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Militärputsch in Pakistan 1999

2017-03-08T18:16:19Z

Wiki id2: Spelling correction

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = 1999 Military Coup d'état
| partof =
| image =Un-pakistan.png
| caption =[[United Nations]]'s geophysical map of [[Pakistan]]
| date = 12 October 1999
| place = {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]]
| coordinates =
| map_type =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| map_size =
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| territory =
| result =
* [[Martial law in Pakistan|Military takeover]] of the [[Government of Pakistan|civilian government]] of [[Nawaz Sharif]] in a bloodless coup.
*Mass and nationwide arrest of PML(N) workers and detainment of PML(N)'s leadership due to the corruption and bad governance of PML (N) .
* [[Nawaz Sharif]] and [[Shahbaz Sharif]] arrested and later exiled, as a result of an agreement, on 10/11 December 2000.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/dec/11/pakistan.saudiarabia | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Luke | last=Harding | title=Pakistan frees Sharif to exile in Saudi Arabia | date=11 December 2000}}</ref>
*General Musharraf became [[Chief Executive of Pakistan|Chief Executive]] and reformed [[National Security Council (Pakistan)|National Security Council]] to run the state affairs of the country.<ref name="Dawn Wire Service, Haque">{{cite news|last1=Haque|first1=Ihtasham-ul|title=Musharraf addresses nation: Security Council to run state affairs|url=https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1999/23oct99.html#mush|accessdate=8 February 2017|work=asianstudies.github.io|agency=Dawn Newspapers|issue=5/43|publisher=Dawn Wire Service, Haque|date=23 October 1999}}</ref>
* The writ of [[Constitution of Pakistan|Constitution]] [[Provisional Constitutional Order|provisionally suspended]].
* Suspension of Pakistan from the [[Commonwealth Nations]].
*[[Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui|Chief Justice of Pakistan]], including nine Senior justices [[Provisional Constitutional Order#Provisional Constitutional Order, 1999|refused to take an oath and resigned]].
*Media [[Media blackout|blackout]] of Sharif-aligned conservative [[Geo TV|mass media]]. No censorship imposed on liberal/libertarian [[Dawn (newspaper)|mass media]].
*[[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Rafiq Tarar]] forced to resign from office.
* Beginning of [[Pervez Musharraf]]'s rule as [[President of Pakistan|President]].
*[[Legal Framework Order, 2002|Revival of]] the writ of Constitution of Pakistan in 2001.
*In 2002, the [[Pakistani general election, 2002|general elections]] outcomes witnessed the rise of the [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)|Libertarian regime]] with [[Zafarullah Khan Jamali|Z.K. Jamali]] as [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]].
*In 2004, [[Shaukat Aziz]] took over the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|premiership]] and the control of the government with Musharraf.
*In 2007, Musharraf declared [[Pakistani state of emergency, 2007|martial law]] and virtually suspended the writ of constitution.
*A [[Movement to impeach Pervez Musharraf|populist impeachment movement]] eventually led Musharraf to resign and exile to [[United Kingdom]] in 2008– thus ending of Musharraf's rule.
| status =
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg|20px]] [[Pakistan Armed Forces]]
* [[Federal Investigative Agency|FIA]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Coat of arms of Pakistan.svg|20px]] [[Government of Pakistan]]
*[[Punjab Police (Pakistan)|Punjab Police]]
*[[Sindh Police]]
| combatant3 =
| commander1 = [[File:Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg|20px]] [[Pervez Musharraf]] 
*[[File:Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg|20px]] [[Gang of Four (Pakistan)|Gang of Four]]
| commander2 = [[File:Flag of the Prime Minister of Pakistan.svg|20px]] [[Nawaz Sharif]] [[File:Flag of Punjab.svg|20px]] [[Shahbaz Sharif]] [[File:Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg|20px]] [[Ziauddin Butt]] [[File:Pakistan Muslim League Nawaz logo.svg|20px]] [[Javed Hashmi]] [[File:Flag of Sindh.svg|20px]] [[Mamnoon Hussain]]
| commander3 =
| units1 =
| units2 =
| units3 =
| strength1 = 617,000
| strength2 = 170,000
| strength3 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| notes =
| campaignbox =
}}

The '''1999 Pakistani coup d'état''' was a [[nonviolent revolution|bloodless]] [[coup d'état]] in which the [[Pakistan Army]] and then-[[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] and [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (Pakistan)|Chairman]] of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]], [[General officer|General]] [[Pervez Musharraf]], [[Martial law in Pakistan|seized the control]] of the [[Government of Pakistan|civilian government]] of [[Pakistani general election, 1997|publicly elected]] [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]] on 12 October 1999.<ref name=Waycross /> Two days into seizing the government, on 14 October 1999, General Musharraf, who then-acted as the country's [[Chief Executive Officer (Pakistan)|Chief Executive]], declared a [[state of emergency]] by issuing a [[Provisional Constitutional Order]] that suspended the writ of the [[Constitution of Pakistan]].<ref name=Waycross />

The [[Martial law in Pakistan|martial law]] occurred due to meltdown of [[civil-military relations]] and the simmering tensions between the [[Nawaz Sharif|Prime Minister Sharif]] and [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (Pakistan)|Chairman joint chiefs]] General Musharraf as Sharif attempted to relieved General Musharraf, who was enroute to Pakistan from [[Sri Lanka]] after paying an official visit. Instead, General [[Ziauddin Butt]], then-[[Director General of the Inter-Services Intelligence|DG ISI]], was appointed [[Army Chief of Staff (Pakistan)|army chief]] and the [[JS HQ (Pakistan)|Joint Staff HQ]] refused to follow the orders of new army chief and the commanders of the [[:Category:Corps of the Pakistan Army|army corps]] decided to defend General Musharraf by having launched an order to [[Arrest warrant|arrest and detained]] to [[Preempt|pre-empt]] Pakistani [[spymaster]] Ziauddin Butt from taking the control of the military.{{rp|142}}<ref name="Partridge Publishing, Bhattacharya">{{cite book|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Brigadier Samir|title=NOTHING BUT!|date=2014|publisher=Partridge Publishing|isbn=9781482817874|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xO3HAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA142&dq=Ziauddin+Butt+chairman+joint&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi9kKetsPPRAhVI9WMKHf5hDJ0QuwUIHTAA#v=onepage&q=Ziauddin%20Butt%20chairman%20joint&f=false|accessdate=3 February 2017|language=en|format=googlebooks}}</ref> The pace of the coup startled the observers, within 17 hours, from attempting to relieved General Musharraf by Prime Minister Sharif, the army commanders took control of all key government secretariats throughout the country while placing the Prime Minister Sharif and his [[Cabinet of Pakistan|civilian cabinet]], including his [[Shahbaz Sharif|brother]] under [[Home confinement|house arrest]].<ref name="BBC Pakistan Bureau, Special Report"/> The [[Pakistan Army Corps of Military Police|military police]] took control of the [[Pakistan Television Corporation|state broadcaster]], [[Pakistan Radio|radio]], and the entire critical communications infrastructure and announced that Nawaz Sharif had been dismissed.<ref name="BBC Pakistan Bureau, Special Report">{{cite news|last1=Special report|first1=Editorial|authorlink1=BBC|title=How the 1999 Pakistan coup unfolded|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6960670.stm|accessdate=3 February 2017|work=news.bbc.co.uk|agency=BBC Pakistan Bureau|issue=2|publisher=BBC Pakistan Bureau|date=23 August 2007|location=Islamabad Pakistan|language=en}}</ref>

The [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] led by [[Chief Justice of Pakistan|Chief Justice]] [[Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui]] validated the martial law in a view of "[[doctrine of necessity]]" but provided its legality only limited to three years.{{rp|118}}<ref name="Harvard University Press, Hirschl">{{cite book|last1=Hirschl|first1=Ran|title=Constitutional Theocracy|date=2010|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Mass.|isbn=9780674059375|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgIhbPBWlkwC&pg=PA118&dq=1999+Pakistan+coup+supreme+court&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiPwe-As_PRAhVM9WMKHQPuDxEQuwUIJTAC#v=onepage&q=1999%20Pakistan%20coup%20supreme%20court&f=false|accessdate=3 February 2017|language=en|chapter=Constitutional Theocracy}}</ref> Meanwhile, Sharif was trialed by the [[Judge Advocate General Branch (Pakistan)|judge advocate general]] [[Military court|court]] and convicted him for risking the life of all the passengers on board including the sitting Chairman joint chiefs.{{rp|56–57}}<ref name="Lexington Books, Baxter">{{cite book|last1=Baxter|first1=Craig|title=Pakistan on the Brink: Politics, Economics, and Society|date=2003|publisher=Lexington Books|location=Lanham, MD|isbn=9780739104989|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CFNtVqYqAwEC&pg=PA56&dq=nawaz+sharif+trial&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjlj9fgs_PRAhVT1WMKHTALB7wQuwUIHDAA#v=onepage&q=nawaz%20sharif%20trial&f=false|accessdate=3 February 2017|language=en|chapter=Sharif in the Dock}}</ref> The [[military court]] later in their findings decided that all allegations are fact based and Sharif was actually involved in [[Aircraft hijacking|aerial hijacking]] and it was he, who ordered, the [[Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority|Pakistan CAA]] for not letting the plane land on Pakistani soil; eventually, the [[Judge Advocate General Branch (Pakistan)|judge advocate general]] awarding Sharif the [[life imprisonment]].{{rp|57}}<ref name="Lexington Books, Baxter"/>

When the decision was announced, it sparked fury in Sharif's [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML(N)]] but welcomed by many of his political opponents.{{rp|58}}<ref name="Lexington Books, Baxter"/> By mid-November 1999, a petition was filed by the [[PML-N|PML(N)]]'s leadership, challenging the legality of the coup, proclamation of state emergency, and demanding the release of Sharif as well as reinstating the writ of the constitution.{{rp|118}}<ref name="Harvard University Press, Hirschl"/> In 2000, the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] led by [[Chief Justice of Pakistan|Chief Justice]] [[Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui]] viewed this coup as a "violation of constitution" and subsequently resigned, only to be replaced by acting Chief Justice [[Irshad Hasan Khan|Irshad Hasan]] who acted towards validating the coup as constitutional after hearing the case.{{rp|119–120}}<ref name="Harvard University Press, Hirschl"/>{{rp|112–115}}<ref name="Pragmatic Publishing, Jan">{{cite book|last1=Jan|first1=Abid Ullah|title=The Musharraf factor : leading Pakistan to inevitable demise|date=2005|publisher=Pragmatic Publishing|location=Ottawa|isbn=9780973368710|edition=Trade paperback|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZQRKpFb80MC&pg=PT113&dq=Justice+Siddiqui+resigned+1999&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj2i4GSufPRAhVM32MKHaNECPQQ6wEIHTAA#v=onepage&q=Justice%20Siddiqui%20resigned%201999&f=false|accessdate=3 February 2017|language=en|chapter=The Height of Collective Helplessness}}</ref>

On 10 December 2000, [[Chief Executive Officer (Pakistan)|Chief Executive]] Pervez Musharraf unexpectedly issued a [[pardon]] of Nawaz Sharif and allowed the immediate members of former [[:Category:Sharif family|first family]] to traveled to [[Saudi Arabia]] on a private jet provided by the [[Saudi Royal Family]].{{rp|167–168}}<ref name="Krishna Prakashan Media, Joshi">{{cite book|last1=Joshi|first1=Srivastava|title=International Relations|date=2005|publisher=Krishna Prakashan Media|location=New Delhi India|isbn=9788185842707|pages=199|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PJQ6wLiR72UC&pg=RA2-PA167&dq=Sharif+flew+Saudi&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj8h4HdufPRAhVBy2MKHe_aAwsQuwUIIDAB#v=onepage&q=Sharif%20flew%20Saudi&f=false|accessdate=3 February 2017|language=en|chapter=The Foreign Policy of the United States}}</ref>{{rp|73–74}}<ref name="University of California Press, Wolpert">{{cite book|last1=Wolpert|first1=Stanley|title=India and Pakistan Continued Conflict or Cooperation?.|date=2010|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=9780520948006|pages=113|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sbEvmBKPgBoC&pg=PA74&dq=Sharif+flew+Saudi+family&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj8z4fPu_PRAhVQ9GMKHRduCyYQuwUIHzAA#v=onepage&q=Sharif%20flew%20Saudi%20family&f=false|accessdate=3 February 2017|language=en|chapter=Recent attempts to resolve crises}}</ref> In 2016, Musharraf later confessed in a interview given to [[Kamran Shahid]] of [[Dunya News|''Dunya'']] that "he pardoned Nawaz Sharif from life imprisonment on the request of [[King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|Kind Abdullah]] and [[Rafic Hariri]]."<ref name="Dunya News, Shahid">{{cite news|last1=Shahid|first1=Kamran|title=King Abdullah said Nawaz was his friend, had to let him go: Musharraf - Pakistan - Dunya News|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/359991-King-Abdullah-said-Nawaz-was-his-friend-had-to-le|accessdate=3 February 2017|work=dunyanews.tv|agency=Dunya News|issue=2|publisher=Dunya News, Shahid|date=7 November 2016}}</ref>

In 2001, General Musharraf issued the [[Legal Framework Order, 2002|executive decree]] and eventually [[Forced resignation|forced]] President [[Muhammad Rafiq Tarar|Rafiq Tarar]] to resign in order for General Musharraf to assume the [[President of Pakistan|presidency]].<ref name="The Hindu Pakistan Bureau, 2002">{{cite news|last1=Reddy|first1=B. Muralidhar|title=The Hindu : Rafiq Tarar forced to quit?|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/06/21/stories/01210002.htm|accessdate=3 February 2017|work=www.thehindu.com|agency=The Hindu Pakistan Bureau|publisher=The Hindu Pakistan Bureau|date=20 June 2002}}</ref> In the light of [[Supreme Court of Pakistan|Supreme Court]]'s verdict, the [[Pakistani referendum, 2002|national referendum]] was held on 30 April 2002, allowing himself to continue his rule.<ref name="Vries"/><ref name=bbc2002 /> The controversial referendum, which Musharraf won with almost 98% of the votes in his favour, was alleged by many, including the [[Human Rights Commission of Pakistan]], to be fraudulent.<ref name="Vries"/><ref name=bbc2002 /> In 2002, the [[Pakistani general election, 2002|general elections]] restored the [[Democracy in Pakistan|democracy]] when the Musharraf-backed [[PML(Q)]], the [[Libertarianism|libertarians]], were able to form the [[minority government]] who would later nominate General Musharraf's for the [[Pakistani presidential election, 2004|presidential elections]] held in 2004. In 2007, President Musharraf eventually imposed [[Suspension of Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry|another martial law]] by having [[suspension of Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry|suspend]] the populist Chief Justice [[Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry|IM Chaudhry]], leveling charges on corruption and misconduct. Unlike the earlier martial law, Musharraf was widely disapproved, inviting the [[Pakistan Long March|mass demonstration]] led by Nawaz Sharif, and eventually resigned in an attempt to avoid [[Movement to impeach Pervez Musharraf|impeachment]] in the Parliament.<ref name="BBC Pakistan, 2008">{{cite news|last1=Dummett|first1=Mark|title=Pakistan's Musharraf steps down|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7567451.stm|accessdate=5 January 2015|work=Work and report completed by BBC correspondent for Pakistan Mark Dummett|agency=BBC Pakistan|publisher=BBC Pakistan, 2008|date=18 August 2008}}</ref>

In 2009, the Supreme Court acquitted Sharif of hijacking case and quoted that:"Mr. Sharif had neither used force nor ordered its use or employed deceitful mean."<ref name="Dawn Newspapers, Iqbal">{{cite news|last1=Iqbal|first1=Nasir|title=Nawaz acquitted in plane hijacking case|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/478532|accessdate=3 February 2017|work=DAWN.COM|agency=Dawn Newspapers|issue=5/44|publisher=Dawn Newspapers, Iqbal|date=18 July 2009|location=Islamabad|language=en}}</ref> In 2014, Sharif was also acquitted from [[Panama Papers|money laundering]] and corruption cases from an accountability court.<ref name="Dawn Newspapers, Bhatti">{{cite news|last1=Bhatti|first1=Hasib|title=Court acquits Sharifs in money laundering case|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1132985|accessdate=3 February 2017|work=DAWN.COM|agency=Dawn Newspapers|publisher=Dawn Newspapers, Bhatti|date=19 September 2014|language=en}}</ref>

According to the historian, Mazhar Aziz, the 1999 coup d'état in Pakistan makes a "striking example in the [[case study]] of [[civil military relations]]" in a [[post–Cold War era]].{{rp|76}}<ref name="Routledge, Aziz">{{cite book|last1=Aziz|first1=Mazhar|title=Military Control in Pakistan: The Parallel State|date=2008|publisher=Routledge|location=London.|isbn=9781134074105|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FuPfooVvD48C&pg=PA76&dq=pakistan+coup+civil+military+relations+1999&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjfrLn-rvPRAhWpxlQKHSq6Ae8Q6wEIGzAA#v=onepage&q=pakistan%20coup%20civil%20military%20relations%201999&f=false|accessdate=3 February 2017|language=en|format=googlebooks|chapter=The politics of military coup d'état :theoretical implications}}</ref>

==Events leading towards the martial law==
===Relief of General Jehangir and Kargil debacle===
{{Main|Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's relief of General Jehangir Karamat|Kargil War}}

In 1997, [[Nawaz Sharif]] and his conservative [[Pakistan Muslim League-N]] won a landslide victory in the [[Pakistani general election, 1997|general elections]], resulting in a [[Two-thirds majority|two-thirds]] majority in the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]]– the [[lower house]] of [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] [[Parliament of Pakistan|Parliament]] of Pakistan.<ref name="Story Of Pakistan, 1997">{{cite web|last1=Staff writers|first1=et.al.|title=Nawaz Sharif Becomes Prime Minister of Pakistan & President of Pakistan Muslim League (N)|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/nawaz-sharif-becomes-prime-minister-2|website=storyofpakistan.com|publisher=Story Of Pakistan, 1997|accessdate=3 February 2017|date=1 June 2003}}</ref>

His second tenure was marked with serious legal confrontation with the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan|Supreme Court]] courted by Chief Justice [[Syed Sajjad Ali Shah|Sajjad Ali Shah]] over the legality and technicality of [[Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan|Thirteenth Amendment]] and the [[National Accountability Bureau|Ehtesab Act, 1997]] (lit. Accountability Act, 1997).<ref name="Story Of Pakistan, 1997"/> [[Syed Sajjad Ali Shah|Chief Justice Shah]] had been battling in the Supreme Court for his legitimacy due to many [[List of Justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan|senior justices]] had seen his appointment as "inappropriate and political", having being appointed by former Prime Minister [[Benazir Bhutto]] in 1994.<ref name="Oxford University Press, Jaffrelot">{{cite book|last1=Jaffrelot|first1=Christophe|title=The Pakistan Paradox: Instability and Resilience|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780190613303|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_XdeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT213&dq=chief+sajjad+ali+shah+nawaz&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiE_fjj1fPRAhUQzmMKHagDB6cQuwUIKDAC#v=onepage&q=chief%20sajjad%20ali%20shah%20nawaz&f=false|accessdate=3 February 2017|language=en}}</ref> On 29 October 1997, [[Syed Sajjad Ali Shah|Chief Justice Shah]] and his bench decided to hear the petition filed by the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]]'s lawyers and suspended the implementation of bills.{{rp|45–46}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Dossani&Rowen">{{cite book|last1=Dossani|first1=Rafiq|last2=Rowen|first2=Henry S.|title=Prospects for Peace in South Asia|date=2005|publisher=Stanford University Press|location=Stanford|isbn=9780804750851|pages=403|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TwO9zmj6aQ0C&pg=PA46&dq=chief+sajjad+ali+shah+nawaz&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkncTa1vPRAhUM92MKHRDwC3MQuwUIJDAB#v=onepage&q=chief%20sajjad%20ali%20shah%20nawaz&f=false|accessdate=3 February 2017|language=en|format=googlebooks|chapter=1997-1999}}</ref> Prime Minister Sharif reacted angrily by the Court's actions, issuing an intemperate public diatribe particularly against [[Syed Sajjad Ali Shah|Chief Justice Shah]].{{rp|45–46}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Dossani&Rowen"/> On 2 November 1997, [[Syed Sajjad Ali Shah|Chief Justice Shah]] summoned Prime Minister Sharif for [[contempt of court]] but this order was viewed "null and voided" when two [[List of Justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan|senior justices]] at the Supreme Court issued a counter-order.{{rp|45–46}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Dossani&Rowen"/> On 30 November 1997, Prime Minister Sharif appeared before the Supreme Court but his [[partisan]]s stormed the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan Building|Supreme Court bulting]] forcing Chief Justice Shah to remove the finding of contempt against Sharif.{{rp|190}}<ref name="Greenwood Publishing Group, Malik">{{cite book|last1=Malik|first1=Iftikhar Haider|title=The History of Pakistan|date=2008|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location=Westport, Conn.|isbn=9780313341373|pages=223|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6NfsuDACQwC&pg=PA190&dq=1997+Supreme+COurt+attack+pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjFi5mj2vPRAhVIzmMKHWWtAKgQuwUIIjAB#v=onepage&q=1997%20Supreme%20COurt%20attack%20pakistan&f=false|accessdate=3 February 2017|language=en|format=googlebooks|chapter=Nawaz Sharif and the Military Coup}}</ref> While the [[Islamabad Police|Police]] gained control of the situation to restore [[Law and order in Pakistan|law and order]], the whole nation witnessed traumatizing and terrifying scenes on their television screens broadcast by the [[News channels in Pakistan|news media]] all over the country.{{rp|190}}<ref name="Greenwood Publishing Group, Malik"/>

Subsequently, the [[Supreme Judicial Council of Pakistan|Supreme Judicial Council]] took up a case against the appointment of [[Syed Sajjad Ali Shah|Chief Justice Shah]] on 23 December and declared Chief Justice Shah's appointment "illegal and unconstitutional" that eventually forced him to resign from his office on 2 December 1997.{{rp|46}}<ref name="Stanford University Press, Dossani&Rowen"/> [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Farooq Leghari]] who supported the cause of [[Syed Sajjad Ali Shah|Chief Justice Shah]] also had to resign when [[Chief of Army Staff|army chief]] General [[Jehangir Karamat]] and [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman joint chiefs]] [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Farooq Feroze Khan|Feroze Khan]] intervened to resolve the crises.{{rp|175–176}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shah|first1=Aqil|title=The Army and Democracy|date=2014|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Stanford|isbn=9780674728936|page=|pages=381|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmyXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA175&dq=Justice+Shah+and+Leghari&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwit0Pzn2_PRAhVG_WMKHdWIBDsQ6wEISjAG#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=3 February 2017|language=en|format=googlebooks|chapter=From Zia to Musharraf}}</ref> Prime Minister Sharif eventually appointed his Chief Justice [[Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui]] based on merit qualification and offered presidency to former supreme court justice [[Rafiq Tarar]] who was elected in 1998.<ref name="Story Of Pakistan, 1997" />

In 1998, Prime Minister Sharif [[Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's relief of General Jehangir Karamat|effectively relieved]] Chairman joint chief General [[Jehangir Karamat]] from the command of the military when General Karamat delivered a college lecture at the [[Pakistan Naval War College|Naval War College]] in [[Karachi]].{{rp|107–108}}<ref name="Lexington Books, Jr">{{cite book|last1=Jr|first1=Lenze|title=Civil–Military Relations in the Islamic World|date=2016|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=9781498518741|pages=212|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TiijDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA107&dq=Sharif+civil+military+relations&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjBrK672PTRAhUC5mMKHUGFDyIQuwUIHTAA#v=onepage&q=Sharif%20civil%20military%20relations&f=false|accessdate=3 February 2017|language=en|format=googlebooks|chapter=Pakistan}}</ref> At this lecture, General Karamat called for establishing the [[National Security Council (Pakistan)|National Security Council]] (NSC) which would be backed by a "team of civil-military experts" for devising policies to seek resolution ongoing problems relating the civil-military issues; also recommended a "neutral but competent [[Civil Service of Pakistan|bureaucracy]] and administration of at federal level and the establishment of [[Local government in Pakistan|Local governments]] in [[Provinces of Pakistan|four provinces]].{{rp|66–68}}<ref name="Yale University Press">{{cite book|last=Abbas|first=Hassan|title=Pakistan's Drift to Extremism|year=2002|publisher=Yale University Press|location=United States|isbn=9780765614964|page=66|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GiKm-ahTpS8C&pg=PA166&dq=lieutenant+general+ali+kuli+khan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=UpG4T9WYAYmJiAKktvH1Bg&ved=0CGQQuwUwCA#v=onepage&q=lieutenant%20general%20ali%20kuli%20khan&f=true}}</ref>

Relieving of General Karamat plummeted Sharif's own public approvals and his relations with the military, as even his senior Cabinet ministers were in disagreement of Sharif's decision.<ref name=OUP>{{cite book|last=Aziz|first=Sartaj|title=Between Dreams and Realities: Some Milestones in Pakistan's History|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Karachi, Pakistan|isbn=978-0-19-547718-4|page=408|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\09\story_9-8-2009_pg3_5}}</ref> Many political observers were taken in complete surprise since the dismissal of four-star rank general was never happened before in country's [[History of Pakistan|short history]].{{rp|145–146}}<ref name="Public Affairs, Kathy">{{cite book|last=Gannon|first=Kathy|title=I is for infidel : from holy war to holy terror in Afghanistan|year=2005|publisher=Public Affairs, Kathy|location=New York|isbn=978-1-58648-312-8|pages=145–146|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h64BZjkwN68C&pg=PA145&dq=Dismissal+of+General+Jehangir+Karamat&hl=en&sa=X&ei=g9E_UbzGDYWWyAGp7YDICQ&ved=0CEEQuwUwAzgK#v=onepage&q=Dismissal%20of%20General%20Jehangir%20Karamat&f=true|edition=1.}}</ref>

Eventually, Sharif chose then-[[Lieutenant-General]] [[Pervez Musharraf]] over two senior army generals for the appointment to post of the [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|army chief]] and acting Chairman joint chiefs.{{rp|64–67}}<ref name="ReadHowYouWant.com">{{cite book|last1=Harmon|first1=Daniel E.|title=Pervez Musharraf: President of Pakistan: Easyread Super Large 24pt Edition|date=2008|publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com|isbn=9781427092083|pages=156|edition=24|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jisbSz2h9zYC&pg=PA65#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=3 February 2017|language=en|chapter=Chief of the Army Staff}}</ref> An year later, the civil military relations took a sharp turn in the opposition of Sharif when he invited and received [[Indian Prime Minister]] [[AB Vajpayee|Atal Vajpayee]] in Lahore for peace talks, much to agitation of General Musharraf who did not welcome outcomes of [[Lahore Summit]].{{rp|150–151}}<ref name="Brookings Institution Press, Cohen">{{cite book|last1=Cohen|first1=Stephen Philip|title=The idea of Pakistan|date=2004|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=0815797613|edition=1st pbk.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-78yjVybQfkC&pg=PA150&dq=nawaz+sharif+karamat&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiKrvqr1PTRAhVBT2MKHUykCSM4ChC7BQgzMAM#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=3 February 2017|language=en|format=googlebooks|chapter=Political Pakistan}}</ref>

In 1999, the [[Pakistan Army]] soldiers secretly crossed the [[Line of Control]] (LoC) and infiltrated in [[Kargil]] on the direct orders issues by General Musharraf, bringing the [[India and Pakistan|two nations]] at the brink of war.{{rp|118–121}}<ref name="NUS Press, Kapur">{{cite book|last1=Kapur|first1=S. Paul|title=Dangerous Deterrent: Nuclear Weapons Proliferation and Conflict in South Asia|date=2009|publisher=NUS Press|location=Singapore|isbn=9789971694432|pages=244|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bt3WMTNX5QoC&pg=PA119&dq=Sharif+kargil&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwij6r6B3PTRAhUN0mMKHcZaC28QuwUILzAD#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=3 February 2017|language=en|format=googlebooks|chapter=The Overt Nuclear Period}}</ref> The [[Indian Army]] reacted with launching of full-fledged military coordinated military operations while Indian government effectively put diplomatic pressure of Sharif's government to withdraw the soldiers from the Kargil sector.{{rp|25–31}}<ref>Weaver, Mary Anne. "General On Tightrope". Pakistan: in the Shadow of Jihad and Afghanistan. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003. pp. 25–31 ISBN 0374528861</ref> Both Sharif and General Musharraf held each other responsible for the actions in the Kargil, charging each other of lying and hiding details of war to the nation.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Musharraf Vs. Sharif: Who's Lying?|newspaper=The Weekly Voice|date=2 October 2006|url=http://www.weeklyvoice.com/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1443&Itemid=66 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011135734/http://weeklyvoice.com/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1443&Itemid=66 |archivedate=11 October 2007 |deadurl=yes}}</ref>

At the public circle, Sharif assigned blame for the political/diplomatic disaster on General Musharraf, and Musharraf placing the blame of disaster on Prime Minister Sharif.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rashid|first=Ahmed|title=Seeds of conflict lie in summer's Kashmir crisis|url=http://www.independent.ie/world-news/seeds-of-conflict-lie-in-summers-kashmir-crisis-393647.html|accessdate=29 March 2011|newspaper=Independent.ie|date=13 October 1999}}</ref> On September 1999, General Musharraf retired forcefully retired Lieutenant-General Tariq Pervez who was known to be close to Sharif and cousin of [[Raja Nadir Pervez]], the [[Ministry of Communications (Pakistan)|Communication minister]].{{rp|39}}<ref name="Yale University Press, Jones">{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Owen Bennett|title=Pakistan eye of the storm|date=2003|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven, Conn.|isbn=0300101473|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8iYEgPYG_EC&pg=PA39&dq=Tariq+Pervez&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjly5Ky8fTRAhVE8mMKHVAGA9wQuwUILzAD#v=onepage&q=Tariq%20Pervez&f=false|accessdate=3 February 2017|language=en|chapter=The 1999 Coup}}</ref>

Upon meeting with Sharif, General Tariq Pervez had ultimately warned Sharif of "making any move against General Musharraf or the army would strike."{{rp|39}}<ref name="Yale University Press, Jones"/>

===Revolt of the Admiral===
{{right|
<gallery class="right" widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:PervezMusharraf.jpg|General [[Pervez Musharraf]], [[Pakistan Army|PA]].
</gallery>
}}

The revolt of Admiral [[Fasih Bokhari]], the [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Naval Staff]], over Sharif's public decision of extending General Musharraf's tenure as chairman joint chiefs until 2001 was another issue that saw the breaking down of civil military relations. About the Karil war, Admiral Bokhari was not of the view of supporting Pakistan Army's engagement with Indian Army as appropriate and subsequently lodged a powerful protest against General Musharraf's [[grand strategy]] while recommending the constitution of a Commission to completely probe the Kargil issue.<ref name="The News International, 2011">{{cite news|last1=Editorial|first1=et.al|title=Why Admiral Bokhari is a favourite of Zardari, rejected by Nawaz|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/617244-why-admiral-bokhari-is-a-favourite--of-zardari,-rejected-by-nawaz|accessdate=19 January 2017|work=www.thenews.com.pk|agency=The News International|issue=1/2|publisher=The News International, 2011|date=11 October 2011|language=en}}</ref>

At the country's [[News channels in Pakistan|news media]], Admiral Bokhari publicly questioned the effectiveness of the [[military strategy]] behind the Kargil infiltration and was very critical of General Musharraf's unilateral decisions involving the national security, as chairman joint chiefs, without considering the opinions of chiefs of staff of air force and the navy.<ref name="Efficient Offset Printers">{{cite book|author1=Sanj Dutt|title=War in Peace in Kargil Sector|publisher=Efficient Offset Printers|location=New Delhi, India|isbn=81-7648-151-3|pages=478|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XlHplc3pr1IC&pg=PA453 |accessdate=18 May 2012|format=google books|year=2000}}</ref>

In 1999, Sharif quarrelled with Admiral Bokhari and his [[NHQ (Pakistan Navy)|Navy NHQ]] staff over the merit-based appointment of General Musharraf to the [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman Joint Chiefs]] that was only meant to be temporary and it was hoped that Admiral Bokhari would be appointed to the post.{{rp|contents}}<ref name="Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.Cloughley">{{cite book|last1=Cloughley|first1=Brian|title=A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and Insurrections|date=2012|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.Cloughley|isbn=9781631440397|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JE1kCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT419&dq=Bokhari+resigned&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj1rZTM48jRAhUH1GMKHYG-CooQ6wEIHTAA#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=17 January 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Dawn Wire Service, 1998">{{cite news|last1=Haque|first1=Ihtasham ul|title=Karamat retired, Musharraf takes over as COAS :|url=https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1998/10Oct98.html#kara|accessdate=17 January 2017|work=Dawn Wire Service, Area studies|agency=Dawn Newspapers|issue=04/40|publisher=Dawn Wire Service, 1998|date=10 October 1998|location=Islamabad, Pakistan|language=en}}</ref> On August 1999, there were rising tensions between Admiral Bokhari and Prime Minister Sharif over issue of [[Atlantique incident|incident took place in]] [[Sir Creek]], although both had kept the working relations on good terms.<ref>{{cite web|title=PAKISTAN: PAKISTAN/INDIA CONFLICT: SITUATION UPDATE|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0dc0jy_x0sQ|accessdate=4 February 2017|date=21 July 2015}}</ref>

On September 1999, General Musharraf had sent a message Prime Minister Sharif that "anyone in the Navy and Air Force can become the [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman Joint Chiefs]] as I did not care."{{rp|111}}<ref name="Simon and Schuster, Musharraf">{{cite book|last1=Musharraf|first1=Pervez|title=In the Line of Fire: A Memoir|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9780743298438|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7igVvi3aO-8C&lpg=PA33&dq=Musharraf%20mango%20tree&pg=PA34#v=onepage&q=Bukhari&f=false|accessdate=17 January 2017|language=en}}</ref> General Musharraf reportedly backed Admiral Bokhari's bid for the [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman Joint Chiefs]] but he was oversaw by the Prime Minister who confirmed and extended General Musharraf's term until 2001.<ref name="DAWN newspaper 1999, Haque">{{cite news|last1=Haque|first1=Ihtasham ul|title=DAWN WIRE SERVICE :|url=https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1999/02oct99.html#mush|accessdate=17 January 2017|work=DAWN WIRE SERVICE Area Studies|agency=DAWN newspaper|issue=05/40|publisher=DAWN newspaper 1999, Haque|date=2 October 1999}}</ref>

The civil-military relations were further damaged when Admiral Bokhari lodged a strong protest against this decision in the news media and reportedly revolted against Prime Minister Sharif's appointment for the Chairman joint chiefs in 1999.<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan 2002">{{cite news|last1=Staff writer|first1=correspondents|title=Musharraf planned coup much before Oct 12|url=http://www.antisystemic.org/satribune/www.satribune.com/archives/oct7_13_02/DTimes_fasihoct9.htm|accessdate=17 January 2017|work=Daily Times Pakistan|agency=Daily Times Pakistan|publisher=Daily Times Pakistan 2002|date=9 October 2002}}</ref> Admiral Bokhari abruptly tendered his resignation to the Prime Minister Sharif and noted to Sharif that since General Musharraf was his junior and often referred to him as "Sir."<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan 2002" />{{rp|1265}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Darpan|first1=Pratiyogita|title=Competition Science Vision|publisher=Pratiyogita Darpan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-gDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA1265&dq=admiral+bukhari+nuclear+tests&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiwxa3Wi8rRAhUH6WMKHZeuAwcQ6wEIJDAA#v=onepage&q=admiral%20bukhari%20nuclear%20tests&f=false|accessdate=17 January 2017|language=en}}</ref>

On 5 October 1999, Admiral Bokhari resigned from the command of the Navy as the [[News channels in Pakistan|news media]] construed Admiral Bokhari's resignation merely as unhappiness over not being appointed as [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (Pakistan)|Chairman]] of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]].<ref name="Daily Times Pakistan 2002"/> Admiral Bokhari's revolt saw the meltdown of the [[Civil-military relations|civil-military]] relations between the elected civilian government and the military leaders that eventually led to the military overtaking the civilian government by dismissing Prime Minister Sharif on 12 October 1999.{{rp|63}}<ref name="SAGE Publications India, Singh">{{cite book|last1=Kukreja|first1=Veena|last2=Singh|first2=M. P.|title=Pakistan: Democracy, Development and Security Issues|date=2005|publisher=SAGE Publications India, Singh|location=London [uk]|isbn=9788132102663|pages=300|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bI6HAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA63&dq=admiral+bukhari+nawaz+sharif&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi8vZSdjcrRAhVN9mMKHQsYCX8QuwUIIjAB#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=17 January 2017|language=en|format=google books|chapter=Pakistan since 1999 coup}}</ref>

==The coup==
[[File:Karachi-Terminal-00138.JPG|thumb|right|200px|The [[Jinnah International Airport|Jinnah International]] where Musharraf's landed in Karachi, [[Circa|ca.]] [[2006 in Pakistan|2006]].]]
Aftermath of the [[Kargil War]], followed by the [[Atlantique incident]], there were widespread rumors and media speculations in the television new media about the either possible military takeover or resignation of General Musharraf on September 1999.<ref name="DAWN WIRE SERVICE : , 1999">{{cite news|last1=Staff writer|first1=et.al|title=COAS denies differences with govt|url=https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1999/25sep99.html#coas|accessdate=3 February 2017|work=asianstudies.github.io|agency=DAWN WIRE SERVICE :|issue=05/39|publisher=DAWN WIRE SERVICE : , 1999|date=25 September 1999}}</ref>

On October 1999, General Musharraf paid an official visit to [[Sri Lanka]] on an invitation of [[Sri Lankan Army]] [[Commander of the Army (Sri Lanka)|Commander]] [[Lieutenant-General]] [[C. S. Weerasooriya]]. Ultimately, Prime Minister Sharif dismissed General Musharraf from the command of the military and nominated Lieutenant-General [[Ziauddin Butt]], the DG [[ISI (Pakistan)|ISI]], over several army officers on 12 October 1999.<ref name=Dugger>{{cite news|last=Dugger|first=Celia W.|title=Pakistan Calm After Coup; Leading General Gives No Clue About How He Will Rule|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/14/world/pakistan-calm-after-coup-leading-general-gives-no-clue-about-how-he-will-rule.html|accessdate=6 May 2011|newspaper=New York Times|date=14 October 1999}}</ref> Development came when General Musharraf, alongside with [[Major-General]] [[Tariq Majid]] and [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|Brigadier]] [[Nadeem Taj]], were returning to Pakistan boarded on a [[Pakistan International Airlines|PIA]]'s [[Boeing 777-200|777-200]] commercial airline.<ref name=Plot/>

According to the sources, the [[Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority|Civil Aviation Authority]] (CAA) was ordered by Sharif to divert the plane to [[India]] but then it was rerouted to [[Nawabshah Airport|Nawabshah]].<ref name=Plot>{{cite news|title='Plot to kill' coup leader|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/475112.stm|accessdate=6 May 2011|newspaper=BBC News|date=14 October 1999}}</ref> When this was failed to comprehend by the pilot, the CAA was ordered to close the runways by turning off the [[Runway edge lights|edge lights]] at the [[Jinnah Terminal|Jinnah International Airport]] in an attempt to refuse the landing.<ref name=Plot/> The units of [[Pakistan Army Corps of Military Police|military police]] led by Lieutenant-General [[Muzaffar Usmani]] sealed the civilian airport and seized the control of the [[control tower]], allowing the plane to land on a runway. The military police seized the control of the state-run [[Pakistan Television Corporation|media television]] headquarters and encircled the [[Prime Minister's Secretariat (Pakistan)|Prime Minister Secretariat]] building while gaining control of the international airports and cutting off the international phone lines.<ref name=Weiner>{{cite news|last=Weiner|first=Tim|title=Countdown to Pakistan's Coup: A Duel of Nerves in the Air|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/17/world/countdown-to-pakistan-s-coup-a-duel-of-nerves-in-the-air.html|accessdate=6 May 2011|newspaper=New York Times|date=17 October 1999}}</ref><ref>Aqil Shah, The Army and Democracy: Military Politics in Pakistan |(Harvard University Press, 2014), p. 181-182 [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674728936] ISBN 9780674728936</ref>

There were four army generals who were central in staging the coup against Sharif's government that included General Musharraf [[General Aziz Khan|Aziz Khan]], [[General Mahmood Ahmed|Mahmood Ahmad]] and [[Shahid Aziz]]. [[Gang of Four (Pakistan)|They played]] a crucial role in installing General Musharraf as [[Chief Executive of Pakistan|Chief Executive]] while they detained Sharif in a local prison.{{rp|185-185}}<ref name="United States Institute of Peace, Gutman">{{cite book|last1=Gutman|first1=Roy|title=How we missed the story : Osama bin Laden, the Taliban, and the hijacking of Afghanistan|date=2008|publisher=United States Institute of Peace|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=9781601270245|edition=1.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9eqvc-Ru3cC&pg=PA185&dq=musharraf+arrest+nawaz&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_6rjTj_XRAhUOzWMKHVQwC30QuwUIHTAA#v=onepage&q=musharraf%20arrest%20nawaz&f=false|accessdate=3 February 2017|language=en|format=google books|chapter=Hijacking a Regime}}</ref> On 14 October 1999, Musharraf appeared on television to declare a [[state of emergency]] and issued a [[Provisional Constitutional Order]] that ultimately suspended the writ of the [[Constitution of Pakistan|Constitution]] of Pakistan and dissolved the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] and [[:Category:Provincial Assemblies of Pakistan|four provincial assemblies]], although they left [[Muhammad Rafiq Tarar]] in office as [[President of Pakistan|President]].<ref name=DoS>{{cite web|title=Pakistan|url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3453.htm|work=Background Notes|publisher=U.S. Department of State|accessdate=7 May 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110504143730/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3453.htm| archivedate= 4 May 2011 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

However, General Musharraf strongly objected the wordage use of "martial law" or "coup d'état", instead insisting that: "This is not martial law, only another path towards democracy."<ref name="Committee to Protect Journalists">{{cite web|last1=et.al.|first1=staff writers|title=Attacks on the Press 1999: Pakistan - Committee to Protect Journalists|url=https://cpj.org/2000/03/attacks-on-the-press-1999-pakistan.php|website=cpj.org|publisher=Committee to Protect Journalists|accessdate=8 February 2017|language=en}}</ref> The [[Inter-Services Public Relations|ISPR]] also confirmed that "here is no martial law in the country."<ref name="Dawn wire service, Abbasi">{{cite news|last1=Abbasi|first1=Ansar|title=No martial law in country|url=https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1999/16oct99.html#noma|accessdate=8 February 2017|work=asianstudies.github.io|agency=Dawn Newspapers|issue=5/42|publisher=Dawn wire service, Abbasi|date=16 October 1999}}</ref>

===Text of Proclamation of Emergency===
Soon after taking over the country, emergency was declared in the country. Following is the text of the Proclamation of Emergency declared by Musharraf:<ref>{{cite news|title=Text of Musharraf's declaration|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/475415.stm|accessdate=6 May 2011|newspaper=BBC News|date=14 October 1999}}</ref>

{{cquote|
In pursuance of deliberations and decisions of chiefs of staff of the Armed Forces and corps commanders of Pakistan Army, I General Pervez Musharraf, chairman joint chiefs of staff committee and chief of army staff, proclaim emergency throughout Pakistan and assume the office of the chief executive of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.

I hereby order and proclaim as follows:

(a) The constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan shall remain in abeyance

(b) The president of Pakistan shall continue in office

(c) The [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]], the provincial assemblies and [[Senate of Pakistan|Senate]] shall stand suspended

(d) The chairman and deputy chairman of the Senate, the speaker and deputy speaker of the National Assembly and the provincial assemblies shall stand suspended

(e) The prime minister, the federal ministers, ministers of state, advisers to the prime minister, parliamentary secretaries, the provincial governors, the provincial chief ministers, the provincial ministers and the advisers to the chief ministers shall cease to hold office

(f) The whole of Pakistan will come under the control of the [[Pakistani Armed Forces|Armed Forces of Pakistan]].

This proclamation shall come into force at once and be deemed to have taken effect on the 12th day of October, 1999.
}}

===Text of Provisional Constitutional Order 1999===
Following is the text of Provisional Constitutional Order (PCO) promulgated by Musharraf. After its proclamation, the order was modified on multiple occasions:<ref>{{cite web|title=Provisional Constitution Order No. 1 of 1999|url=http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/post_12oct99/pco1_1999.orig.html|publisher=Pakistani.org|accessdate=7 May 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110615123941/http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/post_12oct99/pco1_1999.orig.html| archivedate= 15 June 2011 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

{{cquote| In pursuance of Proclamation of the 14th day of October, 1999, and in exercise of all powers enabling him in that behalf, the Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee and Chief of Army Staff and Chief Executive of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan under the Proclamation of Emergency of 14th day of October 1999 (hereinafter referred to as the Chief Executive) is pleased to make and promulgate the following Order:

1.
:(1) This Order may be called Provisional Constitution Order No.1 of 1999;

:(2) It extends to the whole of Pakistan;

:(3) It shall come into force at once.

2.
:(1) Notwithstanding the abeyance of the provisions of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, hereinafter referred to as the Constitution, Pakistan shall, subject to this Order and any other Orders made by the Chief Executive, be governed, as nearly as may be, in accordance with the Constitution.

:(2) Subject as aforesaid, all courts in existence immediately before the commencement of this Order, shall continue to function and to exercise their respective powers and jurisdiction provided that the [[Pakistan Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] or High Courts and any other court shall not have the powers to make any order against the Chief Executive or any person exercising powers or jurisdiction under his authority;

:(3) The Fundamental Rights conferred by Chapter I of Part II of the Constitution, not in conflict with the Proclamation of Emergency or any Order made thereunder from time to time, shall continue to be in force.

3.
:(1) The President shall act on, and in accordance with the advice of the Chief Executive;

:(2) The Governor of the Province shall act on, and in accordance with the instructions of the Chief Executive.

4.
:(1) No Court, Tribunal or other authority shall call or permit to be called in question the proclamation of Emergency of 14th day of October, 1999 or any Order made in pursuance thereof.

:(2) No judgment, decree, writ, order or process whatsoever shall be made or issued by any court or tribunal against the Chief Executive or any authority designated by the Chief Executive.

5. Notwithstanding the abeyance of the provisions of the Constitution, but subject to the Orders of the Chief Executive, all laws other than the Constitution shall continue in force until altered, amended or repealed by the Chief Executive or any authority designated by him.

6. The Proclamation of Emergency issued on 28th day of May 1998, shall continue but subject to the provisions of Proclamation of Emergency dated 14th day of October 1999 and this Provisional Constitution Order and any other Order made thereunder.

7. All persons who, immediately before the commencement of this Order, were in the service of Pakistan as defined in Article 260 of the Constitution and those persons who immediately before such commencement were in office as Judge of the Supreme Court, the Federal Shariat Court or a High Court or Auditor-General or Ombudsman and Chief Ehtesab Commissioner, shall continue in the said service on the same terms and conditions and shall enjoy the same privileges, if any. }}

==Impact==

Upon hearing the news of Sharif's arrest, the [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML(N)]] partisans and the party leadership led by [[Javed Hashmi]] in [[Lahore]] and [[Mamnoon Hussain]] in [[Karachi]] called out and led massive street demonstrations and protests in the streets of Lahore, Karachi, and other cities.{{rp|2432}}<ref name="DIANE Publishing, Bergner">{{cite book|last1=Bergner|first1=Jeffrey T.|title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2008: Vols. I and II: Joint Committee Print, U. S. House of Representatives and U. S. Senate|date=2008|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=9781437905229|pages=3000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NqIkQz68_fgC&pg=PA2432&dq=PML(N)+arrested+1999&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj4uKHCk_XRAhXGLmMKHVaSAGsQuwUIHDAA#v=onepage&q=PML(N)%20arrested%201999&f=false|accessdate=4 February 2017|language=en|chapter=Human Rights in Pakistan}}</ref> The conservative supporters of Nawaz Sharif did not welcome this coup and saw this event as a conspiracy but many of [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf|Sharif's rivals]] welcome this coup, eventually holding celebration parties around different parts of the country.<ref name="Oxford University Press, Jaffrelot"/> Although, there were reports of unconfirmed [[media blackout]] of Sharif-aligned conservative media but no restrictions were imposed on the liberal/libertarian news media.{{rp|416–418}}<ref name="Oxford University Press, Jaffrelot"/>

There were reports of repression and human rights abuse taken place by the authorities under General Musharraf, as the pro-democracy demonstrations were forcefully and effectively crushed by Musharraf's regime.<ref name="Oxford University Press, Jaffrelot"/>

===Legality and legitimacy of the coup===
[[File:Supreme Court of Pakistan,Islamabad by Usman Ghani.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] in [[2004 in Pakistan|ca.2004]].]]

The [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] courted by the [[Chief Justice of Pakistan|Chief Justice]] [[Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui]] partially provided the legality of the martial law in a view of "[[doctrine of necessity]]" after Musharraf's lawyer [[Syed Sharifuddin Pirzada|Sharifuddin Pirzada]] argued for the martial law on technicality, but its legality was only limited to three years.{{rp|25}}<ref name="Nova Publishers, Mayor">{{cite book|last1=Mayor|first1=John N.|title=India: Issues, Historical Background, and Bibliography|date=2003|publisher=Nova Publishers|location=New York|isbn=9781590332993|pages=100|edition=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-KWU0bBpsbQC&pg=PA25&dq=pakistan+supreme+court+and+1999+coup&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiO04uJwPXRAhUQ2WMKHR3MDtE4ChC7BQg9MAY#v=onepage&q=pakistan%20supreme%20court%20and%201999%20coup&f=false|accessdate=4 February 2017|language=en|chapter=1999 Pakistani Coup}}</ref>{{rp|118}}<ref name="Harvard University Press, Hirschl"/> Meanwhile, Sharif was tried by the military [[Judge Advocate General Branch (Pakistan)|judge advocate general]] where allegations of [[Corruption in Pakistan|corruption]], [[Terrorism in Pakistan|terrorism]], and money laundering were leveled against him.{{rp|56–57}}<ref name="Lexington Books, Baxter"/> Eventually, the military court's inconclusive rulings found him to be guilty and convicted him for risking the life of all the passengers on board including the sitting Chairman joint chiefs.{{rp|57}}<ref name="Lexington Books, Baxter"/>

On 15 November 1999, the [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] decided to hear the petitions filed by [[PML-N]]'s lawyer [[Syed Zafar Ali Shah|Zafar Ali Shah]] on behalf of Sharif and [[Aitzaz Ahsan]] requesting a supreme court's intervention to declare the military takeover "illegal and unconstitutional", and order the restoration of Sharif's government and reinstatement of the National Assembly and four provincial assemblies that were suspended.<ref>{{cite news|title=Court moved on Pak take-over|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99nov16/world.htm#1|accessdate=7 May 2011|newspaper=The Tribune India|date=15 November 1999}}</ref> The PML(N)'s lawyers began their court battle with the Musharraf's lawyers when additional petitions were filed by [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML(N)]], Muslim Welfare Movement, and Wahabul Khairi, an advocate challenging the legality of the coup.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news|title=Supreme Court bench to hear petitions against coup|url=http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1999/04dec99.html#supr|accessdate=7 May 2011|newspaper=Dawn Wire Service|date=2 December 1999| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110613224615/http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1999/04dec99.html| archivedate= 13 June 2011 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

On 1 December 1999, a five-member bench of Supreme Court was constituted to hear these appeals and as lawyers of each side to present cases of their clients. The bench headed by Chief Justice [[Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui]] and had Justice [[Bashir Jehangiri|Bashir Jahangiri]], Justice [[Nasir Aslam Zahid]], Justice Abdur Rehman Khan and Justice [[Wajihuddin Ahmed]] as other members.<ref name="Dawn"/>

===Provisional Constitutional Order judges oath===

As the hearing progressed at the Supreme Court, the legality and legitimacy of the coup became an important issue while Sharif's lawyers successfully argued for reinstating the writ of the constitution. [[Chief Justice of Pakistan|Chief Justice]] [[Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui]] alongside with other chief justices were in clear view of this coup as a "violation of constitution" as Sharif's lawyers made a ground base for finding Musharraf of treason.{{rp|119–120}}<ref name="Harvard University Press, Hirschl"/><ref name="Dawn Wire Service, Ali">{{cite news|last1=Ali|first1=Rafaqat|title=Irshad new CJ: Saeed, five others refuse to take oath|url=https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/2000/29jan00.html#irsh|accessdate=8 February 2017|work=asianstudies.github.io|agency=Dawn Newspapers|issue=06/05|publisher=Dawn Wire Service, 2000|date=29 January 2000}}</ref>

On 26 January 2000, Chief Executive Musharraf, acting on the advice of [[Syed Sharifuddin Pirzada|Sharifuddin Pirzada]], quickly promulgated the [[Provisional Constitutional Order]] and asked [[Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui|Chief Justice Siddiqui]] alongside other justices to take a new oath under this provision.<ref name="BRILL, Cotran"/> [[Chief Justice of Pakistan|Chief Justice]] [[Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui]] and other nine judges of the thirteen Supreme Court justices refused to take oath which became an issue identified as the "biggest challenge" to the new government.{{rp|112–115}}<ref name="Pragmatic Publishing, Jan"/> Eventually, [[Chief Justice of Pakistan|Chief Justice]] [[Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui]] and other nine judges resigned from their respected appointments, followed by number of other High Court justices also refused to take the oath. {{rp|24}}<ref name="BRILL, Cotran">{{cite book|last1=Cotran|first1=Eugene|last2=Lau|first2=M.|title=Yearbook of Islamic And Middle Eastern Law: (2003-2004)|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004144447|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=syaVd9K8YBIC&pg=PA24&dq=PCO+2002+Musharraf&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhu4Th3PjRAhWEspQKHQCvBBkQuwUIHDAA#v=onepage&q=PCO%202002%20Musharraf&f=false|language=en}}</ref> The Provisional Constitutional Order disallowed challenging any actions made by the military led by General Musharraf, and many judges who refused to take the oath cited infringements upon the judiciary system such as this as their reasoning for refusing.{{rp|115}}<ref name="Pragmatic Publishing, Jan"/> The Provisional Constitutional Order provided Musharraf a legal protection of his actions in regards to the military taker over and bared any court in the country for taking any legal actions against Musharraf or those who were responsible for the military coup.<ref name=Waycross/>

[[Asma Jahangir]], a Pakistani lawyer and human rights advocate, reportedly quoted: "The military rulers are doing their best to erode the independence of the judiciary. I salute those judges who have refused to take the oath."<ref name=Waycross>{{cite news|title=Pakistan Judges Refuse Oath Demanded by Pakistan's Rulers|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8GFaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=70wNAAAAIBAJ&dq=pakistan%20judge%20oath&pg=6907%2C2851269|accessdate=7 May 2011|newspaper=Waycross Journal-Herald|date=31 January 2000}}</ref>

==Aftermath==

===Pardon of Sharif and 2002 Referendum===

On 09/10 December 2000, [[Chief Executive Officer (Pakistan)|Chief Executive]] Pervez Musharraf unexpectedly issued a [[pardon]] of Nawaz Sharif and allowed the immediate members of former [[:Category:Sharif family|first family]] to traveled to [[Saudi Arabia]] on a private jet provided by the [[Saudi Royal Family]].{{rp|167–168}}<ref name="Krishna Prakashan Media, Joshi"/>{{rp|73–74}}<ref name="University of California Press, Wolpert"/> Details were soon emerge in successive years of this pardon that resulted in a forced sign an agreement that put him in exile for a decade.{{rp|366}}<ref name="Cambridge University Press, Feeley">{{cite book|last1=Feeley|first1=edited by Terence C. Halliday, Lucien Karpik, Malcolm M.|last2=Karpik|first2=Lucien|last3=Feeley|first3=Malcolm M.|title=Fates of political liberalism in the British post-colony : the politics of the legal complex|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=9781107012783|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3j4JtL4b3ggC&pg=PA366&dq=Sharif+musharraf+agreement&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj7t5yW0PXRAhUK12MKHZY5DB0QuwUIHDAA#v=onepage&q=Sharif%20musharraf%20agreement&f=false|accessdate=4 February 2017|language=en|chapter=Toward the Political Functions: The Return of Sharif and Bhutto}}</ref><ref name="Dawn Wire Service, Hashmi and Malik">{{cite news|last1=Hashmi|first1=Faraz|last2=Malick|first2=Nasir|title=President pardons Nawaz; entire Sharif family exiled|url=https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/2000/dec1600.html#pres|accessdate=8 February 2017|work=asianstudies.github.io|agency=Dawn newspapers|issue=06/48|publisher=Dawn Wire Service|date=16 December 2000}}</ref> However, this agreement was voided in successive years when Musharraf himself went to court to bared Sharif from returning to Pakistan in 2007.{{rp|366}}<ref name="Cambridge University Press, Feeley"/>

In 2016, Musharraf later confessed in a interview given to [[Kamran Shahid]] of [[Dunya News|''Dunya'']] that "he pardoned Nawaz Sharif from life imprisonment on the request of [[King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|King Abdullah]] and [[Rafic Hariri]]."<ref name="Dunya News, Shahid"/>

On 12 May 2000, the Supreme Court of Pakistan courted by Chief Justice [[Irshad Hasan Khan|Irshad Hasan]] finally legalized the coup but ordering to hold a nationwide elections to restore the writ of the government.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan court limits army rule|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/746262.stm|accessdate=7 May 2011|newspaper=BBC News|date=12 May 2000}}</ref>

In 2001, General Musharraf issued the [[Legal Framework Order, 2002|executive decree]] and, in which, President Tarar was of the view that such decree was unconstitutional and illegal. Eventually, Musharraf forcefully removed President from his office when the latter forced President Tarar to [[Forced resignation|forcefully resigned]] from the president.<ref name="Dawn Wire Service, correspondents">{{cite news|last1=Correspondent|first1=et.al|title=Musharraf planning to replace Tarar as next president:|url=https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/2001/apr1401.html#mush|accessdate=8 February 2017|work=asianstudies.github.io|issue=07/15|date=14 April 2001}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu Pakistan Bureau, 2002"/> In the light of [[Supreme Court of Pakistan|Supreme Court]]'s verdict, the [[Pakistani referendum, 2002|national referendum]] was held on 30 April 2002, allowing himself to continue his rule.<ref name="Vries"/><ref name=bbc2002 /> The referendum, which Musharraf won with almost 98% of the votes in his favour, was alleged by many, including the [[Human Rights Commission of Pakistan]], to be fraudulent.<ref name="Vries"/><ref name=bbc2002 />

===Allegations of illegitimacy===

The [[Human rights in Pakistan|Right groups]] such as Amnesty International Pakistan and [[Human Rights Commission of Pakistan|Human Rights Commission]] and others had denounced the [[Pakistani referendum, 2002|referendum]] as extremely [[electoral fraud|fraudulent]] in 2002. The ''[[Reuters]]'' journalists claimed to see [[ballot stuffing]] and pressure to vote being placed on [[public sector|governmental]] employees.<ref name=bbc2002/> [[Ibn Abdur Rehman]], director of the [[Human Rights Commission of Pakistan|Human Rights Commission]], dismissed the referendum as "farcical", also claiming that votes were stuffed.<ref name=bbc2002/> The Amnesty International Pakistan and the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan stated that the voting irregularities "exceeded its worst fears".<ref name=bbc2002>{{cite news|title=Musharraf wins huge backing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1961194.stm|accessdate=23 August 2013|newspaper=[[BBC]]|date=1 May 2002}}</ref>

The PML(N), backed by the Human Rights Commission, challenged the results of the referendum but Chief Justice [[Irshad Hasan Khan]] dismissed the petitions while rejecting the challenge and upholding the the results.<ref name=Vries/> [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (Pakistan)|Information Minister]] [[Nisar Memon]] dismissed allegations of fraud as propaganda created by the opposition and stated that "Those who opposed the referendum preferred to stay at home and didn't create any problem." <ref name=Vries>{{cite news|last=de Vries|first=Lloyd|title=Musharraf Claims Victory In Pakistan|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/04/30/world/main507574.shtml|accessdate=7 May 2011|newspaper=CBS News|date=1 May 2002}}</ref>

Credibility of the claims of illegitimacy is added when American Pattan Development Organization conducted a gallup survey that founded that the "people are likely to
elect either Benazir Bhutto or Nawaz Sharif as the next prime minister" in preference to President General Pervez Musharraf.<ref name="Dawn Wire Service, 2001">{{cite news|last1=Staff reporter|first1=et.al|title=People want Nawaz or Benazir as PM: study|url=https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/2001/dec2201.html#peop|accessdate=7 February 2017|work=asianstudies.github.io|agency=Dawn newspapers|issue=07/51|publisher=Dawn Wire Service, 2001|date=22 December 2001|location=Islamabad|pages=1–2|language=en}}</ref> According to the survey, Musharraf had only 9% public approval as opposed to Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif.<ref name="Dawn Wire Service, 2001"/>

===Forth knowledge about coup===

In 1999, [[Tariq Pervez]] had ultimately warned Nawaz Sharif of military take over if Musharraf was dismissed from the command of the military.{{rp|39}}<ref name="Yale University Press, Jones" /> In the [[News channels in Pakistan|television news media]] and the political pundits had long speculating of military takeover in the country as soon as General Karamat was dismissed by Prime Minister Sharif, and General Musharraf himself had sent a secret message of serious repercussion if he was to be removed.{{rp|111}}<ref name="Simon and Schuster, Musharraf" /> It is claimed by authors that Prime Minister Sharif had well political intelligence on Musharraf's intention and had seeked [[United States President|US President]] [[Bill Clinton]]'s helped against the military intervention.{{rp|63–64}}<ref name="Sage Publications India, Kukreja">{{cite book|last1=Kukreja|first1=Veena|last2=Singh|first2=M. P.|title=Pakistan democracy, development, and security issues|date=2005|publisher=Sage Publications India, Kukreja|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788132102663|pages=300|edition=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bI6HAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA60&dq=nawaz+sharif+1999+coup&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjOxJGqif3RAhXBhlQKHVLCAYAQuwUIKDAC#v=onepage&q=nawaz%20sharif%201999%20coup&f=false|accessdate=7 February 2017|language=en|chapter=Strains in civil-military relations.}}</ref>

In 1999, [[Benazir Bhutto]] held all blames on Nawaz Sharif of the military takeover and criticized him of "the man is violating every rule of law and, there is no-one to stop him."<ref name="Dawn Wire Service, Skynews">{{cite news|last1=Sky News|first1=Uk|title=Benazir blames Nawaz for Army take-over|url=https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1999/16oct99.html#bena|accessdate=8 February 2017|work=asianstudies.github.io|agency=Dawn newspapers|issue=05/42|publisher=Dawn Wire Service, Skynews|date=16 October 1999}}</ref>

In 2002,Admiral Bokhari quoted that: he knew about General Musharraf’s plans to topple [Prime Minister] Nawaz Sharif and did not want to be part of these "''Dirty Games''".<ref name="Daily Times, 2002">{{cite news|last1=Staff writer|first1=War correspondents|title=Musharraf planned coup much before Oct 12: Fasih Bokhari|url=http://www.antisystemic.org/satribune/www.satribune.com/archives/oct7_13_02/DTimes_fasihoct9.htm|accessdate=17 January 2017|work=Daily Times|agency=Daily Times|issue=4|publisher=Daily Times, 2002|date=2 October 2002}}</ref> Admiral Bokhari also noted that a power struggle between an elected Prime Minister and appointed-[[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman joint chiefs]] ensued and relations were severely damaged after the Kargil war.{{rp|37–38}}<ref name="Yale University Press, Jones" />

Admiral Bokhari testified in media that:"The two men could not work together, both were preparing to take active actions against each other. I could see that there now two centers of power on a collision course".{{rp|37}}<ref name="Yale University Press, Jones" /> At an informal meeting held at the [[NHQ (Pakistan Navy)|Navy NHQ]] in September 1999, [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman joint chiefs]] [[General Musharraf]] indicated his displeasure with Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's handling of the country describing Prime Minister Sharif as "incompetent and incapable of running the country."{{rp|38}}<ref name="Yale University Press, Jones" /> Admiral Bokhari firmly got the impression whether General Musharraf was sounding out to rely on the support from the Navy in an events of the coup and Admiral Bokhara discouraged the [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman joint chiefs]] from doing so.{{rp|38}}<ref name="Yale University Press, Jones" />

In 2003, Musharraf squarely blamed Nawaz Sharif for the military take over and held responsible for the martial law against his government while accused him of being an autocrat and weakening the might of the military.<ref name="Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses">{{cite web|last1=Kuma|first1=Sumita|title=Sharif Vs Musharraf|url=https://www.idsa-india.org/an-jan-5-01html.html|website=www.idsa-india.org|publisher=Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses|accessdate=7 February 2017}}</ref>

==Legacy==

In a views of historian, Mazhar Aziz, the military coup d'état is seen as an "striking example in the [[case study]] of [[civil military relations]]" in a [[post–Cold War era]].{{rp|76}}<ref name="Routledge, Aziz"/>

In 1999 and in 2004, Sharif extended his apologizes to various journalists and reporters for any wrong doings and worked towards mending better relations with influential conservative news media after his exile.<ref name="OUP" /><ref name="Committee to Protect Journalists" /> In 2001, the PML(N) and its rival PPP reached a compromised when the formed [[Alliance for Restoration of Democracy|democracy restoration]] alliance in a view to oust President Musharraf.{{rp|58}}<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield">{{cite book|last1=Burki|first1=Shahid Javed|title=Historical Dictionary of Pakistan|date=2008|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781442241480|edition=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rk-sBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58&dq=Alliance+for+Restoration+of+Democracy&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxoIDu0_XRAhVN3GMKHTTYDNsQuwUILTAE#v=onepage&q=Alliance%20for%20Restoration%20of%20Democracy&f=false|accessdate=4 February 2017|language=en}}</ref> Major agitations took place in 2005 against President Musharraf's [[Pakistan's role in the War on Terror|anti-terrorism policy]] and controversial amendments made in the constitution.{{rp|58}}<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield"/> In 2006, Sharif joins hand with Benazir Bhutto in opposition to Musharraf when both signed an [[Charter of Democracy|agreement]] to restore parliamentary democracy in the country.<ref>{{cite news | title='Democracy charter' for Pakistan | date=2006-05-15 | publisher=BBC News | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4771769.stm | accessdate = 2008-02-22 }}</ref>

In 2006, the PML(N) issued a [[white paper]] concerning the [[Kargil war|Kargil events]] and Nawaz Sharif personally apologized to former Chief Justice [[Syed Sajjad Ali Shah|Sajad Ali Shah]] and the former president [[Farooq Leghari]] for his role and his party's actions.<ref name="Paktribune 2006">{{cite news|title=PML-N apologizes the nation on attack at the SCP|url=http://paktribune.com/news/PML-N-apologizes-the-nation-on-attack-at-the-SCP-161516.html|accessdate=4 February 2017|work=Paktribune|publisher=Paktribune 2006|language=en}}</ref> Sharif also extended his apology to General Karamat and Admiral Fasih Bokhari for overseeing him for the appointment of the Chairman joint chiefs.<ref name="Paktribune 2006"/>

In 2007, Nawaz Sharif with his family, accompanied by his [[Maryam Nawaz|daughter]], returned to Pakistan with thousands of his supporters receiving Sharif family.<ref name="NYTreturn">Gall, Carlotta (25 November 2007). [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/25/world/asia/25iht-25pakistan.4.8472959.html Former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif Returns to Pakistan]. ''The New York Times''.</ref> In 2008, Sharif spearheaded the [[Lawyers' Movement|judicial activism]] in order to have Chief Justice [[Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry|I.M. Chaudhry]].

==See also==
* [[2007 Pakistani state of emergency]]
* [[Pakistani general election, 2002]]
* [[Provisional Constitutional Order]]
* [[State of emergency]]
* [[PCO Judges case]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/472968.stm Pakistan after the coup: Special report], BBC report
*[http://www.stratmag.com/issue2July-1/page06.htm Strategic Affairs Analysis]
*[http://www.saag.org/papers12/paper1138.html SAAG]
*[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/kargil-99.htm 1999 Kargil Conflict]

{{Military of Pakistan}}
{{Pervez Musharraf}}
{{Coup d'état}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistani Coup D'etat, 1999}}
[[Category:Civil–military relations]]
[[Category:1999 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:October 1999 events]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1999|Pakistani coup d'etat]]
[[Category:Military history of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Battles and conflicts without fatalities]]
[[Category:Pervez Musharraf]]
[[Category:Political repression in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Military coups in Pakistan]]
[[Category:1990s coups d'état and coup attempts]]
[[Category:Military dictatorships]]
[[Category:Legal history of Pakistan]]
[[Category:History of Pakistan media|1]]

Referendum in Pakistan 1984

2017-01-14T14:07:51Z

Wiki id2:

{{Politics of Pakistan}}

A '''[[referendum]] on the [[Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization|Islamisation policy]] of President [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]]''' was held in [[Pakistan]] on 19 December 1984. Voters were asked whether they supported Zia-ul-Haq's proposals for amending several laws in accordance with the [[Quran]] and [[Sunnah]], whether they wanted this process to continue, and whether they supported the [[Islamist|Islamic]] [[ideology]] of Pakistan.<ref name=N1/> The referendum also served as way of extending Zia-ul-Haq's presidential term by five years.<ref>Nohlen et al., p673</ref> Official results declared it approved by 98.5% of voters, with a turnout of 62.2%.<ref name=N1>[[Dieter Nohlen]], Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) ''Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I'', p677 ISBN 0-19-924958-X</ref> Observers have questioned the voter turnout but given Pakistan's conservative values the results were expected.<ref name=richter>{{cite journal|last1=Richter|first1=William L.|title=Pakistan in 1984: Digging In|journal=Asian Survey|date=February 1985|volume=25|issue=2|page=147|jstor=2644298|doi=10.1525/as.1985.25.2.01p0239u }}</ref>

==Results==
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:right
!Choice
!Votes
!%
|-
|align=left|For||21,253,757||98.5
|-
|align=left|Against||316,918||1.5
|-
|align=left|Invalid/blank votes||180,226||–
|-
|align=left|'''Total'''||'''21,750,901'''||'''100'''
|-
|align=left|Registered voters/turnout||34,992,425||62.2
|-
|colspan=3 align=left|Source: Nohlen ''et al.''
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Islamism in South Asia}}
{{Pakistani elections}}

[[Category:1984 referendums]]
[[Category:1984 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Referendums in Pakistan|1984]]
[[Category:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]]
[[Category:Military Government of Pakistan (1977–88)]]
[[Category:Islamism in Pakistan]]

{{pakistan-election-stub}}
{{islam-stub}}

Pakistan Navy

2017-01-09T14:50:13Z

Wiki id2: Pakistan navy cruise missile test update. See Reuters citation.

{{Use British English|date=June 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name = Pakistan Navy
|image = [[File:Pakistan Navy emblem.svg|100px]]
|caption = Pakistan Navy's Crest
|dates = 14 August 1947 – present
|country = {{PAK}}
|branch =
|type = [[Navy]]
|role =
|size = 30,700 active<ref name="IISS2010"/> 5,000 reserves<ref name="IISS2010"/> 63 [[Pakistan Navy#Fleet composition|ships]] 101 aircraft<ref name="Flightglobal">[https://d1fmezig7cekam.cloudfront.net/VPP/Global/Flight/Airline%20Business/AB%20home/Edit/WorldAirForces2015.pdf Flightglobal - World Air Forces 2015] (PDF), [[Flightglobal.com]]</ref>
|command_structure = [[Ministry of Defense (Pakistan)|Ministry of Defense]] [[Pakistan Armed Forces]]
|garrison = [[Naval Headquarters (Pakistan Navy)|Naval Headquarters]] [[Islamabad]], Pakistan
|garrison_label = Naval Headquarters (NHQ)
|nickname = {{lang|ur|پاک بحریہ}} or Pak Navy
|motto = Urdu: ''Himmat ka aalam, Allah ka karam, Moujon pay qadam''
|patron =
|colors = Navy blue and White {{color box|#041A2A}}{{color box|white}}
|colors_label = Colours
|march =
|mascot =
|equipment =
|equipment_label =
|battles = <div style="width: 220px;"> [[Indo-Pakistan war of 1965]] [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1999]] [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|2004 Tsunami Relief Operations]] [[2010 Pakistan floods|Operation Madad]] [[Piracy in Somalia|Operations Near the HOA]] [[War in North-West Pakistan]] [[Balochistan conflict]]
|anniversaries = Navy Day is on 8 September
|decorations = [[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan military|Military]] and [[Civil decorations of Pakistan|Civil decorations]] of [[Pakistan]].
|battle_honours =[[Nishan-e-Haider]]

|commander1 = [[Admiral]] [[Muhammad Zakaullah]]
|commander1_label = [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Naval Staff]]
|commander2 = [[Vice Admiral]] [[Khan Hasham bin Saddique|Hasham Siddique]]
|commander2_label = [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Vice Chief of Naval Staff]]
|commander3 =
|commander3_label =
|notable_commanders = Admiral [[Mohammad Shariff]] Admiral [[Iftikhar Ahmed Sirohey]] Vice-Admiral [[Syed Mohammad Ahsan]]

|identification_symbol=[[File:Naval Standard of Pakistan.svg|border|125px]]
|identification_symbol_label=Standard (flag) of the Navy
|identification_symbol_2=[[File:Naval Jack of Pakistan.svg|125px]]
|identification_symbol_2_label=Naval Jack of Pakistan
|identification_symbol_3=[[File:Naval Ensign of Pakistan.svg|border|125px]]
|identification_symbol_3_label=Naval Ensign of Pakistan
|identification_symbol_4 =
|identification_symbol_4_label =

|aircraft_attack =
|aircraft_bomber =[[Dassault Mirage 5|Dassault Mirage VF]]
|aircraft_electronic =[[Hawker 800|Hawker 850–XP]]
|aircraft_fighter =
|aircraft_helicopter =[[Westland Sea King]], [[Aérospatiale Alouette III|Aérospatiale SA-319B Alouette III]], [[Harbin Z-9]]
|aircraft_interceptor =
|aircraft_patrol = [[Lockheed P-3 Orion|Lockheed P-3C Orion]], [[Fokker F27 Friendship|Fokker F27-2000]], [[Breguet Atlantic|Breguet Atlantique I]], [[ATR-72-500]]
|aircraft_recon =[[GIDS Uqab]], [[Boeing Insitu ScanEagle|Boeing ScanEagle]], [[EMT Luna X-2000|EMT Luna X]]
|aircraft_trainer =
|aircraft_transport =
|website ={{URL|www.paknavy.gov.pk}}
}}

The '''Pakistan Navy''' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq| '''پاکستان بحریہ'''}}}}; {{lang|ur-Latn|''Pɑkistan Bahri'a''}}) ([[reporting name]]: '''PN''') is the [[naval warfare]] branch of the [[Pakistan Armed Forces]], responsible for [[Pakistan]]'s {{Convert|1046|km|sigfig=3}} of coastline along the [[Arabian Sea]], and the defence of important civilian harbours and military bases. The Pakistan Navy came into the existence after the [[Independence of Pakistan|independence]] of Pakistan in 1947. The [[President of Pakistan]] serves as the Supreme Commander of the Navy under Article 243 (2) of the [[Constitution of Pakistan]], and the Chief of Naval Staff heads the Navy. [[Navy Day]] is celebrated on 8 September in commemoration of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]].<ref>[http://pakistantimes.net/2005/09/06/top2.htm Pakistan Times | Top Story: Defence Day in Pakistan today; President, PM ask nation to imbibe spirit of ’65 War] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214201007/http://pakistantimes.net/2005/09/06/top2.htm |date=14 February 2009 }}</ref>

The Pakistan Navy's current and primary role is to protect the country's economic and military interests at home and abroad, executing the foreign and defence policies of the [[Government of Pakistan]] through the exercise of military effect, diplomatic activities and other activities in support of these objectives.<ref name="Pakistan Navy Public and Military Affairs ">{{cite web| last =Pakistan Navy| title =Pakistan Navy: Roles and Function| work =Naval Inter-Service Public Relation (Naval ISPR)| publisher =Pakistan Navy Public and Military Affairs| date =18 March 2008| url =http://www.paknavy.gov.pk| doi =| accessdate =2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| last =Khan, Pakistan Navy (retired), current research officer at Pakistan Naval War College| first =Commander Muhammad Azam| title =Options for Pakistan Navy: § Pakistan Navy: A sentinel for energy and economic security| journal =| volume = | issue = | page =7 | publisher =Commander Muhammad Azam Khan, retired. Current, research officer at the Pakistan Naval War College| location =[[United States Naval Academy]]| year =2011| url =https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:07Y3Irx3AO8J:www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/cc6209f2-7f01-4bb7-ac24-8c301c62f015/S-2--Options-for-the-Pakistan-Navy+pakistan+navy+in+space+program&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiCaTe2oeJ2JwqKQE0UX8j-cw-UPdVfozoMAwRfsYewXAXeayLVIPxn2TyMVcGTW9A_BdSqACZjpRhb8_u-EfL-kslbz7CXPTIr9PZBtAguv97XWyY4K4fsg2utDUL8dmXdtmjg&sig=AHIEtbTIXTgr9LKaJv5Fbgnj_ftn-1MQzw| accessdate = }}</ref> In the 21st century, the Pakistan Navy also focuses on limited overseas operations, and has played a vital role in the establishment of the [[Pakistan Antarctic Programme]].<ref>Mills, J.M. (2003). Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia. 1 (A–M). Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.</ref><ref>{{cite web| last =PN| first =Pakistan Navy| authorlink =| coauthors =| title =Pakistan Navy: Hydrography| work =Naval Inter-Service Public Relation (Naval ISPR)| publisher =Pakistan Navy Department of National Research and Hydrography| url =http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/hydro/h_intro.htm| doi =| accessdate =2011 }}</ref>

The Pakistan Navy is supported by the [[Pakistan Coast Guard]], and the [[Maritime Security Agency]] (MSA), the paramilitary forces of Pakistan.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}

The Navy is undergoing extensive [[Pakistan Navy#Frigates|modernisation and expansion]] as part of [[Pakistan's role in the War on Terror]]. Since 2001, the Pakistan Navy has increased and expanded its operational scope, and has been given greater national and international responsibility in countering the threat of sea-based global terrorism, drug smuggling, and piracy.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}} In 2004, Pakistan Navy became a member of the primarily [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATO]] Combined Task Forces [[CTF-150]] and [[CTF-151]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page%3D2009%5C07%5C21%5Cstory_21-7-2009_pg7_29 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-06-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235725/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009%5C07%5C21%5Cstory_21-7-2009_pg7_29 |archivedate=2 December 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> The [[China-Pakistan Economic Corridor]] has significantly expanded the role of the navy, joint patrols with the Chinese navy as well as providing land and sea-based security to secure shipping lanes has become a priority.<ref>https://www.samaa.tv/pakistan/2016/11/pakistan-navy-providing-security-to-cpec-ships/</ref><ref>https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/pakistan/two-chinese-frigates-arrive-pakistan-for-joint-drills-pakistan-navy/</ref> From December 2016 Pakistan's Navy established TF-88 a taskforce that is designed to ensure there is security for maritime trade, this will guard the shipping lane routes by protecting Gwadar Port.<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1302102/pakistan-navys-special-task-force-88-set-up-to-guard-gwadar-ports-sea-lanes</ref><ref>https://www.geo.tv/latest/123558-Pakistan-Navy-establishes-taskforce-for-Gwadars-protection</ref> The Pakistan Navy is the custodian of Pakistan's second strike capability with the launch of the submarine-based cruise missiles capable of carrying conventional as well as nuclear warheads.<ref>http://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-missiles-idUSKBN14T1EL</ref>

The [[Constitution of Pakistan]] makes the [[President of Pakistan]] the civilian Commander-in-Chief. The Chief of Naval Staff (CNS), by statute a four star admiral, is appointed by the President with the consultation and confirmation needed from the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]. The Chief of Naval Staff is subordinate to the civilian [[Defence Minister of Pakistan|Defence Minister]] and [[Defence Secretary of Pakistan|Secretary of Defence]], and commands the Navy.

==History==
{{quote|text= [[Fourteenth of August|Today]] is a historic day for Pakistan, doubly so for those of us in the Navy. The [[Dominion of Pakistan]] has come into being and with it a new Navy – the Royal Pakistan Navy – has been born. I am proud to have been appointed to command it and serve with you at this time. In the coming months, it will be my duty and yours to build up our Navy into a happy and efficient force|sign=[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the [[Quaid-e-Azam|founder]] of [[Pakistan]], addressing the [[Pakistan Naval Academy|Naval Academy]] in March 1948.|source=<ref name="Pakistan Navy, Historical reference"/> }}

The Pakistan Navy came into existence on the [[Independence Day (Pakistan)|Fourteenth of August]], 1947 with the [[Creation of Pakistan|establishment]] of the [[State of Pakistan]].<ref name="Pakistan Navy, Historical reference">{{cite web|last=GoPAK|first=Government of Pakistan|title=History|url=http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/history.htm|work=Electronic Government of Pakistan|publisher=Pakistan Navy, Historical reference|accessdate=6 April 2012}}</ref> The Armed Forces Reconstitution Committee (AFRC) divided the shares and assets of the [[Royal Indian Navy]] (RIN) between the [[India and Pakistan]], with the Royal Pakistan Navy (RPN) was inherited with two [[sloop]]s, two [[frigate]]s, four minesweepers, two [[naval trawler]]s, four harbour launches.{{rp|45–46}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> Because of the high percentage of [[river delta|delta]] areas on its coast, Pakistan also received a number of [[Harbour Defence Motor Launch|harbour defence motor launches]]. As part of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], the prefix "Royal" was used until the state was proclaimed a republic in 1956.<ref name="Pakistan Navy, Historical reference"/>

The Navy endured a difficult history, only 200 officers and 3000 sailors were inherited to the Navy, the most senior being [[Captain (naval)|Captain]] [[HMS Choudri]] who had little experience in [[military staff]]ing.<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> The Navy suffered perennial problems with inadequate staff, lack of operational bases, lack of financial support, and poor technological and personnel resources.{{rp|45}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> Secondly, it grew out as the smallest [[Pakistan military|uniform branch]] that contributed in its lack of importance in [[Ministry of Finance, Revenue, Economic Affairs, Statistics and Privatization (Pakistan)|federal budgets]] as well as the problems relating to its institutional infrastructure.{{rp|46}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> The [[Pakistan Army|Army]] and the [[Pakistan Air Force|Air Force]] were the dominant force where the defence problems were based wholly on army and air force point of view.{{rp|46}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> There were additional problems relating to the navy were the lack of facilities and maintenance machinery as the only [[naval dockyard]] in [[Indian Subcontinent|subcontinent]] was located in [[Bombay Dockyard|Bombay, India]].{{rp|46}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/>

To overcome these difficulties, the Navy launched a recruitment program for the young nation, starting in [[East Pakistan|East-Pakistan]] but it proved to be very difficult to sustained the program; therefore, program was moved back to [[Pakistan]] to concentrate the preferred recruitments for the [[West Pakistani|Western Pakistanis]].<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/>
{{rp|46}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/>

===The beginning: 1947–64===
[[File:Shamsher Pakistan SLV Green 1951.jpg|thumb|left|350px|The [[frigate]] [[HMS Nadder (K392)|PNS ''Shamsher'']] in 1951.]]

During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|first war]] with [[India]] in 1947–48, the Navy saw no action as all fighting was restricted to [[Land Warfare|land]] and [[Air warfare|air]] combat missions. On operational planning, Captain [[HMS Choudri]] engaged on commanding a destroyer from [[Karachi]] to [[Mumbai]] to oversee the evacuation of [[Muhajir people|Indian emigrants]] to Pakistan.{{rp|474}}<ref name="W. W. Norton & Company">{{cite book|last1=Read|first1=Anthony|last2=Fisher|first2=David|title=The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=9780393318982|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q9ebuSG64dkC&pg=PA474&dq=HMS+choudhri&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjMnNnu-IvQAhVMxWMKHZ87DCcQuwUIJzAB#v=onepage&q=HMS%20choudhri&f=false|accessdate=3 November 2016|language=en}}</ref> In 1948, Pakistan Navy engaged in humanitarian missions to evacuate [[Indian immigrant]]s trapped in disputed and hostile areas, with its frigates operating continuously.<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> The [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Naval Staff]], [[Rear-Admiral]] [[James Wilfred Jefford]], had created a "Short-term Emergency Plan (STEP)" to work up the frigates and naval defences in case of escalation of the war in sea.<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> In 1948, the directorate-general for [[Naval Intelligence of Pakistan|Naval Intelligence]] (DGNI), a staff corps, was established under [[Lieutenant (naval)|Lieutenant]] [[Syed Mohammad Ahsan]], who served as its first Director-General, in Karachi.<ref name="Pakistan Navy, Historical reference" /> When the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|first war]] came to an end in 1948, the Navy temporarily established its [[NHQ (Pakistan Navy)|Navy NHQ]] in Karachi and acquired its first [[O and P class destroyer|O Class destroyer]] from the [[Royal Navy]].{{rp|49}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/>

The Pakistan Navy heavily relied its dependency on generous donations from the [[Royal Navy]] with two battle destroyers, the [[PNS Tippu Sultan (1941)|PNS ''Tippu Sultan'']] and ''[[PNS Tariq (1941)|PNS Tariq]]''.<ref name="PakDef Military Consortium">{{cite web|last1=PakDef Military Consortium|title=The First Destroyer «|url=http://pakdef.org/the-first-destroyer/|website=pakdef.org|publisher=PakDef Military Consortium|accessdate=14 November 2016}}</ref> The ''Tippu Sultan'' was commissioned on 30 September 1949, under Commander P.S. Evans, whilst the ''Tariq'' was placed under the command of [[Lieutenant-Commander]] [[Afzal Rahman Khan]].<ref name="PakDef Military Consortium"/> The two destroyers formed the 25th Destroyer Squadron as the [[HMIS Narbada (U40)|PNS ''Jhelum'']] and [[HMS Onslaught (G04)|PNS ''Tughril'']], under Commander [[Muzaffar Hassan|Muzaffar Hasan]], also joined the Royal Pakistan Navy.<ref name="PakDef Military Consortium"/>

In 1950, the Navy's [[Nationalization in Pakistan|nationalization]] took place with many officers from air force and army volunteered to join the navy and [[Noncommissioned officer|NCOs]] gaining commission as an officers.{{rp|50–51}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> Support from the army and air force to the navy led to the establishment of logistics and maintenance machinery with vigorous efforts directed towards integrating the navy presence in [[East Pakistan|East-Pakistan]], thereby creating opportunities for people in East-Pakistan to participate in the build-up.{{rp|51}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/>

In 1951, the [[Pakistan Government|Pakistan government]] called for appointing native chiefs of staff of the armed branches but it was not until 1953 when the native chief of naval staff was appointed by the government.{{rp|51–52}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> The British [[Admiralty]], however, maintained the command of the Navy through [[Rear-Admiral]] [[James Wilfred Jefford|Jefford]] who had native deputy chiefs of staff including [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] [[HMS Choudri|HMS Choudhri]], Commodore Khalid Jamil, and [[Commander (rank)|Commander]] M.A. Alavi.{{rp|51–52}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/>

[[File:HMS Gabbard (D47).jpg|thumb|300px|right|PNS ''Badr'', a destroyer visiting [[Great Britain|Britain]], 1957.]]

During this time, a number of goodwill missions were carried out by the navy's combatant ships, and non-combat missions were conducted under the auspices of the [[Royal Navy]].<ref name="PakDef Military Consortium" /> In 1951, HMS Choudhri's promotion papers as naval chief were approved by [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] but it was not until 1953 when HMS Choudhri was promoted as [[Vice-Admiral]] and naval chief with the support from [[Army Chief of Staff (Pakistan)|army chief]] [[Lieutenant-General]] [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]].{{rp|52}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> He handed over the command of 25th Destroyer squadron to [[People of Poland|Polish]] naval officer, Commander [[:pl:Romuald Nalecz-Tyminsk|Romuald Nalecz-Tyminski]].<ref name="Polish Spirit">{{cite web|title=Admiral Romuald Nalecz-Tyminski|url=http://www.federacjapolek.ca/nowy/image/2009_images/polish_spirit_persons/nalecz-tyminski.pdf|website=federacjapolek.ca|publisher=Polish Spirit|accessdate=15 November 2016}}</ref>

In mid 1950s, the [[Ministry of Finance (Pakistan)|Ministry of Finance]] awarded contracts to the [[Corps of Engineers, Pakistan Army|Corps of Engineers]] for the construction of the [[Karachi Naval Dockyard]].<ref name="Pakistan Navy, Historical reference" /> In 1954, several efforts were made to procured a [[CH class submarine|Ch-submarine]] from the [[Royal Navy]] but was rejected by Admiralty who agreed to loan the [[Ch class destroyer|Ch-class destroyer]], the [[HMS Chivalrous (R21)|HMS Chivalrous]], which was designated as [[HMS Chivalrous (R21)|PNS Taimur]].{{rp|51–52}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> From 1953–56, HMS Choudri bitterly negotiated with the [[United States]] over the modernization of navy and convinced the [[United States government|U.S. government]] to provide monetary support for modernization of aging [[O and P-class destroyer|O–class]] destroyers and minesweepers, while commissioning the [[C-class destroyer (1943)|Ch–class]] destroyers from [[Royal Navy|British Navy]].{{rp|54}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> [[British Navy]] tradition were disbanded and cancelled when the [[American Navy|U.S. Navy]]'s [[Military Assistance Advisory Group|advisers]] were dispatched to the [[Pakistan Armed Forces|Pakistani military]] in 1955.<ref name="Hamid Hussain , Defence Journal of Pakistan">{{cite web|last=Hamid Hussain|title=Tale of a love affair that never was: United States-Pakistan Defence Relations|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/june/loveaffair.htm|work=Hamid Hussain , Defence Journal of Pakistan|publisher=Hamid Hussain , Defence Journal of Pakistan|accessdate=12 February 2012}}</ref>

In 1956, the [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]] voted for promulgation of [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|Constitution of Pakistan]] and proclaimed the [[Dominion of Pakistan]] as an [[Islamic Republic]] under the new constitution.<ref name="Pakistan Navy, Historical reference" /> The prefix ''Royal'' was dropped, and the service was re-designated the Pakistan Navy ("'''PN'''") with the [[Naval jack|PN Jack]] replaced the [[Colours, standards and guidons#United Kingdom and other Commonwealth nations|Queen's colour]] and the [[White Ensign]] respectively.<ref name="Pakistan Navy, Historical reference" /> The order of precedence of the three services changed from Navy–Army–Air force to Army–Navy–Air Force.<ref name="AuthorHouse, 2013">{{cite book|last1=Fagoyinbo|first1=Joseph Babatunde|title=The Armed Forces: Instrument of Peace, Strength, Development and Prosperity|date=2013|publisher=AuthorHouse|location=Bloomington, Indiana|isbn=1477226478|pages=473|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qM0uxPH8RasC&pg=PA390&dq=army+navy+airforce+marines+pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_FqqVM23GomcoQTfgILYDA&ved=0CCkQuwUwAA#v=onepage&q=army%20navy%20airforce%20marines%20pakistan&f=true|accessdate=5 January 2015|format=Google Books|chapter=§The birth of Pakistan Armed Forces}}</ref>

In February 1956, the [[British government]] announced the transfer of several major surface combat warships to Pakistan Navy that included a cruiser and four destroyers to be purchased with funds made available under the U.S. [[Military Assistance Program]].{{rp|54}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> In 1957, the Navy finalized the sale of sale of [[HMS Diadem (84)|cruiser]] warship from the United Kingdom, and used the government's own fund to induct the warship that caused a great ire against [[Haji Mohammad Siddiq Choudri|Admiral Choudhr]]i by the [[Ministry of Finance (Pakistan)|Finance ministry]] in the country.{{rp|55}}<ref name="Lancer Publishers, Goldrick"/>

In 1958, the Navy made an unsuccessful attempt induct the [[Neptun-class submarine|imported submarines]] from [[Sweden]] using the American funds that was halted by the [[United States]] and the Pakistan's own [[Ministry of Finance (Pakistan)|Finance ministry]] despite the idea had support from [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Army GHQ]].{{rp|57}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> In 1958–59, the [[NHQ (Pakistan Navy)|Navy NHQ]] staff began fighting with the [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]] staff and the [[Ministry of Defence (Pakistan)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD) over the plans regarding the modernization of the navy that resulted in bitter [[interservice rivalry]] between army and navy which ended with Admiral Choudri's resignation to the [[Aiwan-e-Sadr|Presidency]] in 1959.{{rp|57}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> From 1956–63, the warships, two destroyers, eight coastal minesweepers, and an oiler were procured from the [[United States]] and [[United Kingdom]] eventually that was the direct result of Pakistan's participation in the anti-Communist defence pacts: the [[SEATO]] and [[CENTO]].<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/>

===Indo-Pakistan war of 1965 and afterwards===
{{Main article|Operation Somnath}}

In 1959, Vice-Admiral [[Afzal Rahman Khan]] was appointed the [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|naval chief]] and built-up his relations with the [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]] whilst the Navy retained hopes for procuring the submarine despite financial constraints.{{rp|58–59}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors" /> The [[Royal Navy]] accepted the requests from the Pakistan Navy for a regular visit to [[Karachi Naval Dockyard]] to provide first hand experience in submarine operations in 1960–61.{{rp|58}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors" /> The [[President Ayub Khan|Ayub administration]] did not increase the financial funding of navy in an expense to army and air force but he did not object the American contributions to train the Pakistan Navy in submarine operations.{{rp|59}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors" /> The [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] provided an insightful and crucial training support to Navy to be able to conduct operations in long range and the proposal of procuring the submarine was met with favourable views in 1963 due to the prospect of [[Soviet Navy]] leasing a submarine to [[Indian Navy]].{{rp|58}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors" /> In 1963, the [[United Kingdom]] began providing training and education on submarine operations, and in 1964, the [[PNS Ghazi]] was commissioned from the United States.{{rp|58}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors" />

Even though, the navy nor air force was notified of the [[Operation Gibraltar|Kashmir incursion]] in 1965, the Navy was well-prepared at the time when the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|second war]] erupted between Pakistan and India in 1965.<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors">{{cite book|last=Goldrick|first=James|title=No Easy Answers|year=1997|publisher=Lancer's Publications and Distributors|location=New Delhi|isbn=1-897829-02-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6XW7kKHQeQoC&pg=PA45&dq=Pakistan+Navy&hl=en&ei=SpWDT4GQFfLciQKs05zzBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=8&ved=0CFQQ6wEwBw#v=onepage&q&f=true}}</ref> The [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|naval chief]] Admiral [[Afzal Rahman Khan]] ordered all units of the Pakistan Navy to take up defensive positions off the coast, but did not order any offensive operations in the [[Bay of Bengal]].{{rp|60–61}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> As the [[Indian Air Force]]'s repeated sorties and raids disrupted [[Pakistan Air Force|PAF]] operations, the Navy assumed a more aggressive role in the conflict.{{rp|61}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> On 2 September, the Navy deployed its first long-range submarine, the [[PNS Ghazi|PNS ''Ghazi'']] under [[Commander (rank)|Commander]] [[Karamat Rahman Niazi|K.R. Niazi]] which was charged with gathering intelligence on Indian naval movements that stalked the diverting threats posed by the aircraft carrier [[INS Vikrant (R11)|INS ''Vikrant'']].<ref name="Usman Tariq Pakdef">{{cite web|last1=Usman|first1=Tariq|title=1965 War|url=http://pakdef.org/1965-war-3/|website=pakdef.org|publisher=Usman Tariq Pakdef|accessdate=15 November 2016}}</ref>

[[File:Ussdiablo.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[PNS Ghazi]] in [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|1965 theatre]]. In 1968, she executed a [[circumnavigation]] of [[Africa]] and [[Southern Europe]] in order to be refit in Turkey. Sunk in 1971 Indo-pak war by Indian Navy.]]

On the night of 7/8 September, a naval squadron comprising four destroyers, one frigate, one cruiser, and one submarine, under the command of Commodore S.M. Anwar, launched [[Operation Dwarka]], an attack on radar facilities used by the Indian Air Force in the small coastal town of [[Dwarka]].<ref name="Usman Tariq Pakdef"/> The operation ended with limited damage to the area.<ref name="Usman Tariq Pakdef"/> After gunnery bombardment, the ''[[PNS Ghazi|Ghazi]]'' was deployed against the Indian Navy's western fleet at [[Bombay]] on 22 September and ended her operations and reported back to [[Karachi Naval Dockyard]] on 23 September 1965.<ref name="Usman Tariq Pakdef"/>

The [[Operation Dwarka|naval operation]] in Dwarka had greatly increased the prestige of the Pakistan Navy and it had also alerted Indian Navy commanders to the significant threat posed by the Pakistan Navy, and to its own naval shortcomings.<ref name="Repro India Ltd."/> After the war, the [[United States]] imposed an arms embargo on Pakistan and Pakistani military began exploring options for military procurement from [[Peoples Republic of China|China]], [[France]], and [[Soviet Union]].{{rp|62}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> The [[United Kingdom]] offered the Navy to jointly built the [[Type 21 frigate]] but was rejected by [[President Ayub Khan|Ayub administration]] that would only allow the financial capital to be spend on submarine procurement.{{rp|63}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/>

In 1966, the Pakistan Navy established its own [[special operations]] directorate, the [[Special Service Group Navy]] (SSG[N]) after the recommendations from the [[United States Navy]].<ref name="Global Security.org">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | title =Navy Special Forces | work = Global Security.org | publisher = | date = | url =http://www.specialoperations.com/Foreign/Pakistan/SSGN.htm | accessdate =29 June 2011}}</ref> In 1966–70, Pakistan Navy had been well aware of massive [[Future of the Indian Navy|procurement and acquisitions]] of [[Weapon systems of the Indian Navy|weapon systems]] being acquired from the [[Soviet Union]] and [[United Kingdom]], and the danger it will posed to Pakistan.{{rp|63}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> In 1968–69, there were series of unsuccessful talks of acquiring the warships from the [[Soviet Navy]] which ended with no yielding results.{{rp|63}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> Difficulties arose between and after the arms embargo was lifted by the United States which lifted based strictly on [[Cash and carry (wholesale)|cash-and-carry]] basis.{{rp|63}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> Pleas for strengthening the Navy in [[East Pakistan]] were ignored due to monetary issues and financial contraints restricted the Navy's capabilities to function more efficiently.{{rp|63}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/>

In 1968, the [[Daphné-class submarine|Daphné-class]] submarines were procured from the [[France]] while operating [[Tench class submarine|Tench class]] that was refitted and upgraded by the [[Turkish Navy]].{{rp|63}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> Due to the Egyptian blockade of the [[Suez Canal]], Navy had to execute a notable submerged [[circumnavigation]] operation from [[Indian ocean]] through the [[Atlantic ocean]] in order to undergo a refit program at the [[Gölcük Naval Shipyard|Gölcük]] in [[Turkey]] which was the only facility to manage the [[refit]]ting and [[Mid-life update|mid-life upgrades]] of [[military computers]] of the [[Tench-class submarine|Tench-class]].<ref name="DefenceJournal, Ahmed" /> Despite reservations harboring by the Navy NHQ about the aging ''Ghazi'', she was sailed under the command of Commander [[Ahmed Tasnim]] starting from the [[Karachi coast]] in [[Indian ocean]] to [[Cape of Good Hope]], [[South Africa]], through the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and ended at the east coast of the [[Sea of Marmara]] where the [[Gölcük Naval Shipyard]] was located.<ref name="DefenceJournal, Ahmed" />

In 1968–69, the [[NHQ (Pakistan Navy)|Navy NHQ]] staff began its tussle with the [[AHQ (Pakistan Air Force)|Air AHQ]] staff over the issue establishing the [[Pakistan Naval Air Arm|naval aviation]] who feared the loss of fighter jets and their pilots in the sea and was hostile towards this idea.{{rp|63}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> The United States entered in discussing the transfer of [[List of Lockheed P-3 Orion variants|P3B Orion]] aircraft to the Navy in 1970 with [[President Yahya Khan|Yahya administration]] but were not procured until the end of 1970s.{{rp|63}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> In 1970, the [[foreign relations]] between Pakistan and East Pakistan further deteriorated and the Navy knew that it was impossible to defend East Pakistan from approaching [[Indian Navy]].{{rp|63}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> Series of reforms were carried when Navy's serious reservations were considered by the [[President Yahya Khan|Yahya administration]] and [[East Pakistani]]s were hastily recruited in what was known as [[Bangladesh Navy|East Pakistan Navy]] but this proved to be disaster for Navy when majority of East Pakistani naval officers and ~3,000 sailors [[Operation Jackpot|defected to India]] to join the [[Awami League]]'s military wing– the ''[[Mukti Bahini]]''.{{rp|64–65}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> Such events had jeopardized the operational scope of the Navy and the [[NHQ (Pakistan Navy)|Navy NHQ]] staffers and commanders knew very well that it (Navy) was ill-prepared for the war and Pakistan was about to have a sharp lesson from India in the consequences of disconnecting strategy from reality.{{rp|65}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/>

===Indo-Pakistan war of 1971===
{{Main article|Operation Barisal|Operation Jackpot|Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971}}

By 1971, the [[NHQ (Pakistan Navy)|Navy NHQ]] staffers and their commanders knew very well that the Pakistan Navy was poorly represented in [[East Pakistan]] (now [[Bangladesh]]) and there was no main infrastructure to conduct defensive operation against the [[Eastern Naval Command]] of [[Indian Navy]] in [[Bay of Bengal]].{{rp|64}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors" /> The navy was only able conducted the [[Riverine Warfare|riverine]]-based operations that was being undertaken by the [[Pakistan Marines]] with the assistance from the [[Special Service Group Navy|Special Service Group [Navy] ]], codenamed [[Operation Barisal|Barisal]] on April 1971.<ref name="Pakistan Navy, Historical reference" /> Although, the Governor of East Pakistan, Vice-Admiral [[Syed Mohammad Ahsan|S.M. Ahsan]], made efforts to increase the naval presence and significance in 1969 but the Indian Navy's Eastern Naval Command continued to pose a significant threat since it had capability of conduct operations in long-range areas.<ref name="Inter Services Public Relations">{{cite book|last=Salik, PA|first=Siddique|title=Witness to Surrender|publisher=Inter Services Public Relations|location=Karachi, Pakistan|isbn=984-05-1374-5|pages=60–90}}</ref>

Furthermore, the defections from [[Bangladesh Navy|East-Pakistan Navy]]'s officers and sailors had jeopardize the Navy's operational scope who went onto join the [[Awami League]]'s militant wing, the ''[[Mukti Bahini]]'' in a program known as [[Operation Jackpot|''Jackpot'']].<ref name="Inter Services Public Relations"/> Though, the program was disrupted by the Navy from further annihilation but the naval facilities were severely damaged due to this operation on 15 March 1971.<ref name="Inter Services Public Relations"/> The [[East Pakistan|East-Pakistan]]'s geography was surrounded by [[India]] on all three landward sides by the [[Indian Army]] as the Navy was in attempt to prevent India from blocking the coasts.<ref name="Inter Services Public Relations"/>

During this time, the [[Naval Headquarters (Pakistan Navy)|Navy NHQ]] was housed in [[Karachi]] that decided to deploy the newly [[Mid-life update|MLU]] [[PNS Ghazi|''Ghazi'']] submarine on East while the [[PNS Hangor|''Hangor'']] in West for the intelligence gathering purposes.<ref name="Inter Services Public Relations"/>

{{quote|text=At then end of [[Bangladesh Liberation War|East-Pakistan crisis]].... We (Pakistan Navy, Eastern Command) had no intelligence and hence, were both deaf and blind with the [[Indian Navy]] and [[Indian Air Force]] pounding us day and night.... |sign=Admiral Mohammad Sharif, to U.S. Admiral [[Elmo Zumwalt|Zumwalt]] in 1971|source=.<ref name="Lancer's Publishers and Distributions">{{cite book|last=Roy|first=Admiral Mihir K.|title=War in the Indian Ocean|year=1995|publisher=Lancer's Publishers and Distributions|location=United States|isbn=1-897829-11-6|pages=218–230|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tqr8r7EB18wC&pg=PA218&dq=admiral+mohammad+shariff&hl=en&ei=KFjyTsLUO4SjiALD64ynCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=4&ved=0CEEQ6wEwAw#v=onepage&q=admiral%20mohammad%20shariff&f=false}}</ref>}}

[[File:USS Wiltsie (DD-716).jpg|thumb|left|290px|[[USS Wiltsie (DD-716)|PNS ''Nazim'']], which previously took part in the [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]] and [[Korean War]]s in the US Navy as USS ''Wiltsie'' (DD-716).]]

With no naval aviation service to guard the [[Karachi port]], the Indian Navy launched a naval attack, [[Operation Trident (Indo-Pakistani War)|Operation Trident]], consisting of 3 Soviet-built [[Osa class missile boat|Osa class]] [[missile boat]]s escorted by two [[anti-submarine]] patrol vessels on 4 December 1971.<ref name="M.A. Hussain Tiwana Defence Journal"/> Nearing Karachi's port area, they launched [[SS-N-2 Styx]] anti-ship missiles, which the obsolescent Pakistan naval warships had no viable defense against.<ref name="M.A. Hussain Tiwana Defence Journal">{{cite web|last1=Tiwana|first1=M.A. Hussain|title=The Angry Sea|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/nov98/angrysea.htm|website=www.defencejournal.com|publisher=M.A. Hussain Tiwana Defence Journal|accessdate=15 November 2016|date=November 1998}}</ref> Two of the warships, the [[PNS Muhafiz|PNS ''Muhafiz'']] and [[PNS Khyber|PNS ''Khyber'']], were both sunk, while [[PNS Shahjahan|PNS ''Shahjahan'']] was damaged beyond repair.<ref name="M.A. Hussain Tiwana Defence Journal"/> Outcomes were stunning for both sides with Pakistan suffering the loss of imported warships, and while India sustaining no damages to their attacking squadron.<ref name="M.A. Hussain Tiwana Defence Journal"/>

On 8 December 1971, the ''[[PNS Hangor|Hangor]]'' led by its [[Commander (rank)|Commander]] [[Ahmed Tasnim]], sank the Indian frigate [[INS Khukri (1958)|INS ''Khukri'']] off the coast of Gujarat, India.<ref name="M.A. Hussain Tiwana Defence Journal"/> This was the first sinking of a warship by a submarine since [[World War II]], and resulted in the loss of 18 officers and 176 sailors of the Indian Navy while the inflicting severe damages to another warship, INS ''Kirpan'', by the same submarine.<ref name="gs">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/hangor.htm|title=Hangor Class (Fr Daphn|author=John Pike|publisher=|accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref> Pakistan Air Force that now acted as naval aviation made several attempts to counter the Indian [[missile boat]] threat by carrying out the aerial bombing raids over Okha harbour, the forward base of the missile boats.<ref name="M.A. Hussain Tiwana Defence Journal"/> The Indian Navy retaliated with an attack on the Pakistani coast, named ''[[Operation Python]]'', on the night of 8 December 1971. when a small [[flotilla]] of Indian vessels, consisting of a missile boat and two frigates, approached Karachi and launched a missile attacks that sanked the Panamanian vessel Gulf Star, the ''PNS Dacca'', and the British ship SS ''Harmattan'' were damaged.<ref name="M.A. Hussain Tiwana Defence Journal"/>

The ''Python'' was a complete success for the Indian Navy, and a psychological trauma for Pakistan Navy, the human and material cost severely cutting into its combat capability, nearly 1,700 sailors perished at the barracks.<ref name="Trident, Grandslam and Python: Attacks on Karachi">{{cite web|last=IN|first=Indian Navt|title=Trident, Grandslam and Python: Attacks on Karachi|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1971War/44-Attacks-On-Karachi.html|work=Trident, Grandslam and Python: Attacks on Karachi|publisher=Trident, Grandslam and Python: Attacks on Karachi|accessdate=9 April 2012}}</ref> Civilian pilots from the [[Pakistan International Airlines]] volunteered to conduct air surveillance missions with the [[PAF]], but this proved less than helpful when they misidentified a Pakistan Navy frigate, [[PNS Zulfiqar (K265)|PNS ''Zulfikar'']], as an Indian missile boat.<ref name="Trident, Grandslam and Python: Attacks on Karachi"/> The PAF planes made several attack runs before finally identifying the ''Zulfikar'' by the Navy NHQ.<ref name="Trident, Grandslam and Python: Attacks on Karachi"/> The friendly attack resulted in further loss of navy personnel, as well as the loss of the ship, which was severely damaged and the Pakistan Navy's operational capabilities were now virtually extinct, and morale plummeted.<ref name="Trident, Grandslam and Python: Attacks on Karachi"/> Indian Navy observers who watched the raid nearby later wrote in their [[War diary|war logs]] that the "PAF pilots failed to recognize the difference between a large [[HMS Apollo (F70)|PNS ''Zulfikar'' frigate]] and a relatively [[Osa class missile boat|small Osa missile boat]]."<ref name="Trident, Grandslam and Python: Attacks on Karachi"/> After the friendly attack, all naval surface operations came to a halt under the orders of chief of naval staff.<ref name="Trident, Grandslam and Python: Attacks on Karachi"/>

The Navy's only long range submarine, ''[[PNS Ghazi|Ghazi]]'', was deployed to the area but, according to neutral sources, it sank en route under mysterious circumstances.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcejlMRYNAAC&pg=PA179&dq=PNS+Ghazi&ei=LKdDSKG0H4KijgGs1qG-BQ&sig=9YcFuLJttkAY3wIH965XTx6eU1Y#v=onepage&q=PNS%20Ghazi&f=false Seapower: A Guide for the Twenty-first Century - Geoffrey Till - Google Boeken]</ref> Pakistani authorities state that it sank either due to internal explosion or detonation of mines which it was laying at the time.<ref>{{cite news|last=Joseph|first=Josy |title=Now, no record of Navy sinking Pakistani submarine in 1971|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-12/india/28288237_1_submarine-ins-rajput-eastern-naval-command|work=TOI website|publisher=Times of India|accessdate=28 May 2010|date=12 May 2010|quote=Pakistani authorities say the submarine sank because of either an internal explosion or accidental blast of mines that the submarine itself was laying around Vizag harbour. }}</ref> The Indian Navy claims to have sunk the submarine.<ref>[http://openlibrary.org/b/OL4243900M/No-way-but-surrender No way but surrender: an account of the Indo-Pakistan War in the Bay of Bengal, 1971] By Vice Admiral N. Krishnan (Retd.)</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jacob|first=Lt Gen JFR |title=The truth behind the Navy's 'sinking' of Ghazi|url=http://sify.com/news/the-truth-behind-the-navy-s-sinking-of-ghazi-news-columns-kfztj3bhjeh.html|work=sify news website|publisher=sify news}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jacob|first=Lt Gen JFR |title=The truth behind the Navy's 'sinking' of Ghazi|url=http://sify.com/news/the-truth-behind-the-navy-s-sinking-of-ghazi-news-columns-kfztj3bhjeh.html|work=sify news website|publisher=sify news|accessdate=28 May 2010|date=25 May 2010|quote= On December 9, the Navy announced that they had sunk the Ghazi on December 4, after the start of the war. Later, officers were decorated for their role and the offensive action of their ships in the sinking of the Ghazi. After the war, however, teams of divers confirmed that it was an internal explosion that sank the Ghazi. The log of the Ghazi was recovered and the last entry as far as I can recall was on November 29, 1971. Sadly, that too has been destroyed. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/22inter.htm|title=The Rediff Interview/Admiral S M Nanda (retd) 'Does the US want war with India?' |last=Sengupta|first=Ramananda|date=22 January 2007|work=Interview|publisher=Rediff|accessdate=26 March 2010|location=India}}</ref>

The submarine's destruction enabled the Indian Navy to enforce a blockade on then East Pakistan.<ref name = Defencejournal>{{cite web | title=Maritime Awareness and Pakistan Navy | work=Defence Notes by Commander (Retd) Muhammad Azam Khan | url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/mar/maritime.htm | accessdate= 16 May 2005 }}</ref> According to the defence magazine, ''Pakistan Defence Journal'', the attack on Karachi, Dhaka, Chittagong and the loss of ''Ghazi'', the Navy no longer was able to match the threat of Indian Navy as it was already outclassed by the Indian Navy after the 1965 war.<ref name="M.A. Hussain Tiwana Defence Journal" />

The damage inflicted by the [[Indian Navy]] and [[Indian Air Force]] on the PN stood at seven [[gunboat]]s, one [[Minesweeper (ship)|minesweeper]], two [[destroyers]], three patrol craft belonging to the [[Pakistan Coast Guard]], 18 cargo, supply and communication vessels, and large-scale damage inflicted on the naval base and docks in the coastal town of Karachi. Three merchant navy ships; Anwar Baksh, Pasni and Madhumathi;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irfc-nausena.nic.in/irfc/ezine/Trans2Trimph/chapters/39_transfer%20of%20ships1.htm|title=Chapter-39|publisher=|accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref> and ten smaller vessels were captured.<ref name=Orbat>{{cite web|title=Damage Assessment – 1971 INDO-PAK Naval War |work=B. Harry |url=http://www.orbat.com/site/cimh/navy/kills(1971)-2.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=16 May 2005 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051030235952/http://www.orbat.com:80/site/cimh/navy/kills(1971)-2.pdf |archivedate=30 October 2005 |df=dmy }}</ref> Around 1900 personnel were lost, while 1413 servicemen were captured by Indian forces in [[Dhaka]].<ref name = "losses">{{cite web | title=Military Losses in the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War | work=Venik | url=http://www.aeronautics.ru/archive/vif2_project/indo_pak_war_1971.htm | accessdate=30 May 2005}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The Indian Navy lost 18 officers and 176 sailors<ref name="gs"/><ref>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=153894 Express India]</ref> and a [[frigate]], while another frigate was damaged and a [[Breguet Alizé]] naval aircraft was shot down by the [[Pakistan Air Force]].

According to one Pakistan scholar, [[Tariq Ali]], the Pakistan Navy lost a third of its force in the war.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Tariq Ali]] | title=Can Pakistan Survive? The Death of a State | publisher=Penguin Books Ltd | year=1983 | isbn=978-0-14-022401-6}}</ref> Despite the limited resources and manpower, the Navy performed its task diligently by providing support to inter-services (air force and army) until the end.<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad">{{cite book|last=Shariff, PN|first=Admiral Mohammad|title=Admiral's Diary: Battling through stormy sea life for decades|year=2010|publisher=The Army Press, Islamabad|page=415|url=http://dawn.com/2010/10/24/excerpt-how-the-east-was-lost/}}</ref> The primary reason for this loss has been attributed to the central command's failure in defining a role for the Navy, or the military in general, in East Pakistan.<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad"/> Since then the Navy has sought to improve the structure and fleet by putting special emphasis on sub-surface warfare capability as it allows for the most efficient way to deny the control of Pakistani sea lanes to an adversary.<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad"/>

===Cold war operations and post cold war: 1972–1998===
{{See also|Operation Umeed-e-Nuh|Operation United Shield|Operation Parakram|Soviet war in Afghanistan|Revolt of the Admiral}}
{{quote|text=Pakistan fully endorse the requirements of a strong navy, capable of safeguarding Pakistan's sea frontiers and her Lines of Communication, monitoring and protecting her exclusive economic zone. Continuous efforts are at hand to provide the best available equipment to the Navy despite all economic constraints.|sign=[[Pervez Musharraf]], 1999|source=<ref name="Lieutenant-General F.S. Lodhi, PA,"/>}}

After [[Instrument of Surrender (1971)|surrendering]] of [[Pakistan Eastern Command]] in East and unilateral decision of ceasefire in West, Pakistan learned a sharp lesson from India in the consequences of disconnecting strategy from reality.{{rp|65}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors" /> After the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|1971 war]], the Navy had to rebuilt from ground and the government came to realize its failure for ignoring the needs of navy at the expense of air force and army.<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad"/>

By the end of 1971, the [[Pakistan Naval Air Arm|naval aviation]] was commissioned but it was not until 1974 when the aircraft joined the service that were procured from the donations from the [[Royal Navy]].<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad"/> During the course of war, the co-ordination between [[Pakistan Armed Forces|inter-services]] was limited, lack of communication, poor execution of joint-operations, this led to the establishment of [[Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]] headquartered in [[JS HQ (Pakistan)|JS HQ]].<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad"/> In a small span of time, the navy facilities, manpower and profile of Navy was quickly arranged and raised by the coming and the first [[Four star admiral|four-star]] rank admiral and the [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Naval Staff]] Admiral [[Mohammad Shariff]] reconstituted the Navy, and his services to Navy led him to be appointed as first navy admiral [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman]] of [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Joint Chiefs Committee]] of Pakistan Armed Forces.<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad"/>

The Pakistan Navy came into public notice in 1974 after it had reportedly applied a [[naval blockade]] and played an integral role to stop the [[Iraqi support of Baloch rebels|arms smuggled]] in [[Balochistan conflict]] after the [[Arms discovery in Iraqi Embassy (Pakistan)|police raid]] [[Diplomatic missions of iraq|Iraqi Embassy]] in Islamabad in 1974.<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad"/> From 1974–77, the Navy provided logistical support to army and air force until [[Rahimuddin Khan's Stabilization of Balochistan|stabilization]] of the province.<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad"/>

[[File:PNS Ghazi 134 DN-SC-92-03633.JPEG|thumb|left|290px|The [[Daphné-class submarine|Daphné]] ''Ghazi'' (S-134) deployed during the [[Operation Restore Hope]], 1991.]]

In 1970s, the Navy sought to diversify its purchases instead of depending solely on the United States, which had placed an arms embargo on both India and Pakistan as the Navy sought warships deals with [[France]] and [[PR China|China]].<ref name="Navy"/> The Navy acquired the land-based ballistics missile capable long range reconnaissance aircraft; it become the first navy in South Asia to acquire land-based ballistics missile capable long range reconnaissance aircraft.<ref name="Navy">South Asia's Nuclear Security Dilemma: India, Pakistan, and China By Lowell Dittmer, pp 77 ''</ref> In 1979–80, Pakistan procured the two [[PNS Hashmat|Agosta 70]] class submarines, [[PNS Hurmat|''Hurmat'']] and [[PNS Hashmat|Hashmat]] from [[France]].<ref name="DefenceJournal, Ahmed">{{cite web|last1=Tasnim|first1=Vice-Admiral Ahmed|title=Remembering Our Warriors - Vice Admiral Tasneem|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/may/tasneem.htm|website=www.defencejournal.com|publisher=Vice Admiral A. Tasnim, Defence Journal|accessdate=17 November 2016|language=Eng|date=May 2001}}</ref>

Dependency on the United States again fell in 1980s and the Navy enjoyed unprecedented growth, doubling its surface fleet from 8 to 16 surface combatants in 1989. In 1982, the [[Reagan administration]] approved [[United States Dollar|US$]]3.2 billion military and economic aid to Pakistan with Pakistan acquiring eight [[Brooke-class frigate|Brooke]] and [[Garcia-class frigate|Garcia-class]] frigates from [[US Navy|United States Navy]] on a five-year lease in 1988.<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad"/> A [[military base|depot]] for repairs, [[USS Hector (AR-7)|USS Hector]] followed the lease of these ships in April 1989. This was done due to the [[Zia regime|Zia administration]]'s [[Operation Cyclone|cooperation]] with the [[Reagan administration]] against the [[Soviet Union]]'s [[Soviet war in Afganistan|invasion]] in [[Afghanistan]].<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad"/>

However, the [[Pressler amendment|arms embargo]] was again imposed after the Soviet [[Soviet troop withdrawal from Afghanistan|troops withdrawal]] from [[Afghanistan]] in 1989 when the [[United States President|U.S. President]] [[George H. W. Bush|George Bush, Sr.]] was advised to no longer certify the existence of Pakistan's covert [[Pakistan and its Nuclear Deterrent Program|nuclear arsenals]] program and the [[Pressler amendment]] was invoked on 1 October 1990.<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad"/> The lease of the first [[Brooke class frigate]] expired in March 1993, the remaining in early 1994.<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad"/> This seriously impaired the Pakistan Navy, which was composed almost entirely of [[:Category:Ships transferred from the United States Navy to the Pakistan Navy|former U.S. origin warships]].<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad"/> Despite the embargo, the Navy assisted the [[United Nations Operation in Somalia II|UNOSOM-II]] to conducted [[Operation United Shield|military operation]] against [[Civil war in Somalia]].<ref>Bush, George H., Address to the Nation on the Situation in Somalia, 4/12/92</ref> In 1991–41, the Navy became involved with the [[Operation Restore Hope]], dispatching one submarine and two destroyer frigates to support to the [[United States Navy]]'s operation in the [[Somali Civil War|civil War]] in [[Somalia]], and extended its support in 1995 to took participation in [[Operation United Shield]] to concluded its side of operation after evacuating personnel and equipments of [[Pakistan Army|army]], [[Pakistan Marines|marines]], and [[PAF|air force]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bashir, PN|first1=Adm. Noman|authorlink1=Noman Bashir|title=The Pakistan Navy's Role in Peacetime Diplomacy: Emerging Scenario in the Indian Ocean|journal=Pakistan Horizon|date=July 2010|volume=63|issue=3|pages=7|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24711004?seq=1#fndtn-page_scan_tab_contents|accessdate=16 November 2016|publisher=Pakistan Institute of International Affairs|location=Islamabad Pakistan|language=English|format=pdf|issn=0030-980X}}</ref>

Realizing the [[Indo-US Relations|warming relations]] between the [[United States]] and [[India]], Pakistan Navy began concentrating on self-reliance for its operation needs when Prime Minister [[Benazir Bhutto]] successfully negotiating with [[France]] for the [[technology transfer]] of [[Agosta 90B class submarine|''Agosta 90B'']] submarines in 1994–95.<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad"/> This was a controversial agreement with millions of dollars were allegedly used for the purpose of [[Corruption charges against Benazir Bhutto and Asif Ali Zardari|corruption]] by both sides as the [[air-independent propulsion]] technology was transferred despite India's strong opposition.<ref name="NTI 1990"/> During the same time, the [[United Kingdom]] approved the sale of [[Westland Lynx]] and [[Westland Sea King|Sea King]] helicopters, equipped with [[Anti-submarine warfare|ASW]] missiles which further enhanced the capabilities of Pakistan Navy.<ref name="Naval Air Arm, Navy" />

After the [[List of nuclear weapons tests of Pakistan|nuclear tests]] conducted in 1998, there were several proposals made for Pakistan Navy's transformation into a [[nuclear navy]] as it was seen against Indian Navy's [[INS Arihant|nuclear ambition]].<ref name="NTI 1990"/> Earlier in 1990, the Navy began negotiations with [[People's Liberation Army Navy]] to lease a [[nuclear submarine]], a Chinese [[Type 091 submarine|Type 091 ''Han'' class]] submarine after rival India Navy leased a Russian-based [[Charlie class submarine|Charlie 1 class]] nuclear from Soviet Union.<ref name="NTI 1990">{{cite web|last=NTI|title=Nuclear Submarine for Navy|url=http://www.nti.org/media/pdfs/pakistan_nuclear.pdf?_=1316466791|work=October 6, 1990|publisher=NTI 1990|accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> However, the Navy cancelled the negotiations with the [[People's Liberation Army Navy|Chinese Navy]] after the learning the Indian Navy had returned the Russian submarine was returned in 1991.<ref name="NTI 1990"/>

In 1999, the Navy saw serious disagreement with the civilian government over the issue of [[Kargil war]] that was launched solely by the [[Pakistan Army]]. Known as the [[Revolt of the Admiral]]s in Pakistan, [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Naval Staff]] [[Admiral Fasih Bokhari]] and his [[NHQ (PN)|Navy NHQ]] staff maintained that the both Navy and Air Force had been deactivated.<ref name="Repro India Ltd." /> However, when Indian Navy launched ''Operation Talwar'', Pakistan Navy had to respond by deploying the submarines and destroyers combatant ships to keep Indian Navy from Ports of Karachi and Baluchistan.<ref name="Lieutenant-General F.S. Lodhi, PA,"/>

The [[Pakistan Naval Air Arm|Naval Air Arm]] maintained its reconnaissance and patrol operations near at the Arabian sea.<ref name="Lieutenant-General F.S. Lodhi, PA,"/> In 1999, another proposal was raised to switched the [[air-independent propulsion]] of Agosta submarine to substitute with [[nuclear propulsion]], however the proposal was dismissed.<ref name="Lieutenant-General F.S. Lodhi, PA,">{{cite web|last=Lodhi|first=F.S.|title=An Agosta Submarine for Pakistan|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/jan/agosta.htm|work=Lieutenant-General F.S. Lodhi|publisher=Lieutenant-General F.S. Lodhi, PA,|accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref>

===Engagement in 1999 and 2001 standoff===
{{Main article|Atlantique Incident|Indo-Pakistani War of 1999|Revolt of the Admiral|2001–02 India–Pakistan standoff}}

In 1999, the [[Pakistan Army]] soldiers engaged with [[Indian Army]] and that fighting extended to the Navy who came under pressure to protect the coasts of Sindh and Balochistan while performing the non-combat missions. The [[Indian Navy]]'s rapid movement in the [[Arabian sea]] pushed the Navy to take the [[active measures]] and responded by deploying a large formation of submarines to gather intelligence on the movement of Indian naval vessels, their activities and presence.<ref name="Lieutenant-General F.S. Lodhi, PA," /> Over the appointment of [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman Joint Chiefs]], Admiral [[Fasih Bokhari]] and his [[NHQ (PN)|Navy NHQ]] staff led to a serious disagreement with [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]], an event that is known as [[Revolt of the Admiral|Revolt of the Admiral Bokhari]], who resigned from his commission in protest.{{rp|35}}<ref name="AuthorHouse, Baig">{{cite book|last1=Anwar|first1=Muhammad|last2=Baig|first2=Ebad|title=Pakistan: Time for Change|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=9781477250303|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mb6OOYcrIOYC&pg=PA35&dq=Admiral+Fasih+Bokhari&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwik7aLK56zQAhVM-GMKHTbGAhsQuwUIOTAE#v=onepage&q=Admiral%20Fasih%20Bokhari&f=false|accessdate=16 November 2016|language=en}}</ref>

In 1999, the Navy became involved in a military engagement with the [[Indian Air Force]] when the [[News channels in Pakistan|local news channels]] reported that the Navy had suffered serious casualty in a non-combat missions in terms of losing aircraft and personnel, roughly occurred just two weeks since the end of [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1999|Kargil debacle]].{{rp|62}}<ref name="AuthorHouse, Baig"/> On 10 August 1999, the [[Indian Air Force]]'s two [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG 21FL]] fired and shot down the reconnaissance navy plane, the [[Breguet Atlantic|''Atlantic'']], with sixteen personnel, including four naval fighter pilots on board.{{rp|62}}<ref name="AuthorHouse, Baig"/> All hands and the aircraft were lost when it was shot down in the border area of the [[Rann of Kutch]] region by [[Indian Air Force]], with both countries claiming the aircraft to be in their respective airspace.{{rp|62}}<ref name="AuthorHouse, Baig"/>

[[File:Pakistan Navy Orion Asuspine.jpg|thumb|300px|right|A Pakistan Navy [[Lockheed P-3C Orion|P3C Orion]] getting airborne in 2010.]]

The international observers noted that the wreckage fell well within Pakistan's territory, giving credence to the Pakistan's claim.{{rp|62–63}}<ref name="AuthorHouse, Baig"/> But the investigation conducted by the [[Naval Intelligence of Pakistan|Naval Intelligence]] revealed that the crash site was spread over 2 km on both sides of the border and the majority of the wreckage was on the Indian side. The [[Government of India|Indian government]] released the bodies of all the 16 personnel killed in the crash, asserting their point that the aircraft crashed in India.<ref name="The Independent"/> The Indian Air Force stated that "the ''Atlantique'' was trying to return to Pakistan's airspace after intruding more than {{convert|10|nmi|km}} and as such was headed towards Pakistan...." This incident resulted in escalated tensions between the two [[India-Pakistan relations|neighbouring countries]].<ref name="The Independent">{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/16-dead-as-india-shoots-down-pakistani-naval-plane-1112052.html|title=16 dead as India shoots down Pakistani naval plane|work=The Independent|accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref>

In October 1999, another mishap claimed the loss of Navy's [[P3C Orion]] ([[anti-submarine warfare|ASW]]) aircraft crashed while on routine exercise towards the coastal town of Pasni in the [[Balochistan Province]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/493254.stm | work=BBC News | title=Pakistan naval aircraft crashes | date=29 October 1999}}</ref> In this non-combat mission, the casualties stood with twenty one personnel, including two navy fighter pilots, eleven sailors and ten senior officers died in the incident—the cause of the incident was stated as a technical failure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lockheedmartin.com/products/p3/index.html|title=404 · Lockheed Martin|publisher=|accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref>
During the 2001–2002 India-Pakistan Standoff, the Pakistan Navy was a put on high-alert and more than a dozen warships were deployed near at the Arabian Sea.<ref name="Lieutenant-General F.S. Lodhi, PA,"/> In 2001, the Navy took serious consideration of deploying the [[nuclear weapon]]s on its submarines although none of the nuclear weapons were ever deployed in the submarines.<ref name="NTI 1990"/>

During the 2001–02, there was another [[2001–02 India–Pakistan standoff|military standoff]] and Navy again put on high alert with deployment of more than a dozen warships were deployed near at the Arabian Sea.<ref name="Lieutenant-General F.S. Lodhi, PA,"/> In 2001, the Navy took serious consideration of deploying the [[nuclear weapon]]s on its submarines although none of the nuclear weapons were ever deployed in the submarines.<ref name="NTI 1990"/>

In 2003–04, there were several proposals made for acquiring the vintage [[aircraft carriers]] but the Navy itself had dismissed the idea since the country has not aspired to have an aircraft capability.{{rp|79}}<ref name="Routledge Dittmer">{{cite book|last1=Dittmer|first1=Lowell|title=South Asia's Nuclear Security Dilemma: India, Pakistan, and China|date=2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317459569|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=02XxBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA79&dq=aircraft+carrier+pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi26L_wjrDQAhXLxFQKHcaNAUwQuwUIHjAA#v=onepage&q=aircraft%20carrier%20pakistan&f=false|accessdate=17 November 2016|language=en}}</ref>

===War on Terror and operations in North-West===
{{Main article|PNS Mehran Operation|Operation Rah-e-Nijat|PNS Mehran Operation|Operation Black Thunderstorm|Operation Umeed-e-Nuh}}

[[File:US Navy 100323-N-0000X-003 Chief of Naval Staff of the Pakistan Navy Adm. Noman Bashir is greeted by Gen. David Petraeus, commander of U.S. Central Command.jpg|thumb|Admiral [[Noman Bashir|Bashir]] meets with the [[United States Army|US Army]] General [[David Petraeus]], top commander of [[International Security Assistance Force|US forces in Afghanistan]], to initiate peace initiatives and counter-terrorism operations against Taliban forces in Afghanistan.]]

Since 1995–97, the operational scope of Navy has increased, first participating in combat operation, [[Operation United Shield|United Shield]] with the [[United States Navy]]. Since 2007, the Navy has shifted into focusing the large-scale special operations and strike operations. The Navy plays an active role in the multinational [[United States Naval Forces Central Command|NAVCENT]], [[Combined Task Force 150|CTF-150]], [[Combined Task Force 151|CTF-151]], [[Operation Enduring Freedom]].<ref>{{cite web|last=PN |title=Pakistan Navy and Operation OEF |url=http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/cmcp1.html |publisher=PN Second |accessdate=11 April 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070726120430/http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/cmcp1.html |archivedate=26 July 2007 |df=dmy }}</ref> The command of the force was give to Pakistan from 24 March 2006, until 25 February 2008. Under Pakistan's leadership, CTF 150 coordinated patrols throughout their area of operations to help commercial shipping and fishing operate safely and freely in the region. Additionally, CTF 150 Coalition ships made 11 successful at-sea rescues and made the largest drug bust in the CTF 150 AOO since 2005.<ref>[http://www.cusnc.navy.mil/articles/2008/019.html Pakistan Navy Hands Command of CTF 150 to France] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003183518/http://www.cusnc.navy.mil/articles/2008/019.html |date=3 October 2008 }}</ref> Pakistan has contributed 13 different ships to CTF 150 and the current one being [[PNS Tariq]].<ref>[http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/cmcp1.html Pakistan Navy Participation In Coalition Maritime Campaign Plan] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070726120430/http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/cmcp1.html |date=26 July 2007 }}</ref> Development continues on new warships, weapons, weapons technology, and as well as building the [[nuclear submarine]] for its current operational capabilities.<ref>{{cite news|last=Star Desk|title=Pakistan Navy to build nuclear submarine|url=http://www.arynews.tv/english/newsdetail.asp?nid=54527|accessdate=6 April 2012|newspaper=ARY News|date=10 February 2012}} {{dead link|date=October 2015}}</ref>

Since 2007, the Navy actively participated in Operation Black Thunderstorm, Operation Rah-e-Nijat, Operation Mehran, [[Operation Madad (Pakistan Navy)|Operation Maddad]], and is a major participant in [[War on Terror]] and the [[War in North-West Pakistan|War in tribal areas]] of Pakistan. Due to its operational capabilities and ability to project force far from coastal areas of Pakistan, for instance the [[Northern Pakistan]] and abroad, the Navy remains potent asset for the [[Commander-in-Chief]] (the [[President of Pakistan]]) as well as the chief executive of the country (the [[Prime minister of Pakistan]]).

[[File:Pakistan Navy Special Service Group member silhouetted aboard Pakistan Navy Ship PNS Babur.jpg|thumb|left|An elite member of Navy's [[Special Service Group Navy]] (SSGN) is silhouetted by the setting sun abroad PNS ''Babur'' while under way in the Arabian Sea 25 November 2007]]

Despite its [[Maritime Interdiction Operations|seaborne mission]], the Navy had played an active role in controlling the insurgency in [[War in North-West Pakistan|Tribal Belt]] in [[War in North-West Pakistan|Western Pakistan]], mostly taking roles in managing [[Military logistics|logistics]] and [[intelligence gathering]] as well as conducting ground operations with the army in Western areas to track down the [[al-Qaeda|al-Qaeda operatives]]. In 2011, the major terror bombing took place in Navy's assets in various locations of Karachi by [[Al-Qaeda]]; the first of the bombings took place on 21 April 2011 on two naval buses and second bombing incident on 28 April 2011 on a naval coaster. An estimated 12 lives have been lost since the start of the bombing.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/NewsDetail.aspx?ID=14800|title=Blast hits Pakistan Navy bus, third in a week|work=[[The News International]]|publisher=[[Jang Group of Newspapers]]|accessdate=19 May 2011}}</ref> A third bombing, and final bombing took place on 22 May 2011. The attack was on the PNS Mehran base in Karachi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=6183&Cat=13&dt=5/23/2011|title=A joint attack by al-Qaeda, TTP|work=[[The News International]]|publisher=[[Jang Group of Newspapers]]|accessdate=22 May 2011}}</ref>

Since 2004, the Navy has been readily used in overland counter-insurgency operations, to ease off the pressure to Army and Air Force.<ref name="The New York TImes">{{cite web|last=Mackey|first=Robert|title=Before Attack, Pakistan's Navy Boasted of Role in Fight Against Taliban|url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/05/23/before-attack-pakistans-navy-boasted-of-role-in-fight-against-taliban/|work=NYTimes – The Lede (blog)|publisher=The New York TImes|accessdate=10 April 2012|date=23 May 2011}}</ref> The Northern Command (COMNOR) under a [[rear-admiral]], conducted overland, [[signal intelligence]], and bombing missions in the Tribal belt while its navy fighter jets attacked the hidden secretive places of militants.<ref name="The New York TImes"/> In the anti-terror, naval-based airborne missions using precision bombing tactics provided by the US Navy, the Pakistan Navy played a vital role in force-projection of its naval forces that played a significant role in controlling the insurgency, terrorism as well as proved the ability to conduct successful operations far from coastal areas won many presidential citations and praised by the government and the international recognition.<ref name="The New York TImes"/>

The Navy has been active as early as 2006–07 to track down the terrorist elements and al-Qaeda operatives around the country as part of the campaign against the terrorism. To limit the pressure on army and air force, the Navy executed far more difficult operations in Northern Pakistan, and its combatant assets fought Taliban insurgency in Western border with the ground forces. On 22 May 2011, the Navy's first engagement with [[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan|Pakistani Taliban]] took place in ''PNS Mehran'', the headquarters of the Navy's [[Pakistan Naval Air Arm|Naval Air Arm]] and the most populous Pakistani military installation, located near the PAF's [[PAF Base Faisal|Faisal Air Force Base]] of Karachi, Sindh. In the course of the event, around 15 attackers killed 18 naval personnel and wounded 16 in a sophisticated terrorist attack. According to the United States and Western intelligence sources, the attack was far more dangerous than the [[Operation Janbaz|2009 Pakistan Army General Headquarters attack]], and was better planned and more rehearsed than the previous attacks. It was the biggest attack on the Navy and its assets since 1971, and is believed to be the last major attack of militant mastermind Ilyas Kashmiri before being killed in the drone strike. The [[Special Service Group Navy]] (SSG(N)), carried out the counter-attack, which was the largest operation led by SSG(N) since [[Operation Jackpot]] of 1971.

==Involvement in civil society==
{{Main article|Operation Madad (Pakistan Navy)}}
The Pakistan Navy has played an integral part in the civil society of Pakistan, almost since its inception.<ref name="Taylor and Francis-e-Library">{{cite book|last=Mazhar Aziz|title=Military control in Pakistan: the parallel state|year=2008|publisher=Taylor and Francis-e-Library|location=Milton Park, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK|isbn=978-0-415-43743-1|pages=80–81|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIwXnkZOyoMC&pg=PA81&lpg=PA81&dq=dismissal+of+general++karamat&source=bl&ots=-Uzb9PkhEc&sig=zwt4KeYFNGEPqpdmNqT4C17HMxI&hl=en&ei=niLgTs62EJSOigKgnpSeDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=dismissal%20of%20general%20%20karamat&f=false}}</ref> In 1996, General Jehangir Karamat described Pakistan armed forces' relations with the society:

{{quote|text=In my opinion, if we have to repeat of past events then we must understand that Military leaders can pressure only up to a point. Beyond that their own position starts getting undermined because the military is after all is a mirror image of the civil society from which it is drawn. |sign=General Jehangir Karamat on civil society–military relations |source=<ref name="Taylor and Francis-e-Library"/>}}

===Multi-national operations===
Between 11–21 May 2008, Pakistani warships [[HMS Alacrity (F174)|PNS ''Badr'' (D-182)]], [[HMS Alacrity (F174)|PNS ''Shahjahan'' (D 186)]], and PNS ''Nasr'' (A-47), as well as the Pakistan Air Force Explosive Ordnance Disposal team, participated in Exercise Inspired Union – multi-national exercises in the [[North Arabian Sea]] that also included the American destroyers {{USS|Curts|FFG-38|2}} and {{USS|Ross|DDG 71|2}}.<ref>{{cite web | author= Lt. (j.g.) Bryan Boggs, USN | title= USS ''Curts'', Pakistani Navy Participate in Officer Exchange Program | url= http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=37552 | work= NNS080602-12 | publisher= ''Abraham Lincoln'' Carrier Strike Group Public Affairs | date= 6 June 2008 | accessdate=2010-12-27}}</ref>

===Tsunami relief activities===
The Navy has been involved in some peacetime operations, most notably during the [[tsunami]] tragedy that struck on 26 December 2004. Pakistan sent her combatant vessels to [[Sri Lanka]], [[Bangladesh]], and the [[Maldives]] to help in rescue and relief work.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/01/02/top5.htm|title=2 Pakistan Navy ships, C-130s to join rescue work|publisher=|accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref>

Pakistan Navy dispatched its two combatant vessels, [[PNS Tariq (1973)|PNS Tariq]], a destroyer, PNS ''Nasr'', a Logistic support ship, were deployed in the region. Under the tactical direction of former Chief of Naval Staff Admiral (retired) Shahid Karimullah, Pakistan Navy ships immediately rendered their assistance to Government of Maldives for evacuation of stranded tourists/locals from islands. Pakistan Navy continued this humanitarian assistance through rendering diplomatic and material support by sending two more ships with sizeable relief efforts to Indonesia and Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/spedition/defence_day_supp_05/p11.html|title=Jang Group Online Defence Day Supplement|publisher=|accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref> Pakistan Navy later assigned another relief mission to Sri Lanka dispatching two more combatant vessels. PNS ''Khaiber'' and PNS ''Moawin'' were dispatched to assist Sri Lanka.<ref>[http://www.paktribune.com/news/print.php?id=91172 PN ships to arrive in Indonesia for relief operation in tsunami-hit areas]</ref> These vessels had three helicopters, a [[Pakistan Marines|140th Marine Expeditionary Force]], military and civilian doctors, and paramedics. Besides, relief goods – medicines, medical equipment, food supplies, tents, blankets- are being sent in huge quantities.<ref>[http://pakistantimes.net/2005/01/04/top.htm Quake-Tsunami Devastation: Pakistan Joins Global Task Force for Aid ]</ref> The diameter of relief operations were expanded to Bangladesh. And, Pakistan Naval vessels, carrying other Pakistan Armed Forces units, landed in Bangladesh for the first time since December 1971. The Navy, Army, and the Air Force had carried out the relief operations in the Bangladesh, where the Pakistani forces also anticipated reconstruction of civil infrastructure in the country.<ref>[http://www.ispr.gov.pk/front/main.asp?o=t-article&id=3 The role of Pakistan Armed Forces in Bangladesh]</ref>

===Operation Madad===
{{Main article|Operation Madad (Pakistan Navy)|2010 Pakistan floods}}

As [[Pakistan Army|Army]] and [[Pakistan Air Force]] (PAF) gained momentum on militancy, the Navy took the whole responsibility of conducting the largest search and rescue operations in the [[2010 Pakistan floods|2010 floods]]. The Navy rescued and evacuated more than 352,291 people after launching the ''Operation Madad'' (English: "Help") throughout Pakistan in August 2010.<ref>[http://www.pakistannews.com.pk/national/pakistan-flood-disaster/pak-navy-launches-operation-madad-sindh.html Pak Navy launches operation ‘Madad’ in Sindh]</ref> Since then, the Navy had provided 43,850 kg of food and relief goods to flood victims; 5,700 kg of ready-to-cook food, 1,000 kg of dates and 5,000 kg of food has been dispatched to Sukkur. The [[Pakistan Naval Air Arm]] had air dropped more than 500 kg of food and relief good in Thal, Ghospur and Mirpur areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=256553&Cat=4&dt=8/16/2010|title=Pakistan Navy continues relief operations|date=16 August 2010|work=The News International, Pakistan|accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref> {{As of|2011|01}}, under the program ''PN Model Village'', the Navy is building the model houses in the affected areas. More than 87 houses were built and had been distributed to the local [[internally displaced person]] (IDPs). About 69,011 people have been treated in PN medical camps.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onepakistan.com/news/local/karachi/81137-pn-model-village-handed-over-to-idps.html|title=Karachi News|publisher=|accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref>

==Command structure==
According to the [[Constitution of Pakistan|Constitution]], the [[President of Pakistan]] is the civilian commander-in-chief of [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] while the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] served as the chief executive of Pakistan Armed Forces, both the people-elected civilians, the President and Prime minister, maintains a [[civilian control of the military]].

The [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Naval Staff]] (CNS), a four-star admiral, is a member of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]] as well as the [[National Security Council of Pakistan|National Security Council]] (NSC) and the [[Pakistan National Command Authority|Nuclear Command Authority]], and is responsible for the sea defence of the country.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}} They direct the non-combat and combatant operations from naval combatant headquarters (NHQ) in Islamabad, near army combatant headquarters (GHQ).

The Chief of Naval Staff has seven Deputy Chiefs of Naval Staff, ranging from Rear Admirals to Vice-Admirals; the Chief of Staff (COS) under whom the Naval Operations and Intelligence Directorates functions; the [[Naval Secretary]] (NS); the [[Quarter master general|Quarter-Master General]] (QMG); the [[Hydrographer of the Navy|Hydrographer of the Navy (HPN)]]; the Engineer-in-Chief; the [[Flag Officer Sea Training]] (FOST); the Director-General of Training and Joint Warfare (DG Trig); the Directorate-General for Naval Technologies Complex (NTC); and the Chief of Naval Logistics (CNL). The responsibilities of Deputy Chief of Naval Staff are listed below:{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}

===Deputy chiefs of staff===
*Deputy Chief of Naval Staff of Naval Operations (DCNS Operations)
*Deputy Chief of Naval Staff of Training and Evaluation (DCNS Training and Evaluation)
*Deputy Chief of Naval Staff of Training and Personnel (DCNS Training and Personnel)
*Deputy Chief of Naval Staff of Materials (DCNS Materials)
*Deputy Chief of Naval Staff of Naval Supplies (DCNS Supply)
*Deputy Chief of Naval Staff of Projects (DCNS Projects)
*Deputy Chief of Naval Staff of [[Naval Strategic Forces Command (Pakistan)|Naval Strategic Forces Command]] (DCNS NSFC)
*Deputy Chief of Naval Staff Of Administration (DCNS Administration)

===Combatant commands===
The Pakistan Navy has six major combatant commands
*'''Commander of Pakistan Naval Fleet (COMPAK)''' – The command heads the surface, sub surface and aviation commands.<ref>http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/compak.html</ref> COMPAK is headquartered in Karachi, Sindh. Previously, it included the 25th and 18th Destroyer Squadron (with Gearing class D16O, D164-168).
**'''Commander Naval Air Arm (COMNAV)''' – Looks after the Naval air stations, and is the commander of the Naval Aviation, reporting into COMPAK.<ref>http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/admin_Authorities.html</ref>
*'''Commander Karachi (COMKAR)''' – The Commander Karachi is responsible for the command of the shore establishment, naval facilities within Karachi. The COMKAR also provide services and training facilities for the Navy. The COMKAR also looks after the military protocol at Karachi. This command's responsibilities also include harbour defence.
*''' Commander COAST (COMCOAST)''' – The special command of SSG(N), Marines and Coastal stations.
*'''Commander Logistics (COMLOG)''' – This command looks after the repair, maintenance and logistic infrastructure of PN.
*'''Flag Officer Sea Training (FOST)''' Conducts all types of operational training at Sea
*'''Commander North (COMNOR)''' – Looks after the Naval installations in the north of Pakistan. The COMNOR commands the naval facilities in North-west Pakistan, Azad Kashmir, and Northern Areas of Pakistan. The COMNOR is also a major part of Pakistan's Northern Naval Command.
*'''Commander WEST (COMWEST )''' – Looks after the Naval installations in the west of Pakistan. The naval bases are [[Ormara]], [[Pasni City|Pasni]], [[Gwadar]] and [[Jiwani]]. The COMWEST is a major component of the Western Naval Command of Pakistan Navy.
*'''Commander Central Punjab (COMCEP)'''<ref name="PNOrg">{{cite web | url=http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/organization.html | title=PN ORGANIZATION | publisher=Pakistan Navy | accessdate=June 14, 2016}}</ref>– Looks after the naval and marine assets stationed in Punjab, and Southern skirts of Sindh.

===Depots command===
The Pakistan Navy has a major Depot command which consists of 11 units
**'''Commander Depot Group (COMDEP)'''- This is a Type Command of Supply Branch located in Karachi

===Headquarters===

The single headquarter for the Navy, the [[Naval Headquarters (Pakistan Navy)|Navy NHQ]], is located in [[Islamabad]] at the neighborhoods of the [[General Headquarters (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]], in the vicinity of [[JS HQ (Pakistan)|Joint Staff Headquarters]].

The NHQ function also includes the [[Judge Advocate General Branch|Judge Advocate General Corps of Navy]], and the Comptroller of Civilian Personnel, the [[Hydrographer of the Navy|Hydrographer of the Navy (HPN)]] of the [[Pakistan Navy Hydrographic Department|Hydrographic Corps]]; the Engineer-in-Chief of Naval Engineering Corps (NEC); Surgeon General of Navy; Quartermaster General of the Navy.

===Naval Strategic Force Command===
In August 2012, the Pakistan Navy inaugurated the Naval Strategic Force Command headquarters, described by the military as the "custodian of the [[Nation-state|nation]]'s nuclear [[second strike capability]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-20/pakistan/31788040_1_pakistan-navy-inaugurates-nuclear-arsenal|title= Pak's navy inaugurates new Strategic Force headquarters|date=9 August 2012}}</ref>

==Personnel==
[[File:Pakisan First.jpg|thumb|Pakistan Navy Officers on Guard By the Standard of the Navy and the Naval Jack]]
[[File:Change of command aboard PNS Tippu Sultan DVIDS78354.jpg|thumb|Then, Commodore, Khan Hasham Bin Saddique of Pakistan Navy, left, hands a spyglass to French navy Rear Adm. Jean L. Kerignard during a change of command ceremony aboard PNS Tippu Sultan (D 186) while in port at Mina Salman Pier, Bahrain, 25 February 2008.]]

As the estimates made in 2003 and 2009, the Navy had approximately 25,000 active duty personnel.<ref name="IISS2010">''The Military Balance 2010'', p. 367, [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] (London, 2010).</ref> With additional 1,200 [[Pakistan Marines|Marines]] and more than 2,500 [[Pakistan Coast Guard|Coast Guard]]; 2,000 active-duty Navy personnel in the Maritime Security Agency. In addition there were 5,000 reserves, total combing forces exceeding 35,700 personnel.<ref name="IISS2010"/>

In 2007, Navy gave commissioned to the first Baloch naval squadron, consisting of around 53 women officers and 72 Baloch sailors.<ref name="Dawn News, 19th March 2012">{{cite news|last=Dr. Mustaghis-ur-Rahman|title=Gender inequality in {{sic|nolink=y|coporates|expected=corporates}}|url=http://dawn.com/2012/03/19/gender-inequality-in-coporates/|accessdate=11 April 2012|newspaper=Dawn News, 19 March 2012|date=19 March 2012}}</ref> In 2012, the Navy pushed its personnel strength to Baluchistan after sending a large formation of Baloch university students to Navy Engineering Colleges and War College as well as staff schools to complete their officer training requirements.<ref name="Dawn News, 10th March 2012">{{cite news|last=Our Reporter|title=Pakistan Navy offers jobs to Balochistan youths|url=http://dawn.com/2012/03/10/pakistan-navy-offers-jobs-to-balochistan-youths/|accessdate=11 April 2012|newspaper=Dawn News, 10 March 2012|date=10 March 2012}}</ref> The Navy established three additional facilities in Balochistan to supervise the training to its personnel.<ref name="Dawn News, 10th March 2012"/> As of 2014 estimate, the Navy has a strength of 30,700 active duty personnel.<ref name="Penguin UK, Ahmed">{{cite book|last1=Ahmed|first1=Khaled|title=Sleepwalking to Surrender: Dealing with Terrorism in Pakistan|date=2014|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=9789386057624|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TbzBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT95&lpg=PT95&dq=pakistan+navy+personnel&source=bl&ots=9mfLYMN46o&sig=LTziFjHArHCl-iH9w8ZRLy2mWfI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi28LSMlLDQAhXMy1QKHasyBA84ChDoAQgkMAI#v=onepage&q=pakistan%20navy%20personnel&f=false|accessdate=17 November 2016|language=en}}</ref>

===Education and training ===
The Pakistan Navy maintains large educational organisations, accredited institutions and scientific organisations to support the combatant and non-combatant missions, operations and shores activities on land. Its academic and accredited four-year university, the [[Pakistan Naval Academy]], is the home of naval cadets for the future officers of Pakistan Navy, and offers academic degrees programmes at its academy. The Pakistan Naval Academy also has provided education, athletic programs and military training programmes to the officers of allied navies, among notables including the Chief of Staff of the [[Qatar Armed Forces|Qatar Royal Navy]] (QRN) and many high-ranking officers of [[Royal Saudi Navy]] (RSN) as well as other navies in the Gulf were graduates of the Pakistan Naval Academy. The academy is a full-fledged academic and scientific institution catering to the needs to Pakistan junior naval officers.

The Pakistan Navy also managed, administers, and managed the various academic research universities in the country, including the [[Pakistan Navy School|Naval Educational Establishment]] (NEE). The [[Pakistan Naval War College|Naval War College]] is a post-graduate and post-doctorate college that specialises in the techniques and developing ideas for naval warfare and passing them along to officers of the Navy.<ref>[http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/pnwc/main.htm New Page 2] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603221244/http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/pnwc/main.htm |date=3 June 2012 }}</ref> Other college includes the [[Pakistan Navy School of Logistics and Management|College of Logistics and Management]] (conducts research in military logistics); and [[Strategic Institute for Maritime Affairs|Strategic Institute for Naval Affairs]] which conducts research on specialising in imparting [[Naval Warfare]] techniques to officers of the Pakistan naval forces.

The senior training institution for all service branches is the [[National Defence University, Pakistan|National Defence University]] (NDU) at the Islamabad. Originally established in 1971 at Rawalpindi, the university is mandate to provide training in higher military strategy for senior officers, the institution was relocated to Islamabad in 1995. It also offers courses that allow civilians to explore the broader aspects of national security, defence policy and war studies. In a program begun in the 1980s to upgrade the intellectual standards of the army, air force, marines and naval officers and increase awareness of the wider world, a large group of officers, has been detailed to academic training, achieving master's degrees and even doctorates at universities in Pakistan and abroad.

{{See also|List of Pakistan Navy admirals}}

== Pay grade and uniforms==
The rank structure is patterned on the Royal Navy model. It consists of [[commissioned officers]] and the [[Junior Commissioned Officer]]s paygrade ranks only.
{{Main article|Naval ranks and insignia of Pakistan}}

{| style="border:1px solid #001A57; background-color:white; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Structure of the Commissioned officer rank of the Pakistan Navy'''
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Pay grade !! OF-10 !! OF-9 !! OF-8 !! OF-7 !! OF-6 !! OF-5 !! OF-4 !! OF-3 !! OF-2 !! OF-1 !!
|-
| '''Insignia'''
| [[File:Fleet Admiral Pakistan Navy Insignia.jpg|45px]] [[File:US-O11 insignia.svg|30px]]
| [[File:Admiral Pakistan Navy Insignia.JPG|45px]] [[File:US-O10 insignia.svg|75px]]
| [[File:Insignia Vice Admiral Pakistan Navy.gif|45px]] [[File:US-O9 insignia.svg|55px]]
| [[File:Insignia RealAdmiral Pakistan Navy.gif|45px]] [[File:US-O8 insignia.svg|35px]]
| [[File:Commodore Pakistan Navy Insignia.JPG|45px]] [[File:US-O7 insignia.svg|20px]]
| [[File:Captain Pakistan Navy Insignia.JPG|45px]] 
| [[File:Commander Pakistan Navy Insignia.JPG|45px]] 
| [[File:Lieutenant Commander Pakistan Navy Insignia.JPG|45px]] 
| [[File:Lieutenant Pakistan Navy Insignia.JPG|45px]] 
| [[File:Sub Lieutenant Pakistan Navy Insignia.JPG|45px]] 
| [[File:Midshipman Pakistan Navy Insignia.JPG|45px]]
|-
| '''Title'''
|[[Admiral of the fleet|Admiral of the Fleet]] {{small|Grade authorized but never awarded to date}}
|[[Admiral]]
|[[Vice-Admiral]]
|[[Rear-Admiral]]
|[[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]]
|[[Captain (naval)|Captain]]
|[[Commander (rank)|Commander]]
|[[Lieutenant-Commander]]
|[[Lieutenant (naval)|Lieutenant]]
|[[Sub-lieutenant]]
|[[Midshipman]]
|-
| '''Rank Hierarchy'''
|[[Five-star rank|Five-star Admiral]]
|[[Four-star rank|Four-star Admiral]]
|[[Three-star rank|Three-star Admiral]]
|[[Two-star rank|Two-star Admiral]]
|[[One-star rank|One-star Officer]]

|}

{| style="border:1px solid #001A57; background-color:white; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Structure of the Enlisted rank of the Pakistan Navy'''
|
| '''Insignia'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''Title'''
| [[Master Chief Petty Officer]]
| [[Fleet Chief Petty Officer]]
| [[Chief Petty Officer]]
| No Equivalent

| [[Petty Officer]]
| No Equivalent
| [[Leading Rate]]
| [[Able Seaman]]
| [[Ordinary Rate]]
|-
| '''Abbreviation'''
| MCPO||FCPO||CPO||NE||PO||NE||LH||AS||OS
|-
|}

==Science and technology==
Apart from executing military operations, the Navy also maintains its own science and technology organisations and commands to promote scientific activities, knowledge, and engineering facilities in the navy. The Navy operates the [[Pakistan Navy Hydrographic Department|Naval Directorate for Hydrography]], served as the operational scientific naval oceanographic program for the Navy. The Navy also administer and operates the astronomical observatory known as [[Pakistan Naval Observatory]], with primary mission to produce Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) for the Navy and the [[Ministry of Defence (Pakistan)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD), though the Navy has also played a vital role in nation's civilian space authority, the [[Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission|Space Research Commission]] in conducting studies on [[Astrophysics]], [[Astronomy]] and Mathematics. The [[Naval Strategic Forces Command (Pakistan)|Naval Strategic Forces Command]] served as the primary scientific and military organisation for the Navy, the command is charged with battling with naval-based nuclear weapons and controlling the operations of nuclear submarines.

[[File:PNEC.jpg|left|thumb|A campus of [[Pakistan Navy Engineering College|Navy Engineering College]] (PNEC) in Karachi.]]

The other educational facilities training institutions are included the PNS ''Bahadur'', that conducts weapon system specialist courses; the PNS ''Himalaya'', for providing the combat surface training courses for the [[Non-commissioned officer|NCO]], [[Junior commissioned officer|JCO]], and recruited sailors while the Higher Educational Training (HET) is a way to be commissioned officer from sailors.

The PNS ''Karsaz'' is the largest and most organised technical and naval combat training establishment of the Navy. The ''Karsaz'' has the privilege to host many heads of states since its commissioning. ''Karsaz'' served as a mother unit who gave birth to [[Pakistan Naval Station Mehran|Naval Air Station Mehran]], the [[Pakistan Navy Engineering College|Navy Engineering College]], PNS ''Bahadur'', and other Navy units and naval bases in that area. The unit celebrated its golden jubilee in 2003 under the command of [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] M. Bashir. Chaudhry. The PNS ''Karsaz'' also houses one of the most modern Special Children School which was built at the cost of [[Pakistan Rupee|Rs. 88.00 Millions]] during 2003–05. Cdre M. Bashir Chaudhry who was the commandant ''Karsaz'' during this period was the force behind this project who collected the funds through philanthropists, got the school designed through NESPAK and finally constructed & put it into operation. The Rangoon Vala Trust (RVT) contributed the most in the funding of this school and other Navy sponsored programmes.

The Navy Engineering College is one of the most recognised institute of the Navy and offers under-graduate, post-graduate, and doctoral programmes in engineering, science and technology disciplines. The Navy Engineering College is controlled by the Navy but it has been an affiliated with the [[National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan|National University of Sciences and Technology]] and has become its constituent [[Pakistan Navy Engineering College]], where officers and civilian students are offered degrees in Electrical, Mechanical, Electronics and industrial and manufacturing engineering.

==Special Operations Forces==

===Special Services Group (N)===
{{Main article|Special Service Group Navy}}
[[File:US Navy 110613-N-OT964-118 Chief Navy Diver Aaron Knight, right, assigned to Commander, Task Group (CTG) 56.1, and Pakistani divers.jpg|thumb|Naval SSG conducting force-protection and under-water special forces training with their [[United States Navy]] counterparts, the [[United States Navy SEALs|US Navy SEALs.]] ]]

The [[Special Service Group Navy]] (reporting name: '''SSG-[N]''') are the principle and elite [[special operations force]] (SOF) of the Pakistan Navy, part of the [[Naval Strategic Forces Command (Pakistan)|Naval Strategic Forces Command]]. The unit was established by then-[[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|CNS]] Admiral [[S. M. Ahsan]] under the advice and guidance of [[United States Navy SEALs]], in 1966.

The SSG-N's first combat operation took place in 1971 and its operational diameter has increased since then. SSG-N training is extremely tough, one of the toughest courses offered by the Pakistan Armed Forces and in the world. The SSG-N train together first with the special forces of the Pakistan [[Special Service Group|army]] and [[Special Service Wing|air force]], then the special airborne, seaborne, and diving courses are taught by the instructors to the recruiters of the veteran Navy commandos and elite operatives. SSG-[N] personnel are often sent to the United States to complete their training with the [[United States Navy SEALs|US Navy SEALs]] in Colorado and California.

Due to its interminable nature, the SSG-[N] are a classified and clandestine unit and their history of operations has never been released in the public domain. Although the official strength of the unit remains classified, its estimated strength is thought to be between 1000 and 1240 personnel in three regiments.

==Relationships with other service branches==

===Marines===
{{Main article|Pakistan Marines}}

The Navy established the [[Pakistan Marines]] on 1 June 1971, by Admiral S.M. Ahsan, but they were decommissioned in 1974 due to their poor performance. However, after the Navy first reorganised, re-established, and re-visioned itself, proposals to establish Pakistani marines roughly equivalent to the [[United States Marines Corps]] were kept under consideration.<ref name="Pakistan Naval Inter-Services Public Relations (Naval ISPR)">{{cite web|last=PN|title=Pakistan Marines and the Navy|url=http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/qasim.htm|work=Pakistan Navy.|publisher=Pakistan Naval Inter-Services Public Relations (Naval ISPR)|accessdate=8 April 2012}}</ref> Finally on 14 April 1990, the Pakistan Marines were again re-commissioned in the Navy with about 2,000 men who were drafted<ref>[http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2007/05/marine_pakistan_delegation_070519/ Pakistani Marines tour East Coast bases – Marine Corps News, news from Iraq – Marine Corps Times]</ref> with plans to significantly expand the force to the size of a corps of approximately 45,000, by 2015. The Marines are under the control of the Pakistan Navy, using the same naval ranks. They are headquartered at [[PNS Qasim]] in Karachi.<ref name="Pakistan Naval Inter-Services Public Relations (Naval ISPR)"/>

[[File:US Navy 091012-N-8132M-245 Marines assigned to the 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit (22nd MEU), along with Marines from Kuwait and Pakistan, conduct an amphibious assault demonstration during Exercise Bright Star 2009.jpg|thumb|Pakistan Marines dressed in operational camouflage uniforms, during training with [[United States Marine Corps|United States]] and Kuwaiti counterparts.]]

The first Officer Commanding of the Pakistan Marines was an [[United States Army officer rank insignia|OF-4]] rank officer, Commander M. Obaidullah.<ref name="Pakistan Naval Inter-Services Public Relations (Naval ISPR)"/> On 14 April 1990, a marine training base was commissioned to provide security cover to naval assets. The Navy decided to establish the Marines at [[Qasim fort|Kasim Fort]] which was at that time under the operational control of PNS ''Himalaya''. Finally on 25 November 1990, PNS Qasim was commissioned and became the marines' combatant headquarters, initially comprising eight naval officers, 67 [[Chief petty officer]]s and [[petty officer]]s, as well as 43 marine officers.<ref name="Pakistan Naval Inter-Services Public Relations (Naval ISPR)"/> The Marines specialise in seaborne operations, using the mobility of the Navy, although they are part of the Navy, not a separate branch. Marines wear camouflage uniforms when deployed to an operational environment but otherwise they wear Navy [[dress uniforms]].<ref name="Pakistan Naval Inter-Services Public Relations (Naval ISPR)"/> The size of the Marines were tripled by Admiral [[Shahid Karimullah]] who pursued the case of an additional battalion and its development plan. Since its inception, the Pakistan Marines have been deployed in the [[Sir Creek]] region of the Indo-Pakistan borders.<ref name="Pakistan Naval Inter-Services Public Relations (Naval ISPR)"/>

===Coast Guard===
{{Main article|Pakistan Coast Guard|Maritime Security Agency}}
[[File:Pakistan Navy Ships2.jpeg|left|thumb|Pakistan Navy personnel conducting a [[Maritime interdiction|Maritime Interdiction Operation]] exercise with the [[United States Navy]].]]

The Navy also maintains a paramilitary division which prevents federal navy personnel from acting in a law enforcement capacity. The [[Maritime Security Agency]] (MSA) fulfils the law enforcement role in naval operations. The MSA has the capacity to conduct [[search and rescue]] operations in deep waters of Pakistan.<ref name="Maritime Security Agency of Pakistan">{{cite web|last=PN|title=Maritime Security Agency and the Navy|url=http://www.msa.org.pk/his.html|work=Pakistan Navy.|publisher=Maritime Security Agency of Pakistan|accessdate=8 April 2012}}</ref> The Agency was established after adopting the genesis at the [[UN Convention on the Law of the Sea]] in 1982.<ref name="Maritime Security Agency of Pakistan"/> Pakistan ratified the UN Convention in 1997 but established the MSA on 1 January 1987, for enforcement of national and international laws, policies and conventions at sea.<ref name="Maritime Security Agency of Pakistan"/>
[[File:Parallel steps.jpg|thumb|A unit of Pakistan Navy personnel marching in Karachi.]] The MSA gained its constitutional status in 1994 by the [[Parliament of Pakistan|Parliament]] and is now placed under the command of the Navy, commanded by an officer of [[Two-star rank|two-star]] rank, a [[Rear-Admiral]].

The [[Pakistan Coast Guard]] serves the same purpose as the Navy but, is a separate branch from it.<ref name="Pakistan Coast Guards, Pakistan Army">{{cite web|last=Pakistan Army|title=Pakistan Coast Guards|url=http://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/awpreview/ImageGallery.aspx?GalleryID=46|work=Pakistan Coast Guards, Pakistan Army|publisher=Pakistan Coast Guards, Pakistan Army|accessdate=8 April 2012}}</ref> The Coast Guard's duties include relief efforts in the coastal areas of Pakistan, riverine rescue operations, and distribution of [[military rations]].<ref name="Pakistan Coast Guards, Pakistan Army"/> The Coast Guard does not perform operations in deep waters, rather such operations are performed by the MSA.<ref name="Pakistan Coast Guards, Pakistan Army"/> However, it uses the mobility of the Pakistan Navy depending on the type of operations it conducts. The Coast Guard is under the command of the [[Pakistan Army]] and contains active-duty army members. It is commanded by a [[two-star rank|two-star]] rank [[Major-General]].<ref name="Pakistan Coast Guards, Pakistan Army"/>

==Branches==
*Operations
**Above Water Warfare
**Underwater Warfare
**Navigation, Operations & Hydrography
**Communication & Electronic Warfare
*Marine Engineering
**Mechanical/ Propulsion
**Electrical
**Hull/ Shipwright
*Weapon Engineering
**Radio
**Fire Control
**ordnance
*Air Engineering
**Avionics
**Aerospace
*Logistics
*Medical Service
*Supply Branch
**Depots
**Maintenance Offices
*Special Branch (IT)

==Naval fleet==
{{Main article|List of active Pakistan Navy ships}}
[[File:F-22P PNS Zulfiquar.JPG|thumb|PNS Zulfiqar]]
[[File:USS Rodney M. Davis (FFG 60) Full.jpg|thumb|PNS Alamgir]]
[[File:PNS Tippu Sultan former HMS Avenger.jpg|thumb|PNS Tippu Sultan]]
[[File:Larkana (PB 157)-090309-N-4774B-055.jpg|thumb|PNS Larkana Class Missile Boat]]
[[File:PNS-Badr-F184.jpg|thumb|PNS Badr with [[USS Tarawa (LHA-1)]]]]

===Frigates===

The names of commissioned combat and non-combat ships of the Pakistan Navy are prefixed with the capital letters "PNS" ("Pakistan Naval Ships"). The names of ships are selected by the [[Ministry of Defence (Pakistan)|Ministry of Defence]], often to honour important people or places in the history of Pakistan. The offensive surface fleet of the Navy comprises 10 combat ships, including five former [[Royal Navy]] ''Amazon'' class frigates.
PNS Badr has been decommissioned recently. The Navy intends to decommission the ships from their active service between 2010 and 2020. In 2005, the Pakistan Navy ordered four [[F-22P]] light frigates from China in a deal worth $750 million.<ref name=DefenseNews>[http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3472967&c=ASI&s=SEA Pakistan Gets New Chinese Frigate] Defence News</ref> The first has been commissioned and the remainder by 2013.<ref name=DefenseNews/> This was the semi-nationalized programme that was built under the supervision of the People's Republic of China. The first frigate was built in [[Karachi Shipyard]] and its first lead ship was delivered on 5 April 2008. The [[F-22P Zulfiquar class frigate|F-22P Zulfiquar-class frigate Programme]] successfully ended when the [[F-22P Zulfiquar class frigate|F-254 PNS ''Aslat'']] was delivered in July 2011. All four frigates have the ability to embark [[Harbin Z-9]] helicopters on deck.<ref name=DefenseNews/> The F-22P is an improved version of the Type 053H3 Jiangwei II class light frigate, and has a displacement of at least 2500 tons.<ref name=DefenseNews/>

[[File:US Navy 100831-N-8590G-005 Pakistan sailors parade their country's colors during the decommissioning ceremony of USS McInerney (FFG 8) at Naval Station Mayport.jpg|thumb|The frigate PNS ''Alamgir'' (former guided-missile frigate [[USS McInerney (FFG-8)]], being handed over to Pakistan Navy on 31 August 2010 at US Naval Station Mayport, Fla.]]

According to Jane's, the Pakistan Navy was expected to place a formal request to the US for six [[Oliver Hazard Perry class frigate]]s to augment its surface fleet. These were to replace their 40-year-old ex-British Type-21 frigates and act as stop-gaps until new Chinese-built F-22P frigates and corvettes are built and commissioned. However, in 2010 only one, the [[USS McInerney (FFG-8)|USS McInerney]] — a [[guided missile frigate]], was transferred to the Pakistan Navy, after a $65 million refit. In 2013 the United States Congress "deliberately" placed "impossible" conditions on the transfer of further ships to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140417/DEFREG03/304170028 |title=US Congress Stymies Pakistani Naval Modernization Efforts |last1=ANSARI |first1=USMAN |date=17 April 2014 |website=www.defensenews.com |publisher=Gannett Government Media |accessdate=17 April 2014}}</ref>

The weapons systems on the Navy's FFG-8 have not yet been disclosed, but they could include the Mk 41 [[Vertical Launch System]] for the [[Evolved Sea Sparrow Missile]] (ESSM) as well as [[Mk 32]] torpedo tubes for [[Mark 46 torpedo|Mk 46]] Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) torpedoes. The frigate [[USS McInerney (FFG-8)]] with limited anti-submarine warfare capability was handed over on 31 August 2010. The ship has been named ''PNS Alamgir'' (FFG-260) after the great Mughal Emperor [[Alamgir I|Alamgir]]. The ship was transferred to Pakistan at Mayport, Florida.

According to Jane's, at the military convention IDEAS 2004, former chief of naval staff Admiral Shahid Karimullah commented that at "least four additional new-built frigates will be acquired by the navy." As of 2011, three of the four frigate are larger and superior to the first Chinese F-22P. The frigates are likely have a better air defence system and anti-submarine warfare (ASW) capability, and use more advanced sensors, radar and electronics. Pakistan Navy is also reported to have been interested in Turkish TF-2000 class frigates.

===Corvettes & missile boats===
The Pakistan Navy operates two Jalalat II class and two Jurrat class missile boats each armed with four Chinese [[C-802]] [[anti-ship missile|anti-ship]] missiles. The Jalalat II Class were locally produced using a German design, and the Jurrat class, which was also locally produced, is considered as an improved version of the Jalalat II class, with better sensors and propulsion.

In November 2006 the Pakistan Navy ordered two MRTP-33 and two MRTP-15 missile boats from Yonca-Onuk shipyards of [[Turkey]].<ref>[http://www.yonca-onuk.com/mrtp_33.htm MRTP-33 missile boats] THE 33 METRE Fast Patrol / Attack Craft {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416163254/http://www.yonca-onuk.com/mrtp_33.htm |date=16 April 2008 }}</ref> both have been delivered. The Navy has an overall requirement of eight MRTP-33s.

Pakistan Navy has also ordered two fast attack craft/missile boats, the 500–600 tons Azmat class, equipped with C802/803 anti ship missiles from China in December 2010. The first boat P1013 PNS Azmat was handed over to Pakistan Navy on 23 April 2012 and 2nd (PNS Dahshat) on 16 August 2012. These are the largest class of missile boats inducted in the Pakistan Navy as of 2012. Pakistan Navy is also, negotiating Milgem class corvettes with Turkey.

===Fleet composition===
This is a list of ship classes in the Pakistan Navy:<ref name="Official Website - Frigates">[http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/frigate.htm Official Website – Frigates] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516085915/http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/frigate.htm |date=16 May 2012 }}</ref><ref name="Official Website - Missile Boats">[http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/SURFACE%20WARRIORS%20-%20PN.htm Official Website – Missile Boats] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527232149/http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/SURFACE%20WARRIORS%20-%20PN.htm |date=27 May 2012 }}</ref><ref name="Globalsecurity.org">[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/navy.htm Globalsecurity.org] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928154252/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/navy.htm |date=28 September 2006 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! style="text-align:center; width: 20%;"|Ship
! style="text-align:center; width: 20%;"|Origin
! style="text-align:center; width: 20%;"|Quantity
! style="text-align:center; width: 20%;"|Service entry
! style="text-align:center; width: 40%;"|Notes
|-
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="5" | [[Frigates]]
|-
| '''[[F-22P Zulfiquar-class frigate|F-22P Zulfiqar class]] 
| {{PAK|Pakistan}}
| '''4'''
| '''2009'''
|PNS Zulfiqar PNS Shamsheer PNS Saif PNS Aslat
|-
| '''[[USS McInerney (FFG-8)|F-260 PNS Alamgir]]
| {{USA}}
| '''1'''
| '''2010'''
| Acquired August 31, 2010.<ref>[http://www.defence.pk/20110322/pns-alamgir-ohp-class-frigate-reach-pakistan/ PNS Alamgir, OHP Class frigate to reach Pakistan [''dead link'']] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104080546/http://www.defence.pk/20110322/pns-alamgir-ohp-class-frigate-reach-pakistan/ |date=4 January 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|'''[[Tariq class frigate|Tariq class]]''' 
| {{UK}}
| '''5'''
| '''1990s'''
|[[HMS Amazon|PNS Babur]] [[HMS Active|PNS Shah Jahan]] [[HMS Ambuscade|PNS Tariq]] [[HMS Arrow|PNS Khaibar]] [[HMS Avenger|PNS Tippu Sultan]] (PNS Badr & Babur decommissioned.)
|-
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="5" | [[Mine hunter|Mine Hunter]]
|-
||[[Tripartite class minehunter|Munsif class]]
| {{PAK}} {{FRA}}
| '''3'''
| '''1988–1997'''
|[[Munsif class|PNS Munsif (ex French Sagittaire)]] [[Munsif class|PNS Muhafiz]] [[Munsif class|PNS Mujahid]]
|-
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="5" | [[Missile boat|Fast Attack Craft]]
|-
|Jalalat II class
| {{PAK}}
| '''2'''
|
|Indigenously built
|-
|Jurrat class boats
| {{PAK}}
| '''2'''
| '''2006'''
|Indigenously built
|-
|[[PNS Azmat|Azmat Class]]
| {{PAK}} {{PRC}}
| '''3'''
| '''2013'''
| 2 ships ordered by Pakistan Navy under construction at KSEW.The FAC 3 was launched on 17 September 2016 at Karachi Shipyard and handed over to Pakistan NAvy.The FAC #4 is under construction at KSEW,
|-
|Larkana class
| {{PAK}}
| '''2'''
|
| First craft ever designed and built indigenously in Pakistan
|-
|MRTP-33
| {{TUR}}
| '''2'''
| '''2007–2008'''
|Two delivered so far.
|-
|MRTP-15
| {{TUR}}
| '''2'''
| '''2006–2008'''
|Two shpis acquired so far.
|-
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="5" | [[Auxiliaries|Auxiliary Vessels]]'''
|-
| [[Type 905 replenishment ship|Fuqing class]]
| {{PRC}}
| '''1'''
| '''1987'''
|Deep water fleet oil replenishment tanker
|-
| [[HNLMS Poolster (A835)|Poolster class]]
| {{NED}}
| '''1'''
| '''1994'''
|Deep water fleet logistics and replenishment ship
|-
|[[Oil tanker|Coastal tankers]]
| {{Pak}}
| '''2'''
| '''1984–1992'''
|Can only operate in [[Green water]], not suitable for [[Blue water]] operations
|-
| [[PNS Behr Paima]]
| {{JAP}}
| '''1'''
| '''1983'''
|Used for coastal survey, collecting marine data
|-
|[[Fleet Tanker]]
| {{PAK}} {{TUR}}
| '''1'''
| '''2016'''
| Contract signed with STM (Turkey) and KSEW(Pakistan) for construction of 1700 ton fleet tanker on 22 Jan 2013. Keel laying ceremony was held on 7 March 2014 and launched on 19th August 2016. Equipped with STOP CIWS and gun system.
|-

|-
|[[Dredging|Dredging Vessel]]
| {{PAK}}
| '''2'''
| '''2008'''
| 2nd under construction at KSEW.
|-
|Utility Ships
| {{Pak}}
| '''2'''
| '''2011'''
| –
|-
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="5" | [[Training vessel]]
|-
|[[Rah Naward]]
| {{UK}}
| '''1'''
| '''2010'''
|Acquired in 2010 from [[Tall Ships Youth Trust]] at that time the ship was known as [[PNS Rah Naward|Prince William]] she was listed for sale on the open market for 4 Million GBP
|-
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="5" |[[Hovercraft]]
|-
|[[Griffon 2000TD hovercraft]]
| {{UK}}
| '''12'''
| '''-'''
|Used by the [[Special Service Group Navy|SSGN]] and the [[Pakistan Marines]]
|-
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="5" | Coastal Patrol Boats
|-
| Gulf craft
| {{USA}}
| '''17'''
| '''2010'''
|12 Gulf craft and, 5 patrol boats delivered by USA on 13 Feb 2010 at Karachi.<ref>[http://www.ameinfo.com/105294.html Gulf Craft boats will guard Pakistan's coast | Gulf Craft Inc | AMEinfo.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210164027/http://www.ameinfo.com/105294.html |date=10 February 2009 }}</ref>
|}

===Submarine Command of the Pakistan Navy===
{{See also|Khalid class submarine|Karachi Shipyard|Karachi Naval Dockyard}}
{{quote|text=The programme of (submarine technology transfer) Agosta class submarine, envisages a very high degree of transfer-of-technology, which is bound to benefit the local industry in improving our indigenous capability of building air-independent propulsion, which is a viable substitute of [[Nuclear marine propulsion|nuclear propulsion]]....|sign=[[Rear Admiral]] Gulzaman Malik, Commander of Submarine Service Force, 1999|source=<ref name="Lieutenant-General F.S. Lodhi, PA,"/>}}
The Submarines Service Force (SSF) is the major command and aggressive command of Pakistan Navy, with primary mission including the commencing of peaceful engagement, surveillance and intelligence management, special operations, precision strikes, battle group operations, and the control of Pakistan's border seas. The Submarine command also takes responsibility to protect country's sea lanes of communication as well as to protect the economical interests, foreign trade and development of the country.<ref name="NIT Pakistan Directorate"/><ref name="Defence Industry Daily">{{cite news|last=Khaliej Times|title=German Submarine Deal With Pakistan Goes Quiet|url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/Report-German-Submarine-Deal-With-Pakistan-on-Hold-05432/|accessdate=8 April 2012|newspaper=Defence Industry Daily|date=19 May 2009}}</ref>

[[File:OuessantBrest2005.jpg|thumb|An [[Agosta class submarine|Agosta 90B Submarine]] in operation.]]

In mid-2006, the Navy announced its requirement of three new fast-attack submarines to replace the two Agosta-70 submarines and rebuild its submarine fleet— after retiring the four Daphne Class.<ref name="NIT Pakistan Directorate">{{cite web|last=NIT|title=Pakistan Submarine Capabilities|url=http://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/pakistan-submarine-capabilities/|work=Nuclear Threat Initiatives|publisher=NIT Pakistan Directorate|accessdate=8 April 2012}}</ref> Immediately, the French defence consortium, the [[Direction des Constructions Navales|DCN]], offered its latest export design— the [[Marlin class submarine]]— which is based on the [[Scorpène class submarine]], but also uses technology from the Barracuda nuclear attack submarine.<ref name="NIT Pakistan Directorate"/> However, the Navy chose the [[Type 214 submarine]], during the "IDEAS 2008 exhibition", the [[Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft|HDW]] director Walter Freitag told the media that: "The commercial contract has been finalized up to 95%. The first submarine would be delivered to the Pakistan Navy in 64 months after signing of the contract while the rest would be completed successively in 12 months".<ref>http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?208366|Pakistan to buy German subs, ignore French – Paktribune</ref> However, in 2009, it was reported that the Navy had canceled its plans with HDW, the German government adjourn the deal further deliberation leading the Navy to cancel the contract with HDW while the German government seemed not-interested to transfer the submarine technology to Pakistan. However, the German government insisted that "a final decision should be made soon".<ref name="NIT Pakistan Directorate"/> In 2012, an undisclosed navy officials confirmed to [[Pakistani media|media and news channels]] that the plan of acquiring German submarines has been scrapped, dismissed as the Navy is no longer interested in the German submarines. Instead, the Navy has stepped into build the nation's first indigenously built [[nuclear submarine]], which will be built by the Navy's [[Pakistan Navy Engineering College|PNEC]] nuclear engineers, assisted by the civilian [[Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission|PAEC]]'s nuclear engineers and scientists.<ref name="NIT Pakistan Directorate"/>

The '''X-Craft''' submarines are charged with carrying out the mine laying, torpedo attacks, frogman operations and commando landing, roughly for special forces operations. Three submarines of this class are operated by the Navy.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}} In 1985, the [[Italian Navy]] signed an understanding memorandum with the Navy and assisted the Navy to locally built these midget submarines.<ref name="PN XCrafts"/> The Italian defence contractor, the [[Cosmos class submarine|COSMOS]], supervised the first construction of the submarine while other two were built by Pakistan.<ref name="PN XCrafts">{{cite web|last=Pakistan Navy |title=X-Craft Submarines |url=http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/x-crafts.htm |publisher=PN XCrafts |accessdate=9 April 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208105519/http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/x-crafts.htm |archivedate=8 February 2012 }}</ref>

All of the Navy's submarines have been equipped with [[Anti-ship missile]] (AShM) which can be fired while submerged. The three submarines, the Khalid class, are equipped and capable of firing [[Exocet|Exocet missiles]], while the older Agosta 70A submarines have been equipped with United States [[Harpoon (missile)|Harpoon missiles]]. The PNS ''Hamza'' submarine has an [[Air-independent propulsion|AIP reactor]], containing the [[Air-independent propulsion#Closed cycle steam turbines|MESMA]] Air Independent Propulsion system, while the PNS ''Khalid'' and PNS ''Saad'' were upgraded with the same MESMA AIP reactor system. The Navy also plans to integrate the [[Boeing Harpoon|Boeing Harpoon Block-II]] missile on to its Agosta-90B submarines; and the Agosta-90Bs are capable of firing [[Black Shark torpedo]], an Italian made naval variant.

Since 2001, the Navy has been seeking to enhance its strategic strike and precision capability by developing naval variants of the Babur land attack cruise missile (LACM).<ref name="NIT Pakistan Directorate"/> The Babur LACM has a range of 700 km and is capable of using both conventional and nuclear warheads.<ref name="NIT Pakistan Directorate"/> Future developments of LACM include capability of being launched from submarines, surface combatants and aircraft.<ref name="NIT Pakistan Directorate"/>

Since 1964, the submarines have been active with Pakistan Navy, and five active-duty diesel electric submarines and three midget submarines, MG110, are in [[SSGN]] command.<ref name="PN">Anon. (14 April 2007) [http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/ Pakistan Navy]. ''Pakistan Navy website''. {{webarchive |url=http://www.webcitation.org/5hPNTIF3w?url=http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/ |date=9 June 2009 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! style="text-align:left; width:10%;"|Submarines
! style="text-align:center; width: 20%;"|Origin
! style="text-align:left; width:6%;"|Quantity
! style="text-align:left; width:10%;"|Service entry
! style="text-align:left; width:10%;"|Propulsion
! style="text-align:left; width:34%;"|Comments
|-
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="6" | [[Submarines]]
|-
| '''[[Pakistan Navy SSP programme]]''' 
| {{PAK}} {{PRC|China}}
|align=center| '''8'''
| '''2022 to 2028'''
|[[Air-independent propulsion]] (AIP)
|The Pakistan government has approved the purchase of eight Submarines at an estimated cost of $5 billion. The deal is confirmed and according to sources the construction process has begun.
According to MoDP Pakistan four submarines will be constructed at KSEW under ToT while the remaining four will be built in China.The sub construction work will start simultaneous at both contriesand will be provided from 2022 to 2028.<ref>[http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/1776522/beijing-eyes-bigger-arms-exports-experts-say Beijing eyes bigger arms exports after Pakistan deal, experts say]</ref>
|-
| '''[[Agosta 90B class submarine|Agosta 90B class]]''' 
[[PNS Khalid (S137)|PNS/M Khalid]] 
[[PNS Saad (S138)|PNS/M Saad]] 
[[PNS Hamza (S139)|PNS/M Hamza]]
| {{PAK}} {{FRA}}
|align=center| '''3'''
| '''1999 to 2008'''
|[[Air-independent propulsion]] (AIP)
| PNS ''Khalid'' Build in France delivered since 6 September 1999 PNS ''Saad'' Build in KSEW delivered 13 December 2003 PNS ''Hamza'' Build in KSEW delivered on 26 September 2008.
One Agosta 90B submarine is currently having upgradation at KSEW with Assistance of STM Tukey. Eventually all to be upgraded.
|-
|'''[[Agosta 90B class submarine|Agosta 70 class]]''' [[PNS Hashmat (S135)|PNS/M Hashmat]] [[PNS Hurmat (S136)|PNS/M Hurmat]]
| {{FRA}}
|align=center| '''2'''
| '''1979s'''
|[[Diesel-electric submarine|Diesel-electric propulsion]] (DEP)
|PNS ''Hashmat'' since 19 February 1979 PNS ''Hurmat'' delivered on 18 February 1980
|-
|'''[[Nuclear submarine|Indigenous Nuclear Submarine]]'''
| {{PAK}}
|align=center|'''1'''
|'''2017-2020 (Projected)'''
|[[Nuclear marine propulsion]] (NMP)
|According to the Navy officials, the project is extremely ambitious, and the first submarine will be locally built in Pakistan. The project is estimated to complete in 5 to 8 years, according to Navy.<ref>{{cite news|last=Star Desk|title=Pakistan Navy to build nuclear submarine|url=http://www.arynews.tv/english/newsdetail.asp?nid=54527|accessdate=6 April 2012|newspaper=ARY News|date=10 February 2012}} {{dead link|date=October 2015}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[Cosmos class submarine|''Cosmos'' Class]]''' X-Craft X-Craft 908B MG 110 Submarine
| {{PAK}} {{ITA}}
|align=center|'''3'''
|1985
|[[Diesel-electric submarine|Diesel-electric propulsion]] (DEP)
|The ''Cosmos'' class X-Craft submarines are the [[Waves and shallow water|Shallow water]] [[attack submarine]]s (SWAS).{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}} All of the submarines were built by Navy locally.<ref name="PN XCrafts"/>
|}

In April 2014, the Pakistan Navy announced that it is in the process of shifting primary operations and naval assets, including its entire fleet of diesel-electric submarines (SSKs), from [[Karachi]] to the [[Jinnah Naval Base]] in [[Ormara]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/36959/pakistan-navy-to-shift-submarines-from-karachi-to-ormara|title=Pakistan Navy to shift submarines from Karachi to Ormara|publisher=|accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref>

===Patrol Craft===

Pakistan currently operates a range of patrol vessels procured from Turkey, China and the USA, as well as some domestically built. They are primarily divided among the 10th Patrol Craft Squadron and the Fast Patrol Craft Squadron.<ref name=paknavyfleet>{{cite web|title=PN DIMENSIONS: SURFACE WARRIORS|url=http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/fleet.html#|website=Pakistan Navy Official Website|publisher=Pakistan Navy|accessdate=30 June 2015}}</ref>

On 10 June 2015, a formal agreement was signed between the [[Pakistani government]] and the [[China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation|"China Ship Trading Company"]] for the sale of total six patrol boats which will eventually replace the ageing Barkat Class Boats of PMSA.
Of these ships four will be 600ton while two will be 1500 ton. Three (600 ton) and one 1500 ton boats will be built in China, and one 600ton and ond 1500 ton at the [[Karachi Shipyard|"Karachi Shipyards and Engineering Works"]]. The contract price was not disclosed but a senior Pakistani official said at least USD 130 million had been allocated.
CSTC (China) has launched two 600 ton boats three months ahead of scheduled time.PMSA Basol is the second ship launced by CSTC.while one 600 ton boat is under construction at KSEW which is expected to be delivered in early 2017.<ref name=janespatcraft>{{cite journal|last1=Bokhari|first1=Farhan|title=Pakistan signs deal with China for six patrol craft|journal=IHS Jane's Defence Weekly|date=17 June 2015|volume=52|issue=24|page=17|accessdate=30 June 2015}}</ref>

==Pakistan Naval Air Arm==
{{Main article|Pakistan Naval Air Arm}}
[[File:Pakistan Navy Orion Asuspine.jpg|thumb|A Pakistan Navy P-3C Orion in 2010]]
After realising the naval failure in the 1971 war, the Navy sought to modernise.<ref name="Naval Air Arm, Navy">{{cite web|last=PN|title=Naval Airwar|url=http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/naval_airarm.htm|publisher=Naval Air Arm, Navy|accessdate=8 April 2012}}</ref> The Navy took the research on using the aircraft at sea in 1971, after the war. Its aerial fighting unit is known as Naval Air Arm (also known as [[Pakistan Naval Aviation|Naval Aviation]]) apart from the PAF. The naval fighter pilot course was introduced by the Navy and trained its fighter pilots at the [[PAF Academy|Pakistan Air Force Academy]], furthermore the navy pilots later went to Combat Commander's School for fighter jet training. Since the 1970s, the naval air arm has become a full-fledged and potent service of the Navy. From 1993 to 1994, the Navy stepped in its efforts in sea-airborne operations when PAF donated and inducted five [[Mirage 5|Mirage 5 ROSE]] fighter jets, later transferred the entire squadron to Navy armed with [[Exocet|Exocet missiles]].<ref name="Repro India Ltd.">{{cite book|last=Anjali|first=Gosh|title=India's Foreign Policy The Pakistan Threat|year=2009|publisher=Repro India Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-317-1025-8|pages=176–180|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y32u4JMroQgC&pg=PA66&lpg=PA66&dq=MIRAGE+5+and+Pakistan+Navy&source=bl&ots=Ic1oORApBI&sig=3prKb5O9VjFQca7uXn_alCal8bg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=J-iBT4HLKuTgiAL06u2KAw&ved=0CCQQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=MIRAGE%205%20and%20Pakistan%20Navy&f=true}}</ref> Since then, the Mirage 5 are piloted by the navy fighter pilots after passing the course with PAF Academy and certifying a diploma from a weapons system and combat training school.<ref name="Repro India Ltd."/> The Mirage 5 belonged to the PAF as well as operated by the air force, but are piloted by the Navy fighter pilots who are under the command of senior ranking Navy officer.<ref name="Repro India Ltd."/> The Westland lynx helicopters have now been removed from active service and a tender has been issued for their removal.<ref>http://www.historyofpia.com/board/october_12/lynx_oct31.jpg</ref>

Pakistan Naval Air Arm Pakistan Naval Aviation is an important arm of the Pakistan Navy and assists in the surface and submarine flights to guarantee the safety of Pakistan sea borders.

The PN Aviation Force consists of:
*3 [[ATR-72]]-500 -Anti submarine Warfare. 2 Atr72 acquired on 16 August 2013 while 3rd one on 22 September 2015. Both are currently having modernization in a German Firm for ASW role Scheduled to be delivered at end of 2017.
*6 [[Westland Sea King|Westland Sea King Mk.45]] – Anti-submarine/ Anti-Surface Warfare helicopters have been based at Karachi.
*8 [[Aérospatiale Alouette III|Aérospatiale SA-319B Alouette III]] – [[Search and rescue|SAR]] transport/anti-ship helicopters<ref>[http://www.hazegray.org/worldnav/asiapac/pakistan.htm World Navies Today: Pakistan]</ref>
*7 [[Lockheed P-3 Orion|Lockheed P-3C Orion]] – Naval surveillance/anti-submarine warfare aircraft/airborne early warning/airborne and bombing missions. Future supply of 7 more under an agreement with Lockheed Martin signed in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/pakistan/2005/pakistan-050831-irna02.htm|title=Pakistan acquires 8 US-made P-3C Orion aircraft|author=John Pike|publisher=|accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref> Two upgraded P-3C Orion delivered on 7 January 2010 while one was delivered in November 2009. Another two advanced P-3C Orion aircraft to be delivered soon .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/south-asia/us-to-provide-pak-two-advanced-p-3c-orion-naval-surveillance-aircrafts_100356210.html|title=US to provide Pak two advanced P-3C Orion naval surveillance {{sic|nolink=Y|aircrafts}}|work=Thaindian News|accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZvanwJ6EEQA PN inducts P-3C Orion and phases out Atlantic- PTV news youtube video – retrieved 1 February 2013</ref>
*7 [[Fokker F27|Fokker F27-200 Friendship]] – Naval surveillance aircraft<ref name=globalsecurity>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/navy.htm Pakistan Navy] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803004951/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/navy.htm |date=3 August 2015 }}</ref>
*4 [[Hawker 800|Hawker 850]] – Charged with electronic warfare as well transporting [[Very Important Person|VIP]] personalities, individuals, or groups.
*32+ [[Dassault Mirage V]] – Anti-ship attack aircraft flown by Navy fighter pilots which are based at PAF base Masroor in Karachi<ref name=globalsecurity/> (the fighter jets are operated by the [[Pakistan Air Force]] but piloted by the Navy fighter pilots who served under the command of the senior ranking Navy officer) scheduled to be retired and replaced by [[JF-17 Thunder]](Block II) in 2015 but are in active-duty service with the Navy.
*Unmanned Aerial Vehicles include [[NESCOM Burraq]], [[SATUMA Jasoos|Satuma Spy]], [[SATUMA Mukhbar|Satuma Informer]] and the UQAB-II<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/213634/pakistan-navy-inducts-drones-into-its-fleet/ Navy inducts first fleet of reconnaissance drones – The Express Tribune]</ref> drone.
*12 [[Harbin Z-9]]EC anti-submarine warfare helicopters equipped with a surface-search radar, low frequency dipping sonar, radar warning receiver, Doppler navigation system and armed with torpedoes.

===Pakistan Naval Air Defence===
{{Main article|Pakistan Naval Air Arm}}

In 2010, the Navy established another command after launching an air defence system, using the [[infrared homing]] [[man-portable air-defense systems]] (MANPADs) system.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}} The new command which is known as Pakistan Naval Air Defence (PNAD) are consisted the members of [[Pakistan Marines]] and Navy's ground officers after the first battalion graduated from the [[Special Service Group|Naval School of Weapon System Engineering]].<ref name="Press Release, PN">{{cite news|title=Pakistan Navy Air Defence System|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-JX_uLra0h8|accessdate=9 April 2012|newspaper=Press Release, PN|date=27 December 2010}}</ref> In 2010, the command air-launched and tested its first naval air defence system from [[Sonmiani (space facility)|Sonmiani Terminal]]— a space center of [[Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission|Space Research Commission]] (SRC) in the North Arabian Sea.<ref name="The News International, March 13, 2010">{{cite news|last=Our Correspondents|title=Pakistan Navy tests weapon system|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=228661&Cat=4&dt=3/13/2010|accessdate=9 April 2012|newspaper=The News International, 13 March 2010|date=13 March 2010}}</ref> Along with the members of Pakistan Marines, the PNAD members are deployed in all over the country to support the marine operations of Pakistan Navy.

*[[FN-6|FN16 Or HY-6 shoulder-fired surface-to-air missile]], tested on 25 December 2010 by Naval Marines with a range of 6 km and altitude ~ 3.5 km)
*[[Mistral (missile)|Mistral shoulder-fired surface-to-air missile]], test fired on 25 December 2010 by Naval marines.

==See also==
* [[Pakistan Navy SSP programme]]
{{Portal|Pakistan|Military of Pakistan}}
*[[Maritime Security Agency]]
*[[Pakistan Naval Academy]]
*[[Pakistan Navy War College]]
*[[Kalmat Naval Base]]
*[[PNS Ahsan|Ahsan Naval Base]]
*[[Jinnah Naval Base]]
*[[PNS Makran|Makran Naval Base]]
*[[PNS Mehran|Mehran Naval Base]]
*[[PNS Qasim|Qasim Marine Base]]

==References==
;Citations
{{Reflist|30em}}
;Internet
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite web | title=Orbat | work=Naval and Maritime Security Agency Warship Names 1947–2005 | url=http://orbat.com/site/history/historical/pakistan/warshipnames.html | accessdate=22 June 2005}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.paknavy.gov.pk}}

{{Pakistani Armed Forces}}
{{Comparative military ranks (Pakistan)}}
{{Asia topic|Navy of|title=Navies of Asia}}

[[Category:Pakistan Navy|*]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1947]]
[[Category:Government of Pakistan]]
[[Category:1947 establishments in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistan federal departments and agencies]]
[[Category:Military of Pakistan]]

Pakistanisch-türkische Beziehungen

2016-12-25T10:29:51Z

Wiki id2: Updated information regarding Pakistan-Turkey free trade. See DAWN reference

{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Pakistan-Turkey|Pakistan|Turkey|map=Pakistan Turkey Locator.svg}}
Pakistan has an embassy in [[Ankara]], a Consulate-General in [[Istanbul]] and an honorary consulate in [[Izmir]] whereas, Turkey has an embassy in [[Islamabad]], a Consulate-General in [[Karachi]] and honorary consulates in [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], [[Sialkot]] and [[Faisalabad]]. As of 2016, in a joint communique, Pakistan and Turkey plan to strengthen their close ties into a "strategic partnership".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/turkey-pakistan-vow-to-strengthen-ties-further/687871|title=Turkey, Pakistan vow to strengthen ties further|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radio.gov.pk/17-Nov-2016/pakistan-turkey-reaffirm-commitment-to-transform-relationship-into-strong-strategic-partnership|title=Pakistan, Turkey vow to transform ties into strong strategic partnership|publisher=}}</ref>

Relations date back generations before the establishment of the two states, more precisely during the [[Turkish War of Independence]] when the Muslims of the northwestern British Raj sent financial aid to the declining [[Ottoman Empire]], due to historic relations between the [[Mughal Empire]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]], which was followed by the [[History of the Republic of Turkey|formation of the Turkish Republic]] and the [[Pakistan Movement|Independence of Pakistan]]. Pakistan and Turkey enjoy close cultural, historical and military relations which are now expanding into deepening economic relations as both countries seek to develop their economies. Turkey supports Pakistan's position of holding a plebiscite under the UN to decide if Kashmir wants to join Pakistan, a position which Turkish President Erdogan reaffirmed in a joint address to the Pakistani parliament and which was attended by Pakistan's military high command.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361378-Kashmir-dispute-should-be-solved-according-to-Kash|title=Kashmir dispute should be solved according to Kashmiris' will: Erdogan - Pakistan - Dunya News|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361395-Army-chief-praises-Erdogans-address-in-parliament|title=Army chief praises Erdogan's address in parliament - Pakistan - Dunya News|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey supports Pakistan's membership of the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1296714/turkish-president-erdogan-arrives-in-islamabad|title=Turkish President Erdogan arrives in Islamabad|date=16 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Analysts have also observed that Turkey and Pakistan enjoy close relations during both democratic and military regimes, reflecting the depth of the relations between the two nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232331/turkey-dependable-ally/|title=Turkey, the dependable ally - The Express Tribune|date=15 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

Ties which had historically remained close on nationalist and cultural grounds further deepened under President Erdogan's Islamic-rooted political approach, as he termed Pakistan "home away from home". He became the only foreign leader to address Pakistan's Parliament, the National Assembly more than once, doing so a record three times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/382017/pak-turkey-ties-erdogan-addresses-parliament-offers-sage-advice/|title=Pak-Turkey ties: Erdogan addresses Parliament, offers sage advice - The Express Tribune|date=21 May 2012|publisher=}}</ref> As of 2016, President Erdogan has visited Pakistan 7 times, domestic politics also spillover, infamously [[Fethullah Gulen]] linked officers leaked tapes alleging corruption and arrested Erdogan's close aides, while Erdogan was on a trip to Pakistan, Erdogan accused the Gulenists of sabotage while representing Turkey in a friendly nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/12/can-pakistan-save-erdogan-2013123054425345386.html|title=Can Pakistan save Erdogan?|first=Malik Ayub|last=Sumbal|publisher=}}</ref> Gulen-linked schools are under pressure to close and teachers have had their visas turned down at the behest of the Turkish government since the attempted coup, an indicator of Pakistan's close ties to the Turkish government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232099/turkish-teachers-fear-deportation-asked-renew-visas/|title=108 Turkish teachers asked to leave Pakistan within three days - The Express Tribune|date=15 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/pakistan-expels-turkish-school-staff-gulen-links-161116084837457.html|title=Pakistan expels Turkish school staff over Gulen links|publisher=}}</ref> The Pakistan and Turkish Air Force signed a deal to purchase 52 Super Mushkak trainer jets from Pakistan for Turkey to help train new pilots and support recovery of the [[Turkish Armed Forces]] in the aftermath of pilot shortages after the attempted coup.<ref>http://warontherocks.com/2016/09/the-post-coup-purge-of-turkeys-air-force/</ref><ref>http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/362241-Pakistan-to-supply-52-Super-Mushshak-jets-to-Turke</ref><ref>https://www.geo.tv/latest/121403-Pakistan-signs-agreement-with-Turkey-to-sell-52-Super-Mushak-basic-trainers</ref>

As a result, Pakistan and Pakistanis have enjoyed a positive perception in Turkey and amongst Turks for many decades. The two nations are in the process of strengthening economic relations with a [[Pakistan-Turkey Free Trade Agreement]] aiming to raise bilateral trade volume to $10 billion by 2020.<ref>http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/pakistan-to-be-an-export-hub-for-turkish-firms-2568290</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/turkey-pakistan-fta-to-be-signed-before-2017-2565808|title=Turkey, Pakistan FTA to be signed before 2017|first=Yeni|last=Şafak|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey and Pakistan have a strong defence relationship consisting of joint excercises and a substantial portion of the Pakistan Navy's fleet consisting of joint Pakistan-Turkish naval ships such as fleet tankers and fast attack craft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quwa.org/2016/10/30/turkey-pakistan-conduct-bilateral-naval-exercise/|title=Turkey & Pakistan conduct bilateral naval exercise|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan supports the Turkish position on Cyprus,<ref>http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/pakistan-stands-firmly-by-turkey-on-cyprus-issue.aspx?pageID=438&n=pakistan-stands-firmly-by-turkey-on-cyprus-issue-2005-06-02</ref> Azerbaijan<ref>https://www.geo.tv/latest/117775-Azerbaijan-to-hold-joint-military-exercises-with-Pakistan</ref> and Armenia, as such Pakistan has no diplomatic relations with Armenia, with Turkey supporting Pakistan's position on the Kashmir dispute,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/islamabad/17-Nov-16/pakistan-turkey-agree-to-deepen-trade-defence-relations|title=Dailytimes - Pakistan, Turkey agree to deepen trade, defence relations|publisher=}}</ref> including alleged human rights violations of Muslims in Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/turkey-backs-pakistans-stance-on-sending-team-to-probe-human-rights-violation-in-kashmir-2949887/|title=Turkey backs Pakistan’s stance on sending team to probe human rights violation in Kashmir|date=2 August 2016|publisher=}}</ref> As a result, the two countries have enjoyed strong military and diplomatic relations which is now strengthening towards economic co-operation, with the free trade agreement going through substantial stages of progress.<ref>https://www.dawn.com/news/1304235/pakistan-turkey-fta-negotiations-make-headway</ref>

== Development of bilateral relations ==
Turkey established diplomatic relations soon after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and bilateral relations became increasingly close owing to cultural, religious and geopolitical links between the two countries.<ref name="JIA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume5/September-November2000/VolumeVN3ISTHIAQAHMAD.pdf |title=Turkey and Pakistan: Bridging the Growing Divergence |format=PDF |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> Pakistan's founder [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] expressed admiration for Turkey's founding leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and also a desire to develop Pakistan on the Turkish model of modernism. Similarly Pakistan would follow the footstep of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and [[Allama Iqbal]] to develop a modern Islamic Pakistan and all other so called ism are rejected by people of Pakistan.<ref name="CSI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0124/p01s04-wosc.html |title=A Turkish path for Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |date=24 January 2002}}</ref> Similar ideas were expressed by the former [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharraf]], who grew up in Turkey and had received extensive military training there.<ref name="CSI" /><ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2994458.stm|title=BBC NEWS – South Asia – Turkey and Pakistan boost ties|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="IP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FA22Df06.html |title=Turkey and Pakistan join forces |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> [[Jinnah]] is honoured as a great leader in Turkey, and a major road of the Turkish capital [[Ankara]], the [[Cinnah Caddesi]] is named after him, while roads in [[Islamabad]], [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], and [[Larkana]] are named after Atatürk. On 26 October 2009, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] was awarded the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] and was the fourth world leader who spoke to the Pakistani parliament. [[Erdoğan]] said that [[Pakistan]] had always occupied a special place in the hearts and minds of the Turkish government and people.

== Cultural relations ==
[[File:Shashlik ingredients.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Shashlik]], a common [[Eurasian]] dish.]]
Both Pakistan and Turkey are mutually influenced by [[Arab culture|Arab]], [[Turko-Mongol]] and [[Culture of Iran#Traditional cultural inheritors of the old Persia|Persian cultures]]. The region of [[Anatolia]] in Central and Eastern Turkey was occupied multiple times by Persian Empires which has brought Persian cultural and linguistic influence since ancient times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/persian_period.htm|title=Persian Period in Anatolia and Asia Minor|publisher=}}</ref>

The [[Indus Valley]] region of Pakistan was occupied by the [[Achaemenid empire]] going back to the fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajaonline.org/field-report/121|title=The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations at Akra in Northwest Pakistan|publisher=}}</ref>

Modern-day Turkey was home to many ancient European civilizations, including Greek. The country has many traces of cultural and historical influences from the ancient Greeks including Greek archeological sites found in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/details/History/HellenicCiv.html|title=Hellenic Civilization in Turkey|author=Tom Brosnahan, Travel Info Exchange, Inc.|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancient.eu.com/Asia_Minor/|title=Asia Minor|author=Joshua J. Mark|work=Ancient History Encyclopedia}}</ref>

Pakistan also became influenced by Greek culture and civilization, especially in the aftermath of [[Alexander the Great]]'s invasion of the region which later led to the formation of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]. [[Gandhara]] is a major site of ancient Greek legacy in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/gandhara.html|title=Gandhara Civilization|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey became a [[Turkic languages|Turkic speaking]] country as a result of [[Seljuq Empire|Seljuq occupation]] and [[Turkification]] of the region. Though Pakistan is not a Turkic-speaking country, its languages, particularly [[Urdu]], a standard register of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], is strongly influenced by the [[Chagatai language|Turkic language of the Mughals]] before it became their empire's official language. As a result, it has many loanwords from that language. The [[etymology]] of the word "Urdu" traces itself back to [[Mughal Empire|Turkic (Mughal) rule]].<ref>http://swauop.yolasite.com/urdu1.php</ref> Moreover, the common cultural influences on Pakistan and Turkey span several centuries, as many [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Iranic peoples]] ruled vast areas of [[Central Asia]], [[South Asia]] and the [[Middle East]].

The designs of clothing of the two countries also have common origins in Central Asia.

Both Turkey and Pakistan practice Sunni Hanafi Islam which was the interpretation of Islam implemented by the [[Ottoman Empire]] and [[Mughal Empire]] respectively, strong strands of moderate Sufism exist and the religious ministers of both nations frequently contact each other.<ref>http://www.radio.gov.pk/27-Nov-2016/pakistan-turkey-reaffirm-commitment-to-intensify-mutual-cooperation</ref>
== Trade ==
[[File:Gul Interchange (2).JPG|thumb|250px|right|thumb|The Abdullah Gul Interchange near [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] in [[Lahore]], this interchange was inaugurated by the [[Turkish President]] [[Abdullah Gul]] during his visit to [[Lahore]] in 2010.]]

Turkey and Pakistan are founding members of the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] and part of the [[Developing 8 Countries]] (D-8) organization. Both nations have worked to negotiate a preferential trading agreement, aiming to considerably increase trade and investments, especially in transport, telecommunications, manufacturing, tourism and other industries.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=1677 |title=Turkey to sign PTA with Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Daily Times, Pakistan |date=16 April 2005}}</ref> Both governments have sought to increase the volume of bilateral trade from $690 million to more than $1 billion by 2010.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=102299 |title=Pakistan, Turkey discuss defence co-production |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref> Pakistani exports include rice, [[sesame seeds]], leather, textiles, fabrics, sports goods, and medical equipment. Turkey's exports to Pakistan include wheat, [[chickpeas]], [[lentils]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], chemicals, transport vehicles, machinery and energy products.<ref name="FPJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fpcci.com.pk/tradep&turk.asp |title=Trade between Pakistan & Turkey |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry}}</ref> Turkish private corporations have also invested significantly in industrial and construction projects developing highways, pipelines and canals.<ref name="JIA" /> The two countries are negotiatating the [[Turkey-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement]].

=== Train service ===
A [[container train]] service was launched by the Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Yousuf Raza Gilani]] between Islamabad and [[Istanbul]] on 14 August 2009. The first train carried 20 [[Intermodal container|containers]] with a capacity of around {{convert|750|t|LT ST|0|abbr=on}} <ref>http://www.pakistantimes.net/pt/detail.php?newsId=3343</ref> and will travel {{convert|6500|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}} from Islamabad, through [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and [[Tehran]], Iran and on to Istanbul in two weeks' time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\15\story_15-8-2009_pg7_12 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |publisher=Daily Times |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Railways (Pakistan)|Minister for Railways]] [[Ghulam Ahmad Bilour]], after the trial of the container train service, a passenger train will be launched.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+gilani+launches+trial+phase+of+islamabad-istanbul+train+service-za-06 |title=Pakistan | PM launches trial phase of Pak-Turkey train service |publisher=Dawn.Com |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> There are also hopes the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia, and carry passengers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8201934.stm |title=Pakistan–Turkey rail trial starts |accessdate=16 August 2009 |publisher=BBC News |date=14 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/news/news61296.html|title=Pakistan Plans Passenger Rail Between Pakistan, Iran and Turkey|work=Railway Technology}}</ref>

== Strategic ties ==
Both nations were part of [[Cold War]] alliance called the [[Central Treaty Organization]]. Its goal was to [[containment|contain]] the [[Soviet Union]] ([[USSR]]) by having a line of strong states along the USSR's southern frontiers. Military contacts remain resolute, uncompromising and stalwart as ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/7569/turkey-pakistan-ties-indias-loss-is-chinas-gain|title=Turkey-Pakistan close ties |publisher=World Politics Review}}</ref>

===Kashmir conflict===
The Turkish ambassador spent a week in Pakistan administered-Kashmir's capital city of Muzaffarabad to express solidarity with the Kashmir cause. President [[Recep Tayyip Erdogan]] declared that “We are well known for the pain and problems of Kashmiris and we condemn the brutality of India in Kashmir”.<ref>http://www.pakistankakhudahafiz.com/blogs/historical-overview-pakistan-turkey-relationship/</ref>

== Trilateral Ankara cooperation process ==
Turkey launched a trilateral summit process between the two states and [[Afghanistan]] in February 2007, following a visit by then [[Turkish Foreign Minister]] [[Abdullah Gül]] to [[Islamabad]], as the backbone of its diversified foreign policy in Southeast Asia and Pakistani deputy [[Humair Hayat Khan Rokhri]] confirmed that according to Gül “we are all brothers who need to support each other,” in order to, “bring security and stability to the region.”<ref name=TZ090507>{{cite news
|url=
|date=7 May 2009
|title=Turkey, Afghanistan and Pakistan solidify cooperation
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

An 1 April 2009 meeting between Pakistani and Afghan leaders, conducted as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, saw the three countries pledged to increase coordination between their political, military and intelligence tiers in the fight against militancy and terrorism. Chairman of the Turkish–Pakistani Friendship Association Burhan Kayatürk has stated that, “It is the first time that the military and intelligence chiefs of Afghanistan and Pakistan have attended the trilateral summit, which is a reflection of the deeper commitment to work together.”<ref name=TZ090506b>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Concerned Turkish deputy calls for active engagement in Pakistan
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

At the 17 April 2009 [[Friends of Pakistan]] Tokyo Donors Conference, Turkish State Minister [[Mehmet Aydın]] pledged $100 million to Pakistan for infrastructure, health and education projects. Turkish Parliamentary Deputy Kayatürk has called on neighbouring countries, including India, to make similar commitments as “It is in their interests to see a stable Pakistan; otherwise violence will spill over into their territory.”<ref name=TZ090506b />

Pakistani and [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] parliamentary deputies came together in [[Ankara]] on 5 May 2009, as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, where they met with the now [[Turkish President]] Gül and new Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] to discuss a variety of issues. Head of the Turkish Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission Murat Mercan stated; <blockquote>“Today we need cooperation between our countries more than ever. I believe Turkey, having historical brotherhood relations with both, is in a special position to improve and deepen this cooperation. Turkey is confident that the cooperation to be established between Afghanistan and Pakistan will help a lot to solve the problems.”<ref name=TZ090506a>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Afghan, Pakistani lawmakers meet in Turkish Parliament
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
}}</ref></blockquote> Chairman of the Pakistani Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission [[Asfandyar Wali Khan]] conveyed his thanks and stated,
:''“We need Turkey’s support to build stability in the region.”''

Mercan concluded,
:''“We are finally on the verge of institutionalising the trilateral Ankara cooperation process within the framework of parliamentary joint initiatives,”'' with follow-up meetings due to be held in Islamabad and [[Kabul]] at four-month intervals.”

== Military relations ==
Pakistan and Turkey have maintained long-standing military ties with Turkey also providing training to Pakistani air force officers in upgrading its [[F-16]] fleet.<ref name="IP" /> On 2 April 1954, Pakistan and Turkey signed a [[treaty]] of friendship and cooperation. Both countries, valued as important states in their regions, joined the U.S.-led [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) aimed to bolster military and strategic cooperation and counter the spread of communism and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] influence in the region.<ref name="VA">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=34|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Turkey has openly supported Pakistan's stance on the [[Kashmir conflict]]. Ankara, further, recognizes Jammu and Kashmir, as part of Pakistan, with which it endeavours to 'spice up' bilateral relations, and the Turkish ambassador to Pakistan spent nearly a week in [[Muzaffarabad]], the capital of Azad Kashmir (Pakistani Administrated Kashmir), in order to show Turkish solidarity with the Pakistanis in regards to Kashmir and maintained political and military support during its [[Wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan|wars with India]].<ref name="VA" /><ref name="VA2">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=109|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] Press |year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Pakistan has reciprocated by expressing support for Turkey's policy on [[Northern Cyprus]].<ref name="X" /><ref name="DQ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |title=Pakistan, Turkey to cooperate in defence industry |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018202001/http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |archivedate=18 October 2006 }}</ref> Both nations have sought to expand cooperation to fight terrorism.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X" /> Both countries are also members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]].

Turkey is also currently a major arms seller to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/features/featureturkeys-formidable-defence-industry-rising-star-or-natos-unruly-ally-4207115/|title=Turkey’s formidable defence industry – rising star or NATO’s unruly ally?|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey purchases arms from Pakistan, and the two countries seek to develop their indigenous defence capabilities.<ref>http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/pakistan-to-be-an-export-hub-for-turkish-firms-2568290</ref><ref>James Ron ''Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey'' Human Rights Watch, 1995 ISBN 1-56432-161-4, 9781564321619 (page 40)</ref> this includes purchase of aerial weapons and components from Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2015/10/05/Pakistan-Turkey-to-improve-defense-ties/9421444052995/|title=Pakistan Turkey to cooperate on defense industry – UPI.com|date=5 October 2015|work=UPI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/145139/pakistan-delivers-parts-for-turkish-uav.html|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra Delivers First Batch of Turkish UAV Parts to Turkish Aerospace Industry|publisher=}}</ref>

== Aid exchange ==
In the aftermath of the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], Turkey stepped up its efforts to help the Pakistani people of the affected areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishembassy.com/ii/O/yardim.htm|title= Humanitarian aid to Pakistan|publisher=Turkish Embassy in Ottawa}}</ref> Turkey announced a package of $150 million for the quake-hit people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/21/top2.htm|title= Turkish aid package for Pakistan|publisher=Dawn News}}</ref> The Turkish aid organization [[Kizilay]] also constructed a mosque in Pakistans [[Azad Kashmir]] region bordering Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir. The mosque is being built in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Style in Pakistan's [[Bagh District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61352|title= Turkish Mosque in Pakistani Kashmir|publisher=World Bulletin}}</ref>

Pakistan supplied Turkey with aid during the 1999 earthquake<ref>{{cite web|url=http://img.static.reliefweb.int/report/turkey/pakistan-sends-relief-goods-turkey-quake-victims|title=Pakistan sends relief goods to Turkey for quake victims|work=ReliefWeb}}</ref> and during the 2011 [[Van earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/10/30/city/lahore/punjab-govt-sends-tents-to-turkey-earthquake-victims/|title=Punjab govt sends tents to Turkey earthquake victims|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-263115-pakistani-red-crescent-extends-help-to-earthquake-victims-in-van.html|title=Pakistani Red Crescent extends help to earthquake victims in Van|work=TodaysZaman}}</ref>

== Opposing ambitions ==
During the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Afghan civil war]], Turkey became a strong supporter of the [[Northern Alliance]], due to its [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]] and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] members, with which Turkey shares cultural and linguistic ties.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=JjYaRa2vtAkC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=turkey+northern+alliance+afghanistan&source=bl&ots=dANauf-68k&sig=LthO3RrDAnNbd1jnBcfaCmQSuS8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z1kuU7N24pDJAd6egJAH&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=turkey%20northern%20alliance%20afghanistan&f=false|title=Afghanistan and Central Asia|publisher=}}</ref>
Pakistan meanwhile maintained strong relations and support to the [[Taliban]] whom were ethnic [[Pashtuns]] that have ethnic ties to Pakistan's own Pashtun population as well prevent Pakistan's fears of Afghanistan falling into the control of the Northern Alliance whom were supported by Pakistan's various adversaries, including India.

This changed in late 2001 when Pakistan was under international pressure to abolish all its ties with the Taliban and re-align with the [[United States]] and [[NATO]] in the so-called "[[War on Terror]]" following the September 11 attacks in [[New York City]] and [[Washington DC]] which were directly blamed on [[Al-Queda]] and indirectly on the Taliban for sheltering them. As a result, the United States lifted all sanctions that were imposed on Pakistan following Pakistan's 1998 nuclear weapons tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2001_10/sanctionsoct01|title=Bush Waives Nuclear-Related Sanctions on India, Pakistan – Arms Control Association|publisher=}}</ref>

In recent years Pakistan and Turkey have moved in close cooperation to help bring a lasting solution to Afghanistan, since Abdullah Gul declared that “We are all brothers who need to support each other, in order to bring security and stability to the region.”<ref>http://www.pakistankakhudahafiz.com/blogs/historical-overview-pakistan-turkey-relationship/</ref>

Turkey has also supported the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]] (ETIM) in China whom are ethnic [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] that Turkey also shares cultural and linguistic ties with.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/ethno-diplomacy-uyghur-hitch-sino-turkish-relations|title=Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Xijinping_visit/2012-02/22/content_24696523.htm|title=China cautions Turkey against 'East Turkistan' forces|author=陈霞|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan [[War in North-West Pakistan|struggling with domestic Islamist insurgency]] as well as being a close and [[China–Pakistan relations|historic ally of China]] has strongly opposed the ETIM and has taken severe actions against members of [[Uyghurs in Pakistan|Uyghur communities within its borders]] even suspected of being participant in anti-Chinese activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/pakistan-08102011175506.html|title=Pakistan Deports Uyghurs|work=Radio Free Asia}}</ref>
Separately, Pakistan has killed many foreign militants in its territory during anti-Taliban/Al-Qaeda military operations amongst which were Uyghurs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/916826/uighur-leader-killed-in-pakistan-rehman-malik|title=Uighur leader killed in Pakistan: Rehman Malik|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-31-uighur-attacks-thwarted-as-pakistans-zardari-visits-xinjiang|title='Uighur attacks' thwarted as Pakistan's Zardari visits Xinjiang|author=Ben Blanchard|work=The M&G Online}}</ref> as well as Turks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/125464.html|title=German militant killed in Pakistan|publisher=Press TV}}</ref> and Uzbeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/10/world/asia/karachi-pakistan-airport-attack-taliban.html|title=Assault on Pakistan Airport Signals Taliban’s Reach and Resilience|date=10 June 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/report/uzbek-militancy-pakistans-tribal-region|title=Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan's Tribal Region|work=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mei.edu/content/turkey-pakistan-security-relations-1950s Turkey-Pakistan Security Relations since the 1950s]

{{Pakistan–Turkey relations}}
{{Foreign relations of Pakistan}}
{{Foreign relations of Turkey}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan-Turkey Relations}}
[[Category:Pakistan–Turkey relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Turkey]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Pakistan|Turkey]]

Pakistan Navy

2016-12-13T12:10:44Z

Wiki id2:

{{Use British English|date=June 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name = Pakistan Navy
|image = [[File:Pakistan Navy emblem.svg|100px]]
|caption = Pakistan Navy's Crest
|dates = 14 August 1947 – present
|country = {{PAK}}
|branch =
|type = [[Navy]]
|role =
|size = 30,700 active<ref name="IISS2010"/> 5,000 reserves<ref name="IISS2010"/> 63 [[Pakistan Navy#Fleet composition|ships]] 101 aircraft<ref name="Flightglobal">[https://d1fmezig7cekam.cloudfront.net/VPP/Global/Flight/Airline%20Business/AB%20home/Edit/WorldAirForces2015.pdf Flightglobal - World Air Forces 2015] (PDF), [[Flightglobal.com]]</ref>
|command_structure = [[Ministry of Defense (Pakistan)|Ministry of Defense]] [[Pakistan Armed Forces]]
|garrison = [[Naval Headquarters (Pakistan Navy)|Naval Headquarters]] [[Islamabad]], Pakistan
|garrison_label = Naval Headquarters (NHQ)
|nickname = {{lang|ur|پاک بحریہ}} or Pak Navy
|motto = Urdu: ''Himmat ka aalam, Allah ka karam, Moujon pay qadam''
|patron =
|colors = Navy blue and White {{color box|#041A2A}}{{color box|white}}
|colors_label = Colours
|march =
|mascot =
|equipment =
|equipment_label =
|battles = <div style="width: 220px;"> [[Indo-Pakistan war of 1965]] [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1999]] [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|2004 Tsunami Relief Operations]] [[2010 Pakistan floods|Operation Madad]] [[Piracy in Somalia|Operations Near the HOA]] [[War in North-West Pakistan]] [[Balochistan conflict]]
|anniversaries = Navy Day is on 8 September
|decorations = [[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan military|Military]] and [[Civil decorations of Pakistan|Civil decorations]] of [[Pakistan]].
|battle_honours =[[Nishan-e-Haider]]

|commander1 = [[Admiral]] [[Muhammad Zakaullah]]
|commander1_label = [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Naval Staff]]
|commander2 = [[Vice Admiral]] [[Khan Hasham bin Saddique|Hasham Siddique]]
|commander2_label = [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Vice Chief of Naval Staff]]
|commander3 =
|commander3_label =
|notable_commanders = Admiral [[Mohammad Shariff]] Admiral [[Iftikhar Ahmed Sirohey]] Vice-Admiral [[Syed Mohammad Ahsan]]

|identification_symbol=[[File:Naval Standard of Pakistan.svg|border|125px]]
|identification_symbol_label=Standard (flag) of the Navy
|identification_symbol_2=[[File:Naval Jack of Pakistan.svg|125px]]
|identification_symbol_2_label=Naval Jack of Pakistan
|identification_symbol_3=[[File:Naval Ensign of Pakistan.svg|border|125px]]
|identification_symbol_3_label=Naval Ensign of Pakistan
|identification_symbol_4 =
|identification_symbol_4_label =

|aircraft_attack =
|aircraft_bomber =[[Dassault Mirage 5|Dassault Mirage VF]]
|aircraft_electronic =[[Hawker 800|Hawker 850–XP]]
|aircraft_fighter =
|aircraft_helicopter =[[Westland Sea King]], [[Aérospatiale Alouette III|Aérospatiale SA-319B Alouette III]], [[Harbin Z-9]]
|aircraft_interceptor =
|aircraft_patrol = [[Lockheed P-3 Orion|Lockheed P-3C Orion]], [[Fokker F27 Friendship|Fokker F27-2000]], [[Breguet Atlantic|Breguet Atlantique I]], [[ATR-72-500]]
|aircraft_recon =[[GIDS Uqab]], [[Boeing Insitu ScanEagle|Boeing ScanEagle]], [[EMT Luna X-2000|EMT Luna X]]
|aircraft_trainer =
|aircraft_transport =
|website ={{URL|www.paknavy.gov.pk}}
}}

The '''Pakistan Navy''' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq| '''پاکستان بحریہ'''}}}}; {{lang|ur-Latn|''Pɑkistan Bahri'a''}}) ([[reporting name]]: '''PN''') is the [[naval warfare]] branch of [[Pakistan Armed Forces]], responsible for [[Pakistan]]'s {{Convert|1046|km|sigfig=3}} of coastline along the [[Arabian Sea]], and the defence of important civilian harbours and military bases. The Pakistan Navy came into the existence after the [[Independence of Pakistan|independence]] of Pakistan in 1947. The [[President of Pakistan]] serves as the Supreme Commander of the Navy under Article 243 (2) of the [[Constitution of Pakistan]], and the Chief of Naval Staff heads the Navy. [[Navy Day]] is celebrated on 8 September in commemoration of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]].<ref>[http://pakistantimes.net/2005/09/06/top2.htm Pakistan Times | Top Story: Defence Day in Pakistan today; President, PM ask nation to imbibe spirit of ’65 War] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214201007/http://pakistantimes.net/2005/09/06/top2.htm |date=14 February 2009 }}</ref>

The Pakistan Navy's current and primary role is to protect the country's economic and military interests at home and abroad, executing the foreign and defence policies of the [[Government of Pakistan]] through the exercise of military effect, diplomatic activities and other activities in support of these objectives.<ref name="Pakistan Navy Public and Military Affairs ">{{cite web| last =Pakistan Navy| title =Pakistan Navy: Roles and Function| work =Naval Inter-Service Public Relation (Naval ISPR)| publisher =Pakistan Navy Public and Military Affairs| date =18 March 2008| url =http://www.paknavy.gov.pk| doi =| accessdate =2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| last =Khan, Pakistan Navy (retired), current research officer at Pakistan Naval War College| first =Commander Muhammad Azam| title =Options for Pakistan Navy: § Pakistan Navy: A sentinel for energy and economic security| journal =| volume = | issue = | page =7 | publisher =Commander Muhammad Azam Khan, retired. Current, research officer at the Pakistan Naval War College| location =[[United States Naval Academy]]| year =2011| url =https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:07Y3Irx3AO8J:www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/cc6209f2-7f01-4bb7-ac24-8c301c62f015/S-2--Options-for-the-Pakistan-Navy+pakistan+navy+in+space+program&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiCaTe2oeJ2JwqKQE0UX8j-cw-UPdVfozoMAwRfsYewXAXeayLVIPxn2TyMVcGTW9A_BdSqACZjpRhb8_u-EfL-kslbz7CXPTIr9PZBtAguv97XWyY4K4fsg2utDUL8dmXdtmjg&sig=AHIEtbTIXTgr9LKaJv5Fbgnj_ftn-1MQzw| accessdate = }}</ref> In the 21st century, the Pakistan Navy also focuses on limited overseas operations, and has played a vital role in the establishment of the [[Pakistan Antarctic Programme]].<ref>Mills, J.M. (2003). Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia. 1 (A–M). Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.</ref><ref>{{cite web| last =PN| first =Pakistan Navy| authorlink =| coauthors =| title =Pakistan Navy: Hydrography| work =Naval Inter-Service Public Relation (Naval ISPR)| publisher =Pakistan Navy Department of National Research and Hydrography| url =http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/hydro/h_intro.htm| doi =| accessdate =2011 }}</ref>

The Pakistan Navy is supported by the [[Pakistan Coast Guard]], and the [[Maritime Security Agency]] (MSA), the paramilitary forces of Pakistan.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}

The Navy is undergoing extensive [[Pakistan Navy#Frigates|modernisation and expansion]] as part of [[Pakistan's role in the War on Terror]]. Since 2001, the Pakistan Navy has increased and expanded its operational scope, and has been given greater national and international responsibility in countering the threat of sea-based global terrorism, drug smuggling, and piracy.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}} In 2004, Pakistan Navy became a member of the primarily [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATO]] Combined Task Forces [[CTF-150]] and [[CTF-151]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page%3D2009%5C07%5C21%5Cstory_21-7-2009_pg7_29 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-06-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235725/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009%5C07%5C21%5Cstory_21-7-2009_pg7_29 |archivedate=2 December 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> The [[China-Pakistan Economic Corridor]] has significantly expanded the role of the navy, joint patrols with the Chinese navy as well as providing land and sea-based security to secure shipping lanes has become a priority.<ref>https://www.samaa.tv/pakistan/2016/11/pakistan-navy-providing-security-to-cpec-ships/</ref><ref>https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/pakistan/two-chinese-frigates-arrive-pakistan-for-joint-drills-pakistan-navy/</ref> From December 2016 Pakistan's Navy established TF-88 a taskforce that is designed to ensure there is security for maritime trade, this will guard the shipping lane routes by protecting Gwadar Port.<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1302102/pakistan-navys-special-task-force-88-set-up-to-guard-gwadar-ports-sea-lanes</ref><ref>https://www.geo.tv/latest/123558-Pakistan-Navy-establishes-taskforce-for-Gwadars-protection</ref>

The [[Constitution of Pakistan]] makes the [[President of Pakistan]] the civilian Commander-in-Chief. The Chief of Naval Staff (CNS), by statute a four star admiral, is appointed by the President with the consultation and confirmation needed from the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]. The Chief of Naval Staff is subordinate to the civilian [[Defence Minister of Pakistan|Defence Minister]] and [[Defence Secretary of Pakistan|Secretary of Defence]], and commands the Navy.

==History==
{{quote|text= [[Fourteenth of August|Today]] is a historic day for Pakistan, doubly so for those of us in the Navy. The [[Dominion of Pakistan]] has come into being and with it a new Navy – the Royal Pakistan Navy – has been born. I am proud to have been appointed to command it and serve with you at this time. In the coming months, it will be my duty and yours to build up our Navy into a happy and efficient force|sign=[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the [[Quaid-e-Azam|founder]] of [[Pakistan]], addressing the [[Pakistan Naval Academy|Naval Academy]] in March 1948.|source=<ref name="Pakistan Navy, Historical reference"/> }}

The Pakistan Navy came into existence on the [[Independence Day (Pakistan)|Fourteenth of August]], 1947 with the [[Creation of Pakistan|establishment]] of the [[State of Pakistan]].<ref name="Pakistan Navy, Historical reference">{{cite web|last=GoPAK|first=Government of Pakistan|title=History|url=http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/history.htm|work=Electronic Government of Pakistan|publisher=Pakistan Navy, Historical reference|accessdate=6 April 2012}}</ref> The Armed Forces Reconstitution Committee (AFRC) divided the shares and assets of the [[Royal Indian Navy]] (RIN) between the [[India and Pakistan]], with the Royal Pakistan Navy (RPN) was inherited with two [[sloop]]s, two [[frigate]]s, four minesweepers, two [[naval trawler]]s, four harbour launches.{{rp|45–46}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> Because of the high percentage of [[river delta|delta]] areas on its coast, Pakistan also received a number of [[Harbour Defence Motor Launch|harbour defence motor launches]]. As part of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], the prefix "Royal" was used until the state was proclaimed a republic in 1956.<ref name="Pakistan Navy, Historical reference"/>

The Navy endured a difficult history, only 200 officers and 3000 sailors were inherited to the Navy, the most senior being [[Captain (naval)|Captain]] [[HMS Choudri]] who had little experience in [[military staff]]ing.<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> The Navy suffered perennial problems with inadequate staff, lack of operational bases, lack of financial support, and poor technological and personnel resources.{{rp|45}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> Secondly, it grew out as the smallest [[Pakistan military|uniform branch]] that contributed in its lack of importance in [[Ministry of Finance, Revenue, Economic Affairs, Statistics and Privatization (Pakistan)|federal budgets]] as well as the problems relating to its institutional infrastructure.{{rp|46}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> The [[Pakistan Army|Army]] and the [[Pakistan Air Force|Air Force]] were the dominant force where the defence problems were based wholly on army and air force point of view.{{rp|46}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> There were additional problems relating to the navy were the lack of facilities and maintenance machinery as the only [[naval dockyard]] in [[Indian Subcontinent|subcontinent]] was located in [[Bombay Dockyard|Bombay, India]].{{rp|46}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/>

To overcome these difficulties, the Navy launched a recruitment program for the young nation, starting in [[East Pakistan|East-Pakistan]] but it proved to be very difficult to sustained the program; therefore, program was moved back to [[Pakistan]] to concentrate the preferred recruitments for the [[West Pakistani|Western Pakistanis]].<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/>
{{rp|46}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/>

===The beginning: 1947–64===
[[File:Shamsher Pakistan SLV Green 1951.jpg|thumb|left|350px|The [[frigate]] [[HMS Nadder (K392)|PNS ''Shamsher'']] in 1951.]]

During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|first war]] with [[India]] in 1947–48, the Navy saw no action as all fighting was restricted to [[Land Warfare|land]] and [[Air warfare|air]] combat missions. On operational planning, Captain [[HMS Choudri]] engaged on commanding a destroyer from [[Karachi]] to [[Mumbai]] to oversee the evacuation of [[Muhajir people|Indian emigrants]] to Pakistan.{{rp|474}}<ref name="W. W. Norton & Company">{{cite book|last1=Read|first1=Anthony|last2=Fisher|first2=David|title=The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=9780393318982|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q9ebuSG64dkC&pg=PA474&dq=HMS+choudhri&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjMnNnu-IvQAhVMxWMKHZ87DCcQuwUIJzAB#v=onepage&q=HMS%20choudhri&f=false|accessdate=3 November 2016|language=en}}</ref> In 1948, Pakistan Navy engaged in humanitarian missions to evacuate [[Indian immigrant]]s trapped in disputed and hostile areas, with its frigates operating continuously.<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> The [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Naval Staff]], [[Rear-Admiral]] [[James Wilfred Jefford]], had created a "Short-term Emergency Plan (STEP)" to work up the frigates and naval defences in case of escalation of the war in sea.<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> In 1948, the directorate-general for [[Naval Intelligence of Pakistan|Naval Intelligence]] (DGNI), a staff corps, was established under [[Lieutenant (naval)|Lieutenant]] [[Syed Mohammad Ahsan]], who served as its first Director-General, in Karachi.<ref name="Pakistan Navy, Historical reference" /> When the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|first war]] came to an end in 1948, the Navy temporarily established its [[NHQ (Pakistan Navy)|Navy NHQ]] in Karachi and acquired its first [[O and P class destroyer|O Class destroyer]] from the [[Royal Navy]].{{rp|49}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/>

The Pakistan Navy heavily relied its dependency on generous donations from the [[Royal Navy]] with two battle destroyers, the [[PNS Tippu Sultan (1941)|PNS ''Tippu Sultan'']] and ''[[PNS Tariq (1941)|PNS Tariq]]''.<ref name="PakDef Military Consortium">{{cite web|last1=PakDef Military Consortium|title=The First Destroyer «|url=http://pakdef.org/the-first-destroyer/|website=pakdef.org|publisher=PakDef Military Consortium|accessdate=14 November 2016}}</ref> The ''Tippu Sultan'' was commissioned on 30 September 1949, under Commander P.S. Evans, whilst the ''Tariq'' was placed under the command of [[Lieutenant-Commander]] [[Afzal Rahman Khan]].<ref name="PakDef Military Consortium"/> The two destroyers formed the 25th Destroyer Squadron as the [[HMIS Narbada (U40)|PNS ''Jhelum'']] and [[HMS Onslaught (G04)|PNS ''Tughril'']], under Commander [[Muzaffar Hassan|Muzaffar Hasan]], also joined the Royal Pakistan Navy.<ref name="PakDef Military Consortium"/>

In 1950, the Navy's [[Nationalization in Pakistan|nationalization]] took place with many officers from air force and army volunteered to join the navy and [[Noncommissioned officer|NCOs]] gaining commission as an officers.{{rp|50–51}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> Support from the army and air force to the navy led to the establishment of logistics and maintenance machinery with vigorous efforts directed towards integrating the navy presence in [[East Pakistan|East-Pakistan]], thereby creating opportunities for people in East-Pakistan to participate in the build-up.{{rp|51}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/>

In 1951, the [[Pakistan Government|Pakistan government]] called for appointing native chiefs of staff of the armed branches but it was not until 1953 when the native chief of naval staff was appointed by the government.{{rp|51–52}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> The British [[Admiralty]], however, maintained the command of the Navy through [[Rear-Admiral]] [[James Wilfred Jefford|Jefford]] who had native deputy chiefs of staff including [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] [[HMS Choudri|HMS Choudhri]], Commodore Khalid Jamil, and [[Commander (rank)|Commander]] M.A. Alavi.{{rp|51–52}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/>

[[File:HMS Gabbard (D47).jpg|thumb|300px|right|PNS ''Badr'', a destroyer visiting [[Great Britain|Britain]], 1957.]]

During this time, a number of goodwill missions were carried out by the navy's combatant ships, and non-combat missions were conducted under the auspices of the [[Royal Navy]].<ref name="PakDef Military Consortium" /> In 1951, HMS Choudhri's promotion papers as naval chief were approved by [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] but it was not until 1953 when HMS Choudhri was promoted as [[Vice-Admiral]] and naval chief with the support from [[Army Chief of Staff (Pakistan)|army chief]] [[Lieutenant-General]] [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]].{{rp|52}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> He handed over the command of 25th Destroyer squadron to [[People of Poland|Polish]] naval officer, Commander [[:pl:Romuald Nalecz-Tyminsk|Romuald Nalecz-Tyminski]].<ref name="Polish Spirit">{{cite web|title=Admiral Romuald Nalecz-Tyminski|url=http://www.federacjapolek.ca/nowy/image/2009_images/polish_spirit_persons/nalecz-tyminski.pdf|website=federacjapolek.ca|publisher=Polish Spirit|accessdate=15 November 2016}}</ref>

In mid 1950s, the [[Ministry of Finance (Pakistan)|Ministry of Finance]] awarded contracts to the [[Corps of Engineers, Pakistan Army|Corps of Engineers]] for the construction of the [[Karachi Naval Dockyard]].<ref name="Pakistan Navy, Historical reference" /> In 1954, several efforts were made to procured a [[CH class submarine|Ch-submarine]] from the [[Royal Navy]] but was rejected by Admiralty who agreed to loan the [[Ch class destroyer|Ch-class destroyer]], the [[HMS Chivalrous (R21)|HMS Chivalrous]], which was designated as [[HMS Chivalrous (R21)|PNS Taimur]].{{rp|51–52}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> From 1953–56, HMS Choudri bitterly negotiated with the [[United States]] over the modernization of navy and convinced the [[United States government|U.S. government]] to provide monetary support for modernization of aging [[O and P-class destroyer|O–class]] destroyers and minesweepers, while commissioning the [[C-class destroyer (1943)|Ch–class]] destroyers from [[Royal Navy|British Navy]].{{rp|54}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> [[British Navy]] tradition were disbanded and cancelled when the [[American Navy|U.S. Navy]]'s [[Military Assistance Advisory Group|advisers]] were dispatched to the [[Pakistan Armed Forces|Pakistani military]] in 1955.<ref name="Hamid Hussain , Defence Journal of Pakistan">{{cite web|last=Hamid Hussain|title=Tale of a love affair that never was: United States-Pakistan Defence Relations|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/june/loveaffair.htm|work=Hamid Hussain , Defence Journal of Pakistan|publisher=Hamid Hussain , Defence Journal of Pakistan|accessdate=12 February 2012}}</ref>

In 1956, the [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]] voted for promulgation of [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|Constitution of Pakistan]] and proclaimed the [[Dominion of Pakistan]] as an [[Islamic Republic]] under the new constitution.<ref name="Pakistan Navy, Historical reference" /> The prefix ''Royal'' was dropped, and the service was re-designated the Pakistan Navy ("'''PN'''") with the [[Naval jack|PN Jack]] replaced the [[Colours, standards and guidons#United Kingdom and other Commonwealth nations|Queen's colour]] and the [[White Ensign]] respectively.<ref name="Pakistan Navy, Historical reference" /> The order of precedence of the three services changed from Navy–Army–Air force to Army–Navy–Air Force.<ref name="AuthorHouse, 2013">{{cite book|last1=Fagoyinbo|first1=Joseph Babatunde|title=The Armed Forces: Instrument of Peace, Strength, Development and Prosperity|date=2013|publisher=AuthorHouse|location=Bloomington, Indiana|isbn=1477226478|pages=473|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qM0uxPH8RasC&pg=PA390&dq=army+navy+airforce+marines+pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_FqqVM23GomcoQTfgILYDA&ved=0CCkQuwUwAA#v=onepage&q=army%20navy%20airforce%20marines%20pakistan&f=true|accessdate=5 January 2015|format=Google Books|chapter=§The birth of Pakistan Armed Forces}}</ref>

In February 1956, the [[British government]] announced the transfer of several major surface combat warships to Pakistan Navy that included a cruiser and four destroyers to be purchased with funds made available under the U.S. [[Military Assistance Program]].{{rp|54}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> In 1957, the Navy finalized the sale of sale of [[HMS Diadem (84)|cruiser]] warship from the United Kingdom, and used the government's own fund to induct the warship that caused a great ire against [[Haji Mohammad Siddiq Choudri|Admiral Choudhr]]i by the [[Ministry of Finance (Pakistan)|Finance ministry]] in the country.{{rp|55}}<ref name="Lancer Publishers, Goldrick"/>

In 1958, the Navy made an unsuccessful attempt induct the [[Neptun-class submarine|imported submarines]] from [[Sweden]] using the American funds that was halted by the [[United States]] and the Pakistan's own [[Ministry of Finance (Pakistan)|Finance ministry]] despite the idea had support from [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Army GHQ]].{{rp|57}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> In 1958–59, the [[NHQ (Pakistan Navy)|Navy NHQ]] staff began fighting with the [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]] staff and the [[Ministry of Defence (Pakistan)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD) over the plans regarding the modernization of the navy that resulted in bitter [[interservice rivalry]] between army and navy which ended with Admiral Choudri's resignation to the [[Aiwan-e-Sadr|Presidency]] in 1959.{{rp|57}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> From 1956–63, the warships, two destroyers, eight coastal minesweepers, and an oiler were procured from the [[United States]] and [[United Kingdom]] eventually that was the direct result of Pakistan's participation in the anti-Communist defence pacts: the [[SEATO]] and [[CENTO]].<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/>

===Indo-Pakistan war of 1965 and afterwards===
{{Main article|Operation Somnath}}

In 1959, Vice-Admiral [[Afzal Rahman Khan]] was appointed the [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|naval chief]] and built-up his relations with the [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]] whilst the Navy retained hopes for procuring the submarine despite financial constraints.{{rp|58–59}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors" /> The [[Royal Navy]] accepted the requests from the Pakistan Navy for a regular visit to [[Karachi Naval Dockyard]] to provide first hand experience in submarine operations in 1960–61.{{rp|58}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors" /> The [[President Ayub Khan|Ayub administration]] did not increase the financial funding of navy in an expense to army and air force but he did not object the American contributions to train the Pakistan Navy in submarine operations.{{rp|59}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors" /> The [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] provided an insightful and crucial training support to Navy to be able to conduct operations in long range and the proposal of procuring the submarine was met with favourable views in 1963 due to the prospect of [[Soviet Navy]] leasing a submarine to [[Indian Navy]].{{rp|58}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors" /> In 1963, the [[United Kingdom]] began providing training and education on submarine operations, and in 1964, the [[PNS Ghazi]] was commissioned from the United States.{{rp|58}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors" />

Even though, the navy nor air force was notified of the [[Operation Gibraltar|Kashmir incursion]] in 1965, the Navy was well-prepared at the time when the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|second war]] erupted between Pakistan and India in 1965.<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors">{{cite book|last=Goldrick|first=James|title=No Easy Answers|year=1997|publisher=Lancer's Publications and Distributors|location=New Delhi|isbn=1-897829-02-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6XW7kKHQeQoC&pg=PA45&dq=Pakistan+Navy&hl=en&ei=SpWDT4GQFfLciQKs05zzBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=8&ved=0CFQQ6wEwBw#v=onepage&q&f=true}}</ref> The [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|naval chief]] Admiral [[Afzal Rahman Khan]] ordered all units of the Pakistan Navy to take up defensive positions off the coast, but did not order any offensive operations in the [[Bay of Bengal]].{{rp|60–61}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> As the [[Indian Air Force]]'s repeated sorties and raids disrupted [[Pakistan Air Force|PAF]] operations, the Navy assumed a more aggressive role in the conflict.{{rp|61}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> On 2 September, the Navy deployed its first long-range submarine, the [[PNS Ghazi|PNS ''Ghazi'']] under [[Commander (rank)|Commander]] [[Karamat Rahman Niazi|K.R. Niazi]] which was charged with gathering intelligence on Indian naval movements that stalked the diverting threats posed by the aircraft carrier [[INS Vikrant (R11)|INS ''Vikrant'']].<ref name="Usman Tariq Pakdef">{{cite web|last1=Usman|first1=Tariq|title=1965 War|url=http://pakdef.org/1965-war-3/|website=pakdef.org|publisher=Usman Tariq Pakdef|accessdate=15 November 2016}}</ref>

[[File:Ussdiablo.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[PNS Ghazi]] in [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|1965 theatre]]. In 1968, she executed a [[circumnavigation]] of [[Africa]] and [[Southern Europe]] in order to be refit in Turkey. Sunk in 1971 Indo-pak war by Indian Navy.]]

On the night of 7/8 September, a naval squadron comprising four destroyers, one frigate, one cruiser, and one submarine, under the command of Commodore S.M. Anwar, launched [[Operation Dwarka]], an attack on radar facilities used by the Indian Air Force in the small coastal town of [[Dwarka]].<ref name="Usman Tariq Pakdef"/> The operation ended with limited damage to the area.<ref name="Usman Tariq Pakdef"/> After gunnery bombardment, the ''[[PNS Ghazi|Ghazi]]'' was deployed against the Indian Navy's western fleet at [[Bombay]] on 22 September and ended her operations and reported back to [[Karachi Naval Dockyard]] on 23 September 1965.<ref name="Usman Tariq Pakdef"/>

The [[Operation Dwarka|naval operation]] in Dwarka had greatly increased the prestige of the Pakistan Navy and it had also alerted Indian Navy commanders to the significant threat posed by the Pakistan Navy, and to its own naval shortcomings.<ref name="Repro India Ltd."/> After the war, the [[United States]] imposed an arms embargo on Pakistan and Pakistani military began exploring options for military procurement from [[Peoples Republic of China|China]], [[France]], and [[Soviet Union]].{{rp|62}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> The [[United Kingdom]] offered the Navy to jointly built the [[Type 21 frigate]] but was rejected by [[President Ayub Khan|Ayub administration]] that would only allow the financial capital to be spend on submarine procurement.{{rp|63}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/>

In 1966, the Pakistan Navy established its own [[special operations]] directorate, the [[Special Service Group Navy]] (SSG[N]) after the recommendations from the [[United States Navy]].<ref name="Global Security.org">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | title =Navy Special Forces | work = Global Security.org | publisher = | date = | url =http://www.specialoperations.com/Foreign/Pakistan/SSGN.htm | accessdate =29 June 2011}}</ref> In 1966–70, Pakistan Navy had been well aware of massive [[Future of the Indian Navy|procurement and acquisitions]] of [[Weapon systems of the Indian Navy|weapon systems]] being acquired from the [[Soviet Union]] and [[United Kingdom]], and the danger it will posed to Pakistan.{{rp|63}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> In 1968–69, there were series of unsuccessful talks of acquiring the warships from the [[Soviet Navy]] which ended with no yielding results.{{rp|63}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> Difficulties arose between and after the arms embargo was lifted by the United States which lifted based strictly on [[Cash and carry (wholesale)|cash-and-carry]] basis.{{rp|63}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> Pleas for strengthening the Navy in [[East Pakistan]] were ignored due to monetary issues and financial contraints restricted the Navy's capabilities to function more efficiently.{{rp|63}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/>

In 1968, the [[Daphné-class submarine|Daphné-class]] submarines were procured from the [[France]] while operating [[Tench class submarine|Tench class]] that was refitted and upgraded by the [[Turkish Navy]].{{rp|63}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> Due to the Egyptian blockade of the [[Suez Canal]], Navy had to execute a notable submerged [[circumnavigation]] operation from [[Indian ocean]] through the [[Atlantic ocean]] in order to undergo a refit program at the [[Gölcük Naval Shipyard|Gölcük]] in [[Turkey]] which was the only facility to manage the [[refit]]ting and [[Mid-life update|mid-life upgrades]] of [[military computers]] of the [[Tench-class submarine|Tench-class]].<ref name="DefenceJournal, Ahmed" /> Despite reservations harboring by the Navy NHQ about the aging ''Ghazi'', she was sailed under the command of Commander [[Ahmed Tasnim]] starting from the [[Karachi coast]] in [[Indian ocean]] to [[Cape of Good Hope]], [[South Africa]], through the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and ended at the east coast of the [[Sea of Marmara]] where the [[Gölcük Naval Shipyard]] was located.<ref name="DefenceJournal, Ahmed" />

In 1968–69, the [[NHQ (Pakistan Navy)|Navy NHQ]] staff began its tussle with the [[AHQ (Pakistan Air Force)|Air AHQ]] staff over the issue establishing the [[Pakistan Naval Air Arm|naval aviation]] who feared the loss of fighter jets and their pilots in the sea and was hostile towards this idea.{{rp|63}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> The United States entered in discussing the transfer of [[List of Lockheed P-3 Orion variants|P3B Orion]] aircraft to the Navy in 1970 with [[President Yahya Khan|Yahya administration]] but were not procured until the end of 1970s.{{rp|63}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> In 1970, the [[foreign relations]] between Pakistan and East Pakistan further deteriorated and the Navy knew that it was impossible to defend East Pakistan from approaching [[Indian Navy]].{{rp|63}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> Series of reforms were carried when Navy's serious reservations were considered by the [[President Yahya Khan|Yahya administration]] and [[East Pakistani]]s were hastily recruited in what was known as [[Bangladesh Navy|East Pakistan Navy]] but this proved to be disaster for Navy when majority of East Pakistani naval officers and ~3,000 sailors [[Operation Jackpot|defected to India]] to join the [[Awami League]]'s military wing– the ''[[Mukti Bahini]]''.{{rp|64–65}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> Such events had jeopardized the operational scope of the Navy and the [[NHQ (Pakistan Navy)|Navy NHQ]] staffers and commanders knew very well that it (Navy) was ill-prepared for the war and Pakistan was about to have a sharp lesson from India in the consequences of disconnecting strategy from reality.{{rp|65}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/>

===Indo-Pakistan war of 1971===
{{Main article|Operation Barisal|Operation Jackpot|Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971}}

By 1971, the [[NHQ (Pakistan Navy)|Navy NHQ]] staffers and their commanders knew very well that the Pakistan Navy was poorly represented in [[East Pakistan]] (now [[Bangladesh]]) and tehre was no main infrastructure to conduct defensive operation against the [[Eastern Naval Command]] of [[Indian Navy]] in [[Bay of Bengal]].{{rp|64}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors" /> The navy was only able conducted the [[Riverine Warfare|riverine]]-based operations that was being undertaken by the [[Pakistan Marines]] with the assistance from the [[Special Service Group Navy|Special Service Group [Navy] ]], codenamed [[Operation Barisal|Barisal]] on April 1971.<ref name="Pakistan Navy, Historical reference" /> Although, the Governor of East Pakistan, Vice-Admiral [[Syed Mohammad Ahsan|S.M. Ahsan]], made efforts to increase the naval presence and significance in 1969 but the Indian Navy's Eastern Naval Command continued to pose a significant threat since it had capability of conduct operations in long-range areas.<ref name="Inter Services Public Relations">{{cite book|last=Salik, PA|first=Siddique|title=Witness to Surrender|publisher=Inter Services Public Relations|location=Karachi, Pakistan|isbn=984-05-1374-5|pages=60–90}}</ref>

Furthermore, the defections from [[Bangladesh Navy|East-Pakistan Navy]]'s officers and sailors had jeopardize the Navy's operational scope who went onto join the [[Awami League]]'s militant wing, the ''[[Mukti Bahini]]'' in a program known as [[Operation Jackpot|''Jackpot'']].<ref name="Inter Services Public Relations"/> Though, the program was disrupted by the Navy from further annihilation but the naval facilities were severely damaged due to this operation on 15 March 1971.<ref name="Inter Services Public Relations"/> The [[East Pakistan|East-Pakistan]]'s geography was surrounded by [[India]] on all three landward sides by the [[Indian Army]] as the Navy was in attempt to prevent India from blocking the coasts.<ref name="Inter Services Public Relations"/>

During this time, the [[Naval Headquarters (Pakistan Navy)|Navy NHQ]] was housed in [[Karachi]] that decided to deploy the newly [[Mid-life update|MLU]] [[PNS Ghazi|''Ghazi'']] submarine on East while the [[PNS Hangor|''Hangor'']] in West for the intelligence gathering purposes.<ref name="Inter Services Public Relations"/>

{{quote|text=At then end of [[Bangladesh Liberation War|East-Pakistan crisis]].... We (Pakistan Navy, Eastern Command) had no intelligence and hence, were both deaf and blind with the [[Indian Navy]] and [[Indian Air Force]] pounding us day and night.... |sign=Admiral Mohammad Sharif, to U.S. Admiral [[Elmo Zumwalt|Zumwalt]] in 1971|source=.<ref name="Lancer's Publishers and Distributions">{{cite book|last=Roy|first=Admiral Mihir K.|title=War in the Indian Ocean|year=1995|publisher=Lancer's Publishers and Distributions|location=United States|isbn=1-897829-11-6|pages=218–230|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tqr8r7EB18wC&pg=PA218&dq=admiral+mohammad+shariff&hl=en&ei=KFjyTsLUO4SjiALD64ynCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=4&ved=0CEEQ6wEwAw#v=onepage&q=admiral%20mohammad%20shariff&f=false}}</ref>}}

[[File:USS Wiltsie (DD-716).jpg|thumb|left|290px|[[USS Wiltsie (DD-716)|PNS ''Nazim'']], which previously took part in the [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]] and [[Korean War]]s in the US Navy as USS ''Wiltsie'' (DD-716).]]

With no naval aviation service to guard the [[Karachi port]], the Indian Navy launched a naval attack, [[Operation Trident (Indo-Pakistani War)|Operation Trident]], consisting of 3 Soviet-built [[Osa class missile boat|Osa class]] [[missile boat]]s escorted by two [[anti-submarine]] patrol vessels on 4 December 1971.<ref name="M.A. Hussain Tiwana Defence Journal"/> Nearing Karachi's port area, they launched [[SS-N-2 Styx]] anti-ship missiles, which the obsolescent Pakistan naval warships had no viable defense against.<ref name="M.A. Hussain Tiwana Defence Journal">{{cite web|last1=Tiwana|first1=M.A. Hussain|title=The Angry Sea|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/nov98/angrysea.htm|website=www.defencejournal.com|publisher=M.A. Hussain Tiwana Defence Journal|accessdate=15 November 2016|date=November 1998}}</ref> Two of the warships, the [[PNS Muhafiz|PNS ''Muhafiz'']] and [[PNS Khyber|PNS ''Khyber'']], were both sunk, while [[PNS Shahjahan|PNS ''Shahjahan'']] was damaged beyond repair.<ref name="M.A. Hussain Tiwana Defence Journal"/> Outcomes were stunning for both sides with Pakistan suffering the loss of imported warships, and while India sustaining no damages to their attacking squadron.<ref name="M.A. Hussain Tiwana Defence Journal"/>

On 8 December 1971, the ''[[PNS Hangor|Hangor]]'' led by its [[Commander (rank)|Commander]] [[Ahmed Tasnim]], sank the Indian frigate [[INS Khukri (1958)|INS ''Khukri'']] off the coast of Gujarat, India.<ref name="M.A. Hussain Tiwana Defence Journal"/> This was the first sinking of a warship by a submarine since [[World War II]], and resulted in the loss of 18 officers and 176 sailors of the Indian Navy while the inflicting severe damages to another warship, INS ''Kirpan'', by the same submarine.<ref name="gs">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/hangor.htm|title=Hangor Class (Fr Daphn|author=John Pike|publisher=|accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref> Pakistan Air Force that now acted as naval aviation made several attempts to counter the Indian [[missile boat]] threat by carrying out the aerial bombing raids over Okha harbour, the forward base of the missile boats.<ref name="M.A. Hussain Tiwana Defence Journal"/> The Indian Navy retaliated with an attack on the Pakistani coast, named ''[[Operation Python]]'', on the night of 8 December 1971. when a small [[flotilla]] of Indian vessels, consisting of a missile boat and two frigates, approached Karachi and launched a missile attacks that sanked the Panamanian vessel Gulf Star, the ''PNS Dacca'', and the British ship SS ''Harmattan'' were damaged.<ref name="M.A. Hussain Tiwana Defence Journal"/>

The ''Python'' was a complete success for the Indian Navy, and a psychological trauma for Pakistan Navy, the human and material cost severely cutting into its combat capability, nearly 1,700 sailors perished at the barracks.<ref name="Trident, Grandslam and Python: Attacks on Karachi">{{cite web|last=IN|first=Indian Navt|title=Trident, Grandslam and Python: Attacks on Karachi|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1971War/44-Attacks-On-Karachi.html|work=Trident, Grandslam and Python: Attacks on Karachi|publisher=Trident, Grandslam and Python: Attacks on Karachi|accessdate=9 April 2012}}</ref> Civilian pilots from the [[Pakistan International Airlines]] volunteered to conduct air surveillance missions with the [[PAF]], but this proved less than helpful when they misidentified a Pakistan Navy frigate, [[PNS Zulfiqar (K265)|PNS ''Zulfikar'']], as an Indian missile boat.<ref name="Trident, Grandslam and Python: Attacks on Karachi"/> The PAF planes made several attack runs before finally identifying the ''Zulfikar'' by the Navy NHQ.<ref name="Trident, Grandslam and Python: Attacks on Karachi"/> The friendly attack resulted in further loss of navy personnel, as well as the loss of the ship, which was severely damaged and the Pakistan Navy's operational capabilities were now virtually extinct, and morale plummeted.<ref name="Trident, Grandslam and Python: Attacks on Karachi"/> Indian Navy observers who watched the raid nearby later wrote in their [[War diary|war logs]] that the "PAF pilots failed to recognize the difference between a large [[HMS Apollo (F70)|PNS ''Zulfikar'' frigate]] and a relatively [[Osa class missile boat|small Osa missile boat]]."<ref name="Trident, Grandslam and Python: Attacks on Karachi"/> After the friendly attack, all naval surface operations came to a halt under the orders of chief of naval staff.<ref name="Trident, Grandslam and Python: Attacks on Karachi"/>

The Navy's only long range submarine, ''[[PNS Ghazi|Ghazi]]'', was deployed to the area but, according to neutral sources, it sank en route under mysterious circumstances.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcejlMRYNAAC&pg=PA179&dq=PNS+Ghazi&ei=LKdDSKG0H4KijgGs1qG-BQ&sig=9YcFuLJttkAY3wIH965XTx6eU1Y#v=onepage&q=PNS%20Ghazi&f=false Seapower: A Guide for the Twenty-first Century - Geoffrey Till - Google Boeken]</ref> Pakistani authorities state that it sank either due to internal explosion or detonation of mines which it was laying at the time.<ref>{{cite news|last=Joseph|first=Josy |title=Now, no record of Navy sinking Pakistani submarine in 1971|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-12/india/28288237_1_submarine-ins-rajput-eastern-naval-command|work=TOI website|publisher=Times of India|accessdate=28 May 2010|date=12 May 2010|quote=Pakistani authorities say the submarine sank because of either an internal explosion or accidental blast of mines that the submarine itself was laying around Vizag harbour. }}</ref> The Indian Navy claims to have sunk the submarine.<ref>[http://openlibrary.org/b/OL4243900M/No-way-but-surrender No way but surrender: an account of the Indo-Pakistan War in the Bay of Bengal, 1971] By Vice Admiral N. Krishnan (Retd.)</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jacob|first=Lt Gen JFR |title=The truth behind the Navy's 'sinking' of Ghazi|url=http://sify.com/news/the-truth-behind-the-navy-s-sinking-of-ghazi-news-columns-kfztj3bhjeh.html|work=sify news website|publisher=sify news}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jacob|first=Lt Gen JFR |title=The truth behind the Navy's 'sinking' of Ghazi|url=http://sify.com/news/the-truth-behind-the-navy-s-sinking-of-ghazi-news-columns-kfztj3bhjeh.html|work=sify news website|publisher=sify news|accessdate=28 May 2010|date=25 May 2010|quote= On December 9, the Navy announced that they had sunk the Ghazi on December 4, after the start of the war. Later, officers were decorated for their role and the offensive action of their ships in the sinking of the Ghazi. After the war, however, teams of divers confirmed that it was an internal explosion that sank the Ghazi. The log of the Ghazi was recovered and the last entry as far as I can recall was on November 29, 1971. Sadly, that too has been destroyed. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/22inter.htm|title=The Rediff Interview/Admiral S M Nanda (retd) 'Does the US want war with India?' |last=Sengupta|first=Ramananda|date=22 January 2007|work=Interview|publisher=Rediff|accessdate=26 March 2010|location=India}}</ref>

The submarine's destruction enabled the Indian Navy to enforce a blockade on then East Pakistan.<ref name = Defencejournal>{{cite web | title=Maritime Awareness and Pakistan Navy | work=Defence Notes by Commander (Retd) Muhammad Azam Khan | url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/mar/maritime.htm | accessdate= 16 May 2005 }}</ref> According to the defence magazine, ''Pakistan Defence Journal'', the attack on Karachi, Dhaka, Chittagong and the loss of ''Ghazi'', the Navy no longer was able to match the threat of Indian Navy as it was already outclassed by the Indian Navy after the 1965 war.<ref name="M.A. Hussain Tiwana Defence Journal" />

The damage inflicted by the [[Indian Navy]] and [[Indian Air Force]] on the PN stood at seven [[gunboat]]s, one [[Minesweeper (ship)|minesweeper]], two [[destroyers]], three patrol craft belonging to the [[Pakistan Coast Guard]], 18 cargo, supply and communication vessels, and large-scale damage inflicted on the naval base and docks in the coastal town of Karachi. Three merchant navy ships; Anwar Baksh, Pasni and Madhumathi;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irfc-nausena.nic.in/irfc/ezine/Trans2Trimph/chapters/39_transfer%20of%20ships1.htm|title=Chapter-39|publisher=|accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref> and ten smaller vessels were captured.<ref name=Orbat>{{cite web|title=Damage Assessment – 1971 INDO-PAK Naval War |work=B. Harry |url=http://www.orbat.com/site/cimh/navy/kills(1971)-2.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=16 May 2005 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051030235952/http://www.orbat.com:80/site/cimh/navy/kills(1971)-2.pdf |archivedate=30 October 2005 |df=dmy }}</ref> Around 1900 personnel were lost, while 1413 servicemen were captured by Indian forces in [[Dhaka]].<ref name = "losses">{{cite web | title=Military Losses in the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War | work=Venik | url=http://www.aeronautics.ru/archive/vif2_project/indo_pak_war_1971.htm | accessdate=30 May 2005}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The Indian Navy lost 18 officers and 176 sailors<ref name="gs"/><ref>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=153894 Express India]</ref> and a [[frigate]], while another frigate was damaged and a [[Breguet Alizé]] naval aircraft was shot down by the [[Pakistan Air Force]].

According to one Pakistan scholar, [[Tariq Ali]], the Pakistan Navy lost a third of its force in the war.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Tariq Ali]] | title=Can Pakistan Survive? The Death of a State | publisher=Penguin Books Ltd | year=1983 | isbn=978-0-14-022401-6}}</ref> Despite the limited resources and manpower, the Navy performed its task diligently by providing support to inter-services (air force and army) until the end.<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad">{{cite book|last=Shariff, PN|first=Admiral Mohammad|title=Admiral's Diary: Battling through stormy sea life for decades|year=2010|publisher=The Army Press, Islamabad|page=415|url=http://dawn.com/2010/10/24/excerpt-how-the-east-was-lost/}}</ref> The primary reason for this loss has been attributed to the central command's failure in defining a role for the Navy, or the military in general, in East Pakistan.<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad"/> Since then the Navy has sought to improve the structure and fleet by putting special emphasis on sub-surface warfare capability as it allows for the most efficient way to deny the control of Pakistani sea lanes to an adversary.<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad"/>

===Cold war operations and post cold war: 1972–1998===
{{See also|Operation Umeed-e-Nuh|Operation United Shield|Operation Parakram|Soviet war in Afghanistan|Revolt of the Admiral}}
{{quote|text=Pakistan fully endorse the requirements of a strong navy, capable of safeguarding Pakistan's sea frontiers and her Lines of Communication, monitoring and protecting her exclusive economic zone. Continuous efforts are at hand to provide the best available equipment to the Navy despite all economic constraints.|sign=[[Pervez Musharraf]], 1999|source=<ref name="Lieutenant-General F.S. Lodhi, PA,"/>}}

After [[Instrument of Surrender (1971)|surrendering]] of [[Pakistan Eastern Command]] in East and unilateral decision of ceasefire in West, Pakistan learned a sharp lesson from India in the consequences of disconnecting strategy from reality.{{rp|65}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors" /> After the [[1971 war]], the Navy had to rebuilt from ground and the government came to realize its failure for ignoring the needs of navy at the expense of air force and army.<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad"/>

By the end of 1971, the [[Pakistan Naval Air Arm|naval aviation]] was commissioned but it was not until 1974 when the aircraft joined the service that were procured from the donations from the [[Royal Navy]].<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad"/> During the course of war, the co-ordination between [[Pakistan Armed Forces|inter-services]] was limited, lack of communication, poor execution of joint-operations, this led to the establishment of [[Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]] headquartered in [[JS HQ (Pakistan)|JS HQ]].<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad"/> In a small span of time, the navy facilities, manpower and profile of Navy was quickly arranged and raised by the coming and the first [[Four star admiral|four-star]] rank admiral and the [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Naval Staff]] Admiral [[Mohammad Shariff]] reconstituted the Navy, and his services to Navy led him to be appointed as first navy admiral [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman]] of [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Joint Chiefs Committee]] of Pakistan Armed Forces.<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad"/>

The Pakistan Navy came into public notice in 1974 after it had reportedly applied a [[naval blockade]] and played an integral role to stop the [[Iraqi support of Baloch rebels|arms smuggled]] in [[Balochistan conflict]] after the [[Arms discovery in Iraqi Embassy (Pakistan)|police raid]] [[Diplomatic missions of iraq|Iraqi Embassy]] in Islamabad in 1974.<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad"/> From 1974–77, the Navy provided logistical support to army and air force until [[Rahimuddin Khan's Stabilization of Balochistan|stabilization]] of the province.<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad"/>

[[File:PNS Ghazi 134 DN-SC-92-03633.JPEG|thumb|left|290px|The [[Daphné-class submarine|Daphné]] ''Ghazi'' (S-134) deployed during the [[Operation Restore Hope]], 1991.]]

In 1970s, the Navy sought to diversify its purchases instead of depending solely on the United States, which had placed an arms embargo on both India and Pakistan as the Navy sought warships deals with [[France]] and [[PR China|China]].<ref name="Navy"/> The Navy acquired the land-based ballistics missile capable long range reconnaissance aircraft; it become the first navy in South Asia to acquire land-based ballistics missile capable long range reconnaissance aircraft.<ref name="Navy">South Asia's Nuclear Security Dilemma: India, Pakistan, and China By Lowell Dittmer, pp 77 ''</ref> In 1979–80, Pakistan procured the two [[PNS Hashmat|Agosta 70]] class submarines, [[PNS Hurmat|''Hurmat'']] and [[PNS Hashmat|Hashmat]] from [[France]].<ref name="DefenceJournal, Ahmed">{{cite web|last1=Tasnim|first1=Vice-Admiral Ahmed|title=Remembering Our Warriors - Vice Admiral Tasneem|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/may/tasneem.htm|website=www.defencejournal.com|publisher=Vice Admiral A. Tasnim, Defence Journal|accessdate=17 November 2016|language=Eng|date=May 2001}}</ref>

Dependency on the United States again fell in 1980s and the Navy enjoyed unprecedented growth, doubling its surface fleet from 8 to 16 surface combatants in 1989. In 1982, the [[Reagan administration]] approved [[United States Dollar|US$]]3.2 billion military and economic aid to Pakistan with Pakistan acquiring eight [[Brooke-class frigate|Brooke]] and [[Garcia-class frigate|Garcia-class]] frigates from [[US Navy|United States Navy]] on a five-year lease in 1988.<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad"/> A [[military base|depot]] for repairs, [[USS Hector (AR-7)|USS Hector]] followed the lease of these ships in April 1989. This was done due to the [[Zia regime|Zia administration]]'s [[Operation Cyclone|cooperation]] with the [[Reagan administration]] against the [[Soviet Union]]'s [[Soviet war in Afganistan|invasion]] in [[Afghanistan]].<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad"/>

However, the [[Pressler amendment|arms embargo]] was again imposed after the Soviet [[Soviet troop withdrawal from Afghanistan|troops withdrawal]] from [[Afghanistan]] in 1989 when the [[United States President|U.S. President]] [[George H. W. Bush|George Bush, Sr.]] was advised to no longer certify the existence of Pakistan's covert [[Pakistan and its Nuclear Detterent Program|nuclear arsenals]] program and the [[Pressler amendment]] was invoked on 1 October 1990.<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad"/> The lease of the first [[Brooke class frigate]] expired in March 1993, the remaining in early 1994.<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad"/> This seriously impaired the Pakistan Navy, which was composed almost entirely of [[:Category:Ships transferred from the United States Navy to the Pakistan Navy|former U.S. origin warships]].<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad"/> Despite the embargo, the Navy assisted the [[United Nations Operation in Somalia II|UNOSOM-II]] to conducted [[Operation United Shield|military operation]] against [[Civil war in Somalia]].<ref>Bush, George H., Address to the Nation on the Situation in Somalia, 4/12/92</ref> In 1991–41, the Navy became involved with the [[Operation Restore Hope]], dispatching one submarine and two destroyer frigates to support to the [[United States Navy]]'s operation in the [[Somali Civil War|civil War]] in [[Somalia]], and extended its support in 1995 to took participation in [[Operation United Shield]] to concluded its side of operation after evacuating personnel and equipments of [[Pakistan Army|army]], [[Pakistan Marines|marines]], and [[PAF|air force]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bashir, PN|first1=Adm. Noman|authorlink1=Noman Bashir|title=The Pakistan Navy's Role in Peacetime Diplomacy: Emerging Scenario in the Indian Ocean|journal=Pakistan Horizon|date=July 2010|volume=63|issue=3|pages=7|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24711004?seq=1#fndtn-page_scan_tab_contents|accessdate=16 November 2016|publisher=Pakistan Institute of International Affairs|location=Islamabad Pakistan|language=English|format=pdf|issn=0030-980X}}</ref>

Realizing the [[Indo-US Relations|warming relations]] between the [[United States]] and [[India]], Pakistan Navy began concentrating on self-reliance for its operation needs when Prime Minister [[Benazir Bhutto]] successfully negotiating with [[France]] for the [[technology transfer]] of [[Agosta 90B class submarine|''Agosta 90B'']] submarines in 1994–95.<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad"/> This was a controversial agreement with millions of dollars were allegedly used for the purpose of [[Corruption charges against Benazir Bhutto and Asif Ali Zardari|corruption]] by both sides as the [[air-independent propulsion]] technology was transferred despite India's strong opposition.<ref name="NTI 1990"/> During the same time, the [[United Kingdom]] approved the sale of [[Westland Lynx]] and [[Westland Sea King|Sea King]] helicopters, equipped with [[Anti-submarine warfare|ASW]] missiles which further enhanced the capabilities of Pakistan Navy.<ref name="Naval Air Arm, Navy" />

After the [[List of nuclear weapons tests of Pakistan|nuclear tests]] conducted in 1998, there were several proposals made for Pakistan Navy's transformation into a [[nuclear navy]] as it was seen against Indian Navy's [[INS Arihant|nuclear ambition]].<ref name="NTI 1990"/> Earlier in 1990, the Navy began negotiations with [[People's Liberation Army Navy]] to lease a [[nuclear submarine]], a Chinese [[Type 091 submarine|Type 091 ''Han'' class]] submarine after rival India Navy leased a Russian-based [[Charlie class submarine|Charlie 1 class]] nuclear from Soviet Union.<ref name="NTI 1990">{{cite web|last=NTI|title=Nuclear Submarine for Navy|url=http://www.nti.org/media/pdfs/pakistan_nuclear.pdf?_=1316466791|work=October 6, 1990|publisher=NTI 1990|accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> However, the Navy cancelled the negotiations with the [[People's Liberation Army Navy|Chinese Navy]] after the learning the Indian Navy had returned the Russian submarine was returned in 1991.<ref name="NTI 1990"/>

In 1999, the Navy saw serious disagreement with the civilian government over the issue of [[Kargil war]] that was launched solely by the [[Pakistan Army]]. Known as the [[Revolt of the Admiral]]s in Pakistan, [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Naval Staff]] Admiral [[Admiral Fasih Bokhari|Fasih Bokhari]] and his [[NHQ (PN)|Navy NHQ]] staff maintained that the both Navy and Air Force had been deactivated.<ref name="Repro India Ltd." /> However, when Indian Navy launched ''Operation Talwar'', Pakistan Navy had to respond by deploying the submarines and destroyers combatant ships to keep Indian Navy from Ports of Karachi and Baluchistan.<ref name="Lieutenant-General F.S. Lodhi, PA,"/>

The [[Pakistan Naval Air Arm|Naval Air Arm]] maintained its reconnaissance and patrol operations near at the Arabian sea.<ref name="Lieutenant-General F.S. Lodhi, PA,"/> In 1999, another proposal was raised to switched the [[air-independent propulsion]] of Agosta submarine to substitute with [[nuclear propulsion]], however the proposal was dismissed.<ref name="Lieutenant-General F.S. Lodhi, PA,">{{cite web|last=Lodhi|first=F.S.|title=An Agosta Submarine for Pakistan|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/jan/agosta.htm|work=Lieutenant-General F.S. Lodhi|publisher=Lieutenant-General F.S. Lodhi, PA,|accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref>

===Engagement in 1999 and 2001 standoff===
{{Main article|Atlantique Incident|Indo-Pakistani War of 1999|Revolt of the Admiral|2001–02 India–Pakistan standoff}}

In 1999, the [[Pakistan Army]] soldiers engaged with [[Indian Army]] and that fighting extended to the Navy who came under pressure to protect the coasts of Sindh and Balochistan while performing the non-combat missions. The [[Indian Navy]]'s rapid movement in the [[Arabian sea]] pushed the Navy to take the [[active measures]] and responded by deploying a large formation of submarines to gather intelligence on the movement of Indian naval vessels, their activities and presence.<ref name="Lieutenant-General F.S. Lodhi, PA," /> Over the appointment of [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman Joint Chiefs]], Admiral [[Fasih Bokhari]] and his [[NHQ (PN)|Navy NHQ]] staff led to a serious disagreement with [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]], an event that is known as [[Revolt of the Admiral|Revolt of the Admiral Bokhari]], who resigned from his commission in protest.{{rp|35}}<ref name="AuthorHouse, Baig">{{cite book|last1=Anwar|first1=Muhammad|last2=Baig|first2=Ebad|title=Pakistan: Time for Change|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=9781477250303|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mb6OOYcrIOYC&pg=PA35&dq=Admiral+Fasih+Bokhari&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwik7aLK56zQAhVM-GMKHTbGAhsQuwUIOTAE#v=onepage&q=Admiral%20Fasih%20Bokhari&f=false|accessdate=16 November 2016|language=en}}</ref>

In 1999, the Navy became involved in a military engagement with the [[Indian Air Force]] when the [[News channels in Pakistan|local news channels]] reported that the Navy had suffered serious casualty in a non-combat missions in terms of losing aircraft and personnel, roughly occurred just two weeks since the end of [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1999|Kargil debacle]].{{rp|62}}<ref name="AuthorHouse, Baig"/> On 10 August 1999, the [[Indian Air Force]]'s two [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG 21FL]] fired and shot down the reconnaissance navy plane, the [[Breguet Atlantic|''Atlantic'']], with sixteen personnel, including four naval fighter pilots on board.{{rp|62}}<ref name="AuthorHouse, Baig"/> All hands and the aircraft were lost when it was shot down in the border area of the [[Rann of Kutch]] region by [[Indian Air Force]], with both countries claiming the aircraft to be in their respective airspace.{{rp|62}}<ref name="AuthorHouse, Baig"/>

[[File:Pakistan Navy Orion Asuspine.jpg|thumb|300px|right|A Pakistan Navy [[Lockheed P-3C Orion|P3C Orion]] getting airborne in 2010.]]

The international observers noted that the wreckage fell well within Pakistan's territory, giving credence to the Pakistan's claim.{{rp|62–63}}<ref name="AuthorHouse, Baig"/> But the investigation conducted by the [[Naval Intelligence of Pakistan|Naval Intelligence]] revealed that the crash site was spread over 2 km on both sides of the border and the majority of the wreckage was on the Indian side. The [[Government of India|Indian government]] released the bodies of all the 16 personnel killed in the crash, asserting their point that the aircraft crashed in India.<ref name="The Independent"/> The Indian Air Force stated that "the ''Atlantique'' was trying to return to Pakistan's airspace after intruding more than {{convert|10|nmi|km}} and as such was headed towards Pakistan...." This incident resulted in escalated tensions between the two [[India-Pakistan relations|neighbouring countries]].<ref name="The Independent">{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/16-dead-as-india-shoots-down-pakistani-naval-plane-1112052.html|title=16 dead as India shoots down Pakistani naval plane|work=The Independent|accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref>

In October 1999, another mishap claimed the loss of Navy's [[P3C Orion]] ([[anti-submarine warfare|ASW]]) aircraft crashed while on routine exercise towards the coastal town of Pasni in the [[Balochistan Province]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/493254.stm | work=BBC News | title=Pakistan naval aircraft crashes | date=29 October 1999}}</ref> In this non-combat mission, the casualties stood with twenty one personnel, including two navy fighter pilots, eleven sailors and ten senior officers died in the incident—the cause of the incident was stated as a technical failure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lockheedmartin.com/products/p3/index.html|title=404 · Lockheed Martin|publisher=|accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref>
During the 2001–2002 India-Pakistan Standoff, the Pakistan Navy was a put on high-alert and more than a dozen warships were deployed near at the Arabian Sea.<ref name="Lieutenant-General F.S. Lodhi, PA,"/> In 2001, the Navy took serious consideration of deploying the [[nuclear weapon]]s on its submarines although none of the nuclear weapons were ever deployed in the submarines.<ref name="NTI 1990"/>

During the 2001–02, there was another [[2001–02 India–Pakistan standoff|military standoff]] and Navy again put on high alert with deployment of more than a dozen warships were deployed near at the Arabian Sea.<ref name="Lieutenant-General F.S. Lodhi, PA,"/> In 2001, the Navy took serious consideration of deploying the [[nuclear weapon]]s on its submarines although none of the nuclear weapons were ever deployed in the submarines.<ref name="NTI 1990"/>

In 2003–04, there were several proposals made for acquiring the vintage [[aircraft carriers]] but the Navy itself had dismissed the idea since the country has not aspired to have an aircraft capability.{{rp|79}}<ref name="Routledge Dittmer">{{cite book|last1=Dittmer|first1=Lowell|title=South Asia's Nuclear Security Dilemma: India, Pakistan, and China|date=2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317459569|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=02XxBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA79&dq=aircraft+carrier+pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi26L_wjrDQAhXLxFQKHcaNAUwQuwUIHjAA#v=onepage&q=aircraft%20carrier%20pakistan&f=false|accessdate=17 November 2016|language=en}}</ref>

===War on Terror and operations in North-West===
{{Main article|PNS Mehran Operation|Operation Rah-e-Nijat|PNS Mehran Operation|Operation Black Thunderstorm|Operation Umeed-e-Nuh}}

[[File:US Navy 100323-N-0000X-003 Chief of Naval Staff of the Pakistan Navy Adm. Noman Bashir is greeted by Gen. David Petraeus, commander of U.S. Central Command.jpg|thumb|Admiral [[Noman Bashir|Bashir]] meets with the [[United States Army|US Army]] General [[David Petraeus]], top commander of [[International Security Assistance Force|US forces in Afghanistan]], to initiate peace initiatives and counter-terrorism operations against Taliban forces in Afghanistan.]]

Since 1995–97, the operational scope of Navy has increased, first participating in combat operation, [[Operation United Shield|United Shield]] with the [[United States Navy]]. Since 2007, the Navy has shifted into focusing the large-scale special operations and strike operations. The Navy plays an active role in the multinational [[United States Naval Forces Central Command|NAVCENT]], [[Combined Task Force 150|CTF-150]], [[Combined Task Force 151|CTF-151]], [[Operation Enduring Freedom]].<ref>{{cite web|last=PN |title=Pakistan Navy and Operation OEF |url=http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/cmcp1.html |publisher=PN Second |accessdate=11 April 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070726120430/http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/cmcp1.html |archivedate=26 July 2007 |df=dmy }}</ref> The command of the force was give to Pakistan from 24 March 2006, until 25 February 2008. Under Pakistan's leadership, CTF 150 coordinated patrols throughout their area of operations to help commercial shipping and fishing operate safely and freely in the region. Additionally, CTF 150 Coalition ships made 11 successful at-sea rescues and made the largest drug bust in the CTF 150 AOO since 2005.<ref>[http://www.cusnc.navy.mil/articles/2008/019.html Pakistan Navy Hands Command of CTF 150 to France] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003183518/http://www.cusnc.navy.mil/articles/2008/019.html |date=3 October 2008 }}</ref> Pakistan has contributed 13 different ships to CTF 150 and the current one being [[PNS Tariq]].<ref>[http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/cmcp1.html Pakistan Navy Participation In Coalition Maritime Campaign Plan] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070726120430/http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/cmcp1.html |date=26 July 2007 }}</ref> Development continues on new warships, weapons, weapons technology, and as well as building the [[nuclear submarine]] for its current operational capabilities.<ref>{{cite news|last=Star Desk|title=Pakistan Navy to build nuclear submarine|url=http://www.arynews.tv/english/newsdetail.asp?nid=54527|accessdate=6 April 2012|newspaper=ARY News|date=10 February 2012}} {{dead link|date=October 2015}}</ref>

Since 2007, the Navy actively participated in Operation Black Thunderstorm, Operation Rah-e-Nijat, Operation Mehran, [[Operation Madad (Pakistan Navy)|Operation Maddad]], and is a major participant in [[War on Terror]] and the [[War in North-West Pakistan|War in tribal areas]] of Pakistan. Due to its operational capabilities and ability to project force far from coastal areas of Pakistan, for instance the [[Northern Pakistan]] and abroad, the Navy remains potent asset for the [[Commander-in-Chief]] (the [[President of Pakistan]]) as well as the chief executive of the country (the [[Prime minister of Pakistan]]).

[[File:Pakistan Navy Special Service Group member silhouetted aboard Pakistan Navy Ship PNS Babur.jpg|thumb|left|An elite member of Navy's [[Special Service Group Navy]] (SSGN) is silhouetted by the setting sun abroad PNS ''Babur'' while under way in the Arabian Sea 25 November 2007]]

Despite its [[Maritime Interdiction Operations|seaborne mission]], the Navy had played an active role in controlling the insurgency in [[War in North-West Pakistan|Tribal Belt]] in [[War in North-West Pakistan|Western Pakistan]], mostly taking roles in managing [[Military logistics|logistics]] and [[intelligence gathering]] as well as conducting ground operations with the army in Western areas to track down the [[al-Qaeda|al-Qaeda operatives]]. In 2011, the major terror bombing took place in Navy's assets in various locations of Karachi by [[Al-Qaeda]]; the first of the bombings took place on 21 April 2011 on two naval buses and second bombing incident on 28 April 2011 on a naval coaster. An estimated 12 lives have been lost since the start of the bombing.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/NewsDetail.aspx?ID=14800|title=Blast hits Pakistan Navy bus, third in a week|work=[[The News International]]|publisher=[[Jang Group of Newspapers]]|accessdate=19 May 2011}}</ref> A third bombing, and final bombing took place on 22 May 2011. The attack was on the PNS Mehran base in Karachi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=6183&Cat=13&dt=5/23/2011|title=A joint attack by al-Qaeda, TTP|work=[[The News International]]|publisher=[[Jang Group of Newspapers]]|accessdate=22 May 2011}}</ref>

Since 2004, the Navy has been readily used in overland counter-insurgency operations, to ease off the pressure to Army and Air Force.<ref name="The New York TImes">{{cite web|last=Mackey|first=Robert|title=Before Attack, Pakistan's Navy Boasted of Role in Fight Against Taliban|url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/05/23/before-attack-pakistans-navy-boasted-of-role-in-fight-against-taliban/|work=NYTimes – The Lede (blog)|publisher=The New York TImes|accessdate=10 April 2012|date=23 May 2011}}</ref> The Northern Command (COMNOR) under a [[rear-admiral]], conducted overland, [[signal intelligence]], and bombing missions in the Tribal belt while its navy fighter jets attacked the hidden secretive places of militants.<ref name="The New York TImes"/> In the anti-terror, naval-based airborne missions using precision bombing tactics provided by the US Navy, the Pakistan Navy played a vital role in force-projection of its naval forces that played a significant role in controlling the insurgency, terrorism as well as proved the ability to conduct successful operations far from coastal areas won many presidential citations and praised by the government and the international recognition.<ref name="The New York TImes"/>

The Navy has been active as early as 2006–07 to track down the terrorist elements and al-Qaeda operatives around the country as part of the campaign against the terrorism. To limit the pressure on army and air force, the Navy executed far more difficult operations in Northern Pakistan, and its combatant assets fought Taliban insurgency in Western border with the ground forces. On 22 May 2011, the Navy's first engagement with [[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan|Pakistani Taliban]] took place in ''PNS Mehran'', the headquarters of the Navy's [[Pakistan Naval Air Arm|Naval Air Arm]] and the most populous Pakistani military installation, located near the PAF's [[PAF Base Faisal|Faisal Air Force Base]] of Karachi, Sindh. In the course of the event, around 15 attackers killed 18 naval personnel and wounded 16 in a sophisticated terrorist attack. According to the United States and Western intelligence sources, the attack was far more dangerous than the [[Operation Janbaz|2009 Pakistan Army General Headquarters attack]], and was better planned and more rehearsed than the previous attacks. It was the biggest attack on the Navy and its assets since 1971, and is believed to be the last major attack of militant mastermind Ilyas Kashmiri before being killed in the drone strike. The [[Special Service Group Navy]] (SSG(N)), carried out the counter-attack, which was the largest operation led by SSG(N) since [[Operation Jackpot]] of 1971.

==Involvement in civil society==
{{Main article|Operation Madad (Pakistan Navy)}}
The Pakistan Navy has played an integral part in the civil society of Pakistan, almost since its inception.<ref name="Taylor and Francis-e-Library">{{cite book|last=Mazhar Aziz|title=Military control in Pakistan: the parallel state|year=2008|publisher=Taylor and Francis-e-Library|location=Milton Park, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK|isbn=978-0-415-43743-1|pages=80–81|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIwXnkZOyoMC&pg=PA81&lpg=PA81&dq=dismissal+of+general++karamat&source=bl&ots=-Uzb9PkhEc&sig=zwt4KeYFNGEPqpdmNqT4C17HMxI&hl=en&ei=niLgTs62EJSOigKgnpSeDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=dismissal%20of%20general%20%20karamat&f=false}}</ref> In 1996, General Jehangir Karamat described Pakistan armed forces' relations with the society:

{{quote|text=In my opinion, if we have to repeat of past events then we must understand that Military leaders can pressure only up to a point. Beyond that their own position starts getting undermined because the military is after all is a mirror image of the civil society from which it is drawn. |sign=General Jehangir Karamat on civil society–military relations |source=<ref name="Taylor and Francis-e-Library"/>}}

===Multi-national operations===
Between 11–21 May 2008, Pakistani warships [[HMS Alacrity (F174)|PNS ''Badr'' (D-182)]], [[HMS Alacrity (F174)|PNS ''Shahjahan'' (D 186)]], and PNS ''Nasr'' (A-47), as well as the Pakistan Air Force Explosive Ordnance Disposal team, participated in Exercise Inspired Union – multi-national exercises in the [[North Arabian Sea]] that also included the American destroyers {{USS|Curts|FFG-38|2}} and {{USS|Ross|DDG 71|2}}.<ref>{{cite web | author= Lt. (j.g.) Bryan Boggs, USN | title= USS ''Curts'', Pakistani Navy Participate in Officer Exchange Program | url= http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=37552 | work= NNS080602-12 | publisher= ''Abraham Lincoln'' Carrier Strike Group Public Affairs | date= 6 June 2008 | accessdate=2010-12-27}}</ref>

===Tsunami relief activities===
The Navy has been involved in some peacetime operations, most notably during the [[tsunami]] tragedy that struck on 26 December 2004. Pakistan sent her combatant vessels to [[Sri Lanka]], [[Bangladesh]], and the [[Maldives]] to help in rescue and relief work.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/01/02/top5.htm|title=2 Pakistan Navy ships, C-130s to join rescue work|publisher=|accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref>

Pakistan Navy dispatched its two combatant vessels, [[PNS Tariq (1973)|PNS Tariq]], a destroyer, PNS ''Nasr'', a Logistic support ship, were deployed in the region. Under the tactical direction of former Chief of Naval Staff Admiral (retired) Shahid Karimullah, Pakistan Navy ships immediately rendered their assistance to Government of Maldives for evacuation of stranded tourists/locals from islands. Pakistan Navy continued this humanitarian assistance through rendering diplomatic and material support by sending two more ships with sizeable relief efforts to Indonesia and Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/spedition/defence_day_supp_05/p11.html|title=Jang Group Online Defence Day Supplement|publisher=|accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref> Pakistan Navy later assigned another relief mission to Sri Lanka dispatching two more combatant vessels. PNS ''Khaiber'' and PNS ''Moawin'' were dispatched to assist Sri Lanka.<ref>[http://www.paktribune.com/news/print.php?id=91172 PN ships to arrive in Indonesia for relief operation in tsunami-hit areas]</ref> These vessels had three helicopters, a [[Pakistan Marines|140th Marine Expeditionary Force]], military and civilian doctors, and paramedics. Besides, relief goods – medicines, medical equipment, food supplies, tents, blankets- are being sent in huge quantities.<ref>[http://pakistantimes.net/2005/01/04/top.htm Quake-Tsunami Devastation: Pakistan Joins Global Task Force for Aid ]</ref> The diameter of relief operations were expanded to Bangladesh. And, Pakistan Naval vessels, carrying other Pakistan Armed Forces units, landed in Bangladesh for the first time since December 1971. The Navy, Army, and the Air Force had carried out the relief operations in the Bangladesh, where the Pakistani forces also anticipated reconstruction of civil infrastructure in the country.<ref>[http://www.ispr.gov.pk/front/main.asp?o=t-article&id=3 The role of Pakistan Armed Forces in Bangladesh]</ref>

===Operation Madad===
{{Main article|Operation Madad (Pakistan Navy)|2010 Pakistan floods}}

As [[Pakistan Army|Army]] and [[Pakistan Air Force]] (PAF) gained momentum on militancy, the Navy took the whole responsibility of conducting the largest search and rescue operations in the [[2010 Pakistan floods|2010 floods]]. The Navy rescued and evacuated more than 352,291 people after launching the ''Operation Madad'' (English: "Help") throughout Pakistan in August 2010.<ref>[http://www.pakistannews.com.pk/national/pakistan-flood-disaster/pak-navy-launches-operation-madad-sindh.html Pak Navy launches operation ‘Madad’ in Sindh]</ref> Since then, the Navy had provided 43,850 kg of food and relief goods to flood victims; 5,700 kg of ready-to-cook food, 1,000 kg of dates and 5,000 kg of food has been dispatched to Sukkur. The [[Pakistan Naval Air Arm]] had air dropped more than 500 kg of food and relief good in Thal, Ghospur and Mirpur areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=256553&Cat=4&dt=8/16/2010|title=Pakistan Navy continues relief operations|date=16 August 2010|work=The News International, Pakistan|accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref> {{As of|2011|01}}, under the program ''PN Model Village'', the Navy is building the model houses in the affected areas. More than 87 houses were built and had been distributed to the local [[internally displaced person]] (IDPs). About 69,011 people have been treated in PN medical camps.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onepakistan.com/news/local/karachi/81137-pn-model-village-handed-over-to-idps.html|title=Karachi News|publisher=|accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref>

==Command structure==
According to the [[Constitution of Pakistan|Constitution]], the [[President of Pakistan]] is the civilian commander-in-chief of [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] while the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] served as the chief executive of Pakistan Armed Forces, both the people-elected civilians, the President and Prime minister, maintains a [[civilian control of the military]].

The [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Naval Staff]] (CNS), a four-star admiral, is a member of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]] as well as the [[National Security Council of Pakistan|National Security Council]] (NSC) and the [[Pakistan National Command Authority|Nuclear Command Authority]], and is responsible for the sea defence of the country.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}} They direct the non-combat and combatant operations from naval combatant headquarters (NHQ) in Islamabad, near army combatant headquarters (GHQ).

The Chief of Naval Staff has seven Deputy Chiefs of Naval Staff, ranging from Rear Admirals to Vice-Admirals; the Chief of Staff (COS) under whom the Naval Operations and Intelligence Directorates functions; the [[Naval Secretary]] (NS); the [[Quarter master general|Quarter-Master General]] (QMG); the [[Hydrographer of the Navy|Hydrographer of the Navy (HPN)]]; the Engineer-in-Chief; the [[Flag Officer Sea Training]] (FOST); the Director-General of Training and Joint Warfare (DG Trig); the Directorate-General for Naval Technologies Complex (NTC); and the Chief of Naval Logistics (CNL). The responsibilities of Deputy Chief of Naval Staff are listed below:{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}

===Deputy chiefs of staff===
*Deputy Chief of Naval Staff of Naval Operations (DCNS Operations)
*Deputy Chief of Naval Staff of Training and Evaluation (DCNS Training and Evaluation)
*Deputy Chief of Naval Staff of Training and Personnel (DCNS Training and Personnel)
*Deputy Chief of Naval Staff of Materials (DCNS Materials)
*Deputy Chief of Naval Staff of Naval Supplies (DCNS Supply)
*Deputy Chief of Naval Staff of Projects (DCNS Projects)
*Deputy Chief of Naval Staff of [[Naval Strategic Forces Command (Pakistan)|Naval Strategic Forces Command]] (DCNS NSFC)
*Deputy Chief of Naval Staff Of Administration (DCNS Administration)

===Combatant commands===
The Pakistan Navy has six major combatant commands
*'''Commander of Pakistan Naval Fleet (COMPAK)''' – The command heads the surface, sub surface and aviation commands.<ref>http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/compak.html</ref> COMPAK is headquartered in Karachi, Sindh. Previously, it included the 25th and 18th Destroyer Squadron (with Gearing class D16O, D164-168).
**'''Commander Naval Air Arm (COMNAV)''' – Looks after the Naval air stations, and is the commander of the Naval Aviation, reporting into COMPAK.<ref>http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/admin_Authorities.html</ref>
*'''Commander Karachi (COMKAR)''' – The Commander Karachi is responsible for the command of the shore establishment, naval facilities within Karachi. The COMKAR also provide services and training facilities for the Navy. The COMKAR also looks after the military protocol at Karachi. This command's responsibilities also include harbour defence.
*''' Commander COAST (COMCOAST)''' – The special command of SSG(N), Marines and Coastal stations.
*'''Commander Logistics (COMLOG)''' – This command looks after the repair, maintenance and logistic infrastructure of PN.
*'''Flag Officer Sea Training (FOST)''' Conducts all types of operational training at Sea
*'''Commander North (COMNOR)''' – Looks after the Naval installations in the north of Pakistan. The COMNOR commands the naval facilities in North-west Pakistan, Azad Kashmir, and Northern Areas of Pakistan. The COMNOR is also a major part of Pakistan's Northern Naval Command.
*'''Commander WEST (COMWEST )''' – Looks after the Naval installations in the west of Pakistan. The naval bases are [[Ormara]], [[Pasni City|Pasni]], [[Gwadar]] and [[Jiwani]]. The COMWEST is a major component of the Western Naval Command of Pakistan Navy.
*'''Commander Central Punjab (COMCEP)'''<ref name="PNOrg">{{cite web | url=http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/organization.html | title=PN ORGANIZATION | publisher=Pakistan Navy | accessdate=June 14, 2016}}</ref>– Looks after the naval and marine assets stationed in Punjab, and Southern skirts of Sindh.

===Depots command===
The Pakistan Navy has a major Depot command which consists of 11 units
**'''Commander Depot Group (COMDEP)'''- This is a Type Command of Supply Branch located in Karachi

===Headquarters===

The single headquarter for the Navy, the [[Naval Headquarters (Pakistan Navy)|Navy NHQ]], is located in [[Islamabad]] at the neighborhoods of the [[General Headquarters (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]], in the vicinity of [[JS HQ (Pakistan)|Joint Staff Headquarters]].

The NHQ function also includes the [[Judge Advocate General Branch|Judge Advocate General Corps of Navy]], and the Comptroller of Civilian Personnel, the [[Hydrographer of the Navy|Hydrographer of the Navy (HPN)]] of the [[Pakistan Navy Hydrographic Department|Hydrographic Corps]]; the Engineer-in-Chief of Naval Engineering Corps (NEC); Surgeon General of Navy; Quartermaster General of the Navy.

===Naval Strategic Force Command===
In August 2012, the Pakistan Navy inaugurated the Naval Strategic Force Command headquarters, described by the military as the "custodian of the [[Nation-state|nation]]'s nuclear [[second strike capability]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-20/pakistan/31788040_1_pakistan-navy-inaugurates-nuclear-arsenal|title= Pak's navy inaugurates new Strategic Force headquarters|date=9 August 2012}}</ref>

==Personnel==
[[File:Pakisan First.jpg|thumb|Pakistan Navy Officers on Guard By the Standard of the Navy and the Naval Jack]]
[[File:Change of command aboard PNS Tippu Sultan DVIDS78354.jpg|thumb|Then, Commodore, Khan Hasham Bin Saddique of Pakistan Navy, left, hands a spyglass to French navy Rear Adm. Jean L. Kerignard during a change of command ceremony aboard PNS Tippu Sultan (D 186) while in port at Mina Salman Pier, Bahrain, 25 February 2008.]]

As the estimates made in 2003 and 2009, the Navy had approximately 25,000 active duty personnel.<ref name="IISS2010">''The Military Balance 2010'', p. 367, [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] (London, 2010).</ref> With additional 1,200 [[Pakistan Marines|Marines]] and more than 2,500 [[Pakistan Coast Guard|Coast Guard]]; 2,000 active-duty Navy personnel in the Maritime Security Agency. In addition there were 5,000 reserves, total combing forces exceeding 35,700 personnel.<ref name="IISS2010"/>

In 2007, Navy gave commissioned to the first Baloch naval squadron, consisting of around 53 women officers and 72 Baloch sailors.<ref name="Dawn News, 19th March 2012">{{cite news|last=Dr. Mustaghis-ur-Rahman|title=Gender inequality in {{sic|nolink=y|coporates|expected=corporates}}|url=http://dawn.com/2012/03/19/gender-inequality-in-coporates/|accessdate=11 April 2012|newspaper=Dawn News, 19 March 2012|date=19 March 2012}}</ref> In 2012, the Navy pushed its personnel strength to Baluchistan after sending a large formation of Baloch university students to Navy Engineering Colleges and War College as well as staff schools to complete their officer training requirements.<ref name="Dawn News, 10th March 2012">{{cite news|last=Our Reporter|title=Pakistan Navy offers jobs to Balochistan youths|url=http://dawn.com/2012/03/10/pakistan-navy-offers-jobs-to-balochistan-youths/|accessdate=11 April 2012|newspaper=Dawn News, 10 March 2012|date=10 March 2012}}</ref> The Navy established three additional facilities in Balochistan to supervise the training to its personnel.<ref name="Dawn News, 10th March 2012"/> As of 2014 estimate, the Navy has a strength of 30,700 active duty personnel.<ref name="Penguin UK, Ahmed">{{cite book|last1=Ahmed|first1=Khaled|title=Sleepwalking to Surrender: Dealing with Terrorism in Pakistan|date=2014|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=9789386057624|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TbzBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT95&lpg=PT95&dq=pakistan+navy+personnel&source=bl&ots=9mfLYMN46o&sig=LTziFjHArHCl-iH9w8ZRLy2mWfI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi28LSMlLDQAhXMy1QKHasyBA84ChDoAQgkMAI#v=onepage&q=pakistan%20navy%20personnel&f=false|accessdate=17 November 2016|language=en}}</ref>

===Education and training ===
The Pakistan Navy maintains large educational organisations, accredited institutions and scientific organisations to support the combatant and non-combatant missions, operations and shores activities on land. Its academic and accredited four-year university, the [[Pakistan Naval Academy]], is the home of naval cadets for the future officers of Pakistan Navy, and offers academic degrees programmes at its academy. The Pakistan Naval Academy also has provided education, athletic programs and military training programmes to the officers of allied navies, among notables including the Chief of Staff of the [[Qatar Armed Forces|Qatar Royal Navy]] (QRN) and many high-ranking officers of [[Royal Saudi Navy]] (RSN) as well as other navies in the Gulf were graduates of the Pakistan Naval Academy. The academy is a full-fledged academic and scientific institution catering to the needs to Pakistan junior naval officers.

The Pakistan Navy also managed, administers, and managed the various academic research universities in the country, including the [[Pakistan Navy School|Naval Educational Establishment]] (NEE). The [[Pakistan Naval War College|Naval War College]] is a post-graduate and post-doctorate college that specialises in the techniques and developing ideas for naval warfare and passing them along to officers of the Navy.<ref>[http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/pnwc/main.htm New Page 2] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603221244/http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/pnwc/main.htm |date=3 June 2012 }}</ref> Other college includes the [[Pakistan Navy School of Logistics and Management|College of Logistics and Management]] (conducts research in military logistics); and [[Strategic Institute for Maritime Affairs|Strategic Institute for Naval Affairs]] which conducts research on specialising in imparting [[Naval Warfare]] techniques to officers of the Pakistan naval forces.

The senior training institution for all service branches is the [[National Defence University, Pakistan|National Defence University]] (NDU) at the Islamabad. Originally established in 1971 at Rawalpindi, the university is mandate to provide training in higher military strategy for senior officers, the institution was relocated to Islamabad in 1995. It also offers courses that allow civilians to explore the broader aspects of national security, defence policy and war studies. In a program begun in the 1980s to upgrade the intellectual standards of the army, air force, marines and naval officers and increase awareness of the wider world, a large group of officers, has been detailed to academic training, achieving master's degrees and even doctorates at universities in Pakistan and abroad.

{{See also|List of Pakistan Navy admirals}}

== Pay grade and uniforms==
The rank structure is patterned on the Royal Navy model. It consists of [[commissioned officers]] and the [[Junior Commissioned Officer]]s paygrade ranks only.
{{Main article|Naval ranks and insignia of Pakistan}}

{| style="border:1px solid #001A57; background-color:white; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Structure of the Commissioned officer rank of the Pakistan Navy'''
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Pay grade !! OF-10 !! OF-9 !! OF-8 !! OF-7 !! OF-6 !! OF-5 !! OF-4 !! OF-3 !! OF-2 !! OF-1 !!
|-
| '''Insignia'''
| [[File:Fleet Admiral Pakistan Navy Insignia.jpg|45px]] [[File:US-O11 insignia.svg|30px]]
| [[File:Admiral Pakistan Navy Insignia.JPG|45px]] [[File:US-O10 insignia.svg|75px]]
| [[File:Insignia Vice Admiral Pakistan Navy.gif|45px]] [[File:US-O9 insignia.svg|55px]]
| [[File:Insignia RealAdmiral Pakistan Navy.gif|45px]] [[File:US-O8 insignia.svg|35px]]
| [[File:Commodore Pakistan Navy Insignia.JPG|45px]] [[File:US-O7 insignia.svg|20px]]
| [[File:Captain Pakistan Navy Insignia.JPG|45px]] 
| [[File:Commander Pakistan Navy Insignia.JPG|45px]] 
| [[File:Lieutenant Commander Pakistan Navy Insignia.JPG|45px]] 
| [[File:Lieutenant Pakistan Navy Insignia.JPG|45px]] 
| [[File:Sub Lieutenant Pakistan Navy Insignia.JPG|45px]] 
| [[File:Midshipman Pakistan Navy Insignia.JPG|45px]]
|-
| '''Title'''
|[[Admiral of the fleet|Admiral of the Fleet]] {{small|Grade authorized but never awarded to date}}
|[[Admiral]]
|[[Vice-Admiral]]
|[[Rear-Admiral]]
|[[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]]
|[[Captain (naval)|Captain]]
|[[Commander (rank)|Commander]]
|[[Lieutenant-Commander]]
|[[Lieutenant (naval)|Lieutenant]]
|[[Sub-lieutenant]]
|[[Midshipman]]
|-
| '''Rank Hierarchy'''
|[[Five-star rank|Five-star Admiral]]
|[[Four-star rank|Four-star Admiral]]
|[[Three-star rank|Three-star Admiral]]
|[[Two-star rank|Two-star Admiral]]
|[[One-star rank|One-star Officer]]

|}

{| style="border:1px solid #001A57; background-color:white; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Structure of the Enlisted rank of the Pakistan Navy'''
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Pay grade !! OR-9 !! OR-8 !! OR-7 !! OR-6 !! OR-5 !! OR-4 !! OR-3 !! OR-2 !! OR-1 !!
|-
| '''Insignia'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''Title'''
| [[Master Chief Petty Officer]]
| [[Fleet Chief Petty Officer]]
| [[Chief Petty Officer]]
| No Equivalent

| [[Petty Officer]]
| No Equivalent
| [[Leading Rate]]
| [[Able Seaman]]
| [[Ordinary Rate]]
|-
| '''Abbreviation'''
| MCPO||FCPO||CPO||NE||PO||NE||LH||AS||OS
|-
| '''NATO Code'''
| OR-9||OR-8||OR-7||OR-6||OR-5||OR-4||OR-3||OR-2||OR-1||
|-–—<math></math>
|}

==Science and technology==
Apart from executing military operations, the Navy also maintains its own science and technology organisations and commands to promote scientific activities, knowledge, and engineering facilities in the navy. The Navy operates the [[Pakistan Navy Hydrographic Department|Naval Directorate for Hydrography]], served as the operational scientific naval oceanographic program for the Navy. The Navy also administer and operates the astronomical observatory known as [[Pakistan Naval Observatory]], with primary mission to produce Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) for the Navy and the [[Ministry of Defence (Pakistan)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD), though the Navy has also played a vital role in nation's civilian space authority, the [[Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission|Space Research Commission]] in conducting studies on [[Astrophysics]], [[Astronomy]] and Mathematics. The [[Naval Strategic Forces Command (Pakistan)|Naval Strategic Forces Command]] served as the primary scientific and military organisation for the Navy, the command is charged with battling with naval-based nuclear weapons and controlling the operations of nuclear submarines.

[[File:PNEC.jpg|left|thumb|A campus of [[Pakistan Navy Engineering College|Navy Engineering College]] (PNEC) in Karachi.]]

The other educational facilities training institutions are included the PNS ''Bahadur'', that conducts weapon system specialist courses; the PNS ''Himalaya'', for providing the combat surface training courses for the [[Non-commissioned officer|NCO]], [[Junior commissioned officer|JCO]], and recruited sailors while the Higher Educational Training (HET) is a way to be commissioned officer from sailors.

The PNS ''Karsaz'' is the largest and most organised technical and naval combat training establishment of the Navy. The ''Karsaz'' has the privilege to host many heads of states since its commissioning. ''Karsaz'' served as a mother unit who gave birth to [[Pakistan Naval Station Mehran|Naval Air Station Mehran]], the [[Pakistan Navy Engineering College|Navy Engineering College]], PNS ''Bahadur'', and other Navy units and naval bases in that area. The unit celebrated its golden jubilee in 2003 under the command of [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] M. Bashir. Chaudhry. The PNS ''Karsaz'' also houses one of the most modern Special Children School which was built at the cost of [[Pakistan Rupee|Rs. 88.00 Millions]] during 2003–05. Cdre M. Bashir Chaudhry who was the commandant ''Karsaz'' during this period was the force behind this project who collected the funds through philanthropists, got the school designed through NESPAK and finally constructed & put it into operation. The Rangoon Vala Trust (RVT) contributed the most in the funding of this school and other Navy sponsored programmes.

The Navy Engineering College is one of the most recognised institute of the Navy and offers under-graduate, post-graduate, and doctoral programmes in engineering, science and technology disciplines. The Navy Engineering College is controlled by the Navy but it has been an affiliated with the [[National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan|National University of Sciences and Technology]] and has become its constituent [[Pakistan Navy Engineering College]], where officers and civilian students are offered degrees in Electrical, Mechanical, Electronics and industrial and manufacturing engineering.

==Special Operations Forces==

===Special Services Group (N)===
{{Main article|Special Service Group Navy}}
[[File:US Navy 110613-N-OT964-118 Chief Navy Diver Aaron Knight, right, assigned to Commander, Task Group (CTG) 56.1, and Pakistani divers.jpg|thumb|Naval SSG conducting force-protection and under-water special forces training with their [[United States Navy]] counterparts, the [[United States Navy SEALs|US Navy SEALs.]] ]]

The [[Special Service Group Navy]] (reporting name: '''SSG-[N]''') are the principle and elite [[special operations force]] (SOF) of the Pakistan Navy, part of the [[Naval Strategic Forces Command (Pakistan)|Naval Strategic Forces Command]]. The unit was established by then-[[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|CNS]] Admiral [[S. M. Ahsan]] under the advice and guidance of [[United States Navy SEALs]], in 1966.

The SSG-N's first combat operation took place in 1971 and its operational diameter has increased since then. SSG-N training is extremely tough, one of the toughest courses offered by the Pakistan Armed Forces and in the world. The SSG-N train together first with the special forces of the Pakistan [[Special Service Group|army]] and [[Special Service Wing|air force]], then the special airborne, seaborne, and diving courses are taught by the instructors to the recruiters of the veteran Navy commandos and elite operatives. SSG-[N] personnel are often sent to the United States to complete their training with the [[United States Navy SEALs|US Navy SEALs]] in Colorado and California.

Due to its interminable nature, the SSG-[N] are a classified and clandestine unit and their history of operations has never been released in the public domain. Although the official strength of the unit remains classified, its estimated strength is thought to be between 1000 and 1240 personnel in three regiments.

==Relationships with other service branches==

===Marines===
{{Main article|Pakistan Marines}}

The Navy established the [[Pakistan Marines]] on 1 June 1971, by Admiral S.M. Ahsan, but they were decommissioned in 1974 due to their poor performance. However, after the Navy first reorganised, re-established, and re-visioned itself, proposals to establish Pakistani marines roughly equivalent to the [[United States Marines Corps]] were kept under consideration.<ref name="Pakistan Naval Inter-Services Public Relations (Naval ISPR)">{{cite web|last=PN|title=Pakistan Marines and the Navy|url=http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/qasim.htm|work=Pakistan Navy.|publisher=Pakistan Naval Inter-Services Public Relations (Naval ISPR)|accessdate=8 April 2012}}</ref> Finally on 14 April 1990, the Pakistan Marines were again re-commissioned in the Navy with about 2,000 men who were drafted<ref>[http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2007/05/marine_pakistan_delegation_070519/ Pakistani Marines tour East Coast bases – Marine Corps News, news from Iraq – Marine Corps Times]</ref> with plans to significantly expand the force to the size of a corps of approximately 45,000, by 2015. The Marines are under the control of the Pakistan Navy, using the same naval ranks. They are headquartered at [[PNS Qasim]] in Karachi.<ref name="Pakistan Naval Inter-Services Public Relations (Naval ISPR)"/>

[[File:US Navy 091012-N-8132M-245 Marines assigned to the 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit (22nd MEU), along with Marines from Kuwait and Pakistan, conduct an amphibious assault demonstration during Exercise Bright Star 2009.jpg|thumb|Pakistan Marines dressed in operational camouflage uniforms, during training with [[United States Marine Corps|United States]] and Kuwaiti counterparts.]]

The first Officer Commanding of the Pakistan Marines was an [[United States Army officer rank insignia|OF-4]] rank officer, Commander M. Obaidullah.<ref name="Pakistan Naval Inter-Services Public Relations (Naval ISPR)"/> On 14 April 1990, a marine training base was commissioned to provide security cover to naval assets. The Navy decided to establish the Marines at [[Qasim fort|Kasim Fort]] which was at that time under the operational control of PNS ''Himalaya''. Finally on 25 November 1990, PNS Qasim was commissioned and became the marines' combatant headquarters, initially comprising eight naval officers, 67 [[Chief petty officer]]s and [[petty officer]]s, as well as 43 marine officers.<ref name="Pakistan Naval Inter-Services Public Relations (Naval ISPR)"/> The Marines specialise in seaborne operations, using the mobility of the Navy, although they are part of the Navy, not a separate branch. Marines wear camouflage uniforms when deployed to an operational environment but otherwise they wear Navy [[dress uniforms]].<ref name="Pakistan Naval Inter-Services Public Relations (Naval ISPR)"/> The size of the Marines were tripled by Admiral [[Shahid Karimullah]] who pursued the case of an additional battalion and its development plan. Since its inception, the Pakistan Marines have been deployed in the [[Sir Creek]] region of the Indo-Pakistan borders.<ref name="Pakistan Naval Inter-Services Public Relations (Naval ISPR)"/>

===Coast Guard===
{{Main article|Pakistan Coast Guard|Maritime Security Agency}}
[[File:Pakistan Navy Ships2.jpeg|left|thumb|Pakistan Navy personnel conducting a [[Maritime interdiction|Maritime Interdiction Operation]] exercise with the [[United States Navy]].]]

The Navy also maintains a paramilitary division which prevents federal navy personnel from acting in a law enforcement capacity. The [[Maritime Security Agency]] (MSA) fulfils the law enforcement role in naval operations. The MSA has the capacity to conduct [[search and rescue]] operations in deep waters of Pakistan.<ref name="Maritime Security Agency of Pakistan">{{cite web|last=PN|title=Maritime Security Agency and the Navy|url=http://www.msa.org.pk/his.html|work=Pakistan Navy.|publisher=Maritime Security Agency of Pakistan|accessdate=8 April 2012}}</ref> The Agency was established after adopting the genesis at the [[UN Convention on the Law of the Sea]] in 1982.<ref name="Maritime Security Agency of Pakistan"/> Pakistan ratified the UN Convention in 1997 but established the MSA on 1 January 1987, for enforcement of national and international laws, policies and conventions at sea.<ref name="Maritime Security Agency of Pakistan"/>
[[File:Parallel steps.jpg|thumb|A unit of Pakistan Navy personnel marching in Karachi.]] The MSA gained its constitutional status in 1994 by the [[Parliament of Pakistan|Parliament]] and is now placed under the command of the Navy, commanded by an officer of [[Two-star rank|two-star]] rank, a [[Rear-Admiral]].

The [[Pakistan Coast Guard]] serves the same purpose as the Navy but, is a separate branch from it.<ref name="Pakistan Coast Guards, Pakistan Army">{{cite web|last=Pakistan Army|title=Pakistan Coast Guards|url=http://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/awpreview/ImageGallery.aspx?GalleryID=46|work=Pakistan Coast Guards, Pakistan Army|publisher=Pakistan Coast Guards, Pakistan Army|accessdate=8 April 2012}}</ref> The Coast Guard's duties include relief efforts in the coastal areas of Pakistan, riverine rescue operations, and distribution of [[military rations]].<ref name="Pakistan Coast Guards, Pakistan Army"/> The Coast Guard does not perform operations in deep waters, rather such operations are performed by the MSA.<ref name="Pakistan Coast Guards, Pakistan Army"/> However, it uses the mobility of the Pakistan Navy depending on the type of operations it conducts. The Coast Guard is under the command of the [[Pakistan Army]] and contains active-duty army members. It is commanded by a [[two-star rank|two-star]] rank [[Major-General]].<ref name="Pakistan Coast Guards, Pakistan Army"/>

==Branches==
*Operations
**Above Water Warfare
**Underwater Warfare
**Navigation, Operations & Hydrography
**Communication & Electronic Warfare
*Marine Engineering
**Mechanical/ Propulsion
**Electrical
**Hull/ Shipwright
*Weapon Engineering
**Radio
**Fire Control
**ordnance
*Air Engineering
**Avionics
**Aerospace
*Logistics
*Medical Service
*Supply Branch
**Depots
**Maintenance Offices
*Special Branch (IT)

==Naval fleet==
{{Main article|List of active Pakistan Navy ships}}
[[File:F-22P PNS Zulfiquar.JPG|thumb|PNS Zulfiqar]]
[[File:USS Rodney M. Davis (FFG 60) Full.jpg|thumb|PNS Alamgir]]
[[File:PNS Tippu Sultan former HMS Avenger.jpg|thumb|PNS Tippu Sultan]]
[[File:Larkana (PB 157)-090309-N-4774B-055.jpg|thumb|PNS Larkana Class Missile Boat]]
[[File:PNS-Badr-F184.jpg|thumb|PNS Badr with [[USS Tarawa (LHA-1)]]]]

===Frigates===

The names of commissioned combat and non-combat ships of the Pakistan Navy are prefixed with the capital letters "PNS" ("Pakistan Naval Ships"). The names of ships are selected by the [[Ministry of Defence (Pakistan)|Ministry of Defence]], often to honour important people or places in the history of Pakistan. The offensive surface fleet of the Navy comprises 10 combat ships, including five former [[Royal Navy]] ''Amazon'' class frigates.
PNS Badr has been decommissioned recently. The Navy intends to decommission the ships from their active service between 2010 and 2020. In 2005, the Pakistan Navy ordered four [[F-22P]] light frigates from China in a deal worth $750 million.<ref name=DefenseNews>[http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3472967&c=ASI&s=SEA Pakistan Gets New Chinese Frigate] Defence News</ref> The first has been commissioned and the remainder by 2013.<ref name=DefenseNews/> This was the semi-nationalized programme that was built under the supervision of the People's Republic of China. The first frigate was built in [[Karachi Shipyard]] and its first lead ship was delivered on 5 April 2008. The [[F-22P Zulfiquar class frigate|F-22P Zulfiquar-class frigate Programme]] successfully ended when the [[F-22P Zulfiquar class frigate|F-254 PNS ''Aslat'']] was delivered in July 2011. All four frigates have the ability to embark [[Harbin Z-9]] helicopters on deck.<ref name=DefenseNews/> The F-22P is an improved version of the Type 053H3 Jiangwei II class light frigate, and has a displacement of at least 2500 tons.<ref name=DefenseNews/>

[[File:US Navy 100831-N-8590G-005 Pakistan sailors parade their country's colors during the decommissioning ceremony of USS McInerney (FFG 8) at Naval Station Mayport.jpg|thumb|The frigate PNS ''Alamgir'' (former guided-missile frigate [[USS McInerney (FFG-8)]], being handed over to Pakistan Navy on 31 August 2010 at US Naval Station Mayport, Fla.]]

According to Jane's, the Pakistan Navy was expected to place a formal request to the US for six [[Oliver Hazard Perry class frigate]]s to augment its surface fleet. These were to replace their 40-year-old ex-British Type-21 frigates and act as stop-gaps until new Chinese-built F-22P frigates and corvettes are built and commissioned. However, in 2010 only one, the [[USS McInerney (FFG-8)|USS McInerney]] — a [[guided missile frigate]], was transferred to the Pakistan Navy, after a $65 million refit. In 2013 the United States Congress "deliberately" placed "impossible" conditions on the transfer of further ships to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140417/DEFREG03/304170028 |title=US Congress Stymies Pakistani Naval Modernization Efforts |last1=ANSARI |first1=USMAN |date=17 April 2014 |website=www.defensenews.com |publisher=Gannett Government Media |accessdate=17 April 2014}}</ref>

The weapons systems on the Navy's FFG-8 have not yet been disclosed, but they could include the Mk 41 [[Vertical Launch System]] for the [[Evolved Sea Sparrow Missile]] (ESSM) as well as [[Mk 32]] torpedo tubes for [[Mark 46 torpedo|Mk 46]] Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) torpedoes. The frigate [[USS McInerney (FFG-8)]] with limited anti-submarine warfare capability was handed over on 31 August 2010. The ship has been named ''PNS Alamgir'' (FFG-260) after the great Mughal Emperor [[Alamgir I|Alamgir]]. The ship was transferred to Pakistan at Mayport, Florida.

According to Jane's, at the military convention IDEAS 2004, former chief of naval staff Admiral Shahid Karimullah commented that at "least four additional new-built frigates will be acquired by the navy." As of 2011, three of the four frigate are larger and superior to the first Chinese F-22P. The frigates are likely have a better air defence system and anti-submarine warfare (ASW) capability, and use more advanced sensors, radar and electronics. Pakistan Navy is also reported to have been interested in Turkish TF-2000 class frigates.

===Corvettes & missile boats===
The Pakistan Navy operates two Jalalat II class and two Jurrat class missile boats each armed with four Chinese [[C-802]] [[anti-ship missile|anti-ship]] missiles. The Jalalat II Class were locally produced using a German design, and the Jurrat class, which was also locally produced, is considered as an improved version of the Jalalat II class, with better sensors and propulsion.

In November 2006 the Pakistan Navy ordered two MRTP-33 and two MRTP-15 missile boats from Yonca-Onuk shipyards of [[Turkey]].<ref>[http://www.yonca-onuk.com/mrtp_33.htm MRTP-33 missile boats] THE 33 METRE Fast Patrol / Attack Craft {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416163254/http://www.yonca-onuk.com/mrtp_33.htm |date=16 April 2008 }}</ref> both have been delivered. The Navy has an overall requirement of eight MRTP-33s.

Pakistan Navy has also ordered two fast attack craft/missile boats, the 500–600 tons Azmat class, equipped with C802/803 anti ship missiles from China in December 2010. The first boat P1013 PNS Azmat was handed over to Pakistan Navy on 23 April 2012 and 2nd (PNS Dahshat) on 16 August 2012. These are the largest class of missile boats inducted in the Pakistan Navy as of 2012. Pakistan Navy is also, negotiating Milgem class corvettes with Turkey.

===Fleet composition===
This is a list of ship classes in the Pakistan Navy:<ref name="Official Website - Frigates">[http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/frigate.htm Official Website – Frigates] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516085915/http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/frigate.htm |date=16 May 2012 }}</ref><ref name="Official Website - Missile Boats">[http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/SURFACE%20WARRIORS%20-%20PN.htm Official Website – Missile Boats] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527232149/http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/SURFACE%20WARRIORS%20-%20PN.htm |date=27 May 2012 }}</ref><ref name="Globalsecurity.org">[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/navy.htm Globalsecurity.org] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928154252/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/navy.htm |date=28 September 2006 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! style="text-align:center; width: 20%;"|Ship
! style="text-align:center; width: 20%;"|Origin
! style="text-align:center; width: 20%;"|Quantity
! style="text-align:center; width: 20%;"|Service entry
! style="text-align:center; width: 40%;"|Notes
|-
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="5" | [[Frigates]]
|-
| '''[[F-22P Zulfiquar-class frigate|F-22P Zulfiqar class]] 
| {{PAK|Pakistan}}
| '''4'''
| '''2009'''
|PNS Zulfiqar PNS Shamsheer PNS Saif PNS Aslat
|-
| '''[[USS McInerney (FFG-8)|F-260 PNS Alamgir]]
| {{USA}}
| '''1'''
| '''2010'''
| Acquired August 31, 2010.<ref>[http://www.defence.pk/20110322/pns-alamgir-ohp-class-frigate-reach-pakistan/ PNS Alamgir, OHP Class frigate to reach Pakistan [''dead link'']] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104080546/http://www.defence.pk/20110322/pns-alamgir-ohp-class-frigate-reach-pakistan/ |date=4 January 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|'''[[Tariq class frigate|Tariq class]]''' 
| {{UK}}
| '''5'''
| '''1990s'''
|[[HMS Amazon|PNS Babur]] [[HMS Active|PNS Shah Jahan]] [[HMS Ambuscade|PNS Tariq]] [[HMS Arrow|PNS Khaibar]] [[HMS Avenger|PNS Tippu Sultan]] (PNS Badr & Babur decommissioned.)
|-
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="5" | [[Mine hunter|Mine Hunter]]
|-
||[[Tripartite class minehunter|Munsif class]]
| {{PAK}} {{FRA}}
| '''3'''
| '''1988–1997'''
|[[Munsif class|PNS Munsif (ex French Sagittaire)]] [[Munsif class|PNS Muhafiz]] [[Munsif class|PNS Mujahid]]
|-
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="5" | [[Missile boat|Fast Attack Craft]]
|-
|Jalalat II class
| {{PAK}}
| '''2'''
|
|Indigenously built
|-
|Jurrat class boats
| {{PAK}}
| '''2'''
| '''2006'''
|Indigenously built
|-
|[[PNS Azmat|Azmat Class]]
| {{PAK}} {{PRC}}
| '''3'''
| '''2013'''
| 2 ships ordered by Pakistan Navy under construction at KSEW.The FAC 3 was launched on 17 September 2016 at Karachi Shipyard and handed over to Pakistan NAvy.The FAC #4 is under construction at KSEW,
|-
|Larkana class
| {{PAK}}
| '''2'''
|
| First craft ever designed and built indigenously in Pakistan
|-
|MRTP-33
| {{TUR}}
| '''2'''
| '''2007–2008'''
|Two delivered so far.
|-
|MRTP-15
| {{TUR}}
| '''2'''
| '''2006–2008'''
|Two shpis acquired so far.
|-
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="5" | [[Auxiliaries|Auxiliary Vessels]]'''
|-
| [[Type 905 replenishment ship|Fuqing class]]
| {{PRC}}
| '''1'''
| '''1987'''
|Deep water fleet oil replenishment tanker
|-
| [[HNLMS Poolster (A835)|Poolster class]]
| {{NED}}
| '''1'''
| '''1994'''
|Deep water fleet logistics and replenishment ship
|-
|[[Oil tanker|Coastal tankers]]
| {{Pak}}
| '''2'''
| '''1984–1992'''
|Can only operate in [[Green water]], not suitable for [[Blue water]] operations
|-
| [[PNS Behr Paima]]
| {{JAP}}
| '''1'''
| '''1983'''
|Used for coastal survey, collecting marine data
|-
|[[Fleet Tanker]]
| {{PAK}} {{TUR}}
| '''1'''
| '''2016'''
| Contract signed with STM (Turkey) and KSEW(Pakistan) for construction of 1700 ton fleet tanker on 22 Jan 2013. Keel laying ceremony was held on 7 March 2014 and launched on 19th August 2016. Equipped with STOP CIWS and gun system.
|-

|-
|[[Dredging|Dredging Vessel]]
| {{PAK}}
| '''2'''
| '''2008'''
| 2nd under construction at KSEW.
|-
|Utility Ships
| {{Pak}}
| '''2'''
| '''2011'''
| –
|-
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="5" | [[Training vessel]]
|-
|[[Rah Naward]]
| {{UK}}
| '''1'''
| '''2010'''
|Bought from the [[Royal Navy]] as the Prince Williams
|-
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="5" |[[Hovercraft]]
|-
|Griffon class
| {{UK}}
| '''12'''
| '''-'''
|Used by the [[Special Service Group Navy|SSGN]] and the [[Pakistan Marines]]
|-
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="5" | Coastal Patrol Boats
|-
| Gulf craft
| {{USA}}
| '''17'''
| '''2010'''
|12 Gulf craft and, 5 patrol boats delivered by USA on 13 Feb 2010 at Karachi.<ref>[http://www.ameinfo.com/105294.html Gulf Craft boats will guard Pakistan's coast | Gulf Craft Inc | AMEinfo.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210164027/http://www.ameinfo.com/105294.html |date=10 February 2009 }}</ref>
|}

===Submarine Command of the Pakistan Navy===
{{See also|Khalid class submarine|Karachi Shipyard|Karachi Naval Dockyard}}
{{quote|text=The programme of (submarine technology transfer) Agosta class submarine, envisages a very high degree of transfer-of-technology, which is bound to benefit the local industry in improving our indigenous capability of building air-independent propulsion, which is a viable substitute of [[Nuclear marine propulsion|nuclear propulsion]]....|sign=[[Rear Admiral]] Gulzaman Malik, Commander of Submarine Service Force, 1999|source=<ref name="Lieutenant-General F.S. Lodhi, PA,"/>}}
The Submarines Service Force (SSF) is the major command and aggressive command of Pakistan Navy, with primary mission including the commencing of peaceful engagement, surveillance and intelligence management, special operations, precision strikes, battle group operations, and the control of Pakistan's border seas. The Submarine command also takes responsibility to protect country's sea lanes of communication as well as to protect the economical interests, foreign trade and development of the country.<ref name="NIT Pakistan Directorate"/><ref name="Defence Industry Daily">{{cite news|last=Khaliej Times|title=German Submarine Deal With Pakistan Goes Quiet|url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/Report-German-Submarine-Deal-With-Pakistan-on-Hold-05432/|accessdate=8 April 2012|newspaper=Defence Industry Daily|date=19 May 2009}}</ref>

[[File:OuessantBrest2005.jpg|thumb|An [[Agosta class submarine|Agosta 90B Submarine]] in operation.]]

In mid-2006, the Navy announced its requirement of three new fast-attack submarines to replace the two Agosta-70 submarines and rebuild its submarine fleet— after retiring the four Daphne Class.<ref name="NIT Pakistan Directorate">{{cite web|last=NIT|title=Pakistan Submarine Capabilities|url=http://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/pakistan-submarine-capabilities/|work=Nuclear Threat Initiatives|publisher=NIT Pakistan Directorate|accessdate=8 April 2012}}</ref> Immediately, the French defence consortium, the [[Direction des Constructions Navales|DCN]], offered its latest export design— the [[Marlin class submarine]]— which is based on the [[Scorpène class submarine]], but also uses technology from the Barracuda nuclear attack submarine.<ref name="NIT Pakistan Directorate"/> However, the Navy chose the [[Type 214 submarine]], during the "IDEAS 2008 exhibition", the [[Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft|HDW]] director Walter Freitag told the media that: "The commercial contract has been finalized up to 95%. The first submarine would be delivered to the Pakistan Navy in 64 months after signing of the contract while the rest would be completed successively in 12 months".<ref>http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?208366|Pakistan to buy German subs, ignore French – Paktribune</ref> However, in 2009, it was reported that the Navy had canceled its plans with HDW, the German government adjourn the deal further deliberation leading the Navy to cancel the contract with HDW while the German government seemed not-interested to transfer the submarine technology to Pakistan. However, the German government insisted that "a final decision should be made soon".<ref name="NIT Pakistan Directorate"/> In 2012, an undisclosed navy officials confirmed to [[Pakistani media|media and news channels]] that the plan of acquiring German submarines has been scrapped, dismissed as the Navy is no longer interested in the German submarines. Instead, the Navy has stepped into build the nation's first indigenously built [[nuclear submarine]], which will be built by the Navy's [[Pakistan Navy Engineering College|PNEC]] nuclear engineers, assisted by the civilian [[Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission|PAEC]]'s nuclear engineers and scientists.<ref name="NIT Pakistan Directorate"/>

The '''X-Craft''' submarines are charged with carrying out the mine laying, torpedo attacks, frogman operations and commando landing, roughly for special forces operations. Three submarines of this class are operated by the Navy.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}} In 1985, the [[Italian Navy]] signed an understanding memorandum with the Navy and assisted the Navy to locally built these midget submarines.<ref name="PN XCrafts"/> The Italian defence contractor, the [[Cosmos class submarine|COSMOS]], supervised the first construction of the submarine while other two were built by Pakistan.<ref name="PN XCrafts">{{cite web|last=Pakistan Navy |title=X-Craft Submarines |url=http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/x-crafts.htm |publisher=PN XCrafts |accessdate=9 April 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208105519/http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/x-crafts.htm |archivedate=8 February 2012 }}</ref>

All of the Navy's submarines have been equipped with [[Anti-ship missile]] (AShM) which can be fired while submerged. The three submarines, the Khalid class, are equipped and capable of firing [[Exocet|Exocet missiles]], while the older Agosta 70A submarines have been equipped with United States [[Harpoon (missile)|Harpoon missiles]]. The PNS ''Hamza'' submarine has an [[Air-independent propulsion|AIP reactor]], containing the [[Air-independent propulsion#Closed cycle steam turbines|MESMA]] Air Independent Propulsion system, while the PNS ''Khalid'' and PNS ''Saad'' were upgraded with the same MESMA AIP reactor system. The Navy also plans to integrate the [[Boeing Harpoon|Boeing Harpoon Block-II]] missile on to its Agosta-90B submarines; and the Agosta-90Bs are capable of firing [[Black Shark torpedo]], an Italian made naval variant.

Since 2001, the Navy has been seeking to enhance its strategic strike and precision capability by developing naval variants of the Babur land attack cruise missile (LACM).<ref name="NIT Pakistan Directorate"/> The Babur LACM has a range of 700 km and is capable of using both conventional and nuclear warheads.<ref name="NIT Pakistan Directorate"/> Future developments of LACM include capability of being launched from submarines, surface combatants and aircraft.<ref name="NIT Pakistan Directorate"/>

Since 1964, the submarines have been active with Pakistan Navy, and five active-duty diesel electric submarines and three midget submarines, MG110, are in [[SSGN]] command.<ref name="PN">Anon. (14 April 2007) [http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/ Pakistan Navy]. ''Pakistan Navy website''. {{webarchive |url=http://www.webcitation.org/5hPNTIF3w?url=http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/ |date=9 June 2009 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! style="text-align:left; width:10%;"|Submarines
! style="text-align:center; width: 20%;"|Origin
! style="text-align:left; width:6%;"|Quantity
! style="text-align:left; width:10%;"|Service entry
! style="text-align:left; width:10%;"|Propulsion
! style="text-align:left; width:34%;"|Comments
|-
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="6" | [[Submarines]]
|-
| '''[[Type 041 submarine|S20 class]]''' 
| {{PAK}} {{PRC|China}}
|align=center| '''8'''
| '''2022 to 2028'''
|[[Air-independent propulsion]] (AIP)
|The Pakistan government has approved the purchase of eight S20 Class Submarines at an estimated cost of $5 billion. The deal is confirmed and according to sources the construction process has begun.
According to MoDP Pakistan four submarines will be constructed at KSEW under ToT while the remaining four will be build in China.The sub construction work will start simultaneous at both contriesand will be provided from 2022 to 2028.<ref>[http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/1776522/beijing-eyes-bigger-arms-exports-experts-say Beijing eyes bigger arms exports after Pakistan deal, experts say]</ref>
|-
| '''[[Agosta 90B class submarine|Agosta 90B class]]''' 
[[PNS Khalid (S137)|PNS/M Khalid]] 
[[PNS Saad (S138)|PNS/M Saad]] 
[[PNS Hamza (S139)|PNS/M Hamza]]
| {{PAK}} {{FRA}}
|align=center| '''3'''
| '''1999 to 2008'''
|[[Air-independent propulsion]] (AIP)
| PNS ''Khalid'' Build in France delivered since 6 September 1999 PNS ''Saad'' Build in KSEW delivered 13 December 2003 PNS ''Hamza'' Build in KSEW delivered on 26 September 2008.
One Agosta 90B submarine is currently having upgradation at KSEW with Assistance of STM Tukey. Eventually all to be upgraded.
|-
|'''[[Agosta 90B class submarine|Agosta 70 class]]''' [[PNS Hashmat (S135)|PNS/M Hashmat]] [[PNS Hurmat (S136)|PNS/M Hurmat]]
| {{FRA}}
|align=center| '''2'''
| '''1979s'''
|[[Diesel-electric submarine|Diesel-electric propulsion]] (DEP)
|PNS ''Hashmat'' since 19 February 1979 PNS ''Hurmat'' delivered on 18 February 1980
|-
|'''[[Nuclear submarine|Indigenous Nuclear Submarine]]'''
| {{PAK}}
|align=center|'''1'''
|'''2017-2020 (Projected)'''
|[[Nuclear marine propulsion]] (NMP)
|According to the Navy officials, the project is extremely ambitious, and the first submarine will be locally built in Pakistan. The project is estimated to complete in 5 to 8 years, according to Navy.<ref>{{cite news|last=Star Desk|title=Pakistan Navy to build nuclear submarine|url=http://www.arynews.tv/english/newsdetail.asp?nid=54527|accessdate=6 April 2012|newspaper=ARY News|date=10 February 2012}} {{dead link|date=October 2015}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[Cosmos class submarine|''Cosmos'' Class]]''' X-Craft X-Craft 908B MG 110 Submarine
| {{PAK}} {{ITA}}
|align=center|'''3'''
|1985
|[[Diesel-electric submarine|Diesel-electric propulsion]] (DEP)
|The ''Cosmos'' class X-Craft submarines are the [[Waves and shallow water|Shallow water]] [[attack submarine]]s (SWAS).{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}} All of the submarines were built by Navy locally.<ref name="PN XCrafts"/>
|}

In April 2014, the Pakistan Navy announced that it is in the process of shifting primary operations and naval assets, including its entire fleet of diesel-electric submarines (SSKs), from [[Karachi]] to the [[Jinnah Naval Base]] in [[Ormara]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/36959/pakistan-navy-to-shift-submarines-from-karachi-to-ormara|title=Pakistan Navy to shift submarines from Karachi to Ormara|publisher=|accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref>

===Patrol Craft===

Pakistan currently operates a range of patrol vessels procured from Turkey, China and the USA, as well as some domestically built. They are primarily divided among the 10th Patrol Craft Squadron and the Fast Patrol Craft Squadron.<ref name=paknavyfleet>{{cite web|title=PN DIMENSIONS: SURFACE WARRIORS|url=http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/fleet.html#|website=Pakistan Navy Official Website|publisher=Pakistan Navy|accessdate=30 June 2015}}</ref>

On 10 June 2015, a formal agreement was signed between the [[Pakistani government]] and the [[China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation|"China Ship Trading Company"]] for the sale of total six patrol boats which will eventually replace the ageing Barkat Class Boats of PMSA.
Of these ships four will be 600ton while two will be 1500 ton. Three (600 ton) and one 1500 ton boats will be built in China, and one 600ton and ond 1500 ton at the [[Karachi Shipyard|"Karachi Shipyards and Engineering Works"]]. The contract price was not disclosed but a senior Pakistani official said at least USD 130 million had been allocated.
CSTC (China) has launched two 600 ton boats three months ahead of scheduled time.PMSA Basol is the second ship launced by CSTC.while one 600 ton boat is under construction at KSEW which is expected to be delivered in early 2017.<ref name=janespatcraft>{{cite journal|last1=Bokhari|first1=Farhan|title=Pakistan signs deal with China for six patrol craft|journal=IHS Jane's Defence Weekly|date=17 June 2015|volume=52|issue=24|page=17|accessdate=30 June 2015}}</ref>

==Pakistan Naval Air Arm==
{{Main article|Pakistan Naval Air Arm}}
[[File:Pakistan Navy Orion Asuspine.jpg|thumb|A Pakistan Navy P-3C Orion in 2010]]
After realising the naval failure in the 1971 war, the Navy sought to modernise.<ref name="Naval Air Arm, Navy">{{cite web|last=PN|title=Naval Airwar|url=http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/naval_airarm.htm|publisher=Naval Air Arm, Navy|accessdate=8 April 2012}}</ref> The Navy took the research on using the aircraft at sea in 1971, after the war. Its aerial fighting unit is known as Naval Air Arm (also known as [[Pakistan Naval Aviation|Naval Aviation]]) apart from the PAF. The naval fighter pilot course was introduced by the Navy and trained its fighter pilots at the [[PAF Academy|Pakistan Air Force Academy]], furthermore the navy pilots later went to Combat Commander's School for fighter jet training. Since the 1970s, the naval air arm has become a full-fledged and potent service of the Navy. From 1993 to 1994, the Navy stepped in its efforts in sea-airborne operations when PAF donated and inducted five [[Mirage 5|Mirage 5 ROSE]] fighter jets, later transferred the entire squadron to Navy armed with [[Exocet|Exocet missiles]].<ref name="Repro India Ltd.">{{cite book|last=Anjali|first=Gosh|title=India's Foreign Policy The Pakistan Threat|year=2009|publisher=Repro India Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-317-1025-8|pages=176–180|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y32u4JMroQgC&pg=PA66&lpg=PA66&dq=MIRAGE+5+and+Pakistan+Navy&source=bl&ots=Ic1oORApBI&sig=3prKb5O9VjFQca7uXn_alCal8bg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=J-iBT4HLKuTgiAL06u2KAw&ved=0CCQQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=MIRAGE%205%20and%20Pakistan%20Navy&f=true}}</ref> Since then, the Mirage 5 are piloted by the navy fighter pilots after passing the course with PAF Academy and certifying a diploma from a weapons system and combat training school.<ref name="Repro India Ltd."/> The Mirage 5 belonged to the PAF as well as operated by the air force, but are piloted by the Navy fighter pilots who are under the command of senior ranking Navy officer.<ref name="Repro India Ltd."/> The Westland lynx helicopters have now been removed from active service and a tender has been issued for their removal.<ref>http://www.historyofpia.com/board/october_12/lynx_oct31.jpg</ref>

Pakistan Naval Air Arm Pakistan Naval Aviation is an important arm of the Pakistan Navy and assists in the surface and submarine flights to guarantee the safety of Pakistan sea borders.

The PN Aviation Force consists of:
*3 [[ATR-72]]-500 -Anti submarine Warfare. 2 Atr72 acquired on 16 August 2013 while 3rd one on 22 September 2015. Both are currently having modernization in a German Firm for ASW role Scheduled to be delivered at end of 2017.
*6 [[Westland Sea King|Westland Sea King Mk.45]] – Anti-submarine/ Anti-Surface Warfare helicopters have been based at Karachi.
*8 [[Aérospatiale Alouette III|Aérospatiale SA-319B Alouette III]] – [[Search and rescue|SAR]] transport/anti-ship helicopters<ref>[http://www.hazegray.org/worldnav/asiapac/pakistan.htm World Navies Today: Pakistan]</ref>
*7 [[Lockheed P-3 Orion|Lockheed P-3C Orion]] – Naval surveillance/anti-submarine warfare aircraft/airborne early warning/airborne and bombing missions. Future supply of 7 more under an agreement with Lockheed Martin signed in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/pakistan/2005/pakistan-050831-irna02.htm|title=Pakistan acquires 8 US-made P-3C Orion aircraft|author=John Pike|publisher=|accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref> Two upgraded P-3C Orion delivered on 7 January 2010 while one was delivered in November 2009. Another two advanced P-3C Orion aircraft to be delivered soon .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/south-asia/us-to-provide-pak-two-advanced-p-3c-orion-naval-surveillance-aircrafts_100356210.html|title=US to provide Pak two advanced P-3C Orion naval surveillance {{sic|nolink=Y|aircrafts}}|work=Thaindian News|accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZvanwJ6EEQA PN inducts P-3C Orion and phases out Atlantic- PTV news youtube video – retrieved 1 February 2013</ref>
*7 [[Fokker F27|Fokker F27-200 Friendship]] – Naval surveillance aircraft<ref name=globalsecurity>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/navy.htm Pakistan Navy] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803004951/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/navy.htm |date=3 August 2015 }}</ref>
*4 [[Hawker 800|Hawker 850]] – Charged with electronic warfare as well transporting [[Very Important Person|VIP]] personalities, individuals, or groups.
*32+ [[Dassault Mirage V]] – Anti-ship attack aircraft flown by Navy fighter pilots which are based at PAF base Masroor in Karachi<ref name=globalsecurity/> (the fighter jets are operated by the [[Pakistan Air Force]] but piloted by the Navy fighter pilots who served under the command of the senior ranking Navy officer) scheduled to be retired and replaced by [[JF-17 Thunder]](Block II) in 2015 but are in active-duty service with the Navy.
*Unmanned Aerial Vehicles include [[NESCOM Burraq]], [[SATUMA Jasoos|Satuma Spy]], [[SATUMA Mukhbar|Satuma Informer]] and the UQAB-II<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/213634/pakistan-navy-inducts-drones-into-its-fleet/ Navy inducts first fleet of reconnaissance drones – The Express Tribune]</ref> drone.
*12 [[Harbin Z-9]]EC anti-submarine warfare helicopters equipped with a surface-search radar, low frequency dipping sonar, radar warning receiver, Doppler navigation system and armed with torpedoes.

===Pakistan Naval Air Defence===
{{Main article|Pakistan Naval Air Arm}}

In 2010, the Navy established another command after launching an air defence system, using the [[infrared homing]] [[man-portable air-defense systems]] (MANPADs) system.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}} The new command which is known as Pakistan Naval Air Defence (PNAD) are consisted the members of [[Pakistan Marines]] and Navy's ground officers after the first battalion graduated from the [[Special Service Group|Naval School of Weapon System Engineering]].<ref name="Press Release, PN">{{cite news|title=Pakistan Navy Air Defence System|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-JX_uLra0h8|accessdate=9 April 2012|newspaper=Press Release, PN|date=27 December 2010}}</ref> In 2010, the command air-launched and tested its first naval air defence system from [[Sonmiani (space facility)|Sonmiani Terminal]]— a space center of [[Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission|Space Research Commission]] (SRC) in the North Arabian Sea.<ref name="The News International, March 13, 2010">{{cite news|last=Our Correspondents|title=Pakistan Navy tests weapon system|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=228661&Cat=4&dt=3/13/2010|accessdate=9 April 2012|newspaper=The News International, 13 March 2010|date=13 March 2010}}</ref> Along with the members of Pakistan Marines, the PNAD members are deployed in all over the country to support the marine operations of Pakistan Navy.

*[[FN-6|FN16 Or HY-6 shoulder-fired surface-to-air missile]], tested on 25 December 2010 by Naval Marines with a range of 6 km and altitude ~ 3.5 km)
*[[Mistral (missile)|Mistral shoulder-fired surface-to-air missile]], test fired on 25 December 2010 by Naval marines.

==See also==
{{Portal|Pakistan|Military of Pakistan}}
*[[Maritime Security Agency]]
*[[Pakistan Naval Academy]]
*[[Pakistan Navy War College]]
*[[Kalmat Naval Base]]
*[[PNS Ahsan|Ahsan Naval Base]]
*[[Jinnah Naval Base]]
*[[PNS Makran|Makran Naval Base]]
*[[PNS Mehran|Mehran Naval Base]]
*[[PNS Qasim|Qasim Marine Base]]

==References==
;Citations
{{Reflist|30em}}
;Internet
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite web | title=Orbat | work=Naval and Maritime Security Agency Warship Names 1947–2005 | url=http://orbat.com/site/history/historical/pakistan/warshipnames.html | accessdate=22 June 2005}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.paknavy.gov.pk}}

{{Pakistani Armed Forces}}
{{Comparative military ranks (Pakistan)}}
{{Asia topic|Navy of|title=Navies of Asia}}

[[Category:Pakistan Navy|*]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1947]]
[[Category:Government of Pakistan]]
[[Category:1947 establishments in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistan federal departments and agencies]]
[[Category:Military of Pakistan]]

Pakistanisch-türkische Beziehungen

2016-12-07T12:32:54Z

Wiki id2:

{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Pakistan-Turkey|Pakistan|Turkey|map=Pakistan Turkey Locator.svg}}
Pakistan has an embassy in [[Ankara]], a Consulate-General in [[Istanbul]] and an honorary consulate in [[Izmir]] whereas, Turkey has an embassy in [[Islamabad]], a Consulate-General in [[Karachi]] and honorary consulates in [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], [[Sialkot]] and [[Faisalabad]]. As of 2016, in a joint communique, Pakistan and Turkey plan to strengthen their close ties into a "strategic partnership".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/turkey-pakistan-vow-to-strengthen-ties-further/687871|title=Turkey, Pakistan vow to strengthen ties further|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radio.gov.pk/17-Nov-2016/pakistan-turkey-reaffirm-commitment-to-transform-relationship-into-strong-strategic-partnership|title=Pakistan, Turkey vow to transform ties into strong strategic partnership|publisher=}}</ref>

Relations date back generations before the establishment of the two states, more precisely during the [[Turkish War of Independence]] when the Muslims of the northwestern British Raj sent financial aid to the declining [[Ottoman Empire]], due to historic relations between the [[Mughal Empire]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]], which was followed by the [[History of the Republic of Turkey|formation of the Turkish Republic]] and the [[Pakistan Movement|Independence of Pakistan]]. Pakistan and Turkey enjoy close cultural, historical and military relations which are now expanding into deepening economic relations as both countries seek to develop their economies. Turkey supports Pakistan's position of holding a plebiscite under the UN to decide if Kashmir wants to join Pakistan, a position which Turkish President Erdogan reaffirmed in a joint address to the Pakistani parliament and which was attended by Pakistan's military high command.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361378-Kashmir-dispute-should-be-solved-according-to-Kash|title=Kashmir dispute should be solved according to Kashmiris' will: Erdogan - Pakistan - Dunya News|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361395-Army-chief-praises-Erdogans-address-in-parliament|title=Army chief praises Erdogan's address in parliament - Pakistan - Dunya News|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey supports Pakistan's membership of the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1296714/turkish-president-erdogan-arrives-in-islamabad|title=Turkish President Erdogan arrives in Islamabad|date=16 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Analysts have also observed that Turkey and Pakistan enjoy close relations during both democratic and military regimes, reflecting the depth of the relations between the two nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232331/turkey-dependable-ally/|title=Turkey, the dependable ally - The Express Tribune|date=15 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

Ties which had historically remained close on nationalist and cultural grounds further deepened under President Erdogan's Islamic-rooted political approach, as he termed Pakistan "home away from home". He became the only foreign leader to address Pakistan's Parliament, the National Assembly more than once, doing so a record three times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/382017/pak-turkey-ties-erdogan-addresses-parliament-offers-sage-advice/|title=Pak-Turkey ties: Erdogan addresses Parliament, offers sage advice - The Express Tribune|date=21 May 2012|publisher=}}</ref> As of 2016, President Erdogan has visited Pakistan 7 times, domestic politics also spillover, infamously [[Fethullah Gulen]] linked officers leaked tapes alleging corruption and arrested Erdogan's close aides, while Erdogan was on a trip to Pakistan, Erdogan accused the Gulenists of sabotage while representing Turkey in a friendly nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/12/can-pakistan-save-erdogan-2013123054425345386.html|title=Can Pakistan save Erdogan?|first=Malik Ayub|last=Sumbal|publisher=}}</ref> Gulen-linked schools are under pressure to close and teachers have had their visas turned down at the behest of the Turkish government since the attempted coup, an indicator of Pakistan's close ties to the Turkish government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232099/turkish-teachers-fear-deportation-asked-renew-visas/|title=108 Turkish teachers asked to leave Pakistan within three days - The Express Tribune|date=15 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/pakistan-expels-turkish-school-staff-gulen-links-161116084837457.html|title=Pakistan expels Turkish school staff over Gulen links|publisher=}}</ref> The Pakistan and Turkish Air Force signed a deal to purchase 52 Super Mushkak trainer jets from Pakistan for Turkey to help train new pilots and support recovery of the [[Turkish Armed Forces]] in the aftermath of pilot shortages after the attempted coup.<ref>http://warontherocks.com/2016/09/the-post-coup-purge-of-turkeys-air-force/</ref><ref>http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/362241-Pakistan-to-supply-52-Super-Mushshak-jets-to-Turke</ref><ref>https://www.geo.tv/latest/121403-Pakistan-signs-agreement-with-Turkey-to-sell-52-Super-Mushak-basic-trainers</ref>

As a result, Pakistan and Pakistanis have enjoyed a positive perception in Turkey and amongst Turks for many decades. The two nations are in the process of strengthening economic relations with a [[Pakistan-Turkey Free Trade Agreement]] aiming to raise bilateral trade volume to $10 billion by 2020.<ref>http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/pakistan-to-be-an-export-hub-for-turkish-firms-2568290</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/turkey-pakistan-fta-to-be-signed-before-2017-2565808|title=Turkey, Pakistan FTA to be signed before 2017|first=Yeni|last=Şafak|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey and Pakistan have a strong defence relationship consisting of joint excercises and a substantial portion of the Pakistan Navy's fleet consisting of joint Pakistan-Turkish naval ships such as fleet tankers and fast attack craft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quwa.org/2016/10/30/turkey-pakistan-conduct-bilateral-naval-exercise/|title=Turkey & Pakistan conduct bilateral naval exercise|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan supports the Turkish position on Cyprus,<ref>http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/pakistan-stands-firmly-by-turkey-on-cyprus-issue.aspx?pageID=438&n=pakistan-stands-firmly-by-turkey-on-cyprus-issue-2005-06-02</ref> Azerbaijan<ref>https://www.geo.tv/latest/117775-Azerbaijan-to-hold-joint-military-exercises-with-Pakistan</ref> and Armenia, as such Pakistan has no diplomatic relations with Armenia, with Turkey supporting Pakistan's position on the Kashmir dispute,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/islamabad/17-Nov-16/pakistan-turkey-agree-to-deepen-trade-defence-relations|title=Dailytimes - Pakistan, Turkey agree to deepen trade, defence relations|publisher=}}</ref> including alleged human rights violations of Muslims in Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/turkey-backs-pakistans-stance-on-sending-team-to-probe-human-rights-violation-in-kashmir-2949887/|title=Turkey backs Pakistan’s stance on sending team to probe human rights violation in Kashmir|date=2 August 2016|publisher=}}</ref> As a result, the two countries have enjoyed strong military and diplomatic relations which is now strengthening towards economic co-operation.

== Development of bilateral relations ==
Turkey established diplomatic relations soon after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and bilateral relations became increasingly close owing to cultural, religious and geopolitical links between the two countries.<ref name="JIA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume5/September-November2000/VolumeVN3ISTHIAQAHMAD.pdf |title=Turkey and Pakistan: Bridging the Growing Divergence |format=PDF |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> Pakistan's founder [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] expressed admiration for Turkey's founding leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and also a desire to develop Pakistan on the Turkish model of modernism. Similarly Pakistan would follow the footstep of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and [[Allama Iqbal]] to develop a modern Islamic Pakistan and all other so called ism are rejected by people of Pakistan.<ref name="CSI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0124/p01s04-wosc.html |title=A Turkish path for Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |date=24 January 2002}}</ref> Similar ideas were expressed by the former [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharraf]], who grew up in Turkey and had received extensive military training there.<ref name="CSI" /><ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2994458.stm|title=BBC NEWS – South Asia – Turkey and Pakistan boost ties|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="IP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FA22Df06.html |title=Turkey and Pakistan join forces |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> [[Jinnah]] is honoured as a great leader in Turkey, and a major road of the Turkish capital [[Ankara]], the [[Cinnah Caddesi]] is named after him, while roads in [[Islamabad]], [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], and [[Larkana]] are named after Atatürk. On 26 October 2009, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] was awarded the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] and was the fourth world leader who spoke to the Pakistani parliament. [[Erdoğan]] said that [[Pakistan]] had always occupied a special place in the hearts and minds of the Turkish government and people.

== Cultural relations ==
[[File:Shashlik ingredients.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Shashlik]], a common [[Eurasian]] dish.]]
Both Pakistan and Turkey are mutually influenced by [[Arab culture|Arab]], [[Turko-Mongol]] and [[Culture of Iran#Traditional cultural inheritors of the old Persia|Persian cultures]]. The region of [[Anatolia]] in Central and Eastern Turkey was occupied multiple times by Persian Empires which has brought Persian cultural and linguistic influence since ancient times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/persian_period.htm|title=Persian Period in Anatolia and Asia Minor|publisher=}}</ref>

The [[Indus Valley]] region of Pakistan was occupied by the [[Achaemenid empire]] going back to the fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajaonline.org/field-report/121|title=The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations at Akra in Northwest Pakistan|publisher=}}</ref>

Modern-day Turkey was home to many ancient European civilizations, including Greek. The country has many traces of cultural and historical influences from the ancient Greeks including Greek archeological sites found in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/details/History/HellenicCiv.html|title=Hellenic Civilization in Turkey|author=Tom Brosnahan, Travel Info Exchange, Inc.|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancient.eu.com/Asia_Minor/|title=Asia Minor|author=Joshua J. Mark|work=Ancient History Encyclopedia}}</ref>

Pakistan also became influenced by Greek culture and civilization, especially in the aftermath of [[Alexander the Great]]'s invasion of the region which later led to the formation of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]. [[Gandhara]] is a major site of ancient Greek legacy in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/gandhara.html|title=Gandhara Civilization|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey became a [[Turkic languages|Turkic speaking]] country as a result of [[Seljuq Empire|Seljuq occupation]] and [[Turkification]] of the region. Though Pakistan is not a Turkic-speaking country, its languages, particularly [[Urdu]], a standard register of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], is strongly influenced by the [[Chagatai language|Turkic language of the Mughals]] before it became their empire's official language. As a result, it has many loanwords from that language. The [[etymology]] of the word "Urdu" traces itself back to [[Mughal Empire|Turkic (Mughal) rule]].<ref>http://swauop.yolasite.com/urdu1.php</ref> Moreover, the common cultural influences on Pakistan and Turkey span several centuries, as many [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Iranic peoples]] ruled vast areas of [[Central Asia]], [[South Asia]] and the [[Middle East]].

The designs of clothing of the two countries also have common origins in Central Asia.

Both Turkey and Pakistan practice Sunni Hanafi Islam which was the interpretation of Islam implemented by the [[Ottoman Empire]] and [[Mughal Empire]] respectively, strong strands of moderate Sufism exist and the religious ministers of both nations frequently contact each other.<ref>http://www.radio.gov.pk/27-Nov-2016/pakistan-turkey-reaffirm-commitment-to-intensify-mutual-cooperation</ref>
== Trade ==
[[File:Gul Interchange (2).JPG|thumb|250px|right|thumb|The Abdullah Gul Interchange near [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] in [[Lahore]], this interchange was inaugurated by the [[Turkish President]] [[Abdullah Gul]] during his visit to [[Lahore]] in 2010.]]

Turkey and Pakistan are founding members of the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] and part of the [[Developing 8 Countries]] (D-8) organization. Both nations have worked to negotiate a preferential trading agreement, aiming to considerably increase trade and investments, especially in transport, telecommunications, manufacturing, tourism and other industries.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=1677 |title=Turkey to sign PTA with Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Daily Times, Pakistan |date=16 April 2005}}</ref> Both governments have sought to increase the volume of bilateral trade from $690 million to more than $1 billion by 2010.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=102299 |title=Pakistan, Turkey discuss defence co-production |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref> Pakistani exports include rice, [[sesame seeds]], leather, textiles, fabrics, sports goods, and medical equipment. Turkey's exports to Pakistan include wheat, [[chickpeas]], [[lentils]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], chemicals, transport vehicles, machinery and energy products.<ref name="FPJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fpcci.com.pk/tradep&turk.asp |title=Trade between Pakistan & Turkey |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry}}</ref> Turkish private corporations have also invested significantly in industrial and construction projects developing highways, pipelines and canals.<ref name="JIA" /> The two countries are negotiatating the [[Turkey-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement]].

=== Train service ===
A [[container train]] service was launched by the Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Yousuf Raza Gilani]] between Islamabad and [[Istanbul]] on 14 August 2009. The first train carried 20 [[Intermodal container|containers]] with a capacity of around {{convert|750|t|LT ST|0|abbr=on}} <ref>http://www.pakistantimes.net/pt/detail.php?newsId=3343</ref> and will travel {{convert|6500|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}} from Islamabad, through [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and [[Tehran]], Iran and on to Istanbul in two weeks' time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\15\story_15-8-2009_pg7_12 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |publisher=Daily Times |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Railways (Pakistan)|Minister for Railways]] [[Ghulam Ahmad Bilour]], after the trial of the container train service, a passenger train will be launched.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+gilani+launches+trial+phase+of+islamabad-istanbul+train+service-za-06 |title=Pakistan | PM launches trial phase of Pak-Turkey train service |publisher=Dawn.Com |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> There are also hopes the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia, and carry passengers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8201934.stm |title=Pakistan–Turkey rail trial starts |accessdate=16 August 2009 |publisher=BBC News |date=14 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/news/news61296.html|title=Pakistan Plans Passenger Rail Between Pakistan, Iran and Turkey|work=Railway Technology}}</ref>

== Strategic ties ==
Both nations were part of [[Cold War]] alliance called the [[Central Treaty Organization]]. Its goal was to [[containment|contain]] the [[Soviet Union]] ([[USSR]]) by having a line of strong states along the USSR's southern frontiers. Military contacts remain resolute, uncompromising and stalwart as ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/7569/turkey-pakistan-ties-indias-loss-is-chinas-gain|title=Turkey-Pakistan close ties |publisher=World Politics Review}}</ref>

===Kashmir conflict===
The Turkish ambassador spent a week in Pakistan administered-Kashmir's capital city of Muzaffarabad to express solidarity with the Kashmir cause. President [[Recep Tayyip Erdogan]] declared that “We are well known for the pain and problems of Kashmiris and we condemn the brutality of India in Kashmir”.<ref>http://www.pakistankakhudahafiz.com/blogs/historical-overview-pakistan-turkey-relationship/</ref>

== Trilateral Ankara cooperation process ==
Turkey launched a trilateral summit process between the two states and [[Afghanistan]] in February 2007, following a visit by then [[Turkish Foreign Minister]] [[Abdullah Gül]] to [[Islamabad]], as the backbone of its diversified foreign policy in Southeast Asia and Pakistani deputy [[Humair Hayat Khan Rokhri]] confirmed that according to Gül “we are all brothers who need to support each other,” in order to, “bring security and stability to the region.”<ref name=TZ090507>{{cite news
|url=
|date=7 May 2009
|title=Turkey, Afghanistan and Pakistan solidify cooperation
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

An 1 April 2009 meeting between Pakistani and Afghan leaders, conducted as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, saw the three countries pledged to increase coordination between their political, military and intelligence tiers in the fight against militancy and terrorism. Chairman of the Turkish–Pakistani Friendship Association Burhan Kayatürk has stated that, “It is the first time that the military and intelligence chiefs of Afghanistan and Pakistan have attended the trilateral summit, which is a reflection of the deeper commitment to work together.”<ref name=TZ090506b>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Concerned Turkish deputy calls for active engagement in Pakistan
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

At the 17 April 2009 [[Friends of Pakistan]] Tokyo Donors Conference, Turkish State Minister [[Mehmet Aydın]] pledged $100 million to Pakistan for infrastructure, health and education projects. Turkish Parliamentary Deputy Kayatürk has called on neighbouring countries, including India, to make similar commitments as “It is in their interests to see a stable Pakistan; otherwise violence will spill over into their territory.”<ref name=TZ090506b />

Pakistani and [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] parliamentary deputies came together in [[Ankara]] on 5 May 2009, as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, where they met with the now [[Turkish President]] Gül and new Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] to discuss a variety of issues. Head of the Turkish Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission Murat Mercan stated; <blockquote>“Today we need cooperation between our countries more than ever. I believe Turkey, having historical brotherhood relations with both, is in a special position to improve and deepen this cooperation. Turkey is confident that the cooperation to be established between Afghanistan and Pakistan will help a lot to solve the problems.”<ref name=TZ090506a>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Afghan, Pakistani lawmakers meet in Turkish Parliament
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
}}</ref></blockquote> Chairman of the Pakistani Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission [[Asfandyar Wali Khan]] conveyed his thanks and stated,
:''“We need Turkey’s support to build stability in the region.”''

Mercan concluded,
:''“We are finally on the verge of institutionalising the trilateral Ankara cooperation process within the framework of parliamentary joint initiatives,”'' with follow-up meetings due to be held in Islamabad and [[Kabul]] at four-month intervals.”

== Military relations ==
Pakistan and Turkey have maintained long-standing military ties with Turkey also providing training to Pakistani air force officers in upgrading its [[F-16]] fleet.<ref name="IP" /> On 2 April 1954, Pakistan and Turkey signed a [[treaty]] of friendship and cooperation. Both countries, valued as important states in their regions, joined the U.S.-led [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) aimed to bolster military and strategic cooperation and counter the spread of communism and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] influence in the region.<ref name="VA">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=34|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Turkey has openly supported Pakistan's stance on the [[Kashmir conflict]]. Ankara, further, recognizes Jammu and Kashmir, as part of Pakistan, with which it endeavours to 'spice up' bilateral relations, and the Turkish ambassador to Pakistan spent nearly a week in [[Muzaffarabad]], the capital of Azad Kashmir (Pakistani Administrated Kashmir), in order to show Turkish solidarity with the Pakistanis in regards to Kashmir and maintained political and military support during its [[Wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan|wars with India]].<ref name="VA" /><ref name="VA2">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=109|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] Press |year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Pakistan has reciprocated by expressing support for Turkey's policy on [[Northern Cyprus]].<ref name="X" /><ref name="DQ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |title=Pakistan, Turkey to cooperate in defence industry |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018202001/http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |archivedate=18 October 2006 }}</ref> Both nations have sought to expand cooperation to fight terrorism.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X" /> Both countries are also members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]].

Turkey is also currently a major arms seller to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/features/featureturkeys-formidable-defence-industry-rising-star-or-natos-unruly-ally-4207115/|title=Turkey’s formidable defence industry – rising star or NATO’s unruly ally?|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey purchases arms from Pakistan, and the two countries seek to develop their indigenous defence capabilities.<ref>http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/pakistan-to-be-an-export-hub-for-turkish-firms-2568290</ref><ref>James Ron ''Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey'' Human Rights Watch, 1995 ISBN 1-56432-161-4, 9781564321619 (page 40)</ref> this includes purchase of aerial weapons and components from Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2015/10/05/Pakistan-Turkey-to-improve-defense-ties/9421444052995/|title=Pakistan Turkey to cooperate on defense industry – UPI.com|date=5 October 2015|work=UPI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/145139/pakistan-delivers-parts-for-turkish-uav.html|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra Delivers First Batch of Turkish UAV Parts to Turkish Aerospace Industry|publisher=}}</ref>

== Aid exchange ==
In the aftermath of the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], Turkey stepped up its efforts to help the Pakistani people of the affected areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishembassy.com/ii/O/yardim.htm|title= Humanitarian aid to Pakistan|publisher=Turkish Embassy in Ottawa}}</ref> Turkey announced a package of $150 million for the quake-hit people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/21/top2.htm|title= Turkish aid package for Pakistan|publisher=Dawn News}}</ref> The Turkish aid organization [[Kizilay]] also constructed a mosque in Pakistans [[Azad Kashmir]] region bordering Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir. The mosque is being built in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Style in Pakistan's [[Bagh District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61352|title= Turkish Mosque in Pakistani Kashmir|publisher=World Bulletin}}</ref>

Pakistan supplied Turkey with aid during the 1999 earthquake<ref>{{cite web|url=http://img.static.reliefweb.int/report/turkey/pakistan-sends-relief-goods-turkey-quake-victims|title=Pakistan sends relief goods to Turkey for quake victims|work=ReliefWeb}}</ref> and during the 2011 [[Van earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/10/30/city/lahore/punjab-govt-sends-tents-to-turkey-earthquake-victims/|title=Punjab govt sends tents to Turkey earthquake victims|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-263115-pakistani-red-crescent-extends-help-to-earthquake-victims-in-van.html|title=Pakistani Red Crescent extends help to earthquake victims in Van|work=TodaysZaman}}</ref>

== Role in Afghanistan ==
During the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Afghan civil war]], Turkey became a strong supporter of the [[Northern Alliance]], due to its [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]] and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] members, with which Turkey shares cultural and linguistic ties.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=JjYaRa2vtAkC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=turkey+northern+alliance+afghanistan&source=bl&ots=dANauf-68k&sig=LthO3RrDAnNbd1jnBcfaCmQSuS8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z1kuU7N24pDJAd6egJAH&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=turkey%20northern%20alliance%20afghanistan&f=false|title=Afghanistan and Central Asia|publisher=}}</ref>
Pakistan meanwhile maintained strong relations and support to the [[Taliban]] whom were ethnic [[Pashtuns]] that have ethnic ties to Pakistan's own Pashtun population as well prevent Pakistan's fears of Afghanistan falling into the control of the Northern Alliance whom were supported by Pakistan's various adversaries, including India.

This changed in late 2001 when Pakistan was under international pressure to abolish all its ties with the Taliban and re-align with the [[United States]] and [[NATO]] in the so-called "[[War on Terror]]" following the September 11 attacks in [[New York City]] and [[Washington DC]] which were directly blamed on [[Al-Queda]] and indirectly on the Taliban for sheltering them. As a result, the United States lifted all sanctions that were imposed on Pakistan following Pakistan's 1998 nuclear weapons tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2001_10/sanctionsoct01|title=Bush Waives Nuclear-Related Sanctions on India, Pakistan – Arms Control Association|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey has also supported the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]] (ETIM) in China whom are ethnic [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] that Turkey also shares cultural and linguistic ties with.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/ethno-diplomacy-uyghur-hitch-sino-turkish-relations|title=Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Xijinping_visit/2012-02/22/content_24696523.htm|title=China cautions Turkey against 'East Turkistan' forces|author=陈霞|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan [[War in North-West Pakistan|struggling with domestic Islamist insurgency]] as well as being a close and [[China–Pakistan relations|historic ally of China]] has strongly opposed the ETIM and has taken severe actions against members of [[Uyghurs in Pakistan|Uyghur communities within its borders]] even suspected of being participant in anti-Chinese activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/pakistan-08102011175506.html|title=Pakistan Deports Uyghurs|work=Radio Free Asia}}</ref>
Separately, Pakistan has killed many foreign militants in its territory during anti-Taliban/Al-Qaeda military operations amongst which were Uyghurs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/916826/uighur-leader-killed-in-pakistan-rehman-malik|title=Uighur leader killed in Pakistan: Rehman Malik|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-31-uighur-attacks-thwarted-as-pakistans-zardari-visits-xinjiang|title='Uighur attacks' thwarted as Pakistan's Zardari visits Xinjiang|author=Ben Blanchard|work=The M&G Online}}</ref> as well as Turks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/125464.html|title=German militant killed in Pakistan|publisher=Press TV}}</ref> and Uzbeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/10/world/asia/karachi-pakistan-airport-attack-taliban.html|title=Assault on Pakistan Airport Signals Taliban’s Reach and Resilience|date=10 June 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/report/uzbek-militancy-pakistans-tribal-region|title=Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan's Tribal Region|work=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref>

Turkey which enjoys strong trade links with India still favours Pakistan on the Kashmir dispute as Pakistan reciprocates with support in of Turkish position on Armenia, Azerbaijan and Cyprus. Likewise close military relations between the Turkish and Pakistani military means that the ties between the two nations have a strong strategic element as opposed to a transactional relationship.<ref>http://www.valuewalk.com/2016/11/pakistan-turkey-friendship/</ref>

In recent years Pakistan and Turkey have moved in close cooperation to help bring a lasting solution to Afghanistan, since Abdullah Gul declared that “We are all brothers who need to support each other, in order to bring security and stability to the region.”<ref>http://www.pakistankakhudahafiz.com/blogs/historical-overview-pakistan-turkey-relationship/</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mei.edu/content/turkey-pakistan-security-relations-1950s Turkey-Pakistan Security Relations since the 1950s]

{{Pakistan–Turkey relations}}
{{Foreign relations of Pakistan}}
{{Foreign relations of Turkey}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan-Turkey Relations}}
[[Category:Pakistan–Turkey relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Turkey]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Pakistan|Turkey]]

Qamar Javed Bajwa

2016-11-28T00:14:43Z

Wiki id2:

{{pp-blp|small=yes}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix =[[General Qamar Javed Bajwa]]
|name = Qamar Javed Bajwa '''قمر جاوید باجوہ'''
|honorific-suffix =[[Hilal-e-Imtiaz|HI(M)]]
[[File:Lt General Qamar Javed Bajwa.jpg|250px]]
|office =[[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|16th Chief of Army Staff]]
|term_start = 29 November 2016.
|term_end =
|president = [[Mamnoon Hussain]]
|primeminister = [[Nawaz Sharif]]
|predecessor =Gen [[Raheel Sharif]]
|office1 =Inspector General of the Training and Evaluation
|term_start1 = 22 September 2015
|term_end1 = 29 November 2016
|predecessor1 =Lt Gen [[Ikramul Haq]]
|president1 = Mamnoon Hussain
|primeminister1 = Nawaz Sharif
|office2 = Commander [[X Corps (Pakistan)|X Corps]], Rawalpindi
|term_start2 = 14 August 2013
|term_end2 = 22 September 2015
|predecessor2 =Lt Gen Khalid Nawaz Khan
|successor2 = Lt Gen Malik Zafar Iqbal
|president2 = Mamnoon Hussain
|primeminister2 = Nawaz Sharif
|allegiance ={{flag|Pakistan|23px}}
|branch ={{army|Pakistan|23px}}
|serviceyears = 1980 - ''present''
|servicenumber =
|commands =
|rank =[[File:OF-9 Pakistan Army.svg|10px]] [[File:US-O10 insignia.svg|30px]] [[General]]
|unit = [[File:Baloch 1h1.jpg|20px]] [[Baloch Regiment|16 Baloch Regiment]]
|battles =
|awards =[[File:Crescent of Excellence Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png|30px]] [[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|Hilal-i-Imtiaz (Military)]]
|parents = Col Muhammad Iqbal Bajwa (father)
}}
General '''Qamar Javed Bajwa''' ([[Urdu]]: '''قمر جاوید باجوہ''') HI(M), is a [[Four-star rank|four-star]] army general in the [[Pakistan Army]] who will take up the post of the 16th [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army]] on 29 November 2016.<ref name="dawn/26nov2016">{{cite news|title=Lt Gen Qamar Javed Bajwa chosen as new army chief|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1298802/lt-gen-qamar-javed-bajwa-chosen-as-new-army-chief|accessdate=26 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=26 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="radiopakistan">{{cite news|title=New Army Chief, CJCSC appointed|url=http://www.radio.gov.pk/26-Nov-2016/qamar-javed-bajwa-appointed-as-new-army-chief|accessdate=26 November 2016|work=Radio Pakistan|date=26 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="nytimes/26nov2016">{{cite news|last1=Masood|first1=Salman|title=Pakistan Names New Military Leader|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/26/world/asia/pakistan-names-new-military-leader.html|accessdate=26 November 2016|work=The New York Times|date=26 November 2016}}</ref> Born in [[Ghakhar Mandi]], [[Gujranwala]], Bajwa was commissioned in 1980 in the [[Baloch Regiment]].<ref name="tribune1/27nov2016">{{cite news|title=Ex-Indian army chief praises Gen Qamar Jawed Bajwa - The Express Tribune|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1245946/ex-indian-army-chief-praises-incoming-chief-gen-bajwa/|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=The Express Tribune|date=27 November 2016}}</ref>

Previously he served at the [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|GHQ]] as the Inspector General of the Training and Evaluation from 2015 to 2016<ref name="dawn/14aug2016">{{cite news|title=Who will be the next army chief?|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1277442|accessdate=22 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=14 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="dawn/22september2015">{{cite news|title=Four army officers including DG ISPR Asim Bajwa made three-star generals|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1208595|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=22 September 2015}}</ref> and as the Corps Commander [[X Corps (Pakistan)|X Corps]] from 2013 to 2015 which is responsible for the area along the [[Line of Control]].<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" /> Bajwa also served as a peacekeeper in the [[MONUSCO|UN mission in Congo]] as a brigade commander.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1298802|title=Lt Gen Qamar Javed Bajwa chosen as new army chief|date=2016-11-26|newspaper=DAWN.COM|access-date=2016-11-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/167866-Profile-of-Gen-Qamar-Javed-Bajwa|title=Profile of Gen Qamar Javed Bajwa|website=www.thenews.com.pk|access-date=2016-11-27}}</ref>

It is believed that his pro-democracy track record and views played a key role in his appointment for the top slot.<ref>http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/general-qamar-bajwas-pro-democratic-credentials-earned-him-the-post-pak-media-1630798?pfrom=home-lateststories</ref>

==Early life and family==
Bajwa was born in [[Ghakhar Mandi]], [[Gujranwala]]<ref name="tribune1/27nov2016" /> from where his family hails.<ref name="dawn1/27nov2016">{{cite news|title=Residents of Gakhar Mandi celebrate new COAS appointment|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1298913|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=27 November 2016}}</ref>
He was born to Col Muhammad Iqbal Bajwa, an officer of Pakistani Army.<ref name="dawn1/27nov2016" />

His mother died in September 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=Obituary|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/457277-obituary|accessdate=27 November 2016|publisher=The News|date=27 September 2013}}</ref> Bajwa's father-in-law was also an Pakistani Army officer who retired as a major general.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bajwa solid soldier who believes in civilian supremacy|url=http://nation.com.pk/editors-picks/27-Nov-2016/bajwa-solid-soldier-who-believes-in-civilian-supremacy|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=The Nation|date=27 November 2016}}</ref>

==Education==
Bajwa is a graduate of [[Canadian Army Command and Staff College]], [[Naval Postgraduate School]], and [[National Defence University, Pakistan]].<ref name="geo/26nov2016" /><ref name="tribune/26nov2016" />

==Military career==
Bajwa was commissioned in 16 Baloch Regiment on 24 October 1980.<ref name="geo/26nov2016">{{cite news|title=General Qamar Javed Bajwa appointed Pakistan Army chief|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/121719-General-Qamar-Javed-Bajwa-appointed-Pakistan-Army-chief|accessdate=26 November 2016|publisher=Geo|date=26 November 2016}}</ref> In 1982, he was commissioned in [[Sind Regiment]].<ref name="radiopakistan" /><ref name="tribune/26nov2016" />

As lieutenant colonel, he served in the [[X Corps (Pakistan)|X Corps]] which is stationed in [[Rawalpindi]], where he was general staff officer.<ref name="dawn/14aug2016" /> As a brigadier, Bajwa served as Chief of Staff at X Corps and has also commanded formation division in Northern Areas as formation commander.<ref name="thenews/13aug2013">{{cite news|title=Lt Gen Qamar Javed new Commander 10 Corps|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/632361-lt-gen-qamar-javed-new-commander-10-corps|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=www.thenews.com.pk|date=13 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="brecorder/19sept2016">{{cite news|last1=Recorder|first1=Business|title=Next Army chief: Lieutenant-General Qamar Bajwa strongest candidate?|url=http://www.brecorder.com/general-news/172/86161/|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=Business Recorder|date=19 September 2016}}</ref>

Bajwa has also commanded a [[United Nations peacekeeping]] mission in [[Congo]].<ref name="dawn/14aug2016" /><ref name="brecorder/19sept2016" /> He served in Congo as a brigade commander in 2007 under<ref name="timesofindia/27nov2016" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Ex-Indian army chief praises Pakistan's incoming chief Gen Bajwa|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1298964|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=27 November 2016}}</ref> former Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army [[Bikram Singh (general)|Bikram Singh]], who was serving there as a division commander.<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" /> Gen Singh later termed Bajwa's performance there as "professional and outstanding."<ref name="timesofindia/27nov2016">{{cite news|title=Will Qamar Javed Bajwa be as hostile as Raheel Sharif to India? - Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Qamar-Javed-Bajwa-Pakistans-new-army-chief-Implications-for-india/articleshow/55641190.cms?|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=The Times of India|date=27 November 2016}}</ref>

In May 2009, he was promoted to the rank of major general.<ref>{{cite news|title=24 brigadiers made major generals|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/664358-24-brigadiers-made-major-generals|accessdate=24 November 2016|publisher=The News|date=9 May 2009}}</ref> As a major general, Bajwa served as the Force Commander of [[Gilgit-Baltistan]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Goodbye Gen Raheel, who's next?|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/166799-Goodbye-Gen-Raheel-whos-next|accessdate=22 November 2016|work=www.thenews.com.pk|date=22 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Who will be the next Army Chief?|url=https://www.samaa.tv/pakistan/2016/11/who-will-be-next-army-chief/|accessdate=22 November 2016|work=Samaa TV|date=21 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Administration given 10 days to widen spillway|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/953072/administration-given-10-days-to-widen-spillway|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=19 June 2010}}</ref> and held the title of the General Officer Commanding.<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" /><ref name="thenews/13aug2013" />

In August 2011, he was awarded [[Hilal-i-Imtiaz]] (Military).<ref>{{cite news|title=Military Awards|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/316844-military-awards|accessdate=24 November 2016|publisher=The News|date=15 August 2011}}</ref>

Bajwa was an instructor at School of Infantry and Tactics in Quetta,<ref>{{cite news|title=Four major generals made lieutenant general|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/632324-four-major-generals-made-lieutenant-general|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=www.thenews.com.pk|date=9 August 2013}}</ref> at [[Command and Staff College]] in Quetta and at [[National Defence University, Pakistan]].<ref name="geo/26nov2016" /><ref name="tribune/26nov2016" />

He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general in August 2013<ref>{{cite news|title=Four major generals promoted|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1035068|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=9 August 2013}}</ref> and was installed as Corps Commander X Corps shortly after.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lt-Gen Qamar new Rawalpindi corps commander: ISPR|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/08/12/national/lt-gen-qamar-new-rawalpindi-corps-commander-ispr/|accessdate=24 November 2016|publisher=Pakistan Today|date=12 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=General Raheel Sharif visits LoC|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1061699|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=10 December 2013}}</ref> He was Grade-I officer during his tenure as Corps Commander X Corps.<ref name="brecorder/19sept2016" />

In 2014, Bajwa was installed as Colonel Commandant of Baloch Regiment.<ref>{{cite news|title=INSTALLATION CEREMONY COLONEL IN CHIEF/ COLONEL COMMANDANT OF BALOCH REGIMENT|url=https://www.ispr.gov.pk/front/t-press_release.asp?id=2550&print=1|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=ISPR|date=13 May 2014}}</ref>

In September 2015, he was appointed as the Inspector General of the Training and Evaluation at the [[General Headquarters (Pakistan Army)|GHQ]] where he was a Principal Staff Officer to then Chief of Army Staff [[Raheel Sharif]].<ref name="dawn/22september2015" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Four major generals promoted to lieutenant generals|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/14819-four-major-generals-promoted-to-lieutenant-generals|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=www.thenews.com.pk|date=23 September 2015}}</ref>

Since Bajwa has been posted in X Corps thrice,<ref name="brecorder/19sept2016" /> which is the army's important and largest corps,<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" /> Bajwa has good experience of handling affairs in Kashmir.<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" /><ref name="pakistantoday/22nov2016">{{cite news|title=Who will be the new army chief?|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/11/22/national/who-will-be-the-new-army-chief/|accessdate=24 November 2016|publisher=Pakistan Today|date=22 November 2016}}</ref> But reportedly, he considers religious extremism to be a bigger threat to national security in Pakistan rather than India.<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" />

He belongs to the infantry's 16 Baloch Regiment<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" /><ref name="dawn/14aug2016" /> and 62nd Pakistan Military Academy Long Course.<ref name="pakistantoday/22nov2016" /> However, he lack the experience of armed conflict because he has never been posted in a war zone area.<ref>{{cite news|title=PM picks Gen Qamar Bajwa to head army|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1298904/pm-picks-gen-qamar-bajwa-to-head-army|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=27 November 2016}}</ref>

===Chief of Army Staff===
In November 2016, Bajwa was promoted to the rank of four star general and was appointed as the 16th Chief of the Army Staff of the Pakistan Army by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, succeeding [[Raheel Sharif]].<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" /><ref name="tribune/26nov2016">{{cite news|title=Lt Gen Qamar Javed Bajwa appointed new army chief - The Express Tribune|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1245194/qamar-javed-bajwa-appointed-new-army-chief/|accessdate=26 November 2016|work=The Express Tribune|date=26 November 2016}}</ref>

''[[The Guardian]]'' reported that Bajwa was appointed as the Chief of the Army Staff despite a maligning campaign on social media sites that spread claims that relatives of Bajwa were members of the [[Ahmadiyya Community]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Qamar Javed Bajwa selection as Pakistan new army chief highlights the Ahmadi struggle|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/qamar-javed-bajwa-ahmadi-pakistan-army-chief-4397574/|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=The Indian Express|date=27 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="guardian">{{cite news|last1=Boone|first1=Jon|title=Pakistani PM Nawaz Sharif names new chief of army staff|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/26/pakistani-nawaz-sharif-names-new-chief-army-staff-qamar-javed-bajwa|accessdate=26 November 2016|work=The Guardian|date=26 November 2016}}</ref> ''[[Reuters]]'' reported that he was selected because of his low-profile personality.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Zahra-Malik|first1=Drazen Jorgic and Mehreen|title=Pakistan PM Sharif names General Bajwa as new army chief|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-pakistan-military-idUKKBN13L0KU|accessdate=26 November 2016|work=Reuters UK|date=26 November 2016}}</ref> He is reported to be a genuine military man with no interest in politics<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" /> and the one who remains well-connected with the troops and doesn't seek attention and protocol.<ref name="pakistantoday/22nov2016" />

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-mil}}
{{S-bef|before=Gen [[Raheel Sharif]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]]|years=2016–present}}
{{S-inc}}
{{S-bef|before=Lt Gen [[Ikramul Haq]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=Inspector General of the Training and Evaluation|years=2015–2016}}
{{S-aft|after=}}
{{S-bef|before=Lt Gen Khalid Nawaz Khan}}
{{S-ttl|title=Commander [[X Corps (Pakistan)|X Corps]], Rawalpindi|years=2013–2015}}
{{S-aft|after=Lt Gen Malik Zafar Iqbal}}
{{s-end}}

{{Military of Pakistan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bajwa, Qamar Javed}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz]]
[[Category:Chiefs of Army Staff, Pakistan]]
[[Category:People from Gujranwala District]]
[[Category:National Defence University, Pakistan alumni]]
[[Category:National Defence University, Pakistan faculty]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]

Qamar Javed Bajwa

2016-11-28T00:14:20Z

Wiki id2:

{{pp-blp|small=yes}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix =[[General Qamar Javed Bajwa]]
[[File:Lt General Qamar Javed Bajwa.jpg|250px]]
|name = Qamar Javed Bajwa '''قمر جاوید باجوہ'''
|honorific-suffix =[[Hilal-e-Imtiaz|HI(M)]]
|office =[[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|16th Chief of Army Staff]]
|term_start = 29 November 2016.
|term_end =
|president = [[Mamnoon Hussain]]
|primeminister = [[Nawaz Sharif]]
|predecessor =Gen [[Raheel Sharif]]
|office1 =Inspector General of the Training and Evaluation
|term_start1 = 22 September 2015
|term_end1 = 29 November 2016
|predecessor1 =Lt Gen [[Ikramul Haq]]
|president1 = Mamnoon Hussain
|primeminister1 = Nawaz Sharif
|office2 = Commander [[X Corps (Pakistan)|X Corps]], Rawalpindi
|term_start2 = 14 August 2013
|term_end2 = 22 September 2015
|predecessor2 =Lt Gen Khalid Nawaz Khan
|successor2 = Lt Gen Malik Zafar Iqbal
|president2 = Mamnoon Hussain
|primeminister2 = Nawaz Sharif
|allegiance ={{flag|Pakistan|23px}}
|branch ={{army|Pakistan|23px}}
|serviceyears = 1980 - ''present''
|servicenumber =
|commands =
|rank =[[File:OF-9 Pakistan Army.svg|10px]] [[File:US-O10 insignia.svg|30px]] [[General]]
|unit = [[File:Baloch 1h1.jpg|20px]] [[Baloch Regiment|16 Baloch Regiment]]
|battles =
|awards =[[File:Crescent of Excellence Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png|30px]] [[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|Hilal-i-Imtiaz (Military)]]
|parents = Col Muhammad Iqbal Bajwa (father)
}}
General '''Qamar Javed Bajwa''' ([[Urdu]]: '''قمر جاوید باجوہ''') HI(M), is a [[Four-star rank|four-star]] army general in the [[Pakistan Army]] who will take up the post of the 16th [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army]] on 29 November 2016.<ref name="dawn/26nov2016">{{cite news|title=Lt Gen Qamar Javed Bajwa chosen as new army chief|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1298802/lt-gen-qamar-javed-bajwa-chosen-as-new-army-chief|accessdate=26 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=26 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="radiopakistan">{{cite news|title=New Army Chief, CJCSC appointed|url=http://www.radio.gov.pk/26-Nov-2016/qamar-javed-bajwa-appointed-as-new-army-chief|accessdate=26 November 2016|work=Radio Pakistan|date=26 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="nytimes/26nov2016">{{cite news|last1=Masood|first1=Salman|title=Pakistan Names New Military Leader|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/26/world/asia/pakistan-names-new-military-leader.html|accessdate=26 November 2016|work=The New York Times|date=26 November 2016}}</ref> Born in [[Ghakhar Mandi]], [[Gujranwala]], Bajwa was commissioned in 1980 in the [[Baloch Regiment]].<ref name="tribune1/27nov2016">{{cite news|title=Ex-Indian army chief praises Gen Qamar Jawed Bajwa - The Express Tribune|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1245946/ex-indian-army-chief-praises-incoming-chief-gen-bajwa/|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=The Express Tribune|date=27 November 2016}}</ref>

Previously he served at the [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|GHQ]] as the Inspector General of the Training and Evaluation from 2015 to 2016<ref name="dawn/14aug2016">{{cite news|title=Who will be the next army chief?|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1277442|accessdate=22 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=14 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="dawn/22september2015">{{cite news|title=Four army officers including DG ISPR Asim Bajwa made three-star generals|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1208595|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=22 September 2015}}</ref> and as the Corps Commander [[X Corps (Pakistan)|X Corps]] from 2013 to 2015 which is responsible for the area along the [[Line of Control]].<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" /> Bajwa also served as a peacekeeper in the [[MONUSCO|UN mission in Congo]] as a brigade commander.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1298802|title=Lt Gen Qamar Javed Bajwa chosen as new army chief|date=2016-11-26|newspaper=DAWN.COM|access-date=2016-11-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/167866-Profile-of-Gen-Qamar-Javed-Bajwa|title=Profile of Gen Qamar Javed Bajwa|website=www.thenews.com.pk|access-date=2016-11-27}}</ref>

It is believed that his pro-democracy track record and views played a key role in his appointment for the top slot.<ref>http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/general-qamar-bajwas-pro-democratic-credentials-earned-him-the-post-pak-media-1630798?pfrom=home-lateststories</ref>

==Early life and family==
Bajwa was born in [[Ghakhar Mandi]], [[Gujranwala]]<ref name="tribune1/27nov2016" /> from where his family hails.<ref name="dawn1/27nov2016">{{cite news|title=Residents of Gakhar Mandi celebrate new COAS appointment|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1298913|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=27 November 2016}}</ref>
He was born to Col Muhammad Iqbal Bajwa, an officer of Pakistani Army.<ref name="dawn1/27nov2016" />

His mother died in September 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=Obituary|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/457277-obituary|accessdate=27 November 2016|publisher=The News|date=27 September 2013}}</ref> Bajwa's father-in-law was also an Pakistani Army officer who retired as a major general.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bajwa solid soldier who believes in civilian supremacy|url=http://nation.com.pk/editors-picks/27-Nov-2016/bajwa-solid-soldier-who-believes-in-civilian-supremacy|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=The Nation|date=27 November 2016}}</ref>

==Education==
Bajwa is a graduate of [[Canadian Army Command and Staff College]], [[Naval Postgraduate School]], and [[National Defence University, Pakistan]].<ref name="geo/26nov2016" /><ref name="tribune/26nov2016" />

==Military career==
Bajwa was commissioned in 16 Baloch Regiment on 24 October 1980.<ref name="geo/26nov2016">{{cite news|title=General Qamar Javed Bajwa appointed Pakistan Army chief|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/121719-General-Qamar-Javed-Bajwa-appointed-Pakistan-Army-chief|accessdate=26 November 2016|publisher=Geo|date=26 November 2016}}</ref> In 1982, he was commissioned in [[Sind Regiment]].<ref name="radiopakistan" /><ref name="tribune/26nov2016" />

As lieutenant colonel, he served in the [[X Corps (Pakistan)|X Corps]] which is stationed in [[Rawalpindi]], where he was general staff officer.<ref name="dawn/14aug2016" /> As a brigadier, Bajwa served as Chief of Staff at X Corps and has also commanded formation division in Northern Areas as formation commander.<ref name="thenews/13aug2013">{{cite news|title=Lt Gen Qamar Javed new Commander 10 Corps|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/632361-lt-gen-qamar-javed-new-commander-10-corps|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=www.thenews.com.pk|date=13 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="brecorder/19sept2016">{{cite news|last1=Recorder|first1=Business|title=Next Army chief: Lieutenant-General Qamar Bajwa strongest candidate?|url=http://www.brecorder.com/general-news/172/86161/|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=Business Recorder|date=19 September 2016}}</ref>

Bajwa has also commanded a [[United Nations peacekeeping]] mission in [[Congo]].<ref name="dawn/14aug2016" /><ref name="brecorder/19sept2016" /> He served in Congo as a brigade commander in 2007 under<ref name="timesofindia/27nov2016" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Ex-Indian army chief praises Pakistan's incoming chief Gen Bajwa|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1298964|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=27 November 2016}}</ref> former Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army [[Bikram Singh (general)|Bikram Singh]], who was serving there as a division commander.<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" /> Gen Singh later termed Bajwa's performance there as "professional and outstanding."<ref name="timesofindia/27nov2016">{{cite news|title=Will Qamar Javed Bajwa be as hostile as Raheel Sharif to India? - Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Qamar-Javed-Bajwa-Pakistans-new-army-chief-Implications-for-india/articleshow/55641190.cms?|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=The Times of India|date=27 November 2016}}</ref>

In May 2009, he was promoted to the rank of major general.<ref>{{cite news|title=24 brigadiers made major generals|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/664358-24-brigadiers-made-major-generals|accessdate=24 November 2016|publisher=The News|date=9 May 2009}}</ref> As a major general, Bajwa served as the Force Commander of [[Gilgit-Baltistan]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Goodbye Gen Raheel, who's next?|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/166799-Goodbye-Gen-Raheel-whos-next|accessdate=22 November 2016|work=www.thenews.com.pk|date=22 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Who will be the next Army Chief?|url=https://www.samaa.tv/pakistan/2016/11/who-will-be-next-army-chief/|accessdate=22 November 2016|work=Samaa TV|date=21 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Administration given 10 days to widen spillway|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/953072/administration-given-10-days-to-widen-spillway|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=19 June 2010}}</ref> and held the title of the General Officer Commanding.<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" /><ref name="thenews/13aug2013" />

In August 2011, he was awarded [[Hilal-i-Imtiaz]] (Military).<ref>{{cite news|title=Military Awards|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/316844-military-awards|accessdate=24 November 2016|publisher=The News|date=15 August 2011}}</ref>

Bajwa was an instructor at School of Infantry and Tactics in Quetta,<ref>{{cite news|title=Four major generals made lieutenant general|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/632324-four-major-generals-made-lieutenant-general|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=www.thenews.com.pk|date=9 August 2013}}</ref> at [[Command and Staff College]] in Quetta and at [[National Defence University, Pakistan]].<ref name="geo/26nov2016" /><ref name="tribune/26nov2016" />

He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general in August 2013<ref>{{cite news|title=Four major generals promoted|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1035068|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=9 August 2013}}</ref> and was installed as Corps Commander X Corps shortly after.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lt-Gen Qamar new Rawalpindi corps commander: ISPR|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/08/12/national/lt-gen-qamar-new-rawalpindi-corps-commander-ispr/|accessdate=24 November 2016|publisher=Pakistan Today|date=12 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=General Raheel Sharif visits LoC|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1061699|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=10 December 2013}}</ref> He was Grade-I officer during his tenure as Corps Commander X Corps.<ref name="brecorder/19sept2016" />

In 2014, Bajwa was installed as Colonel Commandant of Baloch Regiment.<ref>{{cite news|title=INSTALLATION CEREMONY COLONEL IN CHIEF/ COLONEL COMMANDANT OF BALOCH REGIMENT|url=https://www.ispr.gov.pk/front/t-press_release.asp?id=2550&print=1|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=ISPR|date=13 May 2014}}</ref>

In September 2015, he was appointed as the Inspector General of the Training and Evaluation at the [[General Headquarters (Pakistan Army)|GHQ]] where he was a Principal Staff Officer to then Chief of Army Staff [[Raheel Sharif]].<ref name="dawn/22september2015" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Four major generals promoted to lieutenant generals|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/14819-four-major-generals-promoted-to-lieutenant-generals|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=www.thenews.com.pk|date=23 September 2015}}</ref>

Since Bajwa has been posted in X Corps thrice,<ref name="brecorder/19sept2016" /> which is the army's important and largest corps,<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" /> Bajwa has good experience of handling affairs in Kashmir.<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" /><ref name="pakistantoday/22nov2016">{{cite news|title=Who will be the new army chief?|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/11/22/national/who-will-be-the-new-army-chief/|accessdate=24 November 2016|publisher=Pakistan Today|date=22 November 2016}}</ref> But reportedly, he considers religious extremism to be a bigger threat to national security in Pakistan rather than India.<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" />

He belongs to the infantry's 16 Baloch Regiment<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" /><ref name="dawn/14aug2016" /> and 62nd Pakistan Military Academy Long Course.<ref name="pakistantoday/22nov2016" /> However, he lack the experience of armed conflict because he has never been posted in a war zone area.<ref>{{cite news|title=PM picks Gen Qamar Bajwa to head army|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1298904/pm-picks-gen-qamar-bajwa-to-head-army|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=27 November 2016}}</ref>

===Chief of Army Staff===
In November 2016, Bajwa was promoted to the rank of four star general and was appointed as the 16th Chief of the Army Staff of the Pakistan Army by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, succeeding [[Raheel Sharif]].<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" /><ref name="tribune/26nov2016">{{cite news|title=Lt Gen Qamar Javed Bajwa appointed new army chief - The Express Tribune|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1245194/qamar-javed-bajwa-appointed-new-army-chief/|accessdate=26 November 2016|work=The Express Tribune|date=26 November 2016}}</ref>

''[[The Guardian]]'' reported that Bajwa was appointed as the Chief of the Army Staff despite a maligning campaign on social media sites that spread claims that relatives of Bajwa were members of the [[Ahmadiyya Community]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Qamar Javed Bajwa selection as Pakistan new army chief highlights the Ahmadi struggle|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/qamar-javed-bajwa-ahmadi-pakistan-army-chief-4397574/|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=The Indian Express|date=27 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="guardian">{{cite news|last1=Boone|first1=Jon|title=Pakistani PM Nawaz Sharif names new chief of army staff|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/26/pakistani-nawaz-sharif-names-new-chief-army-staff-qamar-javed-bajwa|accessdate=26 November 2016|work=The Guardian|date=26 November 2016}}</ref> ''[[Reuters]]'' reported that he was selected because of his low-profile personality.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Zahra-Malik|first1=Drazen Jorgic and Mehreen|title=Pakistan PM Sharif names General Bajwa as new army chief|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-pakistan-military-idUKKBN13L0KU|accessdate=26 November 2016|work=Reuters UK|date=26 November 2016}}</ref> He is reported to be a genuine military man with no interest in politics<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" /> and the one who remains well-connected with the troops and doesn't seek attention and protocol.<ref name="pakistantoday/22nov2016" />

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-mil}}
{{S-bef|before=Gen [[Raheel Sharif]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]]|years=2016–present}}
{{S-inc}}
{{S-bef|before=Lt Gen [[Ikramul Haq]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=Inspector General of the Training and Evaluation|years=2015–2016}}
{{S-aft|after=}}
{{S-bef|before=Lt Gen Khalid Nawaz Khan}}
{{S-ttl|title=Commander [[X Corps (Pakistan)|X Corps]], Rawalpindi|years=2013–2015}}
{{S-aft|after=Lt Gen Malik Zafar Iqbal}}
{{s-end}}

{{Military of Pakistan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bajwa, Qamar Javed}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz]]
[[Category:Chiefs of Army Staff, Pakistan]]
[[Category:People from Gujranwala District]]
[[Category:National Defence University, Pakistan alumni]]
[[Category:National Defence University, Pakistan faculty]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]

Qamar Javed Bajwa

2016-11-28T00:13:50Z

Wiki id2:

{{pp-blp|small=yes}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix =[[General Qamar Javed Bajwa]]
[[File:Lt General Qamar Javed Bajwa.jpg|250px|frame|center|General Qamar Javed Bajwa]]
|name = Qamar Javed Bajwa '''قمر جاوید باجوہ'''
|honorific-suffix =[[Hilal-e-Imtiaz|HI(M)]]
|office =[[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|16th Chief of Army Staff]]
|term_start = 29 November 2016.
|term_end =
|president = [[Mamnoon Hussain]]
|primeminister = [[Nawaz Sharif]]
|predecessor =Gen [[Raheel Sharif]]
|office1 =Inspector General of the Training and Evaluation
|term_start1 = 22 September 2015
|term_end1 = 29 November 2016
|predecessor1 =Lt Gen [[Ikramul Haq]]
|president1 = Mamnoon Hussain
|primeminister1 = Nawaz Sharif
|office2 = Commander [[X Corps (Pakistan)|X Corps]], Rawalpindi
|term_start2 = 14 August 2013
|term_end2 = 22 September 2015
|predecessor2 =Lt Gen Khalid Nawaz Khan
|successor2 = Lt Gen Malik Zafar Iqbal
|president2 = Mamnoon Hussain
|primeminister2 = Nawaz Sharif
|allegiance ={{flag|Pakistan|23px}}
|branch ={{army|Pakistan|23px}}
|serviceyears = 1980 - ''present''
|servicenumber =
|commands =
|rank =[[File:OF-9 Pakistan Army.svg|10px]] [[File:US-O10 insignia.svg|30px]] [[General]]
|unit = [[File:Baloch 1h1.jpg|20px]] [[Baloch Regiment|16 Baloch Regiment]]
|battles =
|awards =[[File:Crescent of Excellence Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png|30px]] [[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|Hilal-i-Imtiaz (Military)]]
|parents = Col Muhammad Iqbal Bajwa (father)
}}
General '''Qamar Javed Bajwa''' ([[Urdu]]: '''قمر جاوید باجوہ''') HI(M), is a [[Four-star rank|four-star]] army general in the [[Pakistan Army]] who will take up the post of the 16th [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army]] on 29 November 2016.<ref name="dawn/26nov2016">{{cite news|title=Lt Gen Qamar Javed Bajwa chosen as new army chief|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1298802/lt-gen-qamar-javed-bajwa-chosen-as-new-army-chief|accessdate=26 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=26 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="radiopakistan">{{cite news|title=New Army Chief, CJCSC appointed|url=http://www.radio.gov.pk/26-Nov-2016/qamar-javed-bajwa-appointed-as-new-army-chief|accessdate=26 November 2016|work=Radio Pakistan|date=26 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="nytimes/26nov2016">{{cite news|last1=Masood|first1=Salman|title=Pakistan Names New Military Leader|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/26/world/asia/pakistan-names-new-military-leader.html|accessdate=26 November 2016|work=The New York Times|date=26 November 2016}}</ref> Born in [[Ghakhar Mandi]], [[Gujranwala]], Bajwa was commissioned in 1980 in the [[Baloch Regiment]].<ref name="tribune1/27nov2016">{{cite news|title=Ex-Indian army chief praises Gen Qamar Jawed Bajwa - The Express Tribune|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1245946/ex-indian-army-chief-praises-incoming-chief-gen-bajwa/|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=The Express Tribune|date=27 November 2016}}</ref>

Previously he served at the [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|GHQ]] as the Inspector General of the Training and Evaluation from 2015 to 2016<ref name="dawn/14aug2016">{{cite news|title=Who will be the next army chief?|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1277442|accessdate=22 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=14 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="dawn/22september2015">{{cite news|title=Four army officers including DG ISPR Asim Bajwa made three-star generals|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1208595|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=22 September 2015}}</ref> and as the Corps Commander [[X Corps (Pakistan)|X Corps]] from 2013 to 2015 which is responsible for the area along the [[Line of Control]].<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" /> Bajwa also served as a peacekeeper in the [[MONUSCO|UN mission in Congo]] as a brigade commander.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1298802|title=Lt Gen Qamar Javed Bajwa chosen as new army chief|date=2016-11-26|newspaper=DAWN.COM|access-date=2016-11-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/167866-Profile-of-Gen-Qamar-Javed-Bajwa|title=Profile of Gen Qamar Javed Bajwa|website=www.thenews.com.pk|access-date=2016-11-27}}</ref>

It is believed that his pro-democracy track record and views played a key role in his appointment for the top slot.<ref>http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/general-qamar-bajwas-pro-democratic-credentials-earned-him-the-post-pak-media-1630798?pfrom=home-lateststories</ref>

==Early life and family==
Bajwa was born in [[Ghakhar Mandi]], [[Gujranwala]]<ref name="tribune1/27nov2016" /> from where his family hails.<ref name="dawn1/27nov2016">{{cite news|title=Residents of Gakhar Mandi celebrate new COAS appointment|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1298913|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=27 November 2016}}</ref>
He was born to Col Muhammad Iqbal Bajwa, an officer of Pakistani Army.<ref name="dawn1/27nov2016" />

His mother died in September 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=Obituary|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/457277-obituary|accessdate=27 November 2016|publisher=The News|date=27 September 2013}}</ref> Bajwa's father-in-law was also an Pakistani Army officer who retired as a major general.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bajwa solid soldier who believes in civilian supremacy|url=http://nation.com.pk/editors-picks/27-Nov-2016/bajwa-solid-soldier-who-believes-in-civilian-supremacy|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=The Nation|date=27 November 2016}}</ref>

==Education==
Bajwa is a graduate of [[Canadian Army Command and Staff College]], [[Naval Postgraduate School]], and [[National Defence University, Pakistan]].<ref name="geo/26nov2016" /><ref name="tribune/26nov2016" />

==Military career==
Bajwa was commissioned in 16 Baloch Regiment on 24 October 1980.<ref name="geo/26nov2016">{{cite news|title=General Qamar Javed Bajwa appointed Pakistan Army chief|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/121719-General-Qamar-Javed-Bajwa-appointed-Pakistan-Army-chief|accessdate=26 November 2016|publisher=Geo|date=26 November 2016}}</ref> In 1982, he was commissioned in [[Sind Regiment]].<ref name="radiopakistan" /><ref name="tribune/26nov2016" />

As lieutenant colonel, he served in the [[X Corps (Pakistan)|X Corps]] which is stationed in [[Rawalpindi]], where he was general staff officer.<ref name="dawn/14aug2016" /> As a brigadier, Bajwa served as Chief of Staff at X Corps and has also commanded formation division in Northern Areas as formation commander.<ref name="thenews/13aug2013">{{cite news|title=Lt Gen Qamar Javed new Commander 10 Corps|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/632361-lt-gen-qamar-javed-new-commander-10-corps|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=www.thenews.com.pk|date=13 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="brecorder/19sept2016">{{cite news|last1=Recorder|first1=Business|title=Next Army chief: Lieutenant-General Qamar Bajwa strongest candidate?|url=http://www.brecorder.com/general-news/172/86161/|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=Business Recorder|date=19 September 2016}}</ref>

Bajwa has also commanded a [[United Nations peacekeeping]] mission in [[Congo]].<ref name="dawn/14aug2016" /><ref name="brecorder/19sept2016" /> He served in Congo as a brigade commander in 2007 under<ref name="timesofindia/27nov2016" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Ex-Indian army chief praises Pakistan's incoming chief Gen Bajwa|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1298964|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=27 November 2016}}</ref> former Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army [[Bikram Singh (general)|Bikram Singh]], who was serving there as a division commander.<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" /> Gen Singh later termed Bajwa's performance there as "professional and outstanding."<ref name="timesofindia/27nov2016">{{cite news|title=Will Qamar Javed Bajwa be as hostile as Raheel Sharif to India? - Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Qamar-Javed-Bajwa-Pakistans-new-army-chief-Implications-for-india/articleshow/55641190.cms?|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=The Times of India|date=27 November 2016}}</ref>

In May 2009, he was promoted to the rank of major general.<ref>{{cite news|title=24 brigadiers made major generals|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/664358-24-brigadiers-made-major-generals|accessdate=24 November 2016|publisher=The News|date=9 May 2009}}</ref> As a major general, Bajwa served as the Force Commander of [[Gilgit-Baltistan]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Goodbye Gen Raheel, who's next?|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/166799-Goodbye-Gen-Raheel-whos-next|accessdate=22 November 2016|work=www.thenews.com.pk|date=22 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Who will be the next Army Chief?|url=https://www.samaa.tv/pakistan/2016/11/who-will-be-next-army-chief/|accessdate=22 November 2016|work=Samaa TV|date=21 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Administration given 10 days to widen spillway|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/953072/administration-given-10-days-to-widen-spillway|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=19 June 2010}}</ref> and held the title of the General Officer Commanding.<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" /><ref name="thenews/13aug2013" />

In August 2011, he was awarded [[Hilal-i-Imtiaz]] (Military).<ref>{{cite news|title=Military Awards|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/316844-military-awards|accessdate=24 November 2016|publisher=The News|date=15 August 2011}}</ref>

Bajwa was an instructor at School of Infantry and Tactics in Quetta,<ref>{{cite news|title=Four major generals made lieutenant general|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/632324-four-major-generals-made-lieutenant-general|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=www.thenews.com.pk|date=9 August 2013}}</ref> at [[Command and Staff College]] in Quetta and at [[National Defence University, Pakistan]].<ref name="geo/26nov2016" /><ref name="tribune/26nov2016" />

He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general in August 2013<ref>{{cite news|title=Four major generals promoted|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1035068|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=9 August 2013}}</ref> and was installed as Corps Commander X Corps shortly after.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lt-Gen Qamar new Rawalpindi corps commander: ISPR|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/08/12/national/lt-gen-qamar-new-rawalpindi-corps-commander-ispr/|accessdate=24 November 2016|publisher=Pakistan Today|date=12 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=General Raheel Sharif visits LoC|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1061699|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=10 December 2013}}</ref> He was Grade-I officer during his tenure as Corps Commander X Corps.<ref name="brecorder/19sept2016" />

In 2014, Bajwa was installed as Colonel Commandant of Baloch Regiment.<ref>{{cite news|title=INSTALLATION CEREMONY COLONEL IN CHIEF/ COLONEL COMMANDANT OF BALOCH REGIMENT|url=https://www.ispr.gov.pk/front/t-press_release.asp?id=2550&print=1|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=ISPR|date=13 May 2014}}</ref>

In September 2015, he was appointed as the Inspector General of the Training and Evaluation at the [[General Headquarters (Pakistan Army)|GHQ]] where he was a Principal Staff Officer to then Chief of Army Staff [[Raheel Sharif]].<ref name="dawn/22september2015" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Four major generals promoted to lieutenant generals|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/14819-four-major-generals-promoted-to-lieutenant-generals|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=www.thenews.com.pk|date=23 September 2015}}</ref>

Since Bajwa has been posted in X Corps thrice,<ref name="brecorder/19sept2016" /> which is the army's important and largest corps,<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" /> Bajwa has good experience of handling affairs in Kashmir.<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" /><ref name="pakistantoday/22nov2016">{{cite news|title=Who will be the new army chief?|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/11/22/national/who-will-be-the-new-army-chief/|accessdate=24 November 2016|publisher=Pakistan Today|date=22 November 2016}}</ref> But reportedly, he considers religious extremism to be a bigger threat to national security in Pakistan rather than India.<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" />

He belongs to the infantry's 16 Baloch Regiment<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" /><ref name="dawn/14aug2016" /> and 62nd Pakistan Military Academy Long Course.<ref name="pakistantoday/22nov2016" /> However, he lack the experience of armed conflict because he has never been posted in a war zone area.<ref>{{cite news|title=PM picks Gen Qamar Bajwa to head army|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1298904/pm-picks-gen-qamar-bajwa-to-head-army|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=27 November 2016}}</ref>

===Chief of Army Staff===
In November 2016, Bajwa was promoted to the rank of four star general and was appointed as the 16th Chief of the Army Staff of the Pakistan Army by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, succeeding [[Raheel Sharif]].<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" /><ref name="tribune/26nov2016">{{cite news|title=Lt Gen Qamar Javed Bajwa appointed new army chief - The Express Tribune|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1245194/qamar-javed-bajwa-appointed-new-army-chief/|accessdate=26 November 2016|work=The Express Tribune|date=26 November 2016}}</ref>

''[[The Guardian]]'' reported that Bajwa was appointed as the Chief of the Army Staff despite a maligning campaign on social media sites that spread claims that relatives of Bajwa were members of the [[Ahmadiyya Community]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Qamar Javed Bajwa selection as Pakistan new army chief highlights the Ahmadi struggle|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/qamar-javed-bajwa-ahmadi-pakistan-army-chief-4397574/|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=The Indian Express|date=27 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="guardian">{{cite news|last1=Boone|first1=Jon|title=Pakistani PM Nawaz Sharif names new chief of army staff|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/26/pakistani-nawaz-sharif-names-new-chief-army-staff-qamar-javed-bajwa|accessdate=26 November 2016|work=The Guardian|date=26 November 2016}}</ref> ''[[Reuters]]'' reported that he was selected because of his low-profile personality.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Zahra-Malik|first1=Drazen Jorgic and Mehreen|title=Pakistan PM Sharif names General Bajwa as new army chief|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-pakistan-military-idUKKBN13L0KU|accessdate=26 November 2016|work=Reuters UK|date=26 November 2016}}</ref> He is reported to be a genuine military man with no interest in politics<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" /> and the one who remains well-connected with the troops and doesn't seek attention and protocol.<ref name="pakistantoday/22nov2016" />

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-mil}}
{{S-bef|before=Gen [[Raheel Sharif]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]]|years=2016–present}}
{{S-inc}}
{{S-bef|before=Lt Gen [[Ikramul Haq]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=Inspector General of the Training and Evaluation|years=2015–2016}}
{{S-aft|after=}}
{{S-bef|before=Lt Gen Khalid Nawaz Khan}}
{{S-ttl|title=Commander [[X Corps (Pakistan)|X Corps]], Rawalpindi|years=2013–2015}}
{{S-aft|after=Lt Gen Malik Zafar Iqbal}}
{{s-end}}

{{Military of Pakistan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bajwa, Qamar Javed}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz]]
[[Category:Chiefs of Army Staff, Pakistan]]
[[Category:People from Gujranwala District]]
[[Category:National Defence University, Pakistan alumni]]
[[Category:National Defence University, Pakistan faculty]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]

Pakistanisch-türkische Beziehungen

2016-11-28T00:04:44Z

Wiki id2:

{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Pakistan-Turkey|Pakistan|Turkey|map=Pakistan Turkey Locator.svg}}
Pakistan has an embassy in [[Ankara]], a Consulate-General in [[Istanbul]] and an honorary consulate in [[Izmir]] whereas, Turkey has an embassy in [[Islamabad]], a Consulate-General in [[Karachi]] and honorary consulates in [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], [[Sialkot]] and [[Faisalabad]]. As of 2016, in a joint communique, Pakistan and Turkey plan to strengthen their close ties into a "strategic partnership".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/turkey-pakistan-vow-to-strengthen-ties-further/687871|title=Turkey, Pakistan vow to strengthen ties further|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radio.gov.pk/17-Nov-2016/pakistan-turkey-reaffirm-commitment-to-transform-relationship-into-strong-strategic-partnership|title=Pakistan, Turkey vow to transform ties into strong strategic partnership|publisher=}}</ref>

Relations date back generations before the establishment of the two states, more precisely during the [[Turkish War of Independence]] when the Muslims of the northwestern British Raj sent financial aid to the declining [[Ottoman Empire]], due to historic relations between the [[Mughal Empire]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]], which was followed by the [[History of the Republic of Turkey|formation of the Turkish Republic]] and the [[Pakistan Movement|Independence of Pakistan]]. Pakistan and Turkey enjoy close cultural, historical and military relations which are now expanding into deepening economic relations as both countries seek to develop their economies. Turkey supports Pakistan's position of holding a plebiscite under the UN to decide if Kashmir wants to join Pakistan, a position which Turkish President Erdogan reaffirmed in a joint address to the Pakistani parliament and which was attended by Pakistan's military high command.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361378-Kashmir-dispute-should-be-solved-according-to-Kash|title=Kashmir dispute should be solved according to Kashmiris' will: Erdogan - Pakistan - Dunya News|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361395-Army-chief-praises-Erdogans-address-in-parliament|title=Army chief praises Erdogan's address in parliament - Pakistan - Dunya News|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey supports Pakistan's membership of the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1296714/turkish-president-erdogan-arrives-in-islamabad|title=Turkish President Erdogan arrives in Islamabad|date=16 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Analysts have also observed that Turkey and Pakistan enjoy close relations during both democratic and military regimes, reflecting the depth of the relations between the two nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232331/turkey-dependable-ally/|title=Turkey, the dependable ally - The Express Tribune|date=15 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

Ties which had historically remained close on nationalist and cultural grounds further deepened under President Erdogan's Islamic-rooted political approach, as he termed Pakistan "home away from home". He became the only foreign leader to address Pakistan's Parliament, the National Assembly more than once, doing so a record three times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/382017/pak-turkey-ties-erdogan-addresses-parliament-offers-sage-advice/|title=Pak-Turkey ties: Erdogan addresses Parliament, offers sage advice - The Express Tribune|date=21 May 2012|publisher=}}</ref> As of 2016, President Erdogan has visited Pakistan 7 times, domestic politics also spillover, infamously [[Fethullah Gulen]] linked officers leaked tapes alleging corruption and arrested Erdogan's close aides, while Erdogan was on a trip to Pakistan, Erdogan accused the Gulenists of sabotage while representing Turkey in a friendly nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/12/can-pakistan-save-erdogan-2013123054425345386.html|title=Can Pakistan save Erdogan?|first=Malik Ayub|last=Sumbal|publisher=}}</ref> Gulen-linked schools are under pressure to close and teachers have had their visas turned down at the behest of the Turkish government since the attempted coup, an indicator of Pakistan's close ties to the Turkish government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232099/turkish-teachers-fear-deportation-asked-renew-visas/|title=108 Turkish teachers asked to leave Pakistan within three days - The Express Tribune|date=15 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/pakistan-expels-turkish-school-staff-gulen-links-161116084837457.html|title=Pakistan expels Turkish school staff over Gulen links|publisher=}}</ref> The Pakistan and Turkish Air Force signed a deal to purchase 52 Super Mushkak trainer jets from Pakistan for Turkey to help train new pilots and support recovery of the [[Turkish Armed Forces]] in the aftermath of pilot shortages after the attempted coup.<ref>http://warontherocks.com/2016/09/the-post-coup-purge-of-turkeys-air-force/</ref><ref>http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/362241-Pakistan-to-supply-52-Super-Mushshak-jets-to-Turke</ref><ref>https://www.geo.tv/latest/121403-Pakistan-signs-agreement-with-Turkey-to-sell-52-Super-Mushak-basic-trainers</ref>

As a result, Pakistan and Pakistanis have enjoyed a positive perception in Turkey and amongst Turks for many decades. The two nations are in the process of strengthening economic relations with a [[Pakistan-Turkey Free Trade Agreement]] aiming to raise bilateral trade volume to $10 billion by 2020.<ref>http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/pakistan-to-be-an-export-hub-for-turkish-firms-2568290</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/turkey-pakistan-fta-to-be-signed-before-2017-2565808|title=Turkey, Pakistan FTA to be signed before 2017|first=Yeni|last=Şafak|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey and Pakistan have a strong defence relationship consisting of joint excercises and a substantial portion of the Pakistan Navy's fleet consisting of joint Pakistan-Turkish naval ships such as fleet tankers and fast attack craft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quwa.org/2016/10/30/turkey-pakistan-conduct-bilateral-naval-exercise/|title=Turkey & Pakistan conduct bilateral naval exercise|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan supports the Turkish position on Cyprus,<ref>http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/pakistan-stands-firmly-by-turkey-on-cyprus-issue.aspx?pageID=438&n=pakistan-stands-firmly-by-turkey-on-cyprus-issue-2005-06-02</ref> Azerbaijan<ref>https://www.geo.tv/latest/117775-Azerbaijan-to-hold-joint-military-exercises-with-Pakistan</ref> and Armenia, as such Pakistan has no diplomatic relations with Armenia, with Turkey supporting Pakistan's position on the Kashmir dispute,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/islamabad/17-Nov-16/pakistan-turkey-agree-to-deepen-trade-defence-relations|title=Dailytimes - Pakistan, Turkey agree to deepen trade, defence relations|publisher=}}</ref> including alleged human rights violations of Muslims in Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/turkey-backs-pakistans-stance-on-sending-team-to-probe-human-rights-violation-in-kashmir-2949887/|title=Turkey backs Pakistan’s stance on sending team to probe human rights violation in Kashmir|date=2 August 2016|publisher=}}</ref> As a result, the two countries have enjoyed strong military and diplomatic relations which is now strengthening towards economic co-operation.

== Development of bilateral relations ==
Turkey established diplomatic relations soon after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and bilateral relations became increasingly close owing to cultural, religious and geopolitical links between the two countries.<ref name="JIA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume5/September-November2000/VolumeVN3ISTHIAQAHMAD.pdf |title=Turkey and Pakistan: Bridging the Growing Divergence |format=PDF |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> Pakistan's founder [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] expressed admiration for Turkey's founding leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and also a desire to develop Pakistan on the Turkish model of modernism. Similarly Pakistan would follow the footstep of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and [[Allama Iqbal]] to develop a modern Islamic Pakistan and all other so called ism are rejected by people of Pakistan.<ref name="CSI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0124/p01s04-wosc.html |title=A Turkish path for Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |date=24 January 2002}}</ref> Similar ideas were expressed by the former [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharraf]], who grew up in Turkey and had received extensive military training there.<ref name="CSI" /><ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2994458.stm|title=BBC NEWS – South Asia – Turkey and Pakistan boost ties|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="IP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FA22Df06.html |title=Turkey and Pakistan join forces |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> [[Jinnah]] is honoured as a great leader in Turkey, and a major road of the Turkish capital [[Ankara]], the [[Cinnah Caddesi]] is named after him, while roads in [[Islamabad]], [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], and [[Larkana]] are named after Atatürk. On 26 October 2009, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] was awarded the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] and was the fourth world leader who spoke to the Pakistani parliament. [[Erdoğan]] said that [[Pakistan]] had always occupied a special place in the hearts and minds of the Turkish government and people.

== Cultural relations ==
[[File:Shashlik ingredients.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Shashlik]], a common [[Eurasian]] dish.]]
Both Pakistan and Turkey are mutually influenced by [[Arab culture|Arab]], [[Turko-Mongol]] and [[Culture of Iran#Traditional cultural inheritors of the old Persia|Persian cultures]]. The region of [[Anatolia]] in Central and Eastern Turkey was occupied multiple times by Persian Empires which has brought Persian cultural and linguistic influence since ancient times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/persian_period.htm|title=Persian Period in Anatolia and Asia Minor|publisher=}}</ref>

The [[Indus Valley]] region of Pakistan was occupied by the [[Achaemenid empire]] going back to the fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajaonline.org/field-report/121|title=The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations at Akra in Northwest Pakistan|publisher=}}</ref>

Modern-day Turkey was home to many ancient European civilizations, including Greek. The country has many traces of cultural and historical influences from the ancient Greeks including Greek archeological sites found in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/details/History/HellenicCiv.html|title=Hellenic Civilization in Turkey|author=Tom Brosnahan, Travel Info Exchange, Inc.|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancient.eu.com/Asia_Minor/|title=Asia Minor|author=Joshua J. Mark|work=Ancient History Encyclopedia}}</ref>

Pakistan also became influenced by Greek culture and civilization, especially in the aftermath of [[Alexander the Great]]'s invasion of the region which later led to the formation of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]. [[Gandhara]] is a major site of ancient Greek legacy in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/gandhara.html|title=Gandhara Civilization|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey became a [[Turkic languages|Turkic speaking]] country as a result of [[Seljuq Empire|Seljuq occupation]] and [[Turkification]] of the region. Though Pakistan is not a Turkic-speaking country, its languages, particularly [[Urdu]], a standard register of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], is strongly influenced by the [[Chagatai language|Turkic language of the Mughals]] before it became their empire's official language. As a result, it has many loanwords from that language. The [[etymology]] of the word "Urdu" traces itself back to [[Mughal Empire|Turkic (Mughal) rule]].<ref>http://swauop.yolasite.com/urdu1.php</ref> Moreover, the common cultural influences on Pakistan and Turkey span several centuries, as many [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Iranic peoples]] ruled vast areas of [[Central Asia]], [[South Asia]] and the [[Middle East]].

The designs of clothing of the two countries also have common origins in Central Asia.

Both Turkey and Pakistan practice Sunni Hanafi Islam which was the interpretation of Islam implemented by the [[Ottoman Empire]] and [[Mughal Empire]] respectively, strong strands of moderate Sufism exist and the religious ministers of both nations frequently contact each other.<ref>http://www.radio.gov.pk/27-Nov-2016/pakistan-turkey-reaffirm-commitment-to-intensify-mutual-cooperation</ref>
== Trade ==
[[File:Gul Interchange (2).JPG|thumb|250px|right|thumb|The Abdullah Gul Interchange near [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] in [[Lahore]], this interchange was inaugurated by the [[Turkish President]] [[Abdullah Gul]] during his visit to [[Lahore]] in 2010.]]

Turkey and Pakistan are founding members of the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] and part of the [[Developing 8 Countries]] (D-8) organization. Both nations have worked to negotiate a preferential trading agreement, aiming to considerably increase trade and investments, especially in transport, telecommunications, manufacturing, tourism and other industries.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=1677 |title=Turkey to sign PTA with Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Daily Times, Pakistan |date=16 April 2005}}</ref> Both governments have sought to increase the volume of bilateral trade from $690 million to more than $1 billion by 2010.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=102299 |title=Pakistan, Turkey discuss defence co-production |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref> Pakistani exports include rice, [[sesame seeds]], leather, textiles, fabrics, sports goods, and medical equipment. Turkey's exports to Pakistan include wheat, [[chickpeas]], [[lentils]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], chemicals, transport vehicles, machinery and energy products.<ref name="FPJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fpcci.com.pk/tradep&turk.asp |title=Trade between Pakistan & Turkey |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry}}</ref> Turkish private corporations have also invested significantly in industrial and construction projects developing highways, pipelines and canals.<ref name="JIA" /> The two countries are negotiatating the [[Turkey-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement]].

=== Train service ===
A [[container train]] service was launched by the Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Yousuf Raza Gilani]] between Islamabad and [[Istanbul]] on 14 August 2009. The first train carried 20 [[Intermodal container|containers]] with a capacity of around {{convert|750|t|LT ST|0|abbr=on}} <ref>http://www.pakistantimes.net/pt/detail.php?newsId=3343</ref> and will travel {{convert|6500|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}} from Islamabad, through [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and [[Tehran]], Iran and on to Istanbul in two weeks' time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\15\story_15-8-2009_pg7_12 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |publisher=Daily Times |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Railways (Pakistan)|Minister for Railways]] [[Ghulam Ahmad Bilour]], after the trial of the container train service, a passenger train will be launched.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+gilani+launches+trial+phase+of+islamabad-istanbul+train+service-za-06 |title=Pakistan | PM launches trial phase of Pak-Turkey train service |publisher=Dawn.Com |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> There are also hopes the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia, and carry passengers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8201934.stm |title=Pakistan–Turkey rail trial starts |accessdate=16 August 2009 |publisher=BBC News |date=14 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/news/news61296.html|title=Pakistan Plans Passenger Rail Between Pakistan, Iran and Turkey|work=Railway Technology}}</ref>

== Strategic ties ==
Both nations were part of [[Cold War]] alliance called the [[Central Treaty Organization]]. Its goal was to [[containment|contain]] the [[Soviet Union]] ([[USSR]]) by having a line of strong states along the USSR's southern frontiers. Military contacts remain resolute, uncompromising and stalwart as ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/7569/turkey-pakistan-ties-indias-loss-is-chinas-gain|title=Turkey-Pakistan close ties |publisher=World Politics Review}}</ref>

===Kashmir conflict===
The Turkish ambassador spent a week in Pakistan administered-Kashmir's capital city of Muzaffarabad to express solidarity with the Kashmir cause. President [[Recep Tayyip Erdogan]] declared that “We are well known for the pain and problems of Kashmiris and we condemn the brutality of India in Kashmir”.<ref>http://www.pakistankakhudahafiz.com/blogs/historical-overview-pakistan-turkey-relationship/</ref>

== Trilateral Ankara cooperation process ==
Turkey launched a trilateral summit process between the two states and [[Afghanistan]] in February 2007, following a visit by then [[Turkish Foreign Minister]] [[Abdullah Gül]] to [[Islamabad]], as the backbone of its diversified foreign policy in Southeast Asia and Pakistani deputy [[Humair Hayat Khan Rokhri]] confirmed that according to Gül “we are all brothers who need to support each other,” in order to, “bring security and stability to the region.”<ref name=TZ090507>{{cite news
|url=
|date=7 May 2009
|title=Turkey, Afghanistan and Pakistan solidify cooperation
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

An 1 April 2009 meeting between Pakistani and Afghan leaders, conducted as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, saw the three countries pledged to increase coordination between their political, military and intelligence tiers in the fight against militancy and terrorism. Chairman of the Turkish–Pakistani Friendship Association Burhan Kayatürk has stated that, “It is the first time that the military and intelligence chiefs of Afghanistan and Pakistan have attended the trilateral summit, which is a reflection of the deeper commitment to work together.”<ref name=TZ090506b>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Concerned Turkish deputy calls for active engagement in Pakistan
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

At the 17 April 2009 [[Friends of Pakistan]] Tokyo Donors Conference, Turkish State Minister [[Mehmet Aydın]] pledged $100 million to Pakistan for infrastructure, health and education projects. Turkish Parliamentary Deputy Kayatürk has called on neighbouring countries, including India, to make similar commitments as “It is in their interests to see a stable Pakistan; otherwise violence will spill over into their territory.”<ref name=TZ090506b />

Pakistani and [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] parliamentary deputies came together in [[Ankara]] on 5 May 2009, as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, where they met with the now [[Turkish President]] Gül and new Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] to discuss a variety of issues. Head of the Turkish Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission Murat Mercan stated; <blockquote>“Today we need cooperation between our countries more than ever. I believe Turkey, having historical brotherhood relations with both, is in a special position to improve and deepen this cooperation. Turkey is confident that the cooperation to be established between Afghanistan and Pakistan will help a lot to solve the problems.”<ref name=TZ090506a>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Afghan, Pakistani lawmakers meet in Turkish Parliament
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
}}</ref></blockquote> Chairman of the Pakistani Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission [[Asfandyar Wali Khan]] conveyed his thanks and stated,
:''“We need Turkey’s support to build stability in the region.”''

Mercan concluded,
:''“We are finally on the verge of institutionalising the trilateral Ankara cooperation process within the framework of parliamentary joint initiatives,”'' with follow-up meetings due to be held in Islamabad and [[Kabul]] at four-month intervals.”

== Military relations ==
Pakistan and Turkey have maintained long-standing military ties with Turkey also providing training to Pakistani air force officers in upgrading its [[F-16]] fleet.<ref name="IP" /> On 2 April 1954, Pakistan and Turkey signed a [[treaty]] of friendship and cooperation. Both countries, valued as important states in their regions, joined the U.S.-led [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) aimed to bolster military and strategic cooperation and counter the spread of communism and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] influence in the region.<ref name="VA">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=34|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Turkey has openly supported Pakistan's stance on the [[Kashmir conflict]]. Ankara, further, recognizes Jammu and Kashmir, as part of Pakistan, with which it endeavours to 'spice up' bilateral relations, and the Turkish ambassador to Pakistan spent nearly a week in [[Muzaffarabad]], the capital of Azad Kashmir (Pakistani Administrated Kashmir), in order to show Turkish solidarity with the Pakistanis in regards to Kashmir and maintained political and military support during its [[Wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan|wars with India]].<ref name="VA" /><ref name="VA2">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=109|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] Press |year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Pakistan has reciprocated by expressing support for Turkey's policy on [[Northern Cyprus]].<ref name="X" /><ref name="DQ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |title=Pakistan, Turkey to cooperate in defence industry |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018202001/http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |archivedate=18 October 2006 }}</ref> Both nations have sought to expand cooperation to fight terrorism.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X" /> Both countries are also members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]].

Turkey is also currently a major arms seller to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/features/featureturkeys-formidable-defence-industry-rising-star-or-natos-unruly-ally-4207115/|title=Turkey’s formidable defence industry – rising star or NATO’s unruly ally?|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey purchases arms from Pakistan, and the two countries seek to develop their indigenous defence capabilities.<ref>http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/pakistan-to-be-an-export-hub-for-turkish-firms-2568290</ref><ref>James Ron ''Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey'' Human Rights Watch, 1995 ISBN 1-56432-161-4, 9781564321619 (page 40)</ref> this includes purchase of aerial weapons and components from Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2015/10/05/Pakistan-Turkey-to-improve-defense-ties/9421444052995/|title=Pakistan Turkey to cooperate on defense industry – UPI.com|date=5 October 2015|work=UPI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/145139/pakistan-delivers-parts-for-turkish-uav.html|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra Delivers First Batch of Turkish UAV Parts to Turkish Aerospace Industry|publisher=}}</ref>

== Aid exchange ==
In the aftermath of the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], Turkey stepped up its efforts to help the Pakistani people of the affected areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishembassy.com/ii/O/yardim.htm|title= Humanitarian aid to Pakistan|publisher=Turkish Embassy in Ottawa}}</ref> Turkey announced a package of $150 million for the quake-hit people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/21/top2.htm|title= Turkish aid package for Pakistan|publisher=Dawn News}}</ref> The Turkish aid organization [[Kizilay]] also constructed a mosque in Pakistans [[Azad Kashmir]] region bordering Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir. The mosque is being built in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Style in Pakistan's [[Bagh District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61352|title= Turkish Mosque in Pakistani Kashmir|publisher=World Bulletin}}</ref>

Pakistan supplied Turkey with aid during the 1999 earthquake<ref>{{cite web|url=http://img.static.reliefweb.int/report/turkey/pakistan-sends-relief-goods-turkey-quake-victims|title=Pakistan sends relief goods to Turkey for quake victims|work=ReliefWeb}}</ref> and during the 2011 [[Van earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/10/30/city/lahore/punjab-govt-sends-tents-to-turkey-earthquake-victims/|title=Punjab govt sends tents to Turkey earthquake victims|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-263115-pakistani-red-crescent-extends-help-to-earthquake-victims-in-van.html|title=Pakistani Red Crescent extends help to earthquake victims in Van|work=TodaysZaman}}</ref>

== Former opposing ambitions ==
Both Turkey and Pakistan at times have had conflicting interests and ambitions. During the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Afghan civil war]], Turkey became a strong supporter of the [[Northern Alliance]], due to its [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]] and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] members, with which Turkey shares cultural and linguistic ties.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=JjYaRa2vtAkC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=turkey+northern+alliance+afghanistan&source=bl&ots=dANauf-68k&sig=LthO3RrDAnNbd1jnBcfaCmQSuS8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z1kuU7N24pDJAd6egJAH&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=turkey%20northern%20alliance%20afghanistan&f=false|title=Afghanistan and Central Asia|publisher=}}</ref>
Pakistan meanwhile maintained strong relations and support to the [[Taliban]] whom were ethnic [[Pashtuns]] that have ethnic ties to Pakistan's own Pashtun population as well prevent Pakistan's fears of Afghanistan falling into the control of the Northern Alliance whom were supported by Pakistan's various adversaries, including India.

This changed in late 2001 when Pakistan was under international pressure to abolish all its ties with the Taliban and re-align with the [[United States]] and [[NATO]] in the so-called "[[War on Terror]]" following the September 11 attacks in [[New York City]] and [[Washington DC]] which were directly blamed on [[Al-Queda]] and indirectly on the Taliban for sheltering them. As a result, the United States lifted all sanctions that were imposed on Pakistan following Pakistan's 1998 nuclear weapons tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2001_10/sanctionsoct01|title=Bush Waives Nuclear-Related Sanctions on India, Pakistan – Arms Control Association|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey has also supported the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]] (ETIM) in China whom are ethnic [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] that Turkey also shares cultural and linguistic ties with.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/ethno-diplomacy-uyghur-hitch-sino-turkish-relations|title=Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Xijinping_visit/2012-02/22/content_24696523.htm|title=China cautions Turkey against 'East Turkistan' forces|author=陈霞|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan [[War in North-West Pakistan|struggling with domestic Islamist insurgency]] as well as being a close and [[China–Pakistan relations|historic ally of China]] has strongly opposed the ETIM and has taken severe actions against members of [[Uyghurs in Pakistan|Uyghur communities within its borders]] even suspected of being participant in anti-Chinese activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/pakistan-08102011175506.html|title=Pakistan Deports Uyghurs|work=Radio Free Asia}}</ref>
Separately, Pakistan has killed many foreign militants in its territory during anti-Taliban/Al-Qaeda military operations amongst which were Uyghurs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/916826/uighur-leader-killed-in-pakistan-rehman-malik|title=Uighur leader killed in Pakistan: Rehman Malik|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-31-uighur-attacks-thwarted-as-pakistans-zardari-visits-xinjiang|title='Uighur attacks' thwarted as Pakistan's Zardari visits Xinjiang|author=Ben Blanchard|work=The M&G Online}}</ref> as well as Turks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/125464.html|title=German militant killed in Pakistan|publisher=Press TV}}</ref> and Uzbeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/10/world/asia/karachi-pakistan-airport-attack-taliban.html|title=Assault on Pakistan Airport Signals Taliban’s Reach and Resilience|date=10 June 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/report/uzbek-militancy-pakistans-tribal-region|title=Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan's Tribal Region|work=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref>

In recent years Pakistan and Turkey have moved in close cooperation to help bring a lasting solution to Afghanistan, since Abdullah Gul declared that “We are all brothers who need to support each other, in order to bring security and stability to the region.”<ref>http://www.pakistankakhudahafiz.com/blogs/historical-overview-pakistan-turkey-relationship/</ref>

Turkey which enjoys strong trade links with India still favours Pakistan on the Kashmir dispute as Pakistan reciprocates with support in of Turkish position on Armenia, Azerbaijan and Cyprus. Likewise close military relations between the Turkish and Pakistani military means that the ties between the two nations have a strong strategic element as opposed to a transactional relationship.<ref>http://www.valuewalk.com/2016/11/pakistan-turkey-friendship/</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mei.edu/content/turkey-pakistan-security-relations-1950s Turkey-Pakistan Security Relations since the 1950s]

{{Pakistan–Turkey relations}}
{{Foreign relations of Pakistan}}
{{Foreign relations of Turkey}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan-Turkey Relations}}
[[Category:Pakistan–Turkey relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Turkey]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Pakistan|Turkey]]

Pakistanisch-türkische Beziehungen

2016-11-27T23:52:05Z

Wiki id2:

{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Pakistan-Turkey|Pakistan|Turkey|map=Pakistan Turkey Locator.svg}}
Pakistan has an embassy in [[Ankara]], a Consulate-General in [[Istanbul]] and an honorary consulate in [[Izmir]] whereas, Turkey has an embassy in [[Islamabad]], a Consulate-General in [[Karachi]] and honorary consulates in [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], [[Sialkot]] and [[Faisalabad]]. As of 2016, in a joint communique, Pakistan and Turkey plan to strengthen their close ties into a "strategic partnership".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/turkey-pakistan-vow-to-strengthen-ties-further/687871|title=Turkey, Pakistan vow to strengthen ties further|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radio.gov.pk/17-Nov-2016/pakistan-turkey-reaffirm-commitment-to-transform-relationship-into-strong-strategic-partnership|title=Pakistan, Turkey vow to transform ties into strong strategic partnership|publisher=}}</ref>

Relations date back generations before the establishment of the two states, more precisely during the [[Turkish War of Independence]] when the Muslims of the northwestern British Raj sent financial aid to the declining [[Ottoman Empire]], due to historic relations between the [[Mughal Empire]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]], which was followed by the [[History of the Republic of Turkey|formation of the Turkish Republic]] and the independence of Pakistan. Pakistan and Turkey enjoy close cultural, historical and military relations which are now expanding into deepening economic relations as both countries seek to develop their economies. Turkey supports Pakistan's position of holding a plebiscite under the UN to decide if Kashmir wants to join Pakistan, a position which Turkish President Erdogan reaffirmed in a joint address to the Pakistani parliament and which was attended by Pakistan's military high command.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361378-Kashmir-dispute-should-be-solved-according-to-Kash|title=Kashmir dispute should be solved according to Kashmiris' will: Erdogan - Pakistan - Dunya News|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361395-Army-chief-praises-Erdogans-address-in-parliament|title=Army chief praises Erdogan's address in parliament - Pakistan - Dunya News|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey supports Pakistan's membership of the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1296714/turkish-president-erdogan-arrives-in-islamabad|title=Turkish President Erdogan arrives in Islamabad|date=16 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Analysts have also observed that Turkey and Pakistan enjoy close relations during both democratic and military regimes, reflecting the depth of the relations between the two nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232331/turkey-dependable-ally/|title=Turkey, the dependable ally - The Express Tribune|date=15 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

Ties which had historically remained close on nationalist and cultural grounds further deepened under President Erdogan's Islamic-rooted political approach, as he termed Pakistan "home away from home". He became the only foreign leader to address Pakistan's Parliament, the National Assembly more than once, doing so a record three times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/382017/pak-turkey-ties-erdogan-addresses-parliament-offers-sage-advice/|title=Pak-Turkey ties: Erdogan addresses Parliament, offers sage advice - The Express Tribune|date=21 May 2012|publisher=}}</ref> As of 2016, President Erdogan has visited Pakistan 7 times, domestic politics also spillover, infamously [[Fethullah Gulen]] linked officers leaked tapes alleging corruption and arrested Erdogan's close aides, while Erdogan was on a trip to Pakistan, Erdogan accused the Gulenists of sabotage while representing Turkey in a friendly nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/12/can-pakistan-save-erdogan-2013123054425345386.html|title=Can Pakistan save Erdogan?|first=Malik Ayub|last=Sumbal|publisher=}}</ref> Gulen-linked schools are under pressure to close and teachers have had their visas turned down at the behest of the Turkish government since the attempted coup, an indicator of Pakistan's close ties to the Turkish government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232099/turkish-teachers-fear-deportation-asked-renew-visas/|title=108 Turkish teachers asked to leave Pakistan within three days - The Express Tribune|date=15 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/pakistan-expels-turkish-school-staff-gulen-links-161116084837457.html|title=Pakistan expels Turkish school staff over Gulen links|publisher=}}</ref> The Pakistan and Turkish Air Force signed a deal to purchase 52 Super Mushkak trainer jets from Pakistan for Turkey to help train new pilots and support recovery of the [[Turkish Armed Forces]] in the aftermath of pilot shortages after the attempted coup.<ref>http://warontherocks.com/2016/09/the-post-coup-purge-of-turkeys-air-force/</ref><ref>http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/362241-Pakistan-to-supply-52-Super-Mushshak-jets-to-Turke</ref><ref>https://www.geo.tv/latest/121403-Pakistan-signs-agreement-with-Turkey-to-sell-52-Super-Mushak-basic-trainers</ref>

As a result, Pakistan and Pakistanis have enjoyed a positive perception in Turkey and amongst Turks for many decades. The two nations are in the process of strengthening economic relations with a [[Pakistan-Turkey Free Trade Agreement]] aiming to raise bilateral trade volume to $10 billion by 2020.<ref>http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/pakistan-to-be-an-export-hub-for-turkish-firms-2568290</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/turkey-pakistan-fta-to-be-signed-before-2017-2565808|title=Turkey, Pakistan FTA to be signed before 2017|first=Yeni|last=Şafak|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey and Pakistan have a strong defence relationship consisting of joint excercises and a substantial portion of the Pakistan Navy's fleet consisting of joint Pakistan-Turkish naval ships such as fleet tankers and fast attack craft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quwa.org/2016/10/30/turkey-pakistan-conduct-bilateral-naval-exercise/|title=Turkey & Pakistan conduct bilateral naval exercise|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan supports the Turkish position on Cyprus,<ref>http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/pakistan-stands-firmly-by-turkey-on-cyprus-issue.aspx?pageID=438&n=pakistan-stands-firmly-by-turkey-on-cyprus-issue-2005-06-02</ref> Azerbaijan<ref>https://www.geo.tv/latest/117775-Azerbaijan-to-hold-joint-military-exercises-with-Pakistan</ref> and Armenia, as such Pakistan has no diplomatic relations with Armenia, with Turkey supporting Pakistan's position on the Kashmir dispute,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/islamabad/17-Nov-16/pakistan-turkey-agree-to-deepen-trade-defence-relations|title=Dailytimes - Pakistan, Turkey agree to deepen trade, defence relations|publisher=}}</ref> including alleged human rights violations of Muslims in Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/turkey-backs-pakistans-stance-on-sending-team-to-probe-human-rights-violation-in-kashmir-2949887/|title=Turkey backs Pakistan’s stance on sending team to probe human rights violation in Kashmir|date=2 August 2016|publisher=}}</ref> As a result, the two countries have enjoyed strong military and diplomatic relations which is now strengthening towards economic co-operation.

== Development of bilateral relations ==
Turkey established diplomatic relations soon after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and bilateral relations became increasingly close owing to cultural, religious and geopolitical links between the two countries.<ref name="JIA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume5/September-November2000/VolumeVN3ISTHIAQAHMAD.pdf |title=Turkey and Pakistan: Bridging the Growing Divergence |format=PDF |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> Pakistan's founder [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] expressed admiration for Turkey's founding leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and also a desire to develop Pakistan on the Turkish model of modernism. Similarly Pakistan would follow the footstep of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and [[Allama Iqbal]] to develop a modern Islamic Pakistan and all other so called ism are rejected by people of Pakistan.<ref name="CSI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0124/p01s04-wosc.html |title=A Turkish path for Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |date=24 January 2002}}</ref> Similar ideas were expressed by the former [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharraf]], who grew up in Turkey and had received extensive military training there.<ref name="CSI" /><ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2994458.stm|title=BBC NEWS – South Asia – Turkey and Pakistan boost ties|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="IP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FA22Df06.html |title=Turkey and Pakistan join forces |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> [[Jinnah]] is honoured as a great leader in Turkey, and a major road of the Turkish capital [[Ankara]], the [[Cinnah Caddesi]] is named after him, while roads in [[Islamabad]], [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], and [[Larkana]] are named after Atatürk. On 26 October 2009, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] was awarded the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] and was the fourth world leader who spoke to the Pakistani parliament. [[Erdoğan]] said that [[Pakistan]] had always occupied a special place in the hearts and minds of the Turkish government and people.

== Cultural relations ==
[[File:Shashlik ingredients.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Shashlik]], a common [[Eurasian]] dish.]]
Both Pakistan and Turkey are mutually influenced by [[Arab culture|Arab]], [[Turko-Mongol]] and [[Culture of Iran#Traditional cultural inheritors of the old Persia|Persian cultures]]. The region of [[Anatolia]] in Central and Eastern Turkey was occupied multiple times by Persian Empires which has brought Persian cultural and linguistic influence since ancient times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/persian_period.htm|title=Persian Period in Anatolia and Asia Minor|publisher=}}</ref>

The [[Indus Valley]] region of Pakistan was occupied by the [[Achaemenid empire]] going back to the fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajaonline.org/field-report/121|title=The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations at Akra in Northwest Pakistan|publisher=}}</ref>

Modern-day Turkey was home to many ancient European civilizations, including Greek. The country has many traces of cultural and historical influences from the ancient Greeks including Greek archeological sites found in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/details/History/HellenicCiv.html|title=Hellenic Civilization in Turkey|author=Tom Brosnahan, Travel Info Exchange, Inc.|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancient.eu.com/Asia_Minor/|title=Asia Minor|author=Joshua J. Mark|work=Ancient History Encyclopedia}}</ref>

Pakistan also became influenced by Greek culture and civilization, especially in the aftermath of [[Alexander the Great]]'s invasion of the region which later led to the formation of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]. [[Gandhara]] is a major site of ancient Greek legacy in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/gandhara.html|title=Gandhara Civilization|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey became a [[Turkic languages|Turkic speaking]] country as a result of [[Seljuq Empire|Seljuq occupation]] and [[Turkification]] of the region. Though Pakistan is not a Turkic-speaking country, its languages, particularly [[Urdu]], a standard register of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], is strongly influenced by the [[Chagatai language|Turkic language of the Mughals]] before it became their empire's official language. As a result, it has many loanwords from that language. The [[etymology]] of the word "Urdu" traces itself back to [[Mughal Empire|Turkic (Mughal) rule]].<ref>http://swauop.yolasite.com/urdu1.php</ref> Moreover, the common cultural influences on Pakistan and Turkey span several centuries, as many [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Iranic peoples]] ruled vast areas of [[Central Asia]], [[South Asia]] and the [[Middle East]].

The designs of clothing of the two countries also have common origins in Central Asia.

Both Turkey and Pakistan practice Sunni Hanafi Islam which was the interpretation of Islam implemented by the [[Ottoman Empire]] and [[Mughal Empire]] respectively, strong strands of moderate Sufism exist and the religious ministers of both nations frequently contact each other.<ref>http://www.radio.gov.pk/27-Nov-2016/pakistan-turkey-reaffirm-commitment-to-intensify-mutual-cooperation</ref>
== Trade ==
[[File:Gul Interchange (2).JPG|thumb|250px|right|thumb|The Abdullah Gul Interchange near [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] in [[Lahore]], this interchange was inaugurated by the [[Turkish President]] [[Abdullah Gul]] during his visit to [[Lahore]] in 2010.]]

Turkey and Pakistan are founding members of the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] and part of the [[Developing 8 Countries]] (D-8) organization. Both nations have worked to negotiate a preferential trading agreement, aiming to considerably increase trade and investments, especially in transport, telecommunications, manufacturing, tourism and other industries.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=1677 |title=Turkey to sign PTA with Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Daily Times, Pakistan |date=16 April 2005}}</ref> Both governments have sought to increase the volume of bilateral trade from $690 million to more than $1 billion by 2010.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=102299 |title=Pakistan, Turkey discuss defence co-production |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref> Pakistani exports include rice, [[sesame seeds]], leather, textiles, fabrics, sports goods, and medical equipment. Turkey's exports to Pakistan include wheat, [[chickpeas]], [[lentils]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], chemicals, transport vehicles, machinery and energy products.<ref name="FPJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fpcci.com.pk/tradep&turk.asp |title=Trade between Pakistan & Turkey |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry}}</ref> Turkish private corporations have also invested significantly in industrial and construction projects developing highways, pipelines and canals.<ref name="JIA" /> The two countries are negotiatating the [[Turkey-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement]].

=== Train service ===
A [[container train]] service was launched by the Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Yousuf Raza Gilani]] between Islamabad and [[Istanbul]] on 14 August 2009. The first train carried 20 [[Intermodal container|containers]] with a capacity of around {{convert|750|t|LT ST|0|abbr=on}} <ref>http://www.pakistantimes.net/pt/detail.php?newsId=3343</ref> and will travel {{convert|6500|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}} from Islamabad, through [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and [[Tehran]], Iran and on to Istanbul in two weeks' time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\15\story_15-8-2009_pg7_12 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |publisher=Daily Times |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Railways (Pakistan)|Minister for Railways]] [[Ghulam Ahmad Bilour]], after the trial of the container train service, a passenger train will be launched.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+gilani+launches+trial+phase+of+islamabad-istanbul+train+service-za-06 |title=Pakistan | PM launches trial phase of Pak-Turkey train service |publisher=Dawn.Com |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> There are also hopes the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia, and carry passengers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8201934.stm |title=Pakistan–Turkey rail trial starts |accessdate=16 August 2009 |publisher=BBC News |date=14 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/news/news61296.html|title=Pakistan Plans Passenger Rail Between Pakistan, Iran and Turkey|work=Railway Technology}}</ref>

== Strategic ties ==
Both nations were part of [[Cold War]] alliance called the [[Central Treaty Organization]]. Its goal was to [[containment|contain]] the [[Soviet Union]] ([[USSR]]) by having a line of strong states along the USSR's southern frontiers. Military contacts remain resolute, uncompromising and stalwart as ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/7569/turkey-pakistan-ties-indias-loss-is-chinas-gain|title=Turkey-Pakistan close ties |publisher=World Politics Review}}</ref>

===Kashmir conflict===
The Turkish ambassador spent a week in Pakistan administered-Kashmir's capital city of Muzaffarabad to express solidarity with the Kashmir cause. President [[Recep Tayyip Erdogan]] declared that “We are well known for the pain and problems of Kashmiris and we condemn the brutality of India in Kashmir”.<ref>http://www.pakistankakhudahafiz.com/blogs/historical-overview-pakistan-turkey-relationship/</ref>

== Trilateral Ankara cooperation process ==
Turkey launched a trilateral summit process between the two states and [[Afghanistan]] in February 2007, following a visit by then [[Turkish Foreign Minister]] [[Abdullah Gül]] to [[Islamabad]], as the backbone of its diversified foreign policy in Southeast Asia and Pakistani deputy [[Humair Hayat Khan Rokhri]] confirmed that according to Gül “we are all brothers who need to support each other,” in order to, “bring security and stability to the region.”<ref name=TZ090507>{{cite news
|url=
|date=7 May 2009
|title=Turkey, Afghanistan and Pakistan solidify cooperation
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

An 1 April 2009 meeting between Pakistani and Afghan leaders, conducted as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, saw the three countries pledged to increase coordination between their political, military and intelligence tiers in the fight against militancy and terrorism. Chairman of the Turkish–Pakistani Friendship Association Burhan Kayatürk has stated that, “It is the first time that the military and intelligence chiefs of Afghanistan and Pakistan have attended the trilateral summit, which is a reflection of the deeper commitment to work together.”<ref name=TZ090506b>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Concerned Turkish deputy calls for active engagement in Pakistan
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

At the 17 April 2009 [[Friends of Pakistan]] Tokyo Donors Conference, Turkish State Minister [[Mehmet Aydın]] pledged $100 million to Pakistan for infrastructure, health and education projects. Turkish Parliamentary Deputy Kayatürk has called on neighbouring countries, including India, to make similar commitments as “It is in their interests to see a stable Pakistan; otherwise violence will spill over into their territory.”<ref name=TZ090506b />

Pakistani and [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] parliamentary deputies came together in [[Ankara]] on 5 May 2009, as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, where they met with the now [[Turkish President]] Gül and new Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] to discuss a variety of issues. Head of the Turkish Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission Murat Mercan stated; <blockquote>“Today we need cooperation between our countries more than ever. I believe Turkey, having historical brotherhood relations with both, is in a special position to improve and deepen this cooperation. Turkey is confident that the cooperation to be established between Afghanistan and Pakistan will help a lot to solve the problems.”<ref name=TZ090506a>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Afghan, Pakistani lawmakers meet in Turkish Parliament
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
}}</ref></blockquote> Chairman of the Pakistani Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission [[Asfandyar Wali Khan]] conveyed his thanks and stated,
:''“We need Turkey’s support to build stability in the region.”''

Mercan concluded,
:''“We are finally on the verge of institutionalising the trilateral Ankara cooperation process within the framework of parliamentary joint initiatives,”'' with follow-up meetings due to be held in Islamabad and [[Kabul]] at four-month intervals.”

== Military relations ==
Pakistan and Turkey have maintained long-standing military ties with Turkey also providing training to Pakistani air force officers in upgrading its [[F-16]] fleet.<ref name="IP" /> On 2 April 1954, Pakistan and Turkey signed a [[treaty]] of friendship and cooperation. Both countries, valued as important states in their regions, joined the U.S.-led [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) aimed to bolster military and strategic cooperation and counter the spread of communism and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] influence in the region.<ref name="VA">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=34|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Turkey has openly supported Pakistan's stance on the [[Kashmir conflict]]. Ankara, further, recognizes Jammu and Kashmir, as part of Pakistan, with which it endeavours to 'spice up' bilateral relations, and the Turkish ambassador to Pakistan spent nearly a week in [[Muzaffarabad]], the capital of Azad Kashmir (Pakistani Administrated Kashmir), in order to show Turkish solidarity with the Pakistanis in regards to Kashmir and maintained political and military support during its [[Wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan|wars with India]].<ref name="VA" /><ref name="VA2">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=109|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] Press |year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Pakistan has reciprocated by expressing support for Turkey's policy on [[Northern Cyprus]].<ref name="X" /><ref name="DQ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |title=Pakistan, Turkey to cooperate in defence industry |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018202001/http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |archivedate=18 October 2006 }}</ref> Both nations have sought to expand cooperation to fight terrorism.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X" /> Both countries are also members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]].

Turkey is also currently a major arms seller to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/features/featureturkeys-formidable-defence-industry-rising-star-or-natos-unruly-ally-4207115/|title=Turkey’s formidable defence industry – rising star or NATO’s unruly ally?|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey purchases arms from Pakistan, and the two countries seek to develop their indigenous defence capabilities.<ref>http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/pakistan-to-be-an-export-hub-for-turkish-firms-2568290</ref><ref>James Ron ''Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey'' Human Rights Watch, 1995 ISBN 1-56432-161-4, 9781564321619 (page 40)</ref> this includes purchase of aerial weapons and components from Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2015/10/05/Pakistan-Turkey-to-improve-defense-ties/9421444052995/|title=Pakistan Turkey to cooperate on defense industry – UPI.com|date=5 October 2015|work=UPI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/145139/pakistan-delivers-parts-for-turkish-uav.html|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra Delivers First Batch of Turkish UAV Parts to Turkish Aerospace Industry|publisher=}}</ref>

== Aid exchange ==
In the aftermath of the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], Turkey stepped up its efforts to help the Pakistani people of the affected areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishembassy.com/ii/O/yardim.htm|title= Humanitarian aid to Pakistan|publisher=Turkish Embassy in Ottawa}}</ref> Turkey announced a package of $150 million for the quake-hit people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/21/top2.htm|title= Turkish aid package for Pakistan|publisher=Dawn News}}</ref> The Turkish aid organization [[Kizilay]] also constructed a mosque in Pakistans [[Azad Kashmir]] region bordering Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir. The mosque is being built in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Style in Pakistan's [[Bagh District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61352|title= Turkish Mosque in Pakistani Kashmir|publisher=World Bulletin}}</ref>

Pakistan supplied Turkey with aid during the 1999 earthquake<ref>{{cite web|url=http://img.static.reliefweb.int/report/turkey/pakistan-sends-relief-goods-turkey-quake-victims|title=Pakistan sends relief goods to Turkey for quake victims|work=ReliefWeb}}</ref> and during the 2011 [[Van earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/10/30/city/lahore/punjab-govt-sends-tents-to-turkey-earthquake-victims/|title=Punjab govt sends tents to Turkey earthquake victims|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-263115-pakistani-red-crescent-extends-help-to-earthquake-victims-in-van.html|title=Pakistani Red Crescent extends help to earthquake victims in Van|work=TodaysZaman}}</ref>

== Former opposing ambitions ==
Both Turkey and Pakistan at times have had conflicting interests and ambitions. During the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Afghan civil war]], Turkey became a strong supporter of the [[Northern Alliance]], due to its [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]] and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] members, with which Turkey shares cultural and linguistic ties.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=JjYaRa2vtAkC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=turkey+northern+alliance+afghanistan&source=bl&ots=dANauf-68k&sig=LthO3RrDAnNbd1jnBcfaCmQSuS8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z1kuU7N24pDJAd6egJAH&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=turkey%20northern%20alliance%20afghanistan&f=false|title=Afghanistan and Central Asia|publisher=}}</ref>
Pakistan meanwhile maintained strong relations and support to the [[Taliban]] whom were ethnic [[Pashtuns]] that have ethnic ties to Pakistan's own Pashtun population as well prevent Pakistan's fears of Afghanistan falling into the control of the Northern Alliance whom were supported by Pakistan's various adversaries, including India.

This changed in late 2001 when Pakistan was under international pressure to abolish all its ties with the Taliban and re-align with the [[United States]] and [[NATO]] in the so-called "[[War on Terror]]" following the September 11 attacks in [[New York City]] and [[Washington DC]] which were directly blamed on [[Al-Queda]] and indirectly on the Taliban for sheltering them. As a result, the United States lifted all sanctions that were imposed on Pakistan following Pakistan's 1998 nuclear weapons tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2001_10/sanctionsoct01|title=Bush Waives Nuclear-Related Sanctions on India, Pakistan – Arms Control Association|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey has also supported the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]] (ETIM) in China whom are ethnic [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] that Turkey also shares cultural and linguistic ties with.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/ethno-diplomacy-uyghur-hitch-sino-turkish-relations|title=Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Xijinping_visit/2012-02/22/content_24696523.htm|title=China cautions Turkey against 'East Turkistan' forces|author=陈霞|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan [[War in North-West Pakistan|struggling with domestic Islamist insurgency]] as well as being a close and [[China–Pakistan relations|historic ally of China]] has strongly opposed the ETIM and has taken severe actions against members of [[Uyghurs in Pakistan|Uyghur communities within its borders]] even suspected of being participant in anti-Chinese activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/pakistan-08102011175506.html|title=Pakistan Deports Uyghurs|work=Radio Free Asia}}</ref>
Separately, Pakistan has killed many foreign militants in its territory during anti-Taliban/Al-Qaeda military operations amongst which were Uyghurs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/916826/uighur-leader-killed-in-pakistan-rehman-malik|title=Uighur leader killed in Pakistan: Rehman Malik|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-31-uighur-attacks-thwarted-as-pakistans-zardari-visits-xinjiang|title='Uighur attacks' thwarted as Pakistan's Zardari visits Xinjiang|author=Ben Blanchard|work=The M&G Online}}</ref> as well as Turks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/125464.html|title=German militant killed in Pakistan|publisher=Press TV}}</ref> and Uzbeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/10/world/asia/karachi-pakistan-airport-attack-taliban.html|title=Assault on Pakistan Airport Signals Taliban’s Reach and Resilience|date=10 June 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/report/uzbek-militancy-pakistans-tribal-region|title=Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan's Tribal Region|work=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref>

In recent years Pakistan and Turkey have moved in close cooperation to help bring a lasting solution to Afghanistan, since Abdullah Gul declared that “We are all brothers who need to support each other, in order to bring security and stability to the region.”<ref>http://www.pakistankakhudahafiz.com/blogs/historical-overview-pakistan-turkey-relationship/</ref>

Turkey which enjoys strong trade links with India still favours Pakistan on the Kashmir dispute as Pakistan reciprocates with support in of Turkish position on Armenia, Azerbaijan and Cyprus. Likewise close military relations between the Turkish and Pakistani military means that the ties between the two nations have a strong strategic element as opposed to a transactional relationship.<ref>http://www.valuewalk.com/2016/11/pakistan-turkey-friendship/</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mei.edu/content/turkey-pakistan-security-relations-1950s Turkey-Pakistan Security Relations since the 1950s]

{{Pakistan–Turkey relations}}
{{Foreign relations of Pakistan}}
{{Foreign relations of Turkey}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan-Turkey Relations}}
[[Category:Pakistan–Turkey relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Turkey]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Pakistan|Turkey]]

Pakistanisch-türkische Beziehungen

2016-11-27T19:24:07Z

Wiki id2:

{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Pakistan-Turkey|Pakistan|Turkey|map=Pakistan Turkey Locator.svg}}
Pakistan has an embassy in [[Ankara]], a Consulate-General in [[Istanbul]] and an honorary consulate in [[Izmir]] whereas, Turkey has an embassy in [[Islamabad]], a Consulate-General in [[Karachi]] and honorary consulates in [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], [[Sialkot]] and [[Faisalabad]]. As of 2016, in a joint communique, Pakistan and Turkey plan to strengthen their close ties into a "strategic partnership".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/turkey-pakistan-vow-to-strengthen-ties-further/687871|title=Turkey, Pakistan vow to strengthen ties further|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radio.gov.pk/17-Nov-2016/pakistan-turkey-reaffirm-commitment-to-transform-relationship-into-strong-strategic-partnership|title=Pakistan, Turkey vow to transform ties into strong strategic partnership|publisher=}}</ref>

Relations date back generations before the establishment of the two states, more precisely during the [[Turkish War of Independence]] when the Muslims of the northwestern British Raj sent financial aid to the declining [[Ottoman Empire]] which was followed by the [[History of the Republic of Turkey|formation of the Turkish Republic]]. Pakistan and Turkey enjoy close cultural, historical and military relations which are now expanding into deepening economic relations as both countries seek to develop their economies. Turkey supports Pakistan's position of holding a plebiscite under the UN to decide if Kashmir wants to join Pakistan, a position which Turkish President Erdogan reaffirmed in a joint address to the Pakistani parliament and which was attended by Pakistan's military high command.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361378-Kashmir-dispute-should-be-solved-according-to-Kash|title=Kashmir dispute should be solved according to Kashmiris' will: Erdogan - Pakistan - Dunya News|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361395-Army-chief-praises-Erdogans-address-in-parliament|title=Army chief praises Erdogan's address in parliament - Pakistan - Dunya News|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey supports Pakistan's membership of the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1296714/turkish-president-erdogan-arrives-in-islamabad|title=Turkish President Erdogan arrives in Islamabad|date=16 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Analysts have also observed that Turkey and Pakistan enjoy close relations during both democratic and military regimes, reflecting the depth of the relations between the two nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232331/turkey-dependable-ally/|title=Turkey, the dependable ally - The Express Tribune|date=15 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

Ties which had historically remained close on nationalist and cultural grounds further deepened under President Erdogan's Islamic-rooted political approach, as he termed Pakistan "home away from home". He became the only foreign leader to address Pakistan's Parliament, the National Assembly more than once, doing so a record three times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/382017/pak-turkey-ties-erdogan-addresses-parliament-offers-sage-advice/|title=Pak-Turkey ties: Erdogan addresses Parliament, offers sage advice - The Express Tribune|date=21 May 2012|publisher=}}</ref> As of 2016, President Erdogan has visited Pakistan 7 times, domestic politics also spillover, infamously [[Fethullah Gulen]] linked officers leaked tapes alleging corruption and arrested Erdogan's close aides, while Erdogan was on a trip to Pakistan, Erdogan accused the Gulenists of sabotage while representing Turkey in a friendly nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/12/can-pakistan-save-erdogan-2013123054425345386.html|title=Can Pakistan save Erdogan?|first=Malik Ayub|last=Sumbal|publisher=}}</ref> Gulen-linked schools are under pressure to close and teachers have had their visas turned down at the behest of the Turkish government since the attempted coup, an indicator of Pakistan's close ties to the Turkish government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232099/turkish-teachers-fear-deportation-asked-renew-visas/|title=108 Turkish teachers asked to leave Pakistan within three days - The Express Tribune|date=15 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/pakistan-expels-turkish-school-staff-gulen-links-161116084837457.html|title=Pakistan expels Turkish school staff over Gulen links|publisher=}}</ref> The Pakistan and Turkish Air Force signed a deal to purchase 52 Super Mushkak trainer jets from Pakistan for Turkey to help train new pilots and support recovery of the [[Turkish Armed Forces]] in the aftermath of pilot shortages after the attempted coup.<ref>http://warontherocks.com/2016/09/the-post-coup-purge-of-turkeys-air-force/</ref><ref>http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/362241-Pakistan-to-supply-52-Super-Mushshak-jets-to-Turke</ref><ref>https://www.geo.tv/latest/121403-Pakistan-signs-agreement-with-Turkey-to-sell-52-Super-Mushak-basic-trainers</ref>

As a result, Pakistan and Pakistanis have enjoyed a positive perception in Turkey and amongst Turks for many decades. The two nations are in the process of strengthening economic relations with a [[Pakistan-Turkey Free Trade Agreement]] aiming to raise bilateral trade volume to $10 billion by 2020.<ref>http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/pakistan-to-be-an-export-hub-for-turkish-firms-2568290</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/turkey-pakistan-fta-to-be-signed-before-2017-2565808|title=Turkey, Pakistan FTA to be signed before 2017|first=Yeni|last=Şafak|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey and Pakistan have a strong defence relationship consisting of joint excercises and a substantial portion of the Pakistan Navy's fleet consisting of joint Pakistan-Turkish naval ships such as fleet tankers and fast attack craft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quwa.org/2016/10/30/turkey-pakistan-conduct-bilateral-naval-exercise/|title=Turkey & Pakistan conduct bilateral naval exercise|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan supports the Turkish position on Cyprus,<ref>http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/pakistan-stands-firmly-by-turkey-on-cyprus-issue.aspx?pageID=438&n=pakistan-stands-firmly-by-turkey-on-cyprus-issue-2005-06-02</ref> Azerbaijan<ref>https://www.geo.tv/latest/117775-Azerbaijan-to-hold-joint-military-exercises-with-Pakistan</ref> and Armenia, as such Pakistan has no diplomatic relations with Armenia, with Turkey supporting Pakistan's position on the Kashmir dispute,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/islamabad/17-Nov-16/pakistan-turkey-agree-to-deepen-trade-defence-relations|title=Dailytimes - Pakistan, Turkey agree to deepen trade, defence relations|publisher=}}</ref> including alleged human rights violations of Muslims in Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/turkey-backs-pakistans-stance-on-sending-team-to-probe-human-rights-violation-in-kashmir-2949887/|title=Turkey backs Pakistan’s stance on sending team to probe human rights violation in Kashmir|date=2 August 2016|publisher=}}</ref> As a result, the two countries have enjoyed strong military and diplomatic relations which is now strengthening towards economic co-operation.

== Development of bilateral relations ==
Turkey established diplomatic relations soon after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and bilateral relations became increasingly close owing to cultural, religious and geopolitical links between the two countries.<ref name="JIA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume5/September-November2000/VolumeVN3ISTHIAQAHMAD.pdf |title=Turkey and Pakistan: Bridging the Growing Divergence |format=PDF |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> Pakistan's founder [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] expressed admiration for Turkey's founding leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and also a desire to develop Pakistan on the Turkish model of modernism. Similarly Pakistan would follow the footstep of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and [[Allama Iqbal]] to develop a modern Islamic Pakistan and all other so called ism are rejected by people of Pakistan.<ref name="CSI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0124/p01s04-wosc.html |title=A Turkish path for Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |date=24 January 2002}}</ref> Similar ideas were expressed by the former [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharraf]], who grew up in Turkey and had received extensive military training there.<ref name="CSI" /><ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2994458.stm|title=BBC NEWS – South Asia – Turkey and Pakistan boost ties|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="IP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FA22Df06.html |title=Turkey and Pakistan join forces |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> [[Jinnah]] is honoured as a great leader in Turkey, and a major road of the Turkish capital [[Ankara]], the [[Cinnah Caddesi]] is named after him, while roads in [[Islamabad]], [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], and [[Larkana]] are named after Atatürk. On 26 October 2009, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] was awarded the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] and was the fourth world leader who spoke to the Pakistani parliament. [[Erdoğan]] said that [[Pakistan]] had always occupied a special place in the hearts and minds of the Turkish government and people.

== Cultural relations ==
[[File:Shashlik ingredients.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Shashlik]], a common [[Eurasian]] dish.]]
Both Pakistan and Turkey are mutually influenced by [[Arab culture|Arab]], [[Turko-Mongol]] and [[Culture of Iran#Traditional cultural inheritors of the old Persia|Persian cultures]]. The region of [[Anatolia]] in Central and Eastern Turkey was occupied multiple times by Persian Empires which has brought Persian cultural and linguistic influence since ancient times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/persian_period.htm|title=Persian Period in Anatolia and Asia Minor|publisher=}}</ref>

The [[Indus Valley]] region of Pakistan was occupied by the [[Achaemenid empire]] going back to the fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajaonline.org/field-report/121|title=The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations at Akra in Northwest Pakistan|publisher=}}</ref>

Modern-day Turkey was home to many ancient European civilizations, including Greek. The country has many traces of cultural and historical influences from the ancient Greeks including Greek archeological sites found in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/details/History/HellenicCiv.html|title=Hellenic Civilization in Turkey|author=Tom Brosnahan, Travel Info Exchange, Inc.|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancient.eu.com/Asia_Minor/|title=Asia Minor|author=Joshua J. Mark|work=Ancient History Encyclopedia}}</ref>

Pakistan also became influenced by Greek culture and civilization, especially in the aftermath of [[Alexander the Great]]'s invasion of the region which later led to the formation of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]. [[Gandhara]] is a major site of ancient Greek legacy in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/gandhara.html|title=Gandhara Civilization|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey became a [[Turkic languages|Turkic speaking]] country as a result of [[Seljuq Empire|Seljuq occupation]] and [[Turkification]] of the region. Though Pakistan is not a Turkic-speaking country, its languages, particularly [[Urdu]], a standard register of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], is strongly influenced by the [[Chagatai language|Turkic language of the Mughals]] before it became their empire's official language. As a result, it has many loanwords from that language. The [[etymology]] of the word "Urdu" traces itself back to [[Mughal Empire|Turkic (Mughal) rule]].<ref>http://swauop.yolasite.com/urdu1.php</ref> Moreover, the common cultural influences on Pakistan and Turkey span several centuries, as many [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Iranic peoples]] ruled vast areas of [[Central Asia]], [[South Asia]] and the [[Middle East]].

The designs of clothing of the two countries also have common origins in Central Asia.

Both Turkey and Pakistan practice Sunni Hanafi Islam which was the interpretation of Islam implemented by the [[Ottoman Empire]] and [[Mughal Empire]] respectively, strong strands of moderate Sufism exist and the religious ministers of both nations frequently contact each other.<ref>http://www.radio.gov.pk/27-Nov-2016/pakistan-turkey-reaffirm-commitment-to-intensify-mutual-cooperation</ref>
== Trade ==
[[File:Gul Interchange (2).JPG|thumb|250px|right|thumb|The Abdullah Gul Interchange near [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] in [[Lahore]], this interchange was inaugurated by the [[Turkish President]] [[Abdullah Gul]] during his visit to [[Lahore]] in 2010.]]

Turkey and Pakistan are founding members of the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] and part of the [[Developing 8 Countries]] (D-8) organization. Both nations have worked to negotiate a preferential trading agreement, aiming to considerably increase trade and investments, especially in transport, telecommunications, manufacturing, tourism and other industries.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=1677 |title=Turkey to sign PTA with Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Daily Times, Pakistan |date=16 April 2005}}</ref> Both governments have sought to increase the volume of bilateral trade from $690 million to more than $1 billion by 2010.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=102299 |title=Pakistan, Turkey discuss defence co-production |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref> Pakistani exports include rice, [[sesame seeds]], leather, textiles, fabrics, sports goods, and medical equipment. Turkey's exports to Pakistan include wheat, [[chickpeas]], [[lentils]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], chemicals, transport vehicles, machinery and energy products.<ref name="FPJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fpcci.com.pk/tradep&turk.asp |title=Trade between Pakistan & Turkey |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry}}</ref> Turkish private corporations have also invested significantly in industrial and construction projects developing highways, pipelines and canals.<ref name="JIA" /> The two countries are negotiatating the [[Turkey-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement]].

=== Train service ===
A [[container train]] service was launched by the Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Yousuf Raza Gilani]] between Islamabad and [[Istanbul]] on 14 August 2009. The first train carried 20 [[Intermodal container|containers]] with a capacity of around {{convert|750|t|LT ST|0|abbr=on}} <ref>http://www.pakistantimes.net/pt/detail.php?newsId=3343</ref> and will travel {{convert|6500|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}} from Islamabad, through [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and [[Tehran]], Iran and on to Istanbul in two weeks' time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\15\story_15-8-2009_pg7_12 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |publisher=Daily Times |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Railways (Pakistan)|Minister for Railways]] [[Ghulam Ahmad Bilour]], after the trial of the container train service, a passenger train will be launched.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+gilani+launches+trial+phase+of+islamabad-istanbul+train+service-za-06 |title=Pakistan | PM launches trial phase of Pak-Turkey train service |publisher=Dawn.Com |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> There are also hopes the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia, and carry passengers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8201934.stm |title=Pakistan–Turkey rail trial starts |accessdate=16 August 2009 |publisher=BBC News |date=14 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/news/news61296.html|title=Pakistan Plans Passenger Rail Between Pakistan, Iran and Turkey|work=Railway Technology}}</ref>

== Strategic ties ==
Both nations were part of [[Cold War]] alliance called the [[Central Treaty Organization]]. Its goal was to [[containment|contain]] the [[Soviet Union]] ([[USSR]]) by having a line of strong states along the USSR's southern frontiers. Military contacts remain resolute, uncompromising and stalwart as ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/7569/turkey-pakistan-ties-indias-loss-is-chinas-gain|title=Turkey-Pakistan close ties |publisher=World Politics Review}}</ref>

===Kashmir conflict===
The Turkish ambassador spent a week in Pakistan administered-Kashmir's capital city of Muzaffarabad to express solidarity with the Kashmir cause. President [[Recep Tayyip Erdogan]] declared that “We are well known for the pain and problems of Kashmiris and we condemn the brutality of India in Kashmir”.<ref>http://www.pakistankakhudahafiz.com/blogs/historical-overview-pakistan-turkey-relationship/</ref>

== Trilateral Ankara cooperation process ==
Turkey launched a trilateral summit process between the two states and [[Afghanistan]] in February 2007, following a visit by then [[Turkish Foreign Minister]] [[Abdullah Gül]] to [[Islamabad]], as the backbone of its diversified foreign policy in Southeast Asia and Pakistani deputy [[Humair Hayat Khan Rokhri]] confirmed that according to Gül “we are all brothers who need to support each other,” in order to, “bring security and stability to the region.”<ref name=TZ090507>{{cite news
|url=
|date=7 May 2009
|title=Turkey, Afghanistan and Pakistan solidify cooperation
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

An 1 April 2009 meeting between Pakistani and Afghan leaders, conducted as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, saw the three countries pledged to increase coordination between their political, military and intelligence tiers in the fight against militancy and terrorism. Chairman of the Turkish–Pakistani Friendship Association Burhan Kayatürk has stated that, “It is the first time that the military and intelligence chiefs of Afghanistan and Pakistan have attended the trilateral summit, which is a reflection of the deeper commitment to work together.”<ref name=TZ090506b>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Concerned Turkish deputy calls for active engagement in Pakistan
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

At the 17 April 2009 [[Friends of Pakistan]] Tokyo Donors Conference, Turkish State Minister [[Mehmet Aydın]] pledged $100 million to Pakistan for infrastructure, health and education projects. Turkish Parliamentary Deputy Kayatürk has called on neighbouring countries, including India, to make similar commitments as “It is in their interests to see a stable Pakistan; otherwise violence will spill over into their territory.”<ref name=TZ090506b />

Pakistani and [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] parliamentary deputies came together in [[Ankara]] on 5 May 2009, as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, where they met with the now [[Turkish President]] Gül and new Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] to discuss a variety of issues. Head of the Turkish Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission Murat Mercan stated; <blockquote>“Today we need cooperation between our countries more than ever. I believe Turkey, having historical brotherhood relations with both, is in a special position to improve and deepen this cooperation. Turkey is confident that the cooperation to be established between Afghanistan and Pakistan will help a lot to solve the problems.”<ref name=TZ090506a>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Afghan, Pakistani lawmakers meet in Turkish Parliament
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
}}</ref></blockquote> Chairman of the Pakistani Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission [[Asfandyar Wali Khan]] conveyed his thanks and stated,
:''“We need Turkey’s support to build stability in the region.”''

Mercan concluded,
:''“We are finally on the verge of institutionalising the trilateral Ankara cooperation process within the framework of parliamentary joint initiatives,”'' with follow-up meetings due to be held in Islamabad and [[Kabul]] at four-month intervals.”

== Military relations ==
Pakistan and Turkey have maintained long-standing military ties with Turkey also providing training to Pakistani air force officers in upgrading its [[F-16]] fleet.<ref name="IP" /> On 2 April 1954, Pakistan and Turkey signed a [[treaty]] of friendship and cooperation. Both countries, valued as important states in their regions, joined the U.S.-led [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) aimed to bolster military and strategic cooperation and counter the spread of communism and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] influence in the region.<ref name="VA">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=34|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Turkey has openly supported Pakistan's stance on the [[Kashmir conflict]]. Ankara, further, recognizes Jammu and Kashmir, as part of Pakistan, with which it endeavours to 'spice up' bilateral relations, and the Turkish ambassador to Pakistan spent nearly a week in [[Muzaffarabad]], the capital of Azad Kashmir (Pakistani Administrated Kashmir), in order to show Turkish solidarity with the Pakistanis in regards to Kashmir and maintained political and military support during its [[Wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan|wars with India]].<ref name="VA" /><ref name="VA2">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=109|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] Press |year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Pakistan has reciprocated by expressing support for Turkey's policy on [[Northern Cyprus]].<ref name="X" /><ref name="DQ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |title=Pakistan, Turkey to cooperate in defence industry |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018202001/http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |archivedate=18 October 2006 }}</ref> Both nations have sought to expand cooperation to fight terrorism.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X" /> Both countries are also members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]].

Turkey is also currently a major arms seller to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/features/featureturkeys-formidable-defence-industry-rising-star-or-natos-unruly-ally-4207115/|title=Turkey’s formidable defence industry – rising star or NATO’s unruly ally?|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey purchases arms from Pakistan, and the two countries seek to develop their indigenous defence capabilities.<ref>http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/pakistan-to-be-an-export-hub-for-turkish-firms-2568290</ref><ref>James Ron ''Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey'' Human Rights Watch, 1995 ISBN 1-56432-161-4, 9781564321619 (page 40)</ref> this includes purchase of aerial weapons and components from Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2015/10/05/Pakistan-Turkey-to-improve-defense-ties/9421444052995/|title=Pakistan Turkey to cooperate on defense industry – UPI.com|date=5 October 2015|work=UPI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/145139/pakistan-delivers-parts-for-turkish-uav.html|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra Delivers First Batch of Turkish UAV Parts to Turkish Aerospace Industry|publisher=}}</ref>

== Aid exchange ==
In the aftermath of the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], Turkey stepped up its efforts to help the Pakistani people of the affected areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishembassy.com/ii/O/yardim.htm|title= Humanitarian aid to Pakistan|publisher=Turkish Embassy in Ottawa}}</ref> Turkey announced a package of $150 million for the quake-hit people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/21/top2.htm|title= Turkish aid package for Pakistan|publisher=Dawn News}}</ref> The Turkish aid organization [[Kizilay]] also constructed a mosque in Pakistans [[Azad Kashmir]] region bordering Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir. The mosque is being built in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Style in Pakistan's [[Bagh District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61352|title= Turkish Mosque in Pakistani Kashmir|publisher=World Bulletin}}</ref>

Pakistan supplied Turkey with aid during the 1999 earthquake<ref>{{cite web|url=http://img.static.reliefweb.int/report/turkey/pakistan-sends-relief-goods-turkey-quake-victims|title=Pakistan sends relief goods to Turkey for quake victims|work=ReliefWeb}}</ref> and during the 2011 [[Van earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/10/30/city/lahore/punjab-govt-sends-tents-to-turkey-earthquake-victims/|title=Punjab govt sends tents to Turkey earthquake victims|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-263115-pakistani-red-crescent-extends-help-to-earthquake-victims-in-van.html|title=Pakistani Red Crescent extends help to earthquake victims in Van|work=TodaysZaman}}</ref>

== Former opposing ambitions ==
Both Turkey and Pakistan at times have had conflicting interests and ambitions. During the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Afghan civil war]], Turkey became a strong supporter of the [[Northern Alliance]], due to its [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]] and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] members, with which Turkey shares cultural and linguistic ties.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=JjYaRa2vtAkC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=turkey+northern+alliance+afghanistan&source=bl&ots=dANauf-68k&sig=LthO3RrDAnNbd1jnBcfaCmQSuS8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z1kuU7N24pDJAd6egJAH&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=turkey%20northern%20alliance%20afghanistan&f=false|title=Afghanistan and Central Asia|publisher=}}</ref>
Pakistan meanwhile maintained strong relations and support to the [[Taliban]] whom were ethnic [[Pashtuns]] that have ethnic ties to Pakistan's own Pashtun population as well prevent Pakistan's fears of Afghanistan falling into the control of the Northern Alliance whom were supported by Pakistan's various adversaries, including India.

This changed in late 2001 when Pakistan was under international pressure to abolish all its ties with the Taliban and re-align with the [[United States]] and [[NATO]] in the so-called "[[War on Terror]]" following the September 11 attacks in [[New York City]] and [[Washington DC]] which were directly blamed on [[Al-Queda]] and indirectly on the Taliban for sheltering them. As a result, the United States lifted all sanctions that were imposed on Pakistan following Pakistan's 1998 nuclear weapons tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2001_10/sanctionsoct01|title=Bush Waives Nuclear-Related Sanctions on India, Pakistan – Arms Control Association|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey has also supported the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]] (ETIM) in China whom are ethnic [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] that Turkey also shares cultural and linguistic ties with.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/ethno-diplomacy-uyghur-hitch-sino-turkish-relations|title=Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Xijinping_visit/2012-02/22/content_24696523.htm|title=China cautions Turkey against 'East Turkistan' forces|author=陈霞|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan [[War in North-West Pakistan|struggling with domestic Islamist insurgency]] as well as being a close and [[China–Pakistan relations|historic ally of China]] has strongly opposed the ETIM and has taken severe actions against members of [[Uyghurs in Pakistan|Uyghur communities within its borders]] even suspected of being participant in anti-Chinese activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/pakistan-08102011175506.html|title=Pakistan Deports Uyghurs|work=Radio Free Asia}}</ref>
Separately, Pakistan has killed many foreign militants in its territory during anti-Taliban/Al-Qaeda military operations amongst which were Uyghurs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/916826/uighur-leader-killed-in-pakistan-rehman-malik|title=Uighur leader killed in Pakistan: Rehman Malik|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-31-uighur-attacks-thwarted-as-pakistans-zardari-visits-xinjiang|title='Uighur attacks' thwarted as Pakistan's Zardari visits Xinjiang|author=Ben Blanchard|work=The M&G Online}}</ref> as well as Turks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/125464.html|title=German militant killed in Pakistan|publisher=Press TV}}</ref> and Uzbeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/10/world/asia/karachi-pakistan-airport-attack-taliban.html|title=Assault on Pakistan Airport Signals Taliban’s Reach and Resilience|date=10 June 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/report/uzbek-militancy-pakistans-tribal-region|title=Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan's Tribal Region|work=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref>

In recent years Pakistan and Turkey have moved in close cooperation to help bring a lasting solution to Afghanistan, since Abdullah Gul declared that “We are all brothers who need to support each other, in order to bring security and stability to the region.”<ref>http://www.pakistankakhudahafiz.com/blogs/historical-overview-pakistan-turkey-relationship/</ref>

Turkey which enjoys strong trade links with India still favours Pakistan on the Kashmir dispute as Pakistan reciprocates with support in of Turkish position on Armenia, Azerbaijan and Cyprus. Likewise close military relations between the Turkish and Pakistani military means that the ties between the two nations have a strong strategic element as opposed to a transactional relationship.<ref>http://www.valuewalk.com/2016/11/pakistan-turkey-friendship/</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mei.edu/content/turkey-pakistan-security-relations-1950s Turkey-Pakistan Security Relations since the 1950s]

{{Pakistan–Turkey relations}}
{{Foreign relations of Pakistan}}
{{Foreign relations of Turkey}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan-Turkey Relations}}
[[Category:Pakistan–Turkey relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Turkey]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Pakistan|Turkey]]

Pakistanisch-türkische Beziehungen

2016-11-27T19:23:18Z

Wiki id2:

{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Pakistan-Turkey|Pakistan|Turkey|map=Pakistan Turkey Locator.svg}}
Pakistan has an embassy in [[Ankara]], a Consulate-General in [[Istanbul]] and an honorary consulate in [[Izmir]] whereas, Turkey has an embassy in [[Islamabad]], a Consulate-General in [[Karachi]] and honorary consulates in [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], [[Sialkot]] and [[Faisalabad]]. As of 2016, in a joint communique, Pakistan and Turkey plan to strengthen their close ties into a "strategic partnership".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/turkey-pakistan-vow-to-strengthen-ties-further/687871|title=Turkey, Pakistan vow to strengthen ties further|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radio.gov.pk/17-Nov-2016/pakistan-turkey-reaffirm-commitment-to-transform-relationship-into-strong-strategic-partnership|title=Pakistan, Turkey vow to transform ties into strong strategic partnership|publisher=}}</ref>

Relations date back generations before the establishment of the two states, more precisely during the [[Turkish War of Independence]] when the Muslims of the northwestern British Raj sent financial aid to the declining [[Ottoman Empire]] which was followed by the [[History of the Republic of Turkey|formation of the Turkish Republic]]. Pakistan and Turkey enjoy close cultural, historical and military relations which are now expanding into deepening economic relations as both countries seek to develop their economies. Turkey supports Pakistan's position of holding a plebiscite under the UN to decide if Kashmir wants to join Pakistan, a position which Turkish President Erdogan reaffirmed in a joint address to the Pakistani parliament and which was attended by Pakistan's military high command.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361378-Kashmir-dispute-should-be-solved-according-to-Kash|title=Kashmir dispute should be solved according to Kashmiris' will: Erdogan - Pakistan - Dunya News|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361395-Army-chief-praises-Erdogans-address-in-parliament|title=Army chief praises Erdogan's address in parliament - Pakistan - Dunya News|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey supports Pakistan's membership of the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1296714/turkish-president-erdogan-arrives-in-islamabad|title=Turkish President Erdogan arrives in Islamabad|date=16 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Analysts have also observed that Turkey and Pakistan enjoy close relations during both democratic and military regimes, reflecting the depth of the relations between the two nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232331/turkey-dependable-ally/|title=Turkey, the dependable ally - The Express Tribune|date=15 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

Ties which had historically remained close on nationalist and cultural grounds further deepened under President Erdogan's Islamic-rooted political approach, as he termed Pakistan "home away from home". He became the only foreign leader to address Pakistan's Parliament, the National Assembly more than once, doing so a record three times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/382017/pak-turkey-ties-erdogan-addresses-parliament-offers-sage-advice/|title=Pak-Turkey ties: Erdogan addresses Parliament, offers sage advice - The Express Tribune|date=21 May 2012|publisher=}}</ref> As of 2016, President Erdogan has visited Pakistan 7 times, domestic politics also spillover, infamously [[Fethullah Gulen]] linked officers leaked tapes alleging corruption and arrested Erdogan's close aides, while Erdogan was on a trip to Pakistan, Erdogan accused the Gulenists of sabotage while representing Turkey in a friendly nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/12/can-pakistan-save-erdogan-2013123054425345386.html|title=Can Pakistan save Erdogan?|first=Malik Ayub|last=Sumbal|publisher=}}</ref> Gulen-linked schools are under pressure to close and teachers have had their visas turned down at the behest of the Turkish government since the attempted coup, an indicator of Pakistan's close ties to the Turkish government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232099/turkish-teachers-fear-deportation-asked-renew-visas/|title=108 Turkish teachers asked to leave Pakistan within three days - The Express Tribune|date=15 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/pakistan-expels-turkish-school-staff-gulen-links-161116084837457.html|title=Pakistan expels Turkish school staff over Gulen links|publisher=}}</ref> The Pakistan and Turkish Air Force signed a deal to purchase 52 Super Mushkak trainer jets from Pakistan for Turkey to help train new pilots and support recovery of the [[Turkish Armed Forces]] in the aftermath of pilot shortages after the attempted coup.<ref>http://warontherocks.com/2016/09/the-post-coup-purge-of-turkeys-air-force/</ref><ref>http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/362241-Pakistan-to-supply-52-Super-Mushshak-jets-to-Turke</ref><ref>https://www.geo.tv/latest/121403-Pakistan-signs-agreement-with-Turkey-to-sell-52-Super-Mushak-basic-trainers</ref>

As a result, Pakistan and Pakistanis have enjoyed a positive perception in Turkey and amongst Turks for many decades. The two nations are in the process of strengthening economic relations with a [[Pakistan-Turkey Free Trade Agreement]] aiming to raise bilateral trade volume to $10 billion by 2020.<ref>http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/pakistan-to-be-an-export-hub-for-turkish-firms-2568290</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/turkey-pakistan-fta-to-be-signed-before-2017-2565808|title=Turkey, Pakistan FTA to be signed before 2017|first=Yeni|last=Şafak|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey and Pakistan have a strong defence relationship consisting of joint excercises and a substantial portion of the Pakistan Navy's fleet consisting of joint Pakistan-Turkish naval ships such as fleet tankers and fast attack craft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quwa.org/2016/10/30/turkey-pakistan-conduct-bilateral-naval-exercise/|title=Turkey & Pakistan conduct bilateral naval exercise|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan supports the Turkish position on Cyprus,<ref>http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/pakistan-stands-firmly-by-turkey-on-cyprus-issue.aspx?pageID=438&n=pakistan-stands-firmly-by-turkey-on-cyprus-issue-2005-06-02</ref> Azerbaijan<ref>https://www.geo.tv/latest/117775-Azerbaijan-to-hold-joint-military-exercises-with-Pakistan</ref> and Armenia, as such Pakistan has no diplomatic relations with Armenia, with Turkey supporting Pakistan's position on the Kashmir dispute,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/islamabad/17-Nov-16/pakistan-turkey-agree-to-deepen-trade-defence-relations|title=Dailytimes - Pakistan, Turkey agree to deepen trade, defence relations|publisher=}}</ref> including alleged human rights violations of Muslims in Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/turkey-backs-pakistans-stance-on-sending-team-to-probe-human-rights-violation-in-kashmir-2949887/|title=Turkey backs Pakistan’s stance on sending team to probe human rights violation in Kashmir|date=2 August 2016|publisher=}}</ref> As a result, the two countries have enjoyed strong military and diplomatic relations which is now strengthening towards economic co-operation.

== Development of bilateral relations ==
Turkey established diplomatic relations soon after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and bilateral relations became increasingly close owing to cultural, religious and geopolitical links between the two countries.<ref name="JIA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume5/September-November2000/VolumeVN3ISTHIAQAHMAD.pdf |title=Turkey and Pakistan: Bridging the Growing Divergence |format=PDF |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> Pakistan's founder [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] expressed admiration for Turkey's founding leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and also a desire to develop Pakistan on the Turkish model of modernism. Similarly Pakistan would follow the footstep of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and [[Allama Iqbal]] to develop a modern Islamic Pakistan and all other so called ism are rejected by people of Pakistan.<ref name="CSI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0124/p01s04-wosc.html |title=A Turkish path for Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |date=24 January 2002}}</ref> Similar ideas were expressed by the former [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharraf]], who grew up in Turkey and had received extensive military training there.<ref name="CSI" /><ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2994458.stm|title=BBC NEWS – South Asia – Turkey and Pakistan boost ties|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="IP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FA22Df06.html |title=Turkey and Pakistan join forces |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> [[Jinnah]] is honoured as a great leader in Turkey, and a major road of the Turkish capital [[Ankara]], the [[Cinnah Caddesi]] is named after him, while roads in [[Islamabad]], [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], and [[Larkana]] are named after Atatürk. On 26 October 2009, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] was awarded the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] and was the fourth world leader who spoke to the Pakistani parliament. [[Erdoğan]] said that [[Pakistan]] had always occupied a special place in the hearts and minds of the Turkish government and people.

== Cultural relations ==
[[File:Shashlik ingredients.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Shashlik]], a common [[Eurasian]] dish.]]
Both Pakistan and Turkey are mutually influenced by [[Arab culture|Arab]], [[Turko-Mongol]] and [[Culture of Iran#Traditional cultural inheritors of the old Persia|Persian cultures]]. The region of [[Anatolia]] in Central and Eastern Turkey was occupied multiple times by Persian Empires which has brought Persian cultural and linguistic influence since ancient times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/persian_period.htm|title=Persian Period in Anatolia and Asia Minor|publisher=}}</ref>

The [[Indus Valley]] region of Pakistan was occupied by the [[Achaemenid empire]] going back to the fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajaonline.org/field-report/121|title=The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations at Akra in Northwest Pakistan|publisher=}}</ref>

Modern-day Turkey was home to many ancient European civilizations, including Greek. The country has many traces of cultural and historical influences from the ancient Greeks including Greek archeological sites found in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/details/History/HellenicCiv.html|title=Hellenic Civilization in Turkey|author=Tom Brosnahan, Travel Info Exchange, Inc.|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancient.eu.com/Asia_Minor/|title=Asia Minor|author=Joshua J. Mark|work=Ancient History Encyclopedia}}</ref>

Pakistan also became influenced by Greek culture and civilization, especially in the aftermath of [[Alexander the Great]]'s invasion of the region which later led to the formation of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]. [[Gandhara]] is a major site of ancient Greek legacy in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/gandhara.html|title=Gandhara Civilization|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey became a [[Turkic languages|Turkic speaking]] country as a result of [[Seljuq Empire|Seljuq occupation]] and [[Turkification]] of the region. Though Pakistan is not a Turkic-speaking country, its languages, particularly [[Urdu]], a standard register of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], is strongly influenced by the [[Chagatai language|Turkic language of the Mughals]] before it became their empire's official language. As a result, it has many loanwords from that language. The [[etymology]] of the word "Urdu" traces itself back to [[Mughal Empire|Turkic (Mughal) rule]].<ref>http://swauop.yolasite.com/urdu1.php</ref> Moreover, the common cultural influences on Pakistan and Turkey span several centuries, as many [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Iranic peoples]] ruled vast areas of [[Central Asia]], [[South Asia]] and the [[Middle East]].

The designs of clothing of the two countries also have common origins in Central Asia.

Both Turkey and Pakistan practice Sunni Hanafi Islam which was the interpretation of Islam implemented by the [[Ottoman Empire]] and [[Mughal Empire]] respectively, strong strands of moderate Sufism exist and the religious ministers of both nations frequently contact each other.<ref>http://www.radio.gov.pk/27-Nov-2016/pakistan-turkey-reaffirm-commitment-to-intensify-mutual-cooperation</ref>
== Trade ==
[[File:Gul Interchange (2).JPG|thumb|250px|right|thumb|The Abdullah Gul Interchange near [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] in [[Lahore]], this interchange was inaugurated by the [[Turkish President]] [[Abdullah Gul]] during his visit to [[Lahore]] in 2010.]]

Turkey and Pakistan are founding members of the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] and part of the [[Developing 8 Countries]] (D-8) organization. Both nations have worked to negotiate a preferential trading agreement, aiming to considerably increase trade and investments, especially in transport, telecommunications, manufacturing, tourism and other industries.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=1677 |title=Turkey to sign PTA with Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Daily Times, Pakistan |date=16 April 2005}}</ref> Both governments have sought to increase the volume of bilateral trade from $690 million to more than $1 billion by 2010.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=102299 |title=Pakistan, Turkey discuss defence co-production |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref> Pakistani exports include rice, [[sesame seeds]], leather, textiles, fabrics, sports goods, and medical equipment. Turkey's exports to Pakistan include wheat, [[chickpeas]], [[lentils]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], chemicals, transport vehicles, machinery and energy products.<ref name="FPJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fpcci.com.pk/tradep&turk.asp |title=Trade between Pakistan & Turkey |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry}}</ref> Turkish private corporations have also invested significantly in industrial and construction projects developing highways, pipelines and canals.<ref name="JIA" /> The two countries are negotiatating the [[Turkey-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement]].

=== Train service ===
A [[container train]] service was launched by the Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Yousuf Raza Gilani]] between Islamabad and [[Istanbul]] on 14 August 2009. The first train carried 20 [[Intermodal container|containers]] with a capacity of around {{convert|750|t|LT ST|0|abbr=on}} <ref>http://www.pakistantimes.net/pt/detail.php?newsId=3343</ref> and will travel {{convert|6500|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}} from Islamabad, through [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and [[Tehran]], Iran and on to Istanbul in two weeks' time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\15\story_15-8-2009_pg7_12 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |publisher=Daily Times |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Railways (Pakistan)|Minister for Railways]] [[Ghulam Ahmad Bilour]], after the trial of the container train service, a passenger train will be launched.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+gilani+launches+trial+phase+of+islamabad-istanbul+train+service-za-06 |title=Pakistan | PM launches trial phase of Pak-Turkey train service |publisher=Dawn.Com |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> There are also hopes the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia, and carry passengers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8201934.stm |title=Pakistan–Turkey rail trial starts |accessdate=16 August 2009 |publisher=BBC News |date=14 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/news/news61296.html|title=Pakistan Plans Passenger Rail Between Pakistan, Iran and Turkey|work=Railway Technology}}</ref>

== Strategic ties ==
Both nations were part of [[Cold War]] alliance called the [[Central Treaty Organization]]. Its goal was to [[containment|contain]] the [[Soviet Union]] ([[USSR]]) by having a line of strong states along the USSR's southern frontiers. Military contacts remain resolute, uncompromising and stalwart as ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/7569/turkey-pakistan-ties-indias-loss-is-chinas-gain|title=Turkey-Pakistan close ties |publisher=World Politics Review}}</ref>

===Kashmir conflict===
The Turkish ambassador spent a week in Pakistan administered-Kashmir's capital city of Muzaffarabad to express solidarity with the Kashmir cause. President [[Recep Tayyip Erdogan]] declared that “We are well known for the pain and problems of Kashmiris and we condemn the brutality of India in Kashmir”.<ref>http://www.pakistankakhudahafiz.com/blogs/historical-overview-pakistan-turkey-relationship/</ref>
Turkey supports
== Trilateral Ankara cooperation process ==
Turkey launched a trilateral summit process between the two states and [[Afghanistan]] in February 2007, following a visit by then [[Turkish Foreign Minister]] [[Abdullah Gül]] to [[Islamabad]], as the backbone of its diversified foreign policy in Southeast Asia and Pakistani deputy [[Humair Hayat Khan Rokhri]] confirmed that according to Gül “we are all brothers who need to support each other,” in order to, “bring security and stability to the region.”<ref name=TZ090507>{{cite news
|url=
|date=7 May 2009
|title=Turkey, Afghanistan and Pakistan solidify cooperation
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

An 1 April 2009 meeting between Pakistani and Afghan leaders, conducted as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, saw the three countries pledged to increase coordination between their political, military and intelligence tiers in the fight against militancy and terrorism. Chairman of the Turkish–Pakistani Friendship Association Burhan Kayatürk has stated that, “It is the first time that the military and intelligence chiefs of Afghanistan and Pakistan have attended the trilateral summit, which is a reflection of the deeper commitment to work together.”<ref name=TZ090506b>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Concerned Turkish deputy calls for active engagement in Pakistan
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

At the 17 April 2009 [[Friends of Pakistan]] Tokyo Donors Conference, Turkish State Minister [[Mehmet Aydın]] pledged $100 million to Pakistan for infrastructure, health and education projects. Turkish Parliamentary Deputy Kayatürk has called on neighbouring countries, including India, to make similar commitments as “It is in their interests to see a stable Pakistan; otherwise violence will spill over into their territory.”<ref name=TZ090506b />

Pakistani and [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] parliamentary deputies came together in [[Ankara]] on 5 May 2009, as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, where they met with the now [[Turkish President]] Gül and new Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] to discuss a variety of issues. Head of the Turkish Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission Murat Mercan stated; <blockquote>“Today we need cooperation between our countries more than ever. I believe Turkey, having historical brotherhood relations with both, is in a special position to improve and deepen this cooperation. Turkey is confident that the cooperation to be established between Afghanistan and Pakistan will help a lot to solve the problems.”<ref name=TZ090506a>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Afghan, Pakistani lawmakers meet in Turkish Parliament
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
}}</ref></blockquote> Chairman of the Pakistani Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission [[Asfandyar Wali Khan]] conveyed his thanks and stated,
:''“We need Turkey’s support to build stability in the region.”''

Mercan concluded,
:''“We are finally on the verge of institutionalising the trilateral Ankara cooperation process within the framework of parliamentary joint initiatives,”'' with follow-up meetings due to be held in Islamabad and [[Kabul]] at four-month intervals.”

== Military relations ==
Pakistan and Turkey have maintained long-standing military ties with Turkey also providing training to Pakistani air force officers in upgrading its [[F-16]] fleet.<ref name="IP" /> On 2 April 1954, Pakistan and Turkey signed a [[treaty]] of friendship and cooperation. Both countries, valued as important states in their regions, joined the U.S.-led [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) aimed to bolster military and strategic cooperation and counter the spread of communism and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] influence in the region.<ref name="VA">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=34|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Turkey has openly supported Pakistan's stance on the [[Kashmir conflict]]. Ankara, further, recognizes Jammu and Kashmir, as part of Pakistan, with which it endeavours to 'spice up' bilateral relations, and the Turkish ambassador to Pakistan spent nearly a week in [[Muzaffarabad]], the capital of Azad Kashmir (Pakistani Administrated Kashmir), in order to show Turkish solidarity with the Pakistanis in regards to Kashmir and maintained political and military support during its [[Wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan|wars with India]].<ref name="VA" /><ref name="VA2">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=109|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] Press |year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Pakistan has reciprocated by expressing support for Turkey's policy on [[Northern Cyprus]].<ref name="X" /><ref name="DQ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |title=Pakistan, Turkey to cooperate in defence industry |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018202001/http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |archivedate=18 October 2006 }}</ref> Both nations have sought to expand cooperation to fight terrorism.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X" /> Both countries are also members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]].

Turkey is also currently a major arms seller to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/features/featureturkeys-formidable-defence-industry-rising-star-or-natos-unruly-ally-4207115/|title=Turkey’s formidable defence industry – rising star or NATO’s unruly ally?|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey purchases arms from Pakistan, and the two countries seek to develop their indigenous defence capabilities.<ref>http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/pakistan-to-be-an-export-hub-for-turkish-firms-2568290</ref><ref>James Ron ''Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey'' Human Rights Watch, 1995 ISBN 1-56432-161-4, 9781564321619 (page 40)</ref> this includes purchase of aerial weapons and components from Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2015/10/05/Pakistan-Turkey-to-improve-defense-ties/9421444052995/|title=Pakistan Turkey to cooperate on defense industry – UPI.com|date=5 October 2015|work=UPI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/145139/pakistan-delivers-parts-for-turkish-uav.html|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra Delivers First Batch of Turkish UAV Parts to Turkish Aerospace Industry|publisher=}}</ref>

== Aid exchange ==
In the aftermath of the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], Turkey stepped up its efforts to help the Pakistani people of the affected areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishembassy.com/ii/O/yardim.htm|title= Humanitarian aid to Pakistan|publisher=Turkish Embassy in Ottawa}}</ref> Turkey announced a package of $150 million for the quake-hit people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/21/top2.htm|title= Turkish aid package for Pakistan|publisher=Dawn News}}</ref> The Turkish aid organization [[Kizilay]] also constructed a mosque in Pakistans [[Azad Kashmir]] region bordering Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir. The mosque is being built in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Style in Pakistan's [[Bagh District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61352|title= Turkish Mosque in Pakistani Kashmir|publisher=World Bulletin}}</ref>

Pakistan supplied Turkey with aid during the 1999 earthquake<ref>{{cite web|url=http://img.static.reliefweb.int/report/turkey/pakistan-sends-relief-goods-turkey-quake-victims|title=Pakistan sends relief goods to Turkey for quake victims|work=ReliefWeb}}</ref> and during the 2011 [[Van earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/10/30/city/lahore/punjab-govt-sends-tents-to-turkey-earthquake-victims/|title=Punjab govt sends tents to Turkey earthquake victims|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-263115-pakistani-red-crescent-extends-help-to-earthquake-victims-in-van.html|title=Pakistani Red Crescent extends help to earthquake victims in Van|work=TodaysZaman}}</ref>

== Former opposing ambitions ==
Both Turkey and Pakistan at times have had conflicting interests and ambitions. During the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Afghan civil war]], Turkey became a strong supporter of the [[Northern Alliance]], due to its [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]] and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] members, with which Turkey shares cultural and linguistic ties.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=JjYaRa2vtAkC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=turkey+northern+alliance+afghanistan&source=bl&ots=dANauf-68k&sig=LthO3RrDAnNbd1jnBcfaCmQSuS8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z1kuU7N24pDJAd6egJAH&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=turkey%20northern%20alliance%20afghanistan&f=false|title=Afghanistan and Central Asia|publisher=}}</ref>
Pakistan meanwhile maintained strong relations and support to the [[Taliban]] whom were ethnic [[Pashtuns]] that have ethnic ties to Pakistan's own Pashtun population as well prevent Pakistan's fears of Afghanistan falling into the control of the Northern Alliance whom were supported by Pakistan's various adversaries, including India.

This changed in late 2001 when Pakistan was under international pressure to abolish all its ties with the Taliban and re-align with the [[United States]] and [[NATO]] in the so-called "[[War on Terror]]" following the September 11 attacks in [[New York City]] and [[Washington DC]] which were directly blamed on [[Al-Queda]] and indirectly on the Taliban for sheltering them. As a result, the United States lifted all sanctions that were imposed on Pakistan following Pakistan's 1998 nuclear weapons tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2001_10/sanctionsoct01|title=Bush Waives Nuclear-Related Sanctions on India, Pakistan – Arms Control Association|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey has also supported the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]] (ETIM) in China whom are ethnic [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] that Turkey also shares cultural and linguistic ties with.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/ethno-diplomacy-uyghur-hitch-sino-turkish-relations|title=Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Xijinping_visit/2012-02/22/content_24696523.htm|title=China cautions Turkey against 'East Turkistan' forces|author=陈霞|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan [[War in North-West Pakistan|struggling with domestic Islamist insurgency]] as well as being a close and [[China–Pakistan relations|historic ally of China]] has strongly opposed the ETIM and has taken severe actions against members of [[Uyghurs in Pakistan|Uyghur communities within its borders]] even suspected of being participant in anti-Chinese activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/pakistan-08102011175506.html|title=Pakistan Deports Uyghurs|work=Radio Free Asia}}</ref>
Separately, Pakistan has killed many foreign militants in its territory during anti-Taliban/Al-Qaeda military operations amongst which were Uyghurs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/916826/uighur-leader-killed-in-pakistan-rehman-malik|title=Uighur leader killed in Pakistan: Rehman Malik|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-31-uighur-attacks-thwarted-as-pakistans-zardari-visits-xinjiang|title='Uighur attacks' thwarted as Pakistan's Zardari visits Xinjiang|author=Ben Blanchard|work=The M&G Online}}</ref> as well as Turks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/125464.html|title=German militant killed in Pakistan|publisher=Press TV}}</ref> and Uzbeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/10/world/asia/karachi-pakistan-airport-attack-taliban.html|title=Assault on Pakistan Airport Signals Taliban’s Reach and Resilience|date=10 June 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/report/uzbek-militancy-pakistans-tribal-region|title=Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan's Tribal Region|work=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref>

In recent years Pakistan and Turkey have moved in close cooperation to help bring a lasting solution to Afghanistan, since Abdullah Gul declared that “We are all brothers who need to support each other, in order to bring security and stability to the region.”<ref>http://www.pakistankakhudahafiz.com/blogs/historical-overview-pakistan-turkey-relationship/</ref>

Turkey which enjoys strong trade links with India still favours Pakistan on the Kashmir dispute as Pakistan reciprocates with support in of Turkish position on Armenia, Azerbaijan and Cyprus. Likewise close military relations between the Turkish and Pakistani military means that the ties between the two nations have a strong strategic element as opposed to a transactional relationship.<ref>http://www.valuewalk.com/2016/11/pakistan-turkey-friendship/</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mei.edu/content/turkey-pakistan-security-relations-1950s Turkey-Pakistan Security Relations since the 1950s]

{{Pakistan–Turkey relations}}
{{Foreign relations of Pakistan}}
{{Foreign relations of Turkey}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan-Turkey Relations}}
[[Category:Pakistan–Turkey relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Turkey]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Pakistan|Turkey]]

Pakistanisch-türkische Beziehungen

2016-11-27T17:44:17Z

Wiki id2:

{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Pakistan-Turkey|Pakistan|Turkey|map=Pakistan Turkey Locator.svg}}
Pakistan has an embassy in [[Ankara]], a Consulate-General in [[Istanbul]] and an honorary consulate in [[Izmir]] whereas, Turkey has an embassy in [[Islamabad]], a Consulate-General in [[Karachi]] and honorary consulates in [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], [[Sialkot]] and [[Faisalabad]]. As of 2016, in a joint communique, Pakistan and Turkey plan to strengthen their close ties into a "strategic partnership".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/turkey-pakistan-vow-to-strengthen-ties-further/687871|title=Turkey, Pakistan vow to strengthen ties further|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radio.gov.pk/17-Nov-2016/pakistan-turkey-reaffirm-commitment-to-transform-relationship-into-strong-strategic-partnership|title=Pakistan, Turkey vow to transform ties into strong strategic partnership|publisher=}}</ref>

Relations date back generations before the establishment of the two states, more precisely during the [[Turkish War of Independence]] when the Muslims of the northwestern British Raj sent financial aid to the declining [[Ottoman Empire]] which was followed by the [[History of the Republic of Turkey|formation of the Turkish Republic]]. Pakistan and Turkey enjoy close cultural, historical and military relations which are now expanding into deepening economic relations as both countries seek to develop their economies. Turkey supports Pakistan's position of holding a plebiscite under the UN to decide if Kashmir wants to join Pakistan, a position which Turkish President Erdogan reaffirmed in a joint address to the Pakistani parliament and which was attended by Pakistan's military high command.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361378-Kashmir-dispute-should-be-solved-according-to-Kash|title=Kashmir dispute should be solved according to Kashmiris' will: Erdogan - Pakistan - Dunya News|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361395-Army-chief-praises-Erdogans-address-in-parliament|title=Army chief praises Erdogan's address in parliament - Pakistan - Dunya News|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey supports Pakistan's membership of the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1296714/turkish-president-erdogan-arrives-in-islamabad|title=Turkish President Erdogan arrives in Islamabad|date=16 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Analysts have also observed that Turkey and Pakistan enjoy close relations during both democratic and military regimes, reflecting the depth of the relations between the two nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232331/turkey-dependable-ally/|title=Turkey, the dependable ally - The Express Tribune|date=15 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

Ties which had historically remained close on nationalist and cultural grounds further deepened under President Erdogan's Islamic-rooted political approach, as he termed Pakistan "home away from home". He became the only foreign leader to address Pakistan's Parliament, the National Assembly more than once, doing so a record three times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/382017/pak-turkey-ties-erdogan-addresses-parliament-offers-sage-advice/|title=Pak-Turkey ties: Erdogan addresses Parliament, offers sage advice - The Express Tribune|date=21 May 2012|publisher=}}</ref> As of 2016, President Erdogan has visited Pakistan 7 times, domestic politics also spillover, infamously [[Fethullah Gulen]] linked officers leaked tapes alleging corruption and arrested Erdogan's close aides, while Erdogan was on a trip to Pakistan, Erdogan accused the Gulenists of sabotage while representing Turkey in a friendly nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/12/can-pakistan-save-erdogan-2013123054425345386.html|title=Can Pakistan save Erdogan?|first=Malik Ayub|last=Sumbal|publisher=}}</ref> Gulen-linked schools are under pressure to close and teachers have had their visas turned down at the behest of the Turkish government since the attempted coup, an indicator of Pakistan's close ties to the Turkish government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232099/turkish-teachers-fear-deportation-asked-renew-visas/|title=108 Turkish teachers asked to leave Pakistan within three days - The Express Tribune|date=15 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/pakistan-expels-turkish-school-staff-gulen-links-161116084837457.html|title=Pakistan expels Turkish school staff over Gulen links|publisher=}}</ref> The Pakistan and Turkish Air Force signed a deal to purchase 52 Super Mushkak trainer jets from Pakistan for Turkey to help train new pilots and support recovery of the [[Turkish Armed Forces]] in the aftermath of pilot shortages after the attempted coup.<ref>http://warontherocks.com/2016/09/the-post-coup-purge-of-turkeys-air-force/</ref><ref>http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/362241-Pakistan-to-supply-52-Super-Mushshak-jets-to-Turke</ref><ref>https://www.geo.tv/latest/121403-Pakistan-signs-agreement-with-Turkey-to-sell-52-Super-Mushak-basic-trainers</ref>

As a result, Pakistan and Pakistanis have enjoyed a positive perception in Turkey and amongst Turks for many decades. The two nations are in the process of strengthening economic relations with a [[Pakistan-Turkey Free Trade Agreement]] aiming to raise bilateral trade volume to $10 billion by 2020.<ref>http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/pakistan-to-be-an-export-hub-for-turkish-firms-2568290</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/turkey-pakistan-fta-to-be-signed-before-2017-2565808|title=Turkey, Pakistan FTA to be signed before 2017|first=Yeni|last=Şafak|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey and Pakistan have a strong defence relationship consisting of joint excercises and a substantial portion of the Pakistan Navy's fleet consisting of joint Pakistan-Turkish naval ships such as fleet tankers and fast attack craft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quwa.org/2016/10/30/turkey-pakistan-conduct-bilateral-naval-exercise/|title=Turkey & Pakistan conduct bilateral naval exercise|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan supports the Turkish position on Cyprus,<ref>http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/pakistan-stands-firmly-by-turkey-on-cyprus-issue.aspx?pageID=438&n=pakistan-stands-firmly-by-turkey-on-cyprus-issue-2005-06-02</ref> Azerbaijan<ref>https://www.geo.tv/latest/117775-Azerbaijan-to-hold-joint-military-exercises-with-Pakistan</ref> and Armenia, as such Pakistan has no diplomatic relations with Armenia, with Turkey supporting Pakistan's position on the Kashmir dispute,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/islamabad/17-Nov-16/pakistan-turkey-agree-to-deepen-trade-defence-relations|title=Dailytimes - Pakistan, Turkey agree to deepen trade, defence relations|publisher=}}</ref> including alleged human rights violations of Muslims in Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/turkey-backs-pakistans-stance-on-sending-team-to-probe-human-rights-violation-in-kashmir-2949887/|title=Turkey backs Pakistan’s stance on sending team to probe human rights violation in Kashmir|date=2 August 2016|publisher=}}</ref> As a result, the two countries have enjoyed strong military and diplomatic relations which is now strengthening towards economic co-operation.

== Development of bilateral relations ==
Turkey established diplomatic relations soon after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and bilateral relations became increasingly close owing to cultural, religious and geopolitical links between the two countries.<ref name="JIA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume5/September-November2000/VolumeVN3ISTHIAQAHMAD.pdf |title=Turkey and Pakistan: Bridging the Growing Divergence |format=PDF |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> Pakistan's founder [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] expressed admiration for Turkey's founding leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and also a desire to develop Pakistan on the Turkish model of modernism. Similarly Pakistan would follow the footstep of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and [[Allama Iqbal]] to develop a modern Islamic Pakistan and all other so called ism are rejected by people of Pakistan.<ref name="CSI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0124/p01s04-wosc.html |title=A Turkish path for Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |date=24 January 2002}}</ref> Similar ideas were expressed by the former [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharraf]], who grew up in Turkey and had received extensive military training there.<ref name="CSI" /><ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2994458.stm|title=BBC NEWS – South Asia – Turkey and Pakistan boost ties|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="IP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FA22Df06.html |title=Turkey and Pakistan join forces |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> [[Jinnah]] is honoured as a great leader in Turkey, and a major road of the Turkish capital [[Ankara]], the [[Cinnah Caddesi]] is named after him, while roads in [[Islamabad]], [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], and [[Larkana]] are named after Atatürk. On 26 October 2009, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] was awarded the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] and was the fourth world leader who spoke to the Pakistani parliament. [[Erdoğan]] said that [[Pakistan]] had always occupied a special place in the hearts and minds of the Turkish government and people.

== Cultural relations ==
[[File:Shashlik ingredients.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Shashlik]], a common [[Eurasian]] dish.]]
Both Pakistan and Turkey are mutually influenced by [[Arab culture|Arab]], [[Turko-Mongol]] and [[Culture of Iran#Traditional cultural inheritors of the old Persia|Persian cultures]]. The region of [[Anatolia]] in Central and Eastern Turkey was occupied multiple times by Persian Empires which has brought Persian cultural and linguistic influence since ancient times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/persian_period.htm|title=Persian Period in Anatolia and Asia Minor|publisher=}}</ref>

The [[Indus Valley]] region of Pakistan was occupied by the [[Achaemenid empire]] going back to the fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajaonline.org/field-report/121|title=The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations at Akra in Northwest Pakistan|publisher=}}</ref>

Modern-day Turkey was home to many ancient European civilizations, including Greek. The country has many traces of cultural and historical influences from the ancient Greeks including Greek archeological sites found in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/details/History/HellenicCiv.html|title=Hellenic Civilization in Turkey|author=Tom Brosnahan, Travel Info Exchange, Inc.|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancient.eu.com/Asia_Minor/|title=Asia Minor|author=Joshua J. Mark|work=Ancient History Encyclopedia}}</ref>

Pakistan also became influenced by Greek culture and civilization, especially in the aftermath of [[Alexander the Great]]'s invasion of the region which later led to the formation of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]. [[Gandhara]] is a major site of ancient Greek legacy in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/gandhara.html|title=Gandhara Civilization|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey became a [[Turkic languages|Turkic speaking]] country as a result of [[Seljuq Empire|Seljuq occupation]] and [[Turkification]] of the region. Though Pakistan is not a Turkic-speaking country, its languages, particularly [[Urdu]], a standard register of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], is strongly influenced by the [[Chagatai language|Turkic language of the Mughals]] before it became their empire's official language. As a result, it has many loanwords from that language. The [[etymology]] of the word "Urdu" traces itself back to [[Mughal Empire|Turkic (Mughal) rule]].<ref>http://swauop.yolasite.com/urdu1.php</ref> Moreover, the common cultural influences on Pakistan and Turkey span several centuries, as many [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Iranic peoples]] ruled vast areas of [[Central Asia]], [[South Asia]] and the [[Middle East]].

The designs of clothing of the two countries also have common origins in Central Asia.

Both Turkey and Pakistan practice Sunni Hanafi Islam which was the interpretation of Islam implemented by the [[Ottoman Empire]] and [[Mughal Empire]] respectively, strong strands of moderate Sufism exist and the religious ministers of both nations frequently contact each other.<ref>http://www.radio.gov.pk/27-Nov-2016/pakistan-turkey-reaffirm-commitment-to-intensify-mutual-cooperation</ref>
== Trade ==
[[File:Gul Interchange (2).JPG|thumb|250px|right|thumb|The Abdullah Gul Interchange near [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] in [[Lahore]], this interchange was inaugurated by the [[Turkish President]] [[Abdullah Gul]] during his visit to [[Lahore]] in 2010.]]

Turkey and Pakistan are founding members of the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] and part of the [[Developing 8 Countries]] (D-8) organization. Both nations have worked to negotiate a preferential trading agreement, aiming to considerably increase trade and investments, especially in transport, telecommunications, manufacturing, tourism and other industries.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=1677 |title=Turkey to sign PTA with Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Daily Times, Pakistan |date=16 April 2005}}</ref> Both governments have sought to increase the volume of bilateral trade from $690 million to more than $1 billion by 2010.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=102299 |title=Pakistan, Turkey discuss defence co-production |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref> Pakistani exports include rice, [[sesame seeds]], leather, textiles, fabrics, sports goods, and medical equipment. Turkey's exports to Pakistan include wheat, [[chickpeas]], [[lentils]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], chemicals, transport vehicles, machinery and energy products.<ref name="FPJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fpcci.com.pk/tradep&turk.asp |title=Trade between Pakistan & Turkey |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry}}</ref> Turkish private corporations have also invested significantly in industrial and construction projects developing highways, pipelines and canals.<ref name="JIA" /> The two countries are negotiatating the [[Turkey-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement]].

=== Train service ===
A [[container train]] service was launched by the Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Yousuf Raza Gilani]] between Islamabad and [[Istanbul]] on 14 August 2009. The first train carried 20 [[Intermodal container|containers]] with a capacity of around {{convert|750|t|LT ST|0|abbr=on}} <ref>http://www.pakistantimes.net/pt/detail.php?newsId=3343</ref> and will travel {{convert|6500|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}} from Islamabad, through [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and [[Tehran]], Iran and on to Istanbul in two weeks' time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\15\story_15-8-2009_pg7_12 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |publisher=Daily Times |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Railways (Pakistan)|Minister for Railways]] [[Ghulam Ahmad Bilour]], after the trial of the container train service, a passenger train will be launched.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+gilani+launches+trial+phase+of+islamabad-istanbul+train+service-za-06 |title=Pakistan | PM launches trial phase of Pak-Turkey train service |publisher=Dawn.Com |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> There are also hopes the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia, and carry passengers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8201934.stm |title=Pakistan–Turkey rail trial starts |accessdate=16 August 2009 |publisher=BBC News |date=14 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/news/news61296.html|title=Pakistan Plans Passenger Rail Between Pakistan, Iran and Turkey|work=Railway Technology}}</ref>

== Strategic ties ==
Both nations were part of [[Cold War]] alliance called the [[Central Treaty Organization]]. Its goal was to [[containment|contain]] the [[Soviet Union]] ([[USSR]]) by having a line of strong states along the USSR's southern frontiers. Military contacts remain resolute, uncompromising and stalwart as ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/7569/turkey-pakistan-ties-indias-loss-is-chinas-gain|title=Turkey-Pakistan close ties |publisher=World Politics Review}}</ref>

== Trilateral Ankara cooperation process ==
Turkey launched a trilateral summit process between the two states and [[Afghanistan]] in February 2007, following a visit by then [[Turkish Foreign Minister]] [[Abdullah Gül]] to [[Islamabad]], as the backbone of its diversified foreign policy in Southeast Asia and Pakistani deputy [[Humair Hayat Khan Rokhri]] confirmed that according to Gül “we are all brothers who need to support each other,” in order to, “bring security and stability to the region.”<ref name=TZ090507>{{cite news
|url=
|date=7 May 2009
|title=Turkey, Afghanistan and Pakistan solidify cooperation
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

An 1 April 2009 meeting between Pakistani and Afghan leaders, conducted as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, saw the three countries pledged to increase coordination between their political, military and intelligence tiers in the fight against militancy and terrorism. Chairman of the Turkish–Pakistani Friendship Association Burhan Kayatürk has stated that, “It is the first time that the military and intelligence chiefs of Afghanistan and Pakistan have attended the trilateral summit, which is a reflection of the deeper commitment to work together.”<ref name=TZ090506b>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Concerned Turkish deputy calls for active engagement in Pakistan
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

At the 17 April 2009 [[Friends of Pakistan]] Tokyo Donors Conference, Turkish State Minister [[Mehmet Aydın]] pledged $100 million to Pakistan for infrastructure, health and education projects. Turkish Parliamentary Deputy Kayatürk has called on neighbouring countries, including India, to make similar commitments as “It is in their interests to see a stable Pakistan; otherwise violence will spill over into their territory.”<ref name=TZ090506b />

Pakistani and [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] parliamentary deputies came together in [[Ankara]] on 5 May 2009, as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, where they met with the now [[Turkish President]] Gül and new Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] to discuss a variety of issues. Head of the Turkish Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission Murat Mercan stated; <blockquote>“Today we need cooperation between our countries more than ever. I believe Turkey, having historical brotherhood relations with both, is in a special position to improve and deepen this cooperation. Turkey is confident that the cooperation to be established between Afghanistan and Pakistan will help a lot to solve the problems.”<ref name=TZ090506a>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Afghan, Pakistani lawmakers meet in Turkish Parliament
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
}}</ref></blockquote> Chairman of the Pakistani Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission [[Asfandyar Wali Khan]] conveyed his thanks and stated,
:''“We need Turkey’s support to build stability in the region.”''

Mercan concluded,
:''“We are finally on the verge of institutionalising the trilateral Ankara cooperation process within the framework of parliamentary joint initiatives,”'' with follow-up meetings due to be held in Islamabad and [[Kabul]] at four-month intervals.”

== Military relations ==
Pakistan and Turkey have maintained long-standing military ties with Turkey also providing training to Pakistani air force officers in upgrading its [[F-16]] fleet.<ref name="IP" /> On 2 April 1954, Pakistan and Turkey signed a [[treaty]] of friendship and cooperation. Both countries, valued as important states in their regions, joined the U.S.-led [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) aimed to bolster military and strategic cooperation and counter the spread of communism and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] influence in the region.<ref name="VA">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=34|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Turkey has openly supported Pakistan's stance on the [[Kashmir conflict]]. Ankara, further, recognizes Jammu and Kashmir, as part of Pakistan, with which it endeavours to 'spice up' bilateral relations, and the Turkish ambassador to Pakistan spent nearly a week in [[Muzaffarabad]], the capital of Azad Kashmir (Pakistani Administrated Kashmir), in order to show Turkish solidarity with the Pakistanis in regards to Kashmir and maintained political and military support during its [[Wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan|wars with India]].<ref name="VA" /><ref name="VA2">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=109|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] Press |year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Pakistan has reciprocated by expressing support for Turkey's policy on [[Northern Cyprus]].<ref name="X" /><ref name="DQ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |title=Pakistan, Turkey to cooperate in defence industry |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018202001/http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |archivedate=18 October 2006 }}</ref> Both nations have sought to expand cooperation to fight terrorism.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X" /> Both countries are also members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]].

Turkey is also currently a major arms seller to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/features/featureturkeys-formidable-defence-industry-rising-star-or-natos-unruly-ally-4207115/|title=Turkey’s formidable defence industry – rising star or NATO’s unruly ally?|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey purchases arms from Pakistan, and the two countries seek to develop their indigenous defence capabilities.<ref>http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/pakistan-to-be-an-export-hub-for-turkish-firms-2568290</ref><ref>James Ron ''Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey'' Human Rights Watch, 1995 ISBN 1-56432-161-4, 9781564321619 (page 40)</ref> this includes purchase of aerial weapons and components from Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2015/10/05/Pakistan-Turkey-to-improve-defense-ties/9421444052995/|title=Pakistan Turkey to cooperate on defense industry – UPI.com|date=5 October 2015|work=UPI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/145139/pakistan-delivers-parts-for-turkish-uav.html|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra Delivers First Batch of Turkish UAV Parts to Turkish Aerospace Industry|publisher=}}</ref>

== Aid exchange ==
In the aftermath of the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], Turkey stepped up its efforts to help the Pakistani people of the affected areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishembassy.com/ii/O/yardim.htm|title= Humanitarian aid to Pakistan|publisher=Turkish Embassy in Ottawa}}</ref> Turkey announced a package of $150 million for the quake-hit people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/21/top2.htm|title= Turkish aid package for Pakistan|publisher=Dawn News}}</ref> The Turkish aid organization [[Kizilay]] also constructed a mosque in Pakistans [[Azad Kashmir]] region bordering Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir. The mosque is being built in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Style in Pakistan's [[Bagh District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61352|title= Turkish Mosque in Pakistani Kashmir|publisher=World Bulletin}}</ref>

Pakistan supplied Turkey with aid during the 1999 earthquake<ref>{{cite web|url=http://img.static.reliefweb.int/report/turkey/pakistan-sends-relief-goods-turkey-quake-victims|title=Pakistan sends relief goods to Turkey for quake victims|work=ReliefWeb}}</ref> and during the 2011 [[Van earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/10/30/city/lahore/punjab-govt-sends-tents-to-turkey-earthquake-victims/|title=Punjab govt sends tents to Turkey earthquake victims|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-263115-pakistani-red-crescent-extends-help-to-earthquake-victims-in-van.html|title=Pakistani Red Crescent extends help to earthquake victims in Van|work=TodaysZaman}}</ref>

== Former opposing ambitions ==
Both Turkey and Pakistan at times have had conflicting interests and ambitions. During the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Afghan civil war]], Turkey became a strong supporter of the [[Northern Alliance]], due to its [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]] and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] members, with which Turkey shares cultural and linguistic ties.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=JjYaRa2vtAkC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=turkey+northern+alliance+afghanistan&source=bl&ots=dANauf-68k&sig=LthO3RrDAnNbd1jnBcfaCmQSuS8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z1kuU7N24pDJAd6egJAH&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=turkey%20northern%20alliance%20afghanistan&f=false|title=Afghanistan and Central Asia|publisher=}}</ref>
Pakistan meanwhile maintained strong relations and support to the [[Taliban]] whom were ethnic [[Pashtuns]] that have ethnic ties to Pakistan's own Pashtun population as well prevent Pakistan's fears of Afghanistan falling into the control of the Northern Alliance whom were supported by Pakistan's various adversaries, including India.

This changed in late 2001 when Pakistan was under international pressure to abolish all its ties with the Taliban and re-align with the [[United States]] and [[NATO]] in the so-called "[[War on Terror]]" following the September 11 attacks in [[New York City]] and [[Washington DC]] which were directly blamed on [[Al-Queda]] and indirectly on the Taliban for sheltering them. As a result, the United States lifted all sanctions that were imposed on Pakistan following Pakistan's 1998 nuclear weapons tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2001_10/sanctionsoct01|title=Bush Waives Nuclear-Related Sanctions on India, Pakistan – Arms Control Association|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey has also supported the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]] (ETIM) in China whom are ethnic [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] that Turkey also shares cultural and linguistic ties with.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/ethno-diplomacy-uyghur-hitch-sino-turkish-relations|title=Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Xijinping_visit/2012-02/22/content_24696523.htm|title=China cautions Turkey against 'East Turkistan' forces|author=陈霞|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan [[War in North-West Pakistan|struggling with domestic Islamist insurgency]] as well as being a close and [[China–Pakistan relations|historic ally of China]] has strongly opposed the ETIM and has taken severe actions against members of [[Uyghurs in Pakistan|Uyghur communities within its borders]] even suspected of being participant in anti-Chinese activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/pakistan-08102011175506.html|title=Pakistan Deports Uyghurs|work=Radio Free Asia}}</ref>
Separately, Pakistan has killed many foreign militants in its territory during anti-Taliban/Al-Qaeda military operations amongst which were Uyghurs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/916826/uighur-leader-killed-in-pakistan-rehman-malik|title=Uighur leader killed in Pakistan: Rehman Malik|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-31-uighur-attacks-thwarted-as-pakistans-zardari-visits-xinjiang|title='Uighur attacks' thwarted as Pakistan's Zardari visits Xinjiang|author=Ben Blanchard|work=The M&G Online}}</ref> as well as Turks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/125464.html|title=German militant killed in Pakistan|publisher=Press TV}}</ref> and Uzbeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/10/world/asia/karachi-pakistan-airport-attack-taliban.html|title=Assault on Pakistan Airport Signals Taliban’s Reach and Resilience|date=10 June 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/report/uzbek-militancy-pakistans-tribal-region|title=Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan's Tribal Region|work=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref>

Turkey which enjoys strong trade links with India still favours Pakistan on the Kashmir dispute as Pakistan reciprocates with support in of Turkish position on Armenia, Azerbaijan and Cyprus. Likewise close military relations between the Turkish and Pakistani military means that the ties between the two nations have a strong strategic element as opposed to a transactional relationship.<ref>http://www.valuewalk.com/2016/11/pakistan-turkey-friendship/</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mei.edu/content/turkey-pakistan-security-relations-1950s Turkey-Pakistan Security Relations since the 1950s]

{{Pakistan–Turkey relations}}
{{Foreign relations of Pakistan}}
{{Foreign relations of Turkey}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan-Turkey Relations}}
[[Category:Pakistan–Turkey relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Turkey]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Pakistan|Turkey]]

Qamar Javed Bajwa

2016-11-27T12:05:12Z

Wiki id2:

{{pp-blp|small=yes}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific-prefix =[[General]]
|name = Qamar Javed Bajwa '''قمر جاوید باجوہ'''
|honorific-suffix =[[Hilal-e-Imtiaz|HI(M)]]
|office =[[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|16th Chief of Army Staff]]
|term_start = 29 November 2016.
|term_end =
|president = [[Mamnoon Hussain]]
|primeminister = [[Nawaz Sharif]]
|predecessor =Gen [[Raheel Sharif]]
|office1 =Inspector General of the Training and Evaluation
|term_start1 = 22 September 2015
|term_end1 = 29 November 2016
|predecessor1 =Lt Gen [[Ikramul Haq]]
|president1 = Mamnoon Hussain
|primeminister1 = Nawaz Sharif
|office2 = Commander [[X Corps (Pakistan)|X Corps]], Rawalpindi
|term_start2 = 14 August 2013
|term_end2 = 22 September 2015
|predecessor2 =Lt Gen Khalid Nawaz Khan
|successor2 = Lt Gen Malik Zafar Iqbal
|president2 = Mamnoon Hussain
|primeminister2 = Nawaz Sharif
|allegiance ={{flag|Pakistan|23px}}
|branch ={{army|Pakistan|23px}}
|serviceyears = 1980 - ''present''
|servicenumber =
|commands =
|rank =[[File:OF-9 Pakistan Army.svg|10px]] [[File:US-O10 insignia.svg|30px]] [[General]]
|unit = [[File:Baloch 1h1.jpg|20px]] [[Baloch Regiment|16 Baloch Regiment]]
|battles =
|awards =[[File:Crescent of Excellence Hilal-e-Imtiaz.png|30px]] [[Hilal-i-Imtiaz|Hilal-i-Imtiaz (Military)]]
|parents = Col Muhammad Iqbal Bajwa (father)
}}
General '''Qamar Javed Bajwa''' ([[Urdu]]: '''قمر جاوید باجوہ''') HI(M), is a [[Four-star rank|four-star]] army general in the [[Pakistan Army]] who will take up the post of the 16th [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army]] on 29th November 2016.<ref name="dawn/26nov2016">{{cite news|title=Lt Gen Qamar Javed Bajwa chosen as new army chief|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1298802/lt-gen-qamar-javed-bajwa-chosen-as-new-army-chief|accessdate=26 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=26 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="radiopakistan">{{cite news|title=New Army Chief, CJCSC appointed|url=http://www.radio.gov.pk/26-Nov-2016/qamar-javed-bajwa-appointed-as-new-army-chief|accessdate=26 November 2016|work=Radio Pakistan|date=26 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="nytimes/26nov2016">{{cite news|last1=Masood|first1=Salman|title=Pakistan Names New Military Leader|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/26/world/asia/pakistan-names-new-military-leader.html|accessdate=26 November 2016|work=The New York Times|date=26 November 2016}}</ref> Born in [[Ghakhar Mandi]], [[Gujranwala]], Bajwa was commissioned in 1980 in the [[Baloch Regiment]].<ref name="tribune1/27nov2016">{{cite news|title=Ex-Indian army chief praises Gen Qamar Jawed Bajwa - The Express Tribune|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1245946/ex-indian-army-chief-praises-incoming-chief-gen-bajwa/|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=The Express Tribune|date=27 November 2016}}</ref> Due to his long military service in Kashmir, Bajwa is highly informed and aware of the internal dynamics of Kashmir.<ref>https://www.ft.com/content/bd731b98-b44c-11e6-961e-a1acd97f622d</ref>

Previously he served at the [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|GHQ]] as the Inspector General of the Training and Evaluation from 2015 to 2016<ref name="dawn/14aug2016">{{cite news|title=Who will be the next army chief?|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1277442|accessdate=22 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=14 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="dawn/22september2015">{{cite news|title=Four army officers including DG ISPR Asim Bajwa made three-star generals|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1208595|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=22 September 2015}}</ref> and as the Corps Commander [[X Corps (Pakistan)|X Corps]] from 2013 to 2015 which is responsible for the area along the [[Line of Control]].<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" /> Bajwa also served as a peacekeeper in the [[MONUSCO|UN mission in Congo]] as a brigade commander.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1298802|title=Lt Gen Qamar Javed Bajwa chosen as new army chief|date=2016-11-26|newspaper=DAWN.COM|access-date=2016-11-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/167866-Profile-of-Gen-Qamar-Javed-Bajwa|title=Profile of Gen Qamar Javed Bajwa|website=www.thenews.com.pk|access-date=2016-11-27}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Bajwa was born in [[Ghakhar Mandi]], [[Gujranwala]]<ref name="tribune1/27nov2016" /> from where his family hails.<ref name="dawn1/27nov2016">{{cite news|title=Residents of Gakhar Mandi celebrate new COAS appointment|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1298913|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=27 November 2016}}</ref>
He was born to Col Muhammad Iqbal Bajwa, an officer of Pakistani Army.<ref name="dawn1/27nov2016" />

Bajwa is a graduate of [[Canadian Army Command and Staff College]], [[Naval Postgraduate School]], and [[National Defence University, Pakistan]].<ref name="geo/26nov2016" /><ref name="tribune/26nov2016" />

==Military career==
Bajwa was commissioned in 16 Baloch Regiment on 24 October 1980.<ref name="geo/26nov2016">{{cite news|title=General Qamar Javed Bajwa appointed Pakistan Army chief|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/121719-General-Qamar-Javed-Bajwa-appointed-Pakistan-Army-chief|accessdate=26 November 2016|publisher=Geo|date=26 November 2016}}</ref> In 1982, he was commissioned in [[Sind Regiment]].<ref name="radiopakistan" /><ref name="tribune/26nov2016" />

As lieutenant colonel, he served in the [[X Corps (Pakistan)|X Corps]] which is stationed in [[Rawalpindi]], where he was general staff officer.<ref name="dawn/14aug2016" /> As a brigadier, Bajwa served as Chief of Staff at X Corps and has also commanded formation division in Northern Areas as formation commander.<ref name="thenews/13aug2013">{{cite news|title=Lt Gen Qamar Javed new Commander 10 Corps|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/632361-lt-gen-qamar-javed-new-commander-10-corps|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=www.thenews.com.pk|date=13 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="brecorder/19sept2016">{{cite news|last1=Recorder|first1=Business|title=Next Army chief: Lieutenant-General Qamar Bajwa strongest candidate?|url=http://www.brecorder.com/general-news/172/86161/|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=Business Recorder|date=19 September 2016}}</ref>

Bajwa has also commanded a [[United Nations peacekeeping]] mission in [[Congo]].<ref name="dawn/14aug2016" /><ref name="brecorder/19sept2016" /> He served in Congo as a brigade commander in 2007 under<ref name="timesofindia/27nov2016" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Ex-Indian army chief praises Pakistan's incoming chief Gen Bajwa|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1298964|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=27 November 2016}}</ref> former Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army [[Bikram Singh (general)|Bikram Singh]], who was serving there as a division commander.<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" /> Gen Singh later termed Bajwa's performance there as "professional and outstanding."<ref name="timesofindia/27nov2016">{{cite news|title=Will Qamar Javed Bajwa be as hostile as Raheel Sharif to India? - Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Qamar-Javed-Bajwa-Pakistans-new-army-chief-Implications-for-india/articleshow/55641190.cms?|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=The Times of India|date=27 November 2016}}</ref>

In May 2009, he was promoted to the rank of major general.<ref>{{cite news|title=24 brigadiers made major generals|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/664358-24-brigadiers-made-major-generals|accessdate=24 November 2016|publisher=The News|date=9 May 2009}}</ref> As a major general, Bajwa served as the Force Commander of [[Gilgit-Baltistan]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Goodbye Gen Raheel, who’s next?|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/166799-Goodbye-Gen-Raheel-whos-next|accessdate=22 November 2016|work=www.thenews.com.pk|date=22 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Who will be the next Army Chief?|url=https://www.samaa.tv/pakistan/2016/11/who-will-be-next-army-chief/|accessdate=22 November 2016|work=Samaa TV|date=21 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Administration given 10 days to widen spillway|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/953072/administration-given-10-days-to-widen-spillway|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=19 June 2010}}</ref> and held the title of the General Officer Commanding.<ref name="thenews/13aug2013" /><ref name="dawn/26nov2016" />

In August 2011, he was awarded [[Hilal-i-Imtiaz]] (Military).<ref>{{cite news|title=Military Awards|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/316844-military-awards|accessdate=24 November 2016|publisher=The News|date=15 August 2011}}</ref>

Bajwa was an instructor at School of Infantry and Tactics in Quetta,<ref>{{cite news|title=Four major generals made lieutenant general|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/632324-four-major-generals-made-lieutenant-general|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=www.thenews.com.pk|date=9 August 2013}}</ref> at [[Command and Staff College]] in Quetta and at [[National Defence University, Pakistan]].<ref name="geo/26nov2016" /><ref name="tribune/26nov2016" />

He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general in August 2013<ref>{{cite news|title=Four major generals promoted|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1035068|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=9 August 2013}}</ref> and was installed as Corps Commander X Corps shortly after.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lt-Gen Qamar new Rawalpindi corps commander: ISPR|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/08/12/national/lt-gen-qamar-new-rawalpindi-corps-commander-ispr/|accessdate=24 November 2016|publisher=Pakistan Today|date=12 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=General Raheel Sharif visits LoC|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1061699|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=10 December 2013}}</ref> He was Grade-I officer during his tenure as Corps Commander X Corps.<ref name="brecorder/19sept2016" />

In 2014, Bajwa was installed as Colonel Commandant of Baloch Regiment.<ref>{{cite news|title=INSTALLATION CEREMONY COLONEL IN CHIEF/ COLONEL COMMANDANT OF BALOCH REGIMENT|url=https://www.ispr.gov.pk/front/t-press_release.asp?id=2550&print=1|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=ISPR|date=13 May 2014}}</ref>

In September 2015, he was appointed as the Inspector General of the Training and Evaluation at the [[General Headquarters (Pakistan Army)|GHQ]] where he was a Principal Staff Officer to then Chief of Army Staff [[Raheel Sharif]].<ref name="dawn/22september2015" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Four major generals promoted to lieutenant generals|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/14819-four-major-generals-promoted-to-lieutenant-generals|accessdate=24 November 2016|work=www.thenews.com.pk|date=23 September 2015}}</ref>

Since Bajwa has been posted in X Corps thrice,<ref name="brecorder/19sept2016" /> which is the army’s important and largest corps<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" />, Bajwa has good experience of handling affairs in Kashmir.<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" /><ref name="pakistantoday/22nov2016">{{cite news|title=Who will be the new army chief?|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/11/22/national/who-will-be-the-new-army-chief/|accessdate=24 November 2016|publisher=Pakistan Today|date=22 November 2016}}</ref> But reportedly, he considers religious extremism to be a bigger threat to national security in Pakistan rather than India.<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" />

He belongs to the infantry’s 16 Baloch Regiment<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" /><ref name="dawn/14aug2016" /> and 62nd Pakistan Military Academy Long Course.<ref name="pakistantoday/22nov2016" /> However, he lack the experience of armed conflict because he has never been posted in a war zone area.<ref>{{cite news|title=PM picks Gen Qamar Bajwa to head army|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1298904/pm-picks-gen-qamar-bajwa-to-head-army|accessdate=27 November 2016|work=DAWN.COM|date=27 November 2016}}</ref>

===Chief of Army Staff===
In November 2016, Bajwa was promoted to the rank of four star general and was appointed as the 16th Chief of the Army Staff of the Pakistan Army by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, succeeding [[Raheel Sharif]].<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" /><ref name="tribune/26nov2016">{{cite news|title=Lt Gen Qamar Javed Bajwa appointed new army chief - The Express Tribune|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1245194/qamar-javed-bajwa-appointed-new-army-chief/|accessdate=26 November 2016|work=The Express Tribune|date=26 November 2016}}</ref>

''[[The Guardian]]'' reported that Bajwa was appointed as the Chief of the Army Staff despite a maligning campaign on social media sites that spread claims that relatives of Bajwa were members of the [[Ahmadiyya Community]].<ref name="guardian">{{cite news|last1=Boone|first1=Jon|title=Pakistani PM Nawaz Sharif names new chief of army staff|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/26/pakistani-nawaz-sharif-names-new-chief-army-staff-qamar-javed-bajwa|accessdate=26 November 2016|work=The Guardian|date=26 November 2016}}</ref> ''[[Reuters]]'' reported that he was selected because of his low-profile personality.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Zahra-Malik|first1=Drazen Jorgic and Mehreen|title=Pakistan PM Sharif names General Bajwa as new army chief|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-pakistan-military-idUKKBN13L0KU|accessdate=26 November 2016|work=Reuters UK|date=26 November 2016}}</ref> He is reported to be a genuine military man with no interest in politics<ref name="dawn/26nov2016" /> and the one who remains well-connected with the troops and doesn't seek attention and protocol.<ref name="pakistantoday/22nov2016" />

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{twitter|qamarjbajwa}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-mil}}
{{S-bef|before=Gen [[Raheel Sharif]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]]|years=2016–present}}
{{S-inc}}
{{S-bef|before=Lt Gen [[Ikramul Haq]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=Inspector General of the Training and Evaluation|years=2015–2016}}
{{S-aft|after=}}
{{S-bef|before=Lt Gen Khalid Nawaz Khan}}
{{S-ttl|title=Commander [[X Corps (Pakistan)|X Corps]], Rawalpindi|years=2013–2015}}
{{S-aft|after=Lt Gen Malik Zafar Iqbal}}
{{s-end}}

{{Military of Pakistan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bajwa, Qamar Javed}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz]]
[[Category:Chiefs of Army Staff, Pakistan]]
[[Category:People from Gujranwala District]]
[[Category:National Defence University, Pakistan alumni]]
[[Category:National Defence University, Pakistan faculty]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]

Argentinisch-pakistanische Beziehungen

2016-11-26T21:04:58Z

Wiki id2:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}}
{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Pakistan-Argentina|Argentina|Pakistan|filetype=png}}
'''Argentina–Pakistan relations''' are the foreign relations between [[Argentina]] and [[Pakistan]]. The relationship has recently grown with important trade ties developing along with other inter-government communications.<ref>[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=BBAB&d_place=BBAB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=111DB8FDDC16FE10&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM NewsLibrary.com - newspaper archive, clipping service - newspapers and other news sources]</ref> Pakistan has an embassy in the Argentine capital [[Buenos Aires]], as does Argentina in [[Islamabad]].

==History==
Pakistan and Argentina formally established relations in October, 1951. The first significant agreement was signed in May 1983. Since then, high level visits have taken place in both countries and relations seem to have grown gradually into the cordial relationship seen today; with agreements, in principle at least, to continue discussions in fields of mutual interest such as their respective economic and political systems.<ref>[http://202.83.164.26/wps/portal/Most/!ut/p/c0/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os_hQN68AZ3dnIwML82BTAyNXTz9jE0NfQwNfA_2CbEdFAA2MC_Y!/?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/MostCL/ministry/highlights/first+session+of+pakistan-argentina+joint+committee+on Ministry of Science and Technology - Government of Pakistan]</ref><ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007\03\08\story_8-3-2007_pg11_9 Daily Times - Leading News Resource of Pakistan]</ref>

A formal agreement on bilateral trade and cooperation was signed between Argentina and Pakistan on 19 July 2002, giving their relationship "most favourable nation" status, in accordance with [[World Trade Organisation]] regulations.<ref>[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-25682839_ITM Article: PAKISTAN, ARGENTINA SIGN DEAL ON TRADE COOPERATION. | AccessMyLibrary - Promoting library advocacy]</ref>

In March 2012, the Government of Argentina emphasised the importance of bilateral relations with Pakistan, inviting the Ambassador of Pakistan [[Naela Chohan]] as chief guest to a ceremony in Buenos Aires commemorating 60 years of Pakistan-Argentine friendship.<ref>
[http://www.casaprov.gba.gov.ar/web2012/notas_com/marzo/Pakistan290312.html LA EMBAJADA DE PAKISTAN CELEBRO SUS 60 AÑOS EN LA ARGENTINA (Spanish)]</ref><ref>Agencia Islamica de Notas (Spanish) [http://www.ain.com.ar/nota.php?nota=4815 Pakistán celebró su día nacional en Buenos Aires con un show cultural de trajes típicos]</ref><ref>Section Politica, Noticias de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires (Spanish) [http://www.seccionpolitica.com.ar/pakistan-celebro-su-dia-nacional-en-buenos-aires-aid14389.html Pakistán celebró su día nacional en Buenos Aires]</ref>

==Plaza de Pakistan==
{{main|Plaza de Pakistan}}

The Plaza de Pakistan is a landmark in [[Buenos Aires]] commemorating [[Argentina-Pakistan relations|Argentine-Pakistan friendship]]. It is located in the heart of [[Parque Tres de Febrero]] in the neighborhood of [[Palermo, Buenos Aires|Palermo]]. It was redesigned in 2012 and inaugurated on July 27, 2012 by Ambassador [[Naela Chohan]] of Pakistan and Minister [[Diego Santilli]] of Federal Capital Buenos Aires, to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the establishment of the diplomatic relations between the [[Argentina-Pakistan relations|two friendly countries]].<ref>[http://www.brecorder.com/general-news/172/1221453/ Pakistan Park re-launched at Buenos Aires]</ref>

The [[inauguration]] ceremony of Plaza de Pakistan was planned between Pakistan's Independence Day on August 14 and Independence Day of Argentina on July 9.<ref>[http://www.brecorder.com/general-news/172/1221453/ Pakistan Park re-launched at Buenos Aires]</ref> It was also to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the establishment of the diplomatic relations between the two friendly countries. The ceremony included the ribbon cutting by Ambassador Naela Chohan and Minister Diego Santilli followed by unveiling of the plaque with an engraving of a verse by [[Allama Iqbal]] which emphasises the importance of love for humanity.

Minister [[Diego Santilli]] in his speech, while appreciating the Ambassador for her role in the renovation of the Park, stated that the whole world was reflected in the City of Buenos Aires through its monuments, squares and parks and that Pakistan had a very special place in it.<ref>[http://www.amigosdiplomaticos.org/1552/plaza-republica-de-pakistan Plaza"República de Pakistán"(Spanish)]</ref>

The Ambassador, in her speech thanked Chief of Government [[Mauricio Macri]] and Minister [[Diego Santilli]] for their support in restoring Plaza Pakistan and recalled that there was a very beautiful Argentina Park in Islamabad which was a token of the love and affection Pakistan has for Argentina. And today’s occasion was a reciprocal gesture from Argentina. She added that "We deeply appreciate this important gesture of friendship and we need to further deepen these bonds of friendship through mutually beneficial co-operation in trade and culture".<ref>[http://www.brecorder.com/general-news/172/1221453/ Pakistan Park re-launched at Buenos Aires]</ref>

==Diplomacy==
Argentina has been part of the consensus in favor of the resolution put forward by Pakistan on the right to self-determination which is debated annually at the General Assembly of the United Nations. <ref>http://www.kmsnews.org/news/2016/11/23/approval-of-resolution-by-hailed.html</ref><ref>http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/22-Nov-16/pakistan-sponsored-un-resolution-reaffirms-human-rights</ref> Pakistan has voted in favor of the UN Resolution stipulating that "the continued existence of colonialism is incompatible with the ideal of universal peace held by the United Nations", which has relevance for the [[Falkland Islands]] issue. Both countries also share common views on United Nations reforms and on the theme of expanding the United Nations Security Council.

The chair of the [[Pakistan Senate]] has said of the relationship that "Pakistan and Argentina [have] very close cooperation in various fields and unanimity of views on international issues".<ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C03%5C08%5Cstory_8-3-2007_pg11_9Daily Times - Leading News Resource of Pakistan]</ref>

==Cooperation==
The two countries have well established trade links, they maintain a "Joint Economic Committee" and the Pak-Argentina Business Council, in order to expedite further growth in their relationship.<ref>http://www.commerce.gov.pk/news/read.asp?newsID=72</ref><ref>[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-19140200_ITM Article: PAKISTAN-ARGENTINA BUSINESS COUNCIL FORMED TO ENHANCE TRADE. | AccessMyLibrary - Promoting library advocacy]</ref> The two countries are currently most concerned with agricultural development schemes, particularly in the areas of livestock disease control, as well as political and diplomatic issues of mutual interest.<ref>[http://www.webnewswire.com/node/451280 Argentina to collaborate in Pakistan’s livestock sector | webnewswire.com]</ref><ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\04\14\story_14-4-2009_pg5_14 Daily Times - Leading News Resource of Pakistan]</ref><ref>[http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Business/14-Apr-2009/Argentina-to-collaborate-in-Pak-livestock-sector Argentina to collaborate in Pak livestock sector | Pakistan | News | Newspaper | Daily | English | Online]</ref>

Argentina's ambassador to Pakistan has stated that the two governments are involved in exploring new areas in which they can increase cooperation, saying they should both "step up efforts" for tapping into areas that they have not yet explored, including strengthening trade ties through importing wheat, in which Argentina is self-sufficient and in sending further trade delegations between the two nations.<ref>[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-19144115_ITM Article: Pak-Argentina business council being set up. | AccessMyLibrary - Promoting library advocacy]</ref> The President of the Islamabad Chamber of Commerce concurred with the ambassador and stressed the need for further formal agreements between his organisation and its opposite number in Buenos Aires.<ref>[http://www.onlinenews.com.pk/details.php?id=144660 ONLINE - International News Network]</ref>

Argentine companies have also expressed their interest in the exploration and development of gas fields in the Pakistani provinces of [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and [[Sindh]].<ref>http://www.daily.pk/business/businessnews/10421-argentineans-eye-pakistani-gas-fields.html</ref>

==State visits==
Pakistani President [[Pervez Musharraf]] visited Argentina in 2004 as part of a visit to three [[Latin America]]n countries in order to boost economic and political relations between Pakistan and the region as a whole and Argentina specifically.<ref>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2004-11/27/content_2266101.htm Musharraf's visit to L.America to boost economic, political ties: spokesman - Xinhuanet]</ref>

Musharraf also held meetings with the Argentine President and, in a speech to the Argentine Council for International Relations, alluded to further cooperation on issues of mutual interest at the UN and further strengthening of economic and political links between the nations.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.dawn.com/2004/12/03/top3.htm | title=Democracy in place, says Musharraf (Top Stories) | newspaper=Dawn | date=3 December 2004}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Naela Chohan]] - the Ambassador of Pakistan to Argentina.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Foreign relations of Pakistan}}
{{Foreign relations of Argentina}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Argentina-Pakistan Relations}}
[[Category:Argentina–Pakistan relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Argentina|Pakistan]] 
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistan–South America relations]]

Pakistanisch-türkische Beziehungen

2016-11-25T16:10:01Z

Wiki id2:

{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Pakistan-Turkey|Pakistan|Turkey|map=Pakistan Turkey Locator.svg}}
Pakistan has an embassy in [[Ankara]], a Consulate-General in [[Istanbul]] and an honorary consulate in [[Izmir]] whereas, Turkey has an embassy in [[Islamabad]], a Consulate-General in [[Karachi]] and honorary consulates in [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], [[Sialkot]] and [[Faisalabad]]. As of 2016, in a joint communique, Pakistan and Turkey plan to strengthen their close ties into a "strategic partnership".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/turkey-pakistan-vow-to-strengthen-ties-further/687871|title=Turkey, Pakistan vow to strengthen ties further|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radio.gov.pk/17-Nov-2016/pakistan-turkey-reaffirm-commitment-to-transform-relationship-into-strong-strategic-partnership|title=Pakistan, Turkey vow to transform ties into strong strategic partnership|publisher=}}</ref>

Relations date back generations before the establishment of the two states, more precisely during the [[Turkish War of Independence]] when the Muslims of the northwestern British Raj sent financial aid to the declining [[Ottoman Empire]] which was followed by the [[History of the Republic of Turkey|formation of the Turkish Republic]]. Pakistan and Turkey enjoy close cultural, historical and military relations which are now expanding into deepening economic relations as both countries seek to develop their economies. Turkey supports Pakistan's position of holding a plebiscite under the UN to decide if Kashmir wants to join Pakistan, a position which Turkish President Erdogan reaffirmed in a joint address to the Pakistani parliament and which was attended by Pakistan's military high command.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361378-Kashmir-dispute-should-be-solved-according-to-Kash|title=Kashmir dispute should be solved according to Kashmiris' will: Erdogan - Pakistan - Dunya News|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361395-Army-chief-praises-Erdogans-address-in-parliament|title=Army chief praises Erdogan's address in parliament - Pakistan - Dunya News|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey supports Pakistan's membership of the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1296714/turkish-president-erdogan-arrives-in-islamabad|title=Turkish President Erdogan arrives in Islamabad|date=16 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Analysts have also observed that Turkey and Pakistan enjoy close relations during both democratic and military regimes, reflecting the depth of the relations between the two nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232331/turkey-dependable-ally/|title=Turkey, the dependable ally - The Express Tribune|date=15 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

Ties which had historically remained close on nationalist and cultural grounds further deepened under President Erdogan's Islamic-rooted political approach, as he termed Pakistan "home away from home". He became the only foreign leader to address Pakistan's Parliament, the National Assembly more than once, doing so a record three times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/382017/pak-turkey-ties-erdogan-addresses-parliament-offers-sage-advice/|title=Pak-Turkey ties: Erdogan addresses Parliament, offers sage advice - The Express Tribune|date=21 May 2012|publisher=}}</ref> As of 2016, President Erdogan has visited Pakistan 7 times, domestic politics also spillover, infamously [[Fethullah Gulen]] linked officers leaked tapes alleging corruption and arrested Erdogan's close aides, while Erdogan was on a trip to Pakistan, Erdogan accused the Gulenists of sabotage while representing Turkey in a friendly nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/12/can-pakistan-save-erdogan-2013123054425345386.html|title=Can Pakistan save Erdogan?|first=Malik Ayub|last=Sumbal|publisher=}}</ref> Gulen-linked schools are under pressure to close and teachers have had their visas turned down at the behest of the Turkish government since the attempted coup, an indicator of Pakistan's close ties to the Turkish government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232099/turkish-teachers-fear-deportation-asked-renew-visas/|title=108 Turkish teachers asked to leave Pakistan within three days - The Express Tribune|date=15 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/pakistan-expels-turkish-school-staff-gulen-links-161116084837457.html|title=Pakistan expels Turkish school staff over Gulen links|publisher=}}</ref> The Pakistan and Turkish Air Force signed a deal to purchase 52 Super Mushkak trainer jets from Pakistan for Turkey to help train new pilots and support recovery of the [[Turkish Armed Forces]] in the aftermath of pilot shortages after the attempted coup.<ref>http://warontherocks.com/2016/09/the-post-coup-purge-of-turkeys-air-force/</ref><ref>http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/362241-Pakistan-to-supply-52-Super-Mushshak-jets-to-Turke</ref><ref>https://www.geo.tv/latest/121403-Pakistan-signs-agreement-with-Turkey-to-sell-52-Super-Mushak-basic-trainers</ref>

As a result, Pakistan and Pakistanis have enjoyed a positive perception in Turkey and amongst Turks for many decades. The two nations are in the process of strengthening economic relations with a [[Pakistan-Turkey Free Trade Agreement]] aiming to raise bilateral trade volume to $10 billion by 2020.<ref>http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/pakistan-to-be-an-export-hub-for-turkish-firms-2568290</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/turkey-pakistan-fta-to-be-signed-before-2017-2565808|title=Turkey, Pakistan FTA to be signed before 2017|first=Yeni|last=Şafak|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey and Pakistan have a strong defence relationship consisting of joint excercises and a substantial portion of the Pakistan Navy's fleet consisting of joint Pakistan-Turkish naval ships such as fleet tankers and fast attack craft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quwa.org/2016/10/30/turkey-pakistan-conduct-bilateral-naval-exercise/|title=Turkey & Pakistan conduct bilateral naval exercise|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan supports the Turkish position on Cyprus,<ref>http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/pakistan-stands-firmly-by-turkey-on-cyprus-issue.aspx?pageID=438&n=pakistan-stands-firmly-by-turkey-on-cyprus-issue-2005-06-02</ref> Azerbaijan<ref>https://www.geo.tv/latest/117775-Azerbaijan-to-hold-joint-military-exercises-with-Pakistan</ref> and Armenia, as such Pakistan has no diplomatic relations with Armenia, with Turkey supporting Pakistan's position on the Kashmir dispute,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/islamabad/17-Nov-16/pakistan-turkey-agree-to-deepen-trade-defence-relations|title=Dailytimes - Pakistan, Turkey agree to deepen trade, defence relations|publisher=}}</ref> including alleged human rights violations of Muslims in Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/turkey-backs-pakistans-stance-on-sending-team-to-probe-human-rights-violation-in-kashmir-2949887/|title=Turkey backs Pakistan’s stance on sending team to probe human rights violation in Kashmir|date=2 August 2016|publisher=}}</ref> As a result, the two countries have enjoyed strong military and diplomatic relations which is now strengthening towards economic co-operation.

== Development of bilateral relations ==
Turkey established diplomatic relations soon after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and bilateral relations became increasingly close owing to cultural, religious and geopolitical links between the two countries.<ref name="JIA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume5/September-November2000/VolumeVN3ISTHIAQAHMAD.pdf |title=Turkey and Pakistan: Bridging the Growing Divergence |format=PDF |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> Pakistan's founder [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] expressed admiration for Turkey's founding leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and also a desire to develop Pakistan on the Turkish model of modernism. Similarly Pakistan would follow the footstep of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and [[Allama Iqbal]] to develop a modern Islamic Pakistan and all other so called ism are rejected by people of Pakistan.<ref name="CSI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0124/p01s04-wosc.html |title=A Turkish path for Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |date=24 January 2002}}</ref> Similar ideas were expressed by the former [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharraf]], who grew up in Turkey and had received extensive military training there.<ref name="CSI" /><ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2994458.stm|title=BBC NEWS – South Asia – Turkey and Pakistan boost ties|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="IP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FA22Df06.html |title=Turkey and Pakistan join forces |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> [[Jinnah]] is honoured as a great leader in Turkey, and a major road of the Turkish capital [[Ankara]], the [[Cinnah Caddesi]] is named after him, while roads in [[Islamabad]], [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], and [[Larkana]] are named after Atatürk. On 26 October 2009, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] was awarded the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] and was the fourth world leader who spoke to the Pakistani parliament. [[Erdoğan]] said that [[Pakistan]] had always occupied a special place in the hearts and minds of the Turkish government and people.

== Cultural relations ==
[[File:Shashlik ingredients.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Shashlik]], a common [[Eurasian]] dish.]]
Both Pakistan and Turkey are mutually influenced by [[Arab culture|Arab]], [[Turko-Mongol]] and [[Culture of Iran#Traditional cultural inheritors of the old Persia|Persian cultures]]. The region of [[Anatolia]] in Central and Eastern Turkey was occupied multiple times by Persian Empires which has brought Persian cultural and linguistic influence since ancient times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/persian_period.htm|title=Persian Period in Anatolia and Asia Minor|publisher=}}</ref>

The [[Indus Valley]] region of Pakistan was occupied by the [[Achaemenid empire]] going back to the fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajaonline.org/field-report/121|title=The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations at Akra in Northwest Pakistan|publisher=}}</ref>

Modern-day Turkey was home to many ancient European civilizations, including Greek. The country has many traces of cultural and historical influences from the ancient Greeks including Greek archeological sites found in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/details/History/HellenicCiv.html|title=Hellenic Civilization in Turkey|author=Tom Brosnahan, Travel Info Exchange, Inc.|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancient.eu.com/Asia_Minor/|title=Asia Minor|author=Joshua J. Mark|work=Ancient History Encyclopedia}}</ref>

Pakistan also became influenced by Greek culture and civilization, especially in the aftermath of [[Alexander the Great]]'s invasion of the region which later led to the formation of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]. [[Gandhara]] is a major site of ancient Greek legacy in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/gandhara.html|title=Gandhara Civilization|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey became a [[Turkic languages|Turkic speaking]] country as a result of [[Seljuq Empire|Seljuq occupation]] and [[Turkification]] of the region. Though Pakistan is not a Turkic-speaking country, its languages, particularly [[Urdu]], a standard register of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], is strongly influenced by the [[Chagatai language|Turkic language of the Mughals]] before it became their empire's official language. As a result, it has many loanwords from that language. The [[etymology]] of the word "Urdu" traces itself back to [[Mughal Empire|Turkic (Mughal) rule]].<ref>http://swauop.yolasite.com/urdu1.php</ref> Moreover, the common cultural influences on Pakistan and Turkey span several centuries, as many [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Iranic peoples]] ruled vast areas of [[Central Asia]], [[South Asia]] and the [[Middle East]].

The designs of clothing of the two countries also have common origins in Central Asia.

== Trade ==
[[File:Gul Interchange (2).JPG|thumb|250px|right|thumb|The Abdullah Gul Interchange near [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] in [[Lahore]], this interchange was inaugurated by the [[Turkish President]] [[Abdullah Gul]] during his visit to [[Lahore]] in 2010.]]

Turkey and Pakistan are founding members of the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] and part of the [[Developing 8 Countries]] (D-8) organization. Both nations have worked to negotiate a preferential trading agreement, aiming to considerably increase trade and investments, especially in transport, telecommunications, manufacturing, tourism and other industries.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=1677 |title=Turkey to sign PTA with Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Daily Times, Pakistan |date=16 April 2005}}</ref> Both governments have sought to increase the volume of bilateral trade from $690 million to more than $1 billion by 2010.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=102299 |title=Pakistan, Turkey discuss defence co-production |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref> Pakistani exports include rice, [[sesame seeds]], leather, textiles, fabrics, sports goods, and medical equipment. Turkey's exports to Pakistan include wheat, [[chickpeas]], [[lentils]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], chemicals, transport vehicles, machinery and energy products.<ref name="FPJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fpcci.com.pk/tradep&turk.asp |title=Trade between Pakistan & Turkey |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry}}</ref> Turkish private corporations have also invested significantly in industrial and construction projects developing highways, pipelines and canals.<ref name="JIA" /> The two countries are negotiatating the [[Turkey-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement]].

=== Train service ===
A [[container train]] service was launched by the Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Yousuf Raza Gilani]] between Islamabad and [[Istanbul]] on 14 August 2009. The first train carried 20 [[Intermodal container|containers]] with a capacity of around {{convert|750|t|LT ST|0|abbr=on}} <ref>http://www.pakistantimes.net/pt/detail.php?newsId=3343</ref> and will travel {{convert|6500|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}} from Islamabad, through [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and [[Tehran]], Iran and on to Istanbul in two weeks' time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\15\story_15-8-2009_pg7_12 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |publisher=Daily Times |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Railways (Pakistan)|Minister for Railways]] [[Ghulam Ahmad Bilour]], after the trial of the container train service, a passenger train will be launched.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+gilani+launches+trial+phase+of+islamabad-istanbul+train+service-za-06 |title=Pakistan | PM launches trial phase of Pak-Turkey train service |publisher=Dawn.Com |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> There are also hopes the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia, and carry passengers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8201934.stm |title=Pakistan–Turkey rail trial starts |accessdate=16 August 2009 |publisher=BBC News |date=14 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/news/news61296.html|title=Pakistan Plans Passenger Rail Between Pakistan, Iran and Turkey|work=Railway Technology}}</ref>

== Strategic ties ==
Both nations were part of [[Cold War]] alliance called the [[Central Treaty Organization]]. Its goal was to [[containment|contain]] the [[Soviet Union]] ([[USSR]]) by having a line of strong states along the USSR's southern frontiers. Military contacts remain resolute, uncompromising and stalwart as ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/7569/turkey-pakistan-ties-indias-loss-is-chinas-gain|title=Turkey-Pakistan close ties |publisher=World Politics Review}}</ref>

== Trilateral Ankara cooperation process ==
Turkey launched a trilateral summit process between the two states and [[Afghanistan]] in February 2007, following a visit by then [[Turkish Foreign Minister]] [[Abdullah Gül]] to [[Islamabad]], as the backbone of its diversified foreign policy in Southeast Asia and Pakistani deputy [[Humair Hayat Khan Rokhri]] confirmed that according to Gül “we are all brothers who need to support each other,” in order to, “bring security and stability to the region.”<ref name=TZ090507>{{cite news
|url=
|date=7 May 2009
|title=Turkey, Afghanistan and Pakistan solidify cooperation
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

An 1 April 2009 meeting between Pakistani and Afghan leaders, conducted as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, saw the three countries pledged to increase coordination between their political, military and intelligence tiers in the fight against militancy and terrorism. Chairman of the Turkish–Pakistani Friendship Association Burhan Kayatürk has stated that, “It is the first time that the military and intelligence chiefs of Afghanistan and Pakistan have attended the trilateral summit, which is a reflection of the deeper commitment to work together.”<ref name=TZ090506b>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Concerned Turkish deputy calls for active engagement in Pakistan
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

At the 17 April 2009 [[Friends of Pakistan]] Tokyo Donors Conference, Turkish State Minister [[Mehmet Aydın]] pledged $100 million to Pakistan for infrastructure, health and education projects. Turkish Parliamentary Deputy Kayatürk has called on neighbouring countries, including India, to make similar commitments as “It is in their interests to see a stable Pakistan; otherwise violence will spill over into their territory.”<ref name=TZ090506b />

Pakistani and [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] parliamentary deputies came together in [[Ankara]] on 5 May 2009, as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, where they met with the now [[Turkish President]] Gül and new Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] to discuss a variety of issues. Head of the Turkish Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission Murat Mercan stated; <blockquote>“Today we need cooperation between our countries more than ever. I believe Turkey, having historical brotherhood relations with both, is in a special position to improve and deepen this cooperation. Turkey is confident that the cooperation to be established between Afghanistan and Pakistan will help a lot to solve the problems.”<ref name=TZ090506a>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Afghan, Pakistani lawmakers meet in Turkish Parliament
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
}}</ref></blockquote> Chairman of the Pakistani Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission [[Asfandyar Wali Khan]] conveyed his thanks and stated,
:''“We need Turkey’s support to build stability in the region.”''

Mercan concluded,
:''“We are finally on the verge of institutionalising the trilateral Ankara cooperation process within the framework of parliamentary joint initiatives,”'' with follow-up meetings due to be held in Islamabad and [[Kabul]] at four-month intervals.”

== Military relations ==
Pakistan and Turkey have maintained long-standing military ties with Turkey also providing training to Pakistani air force officers in upgrading its [[F-16]] fleet.<ref name="IP" /> On 2 April 1954, Pakistan and Turkey signed a [[treaty]] of friendship and cooperation. Both countries, valued as important states in their regions, joined the U.S.-led [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) aimed to bolster military and strategic cooperation and counter the spread of communism and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] influence in the region.<ref name="VA">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=34|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Turkey has openly supported Pakistan's stance on the [[Kashmir conflict]]. Ankara, further, recognizes Jammu and Kashmir, as part of Pakistan, with which it endeavours to 'spice up' bilateral relations, and the Turkish ambassador to Pakistan spent nearly a week in [[Muzaffarabad]], the capital of Azad Kashmir (Pakistani Administrated Kashmir), in order to show Turkish solidarity with the Pakistanis in regards to Kashmir and maintained political and military support during its [[Wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan|wars with India]].<ref name="VA" /><ref name="VA2">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=109|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] Press |year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Pakistan has reciprocated by expressing support for Turkey's policy on [[Northern Cyprus]].<ref name="X" /><ref name="DQ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |title=Pakistan, Turkey to cooperate in defence industry |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018202001/http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |archivedate=18 October 2006 }}</ref> Both nations have sought to expand cooperation to fight terrorism.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X" /> Both countries are also members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]].

Turkey is also currently a major arms seller to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/features/featureturkeys-formidable-defence-industry-rising-star-or-natos-unruly-ally-4207115/|title=Turkey’s formidable defence industry – rising star or NATO’s unruly ally?|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey purchases arms from Pakistan, and the two countries seek to develop their indigenous defence capabilities.<ref>http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/pakistan-to-be-an-export-hub-for-turkish-firms-2568290</ref><ref>James Ron ''Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey'' Human Rights Watch, 1995 ISBN 1-56432-161-4, 9781564321619 (page 40)</ref> this includes purchase of aerial weapons and components from Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2015/10/05/Pakistan-Turkey-to-improve-defense-ties/9421444052995/|title=Pakistan Turkey to cooperate on defense industry – UPI.com|date=5 October 2015|work=UPI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/145139/pakistan-delivers-parts-for-turkish-uav.html|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra Delivers First Batch of Turkish UAV Parts to Turkish Aerospace Industry|publisher=}}</ref>

== Aid exchange ==
In the aftermath of the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], Turkey stepped up its efforts to help the Pakistani people of the affected areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishembassy.com/ii/O/yardim.htm|title= Humanitarian aid to Pakistan|publisher=Turkish Embassy in Ottawa}}</ref> Turkey announced a package of $150 million for the quake-hit people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/21/top2.htm|title= Turkish aid package for Pakistan|publisher=Dawn News}}</ref> The Turkish aid organization [[Kizilay]] also constructed a mosque in Pakistans [[Azad Kashmir]] region bordering Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir. The mosque is being built in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Style in Pakistan's [[Bagh District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61352|title= Turkish Mosque in Pakistani Kashmir|publisher=World Bulletin}}</ref>

Pakistan supplied Turkey with aid during the 1999 earthquake<ref>{{cite web|url=http://img.static.reliefweb.int/report/turkey/pakistan-sends-relief-goods-turkey-quake-victims|title=Pakistan sends relief goods to Turkey for quake victims|work=ReliefWeb}}</ref> and during the 2011 [[Van earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/10/30/city/lahore/punjab-govt-sends-tents-to-turkey-earthquake-victims/|title=Punjab govt sends tents to Turkey earthquake victims|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-263115-pakistani-red-crescent-extends-help-to-earthquake-victims-in-van.html|title=Pakistani Red Crescent extends help to earthquake victims in Van|work=TodaysZaman}}</ref>

== Former opposing ambitions ==
Both Turkey and Pakistan at times have had conflicting interests and ambitions. During the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Afghan civil war]], Turkey became a strong supporter of the [[Northern Alliance]], due to its [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]] and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] members, with which Turkey shares cultural and linguistic ties.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=JjYaRa2vtAkC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=turkey+northern+alliance+afghanistan&source=bl&ots=dANauf-68k&sig=LthO3RrDAnNbd1jnBcfaCmQSuS8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z1kuU7N24pDJAd6egJAH&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=turkey%20northern%20alliance%20afghanistan&f=false|title=Afghanistan and Central Asia|publisher=}}</ref>
Pakistan meanwhile maintained strong relations and support to the [[Taliban]] whom were ethnic [[Pashtuns]] that have ethnic ties to Pakistan's own Pashtun population as well prevent Pakistan's fears of Afghanistan falling into the control of the Northern Alliance whom were supported by Pakistan's various adversaries, including India.

This changed in late 2001 when Pakistan was under international pressure to abolish all its ties with the Taliban and re-align with the [[United States]] and [[NATO]] in the so-called "[[War on Terror]]" following the September 11 attacks in [[New York City]] and [[Washington DC]] which were directly blamed on [[Al-Queda]] and indirectly on the Taliban for sheltering them. As a result, the United States lifted all sanctions that were imposed on Pakistan following Pakistan's 1998 nuclear weapons tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2001_10/sanctionsoct01|title=Bush Waives Nuclear-Related Sanctions on India, Pakistan – Arms Control Association|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey has also supported the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]] (ETIM) in China whom are ethnic [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] that Turkey also shares cultural and linguistic ties with.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/ethno-diplomacy-uyghur-hitch-sino-turkish-relations|title=Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Xijinping_visit/2012-02/22/content_24696523.htm|title=China cautions Turkey against 'East Turkistan' forces|author=陈霞|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan [[War in North-West Pakistan|struggling with domestic Islamist insurgency]] as well as being a close and [[China–Pakistan relations|historic ally of China]] has strongly opposed the ETIM and has taken severe actions against members of [[Uyghurs in Pakistan|Uyghur communities within its borders]] even suspected of being participant in anti-Chinese activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/pakistan-08102011175506.html|title=Pakistan Deports Uyghurs|work=Radio Free Asia}}</ref>
Separately, Pakistan has killed many foreign militants in its territory during anti-Taliban/Al-Qaeda military operations amongst which were Uyghurs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/916826/uighur-leader-killed-in-pakistan-rehman-malik|title=Uighur leader killed in Pakistan: Rehman Malik|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-31-uighur-attacks-thwarted-as-pakistans-zardari-visits-xinjiang|title='Uighur attacks' thwarted as Pakistan's Zardari visits Xinjiang|author=Ben Blanchard|work=The M&G Online}}</ref> as well as Turks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/125464.html|title=German militant killed in Pakistan|publisher=Press TV}}</ref> and Uzbeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/10/world/asia/karachi-pakistan-airport-attack-taliban.html|title=Assault on Pakistan Airport Signals Taliban’s Reach and Resilience|date=10 June 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/report/uzbek-militancy-pakistans-tribal-region|title=Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan's Tribal Region|work=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref>

Turkey which enjoys strong trade links with India still favours Pakistan on the Kashmir dispute as Pakistan reciprocates with support in of Turkish position on Armenia, Azerbaijan and Cyprus. Likewise close military relations between the Turkish and Pakistani military means that the ties between the two nations have a strong strategic element as opposed to a transactional relationship.<ref>http://www.valuewalk.com/2016/11/pakistan-turkey-friendship/</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mei.edu/content/turkey-pakistan-security-relations-1950s Turkey-Pakistan Security Relations since the 1950s]

{{Pakistan–Turkey relations}}
{{Foreign relations of Pakistan}}
{{Foreign relations of Turkey}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan-Turkey Relations}}
[[Category:Pakistan–Turkey relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Turkey]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Pakistan|Turkey]]

Militärputsch in Pakistan 1999

2016-11-25T14:44:09Z

Wiki id2:

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = 1999 Military Coup d'état
| partof =
| image =
| caption =
| date = 12 October 1999
| place = {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Islamic Republic of Pakistan]]
| coordinates =
| map_type =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory =
| result =
* Bloodless coup, government of [[Nawaz Sharif]] overthrown.
* [[Nawaz Sharif]] and [[Shahbaz Sharif]] arrested and later exiled, as a result of an agreement, on 11 December 2000.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2000/dec/11/pakistan.saudiarabia | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Luke | last=Harding | title=Pakistan frees Sharif to exile in Saudi Arabia | date=11 December 2000}}</ref>
* Constitution provisionally suspended
* Beginning of [[Pervez Musharraf]]'s rule
* Suspension of Pakistan from the [[Commonwealth Nations]]
| status =
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg|20px]] [[Pakistan Armed Forces]]
* [[Federal Investigative Agency|FIA]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Coat of arms of Pakistan.svg|20px]] [[Government of Pakistan]]
*[[Punjab Police (Pakistan)|Punjab Police]]
| combatant3 =
| commander1 = [[File:Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg|20px]] [[Pervez Musharraf]]
| commander2 = [[File:Flag of the Prime Minister of Pakistan.svg|20px]] [[Nawaz Sharif]] [[File:Flag of Punjab.svg|20px]] [[Shahbaz Sharif]] DG ISI [[Ziauddin Butt]]
| commander3 =
| units1 =
| units2 =
| units3 =
| strength1 = 617,000
| strength2 = 170,000
| strength3 =
| casualties1 = 0
| casualties2 = 0
| casualties3 =
| notes =
| campaignbox =
}}

The '''1999 Pakistani coup d'état''' was a [[nonviolent revolution|bloodless]] [[coup d'état]] in which the [[Pakistan Army]] and then [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] and [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (Pakistan)|Chairman]] of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]], [[General officer|General]] [[Pervez Musharraf]], overthrew elected [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]] and his existing elected government, on 12 October 1999. Two days later, on 14 October 1999, Musharraf declared a [[state of emergency]] and issued a [[Provisional Constitutional Order]].<ref name=Waycross />

The coup occurred due to simmering tensions between Nawaz Sharif and General Musharraf, Sharif attempted to sack Musharraf, who was in Sri Lanka, the entire military high command refused to follow the orders of newly appointed [[Ziauddin Butt]], who himself was the chief of the powerful ISI, while Musharraf was flying back from Sri Lanka, the Corps commander had decided to defend Musharraf, and launched a coup to pre-empt Pakistani spymaster Ziauddin Butt taking control of the army. The pace of the coup, startled observers, within 17 hours, from the attempt to sack Pervez Musharraf by Nawaz Sharif, the Corps commanders took over all key state buildings throughout the country, placed the entire cabinet including the Prime Minister and his powerful brother under house arrest, took over the state broadcaster and the entire critical infrastructure, including communications, suspended the constitution, arrested Nawaz Sharif and Ziauddin Butt, and announced that Nawaz Sharif had been dismissed.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6960670.stm</ref> Sharif was trialed by military court and convicted him for risking the life of all the passengers on board including sitting Chief of Army Staff. The military court later in their findings decided that all allegations are fact based and Sharif was actually involved in plane high jacking and it was he who ordered the civil aviation not to let Musharraf land on Pakistani soil. Later on, the military court ordered Sharif life imprisonment sentence. The decision sparked fury in Sharif's party but welcomed by many.

He flew from Pakistan after General Pervez Musharraf's government unexpectedly announced that his life imprisonment sentence had been commuted. He had been in jail since the military coup 14 months ago, convicted of kidnapping, hijacking and corruption.

He landed in Jeddah in a private jet belonging to the Saudi royal family. He was accompanied by 18 members of his family, including his wife Kulsoom, his four children and his elderly parents. Years later in an interview, Pervez Musharraf revealed that he spared Nawaz Sharif from life imprisonment on the request of [[King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia]] and [[Rafic Hariri]].<ref>http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/359991-King-Abdullah-said-Nawaz-was-his-friend-had-to-le</ref>

The [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] declared the coup to be legal, but ordered that the army rule be limited to three years. Consequently, Musharraf held a national [[referendum]] on allowing himself to continue his rule, on 30 April 2002. The referendum, which Musharraf won with almost 98% of the votes in his favour, was alleged by many, including the [[Human Rights Commission of Pakistan]], to be fraudulent.<ref name="Vries"/><ref name=bbc2002 />

==Events leading towards the martial law==
===Relief of General Jehangir and revolt of the Admirals===

==The coup==
After the [[Kargil War]], Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif was already on bad terms with Chief of Army Staff General Pervez Musharraf. Sharif assigned blame for the political and military disaster on Musharraf, and Musharraf placed the blame on Sharif.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rashid|first=Ahmed|title=Seeds of conflict lie in summer's Kashmir crisis|url=http://www.independent.ie/world-news/seeds-of-conflict-lie-in-summers-kashmir-crisis-393647.html|accessdate=29 March 2011|newspaper=Independent.ie|date=13 October 1999}}</ref> On 12 October 1999, Sharif dismissed Musharraf and nominated the [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] Director-General, [[Lt Gen]] [[Ziauddin Butt]], in his place.<ref name=Dugger>{{cite news|last=Dugger|first=Celia W.|title=Pakistan Calm After Coup; Leading General Gives No Clue About How He Will Rule|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/14/world/pakistan-calm-after-coup-leading-general-gives-no-clue-about-how-he-will-rule.html|accessdate=6 May 2011|newspaper=New York Times|date=14 October 1999}}</ref> Musharraf, who was, at that time, on an official visit to Sri Lanka, immediately boarded a commercial airliner back to Pakistan. Also on board were Major-General [[Tariq Majid]] and Brigadier-General [[Nadeem Taj]]. In an attempt to thwart Musharraf's return to Karachi, Pakistan, Sharif first ordered the plane to be diverted to [[India]] and then [[Nawabshah]].<ref name=Plot>{{cite news|title='Plot to kill' coup leader|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/475112.stm|accessdate=6 May 2011|newspaper=BBC News|date=14 October 1999}}</ref> When this failed, Sharif ordered the Karachi airport to refuse to allow the plane to land; the airport used [[civil aviation]] planes to block the runway. The Pakistan Army, under directions from Lieutenant General [[Muzaffar Usmani]], seized the control tower and allowed the plane to land. After this, troops took control of the state-run television station in [[Islamabad]], encircled the Prime Minister House, gained control of international airports, and cut international phone lines.<ref name=Weiner>{{cite news|last=Weiner|first=Tim|title=Countdown to Pakistan's Coup: A Duel of Nerves in the Air|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/17/world/countdown-to-pakistan-s-coup-a-duel-of-nerves-in-the-air.html|accessdate=6 May 2011|newspaper=New York Times|date=17 October 1999}}</ref><ref>Aqil Shah, The Army and Democracy: Military Politics in Pakistan |(Harvard University Press, 2014), p. 181-182 [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674728936] ISBN 9780674728936</ref>

On 14 October 1999, Musharraf declared a state of emergency and issued a Provisional Constitutional Order. These designated Musharraf as Chief Executive, suspended the [[Parliament of Pakistan|Parliament]] and the provincial assemblies of the four provinces, and suspended the [[Constitution of Pakistan|Constitution]], although they left [[Muhammad Rafiq Tarar]] in office as [[President of Pakistan|President]].<ref name=DoS>{{cite web|title=Pakistan|url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3453.htm|work=Background Notes|publisher=U.S. Department of State|accessdate=7 May 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110504143730/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3453.htm| archivedate= 4 May 2011 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

===Text of Proclamation of Emergency===
Soon after taking over the country, emergency was declared in the country. Following is the text of the Proclamation of Emergency declared by Musharraf:<ref>{{cite news|title=Text of Musharraf's declaration|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/475415.stm|accessdate=6 May 2011|newspaper=BBC News|date=14 October 1999}}</ref>

{{cquote|
In pursuance of deliberations and decisions of chiefs of staff of the Armed Forces and corps commanders of Pakistan Army, I General Pervez Musharraf, chairman joint chiefs of staff committee and chief of army staff, proclaim emergency throughout Pakistan and assume the office of the chief executive of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.

I hereby order and proclaim as follows:

(a) The constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan shall remain in abeyance

(b) The president of Pakistan shall continue in office

(c) The [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]], the provincial assemblies and [[Senate of Pakistan|Senate]] shall stand suspended

(d) The chairman and deputy chairman of the Senate, the speaker and deputy speaker of the National Assembly and the provincial assemblies shall stand suspended

(e) The prime minister, the federal ministers, ministers of state, advisers to the prime minister, parliamentary secretaries, the provincial governors, the provincial chief ministers, the provincial ministers and the advisers to the chief ministers shall cease to hold office

(f) The whole of Pakistan will come under the control of the [[Pakistani Armed Forces|Armed Forces of Pakistan]].

This proclamation shall come into force at once and be deemed to have taken effect on the 12th day of October, 1999.
}}

===Text of Provisional Constitutional Order 1999===
Following is the text of Provisional Constitutional Order (PCO) promulgated by Musharraf. After its proclamation, the order was modified on multiple occasions:<ref>{{cite web|title=Provisional Constitution Order No. 1 of 1999|url=http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/post_12oct99/pco1_1999.orig.html|publisher=Pakistani.org|accessdate=7 May 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110615123941/http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/post_12oct99/pco1_1999.orig.html| archivedate= 15 June 2011 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

{{cquote| In pursuance of Proclamation of the 14th day of October, 1999, and in exercise of all powers enabling him in that behalf, the Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee and Chief of Army Staff and Chief Executive of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan under the Proclamation of Emergency of 14th day of October 1999 (hereinafter referred to as the Chief Executive) is pleased to make and promulgate the following Order:

1.
:(1) This Order may be called Provisional Constitution Order No.1 of 1999;

:(2) It extends to the whole of Pakistan;

:(3) It shall come into force at once.

2.
:(1) Notwithstanding the abeyance of the provisions of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, hereinafter referred to as the Constitution, Pakistan shall, subject to this Order and any other Orders made by the Chief Executive, be governed, as nearly as may be, in accordance with the Constitution.

:(2) Subject as aforesaid, all courts in existence immediately before the commencement of this Order, shall continue to function and to exercise their respective powers and jurisdiction provided that the [[Pakistan Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] or High Courts and any other court shall not have the powers to make any order against the Chief Executive or any person exercising powers or jurisdiction under his authority;

:(3) The Fundamental Rights conferred by Chapter I of Part II of the Constitution, not in conflict with the Proclamation of Emergency or any Order made thereunder from time to time, shall continue to be in force.

3.
:(1) The President shall act on, and in accordance with the advice of the Chief Executive;

:(2) The Governor of the Province shall act on, and in accordance with the instructions of the Chief Executive.

4.
:(1) No Court, Tribunal or other authority shall call or permit to be called in question the proclamation of Emergency of 14th day of October, 1999 or any Order made in pursuance thereof.

:(2) No judgment, decree, writ, order or process whatsoever shall be made or issued by any court or tribunal against the Chief Executive or any authority designated by the Chief Executive.

5. Notwithstanding the abeyance of the provisions of the Constitution, but subject to the Orders of the Chief Executive, all laws other than the Constitution shall continue in force until altered, amended or repealed by the Chief Executive or any authority designated by him.

6. The Proclamation of Emergency issued on 28th day of May 1998, shall continue but subject to the provisions of Proclamation of Emergency dated 14th day of October 1999 and this Provisional Constitution Order and any other Order made thereunder.

7. All persons who, immediately before the commencement of this Order, were in the service of Pakistan as defined in Article 260 of the Constitution and those persons who immediately before such commencement were in office as Judge of the Supreme Court, the Federal Shariat Court or a High Court or Auditor-General or Ombudsman and Chief Ehtesab Commissioner, shall continue in the said service on the same terms and conditions and shall enjoy the same privileges, if any. }}

==Provisional Constitutional Order judges oath==
On 26 January 2000, all the members of the superior judiciary was asked to take oath under the Provisional Constitutional Order. Six of the thirteen Supreme Court justices refused to take oath, an issue identified as the "biggest challenge" to the new government. Other High Court justices also refused to take the oath. Those who refused were removed from office. The Provisional Constitutional Order disallowed challenging any actions made by the military, and many judges who refused to take the oath cited infringements upon the judiciary system such as this as their reasoning for refusing. [[Asma Jahangir]], a Pakistani lawyer and human rights advocate, said, "The military rulers are doing their best to erode the independence of the judiciary. I salute those judges who have refused to take the oath."<ref name=Waycross>{{cite news|title=Pakistan Judges Refuse Oath Demanded by Pakistan's Rulers|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8GFaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=70wNAAAAIBAJ&dq=pakistan%20judge%20oath&pg=6907%2C2851269|accessdate=7 May 2011|newspaper=Waycross Journal-Herald|date=31 January 2000}}</ref>

==Legal challenge to coup==

On 15 November 1999, the first legal challenge to the coup was filed in the Supreme Court of Pakistan by [[Syed Zafar Ali Shah]], a member of the suspended National Assembly. He requested the court declare the military takeover "illegal and unconstitutional", and order the restoration of Sharif's government and of the National Parliament and four provincial assemblies that were suspended.<ref>{{cite news|title=Court moved on Pak take-over|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99nov16/world.htm#1|accessdate=7 May 2011|newspaper=The Tribune India|date=15 November 1999}}</ref> Later, similar appeals were filed by the [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]], Iqbal Haider of Muslim Welfare Movement, and then by Wahabul Khairi, an advocate.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news|title=Supreme Court bench to hear petitions against coup|url=http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1999/04dec99.html#supr|accessdate=7 May 2011|newspaper=Dawn Wire Service|date=2 December 1999| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110613224615/http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1999/04dec99.html| archivedate= 13 June 2011 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

On 1 December 1999, a five-member bench of Supreme Court was constituted to hear these appeals. The bench headed by Chief Justice [[Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui]] and had Justice Mohammad Bashir Jahangiri, Justice [[Nasir Aslam Zahid]], Justice Abdur Rehman Khan and Justice Wajeeh-ud-Din Ahmed as other members.<ref name="Dawn"/>

==Aftermath==

===2002 Referendum===
On 12 May 2000, the Supreme Court of Pakistan declared the coup to be legal and justified, but also ordered that the army rule in Pakistan be limited to three years.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan court limits army rule|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/746262.stm|accessdate=7 May 2011|newspaper=BBC News|date=12 May 2000}}</ref> This led Musharraf to hold a national referendum on 30 April 2002. 98% of the voters favored Musharraf, and this extended his presidential term for another five years.

====Allegations of illegitimacy====
Many groups denounced the referendum as extremely [[electoral fraud|fraudulent]]. [[Reuters]] journalists claimed to see [[ballot stuffing]] and pressure to vote being placed on [[public sector|governmental]] employees. [[Ibn Abdur Rehman]], director of the [[Human Rights Commission of Pakistan]], dismissed the referendum as "farcical", also claiming that votes were stuffed. The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan stated that the voting irregularities "exceeded its worst fears".<ref name=bbc2002>{{cite news|title=Musharraf wins huge backing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1961194.stm|accessdate=23 August 2013|newspaper=[[BBC]]|date=1 May 2002}}</ref>

The United States offered no opinion about the legitimacy of the election. [[Don McKinnon]], Secretary-General of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], expressed their wish that Pakistan return to a democratic government.

Although the referendum was challenged, the Supreme Court rejected the challenge and upheld the result. Information Minister [[Nisar Memon]] dismissed allegations of fraud as propaganda created by the opposition. He stated that "Those who opposed the referendum preferred to stay at home and didn't create any problem." <ref name=Vries>{{cite news|last=de Vries|first=Lloyd|title=Musharraf Claims Victory In Pakistan|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/04/30/world/main507574.shtml|accessdate=7 May 2011|newspaper=CBS News|date=1 May 2002}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[2007 Pakistani state of emergency]]
* [[Pakistani general election, 2002]]
* [[Provisional Constitutional Order]]
* [[State of emergency]]
* [[PCO Judges case]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/472968.stm Pakistan after the coup: Special report], BBC report
*[http://www.stratmag.com/issue2July-1/page06.htm Strategic Affairs Analysis]
*[http://www.saag.org/papers12/paper1138.html SAAG]
*[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/kargil-99.htm 1999 Kargil Conflict]

{{Military of Pakistan}}
{{Pervez Musharraf}}
{{Coup d'état}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistani Coup D'etat, 1999}}
[[Category:Military history of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1999|Pakistani coup d'etat]]
[[Category:Battles and conflicts without fatalities]]
[[Category:Pervez Musharraf]]
[[Category:Political repression in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Military coups in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Civil–military relations]]
[[Category:1990s coups d'état and coup attempts]]
[[Category:Military dictatorships]]
[[Category:1999 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:History of Pakistan media|1]]

Militärputsch in Pakistan 1999

2016-11-25T14:43:27Z

Wiki id2:

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = 1999 Military Coup d'état
| partof =
| image =
| caption =
| date = 12 October 1999
| place = {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Islamic Republic of Pakistan]]
| coordinates =
| map_type =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory =
| result =
* Bloodless coup, government of [[Nawaz Sharif]] overthrown.
* [[Nawaz Sharif]] and [[Shahbaz Sharif]] arrested and later exiled, as a result of an agreement, on 11 December 2000.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2000/dec/11/pakistan.saudiarabia | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Luke | last=Harding | title=Pakistan frees Sharif to exile in Saudi Arabia | date=11 December 2000}}</ref>
* Constitution provisionally suspended
* Beginning of [[Pervez Musharraf]]'s rule
* Suspension of Pakistan from the [[Commonwealth Nations]]
| status =
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg|20px]] [[Pakistan Armed Forces]]
* [[Federal Investigative Agency|FIA]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Coat of arms of Pakistan.svg|20px]] [[Government of Pakistan]]
*[[Punjab Police (Pakistan)|Punjab Police]]
| combatant3 =
| commander1 = [[File:Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg|20px]] [[Pervez Musharraf]]
| commander2 = [[File:Flag of the Prime Minister of Pakistan.svg|20px]] [[Nawaz Sharif]] [[File:Flag of Punjab.svg|20px]] [[Shahbaz Sharif]] DG ISI [[Ziauddin Butt]]
| commander3 =
| units1 =
| units2 =
| units3 =
| strength1 = 617,000
| strength2 = 170,000
| strength3 =
| casualties1 = 0
| casualties2 = 0
| casualties3 =
| notes =
| campaignbox =
}}

The '''1999 Pakistani coup d'état''' was a [[nonviolent revolution|bloodless]] [[coup d'état]] in which the [[Pakistan Army]] and then [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] and [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (Pakistan)|Chairman]] of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]], [[General officer|General]] [[Pervez Musharraf]], overthrew elected [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]] and his existing elected government, on 12 October 1999. Two days later, on 14 October 1999, Musharraf declared a [[state of emergency]] and issued a [[Provisional Constitutional Order]].<ref name=Waycross />

The coup occurred due to simmering tensions between Nawaz Sharif and General Musharraf, Sharif attempted to sack Musharraf, who was in Sri Lanka, the entire military high command refused to follow the orders of newly appointed [[Ziauddin Butt]], who himself was the chief of the powerful ISI, while Musharraf was flying back from Sri Lanka, the Corps commander had decided to defend Musharraf, and launched a coup to pre-empt Pakistani spymaster Ziauddin Butt taking control of the army. The pace of the coup, startled observers, within 17 hours, from the attempt to sack Pervez Musharraf by Nawaz Sharif, the Corps commanders took over all key state buildings throughout the country, placed the entire cabinet including the Prime Minister and his powerful brother under house arrest, took over the state broadcaster and the entire critical infrastructure, including communications, suspended the constitution, arrested Nawaz Sharif and Ziauddin Butt, and announced that Nawaz Sharif had been dismissed.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6960670.stm</ref> Sharif was trialed by military court and convicted him for risking the life of all the passengers on board including sitting Chief of Army Staff. The military court later in their findings decided that all allegations are fact based and Sharif was actually involved in plane high jacking and it was he who ordered the civil aviation not to let Musharraf land on Pakistani soil. Later on, the military court ordered Sharif life imprisonment sentence. The decision sparked fury in Sharif's party but welcomed by many.

He flew from Pakistan after General Pervez Musharraf's government unexpectedly announced that his life imprisonment sentence had been commuted. He had been in jail since the military coup 14 months ago, convicted of kidnapping, hijacking and corruption.

He landed in Jeddah in a private jet belonging to the Saudi royal family. He was accompanied by 18 members of his family, including his wife Kulsoom, his four children and his elderly parents. Pervez Musharraf revealed that he spared Nawaz Sharif from life imprisonment on the request of [[King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia]] and [[Rafic Hariri]].<ref>http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/359991-King-Abdullah-said-Nawaz-was-his-friend-had-to-le</ref>

The [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] declared the coup to be legal, but ordered that the army rule be limited to three years. Consequently, Musharraf held a national [[referendum]] on allowing himself to continue his rule, on 30 April 2002. The referendum, which Musharraf won with almost 98% of the votes in his favour, was alleged by many, including the [[Human Rights Commission of Pakistan]], to be fraudulent.<ref name="Vries"/><ref name=bbc2002 />

==Events leading towards the martial law==
===Relief of General Jehangir and revolt of the Admirals===

==The coup==
After the [[Kargil War]], Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif was already on bad terms with Chief of Army Staff General Pervez Musharraf. Sharif assigned blame for the political and military disaster on Musharraf, and Musharraf placed the blame on Sharif.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rashid|first=Ahmed|title=Seeds of conflict lie in summer's Kashmir crisis|url=http://www.independent.ie/world-news/seeds-of-conflict-lie-in-summers-kashmir-crisis-393647.html|accessdate=29 March 2011|newspaper=Independent.ie|date=13 October 1999}}</ref> On 12 October 1999, Sharif dismissed Musharraf and nominated the [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] Director-General, [[Lt Gen]] [[Ziauddin Butt]], in his place.<ref name=Dugger>{{cite news|last=Dugger|first=Celia W.|title=Pakistan Calm After Coup; Leading General Gives No Clue About How He Will Rule|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/14/world/pakistan-calm-after-coup-leading-general-gives-no-clue-about-how-he-will-rule.html|accessdate=6 May 2011|newspaper=New York Times|date=14 October 1999}}</ref> Musharraf, who was, at that time, on an official visit to Sri Lanka, immediately boarded a commercial airliner back to Pakistan. Also on board were Major-General [[Tariq Majid]] and Brigadier-General [[Nadeem Taj]]. In an attempt to thwart Musharraf's return to Karachi, Pakistan, Sharif first ordered the plane to be diverted to [[India]] and then [[Nawabshah]].<ref name=Plot>{{cite news|title='Plot to kill' coup leader|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/475112.stm|accessdate=6 May 2011|newspaper=BBC News|date=14 October 1999}}</ref> When this failed, Sharif ordered the Karachi airport to refuse to allow the plane to land; the airport used [[civil aviation]] planes to block the runway. The Pakistan Army, under directions from Lieutenant General [[Muzaffar Usmani]], seized the control tower and allowed the plane to land. After this, troops took control of the state-run television station in [[Islamabad]], encircled the Prime Minister House, gained control of international airports, and cut international phone lines.<ref name=Weiner>{{cite news|last=Weiner|first=Tim|title=Countdown to Pakistan's Coup: A Duel of Nerves in the Air|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/17/world/countdown-to-pakistan-s-coup-a-duel-of-nerves-in-the-air.html|accessdate=6 May 2011|newspaper=New York Times|date=17 October 1999}}</ref><ref>Aqil Shah, The Army and Democracy: Military Politics in Pakistan |(Harvard University Press, 2014), p. 181-182 [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674728936] ISBN 9780674728936</ref>

On 14 October 1999, Musharraf declared a state of emergency and issued a Provisional Constitutional Order. These designated Musharraf as Chief Executive, suspended the [[Parliament of Pakistan|Parliament]] and the provincial assemblies of the four provinces, and suspended the [[Constitution of Pakistan|Constitution]], although they left [[Muhammad Rafiq Tarar]] in office as [[President of Pakistan|President]].<ref name=DoS>{{cite web|title=Pakistan|url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3453.htm|work=Background Notes|publisher=U.S. Department of State|accessdate=7 May 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110504143730/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3453.htm| archivedate= 4 May 2011 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

===Text of Proclamation of Emergency===
Soon after taking over the country, emergency was declared in the country. Following is the text of the Proclamation of Emergency declared by Musharraf:<ref>{{cite news|title=Text of Musharraf's declaration|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/475415.stm|accessdate=6 May 2011|newspaper=BBC News|date=14 October 1999}}</ref>

{{cquote|
In pursuance of deliberations and decisions of chiefs of staff of the Armed Forces and corps commanders of Pakistan Army, I General Pervez Musharraf, chairman joint chiefs of staff committee and chief of army staff, proclaim emergency throughout Pakistan and assume the office of the chief executive of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.

I hereby order and proclaim as follows:

(a) The constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan shall remain in abeyance

(b) The president of Pakistan shall continue in office

(c) The [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]], the provincial assemblies and [[Senate of Pakistan|Senate]] shall stand suspended

(d) The chairman and deputy chairman of the Senate, the speaker and deputy speaker of the National Assembly and the provincial assemblies shall stand suspended

(e) The prime minister, the federal ministers, ministers of state, advisers to the prime minister, parliamentary secretaries, the provincial governors, the provincial chief ministers, the provincial ministers and the advisers to the chief ministers shall cease to hold office

(f) The whole of Pakistan will come under the control of the [[Pakistani Armed Forces|Armed Forces of Pakistan]].

This proclamation shall come into force at once and be deemed to have taken effect on the 12th day of October, 1999.
}}

===Text of Provisional Constitutional Order 1999===
Following is the text of Provisional Constitutional Order (PCO) promulgated by Musharraf. After its proclamation, the order was modified on multiple occasions:<ref>{{cite web|title=Provisional Constitution Order No. 1 of 1999|url=http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/post_12oct99/pco1_1999.orig.html|publisher=Pakistani.org|accessdate=7 May 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110615123941/http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/post_12oct99/pco1_1999.orig.html| archivedate= 15 June 2011 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

{{cquote| In pursuance of Proclamation of the 14th day of October, 1999, and in exercise of all powers enabling him in that behalf, the Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee and Chief of Army Staff and Chief Executive of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan under the Proclamation of Emergency of 14th day of October 1999 (hereinafter referred to as the Chief Executive) is pleased to make and promulgate the following Order:

1.
:(1) This Order may be called Provisional Constitution Order No.1 of 1999;

:(2) It extends to the whole of Pakistan;

:(3) It shall come into force at once.

2.
:(1) Notwithstanding the abeyance of the provisions of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, hereinafter referred to as the Constitution, Pakistan shall, subject to this Order and any other Orders made by the Chief Executive, be governed, as nearly as may be, in accordance with the Constitution.

:(2) Subject as aforesaid, all courts in existence immediately before the commencement of this Order, shall continue to function and to exercise their respective powers and jurisdiction provided that the [[Pakistan Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] or High Courts and any other court shall not have the powers to make any order against the Chief Executive or any person exercising powers or jurisdiction under his authority;

:(3) The Fundamental Rights conferred by Chapter I of Part II of the Constitution, not in conflict with the Proclamation of Emergency or any Order made thereunder from time to time, shall continue to be in force.

3.
:(1) The President shall act on, and in accordance with the advice of the Chief Executive;

:(2) The Governor of the Province shall act on, and in accordance with the instructions of the Chief Executive.

4.
:(1) No Court, Tribunal or other authority shall call or permit to be called in question the proclamation of Emergency of 14th day of October, 1999 or any Order made in pursuance thereof.

:(2) No judgment, decree, writ, order or process whatsoever shall be made or issued by any court or tribunal against the Chief Executive or any authority designated by the Chief Executive.

5. Notwithstanding the abeyance of the provisions of the Constitution, but subject to the Orders of the Chief Executive, all laws other than the Constitution shall continue in force until altered, amended or repealed by the Chief Executive or any authority designated by him.

6. The Proclamation of Emergency issued on 28th day of May 1998, shall continue but subject to the provisions of Proclamation of Emergency dated 14th day of October 1999 and this Provisional Constitution Order and any other Order made thereunder.

7. All persons who, immediately before the commencement of this Order, were in the service of Pakistan as defined in Article 260 of the Constitution and those persons who immediately before such commencement were in office as Judge of the Supreme Court, the Federal Shariat Court or a High Court or Auditor-General or Ombudsman and Chief Ehtesab Commissioner, shall continue in the said service on the same terms and conditions and shall enjoy the same privileges, if any. }}

==Provisional Constitutional Order judges oath==
On 26 January 2000, all the members of the superior judiciary was asked to take oath under the Provisional Constitutional Order. Six of the thirteen Supreme Court justices refused to take oath, an issue identified as the "biggest challenge" to the new government. Other High Court justices also refused to take the oath. Those who refused were removed from office. The Provisional Constitutional Order disallowed challenging any actions made by the military, and many judges who refused to take the oath cited infringements upon the judiciary system such as this as their reasoning for refusing. [[Asma Jahangir]], a Pakistani lawyer and human rights advocate, said, "The military rulers are doing their best to erode the independence of the judiciary. I salute those judges who have refused to take the oath."<ref name=Waycross>{{cite news|title=Pakistan Judges Refuse Oath Demanded by Pakistan's Rulers|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8GFaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=70wNAAAAIBAJ&dq=pakistan%20judge%20oath&pg=6907%2C2851269|accessdate=7 May 2011|newspaper=Waycross Journal-Herald|date=31 January 2000}}</ref>

==Legal challenge to coup==

On 15 November 1999, the first legal challenge to the coup was filed in the Supreme Court of Pakistan by [[Syed Zafar Ali Shah]], a member of the suspended National Assembly. He requested the court declare the military takeover "illegal and unconstitutional", and order the restoration of Sharif's government and of the National Parliament and four provincial assemblies that were suspended.<ref>{{cite news|title=Court moved on Pak take-over|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99nov16/world.htm#1|accessdate=7 May 2011|newspaper=The Tribune India|date=15 November 1999}}</ref> Later, similar appeals were filed by the [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]], Iqbal Haider of Muslim Welfare Movement, and then by Wahabul Khairi, an advocate.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news|title=Supreme Court bench to hear petitions against coup|url=http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1999/04dec99.html#supr|accessdate=7 May 2011|newspaper=Dawn Wire Service|date=2 December 1999| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110613224615/http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1999/04dec99.html| archivedate= 13 June 2011 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

On 1 December 1999, a five-member bench of Supreme Court was constituted to hear these appeals. The bench headed by Chief Justice [[Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui]] and had Justice Mohammad Bashir Jahangiri, Justice [[Nasir Aslam Zahid]], Justice Abdur Rehman Khan and Justice Wajeeh-ud-Din Ahmed as other members.<ref name="Dawn"/>

==Aftermath==

===2002 Referendum===
On 12 May 2000, the Supreme Court of Pakistan declared the coup to be legal and justified, but also ordered that the army rule in Pakistan be limited to three years.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan court limits army rule|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/746262.stm|accessdate=7 May 2011|newspaper=BBC News|date=12 May 2000}}</ref> This led Musharraf to hold a national referendum on 30 April 2002. 98% of the voters favored Musharraf, and this extended his presidential term for another five years.

====Allegations of illegitimacy====
Many groups denounced the referendum as extremely [[electoral fraud|fraudulent]]. [[Reuters]] journalists claimed to see [[ballot stuffing]] and pressure to vote being placed on [[public sector|governmental]] employees. [[Ibn Abdur Rehman]], director of the [[Human Rights Commission of Pakistan]], dismissed the referendum as "farcical", also claiming that votes were stuffed. The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan stated that the voting irregularities "exceeded its worst fears".<ref name=bbc2002>{{cite news|title=Musharraf wins huge backing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1961194.stm|accessdate=23 August 2013|newspaper=[[BBC]]|date=1 May 2002}}</ref>

The United States offered no opinion about the legitimacy of the election. [[Don McKinnon]], Secretary-General of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], expressed their wish that Pakistan return to a democratic government.

Although the referendum was challenged, the Supreme Court rejected the challenge and upheld the result. Information Minister [[Nisar Memon]] dismissed allegations of fraud as propaganda created by the opposition. He stated that "Those who opposed the referendum preferred to stay at home and didn't create any problem." <ref name=Vries>{{cite news|last=de Vries|first=Lloyd|title=Musharraf Claims Victory In Pakistan|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/04/30/world/main507574.shtml|accessdate=7 May 2011|newspaper=CBS News|date=1 May 2002}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[2007 Pakistani state of emergency]]
* [[Pakistani general election, 2002]]
* [[Provisional Constitutional Order]]
* [[State of emergency]]
* [[PCO Judges case]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/472968.stm Pakistan after the coup: Special report], BBC report
*[http://www.stratmag.com/issue2July-1/page06.htm Strategic Affairs Analysis]
*[http://www.saag.org/papers12/paper1138.html SAAG]
*[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/kargil-99.htm 1999 Kargil Conflict]

{{Military of Pakistan}}
{{Pervez Musharraf}}
{{Coup d'état}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistani Coup D'etat, 1999}}
[[Category:Military history of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1999|Pakistani coup d'etat]]
[[Category:Battles and conflicts without fatalities]]
[[Category:Pervez Musharraf]]
[[Category:Political repression in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Military coups in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Civil–military relations]]
[[Category:1990s coups d'état and coup attempts]]
[[Category:Military dictatorships]]
[[Category:1999 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:History of Pakistan media|1]]

Militärputsch in Pakistan 1999

2016-11-25T14:36:49Z

Wiki id2:

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = 1999 Military Coup d'état
| partof =
| image =
| caption =
| date = 12 October 1999
| place = {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Islamic Republic of Pakistan]]
| coordinates =
| map_type =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory =
| result =
* Bloodless coup, government of [[Nawaz Sharif]] overthrown.
* [[Nawaz Sharif]] and [[Shahbaz Sharif]] arrested and later exiled, as a result of an agreement, on 11 December 2000.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2000/dec/11/pakistan.saudiarabia | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Luke | last=Harding | title=Pakistan frees Sharif to exile in Saudi Arabia | date=11 December 2000}}</ref>
* Constitution provisionally suspended
* Beginning of [[Pervez Musharraf]]'s rule
* Suspension of Pakistan from the [[Commonwealth Nations]]
| status =
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg|20px]] [[Pakistan Armed Forces]]
* [[Federal Investigative Agency|FIA]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Coat of arms of Pakistan.svg|20px]] [[Government of Pakistan]]
*[[Punjab Police (Pakistan)|Punjab Police]]
| combatant3 =
| commander1 = [[File:Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg|20px]] [[Pervez Musharraf]]
| commander2 = [[File:Flag of the Prime Minister of Pakistan.svg|20px]] [[Nawaz Sharif]] [[File:Flag of Punjab.svg|20px]] [[Shahbaz Sharif]] DG ISI [[Ziauddin Butt]]
| commander3 =
| units1 =
| units2 =
| units3 =
| strength1 = 617,000
| strength2 = 170,000
| strength3 =
| casualties1 = 0
| casualties2 = 0
| casualties3 =
| notes =
| campaignbox =
}}

The '''1999 Pakistani coup d'état''' was a [[nonviolent revolution|bloodless]] [[coup d'état]] in which the [[Pakistan Army]] and then [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Army Staff]] and [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (Pakistan)|Chairman]] of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]], [[General officer|General]] [[Pervez Musharraf]], overthrew elected [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]] and his existing elected government, on 12 October 1999. Two days later, on 14 October 1999, Musharraf declared a [[state of emergency]] and issued a [[Provisional Constitutional Order]].<ref name=Waycross />

The coup occurred due to simmering tensions between Nawaz Sharif and General Musharraf, Sharif attempted to sack Musharraf, who was in Sri Lanka, the entire military high command refused to follow the orders of newly appointed [[Ziauddin Butt]], who himself was the chief of the powerful ISI, while Musharraf was flying back from Sri Lanka, the Corps commander had decided to defend Musharraf, and launched a coup to pre-empt Pakistani spymaster Ziauddin Butt taking control of the army. The pace of the coup, startled observers, within 17 hours, from the attempt to sack Pervez Musharraf by Nawaz Sharif, the Corps commanders took over all key state buildings throughout the country, placed the entire cabinet including the Prime Minister and his powerful brother under house arrest, took over the state broadcaster and the entire critical infrastructure, including communications, suspended the constitution, arrested Nawaz Sharif and Ziauddin Butt, and announced that Nawaz Sharif had been dismissed.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6960670.stm</ref> Sharif was trialed by military court and convicted him for risking the life of all the passengers on board including sitting Chief of Army Staff. The military court later in their findings decided that all allegations are fact based and Sharif was actually involved in plane high jacking and it was he who ordered the civil aviation not to let Musharraf land on Pakistani soil. Later on, the military court ordered Sharif life imprisonment sentence. The decision sparked fury in Sharif's party but welcomed by many.

He flew from Pakistan after General Pervez Musharraf's government unexpectedly announced that his life imprisonment sentence had been commuted. He had been in jail since the military coup 14 months ago, convicted of kidnapping, hijacking and corruption.

He landed in Jeddah in a private jet belonging to the Saudi royal family. He was accompanied by 18 members of his family, including his wife Kulsoom, his four children and his elderly parents

The [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] declared the coup to be legal, but ordered that the army rule be limited to three years. Consequently, Musharraf held a national [[referendum]] on allowing himself to continue his rule, on 30 April 2002. The referendum, which Musharraf won with almost 98% of the votes in his favour, was alleged by many, including the [[Human Rights Commission of Pakistan]], to be fraudulent.<ref name="Vries"/><ref name=bbc2002 />

==Events leading towards the martial law==
===Relief of General Jehangir and revolt of the Admirals===

==The coup==
After the [[Kargil War]], Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif was already on bad terms with Chief of Army Staff General Pervez Musharraf. Sharif assigned blame for the political and military disaster on Musharraf, and Musharraf placed the blame on Sharif.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rashid|first=Ahmed|title=Seeds of conflict lie in summer's Kashmir crisis|url=http://www.independent.ie/world-news/seeds-of-conflict-lie-in-summers-kashmir-crisis-393647.html|accessdate=29 March 2011|newspaper=Independent.ie|date=13 October 1999}}</ref> On 12 October 1999, Sharif dismissed Musharraf and nominated the [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] Director-General, [[Lt Gen]] [[Ziauddin Butt]], in his place.<ref name=Dugger>{{cite news|last=Dugger|first=Celia W.|title=Pakistan Calm After Coup; Leading General Gives No Clue About How He Will Rule|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/14/world/pakistan-calm-after-coup-leading-general-gives-no-clue-about-how-he-will-rule.html|accessdate=6 May 2011|newspaper=New York Times|date=14 October 1999}}</ref> Musharraf, who was, at that time, on an official visit to Sri Lanka, immediately boarded a commercial airliner back to Pakistan. Also on board were Major-General [[Tariq Majid]] and Brigadier-General [[Nadeem Taj]]. In an attempt to thwart Musharraf's return to Karachi, Pakistan, Sharif first ordered the plane to be diverted to [[India]] and then [[Nawabshah]].<ref name=Plot>{{cite news|title='Plot to kill' coup leader|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/475112.stm|accessdate=6 May 2011|newspaper=BBC News|date=14 October 1999}}</ref> When this failed, Sharif ordered the Karachi airport to refuse to allow the plane to land; the airport used [[civil aviation]] planes to block the runway. The Pakistan Army, under directions from Lieutenant General [[Muzaffar Usmani]], seized the control tower and allowed the plane to land. After this, troops took control of the state-run television station in [[Islamabad]], encircled the Prime Minister House, gained control of international airports, and cut international phone lines.<ref name=Weiner>{{cite news|last=Weiner|first=Tim|title=Countdown to Pakistan's Coup: A Duel of Nerves in the Air|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1999/10/17/world/countdown-to-pakistan-s-coup-a-duel-of-nerves-in-the-air.html|accessdate=6 May 2011|newspaper=New York Times|date=17 October 1999}}</ref><ref>Aqil Shah, The Army and Democracy: Military Politics in Pakistan |(Harvard University Press, 2014), p. 181-182 [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674728936] ISBN 9780674728936</ref>

On 14 October 1999, Musharraf declared a state of emergency and issued a Provisional Constitutional Order. These designated Musharraf as Chief Executive, suspended the [[Parliament of Pakistan|Parliament]] and the provincial assemblies of the four provinces, and suspended the [[Constitution of Pakistan|Constitution]], although they left [[Muhammad Rafiq Tarar]] in office as [[President of Pakistan|President]].<ref name=DoS>{{cite web|title=Pakistan|url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3453.htm|work=Background Notes|publisher=U.S. Department of State|accessdate=7 May 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110504143730/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3453.htm| archivedate= 4 May 2011 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

===Text of Proclamation of Emergency===
Soon after taking over the country, emergency was declared in the country. Following is the text of the Proclamation of Emergency declared by Musharraf:<ref>{{cite news|title=Text of Musharraf's declaration|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/475415.stm|accessdate=6 May 2011|newspaper=BBC News|date=14 October 1999}}</ref>

{{cquote|
In pursuance of deliberations and decisions of chiefs of staff of the Armed Forces and corps commanders of Pakistan Army, I General Pervez Musharraf, chairman joint chiefs of staff committee and chief of army staff, proclaim emergency throughout Pakistan and assume the office of the chief executive of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.

I hereby order and proclaim as follows:

(a) The constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan shall remain in abeyance

(b) The president of Pakistan shall continue in office

(c) The [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]], the provincial assemblies and [[Senate of Pakistan|Senate]] shall stand suspended

(d) The chairman and deputy chairman of the Senate, the speaker and deputy speaker of the National Assembly and the provincial assemblies shall stand suspended

(e) The prime minister, the federal ministers, ministers of state, advisers to the prime minister, parliamentary secretaries, the provincial governors, the provincial chief ministers, the provincial ministers and the advisers to the chief ministers shall cease to hold office

(f) The whole of Pakistan will come under the control of the [[Pakistani Armed Forces|Armed Forces of Pakistan]].

This proclamation shall come into force at once and be deemed to have taken effect on the 12th day of October, 1999.
}}

===Text of Provisional Constitutional Order 1999===
Following is the text of Provisional Constitutional Order (PCO) promulgated by Musharraf. After its proclamation, the order was modified on multiple occasions:<ref>{{cite web|title=Provisional Constitution Order No. 1 of 1999|url=http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/post_12oct99/pco1_1999.orig.html|publisher=Pakistani.org|accessdate=7 May 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110615123941/http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/post_12oct99/pco1_1999.orig.html| archivedate= 15 June 2011 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

{{cquote| In pursuance of Proclamation of the 14th day of October, 1999, and in exercise of all powers enabling him in that behalf, the Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee and Chief of Army Staff and Chief Executive of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan under the Proclamation of Emergency of 14th day of October 1999 (hereinafter referred to as the Chief Executive) is pleased to make and promulgate the following Order:

1.
:(1) This Order may be called Provisional Constitution Order No.1 of 1999;

:(2) It extends to the whole of Pakistan;

:(3) It shall come into force at once.

2.
:(1) Notwithstanding the abeyance of the provisions of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, hereinafter referred to as the Constitution, Pakistan shall, subject to this Order and any other Orders made by the Chief Executive, be governed, as nearly as may be, in accordance with the Constitution.

:(2) Subject as aforesaid, all courts in existence immediately before the commencement of this Order, shall continue to function and to exercise their respective powers and jurisdiction provided that the [[Pakistan Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] or High Courts and any other court shall not have the powers to make any order against the Chief Executive or any person exercising powers or jurisdiction under his authority;

:(3) The Fundamental Rights conferred by Chapter I of Part II of the Constitution, not in conflict with the Proclamation of Emergency or any Order made thereunder from time to time, shall continue to be in force.

3.
:(1) The President shall act on, and in accordance with the advice of the Chief Executive;

:(2) The Governor of the Province shall act on, and in accordance with the instructions of the Chief Executive.

4.
:(1) No Court, Tribunal or other authority shall call or permit to be called in question the proclamation of Emergency of 14th day of October, 1999 or any Order made in pursuance thereof.

:(2) No judgment, decree, writ, order or process whatsoever shall be made or issued by any court or tribunal against the Chief Executive or any authority designated by the Chief Executive.

5. Notwithstanding the abeyance of the provisions of the Constitution, but subject to the Orders of the Chief Executive, all laws other than the Constitution shall continue in force until altered, amended or repealed by the Chief Executive or any authority designated by him.

6. The Proclamation of Emergency issued on 28th day of May 1998, shall continue but subject to the provisions of Proclamation of Emergency dated 14th day of October 1999 and this Provisional Constitution Order and any other Order made thereunder.

7. All persons who, immediately before the commencement of this Order, were in the service of Pakistan as defined in Article 260 of the Constitution and those persons who immediately before such commencement were in office as Judge of the Supreme Court, the Federal Shariat Court or a High Court or Auditor-General or Ombudsman and Chief Ehtesab Commissioner, shall continue in the said service on the same terms and conditions and shall enjoy the same privileges, if any. }}

==Provisional Constitutional Order judges oath==
On 26 January 2000, all the members of the superior judiciary was asked to take oath under the Provisional Constitutional Order. Six of the thirteen Supreme Court justices refused to take oath, an issue identified as the "biggest challenge" to the new government. Other High Court justices also refused to take the oath. Those who refused were removed from office. The Provisional Constitutional Order disallowed challenging any actions made by the military, and many judges who refused to take the oath cited infringements upon the judiciary system such as this as their reasoning for refusing. [[Asma Jahangir]], a Pakistani lawyer and human rights advocate, said, "The military rulers are doing their best to erode the independence of the judiciary. I salute those judges who have refused to take the oath."<ref name=Waycross>{{cite news|title=Pakistan Judges Refuse Oath Demanded by Pakistan's Rulers|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8GFaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=70wNAAAAIBAJ&dq=pakistan%20judge%20oath&pg=6907%2C2851269|accessdate=7 May 2011|newspaper=Waycross Journal-Herald|date=31 January 2000}}</ref>

==Legal challenge to coup==

On 15 November 1999, the first legal challenge to the coup was filed in the Supreme Court of Pakistan by [[Syed Zafar Ali Shah]], a member of the suspended National Assembly. He requested the court declare the military takeover "illegal and unconstitutional", and order the restoration of Sharif's government and of the National Parliament and four provincial assemblies that were suspended.<ref>{{cite news|title=Court moved on Pak take-over|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99nov16/world.htm#1|accessdate=7 May 2011|newspaper=The Tribune India|date=15 November 1999}}</ref> Later, similar appeals were filed by the [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]], Iqbal Haider of Muslim Welfare Movement, and then by Wahabul Khairi, an advocate.<ref name=Dawn>{{cite news|title=Supreme Court bench to hear petitions against coup|url=http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1999/04dec99.html#supr|accessdate=7 May 2011|newspaper=Dawn Wire Service|date=2 December 1999| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110613224615/http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/SouthAsia/SAserials/Dawn/1999/04dec99.html| archivedate= 13 June 2011 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

On 1 December 1999, a five-member bench of Supreme Court was constituted to hear these appeals. The bench headed by Chief Justice [[Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui]] and had Justice Mohammad Bashir Jahangiri, Justice [[Nasir Aslam Zahid]], Justice Abdur Rehman Khan and Justice Wajeeh-ud-Din Ahmed as other members.<ref name="Dawn"/>

==Aftermath==

===2002 Referendum===
On 12 May 2000, the Supreme Court of Pakistan declared the coup to be legal and justified, but also ordered that the army rule in Pakistan be limited to three years.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan court limits army rule|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/746262.stm|accessdate=7 May 2011|newspaper=BBC News|date=12 May 2000}}</ref> This led Musharraf to hold a national referendum on 30 April 2002. 98% of the voters favored Musharraf, and this extended his presidential term for another five years.

====Allegations of illegitimacy====
Many groups denounced the referendum as extremely [[electoral fraud|fraudulent]]. [[Reuters]] journalists claimed to see [[ballot stuffing]] and pressure to vote being placed on [[public sector|governmental]] employees. [[Ibn Abdur Rehman]], director of the [[Human Rights Commission of Pakistan]], dismissed the referendum as "farcical", also claiming that votes were stuffed. The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan stated that the voting irregularities "exceeded its worst fears".<ref name=bbc2002>{{cite news|title=Musharraf wins huge backing|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1961194.stm|accessdate=23 August 2013|newspaper=[[BBC]]|date=1 May 2002}}</ref>

The United States offered no opinion about the legitimacy of the election. [[Don McKinnon]], Secretary-General of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], expressed their wish that Pakistan return to a democratic government.

Although the referendum was challenged, the Supreme Court rejected the challenge and upheld the result. Information Minister [[Nisar Memon]] dismissed allegations of fraud as propaganda created by the opposition. He stated that "Those who opposed the referendum preferred to stay at home and didn't create any problem." <ref name=Vries>{{cite news|last=de Vries|first=Lloyd|title=Musharraf Claims Victory In Pakistan|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/04/30/world/main507574.shtml|accessdate=7 May 2011|newspaper=CBS News|date=1 May 2002}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[2007 Pakistani state of emergency]]
* [[Pakistani general election, 2002]]
* [[Provisional Constitutional Order]]
* [[State of emergency]]
* [[PCO Judges case]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/472968.stm Pakistan after the coup: Special report], BBC report
*[http://www.stratmag.com/issue2July-1/page06.htm Strategic Affairs Analysis]
*[http://www.saag.org/papers12/paper1138.html SAAG]
*[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/kargil-99.htm 1999 Kargil Conflict]

{{Military of Pakistan}}
{{Pervez Musharraf}}
{{Coup d'état}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistani Coup D'etat, 1999}}
[[Category:Military history of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1999|Pakistani coup d'etat]]
[[Category:Battles and conflicts without fatalities]]
[[Category:Pervez Musharraf]]
[[Category:Political repression in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Military coups in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Civil–military relations]]
[[Category:1990s coups d'état and coup attempts]]
[[Category:Military dictatorships]]
[[Category:1999 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:History of Pakistan media|1]]

Pakistanisch-türkische Beziehungen

2016-11-24T20:40:43Z

Wiki id2:

{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Pakistan-Turkey|Pakistan|Turkey|map=Pakistan Turkey Locator.svg}}
Pakistan has an embassy in [[Ankara]], a Consulate-General in [[Istanbul]] and an honorary consulate in [[Izmir]] whereas, Turkey has an embassy in [[Islamabad]], a Consulate-General in [[Karachi]] and honorary consulates in [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], [[Sialkot]] and [[Faisalabad]]. As of 2016, in a joint communique, Pakistan and Turkey plan to strengthen their close ties into a "strategic partnership".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/turkey-pakistan-vow-to-strengthen-ties-further/687871|title=Turkey, Pakistan vow to strengthen ties further|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radio.gov.pk/17-Nov-2016/pakistan-turkey-reaffirm-commitment-to-transform-relationship-into-strong-strategic-partnership|title=Pakistan, Turkey vow to transform ties into strong strategic partnership|publisher=}}</ref>

Relations date back generations before the establishment of the two states, more precisely during the [[Turkish War of Independence]] when the Muslims of the northwestern British Raj sent financial aid to the declining [[Ottoman Empire]] which was followed by the [[History of the Republic of Turkey|formation of the Turkish Republic]]. Pakistan and Turkey enjoy close cultural, historical and military relations which are now expanding into deepening economic relations as both countries seek to develop their economies. Turkey supports Pakistan's position of holding a plebiscite under the UN to decide if Kashmir wants to join Pakistan, a position which Turkish President Erdogan reaffirmed in a joint address to the Pakistani parliament and which was attended by Pakistan's military high command.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361378-Kashmir-dispute-should-be-solved-according-to-Kash|title=Kashmir dispute should be solved according to Kashmiris' will: Erdogan - Pakistan - Dunya News|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361395-Army-chief-praises-Erdogans-address-in-parliament|title=Army chief praises Erdogan's address in parliament - Pakistan - Dunya News|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey supports Pakistan's membership of the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1296714/turkish-president-erdogan-arrives-in-islamabad|title=Turkish President Erdogan arrives in Islamabad|date=16 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Analysts have also observed that Turkey and Pakistan enjoy close relations during both democratic and military regimes, reflecting the depth of the relations between the two nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232331/turkey-dependable-ally/|title=Turkey, the dependable ally - The Express Tribune|date=15 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

Ties which had historically remained close on nationalist and cultural grounds further deepened under President Erdogan's Islamic-rooted political approach, as he termed Pakistan "home away from home". He became the only foreign leader to address Pakistan's Parliament, the National Assembly more than once, doing so a record three times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/382017/pak-turkey-ties-erdogan-addresses-parliament-offers-sage-advice/|title=Pak-Turkey ties: Erdogan addresses Parliament, offers sage advice - The Express Tribune|date=21 May 2012|publisher=}}</ref> As of 2016, President Erdogan has visited Pakistan 7 times, domestic politics also spillover, infamously [[Fethullah Gulen]] linked officers leaked tapes alleging corruption and arrested Erdogan's close aides, while Erdogan was on a trip to Pakistan, Erdogan accused the Gulenists of sabotage while representing Turkey in a friendly nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/12/can-pakistan-save-erdogan-2013123054425345386.html|title=Can Pakistan save Erdogan?|first=Malik Ayub|last=Sumbal|publisher=}}</ref> Gulen-linked schools are under pressure to close and teachers have had their visas turned down at the behest of the Turkish government since the attempted coup, an indicator of Pakistan's close ties to the Turkish government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232099/turkish-teachers-fear-deportation-asked-renew-visas/|title=108 Turkish teachers asked to leave Pakistan within three days - The Express Tribune|date=15 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/pakistan-expels-turkish-school-staff-gulen-links-161116084837457.html|title=Pakistan expels Turkish school staff over Gulen links|publisher=}}</ref> The Pakistan and Turkish Air Force signed a deal to purchase 52 Super Mushkak trainer jets from Pakistan for Turkey to help train new pilots and support recovery of the [[Turkish Armed Forces]] in the aftermath of pilot shortages after the attempted coup.<ref>http://warontherocks.com/2016/09/the-post-coup-purge-of-turkeys-air-force/</ref><ref>http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/362241-Pakistan-to-supply-52-Super-Mushshak-jets-to-Turke</ref><ref>https://www.geo.tv/latest/121403-Pakistan-signs-agreement-with-Turkey-to-sell-52-Super-Mushak-basic-trainers</ref>

As a result, Pakistan and Pakistanis have enjoyed a positive perception in Turkey and amongst Turks for many decades. The two nations are in the process of strengthening economic relations with a [[Pakistan-Turkey Free Trade Agreement]] aiming to raise bilateral trade volume to $10 billion by 2020.<ref>http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/pakistan-to-be-an-export-hub-for-turkish-firms-2568290</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/turkey-pakistan-fta-to-be-signed-before-2017-2565808|title=Turkey, Pakistan FTA to be signed before 2017|first=Yeni|last=Şafak|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey and Pakistan have a strong defence relationship consisting of joint excercises and a substantial portion of the Pakistan Navy's fleet consisting of joint Pakistan-Turkish naval ships such as fleet tankers and fast attack craft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quwa.org/2016/10/30/turkey-pakistan-conduct-bilateral-naval-exercise/|title=Turkey & Pakistan conduct bilateral naval exercise|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan supports the Turkish position on Cyprus,<ref>http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/pakistan-stands-firmly-by-turkey-on-cyprus-issue.aspx?pageID=438&n=pakistan-stands-firmly-by-turkey-on-cyprus-issue-2005-06-02</ref> Azerbaijan and Armenia, as such Pakistan has no diplomatic relations with Armenia, with Turkey supporting Pakistan's position on the Kashmir dispute,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/islamabad/17-Nov-16/pakistan-turkey-agree-to-deepen-trade-defence-relations|title=Dailytimes - Pakistan, Turkey agree to deepen trade, defence relations|publisher=}}</ref> including alleged human rights violations of Muslims in Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/turkey-backs-pakistans-stance-on-sending-team-to-probe-human-rights-violation-in-kashmir-2949887/|title=Turkey backs Pakistan’s stance on sending team to probe human rights violation in Kashmir|date=2 August 2016|publisher=}}</ref> As a result, the two countries have enjoyed strong military and diplomatic relations which is now strengthening towards economic co-operation.

== Development of bilateral relations ==
Turkey established diplomatic relations soon after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and bilateral relations became increasingly close owing to cultural, religious and geopolitical links between the two countries.<ref name="JIA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume5/September-November2000/VolumeVN3ISTHIAQAHMAD.pdf |title=Turkey and Pakistan: Bridging the Growing Divergence |format=PDF |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> Pakistan's founder [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] expressed admiration for Turkey's founding leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and also a desire to develop Pakistan on the Turkish model of modernism. Similarly Pakistan would follow the footstep of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and [[Allama Iqbal]] to develop a modern Islamic Pakistan and all other so called ism are rejected by people of Pakistan.<ref name="CSI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0124/p01s04-wosc.html |title=A Turkish path for Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |date=24 January 2002}}</ref> Similar ideas were expressed by the former [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharraf]], who grew up in Turkey and had received extensive military training there.<ref name="CSI" /><ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2994458.stm|title=BBC NEWS – South Asia – Turkey and Pakistan boost ties|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="IP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FA22Df06.html |title=Turkey and Pakistan join forces |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> [[Jinnah]] is honoured as a great leader in Turkey, and a major road of the Turkish capital [[Ankara]], the [[Cinnah Caddesi]] is named after him, while roads in [[Islamabad]], [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], and [[Larkana]] are named after Atatürk. On 26 October 2009, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] was awarded the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] and was the fourth world leader who spoke to the Pakistani parliament. [[Erdoğan]] said that [[Pakistan]] had always occupied a special place in the hearts and minds of the Turkish government and people.

== Cultural relations ==
[[File:Shashlik ingredients.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Shashlik]], a common [[Eurasian]] dish.]]
Both Pakistan and Turkey are mutually influenced by [[Arab culture|Arab]], [[Turko-Mongol]] and [[Culture of Iran#Traditional cultural inheritors of the old Persia|Persian cultures]]. The region of [[Anatolia]] in Central and Eastern Turkey was occupied multiple times by Persian Empires which has brought Persian cultural and linguistic influence since ancient times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/persian_period.htm|title=Persian Period in Anatolia and Asia Minor|publisher=}}</ref>

The [[Indus Valley]] region of Pakistan was occupied by the [[Achaemenid empire]] going back to the fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajaonline.org/field-report/121|title=The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations at Akra in Northwest Pakistan|publisher=}}</ref>

Modern-day Turkey was home to many ancient European civilizations, including Greek. The country has many traces of cultural and historical influences from the ancient Greeks including Greek archeological sites found in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/details/History/HellenicCiv.html|title=Hellenic Civilization in Turkey|author=Tom Brosnahan, Travel Info Exchange, Inc.|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancient.eu.com/Asia_Minor/|title=Asia Minor|author=Joshua J. Mark|work=Ancient History Encyclopedia}}</ref>

Pakistan also became influenced by Greek culture and civilization, especially in the aftermath of [[Alexander the Great]]'s invasion of the region which later led to the formation of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]. [[Gandhara]] is a major site of ancient Greek legacy in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/gandhara.html|title=Gandhara Civilization|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey became a [[Turkic languages|Turkic speaking]] country as a result of [[Seljuq Empire|Seljuq occupation]] and [[Turkification]] of the region. Though Pakistan is not a Turkic-speaking country, its languages, particularly [[Urdu]], a standard register of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], is strongly influenced by the [[Chagatai language|Turkic language of the Mughals]] before it became their empire's official language. As a result, it has many loanwords from that language. The [[etymology]] of the word "Urdu" traces itself back to [[Mughal Empire|Turkic (Mughal) rule]].<ref>http://swauop.yolasite.com/urdu1.php</ref> Moreover, the common cultural influences on Pakistan and Turkey span several centuries, as many [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Iranic peoples]] ruled vast areas of [[Central Asia]], [[South Asia]] and the [[Middle East]].

The designs of clothing of the two countries also have common origins in Central Asia.

== Trade ==
[[File:Gul Interchange (2).JPG|thumb|250px|right|thumb|The Abdullah Gul Interchange near [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] in [[Lahore]], this interchange was inaugurated by the [[Turkish President]] [[Abdullah Gul]] during his visit to [[Lahore]] in 2010.]]

Turkey and Pakistan are founding members of the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] and part of the [[Developing 8 Countries]] (D-8) organization. Both nations have worked to negotiate a preferential trading agreement, aiming to considerably increase trade and investments, especially in transport, telecommunications, manufacturing, tourism and other industries.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=1677 |title=Turkey to sign PTA with Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Daily Times, Pakistan |date=16 April 2005}}</ref> Both governments have sought to increase the volume of bilateral trade from $690 million to more than $1 billion by 2010.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=102299 |title=Pakistan, Turkey discuss defence co-production |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref> Pakistani exports include rice, [[sesame seeds]], leather, textiles, fabrics, sports goods, and medical equipment. Turkey's exports to Pakistan include wheat, [[chickpeas]], [[lentils]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], chemicals, transport vehicles, machinery and energy products.<ref name="FPJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fpcci.com.pk/tradep&turk.asp |title=Trade between Pakistan & Turkey |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry}}</ref> Turkish private corporations have also invested significantly in industrial and construction projects developing highways, pipelines and canals.<ref name="JIA" /> The two countries are negotiatating the [[Turkey-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement]].

=== Train service ===
A [[container train]] service was launched by the Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Yousuf Raza Gilani]] between Islamabad and [[Istanbul]] on 14 August 2009. The first train carried 20 [[Intermodal container|containers]] with a capacity of around {{convert|750|t|LT ST|0|abbr=on}} <ref>http://www.pakistantimes.net/pt/detail.php?newsId=3343</ref> and will travel {{convert|6500|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}} from Islamabad, through [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and [[Tehran]], Iran and on to Istanbul in two weeks' time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\15\story_15-8-2009_pg7_12 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |publisher=Daily Times |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Railways (Pakistan)|Minister for Railways]] [[Ghulam Ahmad Bilour]], after the trial of the container train service, a passenger train will be launched.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+gilani+launches+trial+phase+of+islamabad-istanbul+train+service-za-06 |title=Pakistan | PM launches trial phase of Pak-Turkey train service |publisher=Dawn.Com |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> There are also hopes the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia, and carry passengers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8201934.stm |title=Pakistan–Turkey rail trial starts |accessdate=16 August 2009 |publisher=BBC News |date=14 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/news/news61296.html|title=Pakistan Plans Passenger Rail Between Pakistan, Iran and Turkey|work=Railway Technology}}</ref>

== Strategic ties ==
Both nations were part of [[Cold War]] alliance called the [[Central Treaty Organization]]. Its goal was to [[containment|contain]] the [[Soviet Union]] ([[USSR]]) by having a line of strong states along the USSR's southern frontiers. Military contacts remain resolute, uncompromising and stalwart as ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/7569/turkey-pakistan-ties-indias-loss-is-chinas-gain|title=Turkey-Pakistan close ties |publisher=World Politics Review}}</ref>

== Trilateral Ankara cooperation process ==
Turkey launched a trilateral summit process between the two states and [[Afghanistan]] in February 2007, following a visit by then [[Turkish Foreign Minister]] [[Abdullah Gül]] to [[Islamabad]], as the backbone of its diversified foreign policy in Southeast Asia and Pakistani deputy [[Humair Hayat Khan Rokhri]] confirmed that according to Gül “we are all brothers who need to support each other,” in order to, “bring security and stability to the region.”<ref name=TZ090507>{{cite news
|url=
|date=7 May 2009
|title=Turkey, Afghanistan and Pakistan solidify cooperation
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

An 1 April 2009 meeting between Pakistani and Afghan leaders, conducted as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, saw the three countries pledged to increase coordination between their political, military and intelligence tiers in the fight against militancy and terrorism. Chairman of the Turkish–Pakistani Friendship Association Burhan Kayatürk has stated that, “It is the first time that the military and intelligence chiefs of Afghanistan and Pakistan have attended the trilateral summit, which is a reflection of the deeper commitment to work together.”<ref name=TZ090506b>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Concerned Turkish deputy calls for active engagement in Pakistan
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

At the 17 April 2009 [[Friends of Pakistan]] Tokyo Donors Conference, Turkish State Minister [[Mehmet Aydın]] pledged $100 million to Pakistan for infrastructure, health and education projects. Turkish Parliamentary Deputy Kayatürk has called on neighbouring countries, including India, to make similar commitments as “It is in their interests to see a stable Pakistan; otherwise violence will spill over into their territory.”<ref name=TZ090506b />

Pakistani and [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] parliamentary deputies came together in [[Ankara]] on 5 May 2009, as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, where they met with the now [[Turkish President]] Gül and new Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] to discuss a variety of issues. Head of the Turkish Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission Murat Mercan stated; <blockquote>“Today we need cooperation between our countries more than ever. I believe Turkey, having historical brotherhood relations with both, is in a special position to improve and deepen this cooperation. Turkey is confident that the cooperation to be established between Afghanistan and Pakistan will help a lot to solve the problems.”<ref name=TZ090506a>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Afghan, Pakistani lawmakers meet in Turkish Parliament
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
}}</ref></blockquote> Chairman of the Pakistani Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission [[Asfandyar Wali Khan]] conveyed his thanks and stated,
:''“We need Turkey’s support to build stability in the region.”''

Mercan concluded,
:''“We are finally on the verge of institutionalising the trilateral Ankara cooperation process within the framework of parliamentary joint initiatives,”'' with follow-up meetings due to be held in Islamabad and [[Kabul]] at four-month intervals.”

== Military relations ==
Pakistan and Turkey have maintained long-standing military ties with Turkey also providing training to Pakistani air force officers in upgrading its [[F-16]] fleet.<ref name="IP" /> On 2 April 1954, Pakistan and Turkey signed a [[treaty]] of friendship and cooperation. Both countries, valued as important states in their regions, joined the U.S.-led [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) aimed to bolster military and strategic cooperation and counter the spread of communism and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] influence in the region.<ref name="VA">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=34|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Turkey has openly supported Pakistan's stance on the [[Kashmir conflict]]. Ankara, further, recognizes Jammu and Kashmir, as part of Pakistan, with which it endeavours to 'spice up' bilateral relations, and the Turkish ambassador to Pakistan spent nearly a week in [[Muzaffarabad]], the capital of Azad Kashmir (Pakistani Administrated Kashmir), in order to show Turkish solidarity with the Pakistanis in regards to Kashmir and maintained political and military support during its [[Wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan|wars with India]].<ref name="VA" /><ref name="VA2">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=109|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] Press |year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Pakistan has reciprocated by expressing support for Turkey's policy on [[Northern Cyprus]].<ref name="X" /><ref name="DQ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |title=Pakistan, Turkey to cooperate in defence industry |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018202001/http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |archivedate=18 October 2006 }}</ref> Both nations have sought to expand cooperation to fight terrorism.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X" /> Both countries are also members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]].

Turkey is also currently a major arms seller to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/features/featureturkeys-formidable-defence-industry-rising-star-or-natos-unruly-ally-4207115/|title=Turkey’s formidable defence industry – rising star or NATO’s unruly ally?|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey purchases arms from Pakistan, and the two countries seek to develop their indigenous defence capabilities.<ref>http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/pakistan-to-be-an-export-hub-for-turkish-firms-2568290</ref><ref>James Ron ''Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey'' Human Rights Watch, 1995 ISBN 1-56432-161-4, 9781564321619 (page 40)</ref> this includes purchase of aerial weapons and components from Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2015/10/05/Pakistan-Turkey-to-improve-defense-ties/9421444052995/|title=Pakistan Turkey to cooperate on defense industry – UPI.com|date=5 October 2015|work=UPI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/145139/pakistan-delivers-parts-for-turkish-uav.html|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra Delivers First Batch of Turkish UAV Parts to Turkish Aerospace Industry|publisher=}}</ref>

== Aid exchange ==
In the aftermath of the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], Turkey stepped up its efforts to help the Pakistani people of the affected areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishembassy.com/ii/O/yardim.htm|title= Humanitarian aid to Pakistan|publisher=Turkish Embassy in Ottawa}}</ref> Turkey announced a package of $150 million for the quake-hit people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/21/top2.htm|title= Turkish aid package for Pakistan|publisher=Dawn News}}</ref> The Turkish aid organization [[Kizilay]] also constructed a mosque in Pakistans [[Azad Kashmir]] region bordering Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir. The mosque is being built in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Style in Pakistan's [[Bagh District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61352|title= Turkish Mosque in Pakistani Kashmir|publisher=World Bulletin}}</ref>

Pakistan supplied Turkey with aid during the 1999 earthquake<ref>{{cite web|url=http://img.static.reliefweb.int/report/turkey/pakistan-sends-relief-goods-turkey-quake-victims|title=Pakistan sends relief goods to Turkey for quake victims|work=ReliefWeb}}</ref> and during the 2011 [[Van earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/10/30/city/lahore/punjab-govt-sends-tents-to-turkey-earthquake-victims/|title=Punjab govt sends tents to Turkey earthquake victims|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-263115-pakistani-red-crescent-extends-help-to-earthquake-victims-in-van.html|title=Pakistani Red Crescent extends help to earthquake victims in Van|work=TodaysZaman}}</ref>

== Former opposing ambitions ==
Both Turkey and Pakistan at times have had conflicting interests and ambitions. During the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Afghan civil war]], Turkey became a strong supporter of the [[Northern Alliance]], due to its [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]] and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] members, with which Turkey shares cultural and linguistic ties.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=JjYaRa2vtAkC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=turkey+northern+alliance+afghanistan&source=bl&ots=dANauf-68k&sig=LthO3RrDAnNbd1jnBcfaCmQSuS8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z1kuU7N24pDJAd6egJAH&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=turkey%20northern%20alliance%20afghanistan&f=false|title=Afghanistan and Central Asia|publisher=}}</ref>
Pakistan meanwhile maintained strong relations and support to the [[Taliban]] whom were ethnic [[Pashtuns]] that have ethnic ties to Pakistan's own Pashtun population as well prevent Pakistan's fears of Afghanistan falling into the control of the Northern Alliance whom were supported by Pakistan's various adversaries, including India.

This changed in late 2001 when Pakistan was under international pressure to abolish all its ties with the Taliban and re-align with the [[United States]] and [[NATO]] in the so-called "[[War on Terror]]" following the September 11 attacks in [[New York City]] and [[Washington DC]] which were directly blamed on [[Al-Queda]] and indirectly on the Taliban for sheltering them. As a result, the United States lifted all sanctions that were imposed on Pakistan following Pakistan's 1998 nuclear weapons tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2001_10/sanctionsoct01|title=Bush Waives Nuclear-Related Sanctions on India, Pakistan – Arms Control Association|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey has also supported the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]] (ETIM) in China whom are ethnic [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] that Turkey also shares cultural and linguistic ties with.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/ethno-diplomacy-uyghur-hitch-sino-turkish-relations|title=Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Xijinping_visit/2012-02/22/content_24696523.htm|title=China cautions Turkey against 'East Turkistan' forces|author=陈霞|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan [[War in North-West Pakistan|struggling with domestic Islamist insurgency]] as well as being a close and [[China–Pakistan relations|historic ally of China]] has strongly opposed the ETIM and has taken severe actions against members of [[Uyghurs in Pakistan|Uyghur communities within its borders]] even suspected of being participant in anti-Chinese activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/pakistan-08102011175506.html|title=Pakistan Deports Uyghurs|work=Radio Free Asia}}</ref>
Separately, Pakistan has killed many foreign militants in its territory during anti-Taliban/Al-Qaeda military operations amongst which were Uyghurs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/916826/uighur-leader-killed-in-pakistan-rehman-malik|title=Uighur leader killed in Pakistan: Rehman Malik|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-31-uighur-attacks-thwarted-as-pakistans-zardari-visits-xinjiang|title='Uighur attacks' thwarted as Pakistan's Zardari visits Xinjiang|author=Ben Blanchard|work=The M&G Online}}</ref> as well as Turks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/125464.html|title=German militant killed in Pakistan|publisher=Press TV}}</ref> and Uzbeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/10/world/asia/karachi-pakistan-airport-attack-taliban.html|title=Assault on Pakistan Airport Signals Taliban’s Reach and Resilience|date=10 June 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/report/uzbek-militancy-pakistans-tribal-region|title=Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan's Tribal Region|work=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref>

Turkey which enjoys strong trade links with India still favours Pakistan on the Kashmir dispute as Pakistan reciprocates with support in of Turkish position on Armenia, Azerbaijan and Cyprus. Likewise close military relations between the Turkish and Pakistani military means that the ties between the two nations have a strong strategic element as opposed to a transactional relationship.<ref>http://www.valuewalk.com/2016/11/pakistan-turkey-friendship/</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mei.edu/content/turkey-pakistan-security-relations-1950s Turkey-Pakistan Security Relations since the 1950s]

{{Pakistan–Turkey relations}}
{{Foreign relations of Pakistan}}
{{Foreign relations of Turkey}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan-Turkey Relations}}
[[Category:Pakistan–Turkey relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Turkey]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Pakistan|Turkey]]

Pakistanisch-türkische Beziehungen

2016-11-24T01:12:15Z

Wiki id2:

{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Pakistan-Turkey|Pakistan|Turkey|map=Pakistan Turkey Locator.svg}}
Pakistan has an embassy in [[Ankara]], a Consulate-General in [[Istanbul]] and an honorary consulate in [[Izmir]] whereas, Turkey has an embassy in [[Islamabad]], a Consulate-General in [[Karachi]] and honorary consulates in [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], [[Sialkot]] and [[Faisalabad]]. As of 2016, in a joint communique, Pakistan and Turkey plan to strengthen their close ties into a "strategic partnership".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/turkey-pakistan-vow-to-strengthen-ties-further/687871|title=Turkey, Pakistan vow to strengthen ties further|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radio.gov.pk/17-Nov-2016/pakistan-turkey-reaffirm-commitment-to-transform-relationship-into-strong-strategic-partnership|title=Pakistan, Turkey vow to transform ties into strong strategic partnership|publisher=}}</ref>

Relations date back generations before the establishment of the two states, more precisely during the [[Turkish War of Independence]] when the Muslims of the northwestern British Raj sent financial aid to the declining [[Ottoman Empire]] which was followed by the [[History of the Republic of Turkey|formation of the Turkish Republic]]. Pakistan and Turkey enjoy close cultural, historical and military relations which are now expanding into deepening economic relations as both countries seek to develop their economies. Turkey supports Pakistan's position of holding a plebiscite under the UN to decide if Kashmir wants to join Pakistan, a position which Turkish President Erdogan reaffirmed in a joint address to the Pakistani parliament and which was attended by Pakistan's military high command.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361378-Kashmir-dispute-should-be-solved-according-to-Kash|title=Kashmir dispute should be solved according to Kashmiris' will: Erdogan - Pakistan - Dunya News|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361395-Army-chief-praises-Erdogans-address-in-parliament|title=Army chief praises Erdogan's address in parliament - Pakistan - Dunya News|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey supports Pakistan's membership of the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1296714/turkish-president-erdogan-arrives-in-islamabad|title=Turkish President Erdogan arrives in Islamabad|date=16 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Analysts have also observed that Turkey and Pakistan enjoy close relations during both democratic and military regimes, reflecting the depth of the relations between the two nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232331/turkey-dependable-ally/|title=Turkey, the dependable ally - The Express Tribune|date=15 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

Ties which had historically remained close on nationalist and cultural grounds further deepened under President Erdogan's Islamic-rooted political approach, as he termed Pakistan "home away from home". He became the only foreign leader to address Pakistan's Parliament, the National Assembly more than once, doing so a record three times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/382017/pak-turkey-ties-erdogan-addresses-parliament-offers-sage-advice/|title=Pak-Turkey ties: Erdogan addresses Parliament, offers sage advice - The Express Tribune|date=21 May 2012|publisher=}}</ref> As of 2016, President Erdogan has visited Pakistan 7 times, domestic politics also spillover, infamously [[Fethullah Gulen]] linked officers leaked tapes alleging corruption and arrested Erdogan's close aides, while Erdogan was on a trip to Pakistan, Erdogan accused the Gulenists of sabotage while representing Turkey in a friendly nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/12/can-pakistan-save-erdogan-2013123054425345386.html|title=Can Pakistan save Erdogan?|first=Malik Ayub|last=Sumbal|publisher=}}</ref> Gulen-linked schools are under pressure to close and teachers have had their visas turned down at the behest of the Turkish government since the attempted coup, an indicator of Pakistan's close ties to the Turkish government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232099/turkish-teachers-fear-deportation-asked-renew-visas/|title=108 Turkish teachers asked to leave Pakistan within three days - The Express Tribune|date=15 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/pakistan-expels-turkish-school-staff-gulen-links-161116084837457.html|title=Pakistan expels Turkish school staff over Gulen links|publisher=}}</ref> The Pakistan and Turkish Air Force signed a deal to purchase 52 Super Mushkak trainer jets from Pakistan for Turkey to help train new pilots and support recovery of the [[Turkish Armed Forces]] in the aftermath of pilot shortages after the attempted coup.<ref>http://warontherocks.com/2016/09/the-post-coup-purge-of-turkeys-air-force/</ref><ref>http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/362241-Pakistan-to-supply-52-Super-Mushshak-jets-to-Turke</ref><ref>https://www.geo.tv/latest/121403-Pakistan-signs-agreement-with-Turkey-to-sell-52-Super-Mushak-basic-trainers</ref>

As a result, Pakistan and Pakistanis have enjoyed a positive perception in Turkey and amongst Turks for many decades. The two nations are in the process of strengthening economic relations with a [[Pakistan-Turkey Free Trade Agreement]] aiming to raise bilateral trade volume to $10 billion by 2020.<ref>http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/pakistan-to-be-an-export-hub-for-turkish-firms-2568290</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/turkey-pakistan-fta-to-be-signed-before-2017-2565808|title=Turkey, Pakistan FTA to be signed before 2017|first=Yeni|last=Şafak|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey and Pakistan have a strong defence relationship consisting of joint excercises and a substantial portion of the Pakistan Navy's fleet consisting of joint Pakistan-Turkish naval ships such as fleet tankers and fast attack craft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quwa.org/2016/10/30/turkey-pakistan-conduct-bilateral-naval-exercise/|title=Turkey & Pakistan conduct bilateral naval exercise|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan supports the Turkish position on Cyprus, Azerbaijan and Armenia, as such Pakistan has no diplomatic relations with Armenia, with Turkey supporting Pakistan's position on the Kashmir dispute,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/islamabad/17-Nov-16/pakistan-turkey-agree-to-deepen-trade-defence-relations|title=Dailytimes - Pakistan, Turkey agree to deepen trade, defence relations|publisher=}}</ref> including alleged human rights violations of Muslims in Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/turkey-backs-pakistans-stance-on-sending-team-to-probe-human-rights-violation-in-kashmir-2949887/|title=Turkey backs Pakistan’s stance on sending team to probe human rights violation in Kashmir|date=2 August 2016|publisher=}}</ref> As a result, the two countries have enjoyed strong military and diplomatic relations which is now strengthening towards economic co-operation.

== Development of bilateral relations ==
Turkey established diplomatic relations soon after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and bilateral relations became increasingly close owing to cultural, religious and geopolitical links between the two countries.<ref name="JIA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume5/September-November2000/VolumeVN3ISTHIAQAHMAD.pdf |title=Turkey and Pakistan: Bridging the Growing Divergence |format=PDF |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> Pakistan's founder [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] expressed admiration for Turkey's founding leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and also a desire to develop Pakistan on the Turkish model of modernism. Similarly Pakistan would follow the footstep of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and [[Allama Iqbal]] to develop a modern Islamic Pakistan and all other so called ism are rejected by people of Pakistan.<ref name="CSI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0124/p01s04-wosc.html |title=A Turkish path for Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |date=24 January 2002}}</ref> Similar ideas were expressed by the former [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharraf]], who grew up in Turkey and had received extensive military training there.<ref name="CSI" /><ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2994458.stm|title=BBC NEWS – South Asia – Turkey and Pakistan boost ties|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="IP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FA22Df06.html |title=Turkey and Pakistan join forces |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> [[Jinnah]] is honoured as a great leader in Turkey, and a major road of the Turkish capital [[Ankara]], the [[Cinnah Caddesi]] is named after him, while roads in [[Islamabad]], [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], and [[Larkana]] are named after Atatürk. On 26 October 2009, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] was awarded the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] and was the fourth world leader who spoke to the Pakistani parliament. [[Erdoğan]] said that [[Pakistan]] had always occupied a special place in the hearts and minds of the Turkish government and people.

== Cultural relations ==
[[File:Shashlik ingredients.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Shashlik]], a common [[Eurasian]] dish.]]
Both Pakistan and Turkey are mutually influenced by [[Arab culture|Arab]], [[Turko-Mongol]] and [[Culture of Iran#Traditional cultural inheritors of the old Persia|Persian cultures]]. The region of [[Anatolia]] in Central and Eastern Turkey was occupied multiple times by Persian Empires which has brought Persian cultural and linguistic influence since ancient times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/persian_period.htm|title=Persian Period in Anatolia and Asia Minor|publisher=}}</ref>

The [[Indus Valley]] region of Pakistan was occupied by the [[Achaemenid empire]] going back to the fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajaonline.org/field-report/121|title=The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations at Akra in Northwest Pakistan|publisher=}}</ref>

Modern-day Turkey was home to many ancient European civilizations, including Greek. The country has many traces of cultural and historical influences from the ancient Greeks including Greek archeological sites found in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/details/History/HellenicCiv.html|title=Hellenic Civilization in Turkey|author=Tom Brosnahan, Travel Info Exchange, Inc.|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancient.eu.com/Asia_Minor/|title=Asia Minor|author=Joshua J. Mark|work=Ancient History Encyclopedia}}</ref>

Pakistan also became influenced by Greek culture and civilization, especially in the aftermath of [[Alexander the Great]]'s invasion of the region which later led to the formation of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]. [[Gandhara]] is a major site of ancient Greek legacy in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/gandhara.html|title=Gandhara Civilization|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey became a [[Turkic languages|Turkic speaking]] country as a result of [[Seljuq Empire|Seljuq occupation]] and [[Turkification]] of the region. Though Pakistan is not a Turkic-speaking country, its languages, particularly [[Urdu]], a standard register of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], is strongly influenced by the [[Chagatai language|Turkic language of the Mughals]] before it became their empire's official language. As a result, it has many loanwords from that language. The [[etymology]] of the word "Urdu" traces itself back to [[Mughal Empire|Turkic (Mughal) rule]].<ref>http://swauop.yolasite.com/urdu1.php</ref> Moreover, the common cultural influences on Pakistan and Turkey span several centuries, as many [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Iranic peoples]] ruled vast areas of [[Central Asia]], [[South Asia]] and the [[Middle East]].

The designs of clothing of the two countries also have common origins in Central Asia.

== Trade ==
[[File:Gul Interchange (2).JPG|thumb|250px|right|thumb|The Abdullah Gul Interchange near [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] in [[Lahore]], this interchange was inaugurated by the [[Turkish President]] [[Abdullah Gul]] during his visit to [[Lahore]] in 2010.]]

Turkey and Pakistan are founding members of the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] and part of the [[Developing 8 Countries]] (D-8) organization. Both nations have worked to negotiate a preferential trading agreement, aiming to considerably increase trade and investments, especially in transport, telecommunications, manufacturing, tourism and other industries.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=1677 |title=Turkey to sign PTA with Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Daily Times, Pakistan |date=16 April 2005}}</ref> Both governments have sought to increase the volume of bilateral trade from $690 million to more than $1 billion by 2010.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=102299 |title=Pakistan, Turkey discuss defence co-production |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref> Pakistani exports include rice, [[sesame seeds]], leather, textiles, fabrics, sports goods, and medical equipment. Turkey's exports to Pakistan include wheat, [[chickpeas]], [[lentils]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], chemicals, transport vehicles, machinery and energy products.<ref name="FPJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fpcci.com.pk/tradep&turk.asp |title=Trade between Pakistan & Turkey |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry}}</ref> Turkish private corporations have also invested significantly in industrial and construction projects developing highways, pipelines and canals.<ref name="JIA" /> The two countries are negotiatating the [[Turkey-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement]].

=== Train service ===
A [[container train]] service was launched by the Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Yousuf Raza Gilani]] between Islamabad and [[Istanbul]] on 14 August 2009. The first train carried 20 [[Intermodal container|containers]] with a capacity of around {{convert|750|t|LT ST|0|abbr=on}} <ref>http://www.pakistantimes.net/pt/detail.php?newsId=3343</ref> and will travel {{convert|6500|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}} from Islamabad, through [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and [[Tehran]], Iran and on to Istanbul in two weeks' time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\15\story_15-8-2009_pg7_12 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |publisher=Daily Times |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Railways (Pakistan)|Minister for Railways]] [[Ghulam Ahmad Bilour]], after the trial of the container train service, a passenger train will be launched.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+gilani+launches+trial+phase+of+islamabad-istanbul+train+service-za-06 |title=Pakistan | PM launches trial phase of Pak-Turkey train service |publisher=Dawn.Com |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> There are also hopes the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia, and carry passengers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8201934.stm |title=Pakistan–Turkey rail trial starts |accessdate=16 August 2009 |publisher=BBC News |date=14 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/news/news61296.html|title=Pakistan Plans Passenger Rail Between Pakistan, Iran and Turkey|work=Railway Technology}}</ref>

== Strategic ties ==
Both nations were part of [[Cold War]] alliance called the [[Central Treaty Organization]]. Its goal was to [[containment|contain]] the [[Soviet Union]] ([[USSR]]) by having a line of strong states along the USSR's southern frontiers. Military contacts remain resolute, uncompromising and stalwart as ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/7569/turkey-pakistan-ties-indias-loss-is-chinas-gain|title=Turkey-Pakistan close ties |publisher=World Politics Review}}</ref>

== Trilateral Ankara cooperation process ==
Turkey launched a trilateral summit process between the two states and [[Afghanistan]] in February 2007, following a visit by then [[Turkish Foreign Minister]] [[Abdullah Gül]] to [[Islamabad]], as the backbone of its diversified foreign policy in Southeast Asia and Pakistani deputy [[Humair Hayat Khan Rokhri]] confirmed that according to Gül “we are all brothers who need to support each other,” in order to, “bring security and stability to the region.”<ref name=TZ090507>{{cite news
|url=
|date=7 May 2009
|title=Turkey, Afghanistan and Pakistan solidify cooperation
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

An 1 April 2009 meeting between Pakistani and Afghan leaders, conducted as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, saw the three countries pledged to increase coordination between their political, military and intelligence tiers in the fight against militancy and terrorism. Chairman of the Turkish–Pakistani Friendship Association Burhan Kayatürk has stated that, “It is the first time that the military and intelligence chiefs of Afghanistan and Pakistan have attended the trilateral summit, which is a reflection of the deeper commitment to work together.”<ref name=TZ090506b>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Concerned Turkish deputy calls for active engagement in Pakistan
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

At the 17 April 2009 [[Friends of Pakistan]] Tokyo Donors Conference, Turkish State Minister [[Mehmet Aydın]] pledged $100 million to Pakistan for infrastructure, health and education projects. Turkish Parliamentary Deputy Kayatürk has called on neighbouring countries, including India, to make similar commitments as “It is in their interests to see a stable Pakistan; otherwise violence will spill over into their territory.”<ref name=TZ090506b />

Pakistani and [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] parliamentary deputies came together in [[Ankara]] on 5 May 2009, as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, where they met with the now [[Turkish President]] Gül and new Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] to discuss a variety of issues. Head of the Turkish Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission Murat Mercan stated; <blockquote>“Today we need cooperation between our countries more than ever. I believe Turkey, having historical brotherhood relations with both, is in a special position to improve and deepen this cooperation. Turkey is confident that the cooperation to be established between Afghanistan and Pakistan will help a lot to solve the problems.”<ref name=TZ090506a>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Afghan, Pakistani lawmakers meet in Turkish Parliament
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
}}</ref></blockquote> Chairman of the Pakistani Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission [[Asfandyar Wali Khan]] conveyed his thanks and stated,
:''“We need Turkey’s support to build stability in the region.”''

Mercan concluded,
:''“We are finally on the verge of institutionalising the trilateral Ankara cooperation process within the framework of parliamentary joint initiatives,”'' with follow-up meetings due to be held in Islamabad and [[Kabul]] at four-month intervals.”

== Military relations ==
Pakistan and Turkey have maintained long-standing military ties with Turkey also providing training to Pakistani air force officers in upgrading its [[F-16]] fleet.<ref name="IP" /> On 2 April 1954, Pakistan and Turkey signed a [[treaty]] of friendship and cooperation. Both countries, valued as important states in their regions, joined the U.S.-led [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) aimed to bolster military and strategic cooperation and counter the spread of communism and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] influence in the region.<ref name="VA">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=34|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Turkey has openly supported Pakistan's stance on the [[Kashmir conflict]]. Ankara, further, recognizes Jammu and Kashmir, as part of Pakistan, with which it endeavours to 'spice up' bilateral relations, and the Turkish ambassador to Pakistan spent nearly a week in [[Muzaffarabad]], the capital of Azad Kashmir (Pakistani Administrated Kashmir), in order to show Turkish solidarity with the Pakistanis in regards to Kashmir and maintained political and military support during its [[Wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan|wars with India]].<ref name="VA" /><ref name="VA2">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=109|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] Press |year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Pakistan has reciprocated by expressing support for Turkey's policy on [[Northern Cyprus]].<ref name="X" /><ref name="DQ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |title=Pakistan, Turkey to cooperate in defence industry |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018202001/http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |archivedate=18 October 2006 }}</ref> Both nations have sought to expand cooperation to fight terrorism.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X" /> Both countries are also members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]].

Turkey is also currently a major arms seller to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/features/featureturkeys-formidable-defence-industry-rising-star-or-natos-unruly-ally-4207115/|title=Turkey’s formidable defence industry – rising star or NATO’s unruly ally?|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey purchases arms from Pakistan, and the two countries seek to develop their indigenous defence capabilities.<ref>http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/pakistan-to-be-an-export-hub-for-turkish-firms-2568290</ref><ref>James Ron ''Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey'' Human Rights Watch, 1995 ISBN 1-56432-161-4, 9781564321619 (page 40)</ref> this includes purchase of aerial weapons and components from Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2015/10/05/Pakistan-Turkey-to-improve-defense-ties/9421444052995/|title=Pakistan Turkey to cooperate on defense industry – UPI.com|date=5 October 2015|work=UPI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/145139/pakistan-delivers-parts-for-turkish-uav.html|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra Delivers First Batch of Turkish UAV Parts to Turkish Aerospace Industry|publisher=}}</ref>

== Aid exchange ==
In the aftermath of the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], Turkey stepped up its efforts to help the Pakistani people of the affected areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishembassy.com/ii/O/yardim.htm|title= Humanitarian aid to Pakistan|publisher=Turkish Embassy in Ottawa}}</ref> Turkey announced a package of $150 million for the quake-hit people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/21/top2.htm|title= Turkish aid package for Pakistan|publisher=Dawn News}}</ref> The Turkish aid organization [[Kizilay]] also constructed a mosque in Pakistans [[Azad Kashmir]] region bordering Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir. The mosque is being built in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Style in Pakistan's [[Bagh District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61352|title= Turkish Mosque in Pakistani Kashmir|publisher=World Bulletin}}</ref>

Pakistan supplied Turkey with aid during the 1999 earthquake<ref>{{cite web|url=http://img.static.reliefweb.int/report/turkey/pakistan-sends-relief-goods-turkey-quake-victims|title=Pakistan sends relief goods to Turkey for quake victims|work=ReliefWeb}}</ref> and during the 2011 [[Van earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/10/30/city/lahore/punjab-govt-sends-tents-to-turkey-earthquake-victims/|title=Punjab govt sends tents to Turkey earthquake victims|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-263115-pakistani-red-crescent-extends-help-to-earthquake-victims-in-van.html|title=Pakistani Red Crescent extends help to earthquake victims in Van|work=TodaysZaman}}</ref>

== Former opposing ambitions ==
Both Turkey and Pakistan at times have had conflicting interests and ambitions. During the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Afghan civil war]], Turkey became a strong supporter of the [[Northern Alliance]], due to its [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]] and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] members, with which Turkey shares cultural and linguistic ties.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=JjYaRa2vtAkC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=turkey+northern+alliance+afghanistan&source=bl&ots=dANauf-68k&sig=LthO3RrDAnNbd1jnBcfaCmQSuS8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z1kuU7N24pDJAd6egJAH&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=turkey%20northern%20alliance%20afghanistan&f=false|title=Afghanistan and Central Asia|publisher=}}</ref>
Pakistan meanwhile maintained strong relations and support to the [[Taliban]] whom were ethnic [[Pashtuns]] that have ethnic ties to Pakistan's own Pashtun population as well prevent Pakistan's fears of Afghanistan falling into the control of the Northern Alliance whom were supported by Pakistan's various adversaries, including India.

This changed in late 2001 when Pakistan was under international pressure to abolish all its ties with the Taliban and re-align with the [[United States]] and [[NATO]] in the so-called "[[War on Terror]]" following the September 11 attacks in [[New York City]] and [[Washington DC]] which were directly blamed on [[Al-Queda]] and indirectly on the Taliban for sheltering them. As a result, the United States lifted all sanctions that were imposed on Pakistan following Pakistan's 1998 nuclear weapons tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2001_10/sanctionsoct01|title=Bush Waives Nuclear-Related Sanctions on India, Pakistan – Arms Control Association|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey has also supported the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]] (ETIM) in China whom are ethnic [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] that Turkey also shares cultural and linguistic ties with.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/ethno-diplomacy-uyghur-hitch-sino-turkish-relations|title=Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Xijinping_visit/2012-02/22/content_24696523.htm|title=China cautions Turkey against 'East Turkistan' forces|author=陈霞|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan [[War in North-West Pakistan|struggling with domestic Islamist insurgency]] as well as being a close and [[China–Pakistan relations|historic ally of China]] has strongly opposed the ETIM and has taken severe actions against members of [[Uyghurs in Pakistan|Uyghur communities within its borders]] even suspected of being participant in anti-Chinese activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/pakistan-08102011175506.html|title=Pakistan Deports Uyghurs|work=Radio Free Asia}}</ref>
Separately, Pakistan has killed many foreign militants in its territory during anti-Taliban/Al-Qaeda military operations amongst which were Uyghurs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/916826/uighur-leader-killed-in-pakistan-rehman-malik|title=Uighur leader killed in Pakistan: Rehman Malik|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-31-uighur-attacks-thwarted-as-pakistans-zardari-visits-xinjiang|title='Uighur attacks' thwarted as Pakistan's Zardari visits Xinjiang|author=Ben Blanchard|work=The M&G Online}}</ref> as well as Turks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/125464.html|title=German militant killed in Pakistan|publisher=Press TV}}</ref> and Uzbeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/10/world/asia/karachi-pakistan-airport-attack-taliban.html|title=Assault on Pakistan Airport Signals Taliban’s Reach and Resilience|date=10 June 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/report/uzbek-militancy-pakistans-tribal-region|title=Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan's Tribal Region|work=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref>

Turkey which enjoys strong trade links with India still favours Pakistan on the Kashmir dispute as Pakistan reciprocates with support in of Turkish position on Armenia, Azerbaijan and Cyprus. Likewise close military relations between the Turkish and Pakistani military means that the ties between the two nations have a strong strategic element as opposed to a transactional relationship.<ref>http://www.valuewalk.com/2016/11/pakistan-turkey-friendship/</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mei.edu/content/turkey-pakistan-security-relations-1950s Turkey-Pakistan Security Relations since the 1950s]

{{Pakistan–Turkey relations}}
{{Foreign relations of Pakistan}}
{{Foreign relations of Turkey}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan-Turkey Relations}}
[[Category:Pakistan–Turkey relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Turkey]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Pakistan|Turkey]]

Pakistanisch-türkische Beziehungen

2016-11-24T00:32:17Z

Wiki id2:

{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Pakistan-Turkey|Pakistan|Turkey|map=Pakistan Turkey Locator.svg}}
Pakistan has an embassy in [[Ankara]], a Consulate-General in [[Istanbul]] and an honorary consulate in [[Izmir]] whereas, Turkey has an embassy in [[Islamabad]], a Consulate-General in [[Karachi]] and honorary consulates in [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], [[Sialkot]] and [[Faisalabad]]. As of 2016, in a joint communique, Pakistan and Turkey plan to strengthen their close ties into a "strategic partnership".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/turkey-pakistan-vow-to-strengthen-ties-further/687871|title=Turkey, Pakistan vow to strengthen ties further|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radio.gov.pk/17-Nov-2016/pakistan-turkey-reaffirm-commitment-to-transform-relationship-into-strong-strategic-partnership|title=Pakistan, Turkey vow to transform ties into strong strategic partnership|publisher=}}</ref>

Relations date back generations before the establishment of the two states, more precisely during the [[Turkish War of Independence]] when the Muslims of the northwestern British Raj sent financial aid to the declining [[Ottoman Empire]] which was followed by the [[History of the Republic of Turkey|formation of the Turkish Republic]]. Pakistan and Turkey enjoy close cultural, historical and military relations which are now expanding into deepening economic relations as both countries seek to develop their economies. Turkey supports Pakistan's position of holding a plebiscite under the UN to decide if Kashmir wants to join Pakistan, a position which Turkish President Erdogan reaffirmed in a joint address to the Pakistani parliament and which was attended by Pakistan's military high command.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361378-Kashmir-dispute-should-be-solved-according-to-Kash|title=Kashmir dispute should be solved according to Kashmiris' will: Erdogan - Pakistan - Dunya News|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361395-Army-chief-praises-Erdogans-address-in-parliament|title=Army chief praises Erdogan's address in parliament - Pakistan - Dunya News|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey supports Pakistan's membership of the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1296714/turkish-president-erdogan-arrives-in-islamabad|title=Turkish President Erdogan arrives in Islamabad|date=16 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Analysts have also observed that Turkey and Pakistan enjoy close relations during both democratic and military regimes, reflecting the depth of the relations between the two nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232331/turkey-dependable-ally/|title=Turkey, the dependable ally - The Express Tribune|date=15 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

Ties which had historically remained close on nationalist and cultural grounds further deepened under President Erdogan's Islamic-rooted political approach, as he termed Pakistan "home away from home". He became the only foreign leader to address Pakistan's Parliament, the National Assembly more than once, doing so a record three times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/382017/pak-turkey-ties-erdogan-addresses-parliament-offers-sage-advice/|title=Pak-Turkey ties: Erdogan addresses Parliament, offers sage advice - The Express Tribune|date=21 May 2012|publisher=}}</ref> As of 2016, President Erdogan has visited Pakistan 7 times, domestic politics also spillover, infamously [[Fethullah Gulen]] linked officers leaked tapes alleging corruption and arrested Erdogan's close aides, while Erdogan was on a trip to Pakistan, Erdogan accused the Gulenists of sabotage while representing Turkey in a friendly nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/12/can-pakistan-save-erdogan-2013123054425345386.html|title=Can Pakistan save Erdogan?|first=Malik Ayub|last=Sumbal|publisher=}}</ref> Gulen-linked schools are under pressure to close and teachers have had their visas turned down at the behest of the Turkish government since the attempted coup, an indicator of Pakistan's close ties to the Turkish government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232099/turkish-teachers-fear-deportation-asked-renew-visas/|title=108 Turkish teachers asked to leave Pakistan within three days - The Express Tribune|date=15 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/pakistan-expels-turkish-school-staff-gulen-links-161116084837457.html|title=Pakistan expels Turkish school staff over Gulen links|publisher=}}</ref> The Pakistan and Turkish Air Force signed a deal to purchase 52 Super Mushkak trainer jets from Pakistan for Turkey to help train new pilots and support recovery of the [[Turkish Armed Forces]] in the aftermath of pilot shortages after the attempted coup.<ref>http://warontherocks.com/2016/09/the-post-coup-purge-of-turkeys-air-force/</ref><ref>http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/362241-Pakistan-to-supply-52-Super-Mushshak-jets-to-Turke</ref><ref>https://www.geo.tv/latest/121403-Pakistan-signs-agreement-with-Turkey-to-sell-52-Super-Mushak-basic-trainers</ref>

As a result, Pakistan and Pakistanis have enjoyed a positive perception in Turkey and amongst Turks for many decades. The two nations are in the process of strengthening economic relations with a [[Pakistan-Turkey Free Trade Agreement]] aiming to raise bilateral trade volume to $10 billion by 2020.<ref>http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/pakistan-to-be-an-export-hub-for-turkish-firms-2568290</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/turkey-pakistan-fta-to-be-signed-before-2017-2565808|title=Turkey, Pakistan FTA to be signed before 2017|first=Yeni|last=Şafak|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey and Pakistan have a strong defence relationship consisting of joint excercises and a substantial portion of the Pakistan Navy's fleet consisting of joint Pakistan-Turkish naval ships such as fleet tankers and fast attack craft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quwa.org/2016/10/30/turkey-pakistan-conduct-bilateral-naval-exercise/|title=Turkey & Pakistan conduct bilateral naval exercise|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan supports the Turkish position on Cyprus, Azerbaijan and Armenia, as such Pakistan has no diplomatic relations with Armenia, with Turkey supporting Pakistan's position on the Kashmir dispute,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/islamabad/17-Nov-16/pakistan-turkey-agree-to-deepen-trade-defence-relations|title=Dailytimes - Pakistan, Turkey agree to deepen trade, defence relations|publisher=}}</ref> including alleged human rights violations of Muslims in Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/turkey-backs-pakistans-stance-on-sending-team-to-probe-human-rights-violation-in-kashmir-2949887/|title=Turkey backs Pakistan’s stance on sending team to probe human rights violation in Kashmir|date=2 August 2016|publisher=}}</ref> As a result the two countries have enjoyed strong military and diplomatic relations which is now strengthening towards economic co-operation.

== Development of bilateral relations ==
Turkey established diplomatic relations soon after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and bilateral relations became increasingly close owing to cultural, religious and geopolitical links between the two countries.<ref name="JIA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume5/September-November2000/VolumeVN3ISTHIAQAHMAD.pdf |title=Turkey and Pakistan: Bridging the Growing Divergence |format=PDF |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> Pakistan's founder [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] expressed admiration for Turkey's founding leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and also a desire to develop Pakistan on the Turkish model of modernism. Similarly Pakistan would follow the footstep of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and [[Allama Iqbal]] to develop a modern Islamic Pakistan and all other so called ism are rejected by people of Pakistan.<ref name="CSI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0124/p01s04-wosc.html |title=A Turkish path for Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |date=24 January 2002}}</ref> Similar ideas were expressed by the former [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharraf]], who grew up in Turkey and had received extensive military training there.<ref name="CSI" /><ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2994458.stm|title=BBC NEWS – South Asia – Turkey and Pakistan boost ties|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="IP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FA22Df06.html |title=Turkey and Pakistan join forces |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> [[Jinnah]] is honoured as a great leader in Turkey, and a major road of the Turkish capital [[Ankara]], the [[Cinnah Caddesi]] is named after him, while roads in [[Islamabad]], [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], and [[Larkana]] are named after Atatürk. On 26 October 2009, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] was awarded the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] and was the fourth world leader who spoke to the Pakistani parliament. [[Erdoğan]] said that [[Pakistan]] had always occupied a special place in the hearts and minds of the Turkish government and people.

== Cultural relations ==
[[File:Shashlik ingredients.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Shashlik]], a common [[Eurasian]] dish.]]
Both Pakistan and Turkey are mutually influenced by [[Arab culture|Arab]], [[Turko-Mongol]] and [[Culture of Iran#Traditional cultural inheritors of the old Persia|Persian cultures]]. The region of [[Anatolia]] in Central and Eastern Turkey was occupied multiple times by Persian Empires which has brought Persian cultural and linguistic influence since ancient times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/persian_period.htm|title=Persian Period in Anatolia and Asia Minor|publisher=}}</ref>

The [[Indus Valley]] region of Pakistan was occupied by the [[Achaemenid empire]] going back to the fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajaonline.org/field-report/121|title=The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations at Akra in Northwest Pakistan|publisher=}}</ref>

Modern-day Turkey was home to many ancient European civilizations, including Greek. The country has many traces of cultural and historical influences from the ancient Greeks including Greek archeological sites found in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/details/History/HellenicCiv.html|title=Hellenic Civilization in Turkey|author=Tom Brosnahan, Travel Info Exchange, Inc.|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancient.eu.com/Asia_Minor/|title=Asia Minor|author=Joshua J. Mark|work=Ancient History Encyclopedia}}</ref>

Pakistan also became influenced by Greek culture and civilization, especially in the aftermath of [[Alexander the Great]]'s invasion of the region which later led to the formation of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]. [[Gandhara]] is a major site of ancient Greek legacy in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/gandhara.html|title=Gandhara Civilization|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey became a [[Turkic languages|Turkic speaking]] country as a result of [[Seljuq Empire|Seljuq occupation]] and [[Turkification]] of the region. Though Pakistan is not a Turkic-speaking country, its languages, particularly [[Urdu]], a standard register of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], is strongly influenced by the [[Chagatai language|Turkic language of the Mughals]] before it became their empire's official language. As a result, it has many loanwords from that language. The [[etymology]] of the word "Urdu" traces itself back to [[Mughal Empire|Turkic (Mughal) rule]].<ref>http://swauop.yolasite.com/urdu1.php</ref> Moreover, the common cultural influences on Pakistan and Turkey span several centuries, as many [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Iranic peoples]] ruled vast areas of [[Central Asia]], [[South Asia]] and the [[Middle East]].

The designs of clothing of the two countries also have common origins in Central Asia.

== Trade ==
[[File:Gul Interchange (2).JPG|thumb|250px|right|thumb|The Abdullah Gul Interchange near [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] in [[Lahore]], this interchange was inaugurated by the [[Turkish President]] [[Abdullah Gul]] during his visit to [[Lahore]] in 2010.]]

Turkey and Pakistan are founding members of the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] and part of the [[Developing 8 Countries]] (D-8) organization. Both nations have worked to negotiate a preferential trading agreement, aiming to considerably increase trade and investments, especially in transport, telecommunications, manufacturing, tourism and other industries.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=1677 |title=Turkey to sign PTA with Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Daily Times, Pakistan |date=16 April 2005}}</ref> Both governments have sought to increase the volume of bilateral trade from $690 million to more than $1 billion by 2010.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=102299 |title=Pakistan, Turkey discuss defence co-production |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref> Pakistani exports include rice, [[sesame seeds]], leather, textiles, fabrics, sports goods, and medical equipment. Turkey's exports to Pakistan include wheat, [[chickpeas]], [[lentils]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], chemicals, transport vehicles, machinery and energy products.<ref name="FPJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fpcci.com.pk/tradep&turk.asp |title=Trade between Pakistan & Turkey |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry}}</ref> Turkish private corporations have also invested significantly in industrial and construction projects developing highways, pipelines and canals.<ref name="JIA" /> The two countries are negotiatating the [[Turkey-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement]].

=== Train service ===
A [[container train]] service was launched by the Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Yousuf Raza Gilani]] between Islamabad and [[Istanbul]] on 14 August 2009. The first train carried 20 [[Intermodal container|containers]] with a capacity of around {{convert|750|t|LT ST|0|abbr=on}} <ref>http://www.pakistantimes.net/pt/detail.php?newsId=3343</ref> and will travel {{convert|6500|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}} from Islamabad, through [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and [[Tehran]], Iran and on to Istanbul in two weeks' time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\15\story_15-8-2009_pg7_12 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |publisher=Daily Times |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Railways (Pakistan)|Minister for Railways]] [[Ghulam Ahmad Bilour]], after the trial of the container train service, a passenger train will be launched.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+gilani+launches+trial+phase+of+islamabad-istanbul+train+service-za-06 |title=Pakistan | PM launches trial phase of Pak-Turkey train service |publisher=Dawn.Com |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> There are also hopes the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia, and carry passengers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8201934.stm |title=Pakistan–Turkey rail trial starts |accessdate=16 August 2009 |publisher=BBC News |date=14 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/news/news61296.html|title=Pakistan Plans Passenger Rail Between Pakistan, Iran and Turkey|work=Railway Technology}}</ref>

== Strategic ties ==
Both nations were part of [[Cold War]] alliance called the [[Central Treaty Organization]]. Its goal was to [[containment|contain]] the [[Soviet Union]] ([[USSR]]) by having a line of strong states along the USSR's southern frontiers. Military contacts remain resolute, uncompromising and stalwart as ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/7569/turkey-pakistan-ties-indias-loss-is-chinas-gain|title=Turkey-Pakistan close ties |publisher=World Politics Review}}</ref>

== Trilateral Ankara cooperation process ==
Turkey launched a trilateral summit process between the two states and [[Afghanistan]] in February 2007, following a visit by then [[Turkish Foreign Minister]] [[Abdullah Gül]] to [[Islamabad]], as the backbone of its diversified foreign policy in Southeast Asia and Pakistani deputy [[Humair Hayat Khan Rokhri]] confirmed that according to Gül “we are all brothers who need to support each other,” in order to, “bring security and stability to the region.”<ref name=TZ090507>{{cite news
|url=
|date=7 May 2009
|title=Turkey, Afghanistan and Pakistan solidify cooperation
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

An 1 April 2009 meeting between Pakistani and Afghan leaders, conducted as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, saw the three countries pledged to increase coordination between their political, military and intelligence tiers in the fight against militancy and terrorism. Chairman of the Turkish–Pakistani Friendship Association Burhan Kayatürk has stated that, “It is the first time that the military and intelligence chiefs of Afghanistan and Pakistan have attended the trilateral summit, which is a reflection of the deeper commitment to work together.”<ref name=TZ090506b>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Concerned Turkish deputy calls for active engagement in Pakistan
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

At the 17 April 2009 [[Friends of Pakistan]] Tokyo Donors Conference, Turkish State Minister [[Mehmet Aydın]] pledged $100 million to Pakistan for infrastructure, health and education projects. Turkish Parliamentary Deputy Kayatürk has called on neighbouring countries, including India, to make similar commitments as “It is in their interests to see a stable Pakistan; otherwise violence will spill over into their territory.”<ref name=TZ090506b />

Pakistani and [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] parliamentary deputies came together in [[Ankara]] on 5 May 2009, as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, where they met with the now [[Turkish President]] Gül and new Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] to discuss a variety of issues. Head of the Turkish Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission Murat Mercan stated; <blockquote>“Today we need cooperation between our countries more than ever. I believe Turkey, having historical brotherhood relations with both, is in a special position to improve and deepen this cooperation. Turkey is confident that the cooperation to be established between Afghanistan and Pakistan will help a lot to solve the problems.”<ref name=TZ090506a>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Afghan, Pakistani lawmakers meet in Turkish Parliament
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
}}</ref></blockquote> Chairman of the Pakistani Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission [[Asfandyar Wali Khan]] conveyed his thanks and stated,
:''“We need Turkey’s support to build stability in the region.”''

Mercan concluded,
:''“We are finally on the verge of institutionalising the trilateral Ankara cooperation process within the framework of parliamentary joint initiatives,”'' with follow-up meetings due to be held in Islamabad and [[Kabul]] at four-month intervals.”

== Military relations ==
Pakistan and Turkey have maintained long-standing military ties with Turkey also providing training to Pakistani air force officers in upgrading its [[F-16]] fleet.<ref name="IP" /> On 2 April 1954, Pakistan and Turkey signed a [[treaty]] of friendship and cooperation. Both countries, valued as important states in their regions, joined the U.S.-led [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) aimed to bolster military and strategic cooperation and counter the spread of communism and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] influence in the region.<ref name="VA">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=34|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Turkey has openly supported Pakistan's stance on the [[Kashmir conflict]]. Ankara, further, recognizes Jammu and Kashmir, as part of Pakistan, with which it endeavours to 'spice up' bilateral relations, and the Turkish ambassador to Pakistan spent nearly a week in [[Muzaffarabad]], the capital of Azad Kashmir (Pakistani Administrated Kashmir), in order to show Turkish solidarity with the Pakistanis in regards to Kashmir and maintained political and military support during its [[Wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan|wars with India]].<ref name="VA" /><ref name="VA2">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=109|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] Press |year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Pakistan has reciprocated by expressing support for Turkey's policy on [[Northern Cyprus]].<ref name="X" /><ref name="DQ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |title=Pakistan, Turkey to cooperate in defence industry |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018202001/http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |archivedate=18 October 2006 }}</ref> Both nations have sought to expand cooperation to fight terrorism.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X" /> Both countries are also members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]].

Turkey is also currently a major arms seller to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/features/featureturkeys-formidable-defence-industry-rising-star-or-natos-unruly-ally-4207115/|title=Turkey’s formidable defence industry – rising star or NATO’s unruly ally?|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey previously purchased arms from Pakistan<ref>James Ron ''Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey'' Human Rights Watch, 1995 ISBN 1-56432-161-4, 9781564321619 (page 40)</ref> and continues to purchase minor aerial weapons and components from Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2015/10/05/Pakistan-Turkey-to-improve-defense-ties/9421444052995/|title=Pakistan Turkey to cooperate on defense industry – UPI.com|date=5 October 2015|work=UPI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/145139/pakistan-delivers-parts-for-turkish-uav.html|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra Delivers First Batch of Turkish UAV Parts to Turkish Aerospace Industry|publisher=}}</ref>

== Aid exchange ==
In the aftermath of the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], Turkey stepped up its efforts to help the Pakistani people of the affected areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishembassy.com/ii/O/yardim.htm|title= Humanitarian aid to Pakistan|publisher=Turkish Embassy in Ottawa}}</ref> Turkey announced a package of $150 million for the quake-hit people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/21/top2.htm|title= Turkish aid package for Pakistan|publisher=Dawn News}}</ref> The Turkish aid organization [[Kizilay]] also constructed a mosque in Pakistans [[Azad Kashmir]] region bordering Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir. The mosque is being built in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Style in Pakistan's [[Bagh District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61352|title= Turkish Mosque in Pakistani Kashmir|publisher=World Bulletin}}</ref>

Pakistan supplied Turkey with aid during the 1999 earthquake<ref>{{cite web|url=http://img.static.reliefweb.int/report/turkey/pakistan-sends-relief-goods-turkey-quake-victims|title=Pakistan sends relief goods to Turkey for quake victims|work=ReliefWeb}}</ref> and during the 2011 [[Van earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/10/30/city/lahore/punjab-govt-sends-tents-to-turkey-earthquake-victims/|title=Punjab govt sends tents to Turkey earthquake victims|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-263115-pakistani-red-crescent-extends-help-to-earthquake-victims-in-van.html|title=Pakistani Red Crescent extends help to earthquake victims in Van|work=TodaysZaman}}</ref>

== Opposing ambitions ==
Both Turkey and Pakistan at times have had conflicting interests and ambitions. During the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Afghan civil war]], Turkey became a strong supporter of the [[Northern Alliance]], due to its [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]] and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] members, with which Turkey shares cultural and linguistic ties.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=JjYaRa2vtAkC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=turkey+northern+alliance+afghanistan&source=bl&ots=dANauf-68k&sig=LthO3RrDAnNbd1jnBcfaCmQSuS8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z1kuU7N24pDJAd6egJAH&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=turkey%20northern%20alliance%20afghanistan&f=false|title=Afghanistan and Central Asia|publisher=}}</ref>
Pakistan meanwhile maintained strong relations and support to the [[Taliban]] whom were ethnic [[Pashtuns]] that have ethnic ties to Pakistan's own Pashtun population as well prevent Pakistan's fears of Afghanistan falling into the control of the Northern Alliance whom were supported by Pakistan's various adversaries, including India.

This changed in late 2001 when Pakistan was under international pressure to abolish all its ties with the Taliban and re-align with the [[United States]] and [[NATO]] in the so-called "[[War on Terror]]" following the September 11 attacks in [[New York City]] and [[Washington DC]] which were directly blamed on [[Al-Queda]] and indirectly on the Taliban for sheltering them. As a result, the United States lifted all sanctions that were imposed on Pakistan following Pakistan's 1998 nuclear weapons tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2001_10/sanctionsoct01|title=Bush Waives Nuclear-Related Sanctions on India, Pakistan – Arms Control Association|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey has also supported the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]] (ETIM) in China whom are ethnic [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] that Turkey also shares cultural and linguistic ties with.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/ethno-diplomacy-uyghur-hitch-sino-turkish-relations|title=Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Xijinping_visit/2012-02/22/content_24696523.htm|title=China cautions Turkey against 'East Turkistan' forces|author=陈霞|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan [[War in North-West Pakistan|struggling with domestic Islamist insurgency]] as well as being a close and [[China–Pakistan relations|historic ally of China]] has strongly opposed the ETIM and has taken severe actions against members of [[Uyghurs in Pakistan|Uyghur communities within its borders]] even suspected of being participant in anti-Chinese activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/pakistan-08102011175506.html|title=Pakistan Deports Uyghurs|work=Radio Free Asia}}</ref>
Separately, Pakistan has killed many foreign militants in its territory during anti-Taliban/Al-Qaeda military operations amongst which were Uyghurs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/916826/uighur-leader-killed-in-pakistan-rehman-malik|title=Uighur leader killed in Pakistan: Rehman Malik|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-31-uighur-attacks-thwarted-as-pakistans-zardari-visits-xinjiang|title='Uighur attacks' thwarted as Pakistan's Zardari visits Xinjiang|author=Ben Blanchard|work=The M&G Online}}</ref> as well as Turks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/125464.html|title=German militant killed in Pakistan|publisher=Press TV}}</ref> and Uzbeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/10/world/asia/karachi-pakistan-airport-attack-taliban.html|title=Assault on Pakistan Airport Signals Taliban’s Reach and Resilience|date=10 June 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/report/uzbek-militancy-pakistans-tribal-region|title=Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan's Tribal Region|work=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref>

Turkey which enjoys strong trade links with India still favours Pakistan on the Kashmir dispute as Pakistan reciprocates with support in of Turkish position on Armenia, Azerbaijan and Cyprus. Likewise close military relations between the Turkish and Pakistani military means that the ties between the two nations have a strong strategic element as opposed to a transactional relationship.<ref>http://www.valuewalk.com/2016/11/pakistan-turkey-friendship/</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mei.edu/content/turkey-pakistan-security-relations-1950s Turkey-Pakistan Security Relations since the 1950s]

{{Pakistan–Turkey relations}}
{{Foreign relations of Pakistan}}
{{Foreign relations of Turkey}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan-Turkey Relations}}
[[Category:Pakistan–Turkey relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Turkey]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Pakistan|Turkey]]

Pakistanisch-türkische Beziehungen

2016-11-23T15:23:56Z

Wiki id2:

{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Pakistan-Turkey|Pakistan|Turkey|map=Pakistan Turkey Locator.svg}}
Pakistan has an embassy in [[Ankara]], a Consulate-General in [[Istanbul]] and an honorary consulate in [[Izmir]] whereas, Turkey has an embassy in [[Islamabad]], a Consulate-General in [[Karachi]] and honorary consulates in [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], [[Sialkot]] and [[Faisalabad]]. As of 2016, in a joint communique, Pakistan and Turkey plan to strengthen their close ties into a "strategic partnership".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/turkey-pakistan-vow-to-strengthen-ties-further/687871|title=Turkey, Pakistan vow to strengthen ties further|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radio.gov.pk/17-Nov-2016/pakistan-turkey-reaffirm-commitment-to-transform-relationship-into-strong-strategic-partnership|title=Pakistan, Turkey vow to transform ties into strong strategic partnership|publisher=}}</ref>

Relations date back generations before the establishment of the two states, more precisely during the [[Turkish War of Independence]] when the Muslims of the northwestern British Raj sent financial aid to the declining [[Ottoman Empire]] which was followed by the [[History of the Republic of Turkey|formation of the Turkish Republic]]. Pakistan and Turkey enjoy close cultural, historical and military relations which are now expanding into deepening economic relations as both countries seek to develop their economies. Turkey supports Pakistan's position of holding a plebiscite under the UN to decide if Kashmir wants to join Pakistan, a position which Turkish President Erdogan reaffirmed in a joint address to the Pakistani parliament and which was attended by Pakistan's military high command.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361378-Kashmir-dispute-should-be-solved-according-to-Kash|title=Kashmir dispute should be solved according to Kashmiris' will: Erdogan - Pakistan - Dunya News|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361395-Army-chief-praises-Erdogans-address-in-parliament|title=Army chief praises Erdogan's address in parliament - Pakistan - Dunya News|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey supports Pakistan's membership of the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1296714/turkish-president-erdogan-arrives-in-islamabad|title=Turkish President Erdogan arrives in Islamabad|date=16 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Analysts have also observed that Turkey and Pakistan enjoy close relations during both democratic and military regimes, reflecting the depth of the relations between the two nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232331/turkey-dependable-ally/|title=Turkey, the dependable ally - The Express Tribune|date=15 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

Ties which had historically remained close on nationalist and cultural grounds further deepened under President Erdogan's Islamic-rooted political approach, as he termed Pakistan "home away from home". He became the only foreign leader to address Pakistan's Parliament, the National Assembly more than once, doing so a record three times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/382017/pak-turkey-ties-erdogan-addresses-parliament-offers-sage-advice/|title=Pak-Turkey ties: Erdogan addresses Parliament, offers sage advice - The Express Tribune|date=21 May 2012|publisher=}}</ref> As of 2016, President Erdogan has visited Pakistan 7 times, domestic politics also spillover, infamously [[Fethullah Gulen]] linked officers leaked tapes alleging corruption and arrested Erdogan's close aides, while Erdogan was on a trip to Pakistan, Erdogan accused the Gulenists of sabotage while representing Turkey in a friendly nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/12/can-pakistan-save-erdogan-2013123054425345386.html|title=Can Pakistan save Erdogan?|first=Malik Ayub|last=Sumbal|publisher=}}</ref> Gulen-linked schools are under pressure to close and teachers have had their visas turned down at the behest of the Turkish government since the attempted coup, an indicator of Pakistan's close ties to the Turkish government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232099/turkish-teachers-fear-deportation-asked-renew-visas/|title=108 Turkish teachers asked to leave Pakistan within three days - The Express Tribune|date=15 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/pakistan-expels-turkish-school-staff-gulen-links-161116084837457.html|title=Pakistan expels Turkish school staff over Gulen links|publisher=}}</ref> The Pakistan and Turkish Air Force signed a deal to purchase 52 Super Mushkak trainer jets from Pakistan for Turkey to help train new pilots and support recovery of the [[Turkish Armed Forces]] in the aftermath of pilot shortages after the attempted coup.<ref>http://warontherocks.com/2016/09/the-post-coup-purge-of-turkeys-air-force/</ref><ref>http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/362241-Pakistan-to-supply-52-Super-Mushshak-jets-to-Turke</ref><ref>https://www.geo.tv/latest/121403-Pakistan-signs-agreement-with-Turkey-to-sell-52-Super-Mushak-basic-trainers</ref>

As a result, Pakistan and Pakistanis have enjoyed a positive perception in Turkey and amongst Turks for many decades. The two nations are in the process of strengthening economic relations with a [[Pakistan-Turkey Free Trade Agreement]] aiming to raise bilateral trade volume to $10 billion by 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/turkey-pakistan-fta-to-be-signed-before-2017-2565808|title=Turkey, Pakistan FTA to be signed before 2017|first=Yeni|last=Şafak|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey and Pakistan have a strong defence relationship consisting of joint excercises and a substantial portion of the Pakistan Navy's fleet consisting of joint Pakistan-Turkish naval ships such as fleet tankers and fast attack craft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quwa.org/2016/10/30/turkey-pakistan-conduct-bilateral-naval-exercise/|title=Turkey & Pakistan conduct bilateral naval exercise|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan supports the Turkish position on Cyprus, Azerbaijan and Armenia, as such Pakistan has no diplomatic relations with Armenia, with Turkey supporting Pakistan's position on the Kashmir dispute,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/islamabad/17-Nov-16/pakistan-turkey-agree-to-deepen-trade-defence-relations|title=Dailytimes - Pakistan, Turkey agree to deepen trade, defence relations|publisher=}}</ref> including alleged human rights violations of Muslims in Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/turkey-backs-pakistans-stance-on-sending-team-to-probe-human-rights-violation-in-kashmir-2949887/|title=Turkey backs Pakistan’s stance on sending team to probe human rights violation in Kashmir|date=2 August 2016|publisher=}}</ref> As a result the two countries have enjoyed strong military and diplomatic relations which is now strengthening towards economic co-operation.

== Development of bilateral relations ==
Turkey established diplomatic relations soon after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and bilateral relations became increasingly close owing to cultural, religious and geopolitical links between the two countries.<ref name="JIA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume5/September-November2000/VolumeVN3ISTHIAQAHMAD.pdf |title=Turkey and Pakistan: Bridging the Growing Divergence |format=PDF |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> Pakistan's founder [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] expressed admiration for Turkey's founding leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and also a desire to develop Pakistan on the Turkish model of modernism. Similarly Pakistan would follow the footstep of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and [[Allama Iqbal]] to develop a modern Islamic Pakistan and all other so called ism are rejected by people of Pakistan.<ref name="CSI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0124/p01s04-wosc.html |title=A Turkish path for Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |date=24 January 2002}}</ref> Similar ideas were expressed by the former [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharraf]], who grew up in Turkey and had received extensive military training there.<ref name="CSI" /><ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2994458.stm|title=BBC NEWS – South Asia – Turkey and Pakistan boost ties|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="IP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FA22Df06.html |title=Turkey and Pakistan join forces |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> [[Jinnah]] is honoured as a great leader in Turkey, and a major road of the Turkish capital [[Ankara]], the [[Cinnah Caddesi]] is named after him, while roads in [[Islamabad]], [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], and [[Larkana]] are named after Atatürk. On 26 October 2009, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] was awarded the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] and was the fourth world leader who spoke to the Pakistani parliament. [[Erdoğan]] said that [[Pakistan]] had always occupied a special place in the hearts and minds of the Turkish government and people.

== Cultural relations ==
[[File:Shashlik ingredients.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Shashlik]], a common [[Eurasian]] dish.]]
Both Pakistan and Turkey are mutually influenced by [[Arab culture|Arab]], [[Turko-Mongol]] and [[Culture of Iran#Traditional cultural inheritors of the old Persia|Persian cultures]]. The region of [[Anatolia]] in Central and Eastern Turkey was occupied multiple times by Persian Empires which has brought Persian cultural and linguistic influence since ancient times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/persian_period.htm|title=Persian Period in Anatolia and Asia Minor|publisher=}}</ref>

The [[Indus Valley]] region of Pakistan was occupied by the [[Achaemenid empire]] going back to the fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajaonline.org/field-report/121|title=The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations at Akra in Northwest Pakistan|publisher=}}</ref>

Modern-day Turkey was home to many ancient European civilizations, including Greek. The country has many traces of cultural and historical influences from the ancient Greeks including Greek archeological sites found in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/details/History/HellenicCiv.html|title=Hellenic Civilization in Turkey|author=Tom Brosnahan, Travel Info Exchange, Inc.|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancient.eu.com/Asia_Minor/|title=Asia Minor|author=Joshua J. Mark|work=Ancient History Encyclopedia}}</ref>

Pakistan also became influenced by Greek culture and civilization, especially in the aftermath of [[Alexander the Great]]'s invasion of the region which later led to the formation of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]. [[Gandhara]] is a major site of ancient Greek legacy in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/gandhara.html|title=Gandhara Civilization|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey became a [[Turkic languages|Turkic speaking]] country as a result of [[Seljuq Empire|Seljuq occupation]] and [[Turkification]] of the region. Though Pakistan is not a Turkic-speaking country, its languages, particularly [[Urdu]], a standard register of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], is strongly influenced by the [[Chagatai language|Turkic language of the Mughals]] before it became their empire's official language. As a result, it has many loanwords from that language. The [[etymology]] of the word "Urdu" traces itself back to [[Mughal Empire|Turkic (Mughal) rule]].<ref>http://swauop.yolasite.com/urdu1.php</ref> Moreover, the common cultural influences on Pakistan and Turkey span several centuries, as many [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Iranic peoples]] ruled vast areas of [[Central Asia]], [[South Asia]] and the [[Middle East]].

The designs of clothing of the two countries also have common origins in Central Asia.

== Trade ==
[[File:Gul Interchange (2).JPG|thumb|250px|right|thumb|The Abdullah Gul Interchange near [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] in [[Lahore]], this interchange was inaugurated by the [[Turkish President]] [[Abdullah Gul]] during his visit to [[Lahore]] in 2010.]]

Turkey and Pakistan are founding members of the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] and part of the [[Developing 8 Countries]] (D-8) organization. Both nations have worked to negotiate a preferential trading agreement, aiming to considerably increase trade and investments, especially in transport, telecommunications, manufacturing, tourism and other industries.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=1677 |title=Turkey to sign PTA with Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Daily Times, Pakistan |date=16 April 2005}}</ref> Both governments have sought to increase the volume of bilateral trade from $690 million to more than $1 billion by 2010.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=102299 |title=Pakistan, Turkey discuss defence co-production |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref> Pakistani exports include rice, [[sesame seeds]], leather, textiles, fabrics, sports goods, and medical equipment. Turkey's exports to Pakistan include wheat, [[chickpeas]], [[lentils]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], chemicals, transport vehicles, machinery and energy products.<ref name="FPJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fpcci.com.pk/tradep&turk.asp |title=Trade between Pakistan & Turkey |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry}}</ref> Turkish private corporations have also invested significantly in industrial and construction projects developing highways, pipelines and canals.<ref name="JIA" /> The two countries are negotiatating the [[Turkey-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement]].

=== Train service ===
A [[container train]] service was launched by the Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Yousuf Raza Gilani]] between Islamabad and [[Istanbul]] on 14 August 2009. The first train carried 20 [[Intermodal container|containers]] with a capacity of around {{convert|750|t|LT ST|0|abbr=on}} <ref>http://www.pakistantimes.net/pt/detail.php?newsId=3343</ref> and will travel {{convert|6500|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}} from Islamabad, through [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and [[Tehran]], Iran and on to Istanbul in two weeks' time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\15\story_15-8-2009_pg7_12 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |publisher=Daily Times |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Railways (Pakistan)|Minister for Railways]] [[Ghulam Ahmad Bilour]], after the trial of the container train service, a passenger train will be launched.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+gilani+launches+trial+phase+of+islamabad-istanbul+train+service-za-06 |title=Pakistan | PM launches trial phase of Pak-Turkey train service |publisher=Dawn.Com |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> There are also hopes the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia, and carry passengers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8201934.stm |title=Pakistan–Turkey rail trial starts |accessdate=16 August 2009 |publisher=BBC News |date=14 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/news/news61296.html|title=Pakistan Plans Passenger Rail Between Pakistan, Iran and Turkey|work=Railway Technology}}</ref>

== Strategic ties ==
Both nations were part of [[Cold War]] alliance called the [[Central Treaty Organization]]. Its goal was to [[containment|contain]] the [[Soviet Union]] ([[USSR]]) by having a line of strong states along the USSR's southern frontiers. Military contacts remain resolute, uncompromising and stalwart as ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/7569/turkey-pakistan-ties-indias-loss-is-chinas-gain|title=Turkey-Pakistan close ties |publisher=World Politics Review}}</ref>

== Trilateral Ankara cooperation process ==
Turkey launched a trilateral summit process between the two states and [[Afghanistan]] in February 2007, following a visit by then [[Turkish Foreign Minister]] [[Abdullah Gül]] to [[Islamabad]], as the backbone of its diversified foreign policy in Southeast Asia and Pakistani deputy [[Humair Hayat Khan Rokhri]] confirmed that according to Gül “we are all brothers who need to support each other,” in order to, “bring security and stability to the region.”<ref name=TZ090507>{{cite news
|url=
|date=7 May 2009
|title=Turkey, Afghanistan and Pakistan solidify cooperation
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

An 1 April 2009 meeting between Pakistani and Afghan leaders, conducted as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, saw the three countries pledged to increase coordination between their political, military and intelligence tiers in the fight against militancy and terrorism. Chairman of the Turkish–Pakistani Friendship Association Burhan Kayatürk has stated that, “It is the first time that the military and intelligence chiefs of Afghanistan and Pakistan have attended the trilateral summit, which is a reflection of the deeper commitment to work together.”<ref name=TZ090506b>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Concerned Turkish deputy calls for active engagement in Pakistan
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

At the 17 April 2009 [[Friends of Pakistan]] Tokyo Donors Conference, Turkish State Minister [[Mehmet Aydın]] pledged $100 million to Pakistan for infrastructure, health and education projects. Turkish Parliamentary Deputy Kayatürk has called on neighbouring countries, including India, to make similar commitments as “It is in their interests to see a stable Pakistan; otherwise violence will spill over into their territory.”<ref name=TZ090506b />

Pakistani and [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] parliamentary deputies came together in [[Ankara]] on 5 May 2009, as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, where they met with the now [[Turkish President]] Gül and new Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] to discuss a variety of issues. Head of the Turkish Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission Murat Mercan stated; <blockquote>“Today we need cooperation between our countries more than ever. I believe Turkey, having historical brotherhood relations with both, is in a special position to improve and deepen this cooperation. Turkey is confident that the cooperation to be established between Afghanistan and Pakistan will help a lot to solve the problems.”<ref name=TZ090506a>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Afghan, Pakistani lawmakers meet in Turkish Parliament
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
}}</ref></blockquote> Chairman of the Pakistani Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission [[Asfandyar Wali Khan]] conveyed his thanks and stated,
:''“We need Turkey’s support to build stability in the region.”''

Mercan concluded,
:''“We are finally on the verge of institutionalising the trilateral Ankara cooperation process within the framework of parliamentary joint initiatives,”'' with follow-up meetings due to be held in Islamabad and [[Kabul]] at four-month intervals.”

== Military relations ==
Pakistan and Turkey have maintained long-standing military ties with Turkey also providing training to Pakistani air force officers in upgrading its [[F-16]] fleet.<ref name="IP" /> On 2 April 1954, Pakistan and Turkey signed a [[treaty]] of friendship and cooperation. Both countries, valued as important states in their regions, joined the U.S.-led [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) aimed to bolster military and strategic cooperation and counter the spread of communism and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] influence in the region.<ref name="VA">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=34|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Turkey has openly supported Pakistan's stance on the [[Kashmir conflict]]. Ankara, further, recognizes Jammu and Kashmir, as part of Pakistan, with which it endeavours to 'spice up' bilateral relations, and the Turkish ambassador to Pakistan spent nearly a week in [[Muzaffarabad]], the capital of Azad Kashmir (Pakistani Administrated Kashmir), in order to show Turkish solidarity with the Pakistanis in regards to Kashmir and maintained political and military support during its [[Wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan|wars with India]].<ref name="VA" /><ref name="VA2">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=109|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] Press |year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Pakistan has reciprocated by expressing support for Turkey's policy on [[Northern Cyprus]].<ref name="X" /><ref name="DQ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |title=Pakistan, Turkey to cooperate in defence industry |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018202001/http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |archivedate=18 October 2006 }}</ref> Both nations have sought to expand cooperation to fight terrorism.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X" /> Both countries are also members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]].

Turkey is also currently a major arms seller to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/features/featureturkeys-formidable-defence-industry-rising-star-or-natos-unruly-ally-4207115/|title=Turkey’s formidable defence industry – rising star or NATO’s unruly ally?|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey previously purchased arms from Pakistan<ref>James Ron ''Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey'' Human Rights Watch, 1995 ISBN 1-56432-161-4, 9781564321619 (page 40)</ref> and continues to purchase minor aerial weapons and components from Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2015/10/05/Pakistan-Turkey-to-improve-defense-ties/9421444052995/|title=Pakistan Turkey to cooperate on defense industry – UPI.com|date=5 October 2015|work=UPI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/145139/pakistan-delivers-parts-for-turkish-uav.html|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra Delivers First Batch of Turkish UAV Parts to Turkish Aerospace Industry|publisher=}}</ref>

== Aid exchange ==
In the aftermath of the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], Turkey stepped up its efforts to help the Pakistani people of the affected areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishembassy.com/ii/O/yardim.htm|title= Humanitarian aid to Pakistan|publisher=Turkish Embassy in Ottawa}}</ref> Turkey announced a package of $150 million for the quake-hit people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/21/top2.htm|title= Turkish aid package for Pakistan|publisher=Dawn News}}</ref> The Turkish aid organization [[Kizilay]] also constructed a mosque in Pakistans [[Azad Kashmir]] region bordering Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir. The mosque is being built in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Style in Pakistan's [[Bagh District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61352|title= Turkish Mosque in Pakistani Kashmir|publisher=World Bulletin}}</ref>

Pakistan supplied Turkey with aid during the 1999 earthquake<ref>{{cite web|url=http://img.static.reliefweb.int/report/turkey/pakistan-sends-relief-goods-turkey-quake-victims|title=Pakistan sends relief goods to Turkey for quake victims|work=ReliefWeb}}</ref> and during the 2011 [[Van earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/10/30/city/lahore/punjab-govt-sends-tents-to-turkey-earthquake-victims/|title=Punjab govt sends tents to Turkey earthquake victims|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-263115-pakistani-red-crescent-extends-help-to-earthquake-victims-in-van.html|title=Pakistani Red Crescent extends help to earthquake victims in Van|work=TodaysZaman}}</ref>

== Opposing ambitions ==
Both Turkey and Pakistan at times have had conflicting interests and ambitions. During the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Afghan civil war]], Turkey became a strong supporter of the [[Northern Alliance]], due to its [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]] and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] members, with which Turkey shares cultural and linguistic ties.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=JjYaRa2vtAkC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=turkey+northern+alliance+afghanistan&source=bl&ots=dANauf-68k&sig=LthO3RrDAnNbd1jnBcfaCmQSuS8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z1kuU7N24pDJAd6egJAH&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=turkey%20northern%20alliance%20afghanistan&f=false|title=Afghanistan and Central Asia|publisher=}}</ref>
Pakistan meanwhile maintained strong relations and support to the [[Taliban]] whom were ethnic [[Pashtuns]] that have ethnic ties to Pakistan's own Pashtun population as well prevent Pakistan's fears of Afghanistan falling into the control of the Northern Alliance whom were supported by Pakistan's various adversaries, including India.

This changed in late 2001 when Pakistan was under international pressure to abolish all its ties with the Taliban and re-align with the [[United States]] and [[NATO]] in the so-called "[[War on Terror]]" following the September 11 attacks in [[New York City]] and [[Washington DC]] which were directly blamed on [[Al-Queda]] and indirectly on the Taliban for sheltering them. As a result, the United States lifted all sanctions that were imposed on Pakistan following Pakistan's 1998 nuclear weapons tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2001_10/sanctionsoct01|title=Bush Waives Nuclear-Related Sanctions on India, Pakistan – Arms Control Association|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey has also supported the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]] (ETIM) in China whom are ethnic [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] that Turkey also shares cultural and linguistic ties with.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/ethno-diplomacy-uyghur-hitch-sino-turkish-relations|title=Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Xijinping_visit/2012-02/22/content_24696523.htm|title=China cautions Turkey against 'East Turkistan' forces|author=陈霞|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan [[War in North-West Pakistan|struggling with domestic Islamist insurgency]] as well as being a close and [[China–Pakistan relations|historic ally of China]] has strongly opposed the ETIM and has taken severe actions against members of [[Uyghurs in Pakistan|Uyghur communities within its borders]] even suspected of being participant in anti-Chinese activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/pakistan-08102011175506.html|title=Pakistan Deports Uyghurs|work=Radio Free Asia}}</ref>
Separately, Pakistan has killed many foreign militants in its territory during anti-Taliban/Al-Qaeda military operations amongst which were Uyghurs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/916826/uighur-leader-killed-in-pakistan-rehman-malik|title=Uighur leader killed in Pakistan: Rehman Malik|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-31-uighur-attacks-thwarted-as-pakistans-zardari-visits-xinjiang|title='Uighur attacks' thwarted as Pakistan's Zardari visits Xinjiang|author=Ben Blanchard|work=The M&G Online}}</ref> as well as Turks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/125464.html|title=German militant killed in Pakistan|publisher=Press TV}}</ref> and Uzbeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/10/world/asia/karachi-pakistan-airport-attack-taliban.html|title=Assault on Pakistan Airport Signals Taliban’s Reach and Resilience|date=10 June 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/report/uzbek-militancy-pakistans-tribal-region|title=Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan's Tribal Region|work=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref>

Turkey which enjoys strong trade links with India still favours Pakistan on the Kashmir dispute as Pakistan reciprocates with support in of Turkish position on Armenia, Azerbaijan and Cyprus. Likewise close military relations between the Turkish and Pakistani military means that the ties between the two nations have a strong strategic element as opposed to a transactional relationship.<ref>http://www.valuewalk.com/2016/11/pakistan-turkey-friendship/</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mei.edu/content/turkey-pakistan-security-relations-1950s Turkey-Pakistan Security Relations since the 1950s]

{{Pakistan–Turkey relations}}
{{Foreign relations of Pakistan}}
{{Foreign relations of Turkey}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan-Turkey Relations}}
[[Category:Pakistan–Turkey relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Turkey]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Pakistan|Turkey]]

Pakistanisch-türkische Beziehungen

2016-11-23T15:22:25Z

Wiki id2:

{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Pakistan-Turkey|Pakistan|Turkey|map=Pakistan Turkey Locator.svg}}
Pakistan has an embassy in [[Ankara]], a Consulate-General in [[Istanbul]] and an honorary consulate in [[Izmir]] whereas, Turkey has an embassy in [[Islamabad]], a Consulate-General in [[Karachi]] and honorary consulates in [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], [[Sialkot]] and [[Faisalabad]]. As of 2016, in a joint communique, Pakistan and Turkey plan to strengthen their close ties into a "strategic partnership".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/turkey-pakistan-vow-to-strengthen-ties-further/687871|title=Turkey, Pakistan vow to strengthen ties further|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radio.gov.pk/17-Nov-2016/pakistan-turkey-reaffirm-commitment-to-transform-relationship-into-strong-strategic-partnership|title=Pakistan, Turkey vow to transform ties into strong strategic partnership|publisher=}}</ref>

Relations date back generations before the establishment of the two states, more precisely during the [[Turkish War of Independence]] when the Muslims of the northwestern British Raj sent financial aid to the declining [[Ottoman Empire]] which was followed by the [[History of the Republic of Turkey|formation of the Turkish Republic]]. Pakistan and Turkey enjoy close cultural, historical and military relations which are now expanding into deepening economic relations as both countries seek to develop their economies. Turkey supports Pakistan's position of holding a plebiscite under the UN to decide if Kashmir wants to join Pakistan, a position which Turkish President Erdogan reaffirmed in a joint address to the Pakistani parliament and which was attended by Pakistan's military high command.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361378-Kashmir-dispute-should-be-solved-according-to-Kash|title=Kashmir dispute should be solved according to Kashmiris' will: Erdogan - Pakistan - Dunya News|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361395-Army-chief-praises-Erdogans-address-in-parliament|title=Army chief praises Erdogan's address in parliament - Pakistan - Dunya News|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey supports Pakistan's membership of the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1296714/turkish-president-erdogan-arrives-in-islamabad|title=Turkish President Erdogan arrives in Islamabad|date=16 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Analysts have also observed that Turkey and Pakistan enjoy close relations during both democratic and military regimes, reflecting the depth of the relations between the two nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232331/turkey-dependable-ally/|title=Turkey, the dependable ally - The Express Tribune|date=15 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

Ties which had historically remained close on nationalist and cultural grounds further deepened under President Erdogan's Islamic-rooted political approach, as he termed Pakistan "home away from home". He became the only foreign leader to address Pakistan's Parliament, the National Assembly more than once, doing so a record three times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/382017/pak-turkey-ties-erdogan-addresses-parliament-offers-sage-advice/|title=Pak-Turkey ties: Erdogan addresses Parliament, offers sage advice - The Express Tribune|date=21 May 2012|publisher=}}</ref> As of 2016, President Erdogan has visited Pakistan 7 times, domestic politics also spillover, infamously [[Fethullah Gulen]] linked officers leaked tapes alleging corruption and arrested Erdogan's close aides, while Erdogan was on a trip to Pakistan, Erdogan accused the Gulenists of sabotage while representing Turkey in a friendly nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/12/can-pakistan-save-erdogan-2013123054425345386.html|title=Can Pakistan save Erdogan?|first=Malik Ayub|last=Sumbal|publisher=}}</ref> Gulen-linked schools are under pressure to close and teachers have had their visas turned down at the behest of the Turkish government since the attempted coup, an indicator of Pakistan's close ties to the Turkish government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232099/turkish-teachers-fear-deportation-asked-renew-visas/|title=108 Turkish teachers asked to leave Pakistan within three days - The Express Tribune|date=15 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/pakistan-expels-turkish-school-staff-gulen-links-161116084837457.html|title=Pakistan expels Turkish school staff over Gulen links|publisher=}}</ref> The Pakistan and Turkish Air Force signed a deal to purchase 52 Super Mushkak trainer jets from Pakistan for Turkey to help train new pilots and support recovery of the [[Turkish Armed Forces]] in the aftermath of pilot shortages after the attempted coup.<ref>http://warontherocks.com/2016/09/the-post-coup-purge-of-turkeys-air-force/</ref><ref>http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/362241-Pakistan-to-supply-52-Super-Mushshak-jets-to-Turke</ref>

As a result, Pakistan and Pakistanis have enjoyed a positive perception in Turkey and amongst Turks for many decades. The two nations are in the process of strengthening economic relations with a [[Pakistan-Turkey Free Trade Agreement]] aiming to raise bilateral trade volume to $10 billion by 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/turkey-pakistan-fta-to-be-signed-before-2017-2565808|title=Turkey, Pakistan FTA to be signed before 2017|first=Yeni|last=Şafak|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey and Pakistan have a strong defence relationship consisting of joint excercises and a substantial portion of the Pakistan Navy's fleet consisting of joint Pakistan-Turkish naval ships such as fleet tankers and fast attack craft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quwa.org/2016/10/30/turkey-pakistan-conduct-bilateral-naval-exercise/|title=Turkey & Pakistan conduct bilateral naval exercise|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan supports the Turkish position on Cyprus, Azerbaijan and Armenia, as such Pakistan has no diplomatic relations with Armenia, with Turkey supporting Pakistan's position on the Kashmir dispute,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/islamabad/17-Nov-16/pakistan-turkey-agree-to-deepen-trade-defence-relations|title=Dailytimes - Pakistan, Turkey agree to deepen trade, defence relations|publisher=}}</ref> including alleged human rights violations of Muslims in Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/turkey-backs-pakistans-stance-on-sending-team-to-probe-human-rights-violation-in-kashmir-2949887/|title=Turkey backs Pakistan’s stance on sending team to probe human rights violation in Kashmir|date=2 August 2016|publisher=}}</ref> As a result the two countries have enjoyed strong military and diplomatic relations which is now strengthening towards economic co-operation.

== Development of bilateral relations ==
Turkey established diplomatic relations soon after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and bilateral relations became increasingly close owing to cultural, religious and geopolitical links between the two countries.<ref name="JIA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume5/September-November2000/VolumeVN3ISTHIAQAHMAD.pdf |title=Turkey and Pakistan: Bridging the Growing Divergence |format=PDF |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> Pakistan's founder [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] expressed admiration for Turkey's founding leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and also a desire to develop Pakistan on the Turkish model of modernism. Similarly Pakistan would follow the footstep of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and [[Allama Iqbal]] to develop a modern Islamic Pakistan and all other so called ism are rejected by people of Pakistan.<ref name="CSI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0124/p01s04-wosc.html |title=A Turkish path for Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |date=24 January 2002}}</ref> Similar ideas were expressed by the former [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharraf]], who grew up in Turkey and had received extensive military training there.<ref name="CSI" /><ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2994458.stm|title=BBC NEWS – South Asia – Turkey and Pakistan boost ties|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="IP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FA22Df06.html |title=Turkey and Pakistan join forces |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> [[Jinnah]] is honoured as a great leader in Turkey, and a major road of the Turkish capital [[Ankara]], the [[Cinnah Caddesi]] is named after him, while roads in [[Islamabad]], [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], and [[Larkana]] are named after Atatürk. On 26 October 2009, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] was awarded the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] and was the fourth world leader who spoke to the Pakistani parliament. [[Erdoğan]] said that [[Pakistan]] had always occupied a special place in the hearts and minds of the Turkish government and people.

== Cultural relations ==
[[File:Shashlik ingredients.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Shashlik]], a common [[Eurasian]] dish.]]
Both Pakistan and Turkey are mutually influenced by [[Arab culture|Arab]], [[Turko-Mongol]] and [[Culture of Iran#Traditional cultural inheritors of the old Persia|Persian cultures]]. The region of [[Anatolia]] in Central and Eastern Turkey was occupied multiple times by Persian Empires which has brought Persian cultural and linguistic influence since ancient times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/persian_period.htm|title=Persian Period in Anatolia and Asia Minor|publisher=}}</ref>

The [[Indus Valley]] region of Pakistan was occupied by the [[Achaemenid empire]] going back to the fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajaonline.org/field-report/121|title=The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations at Akra in Northwest Pakistan|publisher=}}</ref>

Modern-day Turkey was home to many ancient European civilizations, including Greek. The country has many traces of cultural and historical influences from the ancient Greeks including Greek archeological sites found in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/details/History/HellenicCiv.html|title=Hellenic Civilization in Turkey|author=Tom Brosnahan, Travel Info Exchange, Inc.|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancient.eu.com/Asia_Minor/|title=Asia Minor|author=Joshua J. Mark|work=Ancient History Encyclopedia}}</ref>

Pakistan also became influenced by Greek culture and civilization, especially in the aftermath of [[Alexander the Great]]'s invasion of the region which later led to the formation of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]. [[Gandhara]] is a major site of ancient Greek legacy in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/gandhara.html|title=Gandhara Civilization|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey became a [[Turkic languages|Turkic speaking]] country as a result of [[Seljuq Empire|Seljuq occupation]] and [[Turkification]] of the region. Though Pakistan is not a Turkic-speaking country, its languages, particularly [[Urdu]], a standard register of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], is strongly influenced by the [[Chagatai language|Turkic language of the Mughals]] before it became their empire's official language. As a result, it has many loanwords from that language. The [[etymology]] of the word "Urdu" traces itself back to [[Mughal Empire|Turkic (Mughal) rule]].<ref>http://swauop.yolasite.com/urdu1.php</ref> Moreover, the common cultural influences on Pakistan and Turkey span several centuries, as many [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Iranic peoples]] ruled vast areas of [[Central Asia]], [[South Asia]] and the [[Middle East]].

The designs of clothing of the two countries also have common origins in Central Asia.

== Trade ==
[[File:Gul Interchange (2).JPG|thumb|250px|right|thumb|The Abdullah Gul Interchange near [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] in [[Lahore]], this interchange was inaugurated by the [[Turkish President]] [[Abdullah Gul]] during his visit to [[Lahore]] in 2010.]]

Turkey and Pakistan are founding members of the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] and part of the [[Developing 8 Countries]] (D-8) organization. Both nations have worked to negotiate a preferential trading agreement, aiming to considerably increase trade and investments, especially in transport, telecommunications, manufacturing, tourism and other industries.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=1677 |title=Turkey to sign PTA with Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Daily Times, Pakistan |date=16 April 2005}}</ref> Both governments have sought to increase the volume of bilateral trade from $690 million to more than $1 billion by 2010.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=102299 |title=Pakistan, Turkey discuss defence co-production |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref> Pakistani exports include rice, [[sesame seeds]], leather, textiles, fabrics, sports goods, and medical equipment. Turkey's exports to Pakistan include wheat, [[chickpeas]], [[lentils]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], chemicals, transport vehicles, machinery and energy products.<ref name="FPJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fpcci.com.pk/tradep&turk.asp |title=Trade between Pakistan & Turkey |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry}}</ref> Turkish private corporations have also invested significantly in industrial and construction projects developing highways, pipelines and canals.<ref name="JIA" /> The two countries are negotiatating the [[Turkey-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement]].

=== Train service ===
A [[container train]] service was launched by the Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Yousuf Raza Gilani]] between Islamabad and [[Istanbul]] on 14 August 2009. The first train carried 20 [[Intermodal container|containers]] with a capacity of around {{convert|750|t|LT ST|0|abbr=on}} <ref>http://www.pakistantimes.net/pt/detail.php?newsId=3343</ref> and will travel {{convert|6500|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}} from Islamabad, through [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and [[Tehran]], Iran and on to Istanbul in two weeks' time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\15\story_15-8-2009_pg7_12 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |publisher=Daily Times |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Railways (Pakistan)|Minister for Railways]] [[Ghulam Ahmad Bilour]], after the trial of the container train service, a passenger train will be launched.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+gilani+launches+trial+phase+of+islamabad-istanbul+train+service-za-06 |title=Pakistan | PM launches trial phase of Pak-Turkey train service |publisher=Dawn.Com |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> There are also hopes the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia, and carry passengers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8201934.stm |title=Pakistan–Turkey rail trial starts |accessdate=16 August 2009 |publisher=BBC News |date=14 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/news/news61296.html|title=Pakistan Plans Passenger Rail Between Pakistan, Iran and Turkey|work=Railway Technology}}</ref>

== Strategic ties ==
Both nations were part of [[Cold War]] alliance called the [[Central Treaty Organization]]. Its goal was to [[containment|contain]] the [[Soviet Union]] ([[USSR]]) by having a line of strong states along the USSR's southern frontiers. Military contacts remain resolute, uncompromising and stalwart as ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/7569/turkey-pakistan-ties-indias-loss-is-chinas-gain|title=Turkey-Pakistan close ties |publisher=World Politics Review}}</ref>

== Trilateral Ankara cooperation process ==
Turkey launched a trilateral summit process between the two states and [[Afghanistan]] in February 2007, following a visit by then [[Turkish Foreign Minister]] [[Abdullah Gül]] to [[Islamabad]], as the backbone of its diversified foreign policy in Southeast Asia and Pakistani deputy [[Humair Hayat Khan Rokhri]] confirmed that according to Gül “we are all brothers who need to support each other,” in order to, “bring security and stability to the region.”<ref name=TZ090507>{{cite news
|url=
|date=7 May 2009
|title=Turkey, Afghanistan and Pakistan solidify cooperation
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

An 1 April 2009 meeting between Pakistani and Afghan leaders, conducted as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, saw the three countries pledged to increase coordination between their political, military and intelligence tiers in the fight against militancy and terrorism. Chairman of the Turkish–Pakistani Friendship Association Burhan Kayatürk has stated that, “It is the first time that the military and intelligence chiefs of Afghanistan and Pakistan have attended the trilateral summit, which is a reflection of the deeper commitment to work together.”<ref name=TZ090506b>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Concerned Turkish deputy calls for active engagement in Pakistan
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

At the 17 April 2009 [[Friends of Pakistan]] Tokyo Donors Conference, Turkish State Minister [[Mehmet Aydın]] pledged $100 million to Pakistan for infrastructure, health and education projects. Turkish Parliamentary Deputy Kayatürk has called on neighbouring countries, including India, to make similar commitments as “It is in their interests to see a stable Pakistan; otherwise violence will spill over into their territory.”<ref name=TZ090506b />

Pakistani and [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] parliamentary deputies came together in [[Ankara]] on 5 May 2009, as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, where they met with the now [[Turkish President]] Gül and new Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] to discuss a variety of issues. Head of the Turkish Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission Murat Mercan stated; <blockquote>“Today we need cooperation between our countries more than ever. I believe Turkey, having historical brotherhood relations with both, is in a special position to improve and deepen this cooperation. Turkey is confident that the cooperation to be established between Afghanistan and Pakistan will help a lot to solve the problems.”<ref name=TZ090506a>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Afghan, Pakistani lawmakers meet in Turkish Parliament
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
}}</ref></blockquote> Chairman of the Pakistani Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission [[Asfandyar Wali Khan]] conveyed his thanks and stated,
:''“We need Turkey’s support to build stability in the region.”''

Mercan concluded,
:''“We are finally on the verge of institutionalising the trilateral Ankara cooperation process within the framework of parliamentary joint initiatives,”'' with follow-up meetings due to be held in Islamabad and [[Kabul]] at four-month intervals.”

== Military relations ==
Pakistan and Turkey have maintained long-standing military ties with Turkey also providing training to Pakistani air force officers in upgrading its [[F-16]] fleet.<ref name="IP" /> On 2 April 1954, Pakistan and Turkey signed a [[treaty]] of friendship and cooperation. Both countries, valued as important states in their regions, joined the U.S.-led [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) aimed to bolster military and strategic cooperation and counter the spread of communism and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] influence in the region.<ref name="VA">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=34|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Turkey has openly supported Pakistan's stance on the [[Kashmir conflict]]. Ankara, further, recognizes Jammu and Kashmir, as part of Pakistan, with which it endeavours to 'spice up' bilateral relations, and the Turkish ambassador to Pakistan spent nearly a week in [[Muzaffarabad]], the capital of Azad Kashmir (Pakistani Administrated Kashmir), in order to show Turkish solidarity with the Pakistanis in regards to Kashmir and maintained political and military support during its [[Wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan|wars with India]].<ref name="VA" /><ref name="VA2">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=109|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] Press |year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Pakistan has reciprocated by expressing support for Turkey's policy on [[Northern Cyprus]].<ref name="X" /><ref name="DQ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |title=Pakistan, Turkey to cooperate in defence industry |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018202001/http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |archivedate=18 October 2006 }}</ref> Both nations have sought to expand cooperation to fight terrorism.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X" /> Both countries are also members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]].

Turkey is also currently a major arms seller to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/features/featureturkeys-formidable-defence-industry-rising-star-or-natos-unruly-ally-4207115/|title=Turkey’s formidable defence industry – rising star or NATO’s unruly ally?|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey previously purchased arms from Pakistan<ref>James Ron ''Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey'' Human Rights Watch, 1995 ISBN 1-56432-161-4, 9781564321619 (page 40)</ref> and continues to purchase minor aerial weapons and components from Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2015/10/05/Pakistan-Turkey-to-improve-defense-ties/9421444052995/|title=Pakistan Turkey to cooperate on defense industry – UPI.com|date=5 October 2015|work=UPI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/145139/pakistan-delivers-parts-for-turkish-uav.html|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra Delivers First Batch of Turkish UAV Parts to Turkish Aerospace Industry|publisher=}}</ref>

== Aid exchange ==
In the aftermath of the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], Turkey stepped up its efforts to help the Pakistani people of the affected areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishembassy.com/ii/O/yardim.htm|title= Humanitarian aid to Pakistan|publisher=Turkish Embassy in Ottawa}}</ref> Turkey announced a package of $150 million for the quake-hit people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/21/top2.htm|title= Turkish aid package for Pakistan|publisher=Dawn News}}</ref> The Turkish aid organization [[Kizilay]] also constructed a mosque in Pakistans [[Azad Kashmir]] region bordering Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir. The mosque is being built in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Style in Pakistan's [[Bagh District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61352|title= Turkish Mosque in Pakistani Kashmir|publisher=World Bulletin}}</ref>

Pakistan supplied Turkey with aid during the 1999 earthquake<ref>{{cite web|url=http://img.static.reliefweb.int/report/turkey/pakistan-sends-relief-goods-turkey-quake-victims|title=Pakistan sends relief goods to Turkey for quake victims|work=ReliefWeb}}</ref> and during the 2011 [[Van earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/10/30/city/lahore/punjab-govt-sends-tents-to-turkey-earthquake-victims/|title=Punjab govt sends tents to Turkey earthquake victims|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-263115-pakistani-red-crescent-extends-help-to-earthquake-victims-in-van.html|title=Pakistani Red Crescent extends help to earthquake victims in Van|work=TodaysZaman}}</ref>

== Opposing ambitions ==
Both Turkey and Pakistan at times have had conflicting interests and ambitions. During the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Afghan civil war]], Turkey became a strong supporter of the [[Northern Alliance]], due to its [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]] and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] members, with which Turkey shares cultural and linguistic ties.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=JjYaRa2vtAkC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=turkey+northern+alliance+afghanistan&source=bl&ots=dANauf-68k&sig=LthO3RrDAnNbd1jnBcfaCmQSuS8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z1kuU7N24pDJAd6egJAH&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=turkey%20northern%20alliance%20afghanistan&f=false|title=Afghanistan and Central Asia|publisher=}}</ref>
Pakistan meanwhile maintained strong relations and support to the [[Taliban]] whom were ethnic [[Pashtuns]] that have ethnic ties to Pakistan's own Pashtun population as well prevent Pakistan's fears of Afghanistan falling into the control of the Northern Alliance whom were supported by Pakistan's various adversaries, including India.

This changed in late 2001 when Pakistan was under international pressure to abolish all its ties with the Taliban and re-align with the [[United States]] and [[NATO]] in the so-called "[[War on Terror]]" following the September 11 attacks in [[New York City]] and [[Washington DC]] which were directly blamed on [[Al-Queda]] and indirectly on the Taliban for sheltering them. As a result, the United States lifted all sanctions that were imposed on Pakistan following Pakistan's 1998 nuclear weapons tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2001_10/sanctionsoct01|title=Bush Waives Nuclear-Related Sanctions on India, Pakistan – Arms Control Association|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey has also supported the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]] (ETIM) in China whom are ethnic [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] that Turkey also shares cultural and linguistic ties with.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/ethno-diplomacy-uyghur-hitch-sino-turkish-relations|title=Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Xijinping_visit/2012-02/22/content_24696523.htm|title=China cautions Turkey against 'East Turkistan' forces|author=陈霞|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan [[War in North-West Pakistan|struggling with domestic Islamist insurgency]] as well as being a close and [[China–Pakistan relations|historic ally of China]] has strongly opposed the ETIM and has taken severe actions against members of [[Uyghurs in Pakistan|Uyghur communities within its borders]] even suspected of being participant in anti-Chinese activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/pakistan-08102011175506.html|title=Pakistan Deports Uyghurs|work=Radio Free Asia}}</ref>
Separately, Pakistan has killed many foreign militants in its territory during anti-Taliban/Al-Qaeda military operations amongst which were Uyghurs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/916826/uighur-leader-killed-in-pakistan-rehman-malik|title=Uighur leader killed in Pakistan: Rehman Malik|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-31-uighur-attacks-thwarted-as-pakistans-zardari-visits-xinjiang|title='Uighur attacks' thwarted as Pakistan's Zardari visits Xinjiang|author=Ben Blanchard|work=The M&G Online}}</ref> as well as Turks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/125464.html|title=German militant killed in Pakistan|publisher=Press TV}}</ref> and Uzbeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/10/world/asia/karachi-pakistan-airport-attack-taliban.html|title=Assault on Pakistan Airport Signals Taliban’s Reach and Resilience|date=10 June 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/report/uzbek-militancy-pakistans-tribal-region|title=Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan's Tribal Region|work=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref>

Turkey which enjoys strong trade links with India still favours Pakistan on the Kashmir dispute as Pakistan reciprocates with support in of Turkish position on Armenia, Azerbaijan and Cyprus. Likewise close military relations between the Turkish and Pakistani military means that the ties between the two nations have a strong strategic element as opposed to a transactional relationship.<ref>http://www.valuewalk.com/2016/11/pakistan-turkey-friendship/</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mei.edu/content/turkey-pakistan-security-relations-1950s Turkey-Pakistan Security Relations since the 1950s]

{{Pakistan–Turkey relations}}
{{Foreign relations of Pakistan}}
{{Foreign relations of Turkey}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan-Turkey Relations}}
[[Category:Pakistan–Turkey relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Turkey]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Pakistan|Turkey]]

Pakistanisch-türkische Beziehungen

2016-11-23T15:20:32Z

Wiki id2:

{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Pakistan-Turkey|Pakistan|Turkey|map=Pakistan Turkey Locator.svg}}
Pakistan has an embassy in [[Ankara]], a Consulate-General in [[Istanbul]] and an honorary consulate in [[Izmir]] whereas, Turkey has an embassy in [[Islamabad]], a Consulate-General in [[Karachi]] and honorary consulates in [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], [[Sialkot]] and [[Faisalabad]]. As of 2016, in a joint communique, Pakistan and Turkey plan to strengthen their close ties into a "strategic partnership".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/turkey-pakistan-vow-to-strengthen-ties-further/687871|title=Turkey, Pakistan vow to strengthen ties further|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radio.gov.pk/17-Nov-2016/pakistan-turkey-reaffirm-commitment-to-transform-relationship-into-strong-strategic-partnership|title=Pakistan, Turkey vow to transform ties into strong strategic partnership|publisher=}}</ref>

Relations date back generations before the establishment of the two states, more precisely during the [[Turkish War of Independence]] when the Muslims of the northwestern British Raj sent financial aid to the declining [[Ottoman Empire]] which was followed by the [[History of the Republic of Turkey|formation of the Turkish Republic]]. Pakistan and Turkey enjoy close cultural, historical and military relations which are now expanding into deepening economic relations as both countries seek to develop their economies. Turkey supports Pakistan's position of holding a plebiscite under the UN to decide if Kashmir wants to join Pakistan, a position which Turkish President Erdogan reaffirmed in a joint address to the Pakistani parliament and which was attended by Pakistan's military high command.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361378-Kashmir-dispute-should-be-solved-according-to-Kash|title=Kashmir dispute should be solved according to Kashmiris' will: Erdogan - Pakistan - Dunya News|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361395-Army-chief-praises-Erdogans-address-in-parliament|title=Army chief praises Erdogan's address in parliament - Pakistan - Dunya News|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey supports Pakistan's membership of the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1296714/turkish-president-erdogan-arrives-in-islamabad|title=Turkish President Erdogan arrives in Islamabad|date=16 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Analysts have also observed that Turkey and Pakistan enjoy close relations during both democratic and military regimes, reflecting the depth of the relations between the two nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232331/turkey-dependable-ally/|title=Turkey, the dependable ally - The Express Tribune|date=15 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

Ties which had historically remained close on nationalist and cultural grounds further deepened under President Erdogan's Islamic-rooted political approach, as he termed Pakistan "home away from home". He became the only foreign leader to address Pakistan's Parliament, the National Assembly more than once, doing so a record three times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/382017/pak-turkey-ties-erdogan-addresses-parliament-offers-sage-advice/|title=Pak-Turkey ties: Erdogan addresses Parliament, offers sage advice - The Express Tribune|date=21 May 2012|publisher=}}</ref> As of 2016, President Erdogan has visited Pakistan 7 times, domestic politics also spillover, infamously [[Fethullah Gulen]] linked officers leaked tapes alleging corruption and arrested Erdogan's close aides, while Erdogan was on a trip to Pakistan, Erdogan accused the Gulenists of sabotage while representing Turkey in a friendly nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/12/can-pakistan-save-erdogan-2013123054425345386.html|title=Can Pakistan save Erdogan?|first=Malik Ayub|last=Sumbal|publisher=}}</ref> Gulen-linked schools are under pressure to close and teachers have had their visas turned down at the behest of the Turkish government since the attempted coup, an indicator of Pakistan's close ties to the Turkish government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232099/turkish-teachers-fear-deportation-asked-renew-visas/|title=108 Turkish teachers asked to leave Pakistan within three days - The Express Tribune|date=15 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/pakistan-expels-turkish-school-staff-gulen-links-161116084837457.html|title=Pakistan expels Turkish school staff over Gulen links|publisher=}}</ref> The Pakistan and Turkish Air Force signed a deal to purchase 52 Super Mushkak trainer jets from Pakistan for Turkey to help re-train new pilots and support recovery of the [[Turkish Armed Forces]] in the aftermath of pilot shortages after the attempted coup.<ref>http://warontherocks.com/2016/09/the-post-coup-purge-of-turkeys-air-force/</ref><ref>http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/362241-Pakistan-to-supply-52-Super-Mushshak-jets-to-Turke</ref>

As a result, Pakistan and Pakistanis have enjoyed a positive perception in Turkey and amongst Turks for many decades. The two nations are in the process of strengthening economic relations with a [[Pakistan-Turkey Free Trade Agreement]] aiming to raise bilateral trade volume to $10 billion by 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/turkey-pakistan-fta-to-be-signed-before-2017-2565808|title=Turkey, Pakistan FTA to be signed before 2017|first=Yeni|last=Şafak|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey and Pakistan have a strong defence relationship consisting of joint excercises and a substantial portion of the Pakistan Navy's fleet consisting of joint Pakistan-Turkish naval ships such as fleet tankers and fast attack craft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quwa.org/2016/10/30/turkey-pakistan-conduct-bilateral-naval-exercise/|title=Turkey & Pakistan conduct bilateral naval exercise|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan supports the Turkish position on Cyprus, Azerbaijan and Armenia, as such Pakistan has no diplomatic relations with Armenia, with Turkey supporting Pakistan's position on the Kashmir dispute,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/islamabad/17-Nov-16/pakistan-turkey-agree-to-deepen-trade-defence-relations|title=Dailytimes - Pakistan, Turkey agree to deepen trade, defence relations|publisher=}}</ref> including alleged human rights violations of Muslims in Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/turkey-backs-pakistans-stance-on-sending-team-to-probe-human-rights-violation-in-kashmir-2949887/|title=Turkey backs Pakistan’s stance on sending team to probe human rights violation in Kashmir|date=2 August 2016|publisher=}}</ref> As a result the two countries have enjoyed strong military and diplomatic relations which is now strengthening towards economic co-operation.

== Development of bilateral relations ==
Turkey established diplomatic relations soon after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and bilateral relations became increasingly close owing to cultural, religious and geopolitical links between the two countries.<ref name="JIA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume5/September-November2000/VolumeVN3ISTHIAQAHMAD.pdf |title=Turkey and Pakistan: Bridging the Growing Divergence |format=PDF |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> Pakistan's founder [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] expressed admiration for Turkey's founding leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and also a desire to develop Pakistan on the Turkish model of modernism. Similarly Pakistan would follow the footstep of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and [[Allama Iqbal]] to develop a modern Islamic Pakistan and all other so called ism are rejected by people of Pakistan.<ref name="CSI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0124/p01s04-wosc.html |title=A Turkish path for Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |date=24 January 2002}}</ref> Similar ideas were expressed by the former [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharraf]], who grew up in Turkey and had received extensive military training there.<ref name="CSI" /><ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2994458.stm|title=BBC NEWS – South Asia – Turkey and Pakistan boost ties|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="IP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FA22Df06.html |title=Turkey and Pakistan join forces |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> [[Jinnah]] is honoured as a great leader in Turkey, and a major road of the Turkish capital [[Ankara]], the [[Cinnah Caddesi]] is named after him, while roads in [[Islamabad]], [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], and [[Larkana]] are named after Atatürk. On 26 October 2009, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] was awarded the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] and was the fourth world leader who spoke to the Pakistani parliament. [[Erdoğan]] said that [[Pakistan]] had always occupied a special place in the hearts and minds of the Turkish government and people.

== Cultural relations ==
[[File:Shashlik ingredients.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Shashlik]], a common [[Eurasian]] dish.]]
Both Pakistan and Turkey are mutually influenced by [[Arab culture|Arab]], [[Turko-Mongol]] and [[Culture of Iran#Traditional cultural inheritors of the old Persia|Persian cultures]]. The region of [[Anatolia]] in Central and Eastern Turkey was occupied multiple times by Persian Empires which has brought Persian cultural and linguistic influence since ancient times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/persian_period.htm|title=Persian Period in Anatolia and Asia Minor|publisher=}}</ref>

The [[Indus Valley]] region of Pakistan was occupied by the [[Achaemenid empire]] going back to the fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajaonline.org/field-report/121|title=The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations at Akra in Northwest Pakistan|publisher=}}</ref>

Modern-day Turkey was home to many ancient European civilizations, including Greek. The country has many traces of cultural and historical influences from the ancient Greeks including Greek archeological sites found in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/details/History/HellenicCiv.html|title=Hellenic Civilization in Turkey|author=Tom Brosnahan, Travel Info Exchange, Inc.|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancient.eu.com/Asia_Minor/|title=Asia Minor|author=Joshua J. Mark|work=Ancient History Encyclopedia}}</ref>

Pakistan also became influenced by Greek culture and civilization, especially in the aftermath of [[Alexander the Great]]'s invasion of the region which later led to the formation of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]. [[Gandhara]] is a major site of ancient Greek legacy in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/gandhara.html|title=Gandhara Civilization|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey became a [[Turkic languages|Turkic speaking]] country as a result of [[Seljuq Empire|Seljuq occupation]] and [[Turkification]] of the region. Though Pakistan is not a Turkic-speaking country, its languages, particularly [[Urdu]], a standard register of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], is strongly influenced by the [[Chagatai language|Turkic language of the Mughals]] before it became their empire's official language. As a result, it has many loanwords from that language. The [[etymology]] of the word "Urdu" traces itself back to [[Mughal Empire|Turkic (Mughal) rule]].<ref>http://swauop.yolasite.com/urdu1.php</ref> Moreover, the common cultural influences on Pakistan and Turkey span several centuries, as many [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Iranic peoples]] ruled vast areas of [[Central Asia]], [[South Asia]] and the [[Middle East]].

The designs of clothing of the two countries also have common origins in Central Asia.

== Trade ==
[[File:Gul Interchange (2).JPG|thumb|250px|right|thumb|The Abdullah Gul Interchange near [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] in [[Lahore]], this interchange was inaugurated by the [[Turkish President]] [[Abdullah Gul]] during his visit to [[Lahore]] in 2010.]]

Turkey and Pakistan are founding members of the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] and part of the [[Developing 8 Countries]] (D-8) organization. Both nations have worked to negotiate a preferential trading agreement, aiming to considerably increase trade and investments, especially in transport, telecommunications, manufacturing, tourism and other industries.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=1677 |title=Turkey to sign PTA with Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Daily Times, Pakistan |date=16 April 2005}}</ref> Both governments have sought to increase the volume of bilateral trade from $690 million to more than $1 billion by 2010.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=102299 |title=Pakistan, Turkey discuss defence co-production |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref> Pakistani exports include rice, [[sesame seeds]], leather, textiles, fabrics, sports goods, and medical equipment. Turkey's exports to Pakistan include wheat, [[chickpeas]], [[lentils]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], chemicals, transport vehicles, machinery and energy products.<ref name="FPJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fpcci.com.pk/tradep&turk.asp |title=Trade between Pakistan & Turkey |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry}}</ref> Turkish private corporations have also invested significantly in industrial and construction projects developing highways, pipelines and canals.<ref name="JIA" /> The two countries are negotiatating the [[Turkey-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement]].

=== Train service ===
A [[container train]] service was launched by the Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Yousuf Raza Gilani]] between Islamabad and [[Istanbul]] on 14 August 2009. The first train carried 20 [[Intermodal container|containers]] with a capacity of around {{convert|750|t|LT ST|0|abbr=on}} <ref>http://www.pakistantimes.net/pt/detail.php?newsId=3343</ref> and will travel {{convert|6500|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}} from Islamabad, through [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and [[Tehran]], Iran and on to Istanbul in two weeks' time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\15\story_15-8-2009_pg7_12 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |publisher=Daily Times |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Railways (Pakistan)|Minister for Railways]] [[Ghulam Ahmad Bilour]], after the trial of the container train service, a passenger train will be launched.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+gilani+launches+trial+phase+of+islamabad-istanbul+train+service-za-06 |title=Pakistan | PM launches trial phase of Pak-Turkey train service |publisher=Dawn.Com |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> There are also hopes the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia, and carry passengers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8201934.stm |title=Pakistan–Turkey rail trial starts |accessdate=16 August 2009 |publisher=BBC News |date=14 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/news/news61296.html|title=Pakistan Plans Passenger Rail Between Pakistan, Iran and Turkey|work=Railway Technology}}</ref>

== Strategic ties ==
Both nations were part of [[Cold War]] alliance called the [[Central Treaty Organization]]. Its goal was to [[containment|contain]] the [[Soviet Union]] ([[USSR]]) by having a line of strong states along the USSR's southern frontiers. Military contacts remain resolute, uncompromising and stalwart as ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/7569/turkey-pakistan-ties-indias-loss-is-chinas-gain|title=Turkey-Pakistan close ties |publisher=World Politics Review}}</ref>

== Trilateral Ankara cooperation process ==
Turkey launched a trilateral summit process between the two states and [[Afghanistan]] in February 2007, following a visit by then [[Turkish Foreign Minister]] [[Abdullah Gül]] to [[Islamabad]], as the backbone of its diversified foreign policy in Southeast Asia and Pakistani deputy [[Humair Hayat Khan Rokhri]] confirmed that according to Gül “we are all brothers who need to support each other,” in order to, “bring security and stability to the region.”<ref name=TZ090507>{{cite news
|url=
|date=7 May 2009
|title=Turkey, Afghanistan and Pakistan solidify cooperation
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

An 1 April 2009 meeting between Pakistani and Afghan leaders, conducted as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, saw the three countries pledged to increase coordination between their political, military and intelligence tiers in the fight against militancy and terrorism. Chairman of the Turkish–Pakistani Friendship Association Burhan Kayatürk has stated that, “It is the first time that the military and intelligence chiefs of Afghanistan and Pakistan have attended the trilateral summit, which is a reflection of the deeper commitment to work together.”<ref name=TZ090506b>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Concerned Turkish deputy calls for active engagement in Pakistan
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

At the 17 April 2009 [[Friends of Pakistan]] Tokyo Donors Conference, Turkish State Minister [[Mehmet Aydın]] pledged $100 million to Pakistan for infrastructure, health and education projects. Turkish Parliamentary Deputy Kayatürk has called on neighbouring countries, including India, to make similar commitments as “It is in their interests to see a stable Pakistan; otherwise violence will spill over into their territory.”<ref name=TZ090506b />

Pakistani and [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] parliamentary deputies came together in [[Ankara]] on 5 May 2009, as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, where they met with the now [[Turkish President]] Gül and new Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] to discuss a variety of issues. Head of the Turkish Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission Murat Mercan stated; <blockquote>“Today we need cooperation between our countries more than ever. I believe Turkey, having historical brotherhood relations with both, is in a special position to improve and deepen this cooperation. Turkey is confident that the cooperation to be established between Afghanistan and Pakistan will help a lot to solve the problems.”<ref name=TZ090506a>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Afghan, Pakistani lawmakers meet in Turkish Parliament
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
}}</ref></blockquote> Chairman of the Pakistani Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission [[Asfandyar Wali Khan]] conveyed his thanks and stated,
:''“We need Turkey’s support to build stability in the region.”''

Mercan concluded,
:''“We are finally on the verge of institutionalising the trilateral Ankara cooperation process within the framework of parliamentary joint initiatives,”'' with follow-up meetings due to be held in Islamabad and [[Kabul]] at four-month intervals.”

== Military relations ==
Pakistan and Turkey have maintained long-standing military ties with Turkey also providing training to Pakistani air force officers in upgrading its [[F-16]] fleet.<ref name="IP" /> On 2 April 1954, Pakistan and Turkey signed a [[treaty]] of friendship and cooperation. Both countries, valued as important states in their regions, joined the U.S.-led [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) aimed to bolster military and strategic cooperation and counter the spread of communism and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] influence in the region.<ref name="VA">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=34|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Turkey has openly supported Pakistan's stance on the [[Kashmir conflict]]. Ankara, further, recognizes Jammu and Kashmir, as part of Pakistan, with which it endeavours to 'spice up' bilateral relations, and the Turkish ambassador to Pakistan spent nearly a week in [[Muzaffarabad]], the capital of Azad Kashmir (Pakistani Administrated Kashmir), in order to show Turkish solidarity with the Pakistanis in regards to Kashmir and maintained political and military support during its [[Wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan|wars with India]].<ref name="VA" /><ref name="VA2">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=109|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] Press |year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Pakistan has reciprocated by expressing support for Turkey's policy on [[Northern Cyprus]].<ref name="X" /><ref name="DQ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |title=Pakistan, Turkey to cooperate in defence industry |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018202001/http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |archivedate=18 October 2006 }}</ref> Both nations have sought to expand cooperation to fight terrorism.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X" /> Both countries are also members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]].

Turkey is also currently a major arms seller to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/features/featureturkeys-formidable-defence-industry-rising-star-or-natos-unruly-ally-4207115/|title=Turkey’s formidable defence industry – rising star or NATO’s unruly ally?|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey previously purchased arms from Pakistan<ref>James Ron ''Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey'' Human Rights Watch, 1995 ISBN 1-56432-161-4, 9781564321619 (page 40)</ref> and continues to purchase minor aerial weapons and components from Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2015/10/05/Pakistan-Turkey-to-improve-defense-ties/9421444052995/|title=Pakistan Turkey to cooperate on defense industry – UPI.com|date=5 October 2015|work=UPI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/145139/pakistan-delivers-parts-for-turkish-uav.html|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra Delivers First Batch of Turkish UAV Parts to Turkish Aerospace Industry|publisher=}}</ref>

== Aid exchange ==
In the aftermath of the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], Turkey stepped up its efforts to help the Pakistani people of the affected areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishembassy.com/ii/O/yardim.htm|title= Humanitarian aid to Pakistan|publisher=Turkish Embassy in Ottawa}}</ref> Turkey announced a package of $150 million for the quake-hit people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/21/top2.htm|title= Turkish aid package for Pakistan|publisher=Dawn News}}</ref> The Turkish aid organization [[Kizilay]] also constructed a mosque in Pakistans [[Azad Kashmir]] region bordering Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir. The mosque is being built in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Style in Pakistan's [[Bagh District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61352|title= Turkish Mosque in Pakistani Kashmir|publisher=World Bulletin}}</ref>

Pakistan supplied Turkey with aid during the 1999 earthquake<ref>{{cite web|url=http://img.static.reliefweb.int/report/turkey/pakistan-sends-relief-goods-turkey-quake-victims|title=Pakistan sends relief goods to Turkey for quake victims|work=ReliefWeb}}</ref> and during the 2011 [[Van earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/10/30/city/lahore/punjab-govt-sends-tents-to-turkey-earthquake-victims/|title=Punjab govt sends tents to Turkey earthquake victims|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-263115-pakistani-red-crescent-extends-help-to-earthquake-victims-in-van.html|title=Pakistani Red Crescent extends help to earthquake victims in Van|work=TodaysZaman}}</ref>

== Opposing ambitions ==
Both Turkey and Pakistan at times have had conflicting interests and ambitions. During the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Afghan civil war]], Turkey became a strong supporter of the [[Northern Alliance]], due to its [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]] and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] members, with which Turkey shares cultural and linguistic ties.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=JjYaRa2vtAkC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=turkey+northern+alliance+afghanistan&source=bl&ots=dANauf-68k&sig=LthO3RrDAnNbd1jnBcfaCmQSuS8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z1kuU7N24pDJAd6egJAH&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=turkey%20northern%20alliance%20afghanistan&f=false|title=Afghanistan and Central Asia|publisher=}}</ref>
Pakistan meanwhile maintained strong relations and support to the [[Taliban]] whom were ethnic [[Pashtuns]] that have ethnic ties to Pakistan's own Pashtun population as well prevent Pakistan's fears of Afghanistan falling into the control of the Northern Alliance whom were supported by Pakistan's various adversaries, including India.

This changed in late 2001 when Pakistan was under international pressure to abolish all its ties with the Taliban and re-align with the [[United States]] and [[NATO]] in the so-called "[[War on Terror]]" following the September 11 attacks in [[New York City]] and [[Washington DC]] which were directly blamed on [[Al-Queda]] and indirectly on the Taliban for sheltering them. As a result, the United States lifted all sanctions that were imposed on Pakistan following Pakistan's 1998 nuclear weapons tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2001_10/sanctionsoct01|title=Bush Waives Nuclear-Related Sanctions on India, Pakistan – Arms Control Association|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey has also supported the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]] (ETIM) in China whom are ethnic [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] that Turkey also shares cultural and linguistic ties with.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/ethno-diplomacy-uyghur-hitch-sino-turkish-relations|title=Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Xijinping_visit/2012-02/22/content_24696523.htm|title=China cautions Turkey against 'East Turkistan' forces|author=陈霞|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan [[War in North-West Pakistan|struggling with domestic Islamist insurgency]] as well as being a close and [[China–Pakistan relations|historic ally of China]] has strongly opposed the ETIM and has taken severe actions against members of [[Uyghurs in Pakistan|Uyghur communities within its borders]] even suspected of being participant in anti-Chinese activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/pakistan-08102011175506.html|title=Pakistan Deports Uyghurs|work=Radio Free Asia}}</ref>
Separately, Pakistan has killed many foreign militants in its territory during anti-Taliban/Al-Qaeda military operations amongst which were Uyghurs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/916826/uighur-leader-killed-in-pakistan-rehman-malik|title=Uighur leader killed in Pakistan: Rehman Malik|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-31-uighur-attacks-thwarted-as-pakistans-zardari-visits-xinjiang|title='Uighur attacks' thwarted as Pakistan's Zardari visits Xinjiang|author=Ben Blanchard|work=The M&G Online}}</ref> as well as Turks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/125464.html|title=German militant killed in Pakistan|publisher=Press TV}}</ref> and Uzbeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/10/world/asia/karachi-pakistan-airport-attack-taliban.html|title=Assault on Pakistan Airport Signals Taliban’s Reach and Resilience|date=10 June 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/report/uzbek-militancy-pakistans-tribal-region|title=Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan's Tribal Region|work=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref>

Turkey which enjoys strong trade links with India still favours Pakistan on the Kashmir dispute as Pakistan reciprocates with support in of Turkish position on Armenia, Azerbaijan and Cyprus. Likewise close military relations between the Turkish and Pakistani military means that the ties between the two nations have a strong strategic element as opposed to a transactional relationship.<ref>http://www.valuewalk.com/2016/11/pakistan-turkey-friendship/</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mei.edu/content/turkey-pakistan-security-relations-1950s Turkey-Pakistan Security Relations since the 1950s]

{{Pakistan–Turkey relations}}
{{Foreign relations of Pakistan}}
{{Foreign relations of Turkey}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan-Turkey Relations}}
[[Category:Pakistan–Turkey relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Turkey]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Pakistan|Turkey]]

Pakistanisch-türkische Beziehungen

2016-11-23T15:18:55Z

Wiki id2:

{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Pakistan-Turkey|Pakistan|Turkey|map=Pakistan Turkey Locator.svg}}
Pakistan has an embassy in [[Ankara]], a Consulate-General in [[Istanbul]] and an honorary consulate in [[Izmir]] whereas, Turkey has an embassy in [[Islamabad]], a Consulate-General in [[Karachi]] and honorary consulates in [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], [[Sialkot]] and [[Faisalabad]]. As of 2016, in a joint communique, Pakistan and Turkey plan to strengthen their close ties into a "strategic partnership".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/turkey-pakistan-vow-to-strengthen-ties-further/687871|title=Turkey, Pakistan vow to strengthen ties further|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radio.gov.pk/17-Nov-2016/pakistan-turkey-reaffirm-commitment-to-transform-relationship-into-strong-strategic-partnership|title=Pakistan, Turkey vow to transform ties into strong strategic partnership|publisher=}}</ref>

Relations date back generations before the establishment of the two states, more precisely during the [[Turkish War of Independence]] when the Muslims of the northwestern British Raj sent financial aid to the declining [[Ottoman Empire]] which was followed by the [[History of the Republic of Turkey|formation of the Turkish Republic]]. Pakistan and Turkey enjoy close cultural, historical and military relations which are now expanding into deepening economic relations as both countries seek to develop their economies. Turkey supports Pakistan's position of holding a plebiscite under the UN to decide if Kashmir wants to join Pakistan, a position which Turkish President Erdogan reaffirmed in a joint address to the Pakistani parliament and which was attended by Pakistan's military high command.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361378-Kashmir-dispute-should-be-solved-according-to-Kash|title=Kashmir dispute should be solved according to Kashmiris' will: Erdogan - Pakistan - Dunya News|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361395-Army-chief-praises-Erdogans-address-in-parliament|title=Army chief praises Erdogan's address in parliament - Pakistan - Dunya News|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey supports Pakistan's membership of the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1296714/turkish-president-erdogan-arrives-in-islamabad|title=Turkish President Erdogan arrives in Islamabad|date=16 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Analysts have also observed that Turkey and Pakistan enjoy close relations during both democratic and military regimes, reflecting the depth of the relations between the two nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232331/turkey-dependable-ally/|title=Turkey, the dependable ally - The Express Tribune|date=15 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

Ties which had historically remained close on nationalist and cultural grounds further deepened under President Erdogan's Islamic-rooted political approach, as he termed Pakistan "home away from home". He became the only foreign leader to address Pakistan's Parliament, the National Assembly more than once, doing so a record three times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/382017/pak-turkey-ties-erdogan-addresses-parliament-offers-sage-advice/|title=Pak-Turkey ties: Erdogan addresses Parliament, offers sage advice - The Express Tribune|date=21 May 2012|publisher=}}</ref> As of 2016, President Erdogan has visited Pakistan 7 times, domestic politics also spillover, infamously [[Fethullah Gulen]] linked officers leaked tapes alleging corruption and arrested Erdogan's close aides, while Erdogan was on a trip to Pakistan, Erdogan accused the Gulenists of sabotage while representing Turkey in a friendly nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/12/can-pakistan-save-erdogan-2013123054425345386.html|title=Can Pakistan save Erdogan?|first=Malik Ayub|last=Sumbal|publisher=}}</ref> Gulen-linked schools are under pressure to close and teachers have had their visas turned down at the behest of the Turkish government since the attempted coup, an indicator of Pakistan's close ties to the Turkish government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232099/turkish-teachers-fear-deportation-asked-renew-visas/|title=108 Turkish teachers asked to leave Pakistan within three days - The Express Tribune|date=15 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/pakistan-expels-turkish-school-staff-gulen-links-161116084837457.html|title=Pakistan expels Turkish school staff over Gulen links|publisher=}}</ref> The Pakistan and Turkish Air Force signed a deal to purchase 52 Super Mushkak trainer jets to the Turkish Air Force to help re-train new pilots and support recovery of the [[Turkish Armed Forces]] in the aftermath of pilot shortages after the attempted coup.<ref>http://warontherocks.com/2016/09/the-post-coup-purge-of-turkeys-air-force/</ref><ref>http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/362241-Pakistan-to-supply-52-Super-Mushshak-jets-to-Turke</ref>

As a result, Pakistan and Pakistanis have enjoyed a positive perception in Turkey and amongst Turks for many decades. The two nations are in the process of strengthening economic relations with a [[Pakistan-Turkey Free Trade Agreement]] aiming to raise bilateral trade volume to $10 billion by 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/turkey-pakistan-fta-to-be-signed-before-2017-2565808|title=Turkey, Pakistan FTA to be signed before 2017|first=Yeni|last=Şafak|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey and Pakistan have a strong defence relationship consisting of joint excercises and a substantial portion of the Pakistan Navy's fleet consisting of joint Pakistan-Turkish naval ships such as fleet tankers and fast attack craft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quwa.org/2016/10/30/turkey-pakistan-conduct-bilateral-naval-exercise/|title=Turkey & Pakistan conduct bilateral naval exercise|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan supports the Turkish position on Cyprus, Azerbaijan and Armenia, as such Pakistan has no diplomatic relations with Armenia, with Turkey supporting Pakistan's position on the Kashmir dispute,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/islamabad/17-Nov-16/pakistan-turkey-agree-to-deepen-trade-defence-relations|title=Dailytimes - Pakistan, Turkey agree to deepen trade, defence relations|publisher=}}</ref> including alleged human rights violations of Muslims in Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/turkey-backs-pakistans-stance-on-sending-team-to-probe-human-rights-violation-in-kashmir-2949887/|title=Turkey backs Pakistan’s stance on sending team to probe human rights violation in Kashmir|date=2 August 2016|publisher=}}</ref> As a result the two countries have enjoyed strong military and diplomatic relations which is now strengthening towards economic co-operation.

== Development of bilateral relations ==
Turkey established diplomatic relations soon after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and bilateral relations became increasingly close owing to cultural, religious and geopolitical links between the two countries.<ref name="JIA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume5/September-November2000/VolumeVN3ISTHIAQAHMAD.pdf |title=Turkey and Pakistan: Bridging the Growing Divergence |format=PDF |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> Pakistan's founder [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] expressed admiration for Turkey's founding leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and also a desire to develop Pakistan on the Turkish model of modernism. Similarly Pakistan would follow the footstep of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and [[Allama Iqbal]] to develop a modern Islamic Pakistan and all other so called ism are rejected by people of Pakistan.<ref name="CSI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0124/p01s04-wosc.html |title=A Turkish path for Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |date=24 January 2002}}</ref> Similar ideas were expressed by the former [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharraf]], who grew up in Turkey and had received extensive military training there.<ref name="CSI" /><ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2994458.stm|title=BBC NEWS – South Asia – Turkey and Pakistan boost ties|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="IP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FA22Df06.html |title=Turkey and Pakistan join forces |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> [[Jinnah]] is honoured as a great leader in Turkey, and a major road of the Turkish capital [[Ankara]], the [[Cinnah Caddesi]] is named after him, while roads in [[Islamabad]], [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], and [[Larkana]] are named after Atatürk. On 26 October 2009, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] was awarded the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] and was the fourth world leader who spoke to the Pakistani parliament. [[Erdoğan]] said that [[Pakistan]] had always occupied a special place in the hearts and minds of the Turkish government and people.

== Cultural relations ==
[[File:Shashlik ingredients.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Shashlik]], a common [[Eurasian]] dish.]]
Both Pakistan and Turkey are mutually influenced by [[Arab culture|Arab]], [[Turko-Mongol]] and [[Culture of Iran#Traditional cultural inheritors of the old Persia|Persian cultures]]. The region of [[Anatolia]] in Central and Eastern Turkey was occupied multiple times by Persian Empires which has brought Persian cultural and linguistic influence since ancient times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/persian_period.htm|title=Persian Period in Anatolia and Asia Minor|publisher=}}</ref>

The [[Indus Valley]] region of Pakistan was occupied by the [[Achaemenid empire]] going back to the fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajaonline.org/field-report/121|title=The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations at Akra in Northwest Pakistan|publisher=}}</ref>

Modern-day Turkey was home to many ancient European civilizations, including Greek. The country has many traces of cultural and historical influences from the ancient Greeks including Greek archeological sites found in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/details/History/HellenicCiv.html|title=Hellenic Civilization in Turkey|author=Tom Brosnahan, Travel Info Exchange, Inc.|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancient.eu.com/Asia_Minor/|title=Asia Minor|author=Joshua J. Mark|work=Ancient History Encyclopedia}}</ref>

Pakistan also became influenced by Greek culture and civilization, especially in the aftermath of [[Alexander the Great]]'s invasion of the region which later led to the formation of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]. [[Gandhara]] is a major site of ancient Greek legacy in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/gandhara.html|title=Gandhara Civilization|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey became a [[Turkic languages|Turkic speaking]] country as a result of [[Seljuq Empire|Seljuq occupation]] and [[Turkification]] of the region. Though Pakistan is not a Turkic-speaking country, its languages, particularly [[Urdu]], a standard register of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], is strongly influenced by the [[Chagatai language|Turkic language of the Mughals]] before it became their empire's official language. As a result, it has many loanwords from that language. The [[etymology]] of the word "Urdu" traces itself back to [[Mughal Empire|Turkic (Mughal) rule]].<ref>http://swauop.yolasite.com/urdu1.php</ref> Moreover, the common cultural influences on Pakistan and Turkey span several centuries, as many [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Iranic peoples]] ruled vast areas of [[Central Asia]], [[South Asia]] and the [[Middle East]].

The designs of clothing of the two countries also have common origins in Central Asia.

== Trade ==
[[File:Gul Interchange (2).JPG|thumb|250px|right|thumb|The Abdullah Gul Interchange near [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] in [[Lahore]], this interchange was inaugurated by the [[Turkish President]] [[Abdullah Gul]] during his visit to [[Lahore]] in 2010.]]

Turkey and Pakistan are founding members of the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] and part of the [[Developing 8 Countries]] (D-8) organization. Both nations have worked to negotiate a preferential trading agreement, aiming to considerably increase trade and investments, especially in transport, telecommunications, manufacturing, tourism and other industries.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=1677 |title=Turkey to sign PTA with Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Daily Times, Pakistan |date=16 April 2005}}</ref> Both governments have sought to increase the volume of bilateral trade from $690 million to more than $1 billion by 2010.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=102299 |title=Pakistan, Turkey discuss defence co-production |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref> Pakistani exports include rice, [[sesame seeds]], leather, textiles, fabrics, sports goods, and medical equipment. Turkey's exports to Pakistan include wheat, [[chickpeas]], [[lentils]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], chemicals, transport vehicles, machinery and energy products.<ref name="FPJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fpcci.com.pk/tradep&turk.asp |title=Trade between Pakistan & Turkey |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry}}</ref> Turkish private corporations have also invested significantly in industrial and construction projects developing highways, pipelines and canals.<ref name="JIA" /> The two countries are negotiatating the [[Turkey-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement]].

=== Train service ===
A [[container train]] service was launched by the Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Yousuf Raza Gilani]] between Islamabad and [[Istanbul]] on 14 August 2009. The first train carried 20 [[Intermodal container|containers]] with a capacity of around {{convert|750|t|LT ST|0|abbr=on}} <ref>http://www.pakistantimes.net/pt/detail.php?newsId=3343</ref> and will travel {{convert|6500|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}} from Islamabad, through [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and [[Tehran]], Iran and on to Istanbul in two weeks' time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\15\story_15-8-2009_pg7_12 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |publisher=Daily Times |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Railways (Pakistan)|Minister for Railways]] [[Ghulam Ahmad Bilour]], after the trial of the container train service, a passenger train will be launched.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+gilani+launches+trial+phase+of+islamabad-istanbul+train+service-za-06 |title=Pakistan | PM launches trial phase of Pak-Turkey train service |publisher=Dawn.Com |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> There are also hopes the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia, and carry passengers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8201934.stm |title=Pakistan–Turkey rail trial starts |accessdate=16 August 2009 |publisher=BBC News |date=14 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/news/news61296.html|title=Pakistan Plans Passenger Rail Between Pakistan, Iran and Turkey|work=Railway Technology}}</ref>

== Strategic ties ==
Both nations were part of [[Cold War]] alliance called the [[Central Treaty Organization]]. Its goal was to [[containment|contain]] the [[Soviet Union]] ([[USSR]]) by having a line of strong states along the USSR's southern frontiers. Military contacts remain resolute, uncompromising and stalwart as ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/7569/turkey-pakistan-ties-indias-loss-is-chinas-gain|title=Turkey-Pakistan close ties |publisher=World Politics Review}}</ref>

== Trilateral Ankara cooperation process ==
Turkey launched a trilateral summit process between the two states and [[Afghanistan]] in February 2007, following a visit by then [[Turkish Foreign Minister]] [[Abdullah Gül]] to [[Islamabad]], as the backbone of its diversified foreign policy in Southeast Asia and Pakistani deputy [[Humair Hayat Khan Rokhri]] confirmed that according to Gül “we are all brothers who need to support each other,” in order to, “bring security and stability to the region.”<ref name=TZ090507>{{cite news
|url=
|date=7 May 2009
|title=Turkey, Afghanistan and Pakistan solidify cooperation
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

An 1 April 2009 meeting between Pakistani and Afghan leaders, conducted as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, saw the three countries pledged to increase coordination between their political, military and intelligence tiers in the fight against militancy and terrorism. Chairman of the Turkish–Pakistani Friendship Association Burhan Kayatürk has stated that, “It is the first time that the military and intelligence chiefs of Afghanistan and Pakistan have attended the trilateral summit, which is a reflection of the deeper commitment to work together.”<ref name=TZ090506b>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Concerned Turkish deputy calls for active engagement in Pakistan
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

At the 17 April 2009 [[Friends of Pakistan]] Tokyo Donors Conference, Turkish State Minister [[Mehmet Aydın]] pledged $100 million to Pakistan for infrastructure, health and education projects. Turkish Parliamentary Deputy Kayatürk has called on neighbouring countries, including India, to make similar commitments as “It is in their interests to see a stable Pakistan; otherwise violence will spill over into their territory.”<ref name=TZ090506b />

Pakistani and [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] parliamentary deputies came together in [[Ankara]] on 5 May 2009, as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, where they met with the now [[Turkish President]] Gül and new Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] to discuss a variety of issues. Head of the Turkish Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission Murat Mercan stated; <blockquote>“Today we need cooperation between our countries more than ever. I believe Turkey, having historical brotherhood relations with both, is in a special position to improve and deepen this cooperation. Turkey is confident that the cooperation to be established between Afghanistan and Pakistan will help a lot to solve the problems.”<ref name=TZ090506a>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Afghan, Pakistani lawmakers meet in Turkish Parliament
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
}}</ref></blockquote> Chairman of the Pakistani Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission [[Asfandyar Wali Khan]] conveyed his thanks and stated,
:''“We need Turkey’s support to build stability in the region.”''

Mercan concluded,
:''“We are finally on the verge of institutionalising the trilateral Ankara cooperation process within the framework of parliamentary joint initiatives,”'' with follow-up meetings due to be held in Islamabad and [[Kabul]] at four-month intervals.”

== Military relations ==
Pakistan and Turkey have maintained long-standing military ties with Turkey also providing training to Pakistani air force officers in upgrading its [[F-16]] fleet.<ref name="IP" /> On 2 April 1954, Pakistan and Turkey signed a [[treaty]] of friendship and cooperation. Both countries, valued as important states in their regions, joined the U.S.-led [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) aimed to bolster military and strategic cooperation and counter the spread of communism and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] influence in the region.<ref name="VA">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=34|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Turkey has openly supported Pakistan's stance on the [[Kashmir conflict]]. Ankara, further, recognizes Jammu and Kashmir, as part of Pakistan, with which it endeavours to 'spice up' bilateral relations, and the Turkish ambassador to Pakistan spent nearly a week in [[Muzaffarabad]], the capital of Azad Kashmir (Pakistani Administrated Kashmir), in order to show Turkish solidarity with the Pakistanis in regards to Kashmir and maintained political and military support during its [[Wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan|wars with India]].<ref name="VA" /><ref name="VA2">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=109|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] Press |year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Pakistan has reciprocated by expressing support for Turkey's policy on [[Northern Cyprus]].<ref name="X" /><ref name="DQ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |title=Pakistan, Turkey to cooperate in defence industry |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018202001/http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |archivedate=18 October 2006 }}</ref> Both nations have sought to expand cooperation to fight terrorism.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X" /> Both countries are also members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]].

Turkey is also currently a major arms seller to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/features/featureturkeys-formidable-defence-industry-rising-star-or-natos-unruly-ally-4207115/|title=Turkey’s formidable defence industry – rising star or NATO’s unruly ally?|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey previously purchased arms from Pakistan<ref>James Ron ''Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey'' Human Rights Watch, 1995 ISBN 1-56432-161-4, 9781564321619 (page 40)</ref> and continues to purchase minor aerial weapons and components from Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2015/10/05/Pakistan-Turkey-to-improve-defense-ties/9421444052995/|title=Pakistan Turkey to cooperate on defense industry – UPI.com|date=5 October 2015|work=UPI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/145139/pakistan-delivers-parts-for-turkish-uav.html|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra Delivers First Batch of Turkish UAV Parts to Turkish Aerospace Industry|publisher=}}</ref>

== Aid exchange ==
In the aftermath of the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], Turkey stepped up its efforts to help the Pakistani people of the affected areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishembassy.com/ii/O/yardim.htm|title= Humanitarian aid to Pakistan|publisher=Turkish Embassy in Ottawa}}</ref> Turkey announced a package of $150 million for the quake-hit people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/21/top2.htm|title= Turkish aid package for Pakistan|publisher=Dawn News}}</ref> The Turkish aid organization [[Kizilay]] also constructed a mosque in Pakistans [[Azad Kashmir]] region bordering Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir. The mosque is being built in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Style in Pakistan's [[Bagh District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61352|title= Turkish Mosque in Pakistani Kashmir|publisher=World Bulletin}}</ref>

Pakistan supplied Turkey with aid during the 1999 earthquake<ref>{{cite web|url=http://img.static.reliefweb.int/report/turkey/pakistan-sends-relief-goods-turkey-quake-victims|title=Pakistan sends relief goods to Turkey for quake victims|work=ReliefWeb}}</ref> and during the 2011 [[Van earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/10/30/city/lahore/punjab-govt-sends-tents-to-turkey-earthquake-victims/|title=Punjab govt sends tents to Turkey earthquake victims|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-263115-pakistani-red-crescent-extends-help-to-earthquake-victims-in-van.html|title=Pakistani Red Crescent extends help to earthquake victims in Van|work=TodaysZaman}}</ref>

== Opposing ambitions ==
Both Turkey and Pakistan at times have had conflicting interests and ambitions. During the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Afghan civil war]], Turkey became a strong supporter of the [[Northern Alliance]], due to its [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]] and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] members, with which Turkey shares cultural and linguistic ties.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=JjYaRa2vtAkC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=turkey+northern+alliance+afghanistan&source=bl&ots=dANauf-68k&sig=LthO3RrDAnNbd1jnBcfaCmQSuS8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z1kuU7N24pDJAd6egJAH&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=turkey%20northern%20alliance%20afghanistan&f=false|title=Afghanistan and Central Asia|publisher=}}</ref>
Pakistan meanwhile maintained strong relations and support to the [[Taliban]] whom were ethnic [[Pashtuns]] that have ethnic ties to Pakistan's own Pashtun population as well prevent Pakistan's fears of Afghanistan falling into the control of the Northern Alliance whom were supported by Pakistan's various adversaries, including India.

This changed in late 2001 when Pakistan was under international pressure to abolish all its ties with the Taliban and re-align with the [[United States]] and [[NATO]] in the so-called "[[War on Terror]]" following the September 11 attacks in [[New York City]] and [[Washington DC]] which were directly blamed on [[Al-Queda]] and indirectly on the Taliban for sheltering them. As a result, the United States lifted all sanctions that were imposed on Pakistan following Pakistan's 1998 nuclear weapons tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2001_10/sanctionsoct01|title=Bush Waives Nuclear-Related Sanctions on India, Pakistan – Arms Control Association|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey has also supported the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]] (ETIM) in China whom are ethnic [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] that Turkey also shares cultural and linguistic ties with.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/ethno-diplomacy-uyghur-hitch-sino-turkish-relations|title=Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Xijinping_visit/2012-02/22/content_24696523.htm|title=China cautions Turkey against 'East Turkistan' forces|author=陈霞|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan [[War in North-West Pakistan|struggling with domestic Islamist insurgency]] as well as being a close and [[China–Pakistan relations|historic ally of China]] has strongly opposed the ETIM and has taken severe actions against members of [[Uyghurs in Pakistan|Uyghur communities within its borders]] even suspected of being participant in anti-Chinese activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/pakistan-08102011175506.html|title=Pakistan Deports Uyghurs|work=Radio Free Asia}}</ref>
Separately, Pakistan has killed many foreign militants in its territory during anti-Taliban/Al-Qaeda military operations amongst which were Uyghurs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/916826/uighur-leader-killed-in-pakistan-rehman-malik|title=Uighur leader killed in Pakistan: Rehman Malik|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-31-uighur-attacks-thwarted-as-pakistans-zardari-visits-xinjiang|title='Uighur attacks' thwarted as Pakistan's Zardari visits Xinjiang|author=Ben Blanchard|work=The M&G Online}}</ref> as well as Turks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/125464.html|title=German militant killed in Pakistan|publisher=Press TV}}</ref> and Uzbeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/10/world/asia/karachi-pakistan-airport-attack-taliban.html|title=Assault on Pakistan Airport Signals Taliban’s Reach and Resilience|date=10 June 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/report/uzbek-militancy-pakistans-tribal-region|title=Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan's Tribal Region|work=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref>

Turkey which enjoys strong trade links with India still favours Pakistan on the Kashmir dispute as Pakistan reciprocates with support in of Turkish position on Armenia, Azerbaijan and Cyprus. Likewise close military relations between the Turkish and Pakistani military means that the ties between the two nations have a strong strategic element as opposed to a transactional relationship.<ref>http://www.valuewalk.com/2016/11/pakistan-turkey-friendship/</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mei.edu/content/turkey-pakistan-security-relations-1950s Turkey-Pakistan Security Relations since the 1950s]

{{Pakistan–Turkey relations}}
{{Foreign relations of Pakistan}}
{{Foreign relations of Turkey}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan-Turkey Relations}}
[[Category:Pakistan–Turkey relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Turkey]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Pakistan|Turkey]]

Pakistanisch-türkische Beziehungen

2016-11-20T18:03:27Z

Wiki id2:

{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Pakistan-Turkey|Pakistan|Turkey|map=Pakistan Turkey Locator.svg}}
Pakistan has an embassy in [[Ankara]], a Consulate-General in [[Istanbul]] and an honorary consulate in [[Izmir]] whereas, Turkey has an embassy in [[Islamabad]], a Consulate-General in [[Karachi]] and honorary consulates in [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], [[Sialkot]] and [[Faisalabad]]. As of 2016, in a joint communique, Pakistan and Turkey plan to strengthen their close ties into a "strategic partnership".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/turkey-pakistan-vow-to-strengthen-ties-further/687871|title=Turkey, Pakistan vow to strengthen ties further|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radio.gov.pk/17-Nov-2016/pakistan-turkey-reaffirm-commitment-to-transform-relationship-into-strong-strategic-partnership|title=Pakistan, Turkey vow to transform ties into strong strategic partnership|publisher=}}</ref>

Relations date back generations before the establishment of the two states, more precisely during the [[Turkish War of Independence]] when the Muslims of the northwestern British Raj sent financial aid to the declining [[Ottoman Empire]] which was followed by the [[History of the Republic of Turkey|formation of the Turkish Republic]]. Pakistan and Turkey enjoy close cultural, historical and military relations which are now expanding into deepening economic relations as both countries seek to develop their economies. Turkey supports Pakistan's position of holding a plebiscite under the UN to decide if Kashmir wants to join Pakistan, a position which Turkish President Erdogan reaffirmed in a joint address to the Pakistani parliament and which was attended by Pakistan's military high command.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361378-Kashmir-dispute-should-be-solved-according-to-Kash|title=Kashmir dispute should be solved according to Kashmiris' will: Erdogan - Pakistan - Dunya News|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361395-Army-chief-praises-Erdogans-address-in-parliament|title=Army chief praises Erdogan's address in parliament - Pakistan - Dunya News|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey supports Pakistan's membership of the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1296714/turkish-president-erdogan-arrives-in-islamabad|title=Turkish President Erdogan arrives in Islamabad|date=16 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Analysts have also observed that Turkey and Pakistan enjoy close relations during both democratic and military regimes, reflecting the depth of the relations between the two nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232331/turkey-dependable-ally/|title=Turkey, the dependable ally - The Express Tribune|date=15 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

Ties which had historically remained close on nationalist and cultural grounds further deepened under President Erdogan's Islamic-rooted political approach, as he termed Pakistan "home away from home". He became the only foreign leader to address Pakistan's Parliament, the National Assembly more than once, doing so a record three times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/382017/pak-turkey-ties-erdogan-addresses-parliament-offers-sage-advice/|title=Pak-Turkey ties: Erdogan addresses Parliament, offers sage advice - The Express Tribune|date=21 May 2012|publisher=}}</ref> As of 2016, President Erdogan has visited Pakistan 7 times, domestic politics also spillover, infamously [[Fethullah Gulen]] linked officers leaked tapes alleging corruption and arrested Erdogan's close aides, while Erdogan was on a trip to Pakistan, Erdogan accused the Gulenists of sabotage while representing Turkey in a friendly nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/12/can-pakistan-save-erdogan-2013123054425345386.html|title=Can Pakistan save Erdogan?|first=Malik Ayub|last=Sumbal|publisher=}}</ref> Gulen-linked schools are under pressure to close and teachers have had their visas turned down at the behest of the Turkish government since the attempted coup, an indicator of Pakistan's close ties to the Turkish government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232099/turkish-teachers-fear-deportation-asked-renew-visas/|title=108 Turkish teachers asked to leave Pakistan within three days - The Express Tribune|date=15 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/pakistan-expels-turkish-school-staff-gulen-links-161116084837457.html|title=Pakistan expels Turkish school staff over Gulen links|publisher=}}</ref>

As a result, Pakistan and Pakistanis have enjoyed a positive perception in Turkey and amongst Turks for many decades. The two nations are in the process of strengthening economic relations with a [[Pakistan-Turkey Free Trade Agreement]] aiming to raise bilateral trade volume to $10 billion by 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/turkey-pakistan-fta-to-be-signed-before-2017-2565808|title=Turkey, Pakistan FTA to be signed before 2017|first=Yeni|last=Şafak|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey and Pakistan have a strong defence relationship consisting of joint excercises and a substantial portion of the Pakistan Navy's fleet consisting of joint Pakistan-Turkish naval ships such as fleet tankers and fast attack craft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quwa.org/2016/10/30/turkey-pakistan-conduct-bilateral-naval-exercise/|title=Turkey & Pakistan conduct bilateral naval exercise|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan supports the Turkish position on Cyprus, Azerbaijan and Armenia, as such Pakistan has no diplomatic relations with Armenia, with Turkey supporting Pakistan's position on the Kashmir dispute,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/islamabad/17-Nov-16/pakistan-turkey-agree-to-deepen-trade-defence-relations|title=Dailytimes - Pakistan, Turkey agree to deepen trade, defence relations|publisher=}}</ref> including alleged human rights violations of Muslims in Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/turkey-backs-pakistans-stance-on-sending-team-to-probe-human-rights-violation-in-kashmir-2949887/|title=Turkey backs Pakistan’s stance on sending team to probe human rights violation in Kashmir|date=2 August 2016|publisher=}}</ref> As a result the two countries have enjoyed strong military and diplomatic relations which is now strengthening towards economic co-operation.

== Development of bilateral relations ==
Turkey established diplomatic relations soon after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and bilateral relations became increasingly close owing to cultural, religious and geopolitical links between the two countries.<ref name="JIA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume5/September-November2000/VolumeVN3ISTHIAQAHMAD.pdf |title=Turkey and Pakistan: Bridging the Growing Divergence |format=PDF |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> Pakistan's founder [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] expressed admiration for Turkey's founding leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and also a desire to develop Pakistan on the Turkish model of modernism. Similarly Pakistan would follow the footstep of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and [[Allama Iqbal]] to develop a modern Islamic Pakistan and all other so called ism are rejected by people of Pakistan.<ref name="CSI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0124/p01s04-wosc.html |title=A Turkish path for Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |date=24 January 2002}}</ref> Similar ideas were expressed by the former [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharraf]], who grew up in Turkey and had received extensive military training there.<ref name="CSI" /><ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2994458.stm|title=BBC NEWS – South Asia – Turkey and Pakistan boost ties|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="IP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FA22Df06.html |title=Turkey and Pakistan join forces |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> [[Jinnah]] is honoured as a great leader in Turkey, and a major road of the Turkish capital [[Ankara]], the [[Cinnah Caddesi]] is named after him, while roads in [[Islamabad]], [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], and [[Larkana]] are named after Atatürk. On 26 October 2009, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] was awarded the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] and was the fourth world leader who spoke to the Pakistani parliament. [[Erdoğan]] said that [[Pakistan]] had always occupied a special place in the hearts and minds of the Turkish government and people.

== Cultural relations ==
[[File:Shashlik ingredients.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Shashlik]], a common [[Eurasian]] dish.]]
Both Pakistan and Turkey are mutually influenced by [[Arab culture|Arab]], [[Turko-Mongol]] and [[Culture of Iran#Traditional cultural inheritors of the old Persia|Persian cultures]]. The region of [[Anatolia]] in Central and Eastern Turkey was occupied multiple times by Persian Empires which has brought Persian cultural and linguistic influence since ancient times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/persian_period.htm|title=Persian Period in Anatolia and Asia Minor|publisher=}}</ref>

The [[Indus Valley]] region of Pakistan was occupied by the [[Achaemenid empire]] going back to the fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajaonline.org/field-report/121|title=The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations at Akra in Northwest Pakistan|publisher=}}</ref>

Modern-day Turkey was home to many ancient European civilizations, including Greek. The country has many traces of cultural and historical influences from the ancient Greeks including Greek archeological sites found in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/details/History/HellenicCiv.html|title=Hellenic Civilization in Turkey|author=Tom Brosnahan, Travel Info Exchange, Inc.|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancient.eu.com/Asia_Minor/|title=Asia Minor|author=Joshua J. Mark|work=Ancient History Encyclopedia}}</ref>

Pakistan also became influenced by Greek culture and civilization, especially in the aftermath of [[Alexander the Great]]'s invasion of the region which later led to the formation of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]. [[Gandhara]] is a major site of ancient Greek legacy in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/gandhara.html|title=Gandhara Civilization|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey became a [[Turkic languages|Turkic speaking]] country as a result of [[Seljuq Empire|Seljuq occupation]] and [[Turkification]] of the region. Though Pakistan is not a Turkic-speaking country, its languages, particularly [[Urdu]], a standard register of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], is strongly influenced by the [[Chagatai language|Turkic language of the Mughals]] before it became their empire's official language. As a result, it has many loanwords from that language. The [[etymology]] of the word "Urdu" traces itself back to [[Mughal Empire|Turkic (Mughal) rule]].<ref>http://swauop.yolasite.com/urdu1.php</ref> Moreover, the common cultural influences on Pakistan and Turkey span several centuries, as many [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Iranic peoples]] ruled vast areas of [[Central Asia]], [[South Asia]] and the [[Middle East]].

The designs of clothing of the two countries also have common origins in Central Asia.

== Trade ==
[[File:Gul Interchange (2).JPG|thumb|250px|right|thumb|The Abdullah Gul Interchange near [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] in [[Lahore]], this interchange was inaugurated by the [[Turkish President]] [[Abdullah Gul]] during his visit to [[Lahore]] in 2010.]]

Turkey and Pakistan are founding members of the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] and part of the [[Developing 8 Countries]] (D-8) organization. Both nations have worked to negotiate a preferential trading agreement, aiming to considerably increase trade and investments, especially in transport, telecommunications, manufacturing, tourism and other industries.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=1677 |title=Turkey to sign PTA with Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Daily Times, Pakistan |date=16 April 2005}}</ref> Both governments have sought to increase the volume of bilateral trade from $690 million to more than $1 billion by 2010.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=102299 |title=Pakistan, Turkey discuss defence co-production |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref> Pakistani exports include rice, [[sesame seeds]], leather, textiles, fabrics, sports goods, and medical equipment. Turkey's exports to Pakistan include wheat, [[chickpeas]], [[lentils]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], chemicals, transport vehicles, machinery and energy products.<ref name="FPJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fpcci.com.pk/tradep&turk.asp |title=Trade between Pakistan & Turkey |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry}}</ref> Turkish private corporations have also invested significantly in industrial and construction projects developing highways, pipelines and canals.<ref name="JIA" /> The two countries are negotiatating the [[Turkey-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement]].

=== Train service ===
A [[container train]] service was launched by the Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Yousuf Raza Gilani]] between Islamabad and [[Istanbul]] on 14 August 2009. The first train carried 20 [[Intermodal container|containers]] with a capacity of around {{convert|750|t|LT ST|0|abbr=on}} <ref>http://www.pakistantimes.net/pt/detail.php?newsId=3343</ref> and will travel {{convert|6500|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}} from Islamabad, through [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and [[Tehran]], Iran and on to Istanbul in two weeks' time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\15\story_15-8-2009_pg7_12 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |publisher=Daily Times |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Railways (Pakistan)|Minister for Railways]] [[Ghulam Ahmad Bilour]], after the trial of the container train service, a passenger train will be launched.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+gilani+launches+trial+phase+of+islamabad-istanbul+train+service-za-06 |title=Pakistan | PM launches trial phase of Pak-Turkey train service |publisher=Dawn.Com |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> There are also hopes the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia, and carry passengers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8201934.stm |title=Pakistan–Turkey rail trial starts |accessdate=16 August 2009 |publisher=BBC News |date=14 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/news/news61296.html|title=Pakistan Plans Passenger Rail Between Pakistan, Iran and Turkey|work=Railway Technology}}</ref>

== Strategic ties ==
Both nations were part of [[Cold War]] alliance called the [[Central Treaty Organization]]. Its goal was to [[containment|contain]] the [[Soviet Union]] ([[USSR]]) by having a line of strong states along the USSR's southern frontiers. Military contacts remain resolute, uncompromising and stalwart as ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/7569/turkey-pakistan-ties-indias-loss-is-chinas-gain|title=Turkey-Pakistan close ties |publisher=World Politics Review}}</ref>

== Trilateral Ankara cooperation process ==
Turkey launched a trilateral summit process between the two states and [[Afghanistan]] in February 2007, following a visit by then [[Turkish Foreign Minister]] [[Abdullah Gül]] to [[Islamabad]], as the backbone of its diversified foreign policy in Southeast Asia and Pakistani deputy [[Humair Hayat Khan Rokhri]] confirmed that according to Gül “we are all brothers who need to support each other,” in order to, “bring security and stability to the region.”<ref name=TZ090507>{{cite news
|url=
|date=7 May 2009
|title=Turkey, Afghanistan and Pakistan solidify cooperation
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

An 1 April 2009 meeting between Pakistani and Afghan leaders, conducted as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, saw the three countries pledged to increase coordination between their political, military and intelligence tiers in the fight against militancy and terrorism. Chairman of the Turkish–Pakistani Friendship Association Burhan Kayatürk has stated that, “It is the first time that the military and intelligence chiefs of Afghanistan and Pakistan have attended the trilateral summit, which is a reflection of the deeper commitment to work together.”<ref name=TZ090506b>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Concerned Turkish deputy calls for active engagement in Pakistan
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

At the 17 April 2009 [[Friends of Pakistan]] Tokyo Donors Conference, Turkish State Minister [[Mehmet Aydın]] pledged $100 million to Pakistan for infrastructure, health and education projects. Turkish Parliamentary Deputy Kayatürk has called on neighbouring countries, including India, to make similar commitments as “It is in their interests to see a stable Pakistan; otherwise violence will spill over into their territory.”<ref name=TZ090506b />

Pakistani and [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] parliamentary deputies came together in [[Ankara]] on 5 May 2009, as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, where they met with the now [[Turkish President]] Gül and new Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] to discuss a variety of issues. Head of the Turkish Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission Murat Mercan stated; <blockquote>“Today we need cooperation between our countries more than ever. I believe Turkey, having historical brotherhood relations with both, is in a special position to improve and deepen this cooperation. Turkey is confident that the cooperation to be established between Afghanistan and Pakistan will help a lot to solve the problems.”<ref name=TZ090506a>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Afghan, Pakistani lawmakers meet in Turkish Parliament
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
}}</ref></blockquote> Chairman of the Pakistani Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission [[Asfandyar Wali Khan]] conveyed his thanks and stated,
:''“We need Turkey’s support to build stability in the region.”''

Mercan concluded,
:''“We are finally on the verge of institutionalising the trilateral Ankara cooperation process within the framework of parliamentary joint initiatives,”'' with follow-up meetings due to be held in Islamabad and [[Kabul]] at four-month intervals.”

== Military relations ==
Pakistan and Turkey have maintained long-standing military ties with Turkey also providing training to Pakistani air force officers in upgrading its [[F-16]] fleet.<ref name="IP" /> On 2 April 1954, Pakistan and Turkey signed a [[treaty]] of friendship and cooperation. Both countries, valued as important states in their regions, joined the U.S.-led [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) aimed to bolster military and strategic cooperation and counter the spread of communism and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] influence in the region.<ref name="VA">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=34|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Turkey has openly supported Pakistan's stance on the [[Kashmir conflict]]. Ankara, further, recognizes Jammu and Kashmir, as part of Pakistan, with which it endeavours to 'spice up' bilateral relations, and the Turkish ambassador to Pakistan spent nearly a week in [[Muzaffarabad]], the capital of Azad Kashmir (Pakistani Administrated Kashmir), in order to show Turkish solidarity with the Pakistanis in regards to Kashmir and maintained political and military support during its [[Wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan|wars with India]].<ref name="VA" /><ref name="VA2">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=109|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] Press |year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Pakistan has reciprocated by expressing support for Turkey's policy on [[Northern Cyprus]].<ref name="X" /><ref name="DQ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |title=Pakistan, Turkey to cooperate in defence industry |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018202001/http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |archivedate=18 October 2006 }}</ref> Both nations have sought to expand cooperation to fight terrorism.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X" /> Both countries are also members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]].

Turkey is also currently a major arms seller to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/features/featureturkeys-formidable-defence-industry-rising-star-or-natos-unruly-ally-4207115/|title=Turkey’s formidable defence industry – rising star or NATO’s unruly ally?|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey previously purchased arms from Pakistan<ref>James Ron ''Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey'' Human Rights Watch, 1995 ISBN 1-56432-161-4, 9781564321619 (page 40)</ref> and continues to purchase minor aerial weapons and components from Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2015/10/05/Pakistan-Turkey-to-improve-defense-ties/9421444052995/|title=Pakistan Turkey to cooperate on defense industry – UPI.com|date=5 October 2015|work=UPI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/145139/pakistan-delivers-parts-for-turkish-uav.html|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra Delivers First Batch of Turkish UAV Parts to Turkish Aerospace Industry|publisher=}}</ref>

== Aid exchange ==
In the aftermath of the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], Turkey stepped up its efforts to help the Pakistani people of the affected areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishembassy.com/ii/O/yardim.htm|title= Humanitarian aid to Pakistan|publisher=Turkish Embassy in Ottawa}}</ref> Turkey announced a package of $150 million for the quake-hit people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/21/top2.htm|title= Turkish aid package for Pakistan|publisher=Dawn News}}</ref> The Turkish aid organization [[Kizilay]] also constructed a mosque in Pakistans [[Azad Kashmir]] region bordering Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir. The mosque is being built in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Style in Pakistan's [[Bagh District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61352|title= Turkish Mosque in Pakistani Kashmir|publisher=World Bulletin}}</ref>

Pakistan supplied Turkey with aid during the 1999 earthquake<ref>{{cite web|url=http://img.static.reliefweb.int/report/turkey/pakistan-sends-relief-goods-turkey-quake-victims|title=Pakistan sends relief goods to Turkey for quake victims|work=ReliefWeb}}</ref> and during the 2011 [[Van earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/10/30/city/lahore/punjab-govt-sends-tents-to-turkey-earthquake-victims/|title=Punjab govt sends tents to Turkey earthquake victims|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-263115-pakistani-red-crescent-extends-help-to-earthquake-victims-in-van.html|title=Pakistani Red Crescent extends help to earthquake victims in Van|work=TodaysZaman}}</ref>

== Opposing ambitions ==
Both Turkey and Pakistan at times have had conflicting interests and ambitions. During the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Afghan civil war]], Turkey became a strong supporter of the [[Northern Alliance]], due to its [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]] and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] members, with which Turkey shares cultural and linguistic ties.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=JjYaRa2vtAkC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=turkey+northern+alliance+afghanistan&source=bl&ots=dANauf-68k&sig=LthO3RrDAnNbd1jnBcfaCmQSuS8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z1kuU7N24pDJAd6egJAH&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=turkey%20northern%20alliance%20afghanistan&f=false|title=Afghanistan and Central Asia|publisher=}}</ref>
Pakistan meanwhile maintained strong relations and support to the [[Taliban]] whom were ethnic [[Pashtuns]] that have ethnic ties to Pakistan's own Pashtun population as well prevent Pakistan's fears of Afghanistan falling into the control of the Northern Alliance whom were supported by Pakistan's various adversaries, including India.

This changed in late 2001 when Pakistan was under international pressure to abolish all its ties with the Taliban and re-align with the [[United States]] and [[NATO]] in the so-called "[[War on Terror]]" following the September 11 attacks in [[New York City]] and [[Washington DC]] which were directly blamed on [[Al-Queda]] and indirectly on the Taliban for sheltering them. As a result, the United States lifted all sanctions that were imposed on Pakistan following Pakistan's 1998 nuclear weapons tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2001_10/sanctionsoct01|title=Bush Waives Nuclear-Related Sanctions on India, Pakistan – Arms Control Association|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey has also supported the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]] (ETIM) in China whom are ethnic [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] that Turkey also shares cultural and linguistic ties with.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/ethno-diplomacy-uyghur-hitch-sino-turkish-relations|title=Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Xijinping_visit/2012-02/22/content_24696523.htm|title=China cautions Turkey against 'East Turkistan' forces|author=陈霞|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan [[War in North-West Pakistan|struggling with domestic Islamist insurgency]] as well as being a close and [[China–Pakistan relations|historic ally of China]] has strongly opposed the ETIM and has taken severe actions against members of [[Uyghurs in Pakistan|Uyghur communities within its borders]] even suspected of being participant in anti-Chinese activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/pakistan-08102011175506.html|title=Pakistan Deports Uyghurs|work=Radio Free Asia}}</ref>
Separately, Pakistan has killed many foreign militants in its territory during anti-Taliban/Al-Qaeda military operations amongst which were Uyghurs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/916826/uighur-leader-killed-in-pakistan-rehman-malik|title=Uighur leader killed in Pakistan: Rehman Malik|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-31-uighur-attacks-thwarted-as-pakistans-zardari-visits-xinjiang|title='Uighur attacks' thwarted as Pakistan's Zardari visits Xinjiang|author=Ben Blanchard|work=The M&G Online}}</ref> as well as Turks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/125464.html|title=German militant killed in Pakistan|publisher=Press TV}}</ref> and Uzbeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/10/world/asia/karachi-pakistan-airport-attack-taliban.html|title=Assault on Pakistan Airport Signals Taliban’s Reach and Resilience|date=10 June 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/report/uzbek-militancy-pakistans-tribal-region|title=Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan's Tribal Region|work=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref>

Turkey which enjoys strong trade links with India still favours Pakistan on the Kashmir dispute as Pakistan reciprocates with support in of Turkish position on Armenia, Azerbaijan and Cyprus. Likewise close military relations between the Turkish and Pakistani military means that the ties between the two nations have a strong strategic element as opposed to a transactional relationship.<ref>http://www.valuewalk.com/2016/11/pakistan-turkey-friendship/</ref>
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mei.edu/content/turkey-pakistan-security-relations-1950s Turkey-Pakistan Security Relations since the 1950s]

{{Pakistan–Turkey relations}}
{{Foreign relations of Pakistan}}
{{Foreign relations of Turkey}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan-Turkey Relations}}
[[Category:Pakistan–Turkey relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Turkey]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Pakistan|Turkey]]

Pakistanisch-türkische Beziehungen

2016-11-19T15:48:11Z

Wiki id2:

{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Pakistan-Turkey|Pakistan|Turkey|map=Pakistan Turkey Locator.svg}}
Pakistan has an embassy in [[Ankara]], a Consulate-General in [[Istanbul]] and an honorary consulate in [[Izmir]] whereas, Turkey has an embassy in [[Islamabad]], a Consulate-General in [[Karachi]] and honorary consulates in [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], [[Sialkot]] and [[Faisalabad]]. As of 2016, in a joint communique, Pakistan and Turkey plan to strengthen their close ties into a "strategic partnership".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/turkey-pakistan-vow-to-strengthen-ties-further/687871|title=Turkey, Pakistan vow to strengthen ties further|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radio.gov.pk/17-Nov-2016/pakistan-turkey-reaffirm-commitment-to-transform-relationship-into-strong-strategic-partnership|title=Pakistan, Turkey vow to transform ties into strong strategic partnership|publisher=}}</ref>

Relations date back generations before the establishment of the two states, more precisely during the [[Turkish War of Independence]] when the Muslims of the northwestern British Raj sent financial aid to the declining [[Ottoman Empire]] which was followed by the [[History of the Republic of Turkey|formation of the Turkish Republic]]. Pakistan and Turkey enjoy close cultural, historical and military relations which are now expanding into deepening economic relations as both countries seek to develop their economies. Turkey supports Pakistan's position of holding a plebiscite under the UN to decide if Kashmir wants to join Pakistan, a position which Turkish President Erdogan reaffirmed in a joint address to the Pakistani parliament and which was attended by Pakistan's military high command.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361378-Kashmir-dispute-should-be-solved-according-to-Kash|title=Kashmir dispute should be solved according to Kashmiris' will: Erdogan - Pakistan - Dunya News|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361395-Army-chief-praises-Erdogans-address-in-parliament|title=Army chief praises Erdogan's address in parliament - Pakistan - Dunya News|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey supports Pakistan's membership of the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1296714/turkish-president-erdogan-arrives-in-islamabad|title=Turkish President Erdogan arrives in Islamabad|date=16 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref> Analysts have also observed that Turkey and Pakistan enjoy close relations during both democratic and military regimes, reflecting the depth of the relations between the two nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232331/turkey-dependable-ally/|title=Turkey, the dependable ally - The Express Tribune|date=15 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

Ties which had historically remained close on nationalist and cultural grounds further deepened under President Erdogan's Islamic-rooted political approach, as he termed Pakistan "home away from home". He became the only foreign leader to address Pakistan's Parliament, the National Assembly more than once, doing so a record three times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/382017/pak-turkey-ties-erdogan-addresses-parliament-offers-sage-advice/|title=Pak-Turkey ties: Erdogan addresses Parliament, offers sage advice - The Express Tribune|date=21 May 2012|publisher=}}</ref> As of 2016, President Erdogan has visited Pakistan 7 times, domestic politics also spillover, infamously [[Fethullah Gulen]] linked officers leaked tapes alleging corruption and arrested Erdogan's close aides, while Erdogan was on a trip to Pakistan, Erdogan accused the Gulenists of sabotage while representing Turkey in a friendly nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/12/can-pakistan-save-erdogan-2013123054425345386.html|title=Can Pakistan save Erdogan?|first=Malik Ayub|last=Sumbal|publisher=}}</ref> Gulen-linked schools are under pressure to close and teachers have had their visas turned down at the behest of the Turkish government since the attempted coup, an indicator of Pakistan's close ties to the Turkish government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232099/turkish-teachers-fear-deportation-asked-renew-visas/|title=108 Turkish teachers asked to leave Pakistan within three days - The Express Tribune|date=15 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/pakistan-expels-turkish-school-staff-gulen-links-161116084837457.html|title=Pakistan expels Turkish school staff over Gulen links|publisher=}}</ref>

As a result, Pakistan and Pakistanis have enjoyed a positive perception in Turkey and amongst Turks for many decades. The two nations are in the process of strengthening economic relations with a [[Pakistan-Turkey Free Trade Agreement]] aiming to raise bilateral trade volume to $10 billion by 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/turkey-pakistan-fta-to-be-signed-before-2017-2565808|title=Turkey, Pakistan FTA to be signed before 2017|first=Yeni|last=Şafak|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey and Pakistan have a strong defence relationship consisting of joint excercises and a substantial portion of the Pakistan Navy's fleet consisting of joint Pakistan-Turkish naval ships such as fleet tankers and fast attack craft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quwa.org/2016/10/30/turkey-pakistan-conduct-bilateral-naval-exercise/|title=Turkey & Pakistan conduct bilateral naval exercise|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan supports the Turkish position on Cyprus, Azerbaijan and Armenia, as such Pakistan has no diplomatic relations with Armenia, with Turkey supporting Pakistan's position on the Kashmir dispute,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/islamabad/17-Nov-16/pakistan-turkey-agree-to-deepen-trade-defence-relations|title=Dailytimes - Pakistan, Turkey agree to deepen trade, defence relations|publisher=}}</ref> including alleged human rights violations of Muslims in Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/turkey-backs-pakistans-stance-on-sending-team-to-probe-human-rights-violation-in-kashmir-2949887/|title=Turkey backs Pakistan’s stance on sending team to probe human rights violation in Kashmir|date=2 August 2016|publisher=}}</ref> As a result the two countries have enjoyed strong military and diplomatic relations which is now strengthening towards economic co-operation.

== Development of bilateral relations ==
Turkey established diplomatic relations soon after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and bilateral relations became increasingly close owing to cultural, religious and geopolitical links between the two countries.<ref name="JIA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume5/September-November2000/VolumeVN3ISTHIAQAHMAD.pdf |title=Turkey and Pakistan: Bridging the Growing Divergence |format=PDF |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> Pakistan's founder [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] expressed admiration for Turkey's founding leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and also a desire to develop Pakistan on the Turkish model of modernism. Similarly Pakistan would follow the footstep of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and [[Allama Iqbal]] to develop a modern Islamic Pakistan and all other so called ism are rejected by people of Pakistan.<ref name="CSI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0124/p01s04-wosc.html |title=A Turkish path for Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |date=24 January 2002}}</ref> Similar ideas were expressed by the former [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharraf]], who grew up in Turkey and had received extensive military training there.<ref name="CSI" /><ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2994458.stm|title=BBC NEWS – South Asia – Turkey and Pakistan boost ties|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="IP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FA22Df06.html |title=Turkey and Pakistan join forces |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> [[Jinnah]] is honoured as a great leader in Turkey, and a major road of the Turkish capital [[Ankara]], the [[Cinnah Caddesi]] is named after him, while roads in [[Islamabad]], [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], and [[Larkana]] are named after Atatürk. On 26 October 2009, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] was awarded the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] and was the fourth world leader who spoke to the Pakistani parliament. [[Erdoğan]] said that [[Pakistan]] had always occupied a special place in the hearts and minds of the Turkish government and people.

== Cultural relations ==
[[File:Shashlik ingredients.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Shashlik]], a common [[Eurasian]] dish.]]
Both Pakistan and Turkey are mutually influenced by [[Arab culture|Arab]], [[Turko-Mongol]] and [[Culture of Iran#Traditional cultural inheritors of the old Persia|Persian cultures]]. The region of [[Anatolia]] in Central and Eastern Turkey was occupied multiple times by Persian Empires which has brought Persian cultural and linguistic influence since ancient times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/persian_period.htm|title=Persian Period in Anatolia and Asia Minor|publisher=}}</ref>

The [[Indus Valley]] region of Pakistan was occupied by the [[Achaemenid empire]] going back to the fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajaonline.org/field-report/121|title=The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations at Akra in Northwest Pakistan|publisher=}}</ref>

Modern-day Turkey was home to many ancient European civilizations, including Greek. The country has many traces of cultural and historical influences from the ancient Greeks including Greek archeological sites found in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/details/History/HellenicCiv.html|title=Hellenic Civilization in Turkey|author=Tom Brosnahan, Travel Info Exchange, Inc.|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancient.eu.com/Asia_Minor/|title=Asia Minor|author=Joshua J. Mark|work=Ancient History Encyclopedia}}</ref>

Pakistan also became influenced by Greek culture and civilization, especially in the aftermath of [[Alexander the Great]]'s invasion of the region which later led to the formation of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]. [[Gandhara]] is a major site of ancient Greek legacy in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/gandhara.html|title=Gandhara Civilization|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey became a [[Turkic languages|Turkic speaking]] country as a result of [[Seljuq Empire|Seljuq occupation]] and [[Turkification]] of the region. Though Pakistan is not a Turkic-speaking country, its languages, particularly [[Urdu]], a standard register of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], is strongly influenced by the [[Chagatai language|Turkic language of the Mughals]] before it became their empire's official language. As a result, it has many loanwords from that language. The [[etymology]] of the word "Urdu" traces itself back to [[Mughal Empire|Turkic (Mughal) rule]].<ref>http://swauop.yolasite.com/urdu1.php</ref> Moreover, the common cultural influences on Pakistan and Turkey span several centuries, as many [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Iranic peoples]] ruled vast areas of [[Central Asia]], [[South Asia]] and the [[Middle East]].

The designs of clothing of the two countries also have common origins in Central Asia.

== Trade ==
[[File:Gul Interchange (2).JPG|thumb|250px|right|thumb|The Abdullah Gul Interchange near [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] in [[Lahore]], this interchange was inaugurated by the [[Turkish President]] [[Abdullah Gul]] during his visit to [[Lahore]] in 2010.]]

Turkey and Pakistan are founding members of the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] and part of the [[Developing 8 Countries]] (D-8) organization. Both nations have worked to negotiate a preferential trading agreement, aiming to considerably increase trade and investments, especially in transport, telecommunications, manufacturing, tourism and other industries.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=1677 |title=Turkey to sign PTA with Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Daily Times, Pakistan |date=16 April 2005}}</ref> Both governments have sought to increase the volume of bilateral trade from $690 million to more than $1 billion by 2010.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=102299 |title=Pakistan, Turkey discuss defence co-production |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref> Pakistani exports include rice, [[sesame seeds]], leather, textiles, fabrics, sports goods, and medical equipment. Turkey's exports to Pakistan include wheat, [[chickpeas]], [[lentils]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], chemicals, transport vehicles, machinery and energy products.<ref name="FPJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fpcci.com.pk/tradep&turk.asp |title=Trade between Pakistan & Turkey |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry}}</ref> Turkish private corporations have also invested significantly in industrial and construction projects developing highways, pipelines and canals.<ref name="JIA" /> The two countries are negotiatating the [[Turkey-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement]].

=== Train service ===
A [[container train]] service was launched by the Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Yousuf Raza Gilani]] between Islamabad and [[Istanbul]] on 14 August 2009. The first train carried 20 [[Intermodal container|containers]] with a capacity of around {{convert|750|t|LT ST|0|abbr=on}} <ref>http://www.pakistantimes.net/pt/detail.php?newsId=3343</ref> and will travel {{convert|6500|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}} from Islamabad, through [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and [[Tehran]], Iran and on to Istanbul in two weeks' time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\15\story_15-8-2009_pg7_12 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |publisher=Daily Times |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Railways (Pakistan)|Minister for Railways]] [[Ghulam Ahmad Bilour]], after the trial of the container train service, a passenger train will be launched.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+gilani+launches+trial+phase+of+islamabad-istanbul+train+service-za-06 |title=Pakistan | PM launches trial phase of Pak-Turkey train service |publisher=Dawn.Com |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> There are also hopes the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia, and carry passengers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8201934.stm |title=Pakistan–Turkey rail trial starts |accessdate=16 August 2009 |publisher=BBC News |date=14 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/news/news61296.html|title=Pakistan Plans Passenger Rail Between Pakistan, Iran and Turkey|work=Railway Technology}}</ref>

== Strategic ties ==
Both nations were part of [[Cold War]] alliance called the [[Central Treaty Organization]]. Its goal was to [[containment|contain]] the [[Soviet Union]] ([[USSR]]) by having a line of strong states along the USSR's southern frontiers. Military contacts remain resolute, uncompromising and stalwart as ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/7569/turkey-pakistan-ties-indias-loss-is-chinas-gain|title=Turkey-Pakistan close ties |publisher=World Politics Review}}</ref>

== Trilateral Ankara cooperation process ==
Turkey launched a trilateral summit process between the two states and [[Afghanistan]] in February 2007, following a visit by then [[Turkish Foreign Minister]] [[Abdullah Gül]] to [[Islamabad]], as the backbone of its diversified foreign policy in Southeast Asia and Pakistani deputy [[Humair Hayat Khan Rokhri]] confirmed that according to Gül “we are all brothers who need to support each other,” in order to, “bring security and stability to the region.”<ref name=TZ090507>{{cite news
|url=
|date=7 May 2009
|title=Turkey, Afghanistan and Pakistan solidify cooperation
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

An 1 April 2009 meeting between Pakistani and Afghan leaders, conducted as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, saw the three countries pledged to increase coordination between their political, military and intelligence tiers in the fight against militancy and terrorism. Chairman of the Turkish–Pakistani Friendship Association Burhan Kayatürk has stated that, “It is the first time that the military and intelligence chiefs of Afghanistan and Pakistan have attended the trilateral summit, which is a reflection of the deeper commitment to work together.”<ref name=TZ090506b>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Concerned Turkish deputy calls for active engagement in Pakistan
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

At the 17 April 2009 [[Friends of Pakistan]] Tokyo Donors Conference, Turkish State Minister [[Mehmet Aydın]] pledged $100 million to Pakistan for infrastructure, health and education projects. Turkish Parliamentary Deputy Kayatürk has called on neighbouring countries, including India, to make similar commitments as “It is in their interests to see a stable Pakistan; otherwise violence will spill over into their territory.”<ref name=TZ090506b />

Pakistani and [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] parliamentary deputies came together in [[Ankara]] on 5 May 2009, as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, where they met with the now [[Turkish President]] Gül and new Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] to discuss a variety of issues. Head of the Turkish Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission Murat Mercan stated; <blockquote>“Today we need cooperation between our countries more than ever. I believe Turkey, having historical brotherhood relations with both, is in a special position to improve and deepen this cooperation. Turkey is confident that the cooperation to be established between Afghanistan and Pakistan will help a lot to solve the problems.”<ref name=TZ090506a>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Afghan, Pakistani lawmakers meet in Turkish Parliament
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
}}</ref></blockquote> Chairman of the Pakistani Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission [[Asfandyar Wali Khan]] conveyed his thanks and stated,
:''“We need Turkey’s support to build stability in the region.”''

Mercan concluded,
:''“We are finally on the verge of institutionalising the trilateral Ankara cooperation process within the framework of parliamentary joint initiatives,”'' with follow-up meetings due to be held in Islamabad and [[Kabul]] at four-month intervals.”

== Military relations ==
Pakistan and Turkey have maintained long-standing military ties with Turkey also providing training to Pakistani air force officers in upgrading its [[F-16]] fleet.<ref name="IP" /> On 2 April 1954, Pakistan and Turkey signed a [[treaty]] of friendship and cooperation. Both countries, valued as important states in their regions, joined the U.S.-led [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) aimed to bolster military and strategic cooperation and counter the spread of communism and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] influence in the region.<ref name="VA">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=34|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Turkey has openly supported Pakistan's stance on the [[Kashmir conflict]]. Ankara, further, recognizes Jammu and Kashmir, as part of Pakistan, with which it endeavours to 'spice up' bilateral relations, and the Turkish ambassador to Pakistan spent nearly a week in [[Muzaffarabad]], the capital of Azad Kashmir (Pakistani Administrated Kashmir), in order to show Turkish solidarity with the Pakistanis in regards to Kashmir and maintained political and military support during its [[Wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan|wars with India]].<ref name="VA" /><ref name="VA2">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=109|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] Press |year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Pakistan has reciprocated by expressing support for Turkey's policy on [[Northern Cyprus]].<ref name="X" /><ref name="DQ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |title=Pakistan, Turkey to cooperate in defence industry |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018202001/http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |archivedate=18 October 2006 }}</ref> Both nations have sought to expand cooperation to fight terrorism.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X" /> Both countries are also members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]].

Turkey is also currently a major arms seller to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/features/featureturkeys-formidable-defence-industry-rising-star-or-natos-unruly-ally-4207115/|title=Turkey’s formidable defence industry – rising star or NATO’s unruly ally?|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey previously purchased arms from Pakistan<ref>James Ron ''Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey'' Human Rights Watch, 1995 ISBN 1-56432-161-4, 9781564321619 (page 40)</ref> and continues to purchase minor aerial weapons and components from Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2015/10/05/Pakistan-Turkey-to-improve-defense-ties/9421444052995/|title=Pakistan Turkey to cooperate on defense industry – UPI.com|date=5 October 2015|work=UPI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/145139/pakistan-delivers-parts-for-turkish-uav.html|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra Delivers First Batch of Turkish UAV Parts to Turkish Aerospace Industry|publisher=}}</ref>

== Aid exchange ==
In the aftermath of the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], Turkey stepped up its efforts to help the Pakistani people of the affected areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishembassy.com/ii/O/yardim.htm|title= Humanitarian aid to Pakistan|publisher=Turkish Embassy in Ottawa}}</ref> Turkey announced a package of $150 million for the quake-hit people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/21/top2.htm|title= Turkish aid package for Pakistan|publisher=Dawn News}}</ref> The Turkish aid organization [[Kizilay]] also constructed a mosque in Pakistans [[Azad Kashmir]] region bordering Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir. The mosque is being built in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Style in Pakistan's [[Bagh District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61352|title= Turkish Mosque in Pakistani Kashmir|publisher=World Bulletin}}</ref>

Pakistan supplied Turkey with aid during the 1999 earthquake<ref>{{cite web|url=http://img.static.reliefweb.int/report/turkey/pakistan-sends-relief-goods-turkey-quake-victims|title=Pakistan sends relief goods to Turkey for quake victims|work=ReliefWeb}}</ref> and during the 2011 [[Van earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/10/30/city/lahore/punjab-govt-sends-tents-to-turkey-earthquake-victims/|title=Punjab govt sends tents to Turkey earthquake victims|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-263115-pakistani-red-crescent-extends-help-to-earthquake-victims-in-van.html|title=Pakistani Red Crescent extends help to earthquake victims in Van|work=TodaysZaman}}</ref>

== Opposing ambitions ==
Both Turkey and Pakistan at times have had conflicting interests and ambitions. During the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Afghan civil war]], Turkey became a strong supporter of the [[Northern Alliance]], due to its [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]] and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] members, with which Turkey shares cultural and linguistic ties.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=JjYaRa2vtAkC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=turkey+northern+alliance+afghanistan&source=bl&ots=dANauf-68k&sig=LthO3RrDAnNbd1jnBcfaCmQSuS8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z1kuU7N24pDJAd6egJAH&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=turkey%20northern%20alliance%20afghanistan&f=false|title=Afghanistan and Central Asia|publisher=}}</ref>
Pakistan meanwhile maintained strong relations and support to the [[Taliban]] whom were ethnic [[Pashtuns]] that have ethnic ties to Pakistan's own Pashtun population as well prevent Pakistan's fears of Afghanistan falling into the control of the Northern Alliance whom were supported by Pakistan's various adversaries, including India.

This changed in late 2001 when Pakistan was under international pressure to abolish all its ties with the Taliban and re-align with the [[United States]] and [[NATO]] in the so-called "[[War on Terror]]" following the September 11 attacks in [[New York City]] and [[Washington DC]] which were directly blamed on [[Al-Queda]] and indirectly on the Taliban for sheltering them. As a result, the United States lifted all sanctions that were imposed on Pakistan following Pakistan's 1998 nuclear weapons tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2001_10/sanctionsoct01|title=Bush Waives Nuclear-Related Sanctions on India, Pakistan – Arms Control Association|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey has also supported the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]] (ETIM) in China whom are ethnic [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] that Turkey also shares cultural and linguistic ties with.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/ethno-diplomacy-uyghur-hitch-sino-turkish-relations|title=Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Xijinping_visit/2012-02/22/content_24696523.htm|title=China cautions Turkey against 'East Turkistan' forces|author=陈霞|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan [[War in North-West Pakistan|struggling with domestic Islamist insurgency]] as well as being a close and [[China–Pakistan relations|historic ally of China]] has strongly opposed the ETIM and has taken severe actions against members of [[Uyghurs in Pakistan|Uyghur communities within its borders]] even suspected of being participant in anti-Chinese activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/pakistan-08102011175506.html|title=Pakistan Deports Uyghurs|work=Radio Free Asia}}</ref>
Separately, Pakistan has killed many foreign militants in its territory during anti-Taliban/Al-Qaeda military operations amongst which were Uyghurs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/916826/uighur-leader-killed-in-pakistan-rehman-malik|title=Uighur leader killed in Pakistan: Rehman Malik|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-31-uighur-attacks-thwarted-as-pakistans-zardari-visits-xinjiang|title='Uighur attacks' thwarted as Pakistan's Zardari visits Xinjiang|author=Ben Blanchard|work=The M&G Online}}</ref> as well as Turks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/125464.html|title=German militant killed in Pakistan|publisher=Press TV}}</ref> and Uzbeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/10/world/asia/karachi-pakistan-airport-attack-taliban.html|title=Assault on Pakistan Airport Signals Taliban’s Reach and Resilience|date=10 June 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/report/uzbek-militancy-pakistans-tribal-region|title=Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan's Tribal Region|work=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mei.edu/content/turkey-pakistan-security-relations-1950s Turkey-Pakistan Security Relations since the 1950s]

{{Pakistan–Turkey relations}}
{{Foreign relations of Pakistan}}
{{Foreign relations of Turkey}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan-Turkey Relations}}
[[Category:Pakistan–Turkey relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Turkey]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Pakistan|Turkey]]

Pakistanisch-türkische Beziehungen

2016-11-17T20:10:56Z

Wiki id2:

{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Pakistan-Turkey|Pakistan|Turkey|map=Pakistan Turkey Locator.svg}}
Pakistan has an embassy in [[Ankara]], a Consulate-General in [[Istanbul]] and an honorary consulate in [[Izmir]] whereas, Turkey has an embassy in [[Islamabad]], a Consulate-General in [[Karachi]] and honorary consulates in [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], [[Sialkot]] and [[Faisalabad]]. As of 2016, in a joint communique, Pakistan and Turkey plan to strengthen their close ties into a "strategic partnership".<ref>http://aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/turkey-pakistan-vow-to-strengthen-ties-further/687871</ref><ref>http://www.radio.gov.pk/17-Nov-2016/pakistan-turkey-reaffirm-commitment-to-transform-relationship-into-strong-strategic-partnership</ref>

Relations date back generations before the establishment of the two states, more precisely during the [[Turkish War of Independence]] when the Muslims of the northwestern British Raj sent financial aid to the declining [[Ottoman Empire]] which was followed by the [[History of the Republic of Turkey|formation of the Turkish Republic]]. Pakistan and Turkey enjoy close cultural, historical and military relations which are now expanding into deepening economic relations as both countries seek to develop their economies. Turkey supports Pakistan's position of holding a plebiscite under the UN to decide if Kashmir wants to join Pakistan, a position which Turkish President Erdogan reaffirmed in a joint address to the Pakistani parliament and which was attended by Pakistan's military high command.<ref>http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361378-Kashmir-dispute-should-be-solved-according-to-Kash</ref><ref>http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361395-Army-chief-praises-Erdogans-address-in-parliament</ref> Turkey supports Pakistan's membership of the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]]<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1296714/turkish-president-erdogan-arrives-in-islamabad</ref> Analysts have also observed that Turkey and Pakistan enjoy close relations during both democratic and military regimes, reflecting the depth of the relations between the two nations.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232331/turkey-dependable-ally/</ref>

Ties which had historically remained close on nationalist and cultural grounds further deepened under President Erdogan's Islamic-rooted political approach, as he termed Pakistan "home away from home". He became the only foreign leader to address Pakistan's Parliament, the National Assembly more than once, doing so twice in four years.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/382017/pak-turkey-ties-erdogan-addresses-parliament-offers-sage-advice/</ref> As of 2016, President Erdogan has visited Pakistan 7 times, domestic politics also spillover, infamously [[Fethullah Gulen]] linked officers leaked tapes alleging corruption and arrested Erdogan's close aides, while Erdogan was on a trip to Pakistan, Erdogan accused the Gulenists of sabotage while representing Turkey in a friendly nation.<ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/12/can-pakistan-save-erdogan-2013123054425345386.html</ref> Gulen-linked schools are under pressure to close and teachers have had their visas turned down at the behest of the Turkish government since the attempted coup, an indicator of Pakistan's close ties to the Turkish government.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232099/turkish-teachers-fear-deportation-asked-renew-visas/</ref><ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/pakistan-expels-turkish-school-staff-gulen-links-161116084837457.html</ref>

As a result, Pakistan and Pakistanis have enjoyed a positive perception in Turkey and amongst Turks for many decades. The two nations are in the process of strengthening economic relations with a [[Pakistan-Turkey Free Trade Agreement]] aiming to raise bilateral trade volume to $10 billion by 2020.<ref>http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/turkey-pakistan-fta-to-be-signed-before-2017-2565808</ref> Turkey and Pakistan have a strong defence relationship consisting of joint excercises and a substantial portion of the Pakistan Navy's fleet consisting of joint Pakistan-Turkish naval ships such as fleet tankers and fast attack craft.<ref>http://quwa.org/2016/10/30/turkey-pakistan-conduct-bilateral-naval-exercise/</ref> Pakistan supports the Turkish position on Cyprus, Azerbaijan and Armenia, as such Pakistan has no diplomatic relations with Armenia, with Turkey supporting Pakistan's position on the Kashmir dispute,<ref>http://dailytimes.com.pk/islamabad/17-Nov-16/pakistan-turkey-agree-to-deepen-trade-defence-relations</ref> including alleged human rights violations of Muslims in Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref>http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/turkey-backs-pakistans-stance-on-sending-team-to-probe-human-rights-violation-in-kashmir-2949887/</ref> As a result the two countries have enjoyed strong military and diplomatic relations which is now strengthening towards economic co-operation.

== Development of bilateral relations ==
Turkey established diplomatic relations soon after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and bilateral relations became increasingly close owing to cultural, religious and geopolitical links between the two countries.<ref name="JIA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume5/September-November2000/VolumeVN3ISTHIAQAHMAD.pdf |title=Turkey and Pakistan: Bridging the Growing Divergence |format=PDF |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> Pakistan's founder [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] expressed admiration for Turkey's founding leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and also a desire to develop Pakistan on the Turkish model of modernism. Similarly Pakistan would follow the footstep of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and [[Allama Iqbal]] to develop a modern Islamic Pakistan and all other so called ism are rejected by people of Pakistan.<ref name="CSI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0124/p01s04-wosc.html |title=A Turkish path for Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |date=24 January 2002}}</ref> Similar ideas were expressed by the former [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharraf]], who grew up in Turkey and had received extensive military training there.<ref name="CSI" /><ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2994458.stm|title=BBC NEWS – South Asia – Turkey and Pakistan boost ties|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="IP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FA22Df06.html |title=Turkey and Pakistan join forces |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> [[Jinnah]] is honoured as a great leader in Turkey, and a major road of the Turkish capital [[Ankara]], the [[Cinnah Caddesi]] is named after him, while roads in [[Islamabad]], [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], and [[Larkana]] are named after Atatürk. On 26 October 2009, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] was awarded the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] and was the fourth world leader who spoke to the Pakistani parliament. [[Erdoğan]] said that [[Pakistan]] had always occupied a special place in the hearts and minds of the Turkish government and people.

== Cultural relations ==
[[File:Shashlik ingredients.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Shashlik]], a common [[Eurasian]] dish.]]
Both Pakistan and Turkey are mutually influenced by [[Arab culture|Arab]], [[Turko-Mongol]] and [[Culture of Iran#Traditional cultural inheritors of the old Persia|Persian cultures]]. The region of [[Anatolia]] in Central and Eastern Turkey was occupied multiple times by Persian Empires which has brought Persian cultural and linguistic influence since ancient times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/persian_period.htm|title=Persian Period in Anatolia and Asia Minor|publisher=}}</ref>

The [[Indus Valley]] region of Pakistan was occupied by the [[Achaemenid empire]] going back to the fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajaonline.org/field-report/121|title=The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations at Akra in Northwest Pakistan|publisher=}}</ref>

Modern-day Turkey was home to many ancient European civilizations, including Greek. The country has many traces of cultural and historical influences from the ancient Greeks including Greek archeological sites found in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/details/History/HellenicCiv.html|title=Hellenic Civilization in Turkey|author=Tom Brosnahan, Travel Info Exchange, Inc.|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancient.eu.com/Asia_Minor/|title=Asia Minor|author=Joshua J. Mark|work=Ancient History Encyclopedia}}</ref>

Pakistan also became influenced by Greek culture and civilization, especially in the aftermath of [[Alexander the Great]]'s invasion of the region which later led to the formation of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]. [[Gandhara]] is a major site of ancient Greek legacy in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/gandhara.html|title=Gandhara Civilization|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey became a [[Turkic languages|Turkic speaking]] country as a result of [[Seljuq Empire|Seljuq occupation]] and [[Turkification]] of the region. Though Pakistan is not a Turkic-speaking country, its languages, particularly [[Urdu]], a standard register of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], is strongly influenced by the [[Chagatai language|Turkic language of the Mughals]] before it became their empire's official language. As a result, it has many loanwords from that language. The [[etymology]] of the word "Urdu" traces itself back to [[Mughal Empire|Turkic (Mughal) rule]].<ref>http://swauop.yolasite.com/urdu1.php</ref> Moreover, the common cultural influences on Pakistan and Turkey span several centuries, as many [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Iranic peoples]] ruled vast areas of [[Central Asia]], [[South Asia]] and the [[Middle East]].

The designs of clothing of the two countries also have common origins in Central Asia.

== Trade ==
[[File:Gul Interchange (2).JPG|thumb|250px|right|thumb|The Abdullah Gul Interchange near [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] in [[Lahore]], this interchange was inaugurated by the [[Turkish President]] [[Abdullah Gul]] during his visit to [[Lahore]] in 2010.]]

Turkey and Pakistan are founding members of the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] and part of the [[Developing 8 Countries]] (D-8) organization. Both nations have worked to negotiate a preferential trading agreement, aiming to considerably increase trade and investments, especially in transport, telecommunications, manufacturing, tourism and other industries.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=1677 |title=Turkey to sign PTA with Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Daily Times, Pakistan |date=16 April 2005}}</ref> Both governments have sought to increase the volume of bilateral trade from $690 million to more than $1 billion by 2010.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=102299 |title=Pakistan, Turkey discuss defence co-production |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref> Pakistani exports include rice, [[sesame seeds]], leather, textiles, fabrics, sports goods, and medical equipment. Turkey's exports to Pakistan include wheat, [[chickpeas]], [[lentils]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], chemicals, transport vehicles, machinery and energy products.<ref name="FPJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fpcci.com.pk/tradep&turk.asp |title=Trade between Pakistan & Turkey |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry}}</ref> Turkish private corporations have also invested significantly in industrial and construction projects developing highways, pipelines and canals.<ref name="JIA" /> The two countries are negotiatating the [[Turkey-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement]].

=== Train service ===
A [[container train]] service was launched by the Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Yousuf Raza Gilani]] between Islamabad and [[Istanbul]] on 14 August 2009. The first train carried 20 [[Intermodal container|containers]] with a capacity of around {{convert|750|t|LT ST|0|abbr=on}} <ref>http://www.pakistantimes.net/pt/detail.php?newsId=3343</ref> and will travel {{convert|6500|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}} from Islamabad, through [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and [[Tehran]], Iran and on to Istanbul in two weeks' time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\15\story_15-8-2009_pg7_12 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |publisher=Daily Times |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Railways (Pakistan)|Minister for Railways]] [[Ghulam Ahmad Bilour]], after the trial of the container train service, a passenger train will be launched.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+gilani+launches+trial+phase+of+islamabad-istanbul+train+service-za-06 |title=Pakistan | PM launches trial phase of Pak-Turkey train service |publisher=Dawn.Com |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> There are also hopes the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia, and carry passengers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8201934.stm |title=Pakistan–Turkey rail trial starts |accessdate=16 August 2009 |publisher=BBC News |date=14 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/news/news61296.html|title=Pakistan Plans Passenger Rail Between Pakistan, Iran and Turkey|work=Railway Technology}}</ref>

== Strategic ties ==
Both nations were part of [[Cold War]] alliance called the [[Central Treaty Organization]]. Its goal was to [[containment|contain]] the [[Soviet Union]] ([[USSR]]) by having a line of strong states along the USSR's southern frontiers. Military contacts remain resolute, uncompromising and stalwart as ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/7569/turkey-pakistan-ties-indias-loss-is-chinas-gain|title=Turkey-Pakistan close ties |publisher=World Politics Review}}</ref>

== Trilateral Ankara cooperation process ==
Turkey launched a trilateral summit process between the two states and [[Afghanistan]] in February 2007, following a visit by then [[Turkish Foreign Minister]] [[Abdullah Gül]] to [[Islamabad]], as the backbone of its diversified foreign policy in Southeast Asia and Pakistani deputy [[Humair Hayat Khan Rokhri]] confirmed that according to Gül “we are all brothers who need to support each other,” in order to, “bring security and stability to the region.”<ref name=TZ090507>{{cite news
|url=
|date=7 May 2009
|title=Turkey, Afghanistan and Pakistan solidify cooperation
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

An 1 April 2009 meeting between Pakistani and Afghan leaders, conducted as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, saw the three countries pledged to increase coordination between their political, military and intelligence tiers in the fight against militancy and terrorism. Chairman of the Turkish–Pakistani Friendship Association Burhan Kayatürk has stated that, “It is the first time that the military and intelligence chiefs of Afghanistan and Pakistan have attended the trilateral summit, which is a reflection of the deeper commitment to work together.”<ref name=TZ090506b>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Concerned Turkish deputy calls for active engagement in Pakistan
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

At the 17 April 2009 [[Friends of Pakistan]] Tokyo Donors Conference, Turkish State Minister [[Mehmet Aydın]] pledged $100 million to Pakistan for infrastructure, health and education projects. Turkish Parliamentary Deputy Kayatürk has called on neighbouring countries, including India, to make similar commitments as “It is in their interests to see a stable Pakistan; otherwise violence will spill over into their territory.”<ref name=TZ090506b />

Pakistani and [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] parliamentary deputies came together in [[Ankara]] on 5 May 2009, as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, where they met with the now [[Turkish President]] Gül and new Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] to discuss a variety of issues. Head of the Turkish Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission Murat Mercan stated; <blockquote>“Today we need cooperation between our countries more than ever. I believe Turkey, having historical brotherhood relations with both, is in a special position to improve and deepen this cooperation. Turkey is confident that the cooperation to be established between Afghanistan and Pakistan will help a lot to solve the problems.”<ref name=TZ090506a>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Afghan, Pakistani lawmakers meet in Turkish Parliament
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
}}</ref></blockquote> Chairman of the Pakistani Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission [[Asfandyar Wali Khan]] conveyed his thanks and stated,
:''“We need Turkey’s support to build stability in the region.”''

Mercan concluded,
:''“We are finally on the verge of institutionalising the trilateral Ankara cooperation process within the framework of parliamentary joint initiatives,”'' with follow-up meetings due to be held in Islamabad and [[Kabul]] at four-month intervals.”

== Military relations ==
Pakistan and Turkey have maintained long-standing military ties with Turkey also providing training to Pakistani air force officers in upgrading its [[F-16]] fleet.<ref name="IP" /> On 2 April 1954, Pakistan and Turkey signed a [[treaty]] of friendship and cooperation. Both countries, valued as important states in their regions, joined the U.S.-led [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) aimed to bolster military and strategic cooperation and counter the spread of communism and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] influence in the region.<ref name="VA">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=34|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Turkey has openly supported Pakistan's stance on the [[Kashmir conflict]]. Ankara, further, recognizes Jammu and Kashmir, as part of Pakistan, with which it endeavours to 'spice up' bilateral relations, and the Turkish ambassador to Pakistan spent nearly a week in [[Muzaffarabad]], the capital of Azad Kashmir (Pakistani Administrated Kashmir), in order to show Turkish solidarity with the Pakistanis in regards to Kashmir and maintained political and military support during its [[Wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan|wars with India]].<ref name="VA" /><ref name="VA2">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=109|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] Press |year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Pakistan has reciprocated by expressing support for Turkey's policy on [[Northern Cyprus]].<ref name="X" /><ref name="DQ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |title=Pakistan, Turkey to cooperate in defence industry |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018202001/http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |archivedate=18 October 2006 }}</ref> Both nations have sought to expand cooperation to fight terrorism.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X" /> Both countries are also members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]].

Turkey is also currently a major arms seller to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/features/featureturkeys-formidable-defence-industry-rising-star-or-natos-unruly-ally-4207115/|title=Turkey’s formidable defence industry – rising star or NATO’s unruly ally?|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey previously purchased arms from Pakistan<ref>James Ron ''Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey'' Human Rights Watch, 1995 ISBN 1-56432-161-4, 9781564321619 (page 40)</ref> and continues to purchase minor aerial weapons and components from Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2015/10/05/Pakistan-Turkey-to-improve-defense-ties/9421444052995/|title=Pakistan Turkey to cooperate on defense industry – UPI.com|date=5 October 2015|work=UPI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/145139/pakistan-delivers-parts-for-turkish-uav.html|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra Delivers First Batch of Turkish UAV Parts to Turkish Aerospace Industry|publisher=}}</ref>

== Aid exchange ==
In the aftermath of the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], Turkey stepped up its efforts to help the Pakistani people of the affected areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishembassy.com/ii/O/yardim.htm|title= Humanitarian aid to Pakistan|publisher=Turkish Embassy in Ottawa}}</ref> Turkey announced a package of $150 million for the quake-hit people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/21/top2.htm|title= Turkish aid package for Pakistan|publisher=Dawn News}}</ref> The Turkish aid organization [[Kizilay]] also constructed a mosque in Pakistans [[Azad Kashmir]] region bordering Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir. The mosque is being built in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Style in Pakistan's [[Bagh District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61352|title= Turkish Mosque in Pakistani Kashmir|publisher=World Bulletin}}</ref>

Pakistan supplied Turkey with aid during the 1999 earthquake<ref>{{cite web|url=http://img.static.reliefweb.int/report/turkey/pakistan-sends-relief-goods-turkey-quake-victims|title=Pakistan sends relief goods to Turkey for quake victims|work=ReliefWeb}}</ref> and during the 2011 [[Van earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/10/30/city/lahore/punjab-govt-sends-tents-to-turkey-earthquake-victims/|title=Punjab govt sends tents to Turkey earthquake victims|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-263115-pakistani-red-crescent-extends-help-to-earthquake-victims-in-van.html|title=Pakistani Red Crescent extends help to earthquake victims in Van|work=TodaysZaman}}</ref>

== Previous opposing ambitions ==
Both Turkey and Pakistan at times have had conflicting interests and ambitions. During the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Afghan civil war]], Turkey became a strong supporter of the [[Northern Alliance]], due to its [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]] and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] members, with which Turkey shares cultural and linguistic ties.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=JjYaRa2vtAkC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=turkey+northern+alliance+afghanistan&source=bl&ots=dANauf-68k&sig=LthO3RrDAnNbd1jnBcfaCmQSuS8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z1kuU7N24pDJAd6egJAH&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=turkey%20northern%20alliance%20afghanistan&f=false|title=Afghanistan and Central Asia|publisher=}}</ref>
Pakistan meanwhile maintained strong relations and support to the [[Taliban]] whom were ethnic [[Pashtuns]] that have ethnic ties to Pakistan's own Pashtun population as well prevent Pakistan's fears of Afghanistan falling into the control of the Northern Alliance whom were supported by Pakistan's various adversaries, including India.

This changed in late 2001 when Pakistan was under international pressure to abolish all its ties with the Taliban and re-align with the [[United States]] and [[NATO]] in the so-called "[[War on Terror]]" following the September 11 attacks in [[New York City]] and [[Washington DC]] which were directly blamed on [[Al-Queda]] and indirectly on the Taliban for sheltering them. As a result, the United States lifted all sanctions that were imposed on Pakistan following Pakistan's 1998 nuclear weapons tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2001_10/sanctionsoct01|title=Bush Waives Nuclear-Related Sanctions on India, Pakistan – Arms Control Association|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey has also supported the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]] (ETIM) in China whom are ethnic [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] that Turkey also shares cultural and linguistic ties with.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/ethno-diplomacy-uyghur-hitch-sino-turkish-relations|title=Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Xijinping_visit/2012-02/22/content_24696523.htm|title=China cautions Turkey against 'East Turkistan' forces|author=陈霞|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan [[War in North-West Pakistan|struggling with domestic Islamist insurgency]] as well as being a close and [[China–Pakistan relations|historic ally of China]] has strongly opposed the ETIM and has taken severe actions against members of [[Uyghurs in Pakistan|Uyghur communities within its borders]] even suspected of being participant in anti-Chinese activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/pakistan-08102011175506.html|title=Pakistan Deports Uyghurs|work=Radio Free Asia}}</ref>
Separately, Pakistan has killed many foreign militants in its territory during anti-Taliban/Al-Qaeda military operations amongst which were Uyghurs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/916826/uighur-leader-killed-in-pakistan-rehman-malik|title=Uighur leader killed in Pakistan: Rehman Malik|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-31-uighur-attacks-thwarted-as-pakistans-zardari-visits-xinjiang|title='Uighur attacks' thwarted as Pakistan's Zardari visits Xinjiang|author=Ben Blanchard|work=The M&G Online}}</ref> as well as Turks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/125464.html|title=German militant killed in Pakistan|publisher=Press TV}}</ref> and Uzbeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/10/world/asia/karachi-pakistan-airport-attack-taliban.html|title=Assault on Pakistan Airport Signals Taliban’s Reach and Resilience|date=10 June 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/report/uzbek-militancy-pakistans-tribal-region|title=Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan's Tribal Region|work=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mei.edu/content/turkey-pakistan-security-relations-1950s Turkey-Pakistan Security Relations since the 1950s]

{{Pakistan–Turkey relations}}
{{Foreign relations of Pakistan}}
{{Foreign relations of Turkey}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan-Turkey Relations}}
[[Category:Pakistan–Turkey relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Turkey]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Pakistan|Turkey]]

Pakistanisch-türkische Beziehungen

2016-11-17T20:10:10Z

Wiki id2:

{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Pakistan-Turkey|Pakistan|Turkey|map=Pakistan Turkey Locator.svg}}
Pakistan has an embassy in [[Ankara]], a Consulate-General in [[Istanbul]] and an honorary consulate in [[Izmir]] whereas, Turkey has an embassy in [[Islamabad]], a Consulate-General in [[Karachi]] and honorary consulates in [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], [[Sialkot]] and [[Faisalabad]]. As of 2016, in a joint communique, Pakistan and Turkey plan to strengthen their close ties into a "strategic partnernship".<ref>http://aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/turkey-pakistan-vow-to-strengthen-ties-further/687871</ref><ref>http://www.radio.gov.pk/17-Nov-2016/pakistan-turkey-reaffirm-commitment-to-transform-relationship-into-strong-strategic-partnership</ref>

Relations date back generations before the establishment of the two states, more precisely during the [[Turkish War of Independence]] when the Muslims of the northwestern British Raj sent financial aid to the declining [[Ottoman Empire]] which was followed by the [[History of the Republic of Turkey|formation of the Turkish Republic]]. Pakistan and Turkey enjoy close cultural, historical and military relations which are now expanding into deepening economic relations as both countries seek to develop their economies. Turkey supports Pakistan's position of holding a plebiscite under the UN to decide if Kashmir wants to join Pakistan, a position which Turkish President Erdogan reaffirmed in a joint address to the Pakistani parliament and which was attended by Pakistan's military high command.<ref>http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361378-Kashmir-dispute-should-be-solved-according-to-Kash</ref><ref>http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361395-Army-chief-praises-Erdogans-address-in-parliament</ref> Turkey supports Pakistan's membership of the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]]<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1296714/turkish-president-erdogan-arrives-in-islamabad</ref> Analysts have also observed that Turkey and Pakistan enjoy close relations during both democratic and military regimes, reflecting the depth of the relations between the two nations.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232331/turkey-dependable-ally/</ref>

Ties which had historically remained close on nationalist and cultural grounds further deepened under President Erdogan's Islamic-rooted political approach, as he termed Pakistan "home away from home". He became the only foreign leader to address Pakistan's Parliament, the National Assembly more than once, doing so twice in four years.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/382017/pak-turkey-ties-erdogan-addresses-parliament-offers-sage-advice/</ref> As of 2016, President Erdogan has visited Pakistan 7 times, domestic politics also spillover, infamously [[Fethullah Gulen]] linked officers leaked tapes alleging corruption and arrested Erdogan's close aides, while Erdogan was on a trip to Pakistan, Erdogan accused the Gulenists of sabotage while representing Turkey in a friendly nation.<ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/12/can-pakistan-save-erdogan-2013123054425345386.html</ref> Gulen-linked schools are under pressure to close and teachers have had their visas turned down at the behest of the Turkish government since the attempted coup, an indicator of Pakistan's close ties to the Turkish government.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232099/turkish-teachers-fear-deportation-asked-renew-visas/</ref><ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/pakistan-expels-turkish-school-staff-gulen-links-161116084837457.html</ref>

As a result, Pakistan and Pakistanis have enjoyed a positive perception in Turkey and amongst Turks for many decades. The two nations are in the process of strengthening economic relations with a [[Pakistan-Turkey Free Trade Agreement]] aiming to raise bilateral trade volume to $10 billion by 2020.<ref>http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/turkey-pakistan-fta-to-be-signed-before-2017-2565808</ref> Turkey and Pakistan have a strong defence relationship consisting of joint excercises and a substantial portion of the Pakistan Navy's fleet consisting of joint Pakistan-Turkish naval ships such as fleet tankers and fast attack craft.<ref>http://quwa.org/2016/10/30/turkey-pakistan-conduct-bilateral-naval-exercise/</ref> Pakistan supports the Turkish position on Cyprus, Azerbaijan and Armenia, as such Pakistan has no diplomatic relations with Armenia, with Turkey supporting Pakistan's position on the Kashmir dispute,<ref>http://dailytimes.com.pk/islamabad/17-Nov-16/pakistan-turkey-agree-to-deepen-trade-defence-relations</ref> including alleged human rights violations of Muslims in Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref>http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/turkey-backs-pakistans-stance-on-sending-team-to-probe-human-rights-violation-in-kashmir-2949887/</ref> As a result the two countries have enjoyed strong military and diplomatic relations which is now strengthening towards economic co-operation.

== Development of bilateral relations ==
Turkey established diplomatic relations soon after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and bilateral relations became increasingly close owing to cultural, religious and geopolitical links between the two countries.<ref name="JIA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume5/September-November2000/VolumeVN3ISTHIAQAHMAD.pdf |title=Turkey and Pakistan: Bridging the Growing Divergence |format=PDF |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> Pakistan's founder [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] expressed admiration for Turkey's founding leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and also a desire to develop Pakistan on the Turkish model of modernism. Similarly Pakistan would follow the footstep of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and [[Allama Iqbal]] to develop a modern Islamic Pakistan and all other so called ism are rejected by people of Pakistan.<ref name="CSI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0124/p01s04-wosc.html |title=A Turkish path for Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |date=24 January 2002}}</ref> Similar ideas were expressed by the former [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharraf]], who grew up in Turkey and had received extensive military training there.<ref name="CSI" /><ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2994458.stm|title=BBC NEWS – South Asia – Turkey and Pakistan boost ties|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="IP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FA22Df06.html |title=Turkey and Pakistan join forces |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> [[Jinnah]] is honoured as a great leader in Turkey, and a major road of the Turkish capital [[Ankara]], the [[Cinnah Caddesi]] is named after him, while roads in [[Islamabad]], [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], and [[Larkana]] are named after Atatürk. On 26 October 2009, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] was awarded the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] and was the fourth world leader who spoke to the Pakistani parliament. [[Erdoğan]] said that [[Pakistan]] had always occupied a special place in the hearts and minds of the Turkish government and people.

== Cultural relations ==
[[File:Shashlik ingredients.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Shashlik]], a common [[Eurasian]] dish.]]
Both Pakistan and Turkey are mutually influenced by [[Arab culture|Arab]], [[Turko-Mongol]] and [[Culture of Iran#Traditional cultural inheritors of the old Persia|Persian cultures]]. The region of [[Anatolia]] in Central and Eastern Turkey was occupied multiple times by Persian Empires which has brought Persian cultural and linguistic influence since ancient times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/persian_period.htm|title=Persian Period in Anatolia and Asia Minor|publisher=}}</ref>

The [[Indus Valley]] region of Pakistan was occupied by the [[Achaemenid empire]] going back to the fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajaonline.org/field-report/121|title=The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations at Akra in Northwest Pakistan|publisher=}}</ref>

Modern-day Turkey was home to many ancient European civilizations, including Greek. The country has many traces of cultural and historical influences from the ancient Greeks including Greek archeological sites found in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/details/History/HellenicCiv.html|title=Hellenic Civilization in Turkey|author=Tom Brosnahan, Travel Info Exchange, Inc.|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancient.eu.com/Asia_Minor/|title=Asia Minor|author=Joshua J. Mark|work=Ancient History Encyclopedia}}</ref>

Pakistan also became influenced by Greek culture and civilization, especially in the aftermath of [[Alexander the Great]]'s invasion of the region which later led to the formation of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]. [[Gandhara]] is a major site of ancient Greek legacy in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/gandhara.html|title=Gandhara Civilization|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey became a [[Turkic languages|Turkic speaking]] country as a result of [[Seljuq Empire|Seljuq occupation]] and [[Turkification]] of the region. Though Pakistan is not a Turkic-speaking country, its languages, particularly [[Urdu]], a standard register of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], is strongly influenced by the [[Chagatai language|Turkic language of the Mughals]] before it became their empire's official language. As a result, it has many loanwords from that language. The [[etymology]] of the word "Urdu" traces itself back to [[Mughal Empire|Turkic (Mughal) rule]].<ref>http://swauop.yolasite.com/urdu1.php</ref> Moreover, the common cultural influences on Pakistan and Turkey span several centuries, as many [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Iranic peoples]] ruled vast areas of [[Central Asia]], [[South Asia]] and the [[Middle East]].

The designs of clothing of the two countries also have common origins in Central Asia.

== Trade ==
[[File:Gul Interchange (2).JPG|thumb|250px|right|thumb|The Abdullah Gul Interchange near [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] in [[Lahore]], this interchange was inaugurated by the [[Turkish President]] [[Abdullah Gul]] during his visit to [[Lahore]] in 2010.]]

Turkey and Pakistan are founding members of the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] and part of the [[Developing 8 Countries]] (D-8) organization. Both nations have worked to negotiate a preferential trading agreement, aiming to considerably increase trade and investments, especially in transport, telecommunications, manufacturing, tourism and other industries.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=1677 |title=Turkey to sign PTA with Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Daily Times, Pakistan |date=16 April 2005}}</ref> Both governments have sought to increase the volume of bilateral trade from $690 million to more than $1 billion by 2010.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=102299 |title=Pakistan, Turkey discuss defence co-production |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref> Pakistani exports include rice, [[sesame seeds]], leather, textiles, fabrics, sports goods, and medical equipment. Turkey's exports to Pakistan include wheat, [[chickpeas]], [[lentils]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], chemicals, transport vehicles, machinery and energy products.<ref name="FPJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fpcci.com.pk/tradep&turk.asp |title=Trade between Pakistan & Turkey |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry}}</ref> Turkish private corporations have also invested significantly in industrial and construction projects developing highways, pipelines and canals.<ref name="JIA" /> The two countries are negotiatating the [[Turkey-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement]].

=== Train service ===
A [[container train]] service was launched by the Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Yousuf Raza Gilani]] between Islamabad and [[Istanbul]] on 14 August 2009. The first train carried 20 [[Intermodal container|containers]] with a capacity of around {{convert|750|t|LT ST|0|abbr=on}} <ref>http://www.pakistantimes.net/pt/detail.php?newsId=3343</ref> and will travel {{convert|6500|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}} from Islamabad, through [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and [[Tehran]], Iran and on to Istanbul in two weeks' time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\15\story_15-8-2009_pg7_12 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |publisher=Daily Times |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Railways (Pakistan)|Minister for Railways]] [[Ghulam Ahmad Bilour]], after the trial of the container train service, a passenger train will be launched.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+gilani+launches+trial+phase+of+islamabad-istanbul+train+service-za-06 |title=Pakistan | PM launches trial phase of Pak-Turkey train service |publisher=Dawn.Com |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> There are also hopes the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia, and carry passengers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8201934.stm |title=Pakistan–Turkey rail trial starts |accessdate=16 August 2009 |publisher=BBC News |date=14 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/news/news61296.html|title=Pakistan Plans Passenger Rail Between Pakistan, Iran and Turkey|work=Railway Technology}}</ref>

== Strategic ties ==
Both nations were part of [[Cold War]] alliance called the [[Central Treaty Organization]]. Its goal was to [[containment|contain]] the [[Soviet Union]] ([[USSR]]) by having a line of strong states along the USSR's southern frontiers. Military contacts remain resolute, uncompromising and stalwart as ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/7569/turkey-pakistan-ties-indias-loss-is-chinas-gain|title=Turkey-Pakistan close ties |publisher=World Politics Review}}</ref>

== Trilateral Ankara cooperation process ==
Turkey launched a trilateral summit process between the two states and [[Afghanistan]] in February 2007, following a visit by then [[Turkish Foreign Minister]] [[Abdullah Gül]] to [[Islamabad]], as the backbone of its diversified foreign policy in Southeast Asia and Pakistani deputy [[Humair Hayat Khan Rokhri]] confirmed that according to Gül “we are all brothers who need to support each other,” in order to, “bring security and stability to the region.”<ref name=TZ090507>{{cite news
|url=
|date=7 May 2009
|title=Turkey, Afghanistan and Pakistan solidify cooperation
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

An 1 April 2009 meeting between Pakistani and Afghan leaders, conducted as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, saw the three countries pledged to increase coordination between their political, military and intelligence tiers in the fight against militancy and terrorism. Chairman of the Turkish–Pakistani Friendship Association Burhan Kayatürk has stated that, “It is the first time that the military and intelligence chiefs of Afghanistan and Pakistan have attended the trilateral summit, which is a reflection of the deeper commitment to work together.”<ref name=TZ090506b>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Concerned Turkish deputy calls for active engagement in Pakistan
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

At the 17 April 2009 [[Friends of Pakistan]] Tokyo Donors Conference, Turkish State Minister [[Mehmet Aydın]] pledged $100 million to Pakistan for infrastructure, health and education projects. Turkish Parliamentary Deputy Kayatürk has called on neighbouring countries, including India, to make similar commitments as “It is in their interests to see a stable Pakistan; otherwise violence will spill over into their territory.”<ref name=TZ090506b />

Pakistani and [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] parliamentary deputies came together in [[Ankara]] on 5 May 2009, as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, where they met with the now [[Turkish President]] Gül and new Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] to discuss a variety of issues. Head of the Turkish Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission Murat Mercan stated; <blockquote>“Today we need cooperation between our countries more than ever. I believe Turkey, having historical brotherhood relations with both, is in a special position to improve and deepen this cooperation. Turkey is confident that the cooperation to be established between Afghanistan and Pakistan will help a lot to solve the problems.”<ref name=TZ090506a>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Afghan, Pakistani lawmakers meet in Turkish Parliament
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
}}</ref></blockquote> Chairman of the Pakistani Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission [[Asfandyar Wali Khan]] conveyed his thanks and stated,
:''“We need Turkey’s support to build stability in the region.”''

Mercan concluded,
:''“We are finally on the verge of institutionalising the trilateral Ankara cooperation process within the framework of parliamentary joint initiatives,”'' with follow-up meetings due to be held in Islamabad and [[Kabul]] at four-month intervals.”

== Military relations ==
Pakistan and Turkey have maintained long-standing military ties with Turkey also providing training to Pakistani air force officers in upgrading its [[F-16]] fleet.<ref name="IP" /> On 2 April 1954, Pakistan and Turkey signed a [[treaty]] of friendship and cooperation. Both countries, valued as important states in their regions, joined the U.S.-led [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) aimed to bolster military and strategic cooperation and counter the spread of communism and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] influence in the region.<ref name="VA">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=34|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Turkey has openly supported Pakistan's stance on the [[Kashmir conflict]]. Ankara, further, recognizes Jammu and Kashmir, as part of Pakistan, with which it endeavours to 'spice up' bilateral relations, and the Turkish ambassador to Pakistan spent nearly a week in [[Muzaffarabad]], the capital of Azad Kashmir (Pakistani Administrated Kashmir), in order to show Turkish solidarity with the Pakistanis in regards to Kashmir and maintained political and military support during its [[Wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan|wars with India]].<ref name="VA" /><ref name="VA2">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=109|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] Press |year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Pakistan has reciprocated by expressing support for Turkey's policy on [[Northern Cyprus]].<ref name="X" /><ref name="DQ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |title=Pakistan, Turkey to cooperate in defence industry |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018202001/http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |archivedate=18 October 2006 }}</ref> Both nations have sought to expand cooperation to fight terrorism.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X" /> Both countries are also members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]].

Turkey is also currently a major arms seller to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/features/featureturkeys-formidable-defence-industry-rising-star-or-natos-unruly-ally-4207115/|title=Turkey’s formidable defence industry – rising star or NATO’s unruly ally?|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey previously purchased arms from Pakistan<ref>James Ron ''Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey'' Human Rights Watch, 1995 ISBN 1-56432-161-4, 9781564321619 (page 40)</ref> and continues to purchase minor aerial weapons and components from Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2015/10/05/Pakistan-Turkey-to-improve-defense-ties/9421444052995/|title=Pakistan Turkey to cooperate on defense industry – UPI.com|date=5 October 2015|work=UPI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/145139/pakistan-delivers-parts-for-turkish-uav.html|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra Delivers First Batch of Turkish UAV Parts to Turkish Aerospace Industry|publisher=}}</ref>

== Aid exchange ==
In the aftermath of the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], Turkey stepped up its efforts to help the Pakistani people of the affected areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishembassy.com/ii/O/yardim.htm|title= Humanitarian aid to Pakistan|publisher=Turkish Embassy in Ottawa}}</ref> Turkey announced a package of $150 million for the quake-hit people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/21/top2.htm|title= Turkish aid package for Pakistan|publisher=Dawn News}}</ref> The Turkish aid organization [[Kizilay]] also constructed a mosque in Pakistans [[Azad Kashmir]] region bordering Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir. The mosque is being built in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Style in Pakistan's [[Bagh District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61352|title= Turkish Mosque in Pakistani Kashmir|publisher=World Bulletin}}</ref>

Pakistan supplied Turkey with aid during the 1999 earthquake<ref>{{cite web|url=http://img.static.reliefweb.int/report/turkey/pakistan-sends-relief-goods-turkey-quake-victims|title=Pakistan sends relief goods to Turkey for quake victims|work=ReliefWeb}}</ref> and during the 2011 [[Van earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/10/30/city/lahore/punjab-govt-sends-tents-to-turkey-earthquake-victims/|title=Punjab govt sends tents to Turkey earthquake victims|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-263115-pakistani-red-crescent-extends-help-to-earthquake-victims-in-van.html|title=Pakistani Red Crescent extends help to earthquake victims in Van|work=TodaysZaman}}</ref>

== Previous opposing ambitions ==
Both Turkey and Pakistan at times have had conflicting interests and ambitions. During the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Afghan civil war]], Turkey became a strong supporter of the [[Northern Alliance]], due to its [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]] and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] members, with which Turkey shares cultural and linguistic ties.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=JjYaRa2vtAkC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=turkey+northern+alliance+afghanistan&source=bl&ots=dANauf-68k&sig=LthO3RrDAnNbd1jnBcfaCmQSuS8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z1kuU7N24pDJAd6egJAH&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=turkey%20northern%20alliance%20afghanistan&f=false|title=Afghanistan and Central Asia|publisher=}}</ref>
Pakistan meanwhile maintained strong relations and support to the [[Taliban]] whom were ethnic [[Pashtuns]] that have ethnic ties to Pakistan's own Pashtun population as well prevent Pakistan's fears of Afghanistan falling into the control of the Northern Alliance whom were supported by Pakistan's various adversaries, including India.

This changed in late 2001 when Pakistan was under international pressure to abolish all its ties with the Taliban and re-align with the [[United States]] and [[NATO]] in the so-called "[[War on Terror]]" following the September 11 attacks in [[New York City]] and [[Washington DC]] which were directly blamed on [[Al-Queda]] and indirectly on the Taliban for sheltering them. As a result, the United States lifted all sanctions that were imposed on Pakistan following Pakistan's 1998 nuclear weapons tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2001_10/sanctionsoct01|title=Bush Waives Nuclear-Related Sanctions on India, Pakistan – Arms Control Association|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey has also supported the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]] (ETIM) in China whom are ethnic [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] that Turkey also shares cultural and linguistic ties with.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/ethno-diplomacy-uyghur-hitch-sino-turkish-relations|title=Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Xijinping_visit/2012-02/22/content_24696523.htm|title=China cautions Turkey against 'East Turkistan' forces|author=陈霞|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan [[War in North-West Pakistan|struggling with domestic Islamist insurgency]] as well as being a close and [[China–Pakistan relations|historic ally of China]] has strongly opposed the ETIM and has taken severe actions against members of [[Uyghurs in Pakistan|Uyghur communities within its borders]] even suspected of being participant in anti-Chinese activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/pakistan-08102011175506.html|title=Pakistan Deports Uyghurs|work=Radio Free Asia}}</ref>
Separately, Pakistan has killed many foreign militants in its territory during anti-Taliban/Al-Qaeda military operations amongst which were Uyghurs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/916826/uighur-leader-killed-in-pakistan-rehman-malik|title=Uighur leader killed in Pakistan: Rehman Malik|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-31-uighur-attacks-thwarted-as-pakistans-zardari-visits-xinjiang|title='Uighur attacks' thwarted as Pakistan's Zardari visits Xinjiang|author=Ben Blanchard|work=The M&G Online}}</ref> as well as Turks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/125464.html|title=German militant killed in Pakistan|publisher=Press TV}}</ref> and Uzbeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/10/world/asia/karachi-pakistan-airport-attack-taliban.html|title=Assault on Pakistan Airport Signals Taliban’s Reach and Resilience|date=10 June 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/report/uzbek-militancy-pakistans-tribal-region|title=Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan's Tribal Region|work=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mei.edu/content/turkey-pakistan-security-relations-1950s Turkey-Pakistan Security Relations since the 1950s]

{{Pakistan–Turkey relations}}
{{Foreign relations of Pakistan}}
{{Foreign relations of Turkey}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan-Turkey Relations}}
[[Category:Pakistan–Turkey relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Turkey]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Pakistan|Turkey]]

Pakistanisch-türkische Beziehungen

2016-11-17T20:09:49Z

Wiki id2:

{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Pakistan-Turkey|Pakistan|Turkey|map=Pakistan Turkey Locator.svg}}
Pakistan has an embassy in [[Ankara]], a Consulate-General in [[Istanbul]] and an honorary consulate in [[Izmir]] whereas, Turkey has an embassy in [[Islamabad]], a Consulate-General in [[Karachi]] and honorary consulates in [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], [[Sialkot]] and [[Faisalabad]]. As of 2016, in a joint communique, Pakistan and Turkey plan to strengthen their close ties into a "strategic partnernship".<ref>http://aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/turkey-pakistan-vow-to-strengthen-ties-further/687871</ref><ref><ref>http://www.radio.gov.pk/17-Nov-2016/pakistan-turkey-reaffirm-commitment-to-transform-relationship-into-strong-strategic-partnership</ref>

Relations date back generations before the establishment of the two states, more precisely during the [[Turkish War of Independence]] when the Muslims of the northwestern British Raj sent financial aid to the declining [[Ottoman Empire]] which was followed by the [[History of the Republic of Turkey|formation of the Turkish Republic]]. Pakistan and Turkey enjoy close cultural, historical and military relations which are now expanding into deepening economic relations as both countries seek to develop their economies. Turkey supports Pakistan's position of holding a plebiscite under the UN to decide if Kashmir wants to join Pakistan, a position which Turkish President Erdogan reaffirmed in a joint address to the Pakistani parliament and which was attended by Pakistan's military high command.<ref>http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361378-Kashmir-dispute-should-be-solved-according-to-Kash</ref><ref>http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361395-Army-chief-praises-Erdogans-address-in-parliament</ref> Turkey supports Pakistan's membership of the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]]<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1296714/turkish-president-erdogan-arrives-in-islamabad</ref> Analysts have also observed that Turkey and Pakistan enjoy close relations during both democratic and military regimes, reflecting the depth of the relations between the two nations.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232331/turkey-dependable-ally/</ref>

Ties which had historically remained close on nationalist and cultural grounds further deepened under President Erdogan's Islamic-rooted political approach, as he termed Pakistan "home away from home". He became the only foreign leader to address Pakistan's Parliament, the National Assembly more than once, doing so twice in four years.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/382017/pak-turkey-ties-erdogan-addresses-parliament-offers-sage-advice/</ref> As of 2016, President Erdogan has visited Pakistan 7 times, domestic politics also spillover, infamously [[Fethullah Gulen]] linked officers leaked tapes alleging corruption and arrested Erdogan's close aides, while Erdogan was on a trip to Pakistan, Erdogan accused the Gulenists of sabotage while representing Turkey in a friendly nation.<ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/12/can-pakistan-save-erdogan-2013123054425345386.html</ref> Gulen-linked schools are under pressure to close and teachers have had their visas turned down at the behest of the Turkish government since the attempted coup, an indicator of Pakistan's close ties to the Turkish government.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232099/turkish-teachers-fear-deportation-asked-renew-visas/</ref><ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/pakistan-expels-turkish-school-staff-gulen-links-161116084837457.html</ref>

As a result, Pakistan and Pakistanis have enjoyed a positive perception in Turkey and amongst Turks for many decades. The two nations are in the process of strengthening economic relations with a [[Pakistan-Turkey Free Trade Agreement]] aiming to raise bilateral trade volume to $10 billion by 2020.<ref>http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/turkey-pakistan-fta-to-be-signed-before-2017-2565808</ref> Turkey and Pakistan have a strong defence relationship consisting of joint excercises and a substantial portion of the Pakistan Navy's fleet consisting of joint Pakistan-Turkish naval ships such as fleet tankers and fast attack craft.<ref>http://quwa.org/2016/10/30/turkey-pakistan-conduct-bilateral-naval-exercise/</ref> Pakistan supports the Turkish position on Cyprus, Azerbaijan and Armenia, as such Pakistan has no diplomatic relations with Armenia, with Turkey supporting Pakistan's position on the Kashmir dispute,<ref>http://dailytimes.com.pk/islamabad/17-Nov-16/pakistan-turkey-agree-to-deepen-trade-defence-relations</ref> including alleged human rights violations of Muslims in Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref>http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/turkey-backs-pakistans-stance-on-sending-team-to-probe-human-rights-violation-in-kashmir-2949887/</ref> As a result the two countries have enjoyed strong military and diplomatic relations which is now strengthening towards economic co-operation.

== Development of bilateral relations ==
Turkey established diplomatic relations soon after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and bilateral relations became increasingly close owing to cultural, religious and geopolitical links between the two countries.<ref name="JIA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume5/September-November2000/VolumeVN3ISTHIAQAHMAD.pdf |title=Turkey and Pakistan: Bridging the Growing Divergence |format=PDF |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> Pakistan's founder [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] expressed admiration for Turkey's founding leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and also a desire to develop Pakistan on the Turkish model of modernism. Similarly Pakistan would follow the footstep of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and [[Allama Iqbal]] to develop a modern Islamic Pakistan and all other so called ism are rejected by people of Pakistan.<ref name="CSI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0124/p01s04-wosc.html |title=A Turkish path for Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |date=24 January 2002}}</ref> Similar ideas were expressed by the former [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharraf]], who grew up in Turkey and had received extensive military training there.<ref name="CSI" /><ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2994458.stm|title=BBC NEWS – South Asia – Turkey and Pakistan boost ties|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="IP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FA22Df06.html |title=Turkey and Pakistan join forces |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> [[Jinnah]] is honoured as a great leader in Turkey, and a major road of the Turkish capital [[Ankara]], the [[Cinnah Caddesi]] is named after him, while roads in [[Islamabad]], [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], and [[Larkana]] are named after Atatürk. On 26 October 2009, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] was awarded the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] and was the fourth world leader who spoke to the Pakistani parliament. [[Erdoğan]] said that [[Pakistan]] had always occupied a special place in the hearts and minds of the Turkish government and people.

== Cultural relations ==
[[File:Shashlik ingredients.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Shashlik]], a common [[Eurasian]] dish.]]
Both Pakistan and Turkey are mutually influenced by [[Arab culture|Arab]], [[Turko-Mongol]] and [[Culture of Iran#Traditional cultural inheritors of the old Persia|Persian cultures]]. The region of [[Anatolia]] in Central and Eastern Turkey was occupied multiple times by Persian Empires which has brought Persian cultural and linguistic influence since ancient times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/persian_period.htm|title=Persian Period in Anatolia and Asia Minor|publisher=}}</ref>

The [[Indus Valley]] region of Pakistan was occupied by the [[Achaemenid empire]] going back to the fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajaonline.org/field-report/121|title=The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations at Akra in Northwest Pakistan|publisher=}}</ref>

Modern-day Turkey was home to many ancient European civilizations, including Greek. The country has many traces of cultural and historical influences from the ancient Greeks including Greek archeological sites found in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/details/History/HellenicCiv.html|title=Hellenic Civilization in Turkey|author=Tom Brosnahan, Travel Info Exchange, Inc.|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancient.eu.com/Asia_Minor/|title=Asia Minor|author=Joshua J. Mark|work=Ancient History Encyclopedia}}</ref>

Pakistan also became influenced by Greek culture and civilization, especially in the aftermath of [[Alexander the Great]]'s invasion of the region which later led to the formation of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]. [[Gandhara]] is a major site of ancient Greek legacy in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/gandhara.html|title=Gandhara Civilization|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey became a [[Turkic languages|Turkic speaking]] country as a result of [[Seljuq Empire|Seljuq occupation]] and [[Turkification]] of the region. Though Pakistan is not a Turkic-speaking country, its languages, particularly [[Urdu]], a standard register of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], is strongly influenced by the [[Chagatai language|Turkic language of the Mughals]] before it became their empire's official language. As a result, it has many loanwords from that language. The [[etymology]] of the word "Urdu" traces itself back to [[Mughal Empire|Turkic (Mughal) rule]].<ref>http://swauop.yolasite.com/urdu1.php</ref> Moreover, the common cultural influences on Pakistan and Turkey span several centuries, as many [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Iranic peoples]] ruled vast areas of [[Central Asia]], [[South Asia]] and the [[Middle East]].

The designs of clothing of the two countries also have common origins in Central Asia.

== Trade ==
[[File:Gul Interchange (2).JPG|thumb|250px|right|thumb|The Abdullah Gul Interchange near [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] in [[Lahore]], this interchange was inaugurated by the [[Turkish President]] [[Abdullah Gul]] during his visit to [[Lahore]] in 2010.]]

Turkey and Pakistan are founding members of the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] and part of the [[Developing 8 Countries]] (D-8) organization. Both nations have worked to negotiate a preferential trading agreement, aiming to considerably increase trade and investments, especially in transport, telecommunications, manufacturing, tourism and other industries.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=1677 |title=Turkey to sign PTA with Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Daily Times, Pakistan |date=16 April 2005}}</ref> Both governments have sought to increase the volume of bilateral trade from $690 million to more than $1 billion by 2010.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=102299 |title=Pakistan, Turkey discuss defence co-production |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref> Pakistani exports include rice, [[sesame seeds]], leather, textiles, fabrics, sports goods, and medical equipment. Turkey's exports to Pakistan include wheat, [[chickpeas]], [[lentils]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], chemicals, transport vehicles, machinery and energy products.<ref name="FPJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fpcci.com.pk/tradep&turk.asp |title=Trade between Pakistan & Turkey |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry}}</ref> Turkish private corporations have also invested significantly in industrial and construction projects developing highways, pipelines and canals.<ref name="JIA" /> The two countries are negotiatating the [[Turkey-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement]].

=== Train service ===
A [[container train]] service was launched by the Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Yousuf Raza Gilani]] between Islamabad and [[Istanbul]] on 14 August 2009. The first train carried 20 [[Intermodal container|containers]] with a capacity of around {{convert|750|t|LT ST|0|abbr=on}} <ref>http://www.pakistantimes.net/pt/detail.php?newsId=3343</ref> and will travel {{convert|6500|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}} from Islamabad, through [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and [[Tehran]], Iran and on to Istanbul in two weeks' time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\15\story_15-8-2009_pg7_12 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |publisher=Daily Times |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Railways (Pakistan)|Minister for Railways]] [[Ghulam Ahmad Bilour]], after the trial of the container train service, a passenger train will be launched.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+gilani+launches+trial+phase+of+islamabad-istanbul+train+service-za-06 |title=Pakistan | PM launches trial phase of Pak-Turkey train service |publisher=Dawn.Com |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> There are also hopes the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia, and carry passengers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8201934.stm |title=Pakistan–Turkey rail trial starts |accessdate=16 August 2009 |publisher=BBC News |date=14 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/news/news61296.html|title=Pakistan Plans Passenger Rail Between Pakistan, Iran and Turkey|work=Railway Technology}}</ref>

== Strategic ties ==
Both nations were part of [[Cold War]] alliance called the [[Central Treaty Organization]]. Its goal was to [[containment|contain]] the [[Soviet Union]] ([[USSR]]) by having a line of strong states along the USSR's southern frontiers. Military contacts remain resolute, uncompromising and stalwart as ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/7569/turkey-pakistan-ties-indias-loss-is-chinas-gain|title=Turkey-Pakistan close ties |publisher=World Politics Review}}</ref>

== Trilateral Ankara cooperation process ==
Turkey launched a trilateral summit process between the two states and [[Afghanistan]] in February 2007, following a visit by then [[Turkish Foreign Minister]] [[Abdullah Gül]] to [[Islamabad]], as the backbone of its diversified foreign policy in Southeast Asia and Pakistani deputy [[Humair Hayat Khan Rokhri]] confirmed that according to Gül “we are all brothers who need to support each other,” in order to, “bring security and stability to the region.”<ref name=TZ090507>{{cite news
|url=
|date=7 May 2009
|title=Turkey, Afghanistan and Pakistan solidify cooperation
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

An 1 April 2009 meeting between Pakistani and Afghan leaders, conducted as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, saw the three countries pledged to increase coordination between their political, military and intelligence tiers in the fight against militancy and terrorism. Chairman of the Turkish–Pakistani Friendship Association Burhan Kayatürk has stated that, “It is the first time that the military and intelligence chiefs of Afghanistan and Pakistan have attended the trilateral summit, which is a reflection of the deeper commitment to work together.”<ref name=TZ090506b>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Concerned Turkish deputy calls for active engagement in Pakistan
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

At the 17 April 2009 [[Friends of Pakistan]] Tokyo Donors Conference, Turkish State Minister [[Mehmet Aydın]] pledged $100 million to Pakistan for infrastructure, health and education projects. Turkish Parliamentary Deputy Kayatürk has called on neighbouring countries, including India, to make similar commitments as “It is in their interests to see a stable Pakistan; otherwise violence will spill over into their territory.”<ref name=TZ090506b />

Pakistani and [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] parliamentary deputies came together in [[Ankara]] on 5 May 2009, as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, where they met with the now [[Turkish President]] Gül and new Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] to discuss a variety of issues. Head of the Turkish Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission Murat Mercan stated; <blockquote>“Today we need cooperation between our countries more than ever. I believe Turkey, having historical brotherhood relations with both, is in a special position to improve and deepen this cooperation. Turkey is confident that the cooperation to be established between Afghanistan and Pakistan will help a lot to solve the problems.”<ref name=TZ090506a>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Afghan, Pakistani lawmakers meet in Turkish Parliament
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
}}</ref></blockquote> Chairman of the Pakistani Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission [[Asfandyar Wali Khan]] conveyed his thanks and stated,
:''“We need Turkey’s support to build stability in the region.”''

Mercan concluded,
:''“We are finally on the verge of institutionalising the trilateral Ankara cooperation process within the framework of parliamentary joint initiatives,”'' with follow-up meetings due to be held in Islamabad and [[Kabul]] at four-month intervals.”

== Military relations ==
Pakistan and Turkey have maintained long-standing military ties with Turkey also providing training to Pakistani air force officers in upgrading its [[F-16]] fleet.<ref name="IP" /> On 2 April 1954, Pakistan and Turkey signed a [[treaty]] of friendship and cooperation. Both countries, valued as important states in their regions, joined the U.S.-led [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) aimed to bolster military and strategic cooperation and counter the spread of communism and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] influence in the region.<ref name="VA">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=34|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Turkey has openly supported Pakistan's stance on the [[Kashmir conflict]]. Ankara, further, recognizes Jammu and Kashmir, as part of Pakistan, with which it endeavours to 'spice up' bilateral relations, and the Turkish ambassador to Pakistan spent nearly a week in [[Muzaffarabad]], the capital of Azad Kashmir (Pakistani Administrated Kashmir), in order to show Turkish solidarity with the Pakistanis in regards to Kashmir and maintained political and military support during its [[Wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan|wars with India]].<ref name="VA" /><ref name="VA2">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=109|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] Press |year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Pakistan has reciprocated by expressing support for Turkey's policy on [[Northern Cyprus]].<ref name="X" /><ref name="DQ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |title=Pakistan, Turkey to cooperate in defence industry |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018202001/http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |archivedate=18 October 2006 }}</ref> Both nations have sought to expand cooperation to fight terrorism.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X" /> Both countries are also members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]].

Turkey is also currently a major arms seller to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/features/featureturkeys-formidable-defence-industry-rising-star-or-natos-unruly-ally-4207115/|title=Turkey’s formidable defence industry – rising star or NATO’s unruly ally?|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey previously purchased arms from Pakistan<ref>James Ron ''Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey'' Human Rights Watch, 1995 ISBN 1-56432-161-4, 9781564321619 (page 40)</ref> and continues to purchase minor aerial weapons and components from Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2015/10/05/Pakistan-Turkey-to-improve-defense-ties/9421444052995/|title=Pakistan Turkey to cooperate on defense industry – UPI.com|date=5 October 2015|work=UPI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/145139/pakistan-delivers-parts-for-turkish-uav.html|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra Delivers First Batch of Turkish UAV Parts to Turkish Aerospace Industry|publisher=}}</ref>

== Aid exchange ==
In the aftermath of the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], Turkey stepped up its efforts to help the Pakistani people of the affected areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishembassy.com/ii/O/yardim.htm|title= Humanitarian aid to Pakistan|publisher=Turkish Embassy in Ottawa}}</ref> Turkey announced a package of $150 million for the quake-hit people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/21/top2.htm|title= Turkish aid package for Pakistan|publisher=Dawn News}}</ref> The Turkish aid organization [[Kizilay]] also constructed a mosque in Pakistans [[Azad Kashmir]] region bordering Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir. The mosque is being built in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Style in Pakistan's [[Bagh District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61352|title= Turkish Mosque in Pakistani Kashmir|publisher=World Bulletin}}</ref>

Pakistan supplied Turkey with aid during the 1999 earthquake<ref>{{cite web|url=http://img.static.reliefweb.int/report/turkey/pakistan-sends-relief-goods-turkey-quake-victims|title=Pakistan sends relief goods to Turkey for quake victims|work=ReliefWeb}}</ref> and during the 2011 [[Van earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/10/30/city/lahore/punjab-govt-sends-tents-to-turkey-earthquake-victims/|title=Punjab govt sends tents to Turkey earthquake victims|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-263115-pakistani-red-crescent-extends-help-to-earthquake-victims-in-van.html|title=Pakistani Red Crescent extends help to earthquake victims in Van|work=TodaysZaman}}</ref>

== Previous opposing ambitions ==
Both Turkey and Pakistan at times have had conflicting interests and ambitions. During the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Afghan civil war]], Turkey became a strong supporter of the [[Northern Alliance]], due to its [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]] and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] members, with which Turkey shares cultural and linguistic ties.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=JjYaRa2vtAkC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=turkey+northern+alliance+afghanistan&source=bl&ots=dANauf-68k&sig=LthO3RrDAnNbd1jnBcfaCmQSuS8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z1kuU7N24pDJAd6egJAH&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=turkey%20northern%20alliance%20afghanistan&f=false|title=Afghanistan and Central Asia|publisher=}}</ref>
Pakistan meanwhile maintained strong relations and support to the [[Taliban]] whom were ethnic [[Pashtuns]] that have ethnic ties to Pakistan's own Pashtun population as well prevent Pakistan's fears of Afghanistan falling into the control of the Northern Alliance whom were supported by Pakistan's various adversaries, including India.

This changed in late 2001 when Pakistan was under international pressure to abolish all its ties with the Taliban and re-align with the [[United States]] and [[NATO]] in the so-called "[[War on Terror]]" following the September 11 attacks in [[New York City]] and [[Washington DC]] which were directly blamed on [[Al-Queda]] and indirectly on the Taliban for sheltering them. As a result, the United States lifted all sanctions that were imposed on Pakistan following Pakistan's 1998 nuclear weapons tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2001_10/sanctionsoct01|title=Bush Waives Nuclear-Related Sanctions on India, Pakistan – Arms Control Association|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey has also supported the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]] (ETIM) in China whom are ethnic [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] that Turkey also shares cultural and linguistic ties with.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/ethno-diplomacy-uyghur-hitch-sino-turkish-relations|title=Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Xijinping_visit/2012-02/22/content_24696523.htm|title=China cautions Turkey against 'East Turkistan' forces|author=陈霞|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan [[War in North-West Pakistan|struggling with domestic Islamist insurgency]] as well as being a close and [[China–Pakistan relations|historic ally of China]] has strongly opposed the ETIM and has taken severe actions against members of [[Uyghurs in Pakistan|Uyghur communities within its borders]] even suspected of being participant in anti-Chinese activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/pakistan-08102011175506.html|title=Pakistan Deports Uyghurs|work=Radio Free Asia}}</ref>
Separately, Pakistan has killed many foreign militants in its territory during anti-Taliban/Al-Qaeda military operations amongst which were Uyghurs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/916826/uighur-leader-killed-in-pakistan-rehman-malik|title=Uighur leader killed in Pakistan: Rehman Malik|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-31-uighur-attacks-thwarted-as-pakistans-zardari-visits-xinjiang|title='Uighur attacks' thwarted as Pakistan's Zardari visits Xinjiang|author=Ben Blanchard|work=The M&G Online}}</ref> as well as Turks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/125464.html|title=German militant killed in Pakistan|publisher=Press TV}}</ref> and Uzbeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/10/world/asia/karachi-pakistan-airport-attack-taliban.html|title=Assault on Pakistan Airport Signals Taliban’s Reach and Resilience|date=10 June 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/report/uzbek-militancy-pakistans-tribal-region|title=Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan's Tribal Region|work=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mei.edu/content/turkey-pakistan-security-relations-1950s Turkey-Pakistan Security Relations since the 1950s]

{{Pakistan–Turkey relations}}
{{Foreign relations of Pakistan}}
{{Foreign relations of Turkey}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan-Turkey Relations}}
[[Category:Pakistan–Turkey relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Turkey]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Pakistan|Turkey]]

Pakistanisch-türkische Beziehungen

2016-11-17T20:09:33Z

Wiki id2:

{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Pakistan-Turkey|Pakistan|Turkey|map=Pakistan Turkey Locator.svg}}
Pakistan has an embassy in [[Ankara]], a Consulate-General in [[Istanbul]] and an honorary consulate in [[Izmir]] whereas, Turkey has an embassy in [[Islamabad]], a Consulate-General in [[Karachi]] and honorary consulates in [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], [[Sialkot]] and [[Faisalabad]]. As of 2016, in a joint communique, Pakistan and Turkey plan to strengthen their close ties into a "strategic partnernship".<ref>http://aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/turkey-pakistan-vow-to-strengthen-ties-further/687871</ref><ref><ref>http://www.radio.gov.pk/17-Nov-2016/pakistan-turkey-reaffirm-commitment-to-transform-relationship-into-strong-strategic-partnership</ref></ref>

Relations date back generations before the establishment of the two states, more precisely during the [[Turkish War of Independence]] when the Muslims of the northwestern British Raj sent financial aid to the declining [[Ottoman Empire]] which was followed by the [[History of the Republic of Turkey|formation of the Turkish Republic]]. Pakistan and Turkey enjoy close cultural, historical and military relations which are now expanding into deepening economic relations as both countries seek to develop their economies. Turkey supports Pakistan's position of holding a plebiscite under the UN to decide if Kashmir wants to join Pakistan, a position which Turkish President Erdogan reaffirmed in a joint address to the Pakistani parliament and which was attended by Pakistan's military high command.<ref>http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361378-Kashmir-dispute-should-be-solved-according-to-Kash</ref><ref>http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361395-Army-chief-praises-Erdogans-address-in-parliament</ref> Turkey supports Pakistan's membership of the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]]<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1296714/turkish-president-erdogan-arrives-in-islamabad</ref> Analysts have also observed that Turkey and Pakistan enjoy close relations during both democratic and military regimes, reflecting the depth of the relations between the two nations.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232331/turkey-dependable-ally/</ref>

Ties which had historically remained close on nationalist and cultural grounds further deepened under President Erdogan's Islamic-rooted political approach, as he termed Pakistan "home away from home". He became the only foreign leader to address Pakistan's Parliament, the National Assembly more than once, doing so twice in four years.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/382017/pak-turkey-ties-erdogan-addresses-parliament-offers-sage-advice/</ref> As of 2016, President Erdogan has visited Pakistan 7 times, domestic politics also spillover, infamously [[Fethullah Gulen]] linked officers leaked tapes alleging corruption and arrested Erdogan's close aides, while Erdogan was on a trip to Pakistan, Erdogan accused the Gulenists of sabotage while representing Turkey in a friendly nation.<ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/12/can-pakistan-save-erdogan-2013123054425345386.html</ref> Gulen-linked schools are under pressure to close and teachers have had their visas turned down at the behest of the Turkish government since the attempted coup, an indicator of Pakistan's close ties to the Turkish government.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232099/turkish-teachers-fear-deportation-asked-renew-visas/</ref><ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/pakistan-expels-turkish-school-staff-gulen-links-161116084837457.html</ref>

As a result, Pakistan and Pakistanis have enjoyed a positive perception in Turkey and amongst Turks for many decades. The two nations are in the process of strengthening economic relations with a [[Pakistan-Turkey Free Trade Agreement]] aiming to raise bilateral trade volume to $10 billion by 2020.<ref>http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/turkey-pakistan-fta-to-be-signed-before-2017-2565808</ref> Turkey and Pakistan have a strong defence relationship consisting of joint excercises and a substantial portion of the Pakistan Navy's fleet consisting of joint Pakistan-Turkish naval ships such as fleet tankers and fast attack craft.<ref>http://quwa.org/2016/10/30/turkey-pakistan-conduct-bilateral-naval-exercise/</ref> Pakistan supports the Turkish position on Cyprus, Azerbaijan and Armenia, as such Pakistan has no diplomatic relations with Armenia, with Turkey supporting Pakistan's position on the Kashmir dispute,<ref>http://dailytimes.com.pk/islamabad/17-Nov-16/pakistan-turkey-agree-to-deepen-trade-defence-relations</ref> including alleged human rights violations of Muslims in Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref>http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/turkey-backs-pakistans-stance-on-sending-team-to-probe-human-rights-violation-in-kashmir-2949887/</ref> As a result the two countries have enjoyed strong military and diplomatic relations which is now strengthening towards economic co-operation.

== Development of bilateral relations ==
Turkey established diplomatic relations soon after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and bilateral relations became increasingly close owing to cultural, religious and geopolitical links between the two countries.<ref name="JIA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume5/September-November2000/VolumeVN3ISTHIAQAHMAD.pdf |title=Turkey and Pakistan: Bridging the Growing Divergence |format=PDF |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> Pakistan's founder [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] expressed admiration for Turkey's founding leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and also a desire to develop Pakistan on the Turkish model of modernism. Similarly Pakistan would follow the footstep of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and [[Allama Iqbal]] to develop a modern Islamic Pakistan and all other so called ism are rejected by people of Pakistan.<ref name="CSI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0124/p01s04-wosc.html |title=A Turkish path for Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |date=24 January 2002}}</ref> Similar ideas were expressed by the former [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharraf]], who grew up in Turkey and had received extensive military training there.<ref name="CSI" /><ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2994458.stm|title=BBC NEWS – South Asia – Turkey and Pakistan boost ties|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="IP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FA22Df06.html |title=Turkey and Pakistan join forces |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> [[Jinnah]] is honoured as a great leader in Turkey, and a major road of the Turkish capital [[Ankara]], the [[Cinnah Caddesi]] is named after him, while roads in [[Islamabad]], [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], and [[Larkana]] are named after Atatürk. On 26 October 2009, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] was awarded the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] and was the fourth world leader who spoke to the Pakistani parliament. [[Erdoğan]] said that [[Pakistan]] had always occupied a special place in the hearts and minds of the Turkish government and people.

== Cultural relations ==
[[File:Shashlik ingredients.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Shashlik]], a common [[Eurasian]] dish.]]
Both Pakistan and Turkey are mutually influenced by [[Arab culture|Arab]], [[Turko-Mongol]] and [[Culture of Iran#Traditional cultural inheritors of the old Persia|Persian cultures]]. The region of [[Anatolia]] in Central and Eastern Turkey was occupied multiple times by Persian Empires which has brought Persian cultural and linguistic influence since ancient times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/persian_period.htm|title=Persian Period in Anatolia and Asia Minor|publisher=}}</ref>

The [[Indus Valley]] region of Pakistan was occupied by the [[Achaemenid empire]] going back to the fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajaonline.org/field-report/121|title=The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations at Akra in Northwest Pakistan|publisher=}}</ref>

Modern-day Turkey was home to many ancient European civilizations, including Greek. The country has many traces of cultural and historical influences from the ancient Greeks including Greek archeological sites found in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/details/History/HellenicCiv.html|title=Hellenic Civilization in Turkey|author=Tom Brosnahan, Travel Info Exchange, Inc.|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancient.eu.com/Asia_Minor/|title=Asia Minor|author=Joshua J. Mark|work=Ancient History Encyclopedia}}</ref>

Pakistan also became influenced by Greek culture and civilization, especially in the aftermath of [[Alexander the Great]]'s invasion of the region which later led to the formation of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]. [[Gandhara]] is a major site of ancient Greek legacy in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/gandhara.html|title=Gandhara Civilization|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey became a [[Turkic languages|Turkic speaking]] country as a result of [[Seljuq Empire|Seljuq occupation]] and [[Turkification]] of the region. Though Pakistan is not a Turkic-speaking country, its languages, particularly [[Urdu]], a standard register of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], is strongly influenced by the [[Chagatai language|Turkic language of the Mughals]] before it became their empire's official language. As a result, it has many loanwords from that language. The [[etymology]] of the word "Urdu" traces itself back to [[Mughal Empire|Turkic (Mughal) rule]].<ref>http://swauop.yolasite.com/urdu1.php</ref> Moreover, the common cultural influences on Pakistan and Turkey span several centuries, as many [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Iranic peoples]] ruled vast areas of [[Central Asia]], [[South Asia]] and the [[Middle East]].

The designs of clothing of the two countries also have common origins in Central Asia.

== Trade ==
[[File:Gul Interchange (2).JPG|thumb|250px|right|thumb|The Abdullah Gul Interchange near [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] in [[Lahore]], this interchange was inaugurated by the [[Turkish President]] [[Abdullah Gul]] during his visit to [[Lahore]] in 2010.]]

Turkey and Pakistan are founding members of the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] and part of the [[Developing 8 Countries]] (D-8) organization. Both nations have worked to negotiate a preferential trading agreement, aiming to considerably increase trade and investments, especially in transport, telecommunications, manufacturing, tourism and other industries.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=1677 |title=Turkey to sign PTA with Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Daily Times, Pakistan |date=16 April 2005}}</ref> Both governments have sought to increase the volume of bilateral trade from $690 million to more than $1 billion by 2010.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=102299 |title=Pakistan, Turkey discuss defence co-production |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref> Pakistani exports include rice, [[sesame seeds]], leather, textiles, fabrics, sports goods, and medical equipment. Turkey's exports to Pakistan include wheat, [[chickpeas]], [[lentils]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], chemicals, transport vehicles, machinery and energy products.<ref name="FPJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fpcci.com.pk/tradep&turk.asp |title=Trade between Pakistan & Turkey |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry}}</ref> Turkish private corporations have also invested significantly in industrial and construction projects developing highways, pipelines and canals.<ref name="JIA" /> The two countries are negotiatating the [[Turkey-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement]].

=== Train service ===
A [[container train]] service was launched by the Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Yousuf Raza Gilani]] between Islamabad and [[Istanbul]] on 14 August 2009. The first train carried 20 [[Intermodal container|containers]] with a capacity of around {{convert|750|t|LT ST|0|abbr=on}} <ref>http://www.pakistantimes.net/pt/detail.php?newsId=3343</ref> and will travel {{convert|6500|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}} from Islamabad, through [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and [[Tehran]], Iran and on to Istanbul in two weeks' time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\15\story_15-8-2009_pg7_12 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |publisher=Daily Times |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Railways (Pakistan)|Minister for Railways]] [[Ghulam Ahmad Bilour]], after the trial of the container train service, a passenger train will be launched.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+gilani+launches+trial+phase+of+islamabad-istanbul+train+service-za-06 |title=Pakistan | PM launches trial phase of Pak-Turkey train service |publisher=Dawn.Com |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> There are also hopes the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia, and carry passengers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8201934.stm |title=Pakistan–Turkey rail trial starts |accessdate=16 August 2009 |publisher=BBC News |date=14 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/news/news61296.html|title=Pakistan Plans Passenger Rail Between Pakistan, Iran and Turkey|work=Railway Technology}}</ref>

== Strategic ties ==
Both nations were part of [[Cold War]] alliance called the [[Central Treaty Organization]]. Its goal was to [[containment|contain]] the [[Soviet Union]] ([[USSR]]) by having a line of strong states along the USSR's southern frontiers. Military contacts remain resolute, uncompromising and stalwart as ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/7569/turkey-pakistan-ties-indias-loss-is-chinas-gain|title=Turkey-Pakistan close ties |publisher=World Politics Review}}</ref>

== Trilateral Ankara cooperation process ==
Turkey launched a trilateral summit process between the two states and [[Afghanistan]] in February 2007, following a visit by then [[Turkish Foreign Minister]] [[Abdullah Gül]] to [[Islamabad]], as the backbone of its diversified foreign policy in Southeast Asia and Pakistani deputy [[Humair Hayat Khan Rokhri]] confirmed that according to Gül “we are all brothers who need to support each other,” in order to, “bring security and stability to the region.”<ref name=TZ090507>{{cite news
|url=
|date=7 May 2009
|title=Turkey, Afghanistan and Pakistan solidify cooperation
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

An 1 April 2009 meeting between Pakistani and Afghan leaders, conducted as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, saw the three countries pledged to increase coordination between their political, military and intelligence tiers in the fight against militancy and terrorism. Chairman of the Turkish–Pakistani Friendship Association Burhan Kayatürk has stated that, “It is the first time that the military and intelligence chiefs of Afghanistan and Pakistan have attended the trilateral summit, which is a reflection of the deeper commitment to work together.”<ref name=TZ090506b>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Concerned Turkish deputy calls for active engagement in Pakistan
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

At the 17 April 2009 [[Friends of Pakistan]] Tokyo Donors Conference, Turkish State Minister [[Mehmet Aydın]] pledged $100 million to Pakistan for infrastructure, health and education projects. Turkish Parliamentary Deputy Kayatürk has called on neighbouring countries, including India, to make similar commitments as “It is in their interests to see a stable Pakistan; otherwise violence will spill over into their territory.”<ref name=TZ090506b />

Pakistani and [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] parliamentary deputies came together in [[Ankara]] on 5 May 2009, as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, where they met with the now [[Turkish President]] Gül and new Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] to discuss a variety of issues. Head of the Turkish Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission Murat Mercan stated; <blockquote>“Today we need cooperation between our countries more than ever. I believe Turkey, having historical brotherhood relations with both, is in a special position to improve and deepen this cooperation. Turkey is confident that the cooperation to be established between Afghanistan and Pakistan will help a lot to solve the problems.”<ref name=TZ090506a>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Afghan, Pakistani lawmakers meet in Turkish Parliament
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
}}</ref></blockquote> Chairman of the Pakistani Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission [[Asfandyar Wali Khan]] conveyed his thanks and stated,
:''“We need Turkey’s support to build stability in the region.”''

Mercan concluded,
:''“We are finally on the verge of institutionalising the trilateral Ankara cooperation process within the framework of parliamentary joint initiatives,”'' with follow-up meetings due to be held in Islamabad and [[Kabul]] at four-month intervals.”

== Military relations ==
Pakistan and Turkey have maintained long-standing military ties with Turkey also providing training to Pakistani air force officers in upgrading its [[F-16]] fleet.<ref name="IP" /> On 2 April 1954, Pakistan and Turkey signed a [[treaty]] of friendship and cooperation. Both countries, valued as important states in their regions, joined the U.S.-led [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) aimed to bolster military and strategic cooperation and counter the spread of communism and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] influence in the region.<ref name="VA">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=34|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Turkey has openly supported Pakistan's stance on the [[Kashmir conflict]]. Ankara, further, recognizes Jammu and Kashmir, as part of Pakistan, with which it endeavours to 'spice up' bilateral relations, and the Turkish ambassador to Pakistan spent nearly a week in [[Muzaffarabad]], the capital of Azad Kashmir (Pakistani Administrated Kashmir), in order to show Turkish solidarity with the Pakistanis in regards to Kashmir and maintained political and military support during its [[Wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan|wars with India]].<ref name="VA" /><ref name="VA2">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=109|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] Press |year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Pakistan has reciprocated by expressing support for Turkey's policy on [[Northern Cyprus]].<ref name="X" /><ref name="DQ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |title=Pakistan, Turkey to cooperate in defence industry |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018202001/http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |archivedate=18 October 2006 }}</ref> Both nations have sought to expand cooperation to fight terrorism.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X" /> Both countries are also members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]].

Turkey is also currently a major arms seller to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/features/featureturkeys-formidable-defence-industry-rising-star-or-natos-unruly-ally-4207115/|title=Turkey’s formidable defence industry – rising star or NATO’s unruly ally?|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey previously purchased arms from Pakistan<ref>James Ron ''Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey'' Human Rights Watch, 1995 ISBN 1-56432-161-4, 9781564321619 (page 40)</ref> and continues to purchase minor aerial weapons and components from Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2015/10/05/Pakistan-Turkey-to-improve-defense-ties/9421444052995/|title=Pakistan Turkey to cooperate on defense industry – UPI.com|date=5 October 2015|work=UPI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/145139/pakistan-delivers-parts-for-turkish-uav.html|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra Delivers First Batch of Turkish UAV Parts to Turkish Aerospace Industry|publisher=}}</ref>

== Aid exchange ==
In the aftermath of the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], Turkey stepped up its efforts to help the Pakistani people of the affected areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishembassy.com/ii/O/yardim.htm|title= Humanitarian aid to Pakistan|publisher=Turkish Embassy in Ottawa}}</ref> Turkey announced a package of $150 million for the quake-hit people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/21/top2.htm|title= Turkish aid package for Pakistan|publisher=Dawn News}}</ref> The Turkish aid organization [[Kizilay]] also constructed a mosque in Pakistans [[Azad Kashmir]] region bordering Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir. The mosque is being built in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Style in Pakistan's [[Bagh District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61352|title= Turkish Mosque in Pakistani Kashmir|publisher=World Bulletin}}</ref>

Pakistan supplied Turkey with aid during the 1999 earthquake<ref>{{cite web|url=http://img.static.reliefweb.int/report/turkey/pakistan-sends-relief-goods-turkey-quake-victims|title=Pakistan sends relief goods to Turkey for quake victims|work=ReliefWeb}}</ref> and during the 2011 [[Van earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/10/30/city/lahore/punjab-govt-sends-tents-to-turkey-earthquake-victims/|title=Punjab govt sends tents to Turkey earthquake victims|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-263115-pakistani-red-crescent-extends-help-to-earthquake-victims-in-van.html|title=Pakistani Red Crescent extends help to earthquake victims in Van|work=TodaysZaman}}</ref>

== Previous opposing ambitions ==
Both Turkey and Pakistan at times have had conflicting interests and ambitions. During the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Afghan civil war]], Turkey became a strong supporter of the [[Northern Alliance]], due to its [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]] and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] members, with which Turkey shares cultural and linguistic ties.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=JjYaRa2vtAkC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=turkey+northern+alliance+afghanistan&source=bl&ots=dANauf-68k&sig=LthO3RrDAnNbd1jnBcfaCmQSuS8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z1kuU7N24pDJAd6egJAH&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=turkey%20northern%20alliance%20afghanistan&f=false|title=Afghanistan and Central Asia|publisher=}}</ref>
Pakistan meanwhile maintained strong relations and support to the [[Taliban]] whom were ethnic [[Pashtuns]] that have ethnic ties to Pakistan's own Pashtun population as well prevent Pakistan's fears of Afghanistan falling into the control of the Northern Alliance whom were supported by Pakistan's various adversaries, including India.

This changed in late 2001 when Pakistan was under international pressure to abolish all its ties with the Taliban and re-align with the [[United States]] and [[NATO]] in the so-called "[[War on Terror]]" following the September 11 attacks in [[New York City]] and [[Washington DC]] which were directly blamed on [[Al-Queda]] and indirectly on the Taliban for sheltering them. As a result, the United States lifted all sanctions that were imposed on Pakistan following Pakistan's 1998 nuclear weapons tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2001_10/sanctionsoct01|title=Bush Waives Nuclear-Related Sanctions on India, Pakistan – Arms Control Association|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey has also supported the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]] (ETIM) in China whom are ethnic [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] that Turkey also shares cultural and linguistic ties with.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/ethno-diplomacy-uyghur-hitch-sino-turkish-relations|title=Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Xijinping_visit/2012-02/22/content_24696523.htm|title=China cautions Turkey against 'East Turkistan' forces|author=陈霞|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan [[War in North-West Pakistan|struggling with domestic Islamist insurgency]] as well as being a close and [[China–Pakistan relations|historic ally of China]] has strongly opposed the ETIM and has taken severe actions against members of [[Uyghurs in Pakistan|Uyghur communities within its borders]] even suspected of being participant in anti-Chinese activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/pakistan-08102011175506.html|title=Pakistan Deports Uyghurs|work=Radio Free Asia}}</ref>
Separately, Pakistan has killed many foreign militants in its territory during anti-Taliban/Al-Qaeda military operations amongst which were Uyghurs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/916826/uighur-leader-killed-in-pakistan-rehman-malik|title=Uighur leader killed in Pakistan: Rehman Malik|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-31-uighur-attacks-thwarted-as-pakistans-zardari-visits-xinjiang|title='Uighur attacks' thwarted as Pakistan's Zardari visits Xinjiang|author=Ben Blanchard|work=The M&G Online}}</ref> as well as Turks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/125464.html|title=German militant killed in Pakistan|publisher=Press TV}}</ref> and Uzbeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/10/world/asia/karachi-pakistan-airport-attack-taliban.html|title=Assault on Pakistan Airport Signals Taliban’s Reach and Resilience|date=10 June 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/report/uzbek-militancy-pakistans-tribal-region|title=Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan's Tribal Region|work=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mei.edu/content/turkey-pakistan-security-relations-1950s Turkey-Pakistan Security Relations since the 1950s]

{{Pakistan–Turkey relations}}
{{Foreign relations of Pakistan}}
{{Foreign relations of Turkey}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan-Turkey Relations}}
[[Category:Pakistan–Turkey relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Turkey]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Pakistan|Turkey]]

Pakistanisch-türkische Beziehungen

2016-11-17T20:02:02Z

Wiki id2:

{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Pakistan-Turkey|Pakistan|Turkey|map=Pakistan Turkey Locator.svg}}
Pakistan has an embassy in [[Ankara]], a Consulate-General in [[Istanbul]] and an honorary consulate in [[Izmir]] whereas, Turkey has an embassy in [[Islamabad]], a Consulate-General in [[Karachi]] and honorary consulates in [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], [[Sialkot]] and [[Faisalabad]].

Relations date back generations before the establishment of the two states, more precisely during the [[Turkish War of Independence]] when the Muslims of the northwestern British Raj sent financial aid to the declining [[Ottoman Empire]] which was followed by the [[History of the Republic of Turkey|formation of the Turkish Republic]]. Pakistan and Turkey enjoy close cultural, historical and military relations which are now expanding into deepening economic relations as both countries seek to develop their economies. Turkey supports Pakistan's position of holding a plebiscite under the UN to decide if Kashmir wants to join Pakistan<ref>http://www.radio.gov.pk/17-Nov-2016/pakistan-turkey-reaffirm-commitment-to-transform-relationship-into-strong-strategic-partnership</ref>, a position which Turkish President Erdogan reaffirmed in a joint address to the Pakistani parliament and which was attended by Pakistan's military high command.<ref>http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361378-Kashmir-dispute-should-be-solved-according-to-Kash</ref><ref>http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361395-Army-chief-praises-Erdogans-address-in-parliament</ref> Turkey supports Pakistan's membership of the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]]<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1296714/turkish-president-erdogan-arrives-in-islamabad</ref> Analysts have also observed that Turkey and Pakistan enjoy close relations during both democratic and military regimes, reflecting the depth of the relations between the two nations.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232331/turkey-dependable-ally/</ref>

Ties which had historically remained close on nationalist and cultural grounds further deepened under President Erdogan's Islamic-rooted political approach, as he termed Pakistan "home away from home". He became the only foreign leader to address Pakistan's Parliament, the National Assembly more than once, doing so twice in four years.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/382017/pak-turkey-ties-erdogan-addresses-parliament-offers-sage-advice/</ref> As of 2016, President Erdogan has visited Pakistan 7 times, domestic politics also spillover, infamously [[Fethullah Gulen]] linked officers leaked tapes alleging corruption and arrested Erdogan's close aides, while Erdogan was on a trip to Pakistan, Erdogan accused the Gulenists of sabotage while representing Turkey in a friendly nation.<ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/12/can-pakistan-save-erdogan-2013123054425345386.html</ref> Gulen-linked schools are under pressure to close and teachers have had their visas turned down at the behest of the Turkish government since the attempted coup, an indicator of Pakistan's close ties to the Turkish government.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232099/turkish-teachers-fear-deportation-asked-renew-visas/</ref><ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/pakistan-expels-turkish-school-staff-gulen-links-161116084837457.html</ref>

As a result, Pakistan and Pakistanis have enjoyed a positive perception in Turkey and amongst Turks for many decades. The two nations are in the process of strengthening economic relations with a [[Pakistan-Turkey Free Trade Agreement]] aiming to raise bilateral trade volume to $10 billion by 2020.<ref>http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/turkey-pakistan-fta-to-be-signed-before-2017-2565808</ref> Turkey and Pakistan have a strong defence relationship consisting of joint excercises and a substantial portion of the Pakistan Navy's fleet consisting of joint Pakistan-Turkish naval ships such as fleet tankers and fast attack craft.<ref>http://quwa.org/2016/10/30/turkey-pakistan-conduct-bilateral-naval-exercise/</ref> Pakistan supports the Turkish position on Cyprus, Azerbaijan and Armenia, as such Pakistan has no diplomatic relations with Armenia, with Turkey supporting Pakistan's position on the Kashmir dispute,<ref>http://dailytimes.com.pk/islamabad/17-Nov-16/pakistan-turkey-agree-to-deepen-trade-defence-relations</ref> including alleged human rights violations of Muslims in Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref>http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/turkey-backs-pakistans-stance-on-sending-team-to-probe-human-rights-violation-in-kashmir-2949887/</ref> As a result the two countries have enjoyed strong military and diplomatic relations which is now strengthening towards economic co-operation.

== Development of bilateral relations ==
Turkey established diplomatic relations soon after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and bilateral relations became increasingly close owing to cultural, religious and geopolitical links between the two countries.<ref name="JIA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume5/September-November2000/VolumeVN3ISTHIAQAHMAD.pdf |title=Turkey and Pakistan: Bridging the Growing Divergence |format=PDF |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> Pakistan's founder [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] expressed admiration for Turkey's founding leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and also a desire to develop Pakistan on the Turkish model of modernism. Similarly Pakistan would follow the footstep of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and [[Allama Iqbal]] to develop a modern Islamic Pakistan and all other so called ism are rejected by people of Pakistan.<ref name="CSI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0124/p01s04-wosc.html |title=A Turkish path for Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |date=24 January 2002}}</ref> Similar ideas were expressed by the former [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharraf]], who grew up in Turkey and had received extensive military training there.<ref name="CSI" /><ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2994458.stm|title=BBC NEWS – South Asia – Turkey and Pakistan boost ties|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="IP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FA22Df06.html |title=Turkey and Pakistan join forces |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> [[Jinnah]] is honoured as a great leader in Turkey, and a major road of the Turkish capital [[Ankara]], the [[Cinnah Caddesi]] is named after him, while roads in [[Islamabad]], [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], and [[Larkana]] are named after Atatürk. On 26 October 2009, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] was awarded the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] and was the fourth world leader who spoke to the Pakistani parliament. [[Erdoğan]] said that [[Pakistan]] had always occupied a special place in the hearts and minds of the Turkish government and people.

== Cultural relations ==
[[File:Shashlik ingredients.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Shashlik]], a common [[Eurasian]] dish.]]
Both Pakistan and Turkey are mutually influenced by [[Arab culture|Arab]], [[Turko-Mongol]] and [[Culture of Iran#Traditional cultural inheritors of the old Persia|Persian cultures]]. The region of [[Anatolia]] in Central and Eastern Turkey was occupied multiple times by Persian Empires which has brought Persian cultural and linguistic influence since ancient times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/persian_period.htm|title=Persian Period in Anatolia and Asia Minor|publisher=}}</ref>

The [[Indus Valley]] region of Pakistan was occupied by the [[Achaemenid empire]] going back to the fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajaonline.org/field-report/121|title=The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations at Akra in Northwest Pakistan|publisher=}}</ref>

Modern-day Turkey was home to many ancient European civilizations, including Greek. The country has many traces of cultural and historical influences from the ancient Greeks including Greek archeological sites found in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/details/History/HellenicCiv.html|title=Hellenic Civilization in Turkey|author=Tom Brosnahan, Travel Info Exchange, Inc.|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancient.eu.com/Asia_Minor/|title=Asia Minor|author=Joshua J. Mark|work=Ancient History Encyclopedia}}</ref>

Pakistan also became influenced by Greek culture and civilization, especially in the aftermath of [[Alexander the Great]]'s invasion of the region which later led to the formation of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]. [[Gandhara]] is a major site of ancient Greek legacy in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/gandhara.html|title=Gandhara Civilization|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey became a [[Turkic languages|Turkic speaking]] country as a result of [[Seljuq Empire|Seljuq occupation]] and [[Turkification]] of the region. Though Pakistan is not a Turkic-speaking country, its languages, particularly [[Urdu]], a standard register of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], is strongly influenced by the [[Chagatai language|Turkic language of the Mughals]] before it became their empire's official language. As a result, it has many loanwords from that language. The [[etymology]] of the word "Urdu" traces itself back to [[Mughal Empire|Turkic (Mughal) rule]].<ref>http://swauop.yolasite.com/urdu1.php</ref> Moreover, the common cultural influences on Pakistan and Turkey span several centuries, as many [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Iranic peoples]] ruled vast areas of [[Central Asia]], [[South Asia]] and the [[Middle East]].

The designs of clothing of the two countries also have common origins in Central Asia.

== Trade ==
[[File:Gul Interchange (2).JPG|thumb|250px|right|thumb|The Abdullah Gul Interchange near [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] in [[Lahore]], this interchange was inaugurated by the [[Turkish President]] [[Abdullah Gul]] during his visit to [[Lahore]] in 2010.]]

Turkey and Pakistan are founding members of the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] and part of the [[Developing 8 Countries]] (D-8) organization. Both nations have worked to negotiate a preferential trading agreement, aiming to considerably increase trade and investments, especially in transport, telecommunications, manufacturing, tourism and other industries.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=1677 |title=Turkey to sign PTA with Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Daily Times, Pakistan |date=16 April 2005}}</ref> Both governments have sought to increase the volume of bilateral trade from $690 million to more than $1 billion by 2010.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=102299 |title=Pakistan, Turkey discuss defence co-production |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref> Pakistani exports include rice, [[sesame seeds]], leather, textiles, fabrics, sports goods, and medical equipment. Turkey's exports to Pakistan include wheat, [[chickpeas]], [[lentils]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], chemicals, transport vehicles, machinery and energy products.<ref name="FPJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fpcci.com.pk/tradep&turk.asp |title=Trade between Pakistan & Turkey |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry}}</ref> Turkish private corporations have also invested significantly in industrial and construction projects developing highways, pipelines and canals.<ref name="JIA" /> The two countries are negotiatating the [[Turkey-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement]].

=== Train service ===
A [[container train]] service was launched by the Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Yousuf Raza Gilani]] between Islamabad and [[Istanbul]] on 14 August 2009. The first train carried 20 [[Intermodal container|containers]] with a capacity of around {{convert|750|t|LT ST|0|abbr=on}} <ref>http://www.pakistantimes.net/pt/detail.php?newsId=3343</ref> and will travel {{convert|6500|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}} from Islamabad, through [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and [[Tehran]], Iran and on to Istanbul in two weeks' time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\15\story_15-8-2009_pg7_12 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |publisher=Daily Times |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Railways (Pakistan)|Minister for Railways]] [[Ghulam Ahmad Bilour]], after the trial of the container train service, a passenger train will be launched.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+gilani+launches+trial+phase+of+islamabad-istanbul+train+service-za-06 |title=Pakistan | PM launches trial phase of Pak-Turkey train service |publisher=Dawn.Com |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> There are also hopes the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia, and carry passengers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8201934.stm |title=Pakistan–Turkey rail trial starts |accessdate=16 August 2009 |publisher=BBC News |date=14 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/news/news61296.html|title=Pakistan Plans Passenger Rail Between Pakistan, Iran and Turkey|work=Railway Technology}}</ref>

== Strategic ties ==
Both nations were part of [[Cold War]] alliance called the [[Central Treaty Organization]]. Its goal was to [[containment|contain]] the [[Soviet Union]] ([[USSR]]) by having a line of strong states along the USSR's southern frontiers. Military contacts remain resolute, uncompromising and stalwart as ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/7569/turkey-pakistan-ties-indias-loss-is-chinas-gain|title=Turkey-Pakistan close ties |publisher=World Politics Review}}</ref>

== Trilateral Ankara cooperation process ==
Turkey launched a trilateral summit process between the two states and [[Afghanistan]] in February 2007, following a visit by then [[Turkish Foreign Minister]] [[Abdullah Gül]] to [[Islamabad]], as the backbone of its diversified foreign policy in Southeast Asia and Pakistani deputy [[Humair Hayat Khan Rokhri]] confirmed that according to Gül “we are all brothers who need to support each other,” in order to, “bring security and stability to the region.”<ref name=TZ090507>{{cite news
|url=
|date=7 May 2009
|title=Turkey, Afghanistan and Pakistan solidify cooperation
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

An 1 April 2009 meeting between Pakistani and Afghan leaders, conducted as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, saw the three countries pledged to increase coordination between their political, military and intelligence tiers in the fight against militancy and terrorism. Chairman of the Turkish–Pakistani Friendship Association Burhan Kayatürk has stated that, “It is the first time that the military and intelligence chiefs of Afghanistan and Pakistan have attended the trilateral summit, which is a reflection of the deeper commitment to work together.”<ref name=TZ090506b>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Concerned Turkish deputy calls for active engagement in Pakistan
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

At the 17 April 2009 [[Friends of Pakistan]] Tokyo Donors Conference, Turkish State Minister [[Mehmet Aydın]] pledged $100 million to Pakistan for infrastructure, health and education projects. Turkish Parliamentary Deputy Kayatürk has called on neighbouring countries, including India, to make similar commitments as “It is in their interests to see a stable Pakistan; otherwise violence will spill over into their territory.”<ref name=TZ090506b />

Pakistani and [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] parliamentary deputies came together in [[Ankara]] on 5 May 2009, as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, where they met with the now [[Turkish President]] Gül and new Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] to discuss a variety of issues. Head of the Turkish Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission Murat Mercan stated; <blockquote>“Today we need cooperation between our countries more than ever. I believe Turkey, having historical brotherhood relations with both, is in a special position to improve and deepen this cooperation. Turkey is confident that the cooperation to be established between Afghanistan and Pakistan will help a lot to solve the problems.”<ref name=TZ090506a>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Afghan, Pakistani lawmakers meet in Turkish Parliament
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
}}</ref></blockquote> Chairman of the Pakistani Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission [[Asfandyar Wali Khan]] conveyed his thanks and stated,
:''“We need Turkey’s support to build stability in the region.”''

Mercan concluded,
:''“We are finally on the verge of institutionalising the trilateral Ankara cooperation process within the framework of parliamentary joint initiatives,”'' with follow-up meetings due to be held in Islamabad and [[Kabul]] at four-month intervals.”

== Military relations ==
Pakistan and Turkey have maintained long-standing military ties with Turkey also providing training to Pakistani air force officers in upgrading its [[F-16]] fleet.<ref name="IP" /> On 2 April 1954, Pakistan and Turkey signed a [[treaty]] of friendship and cooperation. Both countries, valued as important states in their regions, joined the U.S.-led [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) aimed to bolster military and strategic cooperation and counter the spread of communism and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] influence in the region.<ref name="VA">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=34|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Turkey has openly supported Pakistan's stance on the [[Kashmir conflict]]. Ankara, further, recognizes Jammu and Kashmir, as part of Pakistan, with which it endeavours to 'spice up' bilateral relations, and the Turkish ambassador to Pakistan spent nearly a week in [[Muzaffarabad]], the capital of Azad Kashmir (Pakistani Administrated Kashmir), in order to show Turkish solidarity with the Pakistanis in regards to Kashmir and maintained political and military support during its [[Wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan|wars with India]].<ref name="VA" /><ref name="VA2">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=109|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] Press |year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Pakistan has reciprocated by expressing support for Turkey's policy on [[Northern Cyprus]].<ref name="X" /><ref name="DQ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |title=Pakistan, Turkey to cooperate in defence industry |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018202001/http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |archivedate=18 October 2006 }}</ref> Both nations have sought to expand cooperation to fight terrorism.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X" /> Both countries are also members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]].

Turkey is also currently a major arms seller to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/features/featureturkeys-formidable-defence-industry-rising-star-or-natos-unruly-ally-4207115/|title=Turkey’s formidable defence industry – rising star or NATO’s unruly ally?|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey previously purchased arms from Pakistan<ref>James Ron ''Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey'' Human Rights Watch, 1995 ISBN 1-56432-161-4, 9781564321619 (page 40)</ref> and continues to purchase minor aerial weapons and components from Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2015/10/05/Pakistan-Turkey-to-improve-defense-ties/9421444052995/|title=Pakistan Turkey to cooperate on defense industry – UPI.com|date=5 October 2015|work=UPI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/145139/pakistan-delivers-parts-for-turkish-uav.html|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra Delivers First Batch of Turkish UAV Parts to Turkish Aerospace Industry|publisher=}}</ref>

== Aid exchange ==
In the aftermath of the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], Turkey stepped up its efforts to help the Pakistani people of the affected areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishembassy.com/ii/O/yardim.htm|title= Humanitarian aid to Pakistan|publisher=Turkish Embassy in Ottawa}}</ref> Turkey announced a package of $150 million for the quake-hit people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/21/top2.htm|title= Turkish aid package for Pakistan|publisher=Dawn News}}</ref> The Turkish aid organization [[Kizilay]] also constructed a mosque in Pakistans [[Azad Kashmir]] region bordering Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir. The mosque is being built in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Style in Pakistan's [[Bagh District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61352|title= Turkish Mosque in Pakistani Kashmir|publisher=World Bulletin}}</ref>

Pakistan supplied Turkey with aid during the 1999 earthquake<ref>{{cite web|url=http://img.static.reliefweb.int/report/turkey/pakistan-sends-relief-goods-turkey-quake-victims|title=Pakistan sends relief goods to Turkey for quake victims|work=ReliefWeb}}</ref> and during the 2011 [[Van earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/10/30/city/lahore/punjab-govt-sends-tents-to-turkey-earthquake-victims/|title=Punjab govt sends tents to Turkey earthquake victims|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-263115-pakistani-red-crescent-extends-help-to-earthquake-victims-in-van.html|title=Pakistani Red Crescent extends help to earthquake victims in Van|work=TodaysZaman}}</ref>

== Previous opposing ambitions ==
Both Turkey and Pakistan at times have had conflicting interests and ambitions. During the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Afghan civil war]], Turkey became a strong supporter of the [[Northern Alliance]], due to its [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]] and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] members, with which Turkey shares cultural and linguistic ties.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=JjYaRa2vtAkC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=turkey+northern+alliance+afghanistan&source=bl&ots=dANauf-68k&sig=LthO3RrDAnNbd1jnBcfaCmQSuS8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z1kuU7N24pDJAd6egJAH&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=turkey%20northern%20alliance%20afghanistan&f=false|title=Afghanistan and Central Asia|publisher=}}</ref>
Pakistan meanwhile maintained strong relations and support to the [[Taliban]] whom were ethnic [[Pashtuns]] that have ethnic ties to Pakistan's own Pashtun population as well prevent Pakistan's fears of Afghanistan falling into the control of the Northern Alliance whom were supported by Pakistan's various adversaries, including India.

This changed in late 2001 when Pakistan was under international pressure to abolish all its ties with the Taliban and re-align with the [[United States]] and [[NATO]] in the so-called "[[War on Terror]]" following the September 11 attacks in [[New York City]] and [[Washington DC]] which were directly blamed on [[Al-Queda]] and indirectly on the Taliban for sheltering them. As a result, the United States lifted all sanctions that were imposed on Pakistan following Pakistan's 1998 nuclear weapons tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2001_10/sanctionsoct01|title=Bush Waives Nuclear-Related Sanctions on India, Pakistan – Arms Control Association|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey has also supported the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]] (ETIM) in China whom are ethnic [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] that Turkey also shares cultural and linguistic ties with.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/ethno-diplomacy-uyghur-hitch-sino-turkish-relations|title=Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Xijinping_visit/2012-02/22/content_24696523.htm|title=China cautions Turkey against 'East Turkistan' forces|author=陈霞|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan [[War in North-West Pakistan|struggling with domestic Islamist insurgency]] as well as being a close and [[China–Pakistan relations|historic ally of China]] has strongly opposed the ETIM and has taken severe actions against members of [[Uyghurs in Pakistan|Uyghur communities within its borders]] even suspected of being participant in anti-Chinese activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/pakistan-08102011175506.html|title=Pakistan Deports Uyghurs|work=Radio Free Asia}}</ref>
Separately, Pakistan has killed many foreign militants in its territory during anti-Taliban/Al-Qaeda military operations amongst which were Uyghurs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/916826/uighur-leader-killed-in-pakistan-rehman-malik|title=Uighur leader killed in Pakistan: Rehman Malik|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-31-uighur-attacks-thwarted-as-pakistans-zardari-visits-xinjiang|title='Uighur attacks' thwarted as Pakistan's Zardari visits Xinjiang|author=Ben Blanchard|work=The M&G Online}}</ref> as well as Turks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/125464.html|title=German militant killed in Pakistan|publisher=Press TV}}</ref> and Uzbeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/10/world/asia/karachi-pakistan-airport-attack-taliban.html|title=Assault on Pakistan Airport Signals Taliban’s Reach and Resilience|date=10 June 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/report/uzbek-militancy-pakistans-tribal-region|title=Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan's Tribal Region|work=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mei.edu/content/turkey-pakistan-security-relations-1950s Turkey-Pakistan Security Relations since the 1950s]

{{Pakistan–Turkey relations}}
{{Foreign relations of Pakistan}}
{{Foreign relations of Turkey}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan-Turkey Relations}}
[[Category:Pakistan–Turkey relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Turkey]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Pakistan|Turkey]]

Pakistanisch-türkische Beziehungen

2016-11-17T20:00:15Z

Wiki id2:

{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Pakistan-Turkey|Pakistan|Turkey|map=Pakistan Turkey Locator.svg}}
Pakistan has an embassy in [[Ankara]], a Consulate-General in [[Istanbul]] and an honorary consulate in [[Izmir]] whereas, Turkey has an embassy in [[Islamabad]], a Consulate-General in [[Karachi]] and honorary consulates in [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], [[Sialkot]] and [[Faisalabad]].

Relations date back generations before the establishment of the two states, more precisely during the [[Turkish War of Independence]] when the Muslims of the northwestern British Raj sent financial aid to the declining [[Ottoman Empire]] which was followed by the [[History of the Republic of Turkey|formation of the Turkish Republic]]. Pakistan and Turkey enjoy close cultural, historical and military relations which are now expanding into deepening economic relations as both countries seek to develop their economies. Turkey supports Pakistan's position of holding a plebiscite under the UN to decide if Kashmir wants to join Pakistan, a position which Turkish President Erdogan reaffirmed in a joint address to the Pakistani parliament and which was attended by Pakistan's military high command.<ref>http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361378-Kashmir-dispute-should-be-solved-according-to-Kash</ref><ref>http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361395-Army-chief-praises-Erdogans-address-in-parliament</ref> Turkey supports Pakistan's membership of the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]]<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1296714/turkish-president-erdogan-arrives-in-islamabad</ref> Analysts have also observed that Turkey and Pakistan enjoy close relations during both democratic and military regimes, reflecting the depth of the relations between the two nations.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232331/turkey-dependable-ally/</ref>

Ties which had historically remained close on nationalist and cultural grounds further deepened under President Erdogan's Islamic-rooted political approach, as he termed Pakistan "home away from home". He became the only foreign leader to address Pakistan's Parliament, the National Assembly more than once, doing so twice in four years.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/382017/pak-turkey-ties-erdogan-addresses-parliament-offers-sage-advice/</ref> As of 2016, President Erdogan has visited Pakistan 7 times, domestic politics also spillover, infamously [[Fethullah Gulen]] linked officers leaked tapes alleging corruption and arrested Erdogan's close aides, while Erdogan was on a trip to Pakistan, Erdogan accused the Gulenists of sabotage while representing Turkey in a friendly nation.<ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/12/can-pakistan-save-erdogan-2013123054425345386.html</ref> Gulen-linked schools are under pressure to close and teachers have had their visas turned down at the behest of the Turkish government since the attempted coup, an indicator of Pakistan's close ties to the Turkish government.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232099/turkish-teachers-fear-deportation-asked-renew-visas/</ref><ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/pakistan-expels-turkish-school-staff-gulen-links-161116084837457.html</ref>

As a result, Pakistan and Pakistanis have enjoyed a positive perception in Turkey and amongst Turks for many decades. The two nations are in the process of strengthening economic relations with a [[Pakistan-Turkey Free Trade Agreement]] aiming to raise bilateral trade volume to $10 billion by 2020.<ref>http://www.yenisafak.com/en/world/turkey-pakistan-fta-to-be-signed-before-2017-2565808</ref> Turkey and Pakistan have a strong defence relationship consisting of joint excercises and a substantial portion of the Pakistan Navy's fleet consisting of joint Pakistan-Turkish naval ships such as fleet tankers and fast attack craft.<ref>http://quwa.org/2016/10/30/turkey-pakistan-conduct-bilateral-naval-exercise/</ref> Pakistan supports the Turkish position on Cyprus, Azerbaijan and Armenia, as such Pakistan has no diplomatic relations with Armenia, with Turkey supporting Pakistan's position on the Kashmir dispute,<ref>http://dailytimes.com.pk/islamabad/17-Nov-16/pakistan-turkey-agree-to-deepen-trade-defence-relations</ref> including alleged human rights violations of Muslims in Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref>http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/turkey-backs-pakistans-stance-on-sending-team-to-probe-human-rights-violation-in-kashmir-2949887/</ref> As a result the two countries have enjoyed strong military and diplomatic relations which is now strengthening towards economic co-operation.

== Development of bilateral relations ==
Turkey established diplomatic relations soon after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and bilateral relations became increasingly close owing to cultural, religious and geopolitical links between the two countries.<ref name="JIA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume5/September-November2000/VolumeVN3ISTHIAQAHMAD.pdf |title=Turkey and Pakistan: Bridging the Growing Divergence |format=PDF |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> Pakistan's founder [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] expressed admiration for Turkey's founding leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and also a desire to develop Pakistan on the Turkish model of modernism. Similarly Pakistan would follow the footstep of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and [[Allama Iqbal]] to develop a modern Islamic Pakistan and all other so called ism are rejected by people of Pakistan.<ref name="CSI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0124/p01s04-wosc.html |title=A Turkish path for Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |date=24 January 2002}}</ref> Similar ideas were expressed by the former [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharraf]], who grew up in Turkey and had received extensive military training there.<ref name="CSI" /><ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2994458.stm|title=BBC NEWS – South Asia – Turkey and Pakistan boost ties|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="IP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FA22Df06.html |title=Turkey and Pakistan join forces |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> [[Jinnah]] is honoured as a great leader in Turkey, and a major road of the Turkish capital [[Ankara]], the [[Cinnah Caddesi]] is named after him, while roads in [[Islamabad]], [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], and [[Larkana]] are named after Atatürk. On 26 October 2009, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] was awarded the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] and was the fourth world leader who spoke to the Pakistani parliament. [[Erdoğan]] said that [[Pakistan]] had always occupied a special place in the hearts and minds of the Turkish government and people.

== Cultural relations ==
[[File:Shashlik ingredients.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Shashlik]], a common [[Eurasian]] dish.]]
Both Pakistan and Turkey are mutually influenced by [[Arab culture|Arab]], [[Turko-Mongol]] and [[Culture of Iran#Traditional cultural inheritors of the old Persia|Persian cultures]]. The region of [[Anatolia]] in Central and Eastern Turkey was occupied multiple times by Persian Empires which has brought Persian cultural and linguistic influence since ancient times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/persian_period.htm|title=Persian Period in Anatolia and Asia Minor|publisher=}}</ref>

The [[Indus Valley]] region of Pakistan was occupied by the [[Achaemenid empire]] going back to the fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajaonline.org/field-report/121|title=The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations at Akra in Northwest Pakistan|publisher=}}</ref>

Modern-day Turkey was home to many ancient European civilizations, including Greek. The country has many traces of cultural and historical influences from the ancient Greeks including Greek archeological sites found in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/details/History/HellenicCiv.html|title=Hellenic Civilization in Turkey|author=Tom Brosnahan, Travel Info Exchange, Inc.|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancient.eu.com/Asia_Minor/|title=Asia Minor|author=Joshua J. Mark|work=Ancient History Encyclopedia}}</ref>

Pakistan also became influenced by Greek culture and civilization, especially in the aftermath of [[Alexander the Great]]'s invasion of the region which later led to the formation of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]. [[Gandhara]] is a major site of ancient Greek legacy in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/gandhara.html|title=Gandhara Civilization|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey became a [[Turkic languages|Turkic speaking]] country as a result of [[Seljuq Empire|Seljuq occupation]] and [[Turkification]] of the region. Though Pakistan is not a Turkic-speaking country, its languages, particularly [[Urdu]], a standard register of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], is strongly influenced by the [[Chagatai language|Turkic language of the Mughals]] before it became their empire's official language. As a result, it has many loanwords from that language. The [[etymology]] of the word "Urdu" traces itself back to [[Mughal Empire|Turkic (Mughal) rule]].<ref>http://swauop.yolasite.com/urdu1.php</ref> Moreover, the common cultural influences on Pakistan and Turkey span several centuries, as many [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Iranic peoples]] ruled vast areas of [[Central Asia]], [[South Asia]] and the [[Middle East]].

The designs of clothing of the two countries also have common origins in Central Asia.

== Trade ==
[[File:Gul Interchange (2).JPG|thumb|250px|right|thumb|The Abdullah Gul Interchange near [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] in [[Lahore]], this interchange was inaugurated by the [[Turkish President]] [[Abdullah Gul]] during his visit to [[Lahore]] in 2010.]]

Turkey and Pakistan are founding members of the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] and part of the [[Developing 8 Countries]] (D-8) organization. Both nations have worked to negotiate a preferential trading agreement, aiming to considerably increase trade and investments, especially in transport, telecommunications, manufacturing, tourism and other industries.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=1677 |title=Turkey to sign PTA with Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Daily Times, Pakistan |date=16 April 2005}}</ref> Both governments have sought to increase the volume of bilateral trade from $690 million to more than $1 billion by 2010.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=102299 |title=Pakistan, Turkey discuss defence co-production |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref> Pakistani exports include rice, [[sesame seeds]], leather, textiles, fabrics, sports goods, and medical equipment. Turkey's exports to Pakistan include wheat, [[chickpeas]], [[lentils]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], chemicals, transport vehicles, machinery and energy products.<ref name="FPJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fpcci.com.pk/tradep&turk.asp |title=Trade between Pakistan & Turkey |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry}}</ref> Turkish private corporations have also invested significantly in industrial and construction projects developing highways, pipelines and canals.<ref name="JIA" /> The two countries are negotiatating the [[Turkey-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement]].

=== Train service ===
A [[container train]] service was launched by the Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Yousuf Raza Gilani]] between Islamabad and [[Istanbul]] on 14 August 2009. The first train carried 20 [[Intermodal container|containers]] with a capacity of around {{convert|750|t|LT ST|0|abbr=on}} <ref>http://www.pakistantimes.net/pt/detail.php?newsId=3343</ref> and will travel {{convert|6500|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}} from Islamabad, through [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and [[Tehran]], Iran and on to Istanbul in two weeks' time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\15\story_15-8-2009_pg7_12 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |publisher=Daily Times |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Railways (Pakistan)|Minister for Railways]] [[Ghulam Ahmad Bilour]], after the trial of the container train service, a passenger train will be launched.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+gilani+launches+trial+phase+of+islamabad-istanbul+train+service-za-06 |title=Pakistan | PM launches trial phase of Pak-Turkey train service |publisher=Dawn.Com |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> There are also hopes the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia, and carry passengers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8201934.stm |title=Pakistan–Turkey rail trial starts |accessdate=16 August 2009 |publisher=BBC News |date=14 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/news/news61296.html|title=Pakistan Plans Passenger Rail Between Pakistan, Iran and Turkey|work=Railway Technology}}</ref>

== Strategic ties ==
Both nations were part of [[Cold War]] alliance called the [[Central Treaty Organization]]. Its goal was to [[containment|contain]] the [[Soviet Union]] ([[USSR]]) by having a line of strong states along the USSR's southern frontiers. Military contacts remain resolute, uncompromising and stalwart as ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/7569/turkey-pakistan-ties-indias-loss-is-chinas-gain|title=Turkey-Pakistan close ties |publisher=World Politics Review}}</ref>

== Trilateral Ankara cooperation process ==
Turkey launched a trilateral summit process between the two states and [[Afghanistan]] in February 2007, following a visit by then [[Turkish Foreign Minister]] [[Abdullah Gül]] to [[Islamabad]], as the backbone of its diversified foreign policy in Southeast Asia and Pakistani deputy [[Humair Hayat Khan Rokhri]] confirmed that according to Gül “we are all brothers who need to support each other,” in order to, “bring security and stability to the region.”<ref name=TZ090507>{{cite news
|url=
|date=7 May 2009
|title=Turkey, Afghanistan and Pakistan solidify cooperation
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

An 1 April 2009 meeting between Pakistani and Afghan leaders, conducted as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, saw the three countries pledged to increase coordination between their political, military and intelligence tiers in the fight against militancy and terrorism. Chairman of the Turkish–Pakistani Friendship Association Burhan Kayatürk has stated that, “It is the first time that the military and intelligence chiefs of Afghanistan and Pakistan have attended the trilateral summit, which is a reflection of the deeper commitment to work together.”<ref name=TZ090506b>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Concerned Turkish deputy calls for active engagement in Pakistan
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

At the 17 April 2009 [[Friends of Pakistan]] Tokyo Donors Conference, Turkish State Minister [[Mehmet Aydın]] pledged $100 million to Pakistan for infrastructure, health and education projects. Turkish Parliamentary Deputy Kayatürk has called on neighbouring countries, including India, to make similar commitments as “It is in their interests to see a stable Pakistan; otherwise violence will spill over into their territory.”<ref name=TZ090506b />

Pakistani and [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] parliamentary deputies came together in [[Ankara]] on 5 May 2009, as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, where they met with the now [[Turkish President]] Gül and new Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] to discuss a variety of issues. Head of the Turkish Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission Murat Mercan stated; <blockquote>“Today we need cooperation between our countries more than ever. I believe Turkey, having historical brotherhood relations with both, is in a special position to improve and deepen this cooperation. Turkey is confident that the cooperation to be established between Afghanistan and Pakistan will help a lot to solve the problems.”<ref name=TZ090506a>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Afghan, Pakistani lawmakers meet in Turkish Parliament
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
}}</ref></blockquote> Chairman of the Pakistani Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission [[Asfandyar Wali Khan]] conveyed his thanks and stated,
:''“We need Turkey’s support to build stability in the region.”''

Mercan concluded,
:''“We are finally on the verge of institutionalising the trilateral Ankara cooperation process within the framework of parliamentary joint initiatives,”'' with follow-up meetings due to be held in Islamabad and [[Kabul]] at four-month intervals.”

== Military relations ==
Pakistan and Turkey have maintained long-standing military ties with Turkey also providing training to Pakistani air force officers in upgrading its [[F-16]] fleet.<ref name="IP" /> On 2 April 1954, Pakistan and Turkey signed a [[treaty]] of friendship and cooperation. Both countries, valued as important states in their regions, joined the U.S.-led [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) aimed to bolster military and strategic cooperation and counter the spread of communism and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] influence in the region.<ref name="VA">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=34|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Turkey has openly supported Pakistan's stance on the [[Kashmir conflict]]. Ankara, further, recognizes Jammu and Kashmir, as part of Pakistan, with which it endeavours to 'spice up' bilateral relations, and the Turkish ambassador to Pakistan spent nearly a week in [[Muzaffarabad]], the capital of Azad Kashmir (Pakistani Administrated Kashmir), in order to show Turkish solidarity with the Pakistanis in regards to Kashmir and maintained political and military support during its [[Wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan|wars with India]].<ref name="VA" /><ref name="VA2">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=109|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] Press |year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Pakistan has reciprocated by expressing support for Turkey's policy on [[Northern Cyprus]].<ref name="X" /><ref name="DQ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |title=Pakistan, Turkey to cooperate in defence industry |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018202001/http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |archivedate=18 October 2006 }}</ref> Both nations have sought to expand cooperation to fight terrorism.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X" /> Both countries are also members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]].

Turkey is also currently a major arms seller to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/features/featureturkeys-formidable-defence-industry-rising-star-or-natos-unruly-ally-4207115/|title=Turkey’s formidable defence industry – rising star or NATO’s unruly ally?|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey previously purchased arms from Pakistan<ref>James Ron ''Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey'' Human Rights Watch, 1995 ISBN 1-56432-161-4, 9781564321619 (page 40)</ref> and continues to purchase minor aerial weapons and components from Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2015/10/05/Pakistan-Turkey-to-improve-defense-ties/9421444052995/|title=Pakistan Turkey to cooperate on defense industry – UPI.com|date=5 October 2015|work=UPI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/145139/pakistan-delivers-parts-for-turkish-uav.html|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra Delivers First Batch of Turkish UAV Parts to Turkish Aerospace Industry|publisher=}}</ref>

== Aid exchange ==
In the aftermath of the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], Turkey stepped up its efforts to help the Pakistani people of the affected areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishembassy.com/ii/O/yardim.htm|title= Humanitarian aid to Pakistan|publisher=Turkish Embassy in Ottawa}}</ref> Turkey announced a package of $150 million for the quake-hit people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/21/top2.htm|title= Turkish aid package for Pakistan|publisher=Dawn News}}</ref> The Turkish aid organization [[Kizilay]] also constructed a mosque in Pakistans [[Azad Kashmir]] region bordering Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir. The mosque is being built in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Style in Pakistan's [[Bagh District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61352|title= Turkish Mosque in Pakistani Kashmir|publisher=World Bulletin}}</ref>

Pakistan supplied Turkey with aid during the 1999 earthquake<ref>{{cite web|url=http://img.static.reliefweb.int/report/turkey/pakistan-sends-relief-goods-turkey-quake-victims|title=Pakistan sends relief goods to Turkey for quake victims|work=ReliefWeb}}</ref> and during the 2011 [[Van earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/10/30/city/lahore/punjab-govt-sends-tents-to-turkey-earthquake-victims/|title=Punjab govt sends tents to Turkey earthquake victims|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-263115-pakistani-red-crescent-extends-help-to-earthquake-victims-in-van.html|title=Pakistani Red Crescent extends help to earthquake victims in Van|work=TodaysZaman}}</ref>

== Previous opposing ambitions ==
Both Turkey and Pakistan at times have had conflicting interests and ambitions. During the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Afghan civil war]], Turkey became a strong supporter of the [[Northern Alliance]], due to its [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]] and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] members, with which Turkey shares cultural and linguistic ties.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=JjYaRa2vtAkC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=turkey+northern+alliance+afghanistan&source=bl&ots=dANauf-68k&sig=LthO3RrDAnNbd1jnBcfaCmQSuS8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z1kuU7N24pDJAd6egJAH&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=turkey%20northern%20alliance%20afghanistan&f=false|title=Afghanistan and Central Asia|publisher=}}</ref>
Pakistan meanwhile maintained strong relations and support to the [[Taliban]] whom were ethnic [[Pashtuns]] that have ethnic ties to Pakistan's own Pashtun population as well prevent Pakistan's fears of Afghanistan falling into the control of the Northern Alliance whom were supported by Pakistan's various adversaries, including India.

This changed in late 2001 when Pakistan was under international pressure to abolish all its ties with the Taliban and re-align with the [[United States]] and [[NATO]] in the so-called "[[War on Terror]]" following the September 11 attacks in [[New York City]] and [[Washington DC]] which were directly blamed on [[Al-Queda]] and indirectly on the Taliban for sheltering them. As a result, the United States lifted all sanctions that were imposed on Pakistan following Pakistan's 1998 nuclear weapons tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2001_10/sanctionsoct01|title=Bush Waives Nuclear-Related Sanctions on India, Pakistan – Arms Control Association|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey has also supported the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]] (ETIM) in China whom are ethnic [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] that Turkey also shares cultural and linguistic ties with.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/ethno-diplomacy-uyghur-hitch-sino-turkish-relations|title=Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Xijinping_visit/2012-02/22/content_24696523.htm|title=China cautions Turkey against 'East Turkistan' forces|author=陈霞|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan [[War in North-West Pakistan|struggling with domestic Islamist insurgency]] as well as being a close and [[China–Pakistan relations|historic ally of China]] has strongly opposed the ETIM and has taken severe actions against members of [[Uyghurs in Pakistan|Uyghur communities within its borders]] even suspected of being participant in anti-Chinese activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/pakistan-08102011175506.html|title=Pakistan Deports Uyghurs|work=Radio Free Asia}}</ref>
Separately, Pakistan has killed many foreign militants in its territory during anti-Taliban/Al-Qaeda military operations amongst which were Uyghurs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/916826/uighur-leader-killed-in-pakistan-rehman-malik|title=Uighur leader killed in Pakistan: Rehman Malik|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-31-uighur-attacks-thwarted-as-pakistans-zardari-visits-xinjiang|title='Uighur attacks' thwarted as Pakistan's Zardari visits Xinjiang|author=Ben Blanchard|work=The M&G Online}}</ref> as well as Turks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/125464.html|title=German militant killed in Pakistan|publisher=Press TV}}</ref> and Uzbeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/10/world/asia/karachi-pakistan-airport-attack-taliban.html|title=Assault on Pakistan Airport Signals Taliban’s Reach and Resilience|date=10 June 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/report/uzbek-militancy-pakistans-tribal-region|title=Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan's Tribal Region|work=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mei.edu/content/turkey-pakistan-security-relations-1950s Turkey-Pakistan Security Relations since the 1950s]

{{Pakistan–Turkey relations}}
{{Foreign relations of Pakistan}}
{{Foreign relations of Turkey}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan-Turkey Relations}}
[[Category:Pakistan–Turkey relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Turkey]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Pakistan|Turkey]]

Pakistanisch-türkische Beziehungen

2016-11-17T19:58:04Z

Wiki id2:

{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Pakistan-Turkey|Pakistan|Turkey|map=Pakistan Turkey Locator.svg}}
Pakistan has an embassy in [[Ankara]], a Consulate-General in [[Istanbul]] and an honorary consulate in [[Izmir]] whereas, Turkey has an embassy in [[Islamabad]], a Consulate-General in [[Karachi]] and honorary consulates in [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], [[Sialkot]] and [[Faisalabad]].

Relations date back generations before the establishment of the two states, more precisely during the [[Turkish War of Independence]] when the Muslims of the northwestern British Raj sent financial aid to the declining [[Ottoman Empire]] which was followed by the [[History of the Republic of Turkey|formation of the Turkish Republic]]. Pakistan and Turkey enjoy close cultural, historical and military relations which are now expanding into deepening economic relations as both countries seek to develop their economies. Turkey supports Pakistan's position of holding a plebiscite under the UN to decide if Kashmir wants to join Pakistan, a position which Turkish President Erdogan reaffirmed in a joint address to the Pakistani parliament and which was attended by Pakistan's military high command.<ref>http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361378-Kashmir-dispute-should-be-solved-according-to-Kash</ref><ref>http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361395-Army-chief-praises-Erdogans-address-in-parliament</ref> Turkey supports Pakistan's membership of the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]]<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1296714/turkish-president-erdogan-arrives-in-islamabad</ref> Analysts have also observed that Turkey and Pakistan enjoy close relations during both democratic and military regimes, reflecting the depth of the relations between the two nations.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232331/turkey-dependable-ally/</ref>

Ties which had historically remained close on nationalist and cultural grounds further deepened under President Erdogan's Islamic-rooted political approach, as he termed Pakistan "home away from home". He became the only foreign leader to address Pakistan's Parliament, the National Assembly more than once, doing so twice in four years.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/382017/pak-turkey-ties-erdogan-addresses-parliament-offers-sage-advice/</ref> As of 2016, President Erdogan has visited Pakistan 7 times, domestic politics also spillover, infamously [[Fethullah Gulen]] linked officers leaked tapes alleging corruption and arrested Erdogan's close aides, while Erdogan was on a trip to Pakistan, Erdogan accused the Gulenists of sabotage while representing Turkey in a friendly nation.<ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/12/can-pakistan-save-erdogan-2013123054425345386.html</ref> Gulen-linked schools are under pressure to close and teachers have had their visas turned down at the behest of the Turkish government since the attempted coup, an indicator of Pakistan's close ties to the Turkish government.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232099/turkish-teachers-fear-deportation-asked-renew-visas/</ref><ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/pakistan-expels-turkish-school-staff-gulen-links-161116084837457.html</ref>

As a result, Pakistan and Pakistanis have enjoyed a positive perception in Turkey and amongst Turks for many decades. The two nations are in the process of strengthening economic relations with a [[Pakistan-Turkey Free Trade Agreement]] aiming to raise bilateral trade volume to $10 billion by 2020. Turkey and Pakistan have a strong defence relationship consisting of joint excercises and a substantial portion of the Pakistan Navy's fleet consisting of joint Pakistan-Turkish naval ships such as fleet tankers and fast attack craft.<ref>http://quwa.org/2016/10/30/turkey-pakistan-conduct-bilateral-naval-exercise/</ref> Pakistan supports the Turkish position on Cyprus, Azerbaijan and Armenia, as such Pakistan has no diplomatic relations with Armenia, with Turkey supporting Pakistan's position on the Kashmir dispute,<ref>http://dailytimes.com.pk/islamabad/17-Nov-16/pakistan-turkey-agree-to-deepen-trade-defence-relations</ref> including alleged human rights violations of Muslims in Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref>http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/turkey-backs-pakistans-stance-on-sending-team-to-probe-human-rights-violation-in-kashmir-2949887/</ref> As a result the two countries have enjoyed strong military and diplomatic relations which is now strengthening towards economic co-operation.

== Development of bilateral relations ==
Turkey established diplomatic relations soon after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and bilateral relations became increasingly close owing to cultural, religious and geopolitical links between the two countries.<ref name="JIA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume5/September-November2000/VolumeVN3ISTHIAQAHMAD.pdf |title=Turkey and Pakistan: Bridging the Growing Divergence |format=PDF |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> Pakistan's founder [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] expressed admiration for Turkey's founding leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and also a desire to develop Pakistan on the Turkish model of modernism. Similarly Pakistan would follow the footstep of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and [[Allama Iqbal]] to develop a modern Islamic Pakistan and all other so called ism are rejected by people of Pakistan.<ref name="CSI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0124/p01s04-wosc.html |title=A Turkish path for Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |date=24 January 2002}}</ref> Similar ideas were expressed by the former [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharraf]], who grew up in Turkey and had received extensive military training there.<ref name="CSI" /><ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2994458.stm|title=BBC NEWS – South Asia – Turkey and Pakistan boost ties|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="IP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FA22Df06.html |title=Turkey and Pakistan join forces |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> [[Jinnah]] is honoured as a great leader in Turkey, and a major road of the Turkish capital [[Ankara]], the [[Cinnah Caddesi]] is named after him, while roads in [[Islamabad]], [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], and [[Larkana]] are named after Atatürk. On 26 October 2009, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] was awarded the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] and was the fourth world leader who spoke to the Pakistani parliament. [[Erdoğan]] said that [[Pakistan]] had always occupied a special place in the hearts and minds of the Turkish government and people.

== Cultural relations ==
[[File:Shashlik ingredients.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Shashlik]], a common [[Eurasian]] dish.]]
Both Pakistan and Turkey are mutually influenced by [[Arab culture|Arab]], [[Turko-Mongol]] and [[Culture of Iran#Traditional cultural inheritors of the old Persia|Persian cultures]]. The region of [[Anatolia]] in Central and Eastern Turkey was occupied multiple times by Persian Empires which has brought Persian cultural and linguistic influence since ancient times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/persian_period.htm|title=Persian Period in Anatolia and Asia Minor|publisher=}}</ref>

The [[Indus Valley]] region of Pakistan was occupied by the [[Achaemenid empire]] going back to the fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajaonline.org/field-report/121|title=The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations at Akra in Northwest Pakistan|publisher=}}</ref>

Modern-day Turkey was home to many ancient European civilizations, including Greek. The country has many traces of cultural and historical influences from the ancient Greeks including Greek archeological sites found in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/details/History/HellenicCiv.html|title=Hellenic Civilization in Turkey|author=Tom Brosnahan, Travel Info Exchange, Inc.|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancient.eu.com/Asia_Minor/|title=Asia Minor|author=Joshua J. Mark|work=Ancient History Encyclopedia}}</ref>

Pakistan also became influenced by Greek culture and civilization, especially in the aftermath of [[Alexander the Great]]'s invasion of the region which later led to the formation of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]. [[Gandhara]] is a major site of ancient Greek legacy in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/gandhara.html|title=Gandhara Civilization|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey became a [[Turkic languages|Turkic speaking]] country as a result of [[Seljuq Empire|Seljuq occupation]] and [[Turkification]] of the region. Though Pakistan is not a Turkic-speaking country, its languages, particularly [[Urdu]], a standard register of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], is strongly influenced by the [[Chagatai language|Turkic language of the Mughals]] before it became their empire's official language. As a result, it has many loanwords from that language. The [[etymology]] of the word "Urdu" traces itself back to [[Mughal Empire|Turkic (Mughal) rule]].<ref>http://swauop.yolasite.com/urdu1.php</ref> Moreover, the common cultural influences on Pakistan and Turkey span several centuries, as many [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Iranic peoples]] ruled vast areas of [[Central Asia]], [[South Asia]] and the [[Middle East]].

The designs of clothing of the two countries also have common origins in Central Asia.

== Trade ==
[[File:Gul Interchange (2).JPG|thumb|250px|right|thumb|The Abdullah Gul Interchange near [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] in [[Lahore]], this interchange was inaugurated by the [[Turkish President]] [[Abdullah Gul]] during his visit to [[Lahore]] in 2010.]]

Turkey and Pakistan are founding members of the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] and part of the [[Developing 8 Countries]] (D-8) organization. Both nations have worked to negotiate a preferential trading agreement, aiming to considerably increase trade and investments, especially in transport, telecommunications, manufacturing, tourism and other industries.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=1677 |title=Turkey to sign PTA with Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Daily Times, Pakistan |date=16 April 2005}}</ref> Both governments have sought to increase the volume of bilateral trade from $690 million to more than $1 billion by 2010.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=102299 |title=Pakistan, Turkey discuss defence co-production |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref> Pakistani exports include rice, [[sesame seeds]], leather, textiles, fabrics, sports goods, and medical equipment. Turkey's exports to Pakistan include wheat, [[chickpeas]], [[lentils]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], chemicals, transport vehicles, machinery and energy products.<ref name="FPJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fpcci.com.pk/tradep&turk.asp |title=Trade between Pakistan & Turkey |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry}}</ref> Turkish private corporations have also invested significantly in industrial and construction projects developing highways, pipelines and canals.<ref name="JIA" /> The two countries are negotiatating the [[Turkey-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement]].

=== Train service ===
A [[container train]] service was launched by the Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Yousuf Raza Gilani]] between Islamabad and [[Istanbul]] on 14 August 2009. The first train carried 20 [[Intermodal container|containers]] with a capacity of around {{convert|750|t|LT ST|0|abbr=on}} <ref>http://www.pakistantimes.net/pt/detail.php?newsId=3343</ref> and will travel {{convert|6500|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}} from Islamabad, through [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and [[Tehran]], Iran and on to Istanbul in two weeks' time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\15\story_15-8-2009_pg7_12 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |publisher=Daily Times |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Railways (Pakistan)|Minister for Railways]] [[Ghulam Ahmad Bilour]], after the trial of the container train service, a passenger train will be launched.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+gilani+launches+trial+phase+of+islamabad-istanbul+train+service-za-06 |title=Pakistan | PM launches trial phase of Pak-Turkey train service |publisher=Dawn.Com |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> There are also hopes the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia, and carry passengers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8201934.stm |title=Pakistan–Turkey rail trial starts |accessdate=16 August 2009 |publisher=BBC News |date=14 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/news/news61296.html|title=Pakistan Plans Passenger Rail Between Pakistan, Iran and Turkey|work=Railway Technology}}</ref>

== Strategic ties ==
Both nations were part of [[Cold War]] alliance called the [[Central Treaty Organization]]. Its goal was to [[containment|contain]] the [[Soviet Union]] ([[USSR]]) by having a line of strong states along the USSR's southern frontiers. Military contacts remain resolute, uncompromising and stalwart as ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/7569/turkey-pakistan-ties-indias-loss-is-chinas-gain|title=Turkey-Pakistan close ties |publisher=World Politics Review}}</ref>

== Trilateral Ankara cooperation process ==
Turkey launched a trilateral summit process between the two states and [[Afghanistan]] in February 2007, following a visit by then [[Turkish Foreign Minister]] [[Abdullah Gül]] to [[Islamabad]], as the backbone of its diversified foreign policy in Southeast Asia and Pakistani deputy [[Humair Hayat Khan Rokhri]] confirmed that according to Gül “we are all brothers who need to support each other,” in order to, “bring security and stability to the region.”<ref name=TZ090507>{{cite news
|url=
|date=7 May 2009
|title=Turkey, Afghanistan and Pakistan solidify cooperation
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

An 1 April 2009 meeting between Pakistani and Afghan leaders, conducted as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, saw the three countries pledged to increase coordination between their political, military and intelligence tiers in the fight against militancy and terrorism. Chairman of the Turkish–Pakistani Friendship Association Burhan Kayatürk has stated that, “It is the first time that the military and intelligence chiefs of Afghanistan and Pakistan have attended the trilateral summit, which is a reflection of the deeper commitment to work together.”<ref name=TZ090506b>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Concerned Turkish deputy calls for active engagement in Pakistan
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

At the 17 April 2009 [[Friends of Pakistan]] Tokyo Donors Conference, Turkish State Minister [[Mehmet Aydın]] pledged $100 million to Pakistan for infrastructure, health and education projects. Turkish Parliamentary Deputy Kayatürk has called on neighbouring countries, including India, to make similar commitments as “It is in their interests to see a stable Pakistan; otherwise violence will spill over into their territory.”<ref name=TZ090506b />

Pakistani and [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] parliamentary deputies came together in [[Ankara]] on 5 May 2009, as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, where they met with the now [[Turkish President]] Gül and new Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] to discuss a variety of issues. Head of the Turkish Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission Murat Mercan stated; <blockquote>“Today we need cooperation between our countries more than ever. I believe Turkey, having historical brotherhood relations with both, is in a special position to improve and deepen this cooperation. Turkey is confident that the cooperation to be established between Afghanistan and Pakistan will help a lot to solve the problems.”<ref name=TZ090506a>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Afghan, Pakistani lawmakers meet in Turkish Parliament
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
}}</ref></blockquote> Chairman of the Pakistani Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission [[Asfandyar Wali Khan]] conveyed his thanks and stated,
:''“We need Turkey’s support to build stability in the region.”''

Mercan concluded,
:''“We are finally on the verge of institutionalising the trilateral Ankara cooperation process within the framework of parliamentary joint initiatives,”'' with follow-up meetings due to be held in Islamabad and [[Kabul]] at four-month intervals.”

== Military relations ==
Pakistan and Turkey have maintained long-standing military ties with Turkey also providing training to Pakistani air force officers in upgrading its [[F-16]] fleet.<ref name="IP" /> On 2 April 1954, Pakistan and Turkey signed a [[treaty]] of friendship and cooperation. Both countries, valued as important states in their regions, joined the U.S.-led [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) aimed to bolster military and strategic cooperation and counter the spread of communism and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] influence in the region.<ref name="VA">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=34|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Turkey has openly supported Pakistan's stance on the [[Kashmir conflict]]. Ankara, further, recognizes Jammu and Kashmir, as part of Pakistan, with which it endeavours to 'spice up' bilateral relations, and the Turkish ambassador to Pakistan spent nearly a week in [[Muzaffarabad]], the capital of Azad Kashmir (Pakistani Administrated Kashmir), in order to show Turkish solidarity with the Pakistanis in regards to Kashmir and maintained political and military support during its [[Wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan|wars with India]].<ref name="VA" /><ref name="VA2">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=109|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] Press |year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Pakistan has reciprocated by expressing support for Turkey's policy on [[Northern Cyprus]].<ref name="X" /><ref name="DQ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |title=Pakistan, Turkey to cooperate in defence industry |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018202001/http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |archivedate=18 October 2006 }}</ref> Both nations have sought to expand cooperation to fight terrorism.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X" /> Both countries are also members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]].

Turkey is also currently a major arms seller to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/features/featureturkeys-formidable-defence-industry-rising-star-or-natos-unruly-ally-4207115/|title=Turkey’s formidable defence industry – rising star or NATO’s unruly ally?|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey previously purchased arms from Pakistan<ref>James Ron ''Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey'' Human Rights Watch, 1995 ISBN 1-56432-161-4, 9781564321619 (page 40)</ref> and continues to purchase minor aerial weapons and components from Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2015/10/05/Pakistan-Turkey-to-improve-defense-ties/9421444052995/|title=Pakistan Turkey to cooperate on defense industry – UPI.com|date=5 October 2015|work=UPI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/145139/pakistan-delivers-parts-for-turkish-uav.html|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra Delivers First Batch of Turkish UAV Parts to Turkish Aerospace Industry|publisher=}}</ref>

== Aid exchange ==
In the aftermath of the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], Turkey stepped up its efforts to help the Pakistani people of the affected areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishembassy.com/ii/O/yardim.htm|title= Humanitarian aid to Pakistan|publisher=Turkish Embassy in Ottawa}}</ref> Turkey announced a package of $150 million for the quake-hit people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/21/top2.htm|title= Turkish aid package for Pakistan|publisher=Dawn News}}</ref> The Turkish aid organization [[Kizilay]] also constructed a mosque in Pakistans [[Azad Kashmir]] region bordering Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir. The mosque is being built in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Style in Pakistan's [[Bagh District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61352|title= Turkish Mosque in Pakistani Kashmir|publisher=World Bulletin}}</ref>

Pakistan supplied Turkey with aid during the 1999 earthquake<ref>{{cite web|url=http://img.static.reliefweb.int/report/turkey/pakistan-sends-relief-goods-turkey-quake-victims|title=Pakistan sends relief goods to Turkey for quake victims|work=ReliefWeb}}</ref> and during the 2011 [[Van earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/10/30/city/lahore/punjab-govt-sends-tents-to-turkey-earthquake-victims/|title=Punjab govt sends tents to Turkey earthquake victims|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-263115-pakistani-red-crescent-extends-help-to-earthquake-victims-in-van.html|title=Pakistani Red Crescent extends help to earthquake victims in Van|work=TodaysZaman}}</ref>

== Previous opposing ambitions ==
Both Turkey and Pakistan at times have had conflicting interests and ambitions. During the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Afghan civil war]], Turkey became a strong supporter of the [[Northern Alliance]], due to its [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]] and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] members, with which Turkey shares cultural and linguistic ties.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=JjYaRa2vtAkC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=turkey+northern+alliance+afghanistan&source=bl&ots=dANauf-68k&sig=LthO3RrDAnNbd1jnBcfaCmQSuS8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z1kuU7N24pDJAd6egJAH&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=turkey%20northern%20alliance%20afghanistan&f=false|title=Afghanistan and Central Asia|publisher=}}</ref>
Pakistan meanwhile maintained strong relations and support to the [[Taliban]] whom were ethnic [[Pashtuns]] that have ethnic ties to Pakistan's own Pashtun population as well prevent Pakistan's fears of Afghanistan falling into the control of the Northern Alliance whom were supported by Pakistan's various adversaries, including India.

This changed in late 2001 when Pakistan was under international pressure to abolish all its ties with the Taliban and re-align with the [[United States]] and [[NATO]] in the so-called "[[War on Terror]]" following the September 11 attacks in [[New York City]] and [[Washington DC]] which were directly blamed on [[Al-Queda]] and indirectly on the Taliban for sheltering them. As a result, the United States lifted all sanctions that were imposed on Pakistan following Pakistan's 1998 nuclear weapons tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2001_10/sanctionsoct01|title=Bush Waives Nuclear-Related Sanctions on India, Pakistan – Arms Control Association|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey has also supported the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]] (ETIM) in China whom are ethnic [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] that Turkey also shares cultural and linguistic ties with.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/ethno-diplomacy-uyghur-hitch-sino-turkish-relations|title=Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Xijinping_visit/2012-02/22/content_24696523.htm|title=China cautions Turkey against 'East Turkistan' forces|author=陈霞|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan [[War in North-West Pakistan|struggling with domestic Islamist insurgency]] as well as being a close and [[China–Pakistan relations|historic ally of China]] has strongly opposed the ETIM and has taken severe actions against members of [[Uyghurs in Pakistan|Uyghur communities within its borders]] even suspected of being participant in anti-Chinese activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/pakistan-08102011175506.html|title=Pakistan Deports Uyghurs|work=Radio Free Asia}}</ref>
Separately, Pakistan has killed many foreign militants in its territory during anti-Taliban/Al-Qaeda military operations amongst which were Uyghurs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/916826/uighur-leader-killed-in-pakistan-rehman-malik|title=Uighur leader killed in Pakistan: Rehman Malik|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-31-uighur-attacks-thwarted-as-pakistans-zardari-visits-xinjiang|title='Uighur attacks' thwarted as Pakistan's Zardari visits Xinjiang|author=Ben Blanchard|work=The M&G Online}}</ref> as well as Turks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/125464.html|title=German militant killed in Pakistan|publisher=Press TV}}</ref> and Uzbeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/10/world/asia/karachi-pakistan-airport-attack-taliban.html|title=Assault on Pakistan Airport Signals Taliban’s Reach and Resilience|date=10 June 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/report/uzbek-militancy-pakistans-tribal-region|title=Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan's Tribal Region|work=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mei.edu/content/turkey-pakistan-security-relations-1950s Turkey-Pakistan Security Relations since the 1950s]

{{Pakistan–Turkey relations}}
{{Foreign relations of Pakistan}}
{{Foreign relations of Turkey}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan-Turkey Relations}}
[[Category:Pakistan–Turkey relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Turkey]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Pakistan|Turkey]]

Pakistanisch-türkische Beziehungen

2016-11-17T19:46:47Z

Wiki id2:

{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Pakistan-Turkey|Pakistan|Turkey|map=Pakistan Turkey Locator.svg}}
Pakistan has an embassy in [[Ankara]], a Consulate-General in [[Istanbul]] and an honorary consulate in [[Izmir]] whereas, Turkey has an embassy in [[Islamabad]], a Consulate-General in [[Karachi]] and honorary consulates in [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], [[Sialkot]] and [[Faisalabad]].

Relations date back generations before the establishment of the two states, more precisely during the [[Turkish War of Independence]] when the Muslims of the northwestern British Raj sent financial aid to the declining [[Ottoman Empire]] which was followed by the [[History of the Republic of Turkey|formation of the Turkish Republic]]. Pakistan and Turkey enjoy close cultural, historical and military relations which are now expanding into deepening economic relations as both countries seek to develop their economies. Turkey supports Pakistan's position of holding a plebiscite under the UN to decide if Kashmir wants to join Pakistan, a position which Turkish President Erdogan reaffirmed in a joint address to the Pakistani parliament and which was attended by Pakistan's military high command.<ref>http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361378-Kashmir-dispute-should-be-solved-according-to-Kash</ref><ref>http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/361395-Army-chief-praises-Erdogans-address-in-parliament</ref>

Ties which had historically remained close on nationalist and cultural grounds further deepened under President Erdogan's Islamic-rooted political approach, as he termed Pakistan "home away from home". He became the only foreign leader to address Pakistan's Parliament, the National Assembly more than once, doing so twice in four years.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/382017/pak-turkey-ties-erdogan-addresses-parliament-offers-sage-advice/</ref> As of 2016, President Erdogan has visited Pakistan 7 times, domestic politics also spillover, infamously [[Fethullah Gulen]] linked officers leaked tapes alleging corruption and arrested Erdogan's close aides, while Erdogan was on a trip to Pakistan, Erdogan accused the Gulenists of sabotage while representing Turkey in a friendly nation.<ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/12/can-pakistan-save-erdogan-2013123054425345386.html</ref> Gulen-linked schools are under pressure to close and teachers have had their visas turned down at the behest of the Turkish government since the attempted coup, an indicator of Pakistan's close ties to the Turkish government.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232099/turkish-teachers-fear-deportation-asked-renew-visas/</ref><ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/pakistan-expels-turkish-school-staff-gulen-links-161116084837457.html</ref> Analysts have also observed that Turkey and Pakistan enjoy close relations during both democratic and military regimes, reflecting the depth of the relations between the two nations.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232331/turkey-dependable-ally/</ref> Turkey supports Pakistan's membership of the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]]<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1296714/turkish-president-erdogan-arrives-in-islamabad</ref>

As a result, Pakistan and Pakistanis have enjoyed a positive perception in Turkey and amongst Turks for many decades. The two nations are in the process of strengthening economic relations with a [[Pakistan-Turkey Free Trade Agreement]] aiming to raise bilateral trade volume to $10 billion by 2020. Turkey and Pakistan have a strong defence relationship consisting of joint excercises and a substantial portion of the Pakistan Navy's fleet consisting of joint Pakistan-Turkish naval ships such as fleet tankers and fast attack craft.<ref>http://quwa.org/2016/10/30/turkey-pakistan-conduct-bilateral-naval-exercise/</ref> Pakistan supports the Turkish position on Cyprus, Azerbaijan and Armenia, as such Pakistan has no diplomatic relations with Armenia, with Turkey supporting Pakistan's position on the Kashmir dispute,<ref>http://dailytimes.com.pk/islamabad/17-Nov-16/pakistan-turkey-agree-to-deepen-trade-defence-relations</ref> including alleged human rights violations of Muslims in Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref>http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/turkey-backs-pakistans-stance-on-sending-team-to-probe-human-rights-violation-in-kashmir-2949887/</ref> As a result the two countries have enjoyed strong military and diplomatic relations which is now strengthening towards economic co-operation.

== Development of bilateral relations ==
Turkey established diplomatic relations soon after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and bilateral relations became increasingly close owing to cultural, religious and geopolitical links between the two countries.<ref name="JIA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume5/September-November2000/VolumeVN3ISTHIAQAHMAD.pdf |title=Turkey and Pakistan: Bridging the Growing Divergence |format=PDF |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> Pakistan's founder [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] expressed admiration for Turkey's founding leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and also a desire to develop Pakistan on the Turkish model of modernism. Similarly Pakistan would follow the footstep of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and [[Allama Iqbal]] to develop a modern Islamic Pakistan and all other so called ism are rejected by people of Pakistan.<ref name="CSI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0124/p01s04-wosc.html |title=A Turkish path for Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |date=24 January 2002}}</ref> Similar ideas were expressed by the former [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharraf]], who grew up in Turkey and had received extensive military training there.<ref name="CSI" /><ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2994458.stm|title=BBC NEWS – South Asia – Turkey and Pakistan boost ties|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="IP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FA22Df06.html |title=Turkey and Pakistan join forces |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> [[Jinnah]] is honoured as a great leader in Turkey, and a major road of the Turkish capital [[Ankara]], the [[Cinnah Caddesi]] is named after him, while roads in [[Islamabad]], [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], and [[Larkana]] are named after Atatürk. On 26 October 2009, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] was awarded the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] and was the fourth world leader who spoke to the Pakistani parliament. [[Erdoğan]] said that [[Pakistan]] had always occupied a special place in the hearts and minds of the Turkish government and people.

== Cultural relations ==
[[File:Shashlik ingredients.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Shashlik]], a common [[Eurasian]] dish.]]
Both Pakistan and Turkey are mutually influenced by [[Arab culture|Arab]], [[Turko-Mongol]] and [[Culture of Iran#Traditional cultural inheritors of the old Persia|Persian cultures]]. The region of [[Anatolia]] in Central and Eastern Turkey was occupied multiple times by Persian Empires which has brought Persian cultural and linguistic influence since ancient times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/persian_period.htm|title=Persian Period in Anatolia and Asia Minor|publisher=}}</ref>

The [[Indus Valley]] region of Pakistan was occupied by the [[Achaemenid empire]] going back to the fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajaonline.org/field-report/121|title=The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations at Akra in Northwest Pakistan|publisher=}}</ref>

Modern-day Turkey was home to many ancient European civilizations, including Greek. The country has many traces of cultural and historical influences from the ancient Greeks including Greek archeological sites found in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/details/History/HellenicCiv.html|title=Hellenic Civilization in Turkey|author=Tom Brosnahan, Travel Info Exchange, Inc.|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancient.eu.com/Asia_Minor/|title=Asia Minor|author=Joshua J. Mark|work=Ancient History Encyclopedia}}</ref>

Pakistan also became influenced by Greek culture and civilization, especially in the aftermath of [[Alexander the Great]]'s invasion of the region which later led to the formation of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]. [[Gandhara]] is a major site of ancient Greek legacy in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/gandhara.html|title=Gandhara Civilization|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey became a [[Turkic languages|Turkic speaking]] country as a result of [[Seljuq Empire|Seljuq occupation]] and [[Turkification]] of the region. Though Pakistan is not a Turkic-speaking country, its languages, particularly [[Urdu]], a standard register of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], is strongly influenced by the [[Chagatai language|Turkic language of the Mughals]] before it became their empire's official language. As a result, it has many loanwords from that language. The [[etymology]] of the word "Urdu" traces itself back to [[Mughal Empire|Turkic (Mughal) rule]].<ref>http://swauop.yolasite.com/urdu1.php</ref> Moreover, the common cultural influences on Pakistan and Turkey span several centuries, as many [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Iranic peoples]] ruled vast areas of [[Central Asia]], [[South Asia]] and the [[Middle East]].

The designs of clothing of the two countries also have common origins in Central Asia.

== Trade ==
[[File:Gul Interchange (2).JPG|thumb|250px|right|thumb|The Abdullah Gul Interchange near [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] in [[Lahore]], this interchange was inaugurated by the [[Turkish President]] [[Abdullah Gul]] during his visit to [[Lahore]] in 2010.]]

Turkey and Pakistan are founding members of the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] and part of the [[Developing 8 Countries]] (D-8) organization. Both nations have worked to negotiate a preferential trading agreement, aiming to considerably increase trade and investments, especially in transport, telecommunications, manufacturing, tourism and other industries.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=1677 |title=Turkey to sign PTA with Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Daily Times, Pakistan |date=16 April 2005}}</ref> Both governments have sought to increase the volume of bilateral trade from $690 million to more than $1 billion by 2010.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=102299 |title=Pakistan, Turkey discuss defence co-production |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref> Pakistani exports include rice, [[sesame seeds]], leather, textiles, fabrics, sports goods, and medical equipment. Turkey's exports to Pakistan include wheat, [[chickpeas]], [[lentils]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], chemicals, transport vehicles, machinery and energy products.<ref name="FPJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fpcci.com.pk/tradep&turk.asp |title=Trade between Pakistan & Turkey |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry}}</ref> Turkish private corporations have also invested significantly in industrial and construction projects developing highways, pipelines and canals.<ref name="JIA" /> The two countries are negotiatating the [[Turkey-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement]].

=== Train service ===
A [[container train]] service was launched by the Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Yousuf Raza Gilani]] between Islamabad and [[Istanbul]] on 14 August 2009. The first train carried 20 [[Intermodal container|containers]] with a capacity of around {{convert|750|t|LT ST|0|abbr=on}} <ref>http://www.pakistantimes.net/pt/detail.php?newsId=3343</ref> and will travel {{convert|6500|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}} from Islamabad, through [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and [[Tehran]], Iran and on to Istanbul in two weeks' time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\15\story_15-8-2009_pg7_12 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |publisher=Daily Times |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Railways (Pakistan)|Minister for Railways]] [[Ghulam Ahmad Bilour]], after the trial of the container train service, a passenger train will be launched.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+gilani+launches+trial+phase+of+islamabad-istanbul+train+service-za-06 |title=Pakistan | PM launches trial phase of Pak-Turkey train service |publisher=Dawn.Com |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> There are also hopes the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia, and carry passengers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8201934.stm |title=Pakistan–Turkey rail trial starts |accessdate=16 August 2009 |publisher=BBC News |date=14 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/news/news61296.html|title=Pakistan Plans Passenger Rail Between Pakistan, Iran and Turkey|work=Railway Technology}}</ref>

== Strategic ties ==
Both nations were part of [[Cold War]] alliance called the [[Central Treaty Organization]]. Its goal was to [[containment|contain]] the [[Soviet Union]] ([[USSR]]) by having a line of strong states along the USSR's southern frontiers. Military contacts remain resolute, uncompromising and stalwart as ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/7569/turkey-pakistan-ties-indias-loss-is-chinas-gain|title=Turkey-Pakistan close ties |publisher=World Politics Review}}</ref>

== Trilateral Ankara cooperation process ==
Turkey launched a trilateral summit process between the two states and [[Afghanistan]] in February 2007, following a visit by then [[Turkish Foreign Minister]] [[Abdullah Gül]] to [[Islamabad]], as the backbone of its diversified foreign policy in Southeast Asia and Pakistani deputy [[Humair Hayat Khan Rokhri]] confirmed that according to Gül “we are all brothers who need to support each other,” in order to, “bring security and stability to the region.”<ref name=TZ090507>{{cite news
|url=
|date=7 May 2009
|title=Turkey, Afghanistan and Pakistan solidify cooperation
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

An 1 April 2009 meeting between Pakistani and Afghan leaders, conducted as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, saw the three countries pledged to increase coordination between their political, military and intelligence tiers in the fight against militancy and terrorism. Chairman of the Turkish–Pakistani Friendship Association Burhan Kayatürk has stated that, “It is the first time that the military and intelligence chiefs of Afghanistan and Pakistan have attended the trilateral summit, which is a reflection of the deeper commitment to work together.”<ref name=TZ090506b>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Concerned Turkish deputy calls for active engagement in Pakistan
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

At the 17 April 2009 [[Friends of Pakistan]] Tokyo Donors Conference, Turkish State Minister [[Mehmet Aydın]] pledged $100 million to Pakistan for infrastructure, health and education projects. Turkish Parliamentary Deputy Kayatürk has called on neighbouring countries, including India, to make similar commitments as “It is in their interests to see a stable Pakistan; otherwise violence will spill over into their territory.”<ref name=TZ090506b />

Pakistani and [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] parliamentary deputies came together in [[Ankara]] on 5 May 2009, as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, where they met with the now [[Turkish President]] Gül and new Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] to discuss a variety of issues. Head of the Turkish Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission Murat Mercan stated; <blockquote>“Today we need cooperation between our countries more than ever. I believe Turkey, having historical brotherhood relations with both, is in a special position to improve and deepen this cooperation. Turkey is confident that the cooperation to be established between Afghanistan and Pakistan will help a lot to solve the problems.”<ref name=TZ090506a>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Afghan, Pakistani lawmakers meet in Turkish Parliament
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
}}</ref></blockquote> Chairman of the Pakistani Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission [[Asfandyar Wali Khan]] conveyed his thanks and stated,
:''“We need Turkey’s support to build stability in the region.”''

Mercan concluded,
:''“We are finally on the verge of institutionalising the trilateral Ankara cooperation process within the framework of parliamentary joint initiatives,”'' with follow-up meetings due to be held in Islamabad and [[Kabul]] at four-month intervals.”

== Military relations ==
Pakistan and Turkey have maintained long-standing military ties with Turkey also providing training to Pakistani air force officers in upgrading its [[F-16]] fleet.<ref name="IP" /> On 2 April 1954, Pakistan and Turkey signed a [[treaty]] of friendship and cooperation. Both countries, valued as important states in their regions, joined the U.S.-led [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) aimed to bolster military and strategic cooperation and counter the spread of communism and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] influence in the region.<ref name="VA">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=34|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Turkey has openly supported Pakistan's stance on the [[Kashmir conflict]]. Ankara, further, recognizes Jammu and Kashmir, as part of Pakistan, with which it endeavours to 'spice up' bilateral relations, and the Turkish ambassador to Pakistan spent nearly a week in [[Muzaffarabad]], the capital of Azad Kashmir (Pakistani Administrated Kashmir), in order to show Turkish solidarity with the Pakistanis in regards to Kashmir and maintained political and military support during its [[Wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan|wars with India]].<ref name="VA" /><ref name="VA2">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=109|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] Press |year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Pakistan has reciprocated by expressing support for Turkey's policy on [[Northern Cyprus]].<ref name="X" /><ref name="DQ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |title=Pakistan, Turkey to cooperate in defence industry |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018202001/http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |archivedate=18 October 2006 }}</ref> Both nations have sought to expand cooperation to fight terrorism.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X" /> Both countries are also members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]].

Turkey is also currently a major arms seller to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/features/featureturkeys-formidable-defence-industry-rising-star-or-natos-unruly-ally-4207115/|title=Turkey’s formidable defence industry – rising star or NATO’s unruly ally?|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey previously purchased arms from Pakistan<ref>James Ron ''Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey'' Human Rights Watch, 1995 ISBN 1-56432-161-4, 9781564321619 (page 40)</ref> and continues to purchase minor aerial weapons and components from Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2015/10/05/Pakistan-Turkey-to-improve-defense-ties/9421444052995/|title=Pakistan Turkey to cooperate on defense industry – UPI.com|date=5 October 2015|work=UPI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/145139/pakistan-delivers-parts-for-turkish-uav.html|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra Delivers First Batch of Turkish UAV Parts to Turkish Aerospace Industry|publisher=}}</ref>

== Aid exchange ==
In the aftermath of the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], Turkey stepped up its efforts to help the Pakistani people of the affected areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishembassy.com/ii/O/yardim.htm|title= Humanitarian aid to Pakistan|publisher=Turkish Embassy in Ottawa}}</ref> Turkey announced a package of $150 million for the quake-hit people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/21/top2.htm|title= Turkish aid package for Pakistan|publisher=Dawn News}}</ref> The Turkish aid organization [[Kizilay]] also constructed a mosque in Pakistans [[Azad Kashmir]] region bordering Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir. The mosque is being built in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Style in Pakistan's [[Bagh District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61352|title= Turkish Mosque in Pakistani Kashmir|publisher=World Bulletin}}</ref>

Pakistan supplied Turkey with aid during the 1999 earthquake<ref>{{cite web|url=http://img.static.reliefweb.int/report/turkey/pakistan-sends-relief-goods-turkey-quake-victims|title=Pakistan sends relief goods to Turkey for quake victims|work=ReliefWeb}}</ref> and during the 2011 [[Van earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/10/30/city/lahore/punjab-govt-sends-tents-to-turkey-earthquake-victims/|title=Punjab govt sends tents to Turkey earthquake victims|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-263115-pakistani-red-crescent-extends-help-to-earthquake-victims-in-van.html|title=Pakistani Red Crescent extends help to earthquake victims in Van|work=TodaysZaman}}</ref>

== Previous opposing ambitions ==
Both Turkey and Pakistan at times have had conflicting interests and ambitions. During the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Afghan civil war]], Turkey became a strong supporter of the [[Northern Alliance]], due to its [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]] and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] members, with which Turkey shares cultural and linguistic ties.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=JjYaRa2vtAkC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=turkey+northern+alliance+afghanistan&source=bl&ots=dANauf-68k&sig=LthO3RrDAnNbd1jnBcfaCmQSuS8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z1kuU7N24pDJAd6egJAH&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=turkey%20northern%20alliance%20afghanistan&f=false|title=Afghanistan and Central Asia|publisher=}}</ref>
Pakistan meanwhile maintained strong relations and support to the [[Taliban]] whom were ethnic [[Pashtuns]] that have ethnic ties to Pakistan's own Pashtun population as well prevent Pakistan's fears of Afghanistan falling into the control of the Northern Alliance whom were supported by Pakistan's various adversaries, including India.

This changed in late 2001 when Pakistan was under international pressure to abolish all its ties with the Taliban and re-align with the [[United States]] and [[NATO]] in the so-called "[[War on Terror]]" following the September 11 attacks in [[New York City]] and [[Washington DC]] which were directly blamed on [[Al-Queda]] and indirectly on the Taliban for sheltering them. As a result, the United States lifted all sanctions that were imposed on Pakistan following Pakistan's 1998 nuclear weapons tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2001_10/sanctionsoct01|title=Bush Waives Nuclear-Related Sanctions on India, Pakistan – Arms Control Association|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey has also supported the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]] (ETIM) in China whom are ethnic [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] that Turkey also shares cultural and linguistic ties with.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/ethno-diplomacy-uyghur-hitch-sino-turkish-relations|title=Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Xijinping_visit/2012-02/22/content_24696523.htm|title=China cautions Turkey against 'East Turkistan' forces|author=陈霞|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan [[War in North-West Pakistan|struggling with domestic Islamist insurgency]] as well as being a close and [[China–Pakistan relations|historic ally of China]] has strongly opposed the ETIM and has taken severe actions against members of [[Uyghurs in Pakistan|Uyghur communities within its borders]] even suspected of being participant in anti-Chinese activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/pakistan-08102011175506.html|title=Pakistan Deports Uyghurs|work=Radio Free Asia}}</ref>
Separately, Pakistan has killed many foreign militants in its territory during anti-Taliban/Al-Qaeda military operations amongst which were Uyghurs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/916826/uighur-leader-killed-in-pakistan-rehman-malik|title=Uighur leader killed in Pakistan: Rehman Malik|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-31-uighur-attacks-thwarted-as-pakistans-zardari-visits-xinjiang|title='Uighur attacks' thwarted as Pakistan's Zardari visits Xinjiang|author=Ben Blanchard|work=The M&G Online}}</ref> as well as Turks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/125464.html|title=German militant killed in Pakistan|publisher=Press TV}}</ref> and Uzbeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/10/world/asia/karachi-pakistan-airport-attack-taliban.html|title=Assault on Pakistan Airport Signals Taliban’s Reach and Resilience|date=10 June 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/report/uzbek-militancy-pakistans-tribal-region|title=Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan's Tribal Region|work=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mei.edu/content/turkey-pakistan-security-relations-1950s Turkey-Pakistan Security Relations since the 1950s]

{{Pakistan–Turkey relations}}
{{Foreign relations of Pakistan}}
{{Foreign relations of Turkey}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan-Turkey Relations}}
[[Category:Pakistan–Turkey relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Turkey]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Pakistan|Turkey]]

Pakistanisch-türkische Beziehungen

2016-11-17T07:44:21Z

Wiki id2:

{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Pakistan-Turkey|Pakistan|Turkey|map=Pakistan Turkey Locator.svg}}
Pakistan has an embassy in [[Ankara]], a Consulate-General in [[Istanbul]] and an honorary consulate in [[Izmir]] whereas, Turkey has an embassy in [[Islamabad]], a Consulate-General in [[Karachi]] and honorary consulates in [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], [[Sialkot]] and [[Faisalabad]].

Relations date back generations before the establishment of the two states, more precisely during the [[Turkish War of Independence]] when the Muslims of the northwestern British Raj sent financial aid to the declining [[Ottoman Empire]] which was followed by the [[History of the Republic of Turkey|formation of the Turkish Republic]]. Pakistan and Turkey enjoy close cultural, historical and military relations which are now expanding into deepening economic relations as both countries seek to develop their economies.

Ties which had historically remained close on nationalist and cultural grounds further deepened under President Erdogan's Islamic-rooted political approach, as he termed Pakistan "home away from home". He became the only foreign leader to address Pakistan's Parliament, the National Assembly more than once, doing so twice in four years.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/382017/pak-turkey-ties-erdogan-addresses-parliament-offers-sage-advice/</ref> As of 2016, President Erdogan has visited Pakistan 7 times, domestic politics also spillover, infamously [[Fethullah Gulen]] linked officers leaked tapes alleging corruption and arrested Erdogan's close aides, while Erdogan was on a trip to Pakistan, Erdogan accused the Gulenists of sabotage while representing Turkey in a friendly nation.<ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/12/can-pakistan-save-erdogan-2013123054425345386.html</ref> Gulen-linked schools are under pressure to close and teachers have had their visas turned down at the behest of the Turkish government since the attempted coup, an indicator of Pakistan's close ties to the Turkish government.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232099/turkish-teachers-fear-deportation-asked-renew-visas/</ref><ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/pakistan-expels-turkish-school-staff-gulen-links-161116084837457.html</ref> Analysts have also observed that Turkey and Pakistan enjoy close relations during both democratic and military regimes, reflecting the depth of the relations between the two nations.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232331/turkey-dependable-ally/</ref> Turkey supports Pakistan's membership of the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]]<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1296714/turkish-president-erdogan-arrives-in-islamabad</ref>

As a result, Pakistan and Pakistanis have enjoyed a positive perception in Turkey and amongst Turks for many decades. The two nations are in the process of strengthening economic relations with a [[Pakistan-Turkey Free Trade Agreement]] aiming to raise bilateral trade volume to $10 billion by 2020. Turkey and Pakistan have a strong defence relationship consisting of joint excercises and a substantial portion of the Pakistan Navy's fleet consisting of joint Pakistan-Turkish naval ships such as fleet tankers and fast attack craft.<ref>http://quwa.org/2016/10/30/turkey-pakistan-conduct-bilateral-naval-exercise/</ref> Pakistan supports the Turkish position on Cyprus, Azerbaijan and Armenia, as such Pakistan has no diplomatic relations with Armenia, with Turkey supporting Pakistan's position on the Kashmir dispute,<ref>http://dailytimes.com.pk/islamabad/17-Nov-16/pakistan-turkey-agree-to-deepen-trade-defence-relations</ref> including alleged human rights violations of Muslims in Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref>http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/turkey-backs-pakistans-stance-on-sending-team-to-probe-human-rights-violation-in-kashmir-2949887/</ref> As a result the two countries have enjoyed strong military and diplomatic relations which is now strengthening towards economic co-operation.

== Development of bilateral relations ==
Turkey established diplomatic relations soon after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and bilateral relations became increasingly close owing to cultural, religious and geopolitical links between the two countries.<ref name="JIA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume5/September-November2000/VolumeVN3ISTHIAQAHMAD.pdf |title=Turkey and Pakistan: Bridging the Growing Divergence |format=PDF |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> Pakistan's founder [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] expressed admiration for Turkey's founding leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and also a desire to develop Pakistan on the Turkish model of modernism. Similarly Pakistan would follow the footstep of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and [[Allama Iqbal]] to develop a modern Islamic Pakistan and all other so called ism are rejected by people of Pakistan.<ref name="CSI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0124/p01s04-wosc.html |title=A Turkish path for Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |date=24 January 2002}}</ref> Similar ideas were expressed by the former [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharraf]], who grew up in Turkey and had received extensive military training there.<ref name="CSI" /><ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2994458.stm|title=BBC NEWS – South Asia – Turkey and Pakistan boost ties|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="IP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FA22Df06.html |title=Turkey and Pakistan join forces |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> [[Jinnah]] is honoured as a great leader in Turkey, and a major road of the Turkish capital [[Ankara]], the [[Cinnah Caddesi]] is named after him, while roads in [[Islamabad]], [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], and [[Larkana]] are named after Atatürk. On 26 October 2009, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] was awarded the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] and was the fourth world leader who spoke to the Pakistani parliament. [[Erdoğan]] said that [[Pakistan]] had always occupied a special place in the hearts and minds of the Turkish government and people.

== Cultural relations ==
[[File:Shashlik ingredients.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Shashlik]], a common [[Eurasian]] dish.]]
Both Pakistan and Turkey are mutually influenced by [[Arab culture|Arab]], [[Turko-Mongol]] and [[Culture of Iran#Traditional cultural inheritors of the old Persia|Persian cultures]]. The region of [[Anatolia]] in Central and Eastern Turkey was occupied multiple times by Persian Empires which has brought Persian cultural and linguistic influence since ancient times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/persian_period.htm|title=Persian Period in Anatolia and Asia Minor|publisher=}}</ref>

The [[Indus Valley]] region of Pakistan was occupied by the [[Achaemenid empire]] going back to the fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajaonline.org/field-report/121|title=The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations at Akra in Northwest Pakistan|publisher=}}</ref>

Modern-day Turkey was home to many ancient European civilizations, including Greek. The country has many traces of cultural and historical influences from the ancient Greeks including Greek archeological sites found in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/details/History/HellenicCiv.html|title=Hellenic Civilization in Turkey|author=Tom Brosnahan, Travel Info Exchange, Inc.|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancient.eu.com/Asia_Minor/|title=Asia Minor|author=Joshua J. Mark|work=Ancient History Encyclopedia}}</ref>

Pakistan also became influenced by Greek culture and civilization, especially in the aftermath of [[Alexander the Great]]'s invasion of the region which later led to the formation of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]. [[Gandhara]] is a major site of ancient Greek legacy in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/gandhara.html|title=Gandhara Civilization|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey became a [[Turkic languages|Turkic speaking]] country as a result of [[Seljuq Empire|Seljuq occupation]] and [[Turkification]] of the region. Though Pakistan is not a Turkic-speaking country, its languages, particularly [[Urdu]], a standard register of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], is strongly influenced by the [[Chagatai language|Turkic language of the Mughals]] before it became their empire's official language. As a result, it has many loanwords from that language. The [[etymology]] of the word "Urdu" traces itself back to [[Mughal Empire|Turkic (Mughal) rule]].<ref>http://swauop.yolasite.com/urdu1.php</ref> Moreover, the common cultural influences on Pakistan and Turkey span several centuries, as many [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Iranic peoples]] ruled vast areas of [[Central Asia]], [[South Asia]] and the [[Middle East]].

The designs of clothing of the two countries also have common origins in Central Asia.

== Trade ==
[[File:Gul Interchange (2).JPG|thumb|250px|right|thumb|The Abdullah Gul Interchange near [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] in [[Lahore]], this interchange was inaugurated by the [[Turkish President]] [[Abdullah Gul]] during his visit to [[Lahore]] in 2010.]]

Turkey and Pakistan are founding members of the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] and part of the [[Developing 8 Countries]] (D-8) organization. Both nations have worked to negotiate a preferential trading agreement, aiming to considerably increase trade and investments, especially in transport, telecommunications, manufacturing, tourism and other industries.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=1677 |title=Turkey to sign PTA with Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Daily Times, Pakistan |date=16 April 2005}}</ref> Both governments have sought to increase the volume of bilateral trade from $690 million to more than $1 billion by 2010.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=102299 |title=Pakistan, Turkey discuss defence co-production |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref> Pakistani exports include rice, [[sesame seeds]], leather, textiles, fabrics, sports goods, and medical equipment. Turkey's exports to Pakistan include wheat, [[chickpeas]], [[lentils]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], chemicals, transport vehicles, machinery and energy products.<ref name="FPJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fpcci.com.pk/tradep&turk.asp |title=Trade between Pakistan & Turkey |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry}}</ref> Turkish private corporations have also invested significantly in industrial and construction projects developing highways, pipelines and canals.<ref name="JIA" /> The two countries are negotiatating the [[Turkey-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement]].

=== Train service ===
A [[container train]] service was launched by the Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Yousuf Raza Gilani]] between Islamabad and [[Istanbul]] on 14 August 2009. The first train carried 20 [[Intermodal container|containers]] with a capacity of around {{convert|750|t|LT ST|0|abbr=on}} <ref>http://www.pakistantimes.net/pt/detail.php?newsId=3343</ref> and will travel {{convert|6500|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}} from Islamabad, through [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and [[Tehran]], Iran and on to Istanbul in two weeks' time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\15\story_15-8-2009_pg7_12 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |publisher=Daily Times |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Railways (Pakistan)|Minister for Railways]] [[Ghulam Ahmad Bilour]], after the trial of the container train service, a passenger train will be launched.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+gilani+launches+trial+phase+of+islamabad-istanbul+train+service-za-06 |title=Pakistan | PM launches trial phase of Pak-Turkey train service |publisher=Dawn.Com |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> There are also hopes the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia, and carry passengers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8201934.stm |title=Pakistan–Turkey rail trial starts |accessdate=16 August 2009 |publisher=BBC News |date=14 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/news/news61296.html|title=Pakistan Plans Passenger Rail Between Pakistan, Iran and Turkey|work=Railway Technology}}</ref>

== Strategic ties ==
Both nations were part of [[Cold War]] alliance called the [[Central Treaty Organization]]. Its goal was to [[containment|contain]] the [[Soviet Union]] ([[USSR]]) by having a line of strong states along the USSR's southern frontiers. Military contacts remain resolute, uncompromising and stalwart as ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/7569/turkey-pakistan-ties-indias-loss-is-chinas-gain|title=Turkey-Pakistan close ties |publisher=World Politics Review}}</ref>

== Trilateral Ankara cooperation process ==
Turkey launched a trilateral summit process between the two states and [[Afghanistan]] in February 2007, following a visit by then [[Turkish Foreign Minister]] [[Abdullah Gül]] to [[Islamabad]], as the backbone of its diversified foreign policy in Southeast Asia and Pakistani deputy [[Humair Hayat Khan Rokhri]] confirmed that according to Gül “we are all brothers who need to support each other,” in order to, “bring security and stability to the region.”<ref name=TZ090507>{{cite news
|url=
|date=7 May 2009
|title=Turkey, Afghanistan and Pakistan solidify cooperation
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

An 1 April 2009 meeting between Pakistani and Afghan leaders, conducted as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, saw the three countries pledged to increase coordination between their political, military and intelligence tiers in the fight against militancy and terrorism. Chairman of the Turkish–Pakistani Friendship Association Burhan Kayatürk has stated that, “It is the first time that the military and intelligence chiefs of Afghanistan and Pakistan have attended the trilateral summit, which is a reflection of the deeper commitment to work together.”<ref name=TZ090506b>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Concerned Turkish deputy calls for active engagement in Pakistan
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

At the 17 April 2009 [[Friends of Pakistan]] Tokyo Donors Conference, Turkish State Minister [[Mehmet Aydın]] pledged $100 million to Pakistan for infrastructure, health and education projects. Turkish Parliamentary Deputy Kayatürk has called on neighbouring countries, including India, to make similar commitments as “It is in their interests to see a stable Pakistan; otherwise violence will spill over into their territory.”<ref name=TZ090506b />

Pakistani and [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] parliamentary deputies came together in [[Ankara]] on 5 May 2009, as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, where they met with the now [[Turkish President]] Gül and new Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] to discuss a variety of issues. Head of the Turkish Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission Murat Mercan stated; <blockquote>“Today we need cooperation between our countries more than ever. I believe Turkey, having historical brotherhood relations with both, is in a special position to improve and deepen this cooperation. Turkey is confident that the cooperation to be established between Afghanistan and Pakistan will help a lot to solve the problems.”<ref name=TZ090506a>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Afghan, Pakistani lawmakers meet in Turkish Parliament
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
}}</ref></blockquote> Chairman of the Pakistani Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission [[Asfandyar Wali Khan]] conveyed his thanks and stated,
:''“We need Turkey’s support to build stability in the region.”''

Mercan concluded,
:''“We are finally on the verge of institutionalising the trilateral Ankara cooperation process within the framework of parliamentary joint initiatives,”'' with follow-up meetings due to be held in Islamabad and [[Kabul]] at four-month intervals.”

== Military relations ==
Pakistan and Turkey have maintained long-standing military ties with Turkey also providing training to Pakistani air force officers in upgrading its [[F-16]] fleet.<ref name="IP" /> On 2 April 1954, Pakistan and Turkey signed a [[treaty]] of friendship and cooperation. Both countries, valued as important states in their regions, joined the U.S.-led [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) aimed to bolster military and strategic cooperation and counter the spread of communism and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] influence in the region.<ref name="VA">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=34|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Turkey has openly supported Pakistan's stance on the [[Kashmir conflict]]. Ankara, further, recognizes Jammu and Kashmir, as part of Pakistan, with which it endeavours to 'spice up' bilateral relations, and the Turkish ambassador to Pakistan spent nearly a week in [[Muzaffarabad]], the capital of Azad Kashmir (Pakistani Administrated Kashmir), in order to show Turkish solidarity with the Pakistanis in regards to Kashmir and maintained political and military support during its [[Wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan|wars with India]].<ref name="VA" /><ref name="VA2">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=109|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] Press |year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Pakistan has reciprocated by expressing support for Turkey's policy on [[Northern Cyprus]].<ref name="X" /><ref name="DQ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |title=Pakistan, Turkey to cooperate in defence industry |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018202001/http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |archivedate=18 October 2006 }}</ref> Both nations have sought to expand cooperation to fight terrorism.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X" /> Both countries are also members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]].

Turkey is also currently a major arms seller to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/features/featureturkeys-formidable-defence-industry-rising-star-or-natos-unruly-ally-4207115/|title=Turkey’s formidable defence industry – rising star or NATO’s unruly ally?|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey previously purchased arms from Pakistan<ref>James Ron ''Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey'' Human Rights Watch, 1995 ISBN 1-56432-161-4, 9781564321619 (page 40)</ref> and continues to purchase minor aerial weapons and components from Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2015/10/05/Pakistan-Turkey-to-improve-defense-ties/9421444052995/|title=Pakistan Turkey to cooperate on defense industry – UPI.com|date=5 October 2015|work=UPI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/145139/pakistan-delivers-parts-for-turkish-uav.html|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra Delivers First Batch of Turkish UAV Parts to Turkish Aerospace Industry|publisher=}}</ref>

== Aid exchange ==
In the aftermath of the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], Turkey stepped up its efforts to help the Pakistani people of the affected areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishembassy.com/ii/O/yardim.htm|title= Humanitarian aid to Pakistan|publisher=Turkish Embassy in Ottawa}}</ref> Turkey announced a package of $150 million for the quake-hit people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/21/top2.htm|title= Turkish aid package for Pakistan|publisher=Dawn News}}</ref> The Turkish aid organization [[Kizilay]] also constructed a mosque in Pakistans [[Azad Kashmir]] region bordering Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir. The mosque is being built in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Style in Pakistan's [[Bagh District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61352|title= Turkish Mosque in Pakistani Kashmir|publisher=World Bulletin}}</ref>

Pakistan supplied Turkey with aid during the 1999 earthquake<ref>{{cite web|url=http://img.static.reliefweb.int/report/turkey/pakistan-sends-relief-goods-turkey-quake-victims|title=Pakistan sends relief goods to Turkey for quake victims|work=ReliefWeb}}</ref> and during the 2011 [[Van earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/10/30/city/lahore/punjab-govt-sends-tents-to-turkey-earthquake-victims/|title=Punjab govt sends tents to Turkey earthquake victims|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-263115-pakistani-red-crescent-extends-help-to-earthquake-victims-in-van.html|title=Pakistani Red Crescent extends help to earthquake victims in Van|work=TodaysZaman}}</ref>

== Previous opposing ambitions ==
Both Turkey and Pakistan at times have had conflicting interests and ambitions. During the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Afghan civil war]], Turkey became a strong supporter of the [[Northern Alliance]], due to its [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]] and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] members, with which Turkey shares cultural and linguistic ties.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=JjYaRa2vtAkC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=turkey+northern+alliance+afghanistan&source=bl&ots=dANauf-68k&sig=LthO3RrDAnNbd1jnBcfaCmQSuS8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z1kuU7N24pDJAd6egJAH&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=turkey%20northern%20alliance%20afghanistan&f=false|title=Afghanistan and Central Asia|publisher=}}</ref>
Pakistan meanwhile maintained strong relations and support to the [[Taliban]] whom were ethnic [[Pashtuns]] that have ethnic ties to Pakistan's own Pashtun population as well prevent Pakistan's fears of Afghanistan falling into the control of the Northern Alliance whom were supported by Pakistan's various adversaries, including India.

This changed in late 2001 when Pakistan was under international pressure to abolish all its ties with the Taliban and re-align with the [[United States]] and [[NATO]] in the so-called "[[War on Terror]]" following the September 11 attacks in [[New York City]] and [[Washington DC]] which were directly blamed on [[Al-Queda]] and indirectly on the Taliban for sheltering them. As a result, the United States lifted all sanctions that were imposed on Pakistan following Pakistan's 1998 nuclear weapons tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2001_10/sanctionsoct01|title=Bush Waives Nuclear-Related Sanctions on India, Pakistan – Arms Control Association|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey has also supported the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]] (ETIM) in China whom are ethnic [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] that Turkey also shares cultural and linguistic ties with.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/ethno-diplomacy-uyghur-hitch-sino-turkish-relations|title=Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Xijinping_visit/2012-02/22/content_24696523.htm|title=China cautions Turkey against 'East Turkistan' forces|author=陈霞|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan [[War in North-West Pakistan|struggling with domestic Islamist insurgency]] as well as being a close and [[China–Pakistan relations|historic ally of China]] has strongly opposed the ETIM and has taken severe actions against members of [[Uyghurs in Pakistan|Uyghur communities within its borders]] even suspected of being participant in anti-Chinese activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/pakistan-08102011175506.html|title=Pakistan Deports Uyghurs|work=Radio Free Asia}}</ref>
Separately, Pakistan has killed many foreign militants in its territory during anti-Taliban/Al-Qaeda military operations amongst which were Uyghurs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/916826/uighur-leader-killed-in-pakistan-rehman-malik|title=Uighur leader killed in Pakistan: Rehman Malik|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-31-uighur-attacks-thwarted-as-pakistans-zardari-visits-xinjiang|title='Uighur attacks' thwarted as Pakistan's Zardari visits Xinjiang|author=Ben Blanchard|work=The M&G Online}}</ref> as well as Turks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/125464.html|title=German militant killed in Pakistan|publisher=Press TV}}</ref> and Uzbeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/10/world/asia/karachi-pakistan-airport-attack-taliban.html|title=Assault on Pakistan Airport Signals Taliban’s Reach and Resilience|date=10 June 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/report/uzbek-militancy-pakistans-tribal-region|title=Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan's Tribal Region|work=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mei.edu/content/turkey-pakistan-security-relations-1950s Turkey-Pakistan Security Relations since the 1950s]

{{Pakistan–Turkey relations}}
{{Foreign relations of Pakistan}}
{{Foreign relations of Turkey}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan-Turkey Relations}}
[[Category:Pakistan–Turkey relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Turkey]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Pakistan|Turkey]]

Pakistanisch-türkische Beziehungen

2016-11-16T21:11:17Z

Wiki id2:

{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Pakistan-Turkey|Pakistan|Turkey|map=Pakistan Turkey Locator.svg}}
Pakistan has an embassy in [[Ankara]], a Consulate-General in [[Istanbul]] and an honorary consulate in [[Izmir]] whereas, Turkey has an embassy in [[Islamabad]], a Consulate-General in [[Karachi]] and honorary consulates in [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], [[Sialkot]] and [[Faisalabad]].

Relations date back generations before the establishment of the two states, more precisely during the [[Turkish War of Independence]] when the Muslims of the northwestern British Raj sent financial aid to the declining [[Ottoman Empire]] which was followed by the [[History of the Republic of Turkey|formation of the Turkish Republic]]. Pakistan and Turkey enjoy close cultural, historical and military relations which are now expanding into deepening economic relations as both countries seek to develop their economies.

Ties which had historically remained close on nationalist and cultural grounds further deepened under President Erdogan's Islamic-rooted political approach, as he termed Pakistan "home away from home". He became the only foreign leader to address Pakistan's Parliament, the National Assembly more than once, doing so twice in four years.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/382017/pak-turkey-ties-erdogan-addresses-parliament-offers-sage-advice/</ref> As of 2016, President Erdogan has visited Pakistan 7 times, domestic politics also spillover, infamously [[Fethullah Gulen]] linked officers leaked tapes alleging corruption and arrested Erdogan's close aides, while Erdogan was on a trip to Pakistan, Erdogan accused the Gulenists of sabotage while representing Turkey in a friendly nation.<ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/12/can-pakistan-save-erdogan-2013123054425345386.html</ref> Gulen-linked schools are under pressure to close and teachers have had their visas turned down at the behest of the Turkish government since the attempted coup, an indicator of Pakistan's close ties to the Turkish government.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232099/turkish-teachers-fear-deportation-asked-renew-visas/</ref><ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/pakistan-expels-turkish-school-staff-gulen-links-161116084837457.html</ref> Analysts have also observed that Turkey and Pakistan enjoy close relations during both democratic and military regimes, reflecting the depth of the relations between the two nations.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232331/turkey-dependable-ally/</ref> Turkey supports Pakistan's membership of the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]]<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1296714/turkish-president-erdogan-arrives-in-islamabad</ref>

As a result, Pakistan and Pakistanis have enjoyed a positive perception in Turkey and amongst Turks for many decades. The two nations are in the process of strengthening economic relations with a [[Pakistan-Turkey Free Trade Agreement]] aiming to raise bilateral trade volume to $10 billion by 2020. Turkey and Pakistan have a strong defence relationship consisting of joint excercises and a substantial portion of the Pakistan Navy's fleet consisting of joint Pakistan-Turkish naval ships such as fleet tankers and fast attack craft.<ref>http://quwa.org/2016/10/30/turkey-pakistan-conduct-bilateral-naval-exercise/</ref> Pakistan supports the Turkish position on Cyprus, Azerbaijan and Armenia, as such Pakistan has no diplomatic relations with Armenia, with Turkey supporting Pakistan's position on the Kashmir dispute, including alleged human rights violations of Muslims in Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref>http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/turkey-backs-pakistans-stance-on-sending-team-to-probe-human-rights-violation-in-kashmir-2949887/</ref> As a result the two countries have enjoyed strong military and diplomatic relations which is now strengthening towards economic co-operation.

== Development of bilateral relations ==
Turkey established diplomatic relations soon after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and bilateral relations became increasingly close owing to cultural, religious and geopolitical links between the two countries.<ref name="JIA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume5/September-November2000/VolumeVN3ISTHIAQAHMAD.pdf |title=Turkey and Pakistan: Bridging the Growing Divergence |format=PDF |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> Pakistan's founder [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] expressed admiration for Turkey's founding leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and also a desire to develop Pakistan on the Turkish model of modernism. Similarly Pakistan would follow the footstep of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and [[Allama Iqbal]] to develop a modern Islamic Pakistan and all other so called ism are rejected by people of Pakistan.<ref name="CSI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0124/p01s04-wosc.html |title=A Turkish path for Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |date=24 January 2002}}</ref> Similar ideas were expressed by the former [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharraf]], who grew up in Turkey and had received extensive military training there.<ref name="CSI" /><ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2994458.stm|title=BBC NEWS – South Asia – Turkey and Pakistan boost ties|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="IP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FA22Df06.html |title=Turkey and Pakistan join forces |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> [[Jinnah]] is honoured as a great leader in Turkey, and a major road of the Turkish capital [[Ankara]], the [[Cinnah Caddesi]] is named after him, while roads in [[Islamabad]], [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], and [[Larkana]] are named after Atatürk. On 26 October 2009, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] was awarded the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] and was the fourth world leader who spoke to the Pakistani parliament. [[Erdoğan]] said that [[Pakistan]] had always occupied a special place in the hearts and minds of the Turkish government and people.

== Cultural relations ==
[[File:Shashlik ingredients.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Shashlik]], a common [[Eurasian]] dish.]]
Both Pakistan and Turkey are mutually influenced by [[Arab culture|Arab]], [[Turko-Mongol]] and [[Culture of Iran#Traditional cultural inheritors of the old Persia|Persian cultures]]. The region of [[Anatolia]] in Central and Eastern Turkey was occupied multiple times by Persian Empires which has brought Persian cultural and linguistic influence since ancient times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/persian_period.htm|title=Persian Period in Anatolia and Asia Minor|publisher=}}</ref>

The [[Indus Valley]] region of Pakistan was occupied by the [[Achaemenid empire]] going back to the fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajaonline.org/field-report/121|title=The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations at Akra in Northwest Pakistan|publisher=}}</ref>

Modern-day Turkey was home to many ancient European civilizations, including Greek. The country has many traces of cultural and historical influences from the ancient Greeks including Greek archeological sites found in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/details/History/HellenicCiv.html|title=Hellenic Civilization in Turkey|author=Tom Brosnahan, Travel Info Exchange, Inc.|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancient.eu.com/Asia_Minor/|title=Asia Minor|author=Joshua J. Mark|work=Ancient History Encyclopedia}}</ref>

Pakistan also became influenced by Greek culture and civilization, especially in the aftermath of [[Alexander the Great]]'s invasion of the region which later led to the formation of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]. [[Gandhara]] is a major site of ancient Greek legacy in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/gandhara.html|title=Gandhara Civilization|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey became a [[Turkic languages|Turkic speaking]] country as a result of [[Seljuq Empire|Seljuq occupation]] and [[Turkification]] of the region. Though Pakistan is not a Turkic-speaking country, its languages, particularly [[Urdu]], a standard register of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], is strongly influenced by the [[Chagatai language|Turkic language of the Mughals]] before it became their empire's official language. As a result, it has many loanwords from that language. The [[etymology]] of the word "Urdu" traces itself back to [[Mughal Empire|Turkic (Mughal) rule]].<ref>http://swauop.yolasite.com/urdu1.php</ref> Moreover, the common cultural influences on Pakistan and Turkey span several centuries, as many [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Iranic peoples]] ruled vast areas of [[Central Asia]], [[South Asia]] and the [[Middle East]].

The designs of clothing of the two countries also have common origins in Central Asia.

== Trade ==
[[File:Gul Interchange (2).JPG|thumb|250px|right|thumb|The Abdullah Gul Interchange near [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] in [[Lahore]], this interchange was inaugurated by the [[Turkish President]] [[Abdullah Gul]] during his visit to [[Lahore]] in 2010.]]

Turkey and Pakistan are founding members of the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] and part of the [[Developing 8 Countries]] (D-8) organization. Both nations have worked to negotiate a preferential trading agreement, aiming to considerably increase trade and investments, especially in transport, telecommunications, manufacturing, tourism and other industries.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=1677 |title=Turkey to sign PTA with Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Daily Times, Pakistan |date=16 April 2005}}</ref> Both governments have sought to increase the volume of bilateral trade from $690 million to more than $1 billion by 2010.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=102299 |title=Pakistan, Turkey discuss defence co-production |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref> Pakistani exports include rice, [[sesame seeds]], leather, textiles, fabrics, sports goods, and medical equipment. Turkey's exports to Pakistan include wheat, [[chickpeas]], [[lentils]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], chemicals, transport vehicles, machinery and energy products.<ref name="FPJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fpcci.com.pk/tradep&turk.asp |title=Trade between Pakistan & Turkey |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry}}</ref> Turkish private corporations have also invested significantly in industrial and construction projects developing highways, pipelines and canals.<ref name="JIA" /> The two countries are negotiatating the [[Turkey-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement]].

=== Train service ===
A [[container train]] service was launched by the Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Yousuf Raza Gilani]] between Islamabad and [[Istanbul]] on 14 August 2009. The first train carried 20 [[Intermodal container|containers]] with a capacity of around {{convert|750|t|LT ST|0|abbr=on}} <ref>http://www.pakistantimes.net/pt/detail.php?newsId=3343</ref> and will travel {{convert|6500|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}} from Islamabad, through [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and [[Tehran]], Iran and on to Istanbul in two weeks' time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\15\story_15-8-2009_pg7_12 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |publisher=Daily Times |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Railways (Pakistan)|Minister for Railways]] [[Ghulam Ahmad Bilour]], after the trial of the container train service, a passenger train will be launched.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+gilani+launches+trial+phase+of+islamabad-istanbul+train+service-za-06 |title=Pakistan | PM launches trial phase of Pak-Turkey train service |publisher=Dawn.Com |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> There are also hopes the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia, and carry passengers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8201934.stm |title=Pakistan–Turkey rail trial starts |accessdate=16 August 2009 |publisher=BBC News |date=14 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/news/news61296.html|title=Pakistan Plans Passenger Rail Between Pakistan, Iran and Turkey|work=Railway Technology}}</ref>

== Strategic ties ==
Both nations were part of [[Cold War]] alliance called the [[Central Treaty Organization]]. Its goal was to [[containment|contain]] the [[Soviet Union]] ([[USSR]]) by having a line of strong states along the USSR's southern frontiers. Military contacts remain resolute, uncompromising and stalwart as ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/7569/turkey-pakistan-ties-indias-loss-is-chinas-gain|title=Turkey-Pakistan close ties |publisher=World Politics Review}}</ref>

== Trilateral Ankara cooperation process ==
Turkey launched a trilateral summit process between the two states and [[Afghanistan]] in February 2007, following a visit by then [[Turkish Foreign Minister]] [[Abdullah Gül]] to [[Islamabad]], as the backbone of its diversified foreign policy in Southeast Asia and Pakistani deputy [[Humair Hayat Khan Rokhri]] confirmed that according to Gül “we are all brothers who need to support each other,” in order to, “bring security and stability to the region.”<ref name=TZ090507>{{cite news
|url=
|date=7 May 2009
|title=Turkey, Afghanistan and Pakistan solidify cooperation
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

An 1 April 2009 meeting between Pakistani and Afghan leaders, conducted as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, saw the three countries pledged to increase coordination between their political, military and intelligence tiers in the fight against militancy and terrorism. Chairman of the Turkish–Pakistani Friendship Association Burhan Kayatürk has stated that, “It is the first time that the military and intelligence chiefs of Afghanistan and Pakistan have attended the trilateral summit, which is a reflection of the deeper commitment to work together.”<ref name=TZ090506b>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Concerned Turkish deputy calls for active engagement in Pakistan
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

At the 17 April 2009 [[Friends of Pakistan]] Tokyo Donors Conference, Turkish State Minister [[Mehmet Aydın]] pledged $100 million to Pakistan for infrastructure, health and education projects. Turkish Parliamentary Deputy Kayatürk has called on neighbouring countries, including India, to make similar commitments as “It is in their interests to see a stable Pakistan; otherwise violence will spill over into their territory.”<ref name=TZ090506b />

Pakistani and [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] parliamentary deputies came together in [[Ankara]] on 5 May 2009, as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, where they met with the now [[Turkish President]] Gül and new Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] to discuss a variety of issues. Head of the Turkish Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission Murat Mercan stated; <blockquote>“Today we need cooperation between our countries more than ever. I believe Turkey, having historical brotherhood relations with both, is in a special position to improve and deepen this cooperation. Turkey is confident that the cooperation to be established between Afghanistan and Pakistan will help a lot to solve the problems.”<ref name=TZ090506a>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Afghan, Pakistani lawmakers meet in Turkish Parliament
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
}}</ref></blockquote> Chairman of the Pakistani Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission [[Asfandyar Wali Khan]] conveyed his thanks and stated,
:''“We need Turkey’s support to build stability in the region.”''

Mercan concluded,
:''“We are finally on the verge of institutionalising the trilateral Ankara cooperation process within the framework of parliamentary joint initiatives,”'' with follow-up meetings due to be held in Islamabad and [[Kabul]] at four-month intervals.”

== Military relations ==
Pakistan and Turkey have maintained long-standing military ties with Turkey also providing training to Pakistani air force officers in upgrading its [[F-16]] fleet.<ref name="IP" /> On 2 April 1954, Pakistan and Turkey signed a [[treaty]] of friendship and cooperation. Both countries, valued as important states in their regions, joined the U.S.-led [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) aimed to bolster military and strategic cooperation and counter the spread of communism and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] influence in the region.<ref name="VA">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=34|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Turkey has openly supported Pakistan's stance on the [[Kashmir conflict]]. Ankara, further, recognizes Jammu and Kashmir, as part of Pakistan, with which it endeavours to 'spice up' bilateral relations, and the Turkish ambassador to Pakistan spent nearly a week in [[Muzaffarabad]], the capital of Azad Kashmir (Pakistani Administrated Kashmir), in order to show Turkish solidarity with the Pakistanis in regards to Kashmir and maintained political and military support during its [[Wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan|wars with India]].<ref name="VA" /><ref name="VA2">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=109|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] Press |year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Pakistan has reciprocated by expressing support for Turkey's policy on [[Northern Cyprus]].<ref name="X" /><ref name="DQ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |title=Pakistan, Turkey to cooperate in defence industry |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018202001/http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |archivedate=18 October 2006 }}</ref> Both nations have sought to expand cooperation to fight terrorism.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X" /> Both countries are also members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]].

Turkey is also currently a major arms seller to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/features/featureturkeys-formidable-defence-industry-rising-star-or-natos-unruly-ally-4207115/|title=Turkey’s formidable defence industry – rising star or NATO’s unruly ally?|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey previously purchased arms from Pakistan<ref>James Ron ''Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey'' Human Rights Watch, 1995 ISBN 1-56432-161-4, 9781564321619 (page 40)</ref> and continues to purchase minor aerial weapons and components from Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2015/10/05/Pakistan-Turkey-to-improve-defense-ties/9421444052995/|title=Pakistan Turkey to cooperate on defense industry – UPI.com|date=5 October 2015|work=UPI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/145139/pakistan-delivers-parts-for-turkish-uav.html|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra Delivers First Batch of Turkish UAV Parts to Turkish Aerospace Industry|publisher=}}</ref>

== Aid exchange ==
In the aftermath of the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], Turkey stepped up its efforts to help the Pakistani people of the affected areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishembassy.com/ii/O/yardim.htm|title= Humanitarian aid to Pakistan|publisher=Turkish Embassy in Ottawa}}</ref> Turkey announced a package of $150 million for the quake-hit people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/21/top2.htm|title= Turkish aid package for Pakistan|publisher=Dawn News}}</ref> The Turkish aid organization [[Kizilay]] also constructed a mosque in Pakistans [[Azad Kashmir]] region bordering Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir. The mosque is being built in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Style in Pakistan's [[Bagh District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61352|title= Turkish Mosque in Pakistani Kashmir|publisher=World Bulletin}}</ref>

Pakistan supplied Turkey with aid during the 1999 earthquake<ref>{{cite web|url=http://img.static.reliefweb.int/report/turkey/pakistan-sends-relief-goods-turkey-quake-victims|title=Pakistan sends relief goods to Turkey for quake victims|work=ReliefWeb}}</ref> and during the 2011 [[Van earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/10/30/city/lahore/punjab-govt-sends-tents-to-turkey-earthquake-victims/|title=Punjab govt sends tents to Turkey earthquake victims|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-263115-pakistani-red-crescent-extends-help-to-earthquake-victims-in-van.html|title=Pakistani Red Crescent extends help to earthquake victims in Van|work=TodaysZaman}}</ref>

== Previous opposing ambitions ==
Both Turkey and Pakistan at times have had conflicting interests and ambitions. During the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Afghan civil war]], Turkey became a strong supporter of the [[Northern Alliance]], due to its [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]] and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] members, with which Turkey shares cultural and linguistic ties.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=JjYaRa2vtAkC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=turkey+northern+alliance+afghanistan&source=bl&ots=dANauf-68k&sig=LthO3RrDAnNbd1jnBcfaCmQSuS8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z1kuU7N24pDJAd6egJAH&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=turkey%20northern%20alliance%20afghanistan&f=false|title=Afghanistan and Central Asia|publisher=}}</ref>
Pakistan meanwhile maintained strong relations and support to the [[Taliban]] whom were ethnic [[Pashtuns]] that have ethnic ties to Pakistan's own Pashtun population as well prevent Pakistan's fears of Afghanistan falling into the control of the Northern Alliance whom were supported by Pakistan's various adversaries, including India.

This changed in late 2001 when Pakistan was under international pressure to abolish all its ties with the Taliban and re-align with the [[United States]] and [[NATO]] in the so-called "[[War on Terror]]" following the September 11 attacks in [[New York City]] and [[Washington DC]] which were directly blamed on [[Al-Queda]] and indirectly on the Taliban for sheltering them. As a result, the United States lifted all sanctions that were imposed on Pakistan following Pakistan's 1998 nuclear weapons tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2001_10/sanctionsoct01|title=Bush Waives Nuclear-Related Sanctions on India, Pakistan – Arms Control Association|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey has also supported the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]] (ETIM) in China whom are ethnic [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] that Turkey also shares cultural and linguistic ties with.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/ethno-diplomacy-uyghur-hitch-sino-turkish-relations|title=Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Xijinping_visit/2012-02/22/content_24696523.htm|title=China cautions Turkey against 'East Turkistan' forces|author=陈霞|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan [[War in North-West Pakistan|struggling with domestic Islamist insurgency]] as well as being a close and [[China–Pakistan relations|historic ally of China]] has strongly opposed the ETIM and has taken severe actions against members of [[Uyghurs in Pakistan|Uyghur communities within its borders]] even suspected of being participant in anti-Chinese activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/pakistan-08102011175506.html|title=Pakistan Deports Uyghurs|work=Radio Free Asia}}</ref>
Separately, Pakistan has killed many foreign militants in its territory during anti-Taliban/Al-Qaeda military operations amongst which were Uyghurs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/916826/uighur-leader-killed-in-pakistan-rehman-malik|title=Uighur leader killed in Pakistan: Rehman Malik|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-31-uighur-attacks-thwarted-as-pakistans-zardari-visits-xinjiang|title='Uighur attacks' thwarted as Pakistan's Zardari visits Xinjiang|author=Ben Blanchard|work=The M&G Online}}</ref> as well as Turks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/125464.html|title=German militant killed in Pakistan|publisher=Press TV}}</ref> and Uzbeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/10/world/asia/karachi-pakistan-airport-attack-taliban.html|title=Assault on Pakistan Airport Signals Taliban’s Reach and Resilience|date=10 June 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/report/uzbek-militancy-pakistans-tribal-region|title=Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan's Tribal Region|work=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mei.edu/content/turkey-pakistan-security-relations-1950s Turkey-Pakistan Security Relations since the 1950s]

{{Pakistan–Turkey relations}}
{{Foreign relations of Pakistan}}
{{Foreign relations of Turkey}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan-Turkey Relations}}
[[Category:Pakistan–Turkey relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Turkey]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Pakistan|Turkey]]

Pakistanisch-türkische Beziehungen

2016-11-16T21:09:04Z

Wiki id2:

{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Pakistan-Turkey|Pakistan|Turkey|map=Pakistan Turkey Locator.svg}}
Pakistan has an embassy in [[Ankara]], a Consulate-General in [[Istanbul]] and an honorary consulate in [[Izmir]] whereas, Turkey has an embassy in [[Islamabad]], a Consulate-General in [[Karachi]] and honorary consulates in [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], [[Sialkot]] and [[Faisalabad]].

Relations date back generations before the establishment of the two states, more precisely during the [[Turkish War of Independence]] when the Muslims of the northwestern British Raj sent financial aid to the declining [[Ottoman Empire]] which was followed by the [[History of the Republic of Turkey|formation of the Turkish Republic]]. Pakistan and Turkey enjoy close cultural, historical and military relations which are now expanding into deepening economic relations as both countries seek to develop their economies.

Ties which had historically remained close on nationalist and cultural grounds further deepened under President Erdogan's Islamic-rooted political approach, as he termed Pakistan "home away from home". He became the only foreign leader to address Pakistan's Parliament, the National Assembly more than once, doing so twice in four years.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/382017/pak-turkey-ties-erdogan-addresses-parliament-offers-sage-advice/</ref> As of 2016, President Erdogan has visited Pakistan 6 times, domestic politics also spillover, infamously [[Fethullah Gulen]] linked officers leaked tapes alleging corruption and arrested Erdogan's close aides, while Erdogan was on a trip to Pakistan, Erdogan accused the Gulenists of sabotage while representing Turkey in a friendly nation.<ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/12/can-pakistan-save-erdogan-2013123054425345386.html</ref> Gulen-linked schools are under pressure to close and teachers have had their visas turned down at the behest of the Turkish government since the attempted coup, an indicator of Pakistan's close ties to the Turkish government.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232099/turkish-teachers-fear-deportation-asked-renew-visas/</ref><ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/pakistan-expels-turkish-school-staff-gulen-links-161116084837457.html</ref> Analysts have also observed that Turkey and Pakistan enjoy close relations during both democratic and military regimes, reflecting the depth of the relations between the two nations.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232331/turkey-dependable-ally/</ref> Turkey supports Pakistan's membership of the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]]<ref>http://www.dawn.com/news/1296714/turkish-president-erdogan-arrives-in-islamabad</ref>

As a result, Pakistan and Pakistanis have enjoyed a positive perception in Turkey and amongst Turks for many decades. The two nations are in the process of strengthening economic relations with a [[Pakistan-Turkey Free Trade Agreement]] aiming to raise bilateral trade volume to $10 billion by 2020. Turkey and Pakistan have a strong defence relationship consisting of joint excercises and a substantial portion of the Pakistan Navy's fleet consisting of joint Pakistan-Turkish naval ships such as fleet tankers and fast attack craft.<ref>http://quwa.org/2016/10/30/turkey-pakistan-conduct-bilateral-naval-exercise/</ref> Pakistan supports the Turkish position on Cyprus, Azerbaijan and Armenia, as such Pakistan has no diplomatic relations with Armenia, with Turkey supporting Pakistan's position on the Kashmir dispute, including alleged human rights violations of Muslims in Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref>http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/turkey-backs-pakistans-stance-on-sending-team-to-probe-human-rights-violation-in-kashmir-2949887/</ref> As a result the two countries have enjoyed strong military and diplomatic relations which is now strengthening towards economic co-operation.

== Development of bilateral relations ==
Turkey established diplomatic relations soon after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and bilateral relations became increasingly close owing to cultural, religious and geopolitical links between the two countries.<ref name="JIA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume5/September-November2000/VolumeVN3ISTHIAQAHMAD.pdf |title=Turkey and Pakistan: Bridging the Growing Divergence |format=PDF |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> Pakistan's founder [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] expressed admiration for Turkey's founding leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and also a desire to develop Pakistan on the Turkish model of modernism. Similarly Pakistan would follow the footstep of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and [[Allama Iqbal]] to develop a modern Islamic Pakistan and all other so called ism are rejected by people of Pakistan.<ref name="CSI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0124/p01s04-wosc.html |title=A Turkish path for Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |date=24 January 2002}}</ref> Similar ideas were expressed by the former [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharraf]], who grew up in Turkey and had received extensive military training there.<ref name="CSI" /><ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2994458.stm|title=BBC NEWS – South Asia – Turkey and Pakistan boost ties|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="IP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FA22Df06.html |title=Turkey and Pakistan join forces |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> [[Jinnah]] is honoured as a great leader in Turkey, and a major road of the Turkish capital [[Ankara]], the [[Cinnah Caddesi]] is named after him, while roads in [[Islamabad]], [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], and [[Larkana]] are named after Atatürk. On 26 October 2009, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] was awarded the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] and was the fourth world leader who spoke to the Pakistani parliament. [[Erdoğan]] said that [[Pakistan]] had always occupied a special place in the hearts and minds of the Turkish government and people.

== Cultural relations ==
[[File:Shashlik ingredients.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Shashlik]], a common [[Eurasian]] dish.]]
Both Pakistan and Turkey are mutually influenced by [[Arab culture|Arab]], [[Turko-Mongol]] and [[Culture of Iran#Traditional cultural inheritors of the old Persia|Persian cultures]]. The region of [[Anatolia]] in Central and Eastern Turkey was occupied multiple times by Persian Empires which has brought Persian cultural and linguistic influence since ancient times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/persian_period.htm|title=Persian Period in Anatolia and Asia Minor|publisher=}}</ref>

The [[Indus Valley]] region of Pakistan was occupied by the [[Achaemenid empire]] going back to the fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajaonline.org/field-report/121|title=The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations at Akra in Northwest Pakistan|publisher=}}</ref>

Modern-day Turkey was home to many ancient European civilizations, including Greek. The country has many traces of cultural and historical influences from the ancient Greeks including Greek archeological sites found in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/details/History/HellenicCiv.html|title=Hellenic Civilization in Turkey|author=Tom Brosnahan, Travel Info Exchange, Inc.|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancient.eu.com/Asia_Minor/|title=Asia Minor|author=Joshua J. Mark|work=Ancient History Encyclopedia}}</ref>

Pakistan also became influenced by Greek culture and civilization, especially in the aftermath of [[Alexander the Great]]'s invasion of the region which later led to the formation of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]. [[Gandhara]] is a major site of ancient Greek legacy in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/gandhara.html|title=Gandhara Civilization|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey became a [[Turkic languages|Turkic speaking]] country as a result of [[Seljuq Empire|Seljuq occupation]] and [[Turkification]] of the region. Though Pakistan is not a Turkic-speaking country, its languages, particularly [[Urdu]], a standard register of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], is strongly influenced by the [[Chagatai language|Turkic language of the Mughals]] before it became their empire's official language. As a result, it has many loanwords from that language. The [[etymology]] of the word "Urdu" traces itself back to [[Mughal Empire|Turkic (Mughal) rule]].<ref>http://swauop.yolasite.com/urdu1.php</ref> Moreover, the common cultural influences on Pakistan and Turkey span several centuries, as many [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Iranic peoples]] ruled vast areas of [[Central Asia]], [[South Asia]] and the [[Middle East]].

The designs of clothing of the two countries also have common origins in Central Asia.

== Trade ==
[[File:Gul Interchange (2).JPG|thumb|250px|right|thumb|The Abdullah Gul Interchange near [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] in [[Lahore]], this interchange was inaugurated by the [[Turkish President]] [[Abdullah Gul]] during his visit to [[Lahore]] in 2010.]]

Turkey and Pakistan are founding members of the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] and part of the [[Developing 8 Countries]] (D-8) organization. Both nations have worked to negotiate a preferential trading agreement, aiming to considerably increase trade and investments, especially in transport, telecommunications, manufacturing, tourism and other industries.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=1677 |title=Turkey to sign PTA with Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Daily Times, Pakistan |date=16 April 2005}}</ref> Both governments have sought to increase the volume of bilateral trade from $690 million to more than $1 billion by 2010.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=102299 |title=Pakistan, Turkey discuss defence co-production |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref> Pakistani exports include rice, [[sesame seeds]], leather, textiles, fabrics, sports goods, and medical equipment. Turkey's exports to Pakistan include wheat, [[chickpeas]], [[lentils]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], chemicals, transport vehicles, machinery and energy products.<ref name="FPJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fpcci.com.pk/tradep&turk.asp |title=Trade between Pakistan & Turkey |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry}}</ref> Turkish private corporations have also invested significantly in industrial and construction projects developing highways, pipelines and canals.<ref name="JIA" /> The two countries are negotiatating the [[Turkey-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement]].

=== Train service ===
A [[container train]] service was launched by the Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Yousuf Raza Gilani]] between Islamabad and [[Istanbul]] on 14 August 2009. The first train carried 20 [[Intermodal container|containers]] with a capacity of around {{convert|750|t|LT ST|0|abbr=on}} <ref>http://www.pakistantimes.net/pt/detail.php?newsId=3343</ref> and will travel {{convert|6500|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}} from Islamabad, through [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and [[Tehran]], Iran and on to Istanbul in two weeks' time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\15\story_15-8-2009_pg7_12 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |publisher=Daily Times |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Railways (Pakistan)|Minister for Railways]] [[Ghulam Ahmad Bilour]], after the trial of the container train service, a passenger train will be launched.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+gilani+launches+trial+phase+of+islamabad-istanbul+train+service-za-06 |title=Pakistan | PM launches trial phase of Pak-Turkey train service |publisher=Dawn.Com |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> There are also hopes the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia, and carry passengers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8201934.stm |title=Pakistan–Turkey rail trial starts |accessdate=16 August 2009 |publisher=BBC News |date=14 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/news/news61296.html|title=Pakistan Plans Passenger Rail Between Pakistan, Iran and Turkey|work=Railway Technology}}</ref>

== Strategic ties ==
Both nations were part of [[Cold War]] alliance called the [[Central Treaty Organization]]. Its goal was to [[containment|contain]] the [[Soviet Union]] ([[USSR]]) by having a line of strong states along the USSR's southern frontiers. Military contacts remain resolute, uncompromising and stalwart as ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/7569/turkey-pakistan-ties-indias-loss-is-chinas-gain|title=Turkey-Pakistan close ties |publisher=World Politics Review}}</ref>

== Trilateral Ankara cooperation process ==
Turkey launched a trilateral summit process between the two states and [[Afghanistan]] in February 2007, following a visit by then [[Turkish Foreign Minister]] [[Abdullah Gül]] to [[Islamabad]], as the backbone of its diversified foreign policy in Southeast Asia and Pakistani deputy [[Humair Hayat Khan Rokhri]] confirmed that according to Gül “we are all brothers who need to support each other,” in order to, “bring security and stability to the region.”<ref name=TZ090507>{{cite news
|url=
|date=7 May 2009
|title=Turkey, Afghanistan and Pakistan solidify cooperation
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

An 1 April 2009 meeting between Pakistani and Afghan leaders, conducted as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, saw the three countries pledged to increase coordination between their political, military and intelligence tiers in the fight against militancy and terrorism. Chairman of the Turkish–Pakistani Friendship Association Burhan Kayatürk has stated that, “It is the first time that the military and intelligence chiefs of Afghanistan and Pakistan have attended the trilateral summit, which is a reflection of the deeper commitment to work together.”<ref name=TZ090506b>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Concerned Turkish deputy calls for active engagement in Pakistan
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

At the 17 April 2009 [[Friends of Pakistan]] Tokyo Donors Conference, Turkish State Minister [[Mehmet Aydın]] pledged $100 million to Pakistan for infrastructure, health and education projects. Turkish Parliamentary Deputy Kayatürk has called on neighbouring countries, including India, to make similar commitments as “It is in their interests to see a stable Pakistan; otherwise violence will spill over into their territory.”<ref name=TZ090506b />

Pakistani and [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] parliamentary deputies came together in [[Ankara]] on 5 May 2009, as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, where they met with the now [[Turkish President]] Gül and new Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] to discuss a variety of issues. Head of the Turkish Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission Murat Mercan stated; <blockquote>“Today we need cooperation between our countries more than ever. I believe Turkey, having historical brotherhood relations with both, is in a special position to improve and deepen this cooperation. Turkey is confident that the cooperation to be established between Afghanistan and Pakistan will help a lot to solve the problems.”<ref name=TZ090506a>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Afghan, Pakistani lawmakers meet in Turkish Parliament
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
}}</ref></blockquote> Chairman of the Pakistani Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission [[Asfandyar Wali Khan]] conveyed his thanks and stated,
:''“We need Turkey’s support to build stability in the region.”''

Mercan concluded,
:''“We are finally on the verge of institutionalising the trilateral Ankara cooperation process within the framework of parliamentary joint initiatives,”'' with follow-up meetings due to be held in Islamabad and [[Kabul]] at four-month intervals.”

== Military relations ==
Pakistan and Turkey have maintained long-standing military ties with Turkey also providing training to Pakistani air force officers in upgrading its [[F-16]] fleet.<ref name="IP" /> On 2 April 1954, Pakistan and Turkey signed a [[treaty]] of friendship and cooperation. Both countries, valued as important states in their regions, joined the U.S.-led [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) aimed to bolster military and strategic cooperation and counter the spread of communism and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] influence in the region.<ref name="VA">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=34|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Turkey has openly supported Pakistan's stance on the [[Kashmir conflict]]. Ankara, further, recognizes Jammu and Kashmir, as part of Pakistan, with which it endeavours to 'spice up' bilateral relations, and the Turkish ambassador to Pakistan spent nearly a week in [[Muzaffarabad]], the capital of Azad Kashmir (Pakistani Administrated Kashmir), in order to show Turkish solidarity with the Pakistanis in regards to Kashmir and maintained political and military support during its [[Wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan|wars with India]].<ref name="VA" /><ref name="VA2">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=109|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] Press |year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Pakistan has reciprocated by expressing support for Turkey's policy on [[Northern Cyprus]].<ref name="X" /><ref name="DQ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |title=Pakistan, Turkey to cooperate in defence industry |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018202001/http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |archivedate=18 October 2006 }}</ref> Both nations have sought to expand cooperation to fight terrorism.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X" /> Both countries are also members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]].

Turkey is also currently a major arms seller to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/features/featureturkeys-formidable-defence-industry-rising-star-or-natos-unruly-ally-4207115/|title=Turkey’s formidable defence industry – rising star or NATO’s unruly ally?|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey previously purchased arms from Pakistan<ref>James Ron ''Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey'' Human Rights Watch, 1995 ISBN 1-56432-161-4, 9781564321619 (page 40)</ref> and continues to purchase minor aerial weapons and components from Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2015/10/05/Pakistan-Turkey-to-improve-defense-ties/9421444052995/|title=Pakistan Turkey to cooperate on defense industry – UPI.com|date=5 October 2015|work=UPI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/145139/pakistan-delivers-parts-for-turkish-uav.html|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra Delivers First Batch of Turkish UAV Parts to Turkish Aerospace Industry|publisher=}}</ref>

== Aid exchange ==
In the aftermath of the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], Turkey stepped up its efforts to help the Pakistani people of the affected areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishembassy.com/ii/O/yardim.htm|title= Humanitarian aid to Pakistan|publisher=Turkish Embassy in Ottawa}}</ref> Turkey announced a package of $150 million for the quake-hit people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/21/top2.htm|title= Turkish aid package for Pakistan|publisher=Dawn News}}</ref> The Turkish aid organization [[Kizilay]] also constructed a mosque in Pakistans [[Azad Kashmir]] region bordering Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir. The mosque is being built in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Style in Pakistan's [[Bagh District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61352|title= Turkish Mosque in Pakistani Kashmir|publisher=World Bulletin}}</ref>

Pakistan supplied Turkey with aid during the 1999 earthquake<ref>{{cite web|url=http://img.static.reliefweb.int/report/turkey/pakistan-sends-relief-goods-turkey-quake-victims|title=Pakistan sends relief goods to Turkey for quake victims|work=ReliefWeb}}</ref> and during the 2011 [[Van earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/10/30/city/lahore/punjab-govt-sends-tents-to-turkey-earthquake-victims/|title=Punjab govt sends tents to Turkey earthquake victims|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-263115-pakistani-red-crescent-extends-help-to-earthquake-victims-in-van.html|title=Pakistani Red Crescent extends help to earthquake victims in Van|work=TodaysZaman}}</ref>

== Previous opposing ambitions ==
Both Turkey and Pakistan at times have had conflicting interests and ambitions. During the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Afghan civil war]], Turkey became a strong supporter of the [[Northern Alliance]], due to its [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]] and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] members, with which Turkey shares cultural and linguistic ties.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=JjYaRa2vtAkC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=turkey+northern+alliance+afghanistan&source=bl&ots=dANauf-68k&sig=LthO3RrDAnNbd1jnBcfaCmQSuS8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z1kuU7N24pDJAd6egJAH&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=turkey%20northern%20alliance%20afghanistan&f=false|title=Afghanistan and Central Asia|publisher=}}</ref>
Pakistan meanwhile maintained strong relations and support to the [[Taliban]] whom were ethnic [[Pashtuns]] that have ethnic ties to Pakistan's own Pashtun population as well prevent Pakistan's fears of Afghanistan falling into the control of the Northern Alliance whom were supported by Pakistan's various adversaries, including India.

This changed in late 2001 when Pakistan was under international pressure to abolish all its ties with the Taliban and re-align with the [[United States]] and [[NATO]] in the so-called "[[War on Terror]]" following the September 11 attacks in [[New York City]] and [[Washington DC]] which were directly blamed on [[Al-Queda]] and indirectly on the Taliban for sheltering them. As a result, the United States lifted all sanctions that were imposed on Pakistan following Pakistan's 1998 nuclear weapons tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2001_10/sanctionsoct01|title=Bush Waives Nuclear-Related Sanctions on India, Pakistan – Arms Control Association|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey has also supported the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]] (ETIM) in China whom are ethnic [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] that Turkey also shares cultural and linguistic ties with.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/ethno-diplomacy-uyghur-hitch-sino-turkish-relations|title=Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Xijinping_visit/2012-02/22/content_24696523.htm|title=China cautions Turkey against 'East Turkistan' forces|author=陈霞|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan [[War in North-West Pakistan|struggling with domestic Islamist insurgency]] as well as being a close and [[China–Pakistan relations|historic ally of China]] has strongly opposed the ETIM and has taken severe actions against members of [[Uyghurs in Pakistan|Uyghur communities within its borders]] even suspected of being participant in anti-Chinese activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/pakistan-08102011175506.html|title=Pakistan Deports Uyghurs|work=Radio Free Asia}}</ref>
Separately, Pakistan has killed many foreign militants in its territory during anti-Taliban/Al-Qaeda military operations amongst which were Uyghurs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/916826/uighur-leader-killed-in-pakistan-rehman-malik|title=Uighur leader killed in Pakistan: Rehman Malik|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-31-uighur-attacks-thwarted-as-pakistans-zardari-visits-xinjiang|title='Uighur attacks' thwarted as Pakistan's Zardari visits Xinjiang|author=Ben Blanchard|work=The M&G Online}}</ref> as well as Turks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/125464.html|title=German militant killed in Pakistan|publisher=Press TV}}</ref> and Uzbeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/10/world/asia/karachi-pakistan-airport-attack-taliban.html|title=Assault on Pakistan Airport Signals Taliban’s Reach and Resilience|date=10 June 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/report/uzbek-militancy-pakistans-tribal-region|title=Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan's Tribal Region|work=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mei.edu/content/turkey-pakistan-security-relations-1950s Turkey-Pakistan Security Relations since the 1950s]

{{Pakistan–Turkey relations}}
{{Foreign relations of Pakistan}}
{{Foreign relations of Turkey}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan-Turkey Relations}}
[[Category:Pakistan–Turkey relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Turkey]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Pakistan|Turkey]]

Pakistan Navy

2016-11-16T16:27:12Z

Wiki id2:

{{Use British English|date=June 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name = Pakistan Navy
|image = [[File:Pakistan Navy emblem.svg|100px]]
|caption = Pakistan Navy's Crest
|dates = 14 August 1947 – present
|country = {{PAK}}
|branch =
|type = [[Navy]]
|role = Maritime Defense & Strike
|size = 30,700 active<ref name="IISS2010"/> 5,000 reserves<ref name="IISS2010"/> 63 [[Pakistan Navy#Fleet composition|ships]] 101 aircraft<ref name="Flightglobal">[https://d1fmezig7cekam.cloudfront.net/VPP/Global/Flight/Airline%20Business/AB%20home/Edit/WorldAirForces2015.pdf Flightglobal - World Air Forces 2015] (PDF), [[Flightglobal.com]]</ref>
|command_structure = [[Ministry of Defense (Pakistan)|Ministry of Defense]] [[Pakistan Armed Forces]]
|garrison = [[Naval Headquarters (Pakistan Navy)|NHQ]], [[Islamabad]]
|garrison_label = Naval Headquarters (NHQ)
|nickname = {{lang|ur|پاک بحریہ}} ({{lang|ur-Latn|''Pak Bahr'ya''}}) or PN
|motto = Himmat ka Aalam,ALLAH ka Karam,Moujon Pay Qadam
|patron =
|colors = Navy blue and White {{color box|#041A2A}}{{color box|white}}
|colors_label = Colours
|march =
|mascot =
|equipment =
|equipment_label =
|battles = <div style="width: 220px;"> [[Indo-Pakistan war of 1965]] [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1999]] [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|2004 Tsunami Relief Operations]] [[2010 Pakistan floods|Operation Madad]] [[Piracy in Somalia|Operations Near the HOA]] [[War in North-West Pakistan]] [[Balochistan conflict]]
|anniversaries = Navy Day is on 8 September
|decorations = [[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan military|Military]] and [[Civil decorations of Pakistan|Civil decorations]] of [[Pakistan]].
|battle_honours =[[Nishan-e-Haider]]

|commander1 = [[Admiral]] [[Muhammad Zakaullah]]
|commander1_label = [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Naval Staff]]
|commander2 = [[Vice Admiral]] [[Khan Hasham bin Saddique|Hasham Siddique]]
|commander2_label = [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Vice Chief of Naval Staff]]
|commander3 =
|commander3_label =
|notable_commanders = Admiral [[Mohammad Shariff]] Admiral [[Iftikhar Ahmed Sirohey]] Vice-Admiral [[Syed Mohammad Ahsan]]

|identification_symbol=[[File:Naval Standard of Pakistan.svg|border|125px]]
|identification_symbol_label=Standard (flag) of the Navy
|identification_symbol_2=[[File:Naval Jack of Pakistan.svg|125px]]
|identification_symbol_2_label=Naval Jack of Pakistan
|identification_symbol_3=[[File:Naval Ensign of Pakistan.svg|border|125px]]
|identification_symbol_3_label=Naval Ensign of Pakistan
|identification_symbol_4 =
|identification_symbol_4_label =

|aircraft_attack =
|aircraft_bomber =[[Dassault Mirage 5]]
|aircraft_electronic =[[Hawker 800|Hawker 850 XP]]
|aircraft_fighter =
|aircraft_helicopter =[[Westland Seaking]], [[Aérospatiale Alouette III|Aérospatiale SA-319B Alouette III]], [[Harbin Z-9]]
|aircraft_interceptor =
|aircraft_patrol = [[Lockheed P-3 Orion|Lockheed P-3C Orion]], [[Fokker F27 Friendship|Fokker F27-2000]], [[Breguet Atlantic|Breguet Atlantique I]], [[ATR-72-500]]
|aircraft_recon =
|aircraft_trainer =
|aircraft_transport =
|website ={{URL|www.paknavy.gov.pk}}
}}

The '''Pakistan Navy''' ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq| '''پاکستان بحریہ'''}}}}; {{lang|ur-Latn|''Pɑkistan Bahri'a''}}) ([[reporting name]]: '''PN''') is the [[naval warfare]] branch of [[Pakistan Armed Forces]], responsible for [[Pakistan]]'s {{Convert|1046|km|sigfig=3}} of coastline along the [[Arabian Sea]], and the defence of important civilian harbours and military bases. The Pakistan Navy came into the existence after the [[Independence of Pakistan|independence]] of Pakistan in 1947. The [[President of Pakistan]] serves as the Supreme Commander of the Navy under Article 243 (2) of the [[Constitution of Pakistan]], and the Chief of Naval Staff heads the Navy. [[Navy Day]] is celebrated on 8 September in commemoration of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]].<ref>[http://pakistantimes.net/2005/09/06/top2.htm Pakistan Times | Top Story: Defence Day in Pakistan today; President, PM ask nation to imbibe spirit of ’65 War] {{wayback|url=http://pakistantimes.net/2005/09/06/top2.htm |date=20090214201007 |df=y }}</ref>

The Pakistan Navy's current and primary role is to protect the country's economic and military interests at home and abroad, executing the foreign and defence policies of the [[Government of Pakistan]] through the exercise of military effect, diplomatic activities and other activities in support of these objectives.<ref name="Pakistan Navy Public and Military Affairs ">{{cite web| last =Pakistan Navy| title =Pakistan Navy: Roles and Function| work =Naval Inter-Service Public Relation (Naval ISPR)| publisher =Pakistan Navy Public and Military Affairs| date =18 March 2008| url =http://www.paknavy.gov.pk| doi =| accessdate =2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| last =Khan, Pakistan Navy (retired), current research officer at Pakistan Naval War College| first =Commander Muhammad Azam| title =Options for Pakistan Navy: § Pakistan Navy: A sentinel for energy and economic security| journal =| volume = | issue = | page =7 | publisher =Commander Muhammad Azam Khan, retired. Current, research officer at the Pakistan Naval War College| location =[[United States Naval Academy]]| year =2011| url =https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:07Y3Irx3AO8J:www.usnwc.edu/getattachment/cc6209f2-7f01-4bb7-ac24-8c301c62f015/S-2--Options-for-the-Pakistan-Navy+pakistan+navy+in+space+program&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiCaTe2oeJ2JwqKQE0UX8j-cw-UPdVfozoMAwRfsYewXAXeayLVIPxn2TyMVcGTW9A_BdSqACZjpRhb8_u-EfL-kslbz7CXPTIr9PZBtAguv97XWyY4K4fsg2utDUL8dmXdtmjg&sig=AHIEtbTIXTgr9LKaJv5Fbgnj_ftn-1MQzw| accessdate = }}</ref> In the 21st century, the Pakistan Navy also focuses on limited overseas operations, and has played a vital role in the establishment of the [[Pakistan Antarctic Programme]].<ref>Mills, J.M. (2003). Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia. 1 (A–M). Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.</ref><ref>{{cite web| last =PN| first =Pakistan Navy| authorlink =| coauthors =| title =Pakistan Navy: Hydrography| work =Naval Inter-Service Public Relation (Naval ISPR)| publisher =Pakistan Navy Department of National Research and Hydrography| url =http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/hydro/h_intro.htm| doi =| accessdate =2011 }}</ref>

The Pakistan Navy is supported by the [[Pakistan Coast Guard]], and the [[Maritime Security Agency]] (MSA), the paramilitary forces of Pakistan.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}

The Navy is undergoing extensive [[Pakistan Navy#Frigates|modernisation and expansion]] as part of [[Pakistan's role in the War on Terror]]. Since 2001, the Pakistan Navy has increased and expanded its operational scope, and has been given greater national and international responsibility in countering the threat of sea-based global terrorism, drug smuggling, and piracy.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}} In 2004, Pakistan Navy became a member of the primarily [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATO]] Combined Task Forces [[CTF-150]] and [[CTF-151]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page%3D2009%5C07%5C21%5Cstory_21-7-2009_pg7_29 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-06-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202235725/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009%5C07%5C21%5Cstory_21-7-2009_pg7_29 |archivedate=2 December 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref> The [[China-Pakistan Economic Corridor]] has significantly expanded the role of the navy, joint patrols with the Chinese navy as well as providing land and sea-based security to secure shipping lanes has become a priority.<ref>https://www.samaa.tv/pakistan/2016/11/pakistan-navy-providing-security-to-cpec-ships/</ref><ref>https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/pakistan/two-chinese-frigates-arrive-pakistan-for-joint-drills-pakistan-navy/</ref>

The [[Constitution of Pakistan]] makes the [[President of Pakistan]] the civilian Commander-in-Chief. The Chief of Naval Staff (CNS), by statute a four star admiral, is appointed by the President with the consultation and confirmation needed from the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]. The Chief of Naval Staff is subordinate to the civilian [[Defence Minister of Pakistan|Defence Minister]] and [[Defence Secretary of Pakistan|Secretary of Defence]], and commands the Navy.

==History==
{{quote|text= [[Fourteenth of August|Today]] is a historic day for Pakistan, doubly so for those of us in the Navy. The [[Dominion of Pakistan]] has come into being and with it a new Navy – the Royal Pakistan Navy – has been born. I am proud to have been appointed to command it and serve with you at this time. In the coming months, it will be my duty and yours to build up our Navy into a happy and efficient force|sign=[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the [[Quaid-e-Azam|founder]] of [[Pakistan]], addressing the [[Pakistan Naval Academy|Naval Academy]] in March 1948.|source=<ref name="Pakistan Navy, Historical reference"/> }}

The Pakistan Navy came into existence on the [[Independence Day (Pakistan)|Fourteenth of August]], 1947 with the [[Creation of Pakistan|establishment]] of the [[State of Pakistan]].<ref name="Pakistan Navy, Historical reference">{{cite web|last=GoPAK|first=Government of Pakistan|title=History|url=http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/history.htm|work=Electronic Government of Pakistan|publisher=Pakistan Navy, Historical reference|accessdate=6 April 2012}}</ref> The Armed Forces Reconstitution Committee (AFRC) divided the shares and assets of the [[Royal Indian Navy]] (RIN) between the [[India and Pakistan]], with the Royal Pakistan Navy (RPN) was inherited with two [[sloop]]s, two [[frigate]]s, four minesweepers, two [[naval trawler]]s, four harbour launches.{{rp|45–46}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> Because of the high percentage of [[river delta|delta]] areas on its coast, Pakistan also received a number of [[Harbour Defence Motor Launch|harbour defence motor launches]]. As part of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], the prefix "Royal" was used until the state was proclaimed a republic in 1956.<ref name="Pakistan Navy, Historical reference"/>

The Navy endured a difficult history, only 200 officers and 3000 sailors were inherited to the Navy, the most senior being [[Captain (naval)|Captain]] [[HMS Choudri]] who had little experience in [[military staff]]ing.<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> The Navy suffered perennial problems with inadequate staff, lack of operational bases, lack of financial support, and poor technological and personnel resources.{{rp|45}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> Secondly, it grew out as the smallest [[Pakistan military|uniform branch]] that contributed in its lack of importance in [[Ministry of Finance, Revenue, Economic Affairs, Statistics and Privatization (Pakistan)|federal budgets]] as well as the problems relating to its institutional infrastructure.{{rp|46}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> The [[Pakistan Army|Army]] and the [[Pakistan Air Force|Air Force]] was a dominant force where the defence problems were based wholly on army and air force point of view.{{rp|46}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> There were additional problems relating to the navy were the lack of facilities and maintenance machinery as the only [[naval dockyard]] in [[Indian Subcontinent|subcontinent]] was located in [[Bombay Dockyard|Bombay, India]].{{rp|46}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/>

To overcome these difficulties, the Navy launched a recruitment program for the young nation, starting in [[East Pakistan|East-Pakistan]] but it proved to be very difficult to sustained the program; therefore, program was moved back to [[Pakistan]] to concentrate the preferred recruitments for the [[West Pakistani|Western Pakistanis]].<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/>
{{rp|46}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/>

===The beginning: 1947–64===
[[File:Shamsher Pakistan SLV Green 1951.jpg|thumb|left|350px|The [[frigate]] [[HMS Nadder (K392)|PNS ''Shamsher'']] in 1951.]]

During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|first war]] with [[India]] in 1947–48, the Navy saw no action as all fighting was restricted to [[Land Warfare|land]] and [[Air warfare|air]] combat missions. On operational planning, Captain [[HMS Choudri]] engaged on commanding a destroyer from [[Karachi]] to [[Mumbai]] to oversee the evacuation of [[Muhajir people|Indian emigrants]] to Pakistan.{{rp|474}}<ref name="W. W. Norton & Company">{{cite book|last1=Read|first1=Anthony|last2=Fisher|first2=David|title=The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=9780393318982|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q9ebuSG64dkC&pg=PA474&dq=HMS+choudhri&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjMnNnu-IvQAhVMxWMKHZ87DCcQuwUIJzAB#v=onepage&q=HMS%20choudhri&f=false|accessdate=3 November 2016|language=en}}</ref> In 1948, Pakistan Navy engaged in humanitarian missions to evacuate [[Indian immigrant]]s trapped in disputed and hostile areas, with its frigates operating continuously.<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> The [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Naval Staff]], [[Rear-Admiral]] [[James Wilfred Jefford]], had created a "Short-term Emergency Plan (STEP)" to work up the frigates and naval defences in case of escalation of the war in sea.<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> In 1948, the directorate-general for [[Naval Intelligence of Pakistan|Naval Intelligence]] (DGNI), a staff corps, was established under [[Lieutenant (naval)|Lieutenant]] [[Syed Mohammad Ahsan]], who served as its first Director-General, in Karachi.<ref name="Pakistan Navy, Historical reference" /> When the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|first war]] came to an end in 1948, the Navy temporarily established its [[NHQ (Pakistan Navy)|Navy NHQ]] in Karachi and acquired its first [[O and P class destroyer|O Class destroyer]] from the [[Royal Navy]].{{rp|49}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/>

The Pakistan Navy heavily relied its dependency on generous donations from the [[Royal Navy]] with two battle destroyers, the [[PNS Tippu Sultan (1941)|PNS ''Tippu Sultan'']] and ''[[PNS Tariq (1941)|PNS Tariq]]''.<ref name="PakDef Military Consortium">{{cite web|last1=PakDef Military Consortium|title=The First Destroyer «|url=http://pakdef.org/the-first-destroyer/|website=pakdef.org|publisher=PakDef Military Consortium|accessdate=14 November 2016}}</ref> The ''Tippu Sultan'' was commissioned on 30 September 1949, under Commander P.S. Evans, whilst the ''Tariq'' was placed under the command of [[Lieutenant-Commander]] [[Afzal Rahman Khan]].<ref name="PakDef Military Consortium"/> The two destroyers formed the 25th Destroyer Squadron as the [[HMIS Narbada (U40)|PNS ''Jhelum'']] and [[HMS Onslaught (G04)|PNS ''Tughril'']], under Commander [[Muzaffar Hassan|Muzaffar Hasan]], also joined the Royal Pakistan Navy.<ref name="PakDef Military Consortium"/>

In 1950, the Navy's [[Nationalization in Pakistan|nationalization]] took place with many officers from air force and army volunteered to join the navy and [[Noncommissioned officer|NCOs]] gaining commission as an officers.{{rp|50–51}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> Support from the army and air force to the navy led to the establishment of logistics and maintenance machinery with vigorous efforts directed towards integrating the navy presence in [[East Pakistan|East-Pakistan]], thereby creating opportunities for people in East-Pakistan to participate in the build-up.{{rp|51}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/>

In 1951, the [[Pakistan Government|Pakistan government]] called for appointing native chiefs of staff of the armed branches but it was not until 1953 when the native chief of naval staff was appointed by the government.{{rp|51–52}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> The British [[Admiralty]], however, maintained the command of the Navy through [[Rear-Admiral]] [[James Wilfred Jefford|Jefford]] who had native deputy chiefs of staff including [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] [[HMS Choudri|HMS Choudhri]], Commodore Khalid Jamil, and [[Commander (rank)|Commander]] M.A. Alavi.{{rp|51–52}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/>

[[File:HMS Gabbard (D47).jpg|thumb|300px|right|PNS ''Badr'', a destroyer visiting [[Great Britain|Britain]], 1957.]]

During this time, a number of goodwill missions were carried out by the navy's combatant ships, and non-combat missions were conducted under the auspices of the [[Royal Navy]].<ref name="PakDef Military Consortium" /> In 1951, HMS Choudhri's promotion papers as naval chief were approved by [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] but it was not until 1953 when HMS Choudhri was promoted as [[Vice-Admiral]] and naval chief with the support from [[Army Chief of Staff (Pakistan)|army chief]] [[Lieutenant-General]] [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]].{{rp|52}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> He handed over the command of 25th Destroyer squadron to [[People of Poland|Polish]] naval officer, Commander [[:pl:Romuald Nalecz-Tyminsk|Romuald Nalecz-Tyminski]].<ref name="Polish Spirit">{{cite web|title=Admiral Romuald Nalecz-Tyminski|url=http://www.federacjapolek.ca/nowy/image/2009_images/polish_spirit_persons/nalecz-tyminski.pdf|website=federacjapolek.ca|publisher=Polish Spirit|accessdate=15 November 2016}}</ref>

In mid 1950s, the [[Ministry of Finance (Pakistan)|Ministry of Finance]] awarded contracts to the [[Corps of Engineers, Pakistan Army|Corps of Engineers]] for the construction of the [[Karachi Naval Dockyard]].<ref name="Pakistan Navy, Historical reference" /> In 1954, several efforts were made to procured a [[CH class submarine|CH-submarine]] from the [[Royal Navy]] but was rejected by Admiralty who agreed to loan the [[Ch class destroyer]], the [[HMS Chivalrous (R21)|HMS Chivalrous]], which was designated as [[HMS Chivalrous (R21)|PNS Taimur]].{{rp|51–52}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> From 1953–56, HMS Choudri bitterly negotiated the [[United States]] over the modernization of navy and convinced the [[United States government|U.S. government]] to provide monetary support for modernization of aging [[O and P-class destroyer|O–class]] destroyers and minesweepers, while commissioning the [[C-class destroyer (1943)|Ch–class]] destroyers from [[Royal Navy|British Navy]].{{rp|54}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> [[British Navy]] tradition were disbanded and cancelled when the [[American Navy|U.S. Navy]]'s [[Military Assistance Advisory Group|advisers]] were dispatched to the [[Pakistan Armed Forces|Pakistani military]] in 1955.<ref name="Hamid Hussain , Defence Journal of Pakistan">{{cite web|last=Hamid Hussain|title=Tale of a love affair that never was: United States-Pakistan Defence Relations|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/june/loveaffair.htm|work=Hamid Hussain , Defence Journal of Pakistan|publisher=Hamid Hussain , Defence Journal of Pakistan|accessdate=12 February 2012}}</ref>

In 1956, the [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]] voted for promulgation of [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|Constitution of Pakistan]] and proclaimed the [[Dominion of Pakistan]] as an [[Islamic Republic]] under the new constitution.<ref name="Pakistan Navy, Historical reference" /> The prefix ''Royal'' was dropped, and the service was re-designated the Pakistan Navy ("'''PN'''") with the [[Naval jack|PN Jack]] replaced the [[Colours, standards and guidons#United Kingdom and other Commonwealth nations|Queen's colour]] and the [[White Ensign]] respectively.<ref name="Pakistan Navy, Historical reference" /> The order of precedence of the three services changed from Navy–Army–Air force to Army–Navy–Air Force.<ref name="AuthorHouse, 2013">{{cite book|last1=Fagoyinbo|first1=Joseph Babatunde|title=The Armed Forces: Instrument of Peace, Strength, Development and Prosperity|date=2013|publisher=AuthorHouse|location=Bloomington, Indiana|isbn=1477226478|pages=473|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qM0uxPH8RasC&pg=PA390&dq=army+navy+airforce+marines+pakistan&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_FqqVM23GomcoQTfgILYDA&ved=0CCkQuwUwAA#v=onepage&q=army%20navy%20airforce%20marines%20pakistan&f=true|accessdate=5 January 2015|format=Google Books|chapter=§The birth of Pakistan Armed Forces}}</ref>

In February 1956, the [[British government]] announced the transfer of several major surface combat warships to Pakistan Navy that included a cruiser and four destroyers to be purchased with funds made available under the U.S. [[Military Assistance Program]].{{rp|54}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> In 1957, the Navy finalized the sale of sale of [[HMS Diadem (84)|cruiser]] warship from the United Kingdom, and used the government's own fund to induct the warship that caused a great ire against [[Haji Mohammad Siddiq Choudri|Admiral Choudhr]]i by the [[Ministry of Finance (Pakistan)|Finance ministry]] in the country.{{rp|55}}<ref name="Lancer Publishers, Goldrick"/>

In 1958, the Navy made an unsuccessful attempt induct the [[Neptun-class submarine|imported submarines]] from [[Sweden]] using the American funds that was halted by the [[United States]] and the Pakistan's own [[Ministry of Finance (Pakistan)|Finance ministry]] despite the idea had support from [[Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)|Army GHQ]].{{rp|57}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> In 1958–59, the [[NHQ (Pakistan Navy)|Navy NHQ]] staff began fighting with the [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]] staff and the [[Ministry of Defence (Pakistan)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD) over the plans regarding the modernization of the navy that resulted in bitter [[interservice rivalry]] between army and navy which ended with Admiral Choudri's resignation to the [[Aiwan-e-Sadr|Presidency]] in 1959.{{rp|57}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> From 1956–63, the warships, two destroyers, eight coastal minesweepers, and an oiler were procured from the [[United States]] and [[United Kingdom]] eventually that was the direct result of Pakistan's participation in the anti-Communist defence pacts: the [[SEATO]] and [[CENTO]].<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/>

===Indo-Pakistan war of 1965 and afterwards===
{{Main article|Operation Somnath}}

In 1959, Vice-Admiral [[Afzal Rahman Khan]] was appointed the [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|naval chief]] and built-up his relations with the [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]] whilst the Navy retained hopes for procuring the submarine despite financial constraints.{{rp|58–59}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors" /> The [[Royal Navy]] accepted the requests from the Pakistan Navy for a regular visit to [[Karachi Naval Dockyard]] to provide first hand experience in submarine operations in 1960–61.{{rp|58}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors" /> The [[President Ayub Khan|Ayub administration]] did not increase the financial funding of navy in an expense to army and air force but he did not object the American contributions to train the Pakistan Navy in submarine operations.{{rp|59}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors" /> The [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] provided an insightful and crucial training support to Navy to be able to conduct operations in long range and the proposal of procuring the submarine was met with favourable views in 1963 due to the prospect of [[Soviet Navy]] leasing a submarine to [[Indian Navy]].{{rp|58}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors" /> In 1963, the [[United Kingdom]] began providing training and education on submarine operations, and in 1964, the [[PNS Ghazi]] was commissioned from the United States.{{rp|58}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors" />

Even though, the navy nor air force was notified of the [[Operation Gibraltar|Kashmir incursion]] in 1965, the Navy was well-prepared at the time when the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|second war]] erupted between Pakistan and India in 1965.<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors">{{cite book|last=Goldrick|first=James|title=No Easy Answers|year=1997|publisher=Lancer's Publications and Distributors|location=New Delhi|isbn=1-897829-02-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6XW7kKHQeQoC&pg=PA45&dq=Pakistan+Navy&hl=en&ei=SpWDT4GQFfLciQKs05zzBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=8&ved=0CFQQ6wEwBw#v=onepage&q&f=true}}</ref> The [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|naval chief]] Admiral [[Afzal Rahman Khan]] ordered all units of the Pakistan Navy to take up defensive positions off the coast, but did not order any offensive operations in the [[Bay of Bengal]].{{rp|60–61}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> As the [[Indian Air Force]]'s repeated sorties and raids disrupted [[Pakistan Air Force|PAF]] operations, the Navy assumed a more aggressive role in the conflict.{{rp|61}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> On 2 September, the Navy deployed its first long-range submarine, the [[PNS Ghazi|PNS ''Ghazi'']] under [[Commander (rank)|Commander]] [[Karamat Rahman Niazi|K.R. Niazi]] which was charged with gathering intelligence on Indian naval movements that stalked the diverting threats posed by the aircraft carrier [[INS Vikrant (R11)|INS ''Vikrant'']].<ref name="Usman Tariq Pakdef">{{cite web|last1=Usman|first1=Tariq|title=1965 War|url=http://pakdef.org/1965-war-3/|website=pakdef.org|publisher=Usman Tariq Pakdef|accessdate=15 November 2016}}</ref>

[[File:Ussdiablo.jpg|thumb|The submarine ''PNS Ghazi'' during the Indo-Pakistani war of 1965. Pakistan suffered the loss of the long-range submarine (as well as 100 personnel) in 1971, when it was sunk under mysterious circumstances.]]

On the night of 7/8 September, a naval squadron comprising four destroyers, one frigate, one cruiser, and one submarine, under the command of Commodore S.M. Anwar, launched [[Operation Dwarka]], an attack on radar facilities used by the Indian Air Force in the small coastal town of [[Dwarka]].<ref name="Usman Tariq Pakdef"/> The operation ended with limited damage to the area.<ref name="Usman Tariq Pakdef"/> After gunnery bombardment, the ''[[PNS Ghazi|Ghazi]]'' was deployed against the Indian Navy's western fleet at [[Bombay]] on 22 September and ended her operations and reported back to [[Karachi Naval Dockyard]] on 23 September 1965.<ref name="Usman Tariq Pakdef"/>

The [[Operation Dwarka|naval operation]] in Dwarka had greatly increased the prestige of the Pakistan Navy and it had also alerted Indian Navy commanders to the significant threat posed by the Pakistan Navy, and to its own naval shortcomings.<ref name="Repro India Ltd."/> After the war, the [[United States]] imposed an arms embargo on Pakistan and Pakistani military began exploring options for military procurement from [[Peoples Republic of China|China]], [[France]], and [[Soviet Union]].{{rp|62}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> The [[United Kingdom]] offered the Navy to jointly built the [[Type 21 frigate]] but was rejected by [[President Ayub Khan|Ayub administration]] that would only allow the financial capital to be spend on submarine procurement.{{rp|63}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/>

In 1966, the Pakistan Navy established its own [[special operations]] directorate, the [[Special Service Group Navy]] (SSG[N]) after the recommendations from the [[United States Navy]].<ref name="Global Security.org">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | title =Navy Special Forces | work = Global Security.org | publisher = | date = | url =http://www.specialoperations.com/Foreign/Pakistan/SSGN.htm | accessdate =29 June 2011}}</ref> In 1966–70, Pakistan Navy had been well aware of massive [[Future of the Indian Navy|procurement and acquisitions]] of [[Weapon systems of the Indian Navy|weapon systems]] being acquired from the [[Soviet Union]] and [[United Kingdom]], and the danger it will posed to Pakistan.{{rp|63}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> In 1968–69, there were series of unsuccessful talks of acquiring the warships from the [[Soviet Navy]] which ended with no yielding results.{{rp|63}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> Difficulties arose between and after the arms embargo was lifted by the United States which lifted based strictly on [[Cash and carry (wholesale)|cash-and-carry]] basis.{{rp|63}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> Pleas for strengthening the Navy in [[East Pakistan]] were ignored due to monetary issues and financial contraints restricted the Navy's capabilities to function more efficiently.{{rp|63}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/>

In 1968, the [[Daphné-class submarine|Daphné-class]] submarines were procured from the [[France]] while operating [[Tench class submarine|Tench class]] that was reffited and upgraded by the [[Turkish Navy]].{{rp|63}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/>

In 1968–69, the [[NHQ (Pakistan Navy)|Navy NHQ]] staff began its tussle with the [[AHQ (Pakistan Air Force)|Air AHQ]] staff over the issue establishing the [[Pakistan Naval Air Arm|naval aviation]] who feared the loss of fighter jets and their pilots in the sea and was hostile towards this idea.{{rp|63}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> The United States entered in discussing the transfer of [[List of Lockheed P-3 Orion variants|P3B Orion]] aircraft to the Navy in 1970 with [[President Yahya Khan|Yahya administration]] but were not procured until the end of 1970s.{{rp|63}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> In 1970, the [[foreign relations]] between Pakistan and East Pakistan further deteriorated and the Navy knew that it was impossible to defend East Pakistan from approaching [[Indian Navy]].{{rp|63}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> Series of reforms were carried when Navy's serious reservations were considered by the [[President Yahya Khan|Yahya administration]] and [[East Pakistani]]s were hastily recruited in what was known as [[Bangladesh Navy|East Pakistan Navy]] but this proved to be disaster for Navy when majority of East Pakistani naval officers and ~3,000 sailors [[Operation Jackpot|defected to India]] to join the [[Awami League]]'s military wing– the ''[[Mukti Bahini]]''.{{rp|64–65}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/> Such events had jeopardized the operational scope of the Navy and the [[NHQ (Pakistan Navy)|Navy NHQ]] staffers and commanders knew very well that it (Navy) was ill-prepared for the war and Pakistan was about to have a sharp lesson from India in the consequences of disconnecting strategy from reality.{{rp|65}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors"/>

===Indo-Pakistan war of 1971===
{{Main article|Operation Barisal|Operation Jackpot|Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971}}

By 1971, the [[NHQ (Pakistan Navy)|Navy NHQ]] staffers and their commanders knew very well that the Pakistan Navy was poorly represented in [[East Pakistan]] (now [[Bangladesh]]) and tehre was no main infrastructure to conduct defensive operation against the [[Eastern Naval Command]] of [[Indian Navy]] in [[Bay of Bengal]].{{rp|64}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors" /> The navy was only able conducted the [[Riverine Warfare|riverine]]-based operations that was being undertaken by the [[Pakistan Marines]] with the assistance from the [[Special Service Group Navy|Special Service Group [Navy] ]], codenamed [[Operation Barisal|Barisal]] on April 1971.<ref name="Pakistan Navy, Historical reference" /> Although, the Governor of East Pakistan, Vice-Admiral [[Syed Mohammad Ahsan|S.M. Ahsan]], made efforts to increase the naval presence and significance in 1969 but the Indian Navy's Eastern Naval Command continued to pose a significant threat since it had capability of conduct operations in long-range areas.<ref name="Inter Services Public Relations">{{cite book|last=Salik, PA|first=Siddique|title=Witness to Surrender|publisher=Inter Services Public Relations|location=Karachi, Pakistan|isbn=984-05-1374-5|pages=60–90}}</ref>

Furthermore, the defections from [[Bangladesh Navy|East-Pakistan Navy]]'s officers and sailors had jeopardize the Navy's operational scope who went onto join the [[Awami League]]'s militant wing, the ''[[Mukti Bahini]]'' in a program known as [[Operation Jackpot|''Jackpot'']].<ref name="Inter Services Public Relations"/> Though, the program was disrupted by the Navy from further annihilation but the naval facilities were severely damaged due to this operation on 15 March 1971.<ref name="Inter Services Public Relations"/> The [[East Pakistan|East-Pakistan]]'s geography was surrounded by [[India]] on all three landward sides by the [[Indian Army]] as the Navy was in attempt to prevent India from blocking the coasts.<ref name="Inter Services Public Relations"/>

During this time, the [[Naval Headquarters (Pakistan Navy)|Navy NHQ]] was housed in [[Karachi]] that decided to deploy the newly [[Mid-life update|MLU]] [[PNS Ghazi|''Ghazi'']] submarine on East while the [[PNS Hangor|''Hangor'']] in West for the intelligence gathering purposes.<ref name="Inter Services Public Relations"/>

{{quote|text=At then end of [[Bangladesh Liberation War|East-Pakistan crisis]].... We (Pakistan Navy, Eastern Command) had no intelligence and hence, were both deaf and blind with the [[Indian Navy]] and [[Indian Air Force]] pounding us day and night.... |sign=Admiral Mohammad Sharif, to U.S. Admiral [[Elmo Zumwalt|Zumwalt]] in 1971|source=.<ref name="Lancer's Publishers and Distributions">{{cite book|last=Roy|first=Admiral Mihir K.|title=War in the Indian Ocean|year=1995|publisher=Lancer's Publishers and Distributions|location=United States|isbn=1-897829-11-6|pages=218–230|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tqr8r7EB18wC&pg=PA218&dq=admiral+mohammad+shariff&hl=en&ei=KFjyTsLUO4SjiALD64ynCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=4&ved=0CEEQ6wEwAw#v=onepage&q=admiral%20mohammad%20shariff&f=false}}</ref>}}

[[File:USS Wiltsie (DD-716).jpg|thumb|left|290px|[[USS Wiltsie (DD-716)|PNS ''Nazim'']], which previously took part in the [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]] and [[Korean War]]s in the US Navy as USS ''Wiltsie'' (DD-716).]]

With no naval aviation service to guard the [[Karachi port]], the Indian Navy launched a naval attack, [[Operation Trident (Indo-Pakistani War)|Operation Trident]], consisting of 3 Soviet-built [[Osa class missile boat|Osa class]] [[missile boat]]s escorted by two [[anti-submarine]] patrol vessels on 4 December 1971.<ref name="M.A. Hussain Tiwana Defence Journal"/> Nearing Karachi's port area, they launched [[SS-N-2 Styx]] anti-ship missiles, which the obsolescent Pakistan naval warships had no viable defense against.<ref name="M.A. Hussain Tiwana Defence Journal">{{cite web|last1=Tiwana|first1=M.A. Hussain|title=The Angry Sea|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/nov98/angrysea.htm|website=www.defencejournal.com|publisher=M.A. Hussain Tiwana Defence Journal|accessdate=15 November 2016|date=November 1998}}</ref> Two of the warships, the [[PNS Muhafiz|PNS ''Muhafiz'']] and [[PNS Khyber|PNS ''Khyber'']], were both sunk, while [[PNS Shahjahan|PNS ''Shahjahan'']] was damaged beyond repair.<ref name="M.A. Hussain Tiwana Defence Journal"/> Outcomes were stunning for both sides with Pakistan suffering the loss of imported warships, and while India sustaining no damages to their attacking squadron.<ref name="M.A. Hussain Tiwana Defence Journal"/>

On 8 December 1971, the ''[[PNS Hangor|Hangor]]'' led by its [[Commander (rank)|Commander]] [[Ahmed Tasnim]], sank the Indian frigate [[INS Khukri (1958)|INS ''Khukri'']] off the coast of Gujarat, India.<ref name="M.A. Hussain Tiwana Defence Journal"/> This was the first sinking of a warship by a submarine since [[World War II]], and resulted in the loss of 18 officers and 176 sailors of the Indian Navy while the inflicting severe damages to another warship, INS ''Kirpan'', by the same submarine.<ref name="gs">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/hangor.htm|title=Hangor Class (Fr Daphn|author=John Pike|publisher=|accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref> Pakistan Air Force that now acted as naval aviation made several attempts to counter the Indian [[missile boat]] threat by carrying out the aerial bombing raids over Okha harbour, the forward base of the missile boats.<ref name="M.A. Hussain Tiwana Defence Journal"/> The Indian Navy retaliated with an attack on the Pakistani coast, named ''[[Operation Python]]'', on the night of 8 December 1971. when a small [[flotilla]] of Indian vessels, consisting of a missile boat and two frigates, approached Karachi and launched a missile attacks that sanked the Panamanian vessel Gulf Star, the ''PNS Dacca'', and the British ship SS ''Harmattan'' were damaged.<ref name="M.A. Hussain Tiwana Defence Journal"/>

The ''Python'' was a complete success for the Indian Navy, and a psychological trauma for Pakistan Navy, the human and material cost severely cutting into its combat capability, nearly 1,700 sailors perished at the barracks.<ref name="Trident, Grandslam and Python: Attacks on Karachi">{{cite web|last=IN|first=Indian Navt|title=Trident, Grandslam and Python: Attacks on Karachi|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1971War/44-Attacks-On-Karachi.html|work=Trident, Grandslam and Python: Attacks on Karachi|publisher=Trident, Grandslam and Python: Attacks on Karachi|accessdate=9 April 2012}}</ref> Civilian pilots from the [[Pakistan International Airlines]] volunteered to conduct air surveillance missions with the [[PAF]], but this proved less than helpful when they misidentified a Pakistan Navy frigate, [[PNS Zulfiqar (K265)|PNS ''Zulfikar'']], as an Indian missile boat.<ref name="Trident, Grandslam and Python: Attacks on Karachi"/> The PAF planes made several attack runs before finally identifying the ''Zulfikar'' by the Navy NHQ.<ref name="Trident, Grandslam and Python: Attacks on Karachi"/> The friendly attack resulted in further loss of navy personnel, as well as the loss of the ship, which was severely damaged and the Pakistan Navy's operational capabilities were now virtually extinct, and morale plummeted.<ref name="Trident, Grandslam and Python: Attacks on Karachi"/> Indian Navy observers who watched the raid nearby later wrote in their [[War diary|war logs]] that the "PAF pilots failed to recognize the difference between a large [[HMS Apollo (F70)|PNS ''Zulfikar'' frigate]] and a relatively [[Osa class missile boat|small Osa missile boat]]."<ref name="Trident, Grandslam and Python: Attacks on Karachi"/> After the friendly attack, all naval surface operations came to a halt under the orders of chief of naval staff.<ref name="Trident, Grandslam and Python: Attacks on Karachi"/>

The Navy's only long range submarine, ''[[PNS Ghazi|Ghazi]]'', was deployed to the area but, according to neutral sources, it sank en route under mysterious circumstances.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcejlMRYNAAC&pg=PA179&dq=PNS+Ghazi&ei=LKdDSKG0H4KijgGs1qG-BQ&sig=9YcFuLJttkAY3wIH965XTx6eU1Y#v=onepage&q=PNS%20Ghazi&f=false Seapower: A Guide for the Twenty-first Century - Geoffrey Till - Google Boeken]</ref> Pakistani authorities state that it sank either due to internal explosion or detonation of mines which it was laying at the time.<ref>{{cite news|last=Joseph|first=Josy |title=Now, no record of Navy sinking Pakistani submarine in 1971|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-12/india/28288237_1_submarine-ins-rajput-eastern-naval-command|work=TOI website|publisher=Times of India|accessdate=28 May 2010|date=12 May 2010|quote=Pakistani authorities say the submarine sank because of either an internal explosion or accidental blast of mines that the submarine itself was laying around Vizag harbour. }}</ref> The Indian Navy claims to have sunk the submarine.<ref>[http://openlibrary.org/b/OL4243900M/No-way-but-surrender No way but surrender: an account of the Indo-Pakistan War in the Bay of Bengal, 1971] By Vice Admiral N. Krishnan (Retd.)</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jacob|first=Lt Gen JFR |title=The truth behind the Navy's 'sinking' of Ghazi|url=http://sify.com/news/the-truth-behind-the-navy-s-sinking-of-ghazi-news-columns-kfztj3bhjeh.html|work=sify news website|publisher=sify news}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Jacob|first=Lt Gen JFR |title=The truth behind the Navy's 'sinking' of Ghazi|url=http://sify.com/news/the-truth-behind-the-navy-s-sinking-of-ghazi-news-columns-kfztj3bhjeh.html|work=sify news website|publisher=sify news|accessdate=28 May 2010|date=25 May 2010|quote= On December 9, the Navy announced that they had sunk the Ghazi on December 4, after the start of the war. Later, officers were decorated for their role and the offensive action of their ships in the sinking of the Ghazi. After the war, however, teams of divers confirmed that it was an internal explosion that sank the Ghazi. The log of the Ghazi was recovered and the last entry as far as I can recall was on November 29, 1971. Sadly, that too has been destroyed. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/22inter.htm|title=The Rediff Interview/Admiral S M Nanda (retd) 'Does the US want war with India?' |last=Sengupta|first=Ramananda|date=22 January 2007|work=Interview|publisher=Rediff|accessdate=26 March 2010|location=India}}</ref>

The submarine's destruction enabled the Indian Navy to enforce a blockade on then East Pakistan.<ref name = Defencejournal>{{cite web | title=Maritime Awareness and Pakistan Navy | work=Defence Notes by Commander (Retd) Muhammad Azam Khan | url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/mar/maritime.htm | accessdate= 16 May 2005 }}</ref> According to the defence magazine, ''Pakistan Defence Journal'', the attack on Karachi, Dhaka, Chittagong and the loss of ''Ghazi'', the Navy no longer was able to match the threat of Indian Navy as it was already outclassed by the Indian Navy after the 1965 war.<ref name="M.A. Hussain Tiwana Defence Journal" />

The damage inflicted by the [[Indian Navy]] and [[Indian Air Force]] on the PN stood at seven [[gunboat]]s, one [[Minesweeper (ship)|minesweeper]], two [[destroyers]], three patrol craft belonging to the [[Pakistan Coast Guard]], 18 cargo, supply and communication vessels, and large-scale damage inflicted on the naval base and docks in the coastal town of Karachi. Three merchant navy ships; Anwar Baksh, Pasni and Madhumathi;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irfc-nausena.nic.in/irfc/ezine/Trans2Trimph/chapters/39_transfer%20of%20ships1.htm|title=Chapter-39|publisher=|accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref> and ten smaller vessels were captured.<ref name=Orbat>{{cite web|title=Damage Assessment – 1971 INDO-PAK Naval War |work=B. Harry |url=http://www.orbat.com/site/cimh/navy/kills(1971)-2.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=16 May 2005 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051030235952/http://www.orbat.com:80/site/cimh/navy/kills(1971)-2.pdf |archivedate=30 October 2005 |df=dmy }}</ref> Around 1900 personnel were lost, while 1413 servicemen were captured by Indian forces in [[Dhaka]].<ref name = "losses">{{cite web | title=Military Losses in the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War | work=Venik | url=http://www.aeronautics.ru/archive/vif2_project/indo_pak_war_1971.htm | accessdate=30 May 2005}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The Indian Navy lost 18 officers and 176 sailors<ref name="gs"/><ref>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=153894 Express India]</ref> and a [[frigate]], while another frigate was damaged and a [[Breguet Alizé]] naval aircraft was shot down by the [[Pakistan Air Force]].

According to one Pakistan scholar, [[Tariq Ali]], the Pakistan Navy lost a third of its force in the war.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Tariq Ali]] | title=Can Pakistan Survive? The Death of a State | publisher=Penguin Books Ltd | year=1983 | isbn=978-0-14-022401-6}}</ref> Despite the limited resources and manpower, the Navy performed its task diligently by providing support to inter-services (air force and army) until the end.<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad">{{cite book|last=Shariff, PN|first=Admiral Mohammad|title=Admiral's Diary: Battling through stormy sea life for decades|year=2010|publisher=The Army Press, Islamabad|page=415|url=http://dawn.com/2010/10/24/excerpt-how-the-east-was-lost/}}</ref> The primary reason for this loss has been attributed to the central command's failure in defining a role for the Navy, or the military in general, in East Pakistan.<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad"/> Since then the Navy has sought to improve the structure and fleet by putting special emphasis on sub-surface warfare capability as it allows for the most efficient way to deny the control of Pakistani sea lanes to an adversary.<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad"/>

===Cold war operations and post cold war: 1972–1998===
{{See also|Operation Umeed-e-Nuh|Operation United Shield|Operation Parakram|Soviet war in Afghanistan|Revolt of the Admiral}}
{{quote|text=Pakistan fully endorse the requirements of a strong navy, capable of safeguarding Pakistan's sea frontiers and her Lines of Communication, monitoring and protecting her exclusive economic zone. Continuous efforts are at hand to provide the best available equipment to the Navy despite all economic constraints.|sign=[[Pervez Musharraf]], 1999|source=<ref name="Lieutenant-General F.S. Lodhi, PA,"/>}}

After [[Instrument of Surrender (1971)|surrendering]] of [[Pakistan Eastern Command]] in East and unilateral decision of ceasefire in West, Pakistan learned a sharp lesson from India in the consequences of disconnecting strategy from reality.{{rp|65}}<ref name="Lancer's Publications and Distributors" /> After the [[1971 war]], the Navy had to rebuilt from ground and the government came to realize its failure for ignoring the needs of navy at the expense of air force and army.<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad"/>

By the end of 1971, the [[Pakistan Naval Air Arm|naval aviation]] was commissioned but it was not until 1974 when the aircraft joined the service that were procured from the donations from the [[Royal Navy]].<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad"/> During the course of war, the co-ordination between [[Pakistan Armed Forces|inter-services]] was limited, lack of communication, poor execution of joint-operations, this led to the establishment of [[Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]] headquartered in [[JS HQ (Pakistan)|JS HQ]].<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad"/> In a small span of time, the navy facilities, manpower and profile of Navy was quickly arranged and raised by the coming and the first [[Four star admiral|four-star]] rank admiral and the [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Naval Staff]] Admiral [[Mohammad Shariff|Mohammad Shariff]] reconstituted the Navy, and his services to Navy led him to be appointed as first navy admiral [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman]] of [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Joint Chiefs Committee]] of Pakistan Armed Forces.<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad"/>

The Pakistan Navy came into public notice in 1974 after it had reportedly applied a [[Naval blockade|naval blockade]] and played an integral role to stop the [[Iraqi support of Baloch rebels|arms smuggled]] in [[Balochistan conflict]] after the [[Arms discovery in Iraqi Embassy (Pakistan)|police raid]] [[Diplomatic missions of iraq|Iraqi Embassy]] in Islamabad in 1974.<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad"/> From 1974–77, the Navy provided logistical support to army and air force until [[Rahimuddin Khan's Stabilization of Balochistan|stabilization]] of the province.<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad"/>

[[File:PNS Ghazi 134 DN-SC-92-03633.JPEG|thumb|left|The Daphne class submarine ''Ghazi'' (S-134) deployed during the [[Operation Restore Hope]].]]

In 1970s, the Navy sought to diversify its purchases instead of depending solely on the United States, which had placed an arms embargo on both India and Pakistan as the Navy sought warships deals with [[France]] and [[PR China|China]].<ref name="Navy"/> The Navy acquired the land-based ballistics missile capable long range reconnaissance aircraft; it become the first navy in South Asia to acquire land-based ballistics missile capable long range reconnaissance aircraft.<ref name="Navy">South Asia's Nuclear Security Dilemma: India, Pakistan, and China By Lowell Dittmer, pp 77 ''</ref>

Dependency on the United States again fell in 1980s and the Navy enjoyed unprecedented growth, doubling its surface fleet from 8 to 16 surface combatants in 1989. In 1982, the [[Reagan administration]] approved [[United States Dollar|US$]]3.2 billion military and economic aid to Pakistan with Pakistan acquiring eight [[Brooke-class frigate|Brooke]] and [[Garcia-class frigate|Garcia-class]] frigates from [[US Navy|United States Navy]] on a five-year lease in 1988.<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad"/> A [[military base|depot]] for repairs, [[USS Hector (AR-7)|USS Hector]] followed the lease of these ships in April 1989. This was done due to the [[Zia regime|Zia administration]]'s [[Operation Cyclone|cooperation]] with the [[Reagan administration]] against the [[Soviet Union]]'s [[Soviet war in Afganistan|invasion]] in [[Afghanistan]].<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad"/>

However, the [[Pressler amendment|arms embargo]] was again imposed after the Soviet [[Soviet troop withdrawal from Afghanistan|troops withdrawal]] from [[Afghanistan]] in 1989 when the [[United States President|U.S. President]] [[George H. W. Bush|George Bush, Sr.]] was advised to no longer certify the existence of Pakistan's covert [[Pakistan and its Nuclear Detterent Program|nuclear arsenals]] program and the [[Pressler amendment]] was invoked on 1 October 1990.<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad"/> The lease of the first [[Brooke class frigate]] expired in March 1993, the remaining in early 1994.<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad"/> This seriously impaired the Pakistan Navy, which was composed almost entirely of [[:Category:Ships transferred from the United States Navy to the Pakistan Navy|former U.S. origin warships]].<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad"/> Despite the embargo, the Navy assisted the [[United Nations Operation in Somalia II|UNOSOM-II]] to conducted [[Operation United Shield|military operation]] against [[Civil war in Somalia]].<ref>Bush, George H., Address to the Nation on the Situation in Somalia, 4/12/92</ref> In 1991–41, the Navy became involved with the [[Operation Restore Hope]], dispatching one submarine and two destroyer frigates to support to the [[United States Navy]]'s operation in the [[Somali Civil War|civil War]] in [[Somalia]], and extended its support in 1995 to took participation in [[Operation United Shield]] to concluded its side of operation after evacuating personnel and equipments of [[Pakistan Army|army]], [[Pakistan Marines|marines]], and [[PAF|air force]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bashir, PN|first1=Adm. Noman|authorlink1=Noman Bashir|title=The Pakistan Navy's Role in Peacetime Diplomacy: Emerging Scenario in the Indian Ocean|journal=Pakistan Horizon|date=July 2010|volume=63|issue=3|pages=7|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24711004?seq=1#fndtn-page_scan_tab_contents|accessdate=16 November 2016|publisher=Pakistan Institute of International Affairs|location=Islamabad Pakistan|language=English|format=pdf|issn=0030980X}}</ref>

Realizing the [[Indo-US Relations|warming relations]] between the [[United States]] and [[India]], Pakistan Navy began concentrating on self-reliance for its operation needs when Prime Minister [[Benazir Bhutto]] successfully negotiating with [[France]] for [[technology transfer]] of [[Agosta class submarine|''Agosta'']] submarines in 1994–95.<ref name="The Army Press, Islamabad"/> This is was a controversial agreement with millions of dollars were allegedly used for the purpose of [[Corruption charges against Benazir Bhutto and Asif Ali Zardari|corruption]] by both sides as the [[air-independent propulsion]] technology was transferred despite India's strong opposition.<ref name="NTI 1990"/> During the same time, the [[United Kingdom]] approved the sale of [[Westland Lynx]] and [[Westland Sea King|Sea King]] helicopters, equipped with [[Anti-submarine warfare|ASW]] missiles which further enhanced the capabilities of Pakistan Navy.<ref name="Naval Air Arm, Navy" />

After the [[List of nuclear weapons tests of Pakistan|nuclear tests]] conducted in 1998, there were several proposals made for Pakistan Navy's transformation into a [[nuclear navy]] as it was seen against Indian Navy's [[INS Arihant|nuclear ambition]].<ref name="NTI 1990"/> Earlier in 1990, the Navy began negotiations with [[People's Liberation Army Navy]] to lease a [[nuclear submarine]], a Chinese [[Type 091 submarine|Type 091 ''Han'' class]] submarine after rival India Navy leased a Russian-based [[Charlie class submarine|Charlie 1 class]] nuclear from Soviet Union.<ref name="NTI 1990">{{cite web|last=NTI|title=Nuclear Submarine for Navy|url=http://www.nti.org/media/pdfs/pakistan_nuclear.pdf?_=1316466791|work=October 6, 1990|publisher=NTI 1990|accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref> However, the Navy cancelled the negotiations with the [[People's Liberation Army Navy|Chinese Navy]] after the learning the Indian Navy had returned the Russian submarine was returned in 1991.<ref name="NTI 1990"/>

In 1999, the Navy saw serious disagreement with the civilian government over the issue of [[Kargil war]] that was launched solely by the [[Pakistan Army]]. Known as the [[Revolt of the Admiral]]s in Pakistan, [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Naval Staff]] Admiral [[Admiral Fasih Bokhari|Fasih Bokhari]] and his [[NHQ (PN)|Navy NHQ]] staff maintained that the both Navy and Air Force had been deactivated.<ref name="Repro India Ltd." /> However, when Indian Navy launched ''Operation Talwar'', Pakistan Navy had to respond by deploying the submarines and destroyers combatant ships to keep Indian Navy from Ports of Karachi and Baluchistan.<ref name="Lieutenant-General F.S. Lodhi, PA,"/> The [[Pakistan Naval Air Arm|Naval Air Arm]] maintained its reconnaissance and patrol operations near at the Arabian sea.<ref name="Lieutenant-General F.S. Lodhi, PA,"/> In 1999, another proposal was raised to switched the [[Air-independent propulsion|air-independent propulsion]] of Agosta submarine to substitute with [[Nuclear propulsion|nuclear propulsion]], however the proposal was dismissed.<ref name="Lieutenant-General F.S. Lodhi, PA,">{{cite web|last=Lodhi|first=F.S.|title=An Agosta Submarine for Pakistan|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/jan/agosta.htm|work=Lieutenant-General F.S. Lodhi|publisher=Lieutenant-General F.S. Lodhi, PA,|accessdate=7 April 2012}}</ref>

===Engagement in 1999 and 2001 standoff===
{{Main article|Atlantique Incident|Indo-Pakistani War of 1999|Revolt of the Admiral|2001–02 India–Pakistan standoff}}

In 1999, the [[Pakistan Army]] soldiers engaged with [[Indian Army]] and that fighting extended to the Navy who came under pressure to protect the coasts of Sindh and Balochistan while performing the non-combat missions. The [[Indian Navy]]'s rapid movement in the [[Arabian sea]] pushed the Navy to take the [[active measures]] and responded by deploying a large formation of submarines to gather intelligence on the movement of Indian naval vessels, their activities and presence.<ref name="Lieutenant-General F.S. Lodhi, PA," /> Over the appointment of [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chairman Joint Chiefs]], Admiral [[Fasih Bokhari]] and his [[NHQ (PN)|Navy NHQ]] staff led to a serious disagreement with [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]], an event that is known as [[Revolt of the Admiral|Revolt of the Admiral Bokhari]], who resigned from his commission in protest.{{rp|35}}<ref name="AuthorHouse, Baig">{{cite book|last1=Anwar|first1=Muhammad|last2=Baig|first2=Ebad|title=Pakistan: Time for Change|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=9781477250303|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mb6OOYcrIOYC&pg=PA35&dq=Admiral+Fasih+Bokhari&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwik7aLK56zQAhVM-GMKHTbGAhsQuwUIOTAE#v=onepage&q=Admiral%20Fasih%20Bokhari&f=false|accessdate=16 November 2016|language=en}}</ref>

In 1999, the Navy became involved in a military engagement with the [[Indian Air Force]] when the [[News channels in Pakistan|local news channels]] reported that the Navy had suffered serious casualty in a non-combat missions in terms of losing aircraft and personnel, roughly occurred just two weeks since the end of [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1999|Kargil debacle]].{{rp|62}}<ref name="AuthorHouse, Baig"/> On 10 August 1999, the [[Indian Air Force]]'s two [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG 21FL]] fired and shot down the reconnaissance navy plane, the [[Breguet Atlantic|''Atlantic'']], with sixteen personnel, including four naval fighter pilots on board.{{rp|62}}<ref name="AuthorHouse, Baig"/> All hands and the aircraft were lost when it was shot down in the border area of the [[Rann of Kutch]] region by [[Indian Air Force]], with both countries claiming the aircraft to be in their respective airspace.{{rp|62}}<ref name="AuthorHouse, Baig"/>

[[File:Pakistan Navy Orion Asuspine.jpg|thumb|A Pakistan Navy [[Lockheed P-3C Orion|P3C Orion]] getting airborne in 2010.]]

The international observers noted that the wreckage fell well within Pakistan's territory, giving credence to the Pakistan's claim.{{rp|62-63}}<ref name="AuthorHouse, Baig"/> But the investigation conducted by the [[Naval Intelligence of Pakistan|Naval Intelligence]] revealed that the crash site was spread over 2 km on both sides of the border and the majority of the wreckage was on the Indian side. The [[Government of India|Indian government]] released the bodies of all the 16 personnel killed in the crash, asserting their point that the aircraft crashed in India.<ref name="The Independent"/> The Indian Air Force stated that "the ''Atlantique'' was trying to return to Pakistan's airspace after intruding more than {{convert|10|nmi|km}} and as such was headed towards Pakistan...." This incident resulted in escalated tensions between the two [[India-Pakistan relations|neighbouring countries]].<ref name="The Independent">{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/16-dead-as-india-shoots-down-pakistani-naval-plane-1112052.html|title=16 dead as India shoots down Pakistani naval plane|work=The Independent|accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref>

In October 1999, another mishap claimed the loss of Navy's [[P3C Orion|P3C Orion]] ([[anti-submarine warfare|ASW]]) aircraft crashed while on routine exercise towards the coastal town of Pasni in the [[Balochistan Province]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/493254.stm | work=BBC News | title=Pakistan naval aircraft crashes | date=29 October 1999}}</ref> In this non-combat mission, the casualties stood with twenty one personnel, including two navy fighter pilots, eleven sailors and ten senior officers died in the incident—the cause of the incident was stated as a technical failure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lockheedmartin.com/products/p3/index.html|title=404 · Lockheed Martin|publisher=|accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref>
During the 2001–2002 India-Pakistan Standoff, the Pakistan Navy was a put on high-alert and more than a dozen warships were deployed near at the Arabian Sea.<ref name="Lieutenant-General F.S. Lodhi, PA,"/> In 2001, the Navy took serious consideration of deploying the [[nuclear weapon]]s on its submarines although none of the nuclear weapons were ever deployed in the submarines.<ref name="NTI 1990"/>

During the 2001–02, there was another [[2001–02 India–Pakistan standoff|military standoff]] and Navy again put on high alert with deployment of more than a dozen warships were deployed near at the Arabian Sea.<ref name="Lieutenant-General F.S. Lodhi, PA,"/> In 2001, the Navy took serious consideration of deploying the [[nuclear weapon]]s on its submarines although none of the nuclear weapons were ever deployed in the submarines.<ref name="NTI 1990"/>

===War on Terror and operations in North-West===
{{Main article|PNS Mehran Operation|Operation Rah-e-Nijat|PNS Mehran Operation|Operation Black Thunderstorm|Operation Umeed-e-Nuh}}

[[File:US Navy 100323-N-0000X-003 Chief of Naval Staff of the Pakistan Navy Adm. Noman Bashir is greeted by Gen. David Petraeus, commander of U.S. Central Command.jpg|thumb|Admiral [[Noman Bashir|Bashir]] meets with the [[United States Army|US Army]] General [[David Petraeus]], top commander of [[International Security Assistance Force|US forces in Afghanistan]], to initiate peace initiatives and counter-terrorism operations against Taliban forces in Afghanistan.]]

Since 1995, the operational scope of Navy has increased, first participating in combat operation, [[Operation United Shield]] with the [[United States Navy]]. Since 2007, the Navy has shifted into focusing the large-scale special operations and strike operations. The Navy plays an active role in the multinational [[United States Naval Forces Central Command|NAVCENT]], [[Combined Task Force 150|CTF-150]], [[Combined Task Force 151|CTF-151]], [[Operation Enduring Freedom]].<ref>{{cite web|last=PN |title=Pakistan Navy and Operation OEF |url=http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/cmcp1.html |publisher=PN Second |accessdate=11 April 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070726120430/http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/cmcp1.html |archivedate=26 July 2007 |df=dmy }}</ref> The command of the force was give to Pakistan from 24 March 2006, until 25 February 2008. Under Pakistan's leadership, CTF 150 coordinated patrols throughout their area of operations to help commercial shipping and fishing operate safely and freely in the region. Additionally, CTF 150 Coalition ships made 11 successful at-sea rescues and made the largest drug bust in the CTF 150 AOO since 2005.<ref>[http://www.cusnc.navy.mil/articles/2008/019.html Pakistan Navy Hands Command of CTF 150 to France] {{wayback|url=http://www.cusnc.navy.mil/articles/2008/019.html |date=20081003183518 |df=y }}</ref> Pakistan has contributed 13 different ships to CTF 150 and the current one being [[PNS Tariq]].<ref>[http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/cmcp1.html Pakistan Navy Participation In Coalition Maritime Campaign Plan] {{wayback|url=http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/cmcp1.html |date=20070726120430 |df=y }}</ref> Development continues on new warships, weapons, weapons technology, and as well as building the [[nuclear submarine]] for its current operational capabilities.<ref>{{cite news|last=Star Desk|title=Pakistan Navy to build nuclear submarine|url=http://www.arynews.tv/english/newsdetail.asp?nid=54527|accessdate=6 April 2012|newspaper=ARY News|date=10 February 2012}} {{dead link|date=October 2015}}</ref>

Since 2007, the Navy actively participated in Operation Black Thunderstorm, Operation Rah-e-Nijat, Operation Mehran, [[Operation Madad (Pakistan Navy)|Operation Maddad]], and is a major participant in [[War on Terror]] and the [[War in North-West Pakistan|War in tribal areas]] of Pakistan. Due to its operational capabilities and ability to project force far from coastal areas of Pakistan, for instance the [[Northern Pakistan]] and abroad, the Navy remains potent asset for the [[Commander-in-Chief]] (the [[President of Pakistan]]) as well as the chief executive of the country (the [[Prime minister of Pakistan]]).

[[File:Pakistan Navy Special Service Group member silhouetted aboard Pakistan Navy Ship PNS Babur.jpg|thumb|left|An elite member of Navy's [[Special Service Group Navy]] (SSGN) is silhouetted by the setting sun abroad PNS ''Babur'' while under way in the Arabian Sea 25 November 2007]]

Despite its [[Maritime Interdiction Operations|seaborne mission]], the Navy had played an active role in controlling the insurgency in [[War in North-West Pakistan|Tribal Belt]] in [[War in North-West Pakistan|Western Pakistan]], mostly taking roles in managing [[Military logistics|logistics]] and [[intelligence gathering]] as well as conducting ground operations with the army in Western areas to track down the [[al-Qaeda|al-Qaeda operatives]]. In 2011, the major terror bombing took place in Navy's assets in various locations of Karachi by [[Al-Qaeda]]; the first of the bombings took place on 21 April 2011 on two naval buses and second bombing incident on 28 April 2011 on a naval coaster. An estimated 12 lives have been lost since the start of the bombing.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/NewsDetail.aspx?ID=14800|title=Blast hits Pakistan Navy bus, third in a week|work=[[The News International]]|publisher=[[Jang Group of Newspapers]]|accessdate=19 May 2011}}</ref> A third bombing, and final bombing took place on 22 May 2011. The attack was on the PNS Mehran base in Karachi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=6183&Cat=13&dt=5/23/2011|title=A joint attack by al-Qaeda, TTP|work=[[The News International]]|publisher=[[Jang Group of Newspapers]]|accessdate=22 May 2011}}</ref>

Since 2004, the Navy has been readily used in overland counter-insurgency operations, to ease off the pressure to Army and Air Force.<ref name="The New York TImes">{{cite web|last=Mackey|first=Robert|title=Before Attack, Pakistan's Navy Boasted of Role in Fight Against Taliban|url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/05/23/before-attack-pakistans-navy-boasted-of-role-in-fight-against-taliban/|work=NYTimes – The Lede (blog)|publisher=The New York TImes|accessdate=10 April 2012|date=23 May 2011}}</ref> The Northern Command (COMNOR) under a [[rear-admiral]], conducted overland, [[signal intelligence]], and bombing missions in the Tribal belt while its navy fighter jets attacked the hidden secretive places of militants.<ref name="The New York TImes"/> In the anti-terror, naval-based airborne missions using precision bombing tactics provided by the US Navy, the Pakistan Navy played a vital role in force-projection of its naval forces that played a significant role in controlling the insurgency, terrorism as well as proved the ability to conduct successful operations far from coastal areas won many presidential citations and praised by the government and the international recognition.<ref name="The New York TImes"/>

The Navy has been active as early as 2006–07 to track down the terrorist elements and al-Qaeda operatives around the country as part of the campaign against the terrorism. To limit the pressure on army and air force, the Navy executed far more difficult operations in Northern Pakistan, and its combatant assets fought Taliban insurgency in Western border with the ground forces. On 22 May 2011, the Navy's first engagement with [[Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan|Pakistani Taliban]] took place in ''PNS Mehran'', the headquarters of the Navy's [[Pakistan Naval Air Arm|Naval Air Arm]] and the most populous Pakistani military installation, located near the PAF's [[PAF Base Faisal|Faisal Air Force Base]] of Karachi, Sindh. In the course of the event, around 15 attackers killed 18 naval personnel and wounded 16 in a sophisticated terrorist attack. According to the United States and Western intelligence sources, the attack was far more dangerous than the [[Operation Janbaz|2009 Pakistan Army General Headquarters attack]], and was better planned and more rehearsed than the previous attacks. It was the biggest attack on the Navy and its assets since 1971, and is believed to be the last major attack of militant mastermind Ilyas Kashmiri before being killed in the drone strike. The [[Special Service Group Navy]] (SSG(N)), carried out the counter-attack, which was the largest operation led by SSG(N) since [[Operation Jackpot]] of 1971.

==Involvement in civil society==
{{Main article|Operation Madad (Pakistan Navy)}}
The Pakistan Navy has played an integral part in the civil society of Pakistan, almost since its inception.<ref name="Taylor and Francis-e-Library">{{cite book|last=Mazhar Aziz|title=Military control in Pakistan: the parallel state|year=2008|publisher=Taylor and Francis-e-Library|location=Milton Park, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK|isbn=978-0-415-43743-1|pages=80–81|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tIwXnkZOyoMC&pg=PA81&lpg=PA81&dq=dismissal+of+general++karamat&source=bl&ots=-Uzb9PkhEc&sig=zwt4KeYFNGEPqpdmNqT4C17HMxI&hl=en&ei=niLgTs62EJSOigKgnpSeDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=dismissal%20of%20general%20%20karamat&f=false}}</ref> In 1996, General Jehangir Karamat described Pakistan armed forces' relations with the society:

{{quote|text=In my opinion, if we have to repeat of past events then we must understand that Military leaders can pressure only up to a point. Beyond that their own position starts getting undermined because the military is after all is a mirror image of the civil society from which it is drawn. |sign=General Jehangir Karamat on civil society–military relations |source=<ref name="Taylor and Francis-e-Library"/>}}

===Multi-national operations===
Between 11–21 May 2008, Pakistani warships [[HMS Alacrity (F174)|PNS ''Badr'' (D-182)]], [[HMS Alacrity (F174)|PNS ''Shahjahan'' (D 186)]], and PNS ''Nasr'' (A-47), as well as the Pakistan Air Force Explosive Ordnance Disposal team, participated in Exercise Inspired Union – multi-national exercises in the [[North Arabian Sea]] that also included the American destroyers {{USS|Curts|FFG-38|2}} and {{USS|Ross|DDG 71|2}}.<ref>{{cite web | author= Lt. (j.g.) Bryan Boggs, USN | title= USS ''Curts'', Pakistani Navy Participate in Officer Exchange Program | url= http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=37552 | work= NNS080602-12 | publisher= ''Abraham Lincoln'' Carrier Strike Group Public Affairs | date= 6 June 2008 | accessdate=2010-12-27}}</ref>

===Tsunami relief activities===
The Navy has been involved in some peacetime operations, most notably during the [[tsunami]] tragedy that struck on 26 December 2004. Pakistan sent her combatant vessels to [[Sri Lanka]], [[Bangladesh]], and the [[Maldives]] to help in rescue and relief work.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/01/02/top5.htm|title=2 Pakistan Navy ships, C-130s to join rescue work|publisher=|accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref>

Pakistan Navy dispatched its two combatant vessels, [[PNS Tariq (1973)|PNS Tariq]], a destroyer, PNS ''Nasr'', a Logistic support ship, were deployed in the region. Under the tactical direction of former Chief of Naval Staff Admiral (retired) Shahid Karimullah, Pakistan Navy ships immediately rendered their assistance to Government of Maldives for evacuation of stranded tourists/locals from islands. Pakistan Navy continued this humanitarian assistance through rendering diplomatic and material support by sending two more ships with sizeable relief efforts to Indonesia and Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/spedition/defence_day_supp_05/p11.html|title=Jang Group Online Defence Day Supplement|publisher=|accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref> Pakistan Navy later assigned another relief mission to Sri Lanka dispatching two more combatant vessels. PNS ''Khaiber'' and PNS ''Moawin'' were dispatched to assist Sri Lanka.<ref>[http://www.paktribune.com/news/print.php?id=91172 PN ships to arrive in Indonesia for relief operation in tsunami-hit areas]</ref> These vessels had three helicopters, a [[Pakistan Marines|140th Marine Expeditionary Force]], military and civilian doctors, and paramedics. Besides, relief goods – medicines, medical equipment, food supplies, tents, blankets- are being sent in huge quantities.<ref>[http://pakistantimes.net/2005/01/04/top.htm Quake-Tsunami Devastation: Pakistan Joins Global Task Force for Aid ]</ref> The diameter of relief operations were expanded to Bangladesh. And, Pakistan Naval vessels, carrying other Pakistan Armed Forces units, landed in Bangladesh for the first time since December 1971. The Navy, Army, and the Air Force had carried out the relief operations in the Bangladesh, where the Pakistani forces also anticipated reconstruction of civil infrastructure in the country.<ref>[http://www.ispr.gov.pk/front/main.asp?o=t-article&id=3 The role of Pakistan Armed Forces in Bangladesh]</ref>

===Operation Madad===
{{Main article|Operation Madad (Pakistan Navy)|2010 Pakistan floods}}

As [[Pakistan Army|Army]] and [[Pakistan Air Force]] (PAF) gained momentum on militancy, the Navy took the whole responsibility of conducting the largest search and rescue operations in the [[2010 Pakistan floods|2010 floods]]. The Navy rescued and evacuated more than 352,291 people after launching the ''Operation Madad'' (English: "Help") throughout Pakistan in August 2010.<ref>[http://www.pakistannews.com.pk/national/pakistan-flood-disaster/pak-navy-launches-operation-madad-sindh.html Pak Navy launches operation ‘Madad’ in Sindh]</ref> Since then, the Navy had provided 43,850 kg of food and relief goods to flood victims; 5,700 kg of ready-to-cook food, 1,000 kg of dates and 5,000 kg of food has been dispatched to Sukkur. The [[Pakistan Naval Air Arm]] had air dropped more than 500 kg of food and relief good in Thal, Ghospur and Mirpur areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=256553&Cat=4&dt=8/16/2010|title=Pakistan Navy continues relief operations|date=16 August 2010|work=The News International, Pakistan|accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref> {{As of|2011|01}}, under the program ''PN Model Village'', the Navy is building the model houses in the affected areas. More than 87 houses were built and had been distributed to the local [[internally displaced person]] (IDPs). About 69,011 people have been treated in PN medical camps.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onepakistan.com/news/local/karachi/81137-pn-model-village-handed-over-to-idps.html|title=Karachi News|publisher=|accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref>

==Command structure==
According to the [[Constitution of Pakistan|Constitution]], the [[President of Pakistan]] is the civilian commander-in-chief of [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] while the [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] served as the chief executive of Pakistan Armed Forces, both the people-elected civilians, the President and Prime minister, maintains a [[civilian control of the military]].

The [[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Naval Staff]] (CNS), a four-star admiral, is a member of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]] as well as the [[National Security Council of Pakistan|National Security Council]] (NSC) and the [[Pakistan National Command Authority|Nuclear Command Authority]], and is responsible for the sea defence of the country.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}} They direct the non-combat and combatant operations from naval combatant headquarters (NHQ) in Islamabad, near army combatant headquarters (GHQ).

The Chief of Naval Staff has seven Deputy Chiefs of Naval Staff, ranging from Rear Admirals to Vice-Admirals; the Chief of Staff (COS) under whom the Naval Operations and Intelligence Directorates functions; the [[Naval Secretary]] (NS); the [[Quarter master general|Quarter-Master General]] (QMG); the [[Hydrographer of the Navy|Hydrographer of the Navy (HPN)]]; the Engineer-in-Chief; the [[Flag Officer Sea Training]] (FOST); the Director-General of Training and Joint Warfare (DG Trig); the Directorate-General for Naval Technologies Complex (NTC); and the Chief of Naval Logistics (CNL). The responsibilities of Deputy Chief of Naval Staff are listed below:{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}

===Deputy chiefs===
*Deputy Chief of Naval Staff of Naval Operations (DCNS Operations)
*Deputy Chief of Naval Staff of Training and Evaluation (DCNS Training and Evaluation)
*Deputy Chief of Naval Staff of Training and Personnel (DCNS Training and Personnel)
*Deputy Chief of Naval Staff of Materials (DCNS Materials)
*Deputy Chief of Naval Staff of Naval Supplies (DCNS Supply)
*Deputy Chief of Naval Staff of Projects (DCNS Projects)
*Deputy Chief of Naval Staff of [[Naval Strategic Forces Command (Pakistan)|Naval Strategic Forces Command]]
*Deputy Chief of Naval Staff (Administration)

===Combatant commands===
The Pakistan Navy has six major combatant commands
*'''Commander of Pakistan Naval Fleet (COMPAK)''' – The command heads the surface, sub surface and aviation commands.<ref>http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/compak.html</ref> COMPAK is headquartered in Karachi, Sindh. Previously, it included the 25th and 18th Destroyer Squadron (with Gearing class D16O, D164-168).
**'''Commander Naval Air Arm (COMNAV)''' – Looks after the Naval air stations, and is the commander of the Naval Aviation, reporting into COMPAK.<ref>http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/admin_Authorities.html</ref>
*'''Commander Karachi (COMKAR)''' – The Commander Karachi is responsible for the command of the shore establishment, naval facilities within Karachi. The COMKAR also provide services and training facilities for the Navy. The COMKAR also looks after the military protocol at Karachi. This command's responsibilities also include harbour defence.
*''' Commander COAST (COMCOAST)''' – The special command of SSG(N), Marines and Coastal stations.
*'''Commander Logistics (COMLOG)''' – This command looks after the repair, maintenance and logistic infrastructure of PN.
*'''Flag Officer Sea Training (FOST)''' Conducts all types of operational training at Sea
*'''Commander North (COMNOR)''' – Looks after the Naval installations in the north of Pakistan. The COMNOR commands the naval facilities in North-west Pakistan, Azad Kashmir, and Northern Areas of Pakistan. The COMNOR is also a major part of Pakistan's Northern Naval Command.
*'''Commander WEST (COMWEST )''' – Looks after the Naval installations in the west of Pakistan. The naval bases are [[Ormara]], [[Pasni City|Pasni]], [[Gwadar]] and [[Jiwani]]. The COMWEST is a major component of the Western Naval Command of Pakistan Navy.
*'''Commander Central Punjab (COMCEP)'''<ref name="PNOrg">{{cite web | url=http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/organization.html | title=PN ORGANIZATION | publisher=Pakistan Navy | accessdate=June 14, 2016}}</ref>

===Depots command===
The Pakistan Navy has a major Depot command which consists of 11 units
**'''Commander Depot Group (COMDEP)'''- This is a Type Command of Supply Branch located in Karachi

===Headquarters===
Pakistan Naval Combatant Headquarters, The NHQ, is located in Islamabad, at the neighbourhood of the GHQ of Pakistan Army. The NHQ function also includes the [[Judge Advocate General Branch|Judge Advocate General Corps of Navy]], and the Comptroller of Civilian Personnel, the [[Hydrographer of the Navy|Hydrographer of the Navy (HPN)]] of the [[Pakistan Navy Hydrographic Department|Hydrographic Corps]]; the Engineer-in-Chief of Naval Engineering Corps (NEC).

===Naval Strategic Force Command===
In August 2012, the Pakistan Navy inaugurated the Naval Strategic Force Command headquarters, described by the military as the custodian of the country's nuclear second strike capability.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-20/pakistan/31788040_1_pakistan-navy-inaugurates-nuclear-arsenal|title= Pak's navy inaugurates new Strategic Force headquarters|date=9 August 2012}}</ref>

==Personnel==
[[File:Pakisan First.jpg|thumb|Pakistan Navy Officers on Guard By the Standard of the Navy and the Naval Jack]]
[[File:Change of command aboard PNS Tippu Sultan DVIDS78354.jpg|thumb|Then, Commodore, Khan Hasham Bin Saddique of Pakistan Navy, left, hands a spyglass to French navy Rear Adm. Jean L. Kerignard during a change of command ceremony aboard PNS Tippu Sultan (D 186) while in port at Mina Salman Pier, Bahrain, 25 February 2008.]]

{{As of|2008}}, the Pakistan Navy had approximately 25,000 active duty personnel.<ref name="IISS2010">''The Military Balance 2010'', p. 367, [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] (London, 2010).</ref> With additional 1,200 [[Pakistan Marines|Marines]] and more than 2,500 [[Pakistan Coast Guard|Coast Guard]]; 2,000 active-duty Navy personnel in the Maritime Security Agency. In addition there were 5,000 reserves, total combing forces exceeding 35,700 personnel.<ref name="IISS2010"/>
In 2007, Navy gave commissioned to the first Baloch naval squadron, consisting of around 53 women officers and 72 Baloch sailors.<ref name="Dawn News, 19th March 2012">{{cite news|last=Dr. Mustaghis-ur-Rahman|title=Gender inequality in {{sic|nolink=y|coporates|expected=corporates}}|url=http://dawn.com/2012/03/19/gender-inequality-in-coporates/|accessdate=11 April 2012|newspaper=Dawn News, 19 March 2012|date=19 March 2012}}</ref> In 2012, the Navy pushed its personnel strength to Baluchistan after sending a large formation of Baloch university students to Navy Engineering Colleges and War College as well as staff schools to complete their officer training requirements.<ref name="Dawn News, 10th March 2012">{{cite news|last=Our Reporter|title=Pakistan Navy offers jobs to Balochistan youths|url=http://dawn.com/2012/03/10/pakistan-navy-offers-jobs-to-balochistan-youths/|accessdate=11 April 2012|newspaper=Dawn News, 10 March 2012|date=10 March 2012}}</ref> The Navy established three additional facilities in Balochistan to supervise the training to its personnel.<ref name="Dawn News, 10th March 2012"/>

===Education and training ===
The Pakistan Navy maintains large educational organisations, accredited institutions and scientific organisations to support the combatant and non-combatant missions, operations and shores activities on land. Its academic and accredited four-year university, the [[Pakistan Naval Academy]], is the home of naval cadets for the future officers of Pakistan Navy, and offers academic degrees programmes at its academy. The Pakistan Naval Academy also has provided education, athletic programs and military training programmes to the officers of allied navies, among notables including the Chief of Staff of the [[Qatar Armed Forces|Qatar Royal Navy]] (QRN) and many high-ranking officers of [[Royal Saudi Navy]] (RSN) as well as other navies in the Gulf were graduates of the Pakistan Naval Academy. The academy is a full-fledged academic and scientific institution catering to the needs to Pakistan junior naval officers.

The Pakistan Navy also managed, administers, and managed the various academic research universities in the country, including the [[Pakistan Navy School|Naval Educational Establishment]] (NEE). The [[Pakistan Naval War College|Naval War College]] is a post-graduate and post-doctorate college that specialises in the techniques and developing ideas for naval warfare and passing them along to officers of the Navy.<ref>[http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/pnwc/main.htm New Page 2] {{wayback|url=http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/pnwc/main.htm |date=20120603221244 |df=y }}</ref> Other college includes the [[Pakistan Navy School of Logistics and Management|College of Logistics and Management]] (conducts research in military logistics); and [[Strategic Institute for Maritime Affairs|Strategic Institute for Naval Affairs]] which conducts research on specialising in imparting [[Naval Warfare]] techniques to officers of the Pakistan naval forces.

The senior training institution for all service branches is the [[National Defence University, Pakistan|National Defence University]] (NDU) at the Islamabad. Originally established in 1971 at Rawalpindi, the university is mandate to provide training in higher military strategy for senior officers, the institution was relocated to Islamabad in 1995. It also offers courses that allow civilians to explore the broader aspects of national security, defence policy and war studies. In a program begun in the 1980s to upgrade the intellectual standards of the army, air force, marines and naval officers and increase awareness of the wider world, a large group of officers, has been detailed to academic training, achieving master's degrees and even doctorates at universities in Pakistan and abroad.

{{See also|List of Pakistan Navy admirals}}

== Pay gradeand uniforms==
The rank structure is patterned on the Royal Navy model. It consists of [[commissioned officers]] and the [[Junior Commissioned Officer]]s paygrade ranks only.
{{Main article|Naval ranks and insignia of Pakistan}}

{| style="border:1px solid #001A57; background-color:white; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Structure of the Commissioned officer rank of the Pakistan Navy'''
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Pay grade !! OF-10 !! OF-9 !! OF-8 !! OF-7 !! OF-6 !! OF-5 !! OF-4 !! OF-3 !! OF-2 !! OF-1 !!
|-
| '''Insignia'''
| [[File:Fleet Admiral Pakistan Navy Insignia.jpg|45px]] [[File:US-O11 insignia.svg|30px]]
| [[File:Admiral Pakistan Navy Insignia.JPG|45px]] [[File:US-O10 insignia.svg|75px]]
| [[File:Insignia Vice Admiral Pakistan Navy.gif|45px]] [[File:US-O9 insignia.svg|55px]]
| [[File:Insignia RealAdmiral Pakistan Navy.gif|45px]] [[File:US-O8 insignia.svg|35px]]
| [[File:Commodore Pakistan Navy Insignia.JPG|45px]] [[File:US-O7 insignia.svg|20px]]
| [[File:Captain Pakistan Navy Insignia.JPG|45px]] 
| [[File:Commander Pakistan Navy Insignia.JPG|45px]] 
| [[File:Lieutenant Commander Pakistan Navy Insignia.JPG|45px]] 
| [[File:Lieutenant Pakistan Navy Insignia.JPG|45px]] 
| [[File:Sub Lieutenant Pakistan Navy Insignia.JPG|45px]] 
| [[File:Midshipman Pakistan Navy Insignia.JPG|45px]]
|-
| '''Title'''
|[[Admiral of the fleet|Admiral of the Fleet]] {{small|Grade authorized but never awarded to date}}
|[[Admiral]]
|[[Vice-Admiral]]
|[[Rear-Admiral]]
|[[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]]
|[[Captain (naval)|Captain]]
|[[Commander (rank)|Commander]]
|[[Lieutenant-Commander]]
|[[Lieutenant (naval)|Lieutenant]]
|[[Sub-lieutenant]]
|[[Midshipman]]
|-
| '''Rank Hierarchy'''
|[[Five-star rank|Five-star Admiral]]
|[[Four-star rank|Four-star Admiral]]
|[[Three-star rank|Three-star Admiral]]
|[[Two-star rank|Two-star Admiral]]
|[[One-star rank|One-star Officer]]

|}

{| style="border:1px solid #001A57; background-color:white; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; text-align:center;"
|+ '''Structure of the Enlisted rank of the Pakistan Navy'''
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Pay grade !! OR-9 !! OR-8 !! OR-7 !! OR-6 !! OR-5 !! OR-4 !! OR-3 !! OR-2 !! OR-1 !!
|-
| '''Insignia'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| '''Title'''
| [[Master Chief Petty Officer]]
| [[Fleet Chief Petty Officer]]
| [[Chief Petty Officer]]
| No Equivalent

| [[Petty Officer]]
| No Equivalent
| [[Leading Rate]]
| [[Able Seaman]]
| [[Ordinary Rate]]
|-
| '''Abbreviation'''
| MCPO||FCPO||CPO||NE||PO||NE||LH||AS||OS
|-
| '''NATO Code'''
| OR-9||OR-8||OR-7||OR-6||OR-5||OR-4||OR-3||OR-2||OR-1||
|-–—<math></math>
|}

==Science and technology==
Apart from executing military operations, the Navy also maintains its own science and technology organisations and commands to promote scientific activities, knowledge, and engineering facilities in the navy. The Navy operates the [[Pakistan Navy Hydrographic Department|Naval Directorate for Hydrography]], served as the operational scientific naval oceanographic program for the Navy. The Navy also administer and operates the astronomical observatory known as [[Pakistan Naval Observatory]], with primary mission to produce Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) for the Navy and the [[Ministry of Defence (Pakistan)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD), though the Navy has also played a vital role in nation's civilian space authority, the [[Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission|Space Research Commission]] in conducting studies on [[Astrophysics]], [[Astronomy]] and Mathematics. The [[Naval Strategic Forces Command (Pakistan)|Naval Strategic Forces Command]] served as the primary scientific and military organisation for the Navy, the command is charged with battling with naval-based nuclear weapons and controlling the operations of nuclear submarines.

[[File:PNEC.jpg|left|thumb|A campus of [[Pakistan Navy Engineering College|Navy Engineering College]] (PNEC) in Karachi.]]

The other educational facilities training institutions are included the PNS ''Bahadur'', that conducts weapon system specialist courses; the PNS ''Himalaya'', for providing the combat surface training courses for the [[Non-commissioned officer|NCO]], [[Junior commissioned officer|JCO]], and recruited sailors while the Higher Educational Training (HET) is a way to be commissioned officer from sailors.

The PNS ''Karsaz'' is the largest and most organised technical and naval combat training establishment of the Navy. The ''Karsaz'' has the privilege to host many heads of states since its commissioning. ''Karsaz'' served as a mother unit who gave birth to [[Pakistan Naval Station Mehran|Naval Air Station Mehran]], the [[Pakistan Navy Engineering College|Navy Engineering College]], PNS ''Bahadur'', and other Navy units and naval bases in that area. The unit celebrated its golden jubilee in 2003 under the command of [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] M. Bashir. Chaudhry. The PNS ''Karsaz'' also houses one of the most modern Special Children School which was built at the cost of [[Pakistan Rupee|Rs. 88.00 Millions]] during 2003–05. Cdre M. Bashir Chaudhry who was the commandant ''Karsaz'' during this period was the force behind this project who collected the funds through philanthropists, got the school designed through NESPAK and finally constructed & put it into operation. The Rangoon Vala Trust (RVT) contributed the most in the funding of this school and other Navy sponsored programmes.

The Navy Engineering College is one of the most recognised institute of the Navy and offers under-graduate, post-graduate, and doctoral programmes in engineering, science and technology disciplines. The Navy Engineering College is controlled by the Navy but it has been an affiliated with the [[National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan|National University of Sciences and Technology]] and has become its constituent [[Pakistan Navy Engineering College]], where officers and civilian students are offered degrees in Electrical, Mechanical, Electronics and industrial and manufacturing engineering.

==Special Operations Forces==

===Special Services Group (N)===
{{Main article|Special Service Group Navy}}
[[File:US Navy 110613-N-OT964-118 Chief Navy Diver Aaron Knight, right, assigned to Commander, Task Group (CTG) 56.1, and Pakistani divers.jpg|thumb|Naval SSG conducting force-protection and under-water special forces training with their [[United States Navy]] counterparts, the [[United States Navy SEALs|US Navy SEALs.]] ]]

The [[Special Service Group Navy]] (reporting name: '''SSG-[N]''') are the principle and elite [[special operations force]] (SOF) of the Pakistan Navy, part of the [[Naval Strategic Forces Command (Pakistan)|Naval Strategic Forces Command]]. The unit was established by then-[[Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)|CNS]] Admiral [[S. M. Ahsan]] under the advice and guidance of [[United States Navy SEALs]], in 1966. The SSG-N's first combat operation took place in 1971 and its operational diameter has increased since then. SSG-N training is extremely tough, one of the toughest courses offered by the Pakistan Armed Forces and in the world. The SSG-N train together first with the special forces of the Pakistan [[Special Service Group|army]] and [[Special Service Wing|air force]], then the special airborne, seaborne, and diving courses are taught by the instructors to the recruiters of the veteran Navy commandos and elite operatives. SSG-[N] personnel are often sent to the United States to complete their training with the [[United States Navy SEALs|US Navy SEALs]] in Colorado and California. Due to its interminable nature, the SSG-[N] are a classified and clandestine unit and their history of operations has never been released in the public domain. Although the official strength of the unit remains classified, its estimated strength is thought to be between 1000 and 1240 personnel in three regiments.

==Relationships with other service branches==

===Marines===
{{Main article|Pakistan Marines}}

The Navy established the [[Pakistan Marines]] on 1 June 1971, by Admiral S.M. Ahsan, but they were decommissioned in 1974 due to their poor performance. However, after the Navy first reorganised, re-established, and re-visioned itself, proposals to establish Pakistani marines roughly equivalent to the [[United States Marines Corps]] were kept under consideration.<ref name="Pakistan Naval Inter-Services Public Relations (Naval ISPR)">{{cite web|last=PN|title=Pakistan Marines and the Navy|url=http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/qasim.htm|work=Pakistan Navy.|publisher=Pakistan Naval Inter-Services Public Relations (Naval ISPR)|accessdate=8 April 2012}}</ref> Finally on 14 April 1990, the Pakistan Marines were again re-commissioned in the Navy with about 2,000 men who were drafted<ref>[http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2007/05/marine_pakistan_delegation_070519/ Pakistani Marines tour East Coast bases – Marine Corps News, news from Iraq – Marine Corps Times]</ref> with plans to significantly expand the force to the size of a corps of approximately 45,000, by 2015. The Marines are under the control of the Pakistan Navy, using the same naval ranks. They are headquartered at [[PNS Qasim]] in Karachi.<ref name="Pakistan Naval Inter-Services Public Relations (Naval ISPR)"/>

[[File:US Navy 091012-N-8132M-245 Marines assigned to the 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit (22nd MEU), along with Marines from Kuwait and Pakistan, conduct an amphibious assault demonstration during Exercise Bright Star 2009.jpg|thumb|Pakistan Marines dressed in operational camouflage uniforms, during training with [[United States Marine Corps|United States]] and Kuwaiti counterparts.]]

The first Officer Commanding of the Pakistan Marines was an [[United States Army officer rank insignia|OF-4]] rank officer, Commander M. Obaidullah.<ref name="Pakistan Naval Inter-Services Public Relations (Naval ISPR)"/> On 14 April 1990, a marine training base was commissioned to provide security cover to naval assets. The Navy decided to establish the Marines at [[Qasim fort|Kasim Fort]] which was at that time under the operational control of PNS ''Himalaya''. Finally on 25 November 1990, PNS Qasim was commissioned and became the marines' combatant headquarters, initially comprising eight naval officers, 67 [[Chief petty officer]]s and [[petty officer]]s, as well as 43 marine officers.<ref name="Pakistan Naval Inter-Services Public Relations (Naval ISPR)"/> The Marines specialise in seaborne operations, using the mobility of the Navy, although they are part of the Navy, not a separate branch. Marines wear camouflage uniforms when deployed to an operational environment but otherwise they wear Navy [[dress uniforms]].<ref name="Pakistan Naval Inter-Services Public Relations (Naval ISPR)"/> The size of the Marines were tripled by Admiral [[Shahid Karimullah]] who pursued the case of an additional battalion and its development plan. Since its inception, the Pakistan Marines have been deployed in the [[Sir Creek]] region of the Indo-Pakistan borders.<ref name="Pakistan Naval Inter-Services Public Relations (Naval ISPR)"/>

===Coast Guard===
{{Main article|Pakistan Coast Guard|Maritime Security Agency}}
[[File:Pakistan Navy Ships2.jpeg|left|thumb|Pakistan Navy personnel conducting a [[Maritime interdiction|Maritime Interdiction Operation]] exercise with the [[United States Navy]].]]

The Navy also maintains a paramilitary division which prevents federal navy personnel from acting in a law enforcement capacity. The [[Maritime Security Agency]] (MSA) fulfils the law enforcement role in naval operations. The MSA has the capacity to conduct [[search and rescue]] operations in deep waters of Pakistan.<ref name="Maritime Security Agency of Pakistan">{{cite web|last=PN|title=Maritime Security Agency and the Navy|url=http://www.msa.org.pk/his.html|work=Pakistan Navy.|publisher=Maritime Security Agency of Pakistan|accessdate=8 April 2012}}</ref> The Agency was established after adopting the genesis at the [[UN Convention on the Law of the Sea]] in 1982.<ref name="Maritime Security Agency of Pakistan"/> Pakistan ratified the UN Convention in 1997 but established the MSA on 1 January 1987, for enforcement of national and international laws, policies and conventions at sea.<ref name="Maritime Security Agency of Pakistan"/>
[[File:Parallel steps.jpg|thumb|A unit of Pakistan Navy personnel marching in Karachi.]] The MSA gained its constitutional status in 1994 by the [[Parliament of Pakistan|Parliament]] and is now placed under the command of the Navy, commanded by an officer of [[Two-star rank|two-star]] rank, a [[Rear-Admiral]].

The [[Pakistan Coast Guard]] serves the same purpose as the Navy but, is a separate branch from it.<ref name="Pakistan Coast Guards, Pakistan Army">{{cite web|last=Pakistan Army|title=Pakistan Coast Guards|url=http://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/awpreview/ImageGallery.aspx?GalleryID=46|work=Pakistan Coast Guards, Pakistan Army|publisher=Pakistan Coast Guards, Pakistan Army|accessdate=8 April 2012}}</ref> The Coast Guard's duties include relief efforts in the coastal areas of Pakistan, riverine rescue operations, and distribution of [[military rations]].<ref name="Pakistan Coast Guards, Pakistan Army"/> The Coast Guard does not perform operations in deep waters, rather such operations are performed by the MSA.<ref name="Pakistan Coast Guards, Pakistan Army"/> However, it uses the mobility of the Pakistan Navy depending on the type of operations it conducts. The Coast Guard is under the command of the [[Pakistan Army]] and contains active-duty army members. It is commanded by a [[two-star rank|two-star]] rank [[Major-General]].<ref name="Pakistan Coast Guards, Pakistan Army"/>

==Branches==
*Operations
**Above Water Warfare
**Underwater Warfare
**Navigation, Operations & Hydrography
**Communication & Electronic Warfare
*Marine Engineering
**Mechanical/ Propulsion
**Electrical
**Hull/ Shipwright
*Weapon Engineering
**Radio
**Fire Control
**ordnance
*Air Engineering
**Avionics
**Aerospace
*Logistics
*Medical Service
*Supply Branch
**Depots
**Maintenance Offices
*Special Branch (IT)

==Naval fleet==
{{Main article|List of active Pakistan Navy ships}}
[[File:F-22P PNS Zulfiquar.JPG|thumb|PNS Zulfiqar]]
[[File:USS Rodney M. Davis (FFG 60) Full.jpg|thumb|PNS Alamgir]]
[[File:PNS Tippu Sultan former HMS Avenger.jpg|thumb|PNS Tippu Sultan]]
[[File:Larkana (PB 157)-090309-N-4774B-055.jpg|thumb|PNS Larkana Class Missile Boat]]
[[File:PNS-Badr-F184.jpg|thumb|PNS Badr with [[USS Tarawa (LHA-1)]]]]

===Frigates===

The names of commissioned combat and non-combat ships of the Pakistan Navy are prefixed with the capital letters "PNS" ("Pakistan Naval Ships"). The names of ships are selected by the [[Ministry of Defence (Pakistan)|Ministry of Defence]], often to honour important people or places in the history of Pakistan. The offensive surface fleet of the Navy comprises 10 combat ships, including five former [[Royal Navy]] ''Amazon'' class frigates.
PNS Badr has been decommissioned recently. The Navy intends to decommission the ships from their active service between 2010 and 2020. In 2005, the Pakistan Navy ordered four [[F-22P]] light frigates from China in a deal worth $750 million.<ref name=DefenseNews>[http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3472967&c=ASI&s=SEA Pakistan Gets New Chinese Frigate] Defence News</ref> The first has been commissioned and the remainder by 2013.<ref name=DefenseNews/> This was the semi-nationalized programme that was built under the supervision of the People's Republic of China. The first frigate was built in [[Karachi Shipyard]] and its first lead ship was delivered on 5 April 2008. The [[F-22P Zulfiquar class frigate|F-22P Zulfiquar-class frigate Programme]] successfully ended when the [[F-22P Zulfiquar class frigate|F-254 PNS ''Aslat'']] was delivered in July 2011. All four frigates have the ability to embark [[Harbin Z-9]] helicopters on deck.<ref name=DefenseNews/> The F-22P is an improved version of the Type 053H3 Jiangwei II class light frigate, and has a displacement of at least 2500 tons.<ref name=DefenseNews/>

[[File:US Navy 100831-N-8590G-005 Pakistan sailors parade their country's colors during the decommissioning ceremony of USS McInerney (FFG 8) at Naval Station Mayport.jpg|thumb|The frigate PNS ''Alamgir'' (former guided-missile frigate [[USS McInerney (FFG-8)]], being handed over to Pakistan Navy on 31 August 2010 at US Naval Station Mayport, Fla.]]

According to Jane's, the Pakistan Navy was expected to place a formal request to the US for six [[Oliver Hazard Perry class frigate]]s to augment its surface fleet. These were to replace their 40-year-old ex-British Type-21 frigates and act as stop-gaps until new Chinese-built F-22P frigates and corvettes are built and commissioned. However, in 2010 only one, the [[USS McInerney (FFG-8)|USS McInerney]] — a [[guided missile frigate]], was transferred to the Pakistan Navy, after a $65 million refit. In 2013 the United States Congress "deliberately" placed "impossible" conditions on the transfer of further ships to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.defensenews.com/article/20140417/DEFREG03/304170028 |title=US Congress Stymies Pakistani Naval Modernization Efforts |last1=ANSARI |first1=USMAN |date=17 April 2014 |website=www.defensenews.com |publisher=Gannett Government Media |accessdate=17 April 2014}}</ref>

The weapons systems on the Navy's FFG-8 have not yet been disclosed, but they could include the Mk 41 [[Vertical Launch System]] for the [[Evolved Sea Sparrow Missile]] (ESSM) as well as [[Mk 32]] torpedo tubes for [[Mark 46 torpedo|Mk 46]] Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) torpedoes. The frigate [[USS McInerney (FFG-8)]] with limited anti-submarine warfare capability was handed over on 31 August 2010. The ship has been named ''PNS Alamgir'' (FFG-260) after the great Mughal Emperor [[Alamgir I|Alamgir]]. The ship was transferred to Pakistan at Mayport, Florida.

According to Jane's, at the military convention IDEAS 2004, former chief of naval staff Admiral Shahid Karimullah commented that at "least four additional new-built frigates will be acquired by the navy." As of 2011, three of the four frigate are larger and superior to the first Chinese F-22P. The frigates are likely have a better air defence system and anti-submarine warfare (ASW) capability, and use more advanced sensors, radar and electronics. Pakistan Navy is also reported to have been interested in Turkish TF-2000 class frigates.

===Corvettes & missile boats===
The Pakistan Navy operates two Jalalat II class and two Jurrat class missile boats each armed with four Chinese [[C-802]] [[anti-ship missile|anti-ship]] missiles. The Jalalat II Class were locally produced using a German design, and the Jurrat class, which was also locally produced, is considered as an improved version of the Jalalat II class, with better sensors and propulsion.

In November 2006 the Pakistan Navy ordered two MRTP-33 and two MRTP-15 missile boats from Yonca-Onuk shipyards of [[Turkey]].<ref>[http://www.yonca-onuk.com/mrtp_33.htm MRTP-33 missile boats] THE 33 METRE Fast Patrol / Attack Craft {{wayback|url=http://www.yonca-onuk.com/mrtp_33.htm |date=20080416163254 |df=y }}</ref> both have been delivered. The Navy has an overall requirement of eight MRTP-33s.

Pakistan Navy has also ordered two fast attack craft/missile boats, the 500–600 tons Azmat class, equipped with C802/803 anti ship missiles from China in December 2010. The first boat P1013 PNS Azmat was handed over to Pakistan Navy on 23 April 2012 and 2nd (PNS Dahshat) on 16 August 2012. These are the largest class of missile boats inducted in the Pakistan Navy as of 2012. Pakistan Navy is also, negotiating Milgem class corvettes with Turkey.

===Fleet composition===
This is a list of ship classes in the Pakistan Navy:<ref name="Official Website - Frigates">[http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/frigate.htm Official Website – Frigates] {{wayback|url=http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/frigate.htm |date=20120516085915 |df=y }}</ref><ref name="Official Website - Missile Boats">[http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/SURFACE%20WARRIORS%20-%20PN.htm Official Website – Missile Boats] {{wayback|url=http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/SURFACE%20WARRIORS%20-%20PN.htm |date=20120527232149 |df=y }}</ref><ref name="Globalsecurity.org">[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/navy.htm Globalsecurity.org] {{wayback|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/navy.htm |date=20060928154252 |df=y }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! style="text-align:center; width: 20%;"|Ship
! style="text-align:center; width: 20%;"|Origin
! style="text-align:center; width: 20%;"|Quantity
! style="text-align:center; width: 20%;"|Service entry
! style="text-align:center; width: 40%;"|Notes
|-
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="5" | [[Frigates]]
|-
| '''[[F-22P Zulfiquar-class frigate|F-22P Zulfiqar class]] 
| {{PAK|Pakistan}}
| '''4'''
| '''2009'''
|PNS Zulfiqar PNS Shamsheer PNS Saif PNS Aslat
|-
| '''[[USS McInerney (FFG-8)|F-260 PNS Alamgir]]
| {{USA}}
| '''1'''
| '''2010'''
| Acquired August 31, 2010.<ref>[http://www.defence.pk/20110322/pns-alamgir-ohp-class-frigate-reach-pakistan/ PNS Alamgir, OHP Class frigate to reach Pakistan [''dead link'']] {{wayback|url=http://www.defence.pk/20110322/pns-alamgir-ohp-class-frigate-reach-pakistan/ |date=20120104080546 |df=y }}</ref>
|-
|'''[[Tariq class frigate|Tariq class]]''' 
| {{UK}}
| '''5'''
| '''1990s'''
|[[HMS Amazon|PNS Babur]] [[HMS Active|PNS Shah Jahan]] [[HMS Ambuscade|PNS Tariq]] [[HMS Arrow|PNS Khaibar]] [[HMS Avenger|PNS Tippu Sultan]] (PNS Badr decommissioned.)
|-
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="5" | [[Mine hunter|Mine Hunter]]
|-
||[[Tripartite class minehunter|Munsif class]]
| {{PAK}} {{FRA}}
| '''3'''
| '''1988–1997'''
|[[Munsif class|PNS Munsif (ex French Sagittaire)]] [[Munsif class|PNS Muhafiz]] [[Munsif class|PNS Mujahid]]
|-
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="5" | [[Missile boat|Fast Attack Craft]]
|-
|Jalalat II class
| {{PAK}}
| '''2'''
|
|Indigenously built
|-
|Jurrat class boats
| {{PAK}}
| '''2'''
| '''2006'''
|Indigenously built
|-
|[[PNS Azmat|Azmat Class]]
| {{PAK}} {{PRC}}
| '''3'''
| '''2013'''
| 2 ships ordered by Pakistan Navy under construction at KSEW.The FAC 3 was launched on 17 September 2016 at Karachi Shipyard and handed over to Pakistan NAvy.The FAC #4 is under construction at KSEW,
|-
|Larkana class
| {{PAK}}
| '''2'''
|
| First craft ever designed and built indigenously in Pakistan
|-
|MRTP-33
| {{TUR}}
| '''2'''
| '''2007–2008'''
|Two delivered so far.
|-
|MRTP-15
| {{TUR}}
| '''2'''
| '''2006–2008'''
|Two shpis acquired so far.
|-
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="5" | [[Auxiliaries|Auxiliary Vessels]]'''
|-
| [[Type 905 replenishment ship|Fuqing class]]
| {{PRC}}
| '''1'''
| '''1987'''
|Deep water fleet oil replenishment tanker
|-
| [[HNLMS Poolster (A835)|Poolster class]]
| {{NED}}
| '''1'''
| '''1994'''
|Deep water fleet logistics and replenishment ship
|-
|[[Oil tanker|Coastal tankers]]
| {{Pak}}
| '''2'''
| '''1984–1992'''
|Can only operate in [[Green water]], not suitable for [[Blue water]] operations
|-
| [[PNS Behr Paima]]
| {{JAP}}
| '''1'''
| '''1983'''
|Used for coastal survey, collecting marine data
|-
|[[Fleet Tanker]]
| {{PAK}} {{TUR}}
| '''1'''
| '''2016'''
| Contract signed with STM (Turkey) and KSEW(Pakistan) for construction of 1700 ton fleet tanker on 22 Jan 2013. Keel laying ceremony was held on 7 March 2014 and launched on 19th August 2016. Equipped with STOP CIWS and gun system.
|-

|-
|[[Dredging|Dredging Vessel]]
| {{PAK}}
| '''2'''
| '''2008'''
| 2nd under construction at KSEW.
|-
|Utility Ships
| {{Pak}}
| '''2'''
| '''2011'''
| –
|-
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="5" | [[Training vessel]]
|-
|[[Rah Naward]]
| {{UK}}
| '''1'''
| '''2010'''
|Bought from the [[Royal Navy]] as the Prince Williams
|-
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="5" |[[Hovercraft]]
|-
|Griffon class
| {{UK}}
| '''12'''
| '''-'''
|Used by the [[Special Service Group Navy|SSGN]] and the [[Pakistan Marines]]
|-
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="5" | Coastal Patrol Boats
|-
| Gulf craft
| {{USA}}
| '''17'''
| '''2010'''
|12 Gulf craft and, 5 patrol boats delivered by USA on 13 Feb 2010 at Karachi.<ref>[http://www.ameinfo.com/105294.html Gulf Craft boats will guard Pakistan's coast | Gulf Craft Inc | AMEinfo.com] {{wayback|url=http://www.ameinfo.com/105294.html |date=20090210164027 |df=y }}</ref>
|}

===Submarines of the Pakistan Navy===
{{See also|Khalid class submarine|Karachi Shipyard|Karachi Naval Dockyard}}
{{quote|text=The programme of (submarine technology transfer) Agosta class submarine, envisages a very high degree of transfer-of-technology, which is bound to benefit the local industry in improving our indigenous capability of building air-independent propulsion, which is a viable substitute of [[Nuclear marine propulsion|nuclear propulsion]]....|sign=[[Rear Admiral]] Gulzaman Malik, Commander of Submarine Service Force, 1999|source=<ref name="Lieutenant-General F.S. Lodhi, PA,"/>}}
The Submarines Service Force (SSF) is the major command and aggressive command of Pakistan Navy, with primary mission including the commencing of peaceful engagement, surveillance and intelligence management, special operations, precision strikes, battle group operations, and the control of Pakistan's border seas. The Submarine command also takes responsibility to protect country's sea lanes of communication as well as to protect the economical interests, foreign trade and development of the country.<ref name="NIT Pakistan Directorate"/><ref name="Defence Industry Daily">{{cite news|last=Khaliej Times|title=German Submarine Deal With Pakistan Goes Quiet|url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/Report-German-Submarine-Deal-With-Pakistan-on-Hold-05432/|accessdate=8 April 2012|newspaper=Defence Industry Daily|date=19 May 2009}}</ref>

[[File:OuessantBrest2005.jpg|thumb|An [[Agosta class submarine|Agosta 90B Submarine]] in operation.]]

In mid-2006, the Navy announced its requirement of three new fast-attack submarines to replace the two Agosta-70 submarines and rebuild its submarine fleet— after retiring the four Daphne Class.<ref name="NIT Pakistan Directorate">{{cite web|last=NIT|title=Pakistan Submarine Capabilities|url=http://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/pakistan-submarine-capabilities/|work=Nuclear Threat Initiatives|publisher=NIT Pakistan Directorate|accessdate=8 April 2012}}</ref> Immediately, the French defence consortium, the [[Direction des Constructions Navales|DCN]], offered its latest export design— the [[Marlin class submarine]]— which is based on the [[Scorpène class submarine]], but also uses technology from the Barracuda nuclear attack submarine.<ref name="NIT Pakistan Directorate"/> However, the Navy chose the [[Type 214 submarine]], during the "IDEAS 2008 exhibition", the [[Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft|HDW]] director Walter Freitag told the media that: "The commercial contract has been finalized up to 95%. The first submarine would be delivered to the Pakistan Navy in 64 months after signing of the contract while the rest would be completed successively in 12 months".<ref>http://www.paktribune.com/news/index.shtml?208366|Pakistan to buy German subs, ignore French – Paktribune</ref> However, in 2009, it was reported that the Navy had canceled its plans with HDW, the German government adjourn the deal further deliberation leading the Navy to cancel the contract with HDW while the German government seemed not-interested to transfer the submarine technology to Pakistan. However, the German government insisted that "a final decision should be made soon".<ref name="NIT Pakistan Directorate"/> In 2012, an undisclosed navy officials confirmed to [[Pakistani media|media and news channels]] that the plan of acquiring German submarines has been scrapped, dismissed as the Navy is no longer interested in the German submarines. Instead, the Navy has stepped into build the nation's first indigenously built [[nuclear submarine]], which will be built by the Navy's [[Pakistan Navy Engineering College|PNEC]] nuclear engineers, assisted by the civilian [[Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission|PAEC]]'s nuclear engineers and scientists.<ref name="NIT Pakistan Directorate"/>

The '''X-Craft''' submarines are charged with carrying out the mine laying, torpedo attacks, frogman operations and commando landing, roughly for special forces operations. Three submarines of this class are operated by the Navy.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}} In 1985, the [[Italian Navy]] signed an understanding memorandum with the Navy and assisted the Navy to locally built these midget submarines.<ref name="PN XCrafts"/> The Italian defence contractor, the [[Cosmos class submarine|COSMOS]], supervised the first construction of the submarine while other two were built by Pakistan.<ref name="PN XCrafts">{{cite web|last=Pakistan Navy |title=X-Craft Submarines |url=http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/x-crafts.htm |publisher=PN XCrafts |accessdate=9 April 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208105519/http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/x-crafts.htm |archivedate=8 February 2012 }}</ref>

All of the Navy's submarines have been equipped with [[Anti-ship missile]] (AShM) which can be fired while submerged. The three submarines, the Khalid class, are equipped and capable of firing [[Exocet|Exocet missiles]], while the older Agosta 70A submarines have been equipped with United States [[Harpoon (missile)|Harpoon missiles]]. The PNS ''Hamza'' submarine has an [[Air-independent propulsion|AIP reactor]], containing the [[Air-independent propulsion#Closed cycle steam turbines|MESMA]] Air Independent Propulsion system, while the PNS ''Khalid'' and PNS ''Saad'' were upgraded with the same MESMA AIP reactor system. The Navy also plans to integrate the [[Boeing Harpoon|Boeing Harpoon Block-II]] missile on to its Agosta-90B submarines; and the Agosta-90Bs are capable of firing [[Black Shark torpedo]], an Italian made naval variant.

Since 2001, the Navy has been seeking to enhance its strategic strike and precision capability by developing naval variants of the Babur land attack cruise missile (LACM).<ref name="NIT Pakistan Directorate"/> The Babur LACM has a range of 700 km and is capable of using both conventional and nuclear warheads.<ref name="NIT Pakistan Directorate"/> Future developments of LACM include capability of being launched from submarines, surface combatants and aircraft.<ref name="NIT Pakistan Directorate"/>

Since 1964, the submarines have been active with Pakistan Navy, and five active-duty diesel electric submarines and three midget submarines, MG110, are in [[SSGN]] command.<ref name="PN">Anon. (14 April 2007) [http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/ Pakistan Navy]. ''Pakistan Navy website''. {{WebCite|url=http://www.webcitation.org/5hPNTIF3w|date =9 June 2009}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! style="text-align:left; width:10%;"|Submarines
! style="text-align:center; width: 20%;"|Origin
! style="text-align:left; width:6%;"|Quantity
! style="text-align:left; width:10%;"|Service entry
! style="text-align:left; width:10%;"|Propulsion
! style="text-align:left; width:34%;"|Comments
|-
! style="align: center; background: lavender;" colspan="6" | [[Submarines]]
|-
| '''[[Type 041 submarine|S20 class]]''' 
| {{PAK}} {{PRC|China}}
|align=center| '''8'''
| '''2022 to 2028'''
|[[Air-independent propulsion]] (AIP)
|The Pakistan government has approved the purchase of eight S20 Class Submarines at an estimated cost of $5 billion. The deal is confirmed and according to sources the construction process has begun.
According to MoDP Pakistan four submarines will be constructed at KSEW under ToT while the remaining four will be build in China.The sub construction work will start simultaneous at both contriesand will be provided from 2022 to 2028.<ref>[http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/1776522/beijing-eyes-bigger-arms-exports-experts-say Beijing eyes bigger arms exports after Pakistan deal, experts say]</ref>
|-
| '''[[Agosta 90B class submarine|Agosta 90B class]]''' 
[[PNS Khalid (S137)|PNS/M Khalid]] 
[[PNS Saad (S138)|PNS/M Saad]] 
[[PNS Hamza (S139)|PNS/M Hamza]]
| {{PAK}} {{FRA}}
|align=center| '''3'''
| '''1999 to 2008'''
|[[Air-independent propulsion]] (AIP)
| PNS ''Khalid'' Build in France delivered since 6 September 1999 PNS ''Saad'' Build in KSEW delivered 13 December 2003 PNS ''Hamza'' Build in KSEW delivered on 26 September 2008.
One Agosta 90B submarine is currently having upgradation at KSEW with Assistance of STM Tukey. Eventually all to be upgraded.
|-
|'''[[Agosta 90B class submarine|Agosta 70 class]]''' [[PNS Hashmat (S135)|PNS/M Hashmat]] [[PNS Hurmat (S136)|PNS/M Hurmat]]
| {{FRA}}
|align=center| '''2'''
| '''1979s'''
|[[Diesel-electric submarine|Diesel-electric propulsion]] (DEP)
|PNS ''Hashmat'' since 19 February 1979 PNS ''Hurmat'' delivered on 18 February 1980
|-
|'''[[Nuclear submarine|Indigenous Nuclear Submarine]]'''
| {{PAK}}
|align=center|'''1'''
|'''2017-2020 (Projected)'''
|[[Nuclear marine propulsion]] (NMP)
|According to the Navy officials, the project is extremely ambitious, and the first submarine will be locally built in Pakistan. The project is estimated to complete in 5 to 8 years, according to Navy.<ref>{{cite news|last=Star Desk|title=Pakistan Navy to build nuclear submarine|url=http://www.arynews.tv/english/newsdetail.asp?nid=54527|accessdate=6 April 2012|newspaper=ARY News|date=10 February 2012}} {{dead link|date=October 2015}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[Cosmos class submarine|''Cosmos'' Class]]''' X-Craft X-Craft 908B MG 110 Submarine
| {{PAK}} {{ITA}}
|align=center|'''3'''
|1985
|[[Diesel-electric submarine|Diesel-electric propulsion]] (DEP)
|The ''Cosmos'' class X-Craft submarines are the [[Waves and shallow water|Shallow water]] [[attack submarine]]s (SWAS).{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}} All of the submarines were built by Navy locally.<ref name="PN XCrafts"/>
|}

In April 2014, the Pakistan Navy announced that it is in the process of shifting primary operations and naval assets, including its entire fleet of diesel-electric submarines (SSKs), from [[Karachi]] to the [[Jinnah Naval Base]] in [[Ormara]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/article/36959/pakistan-navy-to-shift-submarines-from-karachi-to-ormara|title=Pakistan Navy to shift submarines from Karachi to Ormara|publisher=|accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref>

===Patrol Craft===

Pakistan currently operates a range of patrol vessels procured from Turkey, China and the USA, as well as some domestically built. They are primarily divided among the 10th Patrol Craft Squadron and the Fast Patrol Craft Squadron.<ref name=paknavyfleet>{{cite web|title=PN DIMENSIONS: SURFACE WARRIORS|url=http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/fleet.html#|website=Pakistan Navy Official Website|publisher=Pakistan Navy|accessdate=30 June 2015}}</ref>

On 10 June 2015, a formal agreement was signed between the [[Pakistani government]] and the [[China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation|"China Ship Trading Company"]] for the sale of total six patrol boats which will eventually replace the ageing Barkat Class Boats of PMSA.
Of these ships four will be 600ton while two will be 1500 ton. Three (600 ton) and one 1500 ton boats will be built in China, and one 600ton and ond 1500 ton at the [[Karachi Shipyard|"Karachi Shipyards and Engineering Works"]]. The contract price was not disclosed but a senior Pakistani official said at least USD 130 million had been allocated.
CSTC (China) has launched two 600 ton boats three months ahead of scheduled time.PMSA Basol is the second ship launced by CSTC.while one 600 ton boat is under construction at KSEW which is expected to be delivered in early 2017.<ref name=janespatcraft>{{cite journal|last1=Bokhari|first1=Farhan|title=Pakistan signs deal with China for six patrol craft|journal=IHS Jane's Defence Weekly|date=17 June 2015|volume=52|issue=24|page=17|accessdate=30 June 2015}}</ref>

==Pakistan Naval Air Arm==
{{Main article|Pakistan Naval Air Arm}}
[[File:Pakistan Navy Orion Asuspine.jpg|thumb|A Pakistan Navy P-3C Orion in 2010]]
After realising the naval failure in the 1971 war, the Navy sought to modernise.<ref name="Naval Air Arm, Navy">{{cite web|last=PN|title=Naval Airwar|url=http://www.paknavy.gov.pk/naval_airarm.htm|publisher=Naval Air Arm, Navy|accessdate=8 April 2012}}</ref> The Navy took the research on using the aircraft at sea in 1971, after the war. Its aerial fighting unit is known as Naval Air Arm (also known as [[Pakistan Naval Aviation|Naval Aviation]]) apart from the PAF. The naval fighter pilot course was introduced by the Navy and trained its fighter pilots at the [[PAF Academy|Pakistan Air Force Academy]], furthermore the navy pilots later went to Combat Commander's School for fighter jet training. Since the 1970s, the naval air arm has become a full-fledged and potent service of the Navy. From 1993 to 1994, the Navy stepped in its efforts in sea-airborne operations when PAF donated and inducted five [[Mirage 5|Mirage 5 ROSE]] fighter jets, later transferred the entire squadron to Navy armed with [[Exocet|Exocet missiles]].<ref name="Repro India Ltd.">{{cite book|last=Anjali|first=Gosh|title=India's Foreign Policy The Pakistan Threat|year=2009|publisher=Repro India Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-317-1025-8|pages=176–180|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y32u4JMroQgC&pg=PA66&lpg=PA66&dq=MIRAGE+5+and+Pakistan+Navy&source=bl&ots=Ic1oORApBI&sig=3prKb5O9VjFQca7uXn_alCal8bg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=J-iBT4HLKuTgiAL06u2KAw&ved=0CCQQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=MIRAGE%205%20and%20Pakistan%20Navy&f=true}}</ref> Since then, the Mirage 5 are piloted by the navy fighter pilots after passing the course with PAF Academy and certifying a diploma from a weapons system and combat training school.<ref name="Repro India Ltd."/> The Mirage 5 belonged to the PAF as well as operated by the air force, but are piloted by the Navy fighter pilots who are under the command of senior ranking Navy officer.<ref name="Repro India Ltd."/> The Westland lynx helicopters have now been removed from active service and a tender has been issued for their removal.<ref>http://www.historyofpia.com/board/october_12/lynx_oct31.jpg</ref>

Pakistan Naval Air Arm Pakistan Naval Aviation is an important arm of the Pakistan Navy and assists in the surface and submarine flights to guarantee the safety of Pakistan sea borders.

The PN Aviation Force consists of:
*3 [[ATR-72]]-500 -Anti submarine Warfare. 2 Atr72 acquired on 16 August 2013 while 3rd one on 22 September 2015. Both are currently having modernization in a German Firm for ASW role Scheduled to be delivered at end of 2017.
*6 [[Westland Sea King|Westland Sea King Mk.45]] – Anti-submarine/ Anti-Surface Warfare helicopters have been based at Karachi.
*8 [[Aérospatiale Alouette III|Aérospatiale SA-319B Alouette III]] – [[Search and rescue|SAR]] transport/anti-ship helicopters<ref>[http://www.hazegray.org/worldnav/asiapac/pakistan.htm World Navies Today: Pakistan]</ref>
*7 [[Lockheed P-3 Orion|Lockheed P-3C Orion]] – Naval surveillance/anti-submarine warfare aircraft/airborne early warning/airborne and bombing missions. Future supply of 7 more under an agreement with Lockheed Martin signed in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/pakistan/2005/pakistan-050831-irna02.htm|title=Pakistan acquires 8 US-made P-3C Orion aircraft|author=John Pike|publisher=|accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref> Two upgraded P-3C Orion delivered on 7 January 2010 while one was delivered in November 2009. Another two advanced P-3C Orion aircraft to be delivered soon .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/south-asia/us-to-provide-pak-two-advanced-p-3c-orion-naval-surveillance-aircrafts_100356210.html|title=US to provide Pak two advanced P-3C Orion naval surveillance {{sic|nolink=Y|aircrafts}}|work=Thaindian News|accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref><ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZvanwJ6EEQA PN inducts P-3C Orion and phases out Atlantic- PTV news youtube video – retrieved 1 February 2013</ref>
*7 [[Fokker F27|Fokker F27-200 Friendship]] – Naval surveillance aircraft<ref name=globalsecurity>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/navy.htm Pakistan Navy] {{wayback|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/navy.htm |date=20150803004951 |df=y }}</ref>
*4 [[Hawker 800|Hawker 850]] – Charged with electronic warfare as well transporting [[Very Important Person|VIP]] personalities, individuals, or groups.
*32+ [[Dassault Mirage V]] – Anti-ship attack aircraft flown by Navy fighter pilots which are based at PAF base Masroor in Karachi<ref name=globalsecurity/> (the fighter jets are operated by the [[Pakistan Air Force]] but piloted by the Navy fighter pilots who served under the command of the senior ranking Navy officer) scheduled to be retired and replaced by [[JF-17 Thunder]](Block II) in 2015 but are in active-duty service with the Navy.
*Unmanned Aerial Vehicles include [[NESCOM Burraq]], [[SATUMA Jasoos|Satuma Spy]], [[SATUMA Mukhbar|Satuma Informer]] and the UQAB-II<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/213634/pakistan-navy-inducts-drones-into-its-fleet/ Navy inducts first fleet of reconnaissance drones – The Express Tribune]</ref> drone.
*12 [[Harbin Z-9]]EC anti-submarine warfare helicopters equipped with a surface-search radar, low frequency dipping sonar, radar warning receiver, Doppler navigation system and armed with torpedoes.

===Pakistan Naval Air Defence===
{{Main article|Pakistan Naval Air Arm}}

In 2010, the Navy established another command after launching an air defence system, using the [[infrared homing]] [[man-portable air-defense systems]] (MANPADs) system.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}} The new command which is known as Pakistan Naval Air Defence (PNAD) are consisted the members of [[Pakistan Marines]] and Navy's ground officers after the first battalion graduated from the [[Special Service Group|Naval School of Weapon System Engineering]].<ref name="Press Release, PN">{{cite news|title=Pakistan Navy Air Defence System|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-JX_uLra0h8|accessdate=9 April 2012|newspaper=Press Release, PN|date=27 December 2010}}</ref> In 2010, the command air-launched and tested its first naval air defence system from [[Sonmiani (space facility)|Sonmiani Terminal]]— a space center of [[Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission|Space Research Commission]] (SRC) in the North Arabian Sea.<ref name="The News International, March 13, 2010">{{cite news|last=Our Correspondents|title=Pakistan Navy tests weapon system|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=228661&Cat=4&dt=3/13/2010|accessdate=9 April 2012|newspaper=The News International, 13 March 2010|date=13 March 2010}}</ref> Along with the members of Pakistan Marines, the PNAD members are deployed in all over the country to support the marine operations of Pakistan Navy.

*[[FN-6|FN16 Or HY-6 shoulder-fired surface-to-air missile]], tested on 25 December 2010 by Naval Marines with a range of 6 km and altitude ~ 3.5 km)
*[[Mistral (missile)|Mistral shoulder-fired surface-to-air missile]], test fired on 25 December 2010 by Naval marines.

==See also==
{{Portal|Pakistan|Military of Pakistan}}
*[[Pakistan Coast Guard]]
*[[Pakistan Naval Academy]]
*[[Pakistan Navy War College]]
*[[Kalmat Naval Base]]
*[[PNS Ahsan|Ahsan Naval Base]]
*[[Jinnah Naval Base]]
*[[PNS Makran|Makran Naval Base]]
*[[PNS Mehran|Mehran Naval Base]]
*[[PNS Qasim|Qasim Naval Base]]

==References==
;Citations
{{Reflist|30em}}
;Internet
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite web | title=Orbat | work=Naval and Maritime Security Agency Warship Names 1947–2005 | url=http://orbat.com/site/history/historical/pakistan/warshipnames.html | accessdate=22 June 2005}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.paknavy.gov.pk}}

{{Pakistani Armed Forces}}
{{Comparative military ranks (Pakistan)}}
{{Asia topic|Navy of|title=Navies of Asia}}

[[Category:Pakistan Navy|*]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1947]]
[[Category:Government of Pakistan]]
[[Category:1947 establishments in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistan federal departments and agencies]]
[[Category:Military of Pakistan]]

Pakistanisch-türkische Beziehungen

2016-11-16T15:15:24Z

Wiki id2:

{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Pakistan-Turkey|Pakistan|Turkey|map=Pakistan Turkey Locator.svg}}
Pakistan has an embassy in [[Ankara]], a Consulate-General in [[Istanbul]] and an honorary consulate in [[Izmir]] whereas, Turkey has an embassy in [[Islamabad]], a Consulate-General in [[Karachi]] and honorary consulates in [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], [[Sialkot]] and [[Faisalabad]].

Relations date back generations before the establishment of the two states, more precisely during the [[Turkish War of Independence]] when the Muslims of the northwestern British Raj sent financial aid to the declining [[Ottoman Empire]] which was followed by the [[History of the Republic of Turkey|formation of the Turkish Republic]]. Pakistan and Turkey enjoy close cultural, historical and military relations which are now expanding into deepening economic relations as both countries seek to develop their economies.

Ties which had historically remained close on nationalist and cultural grounds further deepened under President Erdogan's Islamic-rooted political approach, as he termed Pakistan "home away from home". He became the only foreign leader to address Pakistan's Parliament, the National Assembly more than once, doing so twice in four years.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/382017/pak-turkey-ties-erdogan-addresses-parliament-offers-sage-advice/</ref> As of 2016, President Erdogan has visited Pakistan 6 times, domestic politics also spillover, infamously [[Fethullah Gulen]] linked officers leaked tapes alleging corruption and arrested Erdogan's close aides, while Erdogan was on a trip to Pakistan, Erdogan accused the Gulenists of sabotage while representing Turkey in a friendly nation.<ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/12/can-pakistan-save-erdogan-2013123054425345386.html</ref> Gulen-linked schools are under pressure to close and teachers have had their visas turned down at the behest of the Turkish government since the attempted coup, an indicator of Pakistan's close ties to the Turkish government.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232099/turkish-teachers-fear-deportation-asked-renew-visas/</ref><ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/pakistan-expels-turkish-school-staff-gulen-links-161116084837457.html</ref> Analysts have also observed that Turkey and Pakistan enjoy close relations during both democratic and military regimes, reflecting the depth of the relations between the two nations.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232331/turkey-dependable-ally/</ref>

As a result, Pakistan and Pakistanis have enjoyed a positive perception in Turkey and amongst Turks for many decades. The two nations are in the process of strengthening economic relations with a [[Pakistan-Turkey Free Trade Agreement]] aiming to raise bilateral trade volume to $10 billion by 2020. Turkey and Pakistan have a strong defence relationship consisting of joint excercises and a substantial portion of the Pakistan Navy's fleet consisting of joint Pakistan-Turkish naval ships such as fleet tankers and fast attack craft.<ref>http://quwa.org/2016/10/30/turkey-pakistan-conduct-bilateral-naval-exercise/</ref> Pakistan supports the Turkish position on Cyprus, Azerbaijan and Armenia, as such Pakistan has no diplomatic relations with Armenia, with Turkey supporting Pakistan's position on the Kashmir dispute, including alleged human rights violations of Muslims in Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref>http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/turkey-backs-pakistans-stance-on-sending-team-to-probe-human-rights-violation-in-kashmir-2949887/</ref> As a result the two countries have enjoyed strong military and diplomatic relations which is now strengthening towards economic co-operation.

== Development of bilateral relations ==
Turkey established diplomatic relations soon after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and bilateral relations became increasingly close owing to cultural, religious and geopolitical links between the two countries.<ref name="JIA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume5/September-November2000/VolumeVN3ISTHIAQAHMAD.pdf |title=Turkey and Pakistan: Bridging the Growing Divergence |format=PDF |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> Pakistan's founder [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] expressed admiration for Turkey's founding leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and also a desire to develop Pakistan on the Turkish model of modernism. Similarly Pakistan would follow the footstep of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and [[Allama Iqbal]] to develop a modern Islamic Pakistan and all other so called ism are rejected by people of Pakistan.<ref name="CSI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0124/p01s04-wosc.html |title=A Turkish path for Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |date=24 January 2002}}</ref> Similar ideas were expressed by the former [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharraf]], who grew up in Turkey and had received extensive military training there.<ref name="CSI" /><ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2994458.stm|title=BBC NEWS – South Asia – Turkey and Pakistan boost ties|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="IP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FA22Df06.html |title=Turkey and Pakistan join forces |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> [[Jinnah]] is honoured as a great leader in Turkey, and a major road of the Turkish capital [[Ankara]], the [[Cinnah Caddesi]] is named after him, while roads in [[Islamabad]], [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], and [[Larkana]] are named after Atatürk. On 26 October 2009, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] was awarded the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] and was the fourth world leader who spoke to the Pakistani parliament. [[Erdoğan]] said that [[Pakistan]] had always occupied a special place in the hearts and minds of the Turkish government and people.

== Cultural relations ==
[[File:Shashlik ingredients.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Shashlik]], a common [[Eurasian]] dish.]]
Both Pakistan and Turkey are mutually influenced by [[Arab culture|Arab]], [[Turko-Mongol]] and [[Culture of Iran#Traditional cultural inheritors of the old Persia|Persian cultures]]. The region of [[Anatolia]] in Central and Eastern Turkey was occupied multiple times by Persian Empires which has brought Persian cultural and linguistic influence since ancient times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/persian_period.htm|title=Persian Period in Anatolia and Asia Minor|publisher=}}</ref>

The [[Indus Valley]] region of Pakistan was occupied by the [[Achaemenid empire]] going back to the fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajaonline.org/field-report/121|title=The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations at Akra in Northwest Pakistan|publisher=}}</ref>

Modern-day Turkey was home to many ancient European civilizations, including Greek. The country has many traces of cultural and historical influences from the ancient Greeks including Greek archeological sites found in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/details/History/HellenicCiv.html|title=Hellenic Civilization in Turkey|author=Tom Brosnahan, Travel Info Exchange, Inc.|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancient.eu.com/Asia_Minor/|title=Asia Minor|author=Joshua J. Mark|work=Ancient History Encyclopedia}}</ref>

Pakistan also became influenced by Greek culture and civilization, especially in the aftermath of [[Alexander the Great]]'s invasion of the region which later led to the formation of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]. [[Gandhara]] is a major site of ancient Greek legacy in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/gandhara.html|title=Gandhara Civilization|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey became a [[Turkic languages|Turkic speaking]] country as a result of [[Seljuq Empire|Seljuq occupation]] and [[Turkification]] of the region. Though Pakistan is not a Turkic-speaking country, its languages, particularly [[Urdu]], a standard register of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], is strongly influenced by the [[Chagatai language|Turkic language of the Mughals]] before it became their empire's official language. As a result, it has many loanwords from that language. The [[etymology]] of the word "Urdu" traces itself back to [[Mughal Empire|Turkic (Mughal) rule]].<ref>http://swauop.yolasite.com/urdu1.php</ref> Moreover, the common cultural influences on Pakistan and Turkey span several centuries, as many [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Iranic peoples]] ruled vast areas of [[Central Asia]], [[South Asia]] and the [[Middle East]].

The designs of clothing of the two countries also have common origins in Central Asia.

== Trade ==
[[File:Gul Interchange (2).JPG|thumb|250px|right|thumb|The Abdullah Gul Interchange near [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] in [[Lahore]], this interchange was inaugurated by the [[Turkish President]] [[Abdullah Gul]] during his visit to [[Lahore]] in 2010.]]

Turkey and Pakistan are founding members of the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] and part of the [[Developing 8 Countries]] (D-8) organization. Both nations have worked to negotiate a preferential trading agreement, aiming to considerably increase trade and investments, especially in transport, telecommunications, manufacturing, tourism and other industries.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=1677 |title=Turkey to sign PTA with Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Daily Times, Pakistan |date=16 April 2005}}</ref> Both governments have sought to increase the volume of bilateral trade from $690 million to more than $1 billion by 2010.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=102299 |title=Pakistan, Turkey discuss defence co-production |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref> Pakistani exports include rice, [[sesame seeds]], leather, textiles, fabrics, sports goods, and medical equipment. Turkey's exports to Pakistan include wheat, [[chickpeas]], [[lentils]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], chemicals, transport vehicles, machinery and energy products.<ref name="FPJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fpcci.com.pk/tradep&turk.asp |title=Trade between Pakistan & Turkey |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry}}</ref> Turkish private corporations have also invested significantly in industrial and construction projects developing highways, pipelines and canals.<ref name="JIA" /> The two countries are negotiatating the [[Turkey-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement]].

=== Train service ===
A [[container train]] service was launched by the Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Yousuf Raza Gilani]] between Islamabad and [[Istanbul]] on 14 August 2009. The first train carried 20 [[Intermodal container|containers]] with a capacity of around {{convert|750|t|LT ST|0|abbr=on}} <ref>http://www.pakistantimes.net/pt/detail.php?newsId=3343</ref> and will travel {{convert|6500|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}} from Islamabad, through [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and [[Tehran]], Iran and on to Istanbul in two weeks' time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\15\story_15-8-2009_pg7_12 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |publisher=Daily Times |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Railways (Pakistan)|Minister for Railways]] [[Ghulam Ahmad Bilour]], after the trial of the container train service, a passenger train will be launched.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+gilani+launches+trial+phase+of+islamabad-istanbul+train+service-za-06 |title=Pakistan | PM launches trial phase of Pak-Turkey train service |publisher=Dawn.Com |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> There are also hopes the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia, and carry passengers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8201934.stm |title=Pakistan–Turkey rail trial starts |accessdate=16 August 2009 |publisher=BBC News |date=14 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/news/news61296.html|title=Pakistan Plans Passenger Rail Between Pakistan, Iran and Turkey|work=Railway Technology}}</ref>

== Strategic ties ==
Both nations were part of [[Cold War]] alliance called the [[Central Treaty Organization]]. Its goal was to [[containment|contain]] the [[Soviet Union]] ([[USSR]]) by having a line of strong states along the USSR's southern frontiers. Military contacts remain resolute, uncompromising and stalwart as ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/7569/turkey-pakistan-ties-indias-loss-is-chinas-gain|title=Turkey-Pakistan close ties |publisher=World Politics Review}}</ref>

== Trilateral Ankara cooperation process ==
Turkey launched a trilateral summit process between the two states and [[Afghanistan]] in February 2007, following a visit by then [[Turkish Foreign Minister]] [[Abdullah Gül]] to [[Islamabad]], as the backbone of its diversified foreign policy in Southeast Asia and Pakistani deputy [[Humair Hayat Khan Rokhri]] confirmed that according to Gül “we are all brothers who need to support each other,” in order to, “bring security and stability to the region.”<ref name=TZ090507>{{cite news
|url=
|date=7 May 2009
|title=Turkey, Afghanistan and Pakistan solidify cooperation
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

An 1 April 2009 meeting between Pakistani and Afghan leaders, conducted as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, saw the three countries pledged to increase coordination between their political, military and intelligence tiers in the fight against militancy and terrorism. Chairman of the Turkish–Pakistani Friendship Association Burhan Kayatürk has stated that, “It is the first time that the military and intelligence chiefs of Afghanistan and Pakistan have attended the trilateral summit, which is a reflection of the deeper commitment to work together.”<ref name=TZ090506b>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Concerned Turkish deputy calls for active engagement in Pakistan
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

At the 17 April 2009 [[Friends of Pakistan]] Tokyo Donors Conference, Turkish State Minister [[Mehmet Aydın]] pledged $100 million to Pakistan for infrastructure, health and education projects. Turkish Parliamentary Deputy Kayatürk has called on neighbouring countries, including India, to make similar commitments as “It is in their interests to see a stable Pakistan; otherwise violence will spill over into their territory.”<ref name=TZ090506b />

Pakistani and [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] parliamentary deputies came together in [[Ankara]] on 5 May 2009, as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, where they met with the now [[Turkish President]] Gül and new Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] to discuss a variety of issues. Head of the Turkish Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission Murat Mercan stated; <blockquote>“Today we need cooperation between our countries more than ever. I believe Turkey, having historical brotherhood relations with both, is in a special position to improve and deepen this cooperation. Turkey is confident that the cooperation to be established between Afghanistan and Pakistan will help a lot to solve the problems.”<ref name=TZ090506a>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Afghan, Pakistani lawmakers meet in Turkish Parliament
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
}}</ref></blockquote> Chairman of the Pakistani Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission [[Asfandyar Wali Khan]] conveyed his thanks and stated,
:''“We need Turkey’s support to build stability in the region.”''

Mercan concluded,
:''“We are finally on the verge of institutionalising the trilateral Ankara cooperation process within the framework of parliamentary joint initiatives,”'' with follow-up meetings due to be held in Islamabad and [[Kabul]] at four-month intervals.”

== Military relations ==
Pakistan and Turkey have maintained long-standing military ties with Turkey also providing training to Pakistani air force officers in upgrading its [[F-16]] fleet.<ref name="IP" /> On 2 April 1954, Pakistan and Turkey signed a [[treaty]] of friendship and cooperation. Both countries, valued as important states in their regions, joined the U.S.-led [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) aimed to bolster military and strategic cooperation and counter the spread of communism and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] influence in the region.<ref name="VA">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=34|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Turkey has openly supported Pakistan's stance on the [[Kashmir conflict]]. Ankara, further, recognizes Jammu and Kashmir, as part of Pakistan, with which it endeavours to 'spice up' bilateral relations, and the Turkish ambassador to Pakistan spent nearly a week in [[Muzaffarabad]], the capital of Azad Kashmir (Pakistani Administrated Kashmir), in order to show Turkish solidarity with the Pakistanis in regards to Kashmir and maintained political and military support during its [[Wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan|wars with India]].<ref name="VA" /><ref name="VA2">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=109|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] Press |year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Pakistan has reciprocated by expressing support for Turkey's policy on [[Northern Cyprus]].<ref name="X" /><ref name="DQ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |title=Pakistan, Turkey to cooperate in defence industry |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018202001/http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |archivedate=18 October 2006 }}</ref> Both nations have sought to expand cooperation to fight terrorism.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X" /> Both countries are also members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]].

Turkey is also currently a major arms seller to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/features/featureturkeys-formidable-defence-industry-rising-star-or-natos-unruly-ally-4207115/|title=Turkey’s formidable defence industry – rising star or NATO’s unruly ally?|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey previously purchased arms from Pakistan<ref>James Ron ''Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey'' Human Rights Watch, 1995 ISBN 1-56432-161-4, 9781564321619 (page 40)</ref> and continues to purchase minor aerial weapons and components from Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2015/10/05/Pakistan-Turkey-to-improve-defense-ties/9421444052995/|title=Pakistan Turkey to cooperate on defense industry – UPI.com|date=5 October 2015|work=UPI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/145139/pakistan-delivers-parts-for-turkish-uav.html|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra Delivers First Batch of Turkish UAV Parts to Turkish Aerospace Industry|publisher=}}</ref>

== Aid exchange ==
In the aftermath of the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], Turkey stepped up its efforts to help the Pakistani people of the affected areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishembassy.com/ii/O/yardim.htm|title= Humanitarian aid to Pakistan|publisher=Turkish Embassy in Ottawa}}</ref> Turkey announced a package of $150 million for the quake-hit people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/21/top2.htm|title= Turkish aid package for Pakistan|publisher=Dawn News}}</ref> The Turkish aid organization [[Kizilay]] also constructed a mosque in Pakistans [[Azad Kashmir]] region bordering Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir. The mosque is being built in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Style in Pakistan's [[Bagh District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61352|title= Turkish Mosque in Pakistani Kashmir|publisher=World Bulletin}}</ref>

Pakistan supplied Turkey with aid during the 1999 earthquake<ref>{{cite web|url=http://img.static.reliefweb.int/report/turkey/pakistan-sends-relief-goods-turkey-quake-victims|title=Pakistan sends relief goods to Turkey for quake victims|work=ReliefWeb}}</ref> and during the 2011 [[Van earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/10/30/city/lahore/punjab-govt-sends-tents-to-turkey-earthquake-victims/|title=Punjab govt sends tents to Turkey earthquake victims|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-263115-pakistani-red-crescent-extends-help-to-earthquake-victims-in-van.html|title=Pakistani Red Crescent extends help to earthquake victims in Van|work=TodaysZaman}}</ref>

== Previous opposing ambitions ==
Both Turkey and Pakistan at times have had conflicting interests and ambitions. During the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Afghan civil war]], Turkey became a strong supporter of the [[Northern Alliance]], due to its [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]] and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] members, with which Turkey shares cultural and linguistic ties.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=JjYaRa2vtAkC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=turkey+northern+alliance+afghanistan&source=bl&ots=dANauf-68k&sig=LthO3RrDAnNbd1jnBcfaCmQSuS8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z1kuU7N24pDJAd6egJAH&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=turkey%20northern%20alliance%20afghanistan&f=false|title=Afghanistan and Central Asia|publisher=}}</ref>
Pakistan meanwhile maintained strong relations and support to the [[Taliban]] whom were ethnic [[Pashtuns]] that have ethnic ties to Pakistan's own Pashtun population as well prevent Pakistan's fears of Afghanistan falling into the control of the Northern Alliance whom were supported by Pakistan's various adversaries, including India.

This changed in late 2001 when Pakistan was under international pressure to abolish all its ties with the Taliban and re-align with the [[United States]] and [[NATO]] in the so-called "[[War on Terror]]" following the September 11 attacks in [[New York City]] and [[Washington DC]] which were directly blamed on [[Al-Queda]] and indirectly on the Taliban for sheltering them. As a result, the United States lifted all sanctions that were imposed on Pakistan following Pakistan's 1998 nuclear weapons tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2001_10/sanctionsoct01|title=Bush Waives Nuclear-Related Sanctions on India, Pakistan – Arms Control Association|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey has also supported the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]] (ETIM) in China whom are ethnic [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] that Turkey also shares cultural and linguistic ties with.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/ethno-diplomacy-uyghur-hitch-sino-turkish-relations|title=Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Xijinping_visit/2012-02/22/content_24696523.htm|title=China cautions Turkey against 'East Turkistan' forces|author=陈霞|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan [[War in North-West Pakistan|struggling with domestic Islamist insurgency]] as well as being a close and [[China–Pakistan relations|historic ally of China]] has strongly opposed the ETIM and has taken severe actions against members of [[Uyghurs in Pakistan|Uyghur communities within its borders]] even suspected of being participant in anti-Chinese activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/pakistan-08102011175506.html|title=Pakistan Deports Uyghurs|work=Radio Free Asia}}</ref>
Separately, Pakistan has killed many foreign militants in its territory during anti-Taliban/Al-Qaeda military operations amongst which were Uyghurs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/916826/uighur-leader-killed-in-pakistan-rehman-malik|title=Uighur leader killed in Pakistan: Rehman Malik|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-31-uighur-attacks-thwarted-as-pakistans-zardari-visits-xinjiang|title='Uighur attacks' thwarted as Pakistan's Zardari visits Xinjiang|author=Ben Blanchard|work=The M&G Online}}</ref> as well as Turks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/125464.html|title=German militant killed in Pakistan|publisher=Press TV}}</ref> and Uzbeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/10/world/asia/karachi-pakistan-airport-attack-taliban.html|title=Assault on Pakistan Airport Signals Taliban’s Reach and Resilience|date=10 June 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/report/uzbek-militancy-pakistans-tribal-region|title=Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan's Tribal Region|work=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mei.edu/content/turkey-pakistan-security-relations-1950s Turkey-Pakistan Security Relations since the 1950s]

{{Pakistan–Turkey relations}}
{{Foreign relations of Pakistan}}
{{Foreign relations of Turkey}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan-Turkey Relations}}
[[Category:Pakistan–Turkey relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Turkey]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Pakistan|Turkey]]

Pakistanisch-türkische Beziehungen

2016-11-16T15:08:13Z

Wiki id2:

{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Pakistan-Turkey|Pakistan|Turkey|map=Pakistan Turkey Locator.svg}}
Pakistan has an embassy in [[Ankara]], a Consulate-General in [[Istanbul]] and an honorary consulate in [[Izmir]] whereas, Turkey has an embassy in [[Islamabad]], a Consulate-General in [[Karachi]] and honorary consulates in [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], [[Sialkot]] and [[Faisalabad]].

Relations date back generations before the establishment of the two states, more precisely during the [[Turkish War of Independence]] when the Muslims of the northwestern British Raj sent financial aid to the declining [[Ottoman Empire]] which was followed by the [[History of the Republic of Turkey|formation of the Turkish Republic]]. Ties which had historically remained close on nationalist and cultural grounds further deepened under President Erdogan's Islamic-rooted political approach, as he termed Pakistan "home away from home". He became the only foreign leader to address Pakistan's Parliament, the National Assembly more than once, doing so twice in four years.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/382017/pak-turkey-ties-erdogan-addresses-parliament-offers-sage-advice/</ref> As of 2016, President Erdogan has visited Pakistan 6 times, domestic politics also spillover, infamously [[Fethullah Gulen]] linked officers leaked tapes alleging corruption, while Erdogan was on a trip to Pakistan, Erdogan accused the Gulenists of sabotage while representing Turkey in a friendly nation.<ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/12/can-pakistan-save-erdogan-2013123054425345386.html</ref> Gulen-linked schools are under pressure to close and teachers have had their visas turned down at the behest of the Turkish government since the attempted coup, an indicator of Pakistan's close ties to the Turkish government.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232099/turkish-teachers-fear-deportation-asked-renew-visas/</ref><ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/pakistan-expels-turkish-school-staff-gulen-links-161116084837457.html</ref> Analysts have also observed that Turkey and Pakistan enjoy close relations during both democratic and military regimes, reflecting the depth of the relations between the two nations.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232331/turkey-dependable-ally/</ref>

As a result, Pakistan and Pakistanis have enjoyed a positive perception in Turkey and amongst Turks for many decades. The two nations are in the process of strengthening economic relations with a [[Pakistan-Turkey Free Trade Agreement]] aiming to raise bilateral trade volume to $10 billion by 2020. Turkey and Pakistan have a strong defence relationship consisting of joint excercises and a substantial portion of the Pakistan Navy's fleet consisting of joint Pakistan-Turkish naval ships such as fleet tankers and fast attack craft.<ref>http://quwa.org/2016/10/30/turkey-pakistan-conduct-bilateral-naval-exercise/</ref> Pakistan supports the Turkish position on Cyprus, Azerbaijan and Armenia, as such Pakistan has no diplomatic relations with Armenia, with Turkey supporting Pakistan's position on the Kashmir dispute, including alleged human rights violations of Muslims in Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref>http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/turkey-backs-pakistans-stance-on-sending-team-to-probe-human-rights-violation-in-kashmir-2949887/</ref> As a result the two countries have enjoyed strong military and diplomatic relations which is now strengthening towards economic co-operation.

== Development of bilateral relations ==
Turkey established diplomatic relations soon after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and bilateral relations became increasingly close owing to cultural, religious and geopolitical links between the two countries.<ref name="JIA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume5/September-November2000/VolumeVN3ISTHIAQAHMAD.pdf |title=Turkey and Pakistan: Bridging the Growing Divergence |format=PDF |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> Pakistan's founder [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] expressed admiration for Turkey's founding leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and also a desire to develop Pakistan on the Turkish model of modernism. Similarly Pakistan would follow the footstep of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and [[Allama Iqbal]] to develop a modern Islamic Pakistan and all other so called ism are rejected by people of Pakistan.<ref name="CSI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0124/p01s04-wosc.html |title=A Turkish path for Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |date=24 January 2002}}</ref> Similar ideas were expressed by the former [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharraf]], who grew up in Turkey and had received extensive military training there.<ref name="CSI" /><ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2994458.stm|title=BBC NEWS – South Asia – Turkey and Pakistan boost ties|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="IP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FA22Df06.html |title=Turkey and Pakistan join forces |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> [[Jinnah]] is honoured as a great leader in Turkey, and a major road of the Turkish capital [[Ankara]], the [[Cinnah Caddesi]] is named after him, while roads in [[Islamabad]], [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], and [[Larkana]] are named after Atatürk. On 26 October 2009, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] was awarded the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] and was the fourth world leader who spoke to the Pakistani parliament. [[Erdoğan]] said that [[Pakistan]] had always occupied a special place in the hearts and minds of the Turkish government and people.

== Cultural relations ==
[[File:Shashlik ingredients.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Shashlik]], a common [[Eurasian]] dish.]]
Both Pakistan and Turkey are mutually influenced by [[Arab culture|Arab]], [[Turko-Mongol]] and [[Culture of Iran#Traditional cultural inheritors of the old Persia|Persian cultures]]. The region of [[Anatolia]] in Central and Eastern Turkey was occupied multiple times by Persian Empires which has brought Persian cultural and linguistic influence since ancient times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/persian_period.htm|title=Persian Period in Anatolia and Asia Minor|publisher=}}</ref>

The [[Indus Valley]] region of Pakistan was occupied by the [[Achaemenid empire]] going back to the fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajaonline.org/field-report/121|title=The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations at Akra in Northwest Pakistan|publisher=}}</ref>

Modern-day Turkey was home to many ancient European civilizations, including Greek. The country has many traces of cultural and historical influences from the ancient Greeks including Greek archeological sites found in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/details/History/HellenicCiv.html|title=Hellenic Civilization in Turkey|author=Tom Brosnahan, Travel Info Exchange, Inc.|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancient.eu.com/Asia_Minor/|title=Asia Minor|author=Joshua J. Mark|work=Ancient History Encyclopedia}}</ref>

Pakistan also became influenced by Greek culture and civilization, especially in the aftermath of [[Alexander the Great]]'s invasion of the region which later led to the formation of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]. [[Gandhara]] is a major site of ancient Greek legacy in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/gandhara.html|title=Gandhara Civilization|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey became a [[Turkic languages|Turkic speaking]] country as a result of [[Seljuq Empire|Seljuq occupation]] and [[Turkification]] of the region. Though Pakistan is not a Turkic-speaking country, its languages, particularly [[Urdu]], a standard register of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], is strongly influenced by the [[Chagatai language|Turkic language of the Mughals]] before it became their empire's official language. As a result, it has many loanwords from that language. The [[etymology]] of the word "Urdu" traces itself back to [[Mughal Empire|Turkic (Mughal) rule]].<ref>http://swauop.yolasite.com/urdu1.php</ref> Moreover, the common cultural influences on Pakistan and Turkey span several centuries, as many [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Iranic peoples]] ruled vast areas of [[Central Asia]], [[South Asia]] and the [[Middle East]].

The designs of clothing of the two countries also have common origins in Central Asia.

== Trade ==
[[File:Gul Interchange (2).JPG|thumb|250px|right|thumb|The Abdullah Gul Interchange near [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] in [[Lahore]], this interchange was inaugurated by the [[Turkish President]] [[Abdullah Gul]] during his visit to [[Lahore]] in 2010.]]

Turkey and Pakistan are founding members of the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] and part of the [[Developing 8 Countries]] (D-8) organization. Both nations have worked to negotiate a preferential trading agreement, aiming to considerably increase trade and investments, especially in transport, telecommunications, manufacturing, tourism and other industries.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=1677 |title=Turkey to sign PTA with Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Daily Times, Pakistan |date=16 April 2005}}</ref> Both governments have sought to increase the volume of bilateral trade from $690 million to more than $1 billion by 2010.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=102299 |title=Pakistan, Turkey discuss defence co-production |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref> Pakistani exports include rice, [[sesame seeds]], leather, textiles, fabrics, sports goods, and medical equipment. Turkey's exports to Pakistan include wheat, [[chickpeas]], [[lentils]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], chemicals, transport vehicles, machinery and energy products.<ref name="FPJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fpcci.com.pk/tradep&turk.asp |title=Trade between Pakistan & Turkey |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry}}</ref> Turkish private corporations have also invested significantly in industrial and construction projects developing highways, pipelines and canals.<ref name="JIA" /> The two countries are negotiatating the [[Turkey-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement]].

=== Train service ===
A [[container train]] service was launched by the Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Yousuf Raza Gilani]] between Islamabad and [[Istanbul]] on 14 August 2009. The first train carried 20 [[Intermodal container|containers]] with a capacity of around {{convert|750|t|LT ST|0|abbr=on}} <ref>http://www.pakistantimes.net/pt/detail.php?newsId=3343</ref> and will travel {{convert|6500|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}} from Islamabad, through [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and [[Tehran]], Iran and on to Istanbul in two weeks' time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\15\story_15-8-2009_pg7_12 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |publisher=Daily Times |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Railways (Pakistan)|Minister for Railways]] [[Ghulam Ahmad Bilour]], after the trial of the container train service, a passenger train will be launched.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+gilani+launches+trial+phase+of+islamabad-istanbul+train+service-za-06 |title=Pakistan | PM launches trial phase of Pak-Turkey train service |publisher=Dawn.Com |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> There are also hopes the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia, and carry passengers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8201934.stm |title=Pakistan–Turkey rail trial starts |accessdate=16 August 2009 |publisher=BBC News |date=14 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/news/news61296.html|title=Pakistan Plans Passenger Rail Between Pakistan, Iran and Turkey|work=Railway Technology}}</ref>

== Strategic ties ==
Both nations were part of [[Cold War]] alliance called the [[Central Treaty Organization]]. Its goal was to [[containment|contain]] the [[Soviet Union]] ([[USSR]]) by having a line of strong states along the USSR's southern frontiers. Military contacts remain resolute, uncompromising and stalwart as ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/7569/turkey-pakistan-ties-indias-loss-is-chinas-gain|title=Turkey-Pakistan close ties |publisher=World Politics Review}}</ref>

== Trilateral Ankara cooperation process ==
Turkey launched a trilateral summit process between the two states and [[Afghanistan]] in February 2007, following a visit by then [[Turkish Foreign Minister]] [[Abdullah Gül]] to [[Islamabad]], as the backbone of its diversified foreign policy in Southeast Asia and Pakistani deputy [[Humair Hayat Khan Rokhri]] confirmed that according to Gül “we are all brothers who need to support each other,” in order to, “bring security and stability to the region.”<ref name=TZ090507>{{cite news
|url=
|date=7 May 2009
|title=Turkey, Afghanistan and Pakistan solidify cooperation
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

An 1 April 2009 meeting between Pakistani and Afghan leaders, conducted as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, saw the three countries pledged to increase coordination between their political, military and intelligence tiers in the fight against militancy and terrorism. Chairman of the Turkish–Pakistani Friendship Association Burhan Kayatürk has stated that, “It is the first time that the military and intelligence chiefs of Afghanistan and Pakistan have attended the trilateral summit, which is a reflection of the deeper commitment to work together.”<ref name=TZ090506b>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Concerned Turkish deputy calls for active engagement in Pakistan
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

At the 17 April 2009 [[Friends of Pakistan]] Tokyo Donors Conference, Turkish State Minister [[Mehmet Aydın]] pledged $100 million to Pakistan for infrastructure, health and education projects. Turkish Parliamentary Deputy Kayatürk has called on neighbouring countries, including India, to make similar commitments as “It is in their interests to see a stable Pakistan; otherwise violence will spill over into their territory.”<ref name=TZ090506b />

Pakistani and [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] parliamentary deputies came together in [[Ankara]] on 5 May 2009, as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, where they met with the now [[Turkish President]] Gül and new Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] to discuss a variety of issues. Head of the Turkish Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission Murat Mercan stated; <blockquote>“Today we need cooperation between our countries more than ever. I believe Turkey, having historical brotherhood relations with both, is in a special position to improve and deepen this cooperation. Turkey is confident that the cooperation to be established between Afghanistan and Pakistan will help a lot to solve the problems.”<ref name=TZ090506a>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Afghan, Pakistani lawmakers meet in Turkish Parliament
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
}}</ref></blockquote> Chairman of the Pakistani Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission [[Asfandyar Wali Khan]] conveyed his thanks and stated,
:''“We need Turkey’s support to build stability in the region.”''

Mercan concluded,
:''“We are finally on the verge of institutionalising the trilateral Ankara cooperation process within the framework of parliamentary joint initiatives,”'' with follow-up meetings due to be held in Islamabad and [[Kabul]] at four-month intervals.”

== Military relations ==
Pakistan and Turkey have maintained long-standing military ties with Turkey also providing training to Pakistani air force officers in upgrading its [[F-16]] fleet.<ref name="IP" /> On 2 April 1954, Pakistan and Turkey signed a [[treaty]] of friendship and cooperation. Both countries, valued as important states in their regions, joined the U.S.-led [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) aimed to bolster military and strategic cooperation and counter the spread of communism and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] influence in the region.<ref name="VA">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=34|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Turkey has openly supported Pakistan's stance on the [[Kashmir conflict]]. Ankara, further, recognizes Jammu and Kashmir, as part of Pakistan, with which it endeavours to 'spice up' bilateral relations, and the Turkish ambassador to Pakistan spent nearly a week in [[Muzaffarabad]], the capital of Azad Kashmir (Pakistani Administrated Kashmir), in order to show Turkish solidarity with the Pakistanis in regards to Kashmir and maintained political and military support during its [[Wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan|wars with India]].<ref name="VA" /><ref name="VA2">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=109|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] Press |year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Pakistan has reciprocated by expressing support for Turkey's policy on [[Northern Cyprus]].<ref name="X" /><ref name="DQ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |title=Pakistan, Turkey to cooperate in defence industry |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018202001/http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |archivedate=18 October 2006 }}</ref> Both nations have sought to expand cooperation to fight terrorism.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X" /> Both countries are also members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]].

Turkey is also currently a major arms seller to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/features/featureturkeys-formidable-defence-industry-rising-star-or-natos-unruly-ally-4207115/|title=Turkey’s formidable defence industry – rising star or NATO’s unruly ally?|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey previously purchased arms from Pakistan<ref>James Ron ''Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey'' Human Rights Watch, 1995 ISBN 1-56432-161-4, 9781564321619 (page 40)</ref> and continues to purchase minor aerial weapons and components from Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2015/10/05/Pakistan-Turkey-to-improve-defense-ties/9421444052995/|title=Pakistan Turkey to cooperate on defense industry – UPI.com|date=5 October 2015|work=UPI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/145139/pakistan-delivers-parts-for-turkish-uav.html|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra Delivers First Batch of Turkish UAV Parts to Turkish Aerospace Industry|publisher=}}</ref>

== Aid exchange ==
In the aftermath of the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], Turkey stepped up its efforts to help the Pakistani people of the affected areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishembassy.com/ii/O/yardim.htm|title= Humanitarian aid to Pakistan|publisher=Turkish Embassy in Ottawa}}</ref> Turkey announced a package of $150 million for the quake-hit people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/21/top2.htm|title= Turkish aid package for Pakistan|publisher=Dawn News}}</ref> The Turkish aid organization [[Kizilay]] also constructed a mosque in Pakistans [[Azad Kashmir]] region bordering Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir. The mosque is being built in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Style in Pakistan's [[Bagh District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61352|title= Turkish Mosque in Pakistani Kashmir|publisher=World Bulletin}}</ref>

Pakistan supplied Turkey with aid during the 1999 earthquake<ref>{{cite web|url=http://img.static.reliefweb.int/report/turkey/pakistan-sends-relief-goods-turkey-quake-victims|title=Pakistan sends relief goods to Turkey for quake victims|work=ReliefWeb}}</ref> and during the 2011 [[Van earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/10/30/city/lahore/punjab-govt-sends-tents-to-turkey-earthquake-victims/|title=Punjab govt sends tents to Turkey earthquake victims|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-263115-pakistani-red-crescent-extends-help-to-earthquake-victims-in-van.html|title=Pakistani Red Crescent extends help to earthquake victims in Van|work=TodaysZaman}}</ref>

== Previous opposing ambitions ==
Both Turkey and Pakistan at times have had conflicting interests and ambitions. During the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Afghan civil war]], Turkey became a strong supporter of the [[Northern Alliance]], due to its [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]] and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] members, with which Turkey shares cultural and linguistic ties.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=JjYaRa2vtAkC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=turkey+northern+alliance+afghanistan&source=bl&ots=dANauf-68k&sig=LthO3RrDAnNbd1jnBcfaCmQSuS8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z1kuU7N24pDJAd6egJAH&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=turkey%20northern%20alliance%20afghanistan&f=false|title=Afghanistan and Central Asia|publisher=}}</ref>
Pakistan meanwhile maintained strong relations and support to the [[Taliban]] whom were ethnic [[Pashtuns]] that have ethnic ties to Pakistan's own Pashtun population as well prevent Pakistan's fears of Afghanistan falling into the control of the Northern Alliance whom were supported by Pakistan's various adversaries, including India.

This changed in late 2001 when Pakistan was under international pressure to abolish all its ties with the Taliban and re-align with the [[United States]] and [[NATO]] in the so-called "[[War on Terror]]" following the September 11 attacks in [[New York City]] and [[Washington DC]] which were directly blamed on [[Al-Queda]] and indirectly on the Taliban for sheltering them. As a result, the United States lifted all sanctions that were imposed on Pakistan following Pakistan's 1998 nuclear weapons tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2001_10/sanctionsoct01|title=Bush Waives Nuclear-Related Sanctions on India, Pakistan – Arms Control Association|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey has also supported the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]] (ETIM) in China whom are ethnic [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] that Turkey also shares cultural and linguistic ties with.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/ethno-diplomacy-uyghur-hitch-sino-turkish-relations|title=Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Xijinping_visit/2012-02/22/content_24696523.htm|title=China cautions Turkey against 'East Turkistan' forces|author=陈霞|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan [[War in North-West Pakistan|struggling with domestic Islamist insurgency]] as well as being a close and [[China–Pakistan relations|historic ally of China]] has strongly opposed the ETIM and has taken severe actions against members of [[Uyghurs in Pakistan|Uyghur communities within its borders]] even suspected of being participant in anti-Chinese activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/pakistan-08102011175506.html|title=Pakistan Deports Uyghurs|work=Radio Free Asia}}</ref>
Separately, Pakistan has killed many foreign militants in its territory during anti-Taliban/Al-Qaeda military operations amongst which were Uyghurs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/916826/uighur-leader-killed-in-pakistan-rehman-malik|title=Uighur leader killed in Pakistan: Rehman Malik|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-31-uighur-attacks-thwarted-as-pakistans-zardari-visits-xinjiang|title='Uighur attacks' thwarted as Pakistan's Zardari visits Xinjiang|author=Ben Blanchard|work=The M&G Online}}</ref> as well as Turks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/125464.html|title=German militant killed in Pakistan|publisher=Press TV}}</ref> and Uzbeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/10/world/asia/karachi-pakistan-airport-attack-taliban.html|title=Assault on Pakistan Airport Signals Taliban’s Reach and Resilience|date=10 June 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/report/uzbek-militancy-pakistans-tribal-region|title=Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan's Tribal Region|work=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mei.edu/content/turkey-pakistan-security-relations-1950s Turkey-Pakistan Security Relations since the 1950s]

{{Pakistan–Turkey relations}}
{{Foreign relations of Pakistan}}
{{Foreign relations of Turkey}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan-Turkey Relations}}
[[Category:Pakistan–Turkey relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Turkey]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Pakistan|Turkey]]

Pakistanisch-türkische Beziehungen

2016-11-16T10:46:38Z

Wiki id2:

{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Pakistan-Turkey|Pakistan|Turkey|map=Pakistan Turkey Locator.svg}}
Pakistan has an embassy in [[Ankara]], a Consulate-General in [[Istanbul]] and an honorary consulate in [[Izmir]] whereas, Turkey has an embassy in [[Islamabad]], a Consulate-General in [[Karachi]] and honorary consulates in [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], [[Sialkot]] and [[Faisalabad]].

Relations date back generations before the establishment of the two states, more precisely during the [[Turkish War of Independence]] when the Muslims of the northwestern British Raj sent financial aid to the declining [[Ottoman Empire]] which was followed by the [[History of the Republic of Turkey|formation of the Turkish Republic]]. Ties which had historically remained close on nationalist and cultural grounds further deepened under President Erdogan's Islamic-rooted political approach, as he termed Pakistan "home away from home". He became the only foreign leader to address Pakistan's Parliament, the National Assembly more than once, doing so twice in four years.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/382017/pak-turkey-ties-erdogan-addresses-parliament-offers-sage-advice/</ref> As of 2016, President Erdogan has visited Pakistan 6 times, domestic politics also spillover, infamously [[Fethullah Gulen]] linked officers leaked tapes alleging corruption, while Erdogan was on a trip to Pakistan, Erdogan accused the Gulenists of sabotage while representing Turkey in a friendly nation.<ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/12/can-pakistan-save-erdogan-2013123054425345386.html</ref> Gulen-linked schools are under pressure to close and teachers have had their visas turned down at the behest of the Turkish government since the attempted coup, an indicator of Pakistan's close ties to the Turkish government.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232099/turkish-teachers-fear-deportation-asked-renew-visas/</ref> Analysts have also observed that Turkey and Pakistan enjoy close relations during both democratic and military regimes, reflecting the depth of the relations between the two nations.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232331/turkey-dependable-ally/</ref>

As a result, Pakistan and Pakistanis have enjoyed a positive perception in Turkey and amongst Turks for many decades. The two nations are in the process of strengthening economic relations with a [[Pakistan-Turkey Free Trade Agreement]] aiming to raise bilateral trade volume to $10 billion by 2020. Turkey and Pakistan have a strong defence relationship consisting of joint excercises and a substantial portion of the Pakistan Navy's fleet consisting of joint Pakistan-Turkish naval ships such as fleet tankers and fast attack craft.<ref>http://quwa.org/2016/10/30/turkey-pakistan-conduct-bilateral-naval-exercise/</ref> Pakistan supports the Turkish position on Cyprus, Azerbaijan and Armenia, as such Pakistan has no diplomatic relations with Armenia, with Turkey supporting Pakistan's position on the Kashmir dispute, including alleged human rights violations of Muslims in Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref>http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/turkey-backs-pakistans-stance-on-sending-team-to-probe-human-rights-violation-in-kashmir-2949887/</ref> As a result the two countries have enjoyed strong military and diplomatic relations which is now strengthening towards economic co-operation.

== Development of bilateral relations ==
Turkey established diplomatic relations soon after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and bilateral relations became increasingly close owing to cultural, religious and geopolitical links between the two countries.<ref name="JIA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume5/September-November2000/VolumeVN3ISTHIAQAHMAD.pdf |title=Turkey and Pakistan: Bridging the Growing Divergence |format=PDF |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> Pakistan's founder [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] expressed admiration for Turkey's founding leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and also a desire to develop Pakistan on the Turkish model of modernism. Similarly Pakistan would follow the footstep of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and [[Allama Iqbal]] to develop a modern Islamic Pakistan and all other so called ism are rejected by people of Pakistan.<ref name="CSI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0124/p01s04-wosc.html |title=A Turkish path for Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |date=24 January 2002}}</ref> Similar ideas were expressed by the former [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharraf]], who grew up in Turkey and had received extensive military training there.<ref name="CSI" /><ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2994458.stm|title=BBC NEWS – South Asia – Turkey and Pakistan boost ties|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="IP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FA22Df06.html |title=Turkey and Pakistan join forces |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> [[Jinnah]] is honoured as a great leader in Turkey, and a major road of the Turkish capital [[Ankara]], the [[Cinnah Caddesi]] is named after him, while roads in [[Islamabad]], [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], and [[Larkana]] are named after Atatürk. On 26 October 2009, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] was awarded the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] and was the fourth world leader who spoke to the Pakistani parliament. [[Erdoğan]] said that [[Pakistan]] had always occupied a special place in the hearts and minds of the Turkish government and people.

== Cultural relations ==
[[File:Shashlik ingredients.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Shashlik]], a common [[Eurasian]] dish.]]
Both Pakistan and Turkey are mutually influenced by [[Arab culture|Arab]], [[Turko-Mongol]] and [[Culture of Iran#Traditional cultural inheritors of the old Persia|Persian cultures]]. The region of [[Anatolia]] in Central and Eastern Turkey was occupied multiple times by Persian Empires which has brought Persian cultural and linguistic influence since ancient times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/persian_period.htm|title=Persian Period in Anatolia and Asia Minor|publisher=}}</ref>

The [[Indus Valley]] region of Pakistan was occupied by the [[Achaemenid empire]] going back to the fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajaonline.org/field-report/121|title=The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations at Akra in Northwest Pakistan|publisher=}}</ref>

Modern-day Turkey was home to many ancient European civilizations, including Greek. The country has many traces of cultural and historical influences from the ancient Greeks including Greek archeological sites found in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/details/History/HellenicCiv.html|title=Hellenic Civilization in Turkey|author=Tom Brosnahan, Travel Info Exchange, Inc.|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancient.eu.com/Asia_Minor/|title=Asia Minor|author=Joshua J. Mark|work=Ancient History Encyclopedia}}</ref>

Pakistan also became influenced by Greek culture and civilization, especially in the aftermath of [[Alexander the Great]]'s invasion of the region which later led to the formation of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]. [[Gandhara]] is a major site of ancient Greek legacy in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/gandhara.html|title=Gandhara Civilization|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey became a [[Turkic languages|Turkic speaking]] country as a result of [[Seljuq Empire|Seljuq occupation]] and [[Turkification]] of the region. Though Pakistan is not a Turkic-speaking country, its languages, particularly [[Urdu]], a standard register of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], is strongly influenced by the [[Chagatai language|Turkic language of the Mughals]] before it became their empire's official language. As a result, it has many loanwords from that language. The [[etymology]] of the word "Urdu" traces itself back to [[Mughal Empire|Turkic (Mughal) rule]].<ref>http://swauop.yolasite.com/urdu1.php</ref> Moreover, the common cultural influences on Pakistan and Turkey span several centuries, as many [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Iranic peoples]] ruled vast areas of [[Central Asia]], [[South Asia]] and the [[Middle East]].

The designs of clothing of the two countries also have common origins in Central Asia.

== Trade ==
[[File:Gul Interchange (2).JPG|thumb|250px|right|thumb|The Abdullah Gul Interchange near [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] in [[Lahore]], this interchange was inaugurated by the [[Turkish President]] [[Abdullah Gul]] during his visit to [[Lahore]] in 2010.]]

Turkey and Pakistan are founding members of the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] and part of the [[Developing 8 Countries]] (D-8) organization. Both nations have worked to negotiate a preferential trading agreement, aiming to considerably increase trade and investments, especially in transport, telecommunications, manufacturing, tourism and other industries.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=1677 |title=Turkey to sign PTA with Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Daily Times, Pakistan |date=16 April 2005}}</ref> Both governments have sought to increase the volume of bilateral trade from $690 million to more than $1 billion by 2010.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=102299 |title=Pakistan, Turkey discuss defence co-production |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref> Pakistani exports include rice, [[sesame seeds]], leather, textiles, fabrics, sports goods, and medical equipment. Turkey's exports to Pakistan include wheat, [[chickpeas]], [[lentils]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], chemicals, transport vehicles, machinery and energy products.<ref name="FPJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fpcci.com.pk/tradep&turk.asp |title=Trade between Pakistan & Turkey |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry}}</ref> Turkish private corporations have also invested significantly in industrial and construction projects developing highways, pipelines and canals.<ref name="JIA" /> The two countries are negotiatating the [[Turkey-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement]].

=== Train service ===
A [[container train]] service was launched by the Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Yousuf Raza Gilani]] between Islamabad and [[Istanbul]] on 14 August 2009. The first train carried 20 [[Intermodal container|containers]] with a capacity of around {{convert|750|t|LT ST|0|abbr=on}} <ref>http://www.pakistantimes.net/pt/detail.php?newsId=3343</ref> and will travel {{convert|6500|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}} from Islamabad, through [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and [[Tehran]], Iran and on to Istanbul in two weeks' time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\15\story_15-8-2009_pg7_12 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |publisher=Daily Times |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Railways (Pakistan)|Minister for Railways]] [[Ghulam Ahmad Bilour]], after the trial of the container train service, a passenger train will be launched.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+gilani+launches+trial+phase+of+islamabad-istanbul+train+service-za-06 |title=Pakistan | PM launches trial phase of Pak-Turkey train service |publisher=Dawn.Com |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> There are also hopes the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia, and carry passengers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8201934.stm |title=Pakistan–Turkey rail trial starts |accessdate=16 August 2009 |publisher=BBC News |date=14 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/news/news61296.html|title=Pakistan Plans Passenger Rail Between Pakistan, Iran and Turkey|work=Railway Technology}}</ref>

== Strategic ties ==
Both nations were part of [[Cold War]] alliance called the [[Central Treaty Organization]]. Its goal was to [[containment|contain]] the [[Soviet Union]] ([[USSR]]) by having a line of strong states along the USSR's southern frontiers. Military contacts remain resolute, uncompromising and stalwart as ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/7569/turkey-pakistan-ties-indias-loss-is-chinas-gain|title=Turkey-Pakistan close ties |publisher=World Politics Review}}</ref>

== Trilateral Ankara cooperation process ==
Turkey launched a trilateral summit process between the two states and [[Afghanistan]] in February 2007, following a visit by then [[Turkish Foreign Minister]] [[Abdullah Gül]] to [[Islamabad]], as the backbone of its diversified foreign policy in Southeast Asia and Pakistani deputy [[Humair Hayat Khan Rokhri]] confirmed that according to Gül “we are all brothers who need to support each other,” in order to, “bring security and stability to the region.”<ref name=TZ090507>{{cite news
|url=
|date=7 May 2009
|title=Turkey, Afghanistan and Pakistan solidify cooperation
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

An 1 April 2009 meeting between Pakistani and Afghan leaders, conducted as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, saw the three countries pledged to increase coordination between their political, military and intelligence tiers in the fight against militancy and terrorism. Chairman of the Turkish–Pakistani Friendship Association Burhan Kayatürk has stated that, “It is the first time that the military and intelligence chiefs of Afghanistan and Pakistan have attended the trilateral summit, which is a reflection of the deeper commitment to work together.”<ref name=TZ090506b>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Concerned Turkish deputy calls for active engagement in Pakistan
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

At the 17 April 2009 [[Friends of Pakistan]] Tokyo Donors Conference, Turkish State Minister [[Mehmet Aydın]] pledged $100 million to Pakistan for infrastructure, health and education projects. Turkish Parliamentary Deputy Kayatürk has called on neighbouring countries, including India, to make similar commitments as “It is in their interests to see a stable Pakistan; otherwise violence will spill over into their territory.”<ref name=TZ090506b />

Pakistani and [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] parliamentary deputies came together in [[Ankara]] on 5 May 2009, as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, where they met with the now [[Turkish President]] Gül and new Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] to discuss a variety of issues. Head of the Turkish Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission Murat Mercan stated; <blockquote>“Today we need cooperation between our countries more than ever. I believe Turkey, having historical brotherhood relations with both, is in a special position to improve and deepen this cooperation. Turkey is confident that the cooperation to be established between Afghanistan and Pakistan will help a lot to solve the problems.”<ref name=TZ090506a>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Afghan, Pakistani lawmakers meet in Turkish Parliament
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
}}</ref></blockquote> Chairman of the Pakistani Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission [[Asfandyar Wali Khan]] conveyed his thanks and stated,
:''“We need Turkey’s support to build stability in the region.”''

Mercan concluded,
:''“We are finally on the verge of institutionalising the trilateral Ankara cooperation process within the framework of parliamentary joint initiatives,”'' with follow-up meetings due to be held in Islamabad and [[Kabul]] at four-month intervals.”

== Military relations ==
Pakistan and Turkey have maintained long-standing military ties with Turkey also providing training to Pakistani air force officers in upgrading its [[F-16]] fleet.<ref name="IP" /> On 2 April 1954, Pakistan and Turkey signed a [[treaty]] of friendship and cooperation. Both countries, valued as important states in their regions, joined the U.S.-led [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) aimed to bolster military and strategic cooperation and counter the spread of communism and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] influence in the region.<ref name="VA">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=34|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Turkey has openly supported Pakistan's stance on the [[Kashmir conflict]]. Ankara, further, recognizes Jammu and Kashmir, as part of Pakistan, with which it endeavours to 'spice up' bilateral relations, and the Turkish ambassador to Pakistan spent nearly a week in [[Muzaffarabad]], the capital of Azad Kashmir (Pakistani Administrated Kashmir), in order to show Turkish solidarity with the Pakistanis in regards to Kashmir and maintained political and military support during its [[Wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan|wars with India]].<ref name="VA" /><ref name="VA2">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=109|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] Press |year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Pakistan has reciprocated by expressing support for Turkey's policy on [[Northern Cyprus]].<ref name="X" /><ref name="DQ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |title=Pakistan, Turkey to cooperate in defence industry |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018202001/http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |archivedate=18 October 2006 }}</ref> Both nations have sought to expand cooperation to fight terrorism.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X" /> Both countries are also members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]].

Turkey is also currently a major arms seller to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/features/featureturkeys-formidable-defence-industry-rising-star-or-natos-unruly-ally-4207115/|title=Turkey’s formidable defence industry – rising star or NATO’s unruly ally?|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey previously purchased arms from Pakistan<ref>James Ron ''Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey'' Human Rights Watch, 1995 ISBN 1-56432-161-4, 9781564321619 (page 40)</ref> and continues to purchase minor aerial weapons and components from Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2015/10/05/Pakistan-Turkey-to-improve-defense-ties/9421444052995/|title=Pakistan Turkey to cooperate on defense industry – UPI.com|date=5 October 2015|work=UPI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/145139/pakistan-delivers-parts-for-turkish-uav.html|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra Delivers First Batch of Turkish UAV Parts to Turkish Aerospace Industry|publisher=}}</ref>

== Aid exchange ==
In the aftermath of the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], Turkey stepped up its efforts to help the Pakistani people of the affected areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishembassy.com/ii/O/yardim.htm|title= Humanitarian aid to Pakistan|publisher=Turkish Embassy in Ottawa}}</ref> Turkey announced a package of $150 million for the quake-hit people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/21/top2.htm|title= Turkish aid package for Pakistan|publisher=Dawn News}}</ref> The Turkish aid organization [[Kizilay]] also constructed a mosque in Pakistans [[Azad Kashmir]] region bordering Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir. The mosque is being built in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Style in Pakistan's [[Bagh District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61352|title= Turkish Mosque in Pakistani Kashmir|publisher=World Bulletin}}</ref>

Pakistan supplied Turkey with aid during the 1999 earthquake<ref>{{cite web|url=http://img.static.reliefweb.int/report/turkey/pakistan-sends-relief-goods-turkey-quake-victims|title=Pakistan sends relief goods to Turkey for quake victims|work=ReliefWeb}}</ref> and during the 2011 [[Van earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/10/30/city/lahore/punjab-govt-sends-tents-to-turkey-earthquake-victims/|title=Punjab govt sends tents to Turkey earthquake victims|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-263115-pakistani-red-crescent-extends-help-to-earthquake-victims-in-van.html|title=Pakistani Red Crescent extends help to earthquake victims in Van|work=TodaysZaman}}</ref>

== Previous opposing ambitions ==
Both Turkey and Pakistan at times have had conflicting interests and ambitions. During the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Afghan civil war]], Turkey became a strong supporter of the [[Northern Alliance]], due to its [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]] and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] members, with which Turkey shares cultural and linguistic ties.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=JjYaRa2vtAkC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=turkey+northern+alliance+afghanistan&source=bl&ots=dANauf-68k&sig=LthO3RrDAnNbd1jnBcfaCmQSuS8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z1kuU7N24pDJAd6egJAH&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=turkey%20northern%20alliance%20afghanistan&f=false|title=Afghanistan and Central Asia|publisher=}}</ref>
Pakistan meanwhile maintained strong relations and support to the [[Taliban]] whom were ethnic [[Pashtuns]] that have ethnic ties to Pakistan's own Pashtun population as well prevent Pakistan's fears of Afghanistan falling into the control of the Northern Alliance whom were supported by Pakistan's various adversaries, including India.

This changed in late 2001 when Pakistan was under international pressure to abolish all its ties with the Taliban and re-align with the [[United States]] and [[NATO]] in the so-called "[[War on Terror]]" following the September 11 attacks in [[New York City]] and [[Washington DC]] which were directly blamed on [[Al-Queda]] and indirectly on the Taliban for sheltering them. As a result, the United States lifted all sanctions that were imposed on Pakistan following Pakistan's 1998 nuclear weapons tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2001_10/sanctionsoct01|title=Bush Waives Nuclear-Related Sanctions on India, Pakistan – Arms Control Association|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey has also supported the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]] (ETIM) in China whom are ethnic [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] that Turkey also shares cultural and linguistic ties with.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/ethno-diplomacy-uyghur-hitch-sino-turkish-relations|title=Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Xijinping_visit/2012-02/22/content_24696523.htm|title=China cautions Turkey against 'East Turkistan' forces|author=陈霞|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan [[War in North-West Pakistan|struggling with domestic Islamist insurgency]] as well as being a close and [[China–Pakistan relations|historic ally of China]] has strongly opposed the ETIM and has taken severe actions against members of [[Uyghurs in Pakistan|Uyghur communities within its borders]] even suspected of being participant in anti-Chinese activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/pakistan-08102011175506.html|title=Pakistan Deports Uyghurs|work=Radio Free Asia}}</ref>
Separately, Pakistan has killed many foreign militants in its territory during anti-Taliban/Al-Qaeda military operations amongst which were Uyghurs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/916826/uighur-leader-killed-in-pakistan-rehman-malik|title=Uighur leader killed in Pakistan: Rehman Malik|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-31-uighur-attacks-thwarted-as-pakistans-zardari-visits-xinjiang|title='Uighur attacks' thwarted as Pakistan's Zardari visits Xinjiang|author=Ben Blanchard|work=The M&G Online}}</ref> as well as Turks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/125464.html|title=German militant killed in Pakistan|publisher=Press TV}}</ref> and Uzbeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/10/world/asia/karachi-pakistan-airport-attack-taliban.html|title=Assault on Pakistan Airport Signals Taliban’s Reach and Resilience|date=10 June 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/report/uzbek-militancy-pakistans-tribal-region|title=Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan's Tribal Region|work=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mei.edu/content/turkey-pakistan-security-relations-1950s Turkey-Pakistan Security Relations since the 1950s]

{{Pakistan–Turkey relations}}
{{Foreign relations of Pakistan}}
{{Foreign relations of Turkey}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan-Turkey Relations}}
[[Category:Pakistan–Turkey relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Turkey]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Pakistan|Turkey]]

Pakistanisch-türkische Beziehungen

2016-11-15T18:30:57Z

Wiki id2:

{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Pakistan-Turkey|Pakistan|Turkey|map=Pakistan Turkey Locator.svg}}
Pakistan has an embassy in [[Ankara]], a Consulate-General in [[Istanbul]] and an honorary consulate in [[Izmir]] whereas, Turkey has an embassy in [[Islamabad]], a Consulate-General in [[Karachi]] and honorary consulates in [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], [[Sialkot]] and [[Faisalabad]].

Relations date back generations before the establishment of the two states, more precisely during the [[Turkish War of Independence]] when the Muslims of the northwestern British Raj sent financial aid to the declining [[Ottoman Empire]] which was followed by the [[History of the Republic of Turkey|formation of the Turkish Republic]]. Ties which had historically remained close on nationalist and cultural grounds further deepened under President Erdogan's Islamic-rooted political approach, as he termed Pakistan "home away from home". He became the only foreign leader to address Pakistan's Parliament, the National Assembly more than once, doing so twice in four years.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/382017/pak-turkey-ties-erdogan-addresses-parliament-offers-sage-advice/</ref> As of 2016, President Erdogan has visited Pakistan 6 times, domestic politics also spillover, infamously [[Fethullah Gulen]] linked officers leaked tapes alleging corruption, while Erdogan was on a trip to Pakistan, Erdogan accused the Gulenists of sabotage while representing Turkey in a friendly nation.<ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/12/can-pakistan-save-erdogan-2013123054425345386.html</ref> Gulen-linked schools are under pressure to close and teachers have had their visas turned down at the behest of the Turkish government since the attempted coup, an indicator of Pakistan's close ties to the Turkish government.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232099/turkish-teachers-fear-deportation-asked-renew-visas/</ref>

As a result, Pakistan and Pakistanis have enjoyed a positive perception in Turkey and amongst Turks for many decades. The two nations are in the process of strengthening economic relations with a [[Pakistan-Turkey Free Trade Agreement]] aiming to raise bilateral trade volume to $10 billion by 2020. Turkey and Pakistan have a strong defence relationship consisting of joint excercises and a substantial portion of the Pakistan Navy's fleet consisting of joint Pakistan-Turkish naval ships such as fleet tankers and fast attack craft.<ref>http://quwa.org/2016/10/30/turkey-pakistan-conduct-bilateral-naval-exercise/</ref> Pakistan supports the Turkish position on Cyprus, Azerbaijan and Armenia, as such Pakistan has no diplomatic relations with Armenia, with Turkey supporting Pakistan's position on the Kashmir dispute, including alleged human rights violations of Muslims in Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref>http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/turkey-backs-pakistans-stance-on-sending-team-to-probe-human-rights-violation-in-kashmir-2949887/</ref> As a result the two countries have enjoyed strong military and diplomatic relations which is now strengthening towards economic co-operation.

== Development of bilateral relations ==
Turkey established diplomatic relations soon after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and bilateral relations became increasingly close owing to cultural, religious and geopolitical links between the two countries.<ref name="JIA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume5/September-November2000/VolumeVN3ISTHIAQAHMAD.pdf |title=Turkey and Pakistan: Bridging the Growing Divergence |format=PDF |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> Pakistan's founder [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] expressed admiration for Turkey's founding leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and also a desire to develop Pakistan on the Turkish model of modernism. Similarly Pakistan would follow the footstep of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and [[Allama Iqbal]] to develop a modern Islamic Pakistan and all other so called ism are rejected by people of Pakistan.<ref name="CSI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0124/p01s04-wosc.html |title=A Turkish path for Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |date=24 January 2002}}</ref> Similar ideas were expressed by the former [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharraf]], who grew up in Turkey and had received extensive military training there.<ref name="CSI" /><ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2994458.stm|title=BBC NEWS – South Asia – Turkey and Pakistan boost ties|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="IP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FA22Df06.html |title=Turkey and Pakistan join forces |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> [[Jinnah]] is honoured as a great leader in Turkey, and a major road of the Turkish capital [[Ankara]], the [[Cinnah Caddesi]] is named after him, while roads in [[Islamabad]], [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], and [[Larkana]] are named after Atatürk. On 26 October 2009, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] was awarded the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] and was the fourth world leader who spoke to the Pakistani parliament. [[Erdoğan]] said that [[Pakistan]] had always occupied a special place in the hearts and minds of the Turkish government and people.

== Cultural relations ==
[[File:Shashlik ingredients.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Shashlik]], a common [[Eurasian]] dish.]]
Both Pakistan and Turkey are mutually influenced by [[Arab culture|Arab]], [[Turko-Mongol]] and [[Culture of Iran#Traditional cultural inheritors of the old Persia|Persian cultures]]. The region of [[Anatolia]] in Central and Eastern Turkey was occupied multiple times by Persian Empires which has brought Persian cultural and linguistic influence since ancient times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/persian_period.htm|title=Persian Period in Anatolia and Asia Minor|publisher=}}</ref>

The [[Indus Valley]] region of Pakistan was occupied by the [[Achaemenid empire]] going back to the fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajaonline.org/field-report/121|title=The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations at Akra in Northwest Pakistan|publisher=}}</ref>

Modern-day Turkey was home to many ancient European civilizations, including Greek. The country has many traces of cultural and historical influences from the ancient Greeks including Greek archeological sites found in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/details/History/HellenicCiv.html|title=Hellenic Civilization in Turkey|author=Tom Brosnahan, Travel Info Exchange, Inc.|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancient.eu.com/Asia_Minor/|title=Asia Minor|author=Joshua J. Mark|work=Ancient History Encyclopedia}}</ref>

Pakistan also became influenced by Greek culture and civilization, especially in the aftermath of [[Alexander the Great]]'s invasion of the region which later led to the formation of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]. [[Gandhara]] is a major site of ancient Greek legacy in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/gandhara.html|title=Gandhara Civilization|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey became a [[Turkic languages|Turkic speaking]] country as a result of [[Seljuq Empire|Seljuq occupation]] and [[Turkification]] of the region. Though Pakistan is not a Turkic-speaking country, its languages, particularly [[Urdu]], a standard register of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], is strongly influenced by the [[Chagatai language|Turkic language of the Mughals]] before it became their empire's official language. As a result, it has many loanwords from that language. The [[etymology]] of the word "Urdu" traces itself back to [[Mughal Empire|Turkic (Mughal) rule]].<ref>http://swauop.yolasite.com/urdu1.php</ref> Moreover, the common cultural influences on Pakistan and Turkey span several centuries, as many [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Iranic peoples]] ruled vast areas of [[Central Asia]], [[South Asia]] and the [[Middle East]].

The designs of clothing of the two countries also have common origins in Central Asia.

== Trade ==
[[File:Gul Interchange (2).JPG|thumb|250px|right|thumb|The Abdullah Gul Interchange near [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] in [[Lahore]], this interchange was inaugurated by the [[Turkish President]] [[Abdullah Gul]] during his visit to [[Lahore]] in 2010.]]

Turkey and Pakistan are founding members of the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] and part of the [[Developing 8 Countries]] (D-8) organization. Both nations have worked to negotiate a preferential trading agreement, aiming to considerably increase trade and investments, especially in transport, telecommunications, manufacturing, tourism and other industries.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=1677 |title=Turkey to sign PTA with Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Daily Times, Pakistan |date=16 April 2005}}</ref> Both governments have sought to increase the volume of bilateral trade from $690 million to more than $1 billion by 2010.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=102299 |title=Pakistan, Turkey discuss defence co-production |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref> Pakistani exports include rice, [[sesame seeds]], leather, textiles, fabrics, sports goods, and medical equipment. Turkey's exports to Pakistan include wheat, [[chickpeas]], [[lentils]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], chemicals, transport vehicles, machinery and energy products.<ref name="FPJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fpcci.com.pk/tradep&turk.asp |title=Trade between Pakistan & Turkey |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry}}</ref> Turkish private corporations have also invested significantly in industrial and construction projects developing highways, pipelines and canals.<ref name="JIA" /> The two countries are negotiatating the [[Turkey-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement]].

=== Train service ===
A [[container train]] service was launched by the Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Yousuf Raza Gilani]] between Islamabad and [[Istanbul]] on 14 August 2009. The first train carried 20 [[Intermodal container|containers]] with a capacity of around {{convert|750|t|LT ST|0|abbr=on}} <ref>http://www.pakistantimes.net/pt/detail.php?newsId=3343</ref> and will travel {{convert|6500|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}} from Islamabad, through [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and [[Tehran]], Iran and on to Istanbul in two weeks' time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\15\story_15-8-2009_pg7_12 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |publisher=Daily Times |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Railways (Pakistan)|Minister for Railways]] [[Ghulam Ahmad Bilour]], after the trial of the container train service, a passenger train will be launched.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+gilani+launches+trial+phase+of+islamabad-istanbul+train+service-za-06 |title=Pakistan | PM launches trial phase of Pak-Turkey train service |publisher=Dawn.Com |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> There are also hopes the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia, and carry passengers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8201934.stm |title=Pakistan–Turkey rail trial starts |accessdate=16 August 2009 |publisher=BBC News |date=14 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/news/news61296.html|title=Pakistan Plans Passenger Rail Between Pakistan, Iran and Turkey|work=Railway Technology}}</ref>

== Strategic ties ==
Both nations were part of [[Cold War]] alliance called the [[Central Treaty Organization]]. Its goal was to [[containment|contain]] the [[Soviet Union]] ([[USSR]]) by having a line of strong states along the USSR's southern frontiers. Military contacts remain resolute, uncompromising and stalwart as ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/7569/turkey-pakistan-ties-indias-loss-is-chinas-gain|title=Turkey-Pakistan close ties |publisher=World Politics Review}}</ref>

== Trilateral Ankara cooperation process ==
Turkey launched a trilateral summit process between the two states and [[Afghanistan]] in February 2007, following a visit by then [[Turkish Foreign Minister]] [[Abdullah Gül]] to [[Islamabad]], as the backbone of its diversified foreign policy in Southeast Asia and Pakistani deputy [[Humair Hayat Khan Rokhri]] confirmed that according to Gül “we are all brothers who need to support each other,” in order to, “bring security and stability to the region.”<ref name=TZ090507>{{cite news
|url=
|date=7 May 2009
|title=Turkey, Afghanistan and Pakistan solidify cooperation
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

An 1 April 2009 meeting between Pakistani and Afghan leaders, conducted as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, saw the three countries pledged to increase coordination between their political, military and intelligence tiers in the fight against militancy and terrorism. Chairman of the Turkish–Pakistani Friendship Association Burhan Kayatürk has stated that, “It is the first time that the military and intelligence chiefs of Afghanistan and Pakistan have attended the trilateral summit, which is a reflection of the deeper commitment to work together.”<ref name=TZ090506b>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Concerned Turkish deputy calls for active engagement in Pakistan
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

At the 17 April 2009 [[Friends of Pakistan]] Tokyo Donors Conference, Turkish State Minister [[Mehmet Aydın]] pledged $100 million to Pakistan for infrastructure, health and education projects. Turkish Parliamentary Deputy Kayatürk has called on neighbouring countries, including India, to make similar commitments as “It is in their interests to see a stable Pakistan; otherwise violence will spill over into their territory.”<ref name=TZ090506b />

Pakistani and [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] parliamentary deputies came together in [[Ankara]] on 5 May 2009, as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, where they met with the now [[Turkish President]] Gül and new Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] to discuss a variety of issues. Head of the Turkish Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission Murat Mercan stated; <blockquote>“Today we need cooperation between our countries more than ever. I believe Turkey, having historical brotherhood relations with both, is in a special position to improve and deepen this cooperation. Turkey is confident that the cooperation to be established between Afghanistan and Pakistan will help a lot to solve the problems.”<ref name=TZ090506a>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Afghan, Pakistani lawmakers meet in Turkish Parliament
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
}}</ref></blockquote> Chairman of the Pakistani Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission [[Asfandyar Wali Khan]] conveyed his thanks and stated,
:''“We need Turkey’s support to build stability in the region.”''

Mercan concluded,
:''“We are finally on the verge of institutionalising the trilateral Ankara cooperation process within the framework of parliamentary joint initiatives,”'' with follow-up meetings due to be held in Islamabad and [[Kabul]] at four-month intervals.”

== Military relations ==
Pakistan and Turkey have maintained long-standing military ties with Turkey also providing training to Pakistani air force officers in upgrading its [[F-16]] fleet.<ref name="IP" /> On 2 April 1954, Pakistan and Turkey signed a [[treaty]] of friendship and cooperation. Both countries, valued as important states in their regions, joined the U.S.-led [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) aimed to bolster military and strategic cooperation and counter the spread of communism and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] influence in the region.<ref name="VA">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=34|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Turkey has openly supported Pakistan's stance on the [[Kashmir conflict]]. Ankara, further, recognizes Jammu and Kashmir, as part of Pakistan, with which it endeavours to 'spice up' bilateral relations, and the Turkish ambassador to Pakistan spent nearly a week in [[Muzaffarabad]], the capital of Azad Kashmir (Pakistani Administrated Kashmir), in order to show Turkish solidarity with the Pakistanis in regards to Kashmir and maintained political and military support during its [[Wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan|wars with India]].<ref name="VA" /><ref name="VA2">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=109|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] Press |year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Pakistan has reciprocated by expressing support for Turkey's policy on [[Northern Cyprus]].<ref name="X" /><ref name="DQ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |title=Pakistan, Turkey to cooperate in defence industry |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018202001/http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |archivedate=18 October 2006 }}</ref> Both nations have sought to expand cooperation to fight terrorism.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X" /> Both countries are also members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]].

Turkey is also currently a major arms seller to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/features/featureturkeys-formidable-defence-industry-rising-star-or-natos-unruly-ally-4207115/|title=Turkey’s formidable defence industry – rising star or NATO’s unruly ally?|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey previously purchased arms from Pakistan<ref>James Ron ''Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey'' Human Rights Watch, 1995 ISBN 1-56432-161-4, 9781564321619 (page 40)</ref> and continues to purchase minor aerial weapons and components from Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2015/10/05/Pakistan-Turkey-to-improve-defense-ties/9421444052995/|title=Pakistan Turkey to cooperate on defense industry – UPI.com|date=5 October 2015|work=UPI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/145139/pakistan-delivers-parts-for-turkish-uav.html|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra Delivers First Batch of Turkish UAV Parts to Turkish Aerospace Industry|publisher=}}</ref>

== Aid exchange ==
In the aftermath of the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], Turkey stepped up its efforts to help the Pakistani people of the affected areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishembassy.com/ii/O/yardim.htm|title= Humanitarian aid to Pakistan|publisher=Turkish Embassy in Ottawa}}</ref> Turkey announced a package of $150 million for the quake-hit people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/21/top2.htm|title= Turkish aid package for Pakistan|publisher=Dawn News}}</ref> The Turkish aid organization [[Kizilay]] also constructed a mosque in Pakistans [[Azad Kashmir]] region bordering Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir. The mosque is being built in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Style in Pakistan's [[Bagh District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61352|title= Turkish Mosque in Pakistani Kashmir|publisher=World Bulletin}}</ref>

Pakistan supplied Turkey with aid during the 1999 earthquake<ref>{{cite web|url=http://img.static.reliefweb.int/report/turkey/pakistan-sends-relief-goods-turkey-quake-victims|title=Pakistan sends relief goods to Turkey for quake victims|work=ReliefWeb}}</ref> and during the 2011 [[Van earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/10/30/city/lahore/punjab-govt-sends-tents-to-turkey-earthquake-victims/|title=Punjab govt sends tents to Turkey earthquake victims|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-263115-pakistani-red-crescent-extends-help-to-earthquake-victims-in-van.html|title=Pakistani Red Crescent extends help to earthquake victims in Van|work=TodaysZaman}}</ref>

== Previous opposing ambitions ==
Both Turkey and Pakistan at times have had conflicting interests and ambitions. During the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Afghan civil war]], Turkey became a strong supporter of the [[Northern Alliance]], due to its [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]] and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] members, with which Turkey shares cultural and linguistic ties.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=JjYaRa2vtAkC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=turkey+northern+alliance+afghanistan&source=bl&ots=dANauf-68k&sig=LthO3RrDAnNbd1jnBcfaCmQSuS8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z1kuU7N24pDJAd6egJAH&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=turkey%20northern%20alliance%20afghanistan&f=false|title=Afghanistan and Central Asia|publisher=}}</ref>
Pakistan meanwhile maintained strong relations and support to the [[Taliban]] whom were ethnic [[Pashtuns]] that have ethnic ties to Pakistan's own Pashtun population as well prevent Pakistan's fears of Afghanistan falling into the control of the Northern Alliance whom were supported by Pakistan's various adversaries, including India.

This changed in late 2001 when Pakistan was under international pressure to abolish all its ties with the Taliban and re-align with the [[United States]] and [[NATO]] in the so-called "[[War on Terror]]" following the September 11 attacks in [[New York City]] and [[Washington DC]] which were directly blamed on [[Al-Queda]] and indirectly on the Taliban for sheltering them. As a result, the United States lifted all sanctions that were imposed on Pakistan following Pakistan's 1998 nuclear weapons tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2001_10/sanctionsoct01|title=Bush Waives Nuclear-Related Sanctions on India, Pakistan – Arms Control Association|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey has also supported the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]] (ETIM) in China whom are ethnic [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] that Turkey also shares cultural and linguistic ties with.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/ethno-diplomacy-uyghur-hitch-sino-turkish-relations|title=Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Xijinping_visit/2012-02/22/content_24696523.htm|title=China cautions Turkey against 'East Turkistan' forces|author=陈霞|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan [[War in North-West Pakistan|struggling with domestic Islamist insurgency]] as well as being a close and [[China–Pakistan relations|historic ally of China]] has strongly opposed the ETIM and has taken severe actions against members of [[Uyghurs in Pakistan|Uyghur communities within its borders]] even suspected of being participant in anti-Chinese activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/pakistan-08102011175506.html|title=Pakistan Deports Uyghurs|work=Radio Free Asia}}</ref>
Separately, Pakistan has killed many foreign militants in its territory during anti-Taliban/Al-Qaeda military operations amongst which were Uyghurs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/916826/uighur-leader-killed-in-pakistan-rehman-malik|title=Uighur leader killed in Pakistan: Rehman Malik|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-31-uighur-attacks-thwarted-as-pakistans-zardari-visits-xinjiang|title='Uighur attacks' thwarted as Pakistan's Zardari visits Xinjiang|author=Ben Blanchard|work=The M&G Online}}</ref> as well as Turks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/125464.html|title=German militant killed in Pakistan|publisher=Press TV}}</ref> and Uzbeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/10/world/asia/karachi-pakistan-airport-attack-taliban.html|title=Assault on Pakistan Airport Signals Taliban’s Reach and Resilience|date=10 June 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/report/uzbek-militancy-pakistans-tribal-region|title=Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan's Tribal Region|work=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mei.edu/content/turkey-pakistan-security-relations-1950s Turkey-Pakistan Security Relations since the 1950s]

{{Pakistan–Turkey relations}}
{{Foreign relations of Pakistan}}
{{Foreign relations of Turkey}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan-Turkey Relations}}
[[Category:Pakistan–Turkey relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Turkey]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Pakistan|Turkey]]

Pakistanisch-türkische Beziehungen

2016-11-15T18:24:09Z

Wiki id2:

{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Pakistan-Turkey|Pakistan|Turkey|map=Pakistan Turkey Locator.svg}}
Pakistan has an embassy in [[Ankara]], a Consulate-General in [[Istanbul]] and an honorary consulate in [[Izmir]] whereas, Turkey has an embassy in [[Islamabad]], a Consulate-General in [[Karachi]] and honorary consulates in [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], [[Sialkot]] and [[Faisalabad]].

Relations date back generations before the establishment of the two states, more precisely during the [[Turkish War of Independence]] when the Muslims of the northwestern British Raj sent financial aid to the declining [[Ottoman Empire]] which was followed by the [[History of the Republic of Turkey|formation of the Turkish Republic]]. Ties which had historically remained close on nationalist and cultural grounds further deepened under President Erdogan's Islamic-rooted political approach, as he termed Pakistan "home away from home". He became the only foreign leader to address Pakistan's Parliament, the National Assembly more than once, doing so twice in four years. As of 2016, President Erdogan has visited Pakistan 6 times, domestic politics also spillover, infamously [[Fethullah Gulen]] linked officers leaked tapes alleging corruption, while Erdogan was on a trip to Pakistan, Erdogan accused the Gulenists of sabotage while representing Turkey in a friendly nation.<ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/12/can-pakistan-save-erdogan-2013123054425345386.html</ref><ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/382017/pak-turkey-ties-erdogan-addresses-parliament-offers-sage-advice/</ref> Gulen-linked schools are under pressure to close and teachers have had their visas turned down at the behest of the Turkish government since the attempted coup, an indicator of Pakistan's close ties to the Turkish government.<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/1232099/turkish-teachers-fear-deportation-asked-renew-visas/</ref>

As a result, Pakistan and Pakistanis have enjoyed a positive perception in Turkey and amongst Turks for many decades. The two nations are in the process of strengthening economic relations with a [[Pakistan-Turkey Free Trade Agreement]] aiming to raise bilateral trade volume to $10 billion by 2020. Turkey and Pakistan have a strong defence relationship consisting of joint excercises and a substantial portion of the Pakistan Navy's fleet consisting of joint Pakistan-Turkish naval ships such as fleet tankers and fast attack craft.<ref>http://quwa.org/2016/10/30/turkey-pakistan-conduct-bilateral-naval-exercise/</ref> Pakistan supports the Turkish position on Cyprus, Azerbaijan and Armenia, as such Pakistan has no diplomatic relations with Armenia, with Turkey supporting Pakistan's position on the Kashmir dispute, including alleged human rights violations of Muslims in Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref>http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/turkey-backs-pakistans-stance-on-sending-team-to-probe-human-rights-violation-in-kashmir-2949887/</ref> As a result the two countries have enjoyed strong military and diplomatic relations which is now strengthening towards economic co-operation.

== Development of bilateral relations ==
Turkey established diplomatic relations soon after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and bilateral relations became increasingly close owing to cultural, religious and geopolitical links between the two countries.<ref name="JIA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume5/September-November2000/VolumeVN3ISTHIAQAHMAD.pdf |title=Turkey and Pakistan: Bridging the Growing Divergence |format=PDF |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> Pakistan's founder [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] expressed admiration for Turkey's founding leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and also a desire to develop Pakistan on the Turkish model of modernism. Similarly Pakistan would follow the footstep of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and [[Allama Iqbal]] to develop a modern Islamic Pakistan and all other so called ism are rejected by people of Pakistan.<ref name="CSI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0124/p01s04-wosc.html |title=A Turkish path for Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |date=24 January 2002}}</ref> Similar ideas were expressed by the former [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharraf]], who grew up in Turkey and had received extensive military training there.<ref name="CSI" /><ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2994458.stm|title=BBC NEWS – South Asia – Turkey and Pakistan boost ties|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="IP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FA22Df06.html |title=Turkey and Pakistan join forces |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> [[Jinnah]] is honoured as a great leader in Turkey, and a major road of the Turkish capital [[Ankara]], the [[Cinnah Caddesi]] is named after him, while roads in [[Islamabad]], [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], and [[Larkana]] are named after Atatürk. On 26 October 2009, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] was awarded the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] and was the fourth world leader who spoke to the Pakistani parliament. [[Erdoğan]] said that [[Pakistan]] had always occupied a special place in the hearts and minds of the Turkish government and people.

== Cultural relations ==
[[File:Shashlik ingredients.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Shashlik]], a common [[Eurasian]] dish.]]
Both Pakistan and Turkey are mutually influenced by [[Arab culture|Arab]], [[Turko-Mongol]] and [[Culture of Iran#Traditional cultural inheritors of the old Persia|Persian cultures]]. The region of [[Anatolia]] in Central and Eastern Turkey was occupied multiple times by Persian Empires which has brought Persian cultural and linguistic influence since ancient times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/persian_period.htm|title=Persian Period in Anatolia and Asia Minor|publisher=}}</ref>

The [[Indus Valley]] region of Pakistan was occupied by the [[Achaemenid empire]] going back to the fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajaonline.org/field-report/121|title=The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations at Akra in Northwest Pakistan|publisher=}}</ref>

Modern-day Turkey was home to many ancient European civilizations, including Greek. The country has many traces of cultural and historical influences from the ancient Greeks including Greek archeological sites found in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/details/History/HellenicCiv.html|title=Hellenic Civilization in Turkey|author=Tom Brosnahan, Travel Info Exchange, Inc.|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancient.eu.com/Asia_Minor/|title=Asia Minor|author=Joshua J. Mark|work=Ancient History Encyclopedia}}</ref>

Pakistan also became influenced by Greek culture and civilization, especially in the aftermath of [[Alexander the Great]]'s invasion of the region which later led to the formation of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]. [[Gandhara]] is a major site of ancient Greek legacy in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/gandhara.html|title=Gandhara Civilization|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey became a [[Turkic languages|Turkic speaking]] country as a result of [[Seljuq Empire|Seljuq occupation]] and [[Turkification]] of the region. Though Pakistan is not a Turkic-speaking country, its languages, particularly [[Urdu]], a standard register of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], is strongly influenced by the [[Chagatai language|Turkic language of the Mughals]] before it became their empire's official language. As a result, it has many loanwords from that language. The [[etymology]] of the word "Urdu" traces itself back to [[Mughal Empire|Turkic (Mughal) rule]].<ref>http://swauop.yolasite.com/urdu1.php</ref> Moreover, the common cultural influences on Pakistan and Turkey span several centuries, as many [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Iranic peoples]] ruled vast areas of [[Central Asia]], [[South Asia]] and the [[Middle East]].

The designs of clothing of the two countries also have common origins in Central Asia.

== Trade ==
[[File:Gul Interchange (2).JPG|thumb|250px|right|thumb|The Abdullah Gul Interchange near [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] in [[Lahore]], this interchange was inaugurated by the [[Turkish President]] [[Abdullah Gul]] during his visit to [[Lahore]] in 2010.]]

Turkey and Pakistan are founding members of the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] and part of the [[Developing 8 Countries]] (D-8) organization. Both nations have worked to negotiate a preferential trading agreement, aiming to considerably increase trade and investments, especially in transport, telecommunications, manufacturing, tourism and other industries.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=1677 |title=Turkey to sign PTA with Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Daily Times, Pakistan |date=16 April 2005}}</ref> Both governments have sought to increase the volume of bilateral trade from $690 million to more than $1 billion by 2010.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=102299 |title=Pakistan, Turkey discuss defence co-production |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref> Pakistani exports include rice, [[sesame seeds]], leather, textiles, fabrics, sports goods, and medical equipment. Turkey's exports to Pakistan include wheat, [[chickpeas]], [[lentils]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], chemicals, transport vehicles, machinery and energy products.<ref name="FPJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fpcci.com.pk/tradep&turk.asp |title=Trade between Pakistan & Turkey |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry}}</ref> Turkish private corporations have also invested significantly in industrial and construction projects developing highways, pipelines and canals.<ref name="JIA" /> The two countries are negotiatating the [[Turkey-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement]].

=== Train service ===
A [[container train]] service was launched by the Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Yousuf Raza Gilani]] between Islamabad and [[Istanbul]] on 14 August 2009. The first train carried 20 [[Intermodal container|containers]] with a capacity of around {{convert|750|t|LT ST|0|abbr=on}} <ref>http://www.pakistantimes.net/pt/detail.php?newsId=3343</ref> and will travel {{convert|6500|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}} from Islamabad, through [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and [[Tehran]], Iran and on to Istanbul in two weeks' time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\15\story_15-8-2009_pg7_12 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |publisher=Daily Times |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Railways (Pakistan)|Minister for Railways]] [[Ghulam Ahmad Bilour]], after the trial of the container train service, a passenger train will be launched.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+gilani+launches+trial+phase+of+islamabad-istanbul+train+service-za-06 |title=Pakistan | PM launches trial phase of Pak-Turkey train service |publisher=Dawn.Com |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> There are also hopes the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia, and carry passengers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8201934.stm |title=Pakistan–Turkey rail trial starts |accessdate=16 August 2009 |publisher=BBC News |date=14 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/news/news61296.html|title=Pakistan Plans Passenger Rail Between Pakistan, Iran and Turkey|work=Railway Technology}}</ref>

== Strategic ties ==
Both nations were part of [[Cold War]] alliance called the [[Central Treaty Organization]]. Its goal was to [[containment|contain]] the [[Soviet Union]] ([[USSR]]) by having a line of strong states along the USSR's southern frontiers. Military contacts remain resolute, uncompromising and stalwart as ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/7569/turkey-pakistan-ties-indias-loss-is-chinas-gain|title=Turkey-Pakistan close ties |publisher=World Politics Review}}</ref>

== Trilateral Ankara cooperation process ==
Turkey launched a trilateral summit process between the two states and [[Afghanistan]] in February 2007, following a visit by then [[Turkish Foreign Minister]] [[Abdullah Gül]] to [[Islamabad]], as the backbone of its diversified foreign policy in Southeast Asia and Pakistani deputy [[Humair Hayat Khan Rokhri]] confirmed that according to Gül “we are all brothers who need to support each other,” in order to, “bring security and stability to the region.”<ref name=TZ090507>{{cite news
|url=
|date=7 May 2009
|title=Turkey, Afghanistan and Pakistan solidify cooperation
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

An 1 April 2009 meeting between Pakistani and Afghan leaders, conducted as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, saw the three countries pledged to increase coordination between their political, military and intelligence tiers in the fight against militancy and terrorism. Chairman of the Turkish–Pakistani Friendship Association Burhan Kayatürk has stated that, “It is the first time that the military and intelligence chiefs of Afghanistan and Pakistan have attended the trilateral summit, which is a reflection of the deeper commitment to work together.”<ref name=TZ090506b>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Concerned Turkish deputy calls for active engagement in Pakistan
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

At the 17 April 2009 [[Friends of Pakistan]] Tokyo Donors Conference, Turkish State Minister [[Mehmet Aydın]] pledged $100 million to Pakistan for infrastructure, health and education projects. Turkish Parliamentary Deputy Kayatürk has called on neighbouring countries, including India, to make similar commitments as “It is in their interests to see a stable Pakistan; otherwise violence will spill over into their territory.”<ref name=TZ090506b />

Pakistani and [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] parliamentary deputies came together in [[Ankara]] on 5 May 2009, as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, where they met with the now [[Turkish President]] Gül and new Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] to discuss a variety of issues. Head of the Turkish Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission Murat Mercan stated; <blockquote>“Today we need cooperation between our countries more than ever. I believe Turkey, having historical brotherhood relations with both, is in a special position to improve and deepen this cooperation. Turkey is confident that the cooperation to be established between Afghanistan and Pakistan will help a lot to solve the problems.”<ref name=TZ090506a>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Afghan, Pakistani lawmakers meet in Turkish Parliament
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
}}</ref></blockquote> Chairman of the Pakistani Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission [[Asfandyar Wali Khan]] conveyed his thanks and stated,
:''“We need Turkey’s support to build stability in the region.”''

Mercan concluded,
:''“We are finally on the verge of institutionalising the trilateral Ankara cooperation process within the framework of parliamentary joint initiatives,”'' with follow-up meetings due to be held in Islamabad and [[Kabul]] at four-month intervals.”

== Military relations ==
Pakistan and Turkey have maintained long-standing military ties with Turkey also providing training to Pakistani air force officers in upgrading its [[F-16]] fleet.<ref name="IP" /> On 2 April 1954, Pakistan and Turkey signed a [[treaty]] of friendship and cooperation. Both countries, valued as important states in their regions, joined the U.S.-led [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) aimed to bolster military and strategic cooperation and counter the spread of communism and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] influence in the region.<ref name="VA">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=34|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Turkey has openly supported Pakistan's stance on the [[Kashmir conflict]]. Ankara, further, recognizes Jammu and Kashmir, as part of Pakistan, with which it endeavours to 'spice up' bilateral relations, and the Turkish ambassador to Pakistan spent nearly a week in [[Muzaffarabad]], the capital of Azad Kashmir (Pakistani Administrated Kashmir), in order to show Turkish solidarity with the Pakistanis in regards to Kashmir and maintained political and military support during its [[Wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan|wars with India]].<ref name="VA" /><ref name="VA2">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=109|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] Press |year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Pakistan has reciprocated by expressing support for Turkey's policy on [[Northern Cyprus]].<ref name="X" /><ref name="DQ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |title=Pakistan, Turkey to cooperate in defence industry |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018202001/http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |archivedate=18 October 2006 }}</ref> Both nations have sought to expand cooperation to fight terrorism.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X" /> Both countries are also members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]].

Turkey is also currently a major arms seller to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/features/featureturkeys-formidable-defence-industry-rising-star-or-natos-unruly-ally-4207115/|title=Turkey’s formidable defence industry – rising star or NATO’s unruly ally?|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey previously purchased arms from Pakistan<ref>James Ron ''Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey'' Human Rights Watch, 1995 ISBN 1-56432-161-4, 9781564321619 (page 40)</ref> and continues to purchase minor aerial weapons and components from Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2015/10/05/Pakistan-Turkey-to-improve-defense-ties/9421444052995/|title=Pakistan Turkey to cooperate on defense industry – UPI.com|date=5 October 2015|work=UPI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/145139/pakistan-delivers-parts-for-turkish-uav.html|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra Delivers First Batch of Turkish UAV Parts to Turkish Aerospace Industry|publisher=}}</ref>

== Aid exchange ==
In the aftermath of the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], Turkey stepped up its efforts to help the Pakistani people of the affected areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishembassy.com/ii/O/yardim.htm|title= Humanitarian aid to Pakistan|publisher=Turkish Embassy in Ottawa}}</ref> Turkey announced a package of $150 million for the quake-hit people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/21/top2.htm|title= Turkish aid package for Pakistan|publisher=Dawn News}}</ref> The Turkish aid organization [[Kizilay]] also constructed a mosque in Pakistans [[Azad Kashmir]] region bordering Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir. The mosque is being built in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Style in Pakistan's [[Bagh District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61352|title= Turkish Mosque in Pakistani Kashmir|publisher=World Bulletin}}</ref>

Pakistan supplied Turkey with aid during the 1999 earthquake<ref>{{cite web|url=http://img.static.reliefweb.int/report/turkey/pakistan-sends-relief-goods-turkey-quake-victims|title=Pakistan sends relief goods to Turkey for quake victims|work=ReliefWeb}}</ref> and during the 2011 [[Van earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/10/30/city/lahore/punjab-govt-sends-tents-to-turkey-earthquake-victims/|title=Punjab govt sends tents to Turkey earthquake victims|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-263115-pakistani-red-crescent-extends-help-to-earthquake-victims-in-van.html|title=Pakistani Red Crescent extends help to earthquake victims in Van|work=TodaysZaman}}</ref>

== Previous opposing ambitions ==
Both Turkey and Pakistan at times have had conflicting interests and ambitions. During the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Afghan civil war]], Turkey became a strong supporter of the [[Northern Alliance]], due to its [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]] and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] members, with which Turkey shares cultural and linguistic ties.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=JjYaRa2vtAkC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=turkey+northern+alliance+afghanistan&source=bl&ots=dANauf-68k&sig=LthO3RrDAnNbd1jnBcfaCmQSuS8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z1kuU7N24pDJAd6egJAH&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=turkey%20northern%20alliance%20afghanistan&f=false|title=Afghanistan and Central Asia|publisher=}}</ref>
Pakistan meanwhile maintained strong relations and support to the [[Taliban]] whom were ethnic [[Pashtuns]] that have ethnic ties to Pakistan's own Pashtun population as well prevent Pakistan's fears of Afghanistan falling into the control of the Northern Alliance whom were supported by Pakistan's various adversaries, including India.

This changed in late 2001 when Pakistan was under international pressure to abolish all its ties with the Taliban and re-align with the [[United States]] and [[NATO]] in the so-called "[[War on Terror]]" following the September 11 attacks in [[New York City]] and [[Washington DC]] which were directly blamed on [[Al-Queda]] and indirectly on the Taliban for sheltering them. As a result, the United States lifted all sanctions that were imposed on Pakistan following Pakistan's 1998 nuclear weapons tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2001_10/sanctionsoct01|title=Bush Waives Nuclear-Related Sanctions on India, Pakistan – Arms Control Association|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey has also supported the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]] (ETIM) in China whom are ethnic [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] that Turkey also shares cultural and linguistic ties with.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/ethno-diplomacy-uyghur-hitch-sino-turkish-relations|title=Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Xijinping_visit/2012-02/22/content_24696523.htm|title=China cautions Turkey against 'East Turkistan' forces|author=陈霞|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan [[War in North-West Pakistan|struggling with domestic Islamist insurgency]] as well as being a close and [[China–Pakistan relations|historic ally of China]] has strongly opposed the ETIM and has taken severe actions against members of [[Uyghurs in Pakistan|Uyghur communities within its borders]] even suspected of being participant in anti-Chinese activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/pakistan-08102011175506.html|title=Pakistan Deports Uyghurs|work=Radio Free Asia}}</ref>
Separately, Pakistan has killed many foreign militants in its territory during anti-Taliban/Al-Qaeda military operations amongst which were Uyghurs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/916826/uighur-leader-killed-in-pakistan-rehman-malik|title=Uighur leader killed in Pakistan: Rehman Malik|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-31-uighur-attacks-thwarted-as-pakistans-zardari-visits-xinjiang|title='Uighur attacks' thwarted as Pakistan's Zardari visits Xinjiang|author=Ben Blanchard|work=The M&G Online}}</ref> as well as Turks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/125464.html|title=German militant killed in Pakistan|publisher=Press TV}}</ref> and Uzbeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/10/world/asia/karachi-pakistan-airport-attack-taliban.html|title=Assault on Pakistan Airport Signals Taliban’s Reach and Resilience|date=10 June 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/report/uzbek-militancy-pakistans-tribal-region|title=Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan's Tribal Region|work=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mei.edu/content/turkey-pakistan-security-relations-1950s Turkey-Pakistan Security Relations since the 1950s]

{{Pakistan–Turkey relations}}
{{Foreign relations of Pakistan}}
{{Foreign relations of Turkey}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan-Turkey Relations}}
[[Category:Pakistan–Turkey relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Turkey]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Pakistan|Turkey]]

Pakistanisch-türkische Beziehungen

2016-11-15T17:57:00Z

Wiki id2:

{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Pakistan-Turkey|Pakistan|Turkey|map=Pakistan Turkey Locator.svg}}
Pakistan has an embassy in [[Ankara]], a Consulate-General in [[Istanbul]] and an honorary consulate in [[Izmir]] whereas, Turkey has an embassy in [[Islamabad]], a Consulate-General in [[Karachi]] and honorary consulates in [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], [[Sialkot]] and [[Faisalabad]].

Relations date back generations before the establishment of the two states, more precisely during the [[Turkish War of Independence]] when the Muslims of the northwestern British Raj sent financial aid to the declining [[Ottoman Empire]] which was followed by the [[History of the Republic of Turkey|formation of the Turkish Republic]]. Ties which had historically remained close on nationalist and cultural grounds further deepened under President Erdogan's Islamic-rooted political approach, as he termed Pakistan "home away from home". He became the only foreign leader to address Pakistan's Parliament, the National Assembly more than once, doing so twice in four years. As of 2016, President Erdogan has visited Pakistan 6 times, domestic politics also spillsover, infamously [[Fethullah Gulen]] linked officers leaked tapes alleging corruption, while Erdogan was on a trip to Pakistan, Erdogan accused the Gulenists of sabotage while representing Turkey in a friendly nation.<ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/12/can-pakistan-save-erdogan-2013123054425345386.html</ref><ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/382017/pak-turkey-ties-erdogan-addresses-parliament-offers-sage-advice/</ref>

As a result, Pakistan and Pakistanis have enjoyed a positive perception in Turkey and amongst Turks for many decades. The two nations are in the process of strengthening economic relations with a [[Pakistan-Turkey Free Trade Agreement]] aiming to raise bilateral trade volume to $10 billion by 2020. Turkey and Pakistan have a strong defence relationship consisting of joint excercises and a substantial portion of the Pakistan Navy's fleet consisting of joint Pakistan-Turkish naval ships such as fleet tankers and fast attack craft.<ref>http://quwa.org/2016/10/30/turkey-pakistan-conduct-bilateral-naval-exercise/</ref> Pakistan supports the Turkish position on Cyprus, Azerbaijan and Armenia, as such Pakistan has no diplomatic relations with Armenia, with Turkey supporting Pakistan's position on the Kashmir dispute, including alleged human rights violations of Muslims in Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref>http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/turkey-backs-pakistans-stance-on-sending-team-to-probe-human-rights-violation-in-kashmir-2949887/</ref> As a result the two countries have enjoyed strong military and diplomatic relations which is now strengthening towards economic co-operation.

== Development of bilateral relations ==
Turkey established diplomatic relations soon after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and bilateral relations became increasingly close owing to cultural, religious and geopolitical links between the two countries.<ref name="JIA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume5/September-November2000/VolumeVN3ISTHIAQAHMAD.pdf |title=Turkey and Pakistan: Bridging the Growing Divergence |format=PDF |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> Pakistan's founder [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] expressed admiration for Turkey's founding leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and also a desire to develop Pakistan on the Turkish model of modernism. Similarly Pakistan would follow the footstep of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and [[Allama Iqbal]] to develop a modern Islamic Pakistan and all other so called ism are rejected by people of Pakistan.<ref name="CSI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0124/p01s04-wosc.html |title=A Turkish path for Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |date=24 January 2002}}</ref> Similar ideas were expressed by the former [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharraf]], who grew up in Turkey and had received extensive military training there.<ref name="CSI" /><ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2994458.stm|title=BBC NEWS – South Asia – Turkey and Pakistan boost ties|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="IP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FA22Df06.html |title=Turkey and Pakistan join forces |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> [[Jinnah]] is honoured as a great leader in Turkey, and a major road of the Turkish capital [[Ankara]], the [[Cinnah Caddesi]] is named after him, while roads in [[Islamabad]], [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], and [[Larkana]] are named after Atatürk. On 26 October 2009, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] was awarded the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] and was the fourth world leader who spoke to the Pakistani parliament. [[Erdoğan]] said that [[Pakistan]] had always occupied a special place in the hearts and minds of the Turkish government and people.

== Cultural relations ==
[[File:Shashlik ingredients.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Shashlik]], a common [[Eurasian]] dish.]]
Both Pakistan and Turkey are mutually influenced by [[Arab culture|Arab]], [[Turko-Mongol]] and [[Culture of Iran#Traditional cultural inheritors of the old Persia|Persian cultures]]. The region of [[Anatolia]] in Central and Eastern Turkey was occupied multiple times by Persian Empires which has brought Persian cultural and linguistic influence since ancient times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/persian_period.htm|title=Persian Period in Anatolia and Asia Minor|publisher=}}</ref>

The [[Indus Valley]] region of Pakistan was occupied by the [[Achaemenid empire]] going back to the fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajaonline.org/field-report/121|title=The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations at Akra in Northwest Pakistan|publisher=}}</ref>

Modern-day Turkey was home to many ancient European civilizations, including Greek. The country has many traces of cultural and historical influences from the ancient Greeks including Greek archeological sites found in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/details/History/HellenicCiv.html|title=Hellenic Civilization in Turkey|author=Tom Brosnahan, Travel Info Exchange, Inc.|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancient.eu.com/Asia_Minor/|title=Asia Minor|author=Joshua J. Mark|work=Ancient History Encyclopedia}}</ref>

Pakistan also became influenced by Greek culture and civilization, especially in the aftermath of [[Alexander the Great]]'s invasion of the region which later led to the formation of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]. [[Gandhara]] is a major site of ancient Greek legacy in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/gandhara.html|title=Gandhara Civilization|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey became a [[Turkic languages|Turkic speaking]] country as a result of [[Seljuq Empire|Seljuq occupation]] and [[Turkification]] of the region. Though Pakistan is not a Turkic-speaking country, its languages, particularly [[Urdu]], a standard register of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], is strongly influenced by the [[Chagatai language|Turkic language of the Mughals]] before it became their empire's official language. As a result, it has many loanwords from that language. The [[etymology]] of the word "Urdu" traces itself back to [[Mughal Empire|Turkic (Mughal) rule]].<ref>http://swauop.yolasite.com/urdu1.php</ref> Moreover, the common cultural influences on Pakistan and Turkey span several centuries, as many [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Iranic peoples]] ruled vast areas of [[Central Asia]], [[South Asia]] and the [[Middle East]].

The designs of clothing of the two countries also have common origins in Central Asia.

== Trade ==
[[File:Gul Interchange (2).JPG|thumb|250px|right|thumb|The Abdullah Gul Interchange near [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] in [[Lahore]], this interchange was inaugurated by the [[Turkish President]] [[Abdullah Gul]] during his visit to [[Lahore]] in 2010.]]

Turkey and Pakistan are founding members of the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] and part of the [[Developing 8 Countries]] (D-8) organization. Both nations have worked to negotiate a preferential trading agreement, aiming to considerably increase trade and investments, especially in transport, telecommunications, manufacturing, tourism and other industries.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=1677 |title=Turkey to sign PTA with Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Daily Times, Pakistan |date=16 April 2005}}</ref> Both governments have sought to increase the volume of bilateral trade from $690 million to more than $1 billion by 2010.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=102299 |title=Pakistan, Turkey discuss defence co-production |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref> Pakistani exports include rice, [[sesame seeds]], leather, textiles, fabrics, sports goods, and medical equipment. Turkey's exports to Pakistan include wheat, [[chickpeas]], [[lentils]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], chemicals, transport vehicles, machinery and energy products.<ref name="FPJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fpcci.com.pk/tradep&turk.asp |title=Trade between Pakistan & Turkey |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry}}</ref> Turkish private corporations have also invested significantly in industrial and construction projects developing highways, pipelines and canals.<ref name="JIA" /> The two countries are negotiatating the [[Turkey-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement]].

=== Train service ===
A [[container train]] service was launched by the Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Yousuf Raza Gilani]] between Islamabad and [[Istanbul]] on 14 August 2009. The first train carried 20 [[Intermodal container|containers]] with a capacity of around {{convert|750|t|LT ST|0|abbr=on}} <ref>http://www.pakistantimes.net/pt/detail.php?newsId=3343</ref> and will travel {{convert|6500|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}} from Islamabad, through [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and [[Tehran]], Iran and on to Istanbul in two weeks' time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\15\story_15-8-2009_pg7_12 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |publisher=Daily Times |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Railways (Pakistan)|Minister for Railways]] [[Ghulam Ahmad Bilour]], after the trial of the container train service, a passenger train will be launched.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+gilani+launches+trial+phase+of+islamabad-istanbul+train+service-za-06 |title=Pakistan | PM launches trial phase of Pak-Turkey train service |publisher=Dawn.Com |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> There are also hopes the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia, and carry passengers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8201934.stm |title=Pakistan–Turkey rail trial starts |accessdate=16 August 2009 |publisher=BBC News |date=14 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/news/news61296.html|title=Pakistan Plans Passenger Rail Between Pakistan, Iran and Turkey|work=Railway Technology}}</ref>

== Strategic ties ==
Both nations were part of [[Cold War]] alliance called the [[Central Treaty Organization]]. Its goal was to [[containment|contain]] the [[Soviet Union]] ([[USSR]]) by having a line of strong states along the USSR's southern frontiers. Military contacts remain resolute, uncompromising and stalwart as ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/7569/turkey-pakistan-ties-indias-loss-is-chinas-gain|title=Turkey-Pakistan close ties |publisher=World Politics Review}}</ref>

== Trilateral Ankara cooperation process ==
Turkey launched a trilateral summit process between the two states and [[Afghanistan]] in February 2007, following a visit by then [[Turkish Foreign Minister]] [[Abdullah Gül]] to [[Islamabad]], as the backbone of its diversified foreign policy in Southeast Asia and Pakistani deputy [[Humair Hayat Khan Rokhri]] confirmed that according to Gül “we are all brothers who need to support each other,” in order to, “bring security and stability to the region.”<ref name=TZ090507>{{cite news
|url=
|date=7 May 2009
|title=Turkey, Afghanistan and Pakistan solidify cooperation
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

An 1 April 2009 meeting between Pakistani and Afghan leaders, conducted as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, saw the three countries pledged to increase coordination between their political, military and intelligence tiers in the fight against militancy and terrorism. Chairman of the Turkish–Pakistani Friendship Association Burhan Kayatürk has stated that, “It is the first time that the military and intelligence chiefs of Afghanistan and Pakistan have attended the trilateral summit, which is a reflection of the deeper commitment to work together.”<ref name=TZ090506b>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Concerned Turkish deputy calls for active engagement in Pakistan
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

At the 17 April 2009 [[Friends of Pakistan]] Tokyo Donors Conference, Turkish State Minister [[Mehmet Aydın]] pledged $100 million to Pakistan for infrastructure, health and education projects. Turkish Parliamentary Deputy Kayatürk has called on neighbouring countries, including India, to make similar commitments as “It is in their interests to see a stable Pakistan; otherwise violence will spill over into their territory.”<ref name=TZ090506b />

Pakistani and [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] parliamentary deputies came together in [[Ankara]] on 5 May 2009, as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, where they met with the now [[Turkish President]] Gül and new Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] to discuss a variety of issues. Head of the Turkish Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission Murat Mercan stated; <blockquote>“Today we need cooperation between our countries more than ever. I believe Turkey, having historical brotherhood relations with both, is in a special position to improve and deepen this cooperation. Turkey is confident that the cooperation to be established between Afghanistan and Pakistan will help a lot to solve the problems.”<ref name=TZ090506a>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Afghan, Pakistani lawmakers meet in Turkish Parliament
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
}}</ref></blockquote> Chairman of the Pakistani Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission [[Asfandyar Wali Khan]] conveyed his thanks and stated,
:''“We need Turkey’s support to build stability in the region.”''

Mercan concluded,
:''“We are finally on the verge of institutionalising the trilateral Ankara cooperation process within the framework of parliamentary joint initiatives,”'' with follow-up meetings due to be held in Islamabad and [[Kabul]] at four-month intervals.”

== Military relations ==
Pakistan and Turkey have maintained long-standing military ties with Turkey also providing training to Pakistani air force officers in upgrading its [[F-16]] fleet.<ref name="IP" /> On 2 April 1954, Pakistan and Turkey signed a [[treaty]] of friendship and cooperation. Both countries, valued as important states in their regions, joined the U.S.-led [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) aimed to bolster military and strategic cooperation and counter the spread of communism and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] influence in the region.<ref name="VA">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=34|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Turkey has openly supported Pakistan's stance on the [[Kashmir conflict]]. Ankara, further, recognizes Jammu and Kashmir, as part of Pakistan, with which it endeavours to 'spice up' bilateral relations, and the Turkish ambassador to Pakistan spent nearly a week in [[Muzaffarabad]], the capital of Azad Kashmir (Pakistani Administrated Kashmir), in order to show Turkish solidarity with the Pakistanis in regards to Kashmir and maintained political and military support during its [[Wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan|wars with India]].<ref name="VA" /><ref name="VA2">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=109|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] Press |year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Pakistan has reciprocated by expressing support for Turkey's policy on [[Northern Cyprus]].<ref name="X" /><ref name="DQ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |title=Pakistan, Turkey to cooperate in defence industry |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018202001/http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |archivedate=18 October 2006 }}</ref> Both nations have sought to expand cooperation to fight terrorism.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X" /> Both countries are also members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]].

Turkey is also currently a major arms seller to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/features/featureturkeys-formidable-defence-industry-rising-star-or-natos-unruly-ally-4207115/|title=Turkey’s formidable defence industry – rising star or NATO’s unruly ally?|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey previously purchased arms from Pakistan<ref>James Ron ''Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey'' Human Rights Watch, 1995 ISBN 1-56432-161-4, 9781564321619 (page 40)</ref> and continues to purchase minor aerial weapons and components from Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2015/10/05/Pakistan-Turkey-to-improve-defense-ties/9421444052995/|title=Pakistan Turkey to cooperate on defense industry – UPI.com|date=5 October 2015|work=UPI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/145139/pakistan-delivers-parts-for-turkish-uav.html|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra Delivers First Batch of Turkish UAV Parts to Turkish Aerospace Industry|publisher=}}</ref>

== Aid exchange ==
In the aftermath of the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], Turkey stepped up its efforts to help the Pakistani people of the affected areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishembassy.com/ii/O/yardim.htm|title= Humanitarian aid to Pakistan|publisher=Turkish Embassy in Ottawa}}</ref> Turkey announced a package of $150 million for the quake-hit people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/21/top2.htm|title= Turkish aid package for Pakistan|publisher=Dawn News}}</ref> The Turkish aid organization [[Kizilay]] also constructed a mosque in Pakistans [[Azad Kashmir]] region bordering Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir. The mosque is being built in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Style in Pakistan's [[Bagh District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61352|title= Turkish Mosque in Pakistani Kashmir|publisher=World Bulletin}}</ref>

Pakistan supplied Turkey with aid during the 1999 earthquake<ref>{{cite web|url=http://img.static.reliefweb.int/report/turkey/pakistan-sends-relief-goods-turkey-quake-victims|title=Pakistan sends relief goods to Turkey for quake victims|work=ReliefWeb}}</ref> and during the 2011 [[Van earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/10/30/city/lahore/punjab-govt-sends-tents-to-turkey-earthquake-victims/|title=Punjab govt sends tents to Turkey earthquake victims|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-263115-pakistani-red-crescent-extends-help-to-earthquake-victims-in-van.html|title=Pakistani Red Crescent extends help to earthquake victims in Van|work=TodaysZaman}}</ref>

== Previous opposing ambitions ==
Both Turkey and Pakistan at times have had conflicting interests and ambitions. During the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Afghan civil war]], Turkey became a strong supporter of the [[Northern Alliance]], due to its [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]] and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] members, with which Turkey shares cultural and linguistic ties.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=JjYaRa2vtAkC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=turkey+northern+alliance+afghanistan&source=bl&ots=dANauf-68k&sig=LthO3RrDAnNbd1jnBcfaCmQSuS8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z1kuU7N24pDJAd6egJAH&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=turkey%20northern%20alliance%20afghanistan&f=false|title=Afghanistan and Central Asia|publisher=}}</ref>
Pakistan meanwhile maintained strong relations and support to the [[Taliban]] whom were ethnic [[Pashtuns]] that have ethnic ties to Pakistan's own Pashtun population as well prevent Pakistan's fears of Afghanistan falling into the control of the Northern Alliance whom were supported by Pakistan's various adversaries, including India.

This changed in late 2001 when Pakistan was under international pressure to abolish all its ties with the Taliban and re-align with the [[United States]] and [[NATO]] in the so-called "[[War on Terror]]" following the September 11 attacks in [[New York City]] and [[Washington DC]] which were directly blamed on [[Al-Queda]] and indirectly on the Taliban for sheltering them. As a result, the United States lifted all sanctions that were imposed on Pakistan following Pakistan's 1998 nuclear weapons tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2001_10/sanctionsoct01|title=Bush Waives Nuclear-Related Sanctions on India, Pakistan – Arms Control Association|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey has also supported the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]] (ETIM) in China whom are ethnic [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] that Turkey also shares cultural and linguistic ties with.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/ethno-diplomacy-uyghur-hitch-sino-turkish-relations|title=Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Xijinping_visit/2012-02/22/content_24696523.htm|title=China cautions Turkey against 'East Turkistan' forces|author=陈霞|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan [[War in North-West Pakistan|struggling with domestic Islamist insurgency]] as well as being a close and [[China–Pakistan relations|historic ally of China]] has strongly opposed the ETIM and has taken severe actions against members of [[Uyghurs in Pakistan|Uyghur communities within its borders]] even suspected of being participant in anti-Chinese activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/pakistan-08102011175506.html|title=Pakistan Deports Uyghurs|work=Radio Free Asia}}</ref>
Separately, Pakistan has killed many foreign militants in its territory during anti-Taliban/Al-Qaeda military operations amongst which were Uyghurs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/916826/uighur-leader-killed-in-pakistan-rehman-malik|title=Uighur leader killed in Pakistan: Rehman Malik|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-31-uighur-attacks-thwarted-as-pakistans-zardari-visits-xinjiang|title='Uighur attacks' thwarted as Pakistan's Zardari visits Xinjiang|author=Ben Blanchard|work=The M&G Online}}</ref> as well as Turks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/125464.html|title=German militant killed in Pakistan|publisher=Press TV}}</ref> and Uzbeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/10/world/asia/karachi-pakistan-airport-attack-taliban.html|title=Assault on Pakistan Airport Signals Taliban’s Reach and Resilience|date=10 June 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/report/uzbek-militancy-pakistans-tribal-region|title=Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan's Tribal Region|work=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mei.edu/content/turkey-pakistan-security-relations-1950s Turkey-Pakistan Security Relations since the 1950s]

{{Pakistan–Turkey relations}}
{{Foreign relations of Pakistan}}
{{Foreign relations of Turkey}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan-Turkey Relations}}
[[Category:Pakistan–Turkey relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Turkey]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Pakistan|Turkey]]

Pakistanisch-türkische Beziehungen

2016-11-15T17:49:55Z

Wiki id2:

{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Pakistan-Turkey|Pakistan|Turkey|map=Pakistan Turkey Locator.svg}}
Pakistan has an embassy in [[Ankara]], a Consulate-General in [[Istanbul]] and an honorary consulate in [[Izmir]] whereas, Turkey has an embassy in [[Islamabad]], a Consulate-General in [[Karachi]] and honorary consulates in [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], [[Sialkot]] and [[Faisalabad]].

Relations date back generations before the establishment of the two states, more precisely during the [[Turkish War of Independence]] when the Muslims of the northwestern British Raj sent financial aid to the declining [[Ottoman Empire]] which was followed by the [[History of the Republic of Turkey|formation of the Turkish Republic]]. Ties which had historically remained close on nationalist and cultural grounds further deepened under President Erdogan's Islamic-rooted political approach, as he termed Pakistan "home away from home". He became the only foreign leader to address Pakistan's Parliament, the National Assembly more than once, doing so twice in four years. As of 2016, President Erdogan has visited Pakistan 6 times, domestic politics also spillsover, infamously [[Fethullah Gulen]] linked officers leaked tapes alleging corruption, while Erdogan was on a trip to Pakistan, Erdogan accused the Gulenists of sabotage.<ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/12/can-pakistan-save-erdogan-2013123054425345386.html</ref><ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/382017/pak-turkey-ties-erdogan-addresses-parliament-offers-sage-advice/</ref>

As a result, Pakistan and Pakistanis have enjoyed a positive perception in Turkey and amongst Turks for many decades. The two nations are in the process of strengthening economic relations with a [[Pakistan-Turkey Free Trade Agreement]] aiming to raise bilateral trade volume to $10 billion by 2020. Turkey and Pakistan have a strong defence relationship consisting of joint excercises and a substantial portion of the Pakistan Navy's fleet consisting of joint Pakistan-Turkish naval ships such as fleet tankers and fast attack craft.<ref>http://quwa.org/2016/10/30/turkey-pakistan-conduct-bilateral-naval-exercise/</ref> Pakistan supports the Turkish position on Cyprus, Azerbaijan and Armenia, as such Pakistan has no diplomatic relations with Armenia, with Turkey supporting Pakistan's position on the Kashmir dispute, including alleged human rights violations of Muslims in Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref>http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/turkey-backs-pakistans-stance-on-sending-team-to-probe-human-rights-violation-in-kashmir-2949887/</ref> As a result the two countries have enjoyed strong military and diplomatic relations which is now strengthening towards economic co-operation.

== Development of bilateral relations ==
Turkey established diplomatic relations soon after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and bilateral relations became increasingly close owing to cultural, religious and geopolitical links between the two countries.<ref name="JIA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume5/September-November2000/VolumeVN3ISTHIAQAHMAD.pdf |title=Turkey and Pakistan: Bridging the Growing Divergence |format=PDF |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> Pakistan's founder [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] expressed admiration for Turkey's founding leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and also a desire to develop Pakistan on the Turkish model of modernism. Similarly Pakistan would follow the footstep of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and [[Allama Iqbal]] to develop a modern Islamic Pakistan and all other so called ism are rejected by people of Pakistan.<ref name="CSI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0124/p01s04-wosc.html |title=A Turkish path for Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |date=24 January 2002}}</ref> Similar ideas were expressed by the former [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharraf]], who grew up in Turkey and had received extensive military training there.<ref name="CSI" /><ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2994458.stm|title=BBC NEWS – South Asia – Turkey and Pakistan boost ties|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="IP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FA22Df06.html |title=Turkey and Pakistan join forces |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> [[Jinnah]] is honoured as a great leader in Turkey, and a major road of the Turkish capital [[Ankara]], the [[Cinnah Caddesi]] is named after him, while roads in [[Islamabad]], [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], and [[Larkana]] are named after Atatürk. On 26 October 2009, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] was awarded the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] and was the fourth world leader who spoke to the Pakistani parliament. [[Erdoğan]] said that [[Pakistan]] had always occupied a special place in the hearts and minds of the Turkish government and people.

== Cultural relations ==
[[File:Shashlik ingredients.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Shashlik]], a common [[Eurasian]] dish.]]
Both Pakistan and Turkey are mutually influenced by [[Arab culture|Arab]], [[Turko-Mongol]] and [[Culture of Iran#Traditional cultural inheritors of the old Persia|Persian cultures]]. The region of [[Anatolia]] in Central and Eastern Turkey was occupied multiple times by Persian Empires which has brought Persian cultural and linguistic influence since ancient times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/persian_period.htm|title=Persian Period in Anatolia and Asia Minor|publisher=}}</ref>

The [[Indus Valley]] region of Pakistan was occupied by the [[Achaemenid empire]] going back to the fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajaonline.org/field-report/121|title=The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations at Akra in Northwest Pakistan|publisher=}}</ref>

Modern-day Turkey was home to many ancient European civilizations, including Greek. The country has many traces of cultural and historical influences from the ancient Greeks including Greek archeological sites found in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/details/History/HellenicCiv.html|title=Hellenic Civilization in Turkey|author=Tom Brosnahan, Travel Info Exchange, Inc.|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancient.eu.com/Asia_Minor/|title=Asia Minor|author=Joshua J. Mark|work=Ancient History Encyclopedia}}</ref>

Pakistan also became influenced by Greek culture and civilization, especially in the aftermath of [[Alexander the Great]]'s invasion of the region which later led to the formation of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]. [[Gandhara]] is a major site of ancient Greek legacy in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/gandhara.html|title=Gandhara Civilization|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey became a [[Turkic languages|Turkic speaking]] country as a result of [[Seljuq Empire|Seljuq occupation]] and [[Turkification]] of the region. Though Pakistan is not a Turkic-speaking country, its languages, particularly [[Urdu]], a standard register of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], is strongly influenced by the [[Chagatai language|Turkic language of the Mughals]] before it became their empire's official language. As a result, it has many loanwords from that language. The [[etymology]] of the word "Urdu" traces itself back to [[Mughal Empire|Turkic (Mughal) rule]].<ref>http://swauop.yolasite.com/urdu1.php</ref> Moreover, the common cultural influences on Pakistan and Turkey span several centuries, as many [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Iranic peoples]] ruled vast areas of [[Central Asia]], [[South Asia]] and the [[Middle East]].

The designs of clothing of the two countries also have common origins in Central Asia.

== Trade ==
[[File:Gul Interchange (2).JPG|thumb|250px|right|thumb|The Abdullah Gul Interchange near [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] in [[Lahore]], this interchange was inaugurated by the [[Turkish President]] [[Abdullah Gul]] during his visit to [[Lahore]] in 2010.]]

Turkey and Pakistan are founding members of the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] and part of the [[Developing 8 Countries]] (D-8) organization. Both nations have worked to negotiate a preferential trading agreement, aiming to considerably increase trade and investments, especially in transport, telecommunications, manufacturing, tourism and other industries.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=1677 |title=Turkey to sign PTA with Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Daily Times, Pakistan |date=16 April 2005}}</ref> Both governments have sought to increase the volume of bilateral trade from $690 million to more than $1 billion by 2010.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=102299 |title=Pakistan, Turkey discuss defence co-production |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref> Pakistani exports include rice, [[sesame seeds]], leather, textiles, fabrics, sports goods, and medical equipment. Turkey's exports to Pakistan include wheat, [[chickpeas]], [[lentils]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], chemicals, transport vehicles, machinery and energy products.<ref name="FPJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fpcci.com.pk/tradep&turk.asp |title=Trade between Pakistan & Turkey |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry}}</ref> Turkish private corporations have also invested significantly in industrial and construction projects developing highways, pipelines and canals.<ref name="JIA" /> The two countries are negotiatating the [[Turkey-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement]].

=== Train service ===
A [[container train]] service was launched by the Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Yousuf Raza Gilani]] between Islamabad and [[Istanbul]] on 14 August 2009. The first train carried 20 [[Intermodal container|containers]] with a capacity of around {{convert|750|t|LT ST|0|abbr=on}} <ref>http://www.pakistantimes.net/pt/detail.php?newsId=3343</ref> and will travel {{convert|6500|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}} from Islamabad, through [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and [[Tehran]], Iran and on to Istanbul in two weeks' time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\15\story_15-8-2009_pg7_12 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |publisher=Daily Times |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Railways (Pakistan)|Minister for Railways]] [[Ghulam Ahmad Bilour]], after the trial of the container train service, a passenger train will be launched.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+gilani+launches+trial+phase+of+islamabad-istanbul+train+service-za-06 |title=Pakistan | PM launches trial phase of Pak-Turkey train service |publisher=Dawn.Com |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> There are also hopes the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia, and carry passengers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8201934.stm |title=Pakistan–Turkey rail trial starts |accessdate=16 August 2009 |publisher=BBC News |date=14 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/news/news61296.html|title=Pakistan Plans Passenger Rail Between Pakistan, Iran and Turkey|work=Railway Technology}}</ref>

== Strategic ties ==
Both nations were part of [[Cold War]] alliance called the [[Central Treaty Organization]]. Its goal was to [[containment|contain]] the [[Soviet Union]] ([[USSR]]) by having a line of strong states along the USSR's southern frontiers. Military contacts remain resolute, uncompromising and stalwart as ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/7569/turkey-pakistan-ties-indias-loss-is-chinas-gain|title=Turkey-Pakistan close ties |publisher=World Politics Review}}</ref>

== Trilateral Ankara cooperation process ==
Turkey launched a trilateral summit process between the two states and [[Afghanistan]] in February 2007, following a visit by then [[Turkish Foreign Minister]] [[Abdullah Gül]] to [[Islamabad]], as the backbone of its diversified foreign policy in Southeast Asia and Pakistani deputy [[Humair Hayat Khan Rokhri]] confirmed that according to Gül “we are all brothers who need to support each other,” in order to, “bring security and stability to the region.”<ref name=TZ090507>{{cite news
|url=
|date=7 May 2009
|title=Turkey, Afghanistan and Pakistan solidify cooperation
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

An 1 April 2009 meeting between Pakistani and Afghan leaders, conducted as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, saw the three countries pledged to increase coordination between their political, military and intelligence tiers in the fight against militancy and terrorism. Chairman of the Turkish–Pakistani Friendship Association Burhan Kayatürk has stated that, “It is the first time that the military and intelligence chiefs of Afghanistan and Pakistan have attended the trilateral summit, which is a reflection of the deeper commitment to work together.”<ref name=TZ090506b>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Concerned Turkish deputy calls for active engagement in Pakistan
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

At the 17 April 2009 [[Friends of Pakistan]] Tokyo Donors Conference, Turkish State Minister [[Mehmet Aydın]] pledged $100 million to Pakistan for infrastructure, health and education projects. Turkish Parliamentary Deputy Kayatürk has called on neighbouring countries, including India, to make similar commitments as “It is in their interests to see a stable Pakistan; otherwise violence will spill over into their territory.”<ref name=TZ090506b />

Pakistani and [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] parliamentary deputies came together in [[Ankara]] on 5 May 2009, as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, where they met with the now [[Turkish President]] Gül and new Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] to discuss a variety of issues. Head of the Turkish Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission Murat Mercan stated; <blockquote>“Today we need cooperation between our countries more than ever. I believe Turkey, having historical brotherhood relations with both, is in a special position to improve and deepen this cooperation. Turkey is confident that the cooperation to be established between Afghanistan and Pakistan will help a lot to solve the problems.”<ref name=TZ090506a>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Afghan, Pakistani lawmakers meet in Turkish Parliament
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
}}</ref></blockquote> Chairman of the Pakistani Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission [[Asfandyar Wali Khan]] conveyed his thanks and stated,
:''“We need Turkey’s support to build stability in the region.”''

Mercan concluded,
:''“We are finally on the verge of institutionalising the trilateral Ankara cooperation process within the framework of parliamentary joint initiatives,”'' with follow-up meetings due to be held in Islamabad and [[Kabul]] at four-month intervals.”

== Military relations ==
Pakistan and Turkey have maintained long-standing military ties with Turkey also providing training to Pakistani air force officers in upgrading its [[F-16]] fleet.<ref name="IP" /> On 2 April 1954, Pakistan and Turkey signed a [[treaty]] of friendship and cooperation. Both countries, valued as important states in their regions, joined the U.S.-led [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) aimed to bolster military and strategic cooperation and counter the spread of communism and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] influence in the region.<ref name="VA">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=34|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Turkey has openly supported Pakistan's stance on the [[Kashmir conflict]]. Ankara, further, recognizes Jammu and Kashmir, as part of Pakistan, with which it endeavours to 'spice up' bilateral relations, and the Turkish ambassador to Pakistan spent nearly a week in [[Muzaffarabad]], the capital of Azad Kashmir (Pakistani Administrated Kashmir), in order to show Turkish solidarity with the Pakistanis in regards to Kashmir and maintained political and military support during its [[Wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan|wars with India]].<ref name="VA" /><ref name="VA2">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=109|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] Press |year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Pakistan has reciprocated by expressing support for Turkey's policy on [[Northern Cyprus]].<ref name="X" /><ref name="DQ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |title=Pakistan, Turkey to cooperate in defence industry |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018202001/http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |archivedate=18 October 2006 }}</ref> Both nations have sought to expand cooperation to fight terrorism.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X" /> Both countries are also members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]].

Turkey is also currently a major arms seller to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/features/featureturkeys-formidable-defence-industry-rising-star-or-natos-unruly-ally-4207115/|title=Turkey’s formidable defence industry – rising star or NATO’s unruly ally?|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey previously purchased arms from Pakistan<ref>James Ron ''Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey'' Human Rights Watch, 1995 ISBN 1-56432-161-4, 9781564321619 (page 40)</ref> and continues to purchase minor aerial weapons and components from Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2015/10/05/Pakistan-Turkey-to-improve-defense-ties/9421444052995/|title=Pakistan Turkey to cooperate on defense industry – UPI.com|date=5 October 2015|work=UPI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/145139/pakistan-delivers-parts-for-turkish-uav.html|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra Delivers First Batch of Turkish UAV Parts to Turkish Aerospace Industry|publisher=}}</ref>

== Aid exchange ==
In the aftermath of the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], Turkey stepped up its efforts to help the Pakistani people of the affected areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishembassy.com/ii/O/yardim.htm|title= Humanitarian aid to Pakistan|publisher=Turkish Embassy in Ottawa}}</ref> Turkey announced a package of $150 million for the quake-hit people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/21/top2.htm|title= Turkish aid package for Pakistan|publisher=Dawn News}}</ref> The Turkish aid organization [[Kizilay]] also constructed a mosque in Pakistans [[Azad Kashmir]] region bordering Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir. The mosque is being built in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Style in Pakistan's [[Bagh District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61352|title= Turkish Mosque in Pakistani Kashmir|publisher=World Bulletin}}</ref>

Pakistan supplied Turkey with aid during the 1999 earthquake<ref>{{cite web|url=http://img.static.reliefweb.int/report/turkey/pakistan-sends-relief-goods-turkey-quake-victims|title=Pakistan sends relief goods to Turkey for quake victims|work=ReliefWeb}}</ref> and during the 2011 [[Van earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/10/30/city/lahore/punjab-govt-sends-tents-to-turkey-earthquake-victims/|title=Punjab govt sends tents to Turkey earthquake victims|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-263115-pakistani-red-crescent-extends-help-to-earthquake-victims-in-van.html|title=Pakistani Red Crescent extends help to earthquake victims in Van|work=TodaysZaman}}</ref>

== Previous opposing ambitions ==
Both Turkey and Pakistan at times have had conflicting interests and ambitions. During the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Afghan civil war]], Turkey became a strong supporter of the [[Northern Alliance]], due to its [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]] and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] members, with which Turkey shares cultural and linguistic ties.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=JjYaRa2vtAkC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=turkey+northern+alliance+afghanistan&source=bl&ots=dANauf-68k&sig=LthO3RrDAnNbd1jnBcfaCmQSuS8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z1kuU7N24pDJAd6egJAH&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=turkey%20northern%20alliance%20afghanistan&f=false|title=Afghanistan and Central Asia|publisher=}}</ref>
Pakistan meanwhile maintained strong relations and support to the [[Taliban]] whom were ethnic [[Pashtuns]] that have ethnic ties to Pakistan's own Pashtun population as well prevent Pakistan's fears of Afghanistan falling into the control of the Northern Alliance whom were supported by Pakistan's various adversaries, including India.

This changed in late 2001 when Pakistan was under international pressure to abolish all its ties with the Taliban and re-align with the [[United States]] and [[NATO]] in the so-called "[[War on Terror]]" following the September 11 attacks in [[New York City]] and [[Washington DC]] which were directly blamed on [[Al-Queda]] and indirectly on the Taliban for sheltering them. As a result, the United States lifted all sanctions that were imposed on Pakistan following Pakistan's 1998 nuclear weapons tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2001_10/sanctionsoct01|title=Bush Waives Nuclear-Related Sanctions on India, Pakistan – Arms Control Association|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey has also supported the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]] (ETIM) in China whom are ethnic [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] that Turkey also shares cultural and linguistic ties with.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/ethno-diplomacy-uyghur-hitch-sino-turkish-relations|title=Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Xijinping_visit/2012-02/22/content_24696523.htm|title=China cautions Turkey against 'East Turkistan' forces|author=陈霞|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan [[War in North-West Pakistan|struggling with domestic Islamist insurgency]] as well as being a close and [[China–Pakistan relations|historic ally of China]] has strongly opposed the ETIM and has taken severe actions against members of [[Uyghurs in Pakistan|Uyghur communities within its borders]] even suspected of being participant in anti-Chinese activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/pakistan-08102011175506.html|title=Pakistan Deports Uyghurs|work=Radio Free Asia}}</ref>
Separately, Pakistan has killed many foreign militants in its territory during anti-Taliban/Al-Qaeda military operations amongst which were Uyghurs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/916826/uighur-leader-killed-in-pakistan-rehman-malik|title=Uighur leader killed in Pakistan: Rehman Malik|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-31-uighur-attacks-thwarted-as-pakistans-zardari-visits-xinjiang|title='Uighur attacks' thwarted as Pakistan's Zardari visits Xinjiang|author=Ben Blanchard|work=The M&G Online}}</ref> as well as Turks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/125464.html|title=German militant killed in Pakistan|publisher=Press TV}}</ref> and Uzbeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/10/world/asia/karachi-pakistan-airport-attack-taliban.html|title=Assault on Pakistan Airport Signals Taliban’s Reach and Resilience|date=10 June 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/report/uzbek-militancy-pakistans-tribal-region|title=Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan's Tribal Region|work=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mei.edu/content/turkey-pakistan-security-relations-1950s Turkey-Pakistan Security Relations since the 1950s]

{{Pakistan–Turkey relations}}
{{Foreign relations of Pakistan}}
{{Foreign relations of Turkey}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan-Turkey Relations}}
[[Category:Pakistan–Turkey relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Turkey]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Pakistan|Turkey]]

Pakistanisch-türkische Beziehungen

2016-11-15T17:49:00Z

Wiki id2:

{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Pakistan-Turkey|Pakistan|Turkey|map=Pakistan Turkey Locator.svg}}
Pakistan has an embassy in [[Ankara]], a Consulate-General in [[Istanbul]] and an honorary consulate in [[Izmir]] whereas, Turkey has an embassy in [[Islamabad]], a Consulate-General in [[Karachi]] and honorary consulates in [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], [[Sialkot]] and [[Faisalabad]].

Relations date back generations before the establishment of the two states, more precisely during the [[Turkish War of Independence]] when the Muslims of the northwestern British Raj sent financial aid to the declining [[Ottoman Empire]] which was followed by the [[History of the Republic of Turkey|formation of the Turkish Republic]]. Ties which had historically remained close on nationalist and cultural grounds further deepened under President Erdogan's Islamic-rooted political approach, as he termed Pakistan "home away from home". He became the only foreign leader to address Pakistan's Parliament, the National Assembly more than once, doing so twice in four years. As of 2016, President Erdogan has visited Pakistan 6 times, infamously [[Fethullah Gulen]] linked officers leaked tapes alleging corruption, while Erdogan was on a trip to Pakistan, Erdogan accused the Gulenists sabotage.<ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/12/can-pakistan-save-erdogan-2013123054425345386.html</ref><ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/382017/pak-turkey-ties-erdogan-addresses-parliament-offers-sage-advice/</ref>

As a result, Pakistan and Pakistanis have enjoyed a positive perception in Turkey and amongst Turks for many decades. The two nations are in the process of strengthening economic relations with a [[Pakistan-Turkey Free Trade Agreement]] aiming to raise bilateral trade volume to $10 billion by 2020. Turkey and Pakistan have a strong defence relationship consisting of joint excercises and a substantial portion of the Pakistan Navy's fleet consisting of joint Pakistan-Turkish naval ships such as fleet tankers and fast attack craft.<ref>http://quwa.org/2016/10/30/turkey-pakistan-conduct-bilateral-naval-exercise/</ref> Pakistan supports the Turkish position on Cyprus, Azerbaijan and Armenia, as such Pakistan has no diplomatic relations with Armenia, with Turkey supporting Pakistan's position on the Kashmir dispute, including alleged human rights violations of Muslims in Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref>http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/turkey-backs-pakistans-stance-on-sending-team-to-probe-human-rights-violation-in-kashmir-2949887/</ref> As a result the two countries have enjoyed strong military and diplomatic relations which is now strengthening towards economic co-operation.

== Development of bilateral relations ==
Turkey established diplomatic relations soon after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and bilateral relations became increasingly close owing to cultural, religious and geopolitical links between the two countries.<ref name="JIA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume5/September-November2000/VolumeVN3ISTHIAQAHMAD.pdf |title=Turkey and Pakistan: Bridging the Growing Divergence |format=PDF |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> Pakistan's founder [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] expressed admiration for Turkey's founding leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and also a desire to develop Pakistan on the Turkish model of modernism. Similarly Pakistan would follow the footstep of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and [[Allama Iqbal]] to develop a modern Islamic Pakistan and all other so called ism are rejected by people of Pakistan.<ref name="CSI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0124/p01s04-wosc.html |title=A Turkish path for Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |date=24 January 2002}}</ref> Similar ideas were expressed by the former [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharraf]], who grew up in Turkey and had received extensive military training there.<ref name="CSI" /><ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2994458.stm|title=BBC NEWS – South Asia – Turkey and Pakistan boost ties|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="IP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FA22Df06.html |title=Turkey and Pakistan join forces |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> [[Jinnah]] is honoured as a great leader in Turkey, and a major road of the Turkish capital [[Ankara]], the [[Cinnah Caddesi]] is named after him, while roads in [[Islamabad]], [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], and [[Larkana]] are named after Atatürk. On 26 October 2009, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] was awarded the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] and was the fourth world leader who spoke to the Pakistani parliament. [[Erdoğan]] said that [[Pakistan]] had always occupied a special place in the hearts and minds of the Turkish government and people.

== Cultural relations ==
[[File:Shashlik ingredients.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Shashlik]], a common [[Eurasian]] dish.]]
Both Pakistan and Turkey are mutually influenced by [[Arab culture|Arab]], [[Turko-Mongol]] and [[Culture of Iran#Traditional cultural inheritors of the old Persia|Persian cultures]]. The region of [[Anatolia]] in Central and Eastern Turkey was occupied multiple times by Persian Empires which has brought Persian cultural and linguistic influence since ancient times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/persian_period.htm|title=Persian Period in Anatolia and Asia Minor|publisher=}}</ref>

The [[Indus Valley]] region of Pakistan was occupied by the [[Achaemenid empire]] going back to the fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajaonline.org/field-report/121|title=The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations at Akra in Northwest Pakistan|publisher=}}</ref>

Modern-day Turkey was home to many ancient European civilizations, including Greek. The country has many traces of cultural and historical influences from the ancient Greeks including Greek archeological sites found in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/details/History/HellenicCiv.html|title=Hellenic Civilization in Turkey|author=Tom Brosnahan, Travel Info Exchange, Inc.|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancient.eu.com/Asia_Minor/|title=Asia Minor|author=Joshua J. Mark|work=Ancient History Encyclopedia}}</ref>

Pakistan also became influenced by Greek culture and civilization, especially in the aftermath of [[Alexander the Great]]'s invasion of the region which later led to the formation of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]. [[Gandhara]] is a major site of ancient Greek legacy in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/gandhara.html|title=Gandhara Civilization|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey became a [[Turkic languages|Turkic speaking]] country as a result of [[Seljuq Empire|Seljuq occupation]] and [[Turkification]] of the region. Though Pakistan is not a Turkic-speaking country, its languages, particularly [[Urdu]], a standard register of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], is strongly influenced by the [[Chagatai language|Turkic language of the Mughals]] before it became their empire's official language. As a result, it has many loanwords from that language. The [[etymology]] of the word "Urdu" traces itself back to [[Mughal Empire|Turkic (Mughal) rule]].<ref>http://swauop.yolasite.com/urdu1.php</ref> Moreover, the common cultural influences on Pakistan and Turkey span several centuries, as many [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Iranic peoples]] ruled vast areas of [[Central Asia]], [[South Asia]] and the [[Middle East]].

The designs of clothing of the two countries also have common origins in Central Asia.

== Trade ==
[[File:Gul Interchange (2).JPG|thumb|250px|right|thumb|The Abdullah Gul Interchange near [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] in [[Lahore]], this interchange was inaugurated by the [[Turkish President]] [[Abdullah Gul]] during his visit to [[Lahore]] in 2010.]]

Turkey and Pakistan are founding members of the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] and part of the [[Developing 8 Countries]] (D-8) organization. Both nations have worked to negotiate a preferential trading agreement, aiming to considerably increase trade and investments, especially in transport, telecommunications, manufacturing, tourism and other industries.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=1677 |title=Turkey to sign PTA with Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Daily Times, Pakistan |date=16 April 2005}}</ref> Both governments have sought to increase the volume of bilateral trade from $690 million to more than $1 billion by 2010.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=102299 |title=Pakistan, Turkey discuss defence co-production |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref> Pakistani exports include rice, [[sesame seeds]], leather, textiles, fabrics, sports goods, and medical equipment. Turkey's exports to Pakistan include wheat, [[chickpeas]], [[lentils]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], chemicals, transport vehicles, machinery and energy products.<ref name="FPJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fpcci.com.pk/tradep&turk.asp |title=Trade between Pakistan & Turkey |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry}}</ref> Turkish private corporations have also invested significantly in industrial and construction projects developing highways, pipelines and canals.<ref name="JIA" /> The two countries are negotiatating the [[Turkey-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement]].

=== Train service ===
A [[container train]] service was launched by the Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Yousuf Raza Gilani]] between Islamabad and [[Istanbul]] on 14 August 2009. The first train carried 20 [[Intermodal container|containers]] with a capacity of around {{convert|750|t|LT ST|0|abbr=on}} <ref>http://www.pakistantimes.net/pt/detail.php?newsId=3343</ref> and will travel {{convert|6500|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}} from Islamabad, through [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and [[Tehran]], Iran and on to Istanbul in two weeks' time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\15\story_15-8-2009_pg7_12 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |publisher=Daily Times |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Railways (Pakistan)|Minister for Railways]] [[Ghulam Ahmad Bilour]], after the trial of the container train service, a passenger train will be launched.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+gilani+launches+trial+phase+of+islamabad-istanbul+train+service-za-06 |title=Pakistan | PM launches trial phase of Pak-Turkey train service |publisher=Dawn.Com |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> There are also hopes the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia, and carry passengers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8201934.stm |title=Pakistan–Turkey rail trial starts |accessdate=16 August 2009 |publisher=BBC News |date=14 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/news/news61296.html|title=Pakistan Plans Passenger Rail Between Pakistan, Iran and Turkey|work=Railway Technology}}</ref>

== Strategic ties ==
Both nations were part of [[Cold War]] alliance called the [[Central Treaty Organization]]. Its goal was to [[containment|contain]] the [[Soviet Union]] ([[USSR]]) by having a line of strong states along the USSR's southern frontiers. Military contacts remain resolute, uncompromising and stalwart as ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/7569/turkey-pakistan-ties-indias-loss-is-chinas-gain|title=Turkey-Pakistan close ties |publisher=World Politics Review}}</ref>

== Trilateral Ankara cooperation process ==
Turkey launched a trilateral summit process between the two states and [[Afghanistan]] in February 2007, following a visit by then [[Turkish Foreign Minister]] [[Abdullah Gül]] to [[Islamabad]], as the backbone of its diversified foreign policy in Southeast Asia and Pakistani deputy [[Humair Hayat Khan Rokhri]] confirmed that according to Gül “we are all brothers who need to support each other,” in order to, “bring security and stability to the region.”<ref name=TZ090507>{{cite news
|url=
|date=7 May 2009
|title=Turkey, Afghanistan and Pakistan solidify cooperation
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

An 1 April 2009 meeting between Pakistani and Afghan leaders, conducted as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, saw the three countries pledged to increase coordination between their political, military and intelligence tiers in the fight against militancy and terrorism. Chairman of the Turkish–Pakistani Friendship Association Burhan Kayatürk has stated that, “It is the first time that the military and intelligence chiefs of Afghanistan and Pakistan have attended the trilateral summit, which is a reflection of the deeper commitment to work together.”<ref name=TZ090506b>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Concerned Turkish deputy calls for active engagement in Pakistan
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

At the 17 April 2009 [[Friends of Pakistan]] Tokyo Donors Conference, Turkish State Minister [[Mehmet Aydın]] pledged $100 million to Pakistan for infrastructure, health and education projects. Turkish Parliamentary Deputy Kayatürk has called on neighbouring countries, including India, to make similar commitments as “It is in their interests to see a stable Pakistan; otherwise violence will spill over into their territory.”<ref name=TZ090506b />

Pakistani and [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] parliamentary deputies came together in [[Ankara]] on 5 May 2009, as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, where they met with the now [[Turkish President]] Gül and new Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] to discuss a variety of issues. Head of the Turkish Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission Murat Mercan stated; <blockquote>“Today we need cooperation between our countries more than ever. I believe Turkey, having historical brotherhood relations with both, is in a special position to improve and deepen this cooperation. Turkey is confident that the cooperation to be established between Afghanistan and Pakistan will help a lot to solve the problems.”<ref name=TZ090506a>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Afghan, Pakistani lawmakers meet in Turkish Parliament
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
}}</ref></blockquote> Chairman of the Pakistani Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission [[Asfandyar Wali Khan]] conveyed his thanks and stated,
:''“We need Turkey’s support to build stability in the region.”''

Mercan concluded,
:''“We are finally on the verge of institutionalising the trilateral Ankara cooperation process within the framework of parliamentary joint initiatives,”'' with follow-up meetings due to be held in Islamabad and [[Kabul]] at four-month intervals.”

== Military relations ==
Pakistan and Turkey have maintained long-standing military ties with Turkey also providing training to Pakistani air force officers in upgrading its [[F-16]] fleet.<ref name="IP" /> On 2 April 1954, Pakistan and Turkey signed a [[treaty]] of friendship and cooperation. Both countries, valued as important states in their regions, joined the U.S.-led [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) aimed to bolster military and strategic cooperation and counter the spread of communism and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] influence in the region.<ref name="VA">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=34|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Turkey has openly supported Pakistan's stance on the [[Kashmir conflict]]. Ankara, further, recognizes Jammu and Kashmir, as part of Pakistan, with which it endeavours to 'spice up' bilateral relations, and the Turkish ambassador to Pakistan spent nearly a week in [[Muzaffarabad]], the capital of Azad Kashmir (Pakistani Administrated Kashmir), in order to show Turkish solidarity with the Pakistanis in regards to Kashmir and maintained political and military support during its [[Wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan|wars with India]].<ref name="VA" /><ref name="VA2">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=109|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] Press |year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Pakistan has reciprocated by expressing support for Turkey's policy on [[Northern Cyprus]].<ref name="X" /><ref name="DQ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |title=Pakistan, Turkey to cooperate in defence industry |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018202001/http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |archivedate=18 October 2006 }}</ref> Both nations have sought to expand cooperation to fight terrorism.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X" /> Both countries are also members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]].

Turkey is also currently a major arms seller to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/features/featureturkeys-formidable-defence-industry-rising-star-or-natos-unruly-ally-4207115/|title=Turkey’s formidable defence industry – rising star or NATO’s unruly ally?|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey previously purchased arms from Pakistan<ref>James Ron ''Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey'' Human Rights Watch, 1995 ISBN 1-56432-161-4, 9781564321619 (page 40)</ref> and continues to purchase minor aerial weapons and components from Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2015/10/05/Pakistan-Turkey-to-improve-defense-ties/9421444052995/|title=Pakistan Turkey to cooperate on defense industry – UPI.com|date=5 October 2015|work=UPI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/145139/pakistan-delivers-parts-for-turkish-uav.html|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra Delivers First Batch of Turkish UAV Parts to Turkish Aerospace Industry|publisher=}}</ref>

== Aid exchange ==
In the aftermath of the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], Turkey stepped up its efforts to help the Pakistani people of the affected areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishembassy.com/ii/O/yardim.htm|title= Humanitarian aid to Pakistan|publisher=Turkish Embassy in Ottawa}}</ref> Turkey announced a package of $150 million for the quake-hit people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/21/top2.htm|title= Turkish aid package for Pakistan|publisher=Dawn News}}</ref> The Turkish aid organization [[Kizilay]] also constructed a mosque in Pakistans [[Azad Kashmir]] region bordering Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir. The mosque is being built in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Style in Pakistan's [[Bagh District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61352|title= Turkish Mosque in Pakistani Kashmir|publisher=World Bulletin}}</ref>

Pakistan supplied Turkey with aid during the 1999 earthquake<ref>{{cite web|url=http://img.static.reliefweb.int/report/turkey/pakistan-sends-relief-goods-turkey-quake-victims|title=Pakistan sends relief goods to Turkey for quake victims|work=ReliefWeb}}</ref> and during the 2011 [[Van earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/10/30/city/lahore/punjab-govt-sends-tents-to-turkey-earthquake-victims/|title=Punjab govt sends tents to Turkey earthquake victims|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-263115-pakistani-red-crescent-extends-help-to-earthquake-victims-in-van.html|title=Pakistani Red Crescent extends help to earthquake victims in Van|work=TodaysZaman}}</ref>

== Previous opposing ambitions ==
Both Turkey and Pakistan at times have had conflicting interests and ambitions. During the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Afghan civil war]], Turkey became a strong supporter of the [[Northern Alliance]], due to its [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]] and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] members, with which Turkey shares cultural and linguistic ties.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=JjYaRa2vtAkC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=turkey+northern+alliance+afghanistan&source=bl&ots=dANauf-68k&sig=LthO3RrDAnNbd1jnBcfaCmQSuS8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z1kuU7N24pDJAd6egJAH&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=turkey%20northern%20alliance%20afghanistan&f=false|title=Afghanistan and Central Asia|publisher=}}</ref>
Pakistan meanwhile maintained strong relations and support to the [[Taliban]] whom were ethnic [[Pashtuns]] that have ethnic ties to Pakistan's own Pashtun population as well prevent Pakistan's fears of Afghanistan falling into the control of the Northern Alliance whom were supported by Pakistan's various adversaries, including India.

This changed in late 2001 when Pakistan was under international pressure to abolish all its ties with the Taliban and re-align with the [[United States]] and [[NATO]] in the so-called "[[War on Terror]]" following the September 11 attacks in [[New York City]] and [[Washington DC]] which were directly blamed on [[Al-Queda]] and indirectly on the Taliban for sheltering them. As a result, the United States lifted all sanctions that were imposed on Pakistan following Pakistan's 1998 nuclear weapons tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2001_10/sanctionsoct01|title=Bush Waives Nuclear-Related Sanctions on India, Pakistan – Arms Control Association|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey has also supported the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]] (ETIM) in China whom are ethnic [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] that Turkey also shares cultural and linguistic ties with.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/ethno-diplomacy-uyghur-hitch-sino-turkish-relations|title=Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Xijinping_visit/2012-02/22/content_24696523.htm|title=China cautions Turkey against 'East Turkistan' forces|author=陈霞|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan [[War in North-West Pakistan|struggling with domestic Islamist insurgency]] as well as being a close and [[China–Pakistan relations|historic ally of China]] has strongly opposed the ETIM and has taken severe actions against members of [[Uyghurs in Pakistan|Uyghur communities within its borders]] even suspected of being participant in anti-Chinese activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/pakistan-08102011175506.html|title=Pakistan Deports Uyghurs|work=Radio Free Asia}}</ref>
Separately, Pakistan has killed many foreign militants in its territory during anti-Taliban/Al-Qaeda military operations amongst which were Uyghurs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/916826/uighur-leader-killed-in-pakistan-rehman-malik|title=Uighur leader killed in Pakistan: Rehman Malik|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-31-uighur-attacks-thwarted-as-pakistans-zardari-visits-xinjiang|title='Uighur attacks' thwarted as Pakistan's Zardari visits Xinjiang|author=Ben Blanchard|work=The M&G Online}}</ref> as well as Turks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/125464.html|title=German militant killed in Pakistan|publisher=Press TV}}</ref> and Uzbeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/10/world/asia/karachi-pakistan-airport-attack-taliban.html|title=Assault on Pakistan Airport Signals Taliban’s Reach and Resilience|date=10 June 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/report/uzbek-militancy-pakistans-tribal-region|title=Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan's Tribal Region|work=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mei.edu/content/turkey-pakistan-security-relations-1950s Turkey-Pakistan Security Relations since the 1950s]

{{Pakistan–Turkey relations}}
{{Foreign relations of Pakistan}}
{{Foreign relations of Turkey}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan-Turkey Relations}}
[[Category:Pakistan–Turkey relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Turkey]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Pakistan|Turkey]]

Pakistanisch-türkische Beziehungen

2016-11-15T17:41:35Z

Wiki id2:

{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Pakistan-Turkey|Pakistan|Turkey|map=Pakistan Turkey Locator.svg}}
Pakistan has an embassy in [[Ankara]], a Consulate-General in [[Istanbul]] and an honorary consulate in [[Izmir]] whereas, Turkey has an embassy in [[Islamabad]], a Consulate-General in [[Karachi]] and honorary consulates in [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], [[Sialkot]] and [[Faisalabad]].

Relations date back generations before the establishment of the two states, more precisely during the [[Turkish War of Independence]] when the Muslims of the northwestern British Raj sent financial aid to the declining [[Ottoman Empire]] which was followed by the [[History of the Republic of Turkey|formation of the Turkish Republic]]. Ties which had historically remained close on nationalist and cultural grounds further deepened under President Erdogan's Islamic-rooted political approach, as he termed Pakistan "home away from home". He became the only foreign leader to address Pakistan's Parliament, the National Assembly more than once, doing so twice in four years. As of 2016, President Erdogan has visited Pakistan 6 times, infamously [[Fethullah Gulen]] linked officers leaked tapes alleging corruption while Erdogan was on a trip to Pakistan, whom in turn Erdogan accused of sabotage.<ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/12/can-pakistan-save-erdogan-2013123054425345386.html</ref><ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/382017/pak-turkey-ties-erdogan-addresses-parliament-offers-sage-advice/</ref>

As a result, Pakistan and Pakistanis have enjoyed a positive perception in Turkey and amongst Turks for many decades. The two nations are in the process of strengthening economic relations with a [[Pakistan-Turkey Free Trade Agreement]] aiming to raise bilateral trade volume to $10 billion by 2020. Turkey and Pakistan have a strong defence relationship consisting of joint excercises and a substantial portion of the Pakistan Navy's fleet consisting of joint Pakistan-Turkish naval ships such as fleet tankers and fast attack craft.<ref>http://quwa.org/2016/10/30/turkey-pakistan-conduct-bilateral-naval-exercise/</ref> Pakistan supports the Turkish position on Cyprus, Azerbaijan and Armenia, as such Pakistan has no diplomatic relations with Armenia, with Turkey supporting Pakistan's position on the Kashmir dispute, including alleged human rights violations of Muslims in Indian-administered Kashmir.<ref>http://indianexpress.com/article/world/world-news/turkey-backs-pakistans-stance-on-sending-team-to-probe-human-rights-violation-in-kashmir-2949887/</ref> As a result the two countries have enjoyed strong military and diplomatic relations which is now strengthening towards economic co-operation.

== Development of bilateral relations ==
Turkey established diplomatic relations soon after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and bilateral relations became increasingly close owing to cultural, religious and geopolitical links between the two countries.<ref name="JIA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume5/September-November2000/VolumeVN3ISTHIAQAHMAD.pdf |title=Turkey and Pakistan: Bridging the Growing Divergence |format=PDF |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> Pakistan's founder [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] expressed admiration for Turkey's founding leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and also a desire to develop Pakistan on the Turkish model of modernism. Similarly Pakistan would follow the footstep of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and [[Allama Iqbal]] to develop a modern Islamic Pakistan and all other so called ism are rejected by people of Pakistan.<ref name="CSI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0124/p01s04-wosc.html |title=A Turkish path for Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |date=24 January 2002}}</ref> Similar ideas were expressed by the former [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharraf]], who grew up in Turkey and had received extensive military training there.<ref name="CSI" /><ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2994458.stm|title=BBC NEWS – South Asia – Turkey and Pakistan boost ties|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="IP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FA22Df06.html |title=Turkey and Pakistan join forces |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research}}</ref> [[Jinnah]] is honoured as a great leader in Turkey, and a major road of the Turkish capital [[Ankara]], the [[Cinnah Caddesi]] is named after him, while roads in [[Islamabad]], [[Karachi]], [[Lahore]], [[Peshawar]], and [[Larkana]] are named after Atatürk. On 26 October 2009, [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] was awarded the [[Nishan-e-Pakistan]] and was the fourth world leader who spoke to the Pakistani parliament. [[Erdoğan]] said that [[Pakistan]] had always occupied a special place in the hearts and minds of the Turkish government and people.

== Cultural relations ==
[[File:Shashlik ingredients.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Shashlik]], a common [[Eurasian]] dish.]]
Both Pakistan and Turkey are mutually influenced by [[Arab culture|Arab]], [[Turko-Mongol]] and [[Culture of Iran#Traditional cultural inheritors of the old Persia|Persian cultures]]. The region of [[Anatolia]] in Central and Eastern Turkey was occupied multiple times by Persian Empires which has brought Persian cultural and linguistic influence since ancient times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancientanatolia.com/historical/persian_period.htm|title=Persian Period in Anatolia and Asia Minor|publisher=}}</ref>

The [[Indus Valley]] region of Pakistan was occupied by the [[Achaemenid empire]] going back to the fifth century BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajaonline.org/field-report/121|title=The Achaemenid Empire in South Asia and Recent Excavations at Akra in Northwest Pakistan|publisher=}}</ref>

Modern-day Turkey was home to many ancient European civilizations, including Greek. The country has many traces of cultural and historical influences from the ancient Greeks including Greek archeological sites found in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkeytravelplanner.com/details/History/HellenicCiv.html|title=Hellenic Civilization in Turkey|author=Tom Brosnahan, Travel Info Exchange, Inc.|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ancient.eu.com/Asia_Minor/|title=Asia Minor|author=Joshua J. Mark|work=Ancient History Encyclopedia}}</ref>

Pakistan also became influenced by Greek culture and civilization, especially in the aftermath of [[Alexander the Great]]'s invasion of the region which later led to the formation of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]. [[Gandhara]] is a major site of ancient Greek legacy in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/gandhara.html|title=Gandhara Civilization|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey became a [[Turkic languages|Turkic speaking]] country as a result of [[Seljuq Empire|Seljuq occupation]] and [[Turkification]] of the region. Though Pakistan is not a Turkic-speaking country, its languages, particularly [[Urdu]], a standard register of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], is strongly influenced by the [[Chagatai language|Turkic language of the Mughals]] before it became their empire's official language. As a result, it has many loanwords from that language. The [[etymology]] of the word "Urdu" traces itself back to [[Mughal Empire|Turkic (Mughal) rule]].<ref>http://swauop.yolasite.com/urdu1.php</ref> Moreover, the common cultural influences on Pakistan and Turkey span several centuries, as many [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] and [[Iranic peoples]] ruled vast areas of [[Central Asia]], [[South Asia]] and the [[Middle East]].

The designs of clothing of the two countries also have common origins in Central Asia.

== Trade ==
[[File:Gul Interchange (2).JPG|thumb|250px|right|thumb|The Abdullah Gul Interchange near [[Allama Iqbal International Airport]] in [[Lahore]], this interchange was inaugurated by the [[Turkish President]] [[Abdullah Gul]] during his visit to [[Lahore]] in 2010.]]

Turkey and Pakistan are founding members of the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] and part of the [[Developing 8 Countries]] (D-8) organization. Both nations have worked to negotiate a preferential trading agreement, aiming to considerably increase trade and investments, especially in transport, telecommunications, manufacturing, tourism and other industries.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=1677 |title=Turkey to sign PTA with Pakistan |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Daily Times, Pakistan |date=16 April 2005}}</ref> Both governments have sought to increase the volume of bilateral trade from $690 million to more than $1 billion by 2010.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X">{{Cite web|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=102299 |title=Pakistan, Turkey discuss defence co-production |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Turkish Daily News}}</ref> Pakistani exports include rice, [[sesame seeds]], leather, textiles, fabrics, sports goods, and medical equipment. Turkey's exports to Pakistan include wheat, [[chickpeas]], [[lentils]], [[Diesel fuel|diesel]], chemicals, transport vehicles, machinery and energy products.<ref name="FPJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fpcci.com.pk/tradep&turk.asp |title=Trade between Pakistan & Turkey |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry}}</ref> Turkish private corporations have also invested significantly in industrial and construction projects developing highways, pipelines and canals.<ref name="JIA" /> The two countries are negotiatating the [[Turkey-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement]].

=== Train service ===
A [[container train]] service was launched by the Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Yousuf Raza Gilani]] between Islamabad and [[Istanbul]] on 14 August 2009. The first train carried 20 [[Intermodal container|containers]] with a capacity of around {{convert|750|t|LT ST|0|abbr=on}} <ref>http://www.pakistantimes.net/pt/detail.php?newsId=3343</ref> and will travel {{convert|6500|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}} from Islamabad, through [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] and [[Tehran]], Iran and on to Istanbul in two weeks' time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009\08\15\story_15-8-2009_pg7_12 |title=Leading News Resource of Pakistan |publisher=Daily Times |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Railways (Pakistan)|Minister for Railways]] [[Ghulam Ahmad Bilour]], after the trial of the container train service, a passenger train will be launched.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+gilani+launches+trial+phase+of+islamabad-istanbul+train+service-za-06 |title=Pakistan | PM launches trial phase of Pak-Turkey train service |publisher=Dawn.Com |accessdate=15 August 2009}}</ref> There are also hopes the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia, and carry passengers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8201934.stm |title=Pakistan–Turkey rail trial starts |accessdate=16 August 2009 |publisher=BBC News |date=14 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/news/news61296.html|title=Pakistan Plans Passenger Rail Between Pakistan, Iran and Turkey|work=Railway Technology}}</ref>

== Strategic ties ==
Both nations were part of [[Cold War]] alliance called the [[Central Treaty Organization]]. Its goal was to [[containment|contain]] the [[Soviet Union]] ([[USSR]]) by having a line of strong states along the USSR's southern frontiers. Military contacts remain resolute, uncompromising and stalwart as ever.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/7569/turkey-pakistan-ties-indias-loss-is-chinas-gain|title=Turkey-Pakistan close ties |publisher=World Politics Review}}</ref>

== Trilateral Ankara cooperation process ==
Turkey launched a trilateral summit process between the two states and [[Afghanistan]] in February 2007, following a visit by then [[Turkish Foreign Minister]] [[Abdullah Gül]] to [[Islamabad]], as the backbone of its diversified foreign policy in Southeast Asia and Pakistani deputy [[Humair Hayat Khan Rokhri]] confirmed that according to Gül “we are all brothers who need to support each other,” in order to, “bring security and stability to the region.”<ref name=TZ090507>{{cite news
|url=
|date=7 May 2009
|title=Turkey, Afghanistan and Pakistan solidify cooperation
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

An 1 April 2009 meeting between Pakistani and Afghan leaders, conducted as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, saw the three countries pledged to increase coordination between their political, military and intelligence tiers in the fight against militancy and terrorism. Chairman of the Turkish–Pakistani Friendship Association Burhan Kayatürk has stated that, “It is the first time that the military and intelligence chiefs of Afghanistan and Pakistan have attended the trilateral summit, which is a reflection of the deeper commitment to work together.”<ref name=TZ090506b>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Concerned Turkish deputy calls for active engagement in Pakistan
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
|first=Abdullah
|last=Bozkurt
}}</ref>

At the 17 April 2009 [[Friends of Pakistan]] Tokyo Donors Conference, Turkish State Minister [[Mehmet Aydın]] pledged $100 million to Pakistan for infrastructure, health and education projects. Turkish Parliamentary Deputy Kayatürk has called on neighbouring countries, including India, to make similar commitments as “It is in their interests to see a stable Pakistan; otherwise violence will spill over into their territory.”<ref name=TZ090506b />

Pakistani and [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] parliamentary deputies came together in [[Ankara]] on 5 May 2009, as part of the trilateral Ankara cooperation process, where they met with the now [[Turkish President]] Gül and new Foreign Minister [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] to discuss a variety of issues. Head of the Turkish Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission Murat Mercan stated; <blockquote>“Today we need cooperation between our countries more than ever. I believe Turkey, having historical brotherhood relations with both, is in a special position to improve and deepen this cooperation. Turkey is confident that the cooperation to be established between Afghanistan and Pakistan will help a lot to solve the problems.”<ref name=TZ090506a>{{cite news
|url=
|date=6 May 2009
|title=Afghan, Pakistani lawmakers meet in Turkish Parliament
|work=[[Today's Zaman]]
}}</ref></blockquote> Chairman of the Pakistani Parliament’s Foreign Relations Commission [[Asfandyar Wali Khan]] conveyed his thanks and stated,
:''“We need Turkey’s support to build stability in the region.”''

Mercan concluded,
:''“We are finally on the verge of institutionalising the trilateral Ankara cooperation process within the framework of parliamentary joint initiatives,”'' with follow-up meetings due to be held in Islamabad and [[Kabul]] at four-month intervals.”

== Military relations ==
Pakistan and Turkey have maintained long-standing military ties with Turkey also providing training to Pakistani air force officers in upgrading its [[F-16]] fleet.<ref name="IP" /> On 2 April 1954, Pakistan and Turkey signed a [[treaty]] of friendship and cooperation. Both countries, valued as important states in their regions, joined the U.S.-led [[Central Treaty Organization]] (CENTO) aimed to bolster military and strategic cooperation and counter the spread of communism and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] influence in the region.<ref name="VA">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=34|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Press]]|year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Turkey has openly supported Pakistan's stance on the [[Kashmir conflict]]. Ankara, further, recognizes Jammu and Kashmir, as part of Pakistan, with which it endeavours to 'spice up' bilateral relations, and the Turkish ambassador to Pakistan spent nearly a week in [[Muzaffarabad]], the capital of Azad Kashmir (Pakistani Administrated Kashmir), in order to show Turkish solidarity with the Pakistanis in regards to Kashmir and maintained political and military support during its [[Wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan|wars with India]].<ref name="VA" /><ref name="VA2">{{Cite book|author=Anwar Hussain Syed |title=China & Pakistan: Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale |pages=109|publisher=[[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] Press |year=1974 |isbn=0-87023-160-X}}</ref> Pakistan has reciprocated by expressing support for Turkey's policy on [[Northern Cyprus]].<ref name="X" /><ref name="DQ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |title=Pakistan, Turkey to cooperate in defence industry |accessdate=3 June 2008 |publisher=Center for Strategic Research |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061018202001/http://www.dawn.com/2005/06/02/top1.htm |archivedate=18 October 2006 }}</ref> Both nations have sought to expand cooperation to fight terrorism.<ref name="IP" /><ref name="X" /> Both countries are also members of the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]].

Turkey is also currently a major arms seller to Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/features/featureturkeys-formidable-defence-industry-rising-star-or-natos-unruly-ally-4207115/|title=Turkey’s formidable defence industry – rising star or NATO’s unruly ally?|publisher=}}</ref> Turkey previously purchased arms from Pakistan<ref>James Ron ''Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey'' Human Rights Watch, 1995 ISBN 1-56432-161-4, 9781564321619 (page 40)</ref> and continues to purchase minor aerial weapons and components from Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2015/10/05/Pakistan-Turkey-to-improve-defense-ties/9421444052995/|title=Pakistan Turkey to cooperate on defense industry – UPI.com|date=5 October 2015|work=UPI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/145139/pakistan-delivers-parts-for-turkish-uav.html|title=Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Kamra Delivers First Batch of Turkish UAV Parts to Turkish Aerospace Industry|publisher=}}</ref>

== Aid exchange ==
In the aftermath of the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], Turkey stepped up its efforts to help the Pakistani people of the affected areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishembassy.com/ii/O/yardim.htm|title= Humanitarian aid to Pakistan|publisher=Turkish Embassy in Ottawa}}</ref> Turkey announced a package of $150 million for the quake-hit people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/21/top2.htm|title= Turkish aid package for Pakistan|publisher=Dawn News}}</ref> The Turkish aid organization [[Kizilay]] also constructed a mosque in Pakistans [[Azad Kashmir]] region bordering Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir. The mosque is being built in the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Style in Pakistan's [[Bagh District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php?aType=haber&ArticleID=61352|title= Turkish Mosque in Pakistani Kashmir|publisher=World Bulletin}}</ref>

Pakistan supplied Turkey with aid during the 1999 earthquake<ref>{{cite web|url=http://img.static.reliefweb.int/report/turkey/pakistan-sends-relief-goods-turkey-quake-victims|title=Pakistan sends relief goods to Turkey for quake victims|work=ReliefWeb}}</ref> and during the 2011 [[Van earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/10/30/city/lahore/punjab-govt-sends-tents-to-turkey-earthquake-victims/|title=Punjab govt sends tents to Turkey earthquake victims|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/news-263115-pakistani-red-crescent-extends-help-to-earthquake-victims-in-van.html|title=Pakistani Red Crescent extends help to earthquake victims in Van|work=TodaysZaman}}</ref>

== Previous opposing ambitions ==
Both Turkey and Pakistan at times have had conflicting interests and ambitions. During the [[Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Afghan civil war]], Turkey became a strong supporter of the [[Northern Alliance]], due to its [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]] and [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] members, with which Turkey shares cultural and linguistic ties.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=JjYaRa2vtAkC&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=turkey+northern+alliance+afghanistan&source=bl&ots=dANauf-68k&sig=LthO3RrDAnNbd1jnBcfaCmQSuS8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z1kuU7N24pDJAd6egJAH&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=turkey%20northern%20alliance%20afghanistan&f=false|title=Afghanistan and Central Asia|publisher=}}</ref>
Pakistan meanwhile maintained strong relations and support to the [[Taliban]] whom were ethnic [[Pashtuns]] that have ethnic ties to Pakistan's own Pashtun population as well prevent Pakistan's fears of Afghanistan falling into the control of the Northern Alliance whom were supported by Pakistan's various adversaries, including India.

This changed in late 2001 when Pakistan was under international pressure to abolish all its ties with the Taliban and re-align with the [[United States]] and [[NATO]] in the so-called "[[War on Terror]]" following the September 11 attacks in [[New York City]] and [[Washington DC]] which were directly blamed on [[Al-Queda]] and indirectly on the Taliban for sheltering them. As a result, the United States lifted all sanctions that were imposed on Pakistan following Pakistan's 1998 nuclear weapons tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2001_10/sanctionsoct01|title=Bush Waives Nuclear-Related Sanctions on India, Pakistan – Arms Control Association|publisher=}}</ref>

Turkey has also supported the [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement]] (ETIM) in China whom are ethnic [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] that Turkey also shares cultural and linguistic ties with.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/publications/ethno-diplomacy-uyghur-hitch-sino-turkish-relations|title=Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/world/Xijinping_visit/2012-02/22/content_24696523.htm|title=China cautions Turkey against 'East Turkistan' forces|author=陈霞|publisher=}}</ref> Pakistan [[War in North-West Pakistan|struggling with domestic Islamist insurgency]] as well as being a close and [[China–Pakistan relations|historic ally of China]] has strongly opposed the ETIM and has taken severe actions against members of [[Uyghurs in Pakistan|Uyghur communities within its borders]] even suspected of being participant in anti-Chinese activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/pakistan-08102011175506.html|title=Pakistan Deports Uyghurs|work=Radio Free Asia}}</ref>
Separately, Pakistan has killed many foreign militants in its territory during anti-Taliban/Al-Qaeda military operations amongst which were Uyghurs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/916826/uighur-leader-killed-in-pakistan-rehman-malik|title=Uighur leader killed in Pakistan: Rehman Malik|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-31-uighur-attacks-thwarted-as-pakistans-zardari-visits-xinjiang|title='Uighur attacks' thwarted as Pakistan's Zardari visits Xinjiang|author=Ben Blanchard|work=The M&G Online}}</ref> as well as Turks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/125464.html|title=German militant killed in Pakistan|publisher=Press TV}}</ref> and Uzbeks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/10/world/asia/karachi-pakistan-airport-attack-taliban.html|title=Assault on Pakistan Airport Signals Taliban’s Reach and Resilience|date=10 June 2014|work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.understandingwar.org/report/uzbek-militancy-pakistans-tribal-region|title=Uzbek Militancy in Pakistan's Tribal Region|work=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mei.edu/content/turkey-pakistan-security-relations-1950s Turkey-Pakistan Security Relations since the 1950s]

{{Pakistan–Turkey relations}}
{{Foreign relations of Pakistan}}
{{Foreign relations of Turkey}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakistan-Turkey Relations}}
[[Category:Pakistan–Turkey relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Turkey]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Pakistan|Turkey]]