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Julia Morgan

2018-07-22T16:04:17Z

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{{Infobox architect
|name = Julia Morgan
|image = Hearst and Morgan.jpg
|caption = William Randolph Hearst and Julia Morgan in 1926
|nationality = American
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1872|1|20}}
|birth_place = [[San Francisco]], [[California]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1957|02|2|1872|01|20}}
|practice =
|alma_mater = [[University of California, Berkeley]]
|significant_buildings = [[Los Angeles Herald-Examiner|Los Angeles Examiner]] Building The [[YWCA]] in [[Chinatown, San Francisco]] [[Riverside Art Museum]] [[Asilomar State Beach|Asilomar Conference Grounds]]
|significant_projects = [[Hearst Castle]]
|awards = [[AIA Gold Medal]]
}}

'''Julia Morgan''' (January 20, 1872 – February 2, 1957) was an American [[architect]].<ref name=":0" /> She designed more than 700 buildings in [[California]] during a long and prolific career.<ref name="fillmorelocal">Erica Reder: [http://newfillmore.com/2011/02/01/julia-morgan-was-a-local/ "Julia Morgan was a local], in ''The New Fillmore'', 1 February 2011. Retrieved 2015-10-23.</ref> She is best known for her work on [[Hearst Castle]] in [[San Simeon, California]].

Morgan was the first woman to be admitted to the architecture program at [[École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts|l'École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts]]<ref name=":0">(fr) [http://agorha.inha.fr/inhaprod/jsp/reference.jsp?reference=INHA__PERSONNES__82625 Agorha.inha, ''Biographie rédigée par Marie-Laure Crosnier Leconte'']</ref> in Paris and the first woman architect licensed in California. She designed many buildings for institutions serving women and girls, including [[YWCA]] buildings and buildings for [[Mills College]].

Morgan embraced the [[Arts and Crafts Movement]] and used various producers of [[California pottery]] to adorn her buildings.

Julia Morgan was the first woman to receive the [[AIA Gold Medal]], posthumously in 2014.<ref>Wendy Moonan: [http://archrecord.construction.com/news/2013/12/131216-AIA-Awards-2014-Gold-Medal-to-Julia-Morgan.asp "AIA Awards 2014 Gold Medal to Julia Morgan"], in the ''Architectural Record'', 16 December 2013</ref>

==Family background==
Morgan's father, Charles Bill Morgan, was born into a prominent [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]] family that included successful military men, politicians, and influential businessmen. He studied to be a mining engineer; then in 1867, he sailed for [[San Francisco]], California, to speculate in mines and oil. He returned the next year to marry Eliza Woodland Parmelee, the favored daughter of Albert O. Parmelee, a cotton trader and self-made millionaire. The wedding was in [[Brooklyn]], New York, where she had grown up. As a wedding present, Parmelee gave his daughter an envelope full of money so that she could raise a family in comfort. He indicated that more money would follow.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Harriet |last=Rochlin |title=Designed by Julia Morgan |work=Westways |publisher=Automobile Club of Southern California |volume=68 |number=3 |date=March 1976 |pages=26–29, 75–76, 80}}</ref>

[[File:Berkeley Women's City Club (Berkeley, CA).JPG|thumb|[[Berkeley Women's City Club]]]]
The newlyweds traveled to San Francisco and settled downtown in a family-oriented but luxurious residential hotel. In April 1870, a son was born and named Parmelee Morgan. On January 20, 1872, Julia Morgan was born. Two years later, the Morgans moved across the [[San Francisco Bay]] to [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], to live in a large house they had built in the Stick-Eastlake style at 754 14th Street at its intersection with Brush Street at the downtown edge of what is now known as [[West Oakland, Oakland, California|West Oakland]]. (This Victorian-era building has since been demolished.) Three more children were born to the family in Oakland. At every new birth, grandfather Parmelee paid for the Morgans to travel to the East Coast by transcontinental train so that the grandchild could be christened in the traditional family church in New York.<ref name=Wadsworth8>{{cite book |last=Wadsworth |first=Ginger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X6rbO6fD9GQC&pg=PA10 |pages=8–11 |title=Julia Morgan, Architect of Dreams |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |year=1990 |isbn=0-8225-4903-4}}</ref>

[[File:Merrill Hall Asilomar.jpg|thumb|left|Merrill Hall (1928) on the grounds of [[Asilomar Conference Center]] in [[Pacific Grove, California]]]]
Charles Morgan was not successful in any of his business ventures, so the family relied upon money from grandfather Parmelee. Eliza Morgan ran the household with a strong hand, providing young Julia with a role model of womanly competence and independence. In mid-1878, Eliza took the children to live near the Parmelees in New York for a year while Charles worked in San Francisco. In New York, Julia was introduced to her older cousin Lucy Thornton, who was married to successful architect Pierre Le Brun. After returning to Oakland, Julia kept in contact with Le Brun; he encouraged her to pursue a higher education. In New York, Julia also got sick with [[scarlet fever]] and was kept in bed for a few weeks. As a result of this illness, throughout her adult life she was prone to ear infections.<ref name=Wadsworth8/>

In July 1880, grandfather Parmelee died. Soon, grandmother Parmelee moved into the Oakland house, bringing with her the Parmelee wealth. This reinforced Julia's impression that women provided the foundation of social means.<ref name=McNeill2012>{{cite journal |last=McNeill |first=Karen |date=Summer 2012 |url=http://www.californiahistoricalsociety.org/publications/pdf/California_History_vol89_no3.pdf |title='Women Who Build': Julia Morgan & Women's Institutions |work=California History |publisher=California Historical Society |volume=89 |number=3 |pages=41–74}}</ref>

Morgan resisted her mother's suggestion that she have a [[debutante]] party to celebrate her availability for marriage. She argued that she should first gain a career. Her parents were supportive of this wish.

==Education==
Morgan graduated from [[Oakland High School (California)|Oakland High School]] in 1890 and enrolled in the [[University of California, Berkeley|University of California]], in nearby Berkeley. At university, she was a member of the [[Kappa Alpha Theta]] sorority. After her graduation, Morgan became a member of the Association of Collegiate Alumnae, now the [[American Association of University Women]].

One of the engineering lecturers of her senior year was [[Bernard Maybeck]], an eccentrically dressed architect who designed buildings that Morgan admired for their respect for the surrounding topography and environment. Maybeck mentored Morgan, along with her classmates [[Arthur Brown, Jr.]], [[Edward H. Bennett]] and [[Lewis P. Hobart]], in architecture at his Berkeley home. He encouraged Morgan to continue her studies at the prestigious [[École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts]] in Paris where he had distinguished himself. She graduated from Cal in 1894 with a degree in [[civil engineering]]; she was the only woman in her engineering class. Morgan gained a year of work experience building with Maybeck, then traveled to Paris in 1896 to prepare for the Beaux-Arts entrance exam. The school had never before allowed a woman to study architecture, but in 1897, it opened its entry process to women applicants, largely because of pressure from a union of French women artists, whom Morgan characterized as "[[Bohemianism|bohemians]]".<ref name=McNeill2012/><ref name=wilson2007>{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Mark |title=Julia Morgan: Architect of Beauty |pages=3–5 |year=2007 |publisher=Gibbs Smith |location=Layton, Utah |isbn=978-1-4236-0088-6}}</ref> Morgan met with these women and was exposed to their feminist views; they discussed how to increase the influence of women in professional careers.

In principle, the school admitted the top 30 candidates. It took Morgan three tries to get in: on the first try, she placed too low, while on her second try, in 1898, although she placed well into the top 30, the examiners "arbitrarily lowered" her marks.<ref name=wilson2007/><ref name=reichers>{{cite journal|last=Reichers |first=Maggie |url=http://www.neh.gov/news/humanities/2006-09/BeyondSanSimeon.html |title=Beyond San Simeon |work=Humanities |date=September–October 2006 |volume=27 |number=5 |publisher=Neh.gov |accessdate=2012-09-07}}</ref> After more than a year of further study, tutored by [[François-Benjamin Chaussemiche]], a winner of the ''[[Prix de Rome]]'', she finally passed the entrance exams in the Architecture Program, placing 13th out of 376 applicants, and was duly admitted.<ref name=wilson2007/> However, she could study only until her 30th birthday, as the school prohibited older scholars. In early 1902, as her birthday approached, Morgan submitted an outstanding design for a palatial theatre. This earned her a certificate in architecture, making her the first woman to receive one from the school; she did so in three years, although the usual time of completion was five years (that was how long Maybeck took, for example).<ref name=McNeill2012/><ref name=wilson2007/><ref name=capitol>{{cite web|url=http://capitolmuseum.ca.gov/english/remarkable/panel4.html |title=Julia Morgan: Early Architect. California State Capitol website |accessdate=2009-05-26 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623083708/http://capitolmuseum.ca.gov/english/remarkable/panel4.html |archivedate=June 23, 2007 |df= }}, Retrieved 2009-05-26</ref> She stayed in Paris long enough to collaborate with Chaussemiche on a project for Harriet Fearing, an ex-New Yorker who contracted for a "grand salon" design for her residence in [[Fontainebleau]].<ref name=Boutelle>{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FvkgE3tKp0gC&pg=PA22 |page=22 |last=Boutelle |first=Sara Holmes |title=Julia Morgan, Engineer and Architect |work=Old-House Journal |date=March–April 1996 |volume=24 |number=2 |issn=0094-0178 |publisher=Active Interest Media}}</ref>

==Career==
Upon her return from Paris, Morgan took employment with San Francisco architect [[John Galen Howard]], who was supervising the [[University of California, Berkeley Campus Architecture|University of California Master Plan]]. Morgan worked on several buildings on the Berkeley campus, providing the decorative elements for the [[Hearst Mining Building]] and an early proposal for [[Sather Gate]]. She was the primary designer for the [[Hearst Greek Theatre]].<ref name=McNeill2012/> Howard told a colleague that Morgan was "an excellent draftsman whom I have to pay almost nothing, as it is a woman."<ref name=Boutelle/> She saved her money and made plans to work on her own, accepting important side projects.<ref name=McNeill2012/>

In 1904, Morgan was the first woman to obtain an architecture license in California. She opened her own office in San Francisco while living at the old family home in Oakland, where the staff knew her as 'J.M.'. Between the years of 1907 and 1910, she partnered with Ira Hoover, former draftsman of Howard. Morgan reestablished an individual private practice in late 1910. She was employed as the architect of many buildings at [[Mills College]]. Another of her earliest works was [[North Star House (Grass Valley, California)|North Star House]] in [[Grass Valley, California]], commissioned in 1906 by mining engineer [[Arthur De Wint Foote]] and his wife, the author and illustrator [[Mary Hallock Foote]].

The many commissions following the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake]] brought her financial success.<ref name=Boutelle/>

===Hearst projects===
[[File:Hearst Castle Casa Grande September 2012 panorama 2.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Hearst Castle]] facade.]]
Morgan's most famous patron was the newspaper magnate and antiquities collector [[William Randolph Hearst]], who had been introduced to Morgan by his mother [[Phoebe Apperson Hearst]], the chief patron of the [[University of California at Berkeley]]. It is believed that this introduction led to Morgan's first downstate commission by Hearst for the design of the [[Los Angeles Herald-Examiner|Los Angeles Examiner]] Building (circa 1914), a [[Mission Revival Style architecture|Mission revival style]] project that included contributions by Los Angeles architects [[William J. Dodd]] and J. Martyn Haenkel. It is located at the southwest corner of Broadway and 11th Streets on a city block in [[Downtown Los Angeles]], awaiting adaptive reuse.

In 1919, Hearst selected Morgan as the architect for ''La Cuesta Encantada'', better known as [[Hearst Castle]], which was built atop the family campsite overlooking [[San Simeon]] Harbor. Morgan employed tiles, designing many of them herself, from [[California Faience]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Berkeley Bohemia: Artists and Visionaries of the Early 20th Century|page=132|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1423600851|date=2008|quote=The company was chosen by the castle's architect, Julia Morgan, who personally designed many of the tiles that were made}}</ref>

[[File:DSC27488, Hearst Castle, San Simeon, California, USA (5129765942).jpg|thumb|Indoor Roman pool on Hearst Castle grounds (empty)]]
[[File:DSC27413, Hearst Castle, San Simeon, California, USA (6433990083).jpg|thumb|Hearst Castle outdoor Neptune pool view]]
The project proved to be her largest and most complex, as Hearst's vision for his estate grew ever grander over the decades of planning and construction. The project included ''[[The Hacienda (Milpitas Ranchhouse)|The Hacienda]]'', a residence–private guest house complex built in hybrid [[Mission Revival Style architecture|Mission Revival]], [[Spanish Colonial Revival architecture|Spanish Colonial Revival]], and [[Moorish Revival]] styles. It was located a day's horseback ride inland from Hearst Castle, next to the [[Mission San Antonio de Padua]] near [[Jolon, California]]. Her work on 'the Castle' and San Simeon Ranch continued until 1947, ended only by Hearst's declining health.

Morgan became William Randolph Hearst's principal architect, producing the designs for dozens of buildings, such as Phoebe Apperson Hearst's [[Wyntoon]], which he inherited. The estate includes a castle and "Bavarian village" of four villas, all on {{convert|50000|acre|km2|0}} of forest reserve that includes the [[McCloud River]] near [[Mount Shasta]] in Northern California. She also did studio and site work for the uncompleted ''Babicora'', Hearst's {{convert|1625000|acre|km2|adj=on}} [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua, Mexico]], cattle [[ranch]]o and retreat.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,818820,00.html|title=Babicora, Mexico: End of An Empire|journal=Time|accessdate= May 11, 2010}}</ref>

===YWCA projects===
[[File:Oakland YWCA (Oakland, CA).JPG|thumb|Oakland YWCA]]
Julia Morgan's affiliation with the [[YWCA]] began when Phoebe Apperson Hearst recommended her for the organization's Asilomar summer conference center, a project she began in 1913. The [[Asilomar State Beach|Asilomar Conference Center]], no longer YWCA but State-run, is still in [[Pacific Grove, California|Pacific Grove]] near [[Monterey, California]]. Morgan also designed YWCAs in California, Utah, Arizona, and Hawaii.

Five of the Southern California YWCA buildings were designed by Morgan.<ref name="Bariscale">{{cite web|url=http://bigorangelandmarks.blogspot.com/2008/10/no-186-morgan-house-harbor-area-ywca.html|date=October 1, 2008|title=No. 186 – Morgan House (Harbor Area YWCA)|website=Big Orange Landmarks|accessdate=May 11, 2010|first=Floyd B.|last=Bariscale}}</ref> The 1918 Harbor Area YWCA (San Pedro, CA) in a Craftsman building is still standing, as is the 1926 [[Hollywood Studio Club]] YWCA. Morgan's [[Riverside, California|Riverside]] YWCA from 1929 still stands, but as the [[Riverside Art Museum]]. Her 1925 Long Beach Italian Renaissance branch has been demolished. The "gorgeous" [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]] YWCA is being acquired by the City for restoration and public use after several decades of decay.<ref name="Bariscale"/>

She also designed YWCAs in [[Northern California]], including those in [[Chinatown, San Francisco|San Francisco's Chinatown]] and [[Oakland, California|Oakland]]. The YWCA building in San Francisco presently is used as the museum and homebase of the [[Chinese Historical Society of America]] (CHSA).

===Mills College===
Morgan made many architectural contributions to the women's college [[Mills College]] in the [[East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)|East Bay]] foothills of [[Oakland, California]]. Like her work for the YWCA, they were done in the hopes of advancing opportunities for women.

Mills president [[Susan Tolman Mills|Susan Mills]] became interested in Morgan in 1904 because she wished to further the career of a female architect and because Morgan, just beginning her career, charged less than her male counterparts.<ref name=morgan-ito>{{cite news | last = Ito | first = Susan | title = Julia Morgan at Mills | work = Mills Quarterly | pages = 14 | date = Winter 2004 | url = http://www.mills.edu/alumnae/publications/backissues/W2004_03.pdf | publisher = Mills College | accessdate = 2008-02-27|format=PDF}}</ref> Morgan designed six buildings for the Mills campus, including El Campanil, believed to be the first bell tower on a United States college campus.<ref name="morgan-ito" /> El Campanil should not be confused with ''The Campanile'', a nickname for [[Sather Tower]], the clock/bell tower of nearby UC Berkeley. Morgan helped draft parts of the UC Berkeley campus under [[John Galen Howard]], but the Sather Tower was not her design.

Morgan's reputation grew when the tower was unscathed by the 1906 [[San Francisco earthquake]].<ref name="morgan-ito" /> The bells in the tower "were cast for the [[World's Columbian Exposition]] (Chicago-1893), and given to Mills by a trustee".<ref name=handbook>{{cite book | title = Mills College 2007/2008 Undergraduate Student Handbook | year = 2007 | publisher = School Datebooks | url = http://www.mills.edu/handbook.pdf | accessdate = 2008-02-27|format=PDF}}</ref>

Morgan also designed the [[Margaret Carnegie Library]] (1906), named after [[Andrew Carnegie]]'s daughter, <ref name="morgan-ito" /> and the [[Ming Quong Home for Chinese girls]], built in 1924 and purchased for Mills in 1936.<ref name=handbook/> It was eventually renamed Alderwood Hall, before becoming the [[Julia Morgan School for Girls]] in 2004<ref name="morgan-ito" /> (independent of the College). Morgan designed the [[Mills College Student Union]] in 1916.<ref name="morgan-ito" /> Morgan's [[Kapiolani Cottage]] has served as an infirmary, faculty housing, and administration offices.<ref name="morgan-ito" /><ref name=handbook /> Morgan also designed the original gymnasium and pool, since replaced by the Tea Shop and Suzanne Adams Plaza,<ref name=morgan-ito /> the first reinforced concrete structure on the west coast.<ref name=handbook>{{cite book | title = Mills College 2007/2008 Undergraduate Student Handbook | year = 2007 | publisher = School Datebooks | url = http://www.mills.edu/handbook.pdf | accessdate = 2008-02-27|format=PDF}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Although Morgan was highly respected as an architect, not much is known about her personal life. She was never married and had no known romances. She kept a low profile and lived modestly, in spite of her wealthy clientele. She gave no interviews and did not write about herself. She worked tirelessly on minimal sleep and food.<ref name=fillmorelocal /> Intrigued with the gaps in Julia Morgan's life story, Belinda Taylor, wrote "Becoming Julia Morgan", a 2012 play in which Taylor imagines a plausible life story for Morgan.<ref>Erica Reder: [http://www.landmarkscalifornia.org/belinda-taylor-presents-becoming-julia-morgan/ "Belinda Taylor presents: Becoming Julia Morgan"], in the ''Landmarks of California'', 2012</ref>

==Other projects==
[[File:St. John's Presbyterian Church (Berkeley, CA).JPG|thumb|The former St. John's Presbyterian Church]]
Morgan's other projects include the redesign of the landmark [[Fairmont San Francisco|Fairmont Hotel]] in San Francisco after it was damaged by the earthquake of 1906. She was chosen because of her then-rare knowledge of earthquake-resistant, [[reinforced concrete]] construction.

She considered [[St. John's Presbyterian Church (Berkeley, California)|St. John's Presbyterian Church]], in [[Berkeley, California]], her finest [[American Craftsman|Craftsman]]-style building.<ref>[https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/59872006.html?dids=59872006:59872006&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+04%2C+1988&author=Thomas+Hines&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=An+Architect+From+the+Inside+Out+JULIA+MORGAN%2C+ARCHITECT+by+Sara+Holmes+Boutelle+(Abbeville+Press%3A+%2455%3B+265+pp.%2C+illustrated)&pqatl=google "An Architect from the Inside Out], Los Angeles Times, September 4, 1988</ref> It is now the Berkeley Playhouse.<ref>{{cite web|last=Thompson |first=Daniella |url=http://www.berkeleyheritage.com/berkeley_landmarks/st._johns_presb.html |title=Berkeley Landmarks: St. John’s Presbyterian Church |publisher=Berkeley Architectural Heritage Association |date= |accessdate=2012-09-07}}</ref>

Other projects include the [[Chapel of the Chimes (Oakland, California)|Chapel of the Chimes]] in Oakland, the sanctuary of Ocean Avenue Presbyterian Church at 32 Ocean Avenue, San Francisco (where [[Mission Bay Community Church]] also meets), and the large [[Berkeley City Club]] adjacent to University of California. She designed the World War I [[YWCA Hostess House]] in [[Palo Alto, California|Palo Alto]], built in 1918 and later to become the site of the MacArthur Park Restaurant<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.macpark.com |title=MacArthur Park |publisher=Macpark.com |date= |accessdate=2012-09-07}}</ref>

[[File:Julia morgan house.jpg|thumb|[[Julia Morgan House]]]]
Some of her residential projects, most of them located in the [[San Francisco Bay Area]], are [[ultimate bungalows]]. The style is often associated with the work of [[Greene and Greene]] and some of Morgan's other contemporaries and teachers. The buildings represent the [[Arts and Crafts Movement]] and the [[American Craftsman|American Craftsman style]] of architecture. Several houses are on San Francisco's [[Russian Hill]]. She lived further west in SF.{{Cn|date=February 2018}} In 1908, Julia Morgan designed the residence of James Henry Pierce at 1650 The Alameda in San Jose, which features rare California timber.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.preservation.org/newsletters/summer2009.pdf|title=San Jose’s Julia Morgan House|journal=Continuity|date=Summer 2009|page=11}}</ref> Another residence, the so-called [[Julia Morgan House]], built for a wealthy client, is located in Sacramento.

[[File:Hearst Building, San Francisco (2013) - 1.JPG|thumb|Hearst Building, San Francisco, redesign by Morgan]]

==Legacy==
Julia Morgan is buried in the [[Mountain View Cemetery (Oakland, California)|Mountain View Cemetery]] in the hills of [[Oakland, California]].<ref>[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/1464 findagrave.com.] Julia Morgan. access date: 5/11/2010.</ref>

California Governor [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] and First Lady [[Maria Shriver]] announced on May 28, 2008 that Julia Morgan would be inducted into the [[California Hall of Fame]], located at [[The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts]]. The induction ceremony took place on December 15 and her great-niece accepted the honor in her place.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=11255 | title=Governor & First Lady Participate in 2008 CA Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony | publisher=State of California, Office of Governor | accessdate=2013-05-20}}</ref>
[[File:Ceiling at Julia Morgan ballroom in SF - stierch.jpeg|thumb|200px|Ceiling at Julia Morgan Ballroom]]
The Julia Morgan Ballroom at the [[Merchants Exchange Building (San Francisco)|Merchants Exchange Building]] in San Francisco, where she had her offices from 1904 to 1950, was named in her honor.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://juliamorganballroom.com/about/|title=About the Historic Julia Morgan Ballroom Event Space in San Francisco|work=Julia Morgan Ballroom|access-date=2018-02-10|language=en-US}}</ref>

Julia Morgan was the 2014 [[AIA Gold Medal]] recipient (posthumous). She is the first female architect to receive this honor.<ref>{{cite web|title=2014 AIA Gold Medal Awarded to Julia Morgan, FAIA|url=http://www.aia.org/press/AIAB100853|work=Press Releases|publisher=American Institute of Architects|accessdate=12 December 2013}}</ref>

In 2006, a children's picture book titled ''Julia Morgan Built a Castle'' was published and is now available in many public libraries''.'' <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56051019|title=Julia Morgan built a castle|last=Mannis|first=Celeste Davidson|date=2006|publisher=Viking|others=Hyman, Miles,|year=|isbn=9780670059645|location=New York, N.Y.|pages=|oclc=56051019}}</ref>

==Further reading==
;Books
*Boutelle, Sara Holmes (1988). ''Julia Morgan, Architect.'' New York: Abbeville Press.
*{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Lewis|first=Anna M. |title=Women of Steel and Stone: 22 Inspirational Architects, Engineers, and Landscape Designers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_9WAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88|date=2014|publisher=Chicago Review Press|location=Chicago, Illinois|isbn=978-1-61374-511-3}}
*Morgan, J. (1976). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/58882003&referer=brief_results Architectural drawings by Julia Morgan: beau-arts assignments and other buildings]. Oakland, Calif: Oakland Museum, Art Dept.
*Morgan, J., Hearst, W. R., & Loe, N. E. (1987). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/16866193&referer=brief_results San Simeon revisited: the correspondence between architect Julia Morgan and William Randolph Hearst]. San Luis Obispo, Calif: Library Associates, California Polytechnic State University.
*Morgan, J. (1987). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/19479144&referer=brief_results Berkeley houses by Julia Morgan]. Berkeley, California: The Association.

;Reviews
*Longstreth, R. W. (1977). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/3446933&referer=brief_results Julia Morgan, architect. Berkeley Architectural Heritage publication series, no. 1]. Berkeley, California: Berkeley Architectural Heritage Association.
*McNeill, Karen (May 2007) [https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.1525/phr.2007.76.2.229?uid=3739560&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21101099987461 "Julia Morgan: Gender, Architecture, and Professional Style."] ''Pacific Historical Review'', pp. 229–267.
* McNeill, Karen (Summer 2012) [http://www.californiahistoricalsociety.org/publications/pdf/California_History_vol89_no3.pdf "'Women Who Build: Julia Morgan & Women's Institutions." ''California History'', pp.41-74.]
*Pasadena Cultural Heritage Commission. (1988). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/18433474&referer=brief_results Report on reuse of the Julia Morgan YWCA building: YWCA & YMCA Pasadena, California]. New York: Halsband.
*Quacchia, R. L. (2005). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/62952271&referer=brief_results Julia Morgan, architect, and the creation of the Asilomar Conference Grounds: including a comparison with Hearst Castle]. Virginia Beach, Virginia: Q Pub.
*Steilberg, W. T., & Morgan, J. (1983). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/23465769&referer=brief_results Some examples of the work of Julia Morgan]. San Francisco: ''Architect and Engineer of California''.
*University of California, Berkeley. (1986). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/50159106&referer=brief_results Julia Morgan, architectural drawings: inventory of holdings, College of Environmental Design]. Berkeley: The College.

==See also==
*[[Women in architecture]]

==References==
{{reflist|40em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Julia Morgan}}
*[http://www.lib.calpoly.edu/specialcollections/findingaids/ms010/ The Julia Morgan Collection at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo]
*[http://www.lib.calpoly.edu/specialcollections/architecture/juliamorgan/ Julia Morgan—An Online Exhibition]
*[http://archives.ced.berkeley.edu/collections/morgan-julia Julia Morgan Collection] at the [[College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley|Environmental Design Archives]]
*[http://exhibits.ced.berkeley.edu/exhibits/show/juliamorgan Hidden Engineer: The Designs of Julia Morgan]
*[http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf7t1nb2q1/ Julia Morgan Architectural Drawings, 1907–1929], [[The Bancroft Library]]
*[http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/jmindex/genericindex.html Index of Buildings by Julia Morgan]
*{{Webarchive |url=https://archive.is/20131212170238/http://www.bwaf.org/dna/archive/entry/julia-morgan |date=December 12, 2013 |title=Julia Morgan, Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation Dynamic National Archive}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150512111047/http://grainger-arts-and-crafts-studio.com/2013/08/julia-morga-arts-and-crafts-architecture/ One Woman’s Contribution to Arts and Crafts Architecture]
*[http://www.apartmenttherapy.com/julia-morgan-spotlight-on-female-designers-177161/ Julia Morgan SPOTLIGHT ON WOMEN IN DESIGN]
*[http://www.landmarkscalifornia.org/julia-morgan-2012/ Julia Morgan 2012]
*[https://calisphere.org/collections/15122/ Morgan (Julia) Collection, 1893-1980]
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Morgan, Julia}}
[[Category:American women architects]]
[[Category:Julia Morgan buildings| ]]
[[Category:1872 births]]
[[Category:1957 deaths]]
[[Category:Architects from California]]
[[Category:American Neoclassical architects]]
[[Category:Arts and Crafts architects]]
[[Category:Beaux Arts architects]]
[[Category:Historicist architects]]
[[Category:Mediterranean Revival architects]]
[[Category:Spanish Revival architects]]
[[Category:Spanish Colonial Revival architects]]
[[Category:Architects from San Francisco]]
[[Category:Architecture in the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:History of the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:Burials at Mountain View Cemetery (Oakland, California)]]
[[Category:People from Oakland, California]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley College of Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:American alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts]]
[[Category:NRHP architects]]
[[Category:20th-century American architects]]
[[Category:California women architects]]

Julia Morgan

2018-07-22T16:01:14Z

Websterwebfoot: /* Other projects */ moved phrase to make more sense

{{Infobox architect
|name = Julia Morgan
|image = Hearst and Morgan.jpg
|caption = William Randolph Hearst and Julia Morgan in 1926
|nationality = American
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1872|1|20}}
|birth_place = [[San Francisco]], [[California]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1957|02|2|1872|01|20}}
|practice =
|alma_mater = [[University of California, Berkeley]]
|significant_buildings = [[Los Angeles Herald-Examiner|Los Angeles Examiner]] Building The [[YWCA]] in [[Chinatown, San Francisco]] [[Riverside Art Museum]] [[Asilomar State Beach|Asilomar Conference Grounds]]
|significant_projects = [[Hearst Castle]]
|awards = [[AIA Gold Medal]]
}}

'''Julia Morgan''' (January 20, 1872 – February 2, 1957) was an American [[architect]].<ref name=":0" /> She designed more than 700 buildings in [[California]] during a long and prolific career.<ref name="fillmorelocal">Erica Reder: [http://newfillmore.com/2011/02/01/julia-morgan-was-a-local/ "Julia Morgan was a local], in ''The New Fillmore'', 1 February 2011. Retrieved 2015-10-23.</ref> She is best known for her work on [[Hearst Castle]] in [[San Simeon, California]].

Morgan was the first woman to be admitted to the architecture program at [[École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts|l'École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts]]<ref name=":0">(fr) [http://agorha.inha.fr/inhaprod/jsp/reference.jsp?reference=INHA__PERSONNES__82625 Agorha.inha, ''Biographie rédigée par Marie-Laure Crosnier Leconte'']</ref> in Paris and the first woman architect licensed in California. She designed many buildings for institutions serving women and girls, including [[YWCA]] buildings and buildings for [[Mills College]].

Morgan embraced the [[Arts and Crafts Movement]] and used various producers of [[California pottery]] to adorn her buildings.

Julia Morgan was the first woman to receive the [[AIA Gold Medal]], posthumously in 2014.<ref>Wendy Moonan: [http://archrecord.construction.com/news/2013/12/131216-AIA-Awards-2014-Gold-Medal-to-Julia-Morgan.asp "AIA Awards 2014 Gold Medal to Julia Morgan"], in the ''Architectural Record'', 16 December 2013</ref>

==Family background==
Morgan's father, Charles Bill Morgan, was born into a prominent [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]] family that included successful military men, politicians, and influential businessmen. He studied to be a mining engineer; then in 1867, he sailed for [[San Francisco]], California, to speculate in mines and oil. He returned the next year to marry Eliza Woodland Parmelee, the favored daughter of Albert O. Parmelee, a cotton trader and self-made millionaire. The wedding was in [[Brooklyn]], New York, where she had grown up. As a wedding present, Parmelee gave his daughter an envelope full of money so that she could raise a family in comfort. He indicated that more money would follow.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Harriet |last=Rochlin |title=Designed by Julia Morgan |work=Westways |publisher=Automobile Club of Southern California |volume=68 |number=3 |date=March 1976 |pages=26–29, 75–76, 80}}</ref>

[[File:Berkeley Women's City Club (Berkeley, CA).JPG|thumb|[[Berkeley Women's City Club]]]]
The newlyweds traveled to San Francisco and settled downtown in a family-oriented but luxurious residential hotel. In April 1870, a son was born and named Parmelee Morgan. On January 20, 1872, Julia Morgan was born. Two years later, the Morgans moved across the [[San Francisco Bay]] to [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], to live in a large house they had built in the Stick-Eastlake style at 754 14th Street at its intersection with Brush Street at the downtown edge of what is now known as [[West Oakland, Oakland, California|West Oakland]]. (This Victorian-era building has since been demolished.) Three more children were born to the family in Oakland. At every new birth, grandfather Parmelee paid for the Morgans to travel to the East Coast by transcontinental train so that the grandchild could be christened in the traditional family church in New York.<ref name=Wadsworth8>{{cite book |last=Wadsworth |first=Ginger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X6rbO6fD9GQC&pg=PA10 |pages=8–11 |title=Julia Morgan, Architect of Dreams |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |year=1990 |isbn=0-8225-4903-4}}</ref>

[[File:Merrill Hall Asilomar.jpg|thumb|left|Merrill Hall (1928) on the grounds of [[Asilomar Conference Center]] in [[Pacific Grove, California]]]]
Charles Morgan was not successful in any of his business ventures, so the family relied upon money from grandfather Parmelee. Eliza Morgan ran the household with a strong hand, providing young Julia with a role model of womanly competence and independence. In mid-1878, Eliza took the children to live near the Parmelees in New York for a year while Charles worked in San Francisco. In New York, Julia was introduced to her older cousin Lucy Thornton, who was married to successful architect Pierre Le Brun. After returning to Oakland, Julia kept in contact with Le Brun; he encouraged her to pursue a higher education. In New York, Julia also got sick with [[scarlet fever]] and was kept in bed for a few weeks. As a result of this illness, throughout her adult life she was prone to ear infections.<ref name=Wadsworth8/>

In July 1880, grandfather Parmelee died. Soon, grandmother Parmelee moved into the Oakland house, bringing with her the Parmelee wealth. This reinforced Julia's impression that women provided the foundation of social means.<ref name=McNeill2012>{{cite journal |last=McNeill |first=Karen |date=Summer 2012 |url=http://www.californiahistoricalsociety.org/publications/pdf/California_History_vol89_no3.pdf |title='Women Who Build': Julia Morgan & Women's Institutions |work=California History |publisher=California Historical Society |volume=89 |number=3 |pages=41–74}}</ref>

Morgan resisted her mother's suggestion that she have a [[debutante]] party to celebrate her availability for marriage. She argued that she should first gain a career. Her parents were supportive of this wish.

==Education==
Morgan graduated from [[Oakland High School (California)|Oakland High School]] in 1890 and enrolled in the [[University of California, Berkeley|University of California]], in nearby Berkeley. At university, she was a member of the [[Kappa Alpha Theta]] sorority. After her graduation, Morgan became a member of the Association of Collegiate Alumnae, now the [[American Association of University Women]].

One of the engineering lecturers of her senior year was [[Bernard Maybeck]], an eccentrically dressed architect who designed buildings that Morgan admired for their respect for the surrounding topography and environment. Maybeck mentored Morgan, along with her classmates [[Arthur Brown, Jr.]], [[Edward H. Bennett]] and [[Lewis P. Hobart]], in architecture at his Berkeley home. He encouraged Morgan to continue her studies at the prestigious [[École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts]] in Paris where he had distinguished himself. She graduated from Cal in 1894 with a degree in [[civil engineering]]; she was the only woman in her engineering class. Morgan gained a year of work experience building with Maybeck, then traveled to Paris in 1896 to prepare for the Beaux-Arts entrance exam. The school had never before allowed a woman to study architecture, but in 1897, it opened its entry process to women applicants, largely because of pressure from a union of French women artists, whom Morgan characterized as "[[Bohemianism|bohemians]]".<ref name=McNeill2012/><ref name=wilson2007>{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Mark |title=Julia Morgan: Architect of Beauty |pages=3–5 |year=2007 |publisher=Gibbs Smith |location=Layton, Utah |isbn=978-1-4236-0088-6}}</ref> Morgan met with these women and was exposed to their feminist views; they discussed how to increase the influence of women in professional careers.

In principle, the school admitted the top 30 candidates. It took Morgan three tries to get in: on the first try, she placed too low, while on her second try, in 1898, although she placed well into the top 30, the examiners "arbitrarily lowered" her marks.<ref name=wilson2007/><ref name=reichers>{{cite journal|last=Reichers |first=Maggie |url=http://www.neh.gov/news/humanities/2006-09/BeyondSanSimeon.html |title=Beyond San Simeon |work=Humanities |date=September–October 2006 |volume=27 |number=5 |publisher=Neh.gov |accessdate=2012-09-07}}</ref> After more than a year of further study, tutored by [[François-Benjamin Chaussemiche]], a winner of the ''[[Prix de Rome]]'', she finally passed the entrance exams in the Architecture Program, placing 13th out of 376 applicants, and was duly admitted.<ref name=wilson2007/> However, she could study only until her 30th birthday, as the school prohibited older scholars. In early 1902, as her birthday approached, Morgan submitted an outstanding design for a palatial theatre. This earned her a certificate in architecture, making her the first woman to receive one from the school; she did so in three years, although the usual time of completion was five years (that was how long Maybeck took, for example).<ref name=McNeill2012/><ref name=wilson2007/><ref name=capitol>{{cite web|url=http://capitolmuseum.ca.gov/english/remarkable/panel4.html |title=Julia Morgan: Early Architect. California State Capitol website |accessdate=2009-05-26 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623083708/http://capitolmuseum.ca.gov/english/remarkable/panel4.html |archivedate=June 23, 2007 |df= }}, Retrieved 2009-05-26</ref> She stayed in Paris long enough to collaborate with Chaussemiche on a project for Harriet Fearing, an ex-New Yorker who contracted for a "grand salon" design for her residence in [[Fontainebleau]].<ref name=Boutelle>{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FvkgE3tKp0gC&pg=PA22 |page=22 |last=Boutelle |first=Sara Holmes |title=Julia Morgan, Engineer and Architect |work=Old-House Journal |date=March–April 1996 |volume=24 |number=2 |issn=0094-0178 |publisher=Active Interest Media}}</ref>

==Career==
Upon her return from Paris, Morgan took employment with San Francisco architect [[John Galen Howard]], who was supervising the [[University of California, Berkeley Campus Architecture|University of California Master Plan]]. Morgan worked on several buildings on the Berkeley campus, providing the decorative elements for the [[Hearst Mining Building]] and an early proposal for [[Sather Gate]]. She was the primary designer for the [[Hearst Greek Theatre]].<ref name=McNeill2012/> Howard told a colleague that Morgan was "an excellent draftsman whom I have to pay almost nothing, as it is a woman."<ref name=Boutelle/> She saved her money and made plans to work on her own, accepting important side projects.<ref name=McNeill2012/>

In 1904, Morgan was the first woman to obtain an architecture license in California. She opened her own office in San Francisco while living at the old family home in Oakland, where the staff knew her as 'J.M.'. Between the years of 1907 and 1910, she partnered with Ira Hoover, former draftsman of Howard. Morgan reestablished an individual private practice in late 1910. She was employed as the architect of many buildings at [[Mills College]]. Another of her earliest works was [[North Star House (Grass Valley, California)|North Star House]] in [[Grass Valley, California]], commissioned in 1906 by mining engineer [[Arthur De Wint Foote]] and his wife, the author and illustrator [[Mary Hallock Foote]].

The many commissions following the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake]] brought her financial success.<ref name=Boutelle/>

===Hearst projects===
[[File:Hearst Castle Casa Grande September 2012 panorama 2.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Hearst Castle]] facade.]]
Morgan's most famous patron was the newspaper magnate and antiquities collector [[William Randolph Hearst]], who had been introduced to Morgan by his mother [[Phoebe Apperson Hearst]], the chief patron of the [[University of California at Berkeley]]. It is believed that this introduction led to Morgan's first downstate commission by Hearst for the design of the [[Los Angeles Herald-Examiner|Los Angeles Examiner]] Building (circa 1914), a [[Mission Revival Style architecture|Mission revival style]] project that included contributions by Los Angeles architects [[William J. Dodd]] and J. Martyn Haenkel. It is located at the southwest corner of Broadway and 11th Streets on a city block in [[Downtown Los Angeles]], awaiting adaptive reuse.

In 1919, Hearst selected Morgan as the architect for ''La Cuesta Encantada'', better known as [[Hearst Castle]], which was built atop the family campsite overlooking [[San Simeon]] Harbor. Morgan employed tiles, designing many of them herself, from [[California Faience]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Berkeley Bohemia: Artists and Visionaries of the Early 20th Century|page=132|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1423600851|date=2008|quote=The company was chosen by the castle's architect, Julia Morgan, who personally designed many of the tiles that were made}}</ref>

[[File:DSC27488, Hearst Castle, San Simeon, California, USA (5129765942).jpg|thumb|Indoor Roman pool on Hearst Castle grounds (empty)]]
[[File:DSC27413, Hearst Castle, San Simeon, California, USA (6433990083).jpg|thumb|Hearst Castle outdoor Neptune pool view]]
The project proved to be her largest and most complex, as Hearst's vision for his estate grew ever grander over the decades of planning and construction. The project included ''[[The Hacienda (Milpitas Ranchhouse)|The Hacienda]]'', a residence–private guest house complex built in hybrid [[Mission Revival Style architecture|Mission Revival]], [[Spanish Colonial Revival architecture|Spanish Colonial Revival]], and [[Moorish Revival]] styles. It was located a day's horseback ride inland from Hearst Castle, next to the [[Mission San Antonio de Padua]] near [[Jolon, California]]. Her work on 'the Castle' and San Simeon Ranch continued until 1947, ended only by Hearst's declining health.

Morgan became William Randolph Hearst's principal architect, producing the designs for dozens of buildings, such as Phoebe Apperson Hearst's [[Wyntoon]], which he inherited. The estate includes a castle and "Bavarian village" of four villas, all on {{convert|50000|acre|km2|0}} of forest reserve that includes the [[McCloud River]] near [[Mount Shasta]] in Northern California. She also did studio and site work for the uncompleted ''Babicora'', Hearst's {{convert|1625000|acre|km2|adj=on}} [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua, Mexico]], cattle [[ranch]]o and retreat.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,818820,00.html|title=Babicora, Mexico: End of An Empire|journal=Time|accessdate= May 11, 2010}}</ref>

===YWCA projects===
[[File:Oakland YWCA (Oakland, CA).JPG|thumb|Oakland YWCA]]
Julia Morgan's affiliation with the [[YWCA]] began when Phoebe Apperson Hearst recommended her for the organization's Asilomar summer conference center, a project she began in 1913. The [[Asilomar State Beach|Asilomar Conference Center]], no longer YWCA but State-run, is still in [[Pacific Grove, California|Pacific Grove]] near [[Monterey, California]]. Morgan also designed YWCAs in California, Utah, Arizona, and Hawaii.

Five of the Southern California YWCA buildings were designed by Morgan.<ref name="Bariscale">{{cite web|url=http://bigorangelandmarks.blogspot.com/2008/10/no-186-morgan-house-harbor-area-ywca.html|date=October 1, 2008|title=No. 186 – Morgan House (Harbor Area YWCA)|website=Big Orange Landmarks|accessdate=May 11, 2010|first=Floyd B.|last=Bariscale}}</ref> The 1918 Harbor Area YWCA (San Pedro, CA) in a Craftsman building is still standing, as is the 1926 [[Hollywood Studio Club]] YWCA. Morgan's [[Riverside, California|Riverside]] YWCA from 1929 still stands, but as the [[Riverside Art Museum]]. Her 1925 Long Beach Italian Renaissance branch has been demolished. The "gorgeous" [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]] YWCA is being acquired by the City for restoration and public use after several decades of decay.<ref name="Bariscale"/>

She also designed YWCAs in [[Northern California]], including those in [[Chinatown, San Francisco|San Francisco's Chinatown]] and [[Oakland, California|Oakland]]. The YWCA building in San Francisco presently is used as the museum and homebase of the [[Chinese Historical Society of America]] (CHSA).

===Mills College===
Morgan made many architectural contributions to the women's college [[Mills College]] in the [[East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)|East Bay]] foothills of [[Oakland, California]]. Like her work for the YWCA, they were done in the hopes of advancing opportunities for women.

Mills president [[Susan Tolman Mills|Susan Mills]] became interested in Morgan in 1904 because she wished to further the career of a female architect and because Morgan, just beginning her career, charged less than her male counterparts.<ref name=morgan-ito>{{cite news | last = Ito | first = Susan | title = Julia Morgan at Mills | work = Mills Quarterly | pages = 14 | date = Winter 2004 | url = http://www.mills.edu/alumnae/publications/backissues/W2004_03.pdf | publisher = Mills College | accessdate = 2008-02-27|format=PDF}}</ref> Morgan designed six buildings for the Mills campus, including El Campanil, believed to be the first bell tower on a United States college campus.<ref name="morgan-ito" /> El Campanil should not be confused with ''The Campanile'', a nickname for [[Sather Tower]], the clock/bell tower of nearby UC Berkeley. Morgan helped draft parts of the UC Berkeley campus under [[John Galen Howard]], but the Sather Tower was not her design.

Morgan's reputation grew when the tower was unscathed by the 1906 [[San Francisco earthquake]].<ref name="morgan-ito" /> The bells in the tower "were cast for the [[World's Columbian Exposition]] (Chicago-1893), and given to Mills by a trustee".<ref name=handbook>{{cite book | title = Mills College 2007/2008 Undergraduate Student Handbook | year = 2007 | publisher = School Datebooks | url = http://www.mills.edu/handbook.pdf | accessdate = 2008-02-27|format=PDF}}</ref>

Morgan also designed the [[Margaret Carnegie Library]] (1906), named after [[Andrew Carnegie]]'s daughter, <ref name="morgan-ito" /> and the [[Ming Quong Home for Chinese girls]], built in 1924 and purchased for Mills in 1936.<ref name=handbook/> It was eventually renamed Alderwood Hall, before becoming the [[Julia Morgan School for Girls]] in 2004<ref name="morgan-ito" /> (independent of the College). Morgan designed the [[Mills College Student Union]] in 1916.<ref name="morgan-ito" /> Morgan's [[Kapiolani Cottage]] has served as an infirmary, faculty housing, and administration offices.<ref name="morgan-ito" /><ref name=handbook /> Morgan also designed the original gymnasium and pool, since replaced by the Tea Shop and Suzanne Adams Plaza,<ref name=morgan-ito /> the first reinforced concrete structure on the west coast.<ref name=handbook>{{cite book | title = Mills College 2007/2008 Undergraduate Student Handbook | year = 2007 | publisher = School Datebooks | url = http://www.mills.edu/handbook.pdf | accessdate = 2008-02-27|format=PDF}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Although Morgan was highly respected as an architect, not much is known about her personal life. She was never married and had no known romances. She kept a low profile and lived modestly, in spite of her wealthy clientele. She gave no interviews and did not write about herself. She worked tirelessly on minimal sleep and food.<ref name=fillmorelocal /> Intrigued with the gaps in Julia Morgan's life story, Belinda Taylor, wrote "Becoming Julia Morgan", a 2012 play in which Taylor imagines a plausible life story for Morgan.<ref>Erica Reder: [http://www.landmarkscalifornia.org/belinda-taylor-presents-becoming-julia-morgan/ "Belinda Taylor presents: Becoming Julia Morgan"], in the ''Landmarks of California'', 2012</ref>

==Other projects==
[[File:St. John's Presbyterian Church (Berkeley, CA).JPG|thumb|The former St. John's Presbyterian Church]]
Morgan's other projects include the redesign of the landmark [[Fairmont San Francisco|Fairmont Hotel]] in San Francisco after it was damaged by the earthquake of 1906. She was chosen because of her then-rare knowledge of earthquake-resistant, [[reinforced concrete]] construction.

She considered [[St. John's Presbyterian Church (Berkeley, California)|St. John's Presbyterian Church]], in [[Berkeley, California]], her finest [[American Craftsman|Craftsman]]-style building.<ref>[https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/59872006.html?dids=59872006:59872006&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+04%2C+1988&author=Thomas+Hines&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=An+Architect+From+the+Inside+Out+JULIA+MORGAN%2C+ARCHITECT+by+Sara+Holmes+Boutelle+(Abbeville+Press%3A+%2455%3B+265+pp.%2C+illustrated)&pqatl=google "An Architect from the Inside Out], Los Angeles Times, September 4, 1988</ref> It is now the Berkeley Playhouse.<ref>{{cite web|last=Thompson |first=Daniella |url=http://www.berkeleyheritage.com/berkeley_landmarks/st._johns_presb.html |title=Berkeley Landmarks: St. John’s Presbyterian Church |publisher=Berkeley Architectural Heritage Association |date= |accessdate=2012-09-07}}</ref>

Other projects include the [[Chapel of the Chimes (Oakland, California)|Chapel of the Chimes]] in Oakland, the sanctuary of Ocean Avenue Presbyterian Church at 32 Ocean Avenue, San Francisco, (where [[Mission Bay Community Church]] also meets) and the large [[Berkeley City Club]] adjacent to University of California. She designed the World War I [[YWCA Hostess House]] in [[Palo Alto, California|Palo Alto]], built in 1918 and later to become the site of the MacArthur Park Restaurant<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.macpark.com |title=MacArthur Park |publisher=Macpark.com |date= |accessdate=2012-09-07}}</ref>

[[File:Julia morgan house.jpg|thumb|[[Julia Morgan House]]]]
Some of her residential projects, most of them located in the [[San Francisco Bay Area]], are [[ultimate bungalows]]. The style is often associated with the work of [[Greene and Greene]] and some of Morgan's other contemporaries and teachers. The buildings represent the [[Arts and Crafts Movement]] and the [[American Craftsman|American Craftsman style]] of architecture. Several houses are on San Francisco's [[Russian Hill]]. She lived further West in SF.{{Cn|date=February 2018}} In 1908, Julia Morgan designed the residence of James Henry Pierce at 1650 The Alameda in San Jose, which features rare California timber.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.preservation.org/newsletters/summer2009.pdf|title=San Jose’s Julia Morgan House|journal=Continuity|date=Summer 2009|page=11}}</ref> Another residence, the so-called [[Julia Morgan House]], built for a wealthy client, is located in Sacramento.

[[File:Hearst Building, San Francisco (2013) - 1.JPG|thumb|Hearst Building, San Francisco, redesign by Morgan]]

==Legacy==
Julia Morgan is buried in the [[Mountain View Cemetery (Oakland, California)|Mountain View Cemetery]] in the hills of [[Oakland, California]].<ref>[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/1464 findagrave.com.] Julia Morgan. access date: 5/11/2010.</ref>

California Governor [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] and First Lady [[Maria Shriver]] announced on May 28, 2008 that Julia Morgan would be inducted into the [[California Hall of Fame]], located at [[The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts]]. The induction ceremony took place on December 15 and her great-niece accepted the honor in her place.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=11255 | title=Governor & First Lady Participate in 2008 CA Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony | publisher=State of California, Office of Governor | accessdate=2013-05-20}}</ref>
[[File:Ceiling at Julia Morgan ballroom in SF - stierch.jpeg|thumb|200px|Ceiling at Julia Morgan Ballroom]]
The Julia Morgan Ballroom at the [[Merchants Exchange Building (San Francisco)|Merchants Exchange Building]] in San Francisco, where she had her offices from 1904 to 1950, was named in her honor.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://juliamorganballroom.com/about/|title=About the Historic Julia Morgan Ballroom Event Space in San Francisco|work=Julia Morgan Ballroom|access-date=2018-02-10|language=en-US}}</ref>

Julia Morgan was the 2014 [[AIA Gold Medal]] recipient (posthumous). She is the first female architect to receive this honor.<ref>{{cite web|title=2014 AIA Gold Medal Awarded to Julia Morgan, FAIA|url=http://www.aia.org/press/AIAB100853|work=Press Releases|publisher=American Institute of Architects|accessdate=12 December 2013}}</ref>

In 2006, a children's picture book titled ''Julia Morgan Built a Castle'' was published and is now available in many public libraries''.'' <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56051019|title=Julia Morgan built a castle|last=Mannis|first=Celeste Davidson|date=2006|publisher=Viking|others=Hyman, Miles,|year=|isbn=9780670059645|location=New York, N.Y.|pages=|oclc=56051019}}</ref>

==Further reading==
;Books
*Boutelle, Sara Holmes (1988). ''Julia Morgan, Architect.'' New York: Abbeville Press.
*{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Lewis|first=Anna M. |title=Women of Steel and Stone: 22 Inspirational Architects, Engineers, and Landscape Designers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_9WAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88|date=2014|publisher=Chicago Review Press|location=Chicago, Illinois|isbn=978-1-61374-511-3}}
*Morgan, J. (1976). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/58882003&referer=brief_results Architectural drawings by Julia Morgan: beau-arts assignments and other buildings]. Oakland, Calif: Oakland Museum, Art Dept.
*Morgan, J., Hearst, W. R., & Loe, N. E. (1987). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/16866193&referer=brief_results San Simeon revisited: the correspondence between architect Julia Morgan and William Randolph Hearst]. San Luis Obispo, Calif: Library Associates, California Polytechnic State University.
*Morgan, J. (1987). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/19479144&referer=brief_results Berkeley houses by Julia Morgan]. Berkeley, California: The Association.

;Reviews
*Longstreth, R. W. (1977). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/3446933&referer=brief_results Julia Morgan, architect. Berkeley Architectural Heritage publication series, no. 1]. Berkeley, California: Berkeley Architectural Heritage Association.
*McNeill, Karen (May 2007) [https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.1525/phr.2007.76.2.229?uid=3739560&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21101099987461 "Julia Morgan: Gender, Architecture, and Professional Style."] ''Pacific Historical Review'', pp. 229–267.
* McNeill, Karen (Summer 2012) [http://www.californiahistoricalsociety.org/publications/pdf/California_History_vol89_no3.pdf "'Women Who Build: Julia Morgan & Women's Institutions." ''California History'', pp.41-74.]
*Pasadena Cultural Heritage Commission. (1988). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/18433474&referer=brief_results Report on reuse of the Julia Morgan YWCA building: YWCA & YMCA Pasadena, California]. New York: Halsband.
*Quacchia, R. L. (2005). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/62952271&referer=brief_results Julia Morgan, architect, and the creation of the Asilomar Conference Grounds: including a comparison with Hearst Castle]. Virginia Beach, Virginia: Q Pub.
*Steilberg, W. T., & Morgan, J. (1983). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/23465769&referer=brief_results Some examples of the work of Julia Morgan]. San Francisco: ''Architect and Engineer of California''.
*University of California, Berkeley. (1986). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/50159106&referer=brief_results Julia Morgan, architectural drawings: inventory of holdings, College of Environmental Design]. Berkeley: The College.

==See also==
*[[Women in architecture]]

==References==
{{reflist|40em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Julia Morgan}}
*[http://www.lib.calpoly.edu/specialcollections/findingaids/ms010/ The Julia Morgan Collection at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo]
*[http://www.lib.calpoly.edu/specialcollections/architecture/juliamorgan/ Julia Morgan—An Online Exhibition]
*[http://archives.ced.berkeley.edu/collections/morgan-julia Julia Morgan Collection] at the [[College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley|Environmental Design Archives]]
*[http://exhibits.ced.berkeley.edu/exhibits/show/juliamorgan Hidden Engineer: The Designs of Julia Morgan]
*[http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf7t1nb2q1/ Julia Morgan Architectural Drawings, 1907–1929], [[The Bancroft Library]]
*[http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/jmindex/genericindex.html Index of Buildings by Julia Morgan]
*{{Webarchive |url=https://archive.is/20131212170238/http://www.bwaf.org/dna/archive/entry/julia-morgan |date=December 12, 2013 |title=Julia Morgan, Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation Dynamic National Archive}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150512111047/http://grainger-arts-and-crafts-studio.com/2013/08/julia-morga-arts-and-crafts-architecture/ One Woman’s Contribution to Arts and Crafts Architecture]
*[http://www.apartmenttherapy.com/julia-morgan-spotlight-on-female-designers-177161/ Julia Morgan SPOTLIGHT ON WOMEN IN DESIGN]
*[http://www.landmarkscalifornia.org/julia-morgan-2012/ Julia Morgan 2012]
*[https://calisphere.org/collections/15122/ Morgan (Julia) Collection, 1893-1980]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Morgan, Julia}}
[[Category:American women architects]]
[[Category:Julia Morgan buildings| ]]
[[Category:1872 births]]
[[Category:1957 deaths]]
[[Category:Architects from California]]
[[Category:American Neoclassical architects]]
[[Category:Arts and Crafts architects]]
[[Category:Beaux Arts architects]]
[[Category:Historicist architects]]
[[Category:Mediterranean Revival architects]]
[[Category:Spanish Revival architects]]
[[Category:Spanish Colonial Revival architects]]
[[Category:Architects from San Francisco]]
[[Category:Architecture in the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:History of the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:Burials at Mountain View Cemetery (Oakland, California)]]
[[Category:People from Oakland, California]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley College of Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:American alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts]]
[[Category:NRHP architects]]
[[Category:20th-century American architects]]
[[Category:California women architects]]

Julia Morgan

2018-07-22T15:55:14Z

Websterwebfoot: /* Personal life */ punctuation; added missing name for antecedent

{{Infobox architect
|name = Julia Morgan
|image = Hearst and Morgan.jpg
|caption = William Randolph Hearst and Julia Morgan in 1926
|nationality = American
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1872|1|20}}
|birth_place = [[San Francisco]], [[California]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1957|02|2|1872|01|20}}
|practice =
|alma_mater = [[University of California, Berkeley]]
|significant_buildings = [[Los Angeles Herald-Examiner|Los Angeles Examiner]] Building The [[YWCA]] in [[Chinatown, San Francisco]] [[Riverside Art Museum]] [[Asilomar State Beach|Asilomar Conference Grounds]]
|significant_projects = [[Hearst Castle]]
|awards = [[AIA Gold Medal]]
}}

'''Julia Morgan''' (January 20, 1872 – February 2, 1957) was an American [[architect]].<ref name=":0" /> She designed more than 700 buildings in [[California]] during a long and prolific career.<ref name="fillmorelocal">Erica Reder: [http://newfillmore.com/2011/02/01/julia-morgan-was-a-local/ "Julia Morgan was a local], in ''The New Fillmore'', 1 February 2011. Retrieved 2015-10-23.</ref> She is best known for her work on [[Hearst Castle]] in [[San Simeon, California]].

Morgan was the first woman to be admitted to the architecture program at [[École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts|l'École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts]]<ref name=":0">(fr) [http://agorha.inha.fr/inhaprod/jsp/reference.jsp?reference=INHA__PERSONNES__82625 Agorha.inha, ''Biographie rédigée par Marie-Laure Crosnier Leconte'']</ref> in Paris and the first woman architect licensed in California. She designed many buildings for institutions serving women and girls, including [[YWCA]] buildings and buildings for [[Mills College]].

Morgan embraced the [[Arts and Crafts Movement]] and used various producers of [[California pottery]] to adorn her buildings.

Julia Morgan was the first woman to receive the [[AIA Gold Medal]], posthumously in 2014.<ref>Wendy Moonan: [http://archrecord.construction.com/news/2013/12/131216-AIA-Awards-2014-Gold-Medal-to-Julia-Morgan.asp "AIA Awards 2014 Gold Medal to Julia Morgan"], in the ''Architectural Record'', 16 December 2013</ref>

==Family background==
Morgan's father, Charles Bill Morgan, was born into a prominent [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]] family that included successful military men, politicians, and influential businessmen. He studied to be a mining engineer; then in 1867, he sailed for [[San Francisco]], California, to speculate in mines and oil. He returned the next year to marry Eliza Woodland Parmelee, the favored daughter of Albert O. Parmelee, a cotton trader and self-made millionaire. The wedding was in [[Brooklyn]], New York, where she had grown up. As a wedding present, Parmelee gave his daughter an envelope full of money so that she could raise a family in comfort. He indicated that more money would follow.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Harriet |last=Rochlin |title=Designed by Julia Morgan |work=Westways |publisher=Automobile Club of Southern California |volume=68 |number=3 |date=March 1976 |pages=26–29, 75–76, 80}}</ref>

[[File:Berkeley Women's City Club (Berkeley, CA).JPG|thumb|[[Berkeley Women's City Club]]]]
The newlyweds traveled to San Francisco and settled downtown in a family-oriented but luxurious residential hotel. In April 1870, a son was born and named Parmelee Morgan. On January 20, 1872, Julia Morgan was born. Two years later, the Morgans moved across the [[San Francisco Bay]] to [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], to live in a large house they had built in the Stick-Eastlake style at 754 14th Street at its intersection with Brush Street at the downtown edge of what is now known as [[West Oakland, Oakland, California|West Oakland]]. (This Victorian-era building has since been demolished.) Three more children were born to the family in Oakland. At every new birth, grandfather Parmelee paid for the Morgans to travel to the East Coast by transcontinental train so that the grandchild could be christened in the traditional family church in New York.<ref name=Wadsworth8>{{cite book |last=Wadsworth |first=Ginger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X6rbO6fD9GQC&pg=PA10 |pages=8–11 |title=Julia Morgan, Architect of Dreams |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |year=1990 |isbn=0-8225-4903-4}}</ref>

[[File:Merrill Hall Asilomar.jpg|thumb|left|Merrill Hall (1928) on the grounds of [[Asilomar Conference Center]] in [[Pacific Grove, California]]]]
Charles Morgan was not successful in any of his business ventures, so the family relied upon money from grandfather Parmelee. Eliza Morgan ran the household with a strong hand, providing young Julia with a role model of womanly competence and independence. In mid-1878, Eliza took the children to live near the Parmelees in New York for a year while Charles worked in San Francisco. In New York, Julia was introduced to her older cousin Lucy Thornton, who was married to successful architect Pierre Le Brun. After returning to Oakland, Julia kept in contact with Le Brun; he encouraged her to pursue a higher education. In New York, Julia also got sick with [[scarlet fever]] and was kept in bed for a few weeks. As a result of this illness, throughout her adult life she was prone to ear infections.<ref name=Wadsworth8/>

In July 1880, grandfather Parmelee died. Soon, grandmother Parmelee moved into the Oakland house, bringing with her the Parmelee wealth. This reinforced Julia's impression that women provided the foundation of social means.<ref name=McNeill2012>{{cite journal |last=McNeill |first=Karen |date=Summer 2012 |url=http://www.californiahistoricalsociety.org/publications/pdf/California_History_vol89_no3.pdf |title='Women Who Build': Julia Morgan & Women's Institutions |work=California History |publisher=California Historical Society |volume=89 |number=3 |pages=41–74}}</ref>

Morgan resisted her mother's suggestion that she have a [[debutante]] party to celebrate her availability for marriage. She argued that she should first gain a career. Her parents were supportive of this wish.

==Education==
Morgan graduated from [[Oakland High School (California)|Oakland High School]] in 1890 and enrolled in the [[University of California, Berkeley|University of California]], in nearby Berkeley. At university, she was a member of the [[Kappa Alpha Theta]] sorority. After her graduation, Morgan became a member of the Association of Collegiate Alumnae, now the [[American Association of University Women]].

One of the engineering lecturers of her senior year was [[Bernard Maybeck]], an eccentrically dressed architect who designed buildings that Morgan admired for their respect for the surrounding topography and environment. Maybeck mentored Morgan, along with her classmates [[Arthur Brown, Jr.]], [[Edward H. Bennett]] and [[Lewis P. Hobart]], in architecture at his Berkeley home. He encouraged Morgan to continue her studies at the prestigious [[École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts]] in Paris where he had distinguished himself. She graduated from Cal in 1894 with a degree in [[civil engineering]]; she was the only woman in her engineering class. Morgan gained a year of work experience building with Maybeck, then traveled to Paris in 1896 to prepare for the Beaux-Arts entrance exam. The school had never before allowed a woman to study architecture, but in 1897, it opened its entry process to women applicants, largely because of pressure from a union of French women artists, whom Morgan characterized as "[[Bohemianism|bohemians]]".<ref name=McNeill2012/><ref name=wilson2007>{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Mark |title=Julia Morgan: Architect of Beauty |pages=3–5 |year=2007 |publisher=Gibbs Smith |location=Layton, Utah |isbn=978-1-4236-0088-6}}</ref> Morgan met with these women and was exposed to their feminist views; they discussed how to increase the influence of women in professional careers.

In principle, the school admitted the top 30 candidates. It took Morgan three tries to get in: on the first try, she placed too low, while on her second try, in 1898, although she placed well into the top 30, the examiners "arbitrarily lowered" her marks.<ref name=wilson2007/><ref name=reichers>{{cite journal|last=Reichers |first=Maggie |url=http://www.neh.gov/news/humanities/2006-09/BeyondSanSimeon.html |title=Beyond San Simeon |work=Humanities |date=September–October 2006 |volume=27 |number=5 |publisher=Neh.gov |accessdate=2012-09-07}}</ref> After more than a year of further study, tutored by [[François-Benjamin Chaussemiche]], a winner of the ''[[Prix de Rome]]'', she finally passed the entrance exams in the Architecture Program, placing 13th out of 376 applicants, and was duly admitted.<ref name=wilson2007/> However, she could study only until her 30th birthday, as the school prohibited older scholars. In early 1902, as her birthday approached, Morgan submitted an outstanding design for a palatial theatre. This earned her a certificate in architecture, making her the first woman to receive one from the school; she did so in three years, although the usual time of completion was five years (that was how long Maybeck took, for example).<ref name=McNeill2012/><ref name=wilson2007/><ref name=capitol>{{cite web|url=http://capitolmuseum.ca.gov/english/remarkable/panel4.html |title=Julia Morgan: Early Architect. California State Capitol website |accessdate=2009-05-26 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623083708/http://capitolmuseum.ca.gov/english/remarkable/panel4.html |archivedate=June 23, 2007 |df= }}, Retrieved 2009-05-26</ref> She stayed in Paris long enough to collaborate with Chaussemiche on a project for Harriet Fearing, an ex-New Yorker who contracted for a "grand salon" design for her residence in [[Fontainebleau]].<ref name=Boutelle>{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FvkgE3tKp0gC&pg=PA22 |page=22 |last=Boutelle |first=Sara Holmes |title=Julia Morgan, Engineer and Architect |work=Old-House Journal |date=March–April 1996 |volume=24 |number=2 |issn=0094-0178 |publisher=Active Interest Media}}</ref>

==Career==
Upon her return from Paris, Morgan took employment with San Francisco architect [[John Galen Howard]], who was supervising the [[University of California, Berkeley Campus Architecture|University of California Master Plan]]. Morgan worked on several buildings on the Berkeley campus, providing the decorative elements for the [[Hearst Mining Building]] and an early proposal for [[Sather Gate]]. She was the primary designer for the [[Hearst Greek Theatre]].<ref name=McNeill2012/> Howard told a colleague that Morgan was "an excellent draftsman whom I have to pay almost nothing, as it is a woman."<ref name=Boutelle/> She saved her money and made plans to work on her own, accepting important side projects.<ref name=McNeill2012/>

In 1904, Morgan was the first woman to obtain an architecture license in California. She opened her own office in San Francisco while living at the old family home in Oakland, where the staff knew her as 'J.M.'. Between the years of 1907 and 1910, she partnered with Ira Hoover, former draftsman of Howard. Morgan reestablished an individual private practice in late 1910. She was employed as the architect of many buildings at [[Mills College]]. Another of her earliest works was [[North Star House (Grass Valley, California)|North Star House]] in [[Grass Valley, California]], commissioned in 1906 by mining engineer [[Arthur De Wint Foote]] and his wife, the author and illustrator [[Mary Hallock Foote]].

The many commissions following the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake]] brought her financial success.<ref name=Boutelle/>

===Hearst projects===
[[File:Hearst Castle Casa Grande September 2012 panorama 2.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Hearst Castle]] facade.]]
Morgan's most famous patron was the newspaper magnate and antiquities collector [[William Randolph Hearst]], who had been introduced to Morgan by his mother [[Phoebe Apperson Hearst]], the chief patron of the [[University of California at Berkeley]]. It is believed that this introduction led to Morgan's first downstate commission by Hearst for the design of the [[Los Angeles Herald-Examiner|Los Angeles Examiner]] Building (circa 1914), a [[Mission Revival Style architecture|Mission revival style]] project that included contributions by Los Angeles architects [[William J. Dodd]] and J. Martyn Haenkel. It is located at the southwest corner of Broadway and 11th Streets on a city block in [[Downtown Los Angeles]], awaiting adaptive reuse.

In 1919, Hearst selected Morgan as the architect for ''La Cuesta Encantada'', better known as [[Hearst Castle]], which was built atop the family campsite overlooking [[San Simeon]] Harbor. Morgan employed tiles, designing many of them herself, from [[California Faience]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Berkeley Bohemia: Artists and Visionaries of the Early 20th Century|page=132|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1423600851|date=2008|quote=The company was chosen by the castle's architect, Julia Morgan, who personally designed many of the tiles that were made}}</ref>

[[File:DSC27488, Hearst Castle, San Simeon, California, USA (5129765942).jpg|thumb|Indoor Roman pool on Hearst Castle grounds (empty)]]
[[File:DSC27413, Hearst Castle, San Simeon, California, USA (6433990083).jpg|thumb|Hearst Castle outdoor Neptune pool view]]
The project proved to be her largest and most complex, as Hearst's vision for his estate grew ever grander over the decades of planning and construction. The project included ''[[The Hacienda (Milpitas Ranchhouse)|The Hacienda]]'', a residence–private guest house complex built in hybrid [[Mission Revival Style architecture|Mission Revival]], [[Spanish Colonial Revival architecture|Spanish Colonial Revival]], and [[Moorish Revival]] styles. It was located a day's horseback ride inland from Hearst Castle, next to the [[Mission San Antonio de Padua]] near [[Jolon, California]]. Her work on 'the Castle' and San Simeon Ranch continued until 1947, ended only by Hearst's declining health.

Morgan became William Randolph Hearst's principal architect, producing the designs for dozens of buildings, such as Phoebe Apperson Hearst's [[Wyntoon]], which he inherited. The estate includes a castle and "Bavarian village" of four villas, all on {{convert|50000|acre|km2|0}} of forest reserve that includes the [[McCloud River]] near [[Mount Shasta]] in Northern California. She also did studio and site work for the uncompleted ''Babicora'', Hearst's {{convert|1625000|acre|km2|adj=on}} [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua, Mexico]], cattle [[ranch]]o and retreat.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,818820,00.html|title=Babicora, Mexico: End of An Empire|journal=Time|accessdate= May 11, 2010}}</ref>

===YWCA projects===
[[File:Oakland YWCA (Oakland, CA).JPG|thumb|Oakland YWCA]]
Julia Morgan's affiliation with the [[YWCA]] began when Phoebe Apperson Hearst recommended her for the organization's Asilomar summer conference center, a project she began in 1913. The [[Asilomar State Beach|Asilomar Conference Center]], no longer YWCA but State-run, is still in [[Pacific Grove, California|Pacific Grove]] near [[Monterey, California]]. Morgan also designed YWCAs in California, Utah, Arizona, and Hawaii.

Five of the Southern California YWCA buildings were designed by Morgan.<ref name="Bariscale">{{cite web|url=http://bigorangelandmarks.blogspot.com/2008/10/no-186-morgan-house-harbor-area-ywca.html|date=October 1, 2008|title=No. 186 – Morgan House (Harbor Area YWCA)|website=Big Orange Landmarks|accessdate=May 11, 2010|first=Floyd B.|last=Bariscale}}</ref> The 1918 Harbor Area YWCA (San Pedro, CA) in a Craftsman building is still standing, as is the 1926 [[Hollywood Studio Club]] YWCA. Morgan's [[Riverside, California|Riverside]] YWCA from 1929 still stands, but as the [[Riverside Art Museum]]. Her 1925 Long Beach Italian Renaissance branch has been demolished. The "gorgeous" [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]] YWCA is being acquired by the City for restoration and public use after several decades of decay.<ref name="Bariscale"/>

She also designed YWCAs in [[Northern California]], including those in [[Chinatown, San Francisco|San Francisco's Chinatown]] and [[Oakland, California|Oakland]]. The YWCA building in San Francisco presently is used as the museum and homebase of the [[Chinese Historical Society of America]] (CHSA).

===Mills College===
Morgan made many architectural contributions to the women's college [[Mills College]] in the [[East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)|East Bay]] foothills of [[Oakland, California]]. Like her work for the YWCA, they were done in the hopes of advancing opportunities for women.

Mills president [[Susan Tolman Mills|Susan Mills]] became interested in Morgan in 1904 because she wished to further the career of a female architect and because Morgan, just beginning her career, charged less than her male counterparts.<ref name=morgan-ito>{{cite news | last = Ito | first = Susan | title = Julia Morgan at Mills | work = Mills Quarterly | pages = 14 | date = Winter 2004 | url = http://www.mills.edu/alumnae/publications/backissues/W2004_03.pdf | publisher = Mills College | accessdate = 2008-02-27|format=PDF}}</ref> Morgan designed six buildings for the Mills campus, including El Campanil, believed to be the first bell tower on a United States college campus.<ref name="morgan-ito" /> El Campanil should not be confused with ''The Campanile'', a nickname for [[Sather Tower]], the clock/bell tower of nearby UC Berkeley. Morgan helped draft parts of the UC Berkeley campus under [[John Galen Howard]], but the Sather Tower was not her design.

Morgan's reputation grew when the tower was unscathed by the 1906 [[San Francisco earthquake]].<ref name="morgan-ito" /> The bells in the tower "were cast for the [[World's Columbian Exposition]] (Chicago-1893), and given to Mills by a trustee".<ref name=handbook>{{cite book | title = Mills College 2007/2008 Undergraduate Student Handbook | year = 2007 | publisher = School Datebooks | url = http://www.mills.edu/handbook.pdf | accessdate = 2008-02-27|format=PDF}}</ref>

Morgan also designed the [[Margaret Carnegie Library]] (1906), named after [[Andrew Carnegie]]'s daughter, <ref name="morgan-ito" /> and the [[Ming Quong Home for Chinese girls]], built in 1924 and purchased for Mills in 1936.<ref name=handbook/> It was eventually renamed Alderwood Hall, before becoming the [[Julia Morgan School for Girls]] in 2004<ref name="morgan-ito" /> (independent of the College). Morgan designed the [[Mills College Student Union]] in 1916.<ref name="morgan-ito" /> Morgan's [[Kapiolani Cottage]] has served as an infirmary, faculty housing, and administration offices.<ref name="morgan-ito" /><ref name=handbook /> Morgan also designed the original gymnasium and pool, since replaced by the Tea Shop and Suzanne Adams Plaza,<ref name=morgan-ito /> the first reinforced concrete structure on the west coast.<ref name=handbook>{{cite book | title = Mills College 2007/2008 Undergraduate Student Handbook | year = 2007 | publisher = School Datebooks | url = http://www.mills.edu/handbook.pdf | accessdate = 2008-02-27|format=PDF}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Although Morgan was highly respected as an architect, not much is known about her personal life. She was never married and had no known romances. She kept a low profile and lived modestly, in spite of her wealthy clientele. She gave no interviews and did not write about herself. She worked tirelessly on minimal sleep and food.<ref name=fillmorelocal /> Intrigued with the gaps in Julia Morgan's life story, Belinda Taylor, wrote "Becoming Julia Morgan", a 2012 play in which Taylor imagines a plausible life story for Morgan.<ref>Erica Reder: [http://www.landmarkscalifornia.org/belinda-taylor-presents-becoming-julia-morgan/ "Belinda Taylor presents: Becoming Julia Morgan"], in the ''Landmarks of California'', 2012</ref>

==Other projects==
[[File:St. John's Presbyterian Church (Berkeley, CA).JPG|thumb|The former St. John's Presbyterian Church]]
Morgan's other projects include the redesign of the landmark [[Fairmont San Francisco|Fairmont Hotel]] in San Francisco after it was damaged by the earthquake of 1906. She was chosen because of her then-rare knowledge of earthquake-resistant, [[reinforced concrete]] construction.

She considered [[St. John's Presbyterian Church (Berkeley, California)|St. John's Presbyterian Church]] her finest [[American Craftsman|Craftsman]]-style building.<ref>[https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/59872006.html?dids=59872006:59872006&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+04%2C+1988&author=Thomas+Hines&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=An+Architect+From+the+Inside+Out+JULIA+MORGAN%2C+ARCHITECT+by+Sara+Holmes+Boutelle+(Abbeville+Press%3A+%2455%3B+265+pp.%2C+illustrated)&pqatl=google "An Architect from the Inside Out], Los Angeles Times, September 4, 1988</ref> It is now the Berkeley Playhouse in [[Berkeley, California]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Thompson |first=Daniella |url=http://www.berkeleyheritage.com/berkeley_landmarks/st._johns_presb.html |title=Berkeley Landmarks: St. John’s Presbyterian Church |publisher=Berkeley Architectural Heritage Association |date= |accessdate=2012-09-07}}</ref>

Other projects include the [[Chapel of the Chimes (Oakland, California)|Chapel of the Chimes]] in Oakland, the sanctuary of Ocean Avenue Presbyterian Church at 32 Ocean Avenue, San Francisco (where [[Mission Bay Community Church]] also meets) and the large [[Berkeley City Club]] adjacent to University of California. She designed the World War I [[YWCA Hostess House]] in [[Palo Alto, California|Palo Alto]], built in 1918 and later to become the site of the MacArthur Park Restaurant<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.macpark.com |title=MacArthur Park |publisher=Macpark.com |date= |accessdate=2012-09-07}}</ref>

[[File:Julia morgan house.jpg|thumb|[[Julia Morgan House]]]]
Some of her residential projects, most of them located in the [[San Francisco Bay Area]], are [[ultimate bungalows]]. The style is often associated with the work of [[Greene and Greene]] and some of Morgan's other contemporaries and teachers. The buildings represent the [[Arts and Crafts Movement]] and the [[American Craftsman|American Craftsman style]] of architecture. Several houses are on San Francisco's [[Russian Hill]]. She lived further West in SF.{{Cn|date=February 2018}} In 1908, Julia Morgan designed the residence of James Henry Pierce at 1650 The Alameda in San Jose, which features rare California timber.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.preservation.org/newsletters/summer2009.pdf|title=San Jose’s Julia Morgan House|journal=Continuity|date=Summer 2009|page=11}}</ref> Another residence, the so-called [[Julia Morgan House]], built for a wealthy client, is located in Sacramento.

[[File:Hearst Building, San Francisco (2013) - 1.JPG|thumb|Hearst Building, San Francisco, redesign by Morgan]]

==Legacy==
Julia Morgan is buried in the [[Mountain View Cemetery (Oakland, California)|Mountain View Cemetery]] in the hills of [[Oakland, California]].<ref>[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/1464 findagrave.com.] Julia Morgan. access date: 5/11/2010.</ref>

California Governor [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] and First Lady [[Maria Shriver]] announced on May 28, 2008 that Julia Morgan would be inducted into the [[California Hall of Fame]], located at [[The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts]]. The induction ceremony took place on December 15 and her great-niece accepted the honor in her place.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=11255 | title=Governor & First Lady Participate in 2008 CA Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony | publisher=State of California, Office of Governor | accessdate=2013-05-20}}</ref>
[[File:Ceiling at Julia Morgan ballroom in SF - stierch.jpeg|thumb|200px|Ceiling at Julia Morgan Ballroom]]
The Julia Morgan Ballroom at the [[Merchants Exchange Building (San Francisco)|Merchants Exchange Building]] in San Francisco, where she had her offices from 1904 to 1950, was named in her honor.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://juliamorganballroom.com/about/|title=About the Historic Julia Morgan Ballroom Event Space in San Francisco|work=Julia Morgan Ballroom|access-date=2018-02-10|language=en-US}}</ref>

Julia Morgan was the 2014 [[AIA Gold Medal]] recipient (posthumous). She is the first female architect to receive this honor.<ref>{{cite web|title=2014 AIA Gold Medal Awarded to Julia Morgan, FAIA|url=http://www.aia.org/press/AIAB100853|work=Press Releases|publisher=American Institute of Architects|accessdate=12 December 2013}}</ref>

In 2006, a children's picture book titled ''Julia Morgan Built a Castle'' was published and is now available in many public libraries''.'' <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56051019|title=Julia Morgan built a castle|last=Mannis|first=Celeste Davidson|date=2006|publisher=Viking|others=Hyman, Miles,|year=|isbn=9780670059645|location=New York, N.Y.|pages=|oclc=56051019}}</ref>

==Further reading==
;Books
*Boutelle, Sara Holmes (1988). ''Julia Morgan, Architect.'' New York: Abbeville Press.
*{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Lewis|first=Anna M. |title=Women of Steel and Stone: 22 Inspirational Architects, Engineers, and Landscape Designers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_9WAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88|date=2014|publisher=Chicago Review Press|location=Chicago, Illinois|isbn=978-1-61374-511-3}}
*Morgan, J. (1976). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/58882003&referer=brief_results Architectural drawings by Julia Morgan: beau-arts assignments and other buildings]. Oakland, Calif: Oakland Museum, Art Dept.
*Morgan, J., Hearst, W. R., & Loe, N. E. (1987). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/16866193&referer=brief_results San Simeon revisited: the correspondence between architect Julia Morgan and William Randolph Hearst]. San Luis Obispo, Calif: Library Associates, California Polytechnic State University.
*Morgan, J. (1987). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/19479144&referer=brief_results Berkeley houses by Julia Morgan]. Berkeley, California: The Association.

;Reviews
*Longstreth, R. W. (1977). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/3446933&referer=brief_results Julia Morgan, architect. Berkeley Architectural Heritage publication series, no. 1]. Berkeley, California: Berkeley Architectural Heritage Association.
*McNeill, Karen (May 2007) [https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.1525/phr.2007.76.2.229?uid=3739560&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21101099987461 "Julia Morgan: Gender, Architecture, and Professional Style."] ''Pacific Historical Review'', pp. 229–267.
* McNeill, Karen (Summer 2012) [http://www.californiahistoricalsociety.org/publications/pdf/California_History_vol89_no3.pdf "'Women Who Build: Julia Morgan & Women's Institutions." ''California History'', pp.41-74.]
*Pasadena Cultural Heritage Commission. (1988). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/18433474&referer=brief_results Report on reuse of the Julia Morgan YWCA building: YWCA & YMCA Pasadena, California]. New York: Halsband.
*Quacchia, R. L. (2005). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/62952271&referer=brief_results Julia Morgan, architect, and the creation of the Asilomar Conference Grounds: including a comparison with Hearst Castle]. Virginia Beach, Virginia: Q Pub.
*Steilberg, W. T., & Morgan, J. (1983). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/23465769&referer=brief_results Some examples of the work of Julia Morgan]. San Francisco: ''Architect and Engineer of California''.
*University of California, Berkeley. (1986). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/50159106&referer=brief_results Julia Morgan, architectural drawings: inventory of holdings, College of Environmental Design]. Berkeley: The College.

==See also==
*[[Women in architecture]]

==References==
{{reflist|40em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Julia Morgan}}
*[http://www.lib.calpoly.edu/specialcollections/findingaids/ms010/ The Julia Morgan Collection at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo]
*[http://www.lib.calpoly.edu/specialcollections/architecture/juliamorgan/ Julia Morgan—An Online Exhibition]
*[http://archives.ced.berkeley.edu/collections/morgan-julia Julia Morgan Collection] at the [[College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley|Environmental Design Archives]]
*[http://exhibits.ced.berkeley.edu/exhibits/show/juliamorgan Hidden Engineer: The Designs of Julia Morgan]
*[http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf7t1nb2q1/ Julia Morgan Architectural Drawings, 1907–1929], [[The Bancroft Library]]
*[http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/jmindex/genericindex.html Index of Buildings by Julia Morgan]
*{{Webarchive |url=https://archive.is/20131212170238/http://www.bwaf.org/dna/archive/entry/julia-morgan |date=December 12, 2013 |title=Julia Morgan, Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation Dynamic National Archive}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150512111047/http://grainger-arts-and-crafts-studio.com/2013/08/julia-morga-arts-and-crafts-architecture/ One Woman’s Contribution to Arts and Crafts Architecture]
*[http://www.apartmenttherapy.com/julia-morgan-spotlight-on-female-designers-177161/ Julia Morgan SPOTLIGHT ON WOMEN IN DESIGN]
*[http://www.landmarkscalifornia.org/julia-morgan-2012/ Julia Morgan 2012]
*[https://calisphere.org/collections/15122/ Morgan (Julia) Collection, 1893-1980]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Morgan, Julia}}
[[Category:American women architects]]
[[Category:Julia Morgan buildings| ]]
[[Category:1872 births]]
[[Category:1957 deaths]]
[[Category:Architects from California]]
[[Category:American Neoclassical architects]]
[[Category:Arts and Crafts architects]]
[[Category:Beaux Arts architects]]
[[Category:Historicist architects]]
[[Category:Mediterranean Revival architects]]
[[Category:Spanish Revival architects]]
[[Category:Spanish Colonial Revival architects]]
[[Category:Architects from San Francisco]]
[[Category:Architecture in the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:History of the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:Burials at Mountain View Cemetery (Oakland, California)]]
[[Category:People from Oakland, California]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley College of Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:American alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts]]
[[Category:NRHP architects]]
[[Category:20th-century American architects]]
[[Category:California women architects]]

Julia Morgan

2018-07-22T15:53:26Z

Websterwebfoot: /* Mills College */ corrected phrase that was standing as a sentence; punctuation

{{Infobox architect
|name = Julia Morgan
|image = Hearst and Morgan.jpg
|caption = William Randolph Hearst and Julia Morgan in 1926
|nationality = American
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1872|1|20}}
|birth_place = [[San Francisco]], [[California]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1957|02|2|1872|01|20}}
|practice =
|alma_mater = [[University of California, Berkeley]]
|significant_buildings = [[Los Angeles Herald-Examiner|Los Angeles Examiner]] Building The [[YWCA]] in [[Chinatown, San Francisco]] [[Riverside Art Museum]] [[Asilomar State Beach|Asilomar Conference Grounds]]
|significant_projects = [[Hearst Castle]]
|awards = [[AIA Gold Medal]]
}}

'''Julia Morgan''' (January 20, 1872 – February 2, 1957) was an American [[architect]].<ref name=":0" /> She designed more than 700 buildings in [[California]] during a long and prolific career.<ref name="fillmorelocal">Erica Reder: [http://newfillmore.com/2011/02/01/julia-morgan-was-a-local/ "Julia Morgan was a local], in ''The New Fillmore'', 1 February 2011. Retrieved 2015-10-23.</ref> She is best known for her work on [[Hearst Castle]] in [[San Simeon, California]].

Morgan was the first woman to be admitted to the architecture program at [[École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts|l'École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts]]<ref name=":0">(fr) [http://agorha.inha.fr/inhaprod/jsp/reference.jsp?reference=INHA__PERSONNES__82625 Agorha.inha, ''Biographie rédigée par Marie-Laure Crosnier Leconte'']</ref> in Paris and the first woman architect licensed in California. She designed many buildings for institutions serving women and girls, including [[YWCA]] buildings and buildings for [[Mills College]].

Morgan embraced the [[Arts and Crafts Movement]] and used various producers of [[California pottery]] to adorn her buildings.

Julia Morgan was the first woman to receive the [[AIA Gold Medal]], posthumously in 2014.<ref>Wendy Moonan: [http://archrecord.construction.com/news/2013/12/131216-AIA-Awards-2014-Gold-Medal-to-Julia-Morgan.asp "AIA Awards 2014 Gold Medal to Julia Morgan"], in the ''Architectural Record'', 16 December 2013</ref>

==Family background==
Morgan's father, Charles Bill Morgan, was born into a prominent [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]] family that included successful military men, politicians, and influential businessmen. He studied to be a mining engineer; then in 1867, he sailed for [[San Francisco]], California, to speculate in mines and oil. He returned the next year to marry Eliza Woodland Parmelee, the favored daughter of Albert O. Parmelee, a cotton trader and self-made millionaire. The wedding was in [[Brooklyn]], New York, where she had grown up. As a wedding present, Parmelee gave his daughter an envelope full of money so that she could raise a family in comfort. He indicated that more money would follow.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Harriet |last=Rochlin |title=Designed by Julia Morgan |work=Westways |publisher=Automobile Club of Southern California |volume=68 |number=3 |date=March 1976 |pages=26–29, 75–76, 80}}</ref>

[[File:Berkeley Women's City Club (Berkeley, CA).JPG|thumb|[[Berkeley Women's City Club]]]]
The newlyweds traveled to San Francisco and settled downtown in a family-oriented but luxurious residential hotel. In April 1870, a son was born and named Parmelee Morgan. On January 20, 1872, Julia Morgan was born. Two years later, the Morgans moved across the [[San Francisco Bay]] to [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], to live in a large house they had built in the Stick-Eastlake style at 754 14th Street at its intersection with Brush Street at the downtown edge of what is now known as [[West Oakland, Oakland, California|West Oakland]]. (This Victorian-era building has since been demolished.) Three more children were born to the family in Oakland. At every new birth, grandfather Parmelee paid for the Morgans to travel to the East Coast by transcontinental train so that the grandchild could be christened in the traditional family church in New York.<ref name=Wadsworth8>{{cite book |last=Wadsworth |first=Ginger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X6rbO6fD9GQC&pg=PA10 |pages=8–11 |title=Julia Morgan, Architect of Dreams |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |year=1990 |isbn=0-8225-4903-4}}</ref>

[[File:Merrill Hall Asilomar.jpg|thumb|left|Merrill Hall (1928) on the grounds of [[Asilomar Conference Center]] in [[Pacific Grove, California]]]]
Charles Morgan was not successful in any of his business ventures, so the family relied upon money from grandfather Parmelee. Eliza Morgan ran the household with a strong hand, providing young Julia with a role model of womanly competence and independence. In mid-1878, Eliza took the children to live near the Parmelees in New York for a year while Charles worked in San Francisco. In New York, Julia was introduced to her older cousin Lucy Thornton, who was married to successful architect Pierre Le Brun. After returning to Oakland, Julia kept in contact with Le Brun; he encouraged her to pursue a higher education. In New York, Julia also got sick with [[scarlet fever]] and was kept in bed for a few weeks. As a result of this illness, throughout her adult life she was prone to ear infections.<ref name=Wadsworth8/>

In July 1880, grandfather Parmelee died. Soon, grandmother Parmelee moved into the Oakland house, bringing with her the Parmelee wealth. This reinforced Julia's impression that women provided the foundation of social means.<ref name=McNeill2012>{{cite journal |last=McNeill |first=Karen |date=Summer 2012 |url=http://www.californiahistoricalsociety.org/publications/pdf/California_History_vol89_no3.pdf |title='Women Who Build': Julia Morgan & Women's Institutions |work=California History |publisher=California Historical Society |volume=89 |number=3 |pages=41–74}}</ref>

Morgan resisted her mother's suggestion that she have a [[debutante]] party to celebrate her availability for marriage. She argued that she should first gain a career. Her parents were supportive of this wish.

==Education==
Morgan graduated from [[Oakland High School (California)|Oakland High School]] in 1890 and enrolled in the [[University of California, Berkeley|University of California]], in nearby Berkeley. At university, she was a member of the [[Kappa Alpha Theta]] sorority. After her graduation, Morgan became a member of the Association of Collegiate Alumnae, now the [[American Association of University Women]].

One of the engineering lecturers of her senior year was [[Bernard Maybeck]], an eccentrically dressed architect who designed buildings that Morgan admired for their respect for the surrounding topography and environment. Maybeck mentored Morgan, along with her classmates [[Arthur Brown, Jr.]], [[Edward H. Bennett]] and [[Lewis P. Hobart]], in architecture at his Berkeley home. He encouraged Morgan to continue her studies at the prestigious [[École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts]] in Paris where he had distinguished himself. She graduated from Cal in 1894 with a degree in [[civil engineering]]; she was the only woman in her engineering class. Morgan gained a year of work experience building with Maybeck, then traveled to Paris in 1896 to prepare for the Beaux-Arts entrance exam. The school had never before allowed a woman to study architecture, but in 1897, it opened its entry process to women applicants, largely because of pressure from a union of French women artists, whom Morgan characterized as "[[Bohemianism|bohemians]]".<ref name=McNeill2012/><ref name=wilson2007>{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Mark |title=Julia Morgan: Architect of Beauty |pages=3–5 |year=2007 |publisher=Gibbs Smith |location=Layton, Utah |isbn=978-1-4236-0088-6}}</ref> Morgan met with these women and was exposed to their feminist views; they discussed how to increase the influence of women in professional careers.

In principle, the school admitted the top 30 candidates. It took Morgan three tries to get in: on the first try, she placed too low, while on her second try, in 1898, although she placed well into the top 30, the examiners "arbitrarily lowered" her marks.<ref name=wilson2007/><ref name=reichers>{{cite journal|last=Reichers |first=Maggie |url=http://www.neh.gov/news/humanities/2006-09/BeyondSanSimeon.html |title=Beyond San Simeon |work=Humanities |date=September–October 2006 |volume=27 |number=5 |publisher=Neh.gov |accessdate=2012-09-07}}</ref> After more than a year of further study, tutored by [[François-Benjamin Chaussemiche]], a winner of the ''[[Prix de Rome]]'', she finally passed the entrance exams in the Architecture Program, placing 13th out of 376 applicants, and was duly admitted.<ref name=wilson2007/> However, she could study only until her 30th birthday, as the school prohibited older scholars. In early 1902, as her birthday approached, Morgan submitted an outstanding design for a palatial theatre. This earned her a certificate in architecture, making her the first woman to receive one from the school; she did so in three years, although the usual time of completion was five years (that was how long Maybeck took, for example).<ref name=McNeill2012/><ref name=wilson2007/><ref name=capitol>{{cite web|url=http://capitolmuseum.ca.gov/english/remarkable/panel4.html |title=Julia Morgan: Early Architect. California State Capitol website |accessdate=2009-05-26 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623083708/http://capitolmuseum.ca.gov/english/remarkable/panel4.html |archivedate=June 23, 2007 |df= }}, Retrieved 2009-05-26</ref> She stayed in Paris long enough to collaborate with Chaussemiche on a project for Harriet Fearing, an ex-New Yorker who contracted for a "grand salon" design for her residence in [[Fontainebleau]].<ref name=Boutelle>{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FvkgE3tKp0gC&pg=PA22 |page=22 |last=Boutelle |first=Sara Holmes |title=Julia Morgan, Engineer and Architect |work=Old-House Journal |date=March–April 1996 |volume=24 |number=2 |issn=0094-0178 |publisher=Active Interest Media}}</ref>

==Career==
Upon her return from Paris, Morgan took employment with San Francisco architect [[John Galen Howard]], who was supervising the [[University of California, Berkeley Campus Architecture|University of California Master Plan]]. Morgan worked on several buildings on the Berkeley campus, providing the decorative elements for the [[Hearst Mining Building]] and an early proposal for [[Sather Gate]]. She was the primary designer for the [[Hearst Greek Theatre]].<ref name=McNeill2012/> Howard told a colleague that Morgan was "an excellent draftsman whom I have to pay almost nothing, as it is a woman."<ref name=Boutelle/> She saved her money and made plans to work on her own, accepting important side projects.<ref name=McNeill2012/>

In 1904, Morgan was the first woman to obtain an architecture license in California. She opened her own office in San Francisco while living at the old family home in Oakland, where the staff knew her as 'J.M.'. Between the years of 1907 and 1910, she partnered with Ira Hoover, former draftsman of Howard. Morgan reestablished an individual private practice in late 1910. She was employed as the architect of many buildings at [[Mills College]]. Another of her earliest works was [[North Star House (Grass Valley, California)|North Star House]] in [[Grass Valley, California]], commissioned in 1906 by mining engineer [[Arthur De Wint Foote]] and his wife, the author and illustrator [[Mary Hallock Foote]].

The many commissions following the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake]] brought her financial success.<ref name=Boutelle/>

===Hearst projects===
[[File:Hearst Castle Casa Grande September 2012 panorama 2.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Hearst Castle]] facade.]]
Morgan's most famous patron was the newspaper magnate and antiquities collector [[William Randolph Hearst]], who had been introduced to Morgan by his mother [[Phoebe Apperson Hearst]], the chief patron of the [[University of California at Berkeley]]. It is believed that this introduction led to Morgan's first downstate commission by Hearst for the design of the [[Los Angeles Herald-Examiner|Los Angeles Examiner]] Building (circa 1914), a [[Mission Revival Style architecture|Mission revival style]] project that included contributions by Los Angeles architects [[William J. Dodd]] and J. Martyn Haenkel. It is located at the southwest corner of Broadway and 11th Streets on a city block in [[Downtown Los Angeles]], awaiting adaptive reuse.

In 1919, Hearst selected Morgan as the architect for ''La Cuesta Encantada'', better known as [[Hearst Castle]], which was built atop the family campsite overlooking [[San Simeon]] Harbor. Morgan employed tiles, designing many of them herself, from [[California Faience]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Berkeley Bohemia: Artists and Visionaries of the Early 20th Century|page=132|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1423600851|date=2008|quote=The company was chosen by the castle's architect, Julia Morgan, who personally designed many of the tiles that were made}}</ref>

[[File:DSC27488, Hearst Castle, San Simeon, California, USA (5129765942).jpg|thumb|Indoor Roman pool on Hearst Castle grounds (empty)]]
[[File:DSC27413, Hearst Castle, San Simeon, California, USA (6433990083).jpg|thumb|Hearst Castle outdoor Neptune pool view]]
The project proved to be her largest and most complex, as Hearst's vision for his estate grew ever grander over the decades of planning and construction. The project included ''[[The Hacienda (Milpitas Ranchhouse)|The Hacienda]]'', a residence–private guest house complex built in hybrid [[Mission Revival Style architecture|Mission Revival]], [[Spanish Colonial Revival architecture|Spanish Colonial Revival]], and [[Moorish Revival]] styles. It was located a day's horseback ride inland from Hearst Castle, next to the [[Mission San Antonio de Padua]] near [[Jolon, California]]. Her work on 'the Castle' and San Simeon Ranch continued until 1947, ended only by Hearst's declining health.

Morgan became William Randolph Hearst's principal architect, producing the designs for dozens of buildings, such as Phoebe Apperson Hearst's [[Wyntoon]], which he inherited. The estate includes a castle and "Bavarian village" of four villas, all on {{convert|50000|acre|km2|0}} of forest reserve that includes the [[McCloud River]] near [[Mount Shasta]] in Northern California. She also did studio and site work for the uncompleted ''Babicora'', Hearst's {{convert|1625000|acre|km2|adj=on}} [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua, Mexico]], cattle [[ranch]]o and retreat.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,818820,00.html|title=Babicora, Mexico: End of An Empire|journal=Time|accessdate= May 11, 2010}}</ref>

===YWCA projects===
[[File:Oakland YWCA (Oakland, CA).JPG|thumb|Oakland YWCA]]
Julia Morgan's affiliation with the [[YWCA]] began when Phoebe Apperson Hearst recommended her for the organization's Asilomar summer conference center, a project she began in 1913. The [[Asilomar State Beach|Asilomar Conference Center]], no longer YWCA but State-run, is still in [[Pacific Grove, California|Pacific Grove]] near [[Monterey, California]]. Morgan also designed YWCAs in California, Utah, Arizona, and Hawaii.

Five of the Southern California YWCA buildings were designed by Morgan.<ref name="Bariscale">{{cite web|url=http://bigorangelandmarks.blogspot.com/2008/10/no-186-morgan-house-harbor-area-ywca.html|date=October 1, 2008|title=No. 186 – Morgan House (Harbor Area YWCA)|website=Big Orange Landmarks|accessdate=May 11, 2010|first=Floyd B.|last=Bariscale}}</ref> The 1918 Harbor Area YWCA (San Pedro, CA) in a Craftsman building is still standing, as is the 1926 [[Hollywood Studio Club]] YWCA. Morgan's [[Riverside, California|Riverside]] YWCA from 1929 still stands, but as the [[Riverside Art Museum]]. Her 1925 Long Beach Italian Renaissance branch has been demolished. The "gorgeous" [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]] YWCA is being acquired by the City for restoration and public use after several decades of decay.<ref name="Bariscale"/>

She also designed YWCAs in [[Northern California]], including those in [[Chinatown, San Francisco|San Francisco's Chinatown]] and [[Oakland, California|Oakland]]. The YWCA building in San Francisco presently is used as the museum and homebase of the [[Chinese Historical Society of America]] (CHSA).

===Mills College===
Morgan made many architectural contributions to the women's college [[Mills College]] in the [[East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)|East Bay]] foothills of [[Oakland, California]]. Like her work for the YWCA, they were done in the hopes of advancing opportunities for women.

Mills president [[Susan Tolman Mills|Susan Mills]] became interested in Morgan in 1904 because she wished to further the career of a female architect and because Morgan, just beginning her career, charged less than her male counterparts.<ref name=morgan-ito>{{cite news | last = Ito | first = Susan | title = Julia Morgan at Mills | work = Mills Quarterly | pages = 14 | date = Winter 2004 | url = http://www.mills.edu/alumnae/publications/backissues/W2004_03.pdf | publisher = Mills College | accessdate = 2008-02-27|format=PDF}}</ref> Morgan designed six buildings for the Mills campus, including El Campanil, believed to be the first bell tower on a United States college campus.<ref name="morgan-ito" /> El Campanil should not be confused with ''The Campanile'', a nickname for [[Sather Tower]], the clock/bell tower of nearby UC Berkeley. Morgan helped draft parts of the UC Berkeley campus under [[John Galen Howard]], but the Sather Tower was not her design.

Morgan's reputation grew when the tower was unscathed by the 1906 [[San Francisco earthquake]].<ref name="morgan-ito" /> The bells in the tower "were cast for the [[World's Columbian Exposition]] (Chicago-1893), and given to Mills by a trustee".<ref name=handbook>{{cite book | title = Mills College 2007/2008 Undergraduate Student Handbook | year = 2007 | publisher = School Datebooks | url = http://www.mills.edu/handbook.pdf | accessdate = 2008-02-27|format=PDF}}</ref>

Morgan also designed the [[Margaret Carnegie Library]] (1906), named after [[Andrew Carnegie]]'s daughter, <ref name="morgan-ito" /> and the [[Ming Quong Home for Chinese girls]], built in 1924 and purchased for Mills in 1936.<ref name=handbook/> It was eventually renamed Alderwood Hall, before becoming the [[Julia Morgan School for Girls]] in 2004<ref name="morgan-ito" /> (independent of the College). Morgan designed the [[Mills College Student Union]] in 1916.<ref name="morgan-ito" /> Morgan's [[Kapiolani Cottage]] has served as an infirmary, faculty housing, and administration offices.<ref name="morgan-ito" /><ref name=handbook /> Morgan also designed the original gymnasium and pool, since replaced by the Tea Shop and Suzanne Adams Plaza,<ref name=morgan-ito /> the first reinforced concrete structure on the west coast.<ref name=handbook>{{cite book | title = Mills College 2007/2008 Undergraduate Student Handbook | year = 2007 | publisher = School Datebooks | url = http://www.mills.edu/handbook.pdf | accessdate = 2008-02-27|format=PDF}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Although highly respected as an architect, not much is known about her personal life. She was never married and had no known romances. She kept a low profile and lived modestly, in spite of her wealthy clientele. She gave no interviews and did not write about herself. She worked tirelessly on minimal sleep and food.<ref name=fillmorelocal /> Intrigued with the gaps in Julia Morgan's life story, Belinda Taylor, wrote "Becoming Julia Morgan", a 2012 play in which Taylor imagines a plausible life story for Morgan.<ref>Erica Reder: [http://www.landmarkscalifornia.org/belinda-taylor-presents-becoming-julia-morgan/ "Belinda Taylor presents: Becoming Julia Morgan"], in the ''Landmarks of California'', 2012</ref>

==Other projects==
[[File:St. John's Presbyterian Church (Berkeley, CA).JPG|thumb|The former St. John's Presbyterian Church]]
Morgan's other projects include the redesign of the landmark [[Fairmont San Francisco|Fairmont Hotel]] in San Francisco after it was damaged by the earthquake of 1906. She was chosen because of her then-rare knowledge of earthquake-resistant, [[reinforced concrete]] construction.

She considered [[St. John's Presbyterian Church (Berkeley, California)|St. John's Presbyterian Church]] her finest [[American Craftsman|Craftsman]]-style building.<ref>[https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/59872006.html?dids=59872006:59872006&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+04%2C+1988&author=Thomas+Hines&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=An+Architect+From+the+Inside+Out+JULIA+MORGAN%2C+ARCHITECT+by+Sara+Holmes+Boutelle+(Abbeville+Press%3A+%2455%3B+265+pp.%2C+illustrated)&pqatl=google "An Architect from the Inside Out], Los Angeles Times, September 4, 1988</ref> It is now the Berkeley Playhouse in [[Berkeley, California]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Thompson |first=Daniella |url=http://www.berkeleyheritage.com/berkeley_landmarks/st._johns_presb.html |title=Berkeley Landmarks: St. John’s Presbyterian Church |publisher=Berkeley Architectural Heritage Association |date= |accessdate=2012-09-07}}</ref>

Other projects include the [[Chapel of the Chimes (Oakland, California)|Chapel of the Chimes]] in Oakland, the sanctuary of Ocean Avenue Presbyterian Church at 32 Ocean Avenue, San Francisco (where [[Mission Bay Community Church]] also meets) and the large [[Berkeley City Club]] adjacent to University of California. She designed the World War I [[YWCA Hostess House]] in [[Palo Alto, California|Palo Alto]], built in 1918 and later to become the site of the MacArthur Park Restaurant<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.macpark.com |title=MacArthur Park |publisher=Macpark.com |date= |accessdate=2012-09-07}}</ref>

[[File:Julia morgan house.jpg|thumb|[[Julia Morgan House]]]]
Some of her residential projects, most of them located in the [[San Francisco Bay Area]], are [[ultimate bungalows]]. The style is often associated with the work of [[Greene and Greene]] and some of Morgan's other contemporaries and teachers. The buildings represent the [[Arts and Crafts Movement]] and the [[American Craftsman|American Craftsman style]] of architecture. Several houses are on San Francisco's [[Russian Hill]]. She lived further West in SF.{{Cn|date=February 2018}} In 1908, Julia Morgan designed the residence of James Henry Pierce at 1650 The Alameda in San Jose, which features rare California timber.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.preservation.org/newsletters/summer2009.pdf|title=San Jose’s Julia Morgan House|journal=Continuity|date=Summer 2009|page=11}}</ref> Another residence, the so-called [[Julia Morgan House]], built for a wealthy client, is located in Sacramento.

[[File:Hearst Building, San Francisco (2013) - 1.JPG|thumb|Hearst Building, San Francisco, redesign by Morgan]]

==Legacy==
Julia Morgan is buried in the [[Mountain View Cemetery (Oakland, California)|Mountain View Cemetery]] in the hills of [[Oakland, California]].<ref>[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/1464 findagrave.com.] Julia Morgan. access date: 5/11/2010.</ref>

California Governor [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] and First Lady [[Maria Shriver]] announced on May 28, 2008 that Julia Morgan would be inducted into the [[California Hall of Fame]], located at [[The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts]]. The induction ceremony took place on December 15 and her great-niece accepted the honor in her place.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=11255 | title=Governor & First Lady Participate in 2008 CA Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony | publisher=State of California, Office of Governor | accessdate=2013-05-20}}</ref>
[[File:Ceiling at Julia Morgan ballroom in SF - stierch.jpeg|thumb|200px|Ceiling at Julia Morgan Ballroom]]
The Julia Morgan Ballroom at the [[Merchants Exchange Building (San Francisco)|Merchants Exchange Building]] in San Francisco, where she had her offices from 1904 to 1950, was named in her honor.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://juliamorganballroom.com/about/|title=About the Historic Julia Morgan Ballroom Event Space in San Francisco|work=Julia Morgan Ballroom|access-date=2018-02-10|language=en-US}}</ref>

Julia Morgan was the 2014 [[AIA Gold Medal]] recipient (posthumous). She is the first female architect to receive this honor.<ref>{{cite web|title=2014 AIA Gold Medal Awarded to Julia Morgan, FAIA|url=http://www.aia.org/press/AIAB100853|work=Press Releases|publisher=American Institute of Architects|accessdate=12 December 2013}}</ref>

In 2006, a children's picture book titled ''Julia Morgan Built a Castle'' was published and is now available in many public libraries''.'' <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56051019|title=Julia Morgan built a castle|last=Mannis|first=Celeste Davidson|date=2006|publisher=Viking|others=Hyman, Miles,|year=|isbn=9780670059645|location=New York, N.Y.|pages=|oclc=56051019}}</ref>

==Further reading==
;Books
*Boutelle, Sara Holmes (1988). ''Julia Morgan, Architect.'' New York: Abbeville Press.
*{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Lewis|first=Anna M. |title=Women of Steel and Stone: 22 Inspirational Architects, Engineers, and Landscape Designers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_9WAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88|date=2014|publisher=Chicago Review Press|location=Chicago, Illinois|isbn=978-1-61374-511-3}}
*Morgan, J. (1976). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/58882003&referer=brief_results Architectural drawings by Julia Morgan: beau-arts assignments and other buildings]. Oakland, Calif: Oakland Museum, Art Dept.
*Morgan, J., Hearst, W. R., & Loe, N. E. (1987). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/16866193&referer=brief_results San Simeon revisited: the correspondence between architect Julia Morgan and William Randolph Hearst]. San Luis Obispo, Calif: Library Associates, California Polytechnic State University.
*Morgan, J. (1987). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/19479144&referer=brief_results Berkeley houses by Julia Morgan]. Berkeley, California: The Association.

;Reviews
*Longstreth, R. W. (1977). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/3446933&referer=brief_results Julia Morgan, architect. Berkeley Architectural Heritage publication series, no. 1]. Berkeley, California: Berkeley Architectural Heritage Association.
*McNeill, Karen (May 2007) [https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.1525/phr.2007.76.2.229?uid=3739560&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21101099987461 "Julia Morgan: Gender, Architecture, and Professional Style."] ''Pacific Historical Review'', pp. 229–267.
* McNeill, Karen (Summer 2012) [http://www.californiahistoricalsociety.org/publications/pdf/California_History_vol89_no3.pdf "'Women Who Build: Julia Morgan & Women's Institutions." ''California History'', pp.41-74.]
*Pasadena Cultural Heritage Commission. (1988). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/18433474&referer=brief_results Report on reuse of the Julia Morgan YWCA building: YWCA & YMCA Pasadena, California]. New York: Halsband.
*Quacchia, R. L. (2005). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/62952271&referer=brief_results Julia Morgan, architect, and the creation of the Asilomar Conference Grounds: including a comparison with Hearst Castle]. Virginia Beach, Virginia: Q Pub.
*Steilberg, W. T., & Morgan, J. (1983). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/23465769&referer=brief_results Some examples of the work of Julia Morgan]. San Francisco: ''Architect and Engineer of California''.
*University of California, Berkeley. (1986). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/50159106&referer=brief_results Julia Morgan, architectural drawings: inventory of holdings, College of Environmental Design]. Berkeley: The College.

==See also==
*[[Women in architecture]]

==References==
{{reflist|40em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Julia Morgan}}
*[http://www.lib.calpoly.edu/specialcollections/findingaids/ms010/ The Julia Morgan Collection at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo]
*[http://www.lib.calpoly.edu/specialcollections/architecture/juliamorgan/ Julia Morgan—An Online Exhibition]
*[http://archives.ced.berkeley.edu/collections/morgan-julia Julia Morgan Collection] at the [[College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley|Environmental Design Archives]]
*[http://exhibits.ced.berkeley.edu/exhibits/show/juliamorgan Hidden Engineer: The Designs of Julia Morgan]
*[http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf7t1nb2q1/ Julia Morgan Architectural Drawings, 1907–1929], [[The Bancroft Library]]
*[http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/jmindex/genericindex.html Index of Buildings by Julia Morgan]
*{{Webarchive |url=https://archive.is/20131212170238/http://www.bwaf.org/dna/archive/entry/julia-morgan |date=December 12, 2013 |title=Julia Morgan, Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation Dynamic National Archive}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150512111047/http://grainger-arts-and-crafts-studio.com/2013/08/julia-morga-arts-and-crafts-architecture/ One Woman’s Contribution to Arts and Crafts Architecture]
*[http://www.apartmenttherapy.com/julia-morgan-spotlight-on-female-designers-177161/ Julia Morgan SPOTLIGHT ON WOMEN IN DESIGN]
*[http://www.landmarkscalifornia.org/julia-morgan-2012/ Julia Morgan 2012]
*[https://calisphere.org/collections/15122/ Morgan (Julia) Collection, 1893-1980]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Morgan, Julia}}
[[Category:American women architects]]
[[Category:Julia Morgan buildings| ]]
[[Category:1872 births]]
[[Category:1957 deaths]]
[[Category:Architects from California]]
[[Category:American Neoclassical architects]]
[[Category:Arts and Crafts architects]]
[[Category:Beaux Arts architects]]
[[Category:Historicist architects]]
[[Category:Mediterranean Revival architects]]
[[Category:Spanish Revival architects]]
[[Category:Spanish Colonial Revival architects]]
[[Category:Architects from San Francisco]]
[[Category:Architecture in the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:History of the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:Burials at Mountain View Cemetery (Oakland, California)]]
[[Category:People from Oakland, California]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley College of Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:American alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts]]
[[Category:NRHP architects]]
[[Category:20th-century American architects]]
[[Category:California women architects]]

Julia Morgan

2018-07-22T15:45:11Z

Websterwebfoot: /* Career */ punctuation

{{Infobox architect
|name = Julia Morgan
|image = Hearst and Morgan.jpg
|caption = William Randolph Hearst and Julia Morgan in 1926
|nationality = American
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1872|1|20}}
|birth_place = [[San Francisco]], [[California]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1957|02|2|1872|01|20}}
|practice =
|alma_mater = [[University of California, Berkeley]]
|significant_buildings = [[Los Angeles Herald-Examiner|Los Angeles Examiner]] Building The [[YWCA]] in [[Chinatown, San Francisco]] [[Riverside Art Museum]] [[Asilomar State Beach|Asilomar Conference Grounds]]
|significant_projects = [[Hearst Castle]]
|awards = [[AIA Gold Medal]]
}}

'''Julia Morgan''' (January 20, 1872 – February 2, 1957) was an American [[architect]].<ref name=":0" /> She designed more than 700 buildings in [[California]] during a long and prolific career.<ref name="fillmorelocal">Erica Reder: [http://newfillmore.com/2011/02/01/julia-morgan-was-a-local/ "Julia Morgan was a local], in ''The New Fillmore'', 1 February 2011. Retrieved 2015-10-23.</ref> She is best known for her work on [[Hearst Castle]] in [[San Simeon, California]].

Morgan was the first woman to be admitted to the architecture program at [[École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts|l'École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts]]<ref name=":0">(fr) [http://agorha.inha.fr/inhaprod/jsp/reference.jsp?reference=INHA__PERSONNES__82625 Agorha.inha, ''Biographie rédigée par Marie-Laure Crosnier Leconte'']</ref> in Paris and the first woman architect licensed in California. She designed many buildings for institutions serving women and girls, including [[YWCA]] buildings and buildings for [[Mills College]].

Morgan embraced the [[Arts and Crafts Movement]] and used various producers of [[California pottery]] to adorn her buildings.

Julia Morgan was the first woman to receive the [[AIA Gold Medal]], posthumously in 2014.<ref>Wendy Moonan: [http://archrecord.construction.com/news/2013/12/131216-AIA-Awards-2014-Gold-Medal-to-Julia-Morgan.asp "AIA Awards 2014 Gold Medal to Julia Morgan"], in the ''Architectural Record'', 16 December 2013</ref>

==Family background==
Morgan's father, Charles Bill Morgan, was born into a prominent [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]] family that included successful military men, politicians, and influential businessmen. He studied to be a mining engineer; then in 1867, he sailed for [[San Francisco]], California, to speculate in mines and oil. He returned the next year to marry Eliza Woodland Parmelee, the favored daughter of Albert O. Parmelee, a cotton trader and self-made millionaire. The wedding was in [[Brooklyn]], New York, where she had grown up. As a wedding present, Parmelee gave his daughter an envelope full of money so that she could raise a family in comfort. He indicated that more money would follow.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Harriet |last=Rochlin |title=Designed by Julia Morgan |work=Westways |publisher=Automobile Club of Southern California |volume=68 |number=3 |date=March 1976 |pages=26–29, 75–76, 80}}</ref>

[[File:Berkeley Women's City Club (Berkeley, CA).JPG|thumb|[[Berkeley Women's City Club]]]]
The newlyweds traveled to San Francisco and settled downtown in a family-oriented but luxurious residential hotel. In April 1870, a son was born and named Parmelee Morgan. On January 20, 1872, Julia Morgan was born. Two years later, the Morgans moved across the [[San Francisco Bay]] to [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], to live in a large house they had built in the Stick-Eastlake style at 754 14th Street at its intersection with Brush Street at the downtown edge of what is now known as [[West Oakland, Oakland, California|West Oakland]]. (This Victorian-era building has since been demolished.) Three more children were born to the family in Oakland. At every new birth, grandfather Parmelee paid for the Morgans to travel to the East Coast by transcontinental train so that the grandchild could be christened in the traditional family church in New York.<ref name=Wadsworth8>{{cite book |last=Wadsworth |first=Ginger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X6rbO6fD9GQC&pg=PA10 |pages=8–11 |title=Julia Morgan, Architect of Dreams |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |year=1990 |isbn=0-8225-4903-4}}</ref>

[[File:Merrill Hall Asilomar.jpg|thumb|left|Merrill Hall (1928) on the grounds of [[Asilomar Conference Center]] in [[Pacific Grove, California]]]]
Charles Morgan was not successful in any of his business ventures, so the family relied upon money from grandfather Parmelee. Eliza Morgan ran the household with a strong hand, providing young Julia with a role model of womanly competence and independence. In mid-1878, Eliza took the children to live near the Parmelees in New York for a year while Charles worked in San Francisco. In New York, Julia was introduced to her older cousin Lucy Thornton, who was married to successful architect Pierre Le Brun. After returning to Oakland, Julia kept in contact with Le Brun; he encouraged her to pursue a higher education. In New York, Julia also got sick with [[scarlet fever]] and was kept in bed for a few weeks. As a result of this illness, throughout her adult life she was prone to ear infections.<ref name=Wadsworth8/>

In July 1880, grandfather Parmelee died. Soon, grandmother Parmelee moved into the Oakland house, bringing with her the Parmelee wealth. This reinforced Julia's impression that women provided the foundation of social means.<ref name=McNeill2012>{{cite journal |last=McNeill |first=Karen |date=Summer 2012 |url=http://www.californiahistoricalsociety.org/publications/pdf/California_History_vol89_no3.pdf |title='Women Who Build': Julia Morgan & Women's Institutions |work=California History |publisher=California Historical Society |volume=89 |number=3 |pages=41–74}}</ref>

Morgan resisted her mother's suggestion that she have a [[debutante]] party to celebrate her availability for marriage. She argued that she should first gain a career. Her parents were supportive of this wish.

==Education==
Morgan graduated from [[Oakland High School (California)|Oakland High School]] in 1890 and enrolled in the [[University of California, Berkeley|University of California]], in nearby Berkeley. At university, she was a member of the [[Kappa Alpha Theta]] sorority. After her graduation, Morgan became a member of the Association of Collegiate Alumnae, now the [[American Association of University Women]].

One of the engineering lecturers of her senior year was [[Bernard Maybeck]], an eccentrically dressed architect who designed buildings that Morgan admired for their respect for the surrounding topography and environment. Maybeck mentored Morgan, along with her classmates [[Arthur Brown, Jr.]], [[Edward H. Bennett]] and [[Lewis P. Hobart]], in architecture at his Berkeley home. He encouraged Morgan to continue her studies at the prestigious [[École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts]] in Paris where he had distinguished himself. She graduated from Cal in 1894 with a degree in [[civil engineering]]; she was the only woman in her engineering class. Morgan gained a year of work experience building with Maybeck, then traveled to Paris in 1896 to prepare for the Beaux-Arts entrance exam. The school had never before allowed a woman to study architecture, but in 1897, it opened its entry process to women applicants, largely because of pressure from a union of French women artists, whom Morgan characterized as "[[Bohemianism|bohemians]]".<ref name=McNeill2012/><ref name=wilson2007>{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Mark |title=Julia Morgan: Architect of Beauty |pages=3–5 |year=2007 |publisher=Gibbs Smith |location=Layton, Utah |isbn=978-1-4236-0088-6}}</ref> Morgan met with these women and was exposed to their feminist views; they discussed how to increase the influence of women in professional careers.

In principle, the school admitted the top 30 candidates. It took Morgan three tries to get in: on the first try, she placed too low, while on her second try, in 1898, although she placed well into the top 30, the examiners "arbitrarily lowered" her marks.<ref name=wilson2007/><ref name=reichers>{{cite journal|last=Reichers |first=Maggie |url=http://www.neh.gov/news/humanities/2006-09/BeyondSanSimeon.html |title=Beyond San Simeon |work=Humanities |date=September–October 2006 |volume=27 |number=5 |publisher=Neh.gov |accessdate=2012-09-07}}</ref> After more than a year of further study, tutored by [[François-Benjamin Chaussemiche]], a winner of the ''[[Prix de Rome]]'', she finally passed the entrance exams in the Architecture Program, placing 13th out of 376 applicants, and was duly admitted.<ref name=wilson2007/> However, she could study only until her 30th birthday, as the school prohibited older scholars. In early 1902, as her birthday approached, Morgan submitted an outstanding design for a palatial theatre. This earned her a certificate in architecture, making her the first woman to receive one from the school; she did so in three years, although the usual time of completion was five years (that was how long Maybeck took, for example).<ref name=McNeill2012/><ref name=wilson2007/><ref name=capitol>{{cite web|url=http://capitolmuseum.ca.gov/english/remarkable/panel4.html |title=Julia Morgan: Early Architect. California State Capitol website |accessdate=2009-05-26 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623083708/http://capitolmuseum.ca.gov/english/remarkable/panel4.html |archivedate=June 23, 2007 |df= }}, Retrieved 2009-05-26</ref> She stayed in Paris long enough to collaborate with Chaussemiche on a project for Harriet Fearing, an ex-New Yorker who contracted for a "grand salon" design for her residence in [[Fontainebleau]].<ref name=Boutelle>{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FvkgE3tKp0gC&pg=PA22 |page=22 |last=Boutelle |first=Sara Holmes |title=Julia Morgan, Engineer and Architect |work=Old-House Journal |date=March–April 1996 |volume=24 |number=2 |issn=0094-0178 |publisher=Active Interest Media}}</ref>

==Career==
Upon her return from Paris, Morgan took employment with San Francisco architect [[John Galen Howard]], who was supervising the [[University of California, Berkeley Campus Architecture|University of California Master Plan]]. Morgan worked on several buildings on the Berkeley campus, providing the decorative elements for the [[Hearst Mining Building]] and an early proposal for [[Sather Gate]]. She was the primary designer for the [[Hearst Greek Theatre]].<ref name=McNeill2012/> Howard told a colleague that Morgan was "an excellent draftsman whom I have to pay almost nothing, as it is a woman."<ref name=Boutelle/> She saved her money and made plans to work on her own, accepting important side projects.<ref name=McNeill2012/>

In 1904, Morgan was the first woman to obtain an architecture license in California. She opened her own office in San Francisco while living at the old family home in Oakland, where the staff knew her as 'J.M.'. Between the years of 1907 and 1910, she partnered with Ira Hoover, former draftsman of Howard. Morgan reestablished an individual private practice in late 1910. She was employed as the architect of many buildings at [[Mills College]]. Another of her earliest works was [[North Star House (Grass Valley, California)|North Star House]] in [[Grass Valley, California]], commissioned in 1906 by mining engineer [[Arthur De Wint Foote]] and his wife, the author and illustrator [[Mary Hallock Foote]].

The many commissions following the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake]] brought her financial success.<ref name=Boutelle/>

===Hearst projects===
[[File:Hearst Castle Casa Grande September 2012 panorama 2.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Hearst Castle]] facade.]]
Morgan's most famous patron was the newspaper magnate and antiquities collector [[William Randolph Hearst]], who had been introduced to Morgan by his mother [[Phoebe Apperson Hearst]], the chief patron of the [[University of California at Berkeley]]. It is believed that this introduction led to Morgan's first downstate commission by Hearst for the design of the [[Los Angeles Herald-Examiner|Los Angeles Examiner]] Building (circa 1914), a [[Mission Revival Style architecture|Mission revival style]] project that included contributions by Los Angeles architects [[William J. Dodd]] and J. Martyn Haenkel. It is located at the southwest corner of Broadway and 11th Streets on a city block in [[Downtown Los Angeles]], awaiting adaptive reuse.

In 1919, Hearst selected Morgan as the architect for ''La Cuesta Encantada'', better known as [[Hearst Castle]], which was built atop the family campsite overlooking [[San Simeon]] Harbor. Morgan employed tiles, designing many of them herself, from [[California Faience]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Berkeley Bohemia: Artists and Visionaries of the Early 20th Century|page=132|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1423600851|date=2008|quote=The company was chosen by the castle's architect, Julia Morgan, who personally designed many of the tiles that were made}}</ref>

[[File:DSC27488, Hearst Castle, San Simeon, California, USA (5129765942).jpg|thumb|Indoor Roman pool on Hearst Castle grounds (empty)]]
[[File:DSC27413, Hearst Castle, San Simeon, California, USA (6433990083).jpg|thumb|Hearst Castle outdoor Neptune pool view]]
The project proved to be her largest and most complex, as Hearst's vision for his estate grew ever grander over the decades of planning and construction. The project included ''[[The Hacienda (Milpitas Ranchhouse)|The Hacienda]]'', a residence–private guest house complex built in hybrid [[Mission Revival Style architecture|Mission Revival]], [[Spanish Colonial Revival architecture|Spanish Colonial Revival]], and [[Moorish Revival]] styles. It was located a day's horseback ride inland from Hearst Castle, next to the [[Mission San Antonio de Padua]] near [[Jolon, California]]. Her work on 'the Castle' and San Simeon Ranch continued until 1947, ended only by Hearst's declining health.

Morgan became William Randolph Hearst's principal architect, producing the designs for dozens of buildings, such as Phoebe Apperson Hearst's [[Wyntoon]], which he inherited. The estate includes a castle and "Bavarian village" of four villas, all on {{convert|50000|acre|km2|0}} of forest reserve that includes the [[McCloud River]] near [[Mount Shasta]] in Northern California. She also did studio and site work for the uncompleted ''Babicora'', Hearst's {{convert|1625000|acre|km2|adj=on}} [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua, Mexico]], cattle [[ranch]]o and retreat.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,818820,00.html|title=Babicora, Mexico: End of An Empire|journal=Time|accessdate= May 11, 2010}}</ref>

===YWCA projects===
[[File:Oakland YWCA (Oakland, CA).JPG|thumb|Oakland YWCA]]
Julia Morgan's affiliation with the [[YWCA]] began when Phoebe Apperson Hearst recommended her for the organization's Asilomar summer conference center, a project she began in 1913. The [[Asilomar State Beach|Asilomar Conference Center]], no longer YWCA but State-run, is still in [[Pacific Grove, California|Pacific Grove]] near [[Monterey, California]]. Morgan also designed YWCAs in California, Utah, Arizona, and Hawaii.

Five of the Southern California YWCA buildings were designed by Morgan.<ref name="Bariscale">{{cite web|url=http://bigorangelandmarks.blogspot.com/2008/10/no-186-morgan-house-harbor-area-ywca.html|date=October 1, 2008|title=No. 186 – Morgan House (Harbor Area YWCA)|website=Big Orange Landmarks|accessdate=May 11, 2010|first=Floyd B.|last=Bariscale}}</ref> The 1918 Harbor Area YWCA (San Pedro, CA) in a Craftsman building is still standing, as is the 1926 [[Hollywood Studio Club]] YWCA. Morgan's [[Riverside, California|Riverside]] YWCA from 1929 still stands, but as the [[Riverside Art Museum]]. Her 1925 Long Beach Italian Renaissance branch has been demolished. The "gorgeous" [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]] YWCA is being acquired by the City for restoration and public use after several decades of decay.<ref name="Bariscale"/>

She also designed YWCAs in [[Northern California]], including those in [[Chinatown, San Francisco|San Francisco's Chinatown]] and [[Oakland, California|Oakland]]. The YWCA building in San Francisco presently is used as the museum and homebase of the [[Chinese Historical Society of America]] (CHSA).

===Mills College===
Morgan made many architectural contributions to the women's college [[Mills College]] in the [[East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)|East Bay]] foothills of [[Oakland, California]]. Like her work for the YWCA, they were done in the hopes of advancing opportunities for women.

Mills president [[Susan Tolman Mills|Susan Mills]] became interested in Morgan in 1904 because she wished to further the career of a female architect and because Morgan, just beginning her career, charged less than her male counterparts.<ref name=morgan-ito>{{cite news | last = Ito | first = Susan | title = Julia Morgan at Mills | work = Mills Quarterly | pages = 14 | date = Winter 2004 | url = http://www.mills.edu/alumnae/publications/backissues/W2004_03.pdf | publisher = Mills College | accessdate = 2008-02-27|format=PDF}}</ref> Morgan designed six buildings for the Mills campus, including El Campanil, believed to be the first bell tower on a United States college campus.<ref name="morgan-ito" /> El Campanil should not be confused with ''The Campanile'', a nickname for [[Sather Tower]], the clock/bell tower of nearby UC Berkeley. Morgan helped draft parts of the UC Berkeley campus under [[John Galen Howard]], but the Sather Tower was not her design.

Morgan's reputation grew when the tower was unscathed by the 1906 [[San Francisco earthquake]].<ref name="morgan-ito" /> The bells in the tower "were cast for the [[World's Columbian Exposition]] (Chicago-1893), and given to Mills by a trustee".<ref name=handbook>{{cite book | title = Mills College 2007/2008 Undergraduate Student Handbook | year = 2007 | publisher = School Datebooks | url = http://www.mills.edu/handbook.pdf | accessdate = 2008-02-27|format=PDF}}</ref>

Morgan also designed the [[Margaret Carnegie Library]] (1906), named after [[Andrew Carnegie]]'s daughter.<ref name="morgan-ito" /> The [[Ming Quong Home for Chinese girls]], built in 1924 and purchased for Mills in 1936.<ref name=handbook/> It was eventually renamed Alderwood Hall before becoming the [[Julia Morgan School for Girls]] in 2004<ref name="morgan-ito" /> (independent of the College). Morgan designed the [[Mills College Student Union]] in 1916.<ref name="morgan-ito" /> Morgan's [[Kapiolani Cottage]] has served as an infirmary, faculty housing, and administration offices.<ref name="morgan-ito" /><ref name=handbook /> Morgan also designed the original gymnasium and pool, since replaced by the Tea Shop and Suzanne Adams Plaza<ref name=morgan-ito /> and the first reinforced concrete structure on the west coast.<ref name=handbook>{{cite book | title = Mills College 2007/2008 Undergraduate Student Handbook | year = 2007 | publisher = School Datebooks | url = http://www.mills.edu/handbook.pdf | accessdate = 2008-02-27|format=PDF}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Although highly respected as an architect, not much is known about her personal life. She was never married and had no known romances. She kept a low profile and lived modestly, in spite of her wealthy clientele. She gave no interviews and did not write about herself. She worked tirelessly on minimal sleep and food.<ref name=fillmorelocal /> Intrigued with the gaps in Julia Morgan's life story, Belinda Taylor, wrote "Becoming Julia Morgan", a 2012 play in which Taylor imagines a plausible life story for Morgan.<ref>Erica Reder: [http://www.landmarkscalifornia.org/belinda-taylor-presents-becoming-julia-morgan/ "Belinda Taylor presents: Becoming Julia Morgan"], in the ''Landmarks of California'', 2012</ref>

==Other projects==
[[File:St. John's Presbyterian Church (Berkeley, CA).JPG|thumb|The former St. John's Presbyterian Church]]
Morgan's other projects include the redesign of the landmark [[Fairmont San Francisco|Fairmont Hotel]] in San Francisco after it was damaged by the earthquake of 1906. She was chosen because of her then-rare knowledge of earthquake-resistant, [[reinforced concrete]] construction.

She considered [[St. John's Presbyterian Church (Berkeley, California)|St. John's Presbyterian Church]] her finest [[American Craftsman|Craftsman]]-style building.<ref>[https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/59872006.html?dids=59872006:59872006&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+04%2C+1988&author=Thomas+Hines&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=An+Architect+From+the+Inside+Out+JULIA+MORGAN%2C+ARCHITECT+by+Sara+Holmes+Boutelle+(Abbeville+Press%3A+%2455%3B+265+pp.%2C+illustrated)&pqatl=google "An Architect from the Inside Out], Los Angeles Times, September 4, 1988</ref> It is now the Berkeley Playhouse in [[Berkeley, California]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Thompson |first=Daniella |url=http://www.berkeleyheritage.com/berkeley_landmarks/st._johns_presb.html |title=Berkeley Landmarks: St. John’s Presbyterian Church |publisher=Berkeley Architectural Heritage Association |date= |accessdate=2012-09-07}}</ref>

Other projects include the [[Chapel of the Chimes (Oakland, California)|Chapel of the Chimes]] in Oakland, the sanctuary of Ocean Avenue Presbyterian Church at 32 Ocean Avenue, San Francisco (where [[Mission Bay Community Church]] also meets) and the large [[Berkeley City Club]] adjacent to University of California. She designed the World War I [[YWCA Hostess House]] in [[Palo Alto, California|Palo Alto]], built in 1918 and later to become the site of the MacArthur Park Restaurant<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.macpark.com |title=MacArthur Park |publisher=Macpark.com |date= |accessdate=2012-09-07}}</ref>

[[File:Julia morgan house.jpg|thumb|[[Julia Morgan House]]]]
Some of her residential projects, most of them located in the [[San Francisco Bay Area]], are [[ultimate bungalows]]. The style is often associated with the work of [[Greene and Greene]] and some of Morgan's other contemporaries and teachers. The buildings represent the [[Arts and Crafts Movement]] and the [[American Craftsman|American Craftsman style]] of architecture. Several houses are on San Francisco's [[Russian Hill]]. She lived further West in SF.{{Cn|date=February 2018}} In 1908, Julia Morgan designed the residence of James Henry Pierce at 1650 The Alameda in San Jose, which features rare California timber.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.preservation.org/newsletters/summer2009.pdf|title=San Jose’s Julia Morgan House|journal=Continuity|date=Summer 2009|page=11}}</ref> Another residence, the so-called [[Julia Morgan House]], built for a wealthy client, is located in Sacramento.

[[File:Hearst Building, San Francisco (2013) - 1.JPG|thumb|Hearst Building, San Francisco, redesign by Morgan]]

==Legacy==
Julia Morgan is buried in the [[Mountain View Cemetery (Oakland, California)|Mountain View Cemetery]] in the hills of [[Oakland, California]].<ref>[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/1464 findagrave.com.] Julia Morgan. access date: 5/11/2010.</ref>

California Governor [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] and First Lady [[Maria Shriver]] announced on May 28, 2008 that Julia Morgan would be inducted into the [[California Hall of Fame]], located at [[The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts]]. The induction ceremony took place on December 15 and her great-niece accepted the honor in her place.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=11255 | title=Governor & First Lady Participate in 2008 CA Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony | publisher=State of California, Office of Governor | accessdate=2013-05-20}}</ref>
[[File:Ceiling at Julia Morgan ballroom in SF - stierch.jpeg|thumb|200px|Ceiling at Julia Morgan Ballroom]]
The Julia Morgan Ballroom at the [[Merchants Exchange Building (San Francisco)|Merchants Exchange Building]] in San Francisco, where she had her offices from 1904 to 1950, was named in her honor.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://juliamorganballroom.com/about/|title=About the Historic Julia Morgan Ballroom Event Space in San Francisco|work=Julia Morgan Ballroom|access-date=2018-02-10|language=en-US}}</ref>

Julia Morgan was the 2014 [[AIA Gold Medal]] recipient (posthumous). She is the first female architect to receive this honor.<ref>{{cite web|title=2014 AIA Gold Medal Awarded to Julia Morgan, FAIA|url=http://www.aia.org/press/AIAB100853|work=Press Releases|publisher=American Institute of Architects|accessdate=12 December 2013}}</ref>

In 2006, a children's picture book titled ''Julia Morgan Built a Castle'' was published and is now available in many public libraries''.'' <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56051019|title=Julia Morgan built a castle|last=Mannis|first=Celeste Davidson|date=2006|publisher=Viking|others=Hyman, Miles,|year=|isbn=9780670059645|location=New York, N.Y.|pages=|oclc=56051019}}</ref>

==Further reading==
;Books
*Boutelle, Sara Holmes (1988). ''Julia Morgan, Architect.'' New York: Abbeville Press.
*{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Lewis|first=Anna M. |title=Women of Steel and Stone: 22 Inspirational Architects, Engineers, and Landscape Designers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_9WAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88|date=2014|publisher=Chicago Review Press|location=Chicago, Illinois|isbn=978-1-61374-511-3}}
*Morgan, J. (1976). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/58882003&referer=brief_results Architectural drawings by Julia Morgan: beau-arts assignments and other buildings]. Oakland, Calif: Oakland Museum, Art Dept.
*Morgan, J., Hearst, W. R., & Loe, N. E. (1987). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/16866193&referer=brief_results San Simeon revisited: the correspondence between architect Julia Morgan and William Randolph Hearst]. San Luis Obispo, Calif: Library Associates, California Polytechnic State University.
*Morgan, J. (1987). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/19479144&referer=brief_results Berkeley houses by Julia Morgan]. Berkeley, California: The Association.

;Reviews
*Longstreth, R. W. (1977). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/3446933&referer=brief_results Julia Morgan, architect. Berkeley Architectural Heritage publication series, no. 1]. Berkeley, California: Berkeley Architectural Heritage Association.
*McNeill, Karen (May 2007) [https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.1525/phr.2007.76.2.229?uid=3739560&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21101099987461 "Julia Morgan: Gender, Architecture, and Professional Style."] ''Pacific Historical Review'', pp. 229–267.
* McNeill, Karen (Summer 2012) [http://www.californiahistoricalsociety.org/publications/pdf/California_History_vol89_no3.pdf "'Women Who Build: Julia Morgan & Women's Institutions." ''California History'', pp.41-74.]
*Pasadena Cultural Heritage Commission. (1988). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/18433474&referer=brief_results Report on reuse of the Julia Morgan YWCA building: YWCA & YMCA Pasadena, California]. New York: Halsband.
*Quacchia, R. L. (2005). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/62952271&referer=brief_results Julia Morgan, architect, and the creation of the Asilomar Conference Grounds: including a comparison with Hearst Castle]. Virginia Beach, Virginia: Q Pub.
*Steilberg, W. T., & Morgan, J. (1983). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/23465769&referer=brief_results Some examples of the work of Julia Morgan]. San Francisco: ''Architect and Engineer of California''.
*University of California, Berkeley. (1986). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/50159106&referer=brief_results Julia Morgan, architectural drawings: inventory of holdings, College of Environmental Design]. Berkeley: The College.

==See also==
*[[Women in architecture]]

==References==
{{reflist|40em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Julia Morgan}}
*[http://www.lib.calpoly.edu/specialcollections/findingaids/ms010/ The Julia Morgan Collection at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo]
*[http://www.lib.calpoly.edu/specialcollections/architecture/juliamorgan/ Julia Morgan—An Online Exhibition]
*[http://archives.ced.berkeley.edu/collections/morgan-julia Julia Morgan Collection] at the [[College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley|Environmental Design Archives]]
*[http://exhibits.ced.berkeley.edu/exhibits/show/juliamorgan Hidden Engineer: The Designs of Julia Morgan]
*[http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf7t1nb2q1/ Julia Morgan Architectural Drawings, 1907–1929], [[The Bancroft Library]]
*[http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/jmindex/genericindex.html Index of Buildings by Julia Morgan]
*{{Webarchive |url=https://archive.is/20131212170238/http://www.bwaf.org/dna/archive/entry/julia-morgan |date=December 12, 2013 |title=Julia Morgan, Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation Dynamic National Archive}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150512111047/http://grainger-arts-and-crafts-studio.com/2013/08/julia-morga-arts-and-crafts-architecture/ One Woman’s Contribution to Arts and Crafts Architecture]
*[http://www.apartmenttherapy.com/julia-morgan-spotlight-on-female-designers-177161/ Julia Morgan SPOTLIGHT ON WOMEN IN DESIGN]
*[http://www.landmarkscalifornia.org/julia-morgan-2012/ Julia Morgan 2012]
*[https://calisphere.org/collections/15122/ Morgan (Julia) Collection, 1893-1980]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Morgan, Julia}}
[[Category:American women architects]]
[[Category:Julia Morgan buildings| ]]
[[Category:1872 births]]
[[Category:1957 deaths]]
[[Category:Architects from California]]
[[Category:American Neoclassical architects]]
[[Category:Arts and Crafts architects]]
[[Category:Beaux Arts architects]]
[[Category:Historicist architects]]
[[Category:Mediterranean Revival architects]]
[[Category:Spanish Revival architects]]
[[Category:Spanish Colonial Revival architects]]
[[Category:Architects from San Francisco]]
[[Category:Architecture in the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:History of the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:Burials at Mountain View Cemetery (Oakland, California)]]
[[Category:People from Oakland, California]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley College of Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:American alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts]]
[[Category:NRHP architects]]
[[Category:20th-century American architects]]
[[Category:California women architects]]

Julia Morgan

2018-07-22T15:29:26Z

Websterwebfoot: /* Education */ punctuation

{{Infobox architect
|name = Julia Morgan
|image = Hearst and Morgan.jpg
|caption = William Randolph Hearst and Julia Morgan in 1926
|nationality = American
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1872|1|20}}
|birth_place = [[San Francisco]], [[California]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1957|02|2|1872|01|20}}
|practice =
|alma_mater = [[University of California, Berkeley]]
|significant_buildings = [[Los Angeles Herald-Examiner|Los Angeles Examiner]] Building The [[YWCA]] in [[Chinatown, San Francisco]] [[Riverside Art Museum]] [[Asilomar State Beach|Asilomar Conference Grounds]]
|significant_projects = [[Hearst Castle]]
|awards = [[AIA Gold Medal]]
}}

'''Julia Morgan''' (January 20, 1872 – February 2, 1957) was an American [[architect]].<ref name=":0" /> She designed more than 700 buildings in [[California]] during a long and prolific career.<ref name="fillmorelocal">Erica Reder: [http://newfillmore.com/2011/02/01/julia-morgan-was-a-local/ "Julia Morgan was a local], in ''The New Fillmore'', 1 February 2011. Retrieved 2015-10-23.</ref> She is best known for her work on [[Hearst Castle]] in [[San Simeon, California]].

Morgan was the first woman to be admitted to the architecture program at [[École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts|l'École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts]]<ref name=":0">(fr) [http://agorha.inha.fr/inhaprod/jsp/reference.jsp?reference=INHA__PERSONNES__82625 Agorha.inha, ''Biographie rédigée par Marie-Laure Crosnier Leconte'']</ref> in Paris and the first woman architect licensed in California. She designed many buildings for institutions serving women and girls, including [[YWCA]] buildings and buildings for [[Mills College]].

Morgan embraced the [[Arts and Crafts Movement]] and used various producers of [[California pottery]] to adorn her buildings.

Julia Morgan was the first woman to receive the [[AIA Gold Medal]], posthumously in 2014.<ref>Wendy Moonan: [http://archrecord.construction.com/news/2013/12/131216-AIA-Awards-2014-Gold-Medal-to-Julia-Morgan.asp "AIA Awards 2014 Gold Medal to Julia Morgan"], in the ''Architectural Record'', 16 December 2013</ref>

==Family background==
Morgan's father, Charles Bill Morgan, was born into a prominent [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]] family that included successful military men, politicians, and influential businessmen. He studied to be a mining engineer; then in 1867, he sailed for [[San Francisco]], California, to speculate in mines and oil. He returned the next year to marry Eliza Woodland Parmelee, the favored daughter of Albert O. Parmelee, a cotton trader and self-made millionaire. The wedding was in [[Brooklyn]], New York, where she had grown up. As a wedding present, Parmelee gave his daughter an envelope full of money so that she could raise a family in comfort. He indicated that more money would follow.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Harriet |last=Rochlin |title=Designed by Julia Morgan |work=Westways |publisher=Automobile Club of Southern California |volume=68 |number=3 |date=March 1976 |pages=26–29, 75–76, 80}}</ref>

[[File:Berkeley Women's City Club (Berkeley, CA).JPG|thumb|[[Berkeley Women's City Club]]]]
The newlyweds traveled to San Francisco and settled downtown in a family-oriented but luxurious residential hotel. In April 1870, a son was born and named Parmelee Morgan. On January 20, 1872, Julia Morgan was born. Two years later, the Morgans moved across the [[San Francisco Bay]] to [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], to live in a large house they had built in the Stick-Eastlake style at 754 14th Street at its intersection with Brush Street at the downtown edge of what is now known as [[West Oakland, Oakland, California|West Oakland]]. (This Victorian-era building has since been demolished.) Three more children were born to the family in Oakland. At every new birth, grandfather Parmelee paid for the Morgans to travel to the East Coast by transcontinental train so that the grandchild could be christened in the traditional family church in New York.<ref name=Wadsworth8>{{cite book |last=Wadsworth |first=Ginger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X6rbO6fD9GQC&pg=PA10 |pages=8–11 |title=Julia Morgan, Architect of Dreams |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |year=1990 |isbn=0-8225-4903-4}}</ref>

[[File:Merrill Hall Asilomar.jpg|thumb|left|Merrill Hall (1928) on the grounds of [[Asilomar Conference Center]] in [[Pacific Grove, California]]]]
Charles Morgan was not successful in any of his business ventures, so the family relied upon money from grandfather Parmelee. Eliza Morgan ran the household with a strong hand, providing young Julia with a role model of womanly competence and independence. In mid-1878, Eliza took the children to live near the Parmelees in New York for a year while Charles worked in San Francisco. In New York, Julia was introduced to her older cousin Lucy Thornton, who was married to successful architect Pierre Le Brun. After returning to Oakland, Julia kept in contact with Le Brun; he encouraged her to pursue a higher education. In New York, Julia also got sick with [[scarlet fever]] and was kept in bed for a few weeks. As a result of this illness, throughout her adult life she was prone to ear infections.<ref name=Wadsworth8/>

In July 1880, grandfather Parmelee died. Soon, grandmother Parmelee moved into the Oakland house, bringing with her the Parmelee wealth. This reinforced Julia's impression that women provided the foundation of social means.<ref name=McNeill2012>{{cite journal |last=McNeill |first=Karen |date=Summer 2012 |url=http://www.californiahistoricalsociety.org/publications/pdf/California_History_vol89_no3.pdf |title='Women Who Build': Julia Morgan & Women's Institutions |work=California History |publisher=California Historical Society |volume=89 |number=3 |pages=41–74}}</ref>

Morgan resisted her mother's suggestion that she have a [[debutante]] party to celebrate her availability for marriage. She argued that she should first gain a career. Her parents were supportive of this wish.

==Education==
Morgan graduated from [[Oakland High School (California)|Oakland High School]] in 1890 and enrolled in the [[University of California, Berkeley|University of California]], in nearby Berkeley. At university, she was a member of the [[Kappa Alpha Theta]] sorority. After her graduation, Morgan became a member of the Association of Collegiate Alumnae, now the [[American Association of University Women]].

One of the engineering lecturers of her senior year was [[Bernard Maybeck]], an eccentrically dressed architect who designed buildings that Morgan admired for their respect for the surrounding topography and environment. Maybeck mentored Morgan, along with her classmates [[Arthur Brown, Jr.]], [[Edward H. Bennett]] and [[Lewis P. Hobart]], in architecture at his Berkeley home. He encouraged Morgan to continue her studies at the prestigious [[École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts]] in Paris where he had distinguished himself. She graduated from Cal in 1894 with a degree in [[civil engineering]]; she was the only woman in her engineering class. Morgan gained a year of work experience building with Maybeck, then traveled to Paris in 1896 to prepare for the Beaux-Arts entrance exam. The school had never before allowed a woman to study architecture, but in 1897, it opened its entry process to women applicants, largely because of pressure from a union of French women artists, whom Morgan characterized as "[[Bohemianism|bohemians]]".<ref name=McNeill2012/><ref name=wilson2007>{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Mark |title=Julia Morgan: Architect of Beauty |pages=3–5 |year=2007 |publisher=Gibbs Smith |location=Layton, Utah |isbn=978-1-4236-0088-6}}</ref> Morgan met with these women and was exposed to their feminist views; they discussed how to increase the influence of women in professional careers.

In principle, the school admitted the top 30 candidates. It took Morgan three tries to get in: on the first try, she placed too low, while on her second try, in 1898, although she placed well into the top 30, the examiners "arbitrarily lowered" her marks.<ref name=wilson2007/><ref name=reichers>{{cite journal|last=Reichers |first=Maggie |url=http://www.neh.gov/news/humanities/2006-09/BeyondSanSimeon.html |title=Beyond San Simeon |work=Humanities |date=September–October 2006 |volume=27 |number=5 |publisher=Neh.gov |accessdate=2012-09-07}}</ref> After more than a year of further study, tutored by [[François-Benjamin Chaussemiche]], a winner of the ''[[Prix de Rome]]'', she finally passed the entrance exams in the Architecture Program, placing 13th out of 376 applicants, and was duly admitted.<ref name=wilson2007/> However, she could study only until her 30th birthday, as the school prohibited older scholars. In early 1902, as her birthday approached, Morgan submitted an outstanding design for a palatial theatre. This earned her a certificate in architecture, making her the first woman to receive one from the school; she did so in three years, although the usual time of completion was five years (that was how long Maybeck took, for example).<ref name=McNeill2012/><ref name=wilson2007/><ref name=capitol>{{cite web|url=http://capitolmuseum.ca.gov/english/remarkable/panel4.html |title=Julia Morgan: Early Architect. California State Capitol website |accessdate=2009-05-26 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623083708/http://capitolmuseum.ca.gov/english/remarkable/panel4.html |archivedate=June 23, 2007 |df= }}, Retrieved 2009-05-26</ref> She stayed in Paris long enough to collaborate with Chaussemiche on a project for Harriet Fearing, an ex-New Yorker who contracted for a "grand salon" design for her residence in [[Fontainebleau]].<ref name=Boutelle>{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FvkgE3tKp0gC&pg=PA22 |page=22 |last=Boutelle |first=Sara Holmes |title=Julia Morgan, Engineer and Architect |work=Old-House Journal |date=March–April 1996 |volume=24 |number=2 |issn=0094-0178 |publisher=Active Interest Media}}</ref>

==Career==
Upon her return from Paris, Morgan took employment with San Francisco architect [[John Galen Howard]], who was supervising the [[University of California, Berkeley Campus Architecture|University of California Master Plan]]. Morgan worked on several buildings on the Berkeley campus, providing the decorative elements for the [[Hearst Mining Building]] and an early proposal for [[Sather Gate]]. She was the primary designer for the [[Hearst Greek Theatre]].<ref name=McNeill2012/> Howard told a colleague that Morgan was "an excellent draftsman whom I have to pay almost nothing, as it is a woman."<ref name=Boutelle/> She saved her money and made plans to work on her own, accepting important side projects.<ref name=McNeill2012/>

In 1904, Morgan was the first woman to obtain an architecture license in California. She opened her own office in San Francisco while living at the old family home in Oakland, where the staff knew her as 'J.M.'. Between the years of 1907 and 1910 she partnered with Ira Hoover, former draftsman of Howard. Morgan reestablished an individual private practice in late 1910. She was employed as the architect of many buildings at [[Mills College]]. Another of her earliest works was [[North Star House (Grass Valley, California)|North Star House]] in [[Grass Valley, California]], commissioned in 1906 by mining engineer [[Arthur De Wint Foote]] and his wife, the author and illustrator [[Mary Hallock Foote]].

The many commissions following the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake]] brought her financial success.<ref name=Boutelle/>

===Hearst projects===
[[File:Hearst Castle Casa Grande September 2012 panorama 2.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Hearst Castle]] facade.]]
Morgan's most famous patron was the newspaper magnate and antiquities collector [[William Randolph Hearst]], who had been introduced to Morgan by his mother [[Phoebe Apperson Hearst]], the chief patron of the [[University of California at Berkeley]]. It is believed that this introduction led to Morgan's first downstate commission by Hearst for the design of the [[Los Angeles Herald-Examiner|Los Angeles Examiner]] Building (circa 1914), a [[Mission Revival Style architecture|Mission revival style]] project that included contributions by Los Angeles architects [[William J. Dodd]] and J. Martyn Haenkel. It is located at the southwest corner of Broadway and 11th Streets on a city block in [[Downtown Los Angeles]], awaiting adaptive reuse.

In 1919, Hearst selected Morgan as the architect for ''La Cuesta Encantada'', better known as [[Hearst Castle]], which was built atop the family campsite overlooking [[San Simeon]] Harbor. Morgan employed tiles, designing many of them herself, from [[California Faience]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Berkeley Bohemia: Artists and Visionaries of the Early 20th Century|page=132|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1423600851|date=2008|quote=The company was chosen by the castle's architect, Julia Morgan, who personally designed many of the tiles that were made}}</ref>

[[File:DSC27488, Hearst Castle, San Simeon, California, USA (5129765942).jpg|thumb|Indoor Roman pool on Hearst Castle grounds (empty)]]
[[File:DSC27413, Hearst Castle, San Simeon, California, USA (6433990083).jpg|thumb|Hearst Castle outdoor Neptune pool view]]
The project proved to be her largest and most complex, as Hearst's vision for his estate grew ever grander over the decades of planning and construction. The project included ''[[The Hacienda (Milpitas Ranchhouse)|The Hacienda]]'', a residence–private guest house complex built in hybrid [[Mission Revival Style architecture|Mission Revival]], [[Spanish Colonial Revival architecture|Spanish Colonial Revival]], and [[Moorish Revival]] styles. It was located a day's horseback ride inland from Hearst Castle next to the [[Mission San Antonio de Padua]] near [[Jolon, California]]. Her work on 'the Castle' and San Simeon Ranch continued until 1947, ended only by Hearst's declining health.

Morgan became William Randolph Hearst's principal architect, producing the designs for dozens of buildings, such as Phoebe Apperson Hearst's [[Wyntoon]], which he inherited. The estate includes a castle and "Bavarian village" of four villas all on {{convert|50000|acre|km2|0}} of forest reserve that includes the [[McCloud River]] near [[Mount Shasta]] in Northern California. She also did studio and site work for the uncompleted ''Babicora'', Hearst's {{convert|1625000|acre|km2|adj=on}} [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua, Mexico]] cattle [[ranch]]o and retreat.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,818820,00.html|title=Babicora, Mexico: End of An Empire|journal=Time|accessdate= May 11, 2010}}</ref>

===YWCA projects===
[[File:Oakland YWCA (Oakland, CA).JPG|thumb|Oakland YWCA]]
Julia Morgan's affiliation with the [[YWCA]] began when Phoebe Apperson Hearst recommended her for the organization's Asilomar summer conference center, a project she began in 1913. The [[Asilomar State Beach|Asilomar Conference Center]], no longer YWCA but State-run, is still in [[Pacific Grove, California|Pacific Grove]] near [[Monterey, California]]. Morgan also designed YWCAs in California, Utah, Arizona, and Hawaii.

Five of the Southern California YWCA buildings were designed by Morgan.<ref name="Bariscale">{{cite web|url=http://bigorangelandmarks.blogspot.com/2008/10/no-186-morgan-house-harbor-area-ywca.html|date=October 1, 2008|title=No. 186 – Morgan House (Harbor Area YWCA)|website=Big Orange Landmarks|accessdate=May 11, 2010|first=Floyd B.|last=Bariscale}}</ref> The 1918 Harbor Area YWCA (San Pedro, CA) in a Craftsman building is still standing, as is the 1926 [[Hollywood Studio Club]] YWCA. Morgan's [[Riverside, California|Riverside]] YWCA from 1929 still stands, but as the [[Riverside Art Museum]]. Her 1925 Long Beach Italian Renaissance branch has been demolished. The "gorgeous" [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]] YWCA is being acquired by the City for restoration and public use after several decades of decay.<ref name="Bariscale"/>

She also designed YWCAs in [[Northern California]], including those in [[Chinatown, San Francisco|San Francisco's Chinatown]] and [[Oakland, California|Oakland]]. The YWCA building in San Francisco presently is used as the museum and homebase of the [[Chinese Historical Society of America]] (CHSA).

===Mills College===
Morgan made many architectural contributions to the women's college [[Mills College]] in the [[East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)|East Bay]] foothills of [[Oakland, California]]. Like her work for the YWCA, they were done in the hopes of advancing opportunities for women.

Mills president [[Susan Tolman Mills|Susan Mills]] became interested in Morgan in 1904 because she wished to further the career of a female architect and because Morgan, just beginning her career, charged less than her male counterparts.<ref name=morgan-ito>{{cite news | last = Ito | first = Susan | title = Julia Morgan at Mills | work = Mills Quarterly | pages = 14 | date = Winter 2004 | url = http://www.mills.edu/alumnae/publications/backissues/W2004_03.pdf | publisher = Mills College | accessdate = 2008-02-27|format=PDF}}</ref> Morgan designed six buildings for the Mills campus, including El Campanil, believed to be the first bell tower on a United States college campus.<ref name="morgan-ito" /> El Campanil should not be confused with ''The Campanile'', a nickname for [[Sather Tower]], the clock/bell tower of nearby UC Berkeley. Morgan helped draft parts of the UC Berkeley campus under [[John Galen Howard]], but the Sather Tower was not her design.

Morgan's reputation grew when the tower was unscathed by the 1906 [[San Francisco earthquake]].<ref name="morgan-ito" /> The bells in the tower "were cast for the [[World's Columbian Exposition]] (Chicago-1893), and given to Mills by a trustee".<ref name=handbook>{{cite book | title = Mills College 2007/2008 Undergraduate Student Handbook | year = 2007 | publisher = School Datebooks | url = http://www.mills.edu/handbook.pdf | accessdate = 2008-02-27|format=PDF}}</ref>

Morgan also designed the [[Margaret Carnegie Library]] (1906), named after [[Andrew Carnegie]]'s daughter.<ref name="morgan-ito" /> The [[Ming Quong Home for Chinese girls]], built in 1924 and purchased for Mills in 1936.<ref name=handbook/> It was eventually renamed Alderwood Hall before becoming the [[Julia Morgan School for Girls]] in 2004<ref name="morgan-ito" /> (independent of the College). Morgan designed the [[Mills College Student Union]] in 1916.<ref name="morgan-ito" /> Morgan's [[Kapiolani Cottage]] has served as an infirmary, faculty housing, and administration offices.<ref name="morgan-ito" /><ref name=handbook /> Morgan also designed the original gymnasium and pool, since replaced by the Tea Shop and Suzanne Adams Plaza<ref name=morgan-ito /> and the first reinforced concrete structure on the west coast.<ref name=handbook>{{cite book | title = Mills College 2007/2008 Undergraduate Student Handbook | year = 2007 | publisher = School Datebooks | url = http://www.mills.edu/handbook.pdf | accessdate = 2008-02-27|format=PDF}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Although highly respected as an architect, not much is known about her personal life. She was never married and had no known romances. She kept a low profile and lived modestly, in spite of her wealthy clientele. She gave no interviews and did not write about herself. She worked tirelessly on minimal sleep and food.<ref name=fillmorelocal /> Intrigued with the gaps in Julia Morgan's life story, Belinda Taylor, wrote "Becoming Julia Morgan", a 2012 play in which Taylor imagines a plausible life story for Morgan.<ref>Erica Reder: [http://www.landmarkscalifornia.org/belinda-taylor-presents-becoming-julia-morgan/ "Belinda Taylor presents: Becoming Julia Morgan"], in the ''Landmarks of California'', 2012</ref>

==Other projects==
[[File:St. John's Presbyterian Church (Berkeley, CA).JPG|thumb|The former St. John's Presbyterian Church]]
Morgan's other projects include the redesign of the landmark [[Fairmont San Francisco|Fairmont Hotel]] in San Francisco after it was damaged by the earthquake of 1906. She was chosen because of her then-rare knowledge of earthquake-resistant, [[reinforced concrete]] construction.

She considered [[St. John's Presbyterian Church (Berkeley, California)|St. John's Presbyterian Church]] her finest [[American Craftsman|Craftsman]]-style building.<ref>[https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/59872006.html?dids=59872006:59872006&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+04%2C+1988&author=Thomas+Hines&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=An+Architect+From+the+Inside+Out+JULIA+MORGAN%2C+ARCHITECT+by+Sara+Holmes+Boutelle+(Abbeville+Press%3A+%2455%3B+265+pp.%2C+illustrated)&pqatl=google "An Architect from the Inside Out], Los Angeles Times, September 4, 1988</ref> It is now the Berkeley Playhouse in [[Berkeley, California]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Thompson |first=Daniella |url=http://www.berkeleyheritage.com/berkeley_landmarks/st._johns_presb.html |title=Berkeley Landmarks: St. John’s Presbyterian Church |publisher=Berkeley Architectural Heritage Association |date= |accessdate=2012-09-07}}</ref>

Other projects include the [[Chapel of the Chimes (Oakland, California)|Chapel of the Chimes]] in Oakland, the sanctuary of Ocean Avenue Presbyterian Church at 32 Ocean Avenue, San Francisco (where [[Mission Bay Community Church]] also meets) and the large [[Berkeley City Club]] adjacent to University of California. She designed the World War I [[YWCA Hostess House]] in [[Palo Alto, California|Palo Alto]], built in 1918 and later to become the site of the MacArthur Park Restaurant<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.macpark.com |title=MacArthur Park |publisher=Macpark.com |date= |accessdate=2012-09-07}}</ref>

[[File:Julia morgan house.jpg|thumb|[[Julia Morgan House]]]]
Some of her residential projects, most of them located in the [[San Francisco Bay Area]], are [[ultimate bungalows]]. The style is often associated with the work of [[Greene and Greene]] and some of Morgan's other contemporaries and teachers. The buildings represent the [[Arts and Crafts Movement]] and the [[American Craftsman|American Craftsman style]] of architecture. Several houses are on San Francisco's [[Russian Hill]]. She lived further West in SF.{{Cn|date=February 2018}} In 1908, Julia Morgan designed the residence of James Henry Pierce at 1650 The Alameda in San Jose, which features rare California timber.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.preservation.org/newsletters/summer2009.pdf|title=San Jose’s Julia Morgan House|journal=Continuity|date=Summer 2009|page=11}}</ref> Another residence, the so-called [[Julia Morgan House]], built for a wealthy client, is located in Sacramento.

[[File:Hearst Building, San Francisco (2013) - 1.JPG|thumb|Hearst Building, San Francisco, redesign by Morgan]]

==Legacy==
Julia Morgan is buried in the [[Mountain View Cemetery (Oakland, California)|Mountain View Cemetery]] in the hills of [[Oakland, California]].<ref>[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/1464 findagrave.com.] Julia Morgan. access date: 5/11/2010.</ref>

California Governor [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] and First Lady [[Maria Shriver]] announced on May 28, 2008 that Julia Morgan would be inducted into the [[California Hall of Fame]], located at [[The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts]]. The induction ceremony took place on December 15 and her great-niece accepted the honor in her place.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=11255 | title=Governor & First Lady Participate in 2008 CA Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony | publisher=State of California, Office of Governor | accessdate=2013-05-20}}</ref>
[[File:Ceiling at Julia Morgan ballroom in SF - stierch.jpeg|thumb|200px|Ceiling at Julia Morgan Ballroom]]
The Julia Morgan Ballroom at the [[Merchants Exchange Building (San Francisco)|Merchants Exchange Building]] in San Francisco, where she had her offices from 1904 to 1950, was named in her honor.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://juliamorganballroom.com/about/|title=About the Historic Julia Morgan Ballroom Event Space in San Francisco|work=Julia Morgan Ballroom|access-date=2018-02-10|language=en-US}}</ref>

Julia Morgan was the 2014 [[AIA Gold Medal]] recipient (posthumous). She is the first female architect to receive this honor.<ref>{{cite web|title=2014 AIA Gold Medal Awarded to Julia Morgan, FAIA|url=http://www.aia.org/press/AIAB100853|work=Press Releases|publisher=American Institute of Architects|accessdate=12 December 2013}}</ref>

In 2006, a children's picture book titled ''Julia Morgan Built a Castle'' was published and is now available in many public libraries''.'' <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56051019|title=Julia Morgan built a castle|last=Mannis|first=Celeste Davidson|date=2006|publisher=Viking|others=Hyman, Miles,|year=|isbn=9780670059645|location=New York, N.Y.|pages=|oclc=56051019}}</ref>

==Further reading==
;Books
*Boutelle, Sara Holmes (1988). ''Julia Morgan, Architect.'' New York: Abbeville Press.
*{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Lewis|first=Anna M. |title=Women of Steel and Stone: 22 Inspirational Architects, Engineers, and Landscape Designers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_9WAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88|date=2014|publisher=Chicago Review Press|location=Chicago, Illinois|isbn=978-1-61374-511-3}}
*Morgan, J. (1976). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/58882003&referer=brief_results Architectural drawings by Julia Morgan: beau-arts assignments and other buildings]. Oakland, Calif: Oakland Museum, Art Dept.
*Morgan, J., Hearst, W. R., & Loe, N. E. (1987). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/16866193&referer=brief_results San Simeon revisited: the correspondence between architect Julia Morgan and William Randolph Hearst]. San Luis Obispo, Calif: Library Associates, California Polytechnic State University.
*Morgan, J. (1987). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/19479144&referer=brief_results Berkeley houses by Julia Morgan]. Berkeley, California: The Association.

;Reviews
*Longstreth, R. W. (1977). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/3446933&referer=brief_results Julia Morgan, architect. Berkeley Architectural Heritage publication series, no. 1]. Berkeley, California: Berkeley Architectural Heritage Association.
*McNeill, Karen (May 2007) [https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.1525/phr.2007.76.2.229?uid=3739560&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21101099987461 "Julia Morgan: Gender, Architecture, and Professional Style."] ''Pacific Historical Review'', pp. 229–267.
* McNeill, Karen (Summer 2012) [http://www.californiahistoricalsociety.org/publications/pdf/California_History_vol89_no3.pdf "'Women Who Build: Julia Morgan & Women's Institutions." ''California History'', pp.41-74.]
*Pasadena Cultural Heritage Commission. (1988). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/18433474&referer=brief_results Report on reuse of the Julia Morgan YWCA building: YWCA & YMCA Pasadena, California]. New York: Halsband.
*Quacchia, R. L. (2005). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/62952271&referer=brief_results Julia Morgan, architect, and the creation of the Asilomar Conference Grounds: including a comparison with Hearst Castle]. Virginia Beach, Virginia: Q Pub.
*Steilberg, W. T., & Morgan, J. (1983). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/23465769&referer=brief_results Some examples of the work of Julia Morgan]. San Francisco: ''Architect and Engineer of California''.
*University of California, Berkeley. (1986). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/50159106&referer=brief_results Julia Morgan, architectural drawings: inventory of holdings, College of Environmental Design]. Berkeley: The College.

==See also==
*[[Women in architecture]]

==References==
{{reflist|40em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Julia Morgan}}
*[http://www.lib.calpoly.edu/specialcollections/findingaids/ms010/ The Julia Morgan Collection at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo]
*[http://www.lib.calpoly.edu/specialcollections/architecture/juliamorgan/ Julia Morgan—An Online Exhibition]
*[http://archives.ced.berkeley.edu/collections/morgan-julia Julia Morgan Collection] at the [[College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley|Environmental Design Archives]]
*[http://exhibits.ced.berkeley.edu/exhibits/show/juliamorgan Hidden Engineer: The Designs of Julia Morgan]
*[http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf7t1nb2q1/ Julia Morgan Architectural Drawings, 1907–1929], [[The Bancroft Library]]
*[http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/jmindex/genericindex.html Index of Buildings by Julia Morgan]
*{{Webarchive |url=https://archive.is/20131212170238/http://www.bwaf.org/dna/archive/entry/julia-morgan |date=December 12, 2013 |title=Julia Morgan, Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation Dynamic National Archive}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150512111047/http://grainger-arts-and-crafts-studio.com/2013/08/julia-morga-arts-and-crafts-architecture/ One Woman’s Contribution to Arts and Crafts Architecture]
*[http://www.apartmenttherapy.com/julia-morgan-spotlight-on-female-designers-177161/ Julia Morgan SPOTLIGHT ON WOMEN IN DESIGN]
*[http://www.landmarkscalifornia.org/julia-morgan-2012/ Julia Morgan 2012]
*[https://calisphere.org/collections/15122/ Morgan (Julia) Collection, 1893-1980]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Morgan, Julia}}
[[Category:American women architects]]
[[Category:Julia Morgan buildings| ]]
[[Category:1872 births]]
[[Category:1957 deaths]]
[[Category:Architects from California]]
[[Category:American Neoclassical architects]]
[[Category:Arts and Crafts architects]]
[[Category:Beaux Arts architects]]
[[Category:Historicist architects]]
[[Category:Mediterranean Revival architects]]
[[Category:Spanish Revival architects]]
[[Category:Spanish Colonial Revival architects]]
[[Category:Architects from San Francisco]]
[[Category:Architecture in the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:History of the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:Burials at Mountain View Cemetery (Oakland, California)]]
[[Category:People from Oakland, California]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley College of Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:American alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts]]
[[Category:NRHP architects]]
[[Category:20th-century American architects]]
[[Category:California women architects]]

Julia Morgan

2018-07-22T15:25:23Z

Websterwebfoot: /* Family background */ punctuation

{{Infobox architect
|name = Julia Morgan
|image = Hearst and Morgan.jpg
|caption = William Randolph Hearst and Julia Morgan in 1926
|nationality = American
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1872|1|20}}
|birth_place = [[San Francisco]], [[California]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1957|02|2|1872|01|20}}
|practice =
|alma_mater = [[University of California, Berkeley]]
|significant_buildings = [[Los Angeles Herald-Examiner|Los Angeles Examiner]] Building The [[YWCA]] in [[Chinatown, San Francisco]] [[Riverside Art Museum]] [[Asilomar State Beach|Asilomar Conference Grounds]]
|significant_projects = [[Hearst Castle]]
|awards = [[AIA Gold Medal]]
}}

'''Julia Morgan''' (January 20, 1872 – February 2, 1957) was an American [[architect]].<ref name=":0" /> She designed more than 700 buildings in [[California]] during a long and prolific career.<ref name="fillmorelocal">Erica Reder: [http://newfillmore.com/2011/02/01/julia-morgan-was-a-local/ "Julia Morgan was a local], in ''The New Fillmore'', 1 February 2011. Retrieved 2015-10-23.</ref> She is best known for her work on [[Hearst Castle]] in [[San Simeon, California]].

Morgan was the first woman to be admitted to the architecture program at [[École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts|l'École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts]]<ref name=":0">(fr) [http://agorha.inha.fr/inhaprod/jsp/reference.jsp?reference=INHA__PERSONNES__82625 Agorha.inha, ''Biographie rédigée par Marie-Laure Crosnier Leconte'']</ref> in Paris and the first woman architect licensed in California. She designed many buildings for institutions serving women and girls, including [[YWCA]] buildings and buildings for [[Mills College]].

Morgan embraced the [[Arts and Crafts Movement]] and used various producers of [[California pottery]] to adorn her buildings.

Julia Morgan was the first woman to receive the [[AIA Gold Medal]], posthumously in 2014.<ref>Wendy Moonan: [http://archrecord.construction.com/news/2013/12/131216-AIA-Awards-2014-Gold-Medal-to-Julia-Morgan.asp "AIA Awards 2014 Gold Medal to Julia Morgan"], in the ''Architectural Record'', 16 December 2013</ref>

==Family background==
Morgan's father, Charles Bill Morgan, was born into a prominent [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]] family that included successful military men, politicians, and influential businessmen. He studied to be a mining engineer; then in 1867, he sailed for [[San Francisco]], California, to speculate in mines and oil. He returned the next year to marry Eliza Woodland Parmelee, the favored daughter of Albert O. Parmelee, a cotton trader and self-made millionaire. The wedding was in [[Brooklyn]], New York, where she had grown up. As a wedding present, Parmelee gave his daughter an envelope full of money so that she could raise a family in comfort. He indicated that more money would follow.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Harriet |last=Rochlin |title=Designed by Julia Morgan |work=Westways |publisher=Automobile Club of Southern California |volume=68 |number=3 |date=March 1976 |pages=26–29, 75–76, 80}}</ref>

[[File:Berkeley Women's City Club (Berkeley, CA).JPG|thumb|[[Berkeley Women's City Club]]]]
The newlyweds traveled to San Francisco and settled downtown in a family-oriented but luxurious residential hotel. In April 1870, a son was born and named Parmelee Morgan. On January 20, 1872, Julia Morgan was born. Two years later, the Morgans moved across the [[San Francisco Bay]] to [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], to live in a large house they had built in the Stick-Eastlake style at 754 14th Street at its intersection with Brush Street at the downtown edge of what is now known as [[West Oakland, Oakland, California|West Oakland]]. (This Victorian-era building has since been demolished.) Three more children were born to the family in Oakland. At every new birth, grandfather Parmelee paid for the Morgans to travel to the East Coast by transcontinental train so that the grandchild could be christened in the traditional family church in New York.<ref name=Wadsworth8>{{cite book |last=Wadsworth |first=Ginger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X6rbO6fD9GQC&pg=PA10 |pages=8–11 |title=Julia Morgan, Architect of Dreams |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |year=1990 |isbn=0-8225-4903-4}}</ref>

[[File:Merrill Hall Asilomar.jpg|thumb|left|Merrill Hall (1928) on the grounds of [[Asilomar Conference Center]] in [[Pacific Grove, California]]]]
Charles Morgan was not successful in any of his business ventures, so the family relied upon money from grandfather Parmelee. Eliza Morgan ran the household with a strong hand, providing young Julia with a role model of womanly competence and independence. In mid-1878, Eliza took the children to live near the Parmelees in New York for a year while Charles worked in San Francisco. In New York, Julia was introduced to her older cousin Lucy Thornton, who was married to successful architect Pierre Le Brun. After returning to Oakland, Julia kept in contact with Le Brun; he encouraged her to pursue a higher education. In New York, Julia also got sick with [[scarlet fever]] and was kept in bed for a few weeks. As a result of this illness, throughout her adult life she was prone to ear infections.<ref name=Wadsworth8/>

In July 1880, grandfather Parmelee died. Soon, grandmother Parmelee moved into the Oakland house, bringing with her the Parmelee wealth. This reinforced Julia's impression that women provided the foundation of social means.<ref name=McNeill2012>{{cite journal |last=McNeill |first=Karen |date=Summer 2012 |url=http://www.californiahistoricalsociety.org/publications/pdf/California_History_vol89_no3.pdf |title='Women Who Build': Julia Morgan & Women's Institutions |work=California History |publisher=California Historical Society |volume=89 |number=3 |pages=41–74}}</ref>

Morgan resisted her mother's suggestion that she have a [[debutante]] party to celebrate her availability for marriage. She argued that she should first gain a career. Her parents were supportive of this wish.

==Education==
Morgan graduated from [[Oakland High School (California)|Oakland High School]] in 1890 and enrolled in the [[University of California, Berkeley|University of California]], in nearby Berkeley. At university, she was a member of the [[Kappa Alpha Theta]] sorority. After her graduation, Morgan became a member of the Association of Collegiate Alumnae, now the [[American Association of University Women]].

One of the engineering lecturers of her senior year was [[Bernard Maybeck]], an eccentrically dressed architect who designed buildings that Morgan admired for their respect for the surrounding topography and environment. Maybeck mentored Morgan, along with her classmates [[Arthur Brown, Jr.]], [[Edward H. Bennett]] and [[Lewis P. Hobart]], in architecture at his Berkeley home. He encouraged Morgan to continue her studies at the prestigious [[École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts]] in Paris where he had distinguished himself. She graduated from Cal in 1894 with a degree in [[civil engineering]]; she was the only woman in her engineering class. Morgan gained a year of work experience building with Maybeck; then headed to Paris in 1896 to prepare for the Beaux-Arts entrance exam. The school had never before allowed a woman to study architecture, but in 1897, it opened its entry process to women applicants, largely because of pressure from a union of French women artists whom Morgan characterized as "[[Bohemianism|bohemians]]".<ref name=McNeill2012/><ref name=wilson2007>{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=Mark |title=Julia Morgan: Architect of Beauty |pages=3–5 |year=2007 |publisher=Gibbs Smith |location=Layton, Utah |isbn=978-1-4236-0088-6}}</ref> Morgan met with these women and was exposed to their feminist views; they discussed how to increase the influence of women in professional careers.

In principle, the school admitted the top 30 candidates. It took Morgan three tries to get in: on the first try, she placed too low, while on her second try, in 1898, although she placed well into the top 30, the examiners "arbitrarily lowered" her marks.<ref name=wilson2007/><ref name=reichers>{{cite journal|last=Reichers |first=Maggie |url=http://www.neh.gov/news/humanities/2006-09/BeyondSanSimeon.html |title=Beyond San Simeon |work=Humanities |date=September–October 2006 |volume=27 |number=5 |publisher=Neh.gov |accessdate=2012-09-07}}</ref> After more than a year of further study, tutored by [[François-Benjamin Chaussemiche]], a winner of the ''[[Prix de Rome]]'', she finally passed the entrance exams in the Architecture Program, placing 13th out of 376 applicants, and was duly admitted.<ref name=wilson2007/> However, she could study only until her 30th birthday as the school prohibited older scholars. In early 1902, as her birthday approached, Morgan submitted an outstanding design for a palatial theatre. This earned her a certificate in architecture, making her the first woman to receive one from the school; she did so in three years although the usual time of completion was five years (that was how long Maybeck took, for example).<ref name=McNeill2012/><ref name=wilson2007/><ref name=capitol>{{cite web|url=http://capitolmuseum.ca.gov/english/remarkable/panel4.html |title=Julia Morgan: Early Architect. California State Capitol website |accessdate=2009-05-26 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623083708/http://capitolmuseum.ca.gov/english/remarkable/panel4.html |archivedate=June 23, 2007 |df= }}, Retrieved 2009-05-26</ref> She stayed in Paris long enough to collaborate with Chaussemiche on a project for Harriet Fearing, an ex-New Yorker who contracted for a "grand salon" design for her residence in [[Fontainebleau]].<ref name=Boutelle>{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FvkgE3tKp0gC&pg=PA22 |page=22 |last=Boutelle |first=Sara Holmes |title=Julia Morgan, Engineer and Architect |work=Old-House Journal |date=March–April 1996 |volume=24 |number=2 |issn=0094-0178 |publisher=Active Interest Media}}</ref>

==Career==
Upon her return from Paris, Morgan took employment with San Francisco architect [[John Galen Howard]], who was supervising the [[University of California, Berkeley Campus Architecture|University of California Master Plan]]. Morgan worked on several buildings on the Berkeley campus, providing the decorative elements for the [[Hearst Mining Building]] and an early proposal for [[Sather Gate]]. She was the primary designer for the [[Hearst Greek Theatre]].<ref name=McNeill2012/> Howard told a colleague that Morgan was "an excellent draftsman whom I have to pay almost nothing, as it is a woman."<ref name=Boutelle/> She saved her money and made plans to work on her own, accepting important side projects.<ref name=McNeill2012/>

In 1904, Morgan was the first woman to obtain an architecture license in California. She opened her own office in San Francisco while living at the old family home in Oakland, where the staff knew her as 'J.M.'. Between the years of 1907 and 1910 she partnered with Ira Hoover, former draftsman of Howard. Morgan reestablished an individual private practice in late 1910. She was employed as the architect of many buildings at [[Mills College]]. Another of her earliest works was [[North Star House (Grass Valley, California)|North Star House]] in [[Grass Valley, California]], commissioned in 1906 by mining engineer [[Arthur De Wint Foote]] and his wife, the author and illustrator [[Mary Hallock Foote]].

The many commissions following the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake]] brought her financial success.<ref name=Boutelle/>

===Hearst projects===
[[File:Hearst Castle Casa Grande September 2012 panorama 2.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Hearst Castle]] facade.]]
Morgan's most famous patron was the newspaper magnate and antiquities collector [[William Randolph Hearst]], who had been introduced to Morgan by his mother [[Phoebe Apperson Hearst]], the chief patron of the [[University of California at Berkeley]]. It is believed that this introduction led to Morgan's first downstate commission by Hearst for the design of the [[Los Angeles Herald-Examiner|Los Angeles Examiner]] Building (circa 1914), a [[Mission Revival Style architecture|Mission revival style]] project that included contributions by Los Angeles architects [[William J. Dodd]] and J. Martyn Haenkel. It is located at the southwest corner of Broadway and 11th Streets on a city block in [[Downtown Los Angeles]], awaiting adaptive reuse.

In 1919, Hearst selected Morgan as the architect for ''La Cuesta Encantada'', better known as [[Hearst Castle]], which was built atop the family campsite overlooking [[San Simeon]] Harbor. Morgan employed tiles, designing many of them herself, from [[California Faience]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Berkeley Bohemia: Artists and Visionaries of the Early 20th Century|page=132|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1423600851|date=2008|quote=The company was chosen by the castle's architect, Julia Morgan, who personally designed many of the tiles that were made}}</ref>

[[File:DSC27488, Hearst Castle, San Simeon, California, USA (5129765942).jpg|thumb|Indoor Roman pool on Hearst Castle grounds (empty)]]
[[File:DSC27413, Hearst Castle, San Simeon, California, USA (6433990083).jpg|thumb|Hearst Castle outdoor Neptune pool view]]
The project proved to be her largest and most complex, as Hearst's vision for his estate grew ever grander over the decades of planning and construction. The project included ''[[The Hacienda (Milpitas Ranchhouse)|The Hacienda]]'', a residence–private guest house complex built in hybrid [[Mission Revival Style architecture|Mission Revival]], [[Spanish Colonial Revival architecture|Spanish Colonial Revival]], and [[Moorish Revival]] styles. It was located a day's horseback ride inland from Hearst Castle next to the [[Mission San Antonio de Padua]] near [[Jolon, California]]. Her work on 'the Castle' and San Simeon Ranch continued until 1947, ended only by Hearst's declining health.

Morgan became William Randolph Hearst's principal architect, producing the designs for dozens of buildings, such as Phoebe Apperson Hearst's [[Wyntoon]], which he inherited. The estate includes a castle and "Bavarian village" of four villas all on {{convert|50000|acre|km2|0}} of forest reserve that includes the [[McCloud River]] near [[Mount Shasta]] in Northern California. She also did studio and site work for the uncompleted ''Babicora'', Hearst's {{convert|1625000|acre|km2|adj=on}} [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua, Mexico]] cattle [[ranch]]o and retreat.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,818820,00.html|title=Babicora, Mexico: End of An Empire|journal=Time|accessdate= May 11, 2010}}</ref>

===YWCA projects===
[[File:Oakland YWCA (Oakland, CA).JPG|thumb|Oakland YWCA]]
Julia Morgan's affiliation with the [[YWCA]] began when Phoebe Apperson Hearst recommended her for the organization's Asilomar summer conference center, a project she began in 1913. The [[Asilomar State Beach|Asilomar Conference Center]], no longer YWCA but State-run, is still in [[Pacific Grove, California|Pacific Grove]] near [[Monterey, California]]. Morgan also designed YWCAs in California, Utah, Arizona, and Hawaii.

Five of the Southern California YWCA buildings were designed by Morgan.<ref name="Bariscale">{{cite web|url=http://bigorangelandmarks.blogspot.com/2008/10/no-186-morgan-house-harbor-area-ywca.html|date=October 1, 2008|title=No. 186 – Morgan House (Harbor Area YWCA)|website=Big Orange Landmarks|accessdate=May 11, 2010|first=Floyd B.|last=Bariscale}}</ref> The 1918 Harbor Area YWCA (San Pedro, CA) in a Craftsman building is still standing, as is the 1926 [[Hollywood Studio Club]] YWCA. Morgan's [[Riverside, California|Riverside]] YWCA from 1929 still stands, but as the [[Riverside Art Museum]]. Her 1925 Long Beach Italian Renaissance branch has been demolished. The "gorgeous" [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]] YWCA is being acquired by the City for restoration and public use after several decades of decay.<ref name="Bariscale"/>

She also designed YWCAs in [[Northern California]], including those in [[Chinatown, San Francisco|San Francisco's Chinatown]] and [[Oakland, California|Oakland]]. The YWCA building in San Francisco presently is used as the museum and homebase of the [[Chinese Historical Society of America]] (CHSA).

===Mills College===
Morgan made many architectural contributions to the women's college [[Mills College]] in the [[East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)|East Bay]] foothills of [[Oakland, California]]. Like her work for the YWCA, they were done in the hopes of advancing opportunities for women.

Mills president [[Susan Tolman Mills|Susan Mills]] became interested in Morgan in 1904 because she wished to further the career of a female architect and because Morgan, just beginning her career, charged less than her male counterparts.<ref name=morgan-ito>{{cite news | last = Ito | first = Susan | title = Julia Morgan at Mills | work = Mills Quarterly | pages = 14 | date = Winter 2004 | url = http://www.mills.edu/alumnae/publications/backissues/W2004_03.pdf | publisher = Mills College | accessdate = 2008-02-27|format=PDF}}</ref> Morgan designed six buildings for the Mills campus, including El Campanil, believed to be the first bell tower on a United States college campus.<ref name="morgan-ito" /> El Campanil should not be confused with ''The Campanile'', a nickname for [[Sather Tower]], the clock/bell tower of nearby UC Berkeley. Morgan helped draft parts of the UC Berkeley campus under [[John Galen Howard]], but the Sather Tower was not her design.

Morgan's reputation grew when the tower was unscathed by the 1906 [[San Francisco earthquake]].<ref name="morgan-ito" /> The bells in the tower "were cast for the [[World's Columbian Exposition]] (Chicago-1893), and given to Mills by a trustee".<ref name=handbook>{{cite book | title = Mills College 2007/2008 Undergraduate Student Handbook | year = 2007 | publisher = School Datebooks | url = http://www.mills.edu/handbook.pdf | accessdate = 2008-02-27|format=PDF}}</ref>

Morgan also designed the [[Margaret Carnegie Library]] (1906), named after [[Andrew Carnegie]]'s daughter.<ref name="morgan-ito" /> The [[Ming Quong Home for Chinese girls]], built in 1924 and purchased for Mills in 1936.<ref name=handbook/> It was eventually renamed Alderwood Hall before becoming the [[Julia Morgan School for Girls]] in 2004<ref name="morgan-ito" /> (independent of the College). Morgan designed the [[Mills College Student Union]] in 1916.<ref name="morgan-ito" /> Morgan's [[Kapiolani Cottage]] has served as an infirmary, faculty housing, and administration offices.<ref name="morgan-ito" /><ref name=handbook /> Morgan also designed the original gymnasium and pool, since replaced by the Tea Shop and Suzanne Adams Plaza<ref name=morgan-ito /> and the first reinforced concrete structure on the west coast.<ref name=handbook>{{cite book | title = Mills College 2007/2008 Undergraduate Student Handbook | year = 2007 | publisher = School Datebooks | url = http://www.mills.edu/handbook.pdf | accessdate = 2008-02-27|format=PDF}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Although highly respected as an architect, not much is known about her personal life. She was never married and had no known romances. She kept a low profile and lived modestly, in spite of her wealthy clientele. She gave no interviews and did not write about herself. She worked tirelessly on minimal sleep and food.<ref name=fillmorelocal /> Intrigued with the gaps in Julia Morgan's life story, Belinda Taylor, wrote "Becoming Julia Morgan", a 2012 play in which Taylor imagines a plausible life story for Morgan.<ref>Erica Reder: [http://www.landmarkscalifornia.org/belinda-taylor-presents-becoming-julia-morgan/ "Belinda Taylor presents: Becoming Julia Morgan"], in the ''Landmarks of California'', 2012</ref>

==Other projects==
[[File:St. John's Presbyterian Church (Berkeley, CA).JPG|thumb|The former St. John's Presbyterian Church]]
Morgan's other projects include the redesign of the landmark [[Fairmont San Francisco|Fairmont Hotel]] in San Francisco after it was damaged by the earthquake of 1906. She was chosen because of her then-rare knowledge of earthquake-resistant, [[reinforced concrete]] construction.

She considered [[St. John's Presbyterian Church (Berkeley, California)|St. John's Presbyterian Church]] her finest [[American Craftsman|Craftsman]]-style building.<ref>[https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/59872006.html?dids=59872006:59872006&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+04%2C+1988&author=Thomas+Hines&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=An+Architect+From+the+Inside+Out+JULIA+MORGAN%2C+ARCHITECT+by+Sara+Holmes+Boutelle+(Abbeville+Press%3A+%2455%3B+265+pp.%2C+illustrated)&pqatl=google "An Architect from the Inside Out], Los Angeles Times, September 4, 1988</ref> It is now the Berkeley Playhouse in [[Berkeley, California]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Thompson |first=Daniella |url=http://www.berkeleyheritage.com/berkeley_landmarks/st._johns_presb.html |title=Berkeley Landmarks: St. John’s Presbyterian Church |publisher=Berkeley Architectural Heritage Association |date= |accessdate=2012-09-07}}</ref>

Other projects include the [[Chapel of the Chimes (Oakland, California)|Chapel of the Chimes]] in Oakland, the sanctuary of Ocean Avenue Presbyterian Church at 32 Ocean Avenue, San Francisco (where [[Mission Bay Community Church]] also meets) and the large [[Berkeley City Club]] adjacent to University of California. She designed the World War I [[YWCA Hostess House]] in [[Palo Alto, California|Palo Alto]], built in 1918 and later to become the site of the MacArthur Park Restaurant<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.macpark.com |title=MacArthur Park |publisher=Macpark.com |date= |accessdate=2012-09-07}}</ref>

[[File:Julia morgan house.jpg|thumb|[[Julia Morgan House]]]]
Some of her residential projects, most of them located in the [[San Francisco Bay Area]], are [[ultimate bungalows]]. The style is often associated with the work of [[Greene and Greene]] and some of Morgan's other contemporaries and teachers. The buildings represent the [[Arts and Crafts Movement]] and the [[American Craftsman|American Craftsman style]] of architecture. Several houses are on San Francisco's [[Russian Hill]]. She lived further West in SF.{{Cn|date=February 2018}} In 1908, Julia Morgan designed the residence of James Henry Pierce at 1650 The Alameda in San Jose, which features rare California timber.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.preservation.org/newsletters/summer2009.pdf|title=San Jose’s Julia Morgan House|journal=Continuity|date=Summer 2009|page=11}}</ref> Another residence, the so-called [[Julia Morgan House]], built for a wealthy client, is located in Sacramento.

[[File:Hearst Building, San Francisco (2013) - 1.JPG|thumb|Hearst Building, San Francisco, redesign by Morgan]]

==Legacy==
Julia Morgan is buried in the [[Mountain View Cemetery (Oakland, California)|Mountain View Cemetery]] in the hills of [[Oakland, California]].<ref>[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/1464 findagrave.com.] Julia Morgan. access date: 5/11/2010.</ref>

California Governor [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] and First Lady [[Maria Shriver]] announced on May 28, 2008 that Julia Morgan would be inducted into the [[California Hall of Fame]], located at [[The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts]]. The induction ceremony took place on December 15 and her great-niece accepted the honor in her place.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=11255 | title=Governor & First Lady Participate in 2008 CA Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony | publisher=State of California, Office of Governor | accessdate=2013-05-20}}</ref>
[[File:Ceiling at Julia Morgan ballroom in SF - stierch.jpeg|thumb|200px|Ceiling at Julia Morgan Ballroom]]
The Julia Morgan Ballroom at the [[Merchants Exchange Building (San Francisco)|Merchants Exchange Building]] in San Francisco, where she had her offices from 1904 to 1950, was named in her honor.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://juliamorganballroom.com/about/|title=About the Historic Julia Morgan Ballroom Event Space in San Francisco|work=Julia Morgan Ballroom|access-date=2018-02-10|language=en-US}}</ref>

Julia Morgan was the 2014 [[AIA Gold Medal]] recipient (posthumous). She is the first female architect to receive this honor.<ref>{{cite web|title=2014 AIA Gold Medal Awarded to Julia Morgan, FAIA|url=http://www.aia.org/press/AIAB100853|work=Press Releases|publisher=American Institute of Architects|accessdate=12 December 2013}}</ref>

In 2006, a children's picture book titled ''Julia Morgan Built a Castle'' was published and is now available in many public libraries''.'' <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56051019|title=Julia Morgan built a castle|last=Mannis|first=Celeste Davidson|date=2006|publisher=Viking|others=Hyman, Miles,|year=|isbn=9780670059645|location=New York, N.Y.|pages=|oclc=56051019}}</ref>

==Further reading==
;Books
*Boutelle, Sara Holmes (1988). ''Julia Morgan, Architect.'' New York: Abbeville Press.
*{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Lewis|first=Anna M. |title=Women of Steel and Stone: 22 Inspirational Architects, Engineers, and Landscape Designers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_9WAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88|date=2014|publisher=Chicago Review Press|location=Chicago, Illinois|isbn=978-1-61374-511-3}}
*Morgan, J. (1976). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/58882003&referer=brief_results Architectural drawings by Julia Morgan: beau-arts assignments and other buildings]. Oakland, Calif: Oakland Museum, Art Dept.
*Morgan, J., Hearst, W. R., & Loe, N. E. (1987). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/16866193&referer=brief_results San Simeon revisited: the correspondence between architect Julia Morgan and William Randolph Hearst]. San Luis Obispo, Calif: Library Associates, California Polytechnic State University.
*Morgan, J. (1987). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/19479144&referer=brief_results Berkeley houses by Julia Morgan]. Berkeley, California: The Association.

;Reviews
*Longstreth, R. W. (1977). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/3446933&referer=brief_results Julia Morgan, architect. Berkeley Architectural Heritage publication series, no. 1]. Berkeley, California: Berkeley Architectural Heritage Association.
*McNeill, Karen (May 2007) [https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.1525/phr.2007.76.2.229?uid=3739560&uid=2129&uid=2&uid=70&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21101099987461 "Julia Morgan: Gender, Architecture, and Professional Style."] ''Pacific Historical Review'', pp. 229–267.
* McNeill, Karen (Summer 2012) [http://www.californiahistoricalsociety.org/publications/pdf/California_History_vol89_no3.pdf "'Women Who Build: Julia Morgan & Women's Institutions." ''California History'', pp.41-74.]
*Pasadena Cultural Heritage Commission. (1988). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/18433474&referer=brief_results Report on reuse of the Julia Morgan YWCA building: YWCA & YMCA Pasadena, California]. New York: Halsband.
*Quacchia, R. L. (2005). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/62952271&referer=brief_results Julia Morgan, architect, and the creation of the Asilomar Conference Grounds: including a comparison with Hearst Castle]. Virginia Beach, Virginia: Q Pub.
*Steilberg, W. T., & Morgan, J. (1983). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/23465769&referer=brief_results Some examples of the work of Julia Morgan]. San Francisco: ''Architect and Engineer of California''.
*University of California, Berkeley. (1986). [http://worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/50159106&referer=brief_results Julia Morgan, architectural drawings: inventory of holdings, College of Environmental Design]. Berkeley: The College.

==See also==
*[[Women in architecture]]

==References==
{{reflist|40em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Julia Morgan}}
*[http://www.lib.calpoly.edu/specialcollections/findingaids/ms010/ The Julia Morgan Collection at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo]
*[http://www.lib.calpoly.edu/specialcollections/architecture/juliamorgan/ Julia Morgan—An Online Exhibition]
*[http://archives.ced.berkeley.edu/collections/morgan-julia Julia Morgan Collection] at the [[College of Environmental Design, UC Berkeley|Environmental Design Archives]]
*[http://exhibits.ced.berkeley.edu/exhibits/show/juliamorgan Hidden Engineer: The Designs of Julia Morgan]
*[http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf7t1nb2q1/ Julia Morgan Architectural Drawings, 1907–1929], [[The Bancroft Library]]
*[http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/jmindex/genericindex.html Index of Buildings by Julia Morgan]
*{{Webarchive |url=https://archive.is/20131212170238/http://www.bwaf.org/dna/archive/entry/julia-morgan |date=December 12, 2013 |title=Julia Morgan, Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation Dynamic National Archive}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150512111047/http://grainger-arts-and-crafts-studio.com/2013/08/julia-morga-arts-and-crafts-architecture/ One Woman’s Contribution to Arts and Crafts Architecture]
*[http://www.apartmenttherapy.com/julia-morgan-spotlight-on-female-designers-177161/ Julia Morgan SPOTLIGHT ON WOMEN IN DESIGN]
*[http://www.landmarkscalifornia.org/julia-morgan-2012/ Julia Morgan 2012]
*[https://calisphere.org/collections/15122/ Morgan (Julia) Collection, 1893-1980]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Morgan, Julia}}
[[Category:American women architects]]
[[Category:Julia Morgan buildings| ]]
[[Category:1872 births]]
[[Category:1957 deaths]]
[[Category:Architects from California]]
[[Category:American Neoclassical architects]]
[[Category:Arts and Crafts architects]]
[[Category:Beaux Arts architects]]
[[Category:Historicist architects]]
[[Category:Mediterranean Revival architects]]
[[Category:Spanish Revival architects]]
[[Category:Spanish Colonial Revival architects]]
[[Category:Architects from San Francisco]]
[[Category:Architecture in the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:History of the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:Burials at Mountain View Cemetery (Oakland, California)]]
[[Category:People from Oakland, California]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley College of Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:American alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts]]
[[Category:NRHP architects]]
[[Category:20th-century American architects]]
[[Category:California women architects]]

For sale: baby shoes, never worn

2016-08-31T02:33:12Z

Websterwebfoot: /* History */ year following month is parenthetical

[[File:Classic baby shoes.jpg|thumb|right|A 6-word "novel" regarding a pair of baby shoes is considered an extreme example of [[flash fiction]].]]
'''"For sale: baby shoes, never worn."''' is the entirety of what has been described as a six-word novel, making it an extreme example of what is called [[flash fiction]] or sudden fiction. Although it is often attributed to [[Ernest Hemingway]], the link to him is unsubstantiated and similar stories predate him.<ref name="quote">{{cite web|url=http://quoteinvestigator.com/2013/01/28/baby-shoes/|author=Garson O’Toole|title=For Sale, Baby Shoes, Never Worn|publisher=quoteinvestigator.com|date=January 28, 2013|accessdate=19 April 2013}}</ref><ref name="Haglund">{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2013/01/31/for_sale_baby_shoes_never_worn_hemingway_probably_did_not_write_the_famous.html|title=Did Hemingway Really Write His Famous Six-Word Story?|last=Haglund|first=David|date= Jan 31, 2013|publisher=Slate|accessdate=14 April 2013}}</ref>

== Setting ==
Hemingway's purported authorship usually centers upon his doing so as the result of a wager between him and other writers. In a 1992 letter to Canadian humorist [[John Robert Colombo]], science fiction writer [[Arthur C. Clarke]] recounts it thus: While lunching with friends at a restaurant (variously identified as [[Luchow's]] or [[Algonquin Hotel|The Algonquin]]), Hemingway bets the table ten dollars each that he can craft an entire story in six words. After the pot is assembled, Hemingway writes "For sale: baby shoes, never worn" on a napkin, passes this around the table, and collects his winnings.<ref name="quote" />

== History ==
[[File:Babys Clothes Never Worn.png|thumb|300px|right|This May 16, 1910 article from ''The Spokane Press'' recounts an earlier advertisement which struck the author as particularly tragic.]]
The May 16, 1910, edition of ''The Spokane Press'' had an article titled "Tragedy of Baby's Death is Revealed in Sale of Clothes." At that time, Hemingway would only have been aged ten, and years away from beginning his writing career.<ref name="quote" />

In 1917, William R. Kane published a piece in a periodical called ''The Editor'' where he outlined the basic idea of a grief-stricken woman who had lost her baby and even suggested the title of ''Little Shoes, Never Worn''.<ref name="Haglund" /> In his version of the story, the shoes are being given away rather than sold. He suggests that this would provide some measure of solace for the seller, as it would mean that another baby would at least benefit directly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=rF04AQAAIAAJ&q=%22never+worn%22&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&|title=untitled|last=Kane|first=William R.|date=February 24, 1917|work=The Editor: The Journal of Information for Literary Workers, Volume 45, number 4|pages=175–176|accessdate=20 April 2013}}</ref>

By 1921, the story was already being parodied: the July issue of ''[[Judge (magazine)|Judge]]'' that year published a version that used a [[baby carriage]] instead of shoes; there, however, the narrator described contacting the seller to offer condolences, only to be told that the sale was due to the birth of twins rather than of a single child.<ref name="quote" />

The earliest known connection to Hemingway was in 1991, thirty years after the author’s death.<ref name="quote" /> This attribution was in a book by Peter Miller called ''Get Published! Get Produced!: A Literary Agent’s Tips on How to Sell Your Writing''. He claimed he was told the story by a "well-established newspaper syndicator" in 1974.<ref>{{cite book|last=Miller|first=Peter|title=Get Published! Get Produced!: A Literary Agent’s Tips on How to Sell Your Writing|publisher=SP Books|date=Mar 1, 1991|pages=27|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=VqKAE2euEnMC&lpg=PP1&dq=Get%20Published!%20Get%20Produced!%3A%20A%20Literary%20Agent%E2%80%99s%20Tips%20on%20How%20to%20Sell%20Your%20Writing&pg=PA27#v=onepage&q=baby&f=false}}</ref> In 1992, John Robert Colombo printed a letter from Arthur C. Clarke that repeated the story, complete with Hemingway having won $10 each from fellow writers.<ref name="quote" />

This connection to Hemingway was reinforced by a one-man play called "Papa" by John deGroot, which debuted in 1996. Set during a ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine photo session in 1959, deGroot has the character utter the phrase as a means of illustrating Hemingway’s brevity.<ref name="quote" /> In ''[[Playbill]]'', deGroot defended his portrayal of Hemingway by saying, "Everything in the play is based on events as described by Ernest Hemingway, or those who knew him well. Whether or not these things actually happened is something we’ll never know truly. But Hemingway and many others claimed they did."<ref name="snopes">{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/language/literary/babyshoes.asp|title=Baby Shoes|last1=Mikkelson |first1=David |last2=Mikkelson |first2=Barbara|date=29 October 2008|website=[[Snopes.com]] |accessdate=14 April 2013}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The general concept of trying to tell a story with the absolute minimum of words became known by the general term of [[flash fiction]]. The six-word limit in particular has spawned the concept of [[Six-Word Memoirs]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-500186_162-3876944.html|title=Six-Word Memoirs Can Say It All|date=February 11, 2009|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=20 April 2013}}</ref> including a collection published in book form in 2008 by ''[[Smith Magazine]]'', and two sequels published in 2009.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Short stories]]
[[Category:Ernest Hemingway]]

Viel Lärm um nichts (2012)

2013-11-17T06:35:33Z

Websterwebfoot: removed errant comma

{{other uses|Much Ado About Nothing (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2013}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Much Ado About Nothing
| image = MuchAdo.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| border = yes
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Joss Whedon]]
| producer = Joss Whedon [[Daniel Kaminsky]]
| screenplay = Joss Whedon
| based on = {{based on|''[[Much Ado About Nothing]]''|[[William Shakespeare]]}}<ref name="COMING SOON">{{cite web|url=http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=83449|title=UPDATE: Joss Whedon Wraps Secret Project Much Ado About Nothing|publisher=comingsoon.net|accessdate=December 8, 2012}}</ref>
| starring = [[Amy Acker]] [[Alexis Denisof]] [[Reed Diamond]] [[Nathan Fillion]] [[Clark Gregg]] [[Fran Kranz]] [[Sean Maher]] [[Jillian Morgese]]
| music = Joss Whedon
| cinematography = [[Jay Hunter]]
| editing = Daniel Kaminsky Joss Whedon
| studio = [[Bellwether Pictures]]
| distributor = [[Lions Gate Entertainment|Lionsgate]] [[Roadside Attractions]]
| released = {{Film date|2012|09|08|[[Toronto International Film Festival|world premiere]]|2013|06|21|[[United States]]}}
| runtime = 108 minutes<ref name="bbfc"/>
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget =
| gross = $5,266,850<ref name="Box Office Mojo; infobox">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxoffice.com/statistics/movies/much-ado-about-nothing-2013-2013?q=MUCH%20ADO%20ABOUT%20NOTHING|title=Much Ado About Nothing (2013)|publisher=boxoffice.com}}</ref>
}}
'''''Much Ado About Nothing''''' is a 2012 American [[romantic comedy film]] adapted for the screen, produced, and directed by [[Joss Whedon]], from [[William Shakespeare]]'s [[Much Ado About Nothing|play of the same name]]. The film stars [[Amy Acker]], [[Alexis Denisof]], [[Nathan Fillion]], [[Clark Gregg]], [[Reed Diamond]], [[Fran Kranz]], [[Sean Maher]], and [[Jillian Morgese]].

The first feature film by [[Bellwether Pictures]], ''Much Ado About Nothing'' premiered at the [[2012 Toronto International Film Festival]] and had its North American theatrical release on June 21, 2013.

==Plot==
{{Expand section|date=January 2013}}
The plot of the film is largely unchanged from that of [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]'s [[Much Ado About Nothing|original play]]. Differences include the modern-day setting, the switching of Conrade's gender, and expanding Ursula's role slightly by giving her some of Margaret's scenes. Whedon's film imagery advances an unusual interpretation of the text, that Beatrice and Benedick had had a one night stand before the plot unfolds. This interpretation emphasizes four lines from Act II, scene i, where Beatrice, responding to the accusation that she has "lost the heart" of Benedick, answers,

<poem>
"Indeed my lord, he lent it me awhile and I
gave him use for it--a double heart for his single one.
Marry, once before he won it of me with false dice;
therefore your grace may well say I have lost it."
</poem>

Whedon overlays these lines with images of Beatrice and Benedick as lovers, opening the way to seeing the pair as finding their way back to a lost love, rather than finding it for the first time. The scene demonstrates how [[film techniques]] can add nuanced interpretation to the text. The movie is filmed in black and white, which helps tie it to the screwball romantic comedies of the 1930s and 1940s, such as ''[[His Girl Friday]]'' and ''[[Bringing Up Baby]]''.

==Cast==
* [[Amy Acker]] as Beatrice, niece of Leonato.
* [[Alexis Denisof]] as Benedick, of Padua; companion of Don Pedro.
* [[Reed Diamond]] as [[Don Pedro (Shakespeare character)|Don Pedro]], Prince of Aragon.
* [[Nathan Fillion]] as [[Dogberry]], the constable in charge of Messina's night watch.
* [[Clark Gregg]] as Leonato, governor of Messina; Hero's father.
* [[Fran Kranz]] as Claudio, of Florence; a count, companion of Don Pedro, friend to Benedick.
* [[Sean Maher]] as Don John, "the Bastard Prince," brother of Don Pedro.
* [[Jillian Morgese]] as Hero, Leonato's daughter.
* [[Spencer Treat Clark]] as Borachio, follower of Don John.
* [[Riki Lindhome]] as Conrade, lover of Don John (originally, follower of Don John, a male role).
* [[Ashley Johnson]] as Margaret, waiting-gentlewoman attendant on Hero.
* [[Emma Bates]] as Ursula, waiting-gentlewoman attendant on Hero.
* [[Tom Lenk]] as Verges, the Headborough, Dogberry’s partner
* [[BriTANicK|Nick Kocher]] as First watchman
* [[BriTANicK|Brian McElhaney]] as Second watchman
* [[Joshua Zar]] as Leonato’s aide
* [[Paul M. Meston]] as Friar Francis, a priest.
* [[Romy Rosemont]] as The Sexton, the district attorney at Borachio and Conrade's interrogation (originally, the judge of the trial of Borachio, a male role).

[[Anthony Head]] was originally intended for the role of Leonato, but was unavailable.<ref name="EW.com" /> Clark Gregg had worked with Whedon on ''[[The Avengers (2012 film)|The Avengers]]'' at the time, and stepped in to play the part.<ref name="BADHAVEN">{{cite web|url=http://www.badhaven.com/film/film-news/joss-whedon-talks-much-ado-about-nothing/|title=Joss Whedon talks Much Ado About Nothing|publisher=badhaven.com|accessdate=December 8, 2012}}</ref>

==Production==
[[Principal photography]] started mid-October 2011,<ref name="THE Hollywood REPORTER">{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/joss-whedon-nathan-fillion-much-ado-about-nothing-252323|title=Joss Whedon Teases Mysterious New Project 'Much Ado About Nothing'|first=Kimberly|last=Nordyke|date=October 23, 2011|publisher=hollywoodreporter.com|accessdate=December 8, 2012}}</ref> and took place at [[Joss Whedon]]'s residence, in [[Santa Monica, California]].<ref name="COLLIDER.com">{{cite web|url=http://collider.com/joss-whedon-much-ado-about-nothing-lionsgate/194882/|title=Joss Whedon’s MUCH ADO ABOUT NOTHING Picked Up by Lionsgate and Roadside Attractions|first=Dave|last=Trumbore|date=September 11, 2012|publisher=collider.com|accessdate=December 8, 2012}}</ref> On the choice of location, he told [[Studio 360]], "First of all, my wife built that house. And I knew from the moment I set foot in it that I would want to film something there. Because it's all in one place, that place informs the mood and the feeling and the look of the picture so much, and I was really already comfortable with that".<ref name="STUDIO 360">{{cite web|url=http://www.studio360.org/2013/jun/14/joss-whedon-hollywood-slayer/|title=Joss Whedon the Hollywood Slayer|first=Kurt|last=Andersen|date=June 14, 2013|publisher=studio360.org|accessdate=June 16, 2013}}</ref> Whedon and his wife, Kai Cole, produced the film through their [[Film studio|studio]] Bellwether Pictures.<ref name="HUFF POST">{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/12/much-ado-about-nothing-joss-whedon_n_1876682.html|title='Much Ado About Nothing': Joss Whedon's Film Picked Up By Lionsgate|first=David|last=Germain|date=November 9, 2012|publisher=huffingtonpost.com|accessdate=December 8, 2012}}</ref><ref name="movieScope">{{cite web|url=http://www.moviescopemag.com/features/joss-whedons-much-ado-about-nothing-adaption-gets-release-date/|title=Joss Whedon’s Much Ado About Nothing adaption gets release date|publisher=moviescopemag.com|accessdate=December 8, 2012}}</ref> It was filmed entirely in a [[black-and-white]] palette over a period of 12 days, in conjunction with [[cinematographer]] Jay Hunter.<ref name="WHEDONVERSE NETWORK">{{cite web|url=http://www.whedonverse.net/features/interviews/much-ado-about-nothing-director-of-photography-jay-hunter/|title=Director of Photography Jay Hunter Talks Much Ado About Joss|first=Simon|last=Fleischmann|date=October 29, 2011|publisher=whedonverse.net|accessdate=December 8, 2012}}</ref> Whedon shot it while on a contractual vacation from the post-production of ''[[The Avengers (2012 film)|The Avengers]]''.<ref name="TIME Entertainment">{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.time.com/2013/06/07/much-ado-about-nothing-joss-whedons-house-party/|title=Much Ado About Nothing: Joss Whedon’s House Party|first=Richard|last=Corliss|date=June 7, 2013|publisher=time.com|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> The cast and crew were informed to keep the project a secret until production was finished.<ref name="EW.com">{{cite web|url=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2011/10/24/joss-whedon-sean-maher-amy-acker-much-ado-exclusive/|title=Joss Whedon on his secret film of 'Much Ado About Nothing': 'This is the best vacation I've ever taken' -- EXCLUSIVE|first=Adam B.|last=Vary|date=October 24, 2011|publisher=insidemovies.ew.com|accessdate=December 8, 2012}}</ref> They [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] their last day of filming on October 23, 2011.<ref name="THE WRAP">{{cite web|url=http://www.thewrap.com/movies/column-post/joss-whedon-adapts-shakespeare-twitterverse-thinks-so-32093|title=Joss Whedon Wraps Secret Shakespeare Movie Project (Exclusive)|first=Joshua L.|last=Weinstein|date=October 23, 2011|publisher=thewrap.com|accessdate=December 8, 2012}}</ref>

Whedon explained his initial interest in the project, saying:

{{blockquote|I fixated on this notion that our ideas of romantic love are created for us by the society around us, and then escape from that is grown-up love, is marriage, is mature love, to escape the ideals of love that we’re supposed to follow.<ref name="EW.com" />}}

He elaborated on that sentiment, and said "It’s a very cynically romantic text about love, and how we behave, and how we’re expected to behave. It’s a party, but there’s something darker there as well". Inspired by the exposing nature of [[Filmmaking|film]], Whedon decided to infuse a recurring motif of [[Human sexuality|sexuality]], "...because it’s a visual medium. You can say it or you can show it. [...] There’s an element to it, of debauchery, that was fun for a time but then it was just sort of dark".<ref name="Leaky NEWS">{{cite web|url=http://www.leakynews.com/much-ado-about-nothing-qa/|title=SXSW Film: Much Ado About Nothing Q&A|date=March 9, 2013|publisher=leakynews.com|accessdate=March 10, 2013}}</ref> Whedon's idea to adapt the play for the screen originated from having "Shakespeare readings" at his house with several of his friends, years prior.<ref name="VULTURE">{{cite web|url=http://www.vulture.com/2013/06/joss-whedon-much-ado-about-nothing-interview.html|title=Joss Whedon on Much Ado About Nothing, Shakespeare-Buffy Parallels, and Avengers 2|first=Jennifer|last=Vineyard|date=June 7, 2013|publisher=vulture.com|accessdate=June 7, 2013}}</ref>

Whedon and his [[Director of photography|DP]] Jay Hunter took advantage of [[Sunlight|natural lighting]] in order to make it feel "very found", noting, "Our lighting package rose in the east and set in the west".<ref name="THE SKINNY">{{cite web|url=http://www.theskinny.co.uk/latest/304769-joss_whedon_much_ado_about_nothing|title=Joss Whedon on Much Ado About Nothing|first=Kirsty|last=Leckie-Palmer|date=June 4, 2013|publisher=theskinny.co.uk|accessdate=June 7, 2013}}</ref> Using [[mirror]]s, [[glass]] and [[window]]s to shoot through, he explains, "[It’s] something I’d like to do all the time, but particularly in a movie that’s all about lies, and manipulation and misunderstandings. The more you can warp the frame a little bit, the more it speaks towards what’s going on".<ref name="THE SKINNY" /> The film was shot hand-held, [[Digital video|digitally]] with multiple cameras, often with a [[Red Digital Cinema Camera Company|RED Epic]], and used a [[Lensbaby]] [[Lensbaby#Composer|Composer with Double Glass]] lens on a [[Canon EOS 7D|Canon 7D]] to differentiate certain scenes.<ref name="LENSBABY">{{cite web|url=http://lensbaby.com/blog/film-video/pro-spotlight-jay-hunter/|title=FILM & VIDEO: Jay Hunter|first=Keri|last=Friedman|date=June 3, 2013|publisher=lensbaby.com|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album 
| Name = Much Ado About Nothing: Original Score
| Type = Soundtrack
| Artist = [[Joss Whedon]]
| Cover = Much Ado About Nothing Original Score.jpg
| Released = {{Start date|2013|6|6}}
| Genre = [[Film score]]
| Length = 40:41
| Label = Bellwether Records
| Producer = [[Deborah Lurie]]
}}
Whedon composed the score for the film and recruited [[Deborah Lurie]] to produce.<ref name="FILM MUSIC REPORTER">{{cite web|url=http://filmmusicreporter.com/2013/06/04/much-ado-about-nothing-soundtrack-details/|title=‘Much Ado About Nothing’ Soundtrack Details|date=June 4, 2013|publisher=filmmusicreporter.com|accessdate=June 11, 2013}}</ref> He arranged music to "Sigh No More" and "Heavily", two songs that [[William Shakespeare]] had written into [[Much Ado About Nothing|the play]]. These tracks were performed by [[Maurissa Tancharoen]] and [[Jed Whedon]].<ref name="SALON; music">{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/2013/03/12/joss_whedon_and_the_cast_talk_about_much_ado_about_nothing_partner/|title=Joss Whedon on "Much Ado About Nothing": "It’s the sexiest thing I’ve ever done"|first=Joanna|last=Robinson|date=March 12, 2013|publisher=salon.com|accessdate=June 11, 2013}}</ref> Whedon described the experience of making his debut in scoring a film as "terrifying", going on to say that "when I’m terrified, I know I’m having fun".<ref name="BuzzFeed; music">{{cite web|url=http://www.buzzfeed.com/ellievhall/listen-to-joss-whedon-put-shakespeares-words-to-music|title=Listen To Joss Whedon Put Shakespeare’s Words To Music|first=Ellie|last=Hall|date=June 6, 2013|publisher=buzzfeed.com|accessdate=June 11, 2013}}</ref> He acknowledged as well that hiring himself to do it resulted from monetary constraints.<ref name="SFX; music">{{cite web|url=http://www.sfx.co.uk/2013/05/28/your-chance-to-see-joss-whedons-much-ado-about-nothing-at-a-special-preview/|title=Your Chance To See Joss Whedon’s Much Ado About Nothing At A Special Preview|first=Dave|last=Golder|date=May 28, 2013|publisher=sfx.co.uk|accessdate=June 11, 2013}}</ref> The soundtrack was released digitally on June 6, 2013.<ref name="FILM MUSIC REPORTER" />

{{tracklist
| collapsed = yes
| writing_credits = yes
| all_writing = Joss Whedon, except where noted
| title1 = Main Title
| length1 = 1:12
| title2 = Arrival
| length2 = 0:55
| title3 = Hero
| length3 = 0:49
| title4 = If I Had My Mouth
| length4 = 2:06
| title5 = To the Death
| length5 = 0:42
| title6 = Sigh No More
| note6 = featuring [[Maurissa Tancharoen]] & [[Jed Whedon]]
| writer6 = [[William Shakespeare]]
| length6 = 2:36
| title7 = Beauty Is a Witch
| length7 = 1:54
| title8 = A Double Heart
| length8 = 0:41
| title9 = Perfectest Herald
| length9 = 1:07
| title10 = The Only Love Gods
| length10 = 0:38
| title11 = Borachio
| length11 = 2:01
| title12 = The Gulling (Part 1)
| length12 = 0:27
| title13 = The Gulling (Part 2)
| length13 = 1:56
| title14 = The Gulling (Part 3)
| length14 = 1:03
| title15 = Love On
| length15 = 0:52
| title16 = Disloyal
| length16 = 2:46
| title17 = A Thousand Ducats
| length17 = 2:08
| title18 = Wedding Day
| length18 = 0:30
| title19 = Madam Withdraw
| length19 = 0:31
| title20 = Wedding March
| length20 = 0:57
| title21 = Left for Dead
| length21 = 2:14
| title22 = Is Not That Strange
| length22 = 0:43
| title23 = I Am Engaged
| length23 = 2:00
| title24 = A Word in Your Ear
| length24 = 1:39
| title25 = How Innocent She Died
| length25 = 1:10
| title26 = Heavily
| note26 = featuring Maurissa Tancharoen & Jed Whedon
| writer26 = William Shakespeare
| length26 = 1:58
| title27 = The Balcony
| length27 = 1:13
| title28 = Will You Come
| length28 = 0:33
| title29 = Walk of Shame
| length29 = 0:36
| title30 = Another Hero
| length30 = 0:50
| title31 = A Giddy Thing
| length31 = 1:10
| title32 = Last Dance
| length32 = 0:44
| total_length = 40:41
}}

==Release==
[[Image:Much Ado About Nothing at TIFF crop.jpg|thumb|left|Cast and crew at the [[2012 Toronto International Film Festival]] premiere.]]
''Much Ado About Nothing'' had its [[Film premiere|world premiere]] at the [[2012 Toronto International Film Festival]].<ref name="theatermania">{{cite web|url=http://www.theatermania.com/toronto-theater/news/08-2012/joss-whedons-much-ado-about-nothing-to-premiere-at_60248.html|title=Joss Whedon's Much Ado About Nothing to Premiere at Toronto Film Festival|first=Brian Scott|last=Lipton|date=August 3, 2012|publisher=theatermania.com|accessdate=December 8, 2012}}</ref> The film's [[North America]]n [[Film distributor|distribution rights]] were acquired by [[Lionsgate]], in association with [[Roadside Attractions]], for a joint theatrical release.<ref name="Indiewire">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiewire.com/article/joss-whedons-much-ado-about-nothing-goes-to-lionsgate|title=Toronto 2012: Joss Whedon's 'Much Ado About Nothing' Goes to Lionsgate|publisher=indiewire.com|accessdate=December 8, 2012}}</ref> It was later reported that the film would have a limited theatrical release on June 7, 2013.<ref name="zap 2 it">{{cite web|url=http://blog.zap2it.com/pop2it/2012/11/joss-whedons-much-ado-about-nothing-gets-release-date.html|title=Joss Whedon's 'Much Ado About Nothing' gets release date|first=Drusilla|last=Moorhouse|date=November 29, 2012|publisher=zap2it.com|accessdate=December 8, 2012}}</ref><ref name="SNEEK PEEK">{{cite web|url=http://www.sneakpeek.ca/2012/11/joss-whedons-much-ado-about-nothing.html|title=Joss Whedon: "Much Ado About Nothing"|first=M.|last=Stevens|date=November 29, 2012|publisher=sneakpeek.ca|accessdate=December 8, 2012}}</ref> Kaleidoscope Film Distribution obtained worldwide sales and [[United Kingdom|UK]] distribution rights.<ref name="SCREENDAILY; distribution rights">{{cite web|url=http://www.screendaily.com/5048356.article|title=Kaleidoscope sees plenty in Whedon’s Much Ado About Nothing|first=Andreas|last=Wiseman|date=October 31, 2012|publisher=screendaily.com|accessdate=February 1, 2013}}</ref> European premieres have been held at the [[Jameson Dublin International Film Festival|2013 Jameson Dublin International Film Festival]],<ref name="SCREENDAILY">{{cite web|url=http://m.screendaily.com/5050984.article|title=Byrne, DeVito, Roth, Whedon among confirmed guests for Dublin|first=Ian|last=Sandwell|date=January 23, 2013|publisher=screendaily.com|accessdate=January 23, 2013}}</ref><ref name="film IRELAND">{{cite web|url=http://filmireland.net/2013/01/23/2013-jdiff-guests-and-screenings-confirmed/|title=JDIFF 2013: Guests and Screenings Confirmed|first=Steven|last=Galvin|date=January 23, 2013|publisher=filmireland.net|accessdate=January 23, 2013}}</ref> the [[Glasgow Film Festival|2013 Glasgow Film Festival]],<ref name="heraldscotland">{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/director-whedon-to-attend-festival.20048788|title=Director Whedon to attend festival|first=Phil|last=Miller|date=January 30, 2013|publisher=heraldscotland.com|accessdate=January 30, 2013}}</ref> the [[International Istanbul Film Festival|2013 Istanbul Film Festival]],<ref name="IKSV Film">{{cite web|url=http://film.iksv.org/en/film/2557|title=FROM LITERATURE TO SILVER SCREEN|publisher=iksv.org|accessdate=March 5, 2013}}</ref> the [[National Media Museum|2013 Bradford International Film Festival]],<ref name="National Media Museum">{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalmediamuseum.org.uk/Films/BIFF/2013/M/MuchAdoAboutNothing.aspx|title=Much Ado About Noting (adv. PG)|publisher=nationalmediamuseum.org.uk|accessdate=March 8, 2013}}</ref> the [[Belfast Film Festival|2013 Belfast Film Festival]],<ref name="Belfast Film Festival">{{cite web|url=https://belfastfilmfestival.ticketsolve.com/shows/873491868/events|title=Much Ado about Nothing|publisher=belfastfilmfestival.ticketsolve.com|accessdate=March 16, 2013}}</ref> the [[Filmfest München|2013 Filmfest München]],<ref name="FILMFEST MÜNCHEN">{{cite web|url=http://www.filmfest-muenchen.de/en/filmprogramm/film-abc.aspx?filmId=3865|title=Much Ado About Nothing|publisher=filmfest-muenchen.de|accessdate=June 16, 2013}}</ref> the 2013 Athens International Film Festival and the [[Helsinki Film Festival|2013 Helsinki Film Festival]].<ref name="Athens International Film Festival">{{cite web|url=http://en.aiff.gr/article.asp?catid=32094&subid=2&pubid=15375197|title=Much Ado About Nothing|publisher=aiff.gr|accessdate=September 13, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Love & Anarchy">{{cite web|url=http://hiff.fi/en/elokuvat/much-ado-about-nothing/|title=Much Ado About Nothing (2012)|publisher=hiff.fi|accessdate=September 13, 2013}}</ref> The film premiered in the United States at the [[South by Southwest|2013 South by Southwest Film Festival]],<ref name="SXSW">{{cite web|url=http://sxsw.com/film/news/sxsw-film-announces-2013-features-lineup|title=SXSW Film Announces 2013 Features Lineup|date=January 31, 2013|publisher=sxsw.com|accessdate=February 1, 2013}}</ref> followed by the [[Wisconsin Film Festival|2013 Wisconsin Film Festival]], the [[San Francisco International Film Festival|2013 San Francisco International Film Festival]], the [[Independent Film Festival of Boston|2013 Independent Film Festival of Boston]] and the [[Seattle International Film Festival|2013 Seattle International Film Festival]].<ref name="INDEPENDENT FILM FESTIVAL BOSTON">{{cite web|url=http://prod1.agileticketing.net/websales/pages/info.aspx?evtinfo=56438~05cb9704-bfe5-4d73-aeb6-44c19bbac1a2&epguid=d516d018-d5c6-406e-aa8d-3f2b68b26e23&|title=Much Ado About Nothing|publisher=agileticketing.net|accessdate=April 12, 2013}}</ref><ref name="UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON NEWS">{{cite web|url=http://www.news.wisc.edu/21553|title=Wisconsin Film Festival expands to eight days|date=March 1, 2013|publisher=wisc.edu|accessdate=March 2, 2013}}</ref><ref name="siff">{{cite web|url=http://www.siff.net/festival-2013/opening-night-gala|title=Opening Night Gala: Much Ado About Nothing|publisher=siff.net|accessdate=April 9, 2013}}</ref><ref name="SF international FF">{{cite web|url=http://prod3.agileticketing.net/websales/pages/info.aspx?evtinfo=53906~8781fb85-6bb2-474d-a97d-cec76d1b8c32&epguid=db9c7f13-edc8-489f-bc28-5aa111f9970e&|title=Much Ado about Nothing|publisher=agileticketing.net|accessdate=April 3, 2013}}</ref><ref name="ROPE of SILICON">{{cite web|url=http://www.ropeofsilicon.com/iron-man-3-whedons-ado-and-saving-mr-banks-in-todays-mpaa-ratings-bulletin/|title='Iron Man 3', Whedon's 'Ado' and 'Saving Mr. Banks' in Today's MPAA Ratings Bulletin|first=Brad|last=Brevet|date=April 9, 2013|publisher=ropeofsilicon.com|accessdate=April 11, 2013}}</ref>

===Rating===
''Much Ado About Nothing'' was officially given a [[Motion Picture Association of America film rating system#Adoption of PG-13 rating|PG-13]] rating by the [[MPAA]] for American cinemas.<ref name="Box Office Mojo">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=muchado13.htm|title=Much Ado About Nothing (2013)|publisher=boxofficemojo.com|accessdate=April 11, 2013}}</ref> It got a [[History of British film certificates#2009–present|12A]] certificate in the United Kingdom from the [[British Board of Film Classification]].<ref name="bbfc">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/much-ado-about-nothing-2013-0|title=MUCH ADO ABOUT NOTHING|publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|accessdate=May 14, 2013}}</ref>

===Overseas releases===
Sharmill Films distributed the film to [[Australia]]n theaters.<ref name="SHARMill FilMs">{{cite web|url=http://www.sharmillfilms.com.au/?p=2736|title=Sharmill Films acquires Much Ado About Nothing|publisher=sharmillfilms.com.au|accessdate=April 30, 2013}}</ref> It was shown at the [[New Zealand International Film Festivals|New Zealand International Film Festival]] in July 2013.<ref name="Scoop">{{cite web|url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/CU1305/S00395/world-premiere-for-nz-romeo-and-juliet-in-july.htm|title=World Premiere for NZ Romeo And Juliet in July|date=May 23, 2013|publisher=scoop.co.nz|accessdate=May 23, 2013}}</ref> The limited release in [[New York City]], [[Los Angeles]] and [[San Francisco]] was expanded on June 14, 2013,<ref name="theater listing; release">{{cite web|url=http://muchadotheaters.blogspot.no/2013/06/theaters-for-week-of-61413.html?spref=fb|title=Theaters for the week of 6/14/13|date=June 11, 2013|publisher=muchadotheaters.blogspot.no|accessdate=June 16, 2013}}</ref> the same day as when the film was released theatrically in the United Kingdom.<ref name="MUCH ADO ABOUT NOTHING; release">{{cite web|url=http://muchadofilm.co.uk/in-cinemas/|title=In Cinemas|publisher=muchadofilm.co.uk|accessdate=June 16, 2013}}</ref> On June 21, 2013, it began a release in 200-300 screens nationwide in North America.<ref name="DEADLINE; release">{{cite web|url=http://www.deadline.com/2013/06/specialty-box-office-joss-whedon-much-ado-dirty-wars/|title=Specialty Box Office: Whedon’s ‘Much Ado’ Soars; ‘Dirty Wars’ Opens Decent|date=June 9, 2013|publisher=deadline.com|accessdate=June 16, 2013}}</ref>

===Box office performance===
;North America
In limited release and playing in only five theaters in New York City, Los Angeles and San Francisco, it grossed $71,000 on its first day.<ref name="THE Hollywood REPORTER; box office">{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/box-office-shocker-purge-tops-565007|title=Box Office Shocker: 'The Purge' Tops Friday With $16.7 Mil, Headed for $38 Mil Weekend|first=Pamela|last=McClintock|date=June 8, 2013|publisher=hollywoodreporter.com|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref><ref name="theater listing; box office">{{cite web|url=http://muchadotheaters.blogspot.no/|title=MUCH ADO ABOUT NOTHING Theater Listing|date=April 30, 2013|publisher=muchadotheaters.blogspot.no|accessdate=June 8, 2013}}</ref> At the end of its opening weekend, it had grossed $183,400.<ref name="Indiewire; box office">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiewire.com/article/specialty-box-office-much-ado|title=Specialty Box Office: Much Ado About 'Nothing' Indeed As Joss Whedon's Shakespeare Takes Opens Big|first=Peter|last=Knegt|date=June 9, 2013|publisher=indiewire.com|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> The $15,027 it made at the [[Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts|Lincoln Film Center Society Theater]] broke the venue's house record.<ref name="CINEMA BLEND COM; box office">{{cite web|url=http://www.cinemablend.com/new/Joss-Whedon-Much-Ado-About-Nothing-Breaks-Box-Office-Records-37998.html|title=Joss Whedon's Much Ado About Nothing Breaks Box Office Records|first=Kristy|last=Puchko|date=June 11, 2013|publisher=cinemablend.com|accessdate=June 12, 2013}}</ref> With the expansion into 18 additional theaters in the second week of its limited release, the film garnered an amount of $162,580.<ref name="DEADLINE; box office">{{cite web|url=http://www.deadline.com/2013/06/specialty-box-office-bling-ring-sparkles/#more-522102|title=Specialty Box Office: ‘Bling Ring’ Sparkles With A Haute Debut|date=June 16, 2013|publisher=deadline.com|accessdate=June 16, 2013}}</ref>

The first weekend of wide release in the U.S. grossed $762,350 from 206 theaters, which accumulated a total amount of $1,234,781 since release.<ref name="DEADLINE; box office wide">{{cite web|url=http://www.deadline.com/2013/06/specialty-box-office-unfinished-song-somm-a-hijacking/|title=Specialty Box Office: ‘Unfinished Song’ Croons Atop A Ho-Hum Weekend|date=June 23, 2013|publisher=deadline.com|accessdate=June 24, 2013}}</ref> It earned $590,000 after the second week.<ref name="Box Office Mojo; box office wide">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/|title=Weekend Box Office|publisher=boxofficemojo.com|accessdate=June 30, 2013}}</ref> The fourth week held an overall aggregate of $263,700.<ref name="DEADLINE; box office wide 2">{{cite web|url=http://www.deadline.com/2013/07/specialty-box-office-fruitvale-station-michael-b-jordan-trayvon-martin/#more-540902|title=Specialty Box Office: ‘Fruitvale Station’ Is A Hit; Sundance Winner Opens With Parallels To Trayvon Martin Case|date=July 14, 2013|publisher=deadline.com|accessdate=July 14, 2013}}</ref>

;Outside North America
The film's opening weekend in the United Kingdom grossed $101,237 from having been screened at 64 locations.<ref name="theguardian; box office">{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/filmblog/2013/jun/18/man-of-steel-leaps-superman-returns|title=Man of Steel leaps predecessor in a single bound as waiting game pays off|first=Charles|last=Gant|date=June 18, 2013|publisher=guardian.co.uk|accessdate=June 19, 2013}}</ref> The box office numbers for Australia's opening weekend amounted to $78,196.<ref name="Box Office Mojo; Australia">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/australia/?yr=2013&wk=28&p=.htm|title=Australia Box Office|publisher=boxofficemojo.com|accessdate=July 19, 2013}}</ref>

===Critical reaction===
''Much Ado About Nothing'' has received generally positive reviews from critics, earning an 84% approval rating on [[Rotten Tomatoes]] with an average rating of 7.5/10, based on an aggregation of 151 reviews. It offers the consensus: "Lighthearted to a fault, ''Much Ado About Nothing''{{'}}s giddy energy and intimate charm make for an entertaining romantic comedy—and a Shakespearean adaptation that's hard to resist".<ref name="Rotten Tomatoes">{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/much_ado_about_nothing_2012/ |title=Much Ado About Nothing (2012) |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |accessdate=February 1, 2013}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film has achieved an average score of 78/100 based on 37 reviews, signifying "generally favorable reviews".<ref name="metacritic">{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/much-ado-about-nothing|title=Much Ado About Nothing|publisher=[[Metacritic]] |accessdate=March 9, 2013}}</ref>

{{quote box|quote="Within the first 10 minutes of [[Joss Whedon]]'s "''Much Ado About Nothing''," I found myself smiling with excitement, while also holding my breath in nervous anxiety. Would the film be able to sustain its confident manic tone, maintain its humor and smarts, its depth of characterization and innovative use of text and landscape? Would the magic hold? The magic holds. It holds from beginning to end."|source=—Sheila O'Malley, writing for the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]''.<ref name="Roger Ebert.com"/>|width=35%|align=right}}

John DeFore of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' gave a positive review of the film, remarking, "...more than most adaptations, this is a film true to Shakespeare's practice of employing all means at hand to keep the crowd entertained".<ref name="THE Hollywood REPORTER; review">{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/ado-nothing/review/368916|title=Much Ado About Nothing: Toronto Review|first=John|last=DeFore|date=September 8, 2012|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |accessdate=March 9, 2013}}</ref> Tom Clift of Moviedex complimented the director's use of subtle visual humor,<ref name="moviedex">{{cite web|url=http://moviedex.com/reviews/much-ado-about-nothing-tiff-review/|title=Much Ado About Nothing (TIFF Review)|first=Tom|last=Clift|date=September 17, 2012|publisher=Moviedex |accessdate=March 9, 2013}}</ref> while Lou Lumenick of the ''[[New York Post]]'' commented that "this is the funniest Shakespeare film I can recall seeing".<ref name="New York Post">{{cite news |url=http://www.nypost.com/p/blogs/movies/toronto_much_ado_about_nothing_kTk13M77hRZ3XwpTdykc7M |title=Toronto 2012: 'Much Ado About Nothing'|first=Lou|last=Lumenick|date=September 11, 2012|work=[[New York Post]] |agency=Movies (blog) |accessdate=March 9, 2013}}</ref> ''[[The Guardian]]'' scored the film four out of five stars, calling it "...the first great contemporary Shakespeare since [[Baz Luhrmann]]'s [[Romeo + Juliet|Romeo and Juliet]]".<ref name="theguardian">{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2012/sep/13/much-ado-about-nothing-review|title=Much Ado About Nothing – review|first=Catherine|last=Shoard|date=September 13, 2012|work=[[The Guardian]] |accessdate=February 1, 2013}}</ref> Christopher Schobert of [[IndieWire]] wrote, "The result is an utter joy, Whedon's most emotionally resonant and fully realized feature film to date. And I say that as one who is not a devoted member of the Whedon army".<ref name="indiewire">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/tiff-review-joss-whedons-much-ado-about-nothing-is-an-unexpected-delight-20120910|title=TIFF Review: Joss Whedon's 'Much Ado About Nothing' Is An Unexpected Delight|first=Christopher|last=Schobert|date=September 10, 2012|publisher=[[IndieWire]] |accessdate=March 8, 2013}}</ref> Sheila O'Malley of the ''Chicago Sun-Times'' gave the film four out of four stars, noting that "''Much Ado About Nothing'' is one of the best films of the year".<ref name="Roger Ebert.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/much-ado-about-nothing-2013|title=Much Ado About Nothing |first=Sheila |last=O'Malley |date=June 21, 2013 |publisher=rogerebert.com |accessdate=June 23, 2013}}</ref> [[BBC Radio 5 Live]]'s [[Mark Kermode]] said of the film, "One of the things that it manages to do is, firstly, make all the dialogue and the language completely comprehensible". He proceeded to note that "it makes sense to its audience. I think that the comedy is funny, and I don't say that lightly. [...] And finally, I think in terms of the way in which it deals with that gender politics issue is really well done. [...] It's a very hard trick to pull off, and he did it in two weeks!"<ref name="BBC; review">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01bfmts|title=Mark kermode reviews Much Ado About Nothing|publisher=[[BBC]] |accessdate=June 16, 2013}}</ref> Helen O'Hara of ''[[Empire (film magazine)|Empire]]'' believed that, while keeping a sense of [[Film noir|noir]] to compensate the [[Romance (love)|romance]], it was "in balancing these competing elements and characters that this version really shines".<ref name="EMPIRE; review">{{cite web |url=http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/reviewcomplete.asp?FID=137786 |title=Much Ado About Nothing|first=Helen|last=O'Hara|work=[[Empire (film magazine)|Empire]] |accessdate=May 24, 2013}}</ref> ''[[The Village Voice]]''{{-'}}s Chris Packham said that the director "approaches the story with a tremendous amount of joy".<ref name="the village VOICE; review">{{cite web|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/2013-06-05/film/joss-whedon-strips-much-ado-about-nothing-to-his-signature-elements/ |title=Joss Whedon Strips Much Ado About Nothing to His Signature Elements |first=Chris|last=Packham|date=June 5, 2013|work=[[The Village Voice]] |accessdate=June 7, 2013}}</ref> [[Associated Press]] reviewer Jake Coyle wrote that "moviegoers will likely have few better options this summer for a good romantic comedy".<ref name="TribTown.com; review">{{cite web |url=http://www.tribtown.com/view/story/6889a69816874651aa2748891306aa9e/US--Film-Review-Much-Ado-About-Nothing |title=Film Review: Whedon tackles Shakespeare with 'Much Ado,' a charming but slight dress rehearsal|first=Jake|last=Coyle|date=June 5, 2013|work=[[The Tribune (Seymour)|The Tribune]] |location=Seymour, Ind. |agency=[[Associated Press]] |accessdate=June 7, 2013}}</ref> [[A. O. Scott]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' called it "the liveliest and most purely delightful movie I have seen so far this year", concluding to laud the film for its "sly, robust eroticism".<ref name="The New York Times; review">{{cite news |url=http://movies.nytimes.com/2013/06/07/movies/much-ado-about-nothing-directed-by-joss-whedon.html |title=Arguing Their Way Into Love|first=A. O.|last=Scott|date=June 6, 2013 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=June 7, 2013}}</ref> Andrew O'Hehir of [[Salon (website)|Salon]] wrote, "[It] possesses that Whedon-esque nerdy energy, fizzing with humor, eroticism, booze and more than a hint of danger".<ref name="SALON; review">{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/2013/06/06/pick_of_the_week_joss_whedon_does_shakespeare/singleton/|title=Pick of the week: Joss Whedon does Shakespeare|first=Andrew|last=O'Hehir|date=June 7, 2013|work=[[Salon (website)|Salon]] |accessdate=June 7, 2013}}</ref> [[Kenneth Turan]] of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' thought the film was "good-humored and unpretentious in equal measure", going on to praise its visual performance.<ref name="Los Angeles Times; review">{{cite web |url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-much-ado-review-20130607,0,2773146.story |title=Movie review: 'Much Ado About Nothing' a tasty snack for Bard lovers|first=Kenneth|last=Turan|date=June 6, 2013|work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |accessdate=June 7, 2013}}</ref> [[IGN]] gave it a 7.5 out of 10, noting that "everyone should see this movie".<ref name="IGN; review">{{cite web|url=http://uk.ign.com/articles/2012/09/19/much-ado-about-nothing-review |title=Much Ado About Nothing Review|first=Geoff|last=Chapman|date=September 18, 2012|publisher=[[IGN]] |accessdate=June 7, 2013}}</ref> Joe Morgenstern of ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' gave high encomium to [[Fran Kranz|Kranz]]'s performance, expressing that the actor "portrays Claudio with affecting passion", and says of the film, "The joyous spirit of the play has been preserved in this modest, homegrown production".<ref name="THE WALL STREET JOURNAL.; review">{{cite web|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324063304578525660133069052.html|title='Much Ado About Nothing'|first=Joe|last=Morgenstern|date=June 6, 2013|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' journalist [[Peter Travers]] wrote that the film was "an irresistible blend of mirth and malice".<ref name="Rolling Stone; review">{{cite web|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/much-ado-about-nothing-20130606|title=Much Ado About Nothing|first=Peter|last=Travers|date=June 6, 2013|work=[[Rolling Stone]] |accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> Justin Chang of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' sensed that the black-and-white evoked a "timeless romanticism", which was additionally enhanced by the "lightly applied score".<ref name="VARIETY; review">{{cite web|url=http://variety.com/2012/film/reviews/much-ado-about-nothing-3-1117948268/|title=Review: "Much Ado About Nothing"|first=Justin|last=Chang|date=September 9, 2012|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref> The ''[[Daily Mail]]''{{-'}}s Chris Tookey said that the film was "the first five-star movie of the summer".<ref name="MailOnline; review">{{cite web |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2339295/Much-Ado-About-Nothing-Chris-Tookey-explains-certain-hit.html |title=By my troth, the world's first romcom is summer's must-see movie: Chris Tookey explains why Much Ado About Nothing is a certain hit|first=Chris|last=Tookey|date=June 11, 2013|work=[[Daily Mail]] |location=London |accessdate=June 12, 2013}}</ref> Chris Nashawaty of ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''—despite commending it for being "both daring and delightfully daffy"—admits, "The film isn't as fast and funny as it could be".<ref name="EW.com; review">{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20483133_20687770,00.html |title=Much Ado About Nothing|first=Chris|last=Nashawaty|date=June 7, 2013 |work=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |accessdate=June 9, 2013}}</ref>

===Accolades===
{| class="wikitable" width="80%"
! Year
! Award
! Recipient
! Result
! Reference
|-
| 2013
| [[Belfast Film Festival#2013|13th Belfast Film Festival Audience Award]]
| [[Joss Whedon]]
| {{won}}
| <center><ref name="NORTHERN IRELAND screen">{{cite web|url=http://www.northernirelandscreen.co.uk/news/3281/belfast-film-festival-award-winners-revealed.aspx|title=Belfast Film Festival award winners revealed|date=April 25, 2013|publisher=northernirelandscreen.co.uk|accessdate=April 26, 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
| [[Independent Film Festival of Boston|IFF Boston Audience Award for Best Narrative Feature]]
| ''Much Ado About Nothing''
| {{won}}
| <center><ref name="Lonely REVIEWER">{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyreviewer.com/2013/05/01/iffboston-2013-wrap-up/|title=IFFBoston 2013 Wrap-Up|date=May 1, 2013|publisher=lonelyreviewer.com|accessdate=May 2, 2013}}</ref>
|}

===Home media===
''Much Ado About Nothing'' was released on [[Blu-ray Disc]] and [[DVD]] on October 8, 2013.<ref name="amazon; home media">{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.com/Much-Ado-About-Nothing-Blu-ray/dp/B00ECR7L0Y/|title=Much Ado About Nothing [Blu-ray] (2012)|publisher=amazon.com|accessdate=August 6, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Blu-ray.com; home media">{{cite web|url=http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Much-Ado-About-Nothing-Blu-ray/79909/|title=Much Ado About Nothing Blu-ray|publisher=blu-ray.com|accessdate=August 7, 2013}}</ref> The film's US Blu-ray Disc features [[1080p|1080p video]], [[DTS-HD Master Audio]] [[5.1 surround sound|5.1 surround]], an [[UltraViolet (system)|UltraViolet]] digital copy, a music video for "Sigh No More" (one of the songs from the soundtrack), two [[Audio commentary|audio commentaries]] and two [[featurette]]s.<ref name="Blu-ray.com; home media content">{{cite web|url=http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=11833|title=Much Ado About Nothing (2012) Blu-ray|date=August 6, 2013|publisher=blu-ray.com|accessdate=August 7, 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of black-and-white films produced since 1970]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.muchadothemovie.com/}}
* {{IMDb title|2094065|Much Ado About Nothing}}
* {{mojo title|muchado13|Much Ado About Nothing}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|much_ado_about_nothing_2012|Much Ado About Nothing}}
* {{metacritic film|much-ado-about-nothing|Much Ado About Nothing}}

{{Joss Whedon}}
{{Much Ado About Nothing}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Much Ado About Nothing}}
[[Category:Films based on Much Ado About Nothing]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2010s romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Joss Whedon]]
[[Category:Screenplays by Joss Whedon]]
[[Category:Films based on plays]]
[[Category:Black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films shot digitally]]
[[Category:Films set in Sicily]]
[[Category:Films shot in California]]
[[Category:Independent films]]
[[Category:Lions Gate Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Articles created via the Article Wizard]]