight transport between Bar and Podgorica, as goods were transported by rail from Bar to Virpazar, then ferried across the [[Skadar Lake]] to Plavnica, followed by rail transport to Podgorica once again. Thus, it is fair to say that railway network in Montenegro was underdeveloped and unorganized prior to [[World War II]].

Following the World War 2, the railway line [[Nikšić-Podgorica railway|Podgorica - Nikšić]] was completed (1948), with {{RailGauge|760mm}} gauge.

The first real advance towards modernisation of railway network was the start of construction of the Montenegrin section of [[Belgrade-Bar railway]]. The first section from Bar to Podgorica was completed in 1959, and this is the first section of [[standard gauge]] railway in Montenegro. At the same time, [[narrow gauge]] ''Podgorica - Plavnica'' and ''Bar - Virpazar'' lines were decommissioned.

In 1965, the ''Podgorica - Nikšić'' corridor was upgraded to standard gauge, thus standardizing the entire connection from Bar to Nikšić via Podgorica. The section from Nikšić to Bileća was decommissioned at the time, as well as the Gabela - Zelenika line.

The Montenegrin section of colossal [[Belgrade-Bar railway]] project (from Bar to Vrbnica, border with [[Serbia]]) was completed in 1976, connecting Bar and Podgorica with the northern Montenegro, Serbia, and European rail network. At that time, the length of Montenegrin railway network was 225 km, with transition to [[standard gauge]] complete.

The latest addition to the Montenegrin railways was [[Podgorica–Shkodër railway|Podgorica–Shkodër line]], which opened in 1986. This was a freight-only line since its opening.

In 2012, Podgorica-Niksic railway was opened for passenger traffic after twenty years of absence. The line was modernised and electrified.

As of 2019, ZICG managed to modernise the northern part of the line the Belgrade-Bar railway between Bijelo Polje and Trebesice, and inside the Sozina tunnel.

{{Infobox company|
| name = Railway infrastructure of Montenegro Željeznička infrastruktura Crne Gore Жељезничка Инфраструктура Црне Горе
| type = [[Government-owned corporation|Government-owned]]
| logo =
| slogan =
| foundation = 2008
| location_city = [[Podgorica]]
| location_country = [[Montenegro]]
| industry = [[Rail Transport]]
| services = [[Rail Transport]]
| revenue =
| net_income =
| operating_income =
| num_employees =
| key_people =
| homepage = [http://www.zicg.me/ http://www.zicg.me/]
| foot_notes =
}}

=== Overview ===

The total network is 250 kilometres long and is {{RailGauge|1435mm}} ([[standard gauge]]) for its entire length, with 225 of them electrified at [[25 kV AC|25 kV, 50 Hz AC]]. Almost 58 km of lines are situated in 121 tunnels. There are also 120 bridges, 9 galleries and 440 culverts. The network consists of three railway lines that converge in Podgorica, making it a junction of Montenegrin X-shaped rail network.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.zicg.me/Izjava%20o%20mrezi/EN%20Izjava%20o%20mrezi%202010.pdf |title=ŽICG Network Statement 2010 }}</ref>

*[[Belgrade-Bar railway]] is the backbone of the Montenegrin railway system. It opened in 1976, and then was a state-of-the art railway, with features such as [[Mala Rijeka viaduct]] (highest railway viaduct in Europe) and the 6.2 km long Sozina tunnel. About one-third of the Montenegrin part of the railway is in a tunnel or on a viaduct. It is the first railway corridor in Montenegro that was fully electrified. The railway has suffered from chronic underfunding in the 1990s, resulting in it deteriorating and becoming unsafe. This culminated in the 2006 [[Bioče train disaster]], when a passenger train derailed, killing 47 passengers. Efforts are being made to thoroughly reconstruct this railway, with northern section of the railway already being completely overhauled.
*The [[Nikšić-Podgorica railway]] (56,6 km long) was built in 1948 as narrow gauge railway, and upgraded to normal gauge in 1965. Since 1992, it has been used solely for [[freight]] traffic, particularly [[bauxite]] from the Nikšić mine to the [[Podgorica Aluminium Plant]], with maximum speed on the railway reduced to 30 km/h. The railway was thoroughly reconstructed and electrified in 2006-2012 period, with passenger service reintroduced. Operating speeds on this railway are now in {{convert|75|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} - {{convert|100|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} range.
*The [[Podgorica–Shkodër railway]], which extends to [[Tirana]], has been used exclusively for freight traffic since its opening. Parts in Albania [[1997 rebellion in Albania|were damaged in 1997]], but the connection was restored in 2002. There are plans to reconstruct the railway and introduce passenger traffic, as it is important for interests of both [[Montenegro]] and [[Albania]].

==== Rail links with adjacent countries ====
Montenegro only has passenger railway links with [[Serbia]]. The link with [[Albania]] is only in use for freight. There are currently no railway connections with [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and [[Croatia]] since the [[breakup of Yugoslavia]].

== Railway transport of Montenegro ==
{{Infobox company|
| name = Railway transport of Montenegro Željeznički prevoz Crne Gore Жељезнички превоз Црне Горе
| type = [[Government-owned corporation|Government-owned]]
| logo =
| slogan =
| foundation = 2008
| location_city = [[Podgorica]]
| location_country = [[Montenegro]]
| industry = [[Rail Transport]]
| services = [[Rail Transport]], [[Service Sector|Services]]
| revenue =
| net_income =
| operating_income =
| num_employees =
| key_people =
| homepage = [http://www.zcg-prevoz.me/ http://www.zcg-prevoz.me/]
| foot_notes =
}}
{{Main|Željeznički prevoz Crne Gore}}

'''Railway transport of Montenegro''' ([[Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]]: Жељезнички превоз Црне Горе / Željeznički prevoz Crne Gore (ŽPCG)) is a [[joint-stock company]] that handles passenger transport within Montenegro, as well as operation of the Montenegrin [[rolling stock]].

<gallery mode="packed" caption="Current rolling stock of Montenegrin Railways">
File:ZCG461 Virpazar.jpg|Former [[JŽ series 461|JŽ class 461]] passing through [[Virpazar]] on the [[Belgrade–Bar railway|Belgrade-Bar line]].
File:01.10.13 Bar 6111.001 (10101137154).jpg|[[CAF Civity]] class 6111 EMU at Bar station.
File:01.10.13 Podgorica 6111.101 & 461.040 (10101220063).jpg|New [[CAF Civity]] next to passenger train hauled by older former [[JŽ series 461|JŽ class 461]].
File:ZCG 412-050 Podgorica.jpg|[[ŽS series 412|ŽS series 412/416]] EMU of ŽPCG in new livery in Podgorica station.
</gallery>

== Montecargo ==
{{Infobox company|
| name = Montecargo Montecargo
| type = [[Government-owned corporation|Government-owned]]
| logo =
| slogan =
| foundation = 2008
| location_city = [[Podgorica]]
| location_country = [[Montenegro]]
| industry = [[Freight rail transport]]
| services = [[Freight rail transport]]
| revenue = 10 million EUR (2010)
| net_income = 1,5 million EUR (2010)
| operating_income =
| num_employees = 209
| key_people =
| homepage = [http://www.montecargo.me/ http://www.montecargo.me/]
| foot_notes =
}}
[[File:MONTECARGO 644 Podgorica.jpg|thumbnail|left|MONTECARGO 644-015 shunting at Podgorica station.]]
'''Montecargo''' ([[Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]]: Montecargo) is a company that handles freight transport within Montenegro, as well as operation of the Montenegrin [[goods wagons]] and freight [[locomotive]]s.

Rolling stock of Montecargo consists of 17 locomotives (15 active) and 713 freight wagons:

* 8 locomotives of class [[JŽ series 461|JŽ 461]]
* 3 locomotives of class [[EMD G16|JŽ 661]]
* 4 locomotives of class [[EMD G22 Series|JŽ 644]]
* 2 locomotives of class [[JŽ 744]] (none of them is active)

== Rolling stock maintenance ==
{{Infobox company|
| name = Rolling stock maintenance Održavanje željezničkih voznih sredstava Одржавање жељезничких возних средстава
| type = [[Government-owned corporation|Government-owned]]
| logo =
| slogan =
| foundation = 2010
| location_city = [[Podgorica]]
| location_country = [[Montenegro]]
| industry = [[Rail Transport]]
| services = [[Rail Transport]], [[Service Sector|Services]]
| revenue =
| net_income =
| operating_income =
| num_employees =
| key_people =
| homepage = [http://ozvs.me/index.html http://ozvs.me/]
| foot_notes =
}}

'''Rolling stock maintenance''' ([[Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]]: Održavanje željezničkih voznih sredstava / Одржавање жељезничких возних средстава (OŽVS)) is a [[joint-stock company]] that handles maintenance of the Montenegrin passenger and freight rolling stock. It was a part of ''Railway transport of Montenegro'' company, but was split into separate company in 2011.
[[File:Otvaranje_barske_pruge_28_maj_1976.jpg|left|thumb|[[Tito's Blue Train]] on 28 May 1976, at the opening of the final section of the [[Belgrade–Bar railway]] with two [[Krauss-Maffei ML 2200 C'C'|Krauss-Maffei JŽ D66/761]].]]

== Railways of Montenegro in fiction ==
[[James Bond]] travels on the railways of Montenegro in ''[[Casino Royale (2006 film)|Casino Royale]]''. The actual train seen in the movie is the [[Pendolino]] [[tilting train]] of [[Czech Railways]].

== Preservation ==
[[Josip Broz Tito]]'s [[Blue Train (Yugoslavia)|Blue Train]] used the [[MÁV Class 424|JŽ class 11]], [[Krauss-Maffei ML 2200 C'C'|JŽ D66/761]] ([[DB Class V 200]] based), and later [[CIE 071 Class/NIR Class 111|JŽ class 666]] (EMD JT22CW-2) locomotives. It is now operated on the [[Belgrade–Bar railway|Bar - Belgrade]] line as a tourist attraction. <ref>{{Cite web |title=You can now visit Tito’s famous Blue Train in Belgrade |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/news/blue-train-belgrade-visit |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=Lonely Planet |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Transport in Montenegro]]
*[[Belgrade–Bar railway|Belgrade-Bar railway]]
*[[Tito's Blue Train]]
*[[Serbian Railways]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.zicg.me/ Željeznička infrastruktura Crne Gore] (in Montenegrin)
*[http://www.zcg-prevoz.me/ Željeznički prevoz Crne Gore] (in Montenegrin)
*[http://www.montecargo.me/ Montecargo] (in Montenegrin)
*[http://www.bueker.net/trainspotting/map.php?file=maps/serbia---montenegro/serbia---montenegro.gif Map of the railway network]

{{Rail transport in Europe}}
{{Rail network infrastructure companies}}
{{National railway companies of Europe}}
{{commons category|Rail transport in Montenegro}}

[[Category:Rail transport in Montenegro| ]]

Misan Harriman

2022-12-05T12:46:33Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.05b - Bot T21 CW#557 - Fix errors for CW project (Missing whitespace before a link)

{{Short description|British photographer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Misan Harriman 
| image = 2022 - Opening Night PO1 3566 (52470197912) (cropped).jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Harriman in 2022
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1977}}
| birth_place = [[Calabar]], [[Cross River State]], Nigeria
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality = British, Nigerian
| other_names =
| occupation = Photographer, entrepreneur, Chair of [[Southbank Centre]]
| years_active = 2017–present
| known_for = Photography
| notable_works =
| website = {{Official URL}}
}}

'''Misan Harriman''' (born 1977) is a Nigerian-born British photographer, entrepreneur and social activist. As well as being one of the most widely-shared photographers of the [[Black Lives Matter]] movement, Harriman is the first black man to shoot a cover of [[British Vogue|British ''Vogue'']] in the magazine's 104-year history. In July 2021 Harriman commenced his appointment as Chair of the [[Southbank Centre]], London.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2021/may/20/black-lives-matter-photographer-misan-harriman-becomes-southbank-centre-chair|title=Black Lives Matter photographer becomes Southbank Centre chair|first=Mark|last=Brown|newspaper=The Guardian|date=20 May 2021}}</ref>

==Early life==
Harriman was born in [[Calabar]], Nigeria, in 1977.<ref>Fleming, Amy (27 January 2021). [https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2021/jan/27/tom-cruise-fist-bumps-a-rising-star-misan-harrimans-best-photograph-oscar-nominated Tom Cruise fist-bumps a rising star: Misan Harriman's best photograph]. ''[[The Guardian]]''.</ref><ref name=MEAWW>Nath, Sayantani (14 February 2021). [https://meaww.com/misan-harriman-photographer-meghan-markle-prince-harry-second-baby-black-lives-matter Who is Misan Harriman? Meet Prince Harry and Meghan Markle's photographer pal who took their pregnancy pic on iPad]. ''MEAWW''.</ref> He is the son of [[Nigerian chiefs|Chief]] Hope Harriman (a businessman and politician from [[Warri]] in Nigeria's [[Delta State]]).<ref>Amaize, Emma (8 November 2012). [https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/11/hope-harriman-dies-at-79/ "Hope Harriman dies at 79"]. ''[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]'' (Nigeria).</ref> He attended [[Stubbington House School]] and [[Bradfield College]] in England. After school, Harriman worked in [[recruitment]] in the [[City of London]].<ref name="Standard13Aug">Butter, Susannah (13 August 2020). [https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/living/misan-harriman-is-spreading-his-optimistic-outlook-around-the-world-one-picture-at-a-time-a4524166.html "Misan Harriman: 'I find myself standing in a moment of history'"]. ''[[The Evening Standard]]''.</ref>

==Photographic career==
Harriman was interested in photography from an early age, this including giving a presentation at school on [[Stanley Kubrick]]'s use of light in ''[[Barry Lyndon]]'' (1975) aged nine. In 2016 Harriman set up an Internet media agency, What We Seee. He began photographing in 2017 and is self-taught.<ref name="BJPJune20">Warner, Marigold (23 June 2020). [https://www.bjp-online.com/2020/06/misan-harriman-black-lives-matter-london/ "Misan Harriman on photographing London's BLM protests"]. ''[[The British Journal of Photography]]''.</ref><ref name="VogueAug20">Peters, Ellie (3 August 2020). [https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/article/misan-harriman-vogue-cover "Meet Misan Harriman, The BLM Protest Photographer Who Captured Vogue's September Cover"]. [[British Vogue|British ''Vogue'']].</ref>

Harriman's photographic career has included photographing a diverse list of celebrities, including [[Rihanna]], [[Stormzy]], [[Olivia Colman]], [[Princess Beatrice]], [[Meghan, Duchess of Sussex]], [[Cate Blanchett]], [[Chiwetel Ejiofor]], and [[Tom Cruise]],<ref name=MEAWW /> as well as documenting the [[Extinction Rebellion]], [[climate strike]] and anti-Trump protests in 2019.<ref name="BJPJune20" /> In the spring of 2020, Harriman took a series of pictures of people living through the [[COVID-19 lockdown]] in his home town of [[Woking]] in a project called ''Lost in Isolation''.<ref>Stanciu, Elena. [https://www.petrieinventory.com/lost-in-isolation-found-in-solitude "Lost in Isolation - Found in Solitude: A Photo Series by Misan Harriman"]. PetrieInventory.com</ref><ref>(28 May 2020). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-england-london-52820978/the-photographer-bringing-his-community-together "The photographer bringing his community together"]. [[BBC News Online]]</ref> His pictures of the [[Black Lives Matter]] protests taken in the summer of 2020 appeared on the [[BBC]] and in ''Vogue'' magazine and ''[[The Guardian]]'', and in July were shown on the [[Piccadilly Circus#Illuminated signs|Piccadilly Lights]] at Piccadilly Circus in Central London.<ref>(7 July 2020). [https://oceanoutdoor.com/ocean-news/news/piccadilly-lights-encourages-empathy-in-the-fight-to-end-systemic-racism/ "Piccadilly Lights encourages empathy in the fight to end systemic racism"], ''Ocean News''.</ref> Harriman's triple gatefold cover for the September issue of ''Vogue''—traditionally the most important issue of the year<ref>(4 August 2020). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-53648032 "Edward Enninful: Focusing Vogue on activism a 'no-brainer'"]. [[BBC News]].</ref><ref>Sandhu, Serena (4 August 2020). [https://inews.co.uk/opinion/columnists/vogues-september-issue-with-marcus-rashford-and-adwoa-aboah-inspired-a-hope-ive-never-felt-before-as-a-reader-of-12-years-570917 "Vogue's September issue with Marcus Rashford and Adwoa Aboah inspired a hope I've never felt before as a reader of 12 years"]. [[I newspaper|The ''i'' Newspaper]].</ref><ref>Cambell, Niamh (3 August 2018). [https://evoke.ie/2018/08/03/style/fashion-fix/september-issue-of-vogue-big-deal "Why the September issue of Vogue is always a big deal in the fashion world"]. ''Evoke'' magazine.</ref><ref>Alexander, Ella (1 August 2016). [https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/article/why-the-september-issue-is-important-in-fashion "Why is the September issue so important to fashion?"]. [[Glamour (magazine)|''Glamour'' Magazine]].</ref>—included portraits of [[Adwoa Aboah]], [[Marcus Rashford]] and 18 other activists associated with the Black Lives Matter movement from around the globe.<ref name="VogueAug20" /> He was assisted by two photographers, Cornelius Walker and Ron Timehin.<ref name="Standard13Aug" /><ref>Warner, Marigold (4 August 2020). [https://www.bjp-online.com/2020/08/misan-harriman-british-vogue/ “A symphony of activism”: Misan Harriman on his historic Vogue cover]. [[British Journal of Photography]].</ref> In early 2021 Harriman remotely took the photograph used to announce the pregnancy of [[Meghan, Duchess of Sussex]].<ref>Kelly, Guy (15 February 2021). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/02/15/misan-harriman-confidante-remotely-photographed-sussexes-baby/ Who is Misan Harriman, the confidante who ‘remotely’ photographed the Sussexes’ baby announcement?]. ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''.</ref>

In July 2021, Harriman took up the appointment of chair of trustees of the [[Southbank Centre]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bynder.southbankcentre.co.uk/m/199aa064af4c9d47/original/Press_Release_Southbank_Centre_announces_new_Chair_200521.pdf|title=Press Release: Misan Harriman appointed Chair of Southbank Centre|publisher=Southbank Centre|date=20 May 2021|access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voice-online.co.uk/entertainment/2021/05/21/misan-harriman-appointed-chair-of-southbank-centre/|title=Misan Harriman appointed Chair of Southbank Centre|work=[[The Voice (British newspaper)|The Voice]]|first= Joel|last=Campbell|date=21 May 2021|access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref>

In June 2022, Harriman photographed [[Lilibet Mountbatten-Windsor]], the daughter of the [[Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex|Duke]] and [[Meghan, Duchess of Sussex|Duchess of Sussex]] and [[granddaughter]] of [[Charles III|King Charles III]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-04 |title=Royals wish Lilibet a happy first birthday |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61688835 |access-date=2022-11-29 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Harriman is married and has two children.<ref name="Standard13Aug" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|www.misanharriman.com}}
*[https://www.whatweseee.com What We Seee]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Harriman, Misan}}
[[Category:English people of Nigerian descent]]
[[Category:People educated at Bradfield College]]
[[Category:Fashion photographers]]
[[Category:British portrait photographers]]
[[Category:Nigerian photographers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People educated at Stubbington House School]]
[[Category:People from Woking]]
[[Category:People from Calabar]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:21st-century British photographers]]
[[Category:21st-century British male artists]]

Sarah Jones (Schauspielerin, 1973)

2022-11-19T04:10:12Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.05b - Bot T3 CW#46 - Fix errors for CW project (Square brackets without correct beginning)

{{short description|American playwright, actress, and poet}}
{{Other people|Sarah Jones}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sarah Jones
| image = SarahJones.jpg
| caption = Jones in 2009
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1974|11|29}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Contemporary Black Biography |date=2003 |publisher=Gale |issn=1058-1316 |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1606002471/BIC?u=wikipedia&sid=bookmark-BIC&xid=206635e3 |access-date=March 7, 2022 |format=Collection |chapter=Sarah Jones |journal=Contemporary Black Biography |volume=39}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]], U.S.
| occupation = Playwright, actress, poet
| website = {{URL | sarahjonesonline.com | SarahJonesOnline.com }}
}}

'''Sarah Jones''' (born November 29, 1974) is an American playwright, actress, and poet.

Called "a master of the genre" by ''[[The New York Times]]'', Jones has written and performed four multi-character solo shows, including ''[[Bridge and Tunnel (play)|Bridge & Tunnel]],'' which was produced [[Off-Broadway]] in 2004 by Oscar-winner [[Meryl Streep]], and then on to Broadway in 2006 where it received a [[Special Tony Award]].<ref name="tony">{{cite news |url=http://www.playbill.com/news/article/100236.html |work=Playbill |title=Just the Facts: List of 2006 Tony Award Winners and Nominees |date=June 11, 2006 |access-date=October 28, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426020947/http://playbill.com/news/article/100236.html |archive-date=April 26, 2009}}</ref>

==Life ==

Jones was born in [[Baltimore, Maryland]], to an African American father and mother of mixed Euro-American and Caribbean descent. Her multicultural background and upbringing in [[Boston]], [[Washington, D.C.]], and [[Queens]], [[New York (state)|New York]], influenced her development into what ''[[The New Yorker]]'' termed a "multicultural mynah bird [who] lays our mongrel nation before us with gorgeous, pitch-perfect impersonations of the rarely heard or dramatized."<ref name="newyorker">{{cite news |url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/03/08/040308crth_theatre?currentPage=2ref |work=The New Yorker |title=Bittersweet: ''Fiddler on the Roof'' and ''Bridge and Tunnel'' |date=March 8, 2004 |access-date=October 28, 2014}}</ref>

Jones attended The [[United Nations International School]] and [[Bryn Mawr College]] where she was the recipient of the Mellon Minority Fellowship. She originally planned a career as a lawyer, but left college early and eventually found her way to the [[Nuyorican Poets Cafe]] in New York, where she began competing in poetry slams.{{clarify|date=March 2016}}

== Career ==
Her first solo show, ''Surface Transit'', debuted at the Nuyorican Poets Cafe in 1998. It featured monologues based on her poetry which she performed in character. After gaining the attention of feminist icon [[Gloria Steinem]] and human rights organization [[Equality Now]], Jones was commissioned by the organization to write and perform her next project, ''Women Can't Wait!'', to address discriminatory laws against women.<ref name="ms">{{cite news |url=http://www.msmagazine.com/oct00/sjones.html |work=Ms. Magazine |title=Sarah Jones Can't Wait! |author=Jennifer Block |date=October–November 2000 |access-date=October 28, 2014}}</ref>

A second commission, for the [[National Immigration Forum]] to raise awareness about immigrant rights issues, yielded ''Waking the American Dream'', the solo show that became the basis for ''Bridge & Tunnel'', which set an Off-Broadway box office record during its six-month, sold-out run in New York in 2004.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.sarahjonesonline.com/ |title=Sarah Jones |website=Sarah Jones |language=en-US |access-date=2019-04-23}}</ref>

In 2001, Jones recorded and released [["Your Revolution"]] which makes a play against the lyrics and behavior of MC's in [[Hip hop]]. When the song made its way to a radio station in Portland, the station was fined $7000 by the [[Federal Communications Commission|FCC]], citing the song as "indecent". Jones decided to fight the fine and the "freeze out" of the poem/song by appealing it. After a two-year wait in 2003, the [[New York Civil Liberties Union|NYCLU]] and [[American Civil Liberties Union|ACLU]] joined the appeal and won the case. The FCC rescinded their initial notice citing the song as "indecent" and made it available for radio play.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nyclu.org/case/jones-v-federal-communication-commission-challenging-fccs-practices-reviewing-broadcast-materia |title=Jones v. Federal Communication Commission (Challenging FCC's practices for reviewing broadcast material for indecency) {{!}} New York Civil Liberties Union (NYCLU) - American Civil Liberties Union of New York State|website=www.nyclu.org|access-date=2016-12-05}}</ref>

In 2005, a commission from the [[W. K. Kellogg Foundation]] to raise awareness of ethnic and [[racial health disparities in the U.S.]] resulted in ''A Right to Care'', Jones' fourth solo piece, which premiered in 2005 at the Kellogg Foundation's 75th Anniversary conference alongside keynote speaker President [[Jimmy Carter]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2018/10/13/657200487/playwright-sarah-jones-takes-on-the-sex-industry-in-sell-buy-date |title=Playwright Sarah Jones Takes On The Sex Industry In 'Sell/Buy/Date' |website=NPR.org |language=en |access-date=2019-04-23}}</ref>

Jones recently returned to her UN School roots by becoming an Ambassador for UNICEF as its first ever Official Spokesperson on Violence Against Children, traveling and performing for audiences from Indonesia to Ethiopia, the Middle East and Japan.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

A recipient of the 2007 Brendan Gill Prize, Jones has also received grants and commissions from the [[Ford Foundation]], [[New York State Council on the Arts]], and others. She has also obtained a [[Helen Hayes Award]], two [[Drama Desk Award]] nominations, and HBO's US Comedy Arts Festival's Best One Person Show Award, as well as a [[New York Civil Liberties Union]] Calloway Award in recognition of Jones as the first artist in history to sue the [[Federal Communications Commission]] for censorship. The lawsuit resulted in reversal of a censorship ruling, which had targeted her hip-hop poem recording "Your Revolution" in which she makes a powerful statement against sexual exploitation of women in [[hip hop music]].<ref name=":0" />

A regular guest on public radio, Jones has also made numerous TV appearances on programs including [[Charlie Rose]], [[Today (NBC program)|The Today Show]], [[CBS Sunday Morning]], [[Live with Regis and Kelly]], and ''[[Sesame Street]]'' as Mr. Noodle's Other Sister, Ms. Noodle on [[Elmo's World]].{{citation needed|date=March 2016}} Sarah Jones also co-stars as Yasmin, a series regular in the 2021 Netflix series On The Verge created by Julie Delpy and produced by CanalPlus.

In 2022, Jones directed, wrote, produced, and starred in ''[[Sell/Buy/Date]]'' a hybrid documentary-comedy film, which had its world premiere at [[South by Southwest]] in March 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2021/01/sarah-jones-sell-buy-date-sex-industry-sex-worker-documentary-rashida-jones-meryl-streep-laverne-cox-1234664849/ |title=Tony Winner Sarah Jones Sets Sex Industry Docu ‘Sell/Buy/Date’; Rashida Jones, Meryl Streep And Laverne Cox To Executive Produce |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |first=Dino |last=Day-Ramos |date=January 5, 2021 |access-date=October 6, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2022/02/sxsw-2022-films-lineup-schedule-1234924852/ |title=SXSW’s Lineup For Return To In-Person Festival Includes Movies With Sandra Bullock, Nicolas Cage, Pete Davidson, Rose Byrne & More |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |first=Anthony |last=D'Alessandro |date=February 2, 2022 |access-date=September 24, 2022}}</ref> It was released in theaters on October 14, 2022, by [[Cinedigm]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/VIDEO-Watch-the-Trailer-For-Sarah-Jones-SELLBUYDATE-Film-Adaption-20220921 |title=Watch the Trailer For Sarah Jones' SELL/BUY/DATE Film Adaption |website=Broadway World |first=Michael |last=Major |date=September 21, 2022 |access-date=September 24, 2022}}</ref> It streamed on Amazon on November 8, 2002.<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/Sell-Buy-Date-Bryan-Cranston/dp/B0B8V48HNQ/ Amazon] Amazon web page for the film.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|Sarah Jones (stage actress)}}
* {{official website}}
* {{TED speaker}}
** [http://www.ted.com/talks/sarah_jones_as_a_one_woman_global_village "A one-woman global village" (TED2009)]
** [http://www.ted.com/talks/sarah_jones_what_does_the_future_hold_11_characters_offer_quirky_answers "What does the future hold? 11 characters offer quirky answers" (TED2014)]
** [https://www.ted.com/talks/sarah_jones_one_woman_five_characters_and_a_sex_lesson_from_the_future "One woman, five characters, and a sex lesson from the future" (TED2015)]
* {{YouTube|xRgIGMwZd2o|Your Revolution Def Poetry}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{IBDB name}}
* {{iobdb name}}

{{Special Tony Award}}

{{Authority control}}



{{DEFAULTSORT:Jones, Sarah}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:African-American actresses]]
[[Category:American stage actresses]]
[[Category:American women poets]]
[[Category:American women dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:American people of Jamaican descent]]
[[Category:Actresses from Baltimore]]
[[Category:Bryn Mawr College alumni]]
[[Category:Slam poets]]
[[Category:Special Tony Award recipients]]
[[Category:21st-century American poets]]
[[Category:United Nations International School alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century American actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century African-American women]]
[[Category:21st-century African-American writers]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American people]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American women]]
[[Category:African-American women writers]]

Sonya Eddy

2022-09-28T02:35:39Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.05b - Bot T5 CW#16 - Fix errors for CW project (Unicode control characters)

{{short description|American actress|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Sonya Eddy
|image =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1967|06|17}}
|birth_place = [[Concord, California]], U.S.
|occupation = Actress
|yearsactive = 1995–present
}}

'''Sonya Eddy''' (born on June 17, 1967<ref>''Soap Opera Digest'': Birthdays. p. 76, June 24, 2013 (DAYS CAN'T-MISS PREVIEW!) issue.</ref>) is an American actress.

==Biography==

Eddy was born in [[Concord, California]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://soapcentral.com/gh/theactors/eddy_sonya.php|title=About GH: About the Actors - Sonya Eddy - General Hospital @ soapcentral.com|work=[[Soapcentral]]|accessdate=23 October 2014}}</ref> She majored in Theatre and Dance at [[University of California, Davis]] and received her [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] in 1992. Eddy is a [[licensed vocational nurse]] (LVN).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://soaps.sheknows.com/generalhospital/actor/477/Sonya_Eddy/|title=Sonya Eddy Playing Epiphany Johnson on General Hospital - Soaps.com|publisher=|accessdate=23 October 2014}}</ref>

==Career==

Eddy is best known for her role as [[Epiphany Johnson]] in the ABC daytime soap opera ''[[General Hospital]]'' (2006–present). From 2007 to 2008 she also was a regular cast member on the prime-time spin-off, ''[[General Hospital: Night Shift]]''. Since 2016, she played Tammy, a recurring role in the [[truTV]] series ''[[Those Who Can't]]''.

==Filmography==

===Film and TV Movies===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1996
| ''[[High School High]]''
| Nurse
|
|-
|rowspan=2| 1997
| ''Blast''
| Bena
|
|-
| ''[[Motel Blue]]''
| Motel Blue Maid April Swanson
|
|-
|rowspan=4| 1998
| ''[[Sour Grapes (1998 film)|Sour Grapes]]''
| Nurse Loder
|
|-
| ''[[The Godson (film)|The Godson]]''
| Bank Clerk
|
|-
| ''[[Patch Adams (film)|Patch Adams]]''
|Annie
|
|-
| ''Sorcerers''
|Ruth
|
|-
|rowspan=2| 1999
| ''[[Blast from the Past (film)|Blast from the Past]]''
|Patrice
|
|-
| ''[[Inspector Gadget (film)|Inspector Gadget]]''
| Hospital Secretary Mary Blakeson
|
|-
|rowspan=3| 2000
| ''[[Nutty Professor II: The Klumps]]''
| Marie the Heavyset Woman
|
|-
| ''[[Dish Dogs]]''
|May
| Video
|-
| ''Ten Grand''
| Aunt Ruthie
| Video
|-
| 2001
| ''[[The Jennie Project]]''
|Donna
| TV Movie
|-
|rowspan=5| 2002
| ''Strange Hearts''
|Lynette
|
|-
| ''[[Buying the Cow]]''
|Rhonda
|
|-
| ''[[Barbershop (film)|Barbershop]]''
| Janelle
|
|-
| ''The Third Society''
| Arlene McGregor
|
|-
| ''The Fine Line Between Cute and Creepy''
| Thelma
| Short
|-
|rowspan=5| 2003
| ''A Single Rose''
|Carlene
| Short
|-
| ''Mi Casa, Su Casa''
|Belinda
|
|-
| ''[[Daddy Day Care]]''
|Sandy
|
|-
| ''[[Matchstick Men]]''
| Maureen Fisher
|
|-
| ''[[Leprechaun: Back 2 tha Hood]]''
| Yolanda
| Video
|-
|rowspan=5| 2004
| ''Y.M.I.''
| DVD's Mom
|
|-
| ''[[One Last Ride (film)|One Last Ride]]''
|Sally
|
|-
| ''Promised Land''
| Claire
|
|-
| ''[[Surviving Christmas]]''
| Elaine
|
|-
| ''Office Max: Motivational Poster''
|Marla
| Short
|-
|rowspan=5| 2005
| ''[[Coach Carter]]''
| Worm's Mother
|
|-
| ''[[Come Away Home]]''
| Sonya Warfield
|
|-
| ''[[Bad News Bears]]''
|Ruby
|
|-
| ''[[The Reading Room (film)|The Reading Room]]''
| Mrs. Carr
| TV Movie
|-
| ''Lost in Plainview''
| Joy
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Gridiron Gang]]''
| Theresa Wendal
|
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Year of the Dog (film)|Year of the Dog]]''
| Nurse Willheima
|
|-
|rowspan=3| 2008
| ''[[Player 5150]]''
|Jean
|
|-
| ''Disfigured''
| Pam Jones
|
|-
| ''[[Seven Pounds]]''
| Nurse Edna
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[The Perfect Game]]''
| Rose Bell
|
|-
| 2010
| ''Trim''
| Liz
|
|-
|rowspan=2| 2011
| ''[[Answers to Nothing (film)|Answers to Nothing]]''
| Nurse Edwards
|
|-
| ''Dorfman''
| Lil G
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[K-11 (film)|K-11]]''
| Teresa Luna
|
|-
|rowspan=3| 2013
| ''[[Miss Dial]]''
| Refried Bean Caller
|
|-
| ''[[The Incredible Burt Wonderstone]]''
| Hanna
|
|-
| ''RockBarnes: The Emperor in You''
| Shante
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[The Hive (2014 film)|The Hive]]''
| Nurse Tessa Jean
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Pee-wee's Big Holiday]]''
| Wanda
|
|-
|rowspan=3| 2017
| ''OH BABY''
|Nurse McQueen
| Short
|-
| ''Fixed''
| Wang
|
|-
| ''[[Thumper (film)|Thumper]]''
|Nurse Daniels
|
|-
|rowspan=3| 2021
| ''The Good Balloon''
| Denise
| Short
|-
| ''[[Good on Paper]]''
| Judge Harriet Gold
|
|-
| ''I Live Alone''
| Olivia
| Short
|-
|2022
| ''[[Frank and Penelope]]''
| Nurse
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|rowspan=2| 1995
| ''[[The Drew Carey Show]]''
|Marie
| Episode: "Drew Meets Lawyers" & "Science Names Suck"
|-
| ''[[Married... with Children]]''
| Arlene
| Episode: "A Shoe Room with a View"
|-
| 1996
| ''[[Martin (TV series)|Martin]]''
| Lucille
| Episode: "Is You Is or Is You Ain't"
|-
|rowspan=6| 1997
| ''[[Married... with Children]]''
| Betty
| Episode: "Birthday Boy Toy"
|-
| ''[[Beverly Hills, 90210]]''
| Nurse Carla
| Episode: "Forgive and Forget" & "The Way We Weren't"
|-
| ''[[Saved by the Bell: The New Class]]''
| Angie
| Episode: "Boy II Man"
|-
| ''[[Murphy Brown]]''
|Estelle
| Episode: "From Here to Jerusalem"
|-
| ''[[Family Matters]]''
| Esther
| Episode: "Deck the Malls"
|-
| ''[[Arliss (TV series)|Arli$$]]''
| Nurse Brooks
| Episode: "Kirby Carlisle, Trouble-Shooter"
|-
|rowspan=2| 1997–98
| ''[[Tracey Takes On...]]''
|Sonya
| Episode: "1976" & "Smoking"
|-
| ''[[Seinfeld]]''
| Rebecca DeMornay
| Episode: "[[The Muffin Tops]]" & "[[The Bookstore]]"
|-
|rowspan=5| 1998
| ''[[3rd Rock from the Sun]]''
|Joanne
| Episode: "36! 24! 36! Dick!: Part 2"
|-
| ''[[Any Day Now (TV series)|Any Day Now]]''
|Jasmine
| Episode: "Making Music with the Wrong Man"
|-
| ''[[Martial Law (TV series)|Martial Law]]''
| Anne
| Episode: "Shanghai Express"
|-
| ''[[To Have & to Hold (American TV series)|To Have & to Hold]]''
| Delilah
| Episode: "These Boots Were Made for Stalking"
|-
| ''[[USA High]]''
| Lady
| Episode: "Goodbye Lazz"
|-
|rowspan=6| 1999
| ''[[Home Improvement (TV series)|Home Improvement]]''
| Gayle
| Episode: "Love's Labor Lost: Part 1"
|-
| ''[[Malibu, CA (TV series)|Malibu, CA]]''
| Bertha
| Episode: "Jason's New Job"
|-
| ''[[Touched by an Angel]]''
| Mrs. Taggert
| Episode: "Fighting the Good Fight"
|-
| ''[[Arliss (TV series)|Arli$$]]''
| Nurse
| Episode: "Cause and Effect"
|-
| ''[[Providence (American TV series)|Providence]]''
| Impatient #1
| Episode: "Sail Away"
|-
| ''[[Popular (TV series)|Popular]]''
| Receptionist
| Episode: "Wild, Wild Mess"
|-
|rowspan=2| 2000
| ''[[Strip Mall]]''
| Nurse
| Episode: "Burbank Bigfoot"
|-
| ''[[Gilmore Girls]]''
| Cashier
| Episode: "Kiss and Tell"
|-
|rowspan=8| 2001
| ''[[Even Stevens]]''
| Mrs. Walters
| Episode: "Get a Job"
|-
| ''[[Lizzie McGuire]]''
| Photographer
| Episode: "Picture Day"
|-
| ''[[The Invisible Man (2000 TV series)|The Invisible Man]]''
| The Maid
| Episode: "Ghost of a Chance" & "It's a Small World"
|-
| ''[[Diagnosis: Murder]]''
| Mrs. Troobnik
| Episode: "On the Beach"
|-
| ''[[Resurrection Blvd.]]''
| Hospital Receptionist
| Episode: "La agonia y el extasis"
|-
| ''[[Spyder Games]]''
| Hospital Nurse
| Episode: "Episode #1.15"
|-
| ''[[The Mind of the Married Man]]''
| -
| Episode: "Pilot"
|-
| ''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]''
| Student Affairs Secretary
| Episode: "A Walk in the Woods"
|-
| 2001–02
| ''[[Primetime Glick]]''
| Miss Gathercole's Nurse
| Recurring Cast: Season 1, Guest: Season 2
|-
|rowspan=3| 2002
| ''[[Felicity (TV series)|Felicity]]''
| Cop
| Episode: "Back to the Future"
|-
| ''[[Reba (TV series)|Reba]]''
| Susan
| Episode: "Proud Reba"
|-
| ''[[Still Standing (American TV series)|Still Standing]]''
| Carla
| Episode: "Still in School"
|-
|rowspan=3| 2003
| ''[[The Pitts]]''
| Meter Maid
| Episode: "Ticket to Riot"
|-
| ''[[Monk (TV series)|Monk]]''
| Opal
| Episode: "Mr. Monk and the Very, Very Old Man"
|-
| ''[[MADtv]]''
| Star Jones
| Episode: "Episode #9.8"
|-
|rowspan=2| 2004
| ''[[Phil of the Future]]''
| Miss Donaldson
| Episode: "Future Jock"
|-
| ''[[House (TV series)|House]]''
| Sally
| Episode: "The Socratic Method"
|-
| 2004–05
| ''[[Joan of Arcadia]]''
| Female Custodian God
| Recurring Cast: Season 2
|-
|rowspan=2| 2005
| ''[[Less than Perfect]]''
| Security Woman
| Episode: "You Can Leave the Lights On"
|-
| ''[[Inconceivable (TV series)|Inconceivable]]''
| Nurse Dawson
| Episode: "Pilot"
|-
|rowspan=3| 2006
| ''[[Malcolm in the Middle]]''
| Mabel
| Episode: "Bomb Shelter"
|-
| ''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]''
| Harriet
| Episode: "Somebody to Love" & "Heart of the Matter"
|-
| ''[[Day Break]]''
| Waitress
| Episode: "What If He Can Change the Day?"
|-
| 2006–
| ''[[General Hospital]]''
| Epiphany Johnson
| Regular Cast
|-
|rowspan=3| 2007
| ''[[In Case of Emergency (TV series)|In Case of Emergency]]''
| Sonya
| Episode: "It's Got to Be the Morning After"
|-
| ''[[Everybody Hates Chris]]''
| DMV Clerk
| Episode: "Everybody Hates Cutting School"
|-
| ''[[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation]]''
| Cab Dispatcher
| Episode: "The Good, the Bad and the Dominatrix"
|-
| 2007–08
| ''[[General Hospital: Night Shift]]''
| Epiphany Johnson
| Main Cast
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Desperate Housewives]]''
| Vanessa
| Episode: "The Gun Song"
|-
| 2009
| ''Burning Hollywood''
| Eileen
| Main Cast
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Good Luck Charlie]]''
| Verna
| Episode: "Charlie in Charge"
|-
|rowspan=2| 2011
| ''[[Glee (TV series)|Glee]]''
| Angry Mom
| Episode: "Pot O' Gold"
|-
| ''[[Mike & Molly]]''
| Kay
| Episode: "Christmas Break"
|-
| 2011–12
| ''[[The Middle (TV series)|The Middle]]''
| Senora Porter
| Episode: "Bad Choices" & "The Guidance Counselor"
|-
| 2012
| ''[[2 Broke Girls]]''
| Freddie
| Episode: "And the Secret Ingredient"
|-
|rowspan=5| 2013
| ''[[Partners (2012 TV series)|Partners]]''
| Denise
| Episode: "Two Nines and a Pair of Queens"
|-
| ''[[Monday Mornings]]''
| Joanne Whitman
| Episode: "Pilot"
|-
| ''[[Bad Samaritans (TV series)|Bad Samaritans]]''
| Regina
| Episode: "Pilot"
|-
| ''[[Zach Stone Is Gonna Be Famous]]''
| -
| Episode: "Zach Stone Is Gonna Be Scary"
|-
| ''[[Baby Daddy]]''
| Priest
| Episode: "The Christening"
|-
| 2013–14
| ''[[Legit (2013 TV series)|Legit]]''
| Ramona
| Recurring Cast
|-
|rowspan=2| 2014
| ''[[Girl Meets World]]''
| Geralyn Thompson
| Episode: "Girl Meets the Forgotten"
|-
| ''[[Mulaney]]''
| Gerta
| Episode: "Motif & the City"
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Mom (TV series)|Mom]]''
| Angela
| Episode: "Mozzarella Sticks and a Gay Piano Bar"
|-
|rowspan=3| 2016
| ''[[Castle (TV series)|Castle]]''
| Olivia "Mama" Toussaint
| Episode: "Tone Death"
|-
| ''[[Crazy Ex-Girlfriend (TV series)|Crazy Ex-Girlfriend]]''
| Professor Andrade
| Episode: "Josh's Sister Is Getting Married!"
|-
| ''[[Adam Ruins Everything]]''
| Pet Store Owner
| Episode: "Adam Ruins Animals"
|-
| 2015–17
| ''[[Legit (2013 TV series)|Legit]]''
| Deb
| Guest: Season 1 & 3-4, Recurring Cast: Season 2
|-
| 2016–19
| ''[[Those Who Can't]]''
| Tammy
| Recurring Cast
|-
|rowspan=2| 2019
| ''[[A Black Lady Sketch Show]]''
| Principal Dixon
| Episode: "Why Are Her Pies Wet, Lord?"
|-
| ''[[Black Jesus (TV series)|Black Jesus]]''
| Miss Emma
| Recurring Cast: Season 3
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Tommy (TV series)|Tommy]]''
| CPS Worker
| Episode: "In Dreams Begin Responsibilities"
|-
| 2021
| ''[[PEN15]]''
| -
| Episode: "Runaway"
|}

===Video games===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Saints Row 2]]''
| Various
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Driver: San Francisco]]''
| Additional Voices
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Guild Wars 2]]''
| Lyra Lancetooth, Riel Darkwater
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0248913}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eddy, Sonya}}
[[Category:Actresses from California]]
[[Category:African-American actresses]]
[[Category:American film actresses]]
[[Category:American soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:American television actresses]]
[[Category:American video game actresses]]
[[Category:American voice actresses]]
[[Category:American nurses]]
[[Category:American women nurses]]
[[Category:People from Concord, California]]
[[Category:University of California, Davis alumni]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century American actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century American actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American women]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American people]]
[[Category:21st-century African-American women]]
[[Category:21st-century African-American people]]
[[Category:African-American nurses]]

Musée de Bretagne

2022-09-26T00:36:57Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.05b - Bot T3 PCS#553 - Correction syntaxique (Balises <nowiki> - Orthographe et typographie - Paramètre inutilisé - Espace insécable)

{{Infobox Musée
| nom = Musée de Bretagne
| image = Champs Libres entrée.jpg
| légende = Entrée principale du bâtiment, les Champs Libres, abritant le musée.
| logo = 
| upright logo =
| référence =
| pays = 
| subdivision = 
| intitulé subdivision = 
| subdivision2 = 
| intitulé subdivision2 = 
| adresse = 10 cours des Alliés,
| article bâtiment = 
| architecte = 
| protection = 
| latitude = 
| longitude = 
| nom local =
| type = régional
| ouverture = 
| fermeture =
| dirigeant = 
| collections = Objets de la préhistoire à nos jours
| genre collections =
| provenance collections =
| époque collections =
| nombre d'objets =
| libellé nombre d'objets =
| label =
| superficie =
| visiteurs = 
| site web = 
| géolocalisation = 
| zoom = 
| wikidata = Q3329701
}}

Le '''musée de Bretagne''' est un [[musée]] de société et d'histoire installé depuis 2006 aux [[Les Champs libres|Champs libres]], entre la gare et le centre-ville de [[Rennes]], dans le [[département français]] d'[[Ille-et-Vilaine]] en [[Région française|région]] [[région Bretagne|Bretagne]]. Il était situé auparavant au sein du [[Palais universitaire de Rennes|palais universitaire]], quai de la Vilaine, avec le [[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Rennes|musée des beaux arts]]. En 2016, le musée de Bretagne a fêté ses 40 ans et ses 10 années passées au sein des Champs libres.

Il s'agit d'un musée à vocation régionale, qui au cours d'une longue évolution s'est présenté tout d'abord comme un [[musée d'archéologie]] et d'[[Musée d'ethnologie|ethnologie]] puis s'est affirmé comme un [[musée de société]].

Il s'est attribué une mission de conservation, d'étude, et de présentation de l'[[histoire de la Bretagne]] et du patrimoine breton, en participant à sa valorisation et à sa diffusion. Ses collections regroupent plus de {{formatnum:600000}} documents et objets. Elles sont représentatives du patrimoine breton, des premières traces de l'Homme à nos jours.

Depuis 2007, le musée de Bretagne est labellisé Tourisme et Handicap. Il propose de nombreuses visites commentées, et également des visites [[Langue des signes française|LSF]] et tactiles.

== Histoire ==
Les premières collections du musée proviennent des confiscations révolutionnaires de 1794<ref name=":0">{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|titre=Projet Scientifique et Culturel du musée de Bretagne|passage=36 à 40 chapitre 3|pages totales=91|lire en ligne=https://www.musee-bretagne.fr/fileadmin/Musee_de_Bretagne/images/E_Musee_et_collections/Projet_sientifique_culturel-mb_2015-.pdf|consulté le=2022-09-17}}</ref>, et notamment du [[cabinet de curiosités]] de [[Christophe-Paul de Robien]] ([[1698]]-[[1756]]), [[président à mortier]] du [[Parlement de Bretagne]]<ref name=":1"/>. Elles contiennent des œuvres d'art, d'archéologie, de numismatique, d'histoire naturelle, couvrant le territoire breton, mais également français et des objets ethnographiques extra européens<ref name="introObjets">{{harvsp|Prod'homme|2011|p=7}}</ref>.

Le premier « Musée de Rennes » naît officiellement le 24 vendémiaire an XIV ({{date-|16 octobre 1805}}), date à laquelle la municipalité acquiert la pleine propriété des collections saisies<ref name=":0" />{{,}}<ref name=":1"/>. Elles constituent le socle des musées rennais.

Entre 1805 et 1850, les collections du musée sont déplacées plusieurs fois : de l'église de la Visitation au couvent des Carmélites, puis à l’évêché jusqu'en 1815 ; elles rejoignent ensuite l'hôtel de ville, puis la chapelle de l'école de droit<ref name=":0" />. Un bâtiment dédié aux musées et aux facultés est ensuite construit en 1855, au niveau de l'actuel [[Quai Émile-Zola|quai Émile Zola]]<ref name=":0" />{{,}}<ref name="introObjets" />. Ce bâtiment de style néo-classique est baptisé [[Palais universitaire de Rennes|palais universitaire]] en 1856. Devenu trop exigu pour les étudiants dès la fin du {{s-|XIX}}, l'édifice est affecté en 1949 au seul ''Musée de Rennes'', consacré principalement aux [[Beaux-arts (disciplines)|beaux-arts]] et à l'[[archéologie]].

Le premier registre d'inventaire répertoriant les objets du musée de Rennes est ouvert en 1845<ref name=":0" />{{,}}<ref>{{Référence Harvard sans parenthèses|Chevalier|2001|p=9}}</ref>. La première inscription concerne ''Des morceaux de chaux romaine mêlés de débris d'écaille d'huîtres'', collectés en 1844 sur une petite commune d'[[Ille-et-Vilaine]]<ref name=":0" />. Au cours du {{S|19}}, une grande importance est portée aux collections archéologiques<ref name=":0" />.

En 1890, débute l'entrée d'objets bretons à l'inventaire. C'est à partir de 1909 que le musée commence à mentionner leur présence à travers un catalogue. La collecte d'objets d'ethnographie bretonne se poursuit dans l'entre-deux guerres, mais de manière moins soutenue que dans les années 1909-1913<ref name=":1">{{Lien web |langue=fr |titre=Histoire du musée |url=https://www.musee-bretagne.fr/musee-et-collections/un-musee-son-histoire-ses-missions/histoire-du-musee/ |site=Musée de Bretagne |consulté le=2022-09-17}}</ref>.

Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les musées d'ethnographie régionale trouvent un nouvel élan grâce à la [[Direction des musées de France]] ainsi qu'à [[Georges Henri Rivière (muséologue)|Georges Henri Rivière]]<ref name=":0" />. En 1946, ce dernier propose un projet muséographique axé sur la Bretagne et les [[pays celtiques]] à la municipalité<ref name=":0" />{{,}}<ref>{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|auteur1=Elsa Chevalier|prénom1=Chevalier,|nom1=Elsa.|titre=Le Musée de Bretagne|sous-titre=un musée face à son histoire|éditeur=[[Presses universitaires de Rennes]]|année=2001|pages totales=342|isbn=2-86847-614-7|oclc=421915717|lire en ligne=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/421915717}}</ref>. Il sera concrétisé en 1958 avec le lancement du parcours "histoire de la Bretagne des origines à nos jours" au sein du [[musée de Rennes]]<ref name=":0" />.

Entre 1960 et 1975, six salles sont ouvertes et présentent de façon chronologique l'[[histoire de la Bretagne]] depuis la préhistoire<ref name=":0" />. En 1975-1976, le musée de Rennes a été partagé en deux, le musée de Bretagne d’une part et le musée des beaux-arts de Rennes d’autre part, chacun étant devenu une structure autonome<ref name=":0" />. Une attribution des fonds a été effectuée entre les deux musées, aboutissant à la rédaction d'un protocole de répartition des collections<ref name=":0" />. C'est à ce moment que débute la rédaction de registres d'inventaire différenciés. Les collections relevant du territoire breton reviennent au musée de Bretagne, hormis quelques exceptions.

En 1978, [[Jean-Yves Veillard]], alors conservateur du musée de Bretagne, visite la ferme de la Bintinais. Il souhaite la transformer en écomusée. Le projet est accepté par la Ville de Rennes, et l'[[Écomusée du pays de Rennes|écomusée du Pays de Rennes]] ouvre ses portes en 1987<ref>{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|prénom1=Robillard, Camille, 1981-|nom1=...|prénom2=Impr.|nom2=Jouve)|titre=L'Écomusée du pays de Rennes|éditeur=Écomusée du Pays de Rennes|date=impr. 2014|pages totales=112|isbn=978-2-901429-36-4|oclc=906266888|lire en ligne=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/906266888}}</ref>. Intégré au musée de Bretagne, il devient le témoin du passé rural et agricole régional. Ses collections sont communes avec le musée de Bretagne.

À l'étroit sur les quais de la Vilaine, il est décidé en 1987 que le musée de Bretagne prendra place dans un nouveau bâtiment.

Le musée, jusqu’alors équipement municipal, est géré par la communauté d'agglomération (aujourd'hui [[Rennes Métropole|Rennes métropole]]) depuis 2000<ref name=":0" />.

En 2006, le musée de Bretagne intègre le nouveau bâtiment des [[Les Champs libres|Champs Libres]]<ref name=":0" />, situé près de la gare et du Champ de Mars<ref name=":1" />. Cet équipement a été conçu par l'architecte [[Christian de Portzamparc]]<ref name=":1" />. L'emplacement concorde pratiquement avec celui proposé pour accueillir un projet de ''Palais des musées'' imaginé dès 1945.

[[Jean-Yves Veillard]] a été conservateur puis directeur du musée (1967-2000). François Hubert (1983-2005), Jean-Paul Le Maguet (2006-2009), Pascal Aumasson (2009-2012) puis Céline Chanas (2013-) lui succèdent{{Référence souhaitée|date=12 mai 2021}}.

Depuis {{date-|juin 2015}}, le musée de Bretagne dispose d'un nouveau projet scientifique et culturel<ref>{{Lien web |langue=fr |titre=Missions |url=https://www.musee-bretagne.fr/musee-et-collections/un-musee-son-histoire-ses-missions/missions/ |site=Musée de Bretagne |consulté le=2021-04-23}}</ref>.

== Prix ==
En 2018, le musée de Bretagne, aux Champs Libres, s'est vu décerner le prix « Patrimoine pour tous » à l’unanimité des membres du jury, sous la présidence de la Ministre de la Culture Françoise Nyssen et en présence de membres d’associations agissant en faveur de l’intégration des personnes en situation de handicap.

En 2018, Rennes Métropole a été primée par les Prix Territoriaux La Gazette-GMF pour son portail de diffusion des collections en ligne « Des collections en partage »<ref>{{Lien web |langue=fr-FR |titre=Rennes Métropole |url=https://www.prix-territoriaux.fr/palmares/rennes-metropole/ |site=Les Prix territoriaux |consulté le=2021-04-23}}</ref>. Avec ce site, le musée de Bretagne et l’Écomusée de la Bintinais se sont engagés dans une politique de partage de connaissances en choisissant pour chaque image la licence la plus ouverte possible.

== Fréquentation ==

{{Graph production| propriété = P1174}}

== Collections<ref>{{harvsp|Prod'homme|2011|passage=pages 6 à 12}}</ref> ==
[[File:Wikipermanence au Musée de Bretagne 20152001.JPG|thumb|Visite du musée lors d'une wiki-permanence]]
Les collections du musée de Bretagne s'articulent autour de l'histoire de la région, incluant des disciplines telles que l'archéologie ou l'ethnographie<ref name=":0" />. Les objets proviennent du territoire historique de la Bretagne, incluant le département de la Loire-Atlantique, bien que les collections qui en sont issues soient moins nombreuses.

Le musée de Bretagne dispose de collections riches de plus de {{formatnum:600000}} objets et documents, dont plus de {{formatnum:400000}} négatifs et tirages photographiques<ref name=":0" />.

Les collections sont gérées en commun avec l'[[écomusée du pays de Rennes]]. Le musée de Bretagne en assure la gestion scientifique, documentaire et administrative<ref name=":0" />.

Depuis le {{date-|15 septembre 2017}}, la base en ligne du musée permet de rendre accessibles plus de {{formatnum:170000}} objets et documents, en licence [[Creative Commons]]<ref>{{Lien web |titre=Les collections |url=http://www.collections.musee-bretagne.fr/index.php www.collections.musee-bretagne.fr |date= |site=Musée de Bretagne }}. </ref>.

=== Collections archéologiques ===
Les collections d'archéologie du musée de Bretagne se sont construites à partir de celles de [[Christophe-Paul de Robien]]<ref name=":0" />. Du {{s-|19|e}} jusqu’à la moitié du {{s-|20|e}}, ses collections s'enrichissent au fil des travaux de voirie et des diverses trouvailles apportant de nouvelles pièces aux collections des tessons, d'amphores, des éléments d'architecture, des armes, et des objets du quotidien<ref name=":0" />.

L'[[archéologie scientifique]] se développe durant la seconde moitié du {{s-|20|e}}, et entraîne l'arrivée au musée de collections plus homogènes provenant de sites fouillés minutieusement, notamment à Rennes et en [[Ille-et-Vilaine]]<ref name=":0" />. Des achats ponctuels permettent d'enrichir les collections de pièces plus spécifiques et spectaculaires<ref name=":0" />. Les collections archéologiques du musée des périodes [[Préhistoire|pré-historiques]] et [[Protohistoire|proto-historiques]], ainsi que celles de la [[période gallo-romaine]] sont très complètes, mais celles provenant du [[Moyen Âge]] et de l'[[époque moderne]] sont plus pauvres<ref name=":0" />. Les acquisitions récentes cherchent à diversifier la provenance géographique des pièces, et proviennent notamment du [[Morbihan]] et du [[Finistère]]<ref name=":0" />.

=== Collections numismatiques ===
[[Fichier:Solidus Valens & Gratien.JPG|vignette|Revers de solidus, avec Valens et Gratien.]]
Les collections [[numismatique]]s du musée de Bretagne sont riches de près de {{formatnum:35000}} monnaies, médailles et jetons<ref name=":0" />. Le fonds numismatique est particulièrement intéressant, en raison de la constance du musée dans sa politique d'acquisition<ref name=":0" />. Les collections de [[Moët de la Forte-Maison]] ou Auguste André sont acquises par le musée dans la seconde partie du {{s-|19|e}}<ref name=":0" />. En 1881, un trésor dit « trésor de la préfecture » enrichit de {{formatnum:4000}} monnaies romaines le fonds de numismatique<ref name=":0" />. Les monnayages romains et gaulois sont bien représentés<ref name=":0" />. Le fonds médiéval regroupe des monnaies féodales du [[duché de Bretagne]] et du [[royaume de France]], et compte quelques pièces prestigieuses comme l'une des cadières d'or d'[[Anne de Bretagne]]<ref name=":0" />. Les collections du {{sp-|16|e|au|18|e}}, les jetons des institutions d'[[Ancien Régime]] et les diverses médailles frappées aux {{s2-|19|e|20|e}} sont également un objet de curiosité<ref name=":0" />. Une exposition en 1999 ''Les monnaies celtes du musée de Bretagne'' et en 2011 ''Les bretons et l'argent'' ont mis en avant une partie de ces collections<ref name=":0" />.

=== Collections ethnographiques ===
Les collections ethnographiques du musée de Bretagne sont extrêmement diversifiées<ref name=":0" />. Elles incluent des objets de la vie quotidienne, liés à un usage domestique et appartenant à la sphère privée (mobilier, costumes, ustensiles, vaisselle...), mais aussi des objets liés aux usages professionnelles (outils et machines, uniformes de travail…)<ref name=":0" />. La constitution des collections ethnographiques du musée s'est faite relativement tardivement, principalement au {{s-|20|e}}<ref name=":0" />.

C'est le projet d'ouverture de nouvelles salles dédiées à l'ethnographie bretonne qui a conduit à une recherche assez systématique d'objets, notamment [[Costume|costumes]] et [[Meuble|mobilier]]<ref name=":0" />. Des nombreuses expositions temporaires du musée ont mis en avant ces collections.

=== Collections iconographiques ===
[[Fichier:Breton de Ploaré en costume de fête.jpg|vignette|Breton de Ploaré, peinture de Louis Caradec]]
Le fonds iconographique du musée regroupe des supports et des sujets très divers : dessins, estampes, affiches, cartes et plans, cartes postales, imprimés, photographies (tirages et négatifs) qui reconstituent des pans de l'histoire bretonne<ref name=":0" />. Ce fonds s'est développé à partir de la collection du [[Christophe-Paul de Robien|marquis de Robien]] depuis les années 1880<ref name=":0" />. La collection la plus ancienne se structure autour de vues de ville, de monuments, de lieux remarquables, de personnalités aristocratiques, en lien avec la [[Bretagne]]<ref name=":0" />. Par la suite, l'iconographie s'est orienté vers la vie sociale, politique et économique de la région, le quotidien<ref name=":0" />. La photographie tient une place considérable au sein de ses collections, avec environ {{formatnum:400000}} négatifs sur verre ou film souple<ref name=":0" />. Le musée s'est lancé dans un vaste chantier de numérisation et d'inventaire de ses fonds<ref>{{Harvsp|Musée de Bretagne|2014}}</ref>.

Le musée a acquis, lors d'une vente aux enchères le {{date-|20 novembre 2020}}<ref>{{Lien web
| url = https://www.gazette-drouot.com/articles/showVente/109700
| titre = Alchimiste de la photographie
| site = [[La Gazette de l'Hôtel Drouot|gazette-drouot.com]]
| auteur = Claire Papon
| date = 20 novembre 2020
| consulté le = 30 novembre 2020
}}.</ref> à l'[[Drouot|Hôtel des Ventes Drouot]], sept négatifs et un positif pour un montant de {{unité|33000|euros}}<ref>{{Lien web
| url = https://www.ouest-france.fr/bretagne/rennes-35000/rennes-le-musee-achete-les-premieres-photos-sur-negatifs-de-la-bretagne-7063501
| titre = Rennes. Le musée achète les premières photos sur négatifs de la Bretagne
| site = [[Ouest-France|ouest-france.fr]]
| auteur = Agnès Le Morvan
| date = 26 novembre 2020
| consulté le = 30 novembre 2020
}}.</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Lien web
| url = https://www.gazette-drouot.com/lots/13613473?#
| titre = Lot N°49 - Chevet de la cathédrale Saint-Étienne de Saint-Brieuc, Bretagne, c. 1852-1853
| site = [[La Gazette de l'Hôtel Drouot|gazette-drouot.com]]
| consulté le = 30 novembre 2020
}}.</ref>. Ces photographies sur négatif du [[Finistère]] et des [[Côtes-d'Armor]] sont probablement les plus anciennes de Bretagne. Elles ont été prises entre 1852 et 1853 par le photographe [[Louis-Rémy Robert]]. Il en a rapporté une série de [[calotype]]s qui vont servir de base à des [[lithographie]]s réalisées par son gendre [[Émile van Marcke]] pour l'illustration d'un atlas publié en 1855.

=== Fonds sur l'Affaire Dreyfus ===
{{Article détaillé|Affaire Dreyfus}}
Le second procès du capitaine [[Alfred Dreyfus]] a eu lieu lors de l'été 1899 à [[Rennes]], dans le lycée Zola, proche du musée<ref name=":0" />. Ce procès divise la France et suscite un intérêt national et international, et retient l'intérêt du conservateur du musée, qui réunit à cette occasion un petit fonds composé d'articles de presse et de documents iconographiques. À la suite de l'exposition « L'Affaire Dreyfus, une affaire toujours actuelle » (1973), Jeanne Lévy, la fille d'Alfred Dreyfus, effectue une donation conséquente<ref name=":0" />. Elle sera suivie par d'autres dons familiaux et des achats auprès de collectionneurs ou en ventes publiques<ref name=":0" />. Le fonds ainsi constitué regroupe environ {{formatnum:6800}} pièces, et comporte une très abondante correspondance, des photographies, articles, et quelques objets<ref name=":0" />.

== Expositions ==
=== Bretagne est Univers ===
Cette exposition est trilingue français-anglais-breton.

Le titre de l'exposition permanente ''Bretagne est Univers'' a été donné par [[Jean-Yves Veillard]], alors directeur du musée de Bretagne. Il provient d'un poème de [[Saint-Pol-Roux]] (1861-1940).

Le parcours de plus de {{unité|1900|m|2}} présente l'histoire et la culture bretonne à travers {{formatnum:2300}} objets.

Cette exposition souhaite présenter la singularité de la Bretagne dans ses dimensions universelles. Elle montre également l'alternance de périodes d'isolement et d'ouverture au monde, et les conséquences de ces dernières sur le développement de la Bretagne.

<gallery mode="packed">
Fichier:MuséeBretagne - Statue barde.jpg|Statue de barde de la [[forteresse de Paule]] et datant du second âge du Fer ({{-s-|II|e}}).
Fichier:Statue-menez-hom-06-00305.jpg|[[Brigitte du Ménez Hom]] du Ier siècle.
Fichier:MuséeBretagne stèle Postuminus.jpg|Stèle évoquant [[Titus Flavius Postuminus]], datée de 135.
Fichier:Page de manuscrit.JPG|Page du manuscrit du ''[[Cartulaire de Redon]]''.
Fichier:Musée de Bretagne - poteau d'octroi.jpg|Limite d’octroi, [[Rennes]], début du {{s mini-|XX|e}}.
Fichier:Chapiteau de l'église Saint-Sauveur à Rennes - 856.0008.8.jpg|Ancien chapiteau de la [[basilique Saint-Sauveur de Rennes]].
Fichier:Musée de Bretagne - Odorico 1.jpg|alt=Mosaïque Odorico|Gradin d'Autel Odorico Isidore père (Mosaïste) ; Fin 19e siècle ; Rennes <ref>{{Lien web |langue=fr |titre=Gradin d'autel |url=http://www.collections.musee-bretagne.fr/ark:/83011/FLMjo121581 |site=www.collections.musee-bretagne.fr |consulté le=2021-04-23}}</ref>
</gallery>

=== Dreyfus ===
Le parcours de l'exposition Dreyfus présente l'intimité de cette Affaire. La scénographie met en avant une ambiance carcérale. Les moments importants de l'Affaire et les différents acteurs sont mis en avant lors du parcours, montrant une vue d'ensemble de cette histoire. Un documentaire est projeté au sein de l'exposition et de nombreux objets retracent les faits en présentant les protagonistes et le rôle qu'ils ont tenu. Le parcours montre l'envergure de cette enquête et son influence sur la notion de Droits de l'Homme.

=== Expositions temporaires ===
Les expositions temporaires sont trilingues, français, anglais, breton

Depuis les années 1980, le musée de Bretagne organise des expositions temporaires en collaboration avec des muséographes-scénographes. Il dispose, au sein des [[Les Champs libres|Champs Libres]], de deux salles d'expositions temporaires de 200 et {{unité|400|m|2}}. Elles communiquent entre elles, ce qui permet des expositions de {{unité|600|m|2}}. La programmation des expositions temporaires couvre un panel de sujets très diversifiés, dans une approche pluridisciplinaire, faisant souvent des ponts entre mise en perspective historique et actualité d'un sujet de société. La plupart des expositions sont accompagnées de publications allant du catalogue au journal d'exposition<ref>{{Lien web |langue=fr |titre=Publications |url=https://www.musee-bretagne.fr/musee-et-collections/publications/ |site=Musée de Bretagne |consulté le=2021-04-23}}</ref>.

==== Polémiques liées à l'exposition « Celtique ? » ====
En 2022, l'exposition temporaire intitulée « Celtique ? », qui questionne l'[[Celtologie|identité celtique]] de la Bretagne, provoque la polémique<ref name="OuestFrance">{{lien web|url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/bretagne/le-musee-de-bretagne-revise-son-exposition-celtique-9fe045b4-1941-11ed-8966-3007dca06e95|titre=Le Musée de Bretagne révise son exposition « Celtique ? »|auteur=Serge Poirot|périodique=Ouest-France|date=16 août 2022}}.</ref>{{,}}<ref name="Télégramme1708"/>{{,}}<ref name="OFMorvan">{{article|url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/bretagne/rennes-35000/controverse-autour-de-l-exposition-celtique-a-rennes-le-musee-de-bretagne-propose-un-debat-13a58334-2a08-11ed-9c9e-cdc892be9d72|titre=Controverse autour de l’exposition « Celtique ? » à Rennes : le Musée de Bretagne propose un débat|périodique=Ouest-France|date=2 septembre 2022|auteur=Agnès Le Morvan}}.</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Lien web |langue=fr-FR |prénom=Solenne |nom=Durox |titre=Une exposition sur les racines des Bretons fait débat à Rennes |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/ille-et-vilaine-35/une-exposition-sur-les-racines-des-bretons-fait-debat-a-rennes-04-09-2022-YM2Z66BHHBADNAVLW2G4XIGGDA.php |site=leparisien.fr |périodique=[[Le Parisien]]|date=2022-09-04 |consulté le=2022-09-04}}.</ref>.

Fin mai, elle est accusée de partialité par son parrain [[Alan Stivell]], qui retire son parrainage<ref>{{Lien web |auteur=Fabienne Richard |titre=Bretagne. Alan Stivell retire son parrainage de l’exposition "Celtique ?" qui se tient à Rennes |url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/bretagne/bretagne-alan-stivell-retire-son-parrainage-de-l-exposition-celtique-ba92d302-db40-11ec-b2b2-9e870b525324 |site=Ouest-France.fr |date=24 mai 2022 |consulté le=11 juillet 2022}}.</ref>. Deux professeurs à l’[[université Rennes-II]], [[Ronan Le Coadic]], professeur de sociologie, et [[Hervé Le Bihan]], directeur du département de breton et celtique, l'accusent respectivement de « manipulation idéologique »<ref>{{Lien web |langue=fr |auteur=Elissa Abou Merhi|titre=Rennes - Après Alan Stivell, un prof de Rennes 2 critique une exposition sur la Bretagne |url=https://www.letelegramme.fr/ille-et-vilaine/rennes/apres-alan-stivell-un-prof-de-rennes-2-critique-une-exposition-sur-la-bretagne-21-07-2022-13119020.php |site=[[Le Télégramme]] |date=2022-07-21 |consulté le=2022-07-22}}.</ref>{{,}}<ref name="OuestFrance"/>{{,}}<ref name="Télégramme1708">{{Lien web |langue=fr |titre=Rennes - « Celtique ? » : le Musée de Bretagne empêtré dans son expo polémique |url=https://www.letelegramme.fr/ille-et-vilaine/rennes/celtique-un-chercheur-se-retire-de-l-expo-critiquee-du-musee-de-bretagne-17-08-2022-13152404.php |site=Le Telegramme |date=2022-08-17 |consulté le=2022-08-30}}</ref> et de {{citation|manipulation basée sur l’escamotage et souffrant de confusion d’expression [...] bien loin d’un travail scientifique}}<ref name="ABP">{{Lien web |titre=Le professeur Hervé Le Bihan se désolidarise aussi de l'exposition anti-celtique de Rennes |url=https://mobile.abp.bzh/le-professeur-le-bihan-se-desolidarise-aussi-de-l--55830 |site=Agence Bretagne Presse |date=30 août 2022|consulté le=2022-08-30}}.</ref>. Les professeurs critiques font valoir que certains travaux démontrant une filiation linguistique entre le [[breton]] et les langues celtiques de l'Antiquité, ainsi qu'une filiation de rites celtiques en Bretagne, ne sont pas pris en compte<ref name="QuotidienLU">{{Lien web |titre=La Bretagne, pas celtique ? Polémique autour d’une expo |url=https://lequotidien.lu/culture/la-bretagne-pas-celtique-polemique-autour-dune-expo/ |site=lequotidien.lu |date=3 août 2022 |consulté le=4 août 2022}}.</ref>{{,}}<ref name="ABP"/>. [[Erwan Chartier|Erwan Chartier-Le Floch]], auteur d’une thèse consacrée à l’[[Panceltisme|interceltisme]] contemporain, réclame le retrait de sa contribution au catalogue de l’exposition au mois d'août<ref name="Télégramme1708"/>.

Ces faits suscitent initialement de très faibles réactions publiques<ref>{{Lien web |langue=fr |prénom=R. Le |nom=Coadic |titre=Exposition « Celtique ? » : de la partialité à la post-vérité ? |url=https://blogs.mediapart.fr/r-le-coadic/blog/100822/exposition-celtique-de-la-partialite-la-post-verite-1 |site=Mediapart |consulté le=2022-08-13}}.</ref>. La directrice de l'exposition a fait savoir que celle-ci a été {{citation|étoffée}} et {{citation|mise en perspective}} durant l'été 2022<ref name="QuotidienLU"/>{{,}}<ref name="OuestFrance"/>. Puis, l'organisation d'une [[Table ronde (réunion)|table ronde]] consacrée à cette polémique est proposée à la [[Bibliothèques de Rennes|bibliothèque des Champs Libres]]<ref name="OFMorvan"/>.

{{boîte déroulante|titre=Liste des expositions temporaires|contenu=
* L'imagerie bretonne (6-20 novembre 1950)
* Bretagne, art populaire, ethnographie régionale (1951)
* Présence du Christ dans l'art breton (25 juin - 9 juillet 1956)
* L'illustration de la langue bretonne (26 mars - 2 juin 1958)
* Richesse monumentale de Rennes (6 juillet- 3 octobre 1965)
* Exposition rétrospective : Jean le Moel (23 avril - {{1er}} juin 1970)
* Mobilier du pays de Rennes (23 octobre - 6 décembre 1970)
* Celtes et Armorique (19 juillet - 26 septembre 1971)
* Deux ans d'acquisitions (28 décembre - 14 mars 1971)
* Catalogue des objets d'archéologie armoricaine de la collection du Président de Robien (19 mai - 31 octobre 1972)
* Portraits en usine (6 -25 juin 1973)
* L'affaire Dreyfus : une affaire toujours actuelle (24 octobre - 31 décembre 1973)
* Le Porzay et la baie de Douarnenez (17 février - 22 avril 1974)
* Connaissez-vous votre ville ? Une exposition-jeu pour tous (22 octobre - 22 décembre 1975)
* La presse quotidienne régionale (1976)
* Le port de commerce de Brest (1976)
* La lutte bretonne (1976)
* Habitat traditionnel et forme de groupement en milieu rural breton (1976)
* L'Age de bronze au Musée de Bretagne (Jan-77)
* Enseignants et enseignés (11 mai -17 octobre 1977)
* L'énergie électrique en Bretagne (18 novembre 1977 - ??)
* Le Musée de Bretagne, pour quoi faire ? (10 mai - 4 septembre 1978)
* La tradition du cochon dans la société rurale : photos de Robert Gernet (??- 4 septembre 1978)
* Architecture paysanne ({{1er}} - 28 février 1979)
* De la réclame à la publicité (16 mai - 13 septembre 1979)
* Architecture et urbanisme à Rennes au {{s-|XIX}} (17 octobre 1979 - 4 février 1980)
* Bretagne incertaine, photos de Jean Guisnel (1980)
* Musique instrumentale traditionnelle en Bretagne (1980)
* Instants quotidiens : photos de Gérard Rouxel (Jan-80)
* Ploumanac'h, marée noire 1980 : photos de Bernard Cornu (17 juin - 16 septembre 1980)
* Plogoff en Cap Sizun, une longue résistance : photos de Jean Guisnel (1980)
* Découvertes sous-marines en Manche et en Atlantique + Alet, une cité renaît par le travail des archéologues (16 septembre - 31 octobre 1980)
* Instants quotidiens : photos de Georges Dussaud + Concours de chevaux en Bretagne : photos de Jean Hervoche (11 février - 6 avril 1981)
* Le vitrail en Bretagne (10 février - 30 avril 1981)
* Orfèvres et bronziers d'Armorique (septembre 1981 - janvier 1982)
* Des tziganes : photographies de Jean-Louis Mercier ({{1er}} avril - 31 mai 1982)
* Le mariage au Maghreb (30 octobre 1982 - 31 janvier 1983)
* Le mariage en Bretagne (3 novembre 1982 - 31 janvier 1983)
* Les jeux de palets : photographies de Claude Carret (27 avril - 30 juin 1983)
* Deux photographes en Bretagne Anne Catherine et [[Raphaël Binet]] (15 octobre 1983 - 15 janvier 1984)
* Bilan des acquisitions de 1983 : des collections pour quoi faire ? (17 décembre 1984 - 30 mars 1985)
* Découvrir les écomusées (1984)
* Faïences de Rennes XVIIIe-XIXe siècles (juillet - octobre 1984)
* Monnaies gauloises : découverte archéologique à Rannée, forêt de la Guerche (1983) (avril - mai 1985)
* Les Bretons et Dieu (octobre 1985 - février 1986)
* Les petits Bretons ont la vie dure ou la longue histoire des faïenceries de Quimper (25 juin - 29 décembre 1986)
* Adolphe Coignerai : créateur, ébéniste, industriel, Rennes 1900 (20 octobre - 14 décembre 1987)
* Les mystères de Condate (16 juin - 17 octobre 1988)
* Du nouveau dans le rétro : les faïences bretonnes du {{s-|XIX}} (24 février - 30 mai 1988)
* Nos chers impôts (18 octobre - 11 décembre 1989)
* La vie et l'art des Inuits du Nord québécois (7 décembre 1988 - 6 mars 1989)
* 1840-1990 : ça gaze à Rennes (11 avril - 27 août 1990)
* Bilan des acquisitions 1982-1990 : FRAM Bretagne (1991)
* Les mystères de l'archéologie : les sciences à la recherche du passé (2 avril - 13 mai 1991)
* Hymne au parfum (mai - juillet 1991)
* La Bretagne de Constant Puyot, photographe 1857-1933, maître de l'école picturaliste (7 juillet - 29 septembre 1992)
* Ernest Renan, 1823-1892, un Celte en Orient (21 septembre - 21 octobre 1992)
* Maurepas le Gros Chêne : quand votre histoire rencontre l'Histoire (4 novembre 1992 - 4 janvier 1993)
* Parcours d'affiches : la collection d'affiches du Musée de Bretagne (juillet - octobre 1993)
* Les Rennais parlent aux Rennais, Rennes 1940-1944 : la guerre, l'occupation, la libération ({{1er}} juin - 30 septembre 1994)
* Quand les Bretons passent à table, manières de boire et de manger en Bretagne : {{19e}} et {{20e|siècles}} (novembre 1994- février 1995)
* Portraits de Bretagne, photographies de Didier Olivier (novembre - décembre 1994)
* L'aventure intérieure des canaux en Bretagne (28 juin - 30 octobre 1995)
* Tibet en exil, le Dalaï Lama (février - avril 1996)
* Collectionneur d'affiches, Louis Métraille (16 octobre 1996 - 16 janvier 1997)
* Le Québec des premières nations : une rencontre avec les Amérindiens et les Inuits (17 septembre 1997 - 2 février 1998)
* Quartier Sud Gare (10 juin - 10 juillet 1998)
* L'art et la matière : sculptures polychromes en Bretagne (juillet-septembre 1998)
* En arrière du Front : la Grande guerre d'un officier rennais (10 octobre 1998 - 8 février 1999)
* Enfants de justic, la rééducation en Bretagne dans les années 1940 (27 février - 10 mai 1999)
* Les monnaies celtes du Musée de Bretagne (23 juin - 30 septembre 1999)
* Xavier de Langlais, graveur et illustrateur, et la Bretagne (13 octobre 1999 - 30 janvier 2000)
* Fondations : Rennes et son pays dans l'Antiquité (12 avril - 14 août 2000)
* Instruments et musique du diable, iconographie de la cornemuse et du haut-bois en Bretagne du {{s mini-|XIV}} au {{s-|XIX}} (5 juillet - 30 septembre 2000)
* Ar Seiz Breur, la création bretonne entre tradition et modernité (30 septembre 2000 - 8 janvier 2001)
* Mathurin Méheut, dédicaces (29 mars - 15 octobre 2001)
* Parlons du breton ! (décembre 2001 - avril 2002 )
* Nouveaux objets, anciens mondes (juillet 2002 - juin 2003)
* Delachénal, céramiste faïencerie d'Ille-et-Vilaine (mars - octobre 2004)
* L'aventure du Saint-Efflam : entre mythe et histoire (juin - août 2004)
* Islande en vue (27 septembre - 10 octobre 2004)
* Eclats du passé, éclats du présent (2005)
* Images de chantier (28 mars - 17 septembre 2006 )
* Pékin 1966. Il y a 40 ans… la révolution culturelle (14 novembre 2006 - 14 février 2007)
* D'hommes et d'argent. Orfèvrerie de Haute-Bretagne XV-XVIIIème siècle (octobre 2006 - avril 2007)
* Des habits et nous. Vêtir nos identités (janvier - mai 2007)
* Travailler du chapeau, les métiers du chapelier et de la modiste (18 mai - 24 novembre 2007)
* La mer pour mémoire : archéologie sous-marine des épaves atlantiques (21 novembre 2007 - 27 avril 2008)
* Germaine Tillon, ethnologue et résistante (24 janvier - 4 mai 2008)
* Bernard Collet s'affiche au musée de Bretagne (15 février - {{1er}} juin 2008)
* Le roi Arthur, une légende en devenir (aux Champs Libres) (15 juillet 2008 - 4 janvier 2009)
* Odorico, mosaïste art déco (2 avril 2009 - 3 janvier 2010)
* Boat people. Bateaux de l'exil (3 décembre 2009 - 2 mai 2010)
* Mali au féminin (16 mars - 3 octobre 2010)
* Val Piriou, Lady Bigoude de la haute couture (15 juin - 28 novembre 2010)
* Rennes en chansons (19 novembre 2010 - 13 mars 2011)
* Les vieillards dans la peinture (5-30 avril 2011)
* La Bretagne fait son cinéma (3 mars - 28 août 2011)
* Les Bretons et l'argent (10 mai - 30 octobre 2011)
* Soyons fouilles : découvertes archéologiques en Bretagne (16 décembre 2011 - 29 avril 2012)
* Les ficelles du métier (4 février - 2 septembre 2012)
* Reflets de Bretagne, 160 ans de photos inédites (29 juin 2012 - 6 janvier 2013)
* Migrations : Bretagne ↔ Monde (15 mars - {{1er}} septembre 2013)
* Terre Neuve/Terre-Neuvas (19 octobre 2013 - 19 avril 2014)
* Complément d'enquête : Histoires en image de Pierre-François Le Brun (8 avril - 31 août 2014)
* Quand l'habit fait le moine : Tenues de travail en photos (6 juin - 16 novembre 2014)
* L'Histoire de France racontée par la publicité (7 novembre 2014 - 26 avril 2015)
* Exposition Dominque Delpoux (en lien avec Quand l'habit fait le moine) (9 décembre 2014 - 25 janvier 2015)
* Bretonnes, photographies de Charles Fréger (5 juin 2015 - 30 août 2015)
* Un petit goût d'autrefois (exposition hors les murs - Festival Gacilly photographies) (5 juin - 30 septembre 2015)
* Boire (16 octobre 2015 - 30 avril 2016)
* De A à Z (10 juin 2016 - 28 août 2016)
* Bretagne Express (20 octobre 2016 - 27 août 2017)
* J'y crois, j'Y crois pas (20 octobre 2017 - 1er avril 2018)
* Guy Le Querrec, conteur d'images (19 mai - 26 août 2018)
* Rennes les vies d'une ville (20 octobre 2018 - 25 août 2019)
* Charles et Paul Géniaux, la photographie, un destin (18 octobre 2019 - 30 août 2020)
* Face au mur, graphisme engagé de 1970 à 1990 (en attente d'ouverture)
}}

== Notes et références ==
{{références|taille=30}}

== Bibliographie ==

* {{Bibliographie|Q24354871}}
* {{Ouvrage
| prénom1 = Laurence
| nom1 = Prod'homme
| directeur1 = oui
| titre = Objets de l'Histoire, mémoire de Bretagne
| sous-titre = Les collections du musée de Bretagne
| lieu = Rennes
| éditeur = Ouest-France
| année = 2011
| pages totales = 162
| isbn = 978-2-7373-5493-9
}}
* {{Ouvrage|langue=fr|auteur1=Musée de Bretagne|titre=Projet scientifique et culturel du musée de Bretagne|lieu=Rennes|éditeur=Métropole de Rennes|année=2014|pages totales=92|isbn=}}

Archives INA :
* {{ina|3055909001039|Le Musée de Bretagne|date=24 mars 2006|éditeur=[[France 2]], 20 heures le journal}}
* {{ina|RYC9710305374|Musée de Bretagne|date=2 mai 1964|éditeur=[[Office de radiodiffusion télévision française]], Télé ouest panorama}}
* {{ina|CAF97504019|Visite au musée de Bretagne|date=29 juin 1960|éditeur=[[Radiodiffusion-télévision française]], JT 13H}} (muet)

* ''[[s:Catalogue raisonné du Musée d’Archéologie et de Céramique|Catalogue raisonné du Musée d’Archéologie et de Céramique]]'', Auguste André, 1876.

== Liens externes ==
=== Sites internet ===
{{Autres projets|commons=Category:Musée de Bretagne}}
* Portail des collections du musée : http://www.collections.musee-bretagne.fr/index.php
* [https://vimeo.com/232477723 Film, "des collections en partage, musée de Bretagne"]
=== Bases de données ===
{{Liens}}

{{Portail|Musées|Rennes|Bretagne}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Musee de Bretagne}}
[[Catégorie:Musée à Rennes]]
[[Catégorie:Label musée de France en Ille-et-Vilaine]]

Nuha Marong

2022-09-09T01:11:27Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.05b - Bot T5 CW#2 - Fix errors for CW project (Tag with incorrect syntax)

{{short description|Gambian footballer}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Nuha Marong
| image =
| full_name = Nuha Marong Krubally
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|6|16|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Santa Coloma de Farners]], [[Spain]]
| height = 1.91 m
| position = [[Forward (association football)#Striker|Striker]]
| currentclub = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| clubnumber =
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = Farners
| youthyears2 =
| youthclubs2 = [[CD Blanes|Blanes]]
| youthyears3 = 2008–2010
| youthclubs3 = PB Lloret
| youthyears4 = 2010–2012
| youthclubs4 = Lloret
| years1 = 2012–2013
| clubs1 = Lloret
| caps1 = 37
| goals1 = 14
| years2 = 2013–2016
| clubs2 = [[CF Badalona Futur|Llagostera]]
| caps2 = 19
| goals2 = 1
| years3 = 2014–2015
| clubs3 = → [[UE Sant Andreu|Sant Andreu]] (loan)
| caps3 = 28
| goals3 = 2
| years4 = 2015–2016
| clubs4 = → [[Elche CF Ilicitano|Elche B]] (loan)
| caps4 = 36
| goals4 = 21
| years5 = 2016–2017
| clubs5 = [[CA Osasuna B|Osasuna B]]
| caps5 = 31
| goals5 = 5
| years6 = 2017–2018
| clubs6 = [[Atlético Saguntino|Saguntino]]
| caps6 = 27
| goals6 = 9
| years7 = 2018
| clubs7 = [[CD Castellón|Castellón]]
| caps7 = 4
| goals7 = 0
| years8 = 2018–2019
| clubs8 = [[CD Atlético Baleares|Atlético Baleares]]
| caps8 = 40
| goals8 = 13
| years9 = 2019–2020
| clubs9 = [[Racing de Santander|Racing Santander]]
| caps9 = 19
| goals9 = 3
| years10= 2020–2021
| clubs10= [[Club Recreativo Granada|Granada B]]
| caps10 = 34
| goals10 = 6
| years11 = 2021–2022
| clubs11 = [[Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia|UCAM Murcia]]
| caps11 = 11
| goals11 = 2
| years12 = 2022
| clubs12 = [[CF Badalona Futur|Costa Brava]]
| caps12 = 13
| goals12 = 3
| years13 = 2022
| clubs13 = [[Bashundhara Kings]]
| caps13 = 10
| goals13 = 3
| years14 = 2022–
| clubs14 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| caps14 = 0
| goals14 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2019–
| nationalteam1 = [[Gambia national football team|Gambia]]
| nationalcaps1 = 4
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| club-update = 12:43, 21 April 2022 (UTC)
| nationalteam-update = 22 March 2019
}}

'''Nuha Marong Krubally''' (born 16 June 1993) is a Spanish-born Gambian profressional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Forward (association football)#Striker|forward]] for [[I-League]] club [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]] and the [[Gambia national football team|Gambia national team]].

==Club career==
Born in [[Santa Coloma de Farners]], [[Province of Girona|Girona]], [[Catalonia]] to Gambian parents, Nuha represented CE Farners, [[CD Blanes]], Penya Barcelonista de Lloret and CF Lloret as a youth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://as.com/futbol/2015/11/06/segunda/1446801701_587353.html|title="En España no veo racismo, solo algunos que pierden la educación"|trans-title="I do not see racism in Spain, only a few who lose their education"|publisher=[[Diario AS]]|language=es|date=6 November 2015|accessdate=18 June 2019}}</ref> He made his senior debut with the latter during the 2011–12 season, in the regional leagues.

On 26 June 2013, Nuha joined [[Segunda División B]] side [[UE Llagostera]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vavel.com/es/futbol/2013/06/26/segunda-b/245812.html|title=Nuha y Marc Garcia, últimos refuerzos del Llagostera|trans-title=Nuha and Marc García, latest additions of Llagostera|publisher=[[Vavel]]|language=es|date=26 June 2013|accessdate=18 June 2019}}</ref> He was sparingly used during [[2013–14 Segunda División B|the campaign]], but notably scored the winner in a 3–1 home defeat of [[Gimnàstic de Tarragona]] in [[2014 Segunda División B play-offs|the play-offs]], which ensured his team's first-ever promotion to [[Segunda División]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.marca.com/2014/06/21/futbol/mas_futbol/1403380481.html|title=Llagostera obra el milagro y asciende a la Liga Adelante|trans-title=Llagostera do the miracle and promote to ''Liga Adelante''|publisher=[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]]|language=es|date=21 June 2014|accessdate=18 June 2019}}</ref>

Nuha subsequently served loan stints at [[Tercera División]] sides [[UE Sant Andreu]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uesantandreu.cat/2014/08/nuha-marong-llagostera-nou-jugador-del-sant-andreu/|title=Nuha Marong (Llagostera), nou jugador del Sant Andreu|trans-title=Nuha Marong (Llagostera), new player of Sant Andreu|publisher=UE Sant Andreu|language=ca|date=8 August 2014|accessdate=18 June 2019}}</ref> and [[Elche CF Ilicitano]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elchecf.es/noticia/nuha-y-quaye-dos-refuerzos-para-el-ilicitano|title=Nuha y Quaye, dos refuerzos para el Ilicitano|trans-title=Nuha and Quaye, two additions for Ilicitano|publisher=Elche CF|language=es|date=3 September 2015|accessdate=18 June 2019}}</ref> scoring a career-best 21 goals for the latter. On 13 July 2016 he moved to another [[reserve team]], [[CA Osasuna B]] in the third division.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.osasuna.es/noticia/_/9377/13-07-2016-nuha-nuevo-jugador-de-osasuna-promesas.html|title=Nuha, nuevo jugador de Osasuna Promesas|trans-title=Nuha, new player of Osasuna Promesas|publisher=CA Osasuna|language=es|date=13 July 2016|accessdate=18 June 2019}}</ref>

On 24 June 2017, Nuha signed for [[Atlético Saguntino]] still in the third division.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mundodeportivo.com/futbol/20170624/423652845172/el-atletico-saguntino-refuerza-su-delantera-con-nuha-marong.html|title=El Atlético Saguntino refuerza su delantera con Nuha Marong|trans-title=Atlético Saguntino bolster their forward lines with Nuha Marong|publisher=[[Mundo Deportivo]]|language=es|date=24 June 2017|accessdate=18 June 2019}}</ref> The following 17 May, he joined [[CD Castellón]] for the [[2018 Tercera División play-offs|fourth tier play-offs]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.superdeporte.es/futbol/2018/05/17/nuha-fichaje-tiro-fallido-reyes/373439.html|title=Nuha es el fichaje tras el tiro fallido con Reyes|trans-title=Nuha is a signing after the failed attempt with Reyes|publisher=Super Deporte|language=es|date=17 May 2018|accessdate=18 June 2019}}</ref> and subsequently agreed to a deal with [[CD Atlético Baleares]] on 6 July.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://atleticobaleares.com/nuha-es-el-5o-fichaje-del-proyecto-atb-2018-19/|title=Nuha es el 5º fichaje del proyecto ATB 2018/19|trans-title=Nuha is the 5th signing of the 2018/19 ''ATB'' project|publisher=CD Atlético Baleares|language=es|date=6 July 2018|accessdate=18 June 2019}}</ref>

On 9 July 2019, Nuha agreed to a four-year deal with [[Racing de Santander]], [[2018–19 Segunda División B|newly promoted]] to [[Segunda División]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.realracingclub.es/noticia/nuha-segundo-refuerzo-del-racing-201920|title=Nuha, segundo refuerzo del Racing 2019/20|trans-title=Nuha, second addition of Racing 2019/20|publisher=Racing Santander|language=es|date=9 July 2019|accessdate=13 July 2019}}</ref> On 9 January 2020 he was signed by [[Granada CF]], which first sent him to the reserve team, [[Club Recreativo Granada]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marca.com/futbol/racing-santander/2020/01/09/5e17783ce2704ea30d8b457f.html|title=Nuha, traspasado al Granada|date=2020-01-09|website=Marca.com|language=es|access-date=2020-02-28}}</ref>

In 2022, Nuha signed with Bangladeshi outfit [[Bashundhara Kings]]. On 18 May, he helped the team winning their [[2022 AFC Cup]] group stage opener with 1–0 margin against Maldivian side [[Maziya S&RC]] at the [[Salt Lake Stadium]].

On 29 August 2022, Marong moved to India, signing with [[I-League]] side [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]] on a season-long deal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2022-23-rajasthan-united-sign-forward-nuha-marong|title=Ex-Bashundhara Kings forward Nuha Marong signs for Rajasthan United|website=khelnow.com|publisher=Khel Now|first=Sattyik|last=Sarkar|date=29 August 2022|access-date=30 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830124304/https://khelnow.com/football/i-league-2022-23-rajasthan-united-sign-forward-nuha-marong|archive-date=30 August 2022}}</ref>

==International career==
Nuha has been called up for the [[The Gambia national football team|Gambia national team]] on 6 February 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://canal4diario.com/2019/02/06/nuha-marong-es-convocado-con-la-seleccion-de-gambia/|title=Nuha Marong es convocado con la selección de Gambia|trans-title=Nuha Marong is called up by the Gambia national team|publisher=Canal 4 Diario|language=es|date=6 February 2019|accessdate=18 June 2019}}</ref> He made his debut for the latter on 22 March, in an [[2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification Group D|Africa Cup of Nations qualifier]] against [[Algeria national football team|Algeria]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Confederation of African Football]]|url=http://www.cafonline.com/en-us/competitions/32ndeditionoftotalafricacupofnations/MatchDetails?MatchId=g%2frBHglM2gmUpnwMk4sVmPznvdnlKiiVHL63dQPPMLu2njrP3t4sWxprnMOTsYMc|title=Algeria v Gambia game report|date=22 March 2019}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===Club===
{{updated|30 July 2022}}<ref>{{soccerway|nuha-marong/300372}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|Continental
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[CF Badalona Futur|Llagostera]]
|[[2013–14 Segunda División B#Group 3|2013–14]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Primera Federación|Segunda División B]]
|19||2||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||19||2
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[UE Sant Andreu|Sant Andreu]] (loan)
|[[2014–15 Segunda División B#Group 3|2014–15]]
|29||2||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||29||2
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Elche CF Ilicitano|Elche B]] (loan)
|[[2015–16 Tercera División#Group 6 – Valencian Community|2015–16]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Segunda Federación|Tercera División]]
|36||21||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||36||21
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[CA Osasuna B|Osasuna B]]
|[[2016–17 Segunda División B#Group 1|2016–17]]
| rowspan="2" |Segunda División B
|31||5||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||31||5
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Atlético Saguntino|Saguntino]]
|[[2017–18 Segunda División B#Group 3|2017–18]]
|27||9||3{{efn|name=CopaFed|Appearance(s) in [[Copa Federación de España|Copa Federación]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||30||9
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[CD Castellón|Castellón]]
|[[2018 Tercera División play-offs|2018]]
| rowspan="1" |Tercera División
|4||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||4||0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[CD Atlético Baleares|Atlético Baleares]]
|[[2018–19 Segunda División B#Group 3|2018–19]]
| rowspan="1" |Segunda División B
|40||13||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||40||13
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Racing de Santander|Racing Santander]]
|[[2019–20 Racing de Santander season|2019–20]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Segunda División|LaLiga 2]]
|19||3||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||19||3
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Club Recreativo Granada|Granada B]]
|[[2019–20 Segunda División B#Group 4|2019–20]]
| rowspan="2" |Segunda División B
|9||1||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||9||1
|-
|[[2020–21 Segunda División B#Group 4|2020–21]]
|25||5||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||25||5
|-
! colspan="2" |Granada B total
!34!!6!!0!!0!!0!!0!!34!!6
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia|UCAM Murcia]]
|[[2021–22 Primera División RFEF#Group 2|2021–22]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Primera Federación|Primera División RFEF]]
|11||2||1{{efn|name=CDR|Appearance(s) in [[Copa del Rey]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||12||2
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[CF Badalona Futur|Costa Brava]]
|[[2021–22 Primera División RFEF#Group 2|2021–22]]
|13||3||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||13||3
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Bashundhara Kings|Bashundhara Kings]]
|[[2021–22 Bangladesh Premier League (football)|2021–22]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Bangladesh Premier League (football)|Bangladesh Premier League]]
|10||3||0||0||2{{efn|name=statsAFCC|Appearance(s) in [[AFC Cup]]}}||2||12||5
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|[[2022–23 I-League|2022–23]]
| rowspan="1" |[[I-League]]
|0||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||0||0
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!273!!69!!4!!0!!2!!2!!279!!71
|}
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{BDFutbol|302181}}
* {{LaPreferente|156612}}
* {{NFT player|73925}}
* {{Soccerway|nuha-marong/300372}}

{{Bashundhara Kings squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nuha Marong}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Spanish people of Gambian descent]]
[[Category:Spanish sportspeople of African descent]]
[[Category:European sportspeople of Gambian descent]]
[[Category:People with acquired Gambian citizenship]]
[[Category:People from Santa Coloma de Farners]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from the Province of Girona]]
[[Category:Spanish footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Catalonia]]
[[Category:Gambian footballers]]
[[Category:Association football forwards]]
[[Category:Segunda División B players]]
[[Category:Tercera División players]]
[[Category:Divisiones Regionales de Fútbol players]]
[[Category:UE Costa Brava players]]
[[Category:UE Sant Andreu footballers]]
[[Category:Elche CF Ilicitano footballers]]
[[Category:CA Osasuna B players]]
[[Category:Atlético Saguntino players]]
[[Category:CD Castellón footballers]]
[[Category:CD Atlético Baleares footballers]]
[[Category:Racing de Santander players]]
[[Category:Club Recreativo Granada players]]
[[Category:The Gambia international footballers]]
[[Category:Bashundhara Kings players]]
[[Category:Rajasthan United FC players]]

Lena Gurr

2022-06-28T07:40:24Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.04b - Bot T20 CW#61 - Fix errors for CW project (Reference before punctuation)

{{short description|American painter}}

{{Infobox artist| honorific_prefix =
| name = Lena Gurr
| honorific_suffix =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Lena Gurr in Paris.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = At work in her Paris studio, around 1930
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1897|10|27}}<ref name="SSDI 1992"/>
| birth_place = [[Brooklyn]], [[New York City|New York]], U.S.
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1992|02|19|1897|10|27}}<ref name="SSDI 1992"/>
| death_place = Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| nationality =
| spouse = Joseph Biel
| known_for = Artist
| field =
| training =
| alma_mater =
| movement =
| works =
| patrons =
| awards =
| memorials =
| elected =
| website =
| bgcolour =
| module =
}}

'''Lena Gurr''' (1897–1992), was an American artist who made paintings, prints, and drawings showing, as one critic said, "the joys and sorrows of everyday life."<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Apr 1945"/> Another critic noted that her still lifes, city scenes, and depictions of vacation locales were imbued with "quiet humor," while her portrayal of slum-dwellers and the victims of warfare revealed a "ready sympathy" for victims of social injustice at home and of warfare abroad.<ref name="New York Times Jan 1 1939"/> During the course of her career Gurr's compositions retained emotional content as they evolved from a naturalistic to a semi-abstract [[cubism|cubist]] style.<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Dec 1950"/> Discussing this trend, she once told an interviewer that as her work tended toward increasing abstraction she believed it nonetheless "must have some kind of human depth to it." Born into a Russian-Jewish immigrant family, she was the wife of Joseph Biel, also Russian-Jewish and an artist of similar genre and sensibility.<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Dec 1950"/>

==Art training==

Gurr began studying art at a young age. She was a member of the art club of her high school years<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Sep 1912"/> and she studied art as a component of the teacher training she subsequently received.<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Jun 1917"/> In 1919 she studied painting and printmaking at the Educational Alliance Art School<ref name="AAA Lena Gurr Papers"/><ref name="Educational Alliance"/>{{refn|group=note|The Educational Alliance is a charitable organization which offers social service programs to poor residents of New York City. It was founded on the lower east side of Manhattan in 1889 as a settlement house for East European Jews. In 1895 [[Henry McBride (art critic)|Henry McBride]], who would later become well known as an art critic for the ''New York Sun'', informally began a program of art classes there. Originally having only two pupils who met twice a week in the evening, the classes evolved into an independent art school in 1917 and by the time Gurr attended it offered both day and evening classes to large numbers of students.<ref name="Educational Alliance"/><ref name="New York Times Oct 1924"/> }} and between 1920 and 1922 she won a scholarship to attend the [[Art Students League of New York|Art Students League]] where she took classes with [[John French Sloan|John Sloan]] and [[Maurice Sterne]].<ref name="Tabla Rasa Gallery"/><ref name="AAA Lena Gurr Papers"/><ref name="Gurr Jewish Art"/><ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Dec 1950"/>

==Artistic career==
[[File:Lena Gurr, Refreshment Stand.jpg|thumb|right|Lena Gurr, "Refreshment Stand," c. 1930, oil on canvas, 30⅛ X 20 in. (76.5 X 50.8 cm.)]]
[[File:Lena Gurr, Bride to Be.jpg|thumb|right|Lena Gurr, "Bride to Be," 1940, serigraph, 15 x 19 in. (38.1 x 48.3 cm.)]]
[[File:Lena Gurr, New York Gothic.jpg|thumb|right|Lena Gurr, "New York Gothic," 1940, oil on masonite, 48 X 36 in (121.92 X 91.44 cm)]]
In 1926 and 1928 Gurr participated in group shows at the Whitney Studio Club in [[Greenwich Village]]<ref name="Gurr Jewish Art"/><ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Apr 1928"/>{{refn|group=note|The Whitney Studio Club was a project of the collector, sculptor, and philanthropist, [[Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney]]. With the goal of supporting them, she both purchased and publicly displayed the work of living American artists. Beginning in 1907, she used her own studio as a public gallery and in 1918 opened the Whitney Studio Club gallery on West 4th Street in [[Greenwich Village]]. In 1931 she and her husband expanded the gallery into the [[Whitney Museum of American Art]].<ref name="Whitney Studio Club 1907-1930"/><ref name="Whitney Museum History"/>}} and in 1928 she also participated in the 12th annual exhibition of the [[Society of Independent Artists]] at the Waldorf Roof in New York.<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Mar 1928"/>{{refn|group=note|The Society of Independent Artists frequently held exhibitions at the Waldorf Room. Reviewing this show, Helen Appleton Read, the critic for the ''Brooklyn Daily Eagle'', said "I made three discoveries on my first visit...they are Thomas Nagal "Tea", [[Eugenie McEvoy]] "Lenox 2300" and Lena Gurr with two figure compositions which have something of [[Marie Laurencin]]'s or Helene Perdriat's quality of naive sophistication."<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Mar 1928"/> The Waldorf Roof was a set of rooms on the top floor of the [[Waldorf Astoria New York|Waldorf Astoria Hotel]], one of which had glass sides and a glass roof. The rooms were used for concerts, dances, benefits, and exhibitions.<ref name="New York Times Jun 1917"/> }} From 1929 to 1931 Gurr took a leave of absence from her teaching position to travel in France with Joseph Biel, an artist whom she had met while studying at the Art Students League.<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Dec 1950"/><ref name="1931 Return to US"/> They spent time in Nice and [[Menton]]e but mainly in Paris.<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Dec 1950"/>

During the early months of 1931, while she was still abroad, her work appeared in group exhibitions held at the R. H. Macy department store<ref name="New York Times Feb 1931"/> and the Opportunity Gallery.{{refn|group=note|In 1931, the Macy department store, which had held art exhibits during the 1920s, opened new galleries for displaying the work of young American artists, such as Gurr, who had previously exhibited little or nothing.<ref name="New York Times Sep 1931 Sabbatical"/> A group of collectors along with the artist [[Gifford Beal]] set up the nonprofit Opportunity Gallery in the fall of 1927. Like Macy's Gallery, provided new artists with a place to show their work.<ref name="Georgia O'Keeffe: A Life"/>}} Gurr's contributions to these shows drew the attention of two critics from the ''New York Times'',<ref name="New York Times Feb 1931"/> one of whom said she appeared to abandon herself to the rich beauty of her medium<ref name="New York Times Mar 1931"/> and the other that her still lifes were excellent.<ref name="New York Times Apr 1931"/> In 1932 she participated in three shows: a solo exhibition at the [[Brooklyn Museum]],<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Dec 1950"/><ref name="New York Times Jun 1932"/> an annual exhibition of the New York Society of Women Artists,{{refn|group=note|The New York Society of Women Artists was founded in 1926 as an alternative to the [[National Association of Women Painters and Sculptors]] (which was believed to be too traditional and academic). It aimed to show art that was both innovative and not overly feminine. Its first president was [[Marguerite Zorach]].<ref name="Brooklyn Daily Eagle Apr 1926"/> Founding members included [[Agnes Weinrich]], [[Anne Goldthwaite]], [[Blanche Lazzell]], [[Henrietta Shore]], [[Louise Upton Brumback]], [[Margaret Wendell Huntington]], [[Marjorie Organ]], and [[Sonia Gordon Brown]].<ref name="New York Evening Post Mar 1926"/>}} and a group exhibition at the G.R.D. Studio. Of the G.R.D. show, Margaret Breuning, critic for the ''New York Post'', said she appeared to be an artist of considerable experience capable of producing a "complex pattern of planes with nonchalant facility."<ref name="New York Post Jan 1932"/><ref name="New York Post Jan 16 1932"/>{{refn|group=note|Like the Opportunity Gallery, the G.R.D. Studio was the non-commercial venture sponsored by patrons charging no commissions to the young artists whose work it showed. It was founded in 1928 as a memorial to Gladys Roosevelt Dick by her sister, Mrs. Philip J. Roosevelt.<ref name="New York Times Oct 1932"/><ref name="New York Sun Oct 1932"/>}}

Her work drew critical attention three years later when, commencing what proved to be a long and productive relationship, she made her first appearance at the A.C.A. Gallery.<ref name="New York Times Feb 1935"/>{{refn|group=note|The A.C.A. Gallery was founded in 1932 by Herman Baron and the artists, [[Stuart Davis (painter)|Stuart Davis]], [[Adolf Dehn]], and [[Yasuo Kuniyoshi]]. Oriented toward American contemporary art, it had a distinctive left-wing point of view and its exhibitions tended to display works of social conscience. In the early 1940s, it was the first gallery to show silkscreen prints using the technique developed by [[Harry Gottlieb]]<ref name="ACA Galleries"/>}} Although Howard Devree, critic for the ''New York Times'', praised in general terms the paintings she contributed to this show, he was more explicit in discussing a solo exhibition that the same gallery gave her later in the year. He said some of her work in the solo show tended toward caricature, but most of it was bold and forthright: "She turns out a piquant bit of social satire, an accomplished still-life with warmth of color and with finish, or a romantic landscape."<ref name="New York Times Oct 1935"/>

In 1936 Gurr joined National Association of Women Painters and Sculptors.<ref name="Tabla Rasa Gallery"/><ref name="New York Times Nov 1936"/> During 1936, 1937, and 1938 she participated in group shows of the Salons of America (1936),<ref name="New York Post May 1936"/>{{refn|group=note|Salons of America was an organization founded in 1922 by [[Hamilton Easter Field]] in opposition to the [[Society of Independent Artists]]. Field was president. Members included [[Oscar Bluemner]], [[George Luks]], [[Rockwell Kent]], and [[Stefan Hirsch]].<ref name="Love Peters 1999"/><ref name="New York Sun 1924"/>}} the [[American Artists School]] (1936 and 1937),<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Jun 1936"/><ref name="New York Times Jun 1936"/><ref name="New York Post Oct 1937"/>{{refn|group=note|Gurr participated in the American Artists School exhibition as an art instructor belonging to Local 5 of the city's Teachers Union. The show contained works by Gurr and five other members of the [[Artist Union]]. Of her paintings, a ''New York Times'' critic said "Lena Gurr's urban observations have point and fluency."<ref name="New York Times Jun 1936"/> The American Artists School had a radical orientation similar to that of the A.C.A. Gallery. Begun in 1936 as successor to the [[John Reed Clubs|John Reed Club]] School of Art, its director was [[Harry Gottlieb]]. The secretary was [[Henry Billings]]. [[Arnold Blanch]], Lincoln Rothschild, [[Waylande Gregory]], [[Louis Lozowick]], John Cunningham, [[Alexander Brook]], George Picke, H. Glintenkamp, [[Yasuo Kuniyoshi]], Niles Spencer, and Philip Reisman were members of the board. It aimed to educate young workers as to social issues as well as give them rudimentary art training needed to qualify for federal arts programs. It lasted only a few years during which it held a few exhibitions such as the one in which Gurr participated.<ref name="New York Times Jan 1936"/><ref name="AAA Journal 1986"/>}} and the Municipal Art Gallery (1936 and 1937),<ref name="New York Post Jun 1936"/><ref name="New York Post Feb 1937"/>{{refn|group=note|The Municipal Art Gallery was a public works project established in January 1936 by the Mayor's Municipal Art Committee of New York City. Its director was Mary Breckinridge, the wife of [[Henry Skillman Breckinridge|Henry Breckinridge]]. In the late 1930s the gallery held frequent exhibitions of contemporary American artists.<ref name="New York Times Jan 6 1936"/>}} Her group shows in 1938 included the annual exhibition held by the New York Society of Women Artists,<ref name="New York Times Feb 1938"/> a benefit show called "Roofs for 40 Million" held at Maison Francaise in the new [[Rockefeller Center]],<ref name="New York Post Apr 1938"/> and another benefit show, put on by the [[American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee|Joint Distribution Committee]] at Studio Guild Galleries.<ref name="New York Times May 1938"/>{{refn|group=note|The Joint Distribution Committee's show raised funds to help Jews who were "victims of the political situation in various parts of Europe."<ref name="New York Times May 1938"/>}}

Two critics prepared lengthy reviews of a 1938–39 solo exhibition at the A.C.A. Gallery.<ref name="New York Times Feb 1938"/><ref name="New York Post Dec 1938"/>{{refn|group=note|Writing in the ''New York Times'' Howard Devree called one of her paintings the best he had seen to date<ref name="New York Times Feb 1938"/> and Jerome Klein of the ''New York Post'' wrote that her paintings made a stronger showing than the ones he had seen before.<ref name="New York Post Dec 1938"/>}} Writing in December 1938, the ''New York Post'''s [[Jerome Klein]] praised Gurr's successful handling of varied subjects (local urban settings, countryside vacations, terror in distant lands)<ref name="New York Post Dec 1938"/> and in January 1939 Howard Devree noted her "capacity for transmuting homely scenes and incidents of every day life into pictures tinged with a kind of romantic realism and with quiet humor."<ref name="New York Times Feb 1938"/>{{refn|group=note|Klein also said she possessed a "fine sense of the episodic" which did not interfere with "the capacity to build a firm, substantial picture."<ref name="New York Post Dec 1938"/> Devree wrote, "She also sees and portrays the tragedy of the slums or the war-stricken humble folk and a ready sympathy lies behind her work. She can suggest by a small group and their nondescript possessions the whole of a Summer beach without crowding it with writhing figures. Miss Gurr's work is sound and well considered, with a folksy quality that is delightful."<ref name="New York Times Feb 1938"/> }} The page on which Devree's review appeared was illustrated by a painting of Gurr's called ''On the Bridge'' which was on view in the show.

In the Spring of 1945 the A.C.A. Gallery gave Gurr her third solo exhibition.<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Apr 23 1945"/> Reviewing this show, Melville Upton, critic for the ''New York Sun'', saw a steady advance in her painting, noting a pleasing "structure of repeating and contrasting forms" in one picture and a "complicated and fanciful" design in another.<ref name="New York Sun Apr 1945"/> In the ''New York Times'', Howard Devree discussed her talent for depicting her subjects feelingly, using as her themes "human relationships and the joys and sorrows of everyday life."<ref name="New York Times Apr 1945"/> Peggy O'Reilly, of the ''Brooklyn Eagle'', quoted Gurr as saying that while her aims were primarily aesthetic, she tried to be "a creature of what's around me." Regarding a painting called ''Indestructivle'', Gurr said she "tried to show that no matter how much the world is ravaged, love and art still remain."<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Apr 23 1945"/> The ''Brooklyn Eagle'''s other critic, A.Z. Kruse, also reviewed this solo exhibition. Saying that Gurr "painted with the gusto of a Goya," he praised her "ability to record the emotional impact of an inspired moment" and noted that she held a secure place" in the "front ranks of outstanding American women painters."<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Apr 1945"/>

During the following decades, Gurr's work continued to be shown at exhibitions of the National Association of Women Painters and Sculptors, the Brooklyn Society of Artists, the New York Society of Women Artists, and the A.C.A. Gallery. She also showed at the [[1939 New York World's Fair|World's Fair]] (1939),<ref name="New York Post May 1939"/> the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art|Metropolitan Museum]] (1942),<ref name="New York Times Oct 1940"/>{{refn|group=note|In December 1942 Gurr was one of six school art teachers invited to show work in an exhibition of contemporary American art at the Metropolitan Museum.<ref name="New York Times Oct 1940"/>}} the [[Corcoran Gallery of Art]] (1944),<ref name="New York Times Dec 1947"/> the Artists League of America (1945),<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle May 1945"/>{{refn|group=note|The Artists League of America exhibition was held at the Riverside Museum. Shortly after the United States entered World War II, a mass meeting in New York of 23 artists' societies (the "Artists' Societies for National Defense") called for establishment of a group called the Artists' Council for Victory. The council was formed on January 19, 1942, and its executive board subsequently recommended that the [[Artists Union]] and the [[American Artists' Congress]] be merged to form the Artists League of America. In May of that year the Artists League came into existence.<ref name="Art Journal 1972"/><ref name="Congress of American Artists, 1941"/>}} the [[National Academy Museum and School|National Academy of Design]] (1946),<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Jan 1946"/>{{refn|group=note|The exhibition at the National Academy contained drawings by contemporary American artists. A.Z. Kruse, writing in the ''Brooklyn Eagle'', said that one of Gurr's drawings, ''On the Home Front'', showing a soldier kissing his child that had been born while he was in service, was "understandingly and skilfully rendered with white chalk on black paper..."<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Jan 1946"/>}} the Serigraph Society Galleries (1947),<ref name="New York Times May 1947"/>{{refn|group=note|The Serigraph Society show consisted of silkscreen prints. In 1940 Harry Gottlieb showed silkscreen prints at the A.C.A. Gallery and Gurr undoubtedly saw them there. Serigraphy was then a new artistic medium. [[Anthony Velonis]], working with the [[Public Use of Arts Committee]] and the United American Artists, is credited with the formation of the Silk Screen Group which later became the [[National Serigraph Society]]. In 1945 the National Serigraph Society had moved into new headquarters with permanent gallery space at 38 West 57th Street in New York.<ref name="New York Times Mar 1940"/><ref name="New York Times Feb 1941"/><ref name="New York Sun Nov 1945"/>}} and the [[American Federation of Arts]] (1951).<ref name="New York Times Jan 1951"/>{{refn|group=note|In January 1951 Gurr participated in a traveling exhibition called "The Art of Democratic Living" co-sponsored by the [[American Federation of Arts]] and the committee on the art of democratic living of the New York Chapter of the [[American Jewish Committee]]. The show opened in New York at [[Freedom House]]. Its theme was "the need for democratic living among Americans of different creeds, colors and ethnic or national origins."<ref name="New York Times Jan 15 1951"/>}} Commenting on her fourth solo exhibition at the A.C.A. Galleries in 1947, Howard Devree said she had produced some of her best work to date<ref name="New York Times Dec 1947"/> and a critic for the ''Brooklyn Eagle'' noted her use of stepped up color, dynamic line, and bolder composition and said she "delights in painting impressions of life as she sees it around her."<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Dec 1947"/> In 1950 she made murals and mobile decorations in the ballroom of [[Hotel Astor (New York City)|Hotel Astor]] in preparation for a benefit event sponsored by Artists Equity to raise money for ill and destitute artists<ref name="New York Times Mar 1947"/> and in 1952 she became Artists Equity's recording secretary.<ref name="New York Times May 1952"/>{{refn|group=note|An article in the ''Brooklyn Eagle'' describing preparations for the costume ball included a photo of Gurr.<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle May 1950"/> Formed in 1947, the Artists Equity Association aimed to promote the welfare of American artists and protect their economic interests. Its president was Yasuo Kuniyoshi and its membership included American painters, sculptors, and graphic artists including [[Will Barnet]], [[Thomas Hart Benton (painter)|Thomas Hart Benton]], [[Stuart Davis (painter)|Stuart Davis]], [[Arthur Dove]], [[Marsden Hartley]], [[Edward Hopper]], [[Louise Nevelson]], and [[John French Sloan|John Sloan]].<ref name="New York Times Mar 1947"/><ref name="Artists Equity History"/> }}

During her artistic career, Gurr mostly made easel art in [[Oil painting|oil]] and [[Casein paint|casein]] and also [[Lithography|lithographic]] and [[Screen printing|silkscreen]] prints and some [[Watercolor painting|watercolors]] and [[drawing]]s.<ref name="Gurr Jewish Art"/> Her subjects included still lifes, city scenes, vacation settings, and depictions of war and persecution.<ref name="New York Post Dec 1938"/> Over the years her technique evolved from [[Representation (arts)|representative]] and semi-[[abstract art|abstract]] toward a more abstract semi-[[cubism|cubist]] style.<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Dec 1950"/><ref name="New York Times Jan 1939"/><ref name="New York Times Oct 1953"/> Many of her pictures were light-hearted and showed, in the words of one critic, a "quiet humor,"<ref name="New York Times Jan 1939"/><ref name="New York Times Nov 1935"/> while others displayed what another critic called "a ready sympathy" for slum-dwellers and "war-stricken humble folk."<ref name="New York Post Dec 1938"/><ref name="New York Times Jan 1939"/>{{refn|group=note|In 1939 Howard Devree wrote that she saw and portrayed the "tragedy of the slums or the war-stricken humble folk" with a ready sympathy.<ref name="New York Times Jan 1939"/>}}

During an interview conducted in 1947 she said "It may be social awareness or his personal reaction to nature, an idea, an emotion or an event,.. [but] something more than mere technique should stand out in [the artist's] finished work."<ref name="Gurr Jewish Art"/> And in another interview, three years later, she said her painting style had grown and changed during her career as she herself had grown and changed, but, though her work tended toward increasing abstraction, she insisted that it "must have some kind of human depth to it."<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Dec 1950"/> In 1959, Stuart Preston, writing in the ''New York Times'', noted that her use of small, flat planes did not prevent her work from displaying liveliness and "an affectionate interest."<ref name="New York Times Jan 1959"/>

Gurr's semi-abstract and semi-cubist works revealed a talent for creative design.<ref name="New York Sun Apr 1945"/> Over the course of her career they increasingly showed a lighter tone<ref name="New York Times Dec 1947"/> and what one critic referred to as "stepped up color, dynamic line, bolder composition."<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Dec 1947"/> In 1950 one critic praised her ability to handle abstraction "in the best modern vein"<ref name="New York Times Dec 1950"/> and a few years later another said she used a style that employed flat planes in a deliberate distortion of reality but her figures and city scenes were nonetheless realistic in nature.<ref name="New York Times Oct 1953"/>

In the 1950s and 1960s she continued to participate in group shows of The National Association of Women Painters and Sculptors (which had renamed itself the National Association of Women Artists in 1941), the Brooklyn Society of Artists, and the A.C.A. Gallery. Thereafter she showed less frequently and the last exhibition to receive public notice during her lifetime seems to have taken place in 1977.<ref name="New York Times Nov 1977"/>

==Solo exhibitions==

Gurr was given her first solo exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum in 1932.<ref name="Gurr Jewish Art"/><ref name="New York Times Jun 1932"/> The A.C.A. Gallery gave her solo exhibitions in 1935,<ref name="New York Post Sep 1935"/> 1938,<ref name="New York Post Dec 1938"/><ref name="New York Times Jan 1939"/><ref name="New York Times Jan 1 1939"/> 1945,<ref name="New York Sun Apr 1945"/> and 1947.<ref name="New York Times Dec 1947"/><ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Dec 1947"/> In 1949 her work appeared in what was billed as a "Joint One-Man Serigraph Show" at the Serigraph Galleries in New York.<ref name="New York Times Jan 1949"/> She subsequently received three more A.C.A. solo shows: in 1950,<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Dec 1950"/><ref name="New York Times Dec 1950"/> 1953,<ref name="New York Times Oct 1953"/> and 1959<ref name="New York Times Jan 1959"/>

==Group exhibitions==

Gurr showed regularly in exhibitions of the National Association of Women Painters and Sculptors,<ref name="New York Times Oct 1940"/><ref name="New York Post Jan 1937"/><ref name="New York Times Feb 1947"/><ref name="New York Times May 1950"/><ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Jun 1950"/><ref name="New York Times May 1954"/> the New York Society of Women Artists,<ref name="New York Post Jan 1932"/><ref name="New York Times Feb 1938"/> and the Brooklyn Society of Artists.<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Jan 1943"/><ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Apr 1944"/><ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Jan 1951"/><ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Nov 1954"/><ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Nov 6 1954"/><ref name="New York Times Apr 1955"/> Her principal private gallery was the A.C.A. Gallery.<ref name="New York Times Feb 1935"/> Her work appeared under the auspices of the Whitney Studio Club (1926, 1928),<ref name="Gurr Jewish Art"/><ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Apr 1928"/> and the Municipal Art Committee (1936, 1937).<ref name="New York Post Jun 1936"/><ref name="New York Post Feb 1937"/> as well as the Society of Independent Artists (1928),<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Mar 1928"/> the Artists League of America (1945),<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle May 1945"/> the National Academy (1946),<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Jan 1946"/> and the Corcoran Gallery (1947).<ref name="New York Times Dec 1947"/>

==Awards==

During her professional career Gurr received awards from the National Association of Women Painters and Sculptors (1937,<ref name="New York Post Jan 1937"/> 1947,<ref name="New York Times Feb 1947"/> 1950,<ref name="New York Times May 1950"/><ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Jun 1950"/> 1954,<ref name="New York Times May 1954"/> and 1961<ref name="New York Times May 1961"/>), the Brooklyn Society of Artists (1943,<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Jan 1943"/> 1950,<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Jun 1950"/> 1951,<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Jan 1951"/> 1954,<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Nov 1954"/><ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Nov 6 1954"/> and 1955<ref name="New York Times Apr 1955"/>), the National Serigraph Association (1950),<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Dec 1950"/> and the Silvermine Guild of Artists (1957).<ref name="Wilton Bulletin 1957"/>

==Memberships==

Gurr was a member of the [[American Artists Congress]],<ref name="Tabla Rasa Gallery"/> Artists Equity Association,<ref name="New York Times May 1952"/> Artists League of America,<ref name="Charleston Renaissance Gallery"/> Artists Union,<ref name="New York Post Jun 1936"/> Audubon Artists,<ref name="Tabla Rasa Gallery"/> Brooklyn Society of Artists,<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Jun 1950"/> [[National Association of Women Artists|National Association of Women Painters and Sculptors]],<ref name="New York Times Nov 1936"/> New York Society of Women Artists.<ref name="Gurr Jewish Art"/><ref name="Charleston Renaissance Gallery"/> and the [[Society of American Graphic Artists]].

==Art teacher==

After leaving high school in 1915 Gurr enrolled in the Brooklyn Training School for Teachers. She took the one-year program and returned for a third semester, following which, in January 1917, she received a certificate to teach drawing.<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Jun 1917"/><ref name="AAA Lena Gurr Papers"/>{{refn|group=note|Although sources say Gurr studied at the Maxwell Training School for Teachers,<ref name="Tabla Rasa Gallery"/><ref name="AAA Lena Gurr Papers"/><ref name="Charleston Renaissance Gallery"/> the name of the school was the Brooklyn Training School for Teachers during the time she attended.<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle May 1920"/><ref name="Brooklyn Standard Union 1921"/>}} She began her teaching career in 1918 at a New York elementary school and in 1921 was promoted to teach drawing at the junior high level.<ref name="School Magazine May 1921"/><ref name="School Magazine Feb 1922"/> She remained a junior high art teacher in city schools until her retirement in 1944.<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle May 1917"/><ref name="New York Times Jan 1918"/><ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Jul 1944"/>{{refn|group=note|Her first teaching position was in P.S. 95. This was almost certainly the school at Van Sicklen St. and Neck Road in the Gravesend section of Brooklyn, a school which had been newly built in 1915.<ref name="New York Times Jan 1918"/><ref name="Schools 1916"/> Although she generally taught in junior high schools, in 1931 she was listed as received an extension to the sabbatical leave she had been granted from an elementary school in Manhattan.<ref name="New York Times Apr 1931 Sabbatical"/>}}

In the summer of 1945, Gurr taught in the city's parks in a program sponsored by the Civilian Defense Volunteer Office.<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Aug 1945"/>{{refn|group=note|During World War II, the Civilian Defense Volunteer Office of the [[Office of Civilian Defense]] encouraged New Yorkers not to travel outside the city during their summer vacations. The "at home vacations" campaign focused on sightseeing, birdwatching, museum-going, and other activities as well as sponsoring art instruction sessions in city parks, such as the ones in which Gurr participated.<ref name="New York Times Jun 1945"/><ref name="New York Times Jun 29 1945"/>}} Her sessions at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden proved to be a popular part of the program prompting a reporter from the ''Brooklyn Daily Eagle'' to attend one class. "The picture is a creation from your own hand," Gurr told her students, "In your picture you are at liberty to do what you like." She also said that variety in subject matter, center of interest, balance, movement, and design are all elements that are either instinctively known or must be learned. To one student she said, "You'll have to unbalance yourself a bit and then your pictures will be more interesting."<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Aug 1945"/>

==Personal information==

Gurr was born in Brooklyn and, apart from brief stays in Manhattan and in Paris, lived there her whole life.<ref name="SSDI 1992"/><ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Dec 1950"/><ref name="1910 Census"/><ref name="1940 Census"/> Her father was Hyman Gurr and her mother was Ida Gorodnick Gurr. She had two older brothers, Abraham and Samuel, and four younger sisters, Fannie, Jennie, Celia, and Martha.<ref name="Tabla Rasa Gallery"/><ref name="AAA Lena Gurr Papers"/><ref name="1910 Census"/>{{refn|group=note|When the 1910 U.S. Census was taken, Abraham was 16, Samuel 14, Lena 12, Fannie 10, Jennie 8, Celia, 6, and Martha 3.}} Both parents had immigrated to New York from Russia, Hyman in 1891{{refn|group=note|His parents were Joseph Gurr and Anna Silver Gurr, both Russians. In 1910 he was not yet a naturalized citizen (listed as alien) and could read and write in Yiddish, but had not learned to speak English.<ref name="1910 Census"/><ref name="Hyman Death 1934"/>}} and Ida in 1893.<ref name="1910 Census"/> Hyman and Ida were married in the United States.<ref name="1910 Census"/><ref name="Hyman Death 1934"/>{{refn|group=note|In 1910 they had been married 23 years.<ref name="1910 Census"/>}} In 1910 Lena, Jennie, Fannie, and Celia were in school and Samuel was in school but also earning money in the tin toy trade. Abraham was living with the rest of the family, earning money as a fitter of gas fixtures. Hyman was employed in the dressmaking trade.{{refn|group=note|He and his sons were all wage earners meaning, presumably, that they were employed outside the home.<ref name="1910 Census"/>}} In 1910 the family lived in a rented apartment at 55 Seigel Street in the Williamsburg section of Brooklyn.<ref name="1910 Census"/>{{refn|group=note|Their neighbors were almost all Russian immigrants who, like themselves, spoke Yiddish.<ref name="1910 Census"/>}}

Gurr attended [[Eastern District High School]], where she participated in the art club,<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Sep 1912"/> spoke in school assemblies, worked on the literary monthly, and was elected vice-president of the senior class.<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Sep 1912"/><ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Sep 1913"/><ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Oct 1914"/>{{refn|group=note|The literary monthly, called ''The Daisy'', contained short stories, poems, cartoons, and news reports of school activities.<ref name="Eastern Senior Yearbook 1950"/>}} After graduating in 1915,<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Jan 1915"/> she studied at the Brooklyn Training School for Teachers and, having attended for an extra semester in the fall of 1917, earned her certificate as a drawing teacher.<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Jun 1917"/>{{refn|group=note|The Brooklyn Training School for Teachers was a public school established by the Brooklyn Board of Education in 1885. A few years later, after Brooklyn became part of New York City, the school was taken over by the city's new Board of Education. In 1907 it moved into a new building at Park Place near Nostrand Avenue in Brooklyn and Emma L. Johnson was its principal. During the time Gurr attended, it had a one-year training program to prepare students for the examination to become licensed elementary school teachers. Shortly after she graduated, the school was renamed the Maxwell Training School for Teachers after William H. Maxwell, who, as a superintendent of schools, helped create the school.<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle May 1920"/><ref name="Brooklyn Standard Union 1921"/><ref name="School Directory 1915"/><ref name="Brooklyn Training School"/>}} In May of that year she obtained her teaching certificate.<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle May 1917"/>

Gurr met her future husband, Joseph Biel, while they were both students at the Art Students League.<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Dec 1950"/> She accompanied him to France from 1929 through 1931 and they married on November 24, 1931.<ref name="AAA Lena Gurr Papers"/><ref name="1931 Return to US"/> Her father died in 1934{{refn|group=note|He was then widowed, living in the East New York section of Brooklyn, and working as a presser.<ref name="Hyman Death 1934"/>}} and her husband died in 1943 at the age of 52.<ref name="AAA Lena Gurr Papers"/>{{refn|group=note|He had been born in Grodno, Poland (later absorbed into Russia) and had lived in England, France, and Australia before coming to New York. An artist, he specialized in landscape paintings and silkscreen printing as well as photography. He studied art at the Russian Academy in Paris. After immigrating to the United States, he studied under [[George Grosz]] at the Arts Students League. Of Biel she said, "His premature death halted a talent that might have reached great heights."<ref name="AAA Lena Gurr Papers"/><ref name="Biel Jewish Art"/><ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Apr 1943"/>}} After marrying, Gurr and Biel had bought a house in the East Flatbush section of Brooklyn and after his death Gurr opted to spend the rest of her life there. "We had planned the home for so long." she told a reporter, "I was determined to stay on there."<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Dec 1950"/> She did not remarry. They had no children.<ref name="Gurr Jewish Art"/> She died in Brooklyn on February 19, 1992.<ref name="SSDI 1992"/> She was well organised and said in interview that an artist's studio should be as tidy as an office.<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Dec 1950"/> Her papers are now in the [[Archives of American Art]].<ref name="AAA Lena Gurr Papers"/>

'''Other names'''

Gurr used Lena Gurr as her professional name. After marrying she was sometimes referred to as Lena Gurr Biel.<ref name="New York Sun Dec 1942"/>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|30em}}

==References==
{{Reflist
|colwidth=30em
|refs=

<ref name="School Magazine May 1921">{{cite journal |title=Promotion Licenses Granted |journal=School |volume=32 |issue=39 |date=1921-05-26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wvc-AQAAMAAJ |publisher=The School News Company |location=New York |page=665 }}</ref>

<ref name="School Magazine Feb 1922">{{cite journal |title=New York Teachers Have Greatest Opportunities |journal=School |volume=33 |issue=25 |date=1922-02-16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_c-AQAAMAAJ |publisher=The School News Company |location=New York |page=419 }}</ref>

<ref name="AAA Journal 1986">{{cite journal |author=Virginia Hagelstein Marquardt |title=The American Artists School: Radical Heritage and Social Content Art |journal=Archives of American Art Journal |volume=26 |issue=4 |year=1986 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |pages=17–23 |doi=10.1086/aaa.26.4.1557206 |s2cid=193369427 }}</ref>

<ref name="Art Journal 1972">{{cite journal |author=Gerald M. Monroe |title=The Artists Union of New York |journal=Art Journal |volume=32 |issue=1 |year=1972 |publisher=College Art Association |jstor=775601 |pages=17–23 |doi=10.1080/00043249.1972.10793068 }}</ref>

<ref name="School Directory 1915">{{cite book |title=College and Private School Directory of the United States and Canada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uVlBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA136 |year=1915 |publisher=Educational Bureau Publishing Company|page=136}}</ref>

<ref name="Schools 1916">{{cite book |author=New York (N.Y.). Board of Education. Superintendent of Schools |title=Annual Report |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xdSgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA19 |year=1916 |page=19}}</ref>

<ref name="Love Peters 1999">{{cite book|author1=Richard H. Love|author2=Carl William Peters |title=Carl W. Peters: American Scene Painter from Rochester to Rockport |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dIn6EkBlJSUC&pg=PA389 |date=1 January 1999 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-024-8|page=389}}</ref>

<ref name="Georgia O'Keeffe: A Life">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_dRU2c1LPcYC&q=%22opportunity+gallery%22+o%27keeffe+stieglitz |title=Georgia O'Keeffe: A Life |publisher=Upne |year=1989 |author=Roxana Robinson |isbn=9780874519068 |accessdate=2015-12-03}}</ref>

<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Sep 1912">{{cite news |title=Eastern District Notes |work=Brooklyn Daily Eagle |location=Brooklyn, N.Y. |date=1912-09-05 |page=3 }}</ref>

<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Sep 1913">{{cite news |title=Services at Eastern |work=Brooklyn Daily Eagle |location=Brooklyn, N.Y. |date=1913-09-23 |page=4 }}</ref>

<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Oct 1914">{{cite news |title=Many Officers Elected; Eastern District High School |work=Brooklyn Daily Eagle |location=Brooklyn, N.Y. |date=1914-10-16|page=10 }}</ref>

<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Jan 1915">{{cite news |title=Honor Graduates at Eastern District |work=[[Brooklyn Daily Eagle]] |location=Brooklyn, N.Y. |date=1915-01-25 |page=5 |accessdate=2015-11-21 |url=https://bklyn.newspapers.com/image/54335974/?terms=Honor%2BGraduates%2Bat%2BEastern%2BDistrict|agency=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle May 1917">{{cite news |title=Many New Teachers of Eligible List |work=Brooklyn Daily Eagle |location=Brooklyn, N.Y. |date=1917-05-24 |page=7 }}</ref>

<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Jun 1917">{{cite news |title=Future of New York Lies In Teachers; Commencement Exercises, Brooklyn Training School for Teachers |work=Brooklyn Daily Eagle |location=Brooklyn, N.Y. |date=1917-06-27 |page=8 }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Times Jun 1917">{{cite news |title=Waldorf Roof Garden to be Opened |work=New York Times |date=1917-06-03 |page=23 }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Times Jan 1918">{{cite news |title=The Teaching Staff: Transfers and Appointmentsin the Various Public Schools |work=New York Times |date=1918-01-24 |page=10 }}</ref>

<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle May 1920">{{cite news |title=Favor Renaming of Teachers School for W.H. Maxwell |work=Brooklyn Daily Eagle |location=Brooklyn, N.Y. |date=1920-05-28 |page=18 }}</ref>

<ref name="Brooklyn Standard Union 1921">{{cite news |title=Brooklyn Pioneer in Many School Reforms |work=Brooklyn Standard Union |location=Brooklyn, N.Y. |date=1921-11-06 |page=5 }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Sun 1924">{{cite news |title=Salons of America, Inc., Next; Offshoot of Independents Prepares for Spring Exhibition—Salmagundi Prizes |work=New York Sun |date=1924-03-14 |page=9 }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Times Oct 1924">{{cite news |title=Art: Exhibitions of the Week; The Educational Alliance |work=New York Times |date=1924-10-26 |page=E5 }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Evening Post Mar 1926">{{cite news |title=Society of Women Artists |work=New York Evening Post |date=1926-03-13 |page=9 }}</ref>

<ref name="Brooklyn Daily Eagle Apr 1926">{{cite news |title=Women's Art Not Necessarily Feminine, New Group Demonstrates; New York Society of Women Artists at Anderson Galleries Proves That Women Have Personalities in Art as Well As in Life |author=Helen Appleton Read |work=Brooklyn Daily Eagle |location=Brooklyn, N.Y. |date=1926-04-25 |page=E5 }}</ref>

<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Mar 1928">{{cite news |title=Independents 12th Annual Yields but Few Examples of Undiscovered Genius |author=Helen Appleton Read |work=Brooklyn Daily Eagle |location=Brooklyn, N.Y. |date=1928-03-18 |page=E7 |quote=I made three discoveries on my first visit...they are Thomas Nagal "Tea", Eugenie McEvoy "Lenox 2300" and Lena Gurr with two figure compositions which have something of Marie Laurencin's or Helene Perdriat's quality of naive sophistication. }}</ref>

<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Apr 1928">{{cite news |title=Black and White Show at Whitney Club Brings to Light New Talent |author=Helen Appleton Read |work=Brooklyn Daily Eagle |location=Brooklyn, N.Y. |date=1928-04-22 |page=E7 }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Times Feb 1931">{{cite news |title=Among Those Now Exhibiting |work=New York Times |date=1931-02-08 |page=117 }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Times Mar 1931">{{cite news |title=On View in The Galleries |author=Ruth Green Harris |work=New York Times |date=1931-03-01 |page=X12 }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Times Apr 1931">{{cite news |title=Art: More Mexican Canvases. A Retrospective Art Show |author=Edward Alden Jewell |work=New York Times |date=1931-04-28 |page=31 }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Times Apr 1931 Sabbatical">{{cite news |title=The Teaching Staff |work=New York Times |date=1931-04-28 |page=54 }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Times Sep 1931 Sabbatical">{{cite news |title=Art: Young Artists Show of Macy's |author=Edward Alden Jewell |work=New York Times |date=1931-09-05 |page=7 }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Post Jan 16 1932">{{cite news |title=Women Artists in Annual Show |work=New York Post |date=1932-01-16 |quote=Also to be mentioned among the paintings are Lena Gurr's vivid winter scene... }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Post Jan 1932">{{cite news |title=Other Art Events |author=Margaret Breuning |work=New York Post |date=1932-01-16 |page=B8 |quote=Lena Gurr appears to be a painter of considerable experience, for her "Trimming the Tree" manipulates a complex pattern of planes with nonchalant facility while her palette indicates an appreciation of color modulations. }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Times Jun 1932">{{cite news |title=Brooklyn Museum Will Open Four Exhibitions Today That Will Remain on View All Summer |author=Edward Alden Jewell |work=New York Times |date=1932-06-16 |page=19 }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Times Oct 1932">{{cite news |title=New Gallery Opened by the G.R.D. Studio Has Large Group Exhibition Representing Its First Four Years |author=Edward Alden Jewell |work=New York Times |date=1932-10-25 |page=22 }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Sun Oct 1932">{{cite news |title=The G.R.D. in New Quarters |work=New York Times |date=1932-10-29 }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Times Feb 1935">{{cite news |title=In The Art Galleries: A Reviewer's Busy Week |author=Howard Devree |work=New York Times |date=1935-02-03 |page=X8 |quote=Lena Gurr's well-lighted snow scene and a portrait by [[Mary E. Hutchinson|Mary Hutchinson]], in which her resources have be... may be singled out from the group show. }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Post Sep 1935">{{cite news |title=Many New Offerings at Galleries |work=New York Post |date=1935-09-28 }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Times Oct 1935">{{cite news |title=Early Fall Shows in the Galleries |author=Howard Devree |work=New York Times |date=1935-10-06 |page=163 }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Times Nov 1935">{{cite news |title=Show in Brooklyn of Humor in Art |work=New York Times |date=1935-11-22 |page=21 }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Times Jan 6 1936">{{cite news |title=Forty Exhibitions Rouse Art World; Municipal Art Gallery Show Opening Tomorrow Has Work of 46 Artists |work=New York Times |date=1936-01-06 |page=15 |quote=The new venture is the opening tomorrow of the Municipal Art Gallery, under the direction of the Mayor's Municipal Art Committee, at 62 West Fifty-third Street. }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Times Jan 1936">{{cite news |title=Art Brevities |work=New York Times |date=1936-01-30 |page=17 |quote=A new art school, to be known as the American Artists School, has been organized and will be conducted in the quarters formerly occupied by the [[John Reed Clubs|John Reed Club]] School of Art at 131 West Fourteenth Street. [[Henry Billings]] is secretary of the board of control, which includes [[Arnold Blanch]], Lincoln Rothschild, [[Waylande Gregory]], [[Louis Lozowick]], John Cunningham, [[Alexander Brook]], George Picke, H. Glintenkamp, [[Yasuo Kuniyoshi]], Niles Spencer and Philip Reisman. }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Post May 1936">{{cite news |title=Art Comment; 3 Group Shows of American Art Provide Variety |work=New York Post |date=1936-05-09 |quote=...Lena Gurr's "Queensboro Bridge," marking a considerable advance over her work at the A.C.A. last fall... }}</ref>

<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Jun 1936">{{cite news |title=American Art School Show |work=Brooklyn Daily Eagle |location=Brooklyn, N.Y. |date=1936-06-11 |page=10 }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Post Jun 1936">{{cite news |title=The Critic Takes a Glance Around the Galleries |work=New York Post |date=1936-06-13 |quote=Of special note in the first floor group are Lena Gurr's fresh and attractive winter scene... }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Times Jun 1936">{{cite news |title=With a Distinctly American Flavor |author=Howard Devree |work=New York Times |date=1936-06-21 |page=X7 |quote=Lena Gurr's urban observations have point and fluency (she is also showing canvases at the Municipal Art Gallery at present). }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Times Nov 1936">{{cite news |title=New Members |work=New York Times |date=1936-11-13 |page=21 }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Post Jan 1937">{{cite news |title=Women Painters Tend to Describe; Colorful Style Predominates in Annual Show of National Association |work=New York Post |date=1937-01-30 |page=12 }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Post Feb 1937">{{cite news |title=Art Comment; Climb One Flight at the Municipal; Best of Its Four New Group Shows Is Upstairs |author=Jerome Klein |work=New York Post |date=1937-01-27 |page=24 |quote=... includes Lena Gurr's breezy, clean-cut canvas of a last minute rush for an excursion boat... }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Post Oct 1937">{{cite news |title=The Critic Takes a Glance Around the Galleries |work=New York Post |date=1937-10-30 |page=16 |quote=Under sponsorship of the Teachers Union, Local 5, art instructors are exhibiting at the American Artist School. Among the many interest spots in this show of about fifty works are... Lena Gurr's well-handled "Refreshments Under the El"... }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Times Feb 1938">{{cite news |title=Display Is Opened By Women Artists: More Than 100 Examples of a Variety of Work Are Seen at Grant Studios; Modern Note Is Dominant |author=Howard Devree |work=New York Times |date=1938-02-01 |page=19 |quote=Lena Gurr's "Triboro Bridge" seems to me one of her best pictures to date and her "American Family" captures an almost indefinable Negro spirit. }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Post Apr 1938">{{cite news |title="Roofs for 40 Million" show at Maison Francaise Rockefeller Center |author=Jerome Klein |work=New York Post |date=1938-04-16 |page=12 }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Times May 1938">{{cite news |title=Artists Aid Relief Work |work=New York Times |date=1938-05-01 |page=157 |quote=Lena Gurr's "Triboro Bridge" seems to me one of her best pictures to date and her "American Family" captures an almost indefinable Negro spirit. }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Post Dec 1938">{{cite news |title=1939 Greetings to WPA Artists to be Pink Slips; Lena Gurr Clicks |author=Jerome Klein |work=New York Post |date=1938-12-31 |page=12 |quote=Lena Gurr's genre of the city, of vacation time in the country and terror in distant lands, on view at the A.C.A. Gallery, make a stronger showing than have her previous exhibits. In her case a fine sense of the episodic has not interfered with the capacity to build a firm, substantial picture. On the contrary, the two have grown together. Thus we can point to the 'Old Man' as a splendid glimpse of life on the street and an outstanding example of solid figure construction. The brush runs more fluently in the conversation between 'Neighbors,' which seems as natural as a casual glance but is probably the most carefully pondered composition in the lot. Of the three excellent winter scenes, 'Heavy Snowfall' is most vigorous and best in harmony. While the scenes of war and persecution are clearly done with the full strength of conviction, they are not as successful as the local genre. 'Spanish Mothers' is the outstanding canvas in this group. }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Times Jan 1939">{{cite news |title=A Reviewer's Notebook: Final Week of the Year Brings Forward Papers by Many Water-Colorists |author=Howard Devree |work=New York Times |date=1939-01-01 |page=104 |quote=Cleaner and brighter color than heretofore and good stanch design characterize the paintings by Lena Gurr, currently on view at the A.C.A. Gallery. Miss Gurr has a capacity for transmuting homely scenes and incidents of every day life into pictures tinged with a kind of romantic realism and with quiet humor. She also sees and portrays the tragedy of the slums or the war-stricken humble folk and a ready sympathy lies behind her work. She can suggest by a small group and their nondescript possessions the whole of a Summer beach without crowding it with writhing figures. Miss Gurr's work is sound and well considered, with a folksy quality that is delightful. }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Times Jan 1 1939">{{cite news |title=Events Here and There |work=New York Times |date=1939-01-01 |page=104 }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Post May 1939">{{cite news |title=Art of America Today on Display at World's Fair |author=Jerome Klein |work=New York Post |date=1939-05-05 |page=3 }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Times Mar 1940">{{cite news |title=In the Field of Prints |work=New York Times |date=1940-03-24 |page=115 }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Times Oct 1940">{{cite news |title=A Reviewer's Notebook: Brief Comment on Some Recently Opened Shows—Old Masters and Contemporaries |author=Howard Devree |work=New York Times |date=1940-10-27 |page=138 }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Times Feb 1941">{{cite news |title=Here, There, Elsewhere |work=New York Times |date=1941-02-02 |page=X10 }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Sun Dec 1942">{{cite news |title=Art Teachers Show Work in Exhibition |work=New York Sun |date=1942-12-10 |page=37 }}</ref>

<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Jan 1943">{{cite news |title=Brooklyn Society of Artists at Brooklyn Museum |work=Brooklyn Daily Eagle |location=Brooklyn, N.Y. |date=1943-01-21 |page=9 }}</ref>

<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Apr 1943">{{cite news |title=Joseph Biel, Noted Artist And World Traveler, Dies |author=Helen Appleton Read |work=Brooklyn Daily Eagle |location=Brooklyn, N.Y. |date=1943-04-25 |page=19 }}</ref>

<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Apr 1944">{{cite news |title=At The Art Galleries; Brooklyn Society of Artists Shows 28th Annual at Brooklyn Museum |work=Brooklyn Daily Eagle |location=Brooklyn, N.Y. |date=1944-04-09 |page=22 |quote=It takes a thoroughly sympathetic understanding to penetrate the depths of a fraternal tenement spirit between two front stoop neighbors. Lena Gurr has out-Gurred herself in this particular theme. }}</ref>

<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Jul 1944">{{cite news |title=Art Fans, 13 Months to 66 Years, Flock to C.D.V.O. School in Park |work=Brooklyn Daily Eagle |location=Brooklyn, N.Y. |date=1944-07-29 |page=2 |quote="You must keep on and on to the bitter end. Persevere! Something will come out of it, something better than you ever dreamed of!" Miss Gurr who taught art in the city's junior high schools for 26 years before her retirement last Spring... "At Home on Vacation" program Miss Gurr has exhibited at the Corcoran Gallery, the Pennsylvania Academy, and the World's Fair, as well as in New York shows. The Library of Congress has just purchased one of her lithographs. }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Sun Apr 1945">{{cite news |title=Attractions in the Galleries |author=Melville Upton |work=Sun |location=New York, N.Y. |date=1945-04-21 |page=9 |quote=This young artist seems to have advanced steadily since her last remembered exhibition. She paints strongly, has rich color at command on occasion, and while generally handling things realistically shows a tendency to go more into creative design in such canvases as "Indestructible" and "Fish Forms." In the latter canvas, starting with the plebeian carp she has reared a structure repeating and contrasting forms that make a telling, decorative ensemble. The other canvas mentioned is more complicated and fanciful in design with a dash of something very like wishful thinking. Elsewhere she keeps pretty close to the actual in such canvases that made the greatest appeal as "Winter Chores," "Up the Hill," "Clearing the Snow," "Reverie," "Summer Afternoon" and "the Last of My Garden Flowers." }}</ref>

<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Apr 23 1945">{{cite news |title=Lena Gurr's Paintings of War, Still Life Contrast at Exhibit |author=Peggy O'Reilly |work=Brooklyn Daily Eagle |location=Brooklyn, N.Y. |date=1945-04-23 |page=9 |quote=Lena Gurr's individuality as an artists speaks for itself in her current invasion of Manhattan's swank 57th St. to exhibit for the third time at the ACA Gallery. This showing of 25 recent paintings continues through sat. While painting to the Brooklyn artist, a former teacher of art for 26 years in the city's junior high schools, is "primarily aesthetic," she believes that the incorporation of ideas stirs interest in the beholder. She tries to be "a creature of what's around me," and that means painting what she "sees, thinks, and feels." Miss Gurr is modern in her style and tries to "express the times."}}</ref>

<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Apr 1945">{{cite news |title=At The Art Galleries |author=A.Z. Kruse |work=Brooklyn Daily Eagle |location=Brooklyn, N.Y. |date=1945-04-22 |page=28 |quote=Because of her prodigious ability and indefatigable effort, Lena Gurr's place in the front ranks of outstanding American women painters is secure. She paints with a powerful sense of subjective realism and reveals an unusual ability to record the emotional impact of an inspired moment. A gala event which fires the imagination at Coney Island has been magnificently poetized in paint in Miss Gurr's "Child's Wonderland." "City Vignette" is a rare achievement in pictorial composition. Last and perhaps most important in her repertoire of 25 paintings is "Little Old New York," its locale at the recent World's Fair, and painted with the gusto of a Goya.}}</ref>

<ref name="New York Times Apr 1945">{{cite news |title=Among The New Exhibitions |author=Howard Devree |work=New York Times |date=1945-04-22 |page=X1|quote=In her recent paintings at the A.C.A. Gallery, Lena Gurr proves that she has made a distinct advance since her last previous show, several years ago. Never sensational, the artist works quietly and soundly, with human relationships and the joys and sorrows of everyday life as her themes. A crisp winter day; the bond between playmates of different races; a ferris wheel as a child visions it; the nightmare of fascism—these she depicts feelingly. Color and design are subdued to her purpose. This is earnest and moving work.}}</ref>

<ref name="New York Times Jun 1945">{{cite news |title=CDVO Gives Advice on Vacations in City |work=New York Times |date=1945-06-19|page=16 }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Times Jun 29 1945">{{cite news |title=Brazilian Artist Shows Work Here |work=New York Times |date=1945-06-29|page=13 }}</ref>

<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle May 1945">{{cite news |title=Artists League of America at the Riverside Museum |work=Brooklyn Daily Eagle |location=Brooklyn, N.Y. |date=1945-05-06 |page=28 }}</ref>

<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Aug 1945">{{cite news |title=Botanic Garden Artists Thrive in Sunny Class |author=Peggy O'Reilly |work=Brooklyn Daily Eagle |location=Brooklyn, N.Y. |date=1945-08-15 |page=15 }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Sun Nov 1945">{{cite news |title=Serigraph Society in New Quarters |work=New York Sun |date=1945-11-03 |page=9 }}</ref>

<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Jan 1946">{{cite news |title=At The Art Galleries |author=A.Z. Kruse |work=Brooklyn Daily Eagle |location=Brooklyn, N.Y. |date=1946-01-06 |page=29 |quote=On the home front, a babe receives its "First Kiss" from its father home on furlough. This scene represents the present and future of America, and it understandingly and skillfully rendered with white chalk on black paper by Lena Gurr. }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Times Feb 1947">{{cite news |title=Recent Paintings by Vytlacil, Barnett, Wilson, Hondius and Others |author=Howard Devree |work=New York Times |date=1947-02-23 |page=X7}}</ref>

<ref name="New York Times Mar 1947">{{cite news |title=Artists Form Equity Association To Safeguard Economic Interest |work=New York Times |date=1947-03-26 |page=27 }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Times May 1947">{{cite news |title=A Review of Portraits And Other Events |author=Howard Devree |work=New York Times |date=1947-05-25 |page=X10 }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Times Dec 1947">{{cite news |title=On View |author=Howard Devree |work=New York Times |date=1947-12-07 |page=96 |quote=Lena Gurr at the A.C.A. Gallery has enriched her palette, shaken off a previously consistent somber mood and come up with some of her best work. The rapt "Harpist," the "Simcha's Torah," which seems an illustration from the Arabian Nights in its glowing arabesques of color; the nostalgic "Summer and I" and the "Cocktail Hour," with its rich impasto effects, are all new high marks in her work. The exception is the grim "Displaced Person," low in key, with its agonized relentless rhythms. }}</ref>

<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Dec 1947">{{cite news |title=Fourth Solo Art Exhibit Reveals Miss Gurr In a New Mood |work=Brooklyn Eagle |location=Brooklyn, N.Y. |date=1947-12-11 |page=5 }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Times Jan 1949">{{cite news |title=Display Ad: Joint One-Man Serigraph Show by Lena Gurr, Harry Shoulberg, Serigraph Galleries, NY |author=Howard Devree |work=New York Times |date=1949-01-30 |page=X9 }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Times May 1950">{{cite news |title=Annual Show By Women Arrives |author=Howard Devree |work=New York Times |date=1950-05-31 |page=40 }}</ref>

<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle May 1950">{{cite news |title=Boro Artists Lend Talents to Benefit |author=Margaret Mara |work=Brooklyn Eagle |location=Brooklyn, N.Y. |date=1950-05-18 |page=17 }}</ref>

<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Jun 1950">{{cite news |title=Palette and Brush |author=Margaret Mara |work=Brooklyn Eagle |location=Brooklyn, N.Y. |date=1950-06-05 }}</ref>

<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Dec 1950">{{cite news |title=Artist Lena Gurr Says Studio Should Be Neat Like Office |work=Brooklyn Eagle |location=Brooklyn, N.Y. |date=1950-12-06 |page=17 }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Times Dec 1950">{{cite news |title=New Art Displays Open For Holidays: Gurr, Sway and Nelson Exhibit Paintings in Local Galleries |work=New York Times |date=1950-12-16 |page=2 |quote=Lena Gurr's new paintings at the A.C.A. Gallery are a battleground between representation and stylization. Her subjects, figures, landscapes and still-life are only moderately interesting in themselves, because the artist does not seem to feel strongly about them. What does interest is the formal straight-jacket of flat pattern in which they are encased. These are well thought out and in the best modern vein. }}</ref>

<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Jan 1951">{{cite news |title=Boro Artists' Exhibit to be Open to Public |work=Brooklyn Eagle |location=Brooklyn, N.Y. |date=1951-01-21 |page=10 }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Times Jan 15 1951">{{cite news |title="Democratic Living" Art: Exhibit Will Open Tomorrow |work=New York Times |date=1951-01-15 |page=28 }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Times Jan 1951">{{cite news |title=20 Art Prizes Awarded |work=New York Times |date=1951-01-17 |page=40 }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Times May 1952">{{cite news |title=Artists Equity Elects |work=New York Times |date=1952-05-21 |page=16 }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Times Oct 1953">{{cite news |title=Diversity in Shows: Homer's Early Paintings – Five Contemporaries |author=Stuart Preston |work=New York Times |date=1953-10-25 |page=X1 |quote=Lena Gurr's paintings of figures and of the city at the ACA Gallery are only less realistic because she looks at the visible world through the deliberate distortion of semi-cubist style. Land, water and even sky break into a system of flat planes that are really independent of what she represents. She is a bold and excellent colorist and her impressive views of New York's waterfront hold their own with the best. }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Times May 1954">{{cite news |title=Association of Women Artists Opens Show At the National Academy of Design |author=Stuart Preston |work=New York Times |date=1954-05-13 |page=37 }}</ref>

<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Nov 1954">{{cite news |title=Borough Art Winners |work=Brooklyn Eagle |location=Brooklyn, N.Y. |date=1951-11-01 |page=6 }}</ref>

<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle Nov 6 1954">{{cite news |title=14 Brooklyn Artists Win Honors at Show |work=Brooklyn Eagle |location=Brooklyn, N.Y. |date=1951-11-06 |page=25 }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Times Apr 1955">{{cite news |title=Brooklyn Society Opens Annual Show |work=New York Times |date=1955-04-19 |page=40 }}</ref>

<ref name="Wilton Bulletin 1957">{{cite news |title=Ross, Jacobson Win Silvermine Awards |work=Wilton Bulletin |location=Wilton, Conn. |date=1957-06-12 |page=13A |quote=An award of $50 sponsored by Angelique Perfumes of Wilton Center for an oil painting of the waterfront was won by Lena Gurr of Brooklyn N.Y. for "Pinnacles from a Pier." }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Times Jan 1959">{{cite news |title=Lena Gurr's Cityscapes on Exhibition |author=Stuart Preston |work=New York Times |date=1959-01-31 |page=10 |quote=General liveliness and an affectionate interest in subject matter are the most conspicuous merits of Lena Gurr's cityscapes and Cape Cod scenes at the ACA Gallery. She more or less abstracts what she sees into small, flat planes, which have a nodding acquaintance with cubism. These pictures are decorative and color is sprightly, but they lack in all but the most superficial way the sense of place. They would make ideal jig-saw puzzles. }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Times May 1961">{{cite news |title=Art: A Man Into Space: Human Figure Changed in Paintings by Stefan Martin and Fiorenzo Giorgi |author=Brian O'Doherty |work=New York Times |date=1961-05-17 |page=33 }}</ref>

<ref name="New York Times Nov 1977">{{cite news |title=Classified Ad: Women in American Art, Summit Gallery, New York |work=New York Times |date=1977-11-18 |page=76 }}</ref>

<ref name="1910 Census">{{cite web |url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:M5Q8-64F |title=Lena Gurr in household of Hyman Gurr, Brooklyn Ward 16, Kings, New York, United States |work="United States Census, 1910," database with images, FamilySearch; citing enumeration district (ED) ED 345, sheet 4A, NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.); FHL microfilm 1,374,978 |accessdate=2015-11-28}}</ref>

<ref name="1931 Return to US">{{cite web |url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:24NC-JSQ |title=Lena Gurr, 1931 |work="New York, New York Passenger and Crew Lists, 1909, 1925–1957," database with images, FamilySearch; citing Immigration, New York, New York, United States, NARA microfilm publication T715 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.) |accessdate=2015-11-28}}</ref>

<ref name="Hyman Death 1934">{{cite web |url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:24NC-JSQ |title= Hyman Gurr, 11 Jul 1934 |work="New York, New York City Municipal Deaths, 1795–1949," database, FamilySearch; citing Death, Brooklyn, Kings, New York, United States, New York Municipal Archives, New York; FHL microfilm 2,079,075 |accessdate=2015-11-28}}</ref>

<ref name="1940 Census">{{cite web |url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:KQ91-SV7 |title=Lena Biel in household of Joseph Biel, Assembly District 18, Brooklyn, New York City, Kings, New York, United States |work="United States Census, 1940," database with images, FamilySearch; citing enumeration district (ED) 24-2135A, sheet 8B, family 169, NARA digital publication T627 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 2012), roll 2602 |accessdate=2015-11-28}}</ref>

<ref name="SSDI 1992">{{cite web |url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:JKGL-3ZG |title=Lena Gurr, 19 Feb 1992 |work="United States Social Security Death Index," database, FamilySearch; citing U.S. Social Security Administration, Death Master File, database (Alexandria, Virginia: National Technical Information Service, ongoing) |accessdate=2015-11-28}}</ref>

<ref name="AAA Lena Gurr Papers">{{cite web |url=http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/lena-gurr-papers-8997/more |title=Detailed description of the Lena Gurr papers, 1908–1979 |work=Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution |accessdate=2015-11-29}}</ref>

<ref name="Tabla Rasa Gallery">{{citation needed|date=February 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="Eastern Senior Yearbook 1950">{{cite web |url=http://www.e-yearbook.com/yearbooks/Eastern_District_High_School_Eastern_Senior_Yearbook/1950/Page_82.html |title=Eastern District High School – Eastern Senior Yearbook (Brooklyn, NY), Class of 1950 |page=81 |accessdate=2015-11-29}}</ref>

<ref name="Biel Jewish Art">{{cite web |url=http://americanjewishart.com/gallery_pages/Fgallery4-4.htm |title=Joseph Biel (1891–1943): East 10th Street Pier |work=A CELEBRATION OF FREEDOM: American Jewish Art, 1925–1950 |author=Steven A. Wasser |accessdate=2015-11-29}}</ref>

<ref name="Gurr Jewish Art">{{cite web |url=http://americanjewishart.com/gallery_pages/Fgallery3-2.htm |title= Lena Gurr (1897–1992): Refreshment Stand |work=A CELEBRATION OF FREEDOM: American Jewish Art, 1925–1950 |author=Steven A. Wasser |accessdate=2015-11-29}}</ref>

<ref name="Brooklyn Training School">{{cite web |url=http://www.brownstoner.com/blog/2013/02/building-of-the-day-760-prospect-place/ |title=Building of the Day: 760 Prospect Place |work=Brownstoner |date=22 February 2013 |accessdate=2015-12-01}}</ref>

<ref name="Educational Alliance">{{cite web |url=http://www.edalliance.org/our_history |title=Our History – Educational Alliance |accessdate=2015-12-02}}</ref>

<ref name="Whitney Studio Club 1907-1930">{{cite web |url=http://cdm16694.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/landingpage/collection/p15405coll1 |title=Whitney Studio Club and Galleries, 1907–1930 |work=Whitney Museum Library |accessdate=2015-12-03}}</ref>

<ref name="Whitney Museum History">{{cite web |url=http://www.theartstory.org/museum-whitney.htm |title=The Whitney Museum of American Art |work=The Art Story |accessdate=2015-12-03}}</ref>

<ref name="ACA Galleries">{{cite web |url=http://www.acagalleries.com/about-aca |title=ACA Galleries Celebrates 80 Years of Advocacy for American Art |work=ACA Galleries est. 1932, New York |accessdate=2015-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403085626/http://www.acagalleries.com/about-aca |archive-date=2018-04-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="Congress of American Artists, 1941">{{cite web |url=http://pantherpro-webdesign.com/american-congress/artists_congress.html |title=Congress of American Artists, 1941 |accessdate=2015-12-05}}</ref>

<ref name="Charleston Renaissance Gallery">{{cite web |url=http://www.charlestonrenaissancegallery.com/pages/art/artists/artpayoff/1/376 |title=Lena Gurr |work=Charleston Renaissance Gallery |accessdate=2015-11-28}}</ref>

<ref name="Artists Equity History">{{cite web |url=http://www.nyartistsequity.org/history/ |title=History — New York Artists Equity Association |work=New York Artists Equity Association, Inc. |accessdate=2015-12-08}}</ref>

}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gurr, Lena}}
[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Williamsburg, Brooklyn]]
[[Category:20th-century American painters]]
[[Category:American people of Russian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Jewish American artists]]
[[Category:Jewish women painters]]
[[Category:Jewish painters]]
[[Category:Modern painters]]
[[Category:Art Students League of New York alumni]]
[[Category:1939 New York World's Fair artists]]
[[Category:Eastern District High School alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century American Jews]]

Mary Bailey

2021-12-29T15:05:43Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.04b - Bot T5 CW#16 - Fix errors for CW project (Unicode control characters)

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Dame]]
| name = Mary Bailey
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|DBE|size=100%}}
| image = Mary (née Westenra), Lady Bailey (Bassano, 1).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Mary, Lady Bailey, 1911
| birth_name = The Hon Mary Westenra
| birth_date = {{birth date|1890|12|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Rossmore Castle]], [[County Monaghan]], [[Ireland]]
| death_date = {{death date|1960|8|29|df=y}} (aged 69)
| death_place = [[Kenilworth, Cape Town]], South Africa
| nationality = British
| occupation = Aviator
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Abe Bailey]]|1911|1940|end=d.}}
| children = 5, including [[Sir Derrick Thomas Louis Bailey, 3rd Bt|Derrick]] and [[James Richard Abe Bailey|James]]
}}

'''Dame Mary Bailey, Lady Bailey''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|DBE|sep=,|size=100%}} (née '''Westenra'''; 1 December 1890 – 29 July 1960) was an Irish woman, known as one of the finest aviatrices of her time, who ''"personally guided a plane from England to the nether tip of South Africa and back"'' (''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', 28 January 1930).

== Early life ==

The daughter of [[Derrick Warner William Westenra, 5th Baron Rossmore]], of [[Rossmore Castle]], [[County Monaghan]] and his wife, Mittie (née Naylor),<ref name=peerage>[http://www.thepeerage.com/p2734.htm#i27339 thePeerage.com]</ref>

Lady Bailey spent most of her childhood in Ireland where she was home schooled until she ran away in 1906.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://trowelblazers.com/lady-mary-bailey/|title = Lady Mary Bailey|accessdate = 15 October 2015|website = TrowelBlazers.com}}</ref> Adventurous from a young age, she apparently bought a motorbike in her youth and was gaining a reputation for speeding in cars by 1914.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://trowelblazers.com/lady-mary-bailey/|title = Lady Mary Bailey|accessdate = 15 October 2015|website = Trowelblazers.com}}</ref>

== Aviation ==

During the [[First World War]], Mary volunteered as an aviation mechanic and served in [[Great Britain|Britain]] and [[France]], associated with the [[Royal Flying Corps]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://trowelblazers.com/lady-mary-bailey/|title = Lady Mary Bailey|accessdate = 15 October 2015|website = Trowelblazers}}</ref>

She was awarded a pilot's licence in early 1927<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1927/1927%20-%200096.html ''The Royal Aero Club of the United Kingdom - official notices to members''] in Flight, 17 February 1927, pg. 84</ref> and quickly started a sporting career. She became the first woman to fly across the [[Irish Sea]].<ref name="lady">[http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/bailey.html Lady Mary Bailey (1890-1960)]</ref> On 5 July 1927 she set a world's height record of {{cvt|17283|ft|0}} in a light aircraft category, flying a [[de Havilland DH.60 Cirrus II Moth]].<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1927/1927%20-%200708.html?search=%20bailey ''British Light 'Plane Record Confirmed''], ''Flight'', 15 September 1927, pg. 654</ref>

Between 9 March and 30 April 1928, Bailey made an {{cvt|8000|mi|nmi km}} solo flight from [[Croydon]] to [[Cape Town]], flying a [[de Havilland DH.60 Cirrus Moth]] with an extra fuel tank. She then made the {{cvt|8000|mi|nmi km}} journey back between September 1928 and 16 January 1929.<ref name=lady/> The return journey involved flying across the Congo, then along the southern edge of the Sahara and up the west coast of Africa, then across Spain and France back home again.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Lady Mary Bailey (1890-1960), Pioneer Aviatrix|url = http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/bailey.html|website = www.ctie.monash.edu.au|accessdate = 27 October 2015}}</ref> It was the longest solo flight and longest flight accomplished by a woman that far.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1929/1929%20-%200050.html? ''Editorial Comment''] , ''Flight'', 10 January 1929</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Champion Air Woman Wins 8000 Mile Race|author=Wilkins, Harold T.|journal=Popular Mechanics|date=Sep 1928|pages=457–459|volume=50|issue=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vt4DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA457}}</ref> This feat won her the 1929 [[Britannia Trophy]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Members Activities|url=http://www2.theiet.org/resources/library/archives/research/wes/WES_Vol_3a.html|journal=The Woman Engineer|volume=3|pages=20}}</ref>

In 1927 and 1928 she twice won the [[Harmon Trophy]] as the world's outstanding aviatrix. She also participated in the [[Challenge International de Tourisme 1929]], which she completed off the contest, and [[Challenge International de Tourisme 1930]], in which she took 31st place for 60 participants, being one of only two women.<ref name=krzyzan>{{in lang|pl}} Krzyżan, Marian. Międzynarodowe turnieje lotnicze 1929-1934, Warsaw 1988, {{ISBN|83-206-0637-3}}</ref>

In 1930 she held a seat on the [[Women's Engineering Society]] Council.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=September–October 1930|title=Presidential Address|journal=The Woman Engineer|volume=3|pages=52}}</ref> In 1931, she became a member of a group of female pioneers for science, the members of which shared her adventurous and determined spirit.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Lady Mary Bailey {{!}} TrowelBlazers|url = http://trowelblazers.com/lady-mary-bailey/|website = trowelblazers.com|accessdate = 1 November 2015}}</ref> That same year Bailey became the first woman in the United Kingdom to obtain a Certificate for Blind Flying.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=March 1932|title=News of Members|url=http://www2.theiet.org/resources/library/archives/research/wes/WES_Vol_3a.html|journal=The Woman Engineer|volume=3|pages=145}}</ref>

Bailey also attained the rank of [[Flying officer|Section Officer]] in the [[Women's Auxiliary Air Force]], during [[World War II]].<ref name=peerage/>

== Contributions to Archaeology ==
Lady Bailey was also able to use her talents for aviation to take aerial photographs of important archaeological sites. She was very likely the first woman to accomplish this during her work in February 1931 on the [[Kharga Oasis]] project in [[Egypt]].<ref name="trowelblazers.com">{{Cite web|title = Lady Mary Bailey {{!}} TrowelBlazers|url = http://trowelblazers.com/lady-mary-bailey/|website = trowelblazers.com|accessdate = 2 November 2015}}</ref> Working closely with [[Gertrude Caton-Thompson]] and [[Elinor Wight Gardner]], Bailey was able to take aerial photographs which presented an expansive overview of the archaeological site within just two weeks.<ref name="trowelblazers.com"/> These photographs accomplished what would have taken far longer to do on foot. In addition, there also revealed future excavation sites. Indeed, Lady Bailey's valuable contribution to the Kharga Oasis expedition was both innovative and impressive.<ref name="trowelblazers.com"/>

== Honours ==

In January 1930 she was appointed [[Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] (DBE).<ref name=peerage/>

==Family==
She married [[Sir Abraham Bailey]] ("Abe") on 5 September 1911, being his second wife, and they had five children:
# Mittie Mary Starr Bailey (born 1 August 1913 – died 10 April 1961)<ref name=peerage/>
# [[Sir Derrick Thomas Louis Bailey, 3rd Bt]] (born 15 August 1918 – died 19 June 2009)<ref name=peerage/>
# Ann Hester Zia Bailey (born 15 August 1918 – died 3 October 1979)
# [[James Richard Abe Bailey]] (born 23 October 1919 – died 29 February 2000)<ref name=peerage/>
# Noreen Helen Rosemary Bailey (born 27 July 1921)<ref name=peerage/>

==Sources==
*{{cite news|title=Royal Honors|date=13 January 1930|work=[[Time Magazine]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,789077-2,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523232112/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,789077-2,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 May 2011|accessdate=10 August 2008}}
*[http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/bailey.html Lady Mary Bailey profile]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bailey, Mary}}
[[Category:1890 births]]
[[Category:1960 deaths]]
[[Category:Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Daughters of barons]]
[[Category:British aviators]]
[[Category:Harmon Trophy winners]]
[[Category:Women's Auxiliary Air Force officers]]
[[Category:People from County Monaghan]]
[[Category:Britannia Trophy winners]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:British women aviators]]
[[Category:British aviation record holders]]
[[Category:Irish women aviators]]
[[Category:Wives of baronets]]
[[Category:British women aviation record holders]]
[[Category:Women's Engineering Society]]

Public light bus

2021-11-23T04:04:40Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.04b - Bot T20 CW#61 - Fix errors for CW project (Reference before punctuation)

{{short description|Minibus used for public transport services in Hong Kong}}
{{Use Hong Kong English|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Chinese|pic=File:070040 ToyotacoasterTT9168,KL90B.jpg|piccap=A Green Minibus ('GMB')|c=公共小型巴士|p=Gōnggòng Xiǎoxíng Bāshì|y=Gūngguhng Síuyìhng Bāsí|j=Gung1gung6 Siu2jing4 Baa1si2|c2=小巴|p2=Xiǎobā|y2=Síubā|j2=Siu2baa1|showflag=y}}
[[Image:Newmininnustop.jpg|thumb|200px|A new style of minibus stops seen on [[Robinson Road, Hong Kong|Robinson Road]] in the [[Mid-levels]] of [[Hong Kong]]]]
The '''public light bus''' or minibus is a [[Public transport|public]] [[mode of transport|transport service]] in [[Hong Kong]]. It uses [[minibus]]es to serve areas that [[Buses in Hong Kong|standard Hong Kong bus lines]] cannot reach efficiently. The vehicles are colloquially known by the [[code-switching|code-switch]] ''{{lang|zh-hk|Van仔}}'' (Van Jái) literally "van-ette".

Depending on the type of vehicle, minibuses carry a maximum of 16 or 19 seated passengers; no [[standing passenger]]s are allowed. Minibuses typically offer a faster and more efficient transportation solution due to their small size, limited carrying capacity, frequency and diverse range of routes, although they are generally slightly more expensive than standard buses. The popularity of minibus services in Hong Kong can be attributed to Hong Kong's high population density, as well as their ability to navigate narrow and winding roads which standard buses cannot.

==Overview==
Minibuses in Hong Kong are licensed either as Green Minibuses (GMBs) or Public Light Buses (PLBs), the former restricted to fixed-fare, fixed-route operation, the latter not so restricted. PLBs substitute red for green on the external roof of the car, although originally the distinction was made by the colour of the stripe around the midsection of the vehicle. Otherwise, the two versions of minibus are identical in appearance, both sporting a predominantly cream-coloured body.

Most minibuses are [[Toyota Coaster]]s, but a new and environmentally friendly [[Iveco]] Daily Green minibus has also been introduced as part of a recent scheme in Hong Kong to increase the quality of the buses. Most of the buses run on [[Autogas]] ([[liquefied petroleum gas]] or LPG). This type of fuel is not only cheaper, but also reduces particulate emissions. The transport commission is making further efforts to reduce emissions by providing incentives for bus drivers to make the switch to even more efficient electric vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=EPD - Problems & Solutions|url=https://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/environmentinhk/air/prob_solutions/lightbus_use_cleanerfuel.html|access-date=2021-11-12|website=www.epd.gov.hk}}</ref>

As of 2014, there were 4,350 public minibuses in Hong Kong, of which 3,150 were GMBs and 1,200 were PLBs. The operations of these two types of services are regulated through conditions imposed by the Commissioner for Transport under the passenger service licences (PSLs).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.td.gov.hk/en/transport_in_hong_kong/public_transport/minibuses/index.html|title=Transport Department – Minibuses|website=www.td.gov.hk}}</ref>

In response to public concerns about minibus speeding, from 2012, all public minibuses were required to install speed alarms activated at 80 km/h. On all public minibuses, a large digital speedometer must also be installed on the interior ceiling, adjacent to the driver's seat, facing passengers, enabling them to monitor the current speed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Transport Department - Relevant Regulations of Public Light Bus|url=https://www.td.gov.hk/en/transport_in_hong_kong/public_transport/minibuses/new_regulations/index.html|access-date=2021-11-12|website=www.td.gov.hk}}</ref>

==History==
The beginnings of public minibus service can be traced to a local minibus system ({{zh|t=黑牌車|cy=Hāakpáai chē}}) used in the [[New Territories]] before the 1960s. When, during the [[Hong Kong 1967 Leftist riots|1967 Hong Kong riots]], workers of the two main franchised public bus services, [[China Motor Bus]] and [[Kowloon Motor Bus]], went on [[Strike action|strike]] bringing buses and [[tram]]s to a halt,<ref name="scmp1">{{cite news|newspaper=South China Morning Post|url=http://www.scmp.com/portal/site/SCMP/menuitem.2af62ecb329d3d7733492d9253a0a0a0/?vgnextoid=89815d276fbec110VgnVCM100000360a0a0aRCRD&ss=Hong+Kong&s=News|title=''Riots in 1967 sparked service by van owners''|access-date=17 October 2008}}</ref> such services stepped in. One of the routes during the [[1967 Hong Kong riots]] was from [[Jordan Road Ferry Pier]] to [[Yuen Long]], which can be considered as the first minibus route in the [[New Territories]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=搭紅VAN : 從水牌說起 : 小巴的流金歲月|last=麥錦生|publisher=非凡出版|year=2018|isbn=9789888513475|location=香港|pages=54–57}}</ref> After 1967, they were allowed to operate in the urban areas of Hong Kong to ease commuter chaos.<ref name="ReferenceA">'''Since 1967: That Was Then (由1967開始) 1968-1969''', [[TVB]]</ref>

At the time people with mini-vans provided transport to the public for a small charge. The mini-vans were mainly servicing in the [[New Territories]] areas such as [[Yuen Long]], [[Sheung Shui]] and [[Fanling]], giving a shuttle bus service to the people living in the rural areas.<ref name=":0" /> The government turned a blind eye even though it was against traffic laws to carry passengers without a passenger service licence. The 1969 legislation legalising the service making some 5,000 licences available for drivers caused some controversy. Some believed it was wrong of the government to issue licences to people who had been profiting from an illegal activity.<ref name="scmp1" />

The first generation light buses were vans carrying nine passengers. The buses had a black and white chequered stripe and were colloquially referred to as '''zebra cars''' ({{zh|t=斑馬車|cy=Bāanmáh chē}}). The chequered stripe is the pattern still used by Lee On NT Taxi Co 利安的士公司 on its fleet of taxi.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://paper.wenweipo.com/2009/04/18/FC0904180007.htm?hc_location%3Dufi |access-date=April 10, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414032735/http://paper.wenweipo.com/2009/04/18/FC0904180007.htm?hc_location=ufi |archive-date=April 14, 2015 }}</ref> This design later gave way to the red-striped vans (colloquially, "red bus" or "14 seater"). Seating increased over the years from 9 to 14, then to 16 and, finally, to 19.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The destination signage at the top front of minibuses did not appear until 1977 and the rear bench seat disappeared altogether with the prevalence of air-conditioning equipment installation.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

==Usage==
A passenger wishing to take a minibus simply [[hail and ride|hails the minibus from the street kerb]] like a taxi. A minibus can generally be hailed down at any point along a route, subject to traffic regulations, although sometimes particular [[bus stop|stops]] are marked out. To alight from a minibus, a passenger customarily calls out to the driver where they wish to get off, drivers generally acknowledging by simply raising their hand. Tourists have difficulty with this system, as it generally requires both intimate local street knowledge and prior training in Cantonese. Passengers often call out [[landmarks]], intersecting streets and other distinctive features (such as immediately before or after a [[clearway|no-stopping zone]]). Green minibuses may have fixed stops. Some Green minibuses are now equipped with a bell operated similarly to those found on the larger buses, and ringing it indicates that a passenger wishes to alight at the next stop. Calling out to the driver, however, remains popular.

==Green minibuses==
[[File:VF7558 Hong Kong Island 54M in Kennedy Town Station 26-01-2018.jpg|thumb|200px|A 19-seat [[low-floor]] green minibus]]
Green minibuses operate a scheduled service, with fixed routes and fixed fares. There are currently around 280 GMB buses routes with route numbers assigned. The exact fare must be tendered, or payment can be made by [[Octopus card]]. On some routes, passengers may pay a portion of the full fare (called section fare) if they are only travelling a section of the route. Sections are usually distinctive physical landmarks, such as crossing a [[tunnel]] or a [[bridge]].

==Red minibuses==
[[Image:040001 ToyotacoasterLV3705,KTtoMFroute.jpg|thumb|200px|A red Public Light Bus]]
Red minibuses (PLBs) are a kind of [[share taxi]], which run a non-scheduled service, although routes may, in effect, become fixed over time. PLBs may operate anywhere where no special prohibitions apply, without control over routes or fares. The PLB system is intended to be flexible and responsive to market demand.

On some routes red minibuses may run throughout the day (24-hour service), such as [[Tai Po]]-Mong Kok, [[Tsuen Wan]]-[[Kwun Tong]], Kwun Tong-[[Mong Kok]], [[Yuen Long]]-[[Jordan Road, Hong Kong|Jordan Road]], etc. Other routes may only run as midnight services, such as from Yuen Long-[[Causeway Bay]], taking over, higher-capacity services, such as franchised bus operators or mass transit railway underground, close.

In most PLBs, passengers pay just before they alight. Though change for cash payment may be available, a small amount may be deducted by the driver for the inconvenience of handling it. Only a few of these red minibuses are equipped to accept payment by Octopus card. Fares and timetables are not regulated by the Government. Thus, at times, PLBs may be more expensive than GMBs.

Destinations displayed on PLBs are sometimes identified by landmarks long gone, such as [[Daimaru]] ({{zh|c=大丸}}) in Causeway Bay, the defunct department store. The numbers they display are a legacy of the pre-1973 route-numbering in the New Territories, being the same route numbers used by the large franchised bus operators.

==Fleet==
[[File:旺角 - panoramio.jpg|thumb|250px|The earliest public light buses. At the front are (left to right) Commer, Isuzu Elf and Morris]]

Most early public light buses used mostly [[United Kingdom|British]] vehicles and carried few passengers as they were vans converted as buses. A few non-British European buses emerged but [[Japan]]ese minibuses appeared in 1969 and finally dominated the fleet by the 1980s.

* [[Morris Commercial J2|Morris J Type]] 12 seater – 1960s
* [[Bedford CA]] – 1960s
* [[Ford Transit|Ford Transit Mk I (1965–1978)]] 9 and 12 seaters – 1970s
* [[Nissan Echo]] (all retired and replaced by Civilian in the 1980s)
* [[Mitsubishi Fuso Rosa]] (Currently only Green Minibus)
* [[Toyota Coaster]] (both LPG and diesel)
* [[Nissan Civilian]] (all retired 1990s)
* [[Mercedes-Benz Sprinter]] 311 (all retired)
* [[Iveco Daily]] (one introduced in 2004 but already retired)
* GMI Gemini (diesel-electric)
* Golden Dragon XML6701J18
* [[Optare Solo]] SR

==Possible new fleet==
Some Green Minibus Unions have called for the Government to provide a new fleet of buses which can hold up to 20 people, 1 more person than the current 19 people. They say it could help ease traffic congestion during rush hour and possibly push up profits which may turn away possible fare increases. There are a few of the new buses in service at the moment, but because it is only legal to have 16 passengers in a minibus, the extra area is used as a luggage rack. The Government has responded saying that it would be prudent to first study the implications of such expansion in the context of a Public Transport Strategy Study first, which should take two years ending in 2017 or 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201411/25/P201411250654.htm|title=TAC welcomes Government's plan to commence Public Transport Strategy Study|website=www.info.gov.hk}}</ref>

==Cultural references==
In the film ''[[Lost in Time (2003 film)|Lost In Time]]'', [[Cecilia Cheung]] playing the role as a red minibus driver, won the "Best Actress" Awards in the [[23rd Hong Kong Film Awards|2004 Hong Kong Film Awards]].

==See also==
* [[Buses in Hong Kong]]
* [[Dollar vans in the New York metropolitan area]], an informal network of minibuses and vans with a service quality and history similar to Hong Kong minibuses
* [[Marshrutka]]
* [[Share taxi]], for more international equivalents to public light buses
* [[Transport in Hong Kong]]
* [[Van]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Minibuses in Hong Kong}}
* [http://www.hktpa.org/ Hong Kong Taxi & PLB Association]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061107085147/http://gmb.681busterminal.com/ Hong Kong Green Light Bus Guide]
* [http://www.amspt.com/ AMS Public Transport Holdings Limited]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100113231659/http://www.td.gov.hk/en/transport_in_hong_kong/public_transport/minibuses/green/gmb_online_guide/index.html List of Green Light Bus Routes by Territory]

{{Bus companies of Hong Kong}}
{{Public transport}}
{{Hong Kong topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bus transport in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Restricted areas of Hong Kong red public minibus| 01]]

Agnès Martin-Lugand

2021-11-22T00:24:27Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.04b - Bot T3 PCS#559 - Correction syntaxique (Séparateur de références - Orthographe et typographie)

{{Infobox Biographie2|charte=écrivain}}
'''Agnès Martin-Lugand''' est une [[Romancier|romancière]] [[France|française]] née le {{Date de naissance|22 7 1979|en littérature}} à [[Saint-Malo]] en [[Ille-et-Vilaine]] ([[Bretagne]]).

== Biographie ==
Psychologue de formation, Agnès Martin-Lugand s'est tournée vers l'écriture et a publié un premier roman ''[[Les gens heureux lisent et boivent du café]]'' en [[auto-édition]] sur la plate-forme [[Amazon Kindle|Kindle]] d'[[Amazon.com]], le {{Date|25 décembre 2012|en littérature}}, après avoir suivi un accompagnement littéraire avec l'écrivain [[Laurent Bettoni]]<ref>{{Lien web |auteur=Charlie Bregman |titre=Quand Agnès Martin-Lugand écrit et boit du café |url=http://www.auteursindependants.com/quand-agnes-martin-lugand-ecrit-et-boit-du-cafe-a120998788 |site=auteursindependants.com}}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Lien web |auteur=Chrystel Chabert |titre=Le premier roman autoédité d'Agnès Martin-Lugand, un joli succès numérique |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/culture/livres/roman/le-premier-roman-auto-edite-d-agnes-martin-lugand-un-joli-succes-numerique_3307441.html |site=francetvinfo.fr}}</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Lien web|url=http://chrisimon.com/pourquoi-en-numerique-entretien-avec-agnes-martin-lugand-auteure/|titre=Entretien avec Agnès Martin-Lugand, auteure|auteur=Chris Simon|date=18 janvier 2013|site=Chrisimon.com|consulté le=15 mars 2018}}.</ref>.

Vite repérée par des [[blog]]ueurs [[Littérature|littéraires]] proches du milieu de l'auto-édition<ref>La Bauge littéraire, [http://postlucemtenebrae.eu/agnes-martin-lugand-les-gens-heureux-lisent-et-boivent-du-cafe/ Agnès Martin-Lugand, Les gens heureux lisent et boivent du café ].</ref>, elle est finalement publiée par les [[éditions Michel Lafon]]<ref>Aurélie Gaillot, [https://web.archive.org/web/20180316151843/https://interviews-decalees.net/agnes-martin-lugand-linterview/ Interviews décalées], 2013.</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Lien web| auteur = Emilie Rivenq| titre = Les gens heureux lisent et boivent du café de Agnes Martin-lugand - Livre Roman - Elle| date = 4 juillet 2013| url = https://www.elle.fr/Loisirs/Livres/Genre/Roman/Les-gens-heureux-lisent-et-boivent-du-cafe| site = [[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]| consulté le = 10 octobre 2019}}.</ref>.

En 2019, parait une adaptation de ''Les gens heureux lisent et boivent du café'' en [[roman graphique]] avec le concours de [[Véronique Grisseaux]] (scénariste) et de la dessinatrice [[Cécile Bidault]], toujours chez l'éditeur Michel Lafon<ref>{{Lien web
| auteur = Rédaction
| titre = Les gens heureux en BD
| date = 9 novembre 2018
| url =https://www.livreshebdo.fr/article/les-gens-heureux-en-bd
| site = [[Livres Hebdo]]
}}.</ref>.

Son deuxième roman, ''[[Entre mes mains le bonheur se faufile]]'', est publié en 2014<ref>{{Lien web | auteur =[[Valérie Trierweiler]] | titre = Jusqu'au bout de ses rêves | date = 8 juillet 2014 | url =http://www.parismatch.com/Chroniques/Valerie-Trierweiler/Jusqu-au-bout-de-ses-reves-573991 | site = [[Paris-Match]]
}}.</ref> ; puis paraissent ''[[La vie est facile, ne t'inquiète pas|La vie est facile, ne t’inquiète pas]]'' — la suite des ''Gens heureux…'' — (2015), ''[[Désolée, je suis attendue]]'' (2016), ''J'ai toujours cette musique dans la tête'' (2017), ''[[À la lumière du petit matin]]'' (2018)<ref>vingt-sixième livre le plus vendu en France en 2018 : {{Lien web|langue=fr|titre=Hollande, Nothomb, Musso... Le déjeuner des best-sellers|url=https://www.lexpress.fr/culture/hollande-nothomb-musso-le-dejeuner-des-best-sellers_2060046.html|site=LExpress.fr|date=2019-02-04|consulté le=2020-05-18}}.</ref>, ''[[Une évidence]]'' (2019) et ''Nos résiliences'' (mai 2020). Depuis 2017, Agnès Martin-Lugand participe aux recueils collectifs [[13 à table !|''Treize à table'']] chez Pocket, édités au profit des [[Les Restos du cœur|Restos du cœur]].

Elle a vendu plus de 3 millions d’exemplaires de ses romans en France et à l’étranger<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre=Présidente de Lire à Limoges, Agnès Martin-Lugand dévoilera son roman secret|url=https://www.actualitte.com/article/culture-arts-lettres/presidente-de-lire-a-limoges-agnes-martin-lugand-devoilera-son-roman-secret/98898|site=www.actualitte.com|consulté le=2020-05-22}}.</ref>. En 2020, elle figure pour la troisième fois au palmarès des dix best-sellers de ''L’Express''<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr|titre=Hollande, Nothomb, Musso... Le déjeuner des best-sellers|url=https://www.lexpress.fr/culture/hollande-nothomb-musso-le-dejeuner-des-best-sellers_2060046.html|site=LExpress.fr|date=2019-02-04|consulté le=2020-05-22}}.</ref>, aux côtés d’[[Amélie Nothomb]], [[Sylvain Tesson]], [[Karine Tuil]] ou encore [[Michel Houellebecq]]… et est publiée dans plus de 30 langues différentes<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr|titre=Le 8e roman d'Agnès Martin-Lugand|url=https://www.livreshebdo.fr/article/le-8e-roman-dagnes-martin-lugand|site=Livres Hebdo|consulté le=2020-05-22}}.</ref>.

Elle a été marraine de la Fête du livre de Saint-Étienne en 2016<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr|nom1=lessor42.fr|titre=Agnès Martin-Lugand, marraine de la Fête du livre de Saint-Étienne : « Je vis une aventure extraordinaire»|url=https://www.lessor42.fr/agnes-martin-lugand-marraine-de-la-fete-du-livre-de-saint-etienne-je-vis-une-aventure-extraordinaire-16541.html|site=L'Essor Loire|consulté le=2020-05-18}}.</ref>, membre du jury du prix littéraire Régine-Deforges en 2018 et 2019, et présidente du jury du prix littéraire Aufeminin.com<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr|titre=Découvrez le jury du prix littéraire e-crire aufeminin 2018 !|url=https://www.aufeminin.com/livres-a-lire/decouvrez-le-jury-du-prix-litteraire-e-crire-aufeminin-2018-s2939144.html|site=aufeminin|date=2018-11-08|consulté le=2020-05-18}}.</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr|titre=Découvrez le jury du prix littéraire aufeminin 2019 !|url=https://www.aufeminin.com/livres-a-lire/decouvrez-le-jury-du-prix-litteraire-aufeminin-2019-s4006227.html|site=aufeminin|date=2019-10-29|consulté le=2020-05-18}}.</ref>.

== Thématiques ==
Dans ses romans, Agnès Martin-Lugand aborde divers sujets de société qui lui tiennent à cœur : le deuil (''Les gens heureux lisent et boivent du café'')<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre=Critique "Les gens heureux lisent et boivent du café" d'Agnes Martin-Lugand|url=https://www.justfocus.fr/arts/litterature/critique-les-gens-heureux-lisent-et-boivent-du-cafe-dagnes-martin-lugand-un-roman-leger-et-riche-en-emotions.html|date=2020-04-06|consulté le=2020-05-22}}.</ref>, la reconstruction (''La vie est facile, ne t’inquiète pas'')<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr|titre=Agnès Martin-Lugand : "La vie est facile, ne t'inquiète pas"|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/le-livre-du-jour/agnes-martin-lugand-la-vie-est-facile-ne-t-inquiete-pas_1779443.html|site=Franceinfo|date=2015-06-01|consulté le=2020-05-22}}</ref>, les choix de vie et l’accomplissement (''Entre mes mains le bonheur se faufile'')<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|nom1=Martin-Lug|prénom1=Agnès|nom2=Autour|prénom2=Confidences|titre=Agnès Martin-Lugand : confidences autour de son nouveau roman {{!}} ParlonsInfo|url=http://www.parlonsinfo.fr/culture/2014/06/11/agnes-martin-lugand-confidences-autour-de-son-nouveau-roman/#sthash.f5mi4WWC.dpbs|consulté le=2020-05-22}}.</ref>, l’addiction au travail (''Désolée, je suis attendue'')<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|titre=Agnès Martin-Lugand, une auteure toujours aussi attendue|url=https://www.paris-normandie.fr/region/agnes-martin-lugand-une-auteure-toujours-aussi-attendue-JL5519139|site=www.paris-normandie.fr|consulté le=2020-05-22}}</ref>, l’ambition (''J’ai toujours cette musique dans la tête'')<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr-FR|nom1=à 16h11|prénom1=Par S. B. Le 16 avril 2017|titre=Le livre du jour : la musique douce d'Agnès Martin-Lugand|url=http://www.leparisien.fr/culture-loisirs/livres/le-livre-du-jour-la-musique-douce-d-agnes-martin-lugand-16-04-2017-6858048.php|site=leparisien.fr|date=2017-04-16|consulté le=2020-05-22}}.</ref>, l’adultère (''À la lumière du petit matin'')<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr|titre=Agnès Martin-Lugand : "Je voulais montrer qu’une maîtresse est aussi une femme en souffrance"|url=https://www.lci.fr/livre/a-la-lumiere-du-petit-matin-livre-roman-agnes-martin-lugand-je-voulais-montrer-qu-une-maitresse-est-aussi-une-femme-en-souffrance-2086166.html|site=LCI|consulté le=2020-05-22}}.</ref>, les secrets de famille (''Une évidence'')<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr|nom1=Match|prénom1=Paris|titre=Agnès Martin-Lugand : secrets salés|url=https://www.parismatch.com/Culture/Livres/Agnes-Martin-Lugand-secrets-sales-1618077|site=parismatch.com|consulté le=2020-05-22}}.</ref>…

== Œuvres ==

* [[2013 en littérature|2013]] : ''[[Les gens heureux lisent et boivent du café]]'', [[Éditions Michel Lafon]] {{ISBN|978-2-749-91998-0}}
* [[2014 en littérature|2014]] : ''[[Entre mes mains le bonheur se faufile]]'', Éditions Michel Lafon {{ISBN|978-2-749-92209-6}}
* [[2015 en littérature|2015]] : ''[[La vie est facile, ne t'inquiète pas]]'', Éditions Michel Lafon {{ISBN|978-2-749-92386-4}}
* [[2016 en littérature|2016]] : ''[[Désolée, je suis attendue]]'', Éditions Michel Lafon {{ISBN|978-2-749-92387-1}}
* 2016 : ''[[Merci la maîtresse]]'', nouvelle dans ''[[13 à table ! 2017]]'', Paris, Pocket, {{n°|16745}}, {{date-|novembre 2016}}, {{p.|163-190}}. {{ISBN|978-2-266-27126-4}}<ref>{{Lien web
| url = https://www.athenaeum.com/livre/10127761-13-a-table-2017-collectif-pocket
| titre = 13 à table !
| auteur = Athenaeum de la vigne et du vin
| site = athenaeum.com
| consulté le = 24 août 2018
}}.</ref>
* [[2017 en littérature|2017]] : ''J'ai toujours cette musique dans la tête'', Éditions Michel Lafon {{ISBN|978-2-749-92901-9}}<ref>{{Lien web|langue=ru-RU|titre=Мартен-Люган Аньес — ТОП КНИГ|url=http://top-knig.ru/marten-lyugan-anes/|site=top-knig.ru|consulté le=2017-02-01}}.</ref>
* [[2018 en littérature|2018]] : ''[[À la lumière du petit matin]]'', Éditions Michel Lafon {{ISBN|978-2-749-92902-6}}
* [[2019 en littérature|2019]] : ''[[Une évidence]]'', Éditions Michel Lafon {{ISBN|978-2-7499-3477-8}}
* [[2020 en littérature|2020]] : ''Nos résiliences'', Éditions Michel Lafon {{ISBN|978-2-7499-3478-5}}
*2021 : ''La Datcha'', Éditions Michel Lafon {{ISBN|978-2-7499-4163-9}}<ref>{{Lien web |langue=fr-FR |titre=Agnès Martin-Lugand nous fait explorer "La Datcha" dans son nouveau roman |url=https://www.rtl.fr/culture/arts-spectacles/agnes-martin-lugand-nous-fait-explorer-la-datcha-dans-son-nouveau-roman-7900011512 |site=RTL.fr |consulté le=2021-03-26}}.</ref>

== Notes et références ==
{{Références|taille=30}}

== Liens externes ==
* {{Site officiel}}
* {{Autorité}}
* [https://www.babelio.com/auteur/Agnes-Martin-Lugand/251125 Agnès Martin-Lugand] sur ''[[Babelio]]''

{{Palette|Agnès Martin-Lugand}}
{{Portail|littérature française}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Martin-Lugand, Agnes}}
[[Catégorie:Romancière française du XXIe siècle]]
[[Catégorie:Naissance à Saint-Malo]]
[[Catégorie:Naissance en juillet 1979]]
[[Catégorie:Nouvelliste française du XXIe siècle]]

Krit Amnuaydechkorn

2021-10-21T21:24:45Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.04b - Bot T5 CW#16 - Fix errors for CW project (Unicode control characters - Missing end bold/italic)

{{Short description|Thai actor and singer}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Krit Amnuaydechkorn
| image = Ppkrit profile pic.jpg
| caption = Amnuaydechkorn in November 2020
| birth_name = Pruk Amnuaydechkorn
| native_name = กฤษฏ์ อำนวยเดชกร
| native_name_lang = th
| birth_date = {{b-da|30 April 1999}}
| birth_place = [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]]
| height = 5ft 10 inch
| other_names = PP
| occupation = [[Actor]], Singer
| years_active = 2017-present
| agent = [[Nadao Bangkok]]
| known_for = {{plainlist|
* Tewkao in ''[[My Ambulance]]''
* Oh-aew in ''[[I Told Sunset About You]]''
}}
| website =
| module = {{infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| instrument = Vocals
| years_active = 2020–present
| associated_acts = {{flatlist|
* [[Billkin]]
}}
| genre = {{hlist|[[Pop music|Pop]]|[[Thai pop music|T-pop]]}}
| label = Nadao Music
}}
}}

'''Krit Amnuaydechkorn''' ([[Thai language|Thai]]: กฤษฏ์ อำนวยเดชกร) also known as '''PP''' ([[Thai language|Thai]]: พีพี), is a Thai actor, model and singer. He is known for his roles as Tewkao in ''[[My Ambulance]]'' (2019) and as Oh-aew in ''[[I Told Sunset About You]]'' (2020) and ''[[I Promised You the Moon]]'' (2021).

== Early life and education ==
Krit was born in [[Bangkok, Thailand]] on April 30, 1999. At first, he was named Pruk ([[Thai language|Thai]]: พฤกษ์), but only 2–3 weeks later, his parents felt that it was outdated, and decided to change it to PP.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-25|title=เคมีฟรุ้งฟริ้ง "พีพี - บิวกิ้น" คู่ซี้ที่เคยแอบยี้กันมาก่อน|url=https://www.dek-d.com/meet/53892/|access-date=2021-08-26|website=dek-d|language=th}}</ref> He studied in [[Assumption College (Thailand)|Assumption College]], Bangkok from primary to secondary. During secondary, he got an opportunity to spend a year in the states as an exchange student when he was in Grade 11. He received his high school diploma in 2017. He is currently studying [[entrepreneurial economics]] (international program) at the Faculty of Economics at [[Kasetsart University]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-06|title=ทำความรู้จัก ประวัติ "พีพี กฤษฏ์ " หนุ่มหน้าใสเศรษฐศาสตร์ ม. เกษตร หน้าคล้ายต่อ ธนภพ|url=https://www.sanook.com/campus/1400284/|access-date=2021-08-26|website=Sanook|language=th}}</ref>

== Career ==
Krit started in the entertainment industry when he was scouted by Gong Hive Salon, a famous hair stylist, during his 12th Grade. He got his first opportunity to be a main cast in "MSN" music video, which is a famous single from Helmetheads band.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Helmetheads - เอ็มเอสเอ็น (MSN) {{!}} (OFFICIAL MV) - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gunU4J3k9kg|access-date=2021-02-01|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> In the same year, he was also cast as a catwalk model in "Boys of Bangkok 2017" at the Emquartier. In 2018, he had his first opportunity to work in the acting field in ''i STORIES'' (2018) "G" Episode", which is a project of four short stories under the concept of [[LGBT]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-06-06|title=i STORIES EP.3 " G "|url=https://tv.line.me/v/3352159_i-stories-ep3-g-|access-date=2021-08-26|website=LINE TV|language=th}}</ref>

He rose to popularity with his role as Tewkao in ''[[My Ambulance]]'' (2019) where he was paired with [[Putthipong Assaratanakul]] (Billkin), who played the role of Doctor Tao.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title="บิวกิ้น-พีพี" ตื่นเต้น เล่นซีรีส์เต็มตัว กลับมาทวงคืนความจิ้น เคลียร์ความฟินเกินเพื่อน|work=Thai Rath|url=https://www.thairath.co.th/entertain/news/1950196|url-status=live|access-date=}}</ref> With the conclusion of the said television series in October 2019, plans were made to produce a television series where Putthipong and Krit will play as lead actors.<ref>{{Cite web|title=นาดาว บางกอก จัดพิธี ไหว้เปิดกล้อง "แปลรักฉันด้วยใจเธอ"|url=https://www.gdh559.com/post/bkppproject/|access-date=2021-02-01|website=www.gdh559.com|language=en}}</ref> The project, with a working title of "BKPP: The Series", was announced in February 2020 and was supposed to premiere in July 2020. Due to government restrictions placed amidst the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand|COVID-19 pandemic]], the series' production was delayed with its release pushed to October 2020 under the title of ''[[I Told Sunset About You]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-10-21|title=การเติบโตของ บิวกิ้น-พีพี ใน 'แปลรักฉันด้วยใจเธอ' ซีรีส์วายเรื่องแรกจากค่ายนาดาว|url=https://adaymagazine.com/bkpp/|access-date=2021-02-01|website=a day magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> Krit played the role of Oh-aew, a high-school student from [[Phuket]] and a childhood friend of Putthipong's character Teh.<ref>{{Cite web|last=59|date=2020-10-08|title="บิวกิ้น-พีพี" เปิดใจรับบทแสดงนำซีรีย์ "แปลรักฉันด้วยใจเธอ" แย้มฉากเลิฟซีน|url=https://www.khaosod.co.th/entertainment/news_5078432|access-date=2021-02-01|website=ข่าวสด|language=th}}</ref> The series returned for a second season in May 2021 entitled ''[[I Promised You the Moon]]''.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |title=เปิดโผนักแสดง แปลรักฉันด้วยใจเธอ Part 2 พีพี-บิวกิ้น ยืนหนึ่งมีเพื่อนเสริมทัพ |url=https://www.thairath.co.th/entertain/news/2036047 |access-date=4 March 2021 |work=Thairath Online |date=19 February 2021 |language=th}}</ref>

Krit officially debuted as a singer under Nadao Bangkok's music label Nadao Music, with the release of his debut single "It's Okay Not To Be Alright" in August 2021.<ref name="IONTBA">{{Cite web|date=2021-08-18|title="พีพี-กฤษฏ์" เปิดตัวปัง เพลง "It's Okay Not To Be Alright" เผยลุคแซ่บเกินต้าน|url=https://www.thairath.co.th/entertain/news/2168902|access-date=2021-08-26|website=Thairath|language=th}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===Television series===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2018
|''i STORIES''
|Pete
|Episode: "G"
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-06-06|title=พีพี ใน “G” หนังสั้นทางเลือกใหม่|url=https://www.facebook.com/NadaoBangkok/posts/2226868783990746/|access-date=2021-08-26|website=Nadao Bangkok Facebook}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[My Ambulance]]''
|Tewkao
|Supporting role
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-17|title=เรื่องย่อละคร รักฉุดใจนายฉุกเฉิน My Ambulance|url=https://drama.kapook.com/view210142.html|access-date=2021-02-01|website=kapook.com}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[I Told Sunset About You]]''
|Oh-aew
|Main role
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2021
|''[[I Told Sunset About You|I Promised You the Moon]]''
|Oh-aew
|Main role
|<ref name=":1"/>
|}

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Song Title
!Album
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|หรูเหอ 如何 (Skyline)
|rowspan="2" | OST. ''[[I Told Sunset About You]]''
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=PP - หรูเหอ 如何 (Skyline) OST.แปลรักฉันด้วยใจเธอ [Official MV] - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PeEDAmd5BiE|access-date=2021-02-01|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
|โคตรพิเศษ (Khot Phiset)
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=PP - โคตรพิเศษ OST.แปลรักฉันด้วยใจเธอ [Official MV] - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mSFjSV8hDx0|access-date=2021-02-01|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|มันดีเลย {{small|with [[Billkin]], [[Nichaphat Chatchaipholrat|PEARWAH]], and [[Palitchoke Ayanaputra|Peck Palitchoke]]}}
|Single
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=เป๊ก ผลิตโชค x PEARWAH x Billkin x PP – มันดีเลย [Official MV] - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S3XKOMq3UTE|access-date=2021-02-01|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |2021
|รู้งี้เป็นแฟนกันตั้งนานแล้ว (Safe Zone) {{small|with [[Billkin]]}}
| rowspan="5" |OST. ''[[I Promised You the Moon]]''
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-29|title=
เปิดภาพเบื้องหลัง! MV รู้งี้เป็นแฟนกันตั้งนานแล้ว บิวกิ้นพีพี ช็อตที่ไม่ได้ออกอากาศ รับรองฟินคูณสอง (มีคลิป)|url=https://music.trueid.net/detail/Rep4oddpmMEe|access-date=2021-08-26|website=TrueID|language=th}}</ref>
|-
|ห่มผ้า (Hold Me Tight)
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-28|title=เต็ม10ไม่หัก! #MVห่มผ้าPPKRIT พีพี กฤษฏ์ สอบผ่านในฐานะนักร้อง บิวกิ้น คือทานตะวันของ PP|url=https://music.trueid.net/detail/JGj3Eo4qqQYL|access-date=2021-08-26|website=TrueID|language=th}}</ref>
|-
|หลอกกันทั้งนั้น (Fake News)
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-11|title=รอบเปิดตัวสะเทือนYoutube! เพลง หลอกกันทั้งนั้น พีพี กฤษฏ์ MV นี้ทำแฟนอินหนักมาก (มีคลิป)|url=https://music.trueid.net/detail/Wr0yXEE79Dek|access-date=2021-08-26|website=TrueID|language=th}}</ref>
|-
|ทะเลสีดำ (Ta Lay See Dum) {{small|with Billkin}}
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-20|title=มาแรงข้ามคืน! นาดาวมิวสิค ส่งเพลง ทะเลสีดำ เวอร์ชั่น บิวกิ้น พีพี #ทะเลสีดําxBKPP อันดับ1 เทรนด์ทวิต|url=https://music.trueid.net/detail/Pwbz3MrQpJ3w|access-date=2021-08-26|website=TrueID|language=th}}</ref>
|-
|ไม่ปล่อยมือ (Coming of Age) {{small|with Billkin}}
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-25|title=เอิบอิ่มทั้งด้อม! MV ไม่ปล่อยมือ บิวกิ้นพีพี จูงมือข้ามถนน แฟนฟินไม่ไหวจุดจบที่ไม่จบ (มีคลิป)|url=https://music.trueid.net/detail/Pwbz3MrQpJ3w|access-date=2021-08-26|website=TrueID|language=th}}</ref>
|-
|It's Okay Not To Be Alright
|Single
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="IONTBA"/>
|-
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Year
! scope="col" style="width:25em;"| Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:40em;"| Category
! scope="col" style="width:35em;"| Award
! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Result
! scope="col" style="width:1em;"class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Refs.|References}}
|-
| 2020
| Krit Amnuaydechkorn
| Most Popular Foreign Actor
| The 5th Weibo TV Series Awards
| {{won}}
|style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=Weibo TV Series Awards |url=https://sports.weibo.cn/rank/index?topicid=lB6i1mBzNuxP&bid=Fij&portrait_only=1&disable_sinaurl=1&sinainternalbrowser=topnav&share_menu=1&disable_gesture_back=1 |website=Weibo |access-date=9 June 2021 |language=zh}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8" |2021
| rowspan="7" |“แปลรักฉันด้วยใจเธอ” (I Told Sunset About You)
|Best Actor (shared with [[Putthipong Assaratanakul]])
|Yniverse Awards 2020
|{{won}}
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title="แปลรักฉันด้วยใจเธอ" คว้า 8 รางวัลใหญ่เวที "Yniverse Awards 2020"|url=https://efm.atimeonline.com/news/id/12822|language=th}}</ref>
|-
|Popular Actor
|17th Komchadluek Awards
|{{won}}
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Summary of the 17th Komchadluek Award "Toei" – "Buakin" won the best actor. |url=https://www.archyde.com/summary-of-the-17th-komchadluek-award-toei-buakin-won-the-best-actor/ |website=Archyde |access-date=9 June 2021 |date=30 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Best Viral Scene
| rowspan="3" |[[2021 Line TV Awards]]
| {{won}}
|style="text-align: center;" rowspan="3" |<ref>{{cite web |title=สรุปรางวัล LINE TV AWARDS 2021 ที่สุดของความ IN + FIN แบบไม่มีที่สิ้นสุด |url=https://www.boomchanneltv.com/content/781/|website=boomchanneltv.com |publisher=Boom Channel |accessdate=6 August 2021 |language=Thai |date= 5 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Best Kiss Scene (shared with Putthipong Assaratanakul)
| {{won}}
|-
|Best Couple (shared with Putthipong Assaratanakul)
| {{won}}
|-
|Best Actor for Online Drama Series
|12th Nataraj Awards
| {{nom}}
|style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=รอลุ้นกัน! เปิดโผ รายชื่อผู้ผ่านเข้ารอบตัดสิน รางวัลนาฏราชครั้งที่ 12 ประจำปี 2563 |url=https://entertainment.trueid.net/detail/oJgoXv1lX57J|website=entertainment.trueid.net/ |publisher=TrueID Entertainment |accessdate=26 August 2021 |language=Thai |date= 5 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Popular TV Series Couple (shared with Putthipong Assaratanakul)
|Siam Series Awards 2021
| {{pending}}
|style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=รางวัลคู่ขวัญจอแก้ว 最受欢迎泰剧荧屏CP奖|url=https://siamseriesawards.com/Series/Show/6|website=siamseriesawards.com |publisher=Siam Project |accessdate=8 September 2021 |language=Thai |date= 7 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
|Krit Amnuaydechkorn
|Asian Star Prize
|[[Seoul International Drama Awards|Seoul International Drama Awards 2021]]
| {{Won}}
|style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=PP-Krit Asian Star Prize Seoul International Drama Awards 2021 |url=https://twitter.com/NadaoBangkok/status/1427560940464001025|website=twitter.com |publisher=Nadao Bangkok |accessdate=26 August 2021 |language=Thai |date= 17 August 2021}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|nm11095365}}
*{{Instagram|pp.kritt}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amnuaydechkorn, Krit}}
[[Category:Thai male television actors|Krit Amnuaydechkorn]]
[[Category:21st-century Thai male singers|Krit Amnuaydechkorn]]
[[Category:Nadao Bangkok artists|Krit Amnuaydechkorn]]
[[Category:21st-century Thai male actors|Krit Amnuaydechkorn]]
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Jack (Sänger)

2021-10-15T22:13:49Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.04b - Bot T5 CW#16 - Fix errors for CW project (Unicode control characters)

{{short description|Vietnamese singer}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Trịnh]]|Tuấn|lang=Vietnamese}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Trịnh Trần Phương Tuấn
| image = JackBMT.png
| caption = (J97) in 2021
| birth_name = J 5 triệu
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1997|04|12}}
| birth_place = [[Bến Tre]], [[Bến Tre Province]], Vietnam
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer-songwriter|Rapper|Actor}}
| years_active = 2017–present
| website = {{URL|www.facebook.com/PhuongTuan1997}}
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| instrument = {{hlist|Vocals|Guitar|Piano}}
| genre = {{hlist|[[V-pop]]|[[Rap]]|[[Electronic dance music|EDM]]}}
| label = {{hlist|Nomad MGMT Vietnam}}
}}}}
'''Trịnh Trần Phương Tuấn''' (born April 12, 1997), better known by his stage name '''Jack''' (or '''J97'''), is a [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] singer, songwriter, rapper, and actor.

He became famous during his time in hip-hop group G5R and released the song "Hồng Nhan". Throughout his career, he has received many awards: three awards at the [[Green Wave (radio show)|Green Wave]] Awards and four awards at the Zing Music Awards. In addition, he was awarded the "Best New Asian Artist of Vietnam" at the [[Mnet Asian Music Awards]] 2019 and [[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Southeast Asian Act|Best Southeast Asian Act]] at the [[2020 MTV Europe Music Awards]]. Jack is recognized the highly prestigious award: The 26th Golden Apricot Blossom Award (2020) for Most Favorite Light Music Male Singer. He is also the first Vietnamese artist to win an [[Asian Television Awards]] for Best Music Video Act with "''Hoa Hải Đường".''<ref>{{Cite web|last=VnExpress|title=Vietnamese singer wins Asian Television Awards – VnExpress International|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/life/culture/vietnamese-singer-wins-asian-television-awards-4222508.html|access-date=January 26, 2021|website=e.vnexpress.net|language=en}}</ref>

== Life and career ==
=== Early life and the beginning of career ===
Jack was born on April 12, 1997, in [[Ngai Dang]] Commune, [[Mo Cay Nam]] District, [[Ben Tre Province]]. He graduated from the professional college in vocal major at the Department of Culture, Art and Tourism – Ben Tre College, and was a music teacher at Thanh Thoi A1 Primary School, Thanh Thoi A Commune, [[Mo Cay Nam]]. In an interview with VnExpress, he said:
{{Cquote|"Before, I did not think I would enter the entertainment business because I lived a closed life. I made my first salary in my hometown by working as a music teacher in an elementary school, with a salary of 5,000,000₫-6,000,000₫ per month."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vnexpress.net/jack-ap-luc-lon-nhat-la-chinh-toi-4192416.html|title=Jack: 'Áp lực lớn nhất là chính tôi'|author=Ngọc Yến |website=vnexpress.net| language=vi| trans-title=The biggest pressure is me}}</ref>
}}

Jack used to be a member in the group G5R, an underground Vietnamese music group. He debuted in several music videos with this group, such as "Giai Dieu Mien Tay". He became popular within the underground Vietnamese music industry when he released the music video "Ve Ben Anh", however it was not as popular in V-pop.<ref name="Thùy Liên">{{cite web |url=https://vietnamnet.vn/vn/giai-tri/nhac/truong-nhom-g5r-len-tieng-ve-chuyen-jack-bi-to-mac-benh-ngoi-sao-557959.html |title=Trưởng nhóm G5R lên tiếng về chuyện Jack bị tố mắc bệnh ngôi sao|author=Thùy Liên |website=vietnamnet.vn |language=vi |trans-title=The G5R team leader spoke about Jack accused of star disease |access-date=August 11, 2019}}</ref> On February 19, 2019, Jack released the song "Hong Nhan" with a music video on YouTube. Within its first week of release, the song debuted at No. 2 on [[Zing MP3]], eventually reaching No. 1. The song has more than 13 million streams on Zing MP3 and 10 million views on YouTube after one week. Due to the popularity of this song, Jack was compared to [[Phan Manh Quynh]] and [[Den Vau]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zingnews.vn/hien-tuong-hong-nhan-cua-ban-sao-phan-manh-quynh-dung-dau-bxh-post922423.html |title=Hiện tượng 'Hồng nhan' của bản sao Phan Mạnh Quỳnh đứng đầu BXH|author=Lan Phương |website=zingnews.vn |date=March 5, 2019|language=vi |trans-title=The phenomenon of 'Hong Nhan' of the copy of Phan Manh Quynh tops the chart |access-date=March 5, 2019}}</ref> From there, he emerged as a music phenomenon.<ref name="Di">{{cite web |url=https://www.yan.vn/jack-la-ai-tieu-su-su-nghiep-va-doi-tu-ca-si-trinh-tran-phuong-tuan-203735.html |title=Jack là ai? Tiểu sử, sự nghiệp và đời tư ca sĩ Trịnh Trần Phương Tuấn|author=Di |website=www.yan.vn |language=vi |trans-title=Who is Jack? Biography, career and personal life of singer Trịnh Trần Phương Tuấn |access-date=May 31, 2019}}</ref>

=== 2019: Cooperation with K-ICM ===
After the hit song "Hồng Nhan", he departed from the group G5R. After that, he collaborated with music producer K-ICM and released the song "Bạc Phận" in April 2019. Together, they continued the story series of "Hồng Nhan" and it was widely received.<ref name="Dân Trí">{{cite web |url=https://dantri.com.vn/giai-tri/thanh-choi-dan-kicm-bat-tay-voi-jack-hong-nhan-tung-mv-bac-phan-dang-gay-sot-20190418152640708.htm|title=Thánh chơi đàn K-ICM "bắt tay" với Jack "Hồng Nhan" tung MV "Bạc Phận" đang gây sốt|author=Dân Trí |work=[[Dân Trí]] |language=vi |trans-title=Piano saint playing K-ICM "shook hands" with Jack "Hong Nhan" released the MV "Bac Phan" which is causing fever |access-date=April 18, 2019}}</ref> Later, Jack collaborated with producer Liam and performed the song "Sao Em Vo Tinh". These [[ballad]]-oriented music products were well-received by the public.<ref name="Tùng Dương">{{cite web |url=https://saostar.vn/am-nhac/jack-k-icm-liam-sao-em-vo-tinh-5226179.html|title=Sau 'Bạc phận', Jack tiếp tục hợp tác cùng 'thánh nện đàn' K-ICM trong ca khúc mới|author=Tùng Dương |website=saostar.vn |date=May 20, 2019|language=vi |trans-title=After 'Bac Phan', Jack continued to collaborate with K-ICM 'holy pinano' in the new song |access-date=May 20, 2019}}</ref> Continuing his collaboration with K-ICM, Jack released the song "Song gio" and promoted it as the third part of "Hong Nhan". After its release, the song gained massive viewership on YouTube.<ref name="TRANG NGUYỄN ">{{cite web |url=https://hoahoctro.tienphong.vn/hht-hau-truong-showbiz/khong-qua-kho-doan-bo-doi%C2%A0jack-kicm-comeback-va-lap-ki-luc-moi-voi-song-gio-1604884.tpo|title=Không quá khó đoán, bộ đôi Jack & K-ICM comeback và lập kỉ lục mới với "Sóng Gió"|author=Trang Nguyễn |work=[[Tien Phong (newspaper)|Tiền Phong]] |language=vi |trans-title=Not too unpredictable, the duo Jack & K-ICM make a comeback and set a new record with "Sóng Gió" |access-date=July 20, 2019}}</ref> The songs "Em Gi Oi". Since then, his name has occupied a high position in the V-pop music scene.<ref name="Hằng Bùi ">{{cite web |url=https://saostar.vn/am-nhac/cu-dan-mang-noi-gi-ve-mv-em-gi-oi-cua-k-icm-va-jack-6182409.html|title=Cư dân mạng nói gì về MV 'Em gì ơi' của K-ICM và Jack?|author=Hằng Bùi |work=[[Tien Phong (newspaper)|Tiền Phong]] |language=vi |trans-title=What do netizens say about the MV ‘Em Gi Oi’ of K-ICM and Jack?|access-date=October 5, 2019}}</ref> However, by the end of 2019, there was a rumor circulating on the Internet that he and K-ICM were at odds, and K-ICM exploiting Jack's labor. In response, he posted on his Facebook account that the release of "Hoa Vo Sac" was only a demo version. The song has just been recorded as a test without singing in parts. However, K-ICM voluntarily posted this song on his YouTube channel. After an interview with the content affirming "not exploiting Jack", K-ICM received many negative reactions from the audience.<ref name="P.N ">{{cite web |url=https://www.24h.com.vn/doi-song-showbiz/k-icm-tiec-tinh-ban-voi-jack-khang-dinh-k-icm-dung-truoc-ten-jack-la-binh-thuong-c729a1119248.html|title=K-ICM tiếc tình bạn với Jack, khẳng định K-ICM đứng trước tên Jack là bình thường|author=Trang Nguyễn |work=24h|language=vi |trans-title=K-ICM regrets his friendship with Jack, asserting that it is normal for K-ICM to stand before Jack’s name|access-date=January 24, 2020}}</ref>

=== 2020: Joined Nomad MGMT Vietnam ===
After his controversy with K-ICM, he is said to have collaborated with ViruSs to release a demo of the song "Dom Dom" on December 29, 2019. The demo reached No.1 of YouTube trending Vietnam within 4 hours.<ref name="Đậu Đậu">{{cite web |url=https://saostar.vn/am-nhac/jack-chinh-thuc-tai-xuat-voi-dom-dom-20201226191929770.html|title=KJack chính thức tái xuất với Đom đóm, ngôi vị #1 trending Youtube của Sơn Tùng liệu có lung lay?
|author=Đậu Đậu |website=saostar.vn |language=vi |trans-title=Jack officially re-exported with Fireflies, Son Tung's # 1 YouTube trending position will be shaken?|access-date=December 26, 2020}}</ref>

On February 17, 2020, Jack officially announced his own YouTube channel called J97. After joining Nomad MGMT Vietnam, he released the song "Là 1 Thằng Con Trai" on March 10, 2020, on J97's YouTube channel in association with music producer [[Hoaprox]]. The song received positive reactions from artists and fans, with some saying that this is just the beginning of Jack's challenge with various types of music.<ref name="Thanh Phúc">{{cite web |url=https://saostar.vn/am-nhac/jack-chinh-thuc-phat-hanh-mv-la-1-thang-con-trai-7136659.html|title=Xem ngay MV 'Là 1 Thang Con Trai từ Jack: Có đủ mạnh để trở thành 'bom tấn' tháng 3?|author=Thanh Phúc |website=saostar.vn |language=vi |trans-title=Watch now MV 'La 1 Thang Con Trai' from Jack: Is it strong enough to become a 'blockbuster' in March?}}</ref>

In addition, he received the YouTube Silver [[Play Button]] within a few hours after he created his channel. Soon after, J97 quickly surpassed [[Ba Tan Vlog]], becoming the fastest channel to receive the YouTube [[YouTube Creator Awards|Gold Play Button]] in Vietnam within seven days of creating a channel.<ref name="Duy Huỳnh">{{cite web |url=https://saostar.vn/internet/jack-ba-tan-vlog-va-nhung-ky-luc-khung-tren-youtube-viet-nam-7038665.html|title=Jack, Bà Tân Vlog và những kỷ lục 'vô tiền khoáng hậu' trên YouTube Việt Nam|author=Duy Huỳnh |website=saostar.vn |language=vi |trans-title=Jack, Mrs. Tan Vlog and 'unprecedented' record on YouTube Vietnam|access-date=December 29, 2020}}</ref>

On September 22, 2020, Jack officially released the music video of "Hoa Hai Duong". The song is mixed and mastered by Jack. As soon as "Hoa Hai Duong" was released on YouTube, it reached 1 million views in 20 minutes. After 24 hours, "Hoa Hai Duong" became trending on YouTube in seven countries, including Taiwan, Canada, Australia, Germany, United States and South Korea, and it also led the sale of music on iTunes Vietnam.<ref name="Ngân Trần">{{cite web |url=https://hoahoctro.tienphong.vn/hht-hau-truong-showbiz/mv-hoa-hai-duong-cua-jack-chua-day-16-tieng-da-can-quet-nhieu-bxh-the-gioi-1725457.tpo|title=MV "Hoa Hai Duong" của Jack chưa đầy 16 tiếng đã "càn quét" nhiều BXH thế giới|author=Ngân Trần |work=[[Tien Phong (newspaper)|Tiền Phong]] |language=vi |trans-title=MV "Hoa Hai Duong” by Jack less than 16 hours has "swept" many world charts|access-date=September 23, 2020}}</ref>

On October 6, 2020, MTV Vietnam officially announced the artists who would represent Vietnam to compete at MTV Europe Music Awards 2020 and the 2020 Asian Television Awards. Jack overcame many singers as Duc Phuc, Hoang Thuy Linh, Han Sara, Binz, and more to become the winner of the domestic voting.<ref name="Tâm Giao">{{cite web |url=https://vnexpress.net/jack-tranh-giai-mtv-ema-4173274.html|title=Jack tranh giải MTV EMA|author=Tâm Giao |website=vnexpress.net |language=vi |trans-title=Jack competes for the MTV EMA|access-date=October 7, 2020}}</ref> On November 9, 2020, after over one month of voting process, MTV Europe called Jack as the winner of the Best Southeast Asian Artist category by livestream, surpassing a series of names from Southeast Asia. Thus, Jack is the fourth Vietnamese artist after [[My Tam]] (2013), [[Son Tung M-TP]] (2015) and [[Dong Nhi]] (2016) to win this award.<ref name="Lan Phương">{{cite web |url=https://zingnews.vn/jack-thang-giai-tai-mtv-ema-2020-post1151131.html|title=Jack thắng giải tại MTV EMA 2020|author=Lan Phương |website=zingnews.vn |language=vi |trans-title=Jack won the award at MTV EMA 2020|access-date=November 9, 2020}}</ref><ref name="NME">{{cite web |url=https://www.nme.com/en_asia/news/music/vietnams-jack-wins-best-southeast-asia-act-at-2020-mtv-emas-2812274|title=Vietnam's Jack wins Best Southeast Asia Act at 2020 MTV EMAs|author=A. Azim Idris |work=[[NME]] |language=en |trans-title=""|access-date=November 9, 2020}}</ref> On November 22, 2020, Jack joined FWD Music Tour in [[Danang]] and release a demo of the song "Thứ anh cần là melody".

On December 26, 2020, Jack officially released the song Dom Dom. This was considered one of the most anticipated songs not only for Jack's fans but also for many V-pop followers. Dom Dom accumulated 295,556 premiere views on YouTube. The song quickly rose to No. 1 of Zing MP3 Chart within one hour and 4 minutes, setting a V-pop record in 2020. After two days of launch, Dom Dom has reaped great successes: reaching No 1 on trending of YouTube in Vietnam and entering the top trending in many other countries: top 9 in Taiwan, top 28 in Germany, top 24 of YouTube Trending worldwide and top 2 in iTunes Vietnam.<ref name="Khánh Đình">{{cite web |url=https://cuoi.tuoitre.vn/giai-tri/dom-dom-cua-jack-dan-dau-top-trending-youtube-viet-nam-sau-2-ngay-2020122813984215.html|title=Đom đóm của Jack dẫn đầu top trending YouTube Việt Nam sau 2 ngày|author=Khánh Đình |website=vnexpress.net|language=vi |trans-title=Jack's Dom Dom lead the leading YouTube Vietnam trending after 2 days|access-date=December 28, 2020}}</ref>

At the Zing Music Awards 2020 held on January 7, 2021, Jack won 2 awards, Most Popular Male Artist and Most Favorite Dance/Electronic Song with the song Hoa Hải Đường.<ref name="Hiền Trần">{{cite web |url=https://thanhnien.vn/giai-tri/jack-lap-cu-dup-khi-thang-2-giai-thuong-tai-zing-music-awards-2020-1324744.html|title=Jack lập cú đúp khi thắng 2 giải thưởng tại 'Zing Music Awards 2020'|author=Hiền Trần |website=thanhnien.vn |language=vi |trans-title=Jack scored twice when he won 2 awards at the 'Zing Music Awards 2020'|access-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref>

On January 14, 2021, at the 26th Golden Apricot Blossom Awards (Mai Vang) Ceremony, Jack was named as the winner of the Most Favorite Light Music Male Singer Act. This is the first Golden Apricot Blossom Award in his singing career.<ref name="Hoài Phương">{{cite web |url=https://tuoitre.vn/jack-vu-cat-tuong-huynh-lap-dalab-nhan-giai-mai-vang-2020-20210114222817638.htm|title=Jack, Vũ Cát Tường, Huỳnh Lập, DaLAB nhận giải Mai Vàng 2020|author=Hoài Phương |work=[[Tuổi Trẻ]] |language=vi |trans-title=Jack, Vũ Cát Tường, Huỳnh Lập, DaLAB win Mai Vang 2020|access-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref>

On January 16, 2021, the 2020 [[Asian TV Awards|Asian Television Awards]] Organizing Committee named Jack's Hoa Hai Duong as the winning MV in the Best Music Video category. This is the second international award after the MTV EMA that Jack achieved in his singing career.<ref name="Tam Giao">{{cite web |url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/life/culture/vietnamese-singer-wins-asian-television-awards-4222508.htm |title=Vietnamese singer wins Asian Television Awards|author=Tam Giao |website=e.vnexpress.net |language=en|access-date=January 19, 2021}}</ref>

== Artistry ==
Tuan's stage name "Jack" was inspired by his father's love to movie star [[Jackie Chan]].

Jack's most prominent music products include "Hong Nhan", "Bac Phan" and "Sóng gió" which is a blend of pop, [[electronic music]], and [[Folk music of Vietnam|Vietnamese folk music]]. In an interview with Zing News, Jack asserted that his songs are "a sadness of nostalgia combined by Chinese and Vietnamese music". Regarding his vocal, he is judged by the public to have a unique vocal. Jack himself once admitted that he "can sing songs that he has in tune with in terms of genre, lyrics, melody or story."<ref name="Vũ Phúc">{{cite web |url=https://zingnews.vn/chu-nhan-hit-hong-nhan-bac-phan-tu-hao-la-ke-ngoai-dao-am-nhac-post946330.html|title=Chủ nhân hit 'Hồng nhan', 'Bạc phận' tự hào là kẻ ngoại đạo âm nhạc|author=Vũ Phúc, Duy Hưng |website=zingnews.vn |language=vi |trans-title=The owner of the hit 'Hong nhan', 'Bac Phan' is proud to be the heathen of music|access-date=May 16, 2019}}</ref> Writing on [[VietNamNet|Vietnamnet]], the journalist Le Thi My Niem evaluated about Jack:
{{Cquote|"There are 3 phases in his less than 2 years career: sticking with G5R; sticking with K-ICM; and the phase at the current company. Every phase, Jack may be slightly different but never lost the "Jack” quality – which encapsulates two qualities: young and popular. Until Hoa Hai Duong, in terms of music, Jack is still Jack. He is quiet, not good at speaking but in music, the audience often feels that this is "his heaven" where he unleashes his soul and sentences. Keeping his identity is a good thing. He still lives discreet, unbearable, uncolorful. In turn, in music, Jack is gradually gaining more love from fans."<ref name="Lê Thị Mỹ Niệm">{{cite web|url=https://vietnamnet.vn/vn/giai-tri/nhac/hoa-hai-duong-cua-jack-co-gi-hay-676016.html|title='Hoa Hai Duong' của Jack có gì hay?|author=Lê Thị Mỹ Niệm |website=vietnamnet.vn| language=vi| trans-title=What is in MV Hoa Hai Duong of Jack?}}</ref>}}
Zing News journalist Quang Duc evaluated about Jack's music in 2020:
{{Cquote|"Là 1 Thằng Con Trai in March is an electronic song mixed with disco and rap material, "Hoa Hai Duong" then is the combination of folk with harmonious style with future bass sound. This time, Jack brought a pop ballad song "Đom Đóm" through the hands of two producers ViruSs and 1HIT. "<ref name="Quang Duc">{{cite web|url=https://zingnews.vn/khi-jack-tre-con-post1167698.html|title=KHI Jack TRẺ CON|author=Quang Đức |website=zingnews.vn| language=vi| trans-title=When Jack looks like a child}}</ref>}}

== Public image ==
On September 23, 2020, Vivo Vietnam officially announced Jack to become the brand ambassador for [[Vivo (technology company)|Vivo]] V20. Jack said:
{{Cquote|"To talk about the reason for this collaboration, that is the similarity between Jack and Vivo Vietnam are derived from the genuine feelings, in order to bring the best things to everyone. Jack wants to send in sincerity through the music products. And so is Vivo, each its product is created by the understanding of users, to bring them the best experiences".<ref name="Trường Thịnh">{{cite web|url=https://dantri.com.vn/suc-manh-so/jack-chinh-thuc-tro-thanh-dai-su-cho-san-pham-vivo-v-20-tai-viet-nam-20200923212358068.htm|title=Jack chính thức trở thành đại sứ cho sản phẩm vivo V20 tại Việt Nam|author=Trường Thịnh |work=[[Dân Trí]]| language=vi| trans-title=Jack to become the brand ambassador of Vivo V20 in Vietnam}}</ref>
}}
On October 5, 2020, [[PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds]] Mobile Vietnam officially announced that Jack will be the brand ambassador in Vietnam. Jack will cooperate with PUBGM to do meaningful things for his fan community in particular and the society in general, starting with a fundraising project for the Vietnam Children's Fund called "Road Running To Morning". This is also an affirmation of Jack not to be only as a talented singer, but also a person who has a positive influence on society.<ref name="Giang Ngân">{{cite web|author=Giang Ngân|title=Jack trở thành đại sứ thương hiệu của PUBG Mobile|trans-title=Jack to become the brand ambassador of PUBG Mobile Vietnam|url=https://zingnews.vn/jack-tro-thanh-dai-su-thuong-hieu-cua-pubg-mobile-post1138422.html|website=zingnews.vn|language=vi}}</ref>

On December 3, 2020, YouTube Vietnam announced 3 trending charts: ''Top 10 Most Featured Videos 2020'', ''Top 10 Most Featured Music Videos 2020 ''and ''Top 10 Most Featured Videos Creators in 2020,'' in which, in the category of ''Top 10 Most Featured Music Videos'', there were two of his music videos "Hoa Hai Duong" and "La 1 Thang Con Trai" respectively ranked at No.6 and No.2.<ref name="Thanh Chi">{{cite web|author=Thanh Chi|title=10 video nổi bật nhất YouTube Việt Nam 2020|trans-title=Top 10 Most Featured Videos 2020|url=https://thanhnien.vn/giai-tri/10-video-noi-bat-nhat-youtube-viet-nam-2020-1312297.html|website=thanhnien.vn|language=vi}}</ref>

On December 9, 2020, Google Vietnam announced The Google's Year in Search 2020 with many search topics. With two songs "Hoa Hai Duong" and "Song Gio" in the 'Top 10 Most Featured Songs of the Year', Jack personally ranked 3rd in'' Top 10 Most Searched People of the Year. ''Jack was the most prominent singer in 2020 with the great interest from the Vietnamese public.<ref name="GL">{{cite web|title=Jack đứng đầu xu hướng tìm kiếm Google năm 2020 tại Việt Nam|trans-title=Jack tops Google's Year In Search 2020 in Vietnam|url=https://laodong.vn/van-hoa-giai-tri/jack-dung-dau-xu-huong-tim-kiem-google-nam-2020-tai-viet-nam-861096.ldo|website=laodong.vn|language=vi}}</ref>

== Other ventures ==

=== Philanthropy ===
On March 28, 2020, Jack's mother presented at the Cultural Center of Ben Tre to donate 100,000,000₫ for the COVID-19 prevention support. In addition, Jack also transferred 50,000,000₫ to the fans' fund to support the fight against drought at his hometown. Then, on August 13, 2020, he donated for [[Da Nang]] 200,000 [[medical mask]]s to support the COVID-19 prevention.

==Copyright controversies ==
The song released in 2019 in collaboration with his K-ICM, "Em Gì Ơi", was accused of plagiarizing a Thai children's song titled "ฝนเทลงมา" by channel พอดี ม่วน STUDIO on YouTube.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thethaovanhoa.vn/video/video-clip/video-bai-hat-thieu-nhi-thai-lan-khien-em-gi-oi-cua-jack-va-kicm-dinh-nghi-van-dao-nhac-co-gi-hot-n20191008192410898.htm|title=VIDEO: Bài hát thiếu nhi Thái Lan khiến 'Em Gì Ơi' của Jack và K-ICM dính nghi vấn đạo nhạc có gì hot?|author=Kiến Văn|work=Báo Thể thao Văn hoá| language=vi| trans-title=VIDEO: What is hot about the plagiarism of Jack and K-ICM's Thai children's song that makes Jack and K-ICM's?}}</ref> Then, in 2021, this song continued to be accused of being similar to the first measures of the song "Vì ai em ra đi?" by Akira Phan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://phapluatbandoc.giadinh.net.vn/jack-len-thot-the-cho-son-tung-m-tp-em-gi-oi-hoi-chung-doi-voi-k-icm-bong-bi-soi-dao-nhac-akira-phan-162212402202219602.htm|title=Jack "lên thớt" thế chỗ Sơn Tùng M-TP: Em Gì Ơi hồi chung đôi với K-ICM bỗng bị soi đạo nhạc Akira Phan?|author=Thanh Anh|work=Báo Pháp luật và bạn đọc| language=vi| trans-title=Jack "went to the cutting board" to take the place of Son Tung M-TP: Em Gì Ơi was composed with K-ICM suddenly plagiarized by Akira Phan's song?}}</ref>

"Hoa Hải Đường" was said to be similar to the theme song of Chinese drama [[Ashes of Love (TV series)|''Ashes of Love'']], named "Unparalleled in the World (天地无霜) by [[Yang Zi (actress)|Yang Zi]] and [[Deng Lun]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://saostar.vn/am-nhac/them-2-ca-khuc-cua-jack-bi-to-dao-nhac-hoa-ngu-202103031035470234.html|title=Thêm 2 ca khúc bị tố đạo nhạc Hoa Ngữ: Jack định soán ngôi 'ông hoàng đạo nhái' của Sơn Tùng hay gì?|author=Hải Đường |work=Sao star|language=vi |trans-title=Two more songs are accused of plagiarism Chinese music}}</ref>

"Đom đóm" was believed to have been copied from the song "Blue and white porcelain" (青花瓷) by [[Jay Chou]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://saostar.vn/am-nhac/them-2-ca-khuc-cua-jack-bi-to-dao-nhac-hoa-ngu-202103031035470234.html|title=Thêm 2 ca khúc bị tố đạo nhạc Hoa Ngữ: Jack định soán ngôi 'ông hoàng đạo nhái' của Sơn Tùng hay gì?|author=Hải Đường |work=Sao star |language=vi |trans-title=Two more songs are accused of plagiarism Chinese music}}</ref>

Demo song "Thứ anh cần là melody" (now is a chorus of song "LayLaLay") was suspected of plagiarized the song "[[It Ain't Me]]" by [[Kygo]] featured with [[Selena Gomez]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baogiaothong.vn/jack-len-thot-nghi-van-dao-nhac-ly-do-bi-so-sanh-voi-son-tung-m-tp-d498107.html|title=Jack "lên thớt" nghi vấn đạo nhạc, lý do bị so sánh với Sơn Tùng M-TP?|author=Hiểu Đồng |work=Báo Giao thông |language=vi |trans-title=Jack "on the cutting board" questioned plagiarism, the reason for being compared to Sơn Tùng M-TP?}}</ref> and chorus of song "[[Read My Mind (The Killers song)|Read My Mind]]" by [[The Killers]].<ref>{{cite web |url=
https://2sao.vn/jack-bi-to-dao-nhac-sau-be-boi-tinh-ai-lien-quan-ca-den-rose-blackpink-n-275784.html|title=Netizen chắc nịch Jack 'đạo nhạc', còn liên quan đến Rosé BLACKPINK|author=Thu Hà|work=2sao |language=vi |trans-title=Netizen firmly Jack 'plagiarized', also related to Rosé of BLACKPINK band}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
On August 7, 2021, a post along with many audio recordings and an image of a stamped birth certificate of a woman named T.V accused Jack of having multiple sexual relationships and had a child with his ex-girlfriend Thiên An – who starred with him in music video "Sóng gió" in 2019, went viral online.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nld.com.vn/giai-tri/nghi-van-jack-da-co-con-20210808081206475.htm|title=Nghi vấn Jack đã có con?|author=Thùy Trang|website=|date=August 8, 2021|accessdate=August 8, 2021|language=vi}}</ref> The next day, Thiên An confirmed it on her Facebook account.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baogiaothong.vn/thien-an-tu-nhan-co-con-voi-jack-to-jack-bo-be-con-d519767.html|title=Thiên An nhận có con với Jack, tố Jack bỏ bê con dù nhận 5 triệu mỗi tháng|author=Hiểu Đồng|date=August 8, 2021|website=|url-status=live|accessdate=August 8, 2021|language=vi}}</ref>

On August 10, 2021, Jack posted a status on his fan page, admitted having a voluntary relationship with Thiên An. He apologized to his fans and promised to take responsibility for this incident.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thanhnien.vn/content/MTA5OTg5OA==.html|title=Jack chính thức lên tiếng về scandal với hot girl Thiên An|date=August 10, 2021|website=|accessdate=August 10, 2021|language=vi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Petrotimes|date=2021-08-11|title="Bê bối tình ái" của Jack: Hệ lụy từ lối sống hưởng thụ, lệch chuẩn?|url=https://petrotimes.vn/be-boi-tinh-ai-cua-jack-he-luy-tu-loi-song-huong-thu-lech-chuan-621036.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-23|website=|language=vi}}</ref>


== Discography ==
=== Singles ===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" style="width:16em;" |Title (Vietnamese)
! scope="col" |Year of release
!Ref
|-
! scope="row" |"Giai điệu miền Tây"
| rowspan="4" |2018
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=yHkI8VZeg4Y|title=Giai điệu miền Tây|author=Jack |website=YouTube.com}}</ref>
|-
|-
! scope="row" |"Mẹ ơi 2"
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=5brD7HtCP5o|author=Jack|website=youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"Để đó anh lo"
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Ho1y-4mXIL0|title=Để đó anh lo|author=Jack|website=YouTube.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"Về bên anh"
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=u12DfwIhwGU|title=Về bên anh|author=Jack|website=youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"Hồng nhan"
| rowspan="7" |2019
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=l8Z8gpoF4x8|author=Jack|website=youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"Bạc phận"
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zingmp3.vn/album/Bac-Phan-Single-Jack-K-ICM/ZUAEZ8BO.html|title=Bạc phận|author=Jack|website=zingmp3.vn}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"Sao em vô tình"
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zingmp3.vn/album/Sao-Em-Vo-Tinh-Single-Jack/ZUC8UD69.html|title=Sao em vô tình|author=Jack|website=zingmp3.vn}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"Sóng gió"
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=cMjnmbE-BWk|title=Sóng gió|author=Jack|website=youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"Em gì ơi"
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=t0RBiZf7_eA|title=Em gì ơi|author=Jack|website=zingmp3.vn}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"Việt Nam tôi"
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zingmp3.vn/bai-hat/Viet-Nam-Toi-Jack-K-ICM/ZWAFB06W.html|title=Việt Nam tôi|author=Jack|website=zingmp3.vn}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"Hoa vô sắc"
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=HJ54P8T9m8U|title=Hoa vô sắc|author=Jack|website=youtuber.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"Là 1 thằng con trai"
| rowspan="3" |2020
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=FZNsyWhL6j0|title=Là 1 Thằng Con Trai|author=Jack|website=youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"Hoa hải đường"
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=2pmlESlbWE4|title=Hoa hải đường|author=Jack|website=youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"Đom đóm"
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Z8Mqw0b9ADs|title=Đom Đóm|author=Jack|website=youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
|-
! scope="row" |"LAYLALAY"
| rowspan="1"|2021
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=u3VTKvdAuIY|title=LAYLALAY|author=Jack|website=youtube.com}}</ref>
|}

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Show
!Role
!Note
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="5" |2019
|[[Người bí ẩn|''Odd One In'']] (''Người bí ẩn'')
| rowspan="2" |Guest
|Season 6, Episode 4
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hạo|first=Minh|date=August 10, 2019|title=Video 'Bạc phận' tại Người bí ẩn bị Jack ép xóa bỏ|url=https://zingnews.vn/video-video-bac-phan-tai-nguoi-bi-an-bi-jack-ep-xoa-bo-post976936.html|url-status=live|website=Zing News|language=vi}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Happy Lunch]]'' (''Bữa trưa vui vẻ'')
|July 25, 2019, episode
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Loan|first=Cẩm|date=July 25, 2019|title=Chân dung nữ MC 'Bữa trưa vui vẻ' đang bị fan của Jack & K-ICM 'ném đá' vì phát ngôn kém duyên|url=https://saostar.vn/doi-song/chan-dung-nu-mc-bua-trua-vui-ve-dang-bi-nem-da-vi-phat-ngon-so-y-5701769.html|url-status=live|website=SaoStar|language=vi}}</ref>
|-
|''Sóng Gió – Hồi kết''
|Starring with [[K-ICM]], Thiên An
|Short comedy
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=veLU8xeHrsc|title=PHIM NGẮN SÓNG GIÓ – HỒI KẾT {{!}} K-ICM & JACK {{!}} OFFICIAL SHORT FILM|language=vi}}</ref>
|-
|''7 Smiles of Spring'' (''7 nụ cười xuân'')
| rowspan="4" |Guest
|Season 3, Episode 1
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Thương|first=Hoài|date=November 25, 2019|title=Cặp đôi 'sóng gió' Jack và K-ICM đổ bộ đến '7 nụ cười Xuân' mùa 3|url=https://thethaovanhoa.vn/video/giai-tri/cap-doi-song-gio-jack-va-kicm-do-bo-den-7-nu-cuoi-xuan-mua-3-n20191122201332646.htm|url-status=live|website=Thể thao & Văn hoá|language=vi}}</ref>
|-
|''[[The Voice Kids of Vietnam]]''
|Season 7, Episode 14
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 19, 2019|title=Sóng Gió – Chấn Quốc ft Jack & K-ICM {{!}} Tập 14 – Bán Kết {{!}} The Voice Kids – Giọng Hát Việt Nhí 2019|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ySRwkMGvp-4|url-status=live|website=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=October 20, 2019|title=Jack và K-ICM giúp Chấn Quốc 'Giọng hát Việt nhí' kiếm triệu view trong 1 ngày|url=https://thethaovanhoa.vn/video/giai-tri/jack-va-kicm-giup-chan-quoc-giong-hat-viet-nhi-kiemtrieu-view-trong-1-ngay-n20191020192108534.htm|url-status=live|website=Thể thao và Văn hóa|language=vi}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2020
|''The Waves 20''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lê|first=Hoàng|date=January 30, 2020|title=Sóng 20 top trend YouTube, Gặp nhau cuối năm nhạt không ngờ|url=https://tuoitre.vn/song-20-top-trend-youtube-gap-nhau-cuoi-nam-nhat-khong-ngo-20200130091241214.htm|url-status=live|website=[[Tuổi Trẻ]]|language=vi}}</ref>
|-
|''The Waves of VieON''
|
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 11, 2020|title=Jack, Tóc Tiên, Chi Pu... mang ca khúc 'triệu view' lên 'Sóng VieOn'|url=https://thethaovanhoa.vn/giai-tri/jack-toc-tien-chi-pu-mang-ca-khuc-trieu-view-len-song-vieon-n20200611152856632.htm|url-status=live|website=Thethaovanhoa|language=vi}}</ref>
|-
|''Can't take my eyes off''
|Starring with Lê Huỳnh Thuý Ngân
|Short comedy
|-
| 2021
|''The Waves 21''
|Guest
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cùng Jack và loạt sao trẻ thế hệ Gen Z khơi nguồn bứt phá đêm Giao thừa Tết Tân Sửu|url=http://www.htv.com.vn/cung-jack-va-loat-sao-tre-the-he-gen-z-khoi-nguon-but-pha-dem-giao-thua-tet-tan-suu|url-status=live|language=vi|website=HTV|author=Đan Quỳnh|date=February 9, 2021}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Award
!Act
!Nomination for
!Result
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="10" |2019
| rowspan="7" |[[Green Wave (radio show)]] Awards
|Singer of the Year
| rowspan="2" |Himself
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Best New Artist
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Best Collaboration
| rowspan="5" |Sóng gió
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Song of The Year
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Phenomenon Song
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Top 10 most favorite songs
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|Most Favorite song on Radio
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Zing Music Awards|Zing Music Award]]
|Most Favorite Male Singer
|Himself
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="2" align="center" |<ref name="Phương Nam">{{cite web|url=https://tv.tuoitre.vn/jack-va-k-icm-duoc-vinh-danh-tai-zing-music-awards-2019-nhung-ca-hai-vang-mat-81820.htm|title=Jack và KICM được vinh danh tại lễ trao giải Zing Music Award 2019 nhưng cả hai vắng mặt|author=Phương Nam |website=tv.tuoitre.vn| language=vi |trans-title=Jack and KICM awarded in ZMA 2019 but they didnot come}}</ref>
|-
|Most Favorite Pop/Ballad Song
|Sóng gió
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Mnet Asian Music Awards]]
|Best New Asian Artist Vietnam
|Himself
|{{Won}}
| align="center" |<ref name="Q.N">{{cite web|url=https://tuoitre.vn/hoang-thuy-linh-k-icm-va-ack-doat-giai-mama-2019-tai-nhat-ban20191204215004049.htm|title=Hoàng Thùy Linh, K-ICM và Jack đoạt giải MAMA 2019 tại Nhật Bản |website=tuoitre.vn| language=vi |trans-title=Hoàng Thùy Linh, Jack and K-ICM win MAMA 2019 in Japan}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="20" |2020
| rowspan="1" |[[2020 MTV Europe Music Awards]]
| [[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Southeast Asian Act]]
|Himself
|{{Won}}
| align="center" |<ref name="Hà Thu">{{cite web|url=https://vnexpress.net/jack-gianh-giai-nghe-si-dong-nam-a-xuat-sac-4189042.html|title=Jack giành giải 'Nghệ sĩ Đông Nam Á xuất sắc'|author=Hà Thu |website=vnexpress.net| language=vi| trans-title=Jack wins "Best Souteast Asia Act"}}</ref>
|-
| [[Golden Apricot Blossom Awards]]
| Most Favorite Light music Male singer
| Himself
|{{Won}}
| align="center" |<ref name="Tam Kỳ">{{cite web|url=https://vnexpress.net/hoai-lam-jack-tranh-giai-mai-vang-4202824.html|title=Hoài Lâm, Jack tranh giải Mai Vàng|author=Tam Kỳ |website=vnexpress.net| language=vi| trans-title=Hoài Lâm, Jack compete for Mai Vang Awards}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Zing Music Awards|Zing Music Award]]
| Artist of The Year
| Himself
| {{Nom}}
| align="center" |<ref name="M.T">{{cite web|url=https://danviet.vn/jack-va-wowy-gay-chu-y-o-giai-thuong-zing-music-awards-2020-20201113104118652.htm|title=Jack và Wowy gây chú ý ở giải thưởng Zing Music Awards 2020|work=[[Dân Việt]]| language=vi| trans-title= Jack and Wowy get attention at ZMA 2020}}</ref>
|-
| Most favorite Dance/Electronic song
| Hoa Hải Đường
| {{Won}}
| align="center" |<ref name="M.T"/>
|-
| Most Favorite Male Artist
| Himsefl
| {{Won}}
| align="center" |<ref name="M.T"/>
|-
| [[Star of the Year]]
| Male Singer
| Himself
| {{Won}}
| align="center" |<ref name="Ngoisao">{{cite web|url=https://ngoisao.net/khoi-dong-ngoi-sao-cua-nam-2020-4203054.html|title=Khởi động Ngôi sao của năm 2020|author=Ngôi Sao |website=ngoisao.net| language=vi| trans-title= Star of The Year is launched!}}</ref>
|-
| [[Asian Television Awards]]
| Best Music Video
| Hoa Hải Đường
| {{Won}}
| align="center" |<ref name="P.C.Tùng">{{cite web|url=https://thanhnien.vn/van-hoa/jack-dai-dien-viet-nam-tranh-tai-tai-giai-thuong-am-nhac-mtv-ema-va-ata-2020-1288445.html|title=Jack và Binz đại diện Việt Nam tranh tài tại giải thưởng âm nhạc MTV EMA và ATA 2020| author=P.C.Tùng |website=thanhnien.vn| language=vi| trans-title=Jack and Binz to represent Vietnam at MTV EMA and ATA 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Green Wave (radio show)]] Awards
|Male Singer of the Year
|Himself
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan="6" align="center" |<ref name="T.G">{{cite web|url=https://vnexpress.net/jack-binz-nhan-de-cu-lan-song-xanh-2020-4215795.html|title=Jack, Binz nhận đề cử Làn Sóng Xanh 2020|author=Tâm Giao |website=vnexpress.net| language=vi| trans-title=Jack, Binz get the nominations at the Green Waves Awards 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Music Video of the Year
|Hoa Hải Đường
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Song of the Year
| Hoa Hải Đường
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Collaboration
|With DTAP
|{{Nom}}
|-
| Most Favorite Male Singer
|Himsefl
|{{Won}}
|-
|Top 10 Most Favorite Songs
|Hoa Hải Đường
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Wechoice Awards]]
|Singer with the breakthrough activities
|Himself
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="2" align="center" |<ref name="Wechoice">{{cite web|url=https://wechoice.vn/hang-muc/giai-tri-6.htm|title=Hạng Mục Giải Trí |work=[[Wechoice.vn]]| language=vi| trans-title=Entertainment Caterory}}</ref>
|-
|Music Video of the Year
|Hoa Hải Đường
|{{Nom}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Facebook|PhuongTuan1997}}
*{{Facebook|id=jack.phuongtuan1204|name=Fanpage}}
* [https://www.instagram.com/iamjack1997 Jack] on [[Instagram]]
* [https://www.https://www.tiktok.com/@imjack1997 Jack] on [[TikTok]]
* [https://youtube.com/channel/UChUJa1JyBc7Lc4orkiNKKQg Official Youtube Channel]
* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/fanclub.jack Group FanClub Official of Jack ]

{{MTV Europe Music Award for Best Southeast Asian Act}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jack - J97}}
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Vietnamese idols]]
[[Category:Vietnamese pop singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Vietnamese male singers]]
[[Category:Vietnamese songwriters]]
[[Category:People from Bến Tre Province]]
[[Category:MTV Europe Music Award winners]]

Jack (Sänger)

2021-08-30T18:03:58Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.04b - Bot T20 CW#61 - Fix errors for CW project (Reference before punctuation)

{{short description|Vietnamese singer}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Trịnh]]|Tuấn|lang=Vietnamese}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Trịnh Trần Phương Tuấn
| alias =
| image = JackBMT.png
| caption = Jack (J97) in 2021
| birth_name = Trịnh Trần Phương Tuấn
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1997|04|12}}
| birth_place = [[Bến Tre]], [[Bến Tre Province]], Vietnam
| organization =
| relatives =
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer-songwriter|Rapper|Actor}}
| years_active = 2018–present
| net_worth =
| partner =
| parents =
| children = 1
| website = {{URL|www.facebook.com/PhuongTuan1997}}
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| instrument = {{hlist|Vocals|Guitar|Piano}}
| genre = {{hlist|[[V-pop]]|[[Rap]]|[[Electronic dance music|EDM]]}}
| label = {{hlist|Nomad MGMT Vietnam}}
}}
}}

'''Trịnh Trần Phương Tuấn''' (born April 12, 1997), better known by his stage name '''Jack''' (or '''J97'''), is a [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] singer, songwriter, rapper, and actor.

He became famous during his time in hip-hop group G5R and released the song "Hồng Nhan". Throughout his career, he has received many awards: three awards at the [[Green Wave (radio show)|Green Wave]] Awards and four awards at the Zing Music Awards. In addition, he was awarded the "Best New Asian Artist of Vietnam" at the [[Mnet Asian Music Awards]] 2019 and [[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Southeast Asian Act|Best Southeast Asian Act]] at the [[2020 MTV Europe Music Awards]]. Jack is recognized the highly prestigious award: The 26th Golden Apricot Blossom Award (2020) for Most Favorite Light Music Male Singer. He is also the first Vietnamese artist to win an [[Asian Television Awards]] for Best Music Video Act with "''Hoa Hải Đường".''<ref>{{Cite web|last=VnExpress|title=Vietnamese singer wins Asian Television Awards – VnExpress International|url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/life/culture/vietnamese-singer-wins-asian-television-awards-4222508.html|access-date=January 26, 2021|website=e.vnexpress.net|language=en}}</ref>

== Life and career ==
=== Early life and the beginning of career ===
Jack was born on April 12, 1997, in [[Ngai Dang]] Commune, [[Mo Cay Nam]] District, [[Ben Tre Province]]. He graduated from the professional college in vocal major at the Department of Culture, Art and Tourism – Ben Tre College, and was a music teacher at Thanh Thoi A1 Primary School, Thanh Thoi A Commune, [[Mo Cay Nam]]. In an interview with VnExpress, he said:
{{Cquote|"Before, I did not think I would enter the entertainment business because I lived a closed life. I made my first salary in my hometown by working as a music teacher in an elementary school, with a salary of 5,000,000₫-6,000,000₫ per month."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vnexpress.net/jack-ap-luc-lon-nhat-la-chinh-toi-4192416.html|title=Jack: 'Áp lực lớn nhất là chính tôi'|author=Ngọc Yến |website=vnexpress.net| language=vi| trans-title=The biggest pressure is me}}</ref>
}}

Jack used to be a member in the group G5R, an underground Vietnamese music group. He debuted in several music videos with this group, such as "Giai Dieu Mien Tay". He became popular within the underground Vietnamese music industry when he released the music video "Ve Ben Anh", however it was not as popular in V-pop.<ref name="Thùy Liên">{{cite web |url=https://vietnamnet.vn/vn/giai-tri/nhac/truong-nhom-g5r-len-tieng-ve-chuyen-jack-bi-to-mac-benh-ngoi-sao-557959.html |title=Trưởng nhóm G5R lên tiếng về chuyện Jack bị tố mắc bệnh ngôi sao|author=Thùy Liên |website=vietnamnet.vn |language=vi |trans-title=The G5R team leader spoke about Jack accused of star disease |access-date=August 11, 2019}}</ref> On February 19, 2019, Jack released the song "Hong Nhan" with a music video on YouTube. Within its first week of release, the song debuted at No. 2 on [[Zing MP3]], eventually reaching No. 1. The song has more than 13 million streams on Zing MP3 and 10 million views on YouTube after one week. Due to the popularity of this song, Jack was compared to [[Phan Manh Quynh]] and [[Den Vau]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zingnews.vn/hien-tuong-hong-nhan-cua-ban-sao-phan-manh-quynh-dung-dau-bxh-post922423.html |title=Hiện tượng 'Hồng nhan' của bản sao Phan Mạnh Quỳnh đứng đầu BXH|author=Lan Phương |website=zingnews.vn |date=March 5, 2019|language=vi |trans-title=The phenomenon of 'Hong Nhan' of the copy of Phan Manh Quynh tops the chart |access-date=March 5, 2019}}</ref> From there, he emerged as a music phenomenon.<ref name="Di">{{cite web |url=https://www.yan.vn/jack-la-ai-tieu-su-su-nghiep-va-doi-tu-ca-si-trinh-tran-phuong-tuan-203735.html |title=Jack là ai? Tiểu sử, sự nghiệp và đời tư ca sĩ Trịnh Trần Phương Tuấn|author=Di |website=www.yan.vn |language=vi |trans-title=Who is Jack? Biography, career and personal life of singer Trịnh Trần Phương Tuấn |access-date=May 31, 2019}}</ref>

=== 2019: Cooperation with K-ICM ===
After the hit song "Hồng Nhan", he departed from the group G5R. After that, he collaborated with music producer K-ICM and released the song "Bạc Phận" in April 2019. Together, they continued the story series of "Hồng Nhan" and it was widely received.<ref name="Dân Trí">{{cite web |url=https://dantri.com.vn/giai-tri/thanh-choi-dan-kicm-bat-tay-voi-jack-hong-nhan-tung-mv-bac-phan-dang-gay-sot-20190418152640708.htm|title=Thánh chơi đàn K-ICM "bắt tay" với Jack "Hồng Nhan" tung MV "Bạc Phận" đang gây sốt|author=Dân Trí |work=[[Dân Trí]] |language=vi |trans-title=Piano saint playing K-ICM "shook hands" with Jack "Hong Nhan" released the MV "Bac Phan" which is causing fever |access-date=April 18, 2019}}</ref> Later, Jack collaborated with producer Liam and performed the song "Sao Em Vo Tinh". These [[ballad]]-oriented music products were well-received by the public.<ref name="Tùng Dương">{{cite web |url=https://saostar.vn/am-nhac/jack-k-icm-liam-sao-em-vo-tinh-5226179.html|title=Sau 'Bạc phận', Jack tiếp tục hợp tác cùng 'thánh nện đàn' K-ICM trong ca khúc mới|author=Tùng Dương |website=saostar.vn |date=May 20, 2019|language=vi |trans-title=After 'Bac Phan', Jack continued to collaborate with K-ICM 'holy pinano' in the new song |access-date=May 20, 2019}}</ref> Continuing his collaboration with K-ICM, Jack released the song "Song gio" and promoted it as the third part of "Hong Nhan". After its release, the song gained massive viewership on YouTube.<ref name="TRANG NGUYỄN ">{{cite web |url=https://hoahoctro.tienphong.vn/hht-hau-truong-showbiz/khong-qua-kho-doan-bo-doi%C2%A0jack-kicm-comeback-va-lap-ki-luc-moi-voi-song-gio-1604884.tpo|title=Không quá khó đoán, bộ đôi Jack & K-ICM comeback và lập kỉ lục mới với "Sóng Gió"|author=Trang Nguyễn |work=[[Tien Phong (newspaper)|Tiền Phong]] |language=vi |trans-title=Not too unpredictable, the duo Jack & K-ICM make a comeback and set a new record with "Sóng Gió" |access-date=July 20, 2019}}</ref> The songs "Em Gi Oi". Since then, his name has occupied a high position in the V-pop music scene.<ref name="Hằng Bùi ">{{cite web |url=https://saostar.vn/am-nhac/cu-dan-mang-noi-gi-ve-mv-em-gi-oi-cua-k-icm-va-jack-6182409.html|title=Cư dân mạng nói gì về MV 'Em gì ơi' của K-ICM và Jack?|author=Hằng Bùi |work=[[Tien Phong (newspaper)|Tiền Phong]] |language=vi |trans-title=What do netizens say about the MV ‘Em Gi Oi’ of K-ICM and Jack?|access-date=October 5, 2019}}</ref> However, by the end of 2019, there was a rumor circulating on the Internet that he and K-ICM were at odds, and K-ICM exploiting Jack's labor. In response, he posted on his Facebook account that the release of "Hoa Vo Sac" was only a demo version. The song has just been recorded as a test without singing in parts. However, K-ICM voluntarily posted this song on his YouTube channel. After an interview with the content affirming "not exploiting Jack", K-ICM received many negative reactions from the audience.<ref name="P.N ">{{cite web |url=https://www.24h.com.vn/doi-song-showbiz/k-icm-tiec-tinh-ban-voi-jack-khang-dinh-k-icm-dung-truoc-ten-jack-la-binh-thuong-c729a1119248.html|title=K-ICM tiếc tình bạn với Jack, khẳng định K-ICM đứng trước tên Jack là bình thường|author=Trang Nguyễn |work=24h|language=vi |trans-title=K-ICM regrets his friendship with Jack, asserting that it is normal for K-ICM to stand before Jack’s name|access-date=January 24, 2020}}</ref>

=== 2020: Joined Nomad MGMT Vietnam ===
After his controversy with K-ICM, he is said to have collaborated with ViruSs to release a demo of the song "Dom Dom" on December 29, 2019. The demo reached No.1 of YouTube trending Vietnam within 4 hours.<ref name="Đậu Đậu">{{cite web |url=https://saostar.vn/am-nhac/jack-chinh-thuc-tai-xuat-voi-dom-dom-20201226191929770.html|title=KJack chính thức tái xuất với Đom đóm, ngôi vị #1 trending Youtube của Sơn Tùng liệu có lung lay?
|author=Đậu Đậu |website=saostar.vn |language=vi |trans-title=Jack officially re-exported with Fireflies, Son Tung's # 1 YouTube trending position will be shaken?|access-date=December 26, 2020}}</ref>

On February 17, 2020, Jack officially announced his own YouTube channel called J97. After joining Nomad MGMT Vietnam, he released the song "Là 1 Thằng Con Trai" on March 10, 2020, on J97's YouTube channel in association with music producer [[Hoaprox]]. The song received positive reactions from artists and fans, with some saying that this is just the beginning of Jack's challenge with various types of music.<ref name="Thanh Phúc">{{cite web |url=https://saostar.vn/am-nhac/jack-chinh-thuc-phat-hanh-mv-la-1-thang-con-trai-7136659.html|title=Xem ngay MV 'Là 1 Thang Con Trai từ Jack: Có đủ mạnh để trở thành 'bom tấn' tháng 3?|author=Thanh Phúc |website=saostar.vn |language=vi |trans-title=Watch now MV 'La 1 Thang Con Trai' from Jack: Is it strong enough to become a 'blockbuster' in March?}}</ref>

In addition, he received the YouTube Silver [[Play Button]] within a few hours after he created his channel. Soon after, J97 quickly surpassed [[Ba Tan Vlog]], becoming the fastest channel to receive the YouTube [[YouTube Creator Awards|Gold Play Button]] in Vietnam within seven days of creating a channel.<ref name="Duy Huỳnh">{{cite web |url=https://saostar.vn/internet/jack-ba-tan-vlog-va-nhung-ky-luc-khung-tren-youtube-viet-nam-7038665.html|title=Jack, Bà Tân Vlog và những kỷ lục 'vô tiền khoáng hậu' trên YouTube Việt Nam|author=Duy Huỳnh |website=saostar.vn |language=vi |trans-title=Jack, Mrs. Tan Vlog and 'unprecedented' record on YouTube Vietnam|access-date=December 29, 2020}}</ref>

On September 22, 2020, Jack officially released the music video of "Hoa Hai Duong". The song is mixed and mastered by Jack. As soon as "Hoa Hai Duong" was released on YouTube, it reached 1 million views in 20 minutes. After 24 hours, "Hoa Hai Duong" became trending on YouTube in seven countries, including Taiwan, Canada, Australia, Germany, United States and South Korea, and it also led the sale of music on iTunes Vietnam.<ref name="Ngân Trần">{{cite web |url=https://hoahoctro.tienphong.vn/hht-hau-truong-showbiz/mv-hoa-hai-duong-cua-jack-chua-day-16-tieng-da-can-quet-nhieu-bxh-the-gioi-1725457.tpo|title=MV "Hoa Hai Duong" của Jack chưa đầy 16 tiếng đã "càn quét" nhiều BXH thế giới|author=Ngân Trần |work=[[Tien Phong (newspaper)|Tiền Phong]] |language=vi |trans-title=MV "Hoa Hai Duong” by Jack less than 16 hours has "swept" many world charts|access-date=September 23, 2020}}</ref>

On October 6, 2020, MTV Vietnam officially announced the artists who would represent Vietnam to compete at MTV Europe Music Awards 2020 and the 2020 Asian Television Awards. Jack overcame many singers as Duc Phuc, Hoang Thuy Linh, Han Sara, Binz, and more to become the winner of the domestic voting.<ref name="Tâm Giao">{{cite web |url=https://vnexpress.net/jack-tranh-giai-mtv-ema-4173274.html|title=Jack tranh giải MTV EMA|author=Tâm Giao |website=vnexpress.net |language=vi |trans-title=Jack competes for the MTV EMA|access-date=October 7, 2020}}</ref> On November 9, 2020, after over one month of voting process, MTV Europe called Jack as the winner of the Best Southeast Asian Artist category by livestream, surpassing a series of names from Southeast Asia. Thus, Jack is the fourth Vietnamese artist after [[My Tam]] (2013), [[Son Tung M-TP]] (2015) and [[Dong Nhi]] (2016) to win this award.<ref name="Lan Phương">{{cite web |url=https://zingnews.vn/jack-thang-giai-tai-mtv-ema-2020-post1151131.html|title=Jack thắng giải tại MTV EMA 2020|author=Lan Phương |website=zingnews.vn |language=vi |trans-title=Jack won the award at MTV EMA 2020|access-date=November 9, 2020}}</ref><ref name="NME">{{cite web |url=https://www.nme.com/en_asia/news/music/vietnams-jack-wins-best-southeast-asia-act-at-2020-mtv-emas-2812274|title=Vietnam's Jack wins Best Southeast Asia Act at 2020 MTV EMAs|author=A. Azim Idris |work=[[NME]] |language=en |trans-title=""|access-date=November 9, 2020}}</ref> On November 22, 2020, Jack joined FWD Music Tour in [[Danang]] and release a demo of the song "Thứ anh cần là melody".

On December 26, 2020, Jack officially released the song Dom Dom. This was considered one of the most anticipated songs not only for Jack's fans but also for many V-pop followers. Dom Dom accumulated 295,556 premiere views on YouTube. The song quickly rose to No. 1 of Zing MP3 Chart within one hour and 4 minutes, setting a V-pop record in 2020. After two days of launch, Dom Dom has reaped great successes: reaching No 1 on trending of YouTube in Vietnam and entering the top trending in many other countries: top 9 in Taiwan, top 28 in Germany, top 24 of YouTube Trending worldwide and top 2 in iTunes Vietnam.<ref name="Khánh Đình">{{cite web |url=https://cuoi.tuoitre.vn/giai-tri/dom-dom-cua-jack-dan-dau-top-trending-youtube-viet-nam-sau-2-ngay-2020122813984215.html|title=Đom đóm của Jack dẫn đầu top trending YouTube Việt Nam sau 2 ngày|author=Khánh Đình |website=vnexpress.net|language=vi |trans-title=Jack's Dom Dom lead the leading YouTube Vietnam trending after 2 days|access-date=December 28, 2020}}</ref>

At the Zing Music Awards 2020 held on January 7, 2021, Jack won 2 awards, Most Popular Male Artist and Most Favorite Dance/Electronic Song with the song Hoa Hải Đường.<ref name="Hiền Trần">{{cite web |url=https://thanhnien.vn/giai-tri/jack-lap-cu-dup-khi-thang-2-giai-thuong-tai-zing-music-awards-2020-1324744.html|title=Jack lập cú đúp khi thắng 2 giải thưởng tại 'Zing Music Awards 2020'|author=Hiền Trần |website=thanhnien.vn |language=vi |trans-title=Jack scored twice when he won 2 awards at the 'Zing Music Awards 2020'|access-date=January 7, 2021}}</ref>

On January 14, 2021, at the 26th Golden Apricot Blossom Awards (Mai Vang) Ceremony, Jack was named as the winner of the Most Favorite Light Music Male Singer Act. This is the first Golden Apricot Blossom Award in his singing career.<ref name="Hoài Phương">{{cite web |url=https://tuoitre.vn/jack-vu-cat-tuong-huynh-lap-dalab-nhan-giai-mai-vang-2020-20210114222817638.htm|title=Jack, Vũ Cát Tường, Huỳnh Lập, DaLAB nhận giải Mai Vàng 2020|author=Hoài Phương |work=[[Tuổi Trẻ]] |language=vi |trans-title=Jack, Vũ Cát Tường, Huỳnh Lập, DaLAB win Mai Vang 2020|access-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref>

On January 16, 2021, the 2020 [[Asian TV Awards|Asian Television Awards]] Organizing Committee named Jack's Hoa Hai Duong as the winning MV in the Best Music Video category. This is the second international award after the MTV EMA that Jack achieved in his singing career.<ref name="Tam Giao">{{cite web |url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/life/culture/vietnamese-singer-wins-asian-television-awards-4222508.htm |title=Vietnamese singer wins Asian Television Awards|author=Tam Giao |website=e.vnexpress.net |language=en|access-date=January 19, 2021}}</ref>

== Artistry ==
Tuan's stage name "Jack" was inspired by his father's love to movie star [[Jackie Chan]].

Jack's most prominent music products include "Hong Nhan", "Bac Phan" and "Sóng gió" which is a blend of pop, [[electronic music]], and [[Folk music of Vietnam|Vietnamese folk music]]. In an interview with Zing News, Jack asserted that his songs are "a sadness of nostalgia combined by Chinese and Vietnamese music". Regarding his vocal, he is judged by the public to have a unique vocal. Jack himself once admitted that he "can sing songs that he has in tune with in terms of genre, lyrics, melody or story."<ref name="Vũ Phúc">{{cite web |url=https://zingnews.vn/chu-nhan-hit-hong-nhan-bac-phan-tu-hao-la-ke-ngoai-dao-am-nhac-post946330.html|title=Chủ nhân hit 'Hồng nhan', 'Bạc phận' tự hào là kẻ ngoại đạo âm nhạc|author=Vũ Phúc, Duy Hưng |website=zingnews.vn |language=vi |trans-title=The owner of the hit 'Hong nhan', 'Bac Phan' is proud to be the heathen of music|access-date=May 16, 2019}}</ref> Writing on [[VietNamNet|Vietnamnet]], the journalist Le Thi My Niem evaluated about Jack:
{{Cquote|"There are 3 phases in his less than 2 years career: sticking with G5R; sticking with K-ICM; and the phase at the current company. Every phase, Jack may be slightly different but never lost the "Jack” quality – which encapsulates two qualities: young and popular. Until Hoa Hai Duong, in terms of music, Jack is still Jack. He is quiet, not good at speaking but in music, the audience often feels that this is "his heaven" where he unleashes his soul and sentences. Keeping his identity is a good thing. He still lives discreet, unbearable, uncolorful. In turn, in music, Jack is gradually gaining more love from fans."<ref name="Lê Thị Mỹ Niệm">{{cite web|url=https://vietnamnet.vn/vn/giai-tri/nhac/hoa-hai-duong-cua-jack-co-gi-hay-676016.html|title='Hoa Hai Duong' của Jack có gì hay?|author=Lê Thị Mỹ Niệm |website=vietnamnet.vn| language=vi| trans-title=What is in MV Hoa Hai Duong of Jack?}}</ref>}}
Zing News journalist Quang Duc evaluated about Jack's music in 2020:
{{Cquote|"Là 1 Thằng Con Trai in March is an electronic song mixed with disco and rap material, "Hoa Hai Duong" then is the combination of folk with harmonious style with future bass sound. This time, Jack brought a pop ballad song "Đom Đóm" through the hands of two producers ViruSs and 1HIT. "<ref name="Quang Duc">{{cite web|url=https://zingnews.vn/khi-jack-tre-con-post1167698.html|title=KHI Jack TRẺ CON|author=Quang Đức |website=zingnews.vn| language=vi| trans-title=When Jack looks like a child}}</ref>}}

== Public image ==
On September 23, 2020, Vivo Vietnam officially announced Jack to become the brand ambassador for [[Vivo (technology company)|Vivo]] V20. Jack said:
{{Cquote|"To talk about the reason for this collaboration, that is the similarity between Jack and Vivo Vietnam are derived from the genuine feelings, in order to bring the best things to everyone. Jack wants to send in sincerity through the music products. And so is Vivo, each its product is created by the understanding of users, to bring them the best experiences".<ref name="Trường Thịnh">{{cite web|url=https://dantri.com.vn/suc-manh-so/jack-chinh-thuc-tro-thanh-dai-su-cho-san-pham-vivo-v-20-tai-viet-nam-20200923212358068.htm|title=Jack chính thức trở thành đại sứ cho sản phẩm vivo V20 tại Việt Nam|author=Trường Thịnh |work=[[Dân Trí]]| language=vi| trans-title=Jack to become the brand ambassador of Vivo V20 in Vietnam}}</ref>
}}
On October 5, 2020, [[PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds]] Mobile Vietnam officially announced that Jack will be the brand ambassador in Vietnam. Jack will cooperate with PUBGM to do meaningful things for his fan community in particular and the society in general, starting with a fundraising project for the Vietnam Children's Fund called "Road Running To Morning". This is also an affirmation of Jack not to be only as a talented singer, but also a person who has a positive influence on society.<ref name="Giang Ngân">{{cite web|author=Giang Ngân|title=Jack trở thành đại sứ thương hiệu của PUBG Mobile|trans-title=Jack to become the brand ambassador of PUBG Mobile Vietnam|url=https://zingnews.vn/jack-tro-thanh-dai-su-thuong-hieu-cua-pubg-mobile-post1138422.html|website=zingnews.vn|language=vi}}</ref>

On December 3, 2020, YouTube Vietnam announced 3 trending charts: ''Top 10 Most Featured Videos 2020'', ''Top 10 Most Featured Music Videos 2020 ''and ''Top 10 Most Featured Videos Creators in 2020,'' in which, in the category of ''Top 10 Most Featured Music Videos'', there were two of his music videos "Hoa Hai Duong" and "La 1 Thang Con Trai" respectively ranked at No.6 and No.2.<ref name="Thanh Chi">{{cite web|author=Thanh Chi|title=10 video nổi bật nhất YouTube Việt Nam 2020|trans-title=Top 10 Most Featured Videos 2020|url=https://thanhnien.vn/giai-tri/10-video-noi-bat-nhat-youtube-viet-nam-2020-1312297.html|website=thanhnien.vn|language=vi}}</ref>

On December 9, 2020, Google Vietnam announced The Google's Year in Search 2020 with many search topics. With two songs "Hoa Hai Duong" and "Song Gio" in the 'Top 10 Most Featured Songs of the Year', Jack personally ranked 3rd in'' Top 10 Most Searched People of the Year. ''Jack was the most prominent singer in 2020 with the great interest from the Vietnamese public.<ref name="GL">{{cite web|title=Jack đứng đầu xu hướng tìm kiếm Google năm 2020 tại Việt Nam|trans-title=Jack tops Google's Year In Search 2020 in Vietnam|url=https://laodong.vn/van-hoa-giai-tri/jack-dung-dau-xu-huong-tim-kiem-google-nam-2020-tai-viet-nam-861096.ldo|website=laodong.vn|language=vi}}</ref>

== Other ventures ==

=== Philanthropy ===
On March 28, 2020, Jack's mother presented at the Cultural Center of Ben Tre to donate 100,000,000₫ for the COVID-19 prevention support. In addition, Jack also transferred 50,000,000₫ to the fans' fund to support the fight against drought at his hometown. Then, on August 13, 2020, he donated for [[Da Nang]] 200,000 [[medical mask]]s to support the COVID-19 prevention.

==Copyright controversies ==
The song released in 2019 in collaboration with his K-ICM, "Em Gì Ơi", was accused of plagiarizing a Thai children's song titled "ฝนเทลงมา" by channel พอดี ม่วน STUDIO on YouTube.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thethaovanhoa.vn/video/video-clip/video-bai-hat-thieu-nhi-thai-lan-khien-em-gi-oi-cua-jack-va-kicm-dinh-nghi-van-dao-nhac-co-gi-hot-n20191008192410898.htm|title=VIDEO: Bài hát thiếu nhi Thái Lan khiến 'Em Gì Ơi' của Jack và K-ICM dính nghi vấn đạo nhạc có gì hot?|author=Kiến Văn|work=Báo Thể thao Văn hoá| language=vi| trans-title=VIDEO: What is hot about the plagiarism of Jack and K-ICM's Thai children's song that makes Jack and K-ICM's?}}</ref> Then, in 2021, this song continued to be accused of being similar to the first measures of the song "Vì ai em ra đi?" by Akira Phan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://phapluatbandoc.giadinh.net.vn/jack-len-thot-the-cho-son-tung-m-tp-em-gi-oi-hoi-chung-doi-voi-k-icm-bong-bi-soi-dao-nhac-akira-phan-162212402202219602.htm|title=Jack "lên thớt" thế chỗ Sơn Tùng M-TP: Em Gì Ơi hồi chung đôi với K-ICM bỗng bị soi đạo nhạc Akira Phan?|author=Thanh Anh|work=Báo Pháp luật và bạn đọc| language=vi| trans-title=Jack "went to the cutting board" to take the place of Son Tung M-TP: Em Gì Ơi was composed with K-ICM suddenly plagiarized by Akira Phan's song?}}</ref>

"Hoa Hải Đường" was said to be similar to the theme song of Chinese drama [[Ashes of Love (TV series)|''Ashes of Love'']], named "Unparalleled in the World (天地无霜) by [[Yang Zi (actress)|Yang Zi]] and [[Deng Lun]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://saostar.vn/am-nhac/them-2-ca-khuc-cua-jack-bi-to-dao-nhac-hoa-ngu-202103031035470234.html|title=Thêm 2 ca khúc bị tố đạo nhạc Hoa Ngữ: Jack định soán ngôi 'ông hoàng đạo nhái' của Sơn Tùng hay gì?|author=Hải Đường |work=Sao star|language=vi |trans-title=Two more songs are accused of plagiarism Chinese music}}</ref>

"Đom đóm" was believed to have been copied from the song "Blue and white porcelain" (青花瓷) by [[Jay Chou]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://saostar.vn/am-nhac/them-2-ca-khuc-cua-jack-bi-to-dao-nhac-hoa-ngu-202103031035470234.html|title=Thêm 2 ca khúc bị tố đạo nhạc Hoa Ngữ: Jack định soán ngôi 'ông hoàng đạo nhái' của Sơn Tùng hay gì?|author=Hải Đường |work=Sao star |language=vi |trans-title=Two more songs are accused of plagiarism Chinese music}}</ref>

Demo song "Thứ anh cần là melody" (now is a chorus of song "LayLaLay") was suspected of plagiarizing the song "[[It Ain't Me]]" by [[Kygo]] and [[Selena Gomez]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baogiaothong.vn/jack-len-thot-nghi-van-dao-nhac-ly-do-bi-so-sanh-voi-son-tung-m-tp-d498107.html|title=Jack "lên thớt" nghi vấn đạo nhạc, lý do bị so sánh với Sơn Tùng M-TP?|author=Hiểu Đồng |work=Báo Giao thông |language=vi |trans-title=Jack "on the cutting board" questioned plagiarism, the reason for being compared to Sơn Tùng M-TP?}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
On August 7, 2021, a post along with many audio recordings and an image of a stamped birth certificate of a woman named T.V accused Jack of having multiple sexual relationships and had a child with his ex-girlfriend Thiên An – who starred with him in music video "Sóng gió" in 2019, went viral online.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nld.com.vn/giai-tri/nghi-van-jack-da-co-con-20210808081206475.htm|title=Nghi vấn Jack đã có con?|author=Thùy Trang|website=|date=August 8, 2021|accessdate=August 8, 2021|language=vi}}</ref> The next day, Thiên An confirmed it on her Facebook account.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baogiaothong.vn/thien-an-tu-nhan-co-con-voi-jack-to-jack-bo-be-con-d519767.html|title=Thiên An nhận có con với Jack, tố Jack bỏ bê con dù nhận 5 triệu mỗi tháng|author=Hiểu Đồng|date=August 8, 2021|website=|url-status=live|accessdate=August 8, 2021|language=vi}}</ref>

On August 10, 2021, Jack posted a status on his fan page, admitted having a voluntary relationship with Thiên An. He apologized to his fans and promised to take responsibility for this incident.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thanhnien.vn/content/MTA5OTg5OA==.html|title=Jack chính thức lên tiếng về scandal với hot girl Thiên An|date=August 10, 2021|website=|accessdate=August 10, 2021|language=vi}}</ref>


== Discography ==
=== Singles ===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" style="width:16em;" |Title (Vietnamese)
! scope="col" |Year of release
!Ref
|-
! scope="row" |"Giai điệu miền Tây"
| rowspan="4" |2018
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=yHkI8VZeg4Y|title=Giai điệu miền Tây|author=Jack |website=YouTube.com}}</ref>
|-
|-
! scope="row" |"Mẹ ơi 2"
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=5brD7HtCP5o|author=Jack|website=youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"Để đó anh lo"
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Ho1y-4mXIL0|title=Để đó anh lo|author=Jack|website=YouTube.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"Về bên anh"
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=u12DfwIhwGU|title=Về bên anh|author=Jack|website=youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"Hồng nhan"
| rowspan="7" |2019
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=l8Z8gpoF4x8|author=Jack|website=youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"Bạc phận"
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zingmp3.vn/album/Bac-Phan-Single-Jack-K-ICM/ZUAEZ8BO.html|title=Bạc phận|author=Jack|website=zingmp3.vn}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"Sao em vô tình"
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zingmp3.vn/album/Sao-Em-Vo-Tinh-Single-Jack/ZUC8UD69.html|title=Sao em vô tình|author=Jack|website=zingmp3.vn}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"Sóng gió"
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=cMjnmbE-BWk|title=Sóng gió|author=Jack|website=youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"Em gì ơi"
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=t0RBiZf7_eA|title=Em gì ơi|author=Jack|website=zingmp3.vn}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"Việt Nam tôi"
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zingmp3.vn/bai-hat/Viet-Nam-Toi-Jack-K-ICM/ZWAFB06W.html|title=Việt Nam tôi|author=Jack|website=zingmp3.vn}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"Hoa vô sắc"
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=HJ54P8T9m8U|title=Hoa vô sắc|author=Jack|website=youtuber.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"Là 1 thằng con trai"
| rowspan="3" |2020
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=FZNsyWhL6j0|title=Là 1 Thằng Con Trai|author=Jack|website=youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"Hoa hải đường"
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=2pmlESlbWE4|title=Hoa hải đường|author=Jack|website=youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |"Đom đóm"
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Z8Mqw0b9ADs|title=Đom Đóm|author=Jack|website=youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
|-
! scope="row" |"LAYLALAY"
| rowspan="1"|2021
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=u3VTKvdAuIY|title=LAYLALAY|author=Jack|website=youtube.com}}</ref>
|}

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Show
!Role
!Note
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="5" |2019
|[[Người bí ẩn|''Odd One In'']] (''Người bí ẩn'')
| rowspan="2" |Guest
|Season 6, Episode 4
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hạo|first=Minh|date=August 10, 2019|title=Video 'Bạc phận' tại Người bí ẩn bị Jack ép xóa bỏ|url=https://zingnews.vn/video-video-bac-phan-tai-nguoi-bi-an-bi-jack-ep-xoa-bo-post976936.html|url-status=live|website=Zing News|language=vi}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Happy Lunch]]'' (''Bữa trưa vui vẻ'')
|July 25, 2019, episode
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Loan|first=Cẩm|date=July 25, 2019|title=Chân dung nữ MC 'Bữa trưa vui vẻ' đang bị fan của Jack & K-ICM 'ném đá' vì phát ngôn kém duyên|url=https://saostar.vn/doi-song/chan-dung-nu-mc-bua-trua-vui-ve-dang-bi-nem-da-vi-phat-ngon-so-y-5701769.html|url-status=live|website=SaoStar|language=vi}}</ref>
|-
|''Sóng Gió – Hồi kết''
|Starring with [[K-ICM]], Thiên An
|Short comedy
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=veLU8xeHrsc|title=PHIM NGẮN SÓNG GIÓ – HỒI KẾT {{!}} K-ICM & JACK {{!}} OFFICIAL SHORT FILM|language=vi}}</ref>
|-
|''7 Smiles of Spring'' (''7 nụ cười xuân'')
| rowspan="4" |Guest
|Season 3, Episode 1
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Thương|first=Hoài|date=November 25, 2019|title=Cặp đôi 'sóng gió' Jack và K-ICM đổ bộ đến '7 nụ cười Xuân' mùa 3|url=https://thethaovanhoa.vn/video/giai-tri/cap-doi-song-gio-jack-va-kicm-do-bo-den-7-nu-cuoi-xuan-mua-3-n20191122201332646.htm|url-status=live|website=Thể thao & Văn hoá|language=vi}}</ref>
|-
|''[[The Voice Kids of Vietnam]]''
|Season 7, Episode 14
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 19, 2019|title=Sóng Gió – Chấn Quốc ft Jack & K-ICM {{!}} Tập 14 – Bán Kết {{!}} The Voice Kids – Giọng Hát Việt Nhí 2019|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ySRwkMGvp-4|url-status=live|website=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=October 20, 2019|title=Jack và K-ICM giúp Chấn Quốc 'Giọng hát Việt nhí' kiếm triệu view trong 1 ngày|url=https://thethaovanhoa.vn/video/giai-tri/jack-va-kicm-giup-chan-quoc-giong-hat-viet-nhi-kiemtrieu-view-trong-1-ngay-n20191020192108534.htm|url-status=live|website=Thể thao và Văn hóa|language=vi}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2020
|''The Waves 20''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lê|first=Hoàng|date=January 30, 2020|title=Sóng 20 top trend YouTube, Gặp nhau cuối năm nhạt không ngờ|url=https://tuoitre.vn/song-20-top-trend-youtube-gap-nhau-cuoi-nam-nhat-khong-ngo-20200130091241214.htm|url-status=live|website=[[Tuổi Trẻ]]|language=vi}}</ref>
|-
|''The Waves of VieON''
|
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 11, 2020|title=Jack, Tóc Tiên, Chi Pu... mang ca khúc 'triệu view' lên 'Sóng VieOn'|url=https://thethaovanhoa.vn/giai-tri/jack-toc-tien-chi-pu-mang-ca-khuc-trieu-view-len-song-vieon-n20200611152856632.htm|url-status=live|website=Thethaovanhoa|language=vi}}</ref>
|-
|''Can't take my eyes off''
|Starring with Lê Huỳnh Thuý Ngân
|Short comedy
|-
| 2021
|''The Waves 21''
|Guest
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cùng Jack và loạt sao trẻ thế hệ Gen Z khơi nguồn bứt phá đêm Giao thừa Tết Tân Sửu|url=http://www.htv.com.vn/cung-jack-va-loat-sao-tre-the-he-gen-z-khoi-nguon-but-pha-dem-giao-thua-tet-tan-suu|url-status=live|language=vi|website=HTV|author=Đan Quỳnh|date=February 9, 2021}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Award
!Act
!Nomination for
!Result
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="10" |2019
| rowspan="7" |[[Green Wave (radio show)]] Awards
|Singer of the Year
| rowspan="2" |Himself
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Best New Artist
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Best Collaboration
| rowspan="5" |Sóng gió
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Song of The Year
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Phenomenon Song
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Top 10 most favorite songs
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|Most Favorite song on Radio
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Zing Music Awards|Zing Music Award]]
|Most Favorite Male Singer
|Himself
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="2" align="center" |<ref name="Phương Nam">{{cite web|url=https://tv.tuoitre.vn/jack-va-k-icm-duoc-vinh-danh-tai-zing-music-awards-2019-nhung-ca-hai-vang-mat-81820.htm|title=Jack và KICM được vinh danh tại lễ trao giải Zing Music Award 2019 nhưng cả hai vắng mặt|author=Phương Nam |website=tv.tuoitre.vn| language=vi |trans-title=Jack and KICM awarded in ZMA 2019 but they didnot come}}</ref>
|-
|Most Favorite Pop/Ballad Song
|Sóng gió
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Mnet Asian Music Awards]]
|Best New Asian Artist Vietnam
|Himself
|{{Won}}
| align="center" |<ref name="Q.N">{{cite web|url=https://tuoitre.vn/hoang-thuy-linh-k-icm-va-ack-doat-giai-mama-2019-tai-nhat-ban20191204215004049.htm|title=Hoàng Thùy Linh, K-ICM và Jack đoạt giải MAMA 2019 tại Nhật Bản |website=tuoitre.vn| language=vi |trans-title=Hoàng Thùy Linh, Jack and K-ICM win MAMA 2019 in Japan}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="20" |2020
| rowspan="1" |[[2020 MTV Europe Music Awards]]
| [[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Southeast Asian Act]]
|Himself
|{{Won}}
| align="center" |<ref name="Hà Thu">{{cite web|url=https://vnexpress.net/jack-gianh-giai-nghe-si-dong-nam-a-xuat-sac-4189042.html|title=Jack giành giải 'Nghệ sĩ Đông Nam Á xuất sắc'|author=Hà Thu |website=vnexpress.net| language=vi| trans-title=Jack wins "Best Souteast Asia Act"}}</ref>
|-
| [[Golden Apricot Blossom Awards]]
| Most Favorite Light music Male singer
| Himself
|{{Won}}
| align="center" |<ref name="Tam Kỳ">{{cite web|url=https://vnexpress.net/hoai-lam-jack-tranh-giai-mai-vang-4202824.html|title=Hoài Lâm, Jack tranh giải Mai Vàng|author=Tam Kỳ |website=vnexpress.net| language=vi| trans-title=Hoài Lâm, Jack compete for Mai Vang Awards}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Zing Music Awards|Zing Music Award]]
| Artist of The Year
| Himself
| {{Nom}}
| align="center" |<ref name="M.T">{{cite web|url=https://danviet.vn/jack-va-wowy-gay-chu-y-o-giai-thuong-zing-music-awards-2020-20201113104118652.htm|title=Jack và Wowy gây chú ý ở giải thưởng Zing Music Awards 2020|work=[[Dân Việt]]| language=vi| trans-title= Jack and Wowy get attention at ZMA 2020}}</ref>
|-
| Most favorite Dance/Electronic song
| Hoa Hải Đường
| {{Won}}
| align="center" |<ref name="M.T"/>
|-
| Most Favorite Male Artist
| Himsefl
| {{Won}}
| align="center" |<ref name="M.T"/>
|-
| [[Star of the Year]]
| Male Singer
| Himself
| {{Won}}
| align="center" |<ref name="Ngoisao">{{cite web|url=https://ngoisao.net/khoi-dong-ngoi-sao-cua-nam-2020-4203054.html|title=Khởi động Ngôi sao của năm 2020|author=Ngôi Sao |website=ngoisao.net| language=vi| trans-title= Star of The Year is launched!}}</ref>
|-
| [[Asian Television Awards]]
| Best Music Video
| Hoa Hải Đường
| {{Won}}
| align="center" |<ref name="P.C.Tùng">{{cite web|url=https://thanhnien.vn/van-hoa/jack-dai-dien-viet-nam-tranh-tai-tai-giai-thuong-am-nhac-mtv-ema-va-ata-2020-1288445.html|title=Jack và Binz đại diện Việt Nam tranh tài tại giải thưởng âm nhạc MTV EMA và ATA 2020| author=P.C.Tùng |website=thanhnien.vn| language=vi| trans-title=Jack and Binz to represent Vietnam at MTV EMA and ATA 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Green Wave (radio show)]] Awards
|Male Singer of the Year
|Himself
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan="6" align="center" |<ref name="T.G">{{cite web|url=https://vnexpress.net/jack-binz-nhan-de-cu-lan-song-xanh-2020-4215795.html|title=Jack, Binz nhận đề cử Làn Sóng Xanh 2020|author=Tâm Giao |website=vnexpress.net| language=vi| trans-title=Jack, Binz get the nominations at the Green Waves Awards 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Music Video of the Year
|Hoa Hải Đường
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Song of the Year
| Hoa Hải Đường
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Collaboration
|With DTAP
|{{Nom}}
|-
| Most Favorite Male Singer
|Himsefl
|{{Won}}
|-
|Top 10 Most Favorite Songs
|Hoa Hải Đường
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Wechoice Awards]]
|Singer with the breakthrough activities
|Himself
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="2" align="center" |<ref name="Wechoice">{{cite web|url=https://wechoice.vn/hang-muc/giai-tri-6.htm|title=Hạng Mục Giải Trí |work=[[Wechoice.vn]]| language=vi| trans-title=Entertainment Caterory}}</ref>
|-
|Music Video of the Year
|Hoa Hải Đường
|{{Nom}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Facebook|PhuongTuan1997}}
*{{Facebook|id=jack.phuongtuan1204|name=Fanpage}}
* [https://www.instagram.com/iamjack1997 Jack] on [[Instagram]]
* [https://www.https://www.tiktok.com/@imjack1997 Jack] on [[TikTok]]
* [https://youtube.com/channel/UChUJa1JyBc7Lc4orkiNKKQg Official Youtube Channel]
* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/fanclub.jack Group FanClub Official of Jack ]

{{MTV Europe Music Award for Best Southeast Asian Act}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jack - J97}}
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Vietnamese idols]]
[[Category:Vietnamese pop singers]]
[[Category:Vietnamese male singers]]
[[Category:Vietnamese songwriters]]
[[Category:People from Bến Tre Province]]
[[Category:21st-century male singers]]
[[Category:MTV Europe Music Award winners]]

Omah Lay

2021-06-21T11:57:19Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.04b - Bot T20 CW#61 - Fix errors for CW project (Reference before punctuation)

{{Short description|Nigerian musician}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| background = Musician
| name = Omah Lay
| image = Omah Lay at the Headies - cropped.png
| caption =
| birth_name = Stanley Omah Didia
| birth_date = {{ Birth date and age|df=yes|1997|5|19}}
| birth_place = [[Port Harcourt, Nigeria]]
| genre = [[Afro-Fusion|Afrobeats]]
| label = KeyQaad, [[Sire Records]]
| associated_acts = *[[Wizkid]], [[Adekunle Gold]], [[Olamide]], [[Tems (Nigerian singer)|Tems]], [[Gyakie]]
| years_active = 2019{{ndash}} present
| occupation = [[Singer]], [[songwriter]], [[Record producer|producer]]
| alias = Omah Lay
}}

'''Stanley Omah Didia''' (born 19 May 1997) better known as '''Omah Lay''' is a Nigerian singer, songwriter and record producer. He released his self-produced debut single "Do Not Disturb" in April 2019.<ref name="Falola">{{Cite web|last=Falola|first=Ifeoluwa|date=2020-06-15|title=Meet Omah Lay: The Brazen Bad Boy of New School Afrobeat|url=https://notjustok.com/article/interviews/meet-omah-lay-the-brazen-bad-boy-of-new-school-afrobeats/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-05|website=[[NotJustOk]]|language=en-US}}</ref> He won the [[The Headies Award for Next Rated|Next Rated]] award at the [[The Headies 2020|2020 Headies Awards]].<ref name="Oluwatoye">{{Cite web|last=Oluwatoye|first=Dara|date=2021-02-22|title=Fireboy, Omah Lay, More Make Impressive Win Debut At The 14th Headies|url=https://thenet.ng/fireboy-omah-lay-dj-neptune-and-more-make-impressive-win-debut-at-the-14th-headies/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-05|website=[[Nigerian Entertainment Today]]|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Omah Lay hails from [[Ikwerre, Rivers|Ikwerre]] in [[Rivers State]].<ref name="Falola" /> He attended Comprehensive High School in [[Rivers State]] before proceeding to the [[University of Port Harcourt]].<ref name="BBC News Pidgin">{{Cite news|title=Interesting facts about Nigerian musician Omah Lay|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-55313562|access-date=2021-04-05}}</ref> Omah Lay comes from a musical family and his grandfather played instruments for the legendary highlife singer [[Celestine Ukwu]] before he died in 1977. The musician father also played drums.<ref>{{cite web |last1=omah lay |title=early life of omah lay |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-55313562 |access-date=24 April 2021}}</ref>

== Career ==
Omah Lay started out in a rap group under the stage name Lil King. He later moved on to songwriting and music producing which went largely uncredited. As a result of being uncredited, he released "Do Not Disturb" in April 2019. He released "Hello Brother" a month after. He signed to a record label named KeyQaad in June 2019, and took a seven month break.<ref name="Falola" /><ref name=" Olonilua">{{Cite web|last=Olonilua|first=Ademola|date=2020-12-14|title=New kids on the block: Omah Lay, Laycon, Bella Shmurda and other artistes who made waves in 2020|url=https://punchng.com/new-kids-on-the-block-omah-lay-laycon-bella-shmurda-and-other-artists-who-made-waves-in-2020/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-05|website=[[The Punch|Punch Newspapers]]|language=en-US}}</ref> During the break, he worked on what became his debut EP, ''Get Layd.'' He told [[OkayAfrica]], "I started working on it August [of 2019]. At some point I had to go off social media, stay away from a lot of things and keep my head straight to get the project right. The first song I'd recorded on Get Layd was 'Bad Influence.' I'd done that way before the songs we had to put on the project."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Esomnofu |first1=Emmanuel |title=Interview: Omah Lay Is Nigeria's New Young Act to Watch|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/omah-lay-nigeria-interview |website=OkayAfrica |access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref>

Following the break, he released "Bad Influence," which became the most streamed Nigerian song on Apple Music at the end of 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alake|first=Motolani|date=2020-12-27|title=Here are the 10 hottest Nigerian artists of the year [Pulse Picks 2020]|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/here-are-the-top-10-nigerian-artists-of-2020/6b5nyfs|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-05|website=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref>

On February 14, 2020, he released "You," his first official single. He then released his five-track debut EP, ''Get Layd'' on May 22, 2020. The EP peaked at number one on the Nigerian [[Apple Music|Apple Music Charts]].<ref name="Falola" /> All five songs from the EP reached the top 15 of the Apple Music charts for Nigeria, with "You" peaking at number one.<ref>{{cite web |title=Apple Music Nigeria Top 100 Songs - May 25-May 31, 2020 |url=https://www.top-charts.com/songs/all-genres/nigeria/apple-music/2020-W22 |website=top-charts.com |access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref>

In October, Omah Lay appeared on [[Olamide]]'s album ''[[Carpe Diem (Olamide album)|Carpe Diem]]''. His feature on Olamide's track "Infinity" topped the Apple Music charts for Nigeria.<ref>{{cite web |title=Apple Music Nigeria Top 100 Songs - October 19-25, 2020 |url=https://www.top-charts.com/songs/all-genres/nigeria/apple-music/2020-W43 |website=top-charts.com |access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref> On November 20, Olamide released his second five-track EP, ''What Have We Done.'' All five tracks reached the top 12 of the Apple Music charts for Nigeria, with "Godly" reaching number one.<ref>{{cite web |title=Apple Music Nigeria Top 100 Songs - November 23-29, 2020 |url=https://www.top-charts.com/songs/all-genres/nigeria/apple-music/2020-W48 |website=top-charts.com |access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref>

On July 3, 2020, he was the first artist highlighted for Apple's Africa Rising Campaign to spotlight African talent.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Eggertsen|first=Chris|date=2020-07-02|title=Apple Music Launches Africa Rising Artist Showcase with Debut Cover Star Omah Lay|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/streaming/9413058/apple-music-africa-rising-artist-showcase-omah-lay|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-05|website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|language=en}}</ref> In December 2020, he was included in [[BBC Radio 1Xtra]]'s annual "Hot for 2021" list.<ref>{{cite web |title=1Xtra's Hot For 2021: The Performances |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/5Yrs6gybH9mL0nXPjH2Hpst/1xtras-hot-for-2021-the-performances |website=BBC Radio 1Xtra |access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref> He was also the first African artist featured on [[Audiomack]]'s #Up Now program for emerging artists;<ref>{{cite web |last1=Scott |first1=Nicolas-Tyrell |title=Omah Lay Is #UpNow |url=https://audiomack.com/world/post/omah-lay-interview |website=Audiomack |access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref> included in [[Montreux Jazz Festival]]'s "20 artists to watch in 2021";<ref>{{cite web |title=MJF Spotlight: 20 artists to watch in 2021 |url=https://www.montreuxjazzfestival.com/en/news/20-artists-to-watch/ |website=Montreux Jazz Festival |access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref> and was named [[BET]]'s Amplified International Artist of the Month for November 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Alston |first1=Trey |title=BET’s Amplified International Artist of the Month Omah Lay Releases Sultry New Single Featuring 6LACK |url=https://www.bet.com/music/2020/11/09/bet-amplified-international-artist-of-the-month-omah-lay-6lack-d.html |website=BET}}</ref>

He is currently signed to Dvpper Music in Nigeria,<ref name="Olonilua" /><ref name=" BBC News Pidgin" /> and [[Sire Records]] for international distribution.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Oyetayo |first1=Bamise |title=Did You Know Omah Lay is Signed to Warner Records? |url=https://notjustok.com/article/did-you-know-omah-lay-is-signed-to-warner-records/ |website=NotJustOk |access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref>

He was nominated in 4 categories at the 2020 [[The Headies 2020|Headies]] Awards, winning the [[The Headies Award for Next Rated|Next Rated]] award.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ihekire|first=Chinonso|date=2021-01-16|title=The Voices Redefining Naija Music|url=https://guardian.ng/life/the-voices-redefining-naija-music/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-05|website=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)]]|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
On December 14, 2020, Omah Lay was arrested alongside [[Tems (Nigerian singer)|Tems]] after they performed in a show in [[Uganda]]. The Ugandan Police authority identified violation of COVID-19 lockdown protocols as the reason for their arrests. The artists on the other hand felt they were set up.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Why Uganda Police do U-turn for Omah Lay release, tie am 'handcuffs'|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-55265376|access-date=2021-04-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-14|title=Nigerian star Omah Lay arrested after Uganda gig|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/12/nigerian-star-omah-lay-arrested-after-uganda-gig/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-05|website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Two days later, the Ugandan government released the two, apologized for the arrests and cleared them of wrongdoing.<ref name="Paulinus">{{cite news |last1=Paulinus |first1=Aidoghie |title=Uganda apologises to FG over arrest of singer Omah Lay, others |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/uganda-apologises-to-fg-over-arrest-of-singer-omah-lay-others/ |access-date=15 June 2021 |publisher=The Sun (Nigeria) |date=16 December 2020}}</ref>

== Political views ==

Omah Lay has expressed his support for the [[End SARS|#EndSARS]] campaign in Nigeria. He told ''[[Harper's Bazaar]]'', "People need to know these protests are purely about the people, with no political undertone whatsoever. Police harass, extort, beat, and kill us just for being young and trendy, with no consequences. This has gone on long enough, and we are saying enough is enough and demanding government action."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cohn |last2=Marsh |first1=Alison S. |first2=Ariana |title=Yvonne Orji, Wale, Sharon Chuter and More on #EndSARS |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/politics/a34479702/end-sars-nigerian-creatives/ |website=Harper's Bazaar |accessdate=4 November 2020}}</ref>

== Discography ==

=== Singles ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Album
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
| "Do Not Disturb"
| rowspan="2" {{N/A|Non-album single}}
|-
| "Hello Brother"
|-
| rowspan="5" |2020
| "Bad Influence"
| rowspan="3" |''Get Layd''
|-
| "You"
|-
| "Damn"
|-
| "Damn (Cricket Remix)"
| {{N/A|Non-album single}}
|-
| "Damn (feat. [[6lack]])
| ''What Have We Done''
|}

=== EPs ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Details
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|''Get Layd''
|
* Released: May 22, 2020 {{small|(NG)}}
* Label: KeyQaad
* Formats: [[Music download|digital download]], streaming
* Tracklist:
** "Damn"
** "Lo Lo"
** "You"
** "Bad Influence"
** "Ye Ye Ye"
|<ref name="Falola" />
|-
|''What Have We Done''
|
* Released: November 19, 2020 {{small|(NG)}}
* Label: KeyQaad
* Formats: [[Music download|digital download]], streaming
* Tracklist:
** "My Bebe"
** "Can't Relate"
** "Godly"
** "Confession"
** "Damn (Remix)" featuring 6lack
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Onabanjo|first=Adedamola|date=2020-11-20|title=Omah Lay’s ‘What Have We Done’ Builds On The Momentum of His Stellar Year|url=https://culturecustodian.com/omah-lay-what-have-we-done/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-05|website=The Culture Custodian|language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

=== As featured artist ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Other artists
!Album
|-
| rowspan="3" |2020
| "Tonight"
| DJ Spinall
| ''Grace''
|-
| "PAMI"
| DJ Tunez, [[Wizkid]], [[Adekunle Gold]]
| {{N/A|Non-album single}}
|-
| "Infinity"
| [[Olamide]]
| ''[[Carpe Diem (Olamide album)|Carpe Diem]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
| "Pronto"
| Ajebo Hustlers
| {{N/A|Non-album single}}
|-
| "Forever" (remix)
| [[Gyakie]]
| {{N/A|Non-album single}}
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Song
!Director
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2020
| "You"
| Temi Ovo
|-
| "Ye Ye Ye"
| Unknown
|-
| "Lo Lo"
| Dammy Twitch
|-
| "Bad Influence"
| Unknown
|-
| "Damn"
| Dammy Twitch
|-
| "Godly"
| Dammy Twitch
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Nominee/Work
!Result
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="4" |2020
| rowspan="4" |[[The Headies 2020|The Headies]]
|[[The Headies Award for Next Rated|Next Rated]]
| rowspan="2" |Omah Lay
|{{won}}
|<ref name="Oluwatoye" />
|-
|[[The Headies Award for Viewer's Choice|Viewer's Choice]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite news|title=See full list of Headies 2020 award nomination|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-55040703|access-date=2021-04-05}}</ref>
|-
|[[The Headies Award for Best R&B Single|Best R&B Single]]
|"Bad Influence"
|{{nom}}
|-
|Songwriter of the Year
|Stanley Omah Didia - "Bad Influence"
|{{nom}}
|-
|2021
|[[Vodafone Ghana Music Awards|Ghana Music Awards]]
|Best African Artiste of the Year
| Omah Lay
|{{TBA}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-04|title=Full List: Here are the nominees for the 2021 Ghana Music Awards|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/music/full-list-here-are-the-nominees-for-the-2021-ghana-music-awards/7whwp48|access-date=2021-04-05|website=Pulse Ghana|language=en}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
*[[List of Nigerian musicians]]
== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lay, Omah}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Nigerian singers]]

Carl Pei

2021-06-21T04:02:52Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.04b - Bot T20 CW#61 - Fix errors for CW project (Reference before punctuation)

{{short description|Swedish entrepreneur}}
{{use ldr|date=October 2017}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Pei (surname)|Pei]] {{noitalic|(裴)}}|lang=Chinese}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name =  Carl Pei
| honorific_suffix =
| image = File:TechCrunch Disrupt San Francisco 2019 - Day 3 Carl Pei cropped.jpeg
| image_upright =
| image_size = 
| alt =
| caption = Pei in 2019
| native_name = 裴宇
| native_name_lang =
| pronunciation =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|9|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Beijing]], China<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tam |first1=Eva |last2=Messmer |first2=Lukas |title=OnePlus Dials Into a Crowded Smartphone Market |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/oneplus-dials-into-a-crowded-smartphone-market-1437600600 |website=The Wall Street Journal |accessdate=15 June 2019}}</ref>
| baptised = 
| disappeared_date = 
| disappeared_place =
| disappeared_status =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| body_discovered =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| burial_place = 
| burial_coordinates = 
| monuments =
| residence = 
| nationality =
| other_names =
| citizenship = [[Sweden]]<ref name="Svenskens mobilfenomen tar strid mot Apple – nu flyttar han till USA">{{cite web |url=https://digital.di.se/artikel/svenskens-mobilfenomen-tar-strid-mot-apple-nu-flyttar-han-till-usa |title=Svenskens mobilfenomen tar strid mot Apple – nu flyttar han till USA |accessdate=2019-06-25 |date=December 9, 2018 |work=Di Digital |language=Swedish}}</ref>
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Internet entrepreneur
| years_active =
| era =
| employer =
| organization =
| agent = 
| known_for = Co-founder [[OnePlus]]

Founder [[Nothing (Technology Company)]]
| notable_works = 
| style =
| home_town =
| salary =
| net_worth = 
| height = 
| weight = 
| television =
| title = CEO and Co-founder of Nothing
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party =
| movement =
| opponents =
| boards =
| criminal_charge = 
| criminal_penalty =
| criminal_status =
| spouse = 
| partner = 
| children =
| parents = 
| mother = 
| father = 
| relatives =
| family =
| callsign =
| awards =
| website =
| module =
| signature =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Carl Pei''', or '''Pei Yu''' ({{zh|c=裴宇|p=Péi Yǔ}}; born September 11, 1989), is a [[China|Chinese]]-born [[Sweden|Swedish]]<ref name="Svenskens mobilfenomen tar strid mot Apple – nu flyttar han till USA"/> [[List of Internet entrepreneurs|Internet entrepreneur]]. He co-founded [[OnePlus]] along with [[Pete Lau]], in 2013 and was the director of OnePlus Global. He left the firm in September 2020 to start a new hardware venture, called "Nothing".<ref name="Android Police">{{cite web |url=https://www.androidpolice.com/2020/10/12/it-sure-looks-like-oneplus-co-founder-carl-pei-has-left-the-company/ |title=Carl Pei is leaving OnePlus to start a 'new venture' |accessdate=2020-10-13 |date=October 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013031248/https://www.androidpolice.com/2020/10/12/it-sure-looks-like-oneplus-co-founder-carl-pei-has-left-the-company/ |archive-date=October 13, 2020 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

==Early life==
Pei was born in 1989 in [[Beijing]], [[China]]; the family soon moved to the [[United States]], and then to [[Sweden]], where Pei grew up.{{r|I'm Carl Pei, Co-Founder of OnePlus, and This Is How I Work}} He pursued a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree in 2008 at the [[Stockholm School of Economics]], but dropped out in 2011 to work full-time in the Chinese [[smartphone]] industry.<ref name="LinkedIn">{{cite web |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/peicarl/ |title=LinkedIn profile Carl Pei |accessdate=2017-10-06 |date=October 15, 2017 |work=LinkedIn}}</ref><ref name="droppingout">{{cite web|url=http://www.slush.org/news/never-settle-said-carl-pei-founded-oneplus/|title="Never settle," said Carl Pei and founded OnePlus|date=October 2, 2017|work=Slush|accessdate=2017-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007021915/http://www.slush.org/news/never-settle-said-carl-pei-founded-oneplus/|archive-date=October 7, 2017|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

==Career==
Pei joined [[Nokia]] in 2010, and worked at the company for three months. After Nokia, the fan website Pei had created about [[Meizu]] had caught the attention of that company's [[Hong Kong]] branch, and Pei started working in Meizu's marketing team in 2011. In November he joined [[OPPO Electronics|Oppo]] as its international markets manager, where he worked directly under [[Pete Lau]] <ref name="LinkedIn" /><ref name="Forbes">{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ckgsb/2015/06/24/after-making-it-big-globally-oneplus-turns-its-gaze-to-china/#1e2f8463311e |title=After Making It Big Globally, OnePlus Turns Its Gaze To China |accessdate=2017-10-15 |date=June 24, 2015 |work=Forbes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015152154/https://www.forbes.com/sites/ckgsb/2015/06/24/after-making-it-big-globally-oneplus-turns-its-gaze-to-china/#1e2f8463311e |archive-date=October 15, 2017 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name="SamMobile">{{cite web |url=https://www.sammobile.com/2015/10/01/oneplus-co-founder-carl-pei-wants-to-be-an-intern-at-samsung/ |title=OnePlus co-founder Carl Pei wants to be an intern at Samsung |accessdate=2017-10-15 |date=October 1, 2015 |work=SamMobile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015150541/https://www.sammobile.com/2015/10/01/oneplus-co-founder-carl-pei-wants-to-be-an-intern-at-samsung/ |archive-date=October 15, 2017 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

==OnePlus==
Pei co-founded [[OnePlus]] with Pete Lau in [[Shenzhen]], [[Guangdong]] in December 2013.<ref name="leavingoppo">{{cite web|url=http://community.oppo.com/en/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=7869|title=Why Carl Pei left Oppo?|date=December 19, 2013|work=OPPO Community|accessdate=2017-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007070155/http://community.oppo.com/en/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=7869|archive-date=October 7, 2017|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Their first device, the [[OnePlus One]], sold close to a million units in 2014, despite a sales target of only 50,000.<ref name="Digital Trends">{{cite web |url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/oneplus-sells-nearly-1-million-oneplus-one-units-2014-two-new-models-coming-2015/ |title=OnePlus sells nearly 1 million OnePlus One units in 2014 |accessdate=2017-10-15 |date=January 10, 2015 |work=Digital Trends |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015145947/https://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/oneplus-sells-nearly-1-million-oneplus-one-units-2014-two-new-models-coming-2015/ |archive-date=October 15, 2017 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> In July 2015, Pei presented the [[OnePlus 2]] through a virtual reality video on YouTube. It was claimed to be the first product launch in virtual reality, and has been viewed over 296,000 times as of October 2020.<ref name="OnePlus 2 VR">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y02aDqOqcmg |title=OnePlus 2: World’s First Product Launch in VR |accessdate=2020-04-16 |date=April 4, 2020 |work=YouTube |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125150356/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y02aDqOqcmg |archive-date=November 25, 2017 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> After the unveiling of the [[OnePlus 3]] in June 2016, Pei claimed it was the company's most popular smartphone, based on the [[Net Promoter|Net Promoter Score]]. <ref name="OnePlus 3 XDA">{{cite web |url=https://www.xda-developers.com/interview-with-carl-pei-oneplus-direction-current-smartphone-market-google-pixel/ |title=Interview with Carl Pei from OnePlus pt1 |accessdate=2017-10-15 |date=October 21, 2016 |work=XDA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101054402/https://www.xda-developers.com/interview-with-carl-pei-oneplus-direction-current-smartphone-market-google-pixel/ |archive-date=January 1, 2017 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> When asked in November 2016, Pei said the reason for the upgrade after only three months was because they did not want to wait to improve the hardware.<ref name="OnePlus 3T Pocket-lint">{{cite web |url=http://www.pocket-lint.com/news/139507-carl-pei-smartphone-s-big-disruptor-talks-oneplus-3t-daydream-vr-and-focus |title=Carl Pei: Smartphone's big disruptor talks OnePlus 3T, Daydream VR and focus |accessdate=2017-10-15 |date=November 21, 2016 |work=Pocket-lint |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015150746/http://www.pocket-lint.com/news/139507-carl-pei-smartphone-s-big-disruptor-talks-oneplus-3t-daydream-vr-and-focus |archive-date=October 15, 2017 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Pei claimed the [[OnePlus 5]] to be their fastest-selling device to date shortly after its release in June 2017.<ref name="OnePlus 5 NDTV">{{cite web |url=http://gadgets.ndtv.com/mobiles/news/oneplus-5-fastest-selling-oneplus-device-ever-carl-pei-1715151 |title=OnePlus 5 Is the 'Fastest Selling' OnePlus Device Ever, Says Carl Pei |accessdate=2017-10-15 |date=June 21, 2017 |work=NDTV |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015201801/http://gadgets.ndtv.com/mobiles/news/oneplus-5-fastest-selling-oneplus-device-ever-carl-pei-1715151 |archive-date=October 15, 2017 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

==Nothing==
Following his departure from OnePlus, Pei announced Nothing on January 27 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Porter|first=Jon|date=2021-01-27|title=OnePlus co-founder Carl Pei’s next company is literally called Nothing|url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/1/27/22250653/nothing-brand-oneplus-carl-pei-announcement-consumer-technology-smart-devices|access-date=2021-06-08|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref> According to Pei, Nothing’s mission is to remove barriers between people and technology to create a seamless digital future. The company is based in [[London]] and gathers a number of notorious investors, such as [[iPod]] inventor [[Tony Fadell]], [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]] co-founder Kevin Lin, Reddit CEO [[Steve Huffman]], and YouTuber [[Casey Neistat]]. On February 25, the company announced [[Teenage Engineering]] as founding partners, mainly responsible for the design aesthetic of the brand and its products.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Porter|first=Jon|date=2021-02-24|title=Nothing taps Teenage Engineering to design upcoming products|url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/2/24/22298802/nothing-teenage-engineering-swedish-design-founding-partner-audio-headphones|access-date=2021-06-08|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref>

Nothing's first product is planned to be launched in 2021 Q3.

==Publicity==
In July 2015, during an interview by ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' about how OnePlus was created, Pei stated, "...we looked at all the Android phones on the market and there wasn't one phone that was good enough for us ourselves to use."<ref name="Carl Pei WSJ">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zTU2Ae27T14 |title=Low Price, High Hopes for OnePlus Phone |accessdate=2017-10-15 |date=July 23, 2015 |work=YouTube |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914140747/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zTU2Ae27T14 |archive-date=September 14, 2016 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> In 2014 and 2015, he told ''[[The New York Times]]'' and ''[[Forbes]]'' that "OnePlus wasn’t meant to become a global company at the beginning. The main focus was taking on the Chinese market. ... for the global markets team, we are a bunch of young people without a lot of experience. It was just like an experiment, 'Hey, do the global markets and see what happens. Do whatever you want.' We call our group 'a [[Shenzhen]] within our company', or a start-up within a bigger company."<ref name="Forbes"/> and "Very soon our sales outside of China will surpass sales in China."<ref name="Carl Pei NYT">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/09/technology/personaltech/oneplus-one-review-high-hopes-for-low-price-phone.html |title=Low Price, High Hopes for OnePlus Phone |accessdate=2017-10-15 |date=October 8, 2014 |work=NYT |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015151442/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/09/technology/personaltech/oneplus-one-review-high-hopes-for-low-price-phone.html |archive-date=October 15, 2017 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

==Awards==
In April 2016, Pei was included in the 2016 edition of the ''[[Marketing Week]]'' Vision 100 list.<ref name="Marketing Week Vision 100">{{cite web |url=https://www.marketingweek.com/vision100/profile/carl-pei/ |title=Marketing Week Carl Pei |accessdate=2017-10-15 |date=April 1, 2016 |work=Marketing Week |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015150219/https://www.marketingweek.com/vision100/profile/carl-pei/ |archive-date=October 15, 2017 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> In January 2016, he was included in the 2016 edition of the [[Forbes 30 Under 30|''Forbes'' 30 Under 30]] list for his influence in the technology industry.<ref name="Forbes 30 Under 30">{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/hhlh45li/carl-pei-26/#2ee546497e71 |title=Carl Pei 30 Under 30 |accessdate=2017-10-15 |date=January 1, 2016 |work=Forbes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015153140/https://www.forbes.com/pictures/hhlh45li/carl-pei-26/#2ee546497e71 |archive-date=October 15, 2017 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref> and in 2019, he was included in the 2019 edition of the Fortune [[40 Under 40|''Fortune'' 40 Under 40]] list .<ref name="Fortune 40 Under 40">{{cite web |url=https://fortune.com/40-under-40/2019/carl-pei/ |title=Carl Pei 40 Under 40 |accessdate=2021-01-28 |date=January 1, 2019 |work=Fortune |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="I'm Carl Pei, Co-Founder of OnePlus, and This Is How I Work">{{cite web |last=Orin |first=Andy |title=I'm Carl Pei, Co-Founder of OnePlus, and This Is How I Work |url=http://lifehacker.com/im-carl-pei-co-founder-of-oneplus-and-this-is-how-i-w-1688930538 |website=[[Lifehacker]] |accessdate=1 July 2017 |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20170701174000/http://lifehacker.com/im-carl-pei-co-founder-of-oneplus-and-this-is-how-i-w-1688930538 |archivedate=1 July 2017 |url-status=live |language=English |date=4 March 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
}}

== External links ==

*[https://twitter.com/getpeid?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor Carl Pei] on [[Twitter]]
{{OnePlus}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pei, Carl}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople in telecommunications]]
[[Category:Technology business executives]]
[[Category:Meizu people]]
[[Category:OnePlus people]]
[[Category:Chinese emigrants to Sweden]]
[[Category:1989 births]]

Wurzelförmiges Zahnimplantat

2021-05-26T19:22:09Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.04b - Bot T20 CW#61 - Fix errors for CW project (Reference before punctuation)

A '''root-analog [[dental implant]] (RAI)''' – also known as a truly anatomic dental implant, or an anatomical/custom implant – is a [[medical device]] to replace one or more roots of a single tooth immediately after [[Dental extraction|extraction]]. In contrast to common titanium screw type implants, these implants are custom-made to exactly match the extraction socket of the specific patient. Thus there is usually no need for surgery.

As the root analog dental implant matches the [[Dental alveolus|tooth socket]] (dental alveolus) it can only be placed in conjunction with the tooth extraction. If the tooth has been already lost and the soft and hard tissue is already healed a RAI can no longer be placed.

The basic principle of endosseous implants is a biological process described as [[osseointegration]], in which materials such as titanium or ceramic form an intimate bond to bone. There are no particular differences between the osseointegration of a root analog implant and a conventional screw type implant.

==Disadvantages of conventional implants==
[[File:Root analogue ceramic dental implant vs titanium screw type implant.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Root Analogue Dental Implant|Root analogue ceramic dental implant in comparison with titanium screw type implant]]
As technology has improved, so has implant success rate. However, this does not address fundamental problem with conventional implant technology: the patient must be altered to fit the screw or cylinder implant, rather than the other way around.

A tooth has one or more [[Dental anatomy|roots]]. Even a single-rooted tooth is nearly twice as wide in one direction as in the other. A cylindrical screw-type implant does not resemble a tooth, so invasive surgery is needed to make it fit into an existing tooth socket. Such surgery involves drilling into healthy bone, filling gaps between implant and bone either with bone or bone substitutes, and frequently sinus lift procedures.

Titanium screws are prone to [[peri-implantitis]] and plaque accumulation, leading to further interventions. The grey color of titanium tends to show through gums.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cai |first1=H |last2=Chen |first2=J |last3=Li |first3=C |last4=Wang |first4=J |last5=Wan |first5=Q |last6=Liang |first6=X |title=Quantitative discoloration assessment of peri-implant soft tissue around zirconia and other abutments with different colours: A systematic review and meta-analysis. |journal=J Dent. |volume=70 |issue=Mar |year=2018 |pages=110–117 |doi=10.1016/j.jdent.2018.01.003 |pmid=29371043}}</ref>, and in case of gum and bone recession, esthetic outcome is often highly unpredictable.

==Root analogue implants==
[[File:Illustration showing comparison of screw type implant with root analogue implant.jpg|thumb|Illustration showing comparison of screw type implant with root analogue implant]]

{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| header = X-rays of root analogue dental implants in different regions
| width = 178
| image1 = X-ray of root analogue dental implant single rooted right lower second premolar.jpg
| alt1 = X-ray of root analogue dental implant single rooted right lower second premolar
| caption1 = X-ray of root analogue dental implant single rooted right lower second premolar
| image2 = X-ray of root analogue dental implant two rooted left lower molar.jpg
| alt2 = X-ray of root analogue dental implant two rooted left lower molar.jpg
| caption2 = X-ray of root analogue dental implant two rooted left lower molar.jpg
| image3 = X-ray of root analogue three rooted dental implant right first upper molar.jpg
| alt3 = X-ray of root analogue three rooted dental implant right first upper molar.jpg
| caption3 = X-ray of root analogue three rooted dental implant right first upper molar.jpg
}}

RAIs are custom made to perfectly fit the tooth socket of a specific patient immediately after tooth extraction. Therefore every implant is unique. As an optimized root-form it is much more than a simple 1:1 replica of a tooth. Since it exactly fills the gap left after the tooth is extracted, surgery is rarely needed. The implant can be produced from a copy of the extracted tooth, an impression of the tooth socket, or from a [[CT scan]] or [[Cone beam computed tomography|CBCT scan]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Evans |first1=Zachary P. |last2=Renne |first2=Walter G. |last3=Bacro |first3=Thierry R. |last4=Mennito |first4=Anthony S. |last5=Ludlow |first5=Mark E. |last6=Lecholop |first6=Michael K. |title=Anatomic Customization of Root-Analog Dental Implants With Cone-Beam CT and CAD/CAM Fabrication: A Cadaver-Based Pilot Evaluation |journal=Journal of Oral Implantology |volume=XLIV |issue=1 |year=2018 |pages=15–25|doi=10.1563/aaid-joi-D-17-00090 |pmid=29064779 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The advantage of a CBCT scan is that the implant can be produced before extraction. With the former methods, it takes one or two days to fabricate an implant.

A root analogue implant can be fabricated from [[zirconium dioxide]] (zirconia) or [[titanium]]. Zirconia is the preferred material, because it is more esthetic in color, with no grey discoloration visible through gums.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Happe |first1=Arndt |last2=Schulte-Mattler |first2=Verena |last3=Strassert |first3=Christian |last4=Naumann |first4=Michael |last5=Stimmelmayr |first5=Michael |last6=Zoller |first6=Joachim |last7=Rothamel |first7=Daniel |title=In Vitro Color Changes of Soft Tissues Caused by Dyed Fluorescent Zirconia and Nondyed, Nonfluorescent Zirconia in Thin Mucosa |journal=The International Journal of Periodontics & Restorative Dentistry |volume=33 |issue=1 |year=2013 |pages=e1-8 |doi=10.11607/prd.1303|pmid=23342353 }}</ref>
Zirconium dioxide is doped with small amounts of yttria, which results in a material with superior thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties, and enhanced fracture toughness - ideal for surgical implants.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gautam |first1=C |last2=Joyner |first2=Jarin |last3=Gautam |first3=Amarendra |last4=Rao |first4=Jitendra |last5=Vajtai |first5=Robert |title=Zirconia Based Dental Ceramics: Structure, Mechanical Properties, Biocompatibility and Applications |journal=Dalton Trans. |year=2016 |volume=45 |issue=11 |pages=19194–19215 |doi=10.1039/C6DT03484E|pmid=27892564 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=El-Ghany |first1=Ossama Saleh Abd |last2=Sherief |first2=Ashraf Husein |title=Zirconia based ceramics, some clinical and biological aspects: Review |journal=Future Dental Journal |year=2016 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1016/j.fdj.2016.10.002|doi-access=free }}</ref> Zirconia is metal free and is [[Biocompatibility|biocompatible]].

An alternative technique used a titanium root fused to a zirconia abutment by a sintering process that eliminated any possible microgap (which could cause [[peri-implantitis]], leading to bone loss around the implant).<ref name="Pour2019">{{cite journal |last1=Saeidi Pour |first1=R. |last2=Freitas Rafael |first2=C. |last3=Engler |first3=M.L.P.D. |last4=Edelhoff |first4=D. |last5=Klaus |first5=G. |last6=Prandtner |first6=O. |last7=Berthold |first7=M. |last8=Liebermann |first8=A. |title=Historical development of root analogue implants: a review of published papers |journal=British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery |year=2019 |volume=57 |issue=6 |pages=496–504 |doi=10.1016/j.bjoms.2019.01.021|pmid=31085016 }}</ref>

True ‘root-form analogue’ or ‘anatomic’ dental implants have been attempted in the past. Those early attempts failed because of insufficient knowledge of healing of cortical and spongy bone, method, material, tooling, and technology. The principle of Differentiated Osseointegration, in conjunction with suitable material and technology, has enabled the first success in this field<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pirker |first1=W |last2=Kocher |first2=A |title=Immediate, non-submerged, root-analogue zirconia implant in single tooth replacement. |journal=Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. |year=2008 |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=293–5 |doi=10.1016/j.ijom.2007.11.008 |pmid=18272340}}
</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pirker |first1=W |last2=Kocher |first2=A |title=Immediate, non-submerged, root-analogue zirconia implants placed into single-rooted extraction sockets: 2-year follow-up of a clinical study. |journal=Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. |year=2009 |volume=38 |issue=11 |pages=1127–32 |doi= 10.1016/j.ijom.2009.07.008|pmid=19665354}}</ref><ref name="Pirker2011">{{cite journal |last1=Pirker |first1=W |last2=Wiedemann |first2=D |last3=Lidauer |first3=A |last4=Kocher |first4=A |title=Immediate, single stage, truly anatomic zirconia implant in lower molar replacement: a case report with 2.5 years follow-up. |journal=Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. |year=2011 |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=212–6 |doi=10.1016/j.ijom.2010.08.003 |pmid=20833511}}</ref>

==The Principle of “Differentiated Osseointegration”==

Differentiated Osseointegration<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pirker |first1=W |last2=Kocher |first2=A |title=True Anatomic Immediate Dental Implant Method: A Clinical Case |journal=International Magazine of Oral Implantology |year=2009 |issue=4 |pages=10–14}}</ref> describes the guided equilibrium of bone-to-implant distance, contact and compression, taking into account spongy or cortical bone, in order to achieve secure [[osseointegration]] of individual anatomical dental implants.

The design of the implant surface is crucial in integrating all three possible primary bone-to-implant contact scenarios:

* Contact in the area of the exact root replica, for an immediate start of primary osseointegration without bone trauma;
* Distance at the thin buccal and lingual cortical plates, to safely avoid fracture and pressure resorption of this sensitive bone;
* Compression with macro retentions only in areas of spongy bone to maintain safe primary stability during the entire osseointegration phase.

The combination of all these factors is the most important condition for osseointegration of anatomically shaped dental implants.

==Technique==
[[File:Placement of root analogue ceramic implant.webm|thumb|Video showing placement of root analogue ceramic dental implant without surgery, and outcome at one year follow-up]]
[[File:X-ray of root analogue dental implant left central incisor.jpg|thumb|X-ray of root analogue dental implant corresponding to above surgical video]]

Treatment consists of three steps:

* Obtain the 3D form of the tooth to be replaced. This is done either through careful tooth extraction and scanning of the root, taking an impression of the tooth socket, or a pre-op [[Cone beam computed tomography|CBCT scan]]. The root analogue implant is produced using modern [[CAD/CAM dentistry|CAD/CAM]] technology, based on the Principle of Differentiated Osseointegration;
* Atraumatic extraction of the hopeless tooth;
* Placement of the root analogue implant by tapping it in. In general, no surgery is necessary. In particular, no sinus lift or invasive surgery is ever necessary. The implant is placed immediately if it has been produced beforehand from a CBCT scan, or the next day if root has to be scanned or an impression of the socket is used. A protective splint is fitted to protect the implant during the healing period.

Recovery time is very fast as neither soft nor hard tissue is traumatized. Typically, even the day after implant placement there is no swelling, bruising or pain. After 8–12 weeks' healing period, the final crown may be fitted by a family dentist.

==Advantages<ref name="Pirker2011"></ref><ref name="Chong2020">{{cite journal |last1=Chong |first1=Chin Chen |last2=Pfaff |first2=Jacqueline A |title=Clinical Outcome of Root Analog Dental Zirconia Implants: A Systematic Literature Review |journal=On J Dent & Oral Health |year=2020 |volume=3 |issue=3 |doi=10.33552/OJDOH.2020.03.000564|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Pessanha-Andrade2018">{{cite journal |last1=Pessanha-Andrade |first1=M |last2=Sordi |first2=MB |last3=Henriques |first3=B |last4=Silva |first4=FS |last5=Teughels |first5=W |last6=Souza |first6=JCM |title=Custom-made root-analogue zirconia implants: A scoping review on mechanical and biological benefits. |journal=J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. |year=2018 |volume=8 |issue=106 |pages=2888–2900 |doi=10.1002/jbm.b.34147 |pmid=30070423}}</ref>==
* Can be placed by any family dentist, requiring no specific surgical skills; there are no guidelines besides indications and contra-indications. The implant is placed with simple tools, typically in less than a minute.
* Natural form: a custom milled anatomic implant replicates the natural form of a tooth, so it simply fits into the tooth socket. Like the original tooth, a root analogue implant can have single- and multi-rooted forms.
* Esthetic: a ceramic RAI closely resembles a natural tooth in color. Thus there is no discoloration through the gums, as is commonly seen with titanium implants.
* No drilling or surgery, or bone augmentation, is necessary. The patient never needs a sinus lift. There is no additional bone loss, in contrast to a conventional implant where bone must be drilled. No antibiotics are necessary.
* Extremely low risk of [[peri-implantitis]]: a conventional implant has a screw winding which is prone to peri-implantitis if it is exposed to the mouth environment. A RAI has none of these problems. Similarly, as it is a single piece implant, there are no gaps which can be infected.
* Immediate: a RAI is placed into a tooth socket immediately or the next day after tooth removal. Injury to neighboring roots, nerves or sinus is impossible.
* Widely applicable: RAIs can be used in approximately 30% of cases, as opposed to 5% for conventional implants. The technology is completely open to all common methods of crown reconstruction.
* The consequences in case of implant failure are minimal: the patient's anatomy has not been altered (the tooth socket is unchanged), so there is still the option to switch to a conventional treatment.

==Risks and complications==
Form alterations to the RAI, in conjunction with the pathology of patient, can only be carried out by a practitioner with the requisite knowledge, experience and skills.<ref name="Pour2019"></ref><ref name="Böse2020">{{cite journal |last1=Böse |first1=MWH |last2=Hildebrand |first2=D |last3=Beuer |first3=F |last4=Wesemann |first4=C |last5=Schwerdtner |first5=P |last6=Pieralli |first6=S |last7=Spies |first7=BC |title=Clinical Outcomes of Root-Analogue Implants Restored with Single Crowns or Fixed Dental Prostheses: A Retrospective Case Series. |journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine |year=2020 |volume=9 |issue=8 |pages=2346 |doi=10.3390/jcm9082346|pmid=32717843 |pmc=7465378 }}</ref> A failure rate of 10% appears high because of the wider [[Indication (medicine)|indications]] for this implant solution; almost all failures occur within the first 4 weeks. After this period, it is rare to have an implant fail.

==History==
Tooth loss is as old as humanity. Examples from history show that it has always made sense to replace a tooth with an implant that is shaped like a tooth.<ref name="Misch2015">{{cite book |last=Misch |first=Carl E |date=2015 |title=Dental Implant Prosthetics |edition=2nd |url=https://www.elsevier.com/books/dental-implant-prosthetics/9780323078450 |publisher=Mosby |isbn=9780323078450 |pages=26–45 |chapter=Chapter 2: Generic Root Form Component Terminology}}</ref> The earliest known dental implant, discovered in Honduras and dating from 600 AD, is that of a Mayan woman who had several implanted incisors carved from sea shells. At least one of these implants had osseointegrated.<ref name="Misch2015"></ref>

In modern times, a tooth replica implant in baboons was reported as early as 1969 by Hodosh and colleagues, but the polymethacrylate tooth analogue was encapsulated by soft tissue rather than osseointegrated.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hodosh |first1=M |last2=Povar |first2=M |last3=Shklar |first3=G |title=The dental polymer implant concept |journal=J. Prosthet. Dent. |year=1969 |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=371–380 |doi=10.1016/0022-3913(69)90200-5|pmid=4979523 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hodosh |first1=M |last2=Shklar |first2=G |last3=Povar |first3=M |title=The porous vitreous carbon/polymethacrylate tooth implant: Preliminary studies |journal=J. Prosthet. Dent. |year=1974 |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=326–334 |doi=10.1016/0022-3913(74)90037-7|pmid=4612143 }}</ref>

In 1992 Lundgren and colleagues used root analogue titanium implants in an experimental model of immediate implant placement in dogs, with bony integration in 88% of cases.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lundgren |first1=D |last2=Rylander |first2=H |last3=Andersson |first3=M |last4=Johansson |first4=M |last5=Albrektsson |first5=T |title=Healing-in of root analogue titanium implants placed in extraction sockets. An experimental study in the beagle dog. |journal=Clin Oral Implants Res. |year=1992 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=136–43 |doi=10.1034/j.1600-0501.1992.030306.x |pmid=1290794}}</ref> A good fit between implant and bone was considered an important factor for implant success.

For this reason, Kohal et al. in 1997 further refined the approach of root-analogue titanium implants in monkeys by using slightly larger implants to compensate for the lost periodontal ligament. This provided a better fit between implant and extraction socket. In several instances implant insertion led to fractures of the thin buccal wall of the alveolar bone.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kohal |first1=RJ |last2=Hürzeler |first2=MB |last3=Mota |first3=LF |last4=Klaus |first4=G |last5=Caffesse |first5=RG |first6=Strub |last6= JR |title=Custom-made root analogue titanium implants placed into extraction sockets. An experimental study in monkeys. |journal=Clin Oral Implants Res. |year=1997 |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=386–392 |doi=10.1034/j.1600-0501.1997.080505.x |pmid=9612143 }}</ref>

An ensuing clinical study in humans in 2002 with root-identical titanium implants showed excellent primary stability, but, disappointingly, nearly half the implants failed after 9 months. This particular implant system was not recommended for clinical use, and clinical trials were stopped.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Heydecke |first1=G |last2=Kohal |first2=R |last3=Gläser |first3=R |title=Optimal Esthetics in Single-Tooth Replacement with the Re-Implant System: A Case Report |journal=Int J Prosthodont |year=1999 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=184–189 |pmid=10371922 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kohal |first1=R |last2=Klaus |first2=G |last3=Strub |first3=J |title=Clinical investigation of a new dental immediate implant system. The ReImplant-System. |journal=Dtsch Zahnärztl Z. |year=2002 |volume=57 |issue=8 |pages=495–497 }}</ref>

A new attempt was made by Pirker et al 2004 in a human trial with root analogue zirconia implants, but this time by applying differentiated osseoingration on the surface. In 2011 he reported 90% success rate with this method in a 2.5 year human trial.<ref name="Pirker2011"></ref>

Mangano et al in Italy in 2012 reported the successful clinical use of a custom-made root analogue implant made by direct laser metal forming (DLMF) from a CBCT scan. This demonstrated that it is possible to combine CBCT 3D data and CAD/CAM technology to manufacture root-analogue implants with sufficient precision.<ref name="Mangano2012">{{cite journal |last1=Mangano |first1=F |last2=Cirotti |first2=B |last3=Sammons |first3=R |last4=Mangano |first4=C |title=Custom-made, root-analogue direct laser metal forming implant: a case report |journal=Lasers Med Sci |year=2012 |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=1241–1245 |doi=10.1007/s10103-012-1134-z|pmid=22699801 |s2cid=9676516 }}</ref>

In 2012 Moin et al in The Netherlands investigated the accuracy of CBCT and CAD/CAM technology on individual root analogue implants, and concluded that this technique could potentially provide accurate dental implants for immediate placement.<ref name="Moin2013">{{cite journal |last1=Anssari Moin |first1=D |last2=Hassan |first2=B |last3=Mercelis |first3=P |last4=Wismeijer |first4=D |title=Designing a novel dental root analogue implant using cone beam computed tomography and CAD/CAM technology |journal=Clin. Oral Imp. Res. |year=2013 |volume=24 |pages=25–27 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0501.2011.02359.x|pmid=22092354 }}</ref>

Pour et al in Germany reported a single tooth replacement with a root-analog hybrid implant in 2017, using a titanium implant fused with a ceramic cover in the esthetic zone.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pour |first1=RS |last2=Randelzhofer |first2=P |last3=Edelhoff |first3=D |last4=Prandtner |first4=O |last5=Rafael |first5=CF |last6=Liebermann |first6=A |title=Innovative Single-Tooth Replacement with an Individual Root-Analog Hybrid Implant in the Esthetic Zone: Case Report |journal=Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants |year=2017 |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=e153–e160 |doi=10.11607/jomi.5562|pmid=28494041 }}</ref>

==Current research and commercial success==
Successful RAIs are a relatively young technology. In contrast to conventional geometric implants, only a handful of scientific groups have carried out any work in this area since 1964. There are ongoing efforts to combine CBCT scans with CAD/CAM technology, which would lead to further breakthroughs in this field.<ref name="Mangano2012"></ref><ref name="Moin2013"></ref>

There is increasing concern in implantology about esthetics, biocompatibility, and the corrosive behaviour of materials.<ref name="Pour2019"></ref> While custom root analogue zirconia implants offer significant benefits over conventional titanium implants, and follow-up studies with patients show high success rates and satisfactory esthetic results,<ref name="Chong2020"></ref><ref name="Böse2020"></ref> further studies are needed to evaluate surface-bone interactions and mechanical behavior of zirconia.<ref name="Pour2019"></ref><ref name="Chong2020"></ref><ref name="Pessanha-Andrade2018"></ref>

A number of root analogue dental implant systems have become commercially available, with varying degrees of success.<ref name="Pour2019"></ref> However, so far, no root analogue dental implant system has received [[Regulation of therapeutic goods|regulatory approval]].

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Dental equipment]]
[[Category:Restorative dentistry]]

[[Category:Oral surgery]]

[[Category:Implants (medicine)]]
[[Category:Dental equipment]]
[[Category:Restorative dentistry]]
[[Category:Prosthetics]]
[[Category:Oral surgery]]
[[Category:Prosthodontology]]

== Root analogue dental implants ==

Claude Frédéric-Armand Schaeffer

2021-03-02T12:42:29Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.04b - Bot T3 - Correction syntaxique (Lien interne avec cible identique au texte)

{{voir homonymes|Schaeffer}}
{{Infobox Archéologue
| nom = Claude Frédéric-Armand Schaeffer-Forrer
| image =
| taille image =
| légende =
| surnom =
| date de naissance = 6 mars 1898
| lieu de naissance = [[Strasbourg]]
| nationalité = française
| date de décès = 25 août 1982
| lieu de décès = [[Saint-Germain-en-Laye]]
| ascendants =
| conjoint =
| descendants =
| famille =
| hommage =
| découvertes =
| expéditions = Forêt de Haguenau (1920-1928 ; [[Ras Shamra]] (1928-1956) ; [[Enkomi]] (1934)
| activités autres =
}}
[[Fichier:Tablet cypro-minoan 2 Louvre AM2336.jpg|thumb|Tablette cypro-minéenne découverte par Claude Schaeffer-Forrer à Ras Shamra (Musée du Louvre)]]
'''Claude Frédéric-Armand Schaeffer''', né à [[Strasbourg]] le {{date de naissance|6|mars|1898}} et mort en [[1982]], est un [[archéologie|archéologue]] [[France|français]] qui lança les recherches françaises sur le site d'[[Ougarit]] en [[1929]] et « découvrit des tablettes à écriture cunéiforme alphabétique »<ref>{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|auteur1=[[Jean-Pierre Thiollet]]|préface=Guy Gay-Para|illustrateur=Marcel C. Desban|titre=Je m'appelle [[Byblos]]|éditeur=Éd. H&D|collection=Histoire & découvertes|lieu=Milon-la-Chapelle|numéro dans collection=1|année=2005|pages totales=257|passage=256-257|isbn=978-2-914266-04-8|titre chapitre=Claude Schaeffer}}.</ref>. Il a assuré de nombreuses fouilles en Europe, au Proche-Orient et en Asie.

Il a servi dans les Forces Navales de la [[France libre]], puis a été fait [[Doctorat honoris causa|docteur ''honoris causa'']] de l'[[Université Oxford]].

== Biographie ==

Fils d'un industriel de Strasbourg, il étudie dans sa ville natale sous [[Albert Grenier]] puis à [[Oxford]]. Élève de [[Robert Forrer]], il en épouse la fille, Odile Forrer, et ajoute son nom à son patronyme.

De 1920 à 1928, il explore les [[tumulus]] néolithiques de la [[forêt de Haguenau]] et analyse la [[Xavier Nessel|collection Nessel]]. Assistant au Musée préhistorique et gallo-romain de Strasbourg et conservateur du cabinet numismatique de la bibliothèque universitaire (1924), il dénonce la fraude de l'affaire de [[Glozel]] dans une série d'articles publiés en 1927-1928 et rejoint le point de vue de [[René Dussaud]] qui, lui-même, le défendra dans une controverse avec [[Salomon Reinach]] et lui confiera l'étude des antiquités de l'âge du bronze de ses collections (1928) puis la direction de l'exploration de la tombe de [[Minet el-Beida]], près de [[Lattaquié]] ([[Syrie]]).

Schaeffer s'y rend avec [[Georges Chenet]] (1929) et y découvre plusieurs tombes monumentales contenant un riche mobilier intact témoignant des liens entre monde égéen et le Levant. Quatre campagnes sont alors organisées et des tablettes d'argiles sont découvertes au tell de [[Ras Shamra]], ce qui révèle d'importants points sur l'origine de l'alphabet phénicien et qui seront déchiffrées par [[Charles Virolleaud]], [[Édouard Dhorme]] et [[Hans Bauer]].

En 1931, Ras Shamra est identifiée comme [[Ougarit]]. Schaeffer y fouille durant une cinquantaine d'années uniquement interrompues entre 1940 et 1947 et y fait d'importantes découvertes archéologiques et épigraphiques, reconnaissant par sondages stratigraphiques, les premiers niveaux d'occupation du site au début du [[Néolithique]] ({{VIIe}} millénaire). En 1939, il découvre le palais royal d'Ougarit qu'il dégage jusqu'en 1956 et de très nombreuses armes en bronze qui révèlent la maîtrise de la métallurgie et établissent les liens avec les cultures balkaniques européennes.

Schaeffer établit la théorie des ''porteurs de torques'' qui sera plus tard abandonnée et est chargé, en parallèle de ses travaux à Ougarit, d'une mission des Musées nationaux et de l'[[Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres]] au site d'[[Enkomi]] (1934) où il révèle la cité mycénienne d'[[Alasia]] et, par l'exploration stratigraphique, y reconnaît quatre villes réparties sur sept niveaux s’étalant du {{-sp-|XVIII|au|XI}}.

Conservateur adjoint du Musée des antiquités nationales de [[Saint-Germain-en-Laye]] (1933), il s'engage en 1940 dans les [[Forces navales françaises libres]] et est chargé en 1944 par le [[général de Gaulle]] d'organiser le Service de protection et de sauvegarde du patrimoine architectural et artistique français.

Secrétaire général de la Commission des fouilles du [[Ministère des Affaires étrangères (France)|ministère des Affaires étrangères]], il coordonne la recherche archéologique de 1946 à 1959 et est reçu en 1948 docteur ''honoris causa'' à Oxford où il édite sa ''Stratigraphie comparée et chronologie de l'Asie occidentale''.

Directeur de recherche au [[CNRS]] (1945), il succède à [[Raymond Lantier]] à la chaire de préhistoire européenne et archéologie nationale à l'[[École du Louvre]] puis à la chaire d'archéologie de l'Asie occidentale qui est créée pour lui en 1953 au [[Collège de France]].

Il est élu en 1953 à l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres.

== Travaux ==

* ''Histoire de pierre néolithiques du musée de Haguenau'', 1924
* ''Les Tertres funéraires préhistoriques de la forêt de Haguenau'', 1926-1930
* ''Ugaritica'', 7 vols., 1939-1978
* ''Stratigraphie comparée et chronologie de l'Asie occidentale ({{IIIe}} et {{IIe}} millénaires)'', 1948
* ''Enkomi-Alasia. Nouvelles missions en Chypre, 1946-1950'', 1952
* ''Corpus des cylindres-sceaux de Ras Shamra-Ugarit et d'Enkomi-Alasia'', posth., 1983

== Notes et références ==
{{Références}}

== Bibliographie ==

* P. Amiet, ''Hommage à Claude Schaeffer'', ''Archéologia'' {{numéro|175}}, 1983, {{p.|14-16}}
* J-C. Courtois, ''Claude Schaeffer (1898-1982)'', in ''Syria'' {{numéro|60}}, 1983, {{p.|343-345}}
* A. Caquot, ''Les découvertes de Ras Shamra'', Institut de France, 1983-1990, {{p.|3-12}}
* J. Vercoutter, ''Notice sur la vie et les travaux de C. Schaeffer-Forrer'', ''Comptes rendus de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres'', 1989 [http://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_1989_num_133_1_14707 (''lire en ligne'')]
* A. Caubet, ''Claude Schaeffer, inventeur d'Ougarit'', in M. Baud, ''Cités disparues. Découvreurs et archéologues au Proche-Orient'', Autrement, 1991, {{p.|65-73}}
* [[Ève Gran-Aymerich]], ''Les Chercheurs de passé'', Éditions du CNRS, 2007, {{p.|1151-1153}} {{plume}}

== Liens externes ==
{{Autres projets|commons=Category:Claude Frédéric-Armand Schaeffer}}
* [https://salamandre.college-de-france.fr/ead.html?id=FR075CDF_00CDF0034#! Fonds Claude Frédéric-Armand Schaeffer-Forrer du Collège de France]
* {{Autorité}}
* {{Bases recherche}}

{{Portail|archéologie|France|Moyen-Orient|Chypre|Préhistoire|XXe siècle}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schaeffer-Forrer, Claude}}
[[Catégorie:Archéologue français]]
[[Catégorie:Préhistorien français]]
[[Catégorie:Orientaliste français]]
[[Catégorie:Naissance en mars 1898]]
[[Catégorie:Naissance à Strasbourg]]
[[Catégorie:Décès en août 1982]]
[[Catégorie:Décès à Saint-Germain-en-Laye]]
[[Catégorie:Membre de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres]]
[[Catégorie:Décès à 84 ans]]

Bobbi Gibb

2020-11-27T21:28:03Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.04b - Bot T20 CW#61 - Fix errors for CW project (Reference before punctuation)

{{short description|American marathon runner}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2016}}
[[File:Bobbi Gibb at the 26.2 Foundation.jpg|right|thumb|Bobbi Gibb at the 26.2 Foundation in 2016]]
'''Roberta Louise "Bobbi" Gibb''' (born November 2, 1942 in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140611021936/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-2588809048.html?key=01-42160D527E1A11611B020216066A0F332953225E20212F592C5B4C23291A607F127119731A7B1D6B75170028 Gibb, Roberta (1942–)] Dictionary of Women Worldwide: 25,000 Women Through the Ages, January 1, 2007</ref><ref name=jrank>{{cite web|url=http://sports.jrank.org/pages/1628/Gibb-Bobbi-Chronology.html|title=Bobbi Gibb - Chronology|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| last = Benyo
| first = Richard
|author2=Joe Henderson
| title = Running Encyclopedia
| publisher = Human Kinetics
| date = 2001
| location = Champaign, Illinois
| page = [https://archive.org/details/runningencyclope00rich/page/124 124]
| url = https://archive.org/details/runningencyclope00rich
| url-access = registration
| isbn = 0-7360-3734-9}}</ref>) is the first woman to have run the entire [[Boston Marathon]] (1966).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://216.235.243.43/races/boston-marathon/boston-marathon-history.aspx|title=Boston Marathon History|access-date=April 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424013642/http://216.235.243.43/races/boston-marathon/boston-marathon-history.aspx|archive-date=April 24, 2014|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> She is recognized by the [[Boston Athletic Association]] as the pre-sanctioned era [[List of winners of the Boston Marathon#Women's open|women’s winner in 1966, 1967, and 1968]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://216.235.243.43/races/boston-marathon/boston-marathon-history/champions/womens-open-division.aspx|title=Women's Open Division|access-date=January 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127101746/http://216.235.243.43/races/boston-marathon/boston-marathon-history/champions/womens-open-division.aspx|archive-date=January 27, 2016|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> At the Boston Marathon, the pre-sanctioned era comprised the years from 1966 through 1971, when women, who under AAU rules could not compete in the Men's Division, ran and finished the race. In 1996 the B.A.A. retroactively recognized as champions the women who finished first in the Pioneer Women's Division Marathon for the years 1966–1971.

Gibb’s run in 1966 challenged prevalent prejudices and misconceptions about women's athletic capabilities.<ref name=zaccone>http://www.bc.edu/content/dam/files/schools/cas_sites/communication/pdf/thesis08.zaccone.pdf{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 1967, she finished nearly an hour ahead of Kathrine Switzer. In 1968 Gibb finished first among five women that ran the marathon. It was not until late 1971, pursuant to a petition to the [[Amateur Athletic Union]] by [[Nina Kuscsik]], that the AAU changed its rules and began to sanction women's division marathons. Kuscsik won the initial AAU-sanctioned women's division race at Boston in 1972.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyrr.org/about-us/nyrr-hall-of-fame/nina-kuscsik|title=Nina Kuscsik|work=NYRR}}</ref>

== Biography ==

=== Early life ===
Bobbi Gibb grew up in the suburbs of [[Boston|Boston, Massachusetts]] during the 1940s and 1950s.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Sosienski
| first = Shanti
| title = Women Who Run
| publisher = Seal Press
| date = 2006
| location = Berkeley, California
| page = [https://archive.org/details/womenwhorun0000sosi/page/3 3]
| url = https://archive.org/details/womenwhorun0000sosi
| url-access = registration
| quote = bobbi gibb.
| isbn = 1-58005-183-9}}</ref> She studied at the [[Boston Museum of Fine Arts]] and [[Tufts University]] [[Tufts University School of Arts and Sciences#Organization and Degree Programs|School of Special Studies]].<ref name="namos">[http://www.namos.iupui.edu/artists/Artist.aspx?artist=167 National Art Museum of Sport: Sculptor was first woman to complete the Boston Marathon] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507102749/http://www.namos.iupui.edu/artists/Artist.aspx?artist=167 |date=May 7, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| last = O'Reilly
| first = Jean
|author2=Susan K. Cahn
| title = Women and Sports in the United States: A Documentary Reader
| publisher = Northeastern University Press
| date = 2007
| location = Boston, Massachusetts
| pages = 38–40
| url = https://books.google.com/?id=bn7TdYH9yUoC&dq=%22roberta+gibb%22
| isbn = 978-1-55553-671-8}}</ref> Her father was a professor of chemistry at Tufts. She was already running through the woods with the neighborhood dogs when, in 1962, she met a middle distance runner at Tufts named William Bingay, who would later enlist in the United States Navy and become her first husband.<ref name=love /><ref name="brown">{{cite web|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1078491/index.htm|title=A Game Girl In A Man's Game|last=Brown|first=Gwilym S.|date=May 2, 1966|publisher=Sports Illustrated|accessdate=August 18, 2009}}</ref><ref name="Derderian">Derderian, Tom (1996). ''Boston Marathon: The History of the World’s Premier Running Event''. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics Publishers.</ref> They married on February 5, 1966, in California.<ref name="Derderian"/> Her running included daily commuting of the eight miles to school.<ref name=love /> She ran in white leather [[Red Cross]] nurses' shoes because there were no running shoes available for women at the time.<ref name="scorecard">{{cite web|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1122111/3/index.htm|title=Scorecard|last=Creamer|first=Robert W. |date=May 28, 1984|publisher=Sports Illustrated|accessdate=August 18, 2009}}</ref>

=== Boston Marathon ===
Before 1966, the longest [[Amateur Athletic Union|Amateur Athletic Union (AAU)]]-sanctioned race for women was one and a half miles. Until 1972, when the first women's division marathon opened, the Boston Marathon was an AAU men’s division race. Under the AAU rules, women are not qualified to run in men's division races.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kendall|first=Jack|date=April 21, 1966|title=Roberta Gets Official Support: Females May Run Marathon|work=Record American|url=|url-status=live|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Higdon|first=Hal|title=Boston: A Century of Running|publisher=Rodale Press|year=1995|isbn=|location=Emmaus, Pennsylvania|pages=}}</ref>

Gibb trained for two years to run the Boston Marathon, covering as much as 40 miles in one day.<ref name=love>
[http://www.bobbigibb.com Gibb, Bobbi. ''To Boston with Love: The Story of the First Woman to Run the Boston Marathon'']</ref><ref name="runningpast.com">
{{cite web|last=Gibb|first=Roberta "Bobbi"|date=|title=Roberta "Bobbi" Gibb - A Run of One's Own|url=http://runningpast.com/gibb_story.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=|publisher=Women's Sports Foundation}}
</ref> On writing for an application in February 1966, she received a letter from the race director, Will Cloney, informing her that women were not physiologically capable of running marathon distances and that under the rules that governed amateur sports set out by the AAU, women were not allowed to run more than a mile and a half competitively.<ref name="runningpast.com"/> She realized that it was more important than ever to run and that her run would have a social significance far beyond just her own personal challenge.

After three nights and four days on a bus from [[San Diego, California]], Gibb arrived the day before the race at her parents' house in [[Winchester, Massachusetts]].<ref name="runningpast.com"/> On the morning of [[Patriots' Day]], April 19, 1966, her mother dropped her off at the start in [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]].<ref name="runningpast.com"/> Wearing her brother’s [[Bermuda shorts]] and a blue [[hoodie|hooded sweatshirt]] over a black, tanked-top swim suit, she hid in the bushes near the starting pen.<ref name="runningpast.com"/> After the starting gun fired, she waited until about half the pack had started and then jumped into the race.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,835462,00.html|title=Track & Field: Queen of the Marathon|date=April 29, 1966|publisher=Time magazine|accessdate=August 18, 2009}}</ref>

The men soon realized that she was a woman. Encouraged by their friendliness and support, she removed her sweatshirt.<ref name="namos"/> To her delight and relief, the crowds cheered to see a woman running. The press began to report on her progress towards [[Boston]].

[[Diana Chapman Walsh]], later President of [[Wellesley College]], recalled the day years later:

{{Quote|That was my senior year at Wellesley. As I had done every spring since I arrived on campus, I went out to cheer the runners. But there was something different about that Marathon Day—like a spark down a wire, the word spread to all of us lining the route that a woman was running the course. For a while, the "[[Boston Marathon#Spectators|screech tunnel]]" fell silent. We scanned face after face in breathless anticipation until just ahead of her, through the excited crowd, a ripple of recognition shot through the lines and we cheered as we never had before. We let out a roar that day, sensing that this woman had done more than just break the gender barrier in a famous race…<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wellesley.edu/PublicAffairs/Releases/1996/041096.html|title=Marathon's Elite Women Runners Defy Spring Snow to Speak at Wellesley College|date=April 10, 1996|publisher=Wellesley College News Release|accessdate=August 17, 2009}}</ref>}}

By the time Gibb reached the finish line in Boston, the [[Governor of Massachusetts]], [[John A. Volpe|John Volpe]], was there to shake her hand.<ref>{{cite web |title=60 Vintage Photos From Forgotten Moments In History |website=History Daily |date=3 Apr 2019 |url= https://historydaily.org/60-vintage-photos-from-forgotten-moments-in-history/36}}</ref> She finished in three hours, twenty-one minutes and forty seconds,<ref name="Derderian"/> ahead of two-thirds of the runners. The following morning her feat was front-page news in the ''[[Boston Record American|Record American]]'', where the headline read: “Hub Bride First Gal to Run Marathon.”<ref>(April 20, 1966). “Hub Bride First Gal to Run Marathon”. ''Record American''</ref> In another ''Record American'' article entitled “Roberta Gets Official Support: Females May Run Marathon,” Jack Kendall wrote:

{{Quote|Roberta the runner may revolutionize Boston’s fabled BAA marathon — and for that matter every other long distance run staged in the country. Even as the bunions acquired from Tuesday’s grueling 26 mile, 385 yard race were subsiding, the furor over a woman’s intrusion into what had been an all-male domain was mounting. ... But a spokesman from the New England Amateur Athletic Union has already decided it may be a woman’s world after all. ''WOULD CHANGE RULES'' He plans personally to contact the organization’s national headquarters and seek consideration for suspension of the NAAU rules so that a female who wishes to compete in the marathon can do so. In his opinion the only way the rule could be circumvented would be through suspension of the rules.<ref>Kendall, Jack (April 21, 1966). “Roberta Gets Official Support: Females May Run Marathon”. ''Record American''.</ref>}}

The May 2, 1966, issue of ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' featured an article written by Gwilym S. Brown entitled “A Game Girl In A Man’s Game”:

{{Quote|Last week a tidy-looking and pretty 23-year-old blonde named Roberta Gibb Bingay not only started but also covered the 26-mile, 385-yard course at a clip fast enough to finish ahead of no fewer than 290 of the event’s 415 starters.<ref name=brown />}}

In 1967, Gibb, by then a full-time student at the [[University of California, San Diego]], ran again. She finished in three hours, twenty-seven minutes and seventeen seconds, almost an hour ahead of another female competitor. In 1968, Gibb ran again, finishing in three hours and thirty minutes, first among a growing number of women, which included Carol Ann Pancko, Elaine Pederson, and Marjorie Fish.<ref>McLaughlin, Dan and Bill Duncliffe (1968). "Babes Bug BAA Bosses." ''Record American''.</ref> In 1969, 1970, and 1971, Sara Mae Berman was the women’s winner, and in 1972, [[Nina Kuscsik]] was the winner of the first officially sanctioned women’s division event.

In 1996, at the 100th running of the Boston Marathon and the 30th anniversary of Gibb’s first run of it, the [[Boston Athletic Association]] officially recognized her three wins in 1966, 1967, and 1968 and awarded her a medal. Her name was inscribed with the names of the other winners on the Boston Marathon Memorial in [[Copley Square]].<ref name="publicart">{{cite web|url=http://www.publicartboston.com/content/boston-marathon-memorial|title=Boston Marathon Memorial|publisher=Boston Art Commission|accessdate=January 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126213654/http://www.publicartboston.com/content/boston-marathon-memorial|archive-date=January 26, 2016|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

In 2016, Gibb was the grand marshal of that year's Boston Marathon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.rockport.wickedlocal.com/article/20160418/NEWS/160416234|title=Bobbi Gibb serves as grand marshal of 2016 Boston Marathon|agency=Associated Press|work=Wicked Local Rockport}}</ref> That year's female winner, [[Atsede Baysa]], gave Gibb her trophy; Gibb said that she would go to Baysa’s native Ethiopia in 2017 and return it to her.<ref>[https://www.bostonglobe.com/sports/specials/boston-marathon/2016/04/19/atsede-baysa-gives-her-marathon-trophy-bobbi-gibb/e2iqVunwWH74JGfkrwwwWP/story.html Atsede Baysa gives her Boston Marathon trophy to Bobbi Gibb - The Boston Globe]</ref> As it turned out, Baysa came to Boston and Gibb returned the trophy to her at that time.

=== Education and career history ===
Gibb received her [[Bachelor of Science|Bachelor of Science (B.S.)]] degree from the University of California, San Diego in 1969,<ref name="runningpast.com"/> fulfilling the [[pre-medical]] requirements, with a major in [[philosophy]] and a minor in [[mathematics]]. She has reported she was denied admission to [[medical school]] because of her gender.<ref name="runningpast.com"/> Gibb then worked with Professor [[Jerome Lettvin]] at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] on [[epistemology]] and [[color vision]] while studying [[law]]. In 1974, Gibb entered the [[New England School of Law]],<ref name="scorecard"/> receiving her [[Juris Doctor|Juris Doctor (J.D.)]] in 1978.<ref name=jrank /> She worked as a legislative aide in the [[Massachusetts General Court|Massachusetts State Legislature]], studied [[system|natural systems]], and pursued her interest in [[sculpture]] and [[painting]]. She was admitted to the [[Massachusetts]] [[Bar (law)|Bar]] in 1978.<ref name=jrank /> While raising her family, she practiced law, specializing in [[real property|real]] and [[intellectual property]]. She worked, for part of that time, in [[patent]] law with Jerry Cohen, Esq.

Gibb sculpted the 12-inch bronze figurines of a pony-tailed girl running that were given as trophies to [[Joan Benoit Samuelson]], [[Julie Brown (athlete)|Julie Brown]], and [[Julie Isphording]], the top three women marathoners at the US Olympic trials in 1984.<ref name="scorecard"/><ref name="trials">{{cite web|url=http://runningtimes.com/Print.aspx?articleID=13123|title=Finally, One for the Girls: The '84 Women's Olympic Trials Marathon|last=Musca|first=Michael|date=April 2008|publisher=Running Times Magazine|accessdate=August 22, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715215053/http://runningtimes.com/Print.aspx?articleID=13123|archive-date=July 15, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Samuelson has commented on her trophy, stating: "There are only three in the world. It's irreplaceable."<ref name=trials /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1119199/2/index.htm|title=Her Life Is In Apple Pie Order|last=Moore|first=Kenny|date=March 4, 1985|publisher=Sports Illustrated|accessdate=August 22, 2009}}</ref>

Gibb has written a memoir entitled ''Wind in the Fire: A Personal Journey''<ref>{{cite web|title=Wind in the Fire|url=http://www.harvard.com/book/wind_in_the_fire/|publisher=Harvard Book Store|accessdate=July 29, 2012}}</ref> and a book titled ''26.2 Essays: An Inspiring New World View''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/26-2-Essays-Inspiring-World-View/dp/0982967527/|access-date=2020-11-26|website=www.amazon.com}}</ref> A film based on her memoir and with the same title is currently in the works.<ref name=katzwomenworld>{{cite news|last1=Katz|first1=Brigit|title=The incredible story of Bobbi Gibb, the first woman to run the Boston Marathon|url=http://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2015/04/20/the-incredible-story-of-bobbi-gibb-the-first-woman-to-run-the-boston-marathon/|accessdate=April 20, 2015|work=Women in the World (in assoc. w. New York Times)|date=April 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130113718/http://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2015/04/20/the-incredible-story-of-bobbi-gibb-the-first-woman-to-run-the-boston-marathon/|archive-date=January 30, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> She has been included in ''[[Who’s Who]] of American Women'', ''Who’s Who in America'', and ''Who’s Who in the World''. In 1982 she was inducted into the [[Road Runners Club of America]] Long Distance Running Hall of Fame,<ref>{{cite web
| author = Road Runners Club of America
| authorlink = Road Runners Club of America
| title = Road Runners Club of America: History of the National Award Winners
| url = http://www.rrca.org/services/awards/awardhistory.pdf
| work = RRCA website
| publisher = Road Runners Club of America
| location = Arlington, Virginia
| page = 1
| accessdate = August 17, 2009
| quote = Roberta Gibb-Welch
| url-status = dead
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080708200356/http://www.rrca.org/services/awards/awardhistory.pdf
| archivedate = July 8, 2008
| df = mdy-all
}}</ref> and she has been interviewed for news programs and documentaries on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]], [[CBS]], [[NBC]], [[ESPN]], and [[HBO]]. She was included in the 1999 HBO Sports documentary ''Dare to Compete: The Struggle of Women in Sports''. In 2000, she produced a documentary on her art and running entitled ''Where the Spirit Leads''. Gibb received the 2009 Tufts University Athletics Distinguished Achievement Award<ref>{{cite web|title=Homecoming 2009|url=http://enews.tufts.edu/stories/1592/2009/10/13/Homecoming2009|publisher=Tufts University E-News|accessdate=July 29, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718040421/http://enews.tufts.edu/stories/1592/2009/10/13/Homecoming2009|archive-date=July 18, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> and was inducted into [[The Sports Museum|The Sports Museum of New England]] Hall of Fame in 2011. Her Special Achievement Award was presented by [[Joan Benoit Samuelson]] at the Sports Museum's 10th Annual "The Tradition" on June 28, 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Roberta "Bobbi" Gibb To Run Inaugural B.A.A. 10K|url=http://running.competitor.com/2011/06/news/roberta-bobbi-gibb-to-run-inaugural-b-a-a-10k_30506|publisher=Competitor|accessdate=July 29, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006112142/http://running.competitor.com/2011/06/news/roberta-bobbi-gibb-to-run-inaugural-b-a-a-10k_30506|archive-date=October 6, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Tradition|url=http://www.tdgarden.com/calendar/293.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608072558/http://tdgarden.com/calendar/293.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 8, 2011|accessdate=July 29, 2012}}</ref> She pursues a career in art and writes on a wide range of topics including [[economics]], [[spirituality]], the nature of natural systems, and the phenomenon of [[qualia|subjective experience]]. Recently she joined the Cecil B. Day Neuromuscular Laboratory as an associate working to find the causes of and cures for [[neurodegenerative disease]]s, specifically [[amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]]. She divides her time between San Diego and Boston.

== See also ==
* [[List of winners of the Boston Marathon]]

== References ==
<references />

== Further reading ==
*Cataneo, David (April 21, 1986). “Taking some giant steps for women: Gibb’s gallant ’66 run”. ''The Boston Herald''.
*Derderian, Tom (1996). ''Boston Marathon: 100 Years of Blood, Sweat and Cheers''. Triumph Books.
*Derderian, Tom (1996). ''Boston Marathon: The History of the World’s Premier Running Event''. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics Publishers.
*Gibb, Bobbi (2012). ''Wind in the Fire: A Personal Journey.'' http://www.harvard.com/book/wind_in_the_fire/
*Higdon, Hal (1995). ''Boston: A Century of Running''. Emmaus, Pennsylvania: Rodale Press, Inc.
*Poletti, Frances (2017). ''The Girl who Ran: Bobbi Gibb, The First Woman to Run the Boston Marathon''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The girl who ran : Bobbi Gibb, the first woman to run the Boston Marathon|last=Poletti, Frances|others=Yee, Kristina,, Chapman, Susanna|isbn=9781943200474|location=Seattle, WA|oclc=986238065|year = 2017}}</ref> Seattle, Washington: Compendium, Inc.

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.bobbigibbart.net|Bobbi Gibb official website}}
* [http://www.bobbigibb.net/ Bobbi Gibb biography and film site]
* [http://languageinstinct.blogspot.com/2010/03/story-of-marathon.html ''The Story of the Marathon'']
* [https://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=4069DBC6C2A419A9&search_query=bobbi+gibb Where The Spirit Leads: Bobbi Gibb, First Woman to Run the Boston Marathon (YouTube)]
* {{cite news|last=Dupont|first=Kevin Paul|title=Memoirs of marathon's first lady|url=http://www.boston.com/sports/marathon/articles/2011/06/26/memoirs_of_marathons_first_lady/ |accessdate=January 1, 2013|newspaper=Boston Globe|date=June 26, 2011}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/yourtown/cambridge/gallery/famous_celebrities_from_cambridge?pg=21|title=Famous folks from Cambridge: Roberta "Bobbi" Gibb|publisher=Boston.com|accessdate=January 1, 2013}}
* [https://www.facebook.com/BOBBIGIBBFILM Wind in the Fire film's Facebook page]
{{Footer Boston Marathon Champions Women}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gibb, Bobbi}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Cambridge, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:American female long-distance runners]]
[[Category:American female marathon runners]]
[[Category:Boston Marathon female winners]]

Art the Clown

2020-10-16T21:46:19Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.03b - Bot T20 CW#61 - WP:WCW project (Reference before punctuation)

{{More citations needed|date=September 2019}}
{{rewrite|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox character
| colour = #201517
| name = Art the Clown
| series = [[Terrifier]]
| image = File:Art_the_Clown_and_Tara_Heyes.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| caption = Art (David Howard Thornton) and Tara (Jenna Kanell)
| first_minor = ''The 9th Circle''
| first_date = 2008
| last =
| creator = Damien Leone
| portrayer = Mike Giannelli David Howard Thornton
| species = [[Demon]]
| lbl21 = Classification
| data21 = [[Mass murder]]er
}}

'''Art the Clown''' is a main [[character (arts)|character]] in the ''[[Terrifier]]'' [[Slasher film|slasher]] franchise created by Damien Leone. The character originates from Leone's [[short film]]'s ''The 9th Circle'' (2008) and ''Terrifier'' (2011) in which he was portrayed by Mike Giannelli. However, he gained popularity when he was featured as the central antagonist in the [[anthology film|anthology]] [[horror film]] ''[[All Hallows' Eve (2013 film)|All Hallows' Eve]]'' (2013).

Leone wrote the 2016 feature length ''[[Terrifier]]'' as a [[standalone film]] focusing solely on the antagonistic Art character and his pursuit of the sisters Tara (Jenna Kanell) and Victoria Heyes ([[Samantha Scaffidi]]). Giannelli, who had retired from acting prior to this film's conception, was replaced by actor David Howard Thornton. While the film itself received middling reviews, Thornton's portrayal was met with critical acclaim particularly for his use of [[body language]]. As of 2020, Thornton has filmed scenes for the upcoming sequel ''Terrifier 2'' (2021).

Art has become a popular figure in the [[horror film|horror genre]] and has been featured in various merchandise. In August 2020, it was announced that the character would be featured in a [[limited edition]] [[comic book]] retelling of the 2016 film.

==Appearances==
===Film===
The character made his debut appearance in the 2008 [[short film]] ''The 9th Circle'' which follows his pursuit of a young woman named Casey (Kayla Lian) in an empty train station on Halloween night. Merely a supporting character in this film, Art abducts Casey and brings her to a satanic cult to be sacrificed.<ref>{{cite video|people=Damien Leone (Director)|title=The 9th Circle|medium=DVD|location=United States|date=2008}}</ref> Art made his next appearance in the 2011 short film ''Terrifier'', where he stalks and torments a young woman who witnesses one of his previous murders.<ref>{{cite video|people=Damien Leone (Director)|title=Terrifier|medium=DVD|location=United States|publisher=D&D Films LLC|date=2011}}</ref>
The character made his [[Feature-length film|feature-film]] debut in ''[[All Hallows' Eve (2013 film)|All Hallows' Eve]]'' (2013),<ref>{{Citation|title=All Hallows' Eve|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2900624/|access-date=2020-03-31}}</ref> which incorporates the prior two short films as segments on [[VHS]] tapes that Sarah (Katie Maguire) watches with the children she's babysitting on Halloween night. Art enters the real world and murders the children for a terrified Sarah to find.<ref>{{cite video|people=Damien Leone (Director)|title=All Hallows' Eve|medium=DVD|location=United States|publisher=Ruthless Pictures|date=2013}}</ref>

In ''[[Terrifier]]'' (2016), on Halloween night, Art fills a garbage bag with a variety of weapons and begins wandering the streets of Miles County. He stumbles across the drunken Tara Heyes (Jenna Kanell) and Dawn (Catherine Corcoran), the latter who provokes him. He slashes Dawn's tires and follows them into a nearby pizzeria and finds himself fixated on the distraught Tara. He murders the two girls and anyone in his path. He later begins a hunt for Tara's older sister Victoria Heyes ([[Samantha Scaffidi]]). After running her over with a car, he mutilates her face and commits suicide upon police confrontation, leaving her severely mutilated.

In ''Terrifier 2'', following the mutilation of Victoria and his suicide, Art has become an [[urban legend]] in Miles County due to his body disappearing from the morgue. A year later, he is resurrected by a sinister entity and must hunt down the teenager Sienna Shaw (Lauren LaVera) and her younger brother Jonathan (Elliot Fullam) on Halloween night.

===Literature===
Art is set to return in the [[comic book]] retelling of the 2016 film.<ref>{{cite web |title=OFFICIAL THREE-ISSUE TERRIFIER COMIC SERIES IS COMING |url=https://www.screamhorrormag.com/official-three-issue-terrifier-comic-series-is-coming/ |website=screamhorrormag.com |accessdate=5 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Squires |first1=John |title=COMICS‘Terrifier’: Official Three-Issue Comic Book Series in the Works |url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/comics/3627535/terrifier-official-three-issue-comic-book-series-works/ |website=Bloody Disgusting |accessdate=5 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Marshall |first1=Andrew |title=Terrifier Comic Book Series On The Way To Precede Terrifier 2 |url=https://wegotthiscovered.com/comicbooks/terrifier-comic-series-precede-terrifier-2/ |website=We Got This Covered |accessdate=5 October 2020}}</ref>

===Other===
{{expand section|date=December 2019}}
In 2018, Trick or Treat Studios released an officially licensed Art the Clown costume.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/281429/dread-central-presents-terrifiers-art-the-clown-gets-mask-costume-from-trick-or-treat-studios/|title=Dread Central Presents: TERRIFIER’s Art the Clown Gets Mask & Costume from Trick or Treat Studios|last=Millican|first=Josh|date=August 21, 2018|website=Dread Central|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=August 13, 2019}}</ref> The same year, Art was the main part of the design in the officially licensed Terror Threads "Man of the Hour" collection, which included a mug and turntable slipcover.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gravedecay.com/fashion/terror-threads-terrifier-collection-now-available/|title=Terror Threads ‘Terrifier’ Apparel Collection Now Available|last=|first=|date=May 18, 2018|website=Decay Mag|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=August 22, 2019}}</ref> In 2019, Art and Tara were featured in another Terror Threads collection, "Til Death Do Us Part".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gravedecay.com/fashion/terror-threads-terrifier-til-death-do-us-part/|title=Terror Threads Releases ‘Terrifier’ "Til Death Do Us Part" Collection|last=|first=|date=|website=Grave Decay|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=August 22, 2019}}</ref> In 2020, it was announced that Trick or Treat Studios would release an [[action figure]] of Art.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Squires |first1=John |title=Upcoming 12″ Figures from Trick or Treat Studios Include Art the Clown from ‘Terrifier’ |url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/toys/3606315/upcoming-12-figures-trick-treat-studios-include-art-clown-terrifier/ |website=Bloody Disgusting |accessdate=10 August 2020}}</ref>

==Concept and creation==
{{expand section|date=December 2019}}
===Creating a horror villain===
{{quote box
| align = right
| width = 25em
| quote = I drew my inspiration for Art from a lot of different sources, the most obvious being Mike Giannelli’s original portrayal of Art in ''All Hallow’s Eve''. He gave me a great foundation to really build my version of the character from. From there, I combined my love of great horror villains—especially Freddy and The Joker—and coupled that with my love of great physical and silent film comedians.
| source = —Thornton on what inspired his portrayal<ref>{{cite web |url=https://frightnerd.com/2019/07/31/exclusive-david-howard-thornton-talks-terrifier-sequel-art-the-clown/|title=Exclusive: David Howard Thornton Talks ‘Terrifier’ Sequel, Art the Clown |work=Horror Nerd|location=US |date=July 31, 2019}}</ref>
}}
Leone wanted to create a clown character based on iconic [[slasher film]] villains, but wanted him to be the complete opposite of [[It (character)|Pennywise]] from [[It (film series)|It (1990)]], being devoid of color and speech.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/277512/horror-business-the-making-of-damien-leones-terrifier/|title=Horror Business: The Making of Damien Leone’s TERRIFIER|last=Taylor|first=Nick|date=|website=Dread Central|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=October 17, 2019}}</ref>
Art first appeared in Leone's short film ''The Ninth Circle'' (2008). Although he was only a minor character, viewers found him particularly memorable, prompting Leone to make the short film ''Terrifier'' (2011), centered on Art. He wanted to create a feature film about the character, but put the idea on hold when producers approached him to feature his short films as segments in the anthology ''All Hallows' Eve'' (2013), with Art as the thread connecting all the segments.

===Men under the makeup===
In the short films featuring him, and in ''All Hallow's Eve'', Art was played by Mike Giannelli. When Leone began developing a feature film based on Art, Giannelli decided to retire from acting. When David Howard Thornton submitted an audition tape, he was cast as the murderous villain and is set to portray him in future installments.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Millican |first1=Josh |title=Audition Tape that Got Actor Cast as "Art the Clown" in TERRIFIER Emerges On Facebook |url=https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/285915/audition-tape-that-got-actor-cast-as-art-the-clown-in-terrifier-emerges-on-facebook/ |website=Dread Central |accessdate=21 September 2019}}</ref> Thornton says his performance was inspired by classic physical comedians like [[Charlie Chaplin]] and
famous horror villains like [[Robert Englund]]'s [[Freddy Krueger]] and [[Tim Curry]]'s [[It (character)|Pennywise]], but that his main inspiration came from the various portrayals of the iconic [[supervillain]] the [[Joker (character)|Joker]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=David |first1=Teixeira |title=DAVID HOWARD THORNTON TALKS TERRIFIER, ART THE CLOWN |url=http://decaymag.com/featured/david-howard-thornton-exclusive-interview/27647/ |website=Decay Mag |accessdate=21 September 2019}}</ref>

==Reception==
In a review for ''iHorror.com'', Danielle Cervantes wrote, "Art the Clown is destined to become one of the great names in horror. He stands apart from other slasher greats in several aspects. His background is never established, though I’m sure that’s something we can look forward to in coming years. As of now, Art is some unknown evil entity embodied by a murderous clown with no reason or motive."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cervantes |first1=Danielle |title=‘Terrifier’ – Why Art is the Newest, Baddest Clown in Town |url=https://www.ihorror.com/terrifier-why-art-is-the-newest-baddest-clown-in-town/ |website=iHorror.com |accessdate=21 September 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[https://bloody-disgusting.com/interviews/3554905/interview-david-howard-thornton-teases-terrifier-2-says-script-terrifier-3-already-underway/ [Interview<nowiki>]</nowiki> David Howard Thornton Teases 'Terrifier 2' and Says Script for 'Terrifier 3' is Already Underway - Bloody Disgusting]
*[https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/269238/interview-director-damien-leone-discusses-the-guts-behind-terrifier/ Interview: Director Damien Leone Discusses the Guts Behind Terrifier - Dread Central]
*[https://morbidlybeautiful.com/interview-david-thornton-terrifier/ Interview with David Thornton (Art the Clown) - Morbidly Beautiful]
*[https://rue-morgue.com/meet-the-man-behind-the-clown/ “TERRIFIER”: Meet The Man Inside The Clown]

[[Category:Male horror film villains]]
[[Category:Slasher film antagonists]]
[[Category:Film characters introduced in 2008]]
[[Category:Fictional characters with death or rebirth abilities]]
[[Category:Fictional characters who can teleport]]
[[Category:Fictional attempted suicides]]
[[Category:Fictional clowns]]
[[Category:Fictional demons and devils]]
[[Category:Fictional kidnappers]]
[[Category:Fictional child killers]]
[[Category:Fictional mass murderers]]
[[Category:Fictional rampage and spree killers]]
[[Category:Fictional serial killers]]
[[Category:Fictional stalkers]]
[[Category:Fictional monsters]]
[[Category:Fictional mute characters]]

Bobbi Gibb

2020-10-01T07:42:04Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.03b - Bot T20 CW#61 - WP:WCW project (Reference before punctuation)

{{short description|American marathon runner}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2016}}
[[File:Bobbi Gibb at the 26.2 Foundation.jpg|right|thumb|Bobbi Gibb at the 26.2 Foundation in 2016]]
'''Roberta Louise "Bobbi" Gibb''' (born November 2, 1942 in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140611021936/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-2588809048.html?key=01-42160D527E1A11611B020216066A0F332953225E20212F592C5B4C23291A607F127119731A7B1D6B75170028 Gibb, Roberta (1942–)] Dictionary of Women Worldwide: 25,000 Women Through the Ages, January 1, 2007</ref><ref name=jrank>{{cite web|url=http://sports.jrank.org/pages/1628/Gibb-Bobbi-Chronology.html|title=Bobbi Gibb - Chronology|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| last = Benyo
| first = Richard
|author2=Joe Henderson
| title = Running Encyclopedia
| publisher = Human Kinetics
| date = 2001
| location = Champaign, Illinois
| page = [https://archive.org/details/runningencyclope00rich/page/124 124]
| url = https://archive.org/details/runningencyclope00rich
| url-access = registration
| isbn = 0-7360-3734-9}}</ref>) is the first woman to have run the entire [[Boston Marathon]] (1966).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://216.235.243.43/races/boston-marathon/boston-marathon-history.aspx|title=Boston Marathon History|access-date=April 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424013642/http://216.235.243.43/races/boston-marathon/boston-marathon-history.aspx|archive-date=April 24, 2014|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> She is recognized by the [[Boston Athletic Association]] as the pre-sanctioned era [[List of winners of the Boston Marathon#Women's open|women’s winner in 1966, 1967, and 1968]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://216.235.243.43/races/boston-marathon/boston-marathon-history/champions/womens-open-division.aspx|title=Women's Open Division|access-date=January 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127101746/http://216.235.243.43/races/boston-marathon/boston-marathon-history/champions/womens-open-division.aspx|archive-date=January 27, 2016|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> At the Boston Marathon, the pre-sanctioned era comprised the years from 1966 through 1971, when women, who could not compete in the Men's Division, ran and finished the race. In 1996 the B.A.A. retroactively recognized as champions the women who finished first in the Pioneer Women's Division Marathon for the years 1966–1971.

Gibb’s run in 1966 challenged prevalent prejudices and misconceptions about women's athletic capabilities.<ref name=zaccone>http://www.bc.edu/content/dam/files/schools/cas_sites/communication/pdf/thesis08.zaccone.pdf{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 1967, she finished nearly an hour ahead of [[Kathrine Switzer]], who had registered to run in the Boston marathon which at that time did not bar women from competing officially. Switzer was repeatedly assaulted during the race by the race manager, [[Jock Semple]], who tried to remove her race number and prevent her completing the race.<ref name ="KS Life">
{{cite book
|last=Switzer
|first=Kathrine
|author-link=
|date=2017-04-04
|edition=4th
|title=Marathon Woman
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420232514/https://kathrineswitzer.com/1967-boston-marathon-the-real-story/
|archive-date=2020-04-20
|url=https://kathrineswitzer.com/1967-boston-marathon-the-real-story/
|url-status=live
|location=
|publisher=Da Capo Press Inc
|isbn=0306825651
|quote=We checked the rule book and entry form; there was nothing about gender in the marathon. I filled in my AAU number, plunked down $3 cash as entry fee, signed as I always sign my name, 'K.V. Switzer,' and went to the university infirmary to get a fitness certificate.
}}</ref> In 1968 Gibb finished first among five women that ran the marathon unregistered. It was not until late 1971, pursuant to a petition to the [[Amateur Athletic Union]] by [[Nina Kuscsik]], that the AAU changed its rules and began to sanction women's division marathons. Kuscsik won the initial AAU-sanctioned women's division race at Boston in 1972.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyrr.org/about-us/nyrr-hall-of-fame/nina-kuscsik|title=Nina Kuscsik|work=NYRR}}</ref>

== Biography ==

=== Early life ===
Bobbi Gibb grew up in the suburbs of [[Boston|Boston, Massachusetts]] during the 1940s and 1950s.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Sosienski
| first = Shanti
| title = Women Who Run
| publisher = Seal Press
| date = 2006
| location = Berkeley, California
| page = [https://archive.org/details/womenwhorun0000sosi/page/3 3]
| url = https://archive.org/details/womenwhorun0000sosi
| url-access = registration
| quote = bobbi gibb.
| isbn = 1-58005-183-9}}</ref> She studied at the [[Boston Museum of Fine Arts]] and [[Tufts University]] [[Tufts University School of Arts and Sciences#Organization and Degree Programs|School of Special Studies]].<ref name="namos">[http://www.namos.iupui.edu/artists/Artist.aspx?artist=167 National Art Museum of Sport: Sculptor was first woman to complete the Boston Marathon] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507102749/http://www.namos.iupui.edu/artists/Artist.aspx?artist=167 |date=May 7, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| last = O'Reilly
| first = Jean
|author2=Susan K. Cahn
| title = Women and Sports in the United States: A Documentary Reader
| publisher = Northeastern University Press
| date = 2007
| location = Boston, Massachusetts
| pages = 38–40
| url = https://books.google.com/?id=bn7TdYH9yUoC&dq=%22roberta+gibb%22
| isbn = 978-1-55553-671-8}}</ref> Her father was a professor of chemistry at Tufts. She was already running through the woods with the neighborhood dogs when, in 1962, she met a middle distance runner at Tufts named William Bingay, who would later enlist in the United States Navy and become her first husband.<ref name=love /><ref name="brown">{{cite web|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1078491/index.htm|title=A Game Girl In A Man's Game|last=Brown|first=Gwilym S.|date=May 2, 1966|publisher=Sports Illustrated|accessdate=August 18, 2009}}</ref><ref name="Derderian">Derderian, Tom (1996). ''Boston Marathon: The History of the World’s Premier Running Event''. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics Publishers.</ref> They married on February 5, 1966, in California.<ref name="Derderian"/> Her running included daily commuting of the eight miles to school.<ref name=love /> She ran in white leather [[Red Cross]] nurses' shoes because there were no running shoes available for women at the time.<ref name="scorecard">{{cite web|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1122111/3/index.htm|title=Scorecard|last=Creamer|first=Robert W. |date=May 28, 1984|publisher=Sports Illustrated|accessdate=August 18, 2009}}</ref>

=== Boston Marathon ===
Before 1966, the longest [[Amateur Athletic Union|Amateur Athletic Union (AAU)]]-sanctioned race for women was one and a half miles. Until 1972, when the first women's division marathon opened, the Boston Marathon was an AAU men’s division race. Therefore, none of the pioneer women who ran before 1972 were credited for their efforts by the AAU, although the Boston Marathon rule book until after the 1967 race did not bar women from entering the race as officially registered competitors.<ref name ="KS Life"/> It was not until after [[Kathrine Switzer]]'s official entry in and completion of the [[Kathrine_Switzer#1967_Boston_Marathon|1967 Boston Marathon]] that the AAU changed its rules to ban women from competing in races against men in the US.<ref name=romanelli>
{{cite book
|title = The Women's Book of World Records and Achievements
|url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_0385127332
|url-access = registration
|last = Romanelli
|first = Elaine
|editor-last = O'Neill
|editor-first = Lois Decker
|publisher = Anchor Press
|year = 1979
|page = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_0385127332/page/576 576]
|chapter = Women in Sports and Games
|isbn = 0-385-12733-2
|quote = [Switzer's] run created such a stir that the AAU [...] barred women from all competition with men in these events on pain of losing all rights to compete.}}
</ref>

Gibb trained for two years to run the Boston Marathon, covering as much as 40 miles in one day.<ref name=love>
[http://www.bobbigibb.com Gibb, Bobbi. ''To Boston with Love: The Story of the First Woman to Run the Boston Marathon'']</ref><ref name="runningpast.com">
{{cite web
|last=Gibbs
|first= Roberta "Bobbi"
|url=http://runningpast.com/gibb_story.htm
|title=Roberta "Bobbi" Gibb - A Run of One's Own
|publisher=Women's Sports Foundation}}
</ref> On writing for an application in February 1966, she received a letter from the race director, Will Cloney, informing her that women were not physiologically capable of running marathon distances and that under the rules that governed amateur sports set out by the AAU, women were not allowed to run more than a mile and a half competitively.<ref name="runningpast.com"/> She realized that it was more important than ever to run and that her run would have a social significance far beyond just her own personal challenge.

After three nights and four days on a bus from [[San Diego, California]], Gibb arrived the day before the race at her parents' house in [[Winchester, Massachusetts]].<ref name="runningpast.com"/> On the morning of [[Patriots' Day]], April 19, 1966, her mother dropped her off at the start in [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts|Hopkinton]].<ref name="runningpast.com"/> Wearing her brother’s [[Bermuda shorts]] and a blue [[hoodie|hooded sweatshirt]] over a black, tanked-top swim suit, she hid in the bushes near the starting pen.<ref name="runningpast.com"/> After the starting gun fired, she waited until about half the pack had started and then jumped into the race.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,835462,00.html|title=Track & Field: Queen of the Marathon|date=April 29, 1966|publisher=Time magazine|accessdate=August 18, 2009}}</ref>

The men soon realized that she was a woman. Encouraged by their friendliness and support, she removed her sweatshirt.<ref name="namos"/> To her delight and relief, the crowds cheered to see a woman running. The press began to report on her progress towards [[Boston]].

[[Diana Chapman Walsh]], later President of [[Wellesley College]], recalled the day years later:

{{Quote|That was my senior year at Wellesley. As I had done every spring since I arrived on campus, I went out to cheer the runners. But there was something different about that Marathon Day—like a spark down a wire, the word spread to all of us lining the route that a woman was running the course. For a while, the "[[Boston Marathon#Spectators|screech tunnel]]" fell silent. We scanned face after face in breathless anticipation until just ahead of her, through the excited crowd, a ripple of recognition shot through the lines and we cheered as we never had before. We let out a roar that day, sensing that this woman had done more than just break the gender barrier in a famous race…<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wellesley.edu/PublicAffairs/Releases/1996/041096.html|title=Marathon's Elite Women Runners Defy Spring Snow to Speak at Wellesley College|date=April 10, 1996|publisher=Wellesley College News Release|accessdate=August 17, 2009}}</ref>}}

By the time Gibb reached the finish line in Boston, the [[Governor of Massachusetts]], [[John A. Volpe|John Volpe]], was there to shake her hand.<ref>{{cite web |title=60 Vintage Photos From Forgotten Moments In History |website=History Daily |date=3 Apr 2019 |url= https://historydaily.org/60-vintage-photos-from-forgotten-moments-in-history/36}}</ref> She finished in three hours, twenty-one minutes and forty seconds,<ref name="Derderian"/> ahead of two-thirds of the runners. The following morning her feat was front-page news in the ''[[Boston Record American|Record American]]'', where the headline read: “Hub Bride First Gal to Run Marathon.”<ref>(April 20, 1966). “Hub Bride First Gal to Run Marathon”. ''Record American''</ref> In another ''Record American'' article entitled “Roberta Gets Official Support: Females May Run Marathon,” Jack Kendall wrote:

{{Quote|Roberta the runner may revolutionize Boston’s fabled BAA marathon — and for that matter every other long distance run staged in the country. Even as the bunions acquired from Tuesday’s grueling 26 mile, 385 yard race were subsiding, the furor over a woman’s intrusion into what had been an all-male domain was mounting. ... But a spokesman from the New England Amateur Athletic Union has already decided it may be a woman’s world after all. ''WOULD CHANGE RULES'' He plans personally to contact the organization’s national headquarters and seek consideration for suspension of the NAAU rules so that a female who wishes to compete in the marathon can do so. In his opinion the only way the rule could be circumvented would be through suspension of the rules.<ref>Kendall, Jack (April 21, 1966). “Roberta Gets Official Support: Females May Run Marathon”. ''Record American''.</ref>}}

The May 2, 1966, issue of ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' featured an article written by Gwilym S. Brown entitled “A Game Girl In A Man’s Game”:

{{Quote|Last week a tidy-looking and pretty 23-year-old blonde named Roberta Gibb Bingay not only started but also covered the 26-mile, 385-yard course at a clip fast enough to finish ahead of no fewer than 290 of the event’s 415 starters.<ref name=brown />}}

In 1967, Gibb, by then a full-time student at the [[University of California, San Diego]], ran again. She finished in three hours, twenty-seven minutes and seventeen seconds, almost an hour ahead of another female competitor, [[Kathrine Switzer]].<ref name="Derderian"/> Switzer had officially registered for the race in full compliance with the race rules, which at that time made no mention of gender, but was famously repeatedly assaulted by race manager [[Jock Semple]] in his attempts to prevent her completing the race.<ref name ="KS Life"/> Gibb, who ran unnumbered, was not similarly bothered. In 1968, Gibb ran again, finishing in three hours and thirty minutes, first among a growing number of women, which included Carol Ann Pancko, Elaine Pederson, and Marjorie Fish.<ref>McLaughlin, Dan and Bill Duncliffe (1968). "Babes Bug BAA Bosses." ''Record American''.</ref> In 1969, 1970, and 1971, Sara Mae Berman was the women’s winner, and in 1972, [[Nina Kuscsik]] was the winner of the first officially sanctioned women’s division event.

In 1996, at the 100th running of the Boston Marathon and the 30th anniversary of Gibb’s first run of it, the [[Boston Athletic Association]] officially recognized her three wins in 1966, 1967, and 1968 and awarded her a medal. Her name was inscribed with the names of the other winners on the Boston Marathon Memorial in [[Copley Square]].<ref name="publicart">{{cite web|url=http://www.publicartboston.com/content/boston-marathon-memorial|title=Boston Marathon Memorial|publisher=Boston Art Commission|accessdate=January 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126213654/http://www.publicartboston.com/content/boston-marathon-memorial|archive-date=January 26, 2016|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

In 2016, Gibb was the grand marshal of that year's Boston Marathon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.rockport.wickedlocal.com/article/20160418/NEWS/160416234|title=Bobbi Gibb serves as grand marshal of 2016 Boston Marathon|agency=Associated Press|work=Wicked Local Rockport}}</ref> That year's female winner, [[Atsede Baysa]], gave Gibb her trophy; Gibb said that she would go to Baysa’s native Ethiopia in 2017 and return it to her.<ref>[https://www.bostonglobe.com/sports/specials/boston-marathon/2016/04/19/atsede-baysa-gives-her-marathon-trophy-bobbi-gibb/e2iqVunwWH74JGfkrwwwWP/story.html Atsede Baysa gives her Boston Marathon trophy to Bobbi Gibb - The Boston Globe]</ref>

=== Education and career history ===
Gibb received her [[Bachelor of Science|Bachelor of Science (B.S.)]] degree from the University of California, San Diego in 1969,<ref name="runningpast.com"/> fulfilling the [[pre-medical]] requirements, with a major in [[philosophy]] and a minor in [[mathematics]]. She has reported she was denied admission to [[medical school]] because of her gender.<ref name="runningpast.com"/> Gibb then worked with Professor [[Jerome Lettvin]] at [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] on [[epistemology]] and [[color vision]] while studying [[law]]. In 1974, Gibb entered the [[New England School of Law]],<ref name="scorecard"/> receiving her [[Juris Doctor|Juris Doctor (J.D.)]] in 1978.<ref name=jrank /> She worked as a legislative aide in the [[Massachusetts General Court|Massachusetts State Legislature]], studied [[system|natural systems]], and pursued her interest in [[sculpture]] and [[painting]]. She was admitted to the [[Massachusetts]] [[Bar (law)|Bar]] in 1978.<ref name=jrank /> While raising her family, she practiced law, specializing in [[real property|real]] and [[intellectual property]]. She worked, for part of that time, in [[patent]] law with Jerry Cohen, Esq.

Gibb sculpted the 12-inch bronze figurines of a pony-tailed girl running that were given as trophies to [[Joan Benoit Samuelson]], [[Julie Brown (athlete)|Julie Brown]], and [[Julie Isphording]], the top three women marathoners at the US Olympic trials in 1984.<ref name="scorecard"/><ref name="trials">{{cite web|url=http://runningtimes.com/Print.aspx?articleID=13123|title=Finally, One for the Girls: The '84 Women's Olympic Trials Marathon|last=Musca|first=Michael|date=April 2008|publisher=Running Times Magazine|accessdate=August 22, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715215053/http://runningtimes.com/Print.aspx?articleID=13123|archive-date=July 15, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Samuelson has commented on her trophy, stating: "There are only three in the world. It's irreplaceable."<ref name=trials /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1119199/2/index.htm|title=Her Life Is In Apple Pie Order|last=Moore|first=Kenny|date=March 4, 1985|publisher=Sports Illustrated|accessdate=August 22, 2009}}</ref>

Gibb has written a memoir entitled ''Wind in the Fire: A Personal Journey''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wind in the Fire|url=http://www.harvard.com/book/wind_in_the_fire/|publisher=Harvard Book Store|accessdate=July 29, 2012}}</ref> A film based on her memoir and with the same title is currently in the works.<ref name=katzwomenworld>{{cite news|last1=Katz|first1=Brigit|title=The incredible story of Bobbi Gibb, the first woman to run the Boston Marathon|url=http://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2015/04/20/the-incredible-story-of-bobbi-gibb-the-first-woman-to-run-the-boston-marathon/|accessdate=April 20, 2015|work=Women in the World (in assoc. w. New York Times)|date=April 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130113718/http://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2015/04/20/the-incredible-story-of-bobbi-gibb-the-first-woman-to-run-the-boston-marathon/|archive-date=January 30, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> She has been included in ''[[Who’s Who]] of American Women'', ''Who’s Who in America'', and ''Who’s Who in the World''. In 1982 she was inducted into the [[Road Runners Club of America]] Long Distance Running Hall of Fame,<ref>{{cite web
| author = Road Runners Club of America
| authorlink = Road Runners Club of America
| title = Road Runners Club of America: History of the National Award Winners
| url = http://www.rrca.org/services/awards/awardhistory.pdf
| work = RRCA website
| publisher = Road Runners Club of America
| location = Arlington, Virginia
| page = 1
| accessdate = August 17, 2009
| quote = Roberta Gibb-Welch
| url-status = dead
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080708200356/http://www.rrca.org/services/awards/awardhistory.pdf
| archivedate = July 8, 2008
| df = mdy-all
}}</ref> and she has been interviewed for news programs and documentaries on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]], [[CBS]], [[NBC]], [[ESPN]], and [[HBO]]. She was included in the 1999 HBO Sports documentary ''Dare to Compete: The Struggle of Women in Sports''. In 2000, she produced a documentary on her art and running entitled ''Where the Spirit Leads''. Gibb received the 2009 Tufts University Athletics Distinguished Achievement Award<ref>{{cite web|title=Homecoming 2009|url=http://enews.tufts.edu/stories/1592/2009/10/13/Homecoming2009|publisher=Tufts University E-News|accessdate=July 29, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718040421/http://enews.tufts.edu/stories/1592/2009/10/13/Homecoming2009|archive-date=July 18, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> and was inducted into [[The Sports Museum|The Sports Museum of New England]] Hall of Fame in 2011. Her Special Achievement Award was presented by [[Joan Benoit Samuelson]] at the Sports Museum's 10th Annual "The Tradition" on June 28, 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Roberta "Bobbi" Gibb To Run Inaugural B.A.A. 10K|url=http://running.competitor.com/2011/06/news/roberta-bobbi-gibb-to-run-inaugural-b-a-a-10k_30506|publisher=Competitor|accessdate=July 29, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006112142/http://running.competitor.com/2011/06/news/roberta-bobbi-gibb-to-run-inaugural-b-a-a-10k_30506|archive-date=October 6, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Tradition|url=http://www.tdgarden.com/calendar/293.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608072558/http://tdgarden.com/calendar/293.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 8, 2011|accessdate=July 29, 2012}}</ref> She pursues a career in art and writes on a wide range of topics including [[economics]], [[spirituality]], the nature of natural systems, and the phenomenon of [[qualia|subjective experience]]. Recently she joined the Cecil B. Day Neuromuscular Laboratory as an associate working to find the causes of and cures for [[neurodegenerative disease]]s, specifically [[amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]]. She divides her time between San Diego and Boston.

== See also ==
* [[List of winners of the Boston Marathon]]

== References ==
<references />

== Further reading ==
*Cataneo, David (April 21, 1986). “Taking some giant steps for women: Gibb’s gallant ’66 run”. ''The Boston Herald''.
*Derderian, Tom (1986). ''Boston Marathon: 100 Years of Blood, Sweat and Cheers''. Triumph Books.
*Derderian, Tom (1996). ''Boston Marathon: The History of the World’s Premier Running Event''. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics Publishers.
*Gibb, Bobbi (2012). ''Wind in the Fire: A Personal Journey.'' http://www.harvard.com/book/wind_in_the_fire/
*Higdon, Hal (1995). ''Boston: A Century of Running''. Emmaus, Pennsylvania: Rodale Press, Inc.
*Poletti, Frances (2017). ''The Girl who Ran: Bobbi Gibb, The First Woman to Run the Boston Marathon''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The girl who ran : Bobbi Gibb, the first woman to run the Boston Marathon|last=Poletti, Frances|others=Yee, Kristina,, Chapman, Susanna|isbn=9781943200474|location=Seattle, WA|oclc=986238065|year = 2017}}</ref> Seattle, Washington: Compendium, Inc.

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.bobbigibbart.net|Bobbi Gibb official website}}
* [http://www.bobbigibb.net/ Bobbi Gibb biography and film site]
* [http://languageinstinct.blogspot.com/2010/03/story-of-marathon.html ''The Story of the Marathon'']
* [https://www.youtube.com/view_play_list?p=4069DBC6C2A419A9&search_query=bobbi+gibb Where The Spirit Leads: Bobbi Gibb, First Woman to Run the Boston Marathon (YouTube)]
* {{cite news|last=Dupont|first=Kevin Paul|title=Memoirs of marathon's first lady|url=http://www.boston.com/sports/marathon/articles/2011/06/26/memoirs_of_marathons_first_lady/ |accessdate=January 1, 2013|newspaper=Boston Globe|date=June 26, 2011}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/yourtown/cambridge/gallery/famous_celebrities_from_cambridge?pg=21|title=Famous folks from Cambridge: Roberta "Bobbi" Gibb|publisher=Boston.com|accessdate=January 1, 2013}}
* [https://www.facebook.com/BOBBIGIBBFILM Wind in the Fire film's Facebook page]
{{Footer Boston Marathon Champions Women}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gibb, Bobbi}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Cambridge, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:American female long-distance runners]]
[[Category:American female marathon runners]]
[[Category:Boston Marathon female winners]]

Aireon

2020-09-09T05:46:36Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.03b - Bot T20 CW#61 - WP:WCW project (Reference before punctuation)

{{Infobox company
| name = Aireon LLC
| logo = Aireon logo.svg
| type = [[Private company]]
| traded_as =
| foundation = 2011
| location_city = [[McLean, Virginia|McLean]], [[Virginia]]
| location_country = USA
| area_served =
| key_people =
| industry =
| products = Air Traffic Control Data, GlobalBeacon, and Aireon Alert
| services = Space-Based ADS-B
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| num_employees =
| homepage = [http://aireon.com/ aireon.com]
}}
'''Aireon''' is an American company based in [[McLean, VA]]. Founded in 2011, it manufactures, deploys, and operates a global aircraft tracking and [[Surveillance|surveillance system]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-39637974|title=Malaysia Airlines to track planes with satellites|date=2017-04-19|work=BBC News|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en-GB}}</ref> utilizing satellite-based receivers to monitor the existing [[ADS-B]] transmissions of aircraft, for global air traffic surveillance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aviationweek.com/aviation-week-space-technology/aireon-surveillance-payloads-see-first-ads-b-traffic|title=Aireon Surveillance Payloads See First ADS-B Traffic|website=aviationweek.com|language=en|access-date=2017-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.airport-technology.com/news/newsaireon-lvnl-collaborate-to-assess-space-based-adsb-in-dutch-airspace-5884797|title=Aireon and LVNL to assess space-based ADS–B|website=Airport Technology|access-date=2017-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aviationtoday.com/2017/06/26/aireon-launches-deploys-10-iridium-next-satellites-ads-b-payloads/|title=Aireon Launches, Deploys 10 More Iridium Next Satellites with ADS-B Payloads|date=2017-06-26|website=Avionics|access-date=2017-08-22}}</ref>

==History==
Aireon was launched in 2011 as a joint venture between [[satellite communications]] company [[Iridium Communications|Iridium Communications Inc]], [[Nav Canada]], [[NATS_Holdings |NATS]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.executivebiz.com/2018/05/nats-buys-equity-stake-in-aireon-in-space-based-aircraft-surveillance-tech-push/|title=nats-buys-equity-stake-in-aireon-in-space-based-aircraft-surveillance-tech-push|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> [[ENAV]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://airtrafficmanagement.keypublishing.com/2016/12/italys-stake-in-aireon-comes-under-fire/|title=italys-stake-in-aireon-comes-under-fire|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> [[Naviair]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.satellitetoday.com/telecom/2014/06/30/aireon-completes-requirements-for-third-investment-from-nav-canada/|title=aireon-completes-requirements-for-third-investment-from-nav-canada|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>and the [[Irish Aviation Authority]] to work on a surveillance system to track aircraft around the globe, beyond the range of ground-based radar and [[ADS-B]] receivers, in real time.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/r-aireon-to-offer-satellite-tracking-free-to-help-search-for-missing-planes-2014-9?IR=T|title=Free Satellite Tracking Will Improve Ability To Locate Lost Planes|work=Business Insider|access-date=2017-08-21|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2016/10/25/aircraft-traffic-control-tech-aireon/|title=This Technology Will Make Missing Planes a Thing of the Past|last=Dillow|first=Clay|website=Fortune|access-date=2017-08-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.flyingmag.com/aireon-launch-begins-new-era-for-satellite-based-aircraft-surveillance|title=Aireon Launch Begins New Era for Satellite-Based Aircraft Surveillance|work=Flying Magazine|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en}}</ref> Nav Canada invested $150 million to acquire a 51% stake in the project. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.businesstimes.com.sg/transport/caas-and-aireon-pair-up-to-improve-aircraft-tracking|title=CAAS and Aireon pair up to improve aircraft tracking|last=Ramchandani|first=Nisha|work=The Business Times|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/spacex-deploy-airplane-trackers-delicate-choreography/3675739.html|title=SpaceX Deploys Airplane Trackers in 'Delicate Choreography'|last=Presutti|first=Carolyn|work=VOA|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.satellitetoday.com/telecom/2017/03/06/aireon-successfully-launches-first-ads-b-hosted-payload-begins-testing-validating-data/|title=Aireon Launches First ADS-B Hosted Payload and Begins Testing and Validating Data - Via Satellite -|last=Spillane|first=Hayley|date=2017-03-06|work=Via Satellite|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en-US}}</ref>

In September 2016, Aireon launched a partnership with [[FlightAware]] to provide space-based ADS-B to airlines and other aircraft operators with Qatar Airways as the launch customer.

In January 2017, Aireon launched and deployed its first [[ADS-B]] payloads on Iridium Next satellites. Seven launches followed the first launch.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://aireon.com/2016/09/21/aireon-flightaware-globalbeacon/|title=Aireon and FlightAware Partner to Launch GlobalBeacon Airline Solution for ICAO Airline Flight Tracking Compliance|work=Aireon|access-date=2018-03-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.satellitetoday.com/telecom/2016/09/27/qatar-airways-launch-customer-flight-aware-aireon-flight-tracking/|title=Qatar Airways to be Launch Customer for Flight Aware, Aireon Flight Tracking|work=Via Satellite|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US}}</ref> The eighth and final launch in January 2019 completed the satellite 'constellation' and put the total in-orbit Aireon payloads at 75 (66 operational payloads and 9 spares). <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://spacenews.com/spacex-sets-sept-30-for-third-iridium-next-launch/|title=SpaceX sets Sept. 30 for third Iridium Next launch - SpaceNews.com|date=2017-07-28|work=SpaceNews.com|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.journal-aviation.com/actualites/35911-la-dsna-monte-a-bord-de-l-ads-b-satellitaire-d-aireon|title=La DSNA monte à bord de l'ADS-B satellitaire d'Aireon|access-date=2017-08-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.techtimes.com/articles/195034/20170130/space-radio-developed-for-nasa-could-change-flight-tracking-worldwide.htm|title=Space Radio Developed For NASA Could Change Flight Tracking Worldwide|last=Times|first=Tech|date=2017-01-30|work=Tech Times|access-date=2017-08-21}}</ref><ref>http://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/successful-fifth-launch-brings-aireon-sm-global-air-traffic-surveillance-system-closer-to-full-deployment-1019988116</ref><ref>http://investor.iridium.com/2019-01-11-Iridium-Completes-Historic-Satellite-Launch-Campaign</ref>

National ANSPs including Nav Canada, UK NATS, ENAV, IAA, AAI, Naviair, Isavia, CAAS of Singapore, ATNS of South Africa, DC-ANSP, ASECNA, Seychelles (SCAA), COCESNA Honduras and PNG of Papua New Guinea have signed a Data Services Agreement with Aireon.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-aireon-iridium-commun-idUSKBN0TU2NB20151211|title=Aireon aims at Asia, LatAm as Iridium deploys satellites|date=11 December 2015|work=Reuters|access-date=2017-08-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sanluisobispo.com/news/local/article158167114.html|title=Space X rocket with 10 Iridium satellites launches from Vandenberg|work=sanluisobispo|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://gpsworld.com/spacex-launches-first-batch-of-iridium-next-satellites/|title=SpaceX launches first batch of Iridium NEXT satellites|date=2017-01-17|work=GPS World|access-date=2017-08-22|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.airport-technology.com/news/asecna-aireon-provide-air-traffic-surveillance-africa/|title=asecna-aireon-provide-air-traffic-surveillance-africa|last=|first=|date=|work=|access-date=}}</ref>

==Technology==
[[ADS-B]]-equipped aircraft transmit short data packets containing identification, position and other information. The system was intended to be used with ground-based receivers. Through its receivers in space, Aireon monitors these transmissions, providing coverage where there is no ground infrastructure, relaying signals from all ADS-B equipped aircraft to controllers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/aviation-international-news/2012-07-04/aireon-will-add-ads-b-receivers-iridium-satellites-worldwide-aircraft-surveillance|title=Aireon Will Add ADS-B Receivers to Iridium Satellites for Worldwide Aircraft Surveillance|work=Aviation International News|access-date=2017-08-31|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.airtrafficmanagement.net/2017/07/sabs-aireon-launch-spacebased-adsb-conops/|title=Saudi Arabia's SANS, Aireon launch space-based ADS-B surveillance operational concept {{!}} Air Traffic Management {{!}} Air Traffic Management - ATM and CMS Industry online, the latest air traffic control industry, CAA, ANSP, SESAR and NEXTGEN news, events, supplier directory and magazine|website=www.airtrafficmanagement.net|language=en-US|access-date=2017-08-31}}</ref>

Iridium Communications hosts the Aireon payloads on its constellation of Iridium NEXT low-orbiting communication satellites.

Aireon's receiver data is also processed by [[FlightAware]] which has partnered with Aireon to provide data to airlines, other aircraft operators, and the public.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/thenational/aireon-space-based-global-tracking-1.5080893|title=New real-time tracking system locates planes anywhere in the world|last=Hanomansing|first=Ian|publisher=[[CBC News]]|date=2 April 2019|accessdate=3 April 2019}}

[[Category:Companies based in McLean, Virginia]]

Katherine Oppenheimer

2020-08-17T22:50:24Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.03b - Bot T5 CW#17 - WP:WCW project (Category duplication)

{{Infobox person
|name = Katherine Oppenheimer
|image = Katherine Oppenheimer Los Alamos ID.png
|caption = Wartime Los Alamos identification badge
|birth_name =
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1910|8|8}}
|birth_place = [[Recklinghausen]], [[Province of Westphalia]], [[Kingdom of Prussia]], [[German Empire]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1972|10|27|1910|8|8}}
|death_place = [[Panama City]], Panama
|body_discovered =
|resting_place = ashes scattered at sea off Carval Rock, near [[Saint John, U.S. Virgin Islands]]
|resting_place_coordinates = 
|residence =
|nationality =
|ethnicity =
|citizenship =
|other_names = Katherine Puening, Katherine Ramseyer, Katherine Dallet, Katherine Harrison
|known_for =
|alma_mater = {{hlist|[[University of Pittsburgh]]|[[University of Pennsylvania]]}}
|employer =
|occupation =
|years_active =
|home_town =
|title =
|salary =
|networth =
|height =
|weight =
|term =
|predecessor =
|successor =
|party = [[Communist Party of America]]
|opponents =
|boards =
|spouse = {{ubl|Frank Ramseyer|Joe Dallet|Stewart Harrison|[[J. Robert Oppenheimer]]}}
|partner =
|children = 2
|signature =
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Katherine''' "'''Kitty'''" '''Vissering Oppenheimer''' ({{nee}} '''Puening'''; August 8, 1910 – October 27, 1972) was a German-American biologist, botanist, and a member of the [[Communist Party of America]]. She is best known as the wife of activist Joe Dallet, and then of physicist [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]], the director of the [[Manhattan Project]]'s [[Los Alamos Laboratory]] during [[World War II]].

==Early life==
Katherine "Kitty" Vissering was born in [[Recklinghausen]], Germany, on August 8, 1910, the only child of Franz Puening and his wife Käthe Vissering. Although she claimed that her father was a prince and that her mother was related to [[Queen Victoria]], this was untrue. Her mother was a cousin of [[Wilhelm Keitel]], who later became a [[Generalfeldmarschall|field marshal]] in the [[German Army (Wehrmacht)|German Army]] during [[World War II]], and was hanged in 1946.{{sfn|Bird|Sherwin|2005|pp=154–155}}{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|pp=9–10, 26–27}}

Kitty arrived in the United States on May 14, 1913 aboard the [[SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse|SS ''Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse'']]. Her father, a [[metallurgical engineer]], had invented a new kind of [[blast furnace]], and had landed a position with a steel company in [[Pittsburgh]], and the family settled in the suburb of [[Aspinwall, Pennsylvania]]. Although her first language was German, she soon became fluent in English, speaking both languages without accent. Her parents regularly took her with them on summer visits to Germany.{{sfn|Bird|Sherwin|2005|pp=154–155}}{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|pp=9–10, 26–27}}

After graduating from Aspinwall High School in June 1928, Kitty enrolled at the [[University of Pittsburgh]].{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|pp=42–43}} She lived at home and attended [[freshman]] classes in mathematics, biology and chemistry. Her father now worked for [[Koppers]], and held patents for the design of blast furnaces.<ref>{{Patent|US|1542955|Heating method and apparatus}}</ref><ref>{{Patent|US|1799702|Heating apparatus}}</ref>{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|pp=78–79}} Kitty convinced her parents that it would be a good idea for her to study in Germany for a time, and she sailed for Europe in March 1930. It is doubtful that she took any classes, but she did meet Frank Ramseyer, an American studying music in Paris under [[Nadia Boulanger]], before sailing for home on 19 May.{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|pp=78–79}}

Kitty completed the first year of her degree, but married Ramseyer before a [[Justice of the Peace]] in Pittsburgh on 24 December 1932. The couple moved to an apartment near [[Harvard University]], where Ramseyer hoped to pursue a [[master's degree]] in music. However, she re-enrolled at the University of Pittsburgh in January 1933, and returned to her parents' house in Aspinwall. In June 1933 she sailed to Europe again, with her husband. When she returned, she enrolled at the [[University of Wisconsin]], although there is no record of her ever completing any classes. She obtained an [[annulment]] of her marriage from the Superior Court of Wisconsin on 20 December 1933. She later told friends that she had discovered evidence that Ramseyer was a [[homosexual]] and a [[drug addict]]. She also had an [[abortion]].{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|pp=80–82}}

==Communism==
At a New Year's Eve party later that year, Kitty met Joseph Dallet, Jr., the son of a wealthy Long Island businessman who had attended [[Dartmouth College]]. He had been radicalized by the 1927 executions of [[Sacco and Vanzetti]], and had joined the [[Communist Party of America]] in 1929. He had been involved in the [[International Unemployment Day]] protest in Chicago on 6 March 1930 that had been brutally repressed by the authorities, and was currently working as a [[union organizer]] with the steel workers in [[Youngstown, Ohio]]. At one point he ran for mayor of Youngstown on the Communist Party ticket, but was not elected.{{sfn|Bird|Sherwin|2005|pp=156–157}}{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|pp=89–90}}

Kitty's parents had moved to [[Claygate]], southwest of London, where her father represented a Chicago-based firm. On returning to the United States on 3 August 1934 after visiting family in Europe, she moved in with Dallet, becoming his [[common-law wife]]. They shared a room in a dilapidated [[boarding house]] that cost $5 per month. [[Gus Hall]] and [[John Gates]] had a room down the hall. They lived on the [[Unemployment benefits|dole]], $12.50 per month each, while Dallet protested against it. As the wife of a party member, Kitty was allowed to join the Communist Party, but only after proving her loyalty by hawking copies of the ''[[Daily Worker]]'' on the streets. Her party dues were 10c a week.{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|pp=93–94, 97–98}}{{sfn|Bird|Sherwin|2005|pp=156–157}}

They separated in June 1936, and Kitty went to live with her parents in Claygate, where she found some work as a German-to-English translator.{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|pp=93–94, 97–98}} Months went by without any word from Dallet, until Kitty discovered that her mother had been hiding his letters to her. "Her mother," her friend Anne Wilson recalled, "was a real dragon, a very repressive woman. She disappeared one day over the side of a transatlantic ship, and nobody missed her. That says it all."{{sfn|Conant|2005|p=184}}

The last letter from Dallet said that he was heading to Spain on the {{RMS|Queen Mary}} to join the [[International Brigades]] fighting in the [[Spanish Civil War]].{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|pp=93–94, 97–98}}{{sfn|Bird|Sherwin|2005|pp=156–157}} Kitty met up with Dallet and his best friend [[Steve Nelson (activist)|Steve Nelson]] in [[Cherbourg]], and they travelled to [[Paris]] together. After a few days there, she returned to London, and they headed south, to cross into Spain{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|pp=104–105}} where he joined the [[Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion]], a unit made up of American and Canadian volunteers.<ref name="Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives">{{cite web |url=http://www.alba-valb.org/volunteers/joseph-jr-dallet |title=Joseph Dallet, Jr. |publisher=Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives |access-date=11 April 2018}}</ref>

Kitty wanted to join Dallet in Spain, and finally secured permission to do so; but her trip to Spain was delayed by her hospitalization for an operation on 26 August 1937 for what was initially thought to be [[appendicitis]], but which was determined to be [[ovarian cyst]]s, which were removed by the German doctors. Kitty returned to England to recuperate. Before she could set out for Spain, the news arrived that Dallet had been killed in action on 17 October 1937. His letters to her were published as ''Letters from Spain by Joe Dallet, American Volunteer, to his Wife'' (1938).<ref name="Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives"/>{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|pp=111–117}}

Kitty went to see Nelson, who was in Paris, having been wounded in August, and they returned to New York, where she stayed with Nelson and his wife Margaret at their home in [[Brooklyn]] for two months. She then headed for Philadelphia to see her friend Zelma Baker, who worked at the Cancer Research Institute at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. Kitty enrolled at the University of Pennsylvania. It was there that she met Richard Stewart Harrison, a medical doctor with degrees from [[Oxford University]], who was completing his internship in the United States. They were married on 23 November 1938.{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|p=119}}{{sfn|Bird|Sherwin|2005|pp=158–161}}

==Romance with Oppenheimer==
Soon after, Harrison left for [[Pasadena]], California, for his residency at the [[California Institute of Technology]] (Caltech), while Kitty completed her bachelor's degree in botany at the University of Pennsylvania, and was offered a postgraduate research fellowship at the [[University of California, Los Angeles]].{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|p=119}}{{sfn|Bird|Sherwin|2005|pp=158–161}} At Caltech, Harrison worked with the physicist [[Charles Lauritsen]]; the [[X-Ray]] laboratory at Caltech used for physics research was also used for experimental cancer therapy research. It was at a garden party thrown by Lauritsen and his wife Sigrid in August 1939 that Kitty met [[Robert Oppenheimer]], a physicist who taught at Caltech for part of each year.{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|pp=120–121}} Soon after, Kitty began an affair with Robert. They were frequently seen about town in his Chrysler coupe.{{sfn|Bird|Sherwin|2005|p=161}} Robert had dated several women since his break up with long-time girlfriend [[Jean Tatlock]], some of them married, like Kitty. At Christmas time she went up to Berkeley without her husband, to spend time with Robert. His friend [[Haakon Chevalier]] met Kitty at a holiday dinner party thrown by the pianist Estelle Caen, one of Robert's ex-girlfriends.{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|pp=125–126}}

Robert invited Harrison and Kitty to spend the summer at his New Mexico ranch, ''[[hot dog|Perro Caliente]]''. Harrison declined, as he was engaged in his research, but Kitty accepted. [[Robert Serber]] and his wife [[Charlotte Serber|Charlotte]] collected Kitty in Pasadena, and drove her to ''Perro Caliente'', where they met up with Robert, his brother [[Frank Oppenheimer]], and his wife Jackie.{{sfn|Bird|Sherwin|2005|p=162}} The Serbers had met Kitty before, at Charlotte Serber's parents' house in Philadelphia in 1938.{{sfn|Serber|Crease|1998|p=51}} The Oppenheimers loved to ride through the pine and birch forests and floral meadows of the [[Sangre de Cristo Mountains]], camping with minimal food and equipment. Kitty impressed them with her riding ability; horsemanship was a normal accomplishment for women of her social class, and she had learned to ride as a girl on the riding trails around Aspinwall. Kitty and Robert rode out to stay the night with his friend Katy Page in [[Los Pinos, New Mexico]]. The following day Page rode to ''Perro Caliente'' on her [[Bay (horse)|bay]] horse to return Kitty's night gown, which had been left under Robert's pillow.{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|pp=128–129}}{{sfn|Bird|Sherwin|2005|p=162}}

Kitty later told Anne Wilson that she got Robert to marry her the "old-fashioned way"—by getting pregnant.{{sfn|Conant|2005|p=186}} In September 1940, Robert phoned Harrison with the happy news, and they agreed that the best way forward was for Kitty to get a divorce so she could marry Robert. Soon after, Robert shared a podium with Nelson to raise money for refugees from the Spanish Civil War, and he informed him that he was engaged to Kitty. Nelson's wife was also pregnant, and he named his daughter, who was born in November 1940, Josie in memory of Dallet. To obtain a divorce, Kitty moved to [[Reno, Nevada]], where she stayed for six weeks to meet the state's residency requirements. The divorce was finalised on November 1, 1940, and Kitty married Robert the following day in a civil ceremony in [[Virginia City, Nevada]], with the court janitor and clerk as witnesses.{{sfn|Bird|Sherwin|2005|pp=162–163}}

==Manhattan Project==
Their child, a son they called Peter, was born in Pasadena, on May 12, 1941, during Robert's regular session at Caltech. When they returned to Berkeley, he bought a new house at One Eagle Hill with a view over the [[Golden Gate]]. Kitty worked at the University of California as a laboratory assistant. They left Peter with the Chevaliers and a German nurse and headed out to ''Perro Caliente'' for the summer. The holiday was marred when Robert was trampled by a horse, and Kitty was injured when she had an accident in their Cadillac convertible.{{sfn|Bird|Sherwin|2005|pp=164–165}}{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|pp=138–139}} The United States entered [[World War II]] in December 1941, and Robert began recruiting staff for the [[Manhattan Project]]. Among the first were the Serbers, who moved into the apartment over the garage at One Eagle Hill.{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|pp=141–142}}

On March 16, 1943, the couple boarded a train for [[Santa Fe, New Mexico]]. By the end of the month, they had moved to [[Los Alamos, New Mexico]], where they occupied one of the buildings formerly belonging to the [[Los Alamos Ranch School]]. Los Alamos was known to the occupants as "the Hill" and to the Manhattan Project as Site Y. Robert became the director of [[Project Y]].{{sfn|Bird|Sherwin|2005|pp=213–214}} Kitty abdicated the role of post commander's wife to Martha Parsons, the wife of Robert's deputy, Navy [[Captain (United States O-6)|Captain]] [[William S. Parsons]].{{sfn|Conant|2005|p=179}} She put her biologist training to use working for the director of the Health Group at Los Alamos, Louis H. Hempelmann, conducting blood tests to assess the danger of radiation.{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|p=51}}

In 1944, Kitty became pregnant again. Her second child, a girl Katherine who she named after her mother but called Toni, was born on December 7, 1944. Like other babies born in wartime Los Alamos, Toni's birth certificate gave the place of birth as P.O. Box 1663.{{sfn|Conant|2005|pp=262–263}} In April 1945, Kitty was depressed by the isolation of Los Alamos, and she left Toni with Pat Sherr, the wife of physicist [[Rubby Sherr]]; Pat had recently lost her son, Michael, to SIDS. Kitty returned with Peter to [[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania]] to live with her parents. They returned to Los Alamos in July 1945.{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|pp=204–211}}{{sfn|Bird|Sherwin|2005|pp=263–264}}

==Later life==
With the end of the war in August 1945, Robert had become a celebrity, and Kitty had become an alcoholic. She suffered a series of bone breaks from drunken falls and car crashes.{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|p=207}}{{sfn|Wolverton|2008|p=176}} In November 1945, Robert left Los Alamos to return to Caltech,{{sfn|Bird|Sherwin|2005|pp=333–335}} but he soon found that his heart was no longer in teaching.{{sfn|Bird|Sherwin|2005|p=351}} In 1947, he accepted an offer from [[Lewis Strauss]] to take up the directorship of the [[Institute for Advanced Study]] in [[Princeton, New Jersey]].{{sfn|Bird|Sherwin|2005|pp=360–365}} The job came with rent-free accommodation in the director's house, a ten-bedroom 17th-century manor with a cook and [[groundskeeper]], surrounded by {{convert|265|acre}} of woodlands. Robert had a [[greenhouse]] built for Kitty, where she raised [[orchids]]; for her birthdays Robert had rare species flown in from Hawaii.{{sfn|Bird|Sherwin|2005|p=369}}{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|pp=234–235}} Olden Manor was sometimes known as "Bourbon Manor";{{sfn|Wolverton|2008|p=270}} Kitty and Robert liked to keep the liquor cabinet well stocked, and like many of their generation, liked to celebrate cocktail hour with [[Martini (cocktail)|martini]]s, [[Manhattan (cocktail)|Manhattan]]s, [[Old fashioned (cocktail)|Old Fashioned]]s and [[highball]]s. Both were also fond of smoking,{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|p=243}} and Kitty's habit of combining too much alcohol with smoking in bed led to a plethora of holes in her bedding and at least one house fire.{{sfn|Wolverton|2008|p=176}} She sometimes took too many pills, and suffered from abdominal pains caused by [[pancreatitis]]. Pain often prompted outbursts of anger.{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|p=276}}

In 1952, Toni came down with [[polio]], and doctors suggested that a warmer climate might help. The family flew down to the Caribbean, where they rented a {{convert|72|ft|adj=on}} [[ketch]]. Robert and Kitty discovered a mutual love of sailing, while Toni soon recovered. Henceforth, the family would spend part of each summer on [[Saint John, U.S. Virgin Islands|Saint John]] in the [[Virgin Islands]], eventually building a beach house there.{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|p=251}} On January 6, 1967, Robert was diagnosed with inoperable cancer, and he died on February 18, 1967.{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|p=295}} Kitty had his remains [[cremated]] and his ashes were placed in an urn, which she took to St. John and dropped them into the sea off the coast, within sight of the beach house.{{sfn|Bird|Sherwin|2005|p=588}} She took up with Robert Serber, whose wife Charlotte had committed suicide in May 1967. She talked him into buying a {{convert|52|ft|adj=on}} [[yawl]], which they sailed from New York to [[Grenada]]. In 1972, they purchased a {{convert|52|ft|adj=on}} ketch, with the intention of sailing through the [[Panama Canal]] and to Japan via the [[Galapagos Islands]] and [[Tahiti]]. They set out, but Kitty became ill, and was taken to [[Gorgas Hospital]], where she died of an [[embolism]] on October 27, 1972. Serber and Toni had her remains cremated, and they scattered her ashes near Robert's.{{sfn|Streshinsky|Klaus|2013|pp=301–302}}{{sfn|Serber|Crease|1998|pp=220–221}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/10/29/archives/mrs-j-robert-oppenheimer-62i-nuclear-physicists-widow-dies.html |title=Mrs. J. Robert Oppenheimer, 62, Nuclear Physicist's Widow, Dies |newspaper=New York Times |date=October 29, 1972 |access-date=April 17, 2018 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Bird |first=Kai |authorlink=Kai Bird|first2=Martin J. |last2=Sherwin |authorlink2=Martin J. Sherwin |title=[[American Prometheus]]: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer|location=New York|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|year=2005|isbn=0-375-41202-6 |oclc=56753298 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book |last=Conant |first=Jennet |authorlink=Jennet Conant |title=109 East Palace: Robert Oppenheimer and the Secret City of Los Alamos |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |year=2005 |isbn=0-7432-5007-9 |oclc=57475908 |ref=harv |url=https://archive.org/details/109eastpalacerob00cona }}
* {{cite book |last1=Serber |first1=Robert |author1-link=Robert Serber |last2=Crease |first2=Robert P. |author2link=Robert P. Crease |title=Peace & War: Reminiscences of a Life on the Frontiers of Science |year=1998 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-10546-0 |oclc=1014748640 |ref=harv |url=https://archive.org/details/peacewarreminisc00serb }}
* {{cite book |last=Streshinsky |first=Shirley |last2=Klaus |first2=Patricia |title=An Atomic Love Story: The Extraordinary Women in Robert Oppenheimer's Life |location=New York |publisher=Turner Publishing |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-61858-019-1 |oclc=849822662 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Wolverton |first=Mark |title=A Life in Twilight: The Final Years of J. Robert Oppenheimer |location=New York |publisher=St. Martin's Press |year=2008 |isbn=0-312-37440-2 |oclc=223882887 |ref=harv |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeintwilightfi00wolv }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [https://vault.fbi.gov/Katherine%20Oppenheimer/Katherine%20Oppenheimer%20Part%201%20of%201 Katherine Oppenheimer FBI file]
* [https://archive.org/details/LettersFromSpain ''Letters from Spain by Joe Dallet, American Volunteer, to his Wife'']
{{Portal bar|biography|communism|World War II}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oppenheimer, Katherine}}
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:1972 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Recklinghausen]]
[[Category:People from the Province of Westphalia]]
[[Category:German emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:American people of German descent]]
[[Category:Members of the Communist Party USA]]
[[Category:J. Robert Oppenheimer]]
[[Category:Manhattan Project people]]
[[Category:People from Los Alamos, New Mexico]]
[[Category:University of Pittsburgh alumni]]
[[Category:University of Pennsylvania alumni]]

Judith Heumann

2020-07-27T14:17:15Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.03b - Bot T12 CW#548 - WP:WCW project (Punctuation in link)

{{short description|American disability rights activist}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Judy Heumann
|image = Heumann.gif
|office = Special Advisor for [[Disability rights movement|International Disability Rights]]
|president = [[Barack Obama]]
|term_start = June 7, 2010
|term_end = January 20, 2017
|predecessor = Position established
|successor = ''Vacant''
|office1 = [[Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services|Assistant Secretary of Education for Special Education and Rehabilitative Services]]
|president1 = [[Bill Clinton]]
|term_start1 = June 1993
|term_end1 = January 20, 2001
|predecessor1 = [[Robert R. Davila|Robert Davila]]
|successor1 = [[Robert H. Pasternack|Robert Pasternack]]
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1947|12|18}}
|birth_place =
|death_date =
|death_place =
|party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
|education = [[Long Island University]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]]) [[University of California, Berkeley]] ([[Master of Public Health|MPH]])
}}
'''Judith Ellen Heumann "Judy"''' (born December 18, 1947) is an American [[disability rights]] activist. She is recognized internationally as a leader in the disability community. Heumann is a lifelong civil rights advocate for people with disabilities. Her work with governments and [[non governmental organizations]] (NGOs), non-profits, and various other disability interest groups, has produced significant contributions since the 1970's to the development of human rights legislation and policies benefiting children and adults with disabilities. Through her work in the [[World Bank]] and the [[State Department]], Heumann led the mainstreaming of disability rights into international development. Her contributions extended the international reach of the [[independent living]] movement.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://www.disabilityworld.org/04-05_02/news/heumann.shtml|title=World Bank Appoints Judy Heumann to New Disability Adviser Post|publisher=|accessdate=21 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101020042852/http://disabilityworld.org/04-05_02/news/heumann.shtml|archive-date=20 October 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early life==
Heumann's commitment to disability rights stems from her personal experiences. She had [[polio]] at the age of 18 months, and has used a [[wheelchair]] most of her life. Heumann had to fight repeatedly to be included in the educational system. The local public school refused to allow her to attend, calling her a fire hazard. Instead, for three years she was given home instruction twice a week for about an hour each visit. Heumann's mother, Ilsa Heumann, a community activist in her own right, challenged the decision. Heumann was then allowed to go to a special school in the fourth grade for disabled children. Per city policy, Heumann was to return to home instruction for high school. Heumann's mother rallied against this policy with other parents who put enough pressure on the school to reverse the policy. Heumann entered high school in 1961.

She attended [[Camp Jened]], a camp for children with disabilities, in [[Hunter, New York]] every summer from ages 9 to 18. Heumann's experience of camp brought her a greater awareness of the connected of disabled experience, later saying, "We had the same joy together, the same anger over the way we were treated and the same frustrations at opportunities we didn't have."<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=No Pity: People with Disabilities Forging New Civil Rights Movement|last=Shapiro|first=Joseph|publisher=Three Rivers Press|year=1994|isbn=|location=|page=20}}</ref> At Camp Jened, Heumann met Bobbi Linn and Freida Tankus, who she would later work with as disability rights activists.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Patterson|first1=Linda|title=Points of Access: Rehabilitation Centers, Summer Camps, and Student Life in the Making of Disability Activism, 1960-1973|journal=Journal of Social History|date=December 1, 2012|volume=2|issue=46|pages=473–499}}</ref><ref>{{cite document|last1=Patterson|first1=Linda|title=Accessing the Academy: The Disabled Student Movement, 1950-1973|hdl=1811/48349}}</ref> The 2020 documentary [[Crip Camp]] features Camp Jened campers, including Heumann.

=== College ===
Heumann began making major moves toward rights for people with disabilities while attending [[Long Island University]]. She organized rallies and protests with other students with and without disabilities, demanding access to her classrooms by ramps and the right to live in a dorm. Heumann studied [[Speech Therapy|speech therapy]].<ref name=":0" />

== ''Heumann v. Board of Education of the City of New York''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.leagle.com/decision/1970943320fsupp6231818|title=HEUMANN v. BOARD OF EDUCA | 320 F.Supp. 623 (1970) | supp6231818 | Leagle.com|website=Leagle}}</ref> ==
Heumann was denied her New York teaching license because the Board did not believe she could get herself or her students out of the building in case of a fire. She sued the Board of Education on the basis of discrimination. A local newspaper toted a headline of 'You Can Be President, Not Teacher, with Polio'. After the judge recommended that [[New York City’s Board of Education]] rethink its decision, and it became very likely the Board of Education would lose, they settled out of court. Heumann became the first wheelchair user to teach in New York City<ref>http://www.adawatch.org/JudyHeumannPA.htm</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.disabilityhistory.org/people.html#heumann|title=Disability Social History Project|website=www.disabilityhistory.org|accessdate=21 February 2018}}</ref> and taught elementary school there for three years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/collections/drilm/collection/items/heumann.html|title=Judith Heumann - DRILM - University of California, Berkeley|website=bancroft.berkeley.edu|accessdate=21 February 2018}}</ref>

== Policy work and advocacy ==
===Disabled in Action===

Heumann received much mail from disabled people around the country due to her press coverage while suing the Board of Education. Many wrote in about their experiences with discrimination because of their disabilities. Based on the outpouring of support and letters, in 1970, Heumann and several friends founded [[Disabled in Action]] (DIA), an organization that focused on securing the protection of people with disabilities under civil rights laws through political protest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilusa.com/articles/0223021judith_heumann.htm|title=Judith Heumann|website=www.ilusa.com|accessdate=21 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.disabledinaction.org/photos_heumann.html|title=Disabled In Action: Photos (Judy Heumann)|website=www.disabledinaction.org|accessdate=21 February 2018}}</ref> It was originally called Handicapped in Action, but Heumann disliked that name and lobbied to change it. Early versions of the [[Rehabilitation Act of 1973]] were vetoed by President [[Richard Nixon]] in October 1972 and March 1973.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://acl.gov/news-and-events/acl-blog/rehabilitation-act-1973-independence-bound|title=The Rehabilitation Act of 1973: Independence Bound | ACL Administration for Community Living|website=acl.gov}}</ref> In 1972, DIA demonstrated in New York City with a sit-in protesting one of the vetoes. Led by Heumann, eighty activists staged this sit-in on Madison Avenue, stopping traffic.<ref name="SitinTimeline">{{cite web|url=http://isc.temple.edu/neighbor/ds/disabilityrightstimeline.htm |title=Disability History Timeline |year=2002 |work=Rehabilitation Research & Training Center on Independent Living Management |publisher=[[Temple University]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220065328/http://isc.temple.edu/neighbor/ds/disabilityrightstimeline.htm |archive-date=20 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Center for Independent Living===

[[Ed Roberts (activist)|Ed Roberts]] asked Judy to move to California to work for the [https://www.independentliving.org/docs3/zukas.html Center for Independent Living] where she served as the deputy director from 1975 to 1982. She was an early adopter of the [[Independent living|Independent Living Movement]].

Heumann was responsible for the implementation of legislation at the national level for programs in special education, disability research, vocational rehabilitation and independent living, serving more than 8 million youth and adults with disabilities.

===Individuals with Disabilities Education Act===

While serving as a legislative assistant to the chairperson of the [[U.S. Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare]] in 1974, Heumann helped develop legislation that became the [[Individuals with Disabilities Education Act]].

===504 Sit-in===
{{Main|504 Sit-in}}

Initially, [[Joseph A. Califano, Jr.|Joseph Califano]], U.S. Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare, refused to sign meaningful regulations for [[Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973]], which was the first U.S. federal civil rights protection for people with disabilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dredf.org/504-sit-in-20th-anniversary/short-history-of-the-504-sit-in/|title=Short History of the 504 Sit in|work=dredf.org}}</ref> After an ultimatum and deadline, demonstrations took place in ten U.S. cities on April 5, 1977, including the beginning of the [[504 Sit-in]] at the San Francisco Office of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. This sit-in, led by Heumann and organized by [[Kitty Cone]], lasted until May 4, 1977, a total of 28 days, with more than 150 people refusing to leave. It is the longest sit-in at a federal building to date. [[Joseph A. Califano, Jr.|Joseph Califano]] signed both Education of All Handicapped Children and Section 504 on April 28, 1977.<ref>{{Cite book|title=No Pity: People with Diabilities Forging a New Civil Rights Movement|last=Shapiro|first=Joseph|publisher=Three Rivers Press|year=1994|isbn=|location=New York|pages=69–70}}</ref><ref name="Timeline">{{cite web|url=http://isc.temple.edu/neighbor/ds/disabilityrightstimeline.htm|title=Disability History Timeline|year=2002|work=Rehabilitation Research & Training Center on Independent Living Management|publisher=[[Temple University]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220065328/http://isc.temple.edu/neighbor/ds/disabilityrightstimeline.htm|archivedate=2013-12-20|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Berkeley">{{cite web|url=http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/collections/drilm/resources/timeline.html|title=The Regents of the University of California. 2008. "The Disability Rights and Independent Living Movement." Berkeley, CA: The University of California Berkeley|publisher=|accessdate=6 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="disabilityhistory.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.disabilityhistory.org/people.html#heumann|title=Disability Social History Project, article title Famous (and not-so-famous) People with Disabilities|publisher=|accessdate=6 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.disabilityhistory.org/dwa/edge/curriculum/gov_contenta7.htm|title=EDGE - Curriculum - Biology|work=disabilityhistory.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oac.cdlib.org/view?docId=kt1w1001mt&brand=oac4&doc.view=entire_text|title=Political Organizer for Disability Rights, 1970s-1990s, and Strategist for Section 504 Demonstrations, 1977|work=cdlib.org}}</ref><ref name="fof">{{cite web|url=http://www.fofweb.com/History/MainPrintPage.asp?iPin=EADH0161&DataType=AmericanHistory&WinType=Free|title=Kitty Cone, Facts On File, Inc., 2009. American History Online; Facts on File information obtained from ''Encyclopedia of American Disability History''|work=Encyclopedia of American Disability History}}</ref>

===World Institute on Disability===

Heumann co-founded the World Institute on Disability with [[Ed Roberts (activist)|Ed Roberts]] and [[Joan Leon]] in 1983, serving as co-director until 1993.

===Department on Disability Services===

Mayor Fenty, District of Columbia, appointed Heumann as the first Director for the Department on Disability Services, where she was responsible for the Developmental Disability Administration and the [[Rehabilitation Services Administration]].

===Clinton Administration===

Heumann served in the [[Clinton Administration]] as Assistant Secretary of the Office of Special Education and Rehabilitation Services at the [[US Department of Education]] from 1993 to 2001.

===World Bank===

From 2002 to 2006, Heumann served as the [[World Bank Group]]'s first Advisor on Disability and Development, leading the World Bank's work on disability and worked to expand the Bank’s knowledge and capability to work with governments and civil society on including disability in the Bank discussions with client countries, its country-based analytical work, and support for improving policies, programs, and projects that allow disabled people around the world to live and work in the economic and social mainstream of their communities.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> She was Lead Consultant to the Global Partnership for Disability and Development.
[[File:Judith Heumann face detail, from- Ambassadors Kennedy Greets Sp. Advisor for Disability Rights Heumann in Tokyo - Flickr - East Asia and Pacific Media Hub (1) (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Judith Heumann, Special Advisor for Disability Rights Heumann in [[Tokyo]] on 4 December 2014|alt=]]

===Special Advisor===
[[File:Judy Heumann and Barbara Ransom OLDL 2019.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Judy Heumann and Barbara Ransom at [[TASH (organization)|TASH's]] ''Outstanding Leadership in Disability Law Symposium and Awards Dinner'', George Washington University, July 25, 2019|alt=A photograph of Judy Heumann in her power chair next to Barbara Ransom. They are holding hands and smiling, standing in front of a sponsor banner.]]

In 2010, Heumann became the Special Advisor on International Disability Rights for the U.S. [[United States Department of State|State Department]] appointed by President [[Barack Obama]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dds.dc.gov/dds/cwp/view,a,3,q,496289.asp|title=Judith E. Heumann-Director, DC Department on Disability Services Biography|publisher=|accessdate=21 February 2018}}</ref> Heumann was the first to hold this role, and served from 2010-2017. On January 20, 2017, Heumann left her post at the State Department with the change of a new administration. The Special Advisor role has not yet been filled under the Trump Administration. Paralympian [[Ann Cody]] is currently the most senior official working on international disability rights at State.

===Ford Foundation===

From September 2017 to April 2019, Heumann was a [https://www.fordfoundation.org/the-latest/news/ford-foundation-names-judy-heumann-senior-fellow/ Senior Fellow] at the [[Ford Foundation]]. At Ford, she worked to help advance the inclusion of disability in the Foundation’s work. She also promoted the intentional inclusion of disability in philanthropy work. Heumann produced a paper co-written by Katherine Salinas and Michellie Hess titled [https://www.fordfoundation.org/media/4276/judyheumann_report_2019_final.pdf Roadmap for Inclusion: Changing the Face of Disability in Media]. This paper explores the lack of representation of disabled people in front of and behind the camera, as well as prominent stereotypes of disabled characters when represented in the media, and concludes with a call to action to increase disabled representation in media.

=== Author ===
Heumann's book, “[https://www.amazon.com/Being-Heumann-Unrepentant-Disability-Activist/dp/0807019291 Being Heumann: An Unrepentant Memoir of a Disability Rights Activist],” was published in February 2020. It tells her personal story of fighting for the right to receive an education, have a job, and "just be human."

== Media ==
* {{C-SPAN|Judith Heumann}}.
* The 2008 documentary ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SyWcCuVta7M The Power of 504]'' prominently features Heumann.
* Heumann appears in the 2011 documentary ''[[Lives Worth Living]]''.
* Heumann delivered a [https://www.ted.com/talks/judith_heumann_our_fight_for_disability_rights_and_why_we_re_not_done_yet?language=en TED] talk in 2017.<ref> https://commonslibrary.org/ted-talk-our-fight-for-disability-rights/</ref>
* Comedy Central made a 2018 episode of [http://www.cc.com/video-clips/2p86bg/drunk-history-judy-heumann-fights-for-people-with-disabilities Drunk History] on the 504 Sit-in, with Heumann played by [[Ali Stroker]].
* Heumann appeared on [https://www.msn.com/en-gb/video/other/improving-disability-representation-both-on-screen-and-off/vp-AACxKoo Bloomberg on 7/6/2019] to discuss representation of disability in the media.
* Heumann is featured in the 2020 documentary ''[[Crip Camp]]''.<ref>{{cite web|author=Eric Kohn |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2020/01/crip-camp-review-netflix-sundance-1202205370/amp/ |title=‘Crip Camp’ Review: A Stirring Look at the Roots of the Disability Rights Movement in a Hippy Summer Camp – IndieWire |publisher=Indiewire.com |date=2020-01-23 |accessdate=2020-02-16}}</ref>

== Education ==
Heumann graduated from [[Long Island University]] in 1969. She also earned a Master of Science degree in public health at the [[University of California, Berkeley]] in 1975.

Heumann has been awarded six honorary doctorates:

# [[Long Island University]], Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters, 1994
# [[University of Toledo]], Ohio, an Honorary Doctorate of Public Service, 2004
# The [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]], Honorary Doctorate of Public Administration, 2001
# [[Brooklyn College]], Honorary Degree of Doctor of Humane Letters,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.cuny.edu/mu/forum/2018/03/27/brooklyn-college-to-award-judy-heumann-honorary-doctorate-at-its-2018-commencement-ceremony/|title=Brooklyn College to Award Judy Heumann Honorary Doctorate at Its 2018 Commencement Ceremony|website=CUNY Newswire|language=en|access-date=2019-06-26}}</ref> 2018
# [[Middlebury College]], Honorary Doctorate of Education, 2019
# [[Rowan University]], Honorary Doctorate of Humanities, 2019

== Awards and recognition ==

* 2019: The [https://lurie.brandeis.edu/ Lurie Institute for Disability Policy] gave an award "The journey to Achieving Equality: Past, Present, and Future of Disability Activism with gratitude for your leadership and activism in civil rights."
*2018: Women's Caucus Award given by the [[National Council on Independent Living]]
* 2018: [http://disstudies.org/ Society for Disability Studies] President's Award.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://disstudies.org/index.php/awards/presidents-award/|title=President's Award|date=2016-08-29|website=Society for Disability Studies|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-26}}</ref> SDS says of their decision to award Heumann:<blockquote>"SDS confers the President’s Award for artists and activists who embody the goals of the Society, reiterating our commitment to all kinds of work in disability studies. SDS recognizes Judy Heumann for her five-decade career as a disabled activist who has changed the lives of every single disabled person in the United States and across the globe. Her work has shown the vibrancy and strength of the [[social model of disability]] and the power and importance of the disability rights movement’s central mantra: 'nothing about us without us.'"</blockquote>
* 2017: U.S. International Council on Disabilities, Dole-Harkin Award
*2017: [https://www.interaction.org/ InterAction] [https://www.miusa.org/news/2017/inclusionaward Disability Inclusion Award], in recognition of Judy's major impact on disability inclusion in international development.
*2014: The Berkeley Rotary Club gave its annual Rotary Peace Grove Award to Heumann and the late [[Ed Roberts (activist)|Ed Roberts]], another disability rights activist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.contracostatimes.com/west-county-times/ci_26190156/berkeley-disability-activists-receive-peace-award-emotional-ceremony|title=Berkeley disability activists receive peace award in emotional ceremony|date=21 July 2014|publisher=|accessdate=21 February 2018}}</ref>
*Max Starkloff Lifetime Achievement Award from [https://www.ncil.org/ National Council on Independent Living] In recognition of a lifetime of dedicated hard work and leadership to advance the [http://www.vcil.org/resources/pas-toolkit/the-independent-living-movement-and-disability-rights Independent Living and Disability Rights Movements] and her commitment to the protection and expansion of the civil and human rights of people with disabilities.
* Champion of Disability Rights Award from the [https://spanadvocacy.org/ SPAN Parent Advocacy Network]. "For lifelong commitment and activism for the human and civil rights of children and adults with disabilities in the United States throughout the world."
* Advocacy Award from ALPHA Disability Section: "This award is presented to a person or a consumer-driven organization who has demonstrated excellence in the area of advocacy to improve the health and quality of life for people with disabilities."
* Distinguished Service Award from NARRTC (formerly known as the National Association of Rehabilitation Research and Training Centers): "In recognition of important contributions and achievements that have strategically advanced the field of disability through her research, teaching, service, and advocacy on behalf of person with disabilities."
* Heumann was the first recipient of the Henry B. Betts Award from the [[Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago]] (later awarded jointly with the [[American Association of People with Disabilities]]).

==Personal life==
Heumann is married to Jorge Pineda, and lives in Washington, D.C. Heumann was born in Brooklyn to German-Jewish Immigrants and is the oldest of three children.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=No Pity: People with Disabilities Forging a New Civil Rights Movement|last=Shapiro|first=Joseph|publisher=Three Rivers Press|year=1993|isbn=0812924126|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780812924121/page/56 56]|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780812924121/page/56}}</ref> She is the sister of Joe Heumann, a noted film professor and published author. Judy does not view her disability as a tragedy, saying, “Disability only becomes a tragedy for me when society fails to provide the things we need to lead our lives- job opportunities or barrier-free buildings, for example. It is not a tragedy to me that I’m living in a wheelchair<ref name=":1" />”.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Further reading===
* Judith E. Heumann, ''Including the Voices of Disabled People in the International Development Agenda'', Thornburgh Family Lecture Series, [[University of Pittsburgh School of Law]] accessed at [http://www.law.pitt.edu/news/thornburghlecture06.php] July 24, 2006
* Judith E. Heumann, ''Disability Rights and Independent Living Movement: Pioneering Disability Rights Advocate and Leader, 1960s-2000'', oral history, [[Online Archive of California]], 2004, retrieved from [http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/hb9v19p0k9] July 24, 2006
* Ilene Zeitzer interview with Judy Heumann. Originally published in, "Change from Within: International Overview of the Impact of Disabled Politicians and Disability Policy Bodies on Governance". retrieved from [http://www.rollingrains.com/archives/000513.html] April 29, 2009

==External links==
*[http://www.disabilityhistory.org/people.html#heumann Disability Social History Project] Bio details
*[https://wid.org/resources/wids-founders/ Bio details on World Institute on Disability website]
*{{C-SPAN|Judith Heumann}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Robert R. Davila|Robert Davila]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services|Assistant Secretary of Education for Special Education and Rehabilitative Services]]|years=1993–2001}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Robert Pasternack]]}}
|-
{{s-dip}}
{{s-new|office}}
{{s-ttl|title=Special Advisor for [[Disability rights movement|International Disability Rights]]|years=2010–2017}}
{{s-vac}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Heumann, Judith}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:American people with disabilities]]
[[Category:Disability rights activists from the United States]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Long Island University alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health alumni]]
[[Category:United States Special Envoys]]
[[Category:United States Department of Education officials]]
[[Category:Clinton administration personnel]]
[[Category:Obama administration personnel]]

Benutzer:Shi Annan/Falefa

2020-06-25T18:10:01Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.02b - Bot T15 CW#551 - WP:WCW project (Empty line)

[[File:Falefa meeting between 1923 - 1928 Samoa.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Meeting at Falefa c.1923 - 1928. At the center rear is [[New Zealander]] Major General George S. Richardson, Administrator of Samoa between 1923–1928.]]
[[File:Samoa upolu.jpg|thumb|View of Falefa Valley from Le Mafa Pass.|300px]]{{Infobox settlement
| name = Falefa
| official_name =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = Samoa
| subdivision_type1 = District
| subdivision_name1 = Atua
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = 300 B.C.
| population_total = 1,563 (2016 census)
| image_map =
| map_caption =
}}
'''Falefā''' is a large district located on the north eastern coast of [[Upolu]] island in [[Samoa]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.paclii.org/ws/legis/consol_act/tca1963317/
|work=Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute
|title=Samoa Territorial Constituencies Act 1963
|access-date=18 December 2009
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605081449/http://www.paclii.org/ws/legis/consol_act/tca1963317/
|archive-date=5 June 2011
|df=
}}</ref> It was the ancient capital during the ''malo'' of ''Tupu Tafa'ifa'' (King) Fonoti who, after having defeated his siblings Va'afusuaga and Samalaulu for control of Samoa, chose to rule from his new seat in Falefa, an honour remembered in its ''faalupega'' (Charter and Salutations) to this day.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Le Mamea|first=MK|title=O le Tusi Faalupega o Samoa: Savaii, Upolu, Manono ma Apolima|publisher=Fale Lomitusi a le LMS|year=1930|isbn=|location=Malua, Samoa|pages=84}}</ref>

Falefa is headed by the two ''Matua'' - Moe'ono'ono (hereafter, Moeono) and 'Iuli. It is situated in the Anoama'a i Sasa'e electoral constituency which itself is situated within the larger ancient political 'district' of [[Atua (district)|Atua]]. Atua is headed by the '[[Tufuga Efi|Tui Atua]]' (Ruler of Atua), a title once held by the seer Tui Ātua Leutele (called Leutele Lei'ite) in the 10th century, during Samoa's period of antiquity.<ref name=":2" /> Since the 17th century, this mantle has been occupied mainly by one of the ''Tama-a-'aiga'' (maximal lineage chiefs) of Ātua, [[Tupua Tamasese]] and Matā'afa.

Falefa was founded by two brothers - Moeono and Leutele. Together with the village of Salani, Falefa is the home of one of Samoa's main political families, '''Aiga Sā Fenunuivao'' (descendants of ''Fenunuivao'', wife of King Muagututi'a and mother of the first ''Tupua, Fuiavailili''). It is led by Moeono of Falefa and Tofua'iofoia of Salani, and is the custodian of the ''Tama-a-'Āiga'' [[Tupua Tamasese]] title.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Tuimaleali'ifano, Morgan A. (19XX).|title=O tama a 'aiga he politics of succession to Samoa's paramount titles|date=2006|publisher=Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific|isbn=978-982-02-0377-8|oclc=494614506}}</ref>

Both the ''Tama-a-'aiga'' Tupua Tamasese and ''pāpā'' Tui Atua royal titles are currently held by Samoa's former Prime Minister and Head of State, [[Tufuga Efi|His Highness Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Efi.]]<ref name=":3" /> The sitting MP for Anoama'a i Sasa'e Electorate is Afioga Alai'asā Moefa’auō Sepulona Moananu, a high-ranking chief of Falefa.

== History & Culture ==
[[File:Falefa Falls.jpg|thumb|300px|Falefa Falls, popular swimming and recreational spot for tourists and locals.]]

=== Establishment of Falefa ===
Falefa is one of the oldest and largest villages in Samoa,<ref name=":4" /> with its traditional borders stretching from Uafato to Saoluafata. Oral tradition and archaeological evidence from the nearby Sasoa'a Lapita discovery site in the Falefa valley place the date of settlement in the area to as far back as to somewhere between 300B.C - 200 A.D.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Meleisea, Malama. Meleisea, Penelope Schoeffel.|title=Lagaga : a short history of Western Samoa|date=1994|publisher=University of the South Pacific|isbn=982-02-0029-6|oclc=59616555}}</ref> In later times, portions of these lands were gifted by subsequent rulers to form the settlements of [[Lufilufi]], Lalomauga, Saletele, Falevao and Faleapuna. These villages are historically tied to Falefa through their founding and centuries of intricate political interactions. <ref>{{Citation|last=Meleisea|first=Malama|title=Discovering Outsiders|date=1997-08-28|work=The Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders|pages=119–151|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/chol9780521441957.005|isbn=978-0-521-44195-7|last2=Schoeffel|first2=Penelope}}</ref>

According to oral tradition, Falefa was founded by the two sons of [[Atua (district)|Tui Atua]] Mua’iteleloa and Leateafaiga, daughter of Lufasiaitu of Uafato, Fagaloa - Moe'ono'ono Faleologa (or Moe'ono) & his younger brother Leutele Leutogitui. Since then, Falefa has been headed by the descendants of these two brothers who hold the respective Moeono and Leutele titles.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Beeman|first=William O.|date=December 1996|title=From Grammar to Politics: Linguistic Anthropology in a Western Samoan Village.:From Grammar to Politics: Linguistic Anthropology in a Western Samoan Village.|journal=Journal of Linguistic Anthropology|volume=6|issue=2|pages=251–253|doi=10.1525/jlin.1996.6.2.251|issn=1055-1360}}</ref> Leaving their birthplace at Uafato (Fagaloa) and obeying their fathers wishes, they established their first settlement at the top of mountains overlooking Fagaloa Bay and the Falefa valley, called Manuao.

This was later moved down to its present site at the northern edge of the [[Falefa Valley|Falefa valley.]] It was from this vantage point atop Manuao that the warriors of Moeono and Leutele descended in a surprise attack on the [[Tonga]]n forces anchored at Fagaloa Bay, foiling Leifi and Tautolo's plot to have Queen [[Salamasina]] kidnapped and taken to [[Tonga]].<ref name=":5" />

Falefa is administered and governed by both ''Matua'' (senior orators) Moeono and 'Iuli, with Leutele as the ranking alii of Falefa, addressed as ''Tinā o Tupua'' (Tupua's Mother), honoring the first Tupua's mother Fenunuivao and maternal Grandfather, Leutele.

The size of Falefa was such that a centralised location was needed to rule from and so Moeono created ''<nowiki/>'O le Faleupolu o Sagapolu'<nowiki/>'' - the administrative centre from which the seat of Moeono and his successors continue to govern Falefa from the Moeono residence known as ''<nowiki/>'Laloaoa''' down to the present day. Other sub-villages followed; Saleapaga followed by Sagogu and Gagaeimalae. Moeono and Leutele bestowed titles on prominent houses and established 'vassal' houses to serve Moeono and Leutele and assist with the administration of the growing district.

The brothers and their respective heirs traveled extensively throughout their dominion - from Lemafatele (known as Le Mafa Pass today) to Sasoa'a (where [[Lapita culture|Lapita]] pottery remains have been found),<ref name=":5" /> to Fagaloa and the mountains overlooking the valley below where the village of Falefa stands today.

===''Tupu Tafa'ifa'' - King Fonoti ===
One of the early kings of Samoa was Faumuina, a direct descendant of Queen Salamasina. He had three children, two sons and one daughter. The sons were named Fonoti and Vaafusuaga and the daughter was named Samalaulu. They are commonly known in the traditions of Samoa as “The Three of Faumuina.” Each child was by a different mother so that after the death of their father they individually contended for the Kingship.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-TuvAcco-t1-body1-d49-d2.html|title=An Account of Samoan History up to 1918|last=Tuvale|first=Te'o|date=1968|website=Victoria University of Wellington|url-status=live|accessdate=6 January 2020}}</ref>

Having waged war successfully for the crown against his kin, Fonoti was ultimately proclaimed King. He conferred many honours upon those chiefs and Districts that had fought for him and such honours and privileges are remembered and passed down by Samoa's ''Tulafale'' (Orator chiefs) down to the present day.

For contending with Manono, Sapapali'i and Saleaaumua naval forces and securing his victory at sea, the leaders of Faleapuna and Fagaloa were granted a district of their own called ''Vaa-o-Fonoti'' (literally, Fonoti's canoe). For leading his land forces and securing victory on land, Falefa was designated the honour of serving as the national capital and was given the salutation of ''Aai o Fonoti, Aai o le Tupu'' (Fonoti's city, city of the King).<ref name=":6" /> Falefa continued as the administrative centre of Fonoti, Muagututi'a and Tupua's respective ''malo'' until the time of Fonoti's grandson, King Afoa (later Afoafouvale), who chose to rule from Lufilufi.<ref name=":2" />

These honors are reflected to this day in the ''Fa'alupega o Samoa'' (customary honorific salutations of Samoa) of the respective villages and in those of Falefa (see below).

During the 18th century, continued wars between the Falefa and surrounding districts had taken its toll. 'Iuli was rewarded by Moeono for having the courage to speak for peace and was subsequently granted the position of honour, elevated to becoming the one of the two preeminent senior tulafale of Falefa, assisting Moe'ono'ono and Leutele with the administration of the Falefa as well as in their dealings with the rest of Samoa.<ref name=":6" />[[File:Tupua Tamasese Lealofi III.jpg|thumb|Mau leader Tupua Tamasese Lealofi III. Appointed by Falefa and Salani's Aiga Sā Fenunuivao.<ref name=":3" />|505x505px]]

===Falefa and the ''Tama a 'Āiga,'' Tupua Tamasese ===
The ''pāpā'' titles confer upon individual holders authority over designated territory (Tui Atua rules Atua, Tui A'ana rules A'ana etc.) or, in the case of a ''Tafa'ifā'' (holder of all four ''pāpā'' titles) status as King or Queen of all Samoa. However, these titles are usually contested exclusively among Samoa's four royal lineages, each with a paramount title holder whom the lineage is named after. These are called ''Tama-a-aiga'' ('sons of the families'). Tupua Tamasese is one of these paramount titles.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|last=So'o|first=Asofou|title=Democracy and Custom in Samoa: An Uneasy Alliance|publisher=IPS Publications University of the South Pacific|year=2008|isbn=978-982-02-0390-7|location=Suva, Fiji|pages=9}}</ref>

King Muagututi'a, son of King Fonoti, married Fenunuivao, daughter of Leutele of Falefa. Because they had no children of their own, they adopted Fuiavailili from Salani as their son. Upon his arrival in Falefa, he was given the name 'Tupua' and was thereafter known as Tupua Fuiavailili, the first Tama-a-'aiga.<ref name=":2" />

As the child was now the sole heir to Muagututi'a, the orators performed their customary right of ''saesae laufa'i,'' questioning who this child was to assume such an important mantle and investigating whether he possessed the necessary genealogical links to the great families of Samoa in order to be worthy. Thus it was revealed that Fuiavailili's biological father was Fuimaono, and biological mother Sa'ilau, descendants of Fanene and direct descendants of Queen Salamasina's son and second child, Tapumanaia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Tamasese|first=Tui Atua Tupua|date=June 1995|title=Tamafaigā — shaman, king or maniac?The Emergence of Manono∗|journal=The Journal of Pacific History|volume=30|issue=1|pages=3–21|doi=10.1080/00223349508572780|issn=0022-3344}}</ref> Tupua's adoptive father, King Muagututi'a, was descended from Queen Salamāsina's eldest child, Fofoaivao'ese. Thus it was that Tupua Fuiavailili, through both ancestry and adoption, was the first ruler of Samoa to have inherited from both of Queen Salamāsina's children, re-uniting the Salamasina lineages through his ancestor, Tapumanaia, Salamāsina's husband (from the Fuimaono and Fanene line), and Muagututi'a's ancestor Fofoaivao'ese, Salamasina's daughter with from a previous relationship with Alapepe, (from the Muagututi'a line). Having satisfied the requirements of having direct lineage to Salamāsina and demonstrable link to both lineages and prominent families, Tupua Fuiavailili succeeded Fonoti and was proclaimed King and as the first ''Tama a 'Āiga (lit.'''son of the families').<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Efi|first=Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Ta'isi Tupuola Tufuga|title=Su'esu'e Manogi: In Search of Fragrance|publisher=The Centre for Samoan Studies, National University of Samoa|year=2009|isbn=978-9789829002|location=Samoa|pages=35}}</ref>

===''Queen Salamasina to King Tupua'': Reuniting the Royal Bloodlines ===
Samoa's first ruler to possess all four ''pāpā'' titles and therefore become Queen was Salamasina, daughter of Vaetofaga (a granddaughter of the Tu'i Tonga Kau'ulufonua II) and the Tui A'ana Tamaalelagi. She was entrusted to the care of Levalasi So'oa'emalelagi, wife of the Tui Atua Māta'utia. She was betrothed to marry Tonumaipe'a Tapumanaia in order to form a political alliance with the influential Tonumaipe'a faction in Savai'i. Salamasina instead, eloped with her love, Alapepe. This relationship brought forth a daughter named Fofoaivaoese, who grew to become Tuia‘ana and the ancestress of several prominent Samoan families.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|last=Tavale|first=Tofaeono Tanuvasa|title=Foafoago O Samoa|publisher=Fuelavelave Press|year=2012|isbn=|location=New Zealand|pages=}}</ref>

Alapepe, however, was pursued by the furious Tonumaipe‘a clan to the Tongan island of Tongatapu where he was killed for “defiling” the taupou. Salamāsina's son by Tapumanaia was named after his father and later received the Lesātele title of the Salani and Sālesātele villages in Falealili, thereafter known as Tapusatele.<ref name=":10" />

In a twist of fate, the lines of both Fofoaivaoese and Tapusatele - Salamasina's heirs - were reunited by Tupua Fuiavailili, the first Tama-a-'Aiga. Tupua's biological father, Fuimaono, was a direct descendant of Tapusatele. His adoptive father, King Muagututi'a, was a direct descendant of Fofoaivaoese. Tupua Fuiavailili was thus the first King to be descended from Queen Salamasina through ''both'' her children, Fofoaivaoese and Tapusatele. The young untitled men of Falefa have thereafter been called ''Tupua ma le Aumaga'' (literally "Tupua and the young men"), marking the arrival of Tupua Fuiavailili to Falefa and his status as the young heir of King Muagututi'a, which would also have entailed duties as leader of the young untitled men. To this day, these young men stand guard at every bestowal ceremony and are responsible for guarding the chiefs of Falefa and the holder of the Tupua Tamasese title.

==== Queen Salamasina's Daughter Fofoaivaoese, to Tupua ====
Queen Salamāsina (progenitor of Samoa's four main royal bloodlines)

Queen Fofoaivaoese (first daughter of Queen Salamasina)

Queen Taufau Asiata (daughter of Queen Fofoaivaoese)

King Faumuinā (nephew of Queen Taufau)

King Fonoti (Defeats siblings for Kingship; Falefa is rewarded and named as Fonoti's capital during this time.)

King Muagututi'a. (marries ''Fenunuivao'', daughter of ''Leutele'', of Falefa.)

''No children. <nowiki>*</nowiki>Fuiavailili is brought to Falefa and named heir to King Muagututi'a, Tupua Fuiavailili.''

King Tupua Fuiavailili'' (''the first '''Tupua''' and the first ''<nowiki/>'Tama-a-'aiga'')

==== Queen Salamasina's Son Tapusatele, to Tupua ====
Queen Salamāsina (progenitor of Samoa's four main royal bloodlines)

Tapumanaia Tapusatele (marries ''Sailau Fenunuivao'', daughter of ''Leutele'', of Falefa.)

Sifuiva

Fuimaono

Fuiavailili

<nowiki>*</nowiki>Fuiavailili is taken to Falefa and named, Tupua Fuiavailili.

''Tafa'ifā'' (King) Tupua Fuiavailili'' (''the first '''Tupua''' and the first ''<nowiki/>'Tama-a-'aiga'')
==''Aloali'i'': Dauphin sons of King Tupua Fuiavailili ==
From his four ''usuga'' (marriages), King Tupua Fuiavailili had five children. Two went on to become King, while the third went on to become the ancestor of the Matā'afa ''tama-a-aiga'' title.

*'''Luafalemana of Falefā'''.<ref name=":8" /> Ancestor of the [[Mata'afa Iosefo|Matā'afa]] ''Tama-a-Aiga'' line.<ref name=":4" /> Lived and died in Falefa.
*'''Afoa of Palauli.''' Succeeded his father to become King and ruled from Lufilufi. Defeated in single combat by his brother, Galumalemana. (later named Afoafouvale, after his defeat)
*
*'''Galumalemana of Saleimoa''' (who later succeeded his brother Afoa as King by defeating him at Maauga, Leulumoega<ref name=":2" />).
* Tautisusua and Tufugatasi.<ref name=":4">{{cite book|last=Krämer, Augustin, 1865-1941.|title=The Samoa Islands : an outline of a monograph with particular consideration of German Samoa|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=1999|isbn=0-8248-2219-6|oclc=58450475|origyear=1994}}</ref>

Collectively, these titles are known as ''Aloali'i'' (Dauphins). The establishment of the institution of ''aloalii'' ensured the continuation of the Tupua's political influence through his descendants and to maintain ''in perpetuam'' the genealogical linkages between the first ''Tupu Tafa'ifa'', Queen Salamasina and later ''Tupu Tafa'ifa'', King Fonoti, from whom later rulers would draw legitimacy.<ref name=":9" />

=== Luafalemana and Matā'afa ===
The beginnings of the ''Tama-a-Aiga'' [[Mata'afa|Matā'afa]] lineage is traced through to Luafalemana, son of King Tupua Fuiavailili.<ref name=":4" /> This was enabled through the union of Luafalemana's daughter, Salaina'oloa of ''<nowiki/>'Aiga Sā Fenunuivao'' with Tuimavave (also known as Tauili'ili) of ''<nowiki/>'Aiga Sā Levālasi'' , issuing one of the progenitors of the Matā'afa title, Fa'asuamale'aui, in 1785.<ref name=":3" /> Tuimavave's other union with Letelesa issued the another progenitor of the title, Silupevailei. These two lines of Fa'asuamale'aui and Silupevailei are from whom all Mata'afa are selected.

Family traditions differ on who was the first Mata'afa, but the majority of opinion favours Tafagamanu, grandson of Fa'asuamale'aui.<ref name=":3" />

Tuimavave's union with Tupua's grand-daughter, Salaina'oloa, has resulted in the Luafalemana title's association with both the Tupua Tamasese and the Matā'afa titles. Several Matā'afa holders from Falefa also held the Tupua title concurrently, like [[Mata'afa Iosefo|Matā'afa Iosefo]] who became known as Tupua Matā'afa Iosefo.<ref name=":4" /> By joining the daughter of Luafalemana with Tuimavave, the Tui Atua line arrives at a harmonious junction between the two great tama-a-'aiga families of Atua - ''<nowiki/>'Aiga Sā Levālasi'' and ''<nowiki/>'Aiga Sā Fenunuivao.''

===''Protocol:'' The Selection of the ''Tama a 'Āiga,'' Tupua Tamasese ===
When the ''Tama a 'Āiga,'' Tupua Tamasese is to be chosen, both Moeono and Tofua'iofoia (of Salani village)<ref name=":3" /> summon the Aiga' Sa Fenunu'ivao (Descendants of Fenunu'ivao, the first Tupua's mother) to decide on who should hold the mantle. Once a new Tupua is chosen, the coronation takes place at his seat in Lufilufi. The current holder, His Highness Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Efi, was chosen after the passing of his uncle, former Prime Minister Tupua Tamasese Lealofi IV.<ref name=":3" />

Both Moeono and Tofua'iofoia speak for Aiga Sa Fenunu'ivao, not only on matters pertaining to the Tupua title, but also on dealings with other aiga, such as Sa Tuala and Sa Levalasi. They are also members of the great council of Atua which meets at Lalogafu'afu'a, the meeting place of Atua's leaders in Lufilufi.<ref name=":2" />

== Politics & Governance: Moeono, Leutele & 'Iuli ==
Falefa means the 'House of Four', indicative of the four sub-villages which make up the main components of Falefa; Sagogu, Gagaemalae, Saleapaga, Sagapolu. Each of these sub villages comprise families, the heads of which, represent their extended families and their respective area at Falefa's Village Council, headed by the two senior tulafale-alii of the village (Matua), Moeono & Iuli.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/b.9781405144308.2005.x|title=A Companion to Linguistic Anthropology|date=2005|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd|isbn=978-1-4051-4430-8|editor-last=Duranti|editor-first=Alessandro|location=Oxford, UK}}</ref>[[File:Matua of Falefa, Moeono Kolio and his wife, Aniva Auva'a.jpg|thumb|455x455px|Moeono Alai'asā Kolio OBE (Moeono from 1957-1987), one of the signatories of the Constitution, pictured here with his wife, Aniva Auva'a of Ti'avea]]The establishment of Moeono and Leutele titles predate the Tongan period, as the primordial holders were the sons of Tui Atua Mua'iteleloa (one of the earliest holders of the Tui Atua ''pāpā'' title) and founders of Falefa somewhere between 300B.C - 200 A.D.<ref name=":5" />

=== ''Protocol:'' The Selection of the Moeono & the Leutele ===
Upon the death of a Moeono or Leutele, the district goes into an extended period of mourning and kicks off the procession of cultural protocol which follows. During this ''sede vacante'' period, the administration of Falefa is then passed to 'Iuli, Lealaisalanoa, Alai'asā and Falefa's other ''matai alii'' (senior chiefs of each families) until a Moeono or Leutele is appointed.

At the appointed time when an heir has been chosen, the proceedings of the ''saofa'i'' (bestowment ceremony) stipulate that only the two bearers of the titles of the two brothers - Moeono and Leutele - are part of this sacred ritual. Only once it has been completed with the completion of the 'ava ceremony and the title bestowed will 'Iuli lead the rest of the village chiefs in to the residence to join them (''usu le nuu''). The ceremony itself is guarded by ''Tupua ma le Aumaga'' (the name for Falefa's untitled men's guild).

The last holder of the Leutele title was Leutele Tapusatele Keli Tuatagaloa. The late Moeono Leateafaiga Atoafuaiupolu Tomanogi Penitito Alaiasa is the most recent holder of the Moeono title, which he held until his passing in 2018. Unlike the Leutele and other titles of Falefa, the Moeono line has enjoyed a revered tradition of only ever having a single holder of the Moeono at any given time. Thus the most recent holder was the 16th of his name, with known successors of the current line stretching back further to the brief intervention from Saoluafata and to antiquity.

As of 2018, both titles remain vacant pending appointment of the new holders by the respective heirs.

=== ''Lautivunia:'' The story of the Tui Tonga and Tui Atua Leuteleleiite ===
The [[Tuʻi Tonga Empire|Tui Tonga]] (ruler of Tonga) had two sons. The elder was named Tuitonga after his father, the younger, Lautivunia. Lautivunia had an affair with his brother's wife. When the affair became known, the older brother was very angry.

As is the custom, the younger brother made a peace offering of cooked food wrapped in tolo (ordinary sugar cane) and fiso (wild sugar cane) leaves. These leaves underlined the message, ‘Please forgive me, for we are brothers.’

But Tuitoga was not placated and Lautivunia made another peace offering, which included the flesh of ordinary bananas and of the lei (wild banana). The two varieties of banana underlined the message, ‘We are flesh and blood – surely you can find it in your heart to forgive me?’ Tuitoga was still not placated. So Lautivunia decided that if his brother would not accept his food offerings he would offer his life. He dug a hole where his catamaran was housed, fixed spears with points upward at the bottom of the hole, and threw himself on the spears. The force of his action caused the surrounding earth and sand to cave in and cover him.

When Lautivunia's disappearance was noticed, his father and brother sent out search parties to look for him. One party reached Falefa, Samoa. Tui Atua Leutele said, ‘You need not have come so far. Lautivunia is in Tonga under his catamaran.’

So the search party returned to Tonga and found the body of Lautivunia. The Tui Toga felt obliged to reciprocate this favour from Tui Atua Leutele and instructed the search party to return to Samoa with the finest of his fine mats, which he named ''Le Ageagea o Tumua'' (the substance of Tumua). In addition, he recognised Tui Atua Leutele's seer abilities by naming him Leutele Leiite, that is, Leutele with the prophetic powers.

The title of Leiite survives today as one of the titles of the Sā Leutele family.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/object/567243|title=Le ageagea o Tumua OBJECT {{!}} PART OF PACIFIC CULTURES COLLECTION|last=|first=|date=2002|website=Museum of New Zealand: Te Papa Tongarewa|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

=== ''War:'' 'Iuli calls for Peace ===
In later centuries, a great war between Tuamasaga and the two allies, Atua and A'ana ravaged the country. Having been defeated, Malietoa Uitualagi and the Tuamasaga army sought refuge at Ana o Seuao in Sa'anapu, Safata. Atua and A'ana forces gave chase and as they arrived at Ana, prepared to complete their victory by burning the entire region and killing off the rest of Malietoa's troops. To their surprise however, an elderly unnamed chief from Tuamasaga approached their war party, beseeching them to turn back from their aim and to have mercy on their defeated foes. Moved by the old man's courage, a young chief named 'Iuli rose to speak in what is now known as the longest ''lauga'' (formal oratory) in Samoan history, admonishing his side for two days and two nights to agree to peace with Malietoa's defeated Tuamasaga force. Grateful for this agreement, Malietoa Uitualagi gave the island of Tutuila to Atua. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Tauiliili|first=Pemerika L.|title=Anoafale O Le Gagana Ma Le Aganuu|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> For his efforts in ending the conflict, 'Iuli was promoted to the rank of ''<nowiki/>'Matua''' by Moeono as a reward for his bravery. Today, his descendant governs Falefa alongside Moeono.

=== ''The Road to Independence:'' Moeono & The Mau Movement ===
In the early days of the [[Mau movement]], Luafalemana Moeono Ta'ele resigned from his post at the administration's Native Police to assist with efforts to garner national support for the fledgling independence movement. As ''Pule'' (the orators and polity heads of Savaii) were yet to pledge their unanimous support, Luafalemana Moeono Ta'ele was tasked with leading a fleet of ''fautasi'' (canoes) together with Upolu's orators to ask for Savaii's support. Choosing to arrive at Satupa'itea instead of Sale'aula, Moeono recalled Falefa's earlier support for the ''Mau a Pule'' <ref>{{Cite book|last=Meleisea, Malama. Meleisea, Penelope Schoeffel.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/59616555|title=Lagaga : a short history of Western Samoa|date=1994 |publisher=University of the South Pacific|isbn=982-02-0029-6|oclc=59616555}}</ref> (which Savaii's orators had led during the German administration, a precursor to the Mau Movement) and called on Asiata to have ''Pule'' (Savaii's chief orators and counterpart to Upolu's ''Tumua'') reciprocate their solidarity by joining forces with them in order to further strengthen the cause for independence.

His son, [https://scontent.fakl1-3.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t31.0-8/1398793_10200947027145939_1469307217_o.jpg?_nc_cat=105&_nc_ohc=Fljodnc5LNgAX-Je9_P&_nc_ht=scontent.fakl1-3.fna&oh=0b9f428428a19798f5e46e7f0a722e83&oe=5EA44A6F Moeono Alai'asā Kolio OBE], would later become one of the Framers of the Constitution of the newly Independent State of Western Samoa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.palemene.ws/new/wp-content/uploads/Document/2016-Constitution-of-Samoa-Eng.pdf|title=CONSTITUTION OF THE INDEPENDENT STATE OF SAMOA|last=Government of Samoa|first=Government of Samoa|date=2019|website=Parliament of Samoa|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

== The Village Fono: Falefā, Falelima & Falefitu ==
The convocation of a special meeting of the village fono is decided by 'Iuli or Moeono.<ref name=":4" /> The scale of the meeting varies depending on the situation. The most common meetings comprise only the four sub-villages of Falefa: Sagapolu, Saleapaga, Gaga’emalae and Sanonu. The range of participants define the three types of meetings. In this context, the word ''fale'' means sub-village. A ''fono falefa'' is then a fono in which only the matai from the four sub-villages of Falefa participate.<ref name=":7" /> A ''fono falelima'' is a fono with the four sub-villages of Falefa and the village of Falevao. A ''fono falefitu'' involves all the villages that are part of Falefa's traditional domain, which includes the four sub-villages of Falefa, Falevao and the two villages of Sauano and Saletele in the Fagaloa Bay.<ref name=":4" />

== Fa'alupega: The Charter and Salutations of Falefa ==
'''Tulouna a le a'ai o Fonotī (le a'ai o le Tupu) ma fale e fagafua'''

'''Maliu mai {{Not a typo|a}} oulua matua: 'Iuli ma Moeono'''

'''a Fulumu’a na falelimaa’I fetalaiga ia te oe le Aai'''

'''Tulouna a le putuputu o tagata o le [[Atua (district)|Tui Atua]]'''

'''Afio mai Sā Fenunuivao'''

'''Afio mai Leutele o le tina o [[Tupua Tamasese|Tupua]]'''

'''Afio mai Lealaisalanoa o le tei o Tupua, o le tama a Malili e fa'''

'''Afio mai Alai’asa na fita I tuga'''

'''Afio mai Luafalemana o le Aloalii.<ref name=":1" />'''

A village ''fa'alupega'' is essentially a series of salutations that refer to a village or district's most important titles and descent groups. It provides a basic outline of its basic hierarchy and genealogies of note, thus the order of mention is usually (but not always) relevant, depending on the location and context.<ref name=":7" /> The basic structure of Falefā's fa'alupega, in its most reduced version, is composed of three main parts, with the third allowing several possible variations:

#...'Aiga ma aloali'i ...the chiefs (lit. 'Families') and the son (Luafalemana) of the royal chief (Tupua)
# ...afio mai Sā Fenunuivao ...<nowiki/>to you Sā Fenunuivao (descendants of Fenunuivao, political family of Tupua Tamasese)
#
#...oulua matua, Iuli ma Moeono ...to you, the elder chief orators, 'Iuli and Moeono (rulers of Falefa)
#...ma le putuputu o tagata o le Tui Atua ...and the gathering of the people of the King of Atua (or ...ma le tofi fa'asolo i tagata o le Tui Atua) ...and the various appointments of the people of the King of Atua<ref name=":7" />

=== Malae Fono ===
Moamoa, o le tua o Lalogafu'afu'a.

=== Laoa ===
Moeono - Laloaoa

=== Maota o Alii ===
Leutele - Vai'ili'ili ma Fogāvaiuta

Lealaisalanoa - Vaie'e

Alai'asā - Gataivai

Suluvave - Malae

=== Sa'otama'ita'i ===
Leutele - Sailau

Salanoa - Fenunuivao

Luafalemana - Salaina'oloa

Alai'asa - Punipuao

Suluvave - Aova'a<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-52422940|title=O le tusi faalupega o Samoa: Savaii, Upolu, Manono, Ma Apolima|last=Freeman|first=Derek|publisher=L.M.S.Malua|year=1930|isbn=|location=Samoa|pages=}}</ref>

== Title Contention and Controversies ==

=== Falefa, Tupua Tamasese and the Primacy of ''<nowiki/>'Aiga Sā Fenunuivao''===
[[File:Tupua Tamasese Tupuola Tufuga Efi 00.jpg|thumb|The current holder, Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Efi. Appointed by Falefa and Salani's 'Aiga Sa Fenunuivao to be the holder of the Tama Aiga title in 1986.|342x342px]]Falefa and the Tupua Tamasese have a long history, dating back to when the first Tupua was installed at Falefa. In terms of succession to the title, the family has been among the least controversial of all ''Tama a 'Āiga'' families. Family consensus decided successors rather than the court. However, these amicable relations were eventually fractured in 1965 when a major split appeared over the successor to Tupua Tamasese Mea'ole, who died in 1963. Two first cousins and sons of previous holders vied for the title and the family was forced to resort to the court for a settlement.<ref name=":3" />

The family had been unable to agree between two candidates, Lealofi IV, the son of Tupua Tamasese Lealofi III, and Tufuga Efi, the son of Tupua Tamasese Mea'ole.<ref name=":3" /> The two men were first cousins, and their fathers had both held the titles. Both were installed at separate ceremonies, Lealofi IV by ''<nowiki/>'Āiga Sā Fenunuivao'' of Falefa and Salani, and Tufuga Efi by ''<nowiki/>'Āiga o Mavaega'' of Faleasi'u and Asau in Savai'i and by a branch of ''<nowiki/>'Āiga Sā Tuala'' from Fasito'outa. The latter's installation took ''<nowiki/>'Āiga Sā Fenunuivao'' by surprise and was immediately met with stern rejection.

Both candidates were genealogically eligible, being descended from their common ancestor, Tupua Fuiavailili.<ref>'''LC8384 pp. 1-4, 6 August 1987'''</ref> However, Lealofi had the advantage of having the unanimous support of '''Āiga Sā Fenunuivao'', the title's main political family, on the grounds that his father was older then Tufuga Efi's father and he himself was the elder candidate. The subsequent court battle saw a unanimous endorsement of Lealofi IV's appointment.<ref name=":8">'''LC2440, 29 March 1965.''' The court ruled that the ''pule'' of the Tupua title...is vested in the family of Sā Fenunuivao of Falefā and Salani.</ref> However, Tufuga Efi's supporters returned to the court to press two more lines of argument. First they argued that the title should be appointed and conferred by the ''suli'' (heirs of descendants). ''<nowiki/>'Āiga Sā Fenunuivao'' agreed, but pointed out their right to step in and decide, especially seeing as there would inevitably be disagreement among descendants and pointing to the fact that the descendants themselves were part of the wider Fenunuivao family, a view also endorsed by the court. Second, Tufuga's supporters argued that the conjugate titles be split in two; they argued that the Tamasese name constituted a title in its own right and urged the court to award the Tupua title to Lealofi and the Tamasese title to Tufuga Efi. However, the court rejected this argument on the grounds that without Tupua, Tamasese could not be constituted as a title and that Tupua without Tamasese would disqualify Tupua from the rank of a ''Tama a 'Āiga.''<ref name=":3" />

The court ruled in favour of ''<nowiki/>'Āiga Sā Fenunuivao''<nowiki/>'s candidate, Lealofi IV who would go on to be elected Prime Minister of Samoa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Meleisea|first=Malama|title=The Making of Modern Samoa: Traditional Authority and Colonial Administration in the History of Western Samoa.|publisher=Institute of Pacific Studies of the University of the South Pacific|year=1987|isbn=9820200318|location=Suva, Fiji|pages=175, 176}}</ref>

Upon Tupua Tamasese Lealofi IV's death in 1983, the question as to a successor was raised yet again with Tupuola Efi once again staking his claim. However, this would require '''Āiga Sā Fenunuivao'' agreeing to his appointment. Salani agreed however, Falefa and Lufilufi opposed. Nevertheless, Tupuola Efi proceeded without the unanimous support of ''Āiga Sā Fenunuivao.'' On the morning of his installation ceremony at Vaimoso, the nation's public broadcaster, Radio 2AP, read an announcement from the Moeono at the time, Moeono Alai'asā Kolio, notifying the country that ''<nowiki/>'Āiga Sā Fenunuivao'' as well as the leaders of Lufilufi - the traditional seat of the Tupua Tamasese title - had not sanctioned Tupuola Efi's ascension to the title, effectively nullifying the candidate's grasp for the title yet again.

In 1986, Tupuola Efi approached the now ailing Moeono to ask for ''Āiga Sā Fenunuivao''<nowiki/>'s unanimous blessing. Despite their initial refusal, both Falefa and Lufilufi eventually agreed. Thus ''<nowiki/>'Āiga Sā Fenunuivao'' joined with ''<nowiki/>'Āiga o Mavaega'' and ''<nowiki/>'Āiga Sā Tuala'' to jointly confer the Tupua Tamasese title on Tupuola Efi in an installation ceremony at Vaimoso in November, 1986, jointly registering the title under their family names.<ref name=":3" />

However, the right of joint conferral was later challenged in court. The matter was decisively settled when in 1987, the court ruled that the right of conferral of the Tupua Tamasese title belonged exclusively to ''<nowiki/>'Āiga Sā Fenunuivao'' of Falefa and Salani, based on the customary criteria of descent, relevant knowledge and skill, residence and service.<ref name=":8" />

== Line of Succession ==
===''Tama a 'Āiga'': Tupua Tamasese ===
'''King Tupua Fuiavailili, descendant of Queen Salamasina, son of King Muagututi'a and grandson of King Fonoti.'''

King Afoa (defeated in single combat by his brother, Galumalemana. Thereafter named ''Afoafouvale,'' "he who rebels for no good reason.")

King Galumalemana (the ''Aloalii'' as an institution of succession is established under Galumalemana)

King Nofoasaefā (tyrant, assassinated by rebels in Savai'i)

King I'amafana

Maeaeafe Matā'afa

1751 - 1830: Tupua Leasiolagi Moegagogo

1830 - 1860s: Tupua Pulepule

1860s - 1891: Tupua Tamasese Titimaea (this is the first time '''Tamasese''' is added to the Tupua title)

1891 - 1915: Tupua Tamasese Lealofi-o-a'ana I, son of Tupua Tamasese Titimaea.

1915 - 1918: Tupua Tamasese Lealofi-o-a'ana II, eldest son of Tupua Tamasese Lealofi-o-a'ana I

1918 - 1929: [[Tupua Tamasese Lealofi III|Tupua Tamasese Lealofi-o'a'ana III]] ([[Mau movement|Mau]] leader, assassinated by NZ Soldiers during Black Saturday), younger brother of Tupua Tamasese Lealofi-o-a'ana II

1929 - 1963: [[Tupua Tamasese Meaʻole|Tupua Tamasese Mea'ole]] (Co-Head of State with [[Malietoa Tanumafili I|Malietoa Tanumafili II]] after Independence), younger brother of Tupua Tamasese Lealofi-o-a'ana III

1963 - 1983: [[Tupua Tamasese Lealofi IV|Tupua Tamasese Lealofi-o-a'ana IV]] (Third Prime Minister of Samoa), son of Tupua Tamasese Lealofi-o-a'ana III

1986–present: [[Tufuga Efi|Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Efi]] <ref name=":2" /> (Former Prime Minister and Head of State 2007-2017), son of Tupua Tamasese Mea'ole.

===''Aloali'i'': Luafalemana ===
Luafalemana Leo’o

Luafalemana Tupua Puta

Luafalemana Fagavale

Luafalemana Taua’aletoa Taligamaivalu Leala’iasalanoa

Luafalemana Moeono Alai'asā Taeleomoamoa (Taele)

(also bestowed to two other holders by Luafalemana Taele Moeono, later returned)

* Luafalemana Aukusitino

* Luafalemana Eseese

Present: ''Vacant''

=== ''Matua'': Moe'ono ===
1855 - 1915: Moeono Sufalī Luafalemana Taligamaivalu.

1915 - 1916: Moeono Faita Tailalo

1916 - 1957: Luafalemana Moeono Alai'asā Taeleomoamoa (Taele)

1957 - 1987: Moeono Alai'asā Kolio

1987 - 2018: Moeono Atoamafuaiupolu Penitito Alai'asā

2018–present: ''vacant''

===''Matua'': 'Iuli ===

Iuli Tapa

Iuli Veni

Iuli Sefo I

Iuli Sefo II

Iuli Polailevao Moananu Salale

=== ''Ali'i'': Leutele ===
Leutele Malota I

Leutele Malota II

Leutele Upuolevavau

Leutele Faletui

Leutele Poutoa

Leutele Taumoumea

Leutele Simaile Tuatagaloa

Leutele Lutu

1940 - 2012: Leutele Tapusatele Keli Tuatagaloa

2012–present: ''Vacant''

== Population ==
The population of Falefa (exclusive of the other three villages that form the ''falefitu'') is 1,563 (2016 Census).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbs.gov.ws/digi/2016_Census_Brief_No.1.pdf|title=2016 CENSUS Brief No.1 Revised version Population Snapshot and Household Highlights|last=|first=|date=30 October 2017|work=Samoa Bureau of Statistics|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721230100/http://www.sbs.gov.ws/Portals/138/PDF/census%20survey/Table%202.%20Population%20byregion%2C%20faipule%20district%202006.pdf|archivedate=21 July 2011|accessdate=16 December 2009}}</ref>

South of the village settlement is [[Falefa Valley]], Falefa's traditional territory southwards to neighbouring Lotofaga and eastwards to Fagaloa Bay.

==See also==
*[[Archaeology in Samoa]]

==References==
<references/>

{{Coord|13|53|S|171|33|W|region:WS_type:city|display=title}}

{{Atua}}

[[Category:Populated places in Samoa]]
[[Category:Atua (district)]]

Orgel der Royal Albert Hall

2020-06-16T23:11:53Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.02b - Special:LintError/missing-end-tag - WP:WCW project (Missing end bold/italic)

[[Image:Proms-albert-hall-04.jpg|thumb|right| '''Grand Organ''' ([[pipe organ]]) in ''Royal Albert Hall'' (behind stage)]]

The '''Grand Organ''' situated in the [[Royal Albert Hall]] in [[London]] is the second largest [[pipe organ]] in the United Kingdom, after the [[Liverpool Cathedral#Music|Liverpool Cathedral Grand Organ]]. It was originally built by [[Father Willis|Henry "Father" Willis]] and most recently rebuilt by [[Mander Organs]], having 147 stops{{cn|date=September 2019}} and, since the 2004 restoration, 9,999 pipes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Henry Willis Organ |url=https://www.royalalberthall.com/about-the-hall/our-history/explore-our-history/building/henry-willis-organ/ |publisher=Royal Albert Hall |accessdate=9 September 2019}}</ref>

== The Willis organ ==
The original organ was built by [[Henry Willis & Sons]] in 1871. It had four [[Keyboard instrument|manuals]] and 111 [[organ stops|stops]] and was, at that time, the largest in the world.

== Harrisons ==
The Durham firm of [[Harrison & Harrison]] rebuilt the organ in two stages in 1924 and 1933, during which it was increased to 146 stops (including three [[percussion]] stops) and converted to [[electro-pneumatic action]]. It was still the largest organ in Britain at that time. The 2014 [[Pink Floyd]] album ''[[The Endless River]]'', includes a track, "Autumn '68", featuring a recording of band member [[Richard Wright (musician)|Richard Wright]] playing the organ in 1969.<ref name="Woodcraft">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/nov/09/pink-floyd-endless-river-review |title=Pink Floyd: The Endless River review – 'a good way to call it a day' |last=Woodcraft |first=Molloy|date=2014-11-09 |work=[[The Observer]] |accessdate=10 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="NMEND">{{cite web |url=https://www.nme.com/news/pink-floyd/80001 |title=Pink Floyd producer says Royal Albert Hall organ solo used on new album was 'moment of rebellion' |last=NME News Desk|date=2014-09-26|work=[[NME]] |accessdate=10 December 2014}}</ref>

In the 1970s, Harrisons refurbished the console and replaced the switchgear in the action, made minor changes to the voicing and added a roof to attempt to project the sound forward, which was not successful. One interesting note in this period is that composer [[Wendy Carlos]] featured the organ during the closing title sequence of the 1982 Disney science fiction film ''[[Tron]]'', performed by organist [[Martin Neary]].

By the end of the 20th century, the organ was again in a state of disrepair, with an ever-increasing number of stops unusable due to leaks in the wind system, cracks in the soundboards, and other problems. By 2002, it was maintained only through "heroic efforts" on the part of Harrisons and could not be used at all without their staff present, in case of mishap. The wind chests and pipes were leaking noisily and wind pressure was insufficient to support full use. The leatherwork in the actions was also failing.

== The Mander rebuild ==
In 2002, the organ was taken out of commission for an extensive rebuild by [[Mander Organs]]. Some consideration was given to restoring the organ to its original Willis specification, but the subsequent alterations and enlargements had made this impractical and it was felt that it should remain essentially as-is.

The dryness of the Hall had damaged the soundboards, so these were replaced and new and larger wind trunks provided. The roof was removed, and the reed stops in the Great division were restored to their 1924 wind pressures. The 1970s split of the Great Organ (allowing two independent Great Organs to be registered and played simultaneously on different manuals) was rationalised, effectively offering separate Willis and Harrison choruses; also a Fourniture IV was added, bringing the total to 147 stops and 9,997 speaking pipes. For a few years the organ was once again the largest in the UK, until in 2007 the distinction passed to the organ in [[Liverpool Anglican Cathedral]] (10,268 pipes).

The organ was re-opened at a gala concert on the evening of 26 June 2004 with [[David Briggs (English musician)|David Briggs]], [[John Scott (organist)|John Scott]] and [[Thomas Trotter]] playing, with the [[Royal Philharmonic Orchestra]] under [[Richard Hickox]]. The organ featured prominently in the 2004 [[BBC Proms]] series. The first recordings on the newly rebuilt instrument were by Dame [[Gillian Weir]]. The instrument has also been used by [[progressive rock]] band [[Muse (band)|Muse]] when playing [[Megalomania (Muse song)|Megalomania]], originally recorded on another Willis organ, at the [[St Mary the Virgin, Bathwick|church of Saint Mary in Bathwick]]. During a live performance at the Royal Albert Hall on the 12 April 2008, Muse's frontman, [[Matt Bellamy]], had commented that "since we're here, it would be rude not to play this beast".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/classical/news/why-musicians-cant-resist-the-9997pipe-king-of-instruments-2278063.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2017-09-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506053242/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/classical/news/why-musicians-cant-resist-the-9997pipe-king-of-instruments-2278063.html |archivedate=2011-05-06 }}</ref>

=== Stoplist since 2004 ===
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10" style="border-collapse:collapse;"
| style="vertical-align:top" |
{| border="0"
| colspan=3 | '''I Choir and Orchestral Organ''' C–c4
----
|-
| || '''''First Division (Choir) unenclosed:'''''
|-
|37 || Open Diapason || 8′<ref group="Ann.">The character ′ stands for "foot"; one foot is 0.3048 m.</ref>
|-
|38 || Lieblich Gedeckt || 8′
|-
|39 || Dulciana || 8′
|-
|40 || Gemshorn || 4′
|-
|41 || Lieblich Flute || 4′
|-
|42 || Nazard || 22/3′<ref group="Ann." name="Harrisons">Harrison & Harrison 1974.</ref>
|-
|43 || Flageolet || 2′
|-
|44 || Tierce || 13/5′<ref group="Ann." name="Harrisons"/>
|-
|45 || ''Mixture 15.19.22'' || III
|-
|46 || '''Trumpet''' || '''8′'''
|-
|47 || '''Clarion''' || '''4′'''
|-
|
|-
| || '''''Second Division (Orchestral) enclosed:'''''
|-
|48 || Contra Viole || 16′
|-
|49 || Violoncello || 8′
|-
|50 || Viole d’Orchestre I || 8′
|-
|51 || Viole d’Orchestre II || 8′
|-
|52 || Viole Sourdine || 8′
|-
|53 || Violes Celestes II || 8′
|-
|54 || Viole Octaviante || 4′
|-
|55 || ''Cornet de Violes 12.15.17.19.22 '' ||V
|-
|56 || Quintaton || 16′
|-
|57 || Harmonic Flute || 8′
|-
|58 || Concert Flute || 4′
|-
|59 || Harmonic Piccolo || 2′
|-
|60 || '''Double Clarinet''' || '''16′'''
|-
|61 || '''Clarinet''' || '''8′'''
|-
|62 || '''Orchestral Hautboy''' || '''8′'''
|-
|63 || '''Cor Anglais''' || '''8′'''
|-
|
|-
| ''VI'' || ''Tremulant''
|}
 
{| border="0"
| colspan=3 | '''II Great Organ''' C–c4
----
|-
|64 || Contra Violone || 32′
|-
|65 || Contra Gamba || 16′<ref group="Ann." name="XIII">Cf. XIII. Great Second Division on Choir.</ref>
|-
||66 || Double Open Diapason || 16′
|-
|67 || Double Claribel Flute || 16′
|-
|68 || Bourdon || 16′<ref group="Ann." name="XIII"/>
|-
|69 || Open Diapason 1 || 8′
|-
|70 || Open Diapason 2 || 8′
|-
|71 || Open Diapason 3 || 8′<ref group="Ann." name="XIII"/>
|-
|72 || Open Diapason 4 || 8′
|-
|73 || Open Diapason 5 || 8′<ref group="Ann." name="XIII"/>
|-
|74 || Geigen || 8′
|-
|75 || Hohl Flute || 8′
|-
|76 || Viola da Gamba || 8′<ref group="Ann." name="XIII"/>
|-
|77 || Rohr Flute || 8′<ref group="Ann." name="XIII"/>
|-
|78 || Quint || 51/3′
|-
|79 || Octave || 4′
|-
|80 || Principal || 4′<ref group="Ann." name="XIII"/>
|-
|81 || Viola || 4′<ref group="Ann." name="XIII"/>
|-
|82 || Harmonic Flute || 4′
|-
|83 || Octave Quint || 22/3′<ref group="Ann." name="XIII"/>
|-
|84 || Super Octave || 2′
|-
|85 || Fifteenth || 2′<ref group="Ann." name="XIII"/>
|-
|86 || ''Mixture 8.12.15.19.22 '' || V
|-
|87 || ''Harmonics 10.15.17.19.21.22'' ||VI
|-
|88 || ''Fourniture 19.22.26.29'' ||IV||<ref group="Ann." name="XIII"/>
|-
|89 || ''Cymbale 19.22.26.29.31.33.36 '' || VII
|-
|90 || '''Contra Tromba''' || '''16′'''
|-
|91 || '''Tromba''' || '''8′'''
|-
|92 || '''Octave Tromba''' || '''4′'''
|-
|93 || '''Posaune''' || '''8′'''
|-
|94 || '''Harmonic Trumpet''' || '''8′'''
|-
|95 || '''Harmonic Clarion''' || '''4′'''
|}
| style="vertical-align:top" |
{| border="0"
| colspan=3 | '''III Swell Organ''' C–c4
----
|-
|96 || Double Open Diapason || 16′
|-
|97 || Bourdon || 16′
|-
|98 || Open Diapason || 8′
|-
|99 || Viola da Gamba || 8′
|-
|100 || Salicional || 8′
|-
|101 || Vox Angelica || 8′
|-
|102 || Flûte à Cheminée || 8′
|-
|103 || Claribel Flute || 8′
|-
|104 || Principal || 4′
|-
|105 || Viola || 4′
|-
|106 || Harmonic Flute || 4′
|-
|107 || Octave Quint || 22/3′
|-
|108 || Super Octave || 2′
|-
|109 || Harmonic Piccolo || 2′
|-
|110 || ''Mixture 8.12.15.19.22'' ||V
|-
|111 || ''Fourniture 15.19.22.26.29 ''||V
|-
|112 || '''Contra Oboe''' || '''16′'''
|-
|113 || '''Oboe''' || '''8′'''
|-
|114 || '''Baryton''' || '''16′'''
|-
|115 || '''Vox Humana''' || '''8′'''
|-
|
|-
|''XVII'' || ''Tremulant''
|-
|
|-
|116 || '''Double Trumpet''' || '''16′'''
|-
|117 || '''Trumpet''' || '''8′'''
|-
|118 || '''Clarion''' || '''4′'''
|-
|119 || '''Tuba''' || '''8′'''
|-
|120 || '''Tuba Clarion''' || '''4′'''
|}
 
{| border="0"
| colspan=3 | '''IV Solo and Bombard Organ''' C–c4
----
|-
| || '''''First Division (Solo) enclosed:'''''
|-
|121 || Contra Bass || 16′
|-
|122 || Flûte à Pavillon || 8′
|-
|123 || Viole d’Amour || 8′
|-
|124 || Doppel Flute || 8′
|-
|125 || Harmonic Claribel Flute || 8′
|-
|126 || Unda Maris II || 8′
|-
|127 || Wald Flute || 4′
|-
|128 || Flauto Traverso || 4′
|-
|129 || Piccolo Traverso || 2′
|-
|130 || '''Double Bassoon''' || '''16′'''
|-
|131 || '''Corno di Bassetto''' || '''8′'''
|-
|132 || '''Hautboy''' || '''8′'''
|-
|133 || '''Bassoon''' || '''8′'''
|-
|
|-
|''XX'' || ''Tremulant''
|-
|
|-
|134 || '''Double Horn''' || '''16′'''
|-
|135 || '''French Horn''' || '''8′'''
|-
|136 || '''''#Carillons'''''
|-
|137 || '''''#Tubular Bells'''''
|-
|
|-
| || '''''Second Division (Bombard) 138-144 enclosed in Solo box'''''
|-
|138 || '''Bombardon''' || '''16′'''
|-
|139 || '''Tuba''' || '''8′'''
|-
|140 || '''Orchestral Trumpet''' || '''8′'''
|-
|141 || '''Cornopean''' || '''8′'''
|-
|142 || '''Quint Trumpet''' || '''51/3′'''
|-
|143 || '''Orchestral Clarion''' || '''4′'''
|-
|144 || ''Sesquialtera12.15.17.19.22''||V
|-
|145 || '''Contra Tuba''' || '''16′'''
|-
|146 || '''Tuba Mirabilis''' || '''8′'''
|-
|147 || '''Tuba Clarion''' || '''4′'''
|}
| style="vertical-align:top" |
{| border="0"
| colspan=3 | '''Pedal''' C–f1
----
|-
|1 || Acoustic Bass (from 7) || 64′
|-
|2 || Double Open Wood (from 7) || 32′
|-
|3 || Double Open Diapason (from 9) || 32′
|-
|4 || Contra Violone (from 64) || 32′
|-
|5 || Double Quint (from 9) || 211/3′
|-
|6 || Open Wood I || 16′
|-
|7 || Open Wood II || 16′
|-
|8 || Open Diapason I || 16′
|-
|9 || Open Diapason II || 16′
|-
|10 || Violone || 16′
|-
|11 || Sub Bass || 16′
|-
|12 || Salicional || 16′
|-
|13 || Viole (from 48) || 16′
|-
|14 || Quint || 102/3′
|-
|15 || Octave Wood (from 6) || 8′
|-
|16 || Principal (from 8) || 8′
|-
|17 || Violoncello || 8′
|-
|18 || Flute || 8′
|-
|19 || Octave Quint || 51/3′
|-
|20 || Super Octave || 4′
|-
|21 || ''Harmonics 10.12.15.17.19.21.22'' ||VII
|-
|22 || ''Mixture 15.19.22.26.29 '' || V
|-
|23 || '''Double Ophicleide''' (from 25) || '''32′'''
|-
|24 || '''Double Trombone''' (from 27 in Swell) || '''32′'''
|-
|25 || '''Ophicleide''' || '''16′'''
|-
|26 || '''Bombard''' || '''16′'''
|-
|27 || '''Trombone''' (in Swell) || '''16′'''
|-
|28 || '''Fagotto''' || '''16′'''
|-
|29 || '''Trumpet''' (from 116) || '''16′'''
|-
|30 || '''Clarinet''' (from 60) || '''16′'''
|-
|31 || '''Bassoon''' (from 130) || '''16′'''
|-
|32 || '''Quint Trombone''' || '''102/3′'''
|-
|33 || '''Posaune''' (from 25) || '''8′'''
|-
|34 || '''Clarion''' || '''8′'''
|-
|35 || '''Octave Posaune''' (from 25) || '''4′'''
|-
|36 || '''''#Bass Drum'''''
|}
|}

* Couplers: I Choir to Pedal, II Great to Pedal, III Swell to Pedal, IV Solo to Pedal, V Choir (unenclosed) on Solo, VII Octave Orchestral, VIII Sub Octave Second Division (Orchestral), IX Unison off, X Swell to Choir, XI Solo to Choir, XII Reeds on Choir, XIII Great Second Division on Choir<ref group="Ann." name="XIII"/>, XIV Choir to Great, XV Swell to Great, XVI Solo to Great, XVIII Octave (16′, 8′, 4′ stops only), XIX Solo to Swell, XXI Octave, XXII Sub Octave, XXIII Unison off, XXIV Octave Bombard (16′, 8′, 4′ stops only), XXV Bombard on Choir, XXVI Tubas on Choir.

;Annotations
<references group="Ann." />
Reed stops are in boldface.<ref>[http://www.npor.org.uk/cgi-bin/Rsearch.cgi?Fn=Rsearch&rec_index=D00733 The specification of the organ on the National Pipe Organ Register]</ref>

==See also==
* [[Liverpool Cathedral#Music|The Grand Organ of Liverpool Cathedral]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://mander-organs.com/the-grand-organ-royal-albert-hall/ The organ rebuild] as described by Mander Organs
* [http://gillianweir.com/discography/the-grand-organ-of-the-royal-albert-hall The Grand Organ of The Royal Albert Hall] by [[Gillian Weir]]
* [http://www.willis-organs.com Henry Willis & Sons Ltd. Organ Builders] (United Kingdom)

{{Coord|51|30|2.59|N|0|10|38.53|W|scale:1563_region:GB|display=title}}

[[Category:Individual pipe organs]]
[[Category:Royal Albert Hall|Organ]]

Point of Know Return

2020-06-11T11:54:44Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.02b - Special:LintError/missing-end-tag - WP:WCW project (Missing end bold/italic)

{{more citations needed|date=January 2018}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Point of Know Return
| type = studio
| artist = [[Kansas (band)|Kansas]]
| cover = Kansas - Point of Know Return.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Cover painting by [[Peter Lloyd (illustrator)|Peter Lloyd]]
| released = {{Start date|1977|10|11}}
| recorded = [[Studio in the Country]], [[Bogalusa, Louisiana]], June 1977 Woodland Studios, [[Nashville, Tennessee]], July 1977
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Progressive rock]]
| length = 44:24
| label = [[Don Kirshner|Kirshner]]/[[Columbia Records|CBS]] Kirshner/[[Epic Records|Epic]]
| producer = [[Jeff Glixman]]
| prev_title = [[Leftoverture]]
| prev_year = 1976
| next_title = [[Two for the Show (Kansas album)|Two for the Show]]
| next_year = 1978
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Point of Know Return
| type = studio
| single1 = [[Point of Know Return (song)|Point of Know Return]]" / "Closet Chronicles
| single1date = 1977
| single2 = [[Dust in the Wind]]" / "Paradox
| single2date = January 16, 1978
| single3 = [[Portrait (He Knew)]]" / "Lightning's Hand
| single3date = June 1978
}}
}}

'''''Point of Know Return''''' is the fifth studio album by [[United States|American]] [[Rock music|rock]] band [[Kansas (band)|Kansas]], released in 1977. The album was reissued in remastered format on CD in 2002.

The album's title (along with that of the title track) is a play on "point of no return".

== Composition and recording ==
The recording sessions for ''Point of Know Return'' commenced in June 1977 at [[Studio in the Country]], the [[Bogalusa, Louisiana]] facility where Kansas' precedent two albums were recorded: due to the band encountering equipment failure at Studio in the Country, Kansas shifted recording sites, the majority of the recording of ''Point of Know Return'' being done at Woodland Studios in [[Nashville]] over the month of July.<ref>''Spokane Spokesman-Journal'' 6 September 2019 "Returning to the 'Point': Kansas' Richard Williams reflects on recording multiplatinum albums" by Azaria Podblesky pp.E2,E9</ref>

Singer/songwriter [[Steve Walsh (musician)|Steve Walsh]] left the group briefly during the recording of this album.<ref name="booklet" >{{cite AV media notes |title=Point of Know Return |others=[[Kansas (band)|Kansas]] |year= 2002|first= David|last=Wild |authorlink= David Wild|page=3 |type=CD Booklet |publisher=[[Legacy Recordings]] |id= EK 85387 |location=New York City}}</ref> In an interview on the weekly ''[[In the Studio with Redbeard]]'' radio show, he would admit that, at this point, he had been something of a [[prima donna]] and was attracted by the chance of a solo career.<ref name="booklet" /><ref>''[[In the Studio with Redbeard]]'' edition #849, week of September 27, 2004 and again on the 30th Anniversary Episode for ''Point of Know Return'' in 2007</ref>

"[[Dust in the Wind]]" is known for its sparse acoustic nature. The guitar line for the song was written by [[Kerry Livgren]] as a finger exercise for learning [[fingerpicking]]. His wife, Vicci, heard what he was doing, remarked that the melody was nice, and encouraged him to write lyrics for it.<ref name="Redbeard">{{cite web|url=http://www.potsw.org/InTheStudio-POKR.html |title=In the Studio with Point of Know Return, featuring Kansas|date=September 7, 1992|publisher=In The Studio|accessdate=December 8, 2010 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20041228111915/http://www.potsw.org/InTheStudio-POKR.html |archivedate = December 28, 2004}}</ref> Livgren was unsure whether his fellow band members would like it, since it was a departure from their signature style. However he did offer it to them, and the song was accepted and then recorded.<ref name="Redbeard"/>

The album is critically acclaimed for the singles "[[Point of Know Return (song)|Point of Know Return]]," which was a late addition to the album, and "[[Portrait (He Knew)]]," which was written about Albert Einstein.<ref name="Redbeard"/> In 1988, Livgren released an updated version of "Portrait (He Knew)" titled "Portrait II" as part of the album ''[[Prime Mover (album)|Prime Mover]]'' credited to his band [[AD (band)|AD]]. He changed the subject of the song from Einstein to Jesus Christ. Another song, "Closet Chronicles", is a [[Howard Hughes]] allegory.

== Reception ==
{{Album ratings
| rev1 =[[AllMusic]]
| rev1Score ={{Rating|4|5}}<ref name="allmusic">{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/point-of-know-return-mw0000190576 |title=Kansas - Point of Know Return review |last=Taylor |first=Robert |work=[[AllMusic]] |publisher=[[All Media Network]] |accessdate=January 6, 2018 }}</ref>
}}
''[[Rolling Stone]]'' gave the album a mixed review, saying that though the transition to shorter songs generally works, the lyrics are "a wan and ridiculous rehash of the bargain-basement exoticism employed by the British art-rock crowd." They commented that though Kansas lacks a virtuoso soloist, the band's ensemble playing is strong and purposeful.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/kansas/albums/album/259687/review/6210463/point_of_know_return |title=Album Reviews: Kansas - Point of Know Return |last=Swenson |first=John |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=January 12, 1978 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071106003537/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/kansas/albums/album/259687/review/6210463/point_of_know_return |archivedate=November 6, 2007 |accessdate=January 13, 2018 }}</ref> Robert Taylor of [[AllMusic]] wrote that Kansas' "interplay and superior musicianship make this both an essential classic rock and progressive rock recording", despite its "dated sound" and the band's struggle "to maintain a healthy balance of progression combined with pop."<ref name="allmusic"/>

''Point of Know Return'' would be Kansas' highest charting album in the US, peaking at No. 4 in January 1978,<ref name="Billboard 200">{{cite web |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/kansas/chart-history/billboard-200/ |title=Kansas Chart History: Billboard 200 |work=Billboard.com |publisher=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |accessdate=December 29, 2017 }}</ref> and would sell four million copies in the US and be certified Quadruple Platinum by the [[RIAA]].<ref name="platinum">{{cite web |url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=kansas#search_section |title=RIAA Gold & Platinum Database: Search for Kansas |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]] |accessdate=December 26, 2017 }}</ref>

== Cultural impact ==
{{main|Dust in the Wind#References in popular culture}} During a debate of greatest "Song 1 Side 1" in history among the lead characters in the movie ''[[High Fidelity (film)|High Fidelity]]'', [[Jack Black]]'s character criticizes one of [[John Cusack]]'s character's proposals as "too obvious, like 'Point of Know Return'". The album cover has become an iconic image from the [[album rock era]], appearing on the background of the set of [[VH1 Classic]], on tee shirts worn by characters in movies and on TV, and in other places.

In October 2009, a live version of the title track was released as a downloadable add-on to the Harmonix video game ''[[Rock Band]]''.

In the 2008 movie [[The_Rocker_(film)|''The Rocker'']], [[Rainn Wilson]]'s character Robert Fishman is seen wearing a ''Point of Know Return'' T-shirt.

"Nobody's Home" is sampled by rapper [[J Dilla]] on the song "So Far" on his 2016 posthumous release ''[[The Diary (J Dilla album)|The Diary]]''. The sample is not the Kansas version of the song.

"Dust in the Wind" was also used in the ''[[Highlander: The Series]]'' episode "The Darkness" (season 2, episode 4), in which [[Duncan MacLeod]] is reliving his memories of [[Tessa Noel]] after her death.

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
|
| headline = Side one
| title1 = [[Point of Know Return (song)|Point of Know Return]]
| writer1 = [[Steve Walsh (musician)|Steve Walsh]], [[Phil Ehart]], [[Robby Steinhardt]]
| length1 = 3:13
| title2 = Paradox
| writer2 = [[Kerry Livgren]], Walsh
| length2 = 3:50
| title3 = The Spider
| note3 = instrumental
| writer3 = Walsh
| length3 = 2:05
| title4 = [[Portrait (He Knew)]]
| writer4 = Livgren, Walsh
| length4 = 4:38
| title5 = Closet Chronicles
| writer5 = Walsh, Livgren
| length5 = 6:31
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Side two
| title6 = Lightning's Hand
| writer6 = Walsh, Livgren
| length6 = 4:24
| title7 = [[Dust in the Wind]]
| writer7 = Livgren
| length7 = 3:28
| title8 = Sparks of the Tempest
| writer8 = Livgren, Walsh
| length8 = 4:18
| title9 = Nobody's Home
| writer9 = Livgren, Walsh
| length9 = 4:40
| title10 = Hopelessly Human
| writer10 = Livgren
| length10 = 7:17
}}
{{Track listing
| collapsed = yes
| headline = Bonus tracks on 2002 CD reissue
| title11 = Sparks of the Tempest
| note11 = Recorded live at [[Merriweather Post Pavilion]], Maryland
| length11 = 5:17
| title12 = [[Portrait (He Knew)]]
| note12 = [[Remix]]
| length12 = 4:50
}}
The remix of "Portrait (He Knew)" in the 2002 remastered edition marks the third time the song has been remixed. A remix appeared on the original single. A different remix appeared on the bonus disc of a Europe-only collection from the late 1990s.

== Personnel ==
;Kansas
* [[Steve Walsh (musician)|Steve Walsh]] – organ, synthesizers, [[vibraphone]], piano, lead vocals (except on "Lightning's Hand"), backing vocals, additional percussion
* [[Kerry Livgren]] – synthesizers, piano, [[clavinet]], electric and acoustic guitars, additional percussion
* [[Robby Steinhardt]] – violins, viola, backing vocals, lead vocals on "Closet Chronicles", "Lightning's Hand", "Sparks of the Tempest", and "Hopelessly Human"
* [[Rich Williams]] – electric and acoustic guitars, [[Effects unit|pedals]]
* [[Dave Hope]] – bass
* [[Phil Ehart]] – drums, [[timpani]], [[Tubular bells|chimes]], additional percussion

Note: The album's performing credits listed one joke "instrument" for each band member, such as "chain-driven gong", "autogyro", "Rinaldo whistling machine", and "Peabody chromatic inverter".

;Production
* [[Jeff Glixman]] - [[Record producer|producer]], [[Audio engineer|engineer]], mixing at [[The Village (studio)|Village Recorders]], Los Angeles, August 1977, remastered edition producer
* Terry Diane Becker - additional engineering
* [[George Marino]] - [[Audio mastering|mastering]] at [[Sterling Sound]], New York, September 1977
* Kansas - arrangements and cover art concept
* Tom Drennon - art director
* [[Peter Lloyd (illustrator)|Peter Lloyd]] - cover painting
* [[Rod Dyer]] - inner sleeve design
* Bob Maile - calligraphy
* Jeff Magid - remastered edition producer

== Charts ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
;Album
{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="2" width="300px"
!align="center"|Year
!align="center"|Chart
!align="center"|Position
|-
|align="center" rowspan="4"|1978
|align="center"|[[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] (US)<ref name="Billboard 200"/>
|align="center"|4
|-
|align="center"|[[RPM100]] Albums (Canada)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=3596& |title = Top Albums/CDs - Volume 29, No. 3, April 15, 1978 | accessdate = January 7, 2018 | date =April 15, 1978 | publisher = [[Library and Archives Canada]]}}</ref>
|align="center"|7
|-
|align="center"|French Albums Chart<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.infodisc.fr/Album_Liste_Selection2.php?Lettre=K| title=infodisc.fr Note : You must select Kansas | publisher=infodisc.fr | accessdate=January 7, 2018 }}</ref>
|align="center"|16
|-
|align="center"|[[MegaCharts|Dutch MegaCharts]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Kansas&titel=Point+Of+Know+Return&cat=a| title = Kansas – Point of Know Return | accessdate = January 7, 2018 | work = Dutch Charts | publisher = [[Media Control Charts]] | language = Dutch }}</ref>
|align="center"|33
|}
{{col-break}}

;Singles
{| class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="2" width="500px"
!align="center"|Year
!align="center"|Title
!align="center"|Chart
!align="center"|Position
|-
|align="center" rowspan="12"|1978
|align="center" rowspan="2"|"[[Point of Know Return (song)|Point of Know Return]]"
|align="center"|[[RPM100]] Singles (Canada)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=3513& | title = Top Singles - Volume 28, No. 17, January 21, 1978 | accessdate = January 7, 2018 | date = January 21, 1978 | publisher = [[Library and Archives Canada]]}}</ref>
|align="center"|13
|-
|align="center"|[[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] (US)<ref name="hot">{{cite web |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/kansas/chart-history/hot-100 |title=Kansas Chart History: Hot 100 |work=Billboard.com |publisher=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |accessdate=December 24, 2017 }}</ref>
|align="center"|28
|-
|align="center" rowspan="8"|"[[Dust in the Wind]]"
|align="center"|RPM100 Singles (Canada)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=3504& |title = Top Singles - Volume 29, No. 7, May 13, 1978 | accessdate = January 7, 2018 | date = May 13, 1978 | publisher = [[Library and Archives Canada]]}}</ref>
|align="center"|3
|-
|align="center"|''Billboard'' Hot 100 (US)<ref name="hot"/>
|align="center"|6
|-
|align="center"|[[Adult Contemporary (chart)|''Billboard'' Adult Contemporary]] (US)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/kansas/chart-history/adult-contemporary|title=Kansas Chart History: Adult Contemporary |work=Billboard.com |publisher=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |accessdate=January 7, 2018 }}</ref>
|align="center"|6
|-
|align="center"|French Singles Chart<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.infodisc.fr/Tubes_Artistes_K.php| title=infodisc.fr Note : You must select Kansas | publisher=infodisc.fr | accessdate=January 7, 2018 }}</ref>
|align="center"|22
|-
|align="center"|[[MegaCharts|Dutch MegaCharts]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Kansas&titel=Dust+In+The+Wind&cat=s| title = Kansas – Dust in the Wind | accessdate = January 7, 2018 | work = Dutch Charts | publisher = [[Media Control Charts]] | language = Dutch }}</ref>
|align="center"|22
|-
|align="center"|[[Ultratop 50|Belgian Ultratop (Flanders)]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ultratop.be/nl/song/4ff9/Kansas-Dust-In-The-Wind| title = Kansas – Dust in the Wind | accessdate = January 7, 2018 | work = Ultratop | publisher = [[Media Control Charts]] | language = Dutch }}</ref>
|align="center"|27
|-
|align="center"|New Zealand Singles Chart<ref>{{cite web |url= https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Kansas&titel=Dust+In+The+Wind&cat=s|title=Kansas – Dust in the Wind (Song) |accessdate=January 7, 2018|work=charts.nz |publisher=[[Media Control Charts]] }}</ref>
|align="center"|36
|-
|align="center"|[[ARIA Charts|Australian Singles Chart]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Kent |first=David |authorlink=David Kent (historian) |title=Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 |year=1993 |publisher=Australian Chart Book |isbn=0-646-11917-6}}</ref>
|align="center"|52
|-
|align="center" rowspan="2" |"[[Portrait (He Knew)]]"
|align="center"|RPM100 Singles (Canada)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=3642&| title = Top Singles - Volume 29, No. 15, July 08, 1978 | accessdate = January 7, 2018 | date = July 8, 1978 | publisher = [[Library and Archives Canada]]}}</ref>
|align="center"|62
|-
|align="center"|''Billboard'' Hot 100 (US)<ref name="hot"/>
|align="center"|64
|}
{{col-end}}

== Certifications ==
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|-
|'''Country'''
|'''Organization'''
|'''Year'''
|'''Sales'''
|-
|USA
|[[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]]
|1995
|4x Platinum (+ 4,000,000)<ref name="platinum"/>
|-
|Canada
|[[Music Canada|CRIA]]
|1978
|Platinum (+ 100,000)<ref>{{cite web |url= https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?fwp_gp_search=kansas |title=Gold Platinum Search for Kansas |publisher=[[Music Canada]] |accessdate=December 26, 2017}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{kansasband}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Point Of Know Return}}
[[Category:Kansas (band) albums]]
[[Category:1977 albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Jeff Glixman]]
[[Category:Epic Records albums]]
[[Category:Legacy Recordings albums]]
[[Category:Albums recorded at Studio in the Country]]

Meike Peters

2020-06-04T23:23:24Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.02b - Bot T5 CW#16 - WP:WCW project (Unicode control characters - Category duplication)

[[File:Meike Peters.jpg|thumb|Meike Peters]]
'''Meike Peters''' (born July 19, 1975) is a [[James Beard Award]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=The 2017 James Beard Media Award Winners {{!}} James Beard Foundation|url=https://www.jamesbeard.org/blog/the-2017-james-beard-media-award-winners|access-date=2020-06-03|website=www.jamesbeard.org|language=en}}</ref>-winning German [[cookbook]] [[author]], [[Blog|blogger]], food and [[travel writer]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meike Peters|url=https://www.cntraveler.com/contributor/meike-peters|access-date=2020-06-03|website=Condé Nast Traveler|language=en}}</ref>. She is the author of two cookbooks: ''[https://books.google.de/books?id=fLXCjwEACAAJ&dq=inauthor:%22Meike+Peters%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiH5I6O8eXpAhUQDewKHbYUDggQ6AEINzAC Eat In My Kitchen]'', published by [[Prestel Publishing]] ([[Penguin Random House]])<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meike Peters|url=https://www.randomhouse.de/Author/Meike-Peters/p587720.rhd|access-date=2020-06-03|website=Prestel Publishing|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Meike Peters {{!}} Penguin Random House|url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/authors/2163363/meike-peters|access-date=2020-06-03|website=PenguinRandomhouse.com|language=en-US}}</ref> in October 2016 in English and in German<ref>{{Cite web|title=Festtagsmenü mit Meike Peters|url=https://www.zdf.de/uri/b824ea1f-7d2c-4113-980d-018bd03c46bf|access-date=2020-06-04|website=www.zdf.de|language=de}}</ref> and winner of the 2017 [[James Beard Foundation]] [https://www.jamesbeard.org/blog/the-2017-james-beard-media-award-winners Book Award for General Cooking], and ''[https://books.google.de/books/about/365_a_Year_of_Everyday_Cooking_and_Bakin.html?id=uTe4wAEACAAJ&redir_esc=y 365]: A Year of Everyday Cooking and Baking'', published in October 2019, a collection of 365 of her recipes for every day of the year<ref>{{Cite news|last=Strohmaier|first=Brenda|date=2019-10-17|title=Neues Kochbuch von Meike Peters: Rezepte für jeden Tag im Jahr|work=DIE WELT|url=https://www.welt.de/icon/essen-und-trinken/article201937108/Neues-Kochbuch-von-Meike-Peters-Rezepte-fuer-jeden-Tag-im-Jahr.html|access-date=2020-06-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-25|title=This cookbook helps you resolve to cook every day in 2020|url=https://www.heraldnet.com/life/this-cookbook-helps-you-resolve-to-cook-every-day-in-2020/|access-date=2020-06-03|website=HeraldNet.com|language=en-US}}</ref>. Both of her books were included in [[The New York Times]] [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/16/dining/best-cookbooks.html Best Cookbook lists for Fall 2019]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Times|first=The New York|date=2019-09-16|title=The 13 Best Cookbooks of Fall 2019|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/16/dining/best-cookbooks.html|access-date=2020-06-03|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Fabricant|first=Florence|date=2016-09-27|title=Review: ‘Mozza at Home’ and ‘Eat in My Kitchen’|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/28/dining/review-mozza-at-home-nancy-silverton-eat-in-my-kitchen-meike-peters.html|access-date=2020-06-03|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/09/28/dining/best-cookbooks.html?_r=0&mtrref=undefined&gwh=89A3991F27C9FAD888CAA6A01BEDC718&gwt=pay&assetType=REGIWALL Fall 2016]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Times|first=The New York|date=2016-09-27|title=The Best Cookbooks of Fall 2016|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/09/28/dining/best-cookbooks.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/09/28/dining/best-cookbooks.html|access-date=2020-06-03|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

She studied architecture but in November 2013, she decided to start her [[Food blogging|food blog]], [https://www.meikepeters.com/ Eat In My Kitchen], sharing a recipe each day in the first year of her blog. Her recipes combine [[German cuisine|German]] and [[Mediterranean cuisine|Mediterranean]] cooking<ref>{{Cite news|last=Peters|first=Meike|date=2020-01-11|title=Four recipes for winter comfort dishes {{!}} Meike Peters|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/food/2020/jan/11/gnocchi-lasagne-stilton-lentils-grilled-cheese-apple-sandwich-four-winter-comfort-food-recipes|access-date=2020-06-03|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-06|title=Julia Platt Leonard’s favourite cookbooks of 2019|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/best-cookbooks-2019-diana-henry-leaf-catherine-phipps-a9234011.html|access-date=2020-06-03|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Wilson|first=Bee|date=2019-11-28|title=Why Is Pie the Most Memorable Part of Thanksgiving Dinner?|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/why-is-pie-the-most-memorable-part-of-thanksgiving-dinner-11574946002|access-date=2020-06-03|issn=0099-9660}}</ref>, and [[Christopher Kimball]], [[Christopher Kimball's Milk Street|Milk Street]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Book Reviews|url=https://www.177milkstreet.com/2020/04/book-reviews-may-june-2020|access-date=2020-06-03|website=Christopher Kimball’s Milk Street|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Christopher Kimball’s Milk Street Radio: The Fantastic World of Ted Allen: From Queer Eye to Chopped on Apple Podcasts|url=https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-fantastic-world-of-ted-allen-from-queer-eye-to-chopped/id1158889592?i=1000460313908|access-date=2020-06-03|website=Apple Podcasts|language=en-us}}</ref> wrote "if you want to change how you cook—to learn new tricks—I heartily recommend ''365''. You may find some of her combinations challenging, but your everyday cooking will never be the same." Meike Peters lives in [[Berlin]] and [[Malta]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=COOKBOOKS Winners by Countries - Gourmand Awards 2020|url=https://www.cookbookfair.com/index.php/gourmand-awards/winners-2020/cookbooks-winners-by-countries-gourmand-awards-2020|access-date=2020-06-03|website=www.cookbookfair.com}}</ref> with her Maltese-American partner. Her book ''365'' is dedicated to the Maltese investigative journalist [[Daphne Caruana Galizia]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|https://www.meikepeters.com/}}
* [https://www.instagram.com/eatinmykitchen/ Meike Peters] on [[Instagram]]

[[Category:Living people]]

[[Category:James Beard Foundation Award winners]]

[[Category:Women chefs]]
[[Category:German non-fiction writers]]

[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Cookbook writers]]

[[Category:Writers from Berlin]]
[[Category:Women cookbook writers]]
[[Category:21st-century German women writers]]

{{Authority control}}
 

{{DEFAULTSORT:Peters, Meike}}

Benutzer:Shi Annan/Falefa

2020-05-27T10:08:58Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.02b - Bot T15 - WP:WCW project (Empty line)

[[File:Falefa meeting between 1923 - 1928 Samoa.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Meeting at Falefa c.1923 - 1928. At the center rear is [[New Zealander]] Major General George S. Richardson, Administrator of Samoa between 1923–1928.]]
[[File:Samoa upolu.jpg|thumb|View of Falefa Valley from Le Mafa Pass.|300px]]

'''Falefā''' is a large district located on the north eastern coast of [[Upolu]] island in [[Samoa]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.paclii.org/ws/legis/consol_act/tca1963317/
|work=Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute
|title=Samoa Territorial Constituencies Act 1963
|access-date=18 December 2009
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605081449/http://www.paclii.org/ws/legis/consol_act/tca1963317/
|archive-date=5 June 2011
|df=
}}</ref> It was the ancient capital during the ''malo'' of ''Tupu Tafa'ifa'' (King) Fonoti who, after having defeated his siblings Va'afusuaga and Samalaulu for control of Samoa, chose to rule from his new seat in Falefa, an honour remembered in its ''faalupega'' (Charter and Salutations) to this day.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Le Mamea|first=MK|title=O le Tusi Faalupega o Samoa: Savaii, Upolu, Manono ma Apolima|publisher=Fale Lomitusi a le LMS|year=1930|isbn=|location=Malua, Samoa|pages=84}}</ref>

Falefa is headed by the two ''Matua'' - Moe'ono'ono (hereafter, Moeono) and 'Iuli. It is situated in the Anoama'a i Sasa'e electoral constituency which itself is situated within the larger ancient political 'district' of [[Atua (district)|Atua]]. Atua is headed by the '[[Tufuga Efi|Tui Atua]]' (Ruler of Atua), a title once held by the seer Tui Ātua Leutele (called Leutele Lei'ite) in the 10th century, during Samoa's period of antiquity.<ref name=":2" /> Since the 17th century, this mantle has been occupied mainly by one of the ''Tama-a-'aiga'' (maximal lineage chiefs) of Ātua, [[Tupua Tamasese]] and Matā'afa.

Falefa was founded by two brothers - Moeono and Leutele. Together with the village of Salani, Falefa is the home of one of Samoa's main political families, '''Aiga Sā Fenunuivao'' (descendants of ''Fenunuivao'', wife of King Muagututi'a and mother of the first ''Tupua, Fuiavailili''). It is led by Moeono of Falefa and Tofua'iofoia of Salani, and is the custodian of the ''Tama-a-'Āiga'' [[Tupua Tamasese]] title.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Tuimaleali'ifano, Morgan A. (19XX).|title=O tama a 'aiga he politics of succession to Samoa's paramount titles|date=2006|publisher=Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific|isbn=978-982-02-0377-8|oclc=494614506}}</ref>

Both the ''Tama-a-'aiga'' Tupua Tamasese and ''pāpā'' Tui Atua royal titles are currently held by Samoa's former Prime Minister and Head of State, [[Tufuga Efi|His Highness Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Efi.]]<ref name=":3" />

Falefa is one of the oldest and largest villages in Samoa,<ref name=":4" /> with its traditional borders stretching from Uafato to Saoluafata. Oral tradition and archaeological evidence from the nearby Sasoa'a Lapita discovery site in the Falefa valley place the date of settlement in the area to as far back as to somewhere between 300B.C - 200 A.D.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Meleisea, Malama. Meleisea, Penelope Schoeffel.|title=Lagaga : a short history of Western Samoa|date=(1994 [printing])|publisher=University of the South Pacific|isbn=982-02-0029-6|oclc=59616555}}</ref> In later times, portions of these lands were gifted by subsequent rulers to form the settlements of [[Lufilufi]], Lalomauga, Saletele, Falevao and Faleapuna. These villages are historically tied to Falefa through their founding and centuries of intricate political interactions. <ref>{{Citation|last=Meleisea|first=Malama|title=Discovering Outsiders|date=1997-08-28|work=The Cambridge History of the Pacific Islanders|pages=119–151|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-44195-7|last2=Schoeffel|first2=Penelope|doi=10.1017/chol9780521441957.005}}</ref>

== History & Culture ==
[[File:Falefa Falls.jpg|thumb|300px|Falefa Falls, popular swimming and recreational spot for tourists and locals.]]

=== Establishment of Falefa ===
According to oral tradition, Falefa was founded by the two sons of [[Atua (district)|Tui Atua]] Mua’iteleloa and Leateafaiga, daughter of Lufasiaitu of Uafato, Fagaloa - Moe'ono'ono Faleologa (or Moe'ono) & his younger brother Leutele Leutogitui. Since then, Falefa has been headed by the descendants of these two brothers who hold the respective Moeono and Leutele titles.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Beeman|first=William O.|date=December 1996|title=From Grammar to Politics: Linguistic Anthropology in a Western Samoan Village.:From Grammar to Politics: Linguistic Anthropology in a Western Samoan Village.|journal=Journal of Linguistic Anthropology|volume=6|issue=2|pages=251–253|doi=10.1525/jlin.1996.6.2.251|issn=1055-1360}}</ref> Leaving their birthplace at Uafato (Fagaloa) and obeying their fathers wishes, they established their first settlement at the top of mountains overlooking Fagaloa Bay and the Falefa valley, called Manuao.

This was later moved down to its present site at the northern edge of the [[Falefa Valley|Falefa valley.]] It was from this vantage point atop Manuao that the warriors of Moeono and Leutele descended in a surprise attack on the [[Tonga]]n forces anchored at Fagaloa Bay, foiling Leifi and Tautolo's plot to have Queen [[Salamasina]] kidnapped and taken to [[Tonga]].<ref name=":5" />

Falefa is administered and governed by both ''Matua'' (senior orators) Moeono and Iuli, with Leutele as the ranking alii of Falefa, addressed as ''Tinā o Tupua'' (Tupua's Mother), honoring the first Tupua's mother Fenunuivao and maternal Grandfather, Leutele.

The size of Falefa was such that a centralised location was needed to rule from and so Moeono created ''<nowiki/>'O le Faleupolu o Sagapolu'<nowiki/>'' - the administrative centre from which the seat of Moeono and his successors continue to govern Falefa from the Moeono residence known as ''<nowiki/>'Laloaoa''' down to the present day. Other sub-villages followed; Saleapaga followed by Sagogu and Gagaeimalae. Moeono and Leutele bestowed titles on prominent houses and established 'vassal' houses to serve Moeono and Leutele and assist with the administration of the growing district.

The brothers and their respective heirs traveled extensively throughout their dominion - from Lemafatele (known as Le Mafa Pass today) to Sasoa'a (where [[Lapita culture|Lapita]] pottery remains have been found),<ref name=":5" /> to Fagaloa and the mountains overlooking the valley below where the village of Falefa stands today.

===''Tupu Tafa'ifa'' - King Fonoti ===
One of the early kings of Samoa was Faumuina, a direct descendant of Queen Salamasina. He had three children, two sons and one daughter. The sons were named Fonoti and Vaafusuaga and the daughter was named Samalaulu. They are commonly known in the traditions of Samoa as “The Three of Faumuina.” Each child was by a different mother so that after the death of their father they individually contended for the Kingship.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-TuvAcco-t1-body1-d49-d2.html|title=An Account of Samoan History up to 1918|last=Tuvale|first=Te'o|date=1968|website=Victoria University of Wellington|url-status=live|accessdate=6 January 2020}}</ref>

Having waged war successfully for the crown against his kin, Fonoti was ultimately proclaimed King. He conferred many honours upon those chiefs and Districts that had fought for him and such honours and privileges are remembered and passed down by Samoa's ''Tulafale'' (Orator chiefs) down to the present day.

For contending with Manono, Sapapali'i and Saleaaumua naval forces and securing his victory at sea, the leaders of Faleapuna and Fagaloa were granted a district of their own called ''Vaa-o-Fonoti'' (literally, Fonoti's canoe). For leading his land forces and securing victory on land, Falefa was designated the honour of serving as the national capital and was given the salutation of ''Aai o Fonoti, Aai o le Tupu'' (Fonoti's city, city of the King).<ref name=":6" /> Falefa continued as the administrative centre of Fonoti, Muagututi'a and Tupua's respective ''malo'' until the time of Fonoti's grandson, King Afoa (later Afoafouvale), who chose to rule from Lufilufi.<ref name=":2" />

These honors are reflected to this day in the ''Fa'alupega o Samoa'' (customary honorific salutations of Samoa) of the respective villages and in those of Falefa (see below).

During the 18th century, continued wars between the Falefa and surrounding districts had taken its toll. 'Iuli was rewarded by Moeono for having the courage to speak for peace and was subsequently granted the position of honour, elevated to becoming the one of the two preeminent senior tulafale of Falefa, assisting Moe'ono'ono and Leutele with the administration of the Falefa as well as in their dealings with the rest of Samoa.<ref name=":6" />[[File:Tupua Tamasese Lealofi III.jpg|thumb|Mau leader Tupua Tamasese Lealofi III. Appointed by Falefa and Salani's Aiga Sā Fenunuivao.<ref name=":3" />|505x505px]]

===Falefa and the ''Tama a 'Āiga,'' Tupua Tamasese ===
The ''pāpā'' titles confer upon individual holders authority over designated territory (Tui Atua rules Atua, Tui A'ana rules A'ana etc.) or, in the case of a ''Tafa'ifā'' (holder of all four ''pāpā'' titles) status as King or Queen of all Samoa. However, these titles are usually contested exclusively among Samoa's four royal lineages, each with a paramount title holder whom the lineage is named after. These are called ''Tama-a-aiga'' ('sons of the families'). Tupua Tamasese is one of these paramount titles.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|last=So'o|first=Asofou|title=Democracy and Custom in Samoa: An Uneasy Alliance|publisher=IPS Publications University of the South Pacific|year=2008|isbn=978-982-02-0390-7|location=Suva, Fiji|pages=9}}</ref>

King Muagututi'a, son of King Fonoti, married Fenunuivao, daughter of Leutele of Falefa. Because they had no children of their own, they adopted Fuiavailili from Salani as their son. Upon his arrival in Falefa, he was given the name 'Tupua' and was thereafter known as Tupua Fuiavailili, the first Tama-a-'aiga.<ref name=":2" />

As the child was now the sole heir to Muagututi'a, the orators performed their customary right of ''saesae laufa'i,'' questioning who this child was to assume such an important mantle and investigating whether he possessed the necessary genealogical links to the great families of Samoa in order to be worthy. Thus it was revealed that Fuiavailili's biological father was Fuimaono, and biological mother Sa'ilau, descendants of Fanene and direct descendants of Queen Salamasina's son and second child, Tapumanaia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Tamasese|first=Tui Atua Tupua|date=June 1995|title=Tamafaigā — shaman, king or maniac?The Emergence of Manono∗|journal=The Journal of Pacific History|volume=30|issue=1|pages=3–21|doi=10.1080/00223349508572780|issn=0022-3344}}</ref> Tupua's adoptive father, King Muagututi'a, was descended from Queen Salamāsina's eldest child, Fofoaivao'ese. Thus it was that Tupua Fuiavailili, through both ancestry and adoption, was the first ruler of Samoa to have inherited from both of Queen Salamāsina's children, re-uniting the Salamasina lineages through his ancestor, Tapumanaia, Salamāsina's husband (from the Fuimaono and Fanene line), and Muagututi'a's ancestor Fofoaivao'ese, Salamasina's daughter with from a previous relationship with Alapepe, (from the Muagututi'a line). Having satisfied the requirements of having direct lineage to Salamāsina and demonstrable link to both lineages and prominent families, Tupua Fuiavailili succeeded Fonoti and was proclaimed King and as the first ''Tama a 'Āiga (lit.'''son of the families').<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Efi|first=Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Ta'isi Tupuola Tufuga|title=Su'esu'e Manogi: In Search of Fragrance|publisher=The Centre for Samoan Studies, National University of Samoa|year=2009|isbn=978-9789829002|location=Samoa|pages=35}}</ref>

===''Queen Salamasina to King Tupua'': Reuniting the Royal Bloodlines ===
Samoa's first ruler to possess all four ''pāpā'' titles and therefore become Queen was Salamasina, daughter of Vaetofaga (a granddaughter of the Tu'i Tonga Kau'ulufonua II) and the Tui A'ana Tamaalelagi. She was entrusted to the care of Levalasi So'oa'emalelagi, wife of the Tui Atua Māta'utia. She was betrothed to marry Tonumaipe'a Tapumanaia in order to form a political alliance with the influential Tonumaipe'a faction in Savai'i. Salamasina instead, eloped with her love, Alapepe. This relationship brought forth a daughter named Fofoaivaoese, who grew to become Tuia‘ana and the ancestress of several prominent Samoan families.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|last=Tavale|first=Tofaeono Tanuvasa|title=Foafoago O Samoa|publisher=Fuelavelave Press|year=2012|isbn=|location=New Zealand|pages=}}</ref>

Alapepe, however, was pursued by the furious Tonumaipe‘a clan to the Tongan island of Tongatapu where he was killed for “defiling” the taupou. Salamāsina's son by Tapumanaia was named after his father and later received the Lesātele title of the Salani and Sālesātele villages in Falealili, thereafter known as Tapusatele.<ref name=":10" />

In a twist of fate, the lines of both Fofoaivaoese and Tapusatele - Salamasina's heirs - were reunited by Tupua Fuiavailili, the first Tama-a-'Aiga. Tupua's biological father, Fuimaono, was a direct descendant of Tapusatele. His adoptive father, King Muagututi'a, was a direct descendant of Fofoaivaoese. Tupua Fuiavailili was thus the first King to be descended from Queen Salamasina through ''both'' her children, Fofoaivaoese and Tapusatele. The young untitled men of Falefa have thereafter been called ''Tupua ma le Aumaga'' (literally "Tupua and the young men"), marking the arrival of Tupua Fuiavailili to Falefa and his status as the young heir of King Muagututi'a, which would also have entailed duties as leader of the young untitled men. To this day, these young men stand guard at every bestowal ceremony and are responsible for guarding the chiefs of Falefa and the holder of the Tupua Tamasese title.

==== Queen Salamasina's Daughter Fofoaivaoese, to Tupua ====
Queen Salamāsina (progenitor of Samoa's four main royal bloodlines)

Queen Fofoaivaoese (first daughter of Queen Salamasina)

Queen Taufau Asiata (daughter of Queen Fofoaivaoese)

King Faumuinā (nephew of Queen Taufau)

King Fonoti (Defeats siblings for Kingship; Falefa is rewarded and named as Fonoti's capital during this time.)

King Muagututi'a. (marries ''Fenunuivao'', daughter of ''Leutele'', of Falefa.)

''No children. <nowiki>*</nowiki>Fuiavailili is brought to Falefa and named heir to King Muagututi'a, Tupua Fuiavailili.''

King Tupua Fuiavailili'' (''the first '''Tupua''' and the first ''<nowiki/>'Tama-a-'aiga'')

==== Queen Salamasina's Son Tapusatele, to Tupua ====
Queen Salamāsina (progenitor of Samoa's four main royal bloodlines)

Tapumanaia Tapusatele (marries ''Sailau Fenunuivao'', daughter of ''Leutele'', of Falefa.)

Sifuiva

Fuimaono

Fuiavailili

<nowiki>*</nowiki>Fuiavailili is taken to Falefa and named, Tupua Fuiavailili.

''Tafa'ifā'' (King) Tupua Fuiavailili'' (''the first '''Tupua''' and the first ''<nowiki/>'Tama-a-'aiga'')
==''Aloali'i'': Dauphin sons of King Tupua Fuiavailili ==
From his four ''usuga'' (marriages), King Tupua Fuiavailili had five children. Two went on to become King, while the third went on to become the ancestor of the Matā'afa ''tama-a-aiga'' title.

*'''Luafalemana of Falefā'''.<ref name=":8" /> Ancestor of the [[Mata'afa Iosefo|Matā'afa]] ''Tama-a-Aiga'' line.<ref name=":4" /> Lived and died in Falefa.
*'''Afoa of Palauli.''' Succeeded his father to become King and ruled from Lufilufi. Defeated in single combat by his brother, Galumalemana. (later named Afoafouvale, after his defeat)
*
*'''Galumalemana of Saleimoa''' (who later succeeded his brother Afoa as King by defeating him at Maauga, Leulumoega<ref name=":2" />).
* Tautisusua and Tufugatasi.<ref name=":4">{{cite book|last=Krämer, Augustin, 1865-1941.|title=The Samoa Islands : an outline of a monograph with particular consideration of German Samoa|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=1999|isbn=0-8248-2219-6|oclc=58450475|origyear=1994}}</ref>

Collectively, these titles are known as ''Aloali'i'' (Dauphins). The establishment of the institution of ''aloalii'' ensured the continuation of the Tupua's political influence through his descendants and to maintain ''in perpetuam'' the genealogical linkages between the first ''Tupu Tafa'ifa'', Queen Salamasina and later ''Tupu Tafa'ifa'', King Fonoti, from whom later rulers would draw legitimacy.<ref name=":9" />

=== Luafalemana and Matā'afa ===
The beginnings of the ''Tama-a-Aiga'' [[Mata'afa|Matā'afa]] lineage is traced through to Luafalemana, son of King Tupua Fuiavailili.<ref name=":4" /> This was enabled through the union of Luafalemana's daughter, Salaina'oloa of ''<nowiki/>'Aiga Sā Fenunuivao'' with Tuimavave (also known as Tauili'ili) of ''<nowiki/>'Aiga Sā Levālasi'' , issuing one of the progenitors of the Matā'afa title, Fa'asuamale'aui, in 1785.<ref name=":3" /> Tuimavave's other union with Letelesa issued the another progenitor of the title, Silupevailei. These two lines of Fa'asuamale'aui and Silupevailei are from whom all Mata'afa are selected.

Family traditions differ on who was the first Mata'afa, but the majority of opinion favours Tafagamanu, grandson of Fa'asuamale'aui.<ref name=":3" />

Tuimavave's union with Tupua's grand-daughter, Salaina'oloa, has resulted in the Luafalemana title's association with both the Tupua Tamasese and the Matā'afa titles. Several Matā'afa holders from Falefa also held the Tupua title concurrently, like [[Mata'afa Iosefo|Matā'afa Iosefo]] who became known as Tupua Matā'afa Iosefo.<ref name=":4" /> By joining the daughter of Luafalemana with Tuimavave, the Tui Atua line arrives at a harmonious junction between the two great tama-a-'aiga families of Atua - ''<nowiki/>'Aiga Sā Levālasi'' and ''<nowiki/>'Aiga Sā Fenunuivao.''

===''Protocol:'' The Selection of the ''Tama a 'Āiga,'' Tupua Tamasese ===
When the ''Tama a 'Āiga,'' Tupua Tamasese is to be chosen, both Moeono and Tofua'iofoia (of Salani village)<ref name=":3" /> summon the Aiga' Sa Fenunu'ivao (Descendants of Fenunu'ivao, the first Tupua's mother) to decide on who should hold the mantle. Once a new Tupua is chosen, the coronation takes place at his seat in Lufilufi. The current holder, His Highness Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Efi, was chosen after the passing of his uncle, former Prime Minister Tupua Tamasese Lealofi IV.<ref name=":3" />

Both Moeono and Tofua'iofoia speak for Aiga Sa Fenunu'ivao, not only on matters pertaining to the Tupua title, but also on dealings with other aiga, such as Sa Tuala and Sa Levalasi. They are also members of the great council of Atua which meets at Lalogafu'afu'a, the meeting place of Atua's leaders in Lufilufi.<ref name=":2" />

== Politics & Governance: Moeono, Leutele & 'Iuli ==
Falefa means the 'House of Four', indicative of the four sub-villages which make up the main components of Falefa; Sagogu, Gagaemalae, Saleapaga, Sagapolu. Each of these sub villages comprise families, the heads of which, represent their extended families and their respective area at Falefa's Village Council, headed by the two senior tulafale-alii of the village (Matua), Moeono & Iuli.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/b.9781405144308.2005.x|title=A Companion to Linguistic Anthropology|date=2005|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd|isbn=978-1-4051-4430-8|editor-last=Duranti|editor-first=Alessandro|location=Oxford, UK}}</ref>[[File:Matua of Falefa, Moeono Kolio and his wife, Aniva Auva'a.jpg|thumb|455x455px|Moeono Alai'asā Kolio OBE (Moeono from 1957-1987), one of the signatories of the Constitution, pictured here with his wife, Aniva Auva'a of Ti'avea]]The establishment of Moeono and Leutele titles predate the Tongan period, as the primordial holders were the sons of Tui Atua Mua'iteleloa (one of the earliest holders of the Tui Atua ''pāpā'' title) and founders of Falefa somewhere between 300B.C - 200 A.D.<ref name=":5" />

=== ''Protocol:'' The Selection of the Moeono & the Leutele ===
Upon the death of a Moeono or Leutele, the district goes into an extended period of mourning and kicks off the procession of cultural protocol which follows. During this ''sede vacante'' period, the administration of Falefa is then passed to 'Iuli, Lealaisalanoa, Alai'asā and Falefa's other ''matai alii'' (senior chiefs of each families) until a Moeono or Leutele is appointed.

At the appointed time when an heir has been chosen, the proceedings of the ''saofa'i'' (bestowment ceremony) stipulate that only the two bearers of the titles of the two brothers - Moeono and Leutele - are part of this sacred ritual. Only once it has been completed with the completion of the 'ava ceremony and the title bestowed will 'Iuli lead the rest of the village chiefs in to the residence to join them (''usu le nuu''). The ceremony itself is guarded by ''Tupua ma le Aumaga'' (the name for Falefa's untitled men's guild).

The last holder of the Leutele title was Leutele Tapusatele Keli Tuatagaloa. The late Moeono Leateafaiga Atoafuaiupolu Tomanogi Penitito Alaiasa is the most recent holder of the Moeono title, which he held until his passing in 2018. Unlike the Leutele and other titles of Falefa, the Moeono line has enjoyed a revered tradition of only ever having a single holder of the Moeono at any given time. Thus the most recent holder was the 16th of his name, with known successors of the current line stretching back further to the brief intervention from Saoluafata and to antiquity.

As of 2018, both titles remain vacant pending appointment of the new holders by the respective heirs.

=== ''Lautivunia:'' The Tui Tonga and Tui Atua Leuteleleiite ===
The [[Tuʻi Tonga Empire|Tui Tonga]] (ruler of Tonga) had two sons. The elder was named Tuitonga after his father, the younger, Lautivunia. Lautivunia had an affair with his brother's wife. When the affair became known, the older brother was very angry.

As is the custom, the younger brother made a peace offering of cooked food wrapped in tolo (ordinary sugar cane) and fiso (wild sugar cane) leaves. These leaves underlined the message, ‘Please forgive me, for we are brothers.’

But Tuitoga was not placated and Lautivunia made another peace offering, which included the flesh of ordinary bananas and of the lei (wild banana). The two varieties of banana underlined the message, ‘We are flesh and blood – surely you can find it in your heart to forgive me?’ Tuitoga was still not placated. So Lautivunia decided that if his brother would not accept his food offerings he would offer his life. He dug a hole where his catamaran was housed, fixed spears with points upward at the bottom of the hole, and threw himself on the spears. The force of his action caused the surrounding earth and sand to cave in and cover him.

When Lautivunia's disappearance was noticed, his father and brother sent out search parties to look for him. One party reached Falefa, Samoa. Tui Atua Leutele said, ‘You need not have come so far. Lautivunia is in Tonga under his catamaran.’

So the search party returned to Tonga and found the body of Lautivunia. The Tui Toga felt obliged to reciprocate this favour from Tui Atua Leutele and instructed the search party to return to Samoa with the finest of his fine mats, which he named ''Le Ageagea o Tumua'' (the substance of Tumua). In addition, he recognised Tui Atua Leutele's seer abilities by naming him Leutele Leiite, that is, Leutele with the prophetic powers.

The title of Leiite survives today as one of the titles of the Sā Leutele family.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/object/567243|title=Le ageagea o Tumua OBJECT {{!}} PART OF PACIFIC CULTURES COLLECTION|last=|first=|date=2002|website=Museum of New Zealand: Te Papa Tongarewa|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

===''The Road to Independence:'' Moeono & The Mau Movement ===
In the early days of the [[Mau movement]], Luafalemana Moeono Ta'ele resigned from his post at the administration's Native Police to assist with efforts to garner national support for the fledgling independence movement. As ''Pule'' (the orators and polity heads of Savaii) were yet to pledge their unanimous support, Luafalemana Moeono Ta'ele was tasked with leading a fleet of ''fautasi'' (canoes) together with Upolu's orators to ask for Savaii's support. Choosing to arrive at Satupa'itea instead of Sale'aula, Moeono recalled Falefa's earlier support for the ''Mau a Pule'' <ref>{{Cite book|last=Meleisea, Malama. Meleisea, Penelope Schoeffel.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/59616555|title=Lagaga : a short history of Western Samoa|date=(1994 [printing])|publisher=University of the South Pacific|isbn=982-02-0029-6|oclc=59616555}}</ref> (which Savaii's orators had led during the German administration, a precursor to the Mau Movement) and called on Asiata to have ''Pule'' (Savaii's chief orators and counterpart to Upolu's ''Tumua'') reciprocate their solidarity by joining forces with them in order to further strengthen the cause for independence.

His son, [https://scontent.fakl1-3.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t31.0-8/1398793_10200947027145939_1469307217_o.jpg?_nc_cat=105&_nc_ohc=Fljodnc5LNgAX-Je9_P&_nc_ht=scontent.fakl1-3.fna&oh=0b9f428428a19798f5e46e7f0a722e83&oe=5EA44A6F Moeono Alai'asā Kolio OBE], would later become one of the Framers of the Constitution of the newly Independent State of Western Samoa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.palemene.ws/new/wp-content/uploads/Document/2016-Constitution-of-Samoa-Eng.pdf|title=CONSTITUTION OF THE INDEPENDENT STATE OF SAMOA|last=Government of Samoa|first=Government of Samoa|date=2019|website=Parliament of Samoa|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

=== ''War:'' 'Iuli calls for Peace ===
In later centuries, a great war between Tuamasaga and the two allies, Atua and A'ana ravaged the country. Having been defeated, Malietoa Uitualagi and the Tuamasaga army sought refuge at Ana o Seuao in Sa'anapu, Safata. Atua and A'ana forces gave chase and as they arrived at Ana, prepared to complete their victory by burning the entire region and killing off the rest of Malietoa's troops. To their surprise however, an elderly unnamed chief from Tuamasaga approached their war party, beseeching them to turn back from their aim and to have mercy on their defeated foes. Moved by the old man's courage, a young chief named 'Iuli rose to speak in what is now known as the longest ''lauga'' (formal oratory) in Samoan history, admonishing his side for two days and two nights to agree to peace with Malietoa's defeated Tuamasaga force. Grateful for this agreement, Malietoa Uitualagi gave the island of Tutuila to Atua. <ref>{{Cite book|last=Tauiliili|first=Pemerika L.|title=Anoafale O Le Gagana Ma Le Aganuu|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> For his efforts in ending the conflict, 'Iuli was promoted to the rank of ''<nowiki/>'Matua''' by Moeono as a reward for his bravery. Today, his descendant governs Falefa alongside Moeono.

== The Village Fono: Falefā, Falelima & Falefitu ==
The convocation of a special meeting of the village fono is decided by 'Iuli or Moeono.<ref name=":4" /> The scale of the meeting varies depending on the situation. The most common meetings comprise only the four sub-villages of Falefa: Sagapolu, Saleapaga, Gaga’emalae and Sanonu. The range of participants define the three types of meetings. In this context, the word ''fale'' means sub-village. A ''fono falefa'' is then a fono in which only the matai from the four sub-villages of Falefa participate.<ref name=":7" /> A ''fono falelima'' is a fono with the four sub-villages of Falefa and the village of Falevao. A ''fono falefitu'' involves all the villages that are part of Falefa's traditional domain, which includes the four sub-villages of Falefa, Falevao and the two villages of Sauano and Saletele in the Fagaloa Bay.<ref name=":4" />

== Fa'alupega: The Charter and Salutations of Falefa ==
'''Tulouna a le a'ai o Fonotī (le a'ai o le Tupu) ma fale e fagafua'''

'''Maliu mai {{Not a typo|a}} oulua matua: 'Iuli ma Moeono'''

'''a Fulumu’a na falelimaa’I fetalaiga ia te oe le Aai'''

'''Tulouna a le putuputu o tagata o le [[Atua (district)|Tui Atua]]'''

'''Afio mai Sā Fenunuivao'''

'''Afio mai Leutele o le tina o [[Tupua Tamasese|Tupua]]'''

'''Afio mai Lealaisalanoa o le tei o Tupua, o le tama a Malili e fa'''

'''Afio mai Alai’asa na fita I tuga'''

'''Afio mai Luafalemana o le Aloalii.<ref name=":1" />'''

A village ''fa'alupega'' is essentially a series of salutations that refer to a village or district's most important titles and descent groups. It provides a basic outline of its basic hierarchy and genealogies of note, thus the order of mention is usually (but not always) relevant, depending on the location and context.<ref name=":7" /> The basic structure of Falefā's fa'alupega, in its most reduced version, is composed of three main parts, with the third allowing several possible variations:

#...'Aiga ma aloali'i ...the chiefs (lit. 'Families') and the son (Luafalemana) of the royal chief (Tupua)
# ...afio mai Sā Fenunuivao ...<nowiki/>to you Sā Fenunuivao (descendants of Fenunuivao, political family of Tupua Tamasese)
#
#...oulua matua, Iuli ma Moeono ...to you, the elder chief orators, 'Iuli and Moeono (rulers of Falefa)
#...ma le putuputu o tagata o le Tui Atua ...and the gathering of the people of the King of Atua (or ...ma le tofi fa'asolo i tagata o le Tui Atua) ...and the various appointments of the people of the King of Atua<ref name=":7" />

=== Malae Fono ===
Moamoa, o le tua o Lalogafu'afu'a.

=== Laoa ===
Moeono - Laloaoa

=== Maota o Alii ===
Leutele - Vai'ili'ili ma Fogāvaiuta

Lealaisalanoa - Vaie'e

Alai'asā - Gataivai

Suluvave - Malae

=== Sa'otama'ita'i ===
Leutele - Sailau

Salanoa - Fenunuivao

Luafalemana - Salaina'oloa

Alai'asa - Punipuao

Suluvave - Aova'a<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-52422940|title=O le tusi faalupega o Samoa: Savaii, Upolu, Manono, Ma Apolima|last=Freeman|first=Derek|publisher=L.M.S.Malua|year=1930|isbn=|location=Samoa|pages=}}</ref>

== Title Contention and Controversies ==

=== Falefa, Tupua Tamasese and the Primacy of ''<nowiki/>'Aiga Sā Fenunuivao''===
[[File:Tupua Tamasese Tupuola Tufuga Efi 00.jpg|thumb|The current holder, Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Efi. Appointed by Falefa and Salani's 'Aiga Sa Fenunuivao to be the holder of the Tama Aiga title in 1986.|342x342px]]Falefa and the Tupua Tamasese have a long history, dating back to when the first Tupua was installed at Falefa. In terms of succession to the title, the family has been among the least controversial of all ''Tama a 'Āiga'' families. Family consensus decided successors rather than the court. However, these amicable relations were eventually fractured in 1965 when a major split appeared over the successor to Tupua Tamasese Mea'ole, who died in 1963. Two first cousins and sons of previous holders vied for the title and the family was forced to resort to the court for a settlement.<ref name=":3" />

The family had been unable to agree between two candidates, Lealofi IV, the son of Tupua Tamasese Lealofi III, and Tufuga Efi, the son of Tupua Tamasese Mea'ole.<ref name=":3" /> The two men were first cousins, and their fathers had both held the titles. Both were installed at separate ceremonies, Lealofi IV by ''<nowiki/>'Āiga Sā Fenunuivao'' of Falefa and Salani, and Tufuga Efi by ''<nowiki/>'Āiga o Mavaega'' of Faleasi'u and Asau in Savai'i and by a branch of ''<nowiki/>'Āiga Sā Tuala'' from Fasito'outa. The latter's installation took ''<nowiki/>'Āiga Sā Fenunuivao'' by surprise and was immediately met with stern rejection.

Both candidates were genealogically eligible, being descended from their common ancestor, Tupua Fuiavailili.<ref>'''LC8384 pp. 1-4, 6 August 1987'''</ref> However, Lealofi had the advantage of having the unanimous support of '''Āiga Sā Fenunuivao'', the title's main political family, on the grounds that his father was older then Tufuga Efi's father and he himself was the elder candidate. The subsequent court battle saw a unanimous endorsement of Lealofi IV's appointment.<ref name=":8">'''LC2440, 29 March 1965.''' The court ruled that the ''pule'' of the Tupua title...is vested in the family of Sā Fenunuivao of Falefā and Salani.</ref> However, Tufuga Efi's supporters returned to the court to press two more lines of argument. First they argued that the title should be appointed and conferred by the ''suli'' (heirs of descendants). ''<nowiki/>'Āiga Sā Fenunuivao'' agreed, but pointed out their right to step in and decide, especially seeing as there would inevitably be disagreement among descendants and pointing to the fact that the descendants themselves were part of the wider Fenunuivao family, a view also endorsed by the court. Second, Tufuga's supporters argued that the conjugate titles be split in two; they argued that the Tamasese name constituted a title in its own right and urged the court to award the Tupua title to Lealofi and the Tamasese title to Tufuga Efi. However, the court rejected this argument on the grounds that without Tupua, Tamasese could not be constituted as a title and that Tupua without Tamasese would disqualify Tupua from the rank of a ''Tama a 'Āiga.''<ref name=":3" />

The court ruled in favour of ''<nowiki/>'Āiga Sā Fenunuivao''<nowiki/>'s candidate, Lealofi IV who would go on to be elected Prime Minister of Samoa.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Meleisea|first=Malama|title=The Making of Modern Samoa: Traditional Authority and Colonial Administration in the History of Western Samoa.|publisher=Institute of Pacific Studies of the University of the South Pacific|year=1987|isbn=9820200318|location=Suva, Fiji|pages=175, 176}}</ref>

Upon Tupua Tamasese Lealofi IV's death in 1983, the question as to a successor was raised yet again with Tupuola Efi once again staking his claim. However, this would require '''Āiga Sā Fenunuivao'' agreeing to his appointment. Salani agreed however, Falefa and Lufilufi opposed. Nevertheless, Tupuola Efi proceeded without the unanimous support of ''Āiga Sā Fenunuivao.'' On the morning of his installation ceremony at Vaimoso, the nation's public broadcaster, Radio 2AP, read an announcement from the Moeono at the time, Moeono Alai'asā Kolio, notifying the country that ''<nowiki/>'Āiga Sā Fenunuivao'' as well as the leaders of Lufilufi - the traditional seat of the Tupua Tamasese title - had not sanctioned Tupuola Efi's ascension to the title, effectively nullifying the candidate's grasp for the title yet again.

In 1986, Tupuola Efi approached the now ailing Moeono to ask for ''Āiga Sā Fenunuivao''<nowiki/>'s unanimous blessing. Despite their initial refusal, both Falefa and Lufilufi eventually agreed. Thus ''<nowiki/>'Āiga Sā Fenunuivao'' joined with ''<nowiki/>'Āiga o Mavaega'' and ''<nowiki/>'Āiga Sā Tuala'' to jointly confer the Tupua Tamasese title on Tupuola Efi in an installation ceremony at Vaimoso in November, 1986, jointly registering the title under their family names.<ref name=":3" />

However, the right of joint conferral was later challenged in court. The matter was decisively settled when in 1987, the court ruled that the right of conferral of the Tupua Tamasese title belonged exclusively to ''<nowiki/>'Āiga Sā Fenunuivao'' of Falefa and Salani, based on the customary criteria of descent, relevant knowledge and skill, residence and service.<ref name=":8" />

== Line of Succession ==
===''Tama a 'Āiga'': Tupua Tamasese ===
'''King Tupua Fuiavailili, descendant of Queen Salamasina, son of King Muagututi'a and grandson of King Fonoti.'''

King Afoa (defeated in single combat by his brother, Galumalemana. Thereafter named ''Afoafouvale,'' "he who rebels for no good reason.")

King Galumalemana (the ''Aloalii'' as an institution of succession is established under Galumalemana)

King Nofoasaefā (tyrant, assassinated by rebels in Savai'i)

King I'amafana

Maeaeafe Matā'afa

1751 - 1830: Tupua Leasiolagi Moegagogo

1830 - 1860s: Tupua Pulepule

1860s - 1891: Tupua Tamasese Titimaea (this is the first time '''Tamasese''' is added to the Tupua title)

1891 - 1915: Tupua Tamasese Lealofi-o-a'ana I, son of Tupua Tamasese Titimaea.

1915 - 1918: Tupua Tamasese Lealofi-o-a'ana II, eldest son of Tupua Tamasese Lealofi-o-a'ana I

1918 - 1929: [[Tupua Tamasese Lealofi III|Tupua Tamasese Lealofi-o'a'ana III]] ([[Mau movement|Mau]] leader, assassinated by NZ Soldiers during Black Saturday), younger brother of Tupua Tamasese Lealofi-o-a'ana II

1929 - 1963: [[Tupua Tamasese Meaʻole|Tupua Tamasese Mea'ole]] (Co-Head of State with [[Malietoa Tanumafili I|Malietoa Tanumafili II]] after Independence), younger brother of Tupua Tamasese Lealofi-o-a'ana III

1963 - 1983: [[Tupua Tamasese Lealofi IV|Tupua Tamasese Lealofi-o-a'ana IV]] (Third Prime Minister of Samoa), son of Tupua Tamasese Lealofi-o-a'ana III

1986–present: [[Tufuga Efi|Tui Atua Tupua Tamasese Efi]] <ref name=":2" /> (Former Prime Minister and Head of State 2007-2017), son of Tupua Tamasese Mea'ole.

===''Aloali'i'': Luafalemana ===
Luafalemana Leo’o

Luafalemana Tupua Puta

Luafalemana Fagavale

Luafalemana Taua’aletoa Taligamaivalu Leala’iasalanoa

Luafalemana Moeono Alai'asā Taeleomoamoa (Taele)

(also bestowed to two other holders by Luafalemana Taele Moeono, later returned)

* Luafalemana Aukusitino

* Luafalemana Eseese

Present: ''Vacant''

=== ''Matua'': Moe'ono ===
1855 - 1915: Moeono Sufalī Luafalemana Taligamaivalu.

1915 - 1916: Moeono Faita Tailalo

1916 - 1957: Luafalemana Moeono Alai'asā Taeleomoamoa (Taele)

1957 - 1987: Moeono Alai'asā Kolio

1987 - 2018: Moeono Atoamafuaiupolu Penitito Alai'asā

2018–present: ''vacant''

===''Matua'': 'Iuli ===

Iuli Tapa

Iuli Veni

Iuli Sefo I

Iuli Sefo II

Iuli Polailevao Moananu Salale

=== ''Ali'i'': Leutele ===
Leutele Malota I

Leutele Malota II

Leutele Upuolevavau

Leutele Faletui

Leutele Poutoa

Leutele Taumoumea

Leutele Simaile Tuatagaloa

Leutele Lutu

1940 - 2012: Leutele Tapusatele Keli Tuatagaloa

2012–present: ''Vacant''

== Population ==
The population of Falefa (exclusive of the other three villages that form the ''falefitu'') is 1,563 (2016 Census).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbs.gov.ws/digi/2016_Census_Brief_No.1.pdf|title=2016 CENSUS Brief No.1 Revised version Population Snapshot and Household Highlights|last=|first=|date=30 October 2017|work=Samoa Bureau of Statistics|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721230100/http://www.sbs.gov.ws/Portals/138/PDF/census%20survey/Table%202.%20Population%20byregion%2C%20faipule%20district%202006.pdf|archivedate=21 July 2011|accessdate=16 December 2009}}</ref>

South of the village settlement is [[Falefa Valley]], Falefa's traditional territory southwards to neighbouring Lotofaga and eastwards to Fagaloa Bay.

==See also==
*[[Archaeology in Samoa]]

==References==
<references/>

{{Coord|13|53|S|171|33|W|region:WS_type:city|display=title}}

{{Atua}}

[[Category:Populated places in Samoa]]
[[Category:Atua (district)]]

Dirt 5

2020-05-26T01:51:07Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.02b - Bot T5 CW#17 - WP:WCW project (Category duplication)

{{short description|2020 racing video game made by Codemasters}}
{{Infobox video game
| title = Dirt 5
| image =
[[dirt-5-cover.jpg]]
| caption =
| developer = [[Codemasters]] Cheshire
| publisher = Codemasters
| series = ''[[Dirt (series)|Dirt]]''
| platforms = {{ubl|[[Microsoft Windows]]|[[PlayStation 4]]|[[PlayStation 5]]|[[Google Stadia|Stadia]]|[[Xbox One]]|[[Xbox Series X]]}}
| released = {{Video game release|WW|October 2020}}
| genre = [[Racing video game|Racing]]
| modes = [[Single-player video game|Single-player]], [[Multiplayer video game|multiplayer]]
}}

'''''Dirt 5''''' (stylised as '''''DiRT5''''') is an upcoming [[racing video game]] developed and published by [[Codemasters]]. It is the fourteenth game in the ''[[Colin McRae Rally]]'' series and the eighth game to carry the ''[[Dirt (series)|Dirt]]'' title. The game is scheduled to be released for [[Microsoft Windows]], [[PlayStation 4]], [[PlayStation 5]], [[Xbox One]] and [[Xbox Series X]] in October 2020, and [[Google Stadia|Stadia]] in 2021.

==Gameplay==
''Dirt 5'' is a [[Racing video game|racing game]] focused on [[off-road racing]]. Disciplines within the game include [[rallycross]], [[ice racing]], [[stadium trucks]] and off-road buggies. Players can compete in events in a wide range of locations including [[Arizona]], [[Brazil]], [[China]], [[Italy]], [[New York City]] and [[Norway]].<ref name="revealing">{{cite web|first=Chris|last=Groves|url=http://blog.codemasters.com/dirt/05/revealing-dirt-5-first-next-gen-codemasters-game-launching-from-october-2020/|title=Revealing DIRT 5 – First Next-Gen Codemasters Game, Launching from October 2020|work=[[Codemasters]]|date=7 May 2020|accessdate=8 May 2020}}</ref> The game includes a dynamic weather system and [[season]]s, which affect the racing; for example, the player can only compete in ice racing events in New York during winter months. A four-player [[Split screen (video games)|splitscreen]] system is also introduced into the game.<ref>{{cite web|first=Kris|last=Holt|url=https://www.engadget.com/dirt-5-xbox-series-x-152220034.html|title='Dirt 5' will arrive in October|work=[[Engadget]]|date=7 May 2020|accessdate=8 May 2020}}</ref>

''Dirt 5'' also features a narrative-focused career mode that pits the player character against a rival driver (voiced by [[Nolan North]]) in a series of championships. The player also has a mentor (voiced by [[Troy Baker]]) who provides them with advice throughout their career.<ref name="revealing"/>

==Development and release==
''Dirt 5'' was announced during the 2020 Xbox Live presentation.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Alessandro|last1=Barbosa|first2=Steve|last2=Watts|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/dirt-5-announced-for-xbox-series-x-ps5-and-more/1100-6476973/|title=Dirt 5 Announced For Xbox Series X, PS5, And More|work=[[GameSpot]]|date=7 May 2020|accessdate=8 May 2020}}</ref> In addition to releasing on the [[Microsoft Windows]], [[PlayStation 4]] and [[Xbox One]] platforms, it will be available for the [[ninth generation of video game consoles]] [[PlayStation 5]] and [[Xbox Series X]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Tom|last=Phillips|url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2020-05-07-dirt-5-announced-coming-to-xbox-series-x|title=Dirt 5 announced, coming to Xbox Series X|work=[[Eurogamer]]|date=7 May 2020|accessdate=8 May 2020}}</ref> Xbox versions of the game will support Microsoft's "Smart Delivery" program, which allows the player to purchase only one copy of the game that will work on both the Xbox One and the Xbox Series X.<ref>{{cite web|first=Austin|last=Wood|url=https://www.gamesradar.com/every-game-announced-xbox-series-x-may-event/|title=Every Xbox Series X game at the May 7 Inside Xbox event|work=[[GamesRadar+]]|date=7 May 2020|accessdate=9 May 2020}}</ref> The game is being developed by Codemasters Cheshire, formerly known as Codemasters Evo, developers of ''[[Onrush]]''. Many of its staff worked on ''[[Driveclub]]'' and ''[[MotorStorm]]''.<ref name="evolution">{{cite web|first=Stefan|last=L.|url=https://www.thesixthaxis.com/2020/05/07/dirt-5-developer-codemasters-cheshire-evo-onrush-driveclub-motorstorm/|title=Dirt 5’s developer is Codemasters Cheshire, the reborn studio behind OnRush, DriveClub and MotorStorm|work=The Sixth Axis|date=7 May 2020|accessdate=8 May 2020}}</ref>{{efn|''[[Driveclub]]'' and ''[[MotorStorm]]'' were developed when the studio was known as [[Evolution Studios]] before their acquisition by [[Codemasters]].<ref name="evolution"/>}} It is set to be released in October 2020, with a [[Google Stadia|Stadia]] version to follow in 2021.<ref>{{cite web|first=Joel|last=Stocksdale|url=https://www.autoblog.com/2020/05/07/dirt-5-announced-off-road-racing-game/|title='Dirt 5' announced, promising even more variety than before|work=[[Verizon Media|Autoblog]]|date=7 May 2020|accessdate=8 May 2020}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.codemasters.com/game/dirt-5/}}

{{Colin McRae Rally}}

[[Category:Upcoming video games scheduled for 2020]]
[[Category:Codemasters games]]
[[Category:Colin McRae Rally and Dirt series]]
[[Category:Off-road racing video games]]
[[Category:Rally racing video games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 4 games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 5 games]]
[[Category:Split-screen multiplayer games]]
[[Category:Stadia games]]
[[Category:Video games developed in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Video games set in Arizona]]
[[Category:Video games set in Brazil]]
[[Category:Video games set in China]]
[[Category:Video games set in Italy]]
[[Category:Video games set in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Video games set in Norway]]
[[Category:Video games using procedural generation]]
[[Category:Windows games]]
[[Category:Xbox One games]]
[[Category:Xbox (4th generation) games]]

Richard Rock

2020-05-25T23:11:19Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.02b - Bot T5 CW#16 - WP:WCW project (Unicode control characters)

{{for|the Canadian Olympic athlete|Richard Rock (athlete)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2016}}
[[File:Hogarth-Misaubin.png|thumb|300px|Richard Rock (left) argues with Dr. [[John Misaubin]] in [[William Hogarth]]'s 1732 ''[[A Harlot's Progress]]'' while his patient dies of [[venereal disease]].]]

'''Richard Rock''' (1690? – November 1777) was a well-known [[physician|doctor]] in eighteenth-century London. Originally from [[Hamburg]], he was depicted by [[William Hogarth]] in the fifth scene of his 1731/2 satirical and moralistic series, ''[[A Harlot's Progress]]'', where he stands in dispute with notable French doctor [[John Misaubin]] beside the dying body of their patient, Moll Hackabout. The contrast between Rock (German, short and fat) and Misaubin (French and gaunt) is intentional. Misaubin is easily recognised by his notably tall and thin appearance, but the second doctor was harder to identify with certainty, so Hogarth added his name on a slip of paper on the stool to the lower right of the scene in later printings.

Hogarth also included Rock in his 1738 engraving ''Morning'', the first of series entitled ''The Four Times of the Day'', selling his medicines in [[Covent Garden]]. Rock was known for selling a pill for [[venereal disease]].

[[Oliver Goldsmith]] discusses Rock and his physical appearance in Letter LXVIII of his 1760 work ''The Citizen of the World''.

==References==
*Finley Foster, "[http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=194385&blobtype=pdf William Hogarth and the Doctors]", ''Bull Med Libr Assoc''. 32(3): 356–368 (July 1944) (PDF)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rock, Richard}}
[[Category:1690s births]]
[[Category:1777 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century English medical doctors]]
[[Category:Physicians from Hamburg]]
[[Category:German expatriates in England]]
[[Category:18th-century German physicians]]

{{England-med-bio-stub}}

Petits chanteurs de Strasbourg

2020-04-30T05:18:27Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.02b - Bot T3 - Correction syntaxique (Plusieurs catégories sur une même ligne - Catégorie avec des espaces blancs)

{{Promotionnel|date=avril 2020}}
{{À wikifier|date=avril 2020}}
{{Admissibilité|date=avril 2020|motif=[[WP:CAA]] - Où sont les sources centrées sur la durée, dans la presse nationale ou internationale ?}}
[[Fichier:Logo PCS.JPG|vignette|Le logo de la maîtrise de l'opéra national du Rhin]]
La '''maîtrise de l'opéra national du Rhin''', est un chœur d'enfants, d'adolescents et d'hommes de [[Strasbourg]].

== Histoire ==
Il fut créer en 2001 par Philippe Utard, 5 ans plus tard, en 2006, le chœur devient officiellement la maîtrise de l'opéra national du Rhin.

Les choristes interprètent des chants profanes, classiques ou contemporains, ils se produisent à l'occasion de concerts pendant la saison, de tournées en [[Europe]], en [[Russie]], aux [[États-Unis]], en [[Espagne]] ou encore lors des représentations de l'[[Opéra national du Rhin]].

Depuis 2014, le chœur est dirigé par le chef de chœur franco-argentin [[Luciano Bibiloni]].

Cette maîtrise est à l'origine de certains disques ([[La Damnation de Faust (Berlioz)]] ou [[Hallelujah]] de [[Haendel]]).

Depuis 2017, le chœur mène un projet participatif « à vos marques, prêts...chantez ! ». La première année de ce projet, fut représentée par un concert autour du Messie de [[Haendel]] où {{unité|700|chanteurs}} amateurs ont chanté avec la maîtrise.Pour l'un de ces projets, cette fois-ci autour de [[Carmen (Bizet)]]<ref>{{Lien web|langue=FR-fr|titre=Au Zénith. {{unité|1000|choristes}} chantent des musiques de films à Strasbourg [Diaporama]|url=https://www.dna.fr/edition-de-strasbourg/2019/06/22/1-000-choristes-chantent-des-musiques-de-films-diaporama|site=www.dna.fr|consulté le=2020-04-28}}</ref>, en 2018, les chanteurs ont reçu la visite du président de la République [[Emmanuel Macron]]<ref>{{Lien web|langue=fr|nom1=Match|prénom1=Paris|titre=Emmanuel Macron choriste d'un jour à l'Opéra de Strasbourg|url=https://www.parismatch.com/Actu/Politique/Emmanuel-Macron-choriste-d-un-jour-a-l-Opera-de-Strasbourg-1383335|site=parismatch.com|consulté le=2020-04-28}}</ref>.

== Notes et références ==
{{Références}}

== Liens externes ==
{{Sources à lier|date=avril 2020}}
* https://www.operanationaldurhin.eu/fr/l-opera-national-du-rhin/la-maitrise
* https://petits-chanteurs-strasbourg.com/
* https://chantez.eu/
* https://www.dna.fr/edition-de-strasbourg/2018/12/14/les-petits-chanteurs-ont-du-coeur
* https://www.lefigaro.fr/musique/2017/11/02/03006-20171102ARTFIG00151-emmanuel-macron-chante-carmen-a-l-opera-de-strasbourg.php

{{Portail|musique|Strasbourg}}

[[Catégorie:Chœur d'enfants]]
[[Catégorie:Ensemble vocal français]]

Winifred W. Logan

2020-04-21T17:44:22Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.02b - Bot T12 - WP:WCW project (Punctuation in link - Link equal to linktext)

'''Winifred W. Logan''' (1931-2010) was a British Nurse theorist who was co-author of the [[Roper–Logan–Tierney model of nursing|Roper-Logan-Tierney model of nursing]], and became an executive director of the [[International Council of Nurses]], and Chief Nurse in [[Abu Dhabi]].

{{Infobox person
| name = Winifred W. Logan
| birth_date = 9 May 1931
| death_date = 2010
| nationality = British
| education = Nursing Degree - University of Edinburgh; M.A. University of Edinburgh; M.A in Nursing Studies Columbia University, New York
| occupation = Nurse theorist, Nurse Education Officer, executive director, Chief Nursing Officer
| employer = University of Edinburgh School of Nursing; Scottish Office, International Council of Nursing; Abu Dhabi
| known_for = Roper-Logan-Tierney model of nursing
}}

== Early life and studies ==
Winifred W. Logan was born on 9 May 1931<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://prezi.com/qkw1rrpjhkpk/a-model-of-nursing-based-on-a-model-of-living/|title=A Model of Nursing Based on a Model of Living|last=Roaring|first=Harold Renz|date=2014-09-27|website=prezi.com|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-02-12}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=February 2020}} and trained as a nurse at the [[University of Edinburgh]], and later took a [[Master's degree|Masters Degree]] there<ref name=":1" /> and at [[Columbia University|Columbia University, New York]], did an M.A. in nursing in 1966.<ref name=":0" /> Earlier in her nursing career (around 1950), Logan had come across foreign patients experiencing some 'culture shock' in a [[Canada|Canad]]<nowiki/>ian [[tuberculosis]] and [[Thorax|thoracic]] health care facility. This led to Logan recognising that nurses need to take cognisance of the patient's biological, psychological, sociocultural and environmental needs in caring for them properly.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://upoun207groupg2014.blogspot.com/2014/09/biography_26.html|title=Roper-Logan-Tierney Theory: Biography|last=Rodriguez|first=Cham Eldelyn|date=2014-09-26|website=Roper-Logan-Tierney Theory|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-02-12}}</ref>

Logan started a teaching post at the University of Edinburgh School of Nursing from 1962.<ref name=":0" />

== Nursing Career ==
Logan was appointed as Nurse Education Officer at the [[Scottish Office]] during the 1960s to 1970s. It may be there or at the University, that she first met [[Nancy Roper]], her collaborator on the [[Roper–Logan–Tierney model of nursing|Activities of Living]] model of nursing. Logan also became an executive director of the [[International Council of Nurses]], a consultant for the [[World Health Organization|World Health Organisation]] (WHO)<ref name=":0" /> in [[Malaysia]], [[Europe]], and [[Iraq]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=McEwen, Melanie.|title=Theoretical basis for nursing|date=2011|publisher=Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|others=Wills, Evelyn M.|isbn=978-1-60547-323-9|edition=3rd|location=Philadelphia|oclc=432240617}}</ref> Between 1976 and 1980, Nancy Roper invited Logan and [[Alison J. Tierney]] (also an Edinburgh alumna and staff member) to collaborate on a model of nursing.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Pioneering theories in nursing|publisher=Andrews UK|others=Snowden, Austyn., Donnell, Allan., Duffy, Tim, Dr.|year=2014|isbn=978-1-85642-481-3|location=London|pages=chapter 16|oclc=891446670}}</ref> After her writing on [[nursing theory]], Logan became [[Nursing management|Chief Nursing Officer]] of [[Abu Dhabi]], establishing nursing services there.<ref name=":2" />

== Roper-Logan-Tierney model of nursing ==
With fellow University of Edinburgh alumna and its School of Nursing employees,<ref name=":2" /> Nancy Roper and [[Alison J. Tierney]], Logan was one of this British nurse trio who led the development of the first UK model of nursing<ref name=":2" /> published and improved upon, and internationally applied, since 1980.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://prezi.com/qkw1rrpjhkpk/a-model-of-nursing-based-on-a-model-of-living/|title=A MODEL OF NURSING BASED ON A MODEL OF LIVING|website=prezi.com|language=en|access-date=2020-02-12}}</ref>

"The Roper-Logan-Tierney model is based upon activities of living, which evolved from the work of [[Virginia Henderson]] in 1966. The activities of daily living are the key to the model of care which seeks to define “what living means:”

* maintaining a safe environment
* communication
* breathing
* eating and drinking
* elimination
* washing and dressing
* temperature control
* mobilization
* working and playing
* expressing sexuality
* sleeping
* death and dying

The factors that influence activities of living are [[Biology|biological]], [[Psychology|psychological]], [[Sociocultural perspective|sociocultural]], environmental, and politicoeconomic. These factors make the model [[Holistic nursing|holistic]], and if they are not included in assessment, it will be both incomplete and flawed."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nursing-theory.org/nursing-theorists/Nancy-Roper.php|title=Nancy Roper|website=Nursing Theory|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-12}}</ref>

The authors developed the model up unto a paperback edition (in 2000) which, according to publisher's synopsis was one of the 'author's own assessment of the Roper-Logan-Tierney (RLT) model's use in practice and its place in future nursing development, a unique set of insights... an 'authoritative and complete account of the most influential nursing model in the UK and one of the most influential in the world.'<ref>{{Cite book|last=Roper, Nancy.|title=The Roper-Logan-Tierney model of nursing : based on activities of living|date=2000|publisher=Churchill Livingstone|others=Logan, Winifred W., Tierney, Alison J.|isbn=0-443-06373-7|location=Edinburgh|oclc=43905871}}</ref>

The impact of the method was also recognised as potential pioneering theory, 'since its inception to influence high quality nursing care provision.'<ref name=":2" /> The moswl also allowed relatives to be aware of the care being (and to be given) and its benefits; and was used for handing over care plans from one shift of nurses to another. Co-author Tierney thought that it helped bring in 'an appreciation of just how complex nursing is and has assisted the move from thinking about ill health to that of health. It has helped bring the nursing process to life.' <ref name=":0" />

Nursing researcher writers often refer the model into different clinical settings (in 2004) in a neonatal care unit<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/nurse-education-in-practice/vol/4/issue/3|title=Nurse Education in Practice {{!}} Vol 4, Issue 3, Pages EX1-EX2, 151-226 (September 2004) {{!}} ScienceDirect.com|website=www.sciencedirect.com|language=en-us|access-date=2020-02-12}}</ref> or (in 2006) a case study on pain control.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mooney|first=Mary|last2=O'Brien|first2=Frances|date=2006-09-01|title=Developing a plan of care using the Roper, Logan and Tierney model|journal=British Journal of Nursing|volume=15|issue=16|pages=887–892|doi=10.12968/bjon.2006.15.16.21854|pmid=17108861|issn=0966-0461}}</ref>

''For more detail see:'' [[Roper–Logan–Tierney model of nursing]]

== Publications ==
with Nancy Roper and Alison J. Tierney:

* ''Learning to Use the Process of Nursing, 1981'' <ref>{{Cite book|last=Roper, Nancy.|title=Learning to use the process of nursing|date=1981|publisher=Churchill Livingstone|others=Logan, Winifred W.,, Tierney, Alison J.|isbn=0-443-02234-8|location=Edinburgh|oclc=7246748}}</ref>
* ''The Elements of Nursing'' (2nd edition, 1985)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Roper, Nancy.|title=The elements of nursing|date=1985|publisher=Churchill Livingstone|others=Logan, Winifred W., Tierney, Alison J.|isbn=978-0-443-03028-4|edition=2nd|location=Edinburgh|oclc=11621449}}</ref>
* ''The Elements of Nursing: a model for nursing based on a model for living, (3rd edition, 1990),<ref>{{Cite book|last=Roper, Nancy.|title=The elements of nursing : a model for nursing based on a model of living|date=1990|publisher=Churchill Livingstone|others=Logan, Winifred W., Tierney, Alison J.|isbn=0-443-03950-X|edition=3rd|location=Edinburgh|oclc=20167674}}</ref> 4th edition, 1996)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Roper, Nancy.|title=The elements of nursing : a model for nursing based on a model of living|date=1996|publisher=Churchill Livingstone|others=Logan, Winifred W., Tierney, Alison J.|isbn=0-443-05201-8|edition=4th|location=New York|oclc=34890434}}</ref>''

and later, in her last year of life, with Alison J.Tierney:

* ''The Roper-Logan-Tierney Model of Nursing: Based on Activities of Living, 2010.''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Logan|first=Winifred W.|title=The Roper-Logan-Tierney Model of Nursing: Based on Activities of Living|last2=Tierney|first2=Alison J.|publisher=|year=2010|isbn=9780702041075|location=|pages=}}</ref>

The RLT model editions have been translated into Italian, German, Spanish, Estonian, Finnish, Lithuanian, Portuguese and Japanese.<ref name=":2" />

== Death ==
Logan died{{Citation needed|date=February 2020}} in 2010.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==

* [[Nancy Roper]]
* [[Alison J. Tierney]]
* [[Roper–Logan–Tierney model of nursing|Roper-Logan-Tierney model of nursing]]
* [[Activities of daily living|Activities of Daily Living]]
* [[Nursing theory|Nursing Theory]]

== References ==

{{DEFAULTSORT:Logan, Winifred W.}}
[[Category:British nurses]]
[[Category:Nursing theorists]]
[[Category:British academics]]
[[Category:Nursing researchers]]
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
<references />{{Authority control}}

Tribuna degli Uffizi

2020-04-21T11:29:20Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.02b - Bot T12 - WP:WCW project (Punctuation in link)

{{Infobox Artwork
| image_file = Johan_Zoffany_-_Tribuna_of_the_Uffizi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg
| painting_alignment =
| image_size = 350px
| title = The Tribuna of the Uffizi
| artist = Johann Zoffany
| year = 1772–78
| medium = Oil painting
| height_metric = 123.5
| width_metric = 155.0
| height_imperial =
| width_imperial =
| metric_unit = cm
| imperial_unit = in
| city = [[Windsor Castle]]
| museum = [[Royal Collection]]
}}
'''''The Tribuna of the Uffizi''''' (1772–1778) by [[Johan Zoffany]] is a painting of the north-east section of the [[Tribuna of the Uffizi|Tribuna]] room in the [[Uffizi]] in [[Florence]], [[Italy]]. The painting is part of the United Kingdom's [[Royal Collection]].

==Production==
Beginning in 1764, the German-born painter Johan Zoffany received numerous commissions from the Hannoverian King George III and his consort, Queen Charlotte. The queen ordered Zoffany to paint “the Florence Gallery” (the Galleria degli Uffizi), for the artist would be paid £300.<ref name=royal>Royal Collection from Shawe-Taylor 2009</ref> In the summer of 1772, Zoffany left London for Florence, where he met [[Felton Hervey]], an art collector and friend of the king and queen, who figures prominently in the painting.<ref name="painting">{{cite web |url=http://www.nationaltrustcollections.org.uk/object/851824 |title=The Hon. Felton Hervey (1712-1775) |work=National Trust Collections |publisher=National Trust |accessdate=15 April 2017}}</ref> Zoffany worked on the painting through late 1777 and returned to England in 1779.<ref name=royal/> By this time Hervey had died.<ref name="painting"/>

The painting depicts the [[Tribuna of the Uffizi]], an octagonal gallery designed by [[Bernardo Buontalenti]] in 1584. The most important ancient and Renaissance works were displayed in this gallery in the 18th century, making it an essential highlight of the Grand Tour.

==Artworks shown==
Zoffany’s picture is not a historical record of the works displayed in the tribuna in the 1770s. Rather, it is an epitome of the works in the Medici collections he felt to be most important. To accomplish that goal, several works from other rooms in the Uffizi and seven paintings from the Galleria Palatina in the Palazzo Pitti were transferred to the Tribuna. To accomplish this, Zoffany depended the assistance of [[George Clavering-Cowper, 3rd Earl Cowper|George, 3rd Earl Cowper]], whomhad emigrated to Florence and [[Sir Horace Mann, 1st Baronet|Sir Horace Mann]], who served as [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] diplomatic representative in Florence to the [[Grand Duke of Tuscany|Grand Dukes of Tuscany]]. Two pictures by Raphael which Earl Cowper owned and hoped to sell to George III, and the Earl are depicted in Zoffany’s painting. The unframed ''Samian Sibyl'' on the floor, acquired for the Medici collection in 1777, was a pendant to [[Guercino]]'s ''[[Libyan Sibyl]]'', recently bought by George III, and its inclusion may have been intended as a compliment to him.{{The Tribuna of the Uffizi|align=center|size=800px}}

===Paintings===
{| border="1" align="center" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="text-align:center;border-collapse:collapse;margin-top:0.5em;" class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-----
!Zoffany's
!Original
!Author and title
!Where
!Current location
|-
|[[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - 01 carracci.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Annibale Carracci 001.jpg|100px]] ||[[Annibale Carracci]], ''Venus with a Satyr and Cupids'' || Left wall|| Uffizi, Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - 02 reni.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Guido Reni 015.jpg|100px]] || [[Guido Reni]], ''Charity'' || Left wall|| Palatine Gallery, Pitti Palace, Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - 03 raffaello.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Raffaello, madonna della seggiola 01.jpg|100px]] || [[Raphael]], ''[[Madonna della seggiola]]'' ||Left wall|| Palatine Gallery, Pitti Palace, Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - 04 correggio.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Correggio - La Vergine che adora il Bambino - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]] || [[Correggio]], ''[[Adoration of the Christ Child (Correggio)|Adoration of the Christ Child]]'' ||Left wall|| Uffizi, Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - 05 suttermans.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Galileo-sustermans.jpg|100px]] || [[Justus Sustermans]], ''Portrait of Galileo Galilei'' ||Left wall|| Uffizi, Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - 22.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Rembrandt - Holy Family - WGA19116.jpg|100px]] || After [[Rembrandt]]?, possibly a copy of the ''[[Holy Family with Saint Anne]]'' in the Louvre || Left wall|| Unidentified
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - 07 tiziano.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Bottega di tiziano, Madonna con Bambino e Santa Caterina d'Alessandria.jpg|100px]] || [[Titian]]'s workshop, ''Madonna and Child with Saint Catherine''|| Central wall || Uffizi, Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - 09 raffaello.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Rafael - São João Batista.jpg|100px]] || Raphael and workshop, ''[[St John the Baptist]]''|| Central wall || Uffizi, Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - 11 reni.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Guido reni, madonna in estasi, olio su tela, 83x68 cm, coll. privata.JPG|100px]] || Guido Reni, ''Madonna''|| Central wall || private collection?
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - 08 raffaello.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Raffaello Sanzio - Madonna del Cardellino - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]] || Raphael, ''[[Madonna del cardellino]]''|| Central wall || Uffizi, Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - 10 rubens.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Los horrores de la guerra.jpg|100px]] || [[Peter Paul Rubens|Rubens]], ''[[Consequences of War|The Consequences of War]]''|| Central wall || Palatine Gallery, Pitti Palace, Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - 12 franciabigio.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Franciabigio madonna col bambino e san giovannino.jpg|100px]] || [[Franciabigio]] (formerly attributed to Raphael), ''Madonna del Pozzo''|| Central wall || Uffizi, Florence
|-
|[[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - 22bis.jpg|100px]] || || ? || Central wall between the legs of the ''Satyr''|| Unidentified
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - 13 holbein.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Hans Holbein d. J. 060.jpg|100px]] || [[Hans Holbein the Younger|Hans Holbein]], ''Portrait of Sir Richard Southwell''|| Central wall || Uffizi, Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - 14 raffaello.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Lorenzo di credi, ritratto del perugino.jpg|100px]] || Raphael, ''Portrait of Perugino''|| Central wall || Uffizi, Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - 15 perugino.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Scuola di perugino, madonna col bambino, santa elisabetta e san giovannino.JPG|100px]] || [[Pietro Perugino|Perugino]]'s workshop ([[Niccolò Soggi]]?), ''Madonna with Child, Saint Elizabeth and Saint John''|| Central wall || Uffizi, Florence, still in the Tribuna
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - 16 reni.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Guido Reni - Cleopatra - WGA19301.jpg|100px]] || Guido Reni, ''Cleopatra''|| Right wall || Palatine Gallery, Pitti Palace, Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - 17 rubens.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Four Philosophers - WGA20358.jpg|100px]] || Rubens, ''[[The Four Philosophers]]''|| Right wall ||Palatine Gallery, Pitti Palace, Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - 18 raffaello.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Raffaello Sanzio - Ritratto di Leone X coi cardinali Giulio de' Medici e Luigi de' Rossi - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]] || Raphael, ''[[Portrait of Leo X (Raphael)|Pope Leo X with Cardinals Giulio de' Medici and Luigi de' Rossi]]''|| Right wall ||Uffizi, Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - 19 pietro da cortona.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Pietro da Cortona 001.jpg|100px]] || [[Pietro da Cortona]], ''Abraham and Hagar''|| Right wall ||Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - 20 manfredi.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Bartolomeo Manfredi - Il tributo a Cesare - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]] || [[Bartolomeo Manfredi]], ''[[Tribute to Caesar (Manfredi)|Tribute to Caesar]]''|| Right wall ||Uffizi, Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - 21 allori.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Criistofano Allori San Giuliano.jpg|100px]] || [[Cristofano Allori]], ''Hospitality of Saint Julian''|| Right wall ||Palatine Gallery, Pitti Palace, Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - 23.jpg|100px]] || || ?|| Right wall right of the ''Wrestlers'' ||Unidentified
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - 24.jpg|100px]] || || ''Roman Charity''?|| Right wall || Unidentified
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - 25.jpg|100px]] || || ? || Right wall behind the ''Venus'' ||Unidentified
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - 26.jpg|100px]] || || ? (a golden frame behind the man in red at the very right) || Right wall ||
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - 06 raffaello.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Grande madonna cowper.jpg|100px]] || Raphael, ''[[Niccolini-Cowper Madonna]]''<ref group="nb">This painting was owned by Zoffany at the moment: this explains its prominence.</ref> || Lower part ||National Gallery of Art, Washington
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - 28 guercino.jpg|100px]] ||  || [[Guercino]]'s workshop, ''Samian Sibyl'' || Lower part || Deposits of the Pitti Palace, Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - 27 tiziano.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Tizian 102.jpg|100px]] || Titian, ''[[Venus of Urbino]]'' || Lower part || Uffizi, Florence
|}

===Sculptures and other===
Many of the ancient sculptures painted by Zoffany can be identified, although few remain on their 18th century locations today. (The Medici's Roman statues stand in the main corridors of the Uffizi Gallery, except those which are still in the Tribuna. The smaller works are now in the collections of the Museo Archeologico Nazionale and the Museo Bargello in Florence).
{| border="1" align="center" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" style="text-align:center;border-collapse:collapse;margin-top:0.5em;" class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-----
!Zoffany's
!Original
!Author and title
!Where
!Current location
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - sculture 01.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Arte romana, Busto con testa di giovinetta già creduta Plautilla, 200-300 ca. 02.JPG|100px]] || Bust of a young woman, so-called [[Plautilla]] || Left shelf || Uffizi Gallery, Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - sculture 02.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Arte romana, Busto con testa del cosiddetto Geta, 200-210 ca. 02.jpg|100px]] || Bust of the so-called Geta || Left shelf || Uffizi Gallery, Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - sculture 03.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Bottega fiorentina, busto femminile all'antica, in calcedonio, metallo e lavagna, 1590-1610 circa.jpg|100px]] || Bust of female || Left shelf || Museo degli Argenti, Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - sculture 04.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Arte romana, ritratto femminile c.d. livia, II sec, marmi e alabastri colorati.JPG|100px]] || Ancient Roman bust of a Julio-Claudian woman, so-called Livia (?) || Left shelf ||[[Villa Corsini a Castello]], Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - sculture 05.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Ritratto di augusto con testa in faience, 1-50 dc ca., con busto in oro di antonio gentili da faenza, 1580 (museo argenti).jpg|100px]] || Ancient Roman bust of Augustus || Left shelf ||[[Museo degli Argenti]], Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - sculture 06.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Arte romana, Busto con testa di Agrippina Minore già creduta Messalina, 50 ca. 02.jpg|100px]] || Bust of Agrippina Minor || Left shelf || Uffizi Gallery
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - sculture 07.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Bottega fiorentina, busto di augusto, in diaspro, alabastro e bronzo, testa antica del I secolo dc. e montatura del 1590-1610 circa.jpg|100px]] || Bust of Augustus || Left shelf || Museo degli Argenti, Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - sculture 08.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Arte romana, afrodite di afrodisia, II sec.JPG|100px]] || Ancient Roman art, ''[[Aphrodisias#Aphrodite of Aphrodisias | Venus of Aphrodisias]]'' || Left shelf || Villa Corsini a Castello, Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - sculture 09.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Bottega fiorentina, busto maschile all'antica in marmo e cristallo di rocca, 1590-1610 circa.jpg|100px]] || Bust of a man in antique style || Left shelf || Museo degli Argenti, Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - sculture 10.jpg|100px]] || || Seated man (?) || Central shelf ||
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - sculture 11.jpg|100px]] ||[[File:Divinità agreste su tronco, con braccia moderne.JPG|100px]] || Ancient Roman Seated God || Central shelf || National Archaeological Museum, Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - sculture 12.jpg|100px]] || || Bust of Annius Verus || Central shelf ||Uffizi Gallery
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - sculture 13.jpg|100px]] || || Hardstone footed cup || Central shelf ||
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - sculture 14.jpg|100px]] || [[File:006 Arte romana, Busto con testa del cosiddetto Nerone bambino, 1-100 ca. 02.JPG|100px]] || Bust of a boy, so-called young Nero || Central shelf || Uffizi Gallery, Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - sculture 15.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Arte romana con restauri moderni, busto augusto 01.JPG|100px]] || Ancient Roman small bust of an Augustus (?) || Central shelf || National Archaeological Museum, Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - sculture 16.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Arte romana, serapide, 150 dc ca..JPG|100px]] || Bust of Zeus-Serapis || Central shelf || [[Villa Corsini a Castello]], Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - sculture 17.jpg|100px]] || || Bronze statuette || Central shelf ||
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - sculture 18.jpg|100px]] || || Bust of a man (?) || Central shelf ||
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - sculture 19.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Arte romana, amorino arciere, 150-200 ca. 01.JPG|100px]] || Cupid with the bow || Central shelf || Uffizi Gallery, Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - sculture 20.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Epoca romana, ercole stante.JPG|100px]] || Ancient Roman bronze statuette of Heracles || Right shelf || National Archaeological Museum, Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - sculture 21.jpg|100px]] || || Bust of a man (?) || Right shelf ||
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - sculture 22.jpg|100px]] || || Canopic jar (?) || Right shelf ||
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - sculture 23.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Bottega fiorentina, busto di nerva, in alabastro e metallo, 1590-1610 circa.jpg|100px]] || Bust of Nerva || Right shelf || Museo degli Argenti, Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - sculture 24.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Bertoldo di giovanni, orfeo o apollo, 1475-80 01.JPG|100px]] || [[Bertoldo di Giovanni]], ''Putto playing the lute'' || Right shelf ||[[Bargello]], Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - sculture 25.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Statuetta di satiro, copia romana del I sec dc, da orig. ellenistico (MAN firenze, villa corsini) 01.JPG|100px]] || Ancient Roman statuette of Satyr || Right shelf ||[[Villa Corsini a Castello]], Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - sculture 26.jpg|100px]] ||[[File:Bronzi di pipistrello (rosignano, 1565), concordia seduta, 150 dc ca.JPG|100px]] || Seated Concordia || Right shelf || National Archaeological Museum, Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - sculture 27.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Arte romana, satiro giovane, II sec.JPG|100px]] || Ancient Roman bust of a Young Satyr || Right shelf || [[Villa Corsini a Castello]], Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - sculture 28.jpg|100px]] ||[[File:Ercole e il leone, II-III sec. dc., con restauri settecenteschi, 01.JPG|100px]] || Ancient Roman art after [[Lysippus]], ''Heracles and the Nemean Lion'' || Right shelf || Hermitage, St. Petersburg?
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - sculture 29.jpg|100px]] ||[[File:Tyche di antiochia, copia romana da orig. di eutychides del 297-296 ac., n. 2366.JPG|100px]] || Seated Tyche of Anthioch || Right shelf || National Archaeological Museum, Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - sculture 30.jpg|100px]] || || Bust of Bacchus (?) || Right shelf ||
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - sculture 31 amore e psiche.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Amore e psiche, copia romana di un originale ellenistico della fine del IV sec. ac..JPG|100px]] || Ancient Roman art, ''Cupid and Psyche'' ||Center || Uffizi, Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - sculture 32 satiro.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Sommer, Giorgio (1834-1914) - n. 2944 - Il fauno danzante. Firenze.jpg|100px]] || Ancient Roman art, ''Dancing Faun'' ||Center || Uffizi, Florence, still in the Tribuna
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - oggetti 10 tavolo.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Jacopo Antelli (Monicca) and Jacopo Ligozzi, tavolo ottagonale con intarsi in pietre dure.jpg|100px]] || Jacopo Antelli (Monicca) and [[Jacopo Ligozzi]], ''Octagonal table with [[Pietre Dure]] mosaics'' ||Center || Uffizi, Florence, still in the Tribuna
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - sculture 33 ercolino.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Arte romana, Ercole infante strozza il serpente, 1-100 circa 02.JPG|100px]] || Ancient Roman art, ''Baby Hercules strangling the snake'' ||Center || Uffizi, Florence, still in the Tribuna
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - sculture 34 lottatori.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Arte romana, Lottatori, 1-100 circa da un originale del III secolo a.C. 02.JPG|100px]] || Ancient Roman art, ''[[Uffizi Wrestlers|The Two Wrestlers]]'' ||Center || Uffizi, Florence, still in the Tribuna
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - sculture 35 venere medici.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Venus de Medici.png|100px]] || Cleomenes, ''[[Medici Venus]]''||Center || Uffizi, Florence, still in the Tribuna
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - oggetti 01 vaso canosino.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Pittore di baltimora, cratere apulo con amazzonomachia, teti che dà le armi ad achille tra dei, ettore sulla quadriga, 330 ac ca. 10.jpg|100px]] || [[Baltimore Painter]], ''Apulian krater with Amazonomachy'' ||Lower part || [[National Archaeological Museum (Florence)|National Archaeological Museum]], Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - oggetti 02 elmo.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Produz. etrusca, elmo a bottone, con iscriz.interna, da canne (BA), IV sec a.c.JPG|100px]] || Etruscan bronze helmet with "button" on top ||Lower part || National Archaeological Museum, Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - sculture 36 arrotino.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Museo pushkin, calchi, arrotino 04.jpg|100px]] || Ancient Roman art, ''[[Arrotino]]'' ||Lower part || Uffizi, Florence, still in the Tribuna
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - sculture 37 chimera.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Chimera d'arezzo, fi, 04.JPG|100px]] || Etruscan (with 17th-century implements), ''[[Chimera of Arezzo]]'' ||Lower part || National Archaeological Museum, Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - oggetti 03 calamaio.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Scuola del riccio, lampada ad olio a forma di satiro ripiegato su se stesso, 1510 circa 02.JPG|100px]] || [[Andrea Briosco]] workshop, ''Lucerna in the shape of a Twisting Man'' ||Lower part || Bargello, Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - oggetti 04 missorio.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Piatto di ardaburio, argento fuso, 434 d.c. (found in 1769) 02.JPG|100px]] || Plate (''missorium'') of [[Aspar |F. Ardaburius Aspar]]', Roman, c.. 434 AD ||Lower part || National Archaeological Museum, Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - sculture 38.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Arte romana, Busto del cosiddetto Cicerone, 30 ac-20 dc ca.jpg|100px]] || Bust of the so-called Cicero ||Lower part || Uffizi Gallery
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - sculture 39 antinoo.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Archeologico di Firenze, antinoo 01.JPG|100px]] || Florentine pseudo-antique art, second half of the 16th century, ''Bronze head of Antinous'' ||Lower part || National Archaeological Museum, Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - oggetti 07.jpg|100px]] || || Bronze lucerna (?) ||Lower part ||
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - oggetti 05.jpg|100px]] ||[[File:Volterra, cratere a volute, 310 ac ca.jpg|100px]]|| Etruscan krater in [[bucchero]] ||Lower part || National Archaeological Museum, Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - oggetti 08 oinochoe.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Oinochoe in bucchero etruria meridionale, fine VII, inizio VI secolo ac..jpg|100px]] || Etruscan [[oinochoe]] in bucchero ||Lower part || National Archaeological Museum, Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - oggetti 09 situla.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Volterra, situla a vernice nera, da pisa, 310-290 ac ca.jpg|100px]] || Etruscan situla in bucchero ||Lower part || National Archaeological Museum, Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - oggetti 06 bronzetto.jpg|100px]] || || Bronze statuette? || Lower part ||
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - sculture 41 torso di livorno.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Torso di livorno, 480-470 ac. ca. 02.JPG|100px]] || Ancient Greek art, ''Livorno Torso'' ||Lower part || National Archaeological Museum, Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - sculture 40.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Statue Ptahmose 1790 Florence.JPG|100px]] || Ancient Egyptian art, ''Cube statue of [[Ptahmose, son of Menkheper|Ptahmose]]'' ||Lower part || National Archaeological Museum, Florence
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - sculture 42 urnetta.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Urnetta cineraria da volterra 50.JPG|100px]] || Etruscan funerary urn probably [[Volterra]] production ||Lower part, under the ''Venus of Urbino'' || National Archaeological Museum, Florence
|}

==Persons shown==

The Tribuna of the Uffizi combines aspects of the British 18th-century [[Conversation piece (paintings)|conversation piece]], or informal group portrait, with that of the predominantly Flemish 17th-century tradition of [[Wunderkammer]] and gallery views. Thus, the figures populating Zoffany’s painting are all identifiable as connoisseurs, diplomats and visitors to Florence. The inclusion of so many recognisable portraits was criticized by Zoffany's royal patrons, and by [[Horace Walpole]], who called it "a flock of travelling boys, and one does not know nor care whom."<ref>{{cite book |title=The Yale edition of Horace Walpole's correspondence |volume=24 |pages=526–7 |chapterurl=http://images.library.yale.edu/hwcorrespondence/page.asp?vol=24&page=526 |chapter=To MANN, Friday 12 November 1779 |editor-first=W.S. |editor-last=Lewis |year=1967|publisher=[[Lewis Walpole Library]] |location=Yale |accessdate=15 April 2017}}</ref>

<gallery>
Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - people group 1.jpg
Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - people group 2.jpg
Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - people group 3.jpg
Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - people group 4.jpg
</gallery>

The first group of people is centered around the Niccolini Madonna by Raphael. From left, standing up, there are the picture’s owner [[George Clavering-Cowper, 3rd Earl Cowper|George, 3rd earl of Cowper]], Sir John Dick, [[Dick baronets|baronet of Braid]], [[Other Windsor, 6th Earl of Plymouth]], and [[Johann Zoffany]], the painter himself, followed on the other side of the painting by Mr. Stevenson and his companion [[George Legge, 3rd Earl of Dartmouth]], while is sitting on a chair [[Charles Loraine Smith]] and behind him, bended, [[Richard Edgcumbe, 2nd Earl of Mount Edgcumbe|Richard Edgcumbe]], later 2nd Earl of Mount Edgcumbe.

Two more connoisseurs are near the ''Satiro''. The first is reported to be Joseph Leeson, 2nd Earl of Milltown, even if his portrait does not match in age and resemblance those in the [[National Gallery of Ireland]] by [[Pompeo Batoni]], and Valentine Knightley of Fawsley.

Further to the center of the painting Pietro Bastianelli, curator of the Uffizi Gallery, shows the [[Venus of Urbino]] di Titian to John Gordon,{{#tag:ref|Described in contemporary Italian newspapers as "Mr. Gordon, an English official".<ref name="nicholls152">Cited in Nicholls 2006, p.152</ref>[[John Chambers (topographer)|John Chambers]] wrote in 1829 that Rev. William Gordon of [[Saxlingham]] possessed several paintings "collected by John Gordon, who figured in Zoffany's picture of the Gallery of Florence".<ref name="nicholls152"/><ref name="Chambers1829">{{cite book|last=Chambers|first=John|title=A General History of the County of Norfolk, Intended to Convey All the Information of a Norfolk Tour|chapter=Hundred of Henstead|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5lQAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA760|accessdate=15 April 2017|volume=II|year=1829|publisher=John Stacy|location=Norwich|pages=759–760}}</ref> |group="nb"}} [[Thomas Patch]] who is apparently the man touching the ''Venus'', but pointing to the figure of a male nude (believed to be a reference to Patch's homosexuality) <ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000f1t2</ref>, [[Sir John Taylor, 1st Baronet|Sir John Taylor]] and [[Sir Horace Mann, 1st Baronet|Sir Horace Mann]]. The sitting man, looking back towards, is the Hon. [[Felton Hervey]].

The group around the ''Medici Venus'' include John Finch, Mr. Wilbraham (one of the sons of [[Roger Wilbraham]] of Natwich), Mr. Watts, Mr. Doughty and, on the other side, Thomas Wilbraham (the second son) and [[James Bruce]].
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! Detail !! Portrait !! Name !! Note
|-
| [[file:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - people group 1-1.jpg|100px]] || [[file:Anton Raphael Mengs - George, 3rd Earl Cowper (1738-1789) - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]] || [[George Clavering-Cowper, 3rd Earl Cowper|George, 3rd earl of Cowper]] ||
|-
| [[file:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - people group 1-2.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Sir John Dick baronet of Braid.jpg|100px]] || Sir [[John Dick (1720-1804)|John Dick]] [[Dick baronets|baronet of Braid]] ||
|-
| [[file:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - people group 1-3.jpg|100px]] || || [[Other Windsor, 6th Earl of Plymouth]] ||
|-
| [[file:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - people group 1-5.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Self-portrait (with Hourglass and Skull) by Johann Zoffany.jpg|100px]] || [[Johann Zoffany]] || the author of painting (self-portrait)
|-
| [[file:David Stevenson tutor to Lord Lewisham (George Legge, 3rd Earl of Dartmouth).jpg|100px]] || || Mr. David Stevenson ||tutor to Lord Lewisham
|-
| [[file:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - people group 1-8.jpg|100px]] || [[File:George Legge, Viscount Lewisham, later 3rd Earl of Dartmouth, 1778, by Batoni.jpg|100px]] || [[George Legge, 3rd Earl of Dartmouth]] ||
|-
| [[file:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - people group 1-4.jpg|100px]] || || [[Charles Loraine Smith]] || painter
|-
| [[file:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - people group 1-6.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Lord edgcumbe.jpg|100px]] ||[[Richard Edgcumbe, 2nd Earl of Mount Edgcumbe|Richard Edgcumbe]], later 2nd Earl of Mount Edgcumbe ||
|-
| || || ||
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - people group 2-1.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Joseph Leeson 2nd Earl of Milltown died 1801.jpg|100px]] || [[Joseph Leeson, 2nd Earl of Milltown]] || is reported to be, even if his portrait does not match in age and resemblance those in the [[National Gallery of Ireland]] by [[Pompeo Batoni]]
|-
| [[File:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - people group 2-2.jpg|100px]] || || [[Valentine Knightley (painter)|Valentine Knightley]] of Fawsley || also painter
|-
| || || ||
|-
| [[file:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - people group 3-1.jpg|100px]] || ||[[Pietro Bastianelli]] || curator of the Uffizi Gallery
|-
| [[file:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - people group 3-2.jpg|100px]] || || John Gordon ||
|-
| [[file:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - people group 3-4.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Thomas Patch self portrait npg.jpg|100px]] || [[Thomas Patch]] ||probably the man touching the ''Venus''
|-
| [[file:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - people group 3-5.jpg|100px]] || || [[Sir John Taylor, 1st Baronet|Sir John Taylor]] ||
|-
| [[file:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - people group 3-6.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Sir Horace Mann, 1st Baronet.jpg|100px]] ||[[Sir Horace Mann, 1st Baronet|Sir Horace Mann]] ||
|-
| [[file:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - people group 3-3.jpg|100px]] || [[File:Felton Hervey.jpg|100px]] ||Hon. [[Felton Hervey]] ||
|-
| || || ||
|-
| [[file:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - people group 4-1.jpg|100px]] || ||[[John Finch, 9th Earl of Winchilsea]] ||
|-
| [[file:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - people group 4-2.jpg|100px]] || || Mr. Wilbraham|| (one of the sons of [[Roger Wilbraham]] of Natwich)
|-
| [[file:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - people group 4-3.jpg|100px]]|| ||Mr. Watts ||
|-
|[[file:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - people group 4-5.jpg|100px]] || ||Mr. Doughty ||
|-
| [[file:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - people group 4-6.jpg|100px]] || ||Thomas Wilbraham ||(the second son)
|-
|[[file:Johan Zoffany - Tribuna of the Uffizi - people group 4-7.jpg|100px]] || [[File:James Bruce.jpg|100px]] ||[[James Bruce]] ||
|}

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|group="nb"}}

==References==
{{commons category|Uffizi Tribuna (Zoffany)}}
===Sources===
* {{cite web |url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/406983/the-tribuna-of-the-uffizi |title=The Tribuna of the Uffizi |work=Royal Collection}}; text adapted from
** {{cite book |first=Desmond |last=Shawe-Taylor |title=The Conversation Piece: Scenes of Fashionable Life |year=2009 |location=London |publisher=Royal Collection Publications |isbn=1905686072}}
* {{cite journal |last=Pressly |first=William L. |date=March 1987 |title=Genius Unveiled: The Self-Portraits of Johan Zoffany |journal=The Art Bulletin |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=88–101 |issn=0004-3079 |doi=10.1080/00043079.1987.10788404}}
* {{cite thesis |first=John Anthony |last=Nicholls |title=Das Galeriebild im 18. Jahrhundert und Johann Zoffanys "Tribuna" |degree=Ph.D. |institution=Bonn University |language=German |year=2006 |url=http://hss.ulb.uni-bonn.de/2006/0865/0865-text.pdf |format=PDF }}
* [http://employees.oneonta.edu/farberas/arth/Images/ARTH200/Zoffany_tribuna_diag.jpg Diagram with key to works and people], reproduced in {{cite web |title=The Gentlemanly Hang: Johann Zoffany, ''The Tribuna of the Uffizi'', 1772-78 |work=ARTH 200 Assignments: Authoritative and Disciplined Discussions of Masterpieces |date=Spring 2014 |url=http://employees.oneonta.edu/farberas/arth/arth200/Museum/Zoffany_Tribuna.html |publisher=[[SUNY Oneonta]] |first=Allen |last=Farber }}

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tribuna Of The Uffizi (Painting)}}
[[Category:Paintings by Johann Zoffany]]
[[Category:1770s paintings]]
[[Category:Paintings of the Royal Collection of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Uffizi]]
[[Category:Paintings of art galleries]]

Stephan Loewentheil

2020-04-21T04:27:31Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.02b - Bot T12 - WP:WCW project (Punctuation in link)

{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2018}}
[[File:StephanLoewentheil©TimurYork.jpg|thumb|Stephan Loewentheil, New York, 2018. Photograph by Timur York]]
'''Stephan Loewentheil''' is an [[antiquarian]] and a [[rare books|rare book]] and photograph collector. He is the founder and president of the [http://www.19thshop.com/ 19th Century Rare Book and Photograph Shop], located in [[Brooklyn, New York]] and [[Baltimore, Maryland]]. Over a career spanning more than three decades, Loewentheil "has excelled … in unearthing obscure bibliographic details leading to the acquisition of under-appreciated rarities, seminal documents and early historic photographic images."<ref name=McKinney>{{cite web|last1=McKinney|first1=Bruce E.|title=Stephan Loewentheil, founder of the 19th Century Shop: a 3-decade perspective and an exceptional catalog to Celebrate 30 Years in the Trade|url=http://www.rarebookhub.com/articles/1632?id=1632|website=Rare Book Hub|accessdate=August 30, 2017}}</ref> Loewentheil has been described as a "super-collector,"<ref name=FineBooks /> whose clients include celebrities, [[heads of state]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Stephan Loewentheil: Corazon de Tinta|url=http://www.tendenciasdelarte.com/stephan-loewentheil-corazon-tinta/|accessdate=September 22, 2017|publisher=Tendencias del Mercado del Arte}}</ref> American [[President (government title)|Presidents]],<ref name=Foster2013 /> and some of the most prominent private collectors and institutional clients of [[rare books]] and photographs.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Zalman|first1=Jonathan|title=New York Businessman Leon Black Buys Bomberg Talmud for $9.3 Million|url=http://www.tabletmag.com/scroll/196121/new-york-businessman-leon-black-buy-bomberg-babylonian-talmud-for-9-3-million|accessdate=September 22, 2017|magazine=Tablet Magazine|date=December 22, 2015}}</ref><ref name=Brawarsky>{{cite news|last1=Brawarsky|first1=Sandee|title=Record Breaking Judaica Sale at Sotheby's|url=http://jewishweek.timesofisrael.com/record-breaking-judaica-sale-at-sothebys-2/|accessdate=September 22, 2017|newspaper=Jewish Week|date=December 30, 2015}}</ref>

== Early life ==

Born in [[Brooklyn]] in 1950, Stephan Loewentheil was raised in [[New Rochelle, New York]], where he attended [[New Rochelle High School]]. In 1968, he enrolled in [[Washington & Jefferson College]], where he graduated [[cum laude]] with a [[bachelor's degree]] in history. In 1975, Loewentheil graduated from [[Cornell University Law School]] with a [[Juris Doctor]].<ref name=Foster2013>{{cite news|last1=Foster|first1=Alisha|title='Follow Your Heart,' Says Cornell Antiquarian|url=http://cornellsun.com/2013/10/20/follow-your-heart-says-cornellian-antiquarian/}}</ref>

Soon after,{{when|date=July 2018}} he moved to [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]], where he managed a historical neighborhood restoration and redevelopment project. He devoted increasing time and energy to [[rare books|collecting rare books]], a passion he had nurtured since his mid-20s.<ref name=McKinney /> Eventually, Loewentheil opened his rare book store in Baltimore, calling it the [http://www.19thshop.com/ 19th Century Rare Book and Photograph Shop].<ref name=McKinney />

== Rare book and photograph acquisitions and sales ==

=== The White House===
During the 1980s, Loewentheil began selling books to the [[White House]], through a relationship with [[Joseph Verner Reed Jr.]], [[Chief of Protocol]] to [[President George H.W. Bush]].<ref name=Foster2013 /> Reed suggested that antique books on [[American history]] and [[Culture of the United States|culture]] be given as official state gifts to foreign dignitaries, and sought the help of Mr. Loewentheil to procure these gifts.<ref name=Foster2013 /> Upon Soviet President [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]'s visit to Washington in 1990 to sign the [[1990 Chemical Weapons Accord|Chemical Weapons Accord]], he was presented with an original 1804 edition of [[John Marshall]]'s [[John Marshall#Authorship of Washington biography|biography of]] [[George Washington]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Barringer|first1=Felicity|title=Summit in Washington; Raisa Gorbachev's Thaw in Relations|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/01/world/summit-in-washington-raisa-gorbachev-s-thaw-in-relations.html?mcubz=1|accessdate=August 24, 2017|newspaper=The New York Times|date=June 1, 1990}}</ref> which was acquired from the 19th Century Rare Book and Photograph Shop.<ref name=Foster2013 /> Loewentheil continued this relationship with the [[White House]] through the [[Obama administration]].<ref>[http://white-house-logs.insidegov.com/d/a/Stephan-Loewentheil]{{dead link|date=December 2019}}</ref>

=== Rare book acquisitions ===
Loewentheil has purchased several high-profile [[rare books]] and [[manuscripts]] at auction throughout his career.<ref name=Vasel /><ref name=AC2015 /><ref name=Talmud />

In 2010, Loewentheil purchased one of the few remaining privately owned copies<ref name=Folger>{{cite web|title=First Folios at the Folger|url=http://folgerpedia.folger.edu/First_Folios_at_the_Folger|website=Folgerpedia|accessdate=August 28, 2017}}</ref> of [[William Shakespeare]]'s [[First Folio]] at a Sotheby's auction in [[London]], one of multiple copies of the First Folio he has owned over the years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rare Audubon Book Sells for $11.6 Million|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/rare-audubon-book-sells-for-11-6m-1.970838|website=CBC News|accessdate=August 28, 2017}}</ref> [[Charles Darwin]] has long been of particular interest to Loewentheil, who purchased a leaf of Darwin's original manuscript of [[On the Origin of Species]] for $250,000 at Sotheby's in 2016.<ref name=Vasel>{{cite web|last1=Vasel|first1=Kathryn|title=Darwin manuscript page sells for $250,000|url=http://money.cnn.com/2016/06/14/luxury/darwin-origin-of-species-manuscript-sothebys/index.html|accessdate=September 25, 2017|website=CNN Money|date=June 14, 2016}}</ref>

Loewentheil is a leading collector of and dealer in [[Edgar Allan Poe]] books and manuscripts.<ref name=eaPoe>{{cite web|title=Tamerlane and Other Poems (1827)|url=https://www.eapoe.org/works/editions/taop.htm|website=eapoe.org|accessdate=September 25, 2017}}</ref> In 1991, he acquired the first edition of Poe's first book, ''[[Tamerlane and Other Poems]]'', one of twelve extant copies.<ref name=eaPoe /> In 1992, Loewentheil published [https://www.amazon.com/Poe-Catalogue-Descriptive-Loewentheil-Collection/dp/B004G8JTJU/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1505767217&sr=1-1&refinements=p_27%3AStephan+Loewentheil ''The Poe Catalogue: A descriptive catalogue of the Stephan Loewentheil collection of Edgar Allan Poe material'']. He was awarded an [https://www.poestudiesassociation.org/awards/ honorary membership] by the [https://www.poestudiesassociation.org/ Poe Studies Association] in 2009 for his contribution to Poe scholarship.

=== Judaica ===
In 2015, Loewentheil purchased the eight-page [[Book of Esther]] from the [[Gutenberg Bible]] for $970,000 at Sotheby's in [[New York City]], with the goal of preserving it as a whole rather than selling individual pages.<ref name=AC2015>{{cite news|last1=A.C.|title=Foiling the Thieves|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2015/07/rare-books|accessdate=August 24, 2017|newspaper=The Economist|date=July 2, 2015}}</ref> He also purchased, on behalf of a client,<ref name=Brawarsky /> a complete set of the [[Daniel Bomberg]] [[Daniel Bomberg#Publication of the Babylonian Talmud .281519-23.29|Babylonian Talmud]] for $9.3 million in 2015,<ref name=Talmud>{{cite news|title=Daniel Bomberg's 16th-century printing of the Talmud sells for $9.3 million at Sotheby's New York|url=http://artdaily.com/news/83890/Daniel-Bomberg-s-16th-century-printing-of-the-Talmud-sells-for--9-3-million-at-Sotheby-s-New-York#.VpcHtvkrLIW|accessdate=August 24, 2017|publisher=Art Daily|date=December 23, 2015}}</ref> the highest price ever paid for an item of [[Judaica]] at auction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.antiquesandthearts.com/sixteenth-century-talmud-setsnew-world-auction-record-for-judaica/|title=Sixteenth Century Talmud Sets New World Auction Record For Judaica}}</ref>

Loewentheil's personal collection includes some of the oldest surviving [[Hebrew Bible]] manuscript scrolls,<ref name=Flint>{{cite book|last1=Flint|first1=Peter W.|title=The Dead Sea Scrolls|date=2013|publisher=Abingdon Press|location=Nashville|page=38|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=yANGpmSvBmwC&pg=PA38}}</ref> including the earliest Torah scroll sheet of [[the Exodus]] story,<ref name=Foster2013 /> the so-called "London Manuscript."<ref name=Flint /> The manuscript contains the text of [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] 9:18–13:2 ([[Plagues of Egypt|the Seventh through Tenth plagues]], the [[Passover]], and the Exodus).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Slobodkin|first1=Daniel|title=Fragments of 1,300-year-old Torah scroll reunited|url=http://www.mrbrklyn.com/resources/Fragments%20of%201,300-year-old%20Torah%20scroll%20reunited%20%7C%20Jerusalem%20Dispatch.html|website=Jerusalem Dispatch|accessdate=August 28, 2017}}</ref> Loewentheil loaned the manuscript to the [[Israel Museum]] in 2010, where it was exhibited at the [[Shrine of the Book]] alongside another section from the same [[Torah]] scroll, the [http://www.jhsonline.org/Articles/article_201.pdf Ashkar-Gilson Manuscript], containing the text of [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] 13:19 to 15:27.<ref name=Flint />

=== Photography ===
[[File:John C Calhoun daguerreotype Loewentheil Collection.png|thumb|''[[John C. Calhoun]]'', 1849. Whole-plate daguerreotype. Photograph by [[Mathew Brady]] – The Stephan Loewentheil Collection]]
Loewentheil's [[photography]] collection is rooted in early photographic methods of the [[19th century]] – [[daguerreotypes]], [[cartes de visite]], [[albumen]] prints, [[tintypes]], and [[cyanotype]]s.<ref name=Voon /> Much like his [[rare book]] collection, Loewentheil's photography collection has a historical theme, featuring rare portraits of some of the most notable Americans of the [[19th century]] - [[John D. Rockefeller]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Icon of American Capitalism|url=http://www.19thshop.com/book/ambrotype-portrait-of-john-d-rockefeller/|website=19th Century Shop|accessdate=October 10, 2017}}</ref> [[Abraham Lincoln]],<ref name=Moskowitz /> [[Clara Barton]],<ref name=FineBooks /> and [[John C. Calhoun]],<ref name=Kinsella /> among many others.

Loewentheil has collected many images from the early American photographer [[Mathew Brady]].<ref name=FineBooks /> [[Mathew Brady|Brady]]'s whole-plate [[daguerrotype]] [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_C_Calhoun_by_Mathew_Brady,_1849.jpg portrait] of American [[politician]] and states-rights advocate [[John C. Calhoun]], one of Loewentheil's most notable acquisitions, set a new record for the photographer upon its sale for $338,500 in a Sotheby's auction on April 6, 2011.<ref name=Kinsella>{{cite news|last1=Kinsella|first1=Eileen|last2=Grant|first2=Daniel|title=Market Rebound Continues at Spring Photo Sales|url=http://www.artnews.com/2011/04/19/market-rebound-continues-at-spring-photo-sales/|accessdate=August 29, 2017|publisher=ARTNEWS|date=April 19, 2011}}</ref> The Calhoun portrait, along with a rare image of [[Red Cross]] founder [[Clara Barton]] sitting with soldiers and a personal [[photograph album]] compiled by [[Mark Twain]], were featured in the 2011 [[Cornell University Library]] exhibition "Dawn's Early Light: The First 50 Years of American Photography."<ref name=FineBooks>{{cite news|title=Cornell Exhibition Celebrates Early Photography|url=https://www.finebooksmagazine.com/press/2011/10/cornell-exhibition-celebrates-early-photography.phtml|accessdate=September 22, 2017|publisher=Fine Books Magazine|date=October 31, 2011}}</ref> Another [[Mathew Brady|Brady]] photograph from the Loewentheil Collection, "Collected for Burial" - taken at the [[Battle of Antietam]] - was loaned to the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] for their 2014 traveling exhibition, [http://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2013/photography-and-the-american-civil-war "Photography and the American Civil War"], along with [[Mathew Brady|Brady]]'s [http://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/view?exhibitionId=%7b9400f95d-89a4-4920-a05e-46ee3cedc9c0%7d&oid=302413&pkgids=205&pg=0&rpp=20&pos=17&ft=*&offset=20 own studio camera].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Morgan|first1=David|title=The Civil War: The Birth of Photojournalism|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/the-civil-war-the-birth-of-photojournalism/36/|accessdate=September 22, 2017|publisher=CBS News}}</ref>

== Historical photography of China Collection ==
[[File:No. 47 in Sketches of Chinese Life and Character, William Saunders.jpg|thumb|left|No. 47 in ''Sketches of Chinese Life and Character'' series, Shanghai, 1860s-1870s. Original hand-tinted [[albumen]] silver print. Photograph by [[William Saunders (photographer)|William Saunders]] – The Stephan Loewentheil Historical Photography of China Collection.]]
Loewentheil owns the [https://loewentheilcollection.com/ Stephan Loewentheil Historical Photography of China Collection], the largest private collection of [[Photography in China|Chinese historical photographs]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Rare Early Photographs of Peking|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/in-pictures-34697724|accessdate=August 25, 2017|agency=BBC|date=November 2, 2015}}</ref> The Collection, which [[China Global Television Network]] proclaimed as "the largest, rarest, and said to be the most valuable of its kind in the world,"<ref name=CGTN>{{cite news |last1=Xin |first1=Liu |title=The Point: Exhibition Features 120 Early Photographs of China |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=2&v=UEo-Yimtb3s |accessdate=28 August 2019 |agency=CGTN |date=February 8, 2019}}</ref> is an invaluable window into nineteenth century [[Qing Dynasty]] [[China]], before the upheavals of modernity would change the country and its people irrevocably.<ref name=Pedersen2017>{{cite news|last1=Pedersen|first1=Nate|title=Masterpieces of Early Chinese Photography Headed to New York|url=https://www.finebooksmagazine.com/fine_books_blog/2017/02/masterpieces-of-early-chinese-photography-headed-to-new-york.phtml|accessdate=August 25, 2017|date=February 28, 2017}}</ref> One highlight of the building of the collection over three decades<ref name=Apollo /> was the acquisition of an album of 56 [[albumen]] prints by [[Felice Beato]], which included some of the earliest photographic images of [[China]], at an auction in [[Pennsylvania]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cordier Auctions Sells Rare 1860 Photo Album of China for $410,000|url=https://www.antiquesandauctionnews.net/Article+Display/Cordier+Auctions+Sells+Rare+1860+Photo+Album+Of+China+For+$410,000/|website=Antiques and Auction News|accessdate=September 25, 2017}}</ref>
[[File:Felice Beato, The Great Imperial Palace Before the Burning, 1860.jpg|thumb|right|''The Great Imperial Palace Before the Burning'', [[Beijing]], 1860. Photograph by [[Felice Beato]] – The Stephan Loewentheil Historical Photography of China Collection]]
The collection, numbering more than 15,000 photographs,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Fernandez|first1=Milene|title=Glimpses of a Lost World Through Early Chinese Photography|url=http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/2235290-glimpses-of-a-lost-world-through-early-chinese-photography/|website=The Epoch Times}}</ref> includes work from both international and Chinese photographers, among them Italian-born [[Felice Beato]]; British expatriates Thomas Child and [[William Saunders (photographer)|William Saunders]]; Scottish traveling photographer [[John Thomson (photographer)|John Thomson]]; and native Chinese photographers Pun Lun, [[Lai Afong]] and Tung Hing, among many others.<ref name=Pedersen2017 />

The [https://loewentheilcollection.com/ Stephan Loewentheil Historical Photography of China Collection] has been exhibited both in the [[United States]]<ref name=Baruch /> and abroad.<ref name=Khan2016 /><ref name="Eye" /> The Collection's extensive holdings of early Peking photographs by Thomas Child were exhibited in November 2015 at the [http://chinaexchange.uk/ China Exchange] in [[London]],<ref name=Khan2016>{{cite news|last1=Khan|first1=Eve M.|title=Call Him an Early Adopter: Thomas Child, a 19th-Century Photographer in China|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/23/arts/design/call-him-an-early-adopter-thomas-child-a-19th-century-photographer-in-china.html?mcubz=1|accessdate=August 25, 2017|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 22, 2016}}</ref> and in 2016 at the [http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/wsas/artsculture/mishkingallery/index.html Sidney Mishkin Gallery] at [[Baruch College]] in New York.<ref name=Baruch>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baruch.cuny.edu/qing-dynasty-baruch.htm|title=Qing Dynasty Peking at Mishkin Gallery | Baruch College|website=www.baruch.cuny.edu}}</ref> Child, a British gas engineer sent to [[Peking]] to work for the Imperial Maritime Customs Service in 1870, brought his camera with him throughout his travels and created the most comprehensive photographic portrayal of 19th century [[Peking]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Voon|first1=Claire|title=A British Photographer in 19th-Century Peking|url=https://hyperallergic.com/253179/a-british-photographer-in-19th-century-peking/|website=Hyperallergic|accessdate=August 25, 2017}}</ref> A selection of 30 photographs from the Historical Photography of China Collection, including [[Felice Beato]]'s rare portrait of the [[Old Summer Palace]], taken just before its destruction by Anglo-French troops in the [[Second Opium War]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Freeze Frame|url=http://www.atimes.com/article/rare-photos-beijing-reveal-world-brink-change/|website=Asia Times|accessdate=August 25, 2017}}</ref> was displayed as part of [http://www.asiaweekny.com/ Asia Week New York] in March 2017.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Rothman|first1=Lily|title=These Rare Examples of Early Photography in China Captured a Disappearing World|url=https://www.finebooksmagazine.com/fine_books_blog/2017/02/masterpieces-of-early-chinese-photography-headed-to-new-york.phtml|accessdate=August 25, 2017|magazine=Time Magazine|date=March 7, 2017}}</ref>

Beginning in November 2018, 120 images from the [https://loewentheilcollection.com/ Loewentheil China Photography Collection] were shown in [[Beijing]] at the [[Tsinghua University]] [http://www.artmuseum.tsinghua.edu.cn/en/ Art Museum] in the museum's first [[photography]] [[exhibition]], ''[http://www.artmuseum.tsinghua.edu.cn/en/cpsj_english/zlxx/zzzl/lszl/201812/t20181201_3538.shtml Vision and Reflection: Photographs of China in the 19th Century from the Loewentheil Collection].''<ref name="Eye">{{cite web |title=First Major Exhibition in Beijing of the Earliest Photographs of China |url=https://loeildelaphotographie.com/en/first-major-exhibition-in-beijing-of-the-earliest-photographs-of-china/ |website=The Eye of Photography |accessdate=22 January 2019}}</ref> The largest [[exhibition]] of [[19th century]] [[photographs]] to be staged in [[China]], ''Vision and Reflection'' attracted 70,000 viewers in its first two months,<ref>{{cite news |title=Across China: Exhibition shows 19th century Chinese life through a lens |url=http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1136336.shtml |accessdate=22 January 2019 |newspaper=Global Times |date=January 20, 2019}}</ref> supporting Loewentheil's claim that "the public is eager for exposure to the visual and artistic record preserved by [[Photography in China|Chinese photography]]."<ref name="Xinhua">{{cite news |last1=Enhui |first1=Cui |title=Across China: Exhibition shows 19th century Chinese life through a lens |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-01/19/c_137757937.htm |accessdate=22 January 2019 |publisher=Xinhua}}</ref> Su Dan, Vice Director of the museum, described the exhibit as "a must-see [[exhibition]] for [[scholars]] who are interested in [[literature]], [[history]], [[folklore]] and [[architecture]]. ... a grand feast of [[Chinese culture|historical culture]] and artistic [[aesthetics]],”<ref name="Eye" /> while a young Chinese viewer remarked to the [[Xinhua News Agency]] that "The [[photos]] are more powerful and truthful than written words when transmitting [[history]]. Through them, I feel as if I can touch [[history]]."<ref name="Xinhua" /> In an interview with [[CNN]] about the [http://www.artmuseum.tsinghua.edu.cn/en/cpsj_english/zlxx/zzzl/lszl/201812/t20181201_3538.shtml exhibition], Loewentheil expressed a similar sentiment: "[[photography]] is the greatest preserver of [[history]] ... because it was simultaneous with the [[Industrial Revolution|technological revolutions]] that were to change everything."<ref name="CNN">{{cite web |last1=Holland |first1=Oscar |title=Rare 19th-century images show China at the dawn of photography |url=https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/china-photos-19th-century-loewentheil-collection/index.html |website=CNN |accessdate=22 January 2019}}</ref> Loewentheil was also [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UEo-Yimtb3s&list=PLt-M8o1W_GdSNhViAVk4Fq8IItW8PHBVf interviewed] on [[China Global Television Network]] program "The Point with [[Liu Xin (news anchor)|Liu Xin]]," where he discussed [http://www.artmuseum.tsinghua.edu.cn/en/cpsj_english/zlxx/zzzl/lszl/201812/t20181201_3538.shtml the exhibition] as well as the past, present, and future of [[photography in China]].<ref name=CGTN /> [http://www.artmuseum.tsinghua.edu.cn/en/cpsj_english/zlxx/zzzl/lszl/201812/t20181201_3538.shtml ''Vision and Reflection: Photographs of China in the 19th Century from the Loewentheil Collection''] remained on display through March 31, 2019.<ref name="Xinhua" />

Loewentheil has been published<ref name=Apollo>{{cite news|last1=Loewentheil|first1=Stephan|title=Why Has it Taken Early Chinese Photography So Long to Emerge from the Shadows?|url=https://www.apollo-magazine.com/taken-early-chinese-photography-long-emerge-shadows/|accessdate=September 22, 2017|publisher=Apollo Magazine|date=October 31, 2016}}</ref> and quoted<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tan |first1=Liling |title=Rare photos of China’s Qing dynasty on display for NYC’s Asia Art Week |url=https://america.cgtn.com/2017/03/08/rare-photos-of-chinas-qing-dynasty-on-display-for-nycs-asia-art-week |website=CGTN America |accessdate=22 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="Xinhua" /><ref name="CNN" /> extensively on the subject of [[Photography in China|early Chinese photography]].

== Discovery and recovery of lost and stolen books ==

Loewentheil has assisted in the recovery of stolen rare books and artifacts several times over the course of his career.<ref name=AC2015 /> In 1990, Loewentheil was involved in the discovery and return to the [[University of Pennsylvania]] of several stolen early editions of [[William Shakespeare]]'s plays.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Terry|first1=Robert J.|last2=Ruane|first2=Michael E.|title=A Collector's Find Got Penn its Books Back|newspaper=The Philadelphia Inquirer|date=March 2, 1990}}</ref> A part-time employee of the [[Van Pelt Library]] had stolen nearly 120 rare books, including multiple quarto editions of [[Shakespeare]] plays, an [[incunable]] edition of [[Dante]]'s [[Divine Comedy]], a first edition of [[Thomas Paine]]'s [[Common Sense (pamphlet)|Common Sense]], and many others.<ref name=ABAA>{{cite news|title=Book Theft is Front Page News in Philadelphia|url=https://www.abaa.org/images/newsletter_pdf/Spring%201990.pdf|accessdate=September 25, 2017|issue=Volume One, Number Two|publisher=The ABAA Newsletter|date=April 1990}}</ref> Loewentheil encountered the books at Bauman Rare Books in [[Philadelphia]], where his suspicions were aroused that they might be stolen.<ref name=ABAA /> After researching their [[provenance]], he discovered that they were the property of the [[University of Pennsylvania]], and contacted the [[FBI]], leading to the thief's arrest and the return of the books to the [[Van Pelt Library]].<ref name=ABAA />

In 2013 Loewentheil returned two rare books on early [[Exploration of North America|American exploration]] and travel that had been stolen from the [[National Library of Sweden]] in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rare Books On America's Early Years Returned Years After Being Stolen, Resold|url=http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2013/07/24/rare-books-on-americas-early-years-returned-years-after-being-stolen-resold|accessdate=August 28, 2017|publisher=CBS New York|date=July 24, 2013}}</ref> The theft was not uncovered until 2004, when a library patron requested to view a rare map of the [[Mississippi River]] that was discovered to be missing.<ref name="O'Brien">{{cite web|last1=O'Brien|first1=Liam|title=Books stolen by the "Suicide Librarian" repatriated to Sweden|url=https://www.mhpbooks.com/books-stolen-by-the-suicide-librarian-repatriated-to-sweden/|website=Melville House|accessdate=August 28, 2017}}</ref> Soon after, library employee [[Anders Burius]] was arrested in a case that made international headlines.<ref name=Cohen2012>{{cite news|last1=Cohen|first1=Patricia|title=Swedes Find Stolen Atlas in New York|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/27/books/swedish-royal-library-recovers-stolen-1597-atlas-in-new-york.html?mcubz=1|accessdate=August 28, 2017|newspaper=The New York Times|date=June 26, 2012}}</ref> Further investigations revealed that Burius had stolen dozens of books, including a 1651 first edition of [[Thomas Hobbes|Hobbes]]' [[Leviathan (Hobbes book)|Leviathan]] and a 1633 collection of [[John Donne]] sonnets, from the library between 1995 and 2004,<ref name="O'Brien" /> although the recovery of these volumes was hindered by Burius's [[suicide]] five days after his arrest.<ref name=Cohen2012 />

Years before the theft was discovered, Loewentheil unwittingly acquired two of the [[National Library of Sweden]]'s stolen volumes – a 19th-century illustrated text of the [[Mississippi River]] and a 17th-century French book on the [[Louisiana territory]] by [[Louis Hennepin]],<ref name=Cohen2013>{{cite news|last1=Cohen|first1=Patricia|title=National Library of Sweden to Recover Stolen Books|url=https://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/23/national-library-of-sweden-to-recover-stolen-books/?mcubz=1|accessdate=August 28, 2017|newspaper=The New York Times|date=July 23, 2013}}</ref> – in an auction at Ketterer Kunst in [[Germany]] before selling them to a client in 1998.<ref name=Cohen2013 /> Loewentheil did not become aware of their theft until fourteen years later, when a stolen copy of the [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Descriptionis_Ptolemaic%C3%A6_avgmentvm_siue_Occidentis_notitia_breui_commentario_illustrata_p193.tif#/media/File:Descriptionis_Ptolemaic%C3%A6_avgmentvm_siue_Occidentis_notitia_breui_commentario_illustrata_p193.tif 1597 Wytfliet Atlas] – the earliest printed atlas of the Americas<ref name=Cohen2012 /> – was offered for sale in [[New York City|New York]], prompting the [[National Library of Sweden|Royal Library]] to finally release a [http://www.kb.se/english/about/news/Updated-list-of-stolen-books/ list of missing books].<ref name=Cohen2012 /> Loewentheil immediately set to work tracking down the books in order to purchase them back himself and donate them to the [[National Library of Sweden|Royal Library]], which he accomplished in 2013.<ref name=Cohen2013 />

Some of the returns of stolen books and artifacts Mr. Loewentheil has negotiated have gone unacknowledged, since the victimized institutions declined to report the theft publicly.<ref name=Sharpe2015 />

Loewentheil has been active in condemning theft and [[fraud]] in the rare book industry, and has been a featured speaker in conferences (including "The Written Heritage of Mankind in Peril" at the [[British Library]] in 2015<ref>{{cite web|title=The Written Heritage of Mankind in Peril|url=https://www.bl.uk/events/the-written-heritage-of-mankind-in-peril|website=British Library|accessdate=August 28, 2017}}</ref>) and articles<ref name=Sharpe2015>{{cite web|last1=Sharpe|first1=Emily|title='You must guard your own henhouse and often from your own foxes'|url=http://theartnewspaper.com/news/news/you-must-guard-your-own-henhouse-and-often-from-your-own-foxes/|website=The Art Newspaper|accessdate=August 28, 2017}}</ref><ref name=AC2015 /> on the subject.

== Organic and kosher farming ==

Loewentheil owns and operates an [[organic farm]] in the [[Catskills]] Region of Upstate [[New York (state)|New York]].<ref name=Dicker /> There he grows [[organic produce]] and fruit and breeds and raises cattle, sheep, turkeys, and chickens.<ref name=Gilmore>{{cite journal|last1=Gilmore|first1=Allyson|title=The Antiquarian|journal=W&J Magazine|issue=Spring 2014|page=16|url=https://issuu.com/washjeff/docs/w_j_magazine_spring_2014|accessdate=September 26, 2017}}</ref>

The animals are [[kosher]] processed with the help of a [[shochet]].<ref name=Dicker>{{cite news|last1=Dicker|first1=Ron|title=A Day of 'Conscious Kills'|url=http://jewishweek.timesofisrael.com/a-day-of-conscious-kills/|accessdate=September 22, 2017|newspaper=Jewish Week|date=November 25, 2009}}</ref> The farm was borne out of Loewentheil's desire to serve food to his family and friends that he was "personally responsible for"<ref name=Gilmore /> and to carry on the increasingly threatened traditions of [[shechita]].<ref name=Dicker />

Loewentheil's farm reflects his belief in the necessity of taking accountability for our food in a world dominated by [[agribusiness]].<ref name=Dicker /> This is consistent with the [[Eco-Kashrut|Eco-Kosher Movement]], a growing farm philosophy that seeks to merge traditional [[Jewish dietary laws]] with modern [[Environmental sociology|socio-environmental]] concerns in an attempt to promote [[sustainability|sustainable]] farming and the highest quality meat.<ref name=Dicker />

== Philanthropy ==
[[File:Comte de Paris, Mathew Brady 1862.jpg|thumb|upright|left|From the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] photographic album of [[Louis Philippe II|Louis Philippe d'Orleans Comte de Paris]]. ca. 1862 – The Beth and Stephan Loewentheil Family Photography Collection, [[Cornell University]]]]
Loewentheil has maintained a close relationship with his alma mater, [[Cornell University]], and, through multiple donations, has established the [https://newcatalog.library.cornell.edu/catalog/7062654 Beth and Stephan Loewentheil Family Photography Collection], the centerpiece of the [[Cornell Library]]'s collection of [[fine-art photography]].<ref name=Cornell>{{cite journal|last1=Loewentheil|first1=Stephan|title=Stephan Loewentheil photograph collection|url=https://newcatalog.library.cornell.edu/catalog/7062654}}</ref><ref name=RareBook /><ref name=Kacapyr /> The Loewentheil Collection, which numbers over 16,000 images,<ref name=RareBook /> "includes [[19th century|19th-]] and [[20th-century]] [[photographs]] organized in several major groups: [[Daguerre]] ephemera and early photographic processes, [[African-American]] collection, [[Mathew Brady]] and the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], [[Abraham Lincoln|Lincoln]], [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] and the [[American Frontier|West]], [[hand-colouring of photographs|hand-colored photography]], and [[cartes de visite]]."<ref name=Cornell /> In 2014, Loewentheil donated a rare [[American Civil War|Civil War]]-era [[photograph album]], containing 265 photographs from noted Civil War photographer [[Mathew Brady]] and others, to the [[Cornell University Library]], where it was celebrated as the library's eight millionth volume.<ref name=Kacapyr>{{cite news|last1=Kacapyr|first1=Vasyl|title=Rare Civil War photo album is Cornell Library's 8 millionth volume|url=http://mediarelations.cornell.edu/2014/02/18/rare-civil-war-photo-album-is-cornell-librarys-8-millionth-volume/|accessdate=August 28, 2017|agency=Cornell University}}</ref>

Photographs from the Collection have been featured in the Cornell exhibitions [http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/DawnsEarlyLight/index.html ''Dawn’s Early Light: The First 50 Years of American Photography''] and [http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/lincoln/ ''The Lincoln Presidency: The Last Full Measure of Devotion''].<ref name=Foster2013 /> On the occasion of the retirement of Carl A. Kroch University Librarian Anne Kenney after 30 years at [[Cornell University Library]], Mr. Loewentheil donated a unique photograph of [[Abraham Lincoln]] by [[Alexander Gardner (photographer)|Alexander Gardner]] to the library in Kenney's honor.<ref name=Moskowitz>{{cite news|last1=Lefkowitz|first1=Melanie|title=Rare Lincoln photo honors retiring university librarian|url=http://news.cornell.edu/stories/2017/02/rare-lincoln-photo-honors-retiring-university-librarian|accessdate=August 29, 2017|publisher=Cornell University|date=February 9, 2017}}</ref>

[[File:Marguerite, a former slave, 1880.jpg|thumb|upright|Hand-painted [[tintype]] of an [[African-American]] woman; verso reads "Marguerite, a former slave." ca. 1880 – The Beth and Stephan Loewentheil Family Photography Collection, [[Cornell University]]]]
In 2012, Loewentheil established [https://digital.library.cornell.edu/catalog?f%5Bcollection_tesim%5D%5B%5D=Loewentheil+Collection+of+African-American+Photographs The Loewentheil Collection of African-American Photographs]: a group of 645 photographs depicting [[African-American]] life from 1860 to the 1960s, to be housed at [[Cornell University Library]].<ref name=RareBook>{{cite news|title=Cornell Library Receives African-American Photography Collection|url=https://www.finebooksmagazine.com/press/2012/02/cornell-library-receives-african-american-photography-collection.phtml|accessdate=August 28, 2017|publisher=Rare Book Magazine|date=February 1, 2012}}</ref> The collection – which focuses on images of everyday [[African-American]] life and includes [[cartes de visite]], [[stereoviews]], [[tintype|hand-painted tintypes]], [[cyanotype]]s, and [[daguerreotypes]]<ref name=Voon>{{cite web|last1=Voon|first1=Claire|title=Uncommon Photographs from 100 years of Daily African-American Life|url=https://hyperallergic.com/360281/uncommon-photographs-from-100-years-of-daily-african-american-life/|website=Hyperallergic|accessdate=August 28, 2017}}</ref> – was fully digitized in February 2017 and is available to view in its entirety on the library's [https://digital.library.cornell.edu/?f%5Bcollection_tesim%5D%5B%5D=Loewentheil+Collection+of+African-American+Photographs website].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cascone|first1=Sarah|title=See Rare Photographs of African American Life|url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/rare-photographs-of-african-american-life-cornell-842153/amp-page|website=ArtNet News|accessdate=August 28, 2017}}</ref>

Loewentheil is a member of the [[Board of Trustees]] for his undergraduate alma mater, [[Washington & Jefferson College]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wiki.washjeff.edu/display/PRES/Board+of+Trustees|title=Board of Trustees|website=Washington & Jefferson College Confluence}}</ref>

Loewentheil has been a supporter of the [[New York Public Library]], and of the Library's annual [https://www.nypl.org/ylfa Young Lions Fiction Award] for over a decade.<ref>{{cite web |title=Five Young Literary Talents Chosen as Finalists for The New York Public Library's 2009 Young Lions Fiction Award |url=https://www.nypl.org/node/57158 |website=New York Public Library |accessdate=28 August 2019}}</ref><ref name=NYPL>{{cite news|title=Karan Mahajan Wins The New York Public Library’s 2017 Young Lions Fiction Award for 'The Association of Small Bombs'|url=https://www.nypl.org/press/press-release/june-2-2017/karan-mahajan-wins-new-york-public-librarys-2017-young-lions-fiction|accessdate=September 22, 2017|publisher=New York Public Library|date=June 2, 2017}}</ref> Since its inception in 2001, the award, given each spring to an author under the age of 35 of a [[novel]] or collection of [[short stories]], has honored such luminary young writers as [[Molly Antopol]], [[Karen Russell]], [[Jonathan Safran Foer]], and [[Uzodinma Iweala]].<ref name=NYPL /> Fellow donors to the award's endowment include [[Ethan Hawke]], [[Russell Abrams]], and [[Rick Moody]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Finalists Chosen for The New York Public Library’s 2012 Young Lions Fiction Award|url=https://www.nypl.org/press/press-release/2012/03/08/finalists-chosen-new-york-public-library%E2%80%99s-2012young-lions-fiction-aw|website=www.nypl.org|accessdate=September 22, 2017}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Stephan Loewentheil's martial status is Single. He has three children: Nate, Kara, and Jacob. Loewentheil's oldest son, Nate, worked in the [[White House]] as a special assistant to [[Barack Obama]], and ran in the 2018 elections for the [[Maryland House of Delegates]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/food-drink/bs-fo-mencken-cultured-pearl-revival-20170705-story.html|title=H.L. Mencken's Cultured Pearl to return for candidate's campaign launch|first=Sarah|last=Meehan|website=baltimoresun.com}}</ref> His daughter Kara is a Master certified Life Coach and host of the [[podcast]] [https://unfuckyourbrain.com/ UnF*ck Your Brain],<ref>{{cite web |title=How to UnF*ck Your Brain: A Primer from Master Certified Life Coach Kara Loewentheil |url=http://www.shedoesthecity.com/kara-loewentheil |website=She Does the City |accessdate=28 August 2019}}</ref> which has been downloaded over 3.5 million times since its launch in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Authors: Kara Loewentheil |url=https://thriveglobal.com/authors/kara-loewentheil/ |website=Thrive Global |accessdate=28 August 2019}}</ref> Jacob, his youngest son, is an accomplished [[author]] and [[antiquarian]] who published ''[https://www.rizzoliusa.com/book/9780847848317/. The Psychological Portrait: Marcel Sternberger's Revelations in Photography],'' on the life and art of [[20th Century]] [[portrait photography|portrait photographer]] [[Marcel Sternberger]], in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Beach |first1=Laura |title=Q&A: Jacob Loewentheil |url=https://www.antiquesandthearts.com/qa-jacob-loewentheil/ |publisher=Antiques and The Arts |accessdate=28 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Silverman |first1=Rena |title=Capturing the Love, and Psyches, of Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera |url=https://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/05/24/capturing-the-love-and-psyches-of-frida-kahlo-and-diego-rivera/?_r=0 |accessdate=28 August 2019 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=May 24, 2016}}</ref>
{{-}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Loewentheil, Stephan}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American book and manuscript collectors]]
[[Category:Washington & Jefferson College alumni]]
[[Category:Cornell Law School alumni]]

Sikyonioi

2020-04-21T03:17:56Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.02b - Bot T12 - WP:WCW project (Punctuation in link)

[[File:Sikyon ancient theatre.jpg|thumb|right|The ancient theatre of Sikyon]]
{{italic title}}
'''''Sikyonios''''' or '''''Sikyonioi''''' ({{lang-el|Σικυῶνιος/Σικυῶνιοι}}), translated as ''The Sicyonian(s)'' or ''The Man from [[Sicyon]]'', is an [[Ancient Greek comedy]] by [[Menander]]. About half of the play has survived in fragments of papyrus used to stuff several mummies in the cemetery of Medinet-el-Ghoran in the [[Faiyum]], where they were discovered in 1901 by [[Pierre Jouguet]]. The first acts are almost completely lost, but the rest, although the manuscript is often corrupt, lacunose and hard to read, allows a fair reconstruction of the plot.

==Plot==

[[File:Relief with Menander and New Comedy Masks - Princeton Art Museum.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Roman, [[Roman Republic|Republican]] or [[Roman Empire|Early Imperial]], ''Relief of a seated poet (Menander) with masks of New Comedy'', 1st century B.C. – early 1st century A.D., [[Princeton University Art Museum]]]]

''Sikyionioi'' takes place in a street in [[Attica]], probably in the demos of [[Eleusis]], facing the houses of Kichesias and Smikrines, two Athenians who have reversed their luck, as the once rich Kichesias has grown poor and the poor Smikrines has become rich.

In the [[prologue]] speech the divinity has exposed how twelve years earlier the four-year-old Philumene, together with her nurse and the slave Dromon, was kidnapped by pirates from her father's estate on the coast of [[Attica]] and sold at [[Mylasa]] in [[Caria]] to a wealthy Sicyonian named Hegemon.

The action probably started with a conversation between Theron and his love interest Malthake, during which the audience learns that Theron is the parasite of Stratophanes, a [[mercenary soldier]] who has lately arrived from a successful campaign in Asia Minor. In the first act Stratophanes starts his search for a young slave girl who had previously been in his family's custody. Belonging to his late Sicyonian father Hegemon, the girl was educated like a lady and Stratophanes fell in love with her, but now, due to an important lawsuit lost by his father, her fate is uncertain as the property of the slaves is claimed by the [[Boeotia]]n plaintiff.

When the girl takes refuge in a temple at [[Eleusis]], the old slave in her company claims that she is an Athenian, and a pale beardless young man offers himself as her protector. But then Stratophanes steps up to declare that she belonged to his family. He implores the Eleusinian assembly to be given more time allowing to prove that she is actually an Athenian, which would save her from the Boeotian, but also make it impossible for the Sicyonian to marry her.

Toward the end of act three, however, Stratophanes' slave Pyrrhias reports him the last words of his mother who revealed on her dying bed that he was adopted from an Athenian family. When the slave also brings documents to prove his master's descent, Stratophanes exclaims: "At first I thought I too was a Sicyonian; but here is this man who now brings me my mother's testament and the proofs of my true birth. And I myself believe - if I am to infer from what is written here and to credit it - that I too am your fellow-citizen. Do not yet deprive me of my hope; but if I too am proved to be a fellow citizen of the girl whom I preserved for her father, allow me to ask him for her and to get her. And let none of my antagonists get the girl into his power before he is revealed."<ref>Translation by Hugh Lloyd-Jones, Menander's Sikyonios, (1966), p.142.</ref>

Stratophanes then instructs Theron with the search and the parasite tries to cheat him by paying poor Kichesias to act as her father. At first Kichesias rejects the offer, but then Philumene's slave Dromon arrives to confirm that he is actually the father of the girl.

In act five Stratophanes confronts Smikrines and his pale son Moschion, who has been his rival with the girl, but at the end of their quarrel, when the proof for his Athenian birth is produced, the family recognizes that he is actually Moschion's elder brother given away to the Sicyonians by his father Smikrines when he was poor. As Kichesias consents, Stratophanes is finally free to marry his beloved Philumene.

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
* [http://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/viewFile/11481/4141 Hugh Lloyd-Jones, ''Menander's Sikyonios''], (1966)
* [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/menander_comic_poet-sikyonioi_sicyonians/2000/pb_LCL460.205.xml Menander, ''Sikyonioi''] Loeb Classical Library (2000)
* ''Ménandre, Les Sicyoniens'', Les Belles Lettres (2009)

{{Menander}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Plays by Menander]]

Ludgate Hill (London)

2020-04-20T11:20:54Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.02b - Bot T12 - WP:WCW project (Punctuation in link - Link equal to linktext)

{{for|the former station|Ludgate Hill railway station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2014}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2014}}
{{Refimprove|date=October 2010}}
[[File:Gustave Doré - Ludgate Hill.png|thumb|''Ludgate Hill – A block in the street'', by [[Gustave Doré]] (1872)]]
[[File:Ludgate Hill from Fleet Street (1970).JPG|thumb|Ludgate Hill looking east from the foot of Fleet Street, 1970]]
[[File:Ludgate Hill.jpg|thumb|Ludgate Hill in 2006]]

'''Ludgate Hill''' is a hill in the [[City of London]], near the old [[Ludgate]], a gate to the City that was taken down, with its attached [[prison|gaol]], in 1780. It is the site of [[St. Paul's Cathedral]], traditionally said to have been the site of a [[Roman temple]] of the goddess [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]]. It is one of the three ancient hills of London, the others being [[Tower Hill]] and [[Cornhill (London)|Cornhill]]. The highest point is just north of St. Paul's, at {{convert|17.6|m|ft}} above sea level.<ref>[[Ordnance Survey]] data</ref>

Ludgate Hill is also the name of a street which runs between [[St. Paul's Churchyard]] and [[Ludgate Circus]] (built in 1864), from where it becomes [[Fleet Street]]. It was formerly a much narrower street called Ludgate Street.

==Description==
Many small alleys on Ludgate Hill were swept away in the late 1860s to build [[Ludgate Hill railway station]] between Water Lane and New Bridge Street, a station of the [[London, Chatham and Dover Railway]]. It was closed in 1923 and the railway bridge and viaduct between [[Holborn Viaduct railway station|Holborn Viaduct]] and [[Blackfriars station]]s was demolished in 1990 to enable the construction of the [[City Thameslink railway station]] in a tunnel. This also involved the regrading of the slope of Ludgate Hill at the junction.

There is a [[blue plaque]] near the bottom of the hill with these words: "In a house near this site was published in 1702 The ''[[Daily Courant]]'' first London daily newspaper".

About halfway up Ludgate Hill is the church of [[St Martin, Ludgate|St. Martin, Ludgate]], once physically joined to the Ludgate.

[[Paternoster Square]], home of the [[London Stock Exchange]] since 2004, lies on the hill, immediately to the north of St. Paul's Cathedral.

==Etymology==

Ludgate is generally accepted to derive from the [[Old English]] term ''"hlid-geat"''<ref name=kelly>''Charters of Abingdon Abbey, Volume 2'',Susan E. Kelly, Published for the British Academy by Oxford University Press, 2001, {{ISBN|0-19-726221-X}}, 9780197262214, pp.623–266</ref><ref name=blackie>''Geographical Etymology'', Christina Blackie, pp.88</ref><ref name=EPN>English Place-Name society, Volume 36, The University Press, 1962, pp.205</ref><ref name=MED>Middle English Dictionary, University of Michigan Press, 1998, {{ISBN|0-472-01124-3}} pp. 972</ref><ref name=AEoL>''An encyclopaedia of London'', William Kent, Dent, 1951, pp.402</ref> from ''"hlid"'' ("lid, cover, opening, gate")<ref>http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=lid</ref> and ''"geat"'' or ''"gæt"'' ("gate,<ref name=kelly/> opening, passage")<ref>http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=gate</ref> and was a common Old English compound meaning "[[postern]]" or "swing gate"<ref name=kelly/><ref name=blackie/><ref name=EPN/><ref name=AEoL/> and survives in various place names across [[England]]<ref name=EPN/> as well as in [[Ludgate (surname)|surnames]].<ref>http://www.surnamedb.com/Surname/Ludgate</ref>

Ludgate is mentioned in [[Geoffrey of Monmouth]]'s ''[[Historia Regum Britanniae]]'', written around 1136. According to the [[Pseudohistory|pseudohistorical]] work<ref name=Wright>{{cite book|last=Wright|first=Neil|title=The Historia Regum Britannie of Geoffrey of Monmouth|year=1984|publisher=Boydell and Brewer|location=Woodbridge, England|isbn=978-0-85991-641-7|pages=xvii–xviii}}</ref><ref>"...the ''Historia'' does not bear scrutiny as an authentic history and no scholar today would regard it as such.": Wright (1984: xxviii)</ref> the name comes from the mythic [[Wales|Welsh]] king [[Lud son of Heli]] whom he claims also gave his name to [[London]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/02/books/chapters/02-1st-ackro.html?ex=1225339200&en=b9c2c11ad6e1f435&ei=5070 |title='London' |last=Ackroyd |first=Peter |publisher=New York Times |accessdate=2008-10-28 |date=2001-12-02 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415232705/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/02/books/chapters/02-1st-ackro.html?ex=1225339200&en=b9c2c11ad6e1f435&ei=5070 |archivedate=15 April 2009 }}</ref> ''[[The Cronycullys of Englonde]]'' tell us of an early king of Britain: "he lete make a fayre gate and called hit Lud Gate after his name" in the year 66 BC, but it is more likely that the Romans were the first to build it, and that it is simply named after him. One proposed derivation, entirely prosaic, is that the name is a variation on "Fleodgaet", or "Fleet-gate".

==Literary associations==

At the bottom of Ludgate Hill, on the north side, is Limeburner Lane. This may sound like a quaint survival from medieval times, but it was actually constructed in the 1990s, where Seacoal Lane used to be. This was the location of the [[Bell Savage Inn]], first mentioned in 1452 where plays were performed. According to surveyor [[John Stow]] the name was derived from Isabella Savage, but Addison claimed it was "La belle Sauvage", a woman in the wilderness. The clown [[Richard Tarlton]] used to perform here. It is mentioned in [[Thomas Hughes]]' ''[[Tom Brown's Schooldays]]'' and [[Charles Dickens]]' ''[[The Pickwick Papers]]''. In October 1684, a "Rynoceros lately brought from the East Indies" was put on show there.<ref>The London Gazette of 10 October 1684</ref> The inn was demolished in 1873. In 1851, part of it was rented out to [[John Cassell]] (1817–1865), a notable publisher. At this time it was still called La Belle Sauvage Yard and the firm of Cassell used "la Belle Sauvage" in some of their imprints.

The prison is mentioned in [[Daniel Defoe]]'s ''[[Roxana: The Fortunate Mistress]]''.

From 1731, the "London Coffee House" was next to St. Martin's, Ludgate, at 24–26 Ludgate Hill. It was frequented by [[Joseph Priestley]] and [[Benjamin Franklin]]. When the juries at the [[Old Bailey]] failed to reach a verdict, they were housed here overnight. In 1806, a Roman hexagonal altar dedicated to Claudia Martina by her husband, now in the Guildhall, was found here together with a statue of Hercules.<ref>Ref 1 below</ref> The London Coffee House was closed in 1867, and is now occupied by a pub called "Ye Olde London".

[[Edmund Spenser]]'s "Shepheardes Calender" was printed by Hugh Singleton at the sign of the "Gylden tunne" in Creed Lane in 1579. [[John Evelyn]] lived in the Hawk and Pheasant on Ludgate Hill in 1658–59.

The [[Dominican Order|Blackfriars]], or Dominicans, first came to London in 1221. In 1278, they moved from [[Holborn]] to an area south of Ludgate, where they built a friary. By 1320, they had demolished the Roman wall to build a new wall for the friary. This was demolished at the Reformation, but the name persisted – in 1596 James Burbage, the manager of Shakespeare's acting company, The Lord Chamberlain's Men, acquired the lease to a part of the property that was already being used as a theatre. His intention appears to have been to have the Lord Chamberlain's Men act here. However, local opposition meant that the more fashionable children's acting companies who were already performing here continued to act here for some years instead. It wasn't until 1609 that Shakespeare's company of actors (by then called The King's Men) was able to act at the Blackfriars Theatre. In 1613, [[Shakespeare]] bought the Blackfriars gate-house.

Pageantmaster Court is almost opposite St. Martin's. The name is not medieval but dates from 1993. However, to the west is King's Arms Court, which existed until recently. [[Grinling Gibbons]] lived there. According to Stow, the gate acquired statues in 1260. In the reign of [[Edward VI of England|Edward VI]] the heads were "smitten off" and a few years later "[[Mary I of England|Queen Mary]] did set new heads upon their old bodies again".<ref>[[Ebenezer Cobham Brewer|Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham]]. ''[[Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable|Dictionary of Phrase and Fable]]''. London: Cassell and Company, 1905. [https://books.google.com/books?id=6aElzaWwzkQC&pg=RA1-PA780#v=onepage&q=&f=false Page 780.]</ref>

[[William Hone]], journalist and publisher had an office near Ludgate Hill and the Old Bailey during the mid 1800s.

== Notable Residents ==
* [[Samuel Birch (military officer)]]
[[William Harvey]] (1578-1657) Discovered the Circulation of the Blood, 1628. From 1604-1639 held a residence in the precincts of St Martin's Church, Ludgate.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110526192811/http://collage.cityoflondon.gov.uk/collage/app?service=external%2FItem&sp=ZHercules&sp=4038&sp=X Hercules statue ref (1)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930152321/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/Lu/Ludgate.html Ludgate statues Ref (2)]
*[http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/encap/skilton/nonfic/town/town02.html Leigh Hunt's description]
*[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=63214#s9 Ludgate hill in ''Dictionary of London'' (1918)] British History Online
*[http://www.ludgatecircus.com/ludgate_hill.htm Illustration]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/descriptions/entry_page.jsp;jsessionid=50979D1659C980D741EA6CCA609AE5EB?text_id=730390&word=NULL Gazetteer]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090210051016/http://www.britannia.com/history/londonhistory/ David Nash Ford, "Roman London"]
*[http://www.citypubs.co.uk Ludgate Hill pubs & City of London pubs]

{{Coord|51.5137|-0.101|type:mountain_scale:5000_region:GB-LND|display=title}}
{{City of London}}

[[Category:Streets in the City of London]]
[[Category:Landforms of the City of London]]
[[Category:Hills of London]]

Christopher Dawson

2020-04-18T04:27:37Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.02b - Bot T12 - WP:WCW project (Punctuation in link)

{{about||people of the same name|Chris Dawson (disambiguation)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Christopher Dawson
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FBA|size=100%}}
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 12 October 1889
| birth_place = [[Hay Castle]], [[Hay-on-Wye]], [[Brecknockshire]], Wales
| death_date = {{death date and age|1970|5|25|1889|10|12}}
| death_place = [[Budleigh Salterton]], [[Devon]], England
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| residence =
| nationality =
| other_names =
| education =
| alma mater =
| occupation = Historian
| employer =
| known_for =
| salary =
| networth =
| title =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party =
| boards =
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
}}
'''Christopher Henry Dawson''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FBA}} (12 October 1889, [[Hay Castle]] – 25 May 1970, [[Budleigh Salterton]]) was a British [[independent scholar]], who wrote many books on [[cultural history]] and [[Christendom]]. Dawson has been called "the greatest English-speaking Catholic historian of the twentieth century".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/ChristianityAndCultureSelectionsFromTheWritingsOfChristopherDawson_989/dawsonChristianityAndCulture-SelectionsFromChristopherDawson_djvu.txt|title=Full text of "Christianity and Culture: Selections from the Writings of Christopher Dawson (updated 10/08, PDF)"|website=archive.org|access-date=2016-03-25}}</ref> The 1988–1989 academic year at the [[College of Europe]] was named in his honour.

==Life==
Dawson was born into family deep roots in the English [[gentry]] as the only son of Lt. Colonel H.P. Dawson and Mary Louisa, eldest daughter of [[William Latham Bevan|Archdeacon Bevan]], [[Hay Castle]].<ref>http://www.christianitytoday.com/history/issues/issue-72/modern-pioneers-christopher-dawson.html</ref> He was brought up at [[Hartlington]] Hall, [[Yorkshire]]. He was educated at [[Winchester College]] and [[Trinity College, Oxford]]. He obtained 2nd class honours in Modern History at Oxford in 1911.<ref>''Oxford University Calendar 1913'', p. 192.</ref> After his degree he studied economics. He also read the work of the German theologian [[Ernst Troeltsch]]. His background was [[Anglo-Catholic]] but he became a [[Roman Catholic]] convert in 1914. In 1916 Dawson married Valery Mills, youngest daughter of the architect [[Walter Edward Mills]]. They had two daughters and one son.

==Writing==
{{quote|As soon as men decide that all means are permitted to fight an evil, then their good becomes indistinguishable from the evil that they set out to destroy.|C.H. Dawson}}
He began publishing articles in ''The Sociological Review'', in 1920. His starting point was close to that of [[Oswald Spengler]] and [[Arnold J. Toynbee]], others who were also interested in [[grand narrative]]s conducted at the level of a [[civilisation]]. His first book, ''The Age of the Gods'' (1928), was apparently intended as the first of a set of five to trace European civilisation to the twentieth century, but the schematic plan was not followed to a conclusion.

His general point of view is as a proponent of an 'Old West' theory, the later term of [[David Gress]], who cites Dawson in his ''From Plato to Nato'' (1998). That is, Dawson rejected the blanket assumption that the [[Middle Ages]] in Europe failed to contribute any essential characteristics. He argued that the medieval [[Catholic Church]] was an essential factor in the rise of European civilisation, and wrote extensively in support of that thesis.

==Career==
Dawson was considered a leading Catholic historian. He was a Lecturer in the History of Culture, [[University of Exeter|University College, Exeter]] (1930–6), Forwood Lecturer in the Philosophy of Religion, [[University of Liverpool]] (1934), Gifford Lecturer at the [[University of Edinburgh]] (1947 and 1948), and Chauncey Stillman Professor of Roman Catholic Studies at [[Harvard University]] (1958–62). He was elected as a Fellow of the British Academy in 1943.<ref>''Who Was Who, 1961–70, London : A. & C. Black'', 1972, p.287.</ref>

From 1940 for a period he was editor of the ''[[Dublin Review (Catholic periodical)|Dublin Review]]''.

==Influence==
His writings in the 1920s and 1930s made him a significant figure of the time, and an influence in particular on [[T. S. Eliot]], who wrote of his importance. He was on the fringe of '[[The Moot]]', a discussion group involving Eliot, [[John Baillie (theologian)|John Baillie]], [[Karl Mannheim]], [[Walter Hamilton Moberly|Walter Moberly]], [[Michael Polanyi]], [[Marjorie Reeves]], [[Bernard Lonergan]] and [[Alexander Roper Vidler|Alec Vidler]];<ref>Reeves, Marjorie (editor). ''Christian Thinking and Social Order: Conviction Politics from the 1930s to the Present Day,'' p. 25, Cassell, 1999.</ref> and also the [[Progressio (organization)|Sword of the Spirit]] [[ecumenical]] group. According to Bradley Birzer, Dawson also influenced the theological underpinnings of [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s writings.<ref>Birzer, Bradley J.''Tolkien's Sanctifying Myth'', p. 136, ISI Books, 2003.</ref> [[Russell Kirk]] was another who greatly admired Dawson, although the two men never met.

His works continue to inform the curricula of Catholic institutions. The topical approach outlined by Dawson for the study of Christian culture forms the core of the [http://www.aquinas.edu/catholicstudies/ Catholic Studies] program at [[Aquinas College (Michigan)|Aquinas College]]. His work was influential in the founding of Campion College in NSW, Australia, and in the formation in 2012 of [http://www.dawsonsociety.com.au The Christopher Dawson Society for Philosophy and Culture Inc.] in Perth, Western Australia.
Dawson's vision also outlines the [https://web.archive.org/web/20161029132411/http://www.franciscan.edu/HumanitiesAndCatholicCulture/ Humanities and Catholic Culture] program at the Franciscan University of Steubenville.

==Comparable historians==
As a revivalist of the Christian historian, Christopher Dawson has been compared with [[Kenneth Scott Latourette]] and [[Herbert Butterfield]].<ref>[[W. A. Speck|Speck, W. A.]] "Herbert Butterfield: The Legacy of a Christian Historian." In ''A Christian View of History?'', [[George Marsden]], [[Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]], 1975, p.100.</ref>
Comparisons have also been made between the work of Dawson and German sociologist and historian [[Max Weber]]. Both employ a metahistorical approach to their subjects, and their subjects themselves bear similarities; namely, the influence of religion on aspects of western culture.<ref>Weber, Max. ''The Protestant Ethic and the "Spirit" of Capitalism, and Other Writings.'' [[Penguin Books]], 2002, p. xx.</ref>

==Works==

===Books===
* ''The Age of the Gods'' (1928). Reissued by the [[Catholic University of America Press]] (2012)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=laditQAACAAJ|title=The Age of the Gods|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=2012-01-01|publisher=Catholic University of America Press|isbn=9780813219776|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Progress and Religion: An Historical Inquiry'' (1929). Reissued by the [[Catholic University of America Press]] (2001)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tb9AQzKYRPgC|title=Progress and Religion: An Historical Inquiry (The Works of Christopher Dawson)|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=2001-01-01|publisher=CUA Press|isbn=9780813210155|language=en}}</ref>
* [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015035313090 ''Christianity and the New Age''] (1931)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jq5KAAAAMAAJ|title=Christianity and the new age|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=1931-01-01|publisher=Sheed & Ward|language=en}}</ref><ref>Hittinger, Russell. [http://www.unz.org/Pub/ModernAge-1989q2-00372 "The Failure of Liberal Humanism,"] ''Modern Age,'' June 1989.</ref>
* ''The Making of Europe: An Introduction to the History of European Unity''. London: [[Sheed and Ward]], 1932. Reissued by the [[Catholic University of America Press]], 2003.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The making of Europe;an introduction to the history of European unity|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=1952-01-01|publisher=New York|hdl = 2027/mdp.39015000353949}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/makingofeurope00daws#page/n5/mode/2up|title=Making of Europe|website=archive.org|access-date=2016-03-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a99zdvANyGkC|title=The Making of Europe: An Introduction to the History of European Unity|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=1932-01-01|publisher=CUA Press|isbn=9780813210834|language=en}}</ref>
* ''The Spirit of the [[Oxford Movement]]'' (1933)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.amazon.com/spirit-Oxford-movement-Christopher-Dawson/dp/B00086UN1W|title=The spirit of the Oxford movement|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=1934-01-01|publisher=Sheed & Ward|edition=1st|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CTk6YAAACAAJ|title=The Spirit of the Oxford Movement|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=1934-01-01|publisher=AMS Press|isbn=9780404140250|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Enquiries into Religion and Culture'' (1933). Reissued by the [[Catholic University of America Press]] (2009)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpyGBD9cIEYC|title=Enquiries Into Religion and Culture (The Works of Christopher Dawson)|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|last2=Royal|first2=Robert|date=2009-01-01|publisher=CUA Press|isbn=9780813215433|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Medieval Religion and Other Essays'' (1935)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QdFxNAAACAAJ|title=Medieval Religion and Other Essays|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=1935-01-01|publisher=Sheed & Ward|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Religion and the Modern State'' (1936)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.questia.com/library/77331007/religion-and-the-modern-state|title=Religion and the Modern State by Christopher Dawson, 1935 - Online Research Library: Questia|website=www.questia.com|access-date=2016-03-25}}</ref>
* ''Beyond Politics'' (1939)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0qx9nQEACAAJ|title=Beyond Politics|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=1941-01-01|publisher=Sheed & Ward|language=en}}</ref>
* [http://artsandsciences.colorado.edu/ctp/tag/christopher-dawson/ ''The Claims of Politics''] (1939)
* ''The Judgment of the Nations'' (1942). Reissued by the [[Catholic University of America Press]] (2011)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hZ8q6qtvn0IC|title=The Judgment of the Nations|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=2011-11-28|publisher=CUA Press|isbn=9780813218809|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Gifford Lectures]] 1947–49
** [https://www.giffordlectures.org/lectures/religion-and-culture ''Religion and Culture''] (1948) {{ISBN|0-404-60498-6}}
** [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=d5rTOQqqTywC&oi=fnd&pg=PT3&ots=ZIXY7AyEZK&sig=oUkU0f7OWJ1larZdARA1Hx1Sk70#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Religion and the Rise of Western Culture''] (1950) {{ISBN|0-385-42110-9}}
* ''Understanding Europe'' (1952). Reissued by the [[Catholic University of America Press]] (2009)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Understanding_Europe_The_Works_of_Christ.html?id=QySlsAQ-IOQC|title=Understanding Europe (The Works of Christopher Dawson)|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=2008-12-23|publisher=CUA Press|isbn=9780813215440|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Medieval Essays'' (1954). Reissued by the [[Catholic University of America Press]] (2002)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tcDueTlRZoAC|title=Medieval Essays (The Works of Christopher Dawson)|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=1954-01-01|publisher=CUA Press|isbn=9780813210179|language=en}}</ref>
* ''The Mongol Mission: Narratives and Letters of the Franciscan Missionaries in Mongolia and China in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries'' (1955). Republished in 1966 as ''Mission to Asia''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fYiYAQAACAAJ|title=The Mongol Mission: Narratives and Letters of the Franciscan Missionaries in Mongolia and China in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=1955-01-01|publisher=AMS Press|isbn=9780404170080|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Dynamics of World History'' (1957).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/dynamicsofworldh008899mbp#page/n9/mode/2up|title=The Dynamics Of World History|website=archive.org|access-date=2016-03-25}}</ref> Edited by [[John J. Mulloy]] et al. Reissued by the [[Intercollegiate Studies Institute]] (2002).<ref>Royal, Robert. [http://staging.weeklystandard.com/Content/Protected/Articles/000/000/002/326nygug.asp "Dawson's History: Resurrecting the Work of Christopher Dawson,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527215100/http://staging.weeklystandard.com/Content/Protected/Articles/000/000/002/326nygug.asp |date=27 May 2014 }} ''The Weekly Standard,'' Vol. VIII, N°. 26, 17 March 2003.</ref>
* ''The Movement of World Revolution'' (1959)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/movementofworldr00daws|url-access=registration|title=The movement of world revolution|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=1959-01-01|publisher=Sheed & Ward|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Progress and Religion: An Historical Enquiry'' (1960) with others Reissued by the [[Catholic University of America Press]] (2001)
* ''The Historic Reality of Christian Culture'' (1960)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/historicrealityo00daws|url-access=registration|title=The Historic Reality of Christian Culture: A Way to the Renewal of Human Life|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=1960-01-01|publisher=Harper|language=en}}</ref>
* ''The Crisis of Western Education: With Specific Programs for the Study of Christian Culture'' (1961). Reissued by the [[Catholic University of America Press]] (2010)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t0LOfd9WKAoC|title=The Crisis of Western Education (The Works of Christopher Dawson)|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=2010-01-01|publisher=CUA Press|isbn=9780813216836|language=en}}</ref>
* ''The Dividing of Christendom'' (1965)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Dividing_of_Christendom.html?id=-i2KAAAAMAAJ|title=The Dividing of Christendom|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=1967-01-01|publisher=Image Books|language=en}}</ref>
* ''The Formation of Christendom'' (1967)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wS78LsGaZpkC|title=The Formation of Christendom|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=2008-01-01|publisher=Ignatius Press|isbn=9781586172398|language=en}}</ref>
* ''The Gods of Revolution'' (1972)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ngNoAAAAMAAJ|title=The gods of revolution|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=1972-01-01|publisher=Sidgwick & Jackson|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Religion and World History: A Selection from the Works of Christopher Dawson'' (1975)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TfMXAAAAIAAJ|title=Religion and World History: A Selection from the Works of Christopher Dawson|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=1975-01-01|publisher=Image Books|isbn=9780385095518|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Christianity and European Culture: Selections from the Work of Christopher Dawson'' edited by [[Gerald J. Russello]] Reissued by the [[Catholic University of America Press]] (1998)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/ChristianityAndCultureSelectionsFromTheWritingsOfChristopherDawson_989/dawsonChristianityAndCulture-SelectionsFromChristopherDawson_djvu.txt|title=Full text of "Christianity and Culture: Selections from the Writings of Christopher Dawson (updated 10/08, PDF)"|website=archive.org|access-date=2016-03-25}}</ref>

===Selected articles===
* [https://stormfields.files.wordpress.com/2014/12/cd-first-article-1915.pdf "The Catholic Tradition and the Modern State,"] ''The Catholic Review'', January/March 1915.
* [http://www.unz.org/Pub/AmericanRev-1933apr-00036 "The Significance of Bolshevism,"] ''The American Review,'' April 1933.
* [http://www.unz.org/Pub/Scrutiny-1939sep-00136 "The Claims of Politics,"] ''Scrutiny,'' September 1939.
* [http://www.crisismagazine.com/2011/catholicism-and-the-bourgeois-mind "Catholicism and the Bourgeois Mind,"] ''Crisis Magazine,'' 27 December 2011.<ref>Stork, Thomas. [http://distributistreview.com/mag/2012/12/catholics-and-the-bourgeois-mind/ "Catholics and the Bourgeois Mind,"] ''The Distributist Review,'' 31 December 2012.</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Birzer, Brad. ''Sanctifying the World: The Augustinian Life and Mind of Christopher Dawson,'' Christendom Press, 2007.
* Birzer, Brad. [http://www.imaginativeconservative.org/2012/06/christopher-dawson-on-liberalism-part-i.html#.UQ2dbx2ZmSo "Christopher Dawson on Liberalism,"] [http://www.imaginativeconservative.org/2012/06/christopher-dawson-on-liberalism-part.html Part II], [http://www.imaginativeconservative.org/2012/06/christopher-dawson-on-liberalism-part_07.html#.UQ2dKB2ZmSo Part III], ''The Imaginative Conservative,'' June 2012.
* Birzer, Brad. [http://www.crisismagazine.com/2012/the-liberal-arts-dawsons-prerequisite-for-the-reconstruction-of-christendom "The Liberal Arts: Dawson’s Prerequisite for the Reconstruction of Christendom,"] ''Crisis Magazine,'' 11 October 2012.
* Bliese, John R. E. [http://www.unz.org/Pub/ModernAge-1979q3-00259 "Christopher Dawson,"] ''Modern Age,'' Summer 1979.
* Caldecott, Stratford and Morril, John. ''Eternity in Time: Christopher Dawson and the Catholic Idea of History,'' T. & T. Clark, 1997.
* Fitzgibbon, George F. "The Cyclical Theory of Christopher Dawson," ''The American Catholic Sociological Review,'' Vol. 2, No. 1, Mar. 1941.
* Hart, Jeffrey. [http://www.unz.org/Pub/ModernAge-1997q3-00210 "Christopher Dawson and the History We Are Not Told,"] ''Modern Age,'' September 1997.
* Hittinger, Russell. [http://catholiceducation.org/articles/civilization/cc0048.html "Christopher Dawson on Technology and the Demise of Liberalism,"] ''CERC,'' 1993.
* Kirk, Russell. [http://www.kirkcenter.org/index.php/bookman/article/the-high-achievement-of-christopher-dawson/ "The High Achievement of Christopher Dawson,"] ''The University Bookman,'' Volume 47, Number 1, Winter 2010.
* Marshall, Caroline T. [http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/2001/issue72/16.45.html "Modern Pioneers: Christopher Dawson, Champion of Christian Culture,"] ''Christianity Today,'' 10 January 2001.
* Olsen, Glenn W. [http://www.communio-icr.com/articles/PDF/olsen35-1.pdf "Why We Need Christopher Dawson,"] ''Communio,'' Vol. 35, Spring 2008.
* Olsen, Glenn W. "Christopher Dawson and the Renewal of Catholic Education," ''Logos,'' Volume 13, Number 3, Summer 2010.
* Parkes, H. B. [http://www.unz.org/Pub/Scrutiny-1937mar-00365 "Christopher Dawson,"] ''Scrutiny,'' March 1937.
* Quinn, Dermot. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225240/http://www.humanitas.cl/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=262%3Achristopher-dawson-historian-and-prophet-of-our-time-dermot-quinn&catid=89%3Adawson-y-la-filosofia-de-la-historia "Christopher Dawson: Historian and Prophet of Our Time,"] ''Humanitas,'' [n.d].
* Quinn, Dermot. [http://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/dawsons-creed/ "Dawson’s Creed,"] ''The American Conservative,'' 1 February 2010.
* Russello, Gerald J. "Christopher Dawson's 'America and the Secularization of Modern Culture.'" ''Logos,'' Vol. 3, 2000.
* Russello, Gerald J. [http://www.crisismagazine.com/2011/christopher-dawson-on-christ-in-history "Christopher Dawson: Christ in History,"] ''Crisis Magazine,'' 27 December 2011.
* Schwartz, Adam. "Confronting the "Totalitarian Antichrist": Christopher Dawson and Totalitarianism," ''The Catholic Historical Review,'' Volume 89, Number 3, July 2003.
* Scott, Christina. ''A Historian and His World: A Life of Christopher Dawson, 1889-1970,'' Sheed & Ward, 1984.<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/Historian-His-World-Christopher-Conservative/dp/1560000139 www.amazon.com]</ref>
* Ward, Leo R. [http://www.unz.org/Pub/ModernAge-1973q4-00399 "Dawson on Education in Christian Culture,"] ''Modern Age,'' Fall 1973.

==External links==
* Catholic Education Resource Center: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130521040627/http://www.catholiceducation.org/links/search.cgi Christopher Dawson].
* [http://www.dawsonsociety.com.au The Christopher Dawson Society for Philosophy and Culture Inc.]
* [http://www.stthomas.edu/libraries/special/rare/dawson/ The Christopher Dawson Collection]
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060309205249/http://www.deepsight.org/bibliog/dawbib.htm |date=9 March 2006 |title=Full Dawson Bibliography }}
* [http://www.ignatiusinsight.com/features2008/bbirzer_interview_feb08.asp Rediscovering Christopher Dawson: An Interview with Dr. Bradley J. Birzer]
* [http://www.ewtn.com/library/HOMELIBR/DAWSON.TXT The Achievement of Christopher Dawson]
* Catholic Authors: [http://www.catholicauthors.com/dawson.html Christopher Dawson]
* [http://www.theimaginativeconservative.org/christopher-dawson-twofold-nature-of/#.UUNo7xeG2Sp Christopher Dawson: The Twofold Nature of Christian History]
* {{YouTube|S_tHH6Y4JKQ|Gleaves Whitney on Christopher Dawson}}
* [http://www.isi.org/lectures/lectures.aspx?SBy=search&SSub=title&SFor=christopher%20dawson Lectures on Christopher Dawson]{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.bennozuiddam.com Launch Christopher Dawson Centre, Hobart, Tasmania]
* [http://www.christopherdawson.org.uk Christopher Dawson, Historian of Religion and Culture. Website published by Julian Scott, literary executor of the estate of Christopher Dawson, giving an overview of his life and work]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dawson, Christopher}}
[[Category:1889 births]]
[[Category:1970 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century English historians]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Christian humanists]]
[[Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Anglicanism]]
[[Category:English Anglo-Catholics]]
[[Category:English Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:English Roman Catholic writers]]
[[Category:Fellows of the British Academy]]
[[Category:Harvard Divinity School faculty]]
[[Category:People educated at Winchester College]]
[[Category:People from Hay-on-Wye]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic writers]]
[[Category:Sociologists of religion]]

Burnside-Problem

2020-04-18T00:50:35Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.02b - Bot T12 - WP:WCW project (Punctuation in link)

{{Group theory sidebar}}

The '''Burnside problem''', posed by [[William Burnside]] in 1902 and one of the oldest and most influential questions in [[group theory]], asks whether a [[finitely generated group]] in which every element has finite [[Order (group theory)|order]] must necessarily be a [[finite group]]. [[Evgeny Golod]] and [[Igor Shafarevich]] provided a counter-example in 1964. The problem has many variants (see [[#Bounded Burnside problem|bounded]] and [[#Restricted Burnside problem|restricted]] below) that differ in the additional conditions imposed on the orders of the group elements.

== Brief history ==

Initial work pointed towards the affirmative answer. For example, if a group ''G'' is finitely generated and the order of each element of ''G'' is a divisor of 4, then ''G'' is finite. Moreover, [[A. I. Kostrikin]] was able to prove in 1958 that among the finite groups with a given number of generators and a given prime exponent, there exists a largest one. This provides a solution for the [[#Restricted Burnside problem|restricted Burnside problem]] for the case of prime exponent. (Later, in 1989, [[Efim Zelmanov]] was able to solve the restricted Burnside problem for an arbitrary exponent.) [[Issai Schur]] had showed in 1911 that any finitely generated periodic group that was a subgroup of the group of invertible ''n'' × ''n'' complex matrices was finite; he used this theorem to prove the [[Jordan–Schur theorem]].<ref name="Curtis">{{cite book |title=Representation Theory of Finite Groups and Associated Algebras |last=Curtis |first=Charles |author2=Reiner, Irving |year=1962 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |pages=256–262}}</ref>

Nevertheless, the general answer to the Burnside problem turned out to be negative. In 1964, Golod and Shafarevich constructed an infinite group of Burnside type without assuming that all elements have uniformly bounded order. In 1968, [[Pyotr Novikov]] and [[Sergei Adian]] supplied a negative solution to the bounded exponent problem for all odd exponents larger than 4381. In 1982, [[A. Yu. Ol'shanskii]] found some striking counterexamples for sufficiently large odd exponents (greater than 1010), and supplied a considerably simpler proof based on geometric ideas.

The case of even exponents turned out to be much harder to settle. In 1992, S. V. Ivanov announced the negative solution for sufficiently large even exponents divisible by a large power of 2 (detailed proofs were published in 1994 and occupied some 300 pages). Later joint work of Ol'shanskii and Ivanov established a negative solution to an analogue of Burnside problem for [[hyperbolic group]]s, provided the exponent is sufficiently large. By contrast, when the exponent is small and different from 2, 3, 4 and 6, very little is known.

== General Burnside problem ==
A group ''G'' is called [[periodic group|periodic]] if every element has finite order; in other words, for each ''g'' in ''G'', there exists some positive integer ''n'' such that ''g''''n'' = 1. Clearly, every finite group is periodic. There exist easily defined groups such as the [[Prüfer group|''p''∞-group]] which are infinite periodic groups; but the latter group cannot be finitely generated.

<blockquote>'''General Burnside problem.''' If ''G'' is a finitely generated, periodic group, then is ''G'' necessarily finite?</blockquote>

This question was answered in the negative in 1964 by [[Evgeny Golod]] and [[Igor Shafarevich]], who gave an example of an infinite [[p-group|''p''-group]] that is finitely generated (see [[Golod–Shafarevich theorem]]). However, the orders of the elements of this group are not ''a priori'' bounded by a single constant.

== Bounded Burnside problem ==
[[File:FreeBurnsideGroupExp3Gens2.png|thumb|350px|right|The [[Cayley graph]] of the 27-element free Burnside group of rank 2 and exponent 3.]]

Part of the difficulty with the general Burnside problem is that the requirements of being finitely generated and periodic give very little information about the possible structure of a group. Therefore, we pose more requirements on ''G''. Consider a periodic group ''G'' with the additional property that there exists a least integer ''n'' such that for all ''g'' in ''G'', ''g''''n'' = 1. A group with this property is said to be ''periodic with bounded exponent'' ''n'', or just a ''group with exponent'' ''n''. Burnside problem for groups with bounded exponent asks:

<blockquote>'''Burnside problem.''' If ''G'' is a finitely generated group with exponent ''n'', is ''G'' necessarily finite?</blockquote>

It turns out that this problem can be restated as a question about the finiteness of groups in a particular family. The '''free Burnside group''' of rank ''m'' and exponent ''n'', denoted B(''m'', ''n''), is a group with ''m'' distinguished generators ''x''1, ..., ''xm'' in which the identity ''xn'' = 1 holds for all elements ''x'', and which is the "largest" group satisfying these requirements. More precisely, the characteristic property of B(''m'', ''n'') is that, given any group ''G'' with ''m'' generators ''g''1, ..., ''gm'' and of exponent ''n'', there is a unique homomorphism from B(''m'', ''n'') to ''G'' that maps the ''i''th generator ''xi'' of B(''m'', ''n'') into the ''i''th generator ''gi'' of ''G''. In the language of [[presentation of a group|group presentations]], free Burnside group B(''m'', ''n'') has ''m'' generators ''x''1, ..., ''xm'' and the relations ''xn'' = 1 for each word ''x'' in ''x''1, ..., ''xm'', and any group ''G'' with ''m'' generators of exponent ''n'' is obtained from it by imposing additional relations. The existence of the free Burnside group and its uniqueness up to an isomorphism are established by standard techniques of group theory. Thus if ''G'' is any finitely generated group of exponent ''n'', then ''G'' is a [[group homomorphism|homomorphic image]] of B(''m'', ''n''), where ''m'' is the number of generators of ''G''. Burnside problem can now be restated as follows:

<blockquote>'''Burnside problem II.''' For which positive integers ''m'', ''n'' is the free Burnside group B(''m'', ''n'') finite?</blockquote>

The full solution to Burnside problem in this form is not known. Burnside considered some easy cases in his original paper:

*B(1, ''n'') is the [[cyclic group]] of order ''n''.
*B(''m'', 2) is the [[direct product of groups|direct product]] of ''m'' copies of the cyclic group of order 2 and hence finite.<ref group="note">The key step is to observe that the identities ''a''2 = ''b''2 = (''ab'')2 = 1 together imply that ''ab'' = ''ba'', so that a free Burnside group of exponent two is necessarily [[abelian group|abelian]].</ref>

The following additional results are known (Burnside, Sanov, [[Marshall Hall (mathematician)|M. Hall]]):

*B(''m'', 3), B(''m'', 4), and B(''m'', 6) are finite for all ''m''.

The particular case of B(2, 5) remains open: {{as of|2005|lc=on}} it was not known whether this group is finite.

The breakthrough in solving the Burnside problem was achieved by [[Pyotr Novikov]] and [[Sergei Adian]] in 1968. Using a complicated combinatorial argument, they demonstrated that for every [[even and odd numbers|odd]] number ''n'' with ''n'' > 4381, there exist infinite, finitely generated groups of exponent ''n''. Adian later improved the bound on the odd exponent to 665.<ref>[[John Britton (mathematician)|John Britton]] proposed a nearly 300 page alternative proof to the Burnside problem in 1973; however, Adian ultimately pointed out a flaw in that proof.</ref> The case of even exponent turned out to be considerably more difficult. It was only in 1994 that Sergei Vasilievich Ivanov was able to prove an analogue of Novikov–Adian theorem: for any ''m'' > 1 and an even ''n'' ≥ 248, ''n'' divisible by 29, the group B(''m'', ''n'') is infinite; together with the Novikov–Adian theorem, this implies infiniteness for all ''m'' > 1 and ''n'' ≥ 248. This was improved in 1996 by I. G. Lysënok to ''m'' > 1 and ''n'' ≥ 8000. Novikov–Adian, Ivanov and Lysënok established considerably more precise results on the structure of the free Burnside groups. In the case of the odd exponent, all finite subgroups of the free Burnside groups were shown to be cyclic groups. In the even exponent case, each finite subgroup is contained in a product of two [[dihedral group]]s, and there exist non-cyclic finite subgroups. Moreover, the [[word problem for groups|word]] and [[conjugacy problem|conjugacy]] problems were shown to be effectively solvable in B(''m'', ''n'') both for the cases of odd and even exponents ''n''.

A famous class of counterexamples to the Burnside problem is formed by finitely generated non-cyclic infinite groups in which every nontrivial proper subgroup is a finite [[cyclic group]], the so-called [[Tarski monster group|Tarski Monsters]]. First examples of such groups were constructed by [[A. Yu. Ol'shanskii]] in 1979 using geometric methods, thus affirmatively solving O. Yu. Schmidt's problem. In 1982 Ol'shanskii was able to strengthen his results to establish existence, for any sufficiently large [[prime number]] ''p'' (one can take ''p'' > 1075) of a finitely generated infinite group in which every nontrivial proper subgroup is a [[cyclic group]] of order ''p''. In a paper published in 1996, Ivanov and Ol'shanskii solved an analogue of the Burnside problem in an arbitrary [[hyperbolic group]] for sufficiently large exponents.

== Restricted Burnside problem ==
Formulated in the 1930s, it asks another, related, question:

<blockquote>'''Restricted Burnside problem.''' If it is known that a group ''G'' with ''m'' generators and exponent ''n'' is finite, can one conclude that the order of ''G'' is bounded by some constant depending only on ''m'' and ''n''? Equivalently, are there only finitely many ''finite'' groups with ''m'' generators of exponent ''n'', up to [[group isomorphism|isomorphism]]?</blockquote>

This variant of the Burnside problem can also be stated in terms of certain universal groups with ''m'' generators and exponent ''n''. By basic results of group theory, the intersection of two subgroups of finite [[Index of a subgroup|index]] in any group is itself a subgroup of finite index. Let ''M'' be the intersection of all subgroups of the free Burnside group B(''m'', ''n'') which have finite index, then ''M'' is a [[normal subgroup]] of B(''m'', ''n'') (otherwise, there exists a subgroup ''g''−1''Mg'' with finite index containing elements not in ''M''). One can therefore define a group B0(''m'', ''n'') to be the factor group B(''m'', ''n'')/''M''. Every finite group of exponent ''n'' with ''m'' generators is a homomorphic image of B0(''m'', ''n'').
The restricted Burnside problem then asks whether B0(''m'', ''n'') is a finite group.

In the case of the prime exponent ''p'', this problem was extensively studied by [[A. I. Kostrikin]] during the 1950s, prior to the negative solution of the general Burnside problem. His solution, establishing the finiteness of B0(''m'', ''p''), used a relation with deep questions about identities in [[Lie algebra]]s in finite characteristic. The case of arbitrary exponent has been completely settled in the affirmative by [[Efim Zelmanov]], who was awarded the [[Fields Medal]] in 1994 for his work.

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
<references/>

== Bibliography ==
* [[Sergei Adian|S. I. Adian]] (1979) ''The Burnside problem and identities in groups''. Translated from the Russian by John Lennox and James Wiegold. [[Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete]] [Results in Mathematics and Related Areas], 95. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-New York. {{ISBN|3-540-08728-1}}.
* S. V. Ivanov (1994) "The free Burnside groups of sufficiently large exponents," ''Internat. J. Algebra Comput. 4''.
* S. V. Ivanov, A. Yu. Ol'shanskii (1996) "[http://www.ams.org/tran/1996-348-06/S0002-9947-96-01510-3/home.html Hyperbolic groups and their quotients of bounded exponents]," ''Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 348'': 2091–2138.
* A. I. Kostrikin (1990) ''Around Burnside''. Translated from the Russian and with a preface by [[James Wiegold]]. ''Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete'' (3) [Results in Mathematics and Related Areas (3)], 20. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. {{ISBN|3-540-50602-0}}.
* {{cite journal |author=I. G. Lysënok |year=1996 |title=Infinite Burnside groups of even exponent |language=Russian |journal=Izv. Ross. Akad. Nauk Ser. Mat. |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=3–224 |doi=10.4213/im77|doi-access=free }} Translation in {{cite journal |journal=Izv. Math. |volume=60 |year=1996 |issue=3 |pages=453–654 |title=Infinite Burnside groups of even exponent |last1=Lysënok |first1=I. G.|doi=10.1070/IM1996v060n03ABEH000077}}
* A. Yu. Ol'shanskii (1989) ''Geometry of defining relations in groups''. Translated from the 1989 Russian original by Yu. A. Bakhturin (1991) ''Mathematics and its Applications'' (Soviet Series), 70. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group. {{ISBN|0-7923-1394-1}}.
* {{cite journal |author=E. Zelmanov |year=1990 |title=Solution of the restricted Burnside problem for groups of odd exponent |language=Russian |journal=Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR |series=Ser. Mat. |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=42–59, 221 |url=http://mi.mathnet.ru/eng/izv1104|author-link=Efim Zelmanov }} Translation in {{cite journal |journal=Math. USSR-Izv. |volume=36 |year=1991 |issue=1 |pages=41–60 |title=Solution of the Restricted Burnside Problem for Groups of Odd Exponent |last1=Zel'manov |first1=E I|doi=10.1070/IM1991v036n01ABEH001946|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8f6ba36adbf98efb55a383f8cd3616e8da49a609 }}
* {{cite journal |author=E. Zelmanov |year=1991 |title=Solution of the restricted Burnside problem for 2-groups |language=Russian |journal=Mat. Sb. |volume=182 |issue=4 |pages=568–592 |url=http://mi.mathnet.ru/eng/msb1311|author-link=Efim Zelmanov }} Translation in {{cite journal |journal=Math. USSR Sbornik |volume=72 |year=1992 |issue=2 |pages=543–565 |title=A Solution of the Restricted Burnside Problem for 2-groups |last1=Zel'manov |first1=E I|doi=10.1070/SM1992v072n02ABEH001272}}

== External links ==
* [http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Burnside_problem.html History of the Burnside problem] at [[MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]

[[Category:Group theory]]
[[Category:Unsolved problems in mathematics]]

Abba Kyari

2020-04-06T00:02:48Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.02b - Bot T5 CW#90 - WP:WCW project (Internal link written as an external link)

{{EngvarB|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
| name = Abba Kyari
| image_size =
| caption =
| office1 = [[Chief of Staff to the President (Nigeria)|Chief of Staff to the President]]
| president1 = [[Muhammadu Buhari]]
| term_start1 = 27 August 2015
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Jones Arogbofa]]
| alma_mater = [[Nigerian Law School]] [[Harvard Business School]] [[International Institute for Management Development]]
| education = [[University of Warwick]] [[University of Cambridge]]
| awards = [[Order of the Niger]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
}}

'''Abba Kyari''' is a Nigerian politician who is currently serving as the [[Chief of Staff to the President (Nigeria)|Chief of Staff]] to [[President of Nigeria|President]] [[Muhammadu Buhari]].<ref name="Guardian">{{cite web|last1=Bakare|first1=Tonye|title=Buhari appoints Lawal as SGF, Kyari as CoS|url=http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/2015/08/flash-buhari-appoints-lawal-as-sgf/|website=Guardian Nigeria|accessdate=29 August 2015}}</ref>

==Family and personal life==

=== Early life and education ===
A [[Kanuri people|Kanuri]] from [[Borno State|Borno]], not much is known about his early life. In 1980, he graduated with a [[bachelor's degree]] in [[sociology]] from the [[University of Warwick]], and also received a bachelor's degree in [[law]] from the [[University of Cambridge]].<ref name="Exxon-Mobil2">{{cite web|url=http://www.exxonmobil.com.ng/Nigeria-English/PA/products_downstream_directors.aspx|title=Exxon Mobil Nigeria Board of Directors|website=Exxon Mobil|accessdate=29 August 2015}}</ref> In 1983, he was called to the [[Nigerian Bar Association|Nigerian Bar]] after attending the [[Nigerian Law School]].<ref name="TDLN">{{cite web|last1=Aboyade |first1=Funke |title=From Dublin, Law School Set of ’83 Plans Big |url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/from-dublin-law-school-set-of-8217-83-plans-big/127530 |website=This Day Live Nigeria |accessdate=29 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016010128/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/from-dublin-law-school-set-of-8217-83-plans-big/127530 |archivedate=16 October 2012 }}</ref>

In 1984, he obtained a [[master's degree]] in law from the University of Cambridge.<ref name="Exxon-Mobil">{{cite web|title=Exxon Mobil Nigeria Board of Directors|url=http://www.exxonmobil.com.ng/Nigeria-English/PA/products_downstream_directors.aspx|website=Exxon Mobil|accessdate=29 August 2015}}</ref> He later attended the [[International Institute for Management Development]] in [[Lausanne]], Switzerland and participated in the Program for Management Development at the [[Harvard Business School]], in 1992 and 1994, respectively.

=== Family ===
Kyari is married to the sister-in-law of [[Ibrahim Tahir]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gamji.com/haruna/haruna303.htm|title=Tahir: The Death of a Radical Conservative|last=Haruna|first=Mohammed|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>, and has four children.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/opinion/columnists/ibrahim-tahir-a-personal-loss-2/|title=Ibrahim Tahir: A Personal Loss|last=Kyari|first=Abba|date=23 December 2009|website=The Guardian|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

=== Health ===
On March 24, 2020, it was made public that Kyari tested positive for [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]] on March 23, following an official trip to Germany nine days before.<ref name=coronavirus>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/383571-coronavirus-abba-kyari-reportedly-tests-positive-kingibe-others-may-be-tested.html|title=UPDATED: Coronavirus: Abba Kyari reportedly tests positive; Kingibe, others may be tested|last=Owoseye|first=Ayodamola|date=2020-03-24|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-03-24}}</ref> It was also reported that Kyari has underlying medical conditions,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-nigeria-idUSKBN21B1OT|title=Top Nigerian president aide, state governor test positive for coronavirus|date=2020-03-24|work=Reuters|access-date=2020-04-01|language=en}}</ref> and was secretly flown out of the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://desertherald.com/exclusive-buharis-chief-of-staff-abba-kyari-admitted-at-londons-hospital/|title=EXCLUSIVE: Buhari's Chief of Staff, Abba Kyari Admitted at London's Hospital|last=|first=|date=29 March 2020|website=Desert Herald|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> He later rejected these claims, and was moved from Abuja to Lagos.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/coronavirus-abba-kyari-confirms-health-status-says-he-is-moving-to-lagos-for-isolation/|title=Coronavirus: Kyari confirms health status, says he is moving to Lagos|date=2020-03-29|website=Tribune Online|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-04-01}}</ref>

== Professional career ==
Kyari worked for the law firm Fani-Kayode and Sowemimo for some time after his return to Nigeria.<ref name="Naij-FFK">{{cite web|last1=Bolashodun|first1=Oluwatobi|title=Fani-Kayode Reacts To Abba Kyari's Appointment|url=https://www.naij.com/532624-read-fani-kayodes-reaction-abba-kyaris-appointment-buharis-cos.html|website=Naij|accessdate=29 August 2015}}</ref>

From 1988 to 1990, he was Editor with the New Africa Holdings Limited Kaduna.

In 1990, he served as a Commissioner for Forestry and Animal Resources in [[Borno State]].

From 1990 to 1995, Kyari was the secretary to the board of African International Bank Limited, a subsidiary of [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International]].

Kyari was an executive director in charge of management services at the [[United Bank for Africa]], and was later appointed the [[chief executive officer]]. In 2002, he was appointed a board director of [[Unilever Nigeria Plc|Unilever Nigeria]], and later served on the board of [[ExxonMobil|Exxon Mobil]] Nigeria.

== Political career ==
In August 2015, Kyari was appointed [[Chief of Staff to the President (Nigeria)|Chief of Staff]] to [[President of Nigeria|President]] [[Muhammadu Buhari]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/189095-breaking-buhari-appoints-sgf-chief-of-staff-others.html|title=Buhari appoints SGF, Chief of Staff, others - Premium Times Nigeria|date=2015-08-27|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-03-12}}</ref>

=== Power politics ===
Since his appointment, Kyari has become an influential figure within the Buhari administration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/men-of-power-nigerias-most-influential-power-brokers/|title=Men of power: Nigeria’s most influential power brokers|last=Published|website=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-21}}</ref> During the administration's first term, he worked mainly [[Éminence grise|behind the scenes]] to implement the president's agenda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/192601-in-surprise-move-saraki-personally-submits-names-of-ministers-to-buhari.html|title=In surprise move, Saraki personally submits names of ministers to Buhari - Premium Times Nigeria|date=2015-11-03|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-03-21}}</ref> In [[2019 Nigerian general election|2019]] with Buhari's re-election for a second term, he ordered his [[Cabinet of Nigeria|cabinet]] to channel all requests through Kyari's office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/08/21/go-through-abba-kyari-to-see-me-buhari-directs-ministers/|title=Go through Abba Kyari to see me, Buhari directs ministers - P.M. News|website=www.pmnewsnigeria.com|access-date=2020-03-21}}</ref> Further enhancing his influence within government circles, and being labelled as the de facto head of government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businessday.ng/lead-story/article/abba-kyari-prime-minister-in-a-presidential-system/|title=Abba Kyari: Prime minister in a presidential system|date=2019-08-25|website=Businessday NG|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-21}}</ref>

In 2017, following a leaked memo, Kyari became embroiled in a public argument with the [[Nigerian Civil Service|Head of Civil Service]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2017/11/01/oyo-ita-kyari-heated-argument-villa/|title=Oyo-Ita, Kyari In Heated Argument At Presidential Villa|website=Channels Television|access-date=2020-03-21}}</ref> who was later removed from office and arrested.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/353112-breaking-buhari-sacks-head-of-service-oyo-ita.html|title=Buhari sacks Head of Service, Oyo-Ita - Premium Times Nigeria|date=2019-09-18|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-03-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/alleged-n570m-fraud-ex-head-of-service-oyo-ita-arrested/|title=Alleged N570m fraud: Ex-Head of Service Oyo-Ita arrested|last=Alli|first=Yusuf|date=2020-03-23|website=The Nation|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-03-24}}</ref> In 2020, in another leaked memo, [[Babagana Monguno]] the [[National Security Advisor (Nigeria)|National Security Adviser]] accused Kyari of meddling in matters of national security.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/377757-updated-exclusive-buharis-team-in-disarray-as-nsa-monguno-declares-war-on-abba-kyari.html|title=UPDATED: EXCLUSIVE: Buhari’s team in disarray as NSA Monguno declares war on Abba Kyari|last=Ogundipe|first=Samuel|date=2020-02-17|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-03-21}}</ref>

== Honours and awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|[[Order of the Niger|Officer of the Order of the Niger]] (OON); [[File:Ribbon bar of the Order of the Niger.gif|frameless|59x59px]]
|National honour in Nigeria
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kyari, Abba}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nigerian Law School alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Warwick]]
[[Category:Harvard Business School alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

F. Percy Smith

2020-03-28T18:44:13Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.02b - Bot T5 CW#16 - WP:WCW project (Unicode control characters)

{{Infobox person
| name = F. Percy Smith
| image = F. Percy Smith.jpg
| caption = Percy Smith
| birth_date = 12 January 1880
| birth_place = [[London]], [[England]], UK
| death_date = 24 March 1945 (aged 65)
| death_place = [[London]], [[England]], UK
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = naturalist, photographer, film maker
}}

'''Frank Percy Smith''' (12 January 1880–24 March 1945) was a [[United Kingdom|British]] naturalist and early [[nature documentary]] pioneer working for [[Charles Urban]], where he pioneered the use of [[time-lapse photography|time-lapse]] and [[microcinematography]].<ref name="BFIso01">{{cite web |title=Smith, Percy (1880-1945) |first=Bryony |last=Dixon |coauthors= |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/594315/ |work=BFI Screenonline |date= |accessdate=2011-04-24 }}</ref><ref name="WFH01">{{cite web |title=Percy Smith |first= |last= |coauthors= |url=http://www.wildfilmhistory.org/person/193/Percy++Smith.html |work=wildfilmhistory.org |date= |accessdate=2011-04-24 }}</ref>

==Biography==
Known as Percy Smith, he was the son of Francis David Smith (1854-1918) and Ada (née Blaker - born 1856). In 1907 he married Kate Louise Ustonson (1881-1959).<ref>[http://person.ancestry.co.uk/tree/54018561/person/13602214093/facts Frank Percy Smith (1880-1945) - [[Ancestry.com]] - pay to view]</ref> He began to photograph the natural world around him while working as a clerk for the British Board of Education, but found his desire to exploit the educational possibilities of film stifled until his close-up photograph of a bluebottle's tongue caught the attention of film producer [[Charles Urban]]. Smith subsequently made ''[[To Demonstrate How Spiders Fly]]'' (1909) and ''[[The Acrobatic Fly]]'' (1910) before joining the [[Charles Urban Trading Company]] full-time. He directed over fifty nature films for the ''Urban Sciences'' series, including the pioneering stop-motion film ''[[The Birth of a Flower]]'' (1910), prior to the outbreak of the [[First World War]].

During the First World War from 1916 to 1918 Smith served in the [[Royal Navy]] as a naval photographer, shooting aerial views of battlefields for British forces, and made a series of films depicting battles through animated maps, including ''[[Fight for the Dardanelles]]'' (1915).<ref>[http://interactive.ancestry.co.uk/60522/43343_606_0-00356?pid=388238&backurl=http://search.ancestry.co.uk//cgi-bin/sse.dll_phsrc%3DCYA179%26_phstart%3DsuccessSource%26usePUBJs%3Dtrue%26gss%3Dangs-g%26new%3D1%26rank%3D1%26msT%3D1%26gsfn%3DFrank%2520Percy%2520%26gsfn_x%3D0%26gsln%3DSmith%2520%26gsln_x%3D0%26MSAV%3D1%26msbdy%3D1880%26msbpn__ftp%3DLondon,%2520London,%2520England%26msbpn%3D85535%26msbpn_PInfo%3D8-%257C0%257C0%257C3257%257C3251%257C0%257C0%257C0%257C5274%257C85535%257C0%257C0%257C%26msddy%3D1945%26msdpn__ftp%3DLondon,%2520London,%2520England%26msdpn%3D85535%26msdpn_PInfo%3D8-%257C0%257C0%257C3257%257C3251%257C0%257C0%257C0%257C5274%257C85535%257C0%257C0%257C%26cpxt%3D1%26cp%3D11%26catbucket%3Drstp%26uidh%3Drc8%26pcat%3DROOT_CATEGORY%26h%3D388238%26recoff%3D4%25205%25206%26db%3DRoyalNavySeamen%26indiv%3D1%26ml_rpos%3D9&treeid=&personid=&hintid=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=CYA179&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true#?imageId=43343_606_0-00356 Frank Percy Smith in the UK, Royal Navy Registers of Seamen's Services, 1853-1928 - [[Ancestry.com]] - pay to view]</ref>

After the war he went to work for [[British Instructional Films]] on the ''[[Secrets of Nature]]'' series starting in 1922 and made the comedy film ''[[The Bedtime Stories of Archie the Ant]]'' (1925). He continued to work for BIF into the 30s on the retitled ''Secrets of Life'' series, handing the direction of films including ''[[Magic Myxies]]'' and ''[[The World in a Wine-Glass]]'' (1931) over to his colleagues [[Mary Field (filmmaker)|Mary Field]] and [[H.R Hewer]], while he concentrated on the photography.

He died at his home in Southgate, London,<ref>2 Kings Villas, Chase Road, now Fairlawn Close</ref> on 24 March 1945. His death was recorded as suicide by coal gas poisoning and was front page news in British tabloids. In his will he left £3203 2s 6d.<ref>[http://interactive.ancestry.co.uk/1904/32858_625537_2401-00155/14489779?backurl=http://person.ancestry.co.uk/tree/54018561/person/13602214093/facts/citation/42331986201/edit/record England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1966 - Frank Percy Smith (1945) - [[Ancestry.com]] - pay to view]</ref>

A selection of his films has been made available on DVD by the British Film Institute on the release.<ref>[http://shop.bfi.org.uk/dvd-blu-ray/documentaries/secrets-of-nature-dvd-bluray.html ''Secrets of Nature'']</ref>

A BBC documentary charting the work of Smith and attempting to recreate his "The Acrobatic Fly" was screened in 2013.<ref>{{cite episode |title=Edwardian insects on film|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01rd376|credits=Presenter: [[Charlie Hamilton James]]|network=BBC|station=BBC Four|series=Alien nation season|airdate=2013-03-19|minutes=60}}</ref>

==Filmography==
*''[[To Demonstrate How Spiders Fly]]'' (1909)
*''[[The Acrobatic Fly]]'' (1910)
*''[[The Birth of a Flower]]'' (1910)
*''[[The Strength and Agility of Insects]]'' (1911)
*''[[Fight for the Dardanelles]]'' (1915)
*''[[The Bedtime Stories of Archie the Ant]]'' (1925)
* ''[http://film.britishcouncil.org/the-life-cycle-of-the-maize Life Cycle of the Maize]'' (1942)
* ''[http://film.britishcouncil.org/the-life-cycle-of-the-newt Life Cycle of the Newt]'' (1942)
* ''[http://film.britishcouncil.org/the-life-cycle-of-the-pin-mould Life Cycle of the Pin Mould]'' (1943)
* ''[http://film.britishcouncil.org/the-life-history-of-the-onion Life History of the Onion]'' (1943)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, F. Percy}}
[[Category:1880 births]]
[[Category:1945 deaths]]
[[Category:Cinema pioneers]]
[[Category:Film directors from London]]

Jean-Baptiste de La Baume-Montrevel

2020-03-11T03:44:34Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.02b - Correction syntaxique (Ponctuation dans un lien - Options de fichier factices)

{{Infobox Aristocrate
| nom = Jean-Baptiste de la Baume
| nom de naissance = Jean-Baptiste de la Baume-Montrevel
| image =
| légende =
| taille image =
| date de naissance = [[1593]]
| lieu de naissance =
| date de décès = [[1641]]
| lieu de décès = [[Gray (Haute-Saône)|Gray]] [[Image:Blason fr Franche-Comté.svg|20px]] [[Comté de Bourgogne]]
| origine =
| titre1 = Marquis de Saint-Martin
| début de règne =
| fin de règne =
| titre2 = Baron de Montmartin, Seigneur de Vaudrey
| dynastie =
| grade militaire = Maréchal
| arme =
| début de carrière = 1634
| fin de carrière = 1641
| couronnement =
| gouvernement militaire = Comté de Bourgogne
| prédécesseur =
| successeur =
| conflits = [[Guerre de Trente ans]]
| commandement = Commandant en chef des troupes comtoises
| faits d'armes =
| distinctions =
| autres fonctions = Gouverneur du Comté de Bourgogne
| père =
| mère =
| conjoint = Lambertine de Ligne
| enfants =
| liaisons =
| blason = Blason famille Labaume-Montrevel.svg
}}
'''Jean-Baptiste de la Baume-Montrevel''', {{4e}} '''marquis de Saint-Martin''', baron de [[Huanne-Montmartin|Montmartin]], seigneur de [[Vaudrey]]<ref>{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|prénom1=Charles J. de|nom1=Francquen |titre=Recueil Historique, Généalogique, Chronologique Et Nobiliaire Des Maisons Et Familles Illustres Et Nobles Du Royaume Nassau-Orange: Précédé De La Généalogie Historique De La Maison Royale Des Pays-Bas|éditeur=Demanet|date=1826|lire en ligne=https://books.google.fr/books?id=Y7JBAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA18-PA7&dq=Jean-Baptiste+de+la+Baume+de+Saint-Martin&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiY4f2GlpLlAhUoxYUKHYbkAzwQ6AEIMDAB#v=onepage&q=Jean-Baptiste%20de%20la%20Baume%20de%20Saint-Martin&f=false|consulté le=2019-10-10}}.</ref> (né en [[1593]], mort à [[Gray (Haute-Saône)|Gray]] le {{date|21 décembre 1641}}) est connu pour être le gouverneur de la [[Franche-Comté|Franche-comté]] pendant l'[[Guerre de Dix Ans (Franche-Comté)|épisode comtois]] de la [[Guerre de Trente Ans|guerre de trente ans]] et le commandant en chef des troupes comtoise de 1637 à 1641.

== Biographie ==
Jean-Baptiste de la Baume-Montrevel est né en 1595 dans une famille comtoise célèbre mais d'origine [[Bresse|bressane]], les [[Famille de La Baume de Montrevel|La Baume]]<ref name="GAF 2 p.16">{{ouvrage|format =pdf|auteur=[[Henri Jougla de Morenas]] |titre=Grand armorial de France (vol. 2) |éditeur=Société du Grand armorial de France |lieu= |année=1939 |pages totales= |passage=16, « De La Baume de Montrevel » |lire en ligne=http://palisep.fr/bibliotheque/jougla/tome_02.pdf |consulté le=novembre 2019}}.</ref>.

Il devient [[gouverneur]] de [[Dole (Jura)|Dole]] en [[1630]]. En [[1634]], il est capitaine de la garde du [[Ferdinand d'Autriche (1609-1641)|cardinal-Infant]]<ref>{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|prénom1=François|nom1=Pernot|titre=La Franche-Comté espagnole : à travers les archives de Simancas, une autre histoire des Franc-Comtois et de leurs relations avec l'Espagne de 1493 à 1678|éditeur=Presses Univ. Franche-Comté|date=2003|isbn=9782848670324|lire en ligne=https://books.google.fr/books?id=odHPDNRj56cC&pg=PA347&dq=Jean-Baptiste+de+la+Baume+de+Saint-Martin&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiLpoT-hpLlAhVzDmMBHZb9BcwQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=Jean-Baptiste%20de%20la%20Baume%20de%20Saint-Martin&f=false|consulté le=2019-10-10}}</ref>. Le {{date|20 mars 1637}}, il est nommé gouverneur du [[Comté de Bourgogne]] et devient ainsi le commandant en chef des troupes comtoises remplaçant le [[Gérard de Watteville|marquis de Conflans]]. Considéré comme un bon militaire<ref name=":0" />, il conserve la stratégie de son prédécesseur et disperse les dernières troupes comtoises qui ne furent pas tué à la [[Bataille de Cornod (1637)|bataille de Cornod]] dans les principales cités Comtoises. Également, il conserve comme intendant des armées, le parlementaire [[Jean Girardot de Nozeroy]] qui le secondera jusqu'à la fin. Il négocie régulièrement l'envoi de nouveaux renforts avec le [[duché de Lorraine]] et le [[Saint-Empire romain germanique|Saint-Empire]], ce qu'il obtiendra en partie. En 1638 il est sous les ordres de [[Charles IV de Lorraine|Charles de Lorraine]] qui commande et fusionne toutes les armées de Franche Comté (Comtoise, espagnoles, lorraines et germaniques). Il contribue à la [[Bataille de Poligny (1638)|victoire de Poligny]] en juin [[1638]]. Mais cette victoire marque une rupture dans l'entente avec ses alliés, de la Baume souhaitait en effet poursuivre les français dans leur retraite et exploiter cette victoire, alors que Charles de Lorraine préféra se replier sur [[Salins-les-Bains|Salins]], causant la chute de [[Poligny (Jura)|Poligny]] 6 jours plus tard. Jusqu'en [[1639]], il parcours les différentes cités comtoises pour les renforcer et les fortifier. Il appui les initiatives de guérilla qui seront fructueuses, notamment dans le haut-Jura. En {{date-|janvier 1640}}, il part pour les [[Pays-Bas espagnols|Pays-Bas]] pour se marier le {{date-|7 février 1640}}, avec Lambertine de Ligne, sa cousine. A son retour, il découvre que le [[Parlement de Dole|parlement]] et certains secteurs du comté de Bourgogne, ne le soutiennent plus comme ceux de [[Baume-les-Dames|Baume les Dames]], [[Clerval (Doubs)|Clerval]] et de [[Montbéliard]] qui refusent de loger ses soldats<ref name=":0">{{Ouvrage|langue=fr|prénom1=Gérard|nom1=Louis|titre=La guerre de Dix Ans, 1634-1644|éditeur=Presses Univ. Franche-Comté|date=1998|isbn=9782251606514|lire en ligne=https://books.google.fr/books?id=AA9fH51v-XQC&pg=PA28&dq=siege+de+dole+1636&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjw54WS6f_kAhVIzYUKHWPsD2AQ6AEILTAB#v=snippet&q=saint-martin&f=false|consulté le=2019-10-10}}</ref>. Mais également dans le bailliage d'aval (actuel [[Jura (département)|Jura]]) ou la population ne supporte plus la présences des hommes du [[César de Saix d'Arnans|colonel de Saix d'Arnans]]. Il ne cède pas et rentre alors en conflit avec le parlement. Malgré une série de victoire remportées en [[Bresse]] par d'Arnans, sous ses ordres, son autorité et de plus en plus contestée. D'autant que Don [[Ferdinand d'Autriche (1609-1641)|Ferdinand d'Autriche]], son protecteur, meurt le {{date|9 novembre 1641}}<ref name=":0" />. Il meurt à son tour peu après, d'une [[Apoplexie|crise d'apoplexie]] à [[Gray (Haute-Saône)|Gray]] le {{date-|21 décembre 1641}}. C'est le baron de Scey, Claude de Bauffremont qui avait été déjà nommé gouverneur par le parlement en 1640, mais dont la nomination n'avait pas été approuvé par [[Madrid]], qui devient à son tour [[Liste des gouverneurs de Franche-Comté|gouverneur du Comté de Bourgogne]].

== Notes et références ==
{{Références}}
{{Début dynastie}}

{{Insérer dynastie|
|nom=[[Image:Blason fr Franche-Comté.svg|50px]] Commandant en chef des troupes comtoises pendant la guerre de dix ans
| avant = [[Gérard de Watteville|Gérard de Joux de Watteville]]
| période = 1637 - 1638
1640 - 1641
| après = [[Charles IV de Lorraine]]
Antonio Sarmiento de Tolede}}

{{Insérer dynastie|couleur1=#BFC5F9|couleur2=FF C0 CB|couleur3=#BFC5F9
|nom=[[Fichier:Blason fr Franche-Comté.svg|50px]] [[Liste des gouverneurs de Franche-Comté|Gouverneur de Franche-Comté]]
|avant= [[Ferdinand de Rye]]
|après= Claude de Bauffremont
|période= [[1636]] - [[1641]]
}}
{{Fin dynastie}}

{{Portail|XVIIe siècle|histoire militaire|Franche-Comté|Bresse}}

{{CLEDETRI:La Baume-Montrevel, Jean-Baptiste}}
[[Catégorie:Famille de La Baume de Montrevel|Jean-Baptiste]]
[[Catégorie:Histoire de la Bresse]]
[[Catégorie:Personnalité de la guerre de Trente Ans]]
[[Catégorie:Naissance en 1595]]
[[Catégorie:Décès en 1641]]
[[Catégorie:Histoire de la Franche-Comté]]
[[Catégorie:Personnalité liée à la région Bourgogne-Franche-Comté]]
[[Catégorie:Militaire du Saint-Empire romain germanique]]
[[Catégorie:Personnalité militaire]]
[[Catégorie:Décès à Gray]]

Luckin Coffee

2020-03-04T08:17:58Z

WikiCleanerBot: v2.02b - T5_CW#90 - WP:WCW project (Internal link written as an external link)

{{Cleanup|reason=Does not comply with [[WP:MOS]], poor use of the English language,|date=March 2020}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{short description|Chinese coffee shop company}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Luckin Coffee Inc.
| logo = Luckin Coffee logo.png
| logo_size =
| logo_caption = Logo used since 2017
| image = 
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| native_name = 瑞幸咖啡
| native_name_lang = zh
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{NASDAQ|LK}}
| industry = [[Coffeehouse|Coffee shop]]
| genre = 
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| founded = {{Start date and age|2017|10|}} [[Beijing]], China
| founders = {{Plainlist|
* [[Jenny Qian Zhiya]]
* [[Lu Zhengyao|Charles Zhengyao Lu]]
}}
| defunct = 
| hq_location = 17F Block A, Tefang Portman Tower, No. 81 Zhanhong Road
| hq_location_city = Siming District, Xiamen, Fujian
| hq_location_country = China
| num_locations = 3,680 
| num_locations_year = 2019 
| area_served = China
| key_people = {{Plainlist|
* [[Lu Zhengyao|Charles Zhengyao Lu]] (chairman)
* [[Jenny Zhiya Qian]] (CEO)
}}
| products = {{flat list|
* Coffee beverages
* tea
}}
| revenue =
| revenue_year =
| operating_income =
| income_year =
| net_income =
| net_income_year =
| assets =
| assets_year =
| equity =
| equity_year =
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|luckincoffee.com}}
| footnotes = <ref>http://investor.luckincoffee.com/static-files/d2c8c677-236e-462e-ba9d-d507878eb97c</ref><ref>http://investor.luckincoffee.com/static-files/e228e5f9-e47f-47e4-b8dd-f1cabe870ebb</ref>
}}

'''Luckin Coffee Inc.''' ({{zh|c=瑞幸咖啡|p=Ruìxìng Kāfēi}}) is a Chinese [[coffee]] company and [[List of coffeehouse chains|coffeehouse chain]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/video/2018/07/20/chinas-luckin-coffee-takes-on-starbucks.html|title=China's Luckin Coffee takes on Starbucks|website=cnbc.com|accessdate=28 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/28/business/luckin-coffee-china-starbucks/index.html|title=This coffee company thinks it can beat Starbucks in China|website=Cnn.com|accessdate=28 December 2018}}</ref> Luckin Coffee was founded by [[Jenny Zhiya Qian]] in [[Beijing]], China, in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://radiichina.com/luckin-coffee-chinas-newest-unicorn-is-challenging-starbucks-market-stranglehold/|title=Luckin Coffee, China’s Newest Unicorn, is Challenging Starbucks’ Market Stranglehold|date=26 July 2018|website=Radiichina.com|accessdate=30 December 2018}}</ref> Most of its stores are small "pick-up" stores located in office buildings or college campuses that serve for online orders' pickup and delivery. It manages around 4,507 (Jan. 2020) stores and has exceeded the number of [[Starbucks]] stores in China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.pedaily.cn/202001/450277.shtml|title=瑞幸咖啡进军无人零售，直营门店4507家超星巴克|last=|first=|date=8 January 2020|website=投资界|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

== History ==
=== 2018 ===
* On January 1, 2018, Luckin Coffee started its shops in [[Beijing]] and [[Shanghai]].<ref name="mb2">[https://tw.mobi.yahoo.com/news/星巴克勁敵-展開融資-瑞幸咖啡有意於香港-紐約上市-030337059.html 「星巴克勁敵」展開融資瑞幸咖啡有意於香港、紐約上市] YAHOO!奇摩, November 8, 2018</ref><ref name="sn2">[https://finance.sina.cn/chanjing/gsxw/2018-11-20/detail-ihmutuec2001534.d.html?from=wap 郭谨一：如果创业是马拉松瑞幸咖啡刚刚是前五] 新浪財經，November 20, 2018</ref>
* On May 8, 2018, it reached 525 active shops.[[File:Luckin_Coffee_at_Beijing_Mall,_Wangfujing_(20190829125844).jpg|thumb|330x330px|Luckin Coffee at Beijing Wangfujing]]
* On July 11, 2018, Luckin Coffee announced the completion of Series A financing, totals US$200 million. Singapore government investment company (GIC) is on the investment company list.<ref name="jrj2">[http://m.jrj.com.cn/madapter/finance/2018/07/11221624801718.shtml 完成2亿美元A轮融资瑞幸咖啡做好了长期亏损准备？] 手机金融界，2018年7月11日</ref>
* In August 2018, Luckin Coffee had opened 809 stores.<ref>[http://news.stcn.com/2018/0802/14421350.shtml 疯狂的瑞幸年内目标开店2000家能成功狙击星巴克吗？] 证券时报网，2018年8月2日</ref><ref>[https://finance.sina.cn/2018-10-10/detail-ifxeuwws2901239.d.html?from=wap 布局咖啡厅“店中店” 瑞幸的攻防战] 新浪财经，October 10, 2018</ref>
* On September 6, 2018, Luckin Coffee signed a strategic cooperation agreement with [[Tencent]],<ref>[https://finance.ifeng.com/a/20180907/16491310_0.shtml 瑞幸咖啡与腾讯签署战略合作中国咖啡市场及发展前景分析] 凤凰网，September 7, 2018</ref><ref>[http://www.sohu.com/a/252267786_114774 中国咖啡市场白热化瑞幸咖啡与腾讯达成战略合作] 搜狐网，September 6, 2018</ref> and became the only coffee shop in the [[Beijing Palace Museum]].<ref>[https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/YYwtv1ynoEqhlpqPA_j0xg luckin coffee在故宫开店了，文案设计满分！] 微信公众平台，September 21, 2018</ref>
* In October 2018, Luckin Coffee had opened 1300 stores in 14 first-tier and second-tier cities. It surpassed the number of [[Costa Coffee|Costa]] Coffee stores and became the second biggest coffee brand in China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.guancha.cn/ChanJing/2018_09_07_471175.shtml|title=咖啡巨头现诸神之战中国市场成关键|last=|first=|date=7 September 2018|website=观察者|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
* At the end of November 2018, Luckin Coffee had opened over 1700 stores in over 20 cities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tech.sina.cn/i/gn/2018-12-10/detail-ihmutuec7912089.d.html?from=wap|title=瑞幸咖啡补贴减少将北上免外送费的门槛上调了20元|last=|first=|date=10 December 2018|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
* On December 25, 2018, Luckin Coffee opened its 2000th store in Shanghai and achieved its goal of opening 2000 stores in its first year. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tech.sina.cn/i/gn/2018-12-25/detail-ihmutuee2419965.d.html?from=wap|title=直击{{!}}瑞幸宣布完成2000家门店目标付费用户1200万|last=|first=|date=25 December 2018|website=Sina technology|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
* Luckin Coffee spent three times as much as it earned to feed its growth strategy.<ref name="qz 16162703">{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/1616270/luckin-ipo-what-you-can-eat-and-drink-at-chinas-starbucks-rival/|title=What you can eat and drink at Starbucks’s China rival|author=Mary Hui|date=14 May 2019|website=Qz.com|accessdate=3 July 2019}}</ref> In December 2018, Luckin raised new investor funding in the amount of US$200 million. The company has a valuation of over two billion dollars by then.
* In 2018, Luckin Coffee attracted 12 million active users and sold 89 million cups of drinks. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://m.wallstreetcn.com/articles/3469254|title=瑞幸打败不了星巴克，但未必是下一个ofo|last=|first=|date=15 January 2019|website=华尔街见闻|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

=== 2019 ===
* In January 2019, Luckin Coffee announced that they planned to open 2500 new stores and surpass Starbucks to become the biggest coffee brand in China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cn.reuters.com/article/luckin-stores-opening-0103-thur-idCNKCS1OX0DF|title=瑞幸咖啡今年计划新开2,500家门店取代星巴克在中国龙头地位|last=|first=|date=2 January 2019|website=Reuters|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> The company had launched with a high-growth strategy to grab shares of China's booming coffee retail market, and to outnumber Starbucks' stores in China by the end of 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/06/14/wall-street-sees-major-growth-potential-for-luckin-in-untapped-chinese-coffee-market.html|title=Wall Street sees major growth potential for Luckin in untapped Chinese coffee market|author=Maggie Fitzgerald|date=16 June 2019|website=Cnbc.com|accessdate=17 June 2019}}</ref>
* In April 2019, Luckin Coffee launched 10 new tea drinks, named deer tea (小鹿茶), to take advantage of cross-selling opportunities for the upcoming summer. The co-founder of Luckin Coffee, Guo Jinyi said tea will be demanded more than coffee in summer and the drinks combining tea with milk or fruit have become popular for a long time in China. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kr-asia.com/luckin-coffee-unveils-its-tea-brand-launching-10-new-products-in-china|title=Luckin Coffee unveils its tea brand, launching 10 new products in China|last=Song|first=Jingli|date=8 July 2019|website=KrASIA|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
* On April 23, 2019, Luckin Coffee submitted the application of initial public offering (IPO) in United States and prepared to trade on [[National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation System|National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations]] with stock code LK.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.enanyang.my/news/20190423/|title=中国星巴克劲敌-瑞幸咖啡申请美国上市|last=|first=|date=23 April 2019|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
* On May 16, 2019, Luckin Coffee started trading on the [[NASDAQ]] at $17 a share.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/16/starbucks-china-challenger-luckin-coffee-will-likely-price-ipo-at-high-end-of-range-or-above.html|title=Starbucks’ China challenger Luckin Coffee prices IPO at $17 a share|author=Amelia Lucas, Leslie picker|date=16 May 2019|website=Cnbc.com|accessdate=17 June 2019}}</ref> After reaching $25.96 on the first day, the stock plunged back to $16 on its second day of Nasdaq trading.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-23/starbucks-rival-burns-investors-as-stock-sinks-43-from-highs|title=Luckin Coffee Burns Investors With 39% Plunge|author=Janet Freund|date=23 May 2019|website=Bloomberg.com|accessdate=3 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/05/17/investing/luckin-coffee-ipo-stock/index.html|title=Luckin Coffee surges in Wall Street debut|author=Paul R. La Monica|date=17 May 2019|website=Cnn.com|accessdate=3 July 2019}}</ref>
* On May 29, 2019, Zhiya Qian, the CEO of Luckin Coffee, announced that they will open 1,000 stores in China before the end of 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.sina.com.tw/article/20190529/31458586.html|title=瑞幸咖啡CEO錢治亞：2021年底建成10000家門店|last=|first=|date=29 May 2019|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
* By the end of September 2019, Luckin Coffee had opened 3,680 stores. According to the data of the forth quarter of 2018, if they keep their speed of opening stores, the number of Luckin Coffee stores will surpass 4,500 and finish their annual goal. If Starbucks open less than 370 stores in the forth quarter of 2019, the number of Luckin Coffee stores will exceed Starbucks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tech.sina.com.cn/i/2019-11-22/doc-iihnzhfz0875079.shtml|title=瑞幸咖啡“顺道赚钱”|last=|first=|date=22 November 2019|website=Sina technology|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

=== 2020 ===
* On January 8, 2018, Luckin Coffee held press conference about their self-service retail stores operation and also announced to public that they had opened 4507 stores in past two years and already became the biggest coffee chain brand in China. Luckin Coffee also announced their unmanned retail strategy and two new technical products in the press conference: Luckin Coffee EXPRESS and Luckin popMINI. Luckin Coffee EXPRESS will adopt the [[Swiss made]] [[Schaerer Ltd|Schaerer]] coffee maker and will be placed in offices, campuses, airports, train stations and communities as self-service coffee makers in the future. Luckin popMINI is the vending machine with E-commerce price.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globenewswire.com/fr/news-release/2020/01/08/1967617/0/en/Luckin-Coffee-announces-smart-unmanned-retail-strategy-bringing-Luckin-closer-to-customers.html|title=Luckin Coffee announces smart unmanned retail strategy, bringing Luckin closer to customers|last=|first=|date=8 January 2020|website=GlobeNewswire|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

== Operations ==
[[File:Luckin_Coffee.jpg|thumb|299x299px|A cup of Luckin Coffee]]
Luckin Coffee stores started trial operations in January 2018. Following high investment, fast online ordering and delivery service and explosive internet marketing, Luckin Coffee became the most popular Chinese coffee brand.

The company's early marketing centered around freebees, where each new customer was offered a free drink and a 50%-off coupon for one cup. They also offered "buy one, get one free" coupons for loyal customers. These discounts made its price lower than Starbucks and attracted a bigger number of returning customers in the early stage of its business.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107124545/https://money.udn.com/money/story/5599/3565538|title=中國「瑞幸咖啡」爆紅星巴克惡夢？|last=|first=|date=29 December 2018|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

The brand also has a strong focus on technology. Luckin Coffee did not open any traditional brick-and-mortar stores in the beginning. Its physical locations were only for making coffees and fulfilling online orders picked up by customers or delivery persons. Although most of its stores do not have seats or other services for customers, and are in less prestigious locations compared to Starbucks, the brand has been able to capture a new generation of consumers and rival Starbucks in China.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-luckin-coffee-stock-breakingviews-idUSKBN1ZZ0E9|title=Breakingviews - China fortune hard to read in Luckin Coffee beans|date=2020-02-05|work=Reuters|access-date=2020-03-03|language=en}}</ref> The target customers of Luckin Coffee are white-collar workers and students near the stores who do not have much time to drink coffee at stores.

Customers need to download the Luckin Coffee App to order and pay for drinks online.<ref name="qz 16162702">{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/1616270/luckin-ipo-what-you-can-eat-and-drink-at-chinas-starbucks-rival/|title=What you can eat and drink at Starbucks’s China rival|author=Mary Hui|date=14 May 2019|website=Qz.com|accessdate=3 July 2019}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://m.wallstreetcn.com/articles/3469254|title=瑞幸打败不了星巴克，但未必是下一个ofo|last=|first=|date=15 January 2019|website=华尔街见闻|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> Luckin Coffee also cooperates with the second largest courier in China, [[SF Express]], delivering orders to customers within two kilometers around each store. This operation principle is suitable for Chinese people's fast-paced lives and put pressure on other traditional coffee brands.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lukinncoffee.com/xinwen/9.html|title=luckin coffee运营模式新零售+互联网=瑞幸咖啡|last=|first=|date=27 May 2018|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

The company made a net loss of $75 million in the third quarter of 2019.<ref name=":1" />

== Controversies ==
==== Starbucks monopoly accusation ====
In May 2018, Luckin Coffee accused Starbucks of forming a monopoly by signing exclusive contracts with suppliers and property owners. Starbucks dismissed these allegations as a marketing stunt. On May 16, 2018, the case was officially put on file by the Shenzhen Intermediate People's Court. In October 2019, Luckin Coffee unilaterally withdrew the case.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.sina.com.cn/s/2019-11-14/doc-iihnzhfy9237955.shtml|title=历经16个月瑞幸起诉星巴克案已由瑞幸单方面撤诉|last=|first=|date=14 November 2019|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

==== Short-seller allegations ====
On January 31, 2020, short-seller Muddy Waters Research published an anonymous 89-page report on Twitter, claiming that Luckin Coffee had falsified financial and operational figures. The report claimed that the number of items sold per store was inflated by at least 69% in the third and by 88% the fourth quarter of 2019, supposedly backed by 11,200 hours of video footage. Before the U.S. stock market opening on February 3, 2020, Luckin Coffee responded by categorically denying all allegations made in the report. The company argued that the report raised malicious accusations and false allegations with unsubstantiated evidence and flawed methodology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/press-releases/2020-02-03/luckin-coffee-responds-to-anonymous-report-containing-misleading-and-false-allegations|title=Luckin Coffee Responds to Anonymous Report Containing Misleading and False Allegations|last=|first=|date=3 February 2020|website=Bloomberg|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

==Products==
Purchases can only be made through the Luckin mobile application.<ref name="qz 1616270">{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/1616270/luckin-ipo-what-you-can-eat-and-drink-at-chinas-starbucks-rival/|title=What you can eat and drink at Starbucks’s China rival|author=Mary Hui|date=14 May 2019|website=Qz.com|accessdate=3 July 2019}}</ref>

Luckin offers coffee-based drinks regularly found in other coffee shops, and has a selection of recipes custom-made for the palates of the Chinese consumers.<ref name="qz 1616270"/>

Luckin Coffee hired Hidenori Izaki (2014 [[World Barista Champion]]) to advise the company on recipes and store designs.<ref name="qz 1616270"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Coffee|Companies|Food}}
* [[Coffee culture]]
* [[List of coffee companies]]
* [[List of coffeehouse chains]]
* [[Multinational corporation]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Chinese companies established in 2017]]
[[Category:Companies based in Xiamen]]
[[Category:Coffee houses of China]]
[[Category:Fast-food chains of China]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies established in 2017]]
[[Category:Restaurant chains in China]]
[[Category:Restaurants established in 2017]]
[[Category:Chinese brands]]
[[Category:Companies listed on NASDAQ]]
[[Category:2019 initial public offerings]]

{{china-company-stub}}