Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Halo Infinite

2020-01-02T19:02:04Z

V2Blast: /* External links */

{{Short description|2020 first person shooter game developed by 343 Industries and SkyBox Labs}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox video game
| title = Halo Infinite
| image = File:Halo Infinite box art.jpg
| caption = Box art featuring Master Chief
| developer = {{unbulleted list|[[343 Industries]]|[[SkyBox Labs]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/halo-infinite-adds-a-co-developer/1100-6460773/|title=Halo Infinite Adds A Co-Developer|last=Makuch|first=Eddie|date=2018-07-27|website=GameSpot|language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108004012/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/halo-infinite-adds-a-co-developer/1100-6460773/|archive-date=November 8, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| publisher = [[Xbox Game Studios]]
| producer =
| programmer =
| designer =
| artist = Nicolas Bouvier<ref name="OurJourneyBegins">{{cite web |url=https://www.halowaypoint.com/en-us/news/our-journey-begins |title=Our Journey Begins |author=343 Industries |author-link=343 Industries |date=June 10, 2018 |website=Halo - Official Site |publisher= |access-date=June 23, 2018 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610224331/https://www.halowaypoint.com/en-us/news/our-journey-begins |archive-date=June 10, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| composer = Curtis Schweitzer<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.halowaypoint.com/en-us/news/discover-hope |title=Discover Hope |author=343 Industries |author-link=343 Industries |date=June 9, 2018 |website=Halo - Official Site |publisher= |access-date=June 9, 2018 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713173745/https://www.halowaypoint.com/en-us/news/discover-hope |archive-date=July 13, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| engine = 
| series = ''[[Halo (franchise)|Halo]]''
| released = Q4 2020
| platforms = {{Unbulleted list|[[Microsoft Windows]]|[[Xbox#Fourth-generation models|Xbox (4th generation)]]|[[Xbox One]]}}
| genre = [[First-person shooter]]
| modes = [[Single-player]], [[multiplayer]]
}}

'''''Halo Infinite''''' is an upcoming [[first-person shooter]] [[video game]] co-developed by [[343 Industries]] and [[SkyBox Labs]], published by [[Xbox Game Studios]] for [[Microsoft Windows]], [[Xbox One]] and [[Xbox#Fourth-generation models|fourth-generation Xbox consoles]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.polygon.com/e3/2018/6/10/17446944/halo-infinite-pc-windows-master-chief |title=Halo Infinite brings the series back to PC |last=Gilliam |first=Ryan |date=June 10, 2018 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |access-date=June 20, 2018 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140602/https://www.polygon.com/e3/2018/6/10/17446944/halo-infinite-pc-windows-master-chief |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.siliconera.com/2018/06/10/halo-infinite-announced-xbox-one-developed-343-industries/ |title=Halo Infinite Announced For Xbox One, Developed By 343 Industries |author=Sato |date=June 10, 2018 |website=Siliconera |publisher=[[Curse LLC|Curse]] |access-date=June 10, 2018 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915130050/http://www.siliconera.com/2018/06/10/halo-infinite-announced-xbox-one-developed-343-industries/ |archive-date=September 15, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.polygon.com/2019/6/9/18659025/halo-infinite-e3-2019-microsoft-xbox-project-scarlett-reboot |title=Halo Infinite is a 'spiritual reboot' |last=Hernandez |first=Patricia |date=June 9, 2019 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |access-date=June 10, 2019 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610014632/https://www.polygon.com/2019/6/9/18659025/halo-infinite-e3-2019-microsoft-xbox-project-scarlett-reboot |archive-date=June 10, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The game is scheduled to be released in 2020 and is the sixth main entry of the [[Halo (franchise)|''Halo'' series]].<ref name="Halo 6">{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/insertcoin/2018/08/16/microsoft-confirms-that-yes-halo-infinite-is-actually-just-halo-6/ |title=Microsoft Confirms That Yes, 'Halo: Infinite' Is Actually Just 'Halo 6' |last=Tassi |first=Paul |date=August 16, 2018 |work=[[Forbes]] |publisher=Forbes Media |access-date=June 10, 2019 |quote=‘It is Halo 6,’ said 343’s Jeff Easterling during a Mixer stream ... ‘You should just consider it Halo 6. Don't think of it as a weird prequel kind of thing. It's the next story. It's the next chapter in what is going on.’ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428091533/https://www.forbes.com/sites/insertcoin/2018/08/16/microsoft-confirms-that-yes-halo-infinite-is-actually-just-halo-6/ |archive-date=April 28, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> It continues the story of the [[Master Chief (Halo)|Master Chief]] as the third chapter of the "Reclaimer Saga",<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.polygon.com/2013/6/21/4453288/halos-reclaimer-trilogy-expanded-saga |title=Halo's Reclaimer Trilogy expanded into a 'more of saga' |last=Tatch |first=Dave |date=June 21, 2013 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |access-date= |quote=‘While we originally said trilogy, we've actually expanded this to more of a saga, so we don't want to limit the Reclaimer story within a trilogy,’ he (Phil Spencer) said. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205011309/http://www.polygon.com/2013/6/21/4453288/halos-reclaimer-trilogy-expanded-saga |archive-date=December 5, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> following ''[[Halo 5: Guardians]]'' and will also be the sixth game in the franchise with Master Chief as the protagonist.<ref name="Prell">{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/xbox-announces-halo-infinite-which-is-um-a-new-halo-game-question-mark/ |title=Xbox announces Halo Infinite, which is... um... a new Halo game, question mark? |last=Prell |first=Sam |date=June 10, 2018 |website=[[GamesRadar+]] |publisher=[[Future plc|Future Publishing]] |access-date=June 10, 2018 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723234921/https://www.gamesradar.com/xbox-announces-halo-infinite-which-is-um-a-new-halo-game-question-mark/ |archive-date=July 23, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2018/06/10/halo-infinite-puts-master-chief-with-dinosaurs/ |title='Halo Infinite' puts Master Chief back in the fight |last=Lumb |first=David |date=June 10, 2018 |website=[[Engadget]] |publisher=[[Verizon Media]] |access-date=June 10, 2018 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330215952/https://www.engadget.com/2018/06/10/halo-infinite-puts-master-chief-with-dinosaurs/ |archive-date=March 30, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2018/06/10/halo-infinite-announced-returning-to-pc/ |title=Halo Infinite announced, returning to PC |last=O'Connor |first=Alice |date=June 10, 2018 |website=[[Rock, Paper, Shotgun]] |publisher=Rock, Paper, Shotgun Ltd |access-date=June 10, 2018 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419214810/https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2018/06/10/halo-infinite-announced-returning-to-pc/ |archive-date=April 19, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
The storyline of ''Halo Infinite'' will be “much more human”, with Master Chief playing a more central role than in ''[[Halo 5: Guardians]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wccftech.com/343i-halo-5-mistake-master-chief/ |title=343i Acknowledges Halo 5 Storytelling Mistake, Will Double Down on Master Chief Focus |last=Palumbo |first=Alessio |date=April 25, 2017 |website=Wccftech |publisher= |access-date=June 30, 2018 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030515/https://wccftech.com/343i-halo-5-mistake-master-chief/ |archive-date=July 1, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://time.com/4090404/halo-5-frank-oconnor/ |title=''Halo''{{'}}s Frank O'Connor Reacts to Criticism of ''Halo 5'' |last=Peckham |first=Matt |date=October 29, 2015 |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |publisher=Time USA |access-date=June 30, 2018 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312022001/http://time.com/4090404/halo-5-frank-oconnor/ |archive-date=March 12, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> The E3 2018 trailer indicated that the story will be set on a Halo ring and showcased the design of Master Chief's Mark VI armor to return to the design seen in ''[[Halo 2]]'' and ''[[Halo 3]]''.

== Development ==
''Halo Infinite'' is being developed by 343 Industries using the new Slipspace Engine. According to Microsoft, Master Chief returns in ''Halo Infinite'' with "his greatest adventure yet to save humanity".<ref name="Prell"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2018-06-10-microsoft-reveals-halo-infinite |title=Microsoft reveals Halo Infinite |last=Wales |first=Matt |date=June 10, 2018 |website=[[Eurogamer]] |publisher=Gamer Network |access-date=June 10, 2018 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142755/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2018-06-10-microsoft-reveals-halo-infinite |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://venturebeat.com/2018/06/10/halo-infinite-starts-microsofts-e3-show/ |title=Halo: Infinite starts Microsoft's E3 show |last=Minotti |first=Mike |date=June 10, 2018 |website=[[VentureBeat]] |publisher= |access-date=June 10, 2018 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610201428/https://venturebeat.com/2018/06/10/halo-infinite-starts-microsofts-e3-show/ |archive-date=June 10, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The story had entered planning stages in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/343-has-started-halo-6-and-knows-whats-going-happen-ten-years-now/ |title=343 has started on Halo 6 and knows "whats going to happen 10 years from now" |last=Hurley |first=Leon |date=September 25, 2015 |website=[[GamesRadar+]] |publisher=[[Future plc|Future Publishing]] |access-date=June 30, 2018 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030610/https://www.gamesradar.com/343-has-started-halo-6-and-knows-whats-going-happen-ten-years-now/ |archive-date=July 1, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> An announcement trailer was released on June 10, 2018.<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Halo |author-link=Halo (franchise) |user=Halo |number=1005903988561141760 |date=June 10, 2018 |title=The Master Chief returns in #HaloInfinite. Get your first look at the legendary hero in a thrilling new Slipspace Engine demo that provides a glimpse into the future of the franchise. #XboxE3 |access-date=June 10, 2018}}</ref> The developer said that all of the scenes in the ''Halo Infinite'' trailer were running in the engine.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kotaku.com.au/2018/06/microsoft-announces-halo-infinite-with-tiny-teaser/ |title=Microsoft Announces Halo Infinite With Tiny Teaser |last=Kohler |first=Chris |date=June 11, 2018 |website=[[Kotaku]] |publisher=[[Univision Communications]] |access-date=June 11, 2018 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415041209/https://www.kotaku.com.au/2018/06/microsoft-announces-halo-infinite-with-tiny-teaser/ |archive-date=April 15, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vg247.com/2018/06/10/halo-infinite-will-take-franchise-new-directions/ |title=Halo Infinite will take the franchise in new directions |last=Lemon |first=Marshall |date=June 10, 2018 |website=[[VG247]] |publisher=videogaming247 |access-date=June 11, 2018 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612144557/https://www.vg247.com/2018/06/10/halo-infinite-will-take-franchise-new-directions/ |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://gematsu.com/2018/06/halo-infinite-announced-for-xbox-one-windows-10 |title=Halo Infinite announced for Xbox One, Windows 10 |last=Romano |first=Sal |date=June 10, 2018 |website=Gematsu |publisher= |access-date=June 11, 2018 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143614/https://gematsu.com/2018/06/halo-infinite-announced-for-xbox-one-windows-10 |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Halo Infinite'' will feature split-screen again, in response to the backlash of its removal in the previous game.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/e3-2019-halo-infinite-has-split-screen-microsoft-r/1100-6467671/ |title=E3 2019: Halo Infinite Has Split-Screen, Microsoft Reaffirms |last=Wakeling |first=Richard |date=June 11, 2019 |website=[[GameSpot]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |access-date=June 12, 2019 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611130058/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/e3-2019-halo-infinite-has-split-screen-microsoft-r/1100-6467671/ |archive-date=June 11, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> It will also have a beta prior to its release, described as an insider flight program.<ref name="OurJourneyBegins"/> At [[E3 2019]] the game was announced as a launch title for the [[Xbox Series X]] – the first console in the [[Xbox#Fourth-generation models|fourth generation Xbox]] line – due to be released in October-December 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fenlon |first1=Wes |last2=Brown |first2=Fraser |title=Halo Infinite: What we know so far |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/halo-6-release-date/ |website=PC Gamer |date=11 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Makuch |first1=Eddie |title=E3 2019: Halo Infinite Is An Xbox Series X Launch Title, Coming Holiday 2020 |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/e3-2019-halo-infinite-is-an-xbox-series-x-launch-t/1100-6467670/ |website=GameSpot |date=12 June 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Portal|Video games|Speculative fiction}}

* {{official website|https://www.halowaypoint.com/en-us/games/halo-infinite}}
{{Halo series}}
{{343 Industries}}
{{Professional Halo competition}}

[[Category:343 Industries games]]
[[Category:First-person video games]]
[[Category:Halo games|Halo Infinite]]
[[Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games]]
[[Category:Video games developed in the United States]]
[[Category:Video games with user-generated gameplay content]]
[[Category:Upcoming video games scheduled for 2020]]
[[Category:Windows games]]
[[Category:Xbox One games]]
[[Category:Xbox (4th generation) games]]

James D. Macdonald

2018-09-17T03:10:17Z

V2Blast: moved citations from section headings into body text; removed broken/non-notable forum link; Fixing style/layout errors

{{Infobox writer 
| name = James D. Macdonald
| image = DoyleMacDonald.png
| imagesize = 250px
| caption = Jim Macdonald and Debra Doyle at Readercon
| pseudonym = Robyn Tallis, Nicholas Adams, Victor Appleton, Douglas Morgan, Martin Delrio
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1954}}
| birth_place = [[White Plains, New York]]
| occupation = Writer
| nationality = American
| period = 1990s to present
| genre = [[fantasy]], [[science fiction]], [[Mystery fiction|mystery]]
| subject =
| movement =
| influences =
| influenced =
| signature =
| website = {{URL|http://doyleandmacdonald.com}}
}}

[[File:Jim Macdonald does wireless on the go, Boskone 43.jpg|thumb|Jim Macdonald reads at [[Boskone]] 43, 2006]]
'''James Douglas Ignatius Macdonald''' (born 1954) is an American author and critic who lives in New Hampshire with his wife and frequent collaborator, [[Debra Doyle|Dr. Debra Doyle]]. He works in several genres, concentrating on [[fantasy]], but also writing [[science fiction]], and [[mystery fiction|mystery]] and media [[tie-in]]s.<ref name=isfdb>{{isfdb name|471}}</ref>

==Biography==
Macdonald was born in 1954, and raised in [[White Plains, New York]]. He attended the [[University of Rochester]]{{Citation needed|reason=citation needed to prove claim|date=May 2014}}, and went on to serve in the [[US Navy]] for fifteen years.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://biography.jrank.org/pages/1946/Macdonald-James-D-1954.html| title = James D. Macdonald (1954–) Biography ''(Famous Authors Vol 18)''| publisher = Jrank.org| work = Brief Biographies}}</ref> He has been writing professionally since the early 1990s and has published 35 novels.

==Educational work==
Macdonald is well known for his work in educating aspiring authors, particularly for his advice on avoiding literary scams. Early in his career he was asked by such an author how much he had paid to have his books published, and in response began a campaign of educating other writers about the problems of [[vanity publishers]]. As part of this campaign, he coined ''Yog's Law'',<ref>{{cite web|
url=http://www.sff.net/people/yog/|
title=Yog Sysop - Yog's Law}}</ref> which states "Money should flow toward the author." This rule is named after "Yog Sysop", a nickname of Macdonald that refers to [[Yog-Sothoth]]. It is often quoted by professional authors such as [[John Scalzi]]<ref name="Scalzi1">{{cite web| url=http://www.scalzi.com/whatever/003681.html|title=Amazon Shorts|first=John|last=Scalzi|date=22 August 2005}}</ref> and [[Teresa Nielsen Hayden]]<ref name="TNH">{{cite web| url=http://www.nielsenhayden.com/makinglight/archives/002692.html|title=Follow the Money|first=Teresa|last=Nielsen Hayden|date=1 July 2003}}</ref> when giving advice on finding an agent and getting published.

===Atlanta Nights and PublishAmerica===
{{Main|Atlanta Nights}}
One target of his campaign is [[PublishAmerica]], a company that claims not to be a vanity publisher but a "traditional publisher" that accepts or rejects books based on their quality. Macdonald organized a group of professional authors to test whether that company was actually reading any submissions for clarity and realism before accepting them. One day after Macdonald issued a press release announcing that PublishAmerica had accepted a manuscript that was created to be as bad as possible, the company withdrew the offer to publish it.<ref>{{cite web|
url=http://www.scifi.com/scifiwire2005/index.php?category=0&id=30389 |
title=SF Authors Sting Publisher|
publisher=SciFi.com |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20050217092254/http://www.scifi.com/scifiwire2005/index.php?category=0&id=30389 |archivedate = 2005-02-17}}</ref><ref name=atlanta>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfwa.org/members/travistea/backstory.htm |title=The Making of ''Atlanta Nights'' |website=Science Fiction Writers of American (SFWA) |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402205228/http://www.sfwa.org/members/travistea/backstory.htm |archivedate=April 2, 2014 }}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
''Knight's Wyrd'' was awarded the Mythopoeic Fantasy Award for Children's Literature,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mythsoc.org/awardwinners.html |title=Complete list of Mythopoeic Award Winners |publisher=Mythopoeic Society |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206142023/http://mythsoc.org/awardwinners.html |archivedate=2007-02-06 |df= }}</ref> 1992, and named to the New York Public Library Books for the Teen Age list in 1993.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.sff.net/people/doylemacdonald/Kw_head.htm |title = ''Knight's Wyrd'' - Awards, Reviews and Excerpt |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060927173106/http://www.sff.net/people/doylemacdonald/Kw_head.htm |archivedate = 2006-09-27 |df = }}</ref> In 1997, he was awarded Best Young-Adult Science Fiction by the ''[[Science Fiction Chronicle]]'' for ''[[Groogleman]]''.{{Citation needed|date=June 2007}}

==Select bibliography==
This bibliography is based on Macdonald's entry on the [[Internet Speculative Fiction Database]].<ref name=isfdb/>
===Novels===
* ''The Apocalypse Door'', Tor (New York, NY), 2002. {{ISBN|978-0312869885}}

===Novels with Debra Doyle ===
* (Under pseudonym Robyn Tallis) ''Night of Ghosts and Lightning'' ("Planet Builders" series), Ivy, 1989. {{ISBN|978-0804102025}}
* (Under pseudonym Robyn Tallis) ''Zero-Sum Games'' ("Planet Builders" series), Ivy, 1989. {{ISBN|978-0804102070}}
* (Under pseudonym Nicholas Adams) ''Pep Rally'' ("Horror High" <ref>http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/pe.cgi?3533</ref> series), Harper Collins, 1991 <ref>http://www.fantasticfiction.co.uk/a/nicholas-adams/</ref> {{ISBN|978-0061060847}}
* (Under pseudonym Victor Appleton) ''Monster Machine'' ("Tom Swift" series), Pocket Books (New York, NY), 1991. {{ISBN|978-0671678272}}
* (Under pseudonym Victor Appleton) ''Aquatech Warriors'' ("Tom Swift" series), Pocket Books (New York, NY), 1991. {{ISBN|978-0671678289}}
* ''Timecrime, Inc.'' ("Robert Silverberg's 'Time Tours'" series), Harper (New York, NY), 1991. {{ISBN|978-0061060144}}
* ''Night of the Living Rat'' ("Daniel Pinkwater's 'Melvinge of the Megaverse'" series), Ace Books (New York, NY), 1992. {{ISBN|978-0441910793}}
* ''Knight's Wyrd,'' Harcourt, Brace (New York, NY), 1992. {{ISBN|978-0152007645}}
* ''Groogleman,'' Harcourt, Brace (New York, NY), 1996. {{ISBN|978-0152002350}}
* ''Requiem for Boone'' (based on the television series Gene Roddenberry's Earth—Final Conflict), Tor (New York, NY), 2000. {{ISBN|978-0312874612}}
* (As Douglas Morgan) ''Tiger Cruise'', Forge (New York, NY), 2000. {{ISBN|978-0312870423}}
* (As Douglas Morgan) ''What Do You Do with a Drunken Sailor?'' (nonfiction), Swordsmith, 2002. {{ISBN|978-1931013093}}
* ''Land of Mist and Snow'', Eos, 2006. {{ISBN|978-0060819194}}
* ''Lincoln's Sword'', Harper Collins, 2010<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.harpercollins.com/books/Lincolns-Sword/?isbn=9780060819279|title=Lincoln's Sword|website=Harper Collins Publishers}}</ref> {{ISBN|978-0060819279}}

===''Circle of Magic'' series, with Debra Doyle ===
{{main|Circle of Magic (Doyle and Macdonald novels)}}
* ''School of Wizardry,'' Troll (Metuchen, NJ), 1990. {{ISBN|978-0816769360}}
* ''Tournament and Tower/The Secret of the Tower,'' Troll (Metuchen, NJ), 1990. {{ISBN|978-0816718290}}
* ''City by the Sea/The Wizard's Statue,'' Troll (Metuchen, NJ), 1990. {{ISBN|978-0816718313}}
* ''The Prince's Players/Danger in the Palace,'' Troll (Metuchen, NJ), 1990. {{ISBN|978-0816718337}}
* ''The Prisoners of Bell Castle/The Wizard's Castle,'' Troll (Metuchen, NJ), 1990. {{ISBN|978-0816718351}}
* ''The High King's Daughter'', Troll (Metuchen, NJ), 1990. {{ISBN|978-0816769971}}
* ''Mystery at the Wizardry School'', Troll (Metuchen NJ), 2003. {{ISBN|978-0340882344}}
* ''Voice of the Ice'', Cloverdale Press, 2003. {{ISBN|978-0733618567}}

===''Mageworld'' series ===
Written with Debra Doyle, ''Mageworld'' is a [[space opera]] novel series originally published in the 1990s and re-issued as e-books in 2012.

# ''The Price of the Stars'', [[Tor Books]] (New York), 1992. {{ISBN|978-0812517040}}
# ''Starpilot's Grave'', Tor, 1993. {{ISBN|978-0812517057}}
# ''By Honor Betray'd'', Tor, 1994. {{ISBN|978-0812517064}}
# ''The Gathering Flame'', Tor, 1995. {{ISBN|978-0812534955}}
# ''The Long Hunt'', Tor, 1996. {{ISBN|978-0812534962}}
# ''The Stars Asunder'', Tor, 1999. {{ISBN|978-0312864101}}
# ''A Working of Stars'', Tor, 2002. {{ISBN|978-0312864118}}

===''Bad Blood'' series, with Debra Doyle ===

* ''Bad Blood'', Berkley (New York, NY), 1993. {{ISBN|978-0425139530}}
* ''Hunters' Moon'', Berkley (New York, NY), 1994. {{ISBN|978-0425143629}}
* ''Judgment Night'', Berkley (New York, NY), 1995. {{ISBN|978-0425147283}}

===Under joint pseudonym "Martin Delrio", with Debra Doyle ===

* ''Mortal Kombat'' (movie novelization), Tor (New York, NY), 1995. {{ISBN|978-0812544527}}
* ''Midnight Justice'' (''Spider-Man Super-Thriller'' series), Byron Preiss (New York, NY), 1996. {{ISBN|978-0671568511}}
* ''Global War'' (''Spider-Man Super-Thriller'' series), Byron Preiss (New York, NY), 1996. {{ISBN|978-0671007997}}

* Harold R. Foster's ''Prince Valiant'' (movie novelization), Avon (New York, NY), 1998. {{ISBN|978-0380794058}}
* ''The Loch Ness Monster'' (nonfiction), Rosen Publishing (New York, NY), 2002. {{ISBN|978-0823935642}}
* ''A Silence in the Heavens'' (novel; ''MechWarrior: Dark Age'' series), Roc (New York, NY), 2003. {{ISBN|978-0451459329}}

* ''Truth and Shadows'' (novel; ''MechWarrior: Dark Age'' series), Roc (New York, NY), 2003. {{ISBN|978-0451459381}}
* ''Service for the Dead'' (novel; ''MechWarrior: Dark Age'' series), Roc (New York, NY), 2003. {{ISBN|978-0451459435}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Portal|Children and Young Adult Literature}}
* {{official website}}
* {{isfdb name}}
* {{LCAuth|n88267312|James D. MacDonald|20|}} (search pseudonyms too)
* [http://www.travistea.com/ Travis Tea] - collective author of Atlanta Nights
* [http://www.itconversations.com/shows/detail1666.html Interview on ''IT Conversations'']

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Macdonald, James D.}}
[[Category:20th-century American novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century American novelists]]
[[Category:American children's writers]]
[[Category:American fantasy writers]]
[[Category:American male novelists]]
[[Category:American science fiction writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from White Plains, New York]]
[[Category:Novelists from New York (state)]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:20th-century male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century male writers]]

Predatory Publishing

2017-10-20T06:04:38Z

V2Blast: /* See also */ added "too many see alsos" template

<onlyinclude>In [[academic publishing]], '''predatory open access publishing''' is an exploitative [[open access|open-access]] publishing business model that involves charging [[article processing charge|publication fees]] to authors without providing the editorial and publishing services associated with legitimate [[academic journal|journals]] (open access or not). "Beall's List", a report that had been regularly updated by [[Jeffrey Beall]] until January 2017, set forth criteria for categorizing predatory publications and lists publishers and independent journals that meet those criteria.<ref name=CHE2012>{{cite web |last=Elliott |first=Carl |title=On Predatory Publishers: a Q&A With Jeffrey Beall |website=Brainstorm |publisher=[[The Chronicle of Higher Education]] |date=June 5, 2012 |url=http://chronicle.com/blogs/brainstorm/on-predatory-publishers-a-qa-with-jeffrey-beall/47667}}</ref>

However, Beall's list was "unpublished" by the author in January 2017<ref>{{cite web |last=Silver |first = Andrew |title=Controversial website that lists ‘predatory’ publishers shuts down |website = Nature.com |publisher = Nature Publishing |date=January 18, 2017 |url=http://www.nature.com/news/controversial-website-that-lists-predatory-publishers-shuts-down-1.21328}}</ref> (see below for more details; the list had 1155 inclusions as of 31 December 2016). Newer scholars from developing countries are said to be especially at risk of becoming the victim of these practices.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/nur.21640|title=Predatory Publishing: What Authors Need to Know|journal=[[Research in Nursing & Health]]|volume=38|pages=1–3|year=2015|last1=Kearney|first1=Margaret H.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/asi.23265|title=Who publishes in "predatory" journals?|journal=[[Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology]]|pages=1406–1417|year=2014|last1=Xia|first1=Jingfeng|last2=Harmon|first2=Jennifer L.|last3=Connolly|first3=Kevin G.|last4=Donnelly|first4=Ryan M.|last5=Anderson|first5=Mary R.|last6=Howard|first6=Heather A.|volume=66|issue=7}}</ref></onlyinclude> A demand by [[Frontiers Media]] to open a research misconduct case against [[Jeffrey Beall]], to which the [[University of Colorado]] accepted, is reported as the immediate reason for Beall to close the list. The university's investigation was closed with no findings.<ref>{{cite news|title=Why Beall’s List Died — and What It Left Unresolved About Open Access|author=Paul Basken|newspaper=The Chronicle of Higher Education|date=12 September 2017|url=http://www.chronicle.com/article/Why-Beall-s-List-Died-/241171}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Why Beall’s blacklist of predatory journals died|author=Paul Basken|newspaper=University World News |date=22 September 2017|url=http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20170920150122306}}</ref>

== History ==
In July 2008, Richard Poynder's interview series brought attention to the practices of new publishers who were "better able to exploit the opportunities of the new environment."<ref name="PoynderDove">{{cite web|last1=Poynder|first1=Richard|title=The Open Access Interviews: Dove Medical Press|url=http://poynder.blogspot.co.uk/2008/11/open-access-interviews-dove-medical.html|website=Open and Shut?|accessdate=13 April 2016}} For the series of interviews, see [http://richardpoynder.co.uk/The%20OA%20Interviews.htm The Open Access Interviews] index page.</ref> Doubts about honesty and scams in a subset of open-access journals continued to be raised in 2009.<ref>{{cite news|last=Suber|first= Peter|title=Ten challenges for open-access journals|newspaper= [[SPARC Open Access Newsletter]]|issue=138|date=October 2, 2009|url=http://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/4316131}}</ref><ref>Beall, Jeffrey (2009), "Bentham Open", ''[[The Charleston Advisor]]'', Volume 11, Number 1, July 2009, pp. 29-32(4) [http://charleston.publisher.ingentaconnect.com/content/charleston/chadv/2009/00000011/00000001/art00008]</ref> Concerns for [[spamming]] practices from the "[[black sheep]] among open access journals and publishers" ushered the leading open access publishers to create the [[Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association]] in 2008.<ref>Eysenbach, Gunther. Black sheep among Open Access Journals and Publishers. Gunther Eysenbach Random Research Rants Blog. Originally posted 2008-03-08, updated (postscript added) 2008-04-21, 2008-04-23, 2008-06-03. [http://gunther-eysenbach.blogspot.ca/2008/03/black-sheep-among-open-access-journals.html]. Accessed: 2008-06-03. (Archived by WebCite at [https://www.webcitation.org/5YIqkyRE4?url=http://gunther-eysenbach.blogspot.com/2008/03/black-sheep-among-open-access-journals.html])</ref> In another early precedent, in 2009 the ''[[Improbable Research]]'' blog had found that [[Scientific Research Publishing]]'s journals duplicated papers already published elsewhere;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.improbable.com/2009/12/22/strangest-academic-journals/ |first=Marc |last=Abrahams |title=Strange academic journals: Scam? |website=[[Improbable Research]] |date=2009-12-22 |accessdate=2015-01-13}}</ref> the case was subsequently reported in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal
| doi = 10.1038/463148a
| volume = 463
| issue = 7278
| pages = 148–148
| last = Sanderson
| first = Katharine
| title = Two new journals copy the old
| journal = [[Nature News]]
| accessdate = 2013-04-11
| date = 2010-01-13
| url = http://www.nature.com/news/2010/100113/full/463148a.html
| pmid=20075892
}}</ref> In 2010, [[Cornell University]] graduate student Phil Davis (editor of the ''[[Scholarly Kitchen]]'' blog) submitted a manuscript consisting of computer-generated nonsense (using [[SCIgen]]) which was accepted for a fee (but withdrawn by the author).<ref name="chronicle.com">{{cite news
|last= Basken
|first= Paul
|title= Open-Access Publisher Appears to Have Accepted Fake Paper From Bogus Center
|work= [[The Chronicle of Higher Education]]
|date= June 10, 2009
|url= http://chronicle.com/article/Open-Access-Publisher-Appears/47717
}}</ref> Predatory publishers have been reported to hold submissions hostage, refusing to allow them to be withdrawn and thereby preventing submission in another journal.<ref>{{cite web|title = U.S. government agency sues publisher, charging it with deceiving researchers|url = http://retractionwatch.com/2016/08/26/u-s-government-group-sues-publisher-charging-it-with-deceiving-researchers/|date = August 26, 2016|accessdate = November 2, 2016|publisher = [[Retraction Watch]]|first = Alison|last = McCook}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.wired.com/2016/09/ftc-cracking-predatory-science-journals/|newspaper = [[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|title = The FTC is Cracking Down on Predatory Science Journals|date = 19 September 2016|accessdate = 2 November 2016|first = Megan|last = Molteni}}</ref>

On 25 August 2016, the [[Federal Trade Commission]] (FTC) filed a lawsuit against the [[OMICS]] Group, iMedPub, Conference Series, and the individual Srinubabu Gedela, an Indian national who is president of the companies.<ref name="statnews.com">{{cite web|title=FTC sues OMICS group: Are predatory publishers' days numbered?|url=https://www.statnews.com/2016/09/02/predatory-publishers/|website=STAT|accessdate=3 September 2016|date=2 September 2016}}</ref> In the lawsuit, the defendants are accused of "deceiving academics and researchers about the nature of its publications and hiding publication fees ranging from hundreds to thousands of dollars".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Shanka|first1=David|title=COMPLAINT FOR PERMANENT INJUNCTION AND OTHER EQUITABLE RELIEF|url=https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/cases/160826omicscmpt.pdf|website=Case 2:16-cv-02022|publisher=United States District Court Nevada|accessdate=3 September 2016}}</ref> The FTC was also responding to pressure to take action against predatory publishers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Federal Trade Commission begins to crack down on 'predatory' publishers|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2016/08/29/federal-trade-commission-begins-crack-down-predatory-publishers|accessdate=3 September 2016}}</ref> Attorneys for the OMICS Group published a response on their website, claiming "your FTC allegations are baseless. Further we understand that FTC working towards favoring some subscription based journals publishers who are earring [sic] Billions of dollars rom [sic] scientists literature," suggesting that corporations in the scientific publishing business were behind the allegations.<ref name="statnews.com"/>

=== ''Beall's List'' ===
[[File:Jeffrey Beall.jpg|thumb|upright|Jeffrey Beall]]
[[University of Colorado Denver]] librarian and researcher [[Jeffrey Beall]], who coined the term "predatory publishing", first published his list of predatory publishers in 2010.<ref name=Butler /> After noticing a large number of emails inviting him to submit articles or join the editorial board of previously unknown journals, he began researching open-access publishers and created ''Beall's List'' of ''potential, possible, or probable predatory scholarly open-access publishers''.<ref name=Butler /> In August 2012 he posted his criteria for evaluating publishers,<ref name=Butler /> with the second edition posted on December 1 the same year.<ref name=BeallCriteria2ndEd>{{cite web|last1=Beall |first1=Jeffrey |title=Criteria for Determining Predatory Open-Access Publishers (2nd edition) |url=http://scholarlyoa.com/2012/11/30/criteria-for-determining-predatory-open-access-publishers-2nd-edition/ |website=[[Scholarly Open Access]] |date=December 1, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603123106/http://scholarlyoa.com/2012/11/30/criteria-for-determining-predatory-open-access-publishers-2nd-edition/ |archivedate=June 3, 2013 |df= }}</ref> In February 2013 he added a process for a publisher to appeal its inclusion in the list.<ref name=Butler /> Beall has also written on this topic in ''[[The Charleston Advisor]]'',<ref name=CHE2012 /> in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'',<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1038/489179a| pmid = 22972258| title = Predatory publishers are corrupting open access| journal = Nature| volume = 489| issue = 7415| pages = 179| year = 2012| last1 = Beall | first1 = J. | bibcode = 2012Natur.489..179B}}</ref> and in ''[[Learned Publishing]]''.<ref name=Beall2013>{{Cite journal | url= http://eprints.rclis.org/23485/ | doi = 10.1087/20130203| title = Predatory publishing is just one of the consequences of gold open access| journal = [[Learned Publishing]]| volume = 26| issue = 2| pages = 79–83| year = 2013| last1 = Beall | first1 = J. }}</ref> On January 17, 2017, Beall's List and accompanying blog were taken offline.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/01/mystery-controversial-list-predatory-publishers-disappears |title=Mystery as controversial list of predatory publishers disappears |last=Chawla |first=Dalmeet Singh |date=17 January 2017 |website=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |publisher=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science|AAAP]] |access-date=2017-06-14}}</ref> In a statement, a spokesperson for CU Denver said Beall made a "personal decision" to take down the website.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2017/01/18/librarians-list-predatory-journals-reportedly-removed-due-threats-and-politics |last=Straumsheim |title=No More Beall's List |first=Carl |date=18 January 2017 |website=Inside Higher Ed.|accessdate=2017-01-18}}</ref>

=== Bohannon's experiment ===
In a more recent test of this evolving system of publishing ("[[Who's Afraid of Peer Review?]]"), [[John Bohannon]], a staff writer for the journal ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' and for popular science publications, targeted the open access system in 2013 by submitting to a number of such journals a deeply flawed paper on the purported effect of a lichen constituent. About 60% of those journals, including the ''Journal of Natural Pharmaceuticals'', accepted the faked medical paper, and 40%, including the most established one, ''[[PLOS ONE]]'', rejected it.<ref>{{cite journal|author=John Bohannon |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6154/60.full |title=Who's Afraid of Peer Review? |journal=[[Science (magazine)|Science]] |publisher=Sciencemag.org |accessdate=2013-10-07 |doi=10.1126/science.342.6154.60 |pmid=24092725 |volume=342 |issue=6154 |date=Oct 2013 |pages=60–5}}</ref> Bohannon's experiment was criticised in turn for not being peer-reviewed itself and for having a flawed methodology and lack of a control group.<ref>{{cite web|last=Eve|first=Martin |title=What’s "open" got to do with it?|url= https://www.martineve.com/2013/10/03/whats-open-got-to-do-with-it/ |work=Martin Eve|accessdate=7 October 2013|date=3 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Michael|first=Eisen|title=I confess, I wrote the Arsenic DNA paper to expose flaws in peer-review at subscription based journals |url=http://www.michaeleisen.org/blog/?p=1439 |work=it is NOT junk|accessdate=7 October 2013|date=3 October 2013}}</ref>

=== 'Dr Fraud' experiment ===
In 2015, four researchers created a fictitious sub-par scientist named Anna O. Szust ('Oszust' translates to 'a fraud' in Polish), and applied on her behalf for an editor position to 360 scholarly journals. Szust's qualifications were dismal for the role of an editor; she had never published a single article and had no editorial experience. The books and book chapters listed on her CV were made-up, as were the publishing houses that published the books.

One-third of the journals to which Szust applied were sampled from Beall's List of 'predatory' journals. Forty of these predatory journals accepted Szust as editor without any background vetting and often within days or even hours. By comparison, she received minimal to no positive response from the "control" journals which "must meet certain standards of quality, including ethical publishing practices."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sorokowski|first1=Piotr|title=Predatory journals recruit fake editor|journal=Nature|date=22 March 2017|url=http://www.nature.com/news/predatory-journals-recruit-fake-editor-1.21662}}</ref> Among journals sampled from the [[Directory of Open Access Journals]] (DOAJ), 8 of 120 accepted Szust. The DOAJ has since removed some (but not all) of the affected journals in a recent purge. None of the 120 sampled journals listed in ''[[Journal Citation Reports]]'' (JCR) offered Szust the position.

The results of the experiment were published in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' in March 2017,<ref>{{cite journal|url= http://www.nature.com/news/predatory-journals-recruit-fake-editor-1.21662 |title=Predatory journals recruit fake editor|date=23 March 2017|publisher= |journal= [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=543|issue=7646|pages=481–483 |accessdate=24 March 2017|doi=10.1038/543481a}}</ref> and widely presented in the press.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kluger|first=Jeffrey|title=Dozens of Scientific Journals Offered Her a Job. But She Didn't Exist|url=http://time.com/4706774/science-journals-fraud-study/|work=TIME Magazine|accessdate=March 22, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kolata|first=Gina|title=A Scholarly Sting Operation Shines a Light on ‘Predatory’ Journals|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/22/science/open-access-journals.html?hp&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&clickSource=story-heading&module=second-column-region&region=top-news&WT.nav=top-news/|work=The New York Times|accessdate=March 22, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Burdick|first=Alan|title=A Scholarly Sting Operation Shines a Light on ‘Predatory’ Journals|url=http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/paging-dr-fraud-the-fake-publishers-that-are-ruining-science/|work=The New Yorker|accessdate=March 22, 2017}}</ref>

===Cabell's list===
At the May 2017 meeting of the [[Society for Scholarly Publishing]], Cabell's International, a company that offers scholarly publishing analytics and other scholarly services, announced that it intended to launch a blacklist of predatory journals (not publishers) in June, and said that access would be by subscription only.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Silver|first1=Andrew|title=Pay-to-view blacklist of predatory journals set to launch|journal=Nature|date=31 May 2017|doi=10.1038/nature.2017.22090|url=https://www.nature.com/news/pay-to-view-blacklist-of-predatory-journals-set-to-launch-1.22090}}</ref> The company had started work on its blacklist criteria in early 2016.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Anderson|first1=Rick|title=Cabell’s New Predatory Journal Blacklist: A Review|url=https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2017/07/25/cabells-new-predatory-journal-blacklist-review/|website=The Scholarly Kitchen|date=25 July 2017}}</ref>

== Characteristics ==
Complaints that are associated with predatory open-access publishing include
* Accepting articles quickly with little or no peer review or quality control,<ref name=Stratford>{{cite news
|last= Stratford
|first= Michael
|title= 'Predatory' Online Journals Lure Scholars Who Are Eager to Publish
|work= [[The Chronicle of Higher Education]]
|date= March 4, 2012
|url= http://chronicle.com/article/Predatory-Online-Journals/131047/
}} {{Subscription required}}</ref> including [[hoax]] and nonsensical papers.<ref name="chronicle.com" /><ref>{{cite journal
|doi= 10.1038/news.2009.571
|last= Gilbert
|first= Natasha
|title= Editor will quit over hoax paper
|journal= [[Nature (journal)|Nature]]
|date= June 15, 2009
|url= http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090615/full/news.2009.571.html
}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2014/nov/25/journal-accepts-paper-requesting-removal-from-mailing-list?CMP=twt_gu|title=Journal accepts bogus paper requesting removal from mailing list|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=November 25, 2014|first=Michael|last=Safi}}.</ref>
* Notifying academics of article fees only after papers are accepted.<ref name=Stratford />
* Aggressively campaigning for academics to submit articles or serve on editorial boards.<ref name=Butler>{{cite journal
|doi= 10.1038/495433a
|volume= 495
|issue= 7442
|pages= 433–435
|last= Butler
|first= Declan
|title= Investigating journals: The dark side of publishing
|journal= [[Nature (journal)|Nature]]
|date= March 27, 2013
|url= http://www.nature.com/news/investigating-journals-the-dark-side-of-publishing-1.12666
|pmid=23538810
|bibcode= 2013Natur.495..433B
|ref=harv
}}</ref>
* Listing academics as members of editorial boards without their permission,<ref name=CHE2012 /><ref>{{cite news
|title= Predatory Publishing
|last= Beall |first= Jeffrey |date= August 1, 2012
|work= [[The Scientist (magazine)|The Scientist]]
|url= http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/32426/title/Predatory-Publishing/
}}</ref> and not allowing academics to resign from editorial boards.<ref name=CHE2012 /><ref name=Kolata>{{cite news
|last= Kolata
|first= Gina
|title= For Scientists, an Exploding World of Pseudo-Academia
|work= [[The New York Times]]
|date= April 7, 2013
|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/08/health/for-scientists-an-exploding-world-of-pseudo-academia.html
}}</ref>
* Appointing fake academics to editorial boards.<ref>{{cite web
|title="Junk Journals" und die "Peter-Panne" |work= [[Laborjournal]]
|date= February 2, 2012 |first= Ralf |last= Neumann
|url= http://www.laborjournal.de/blog/?p=4191
}}</ref>
* Mimicking the name or web site style of more established journals.<ref name=Kolata />
* Misleading claims about the publishing operation, such as a false location.<ref name=CHE2012 />
* Improper use of [[International Standard Serial Number|ISSNs]].<ref name=CHE2012 />
* [[Fake impact factor|Fake]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Jeffrey Beall |title=Bogus New Impact Factor Appears |url=http://scholarlyoa.com/2014/02/11/bogus-new-impact-factor-appears/ |website=[[Scholarly Open Access]] |date=February 11, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025060815/http://scholarlyoa.com/2014/02/11/bogus-new-impact-factor-appears/ |archivedate=October 25, 2014 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Mehrdad Jalalian |author2=Hamidreza Mahboobi |title=New corruption detected: Bogus impact factors compiled by fake organizations |journal=[[Electronic Physician ]]|date=2013 |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=685–686 |url=http://www.ephysician.ir/2013/685-686.pdf}}</ref> or non-existent [[impact factor]]s.

=== Growth and structure ===
Predatory journals have rapidly increased their publication volumes from 53,000 in 2010 to an estimated 420,000 articles in 2014, published by around 8,000 active journals.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = ‘Predatory’ open access: a longitudinal study of article volumes and market characteristics|url = http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/13/230/abstract|journal = BMC Medicine|date = 2015-10-01|issn = 1741-7015|pages = 230|volume = 13|issue = 1|doi = 10.1186/s12916-015-0469-2|first = Cenyu|last = Shen|first2 = Bo-Christer|last2 = Björk}}</ref><ref name="IHE">{{Cite web| title = Study finds huge increase in articles published by 'predatory' journals| author = Carl Straumsheim| date = October 2015| accessdate = 2016-02-15| url = https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2015/10/01/study-finds-huge-increase-articles-published-predatory-journals}}</ref> Early on, publishers with more than 100 journals dominated the market, but since 2012 publishers in the 10–99 journal size category have captured the largest market share. The regional distribution of both the publisher’s country and authorship is highly skewed, with three quarters of authors hailing from Asia or Africa.{{cn|date=May 2017}} Authors paid an average fee of 178 USD per article for articles typically published within 2 to 3 months of submission.{{cn|date=May 2017}}

== Response ==

===Beall's list===
Beall's list of potential, possible, or probable predatory scholarly open-access publishers attempted to identify scholarly open access publishers with questionable practices.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scholarlyoa.com/publishers/ |title=List of Publishers |date= |website=Scholarly Open Access |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306081137/http://scholarlyoa.com/publishers/ |archive-date= 6 March 2015 |dead-url=bot: unknown |last1=Beall |first1=Jeffrey |accessdate=30 April 2016 |df= }}</ref> In 2013, ''Nature'' reported that Beall's list and web site were "widely read by librarians, researchers, and open-access advocates, many of whom applaud his efforts to reveal shady publishing practices."<ref name=Butler /> Others have raised doubts that "Whether it's fair to classify all these journals and publishers as 'predatory' is an open question—several shades of gray may be distinguishable."<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1056/NEJMp1214750| title = The Downside of Open-Access Publishing| journal = [[New England Journal of Medicine]]| volume = 368| issue = 9| pages = 791–793| year = 2013| last1 = Haug | first1 = C. }}</ref>

Beall's analyses have been called sweeping generalizations with no supporting evidence,<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.triple-c.at/index.php/tripleC/article/view/617/574 |title=Reactionary Rhetoric Against Open Access Publishing |last1=Bivens-Tatum |first1=Wayne |journal=[[tripleC]] |year=2014 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=441–446}}</ref> and he has also been criticized for being biased against open-access journals from less economically developed countries.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://crln.acrl.org/content/76/3/132.full|title = Beyond Beall's List|work = [[College & Research Libraries News]]|date = March 2015|accessdate = 15 June 2015|author1=Berger, Monica |author2=Cirasella, Jill |lastauthoramp=yes |pages = 132–135}}</ref> One librarian wrote that Beall's list "attempts a binary division of this complex gold rush: the good and the bad. Yet many of the criteria used are either impossible to quantify..., or can be found to apply as often to established OA journals as to the new entrants in this area... Some of the criteria seem to make First World assumptions that aren't valid worldwide."<ref>{{cite web|first=Karen|last= Coyle|date= April 4, 2013 |url=http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2013/04/opinion/peer-to-peer-review/predatory-publishers-peer-to-peer-review/ |title=Predatory Publishers – Peer to Peer Review |work=[[Library Journal]]}}</ref> Others find that it is wrong for a single person to maintain such a list, especially when lacking discipline knowledge.<ref>{{cite web|first=Peter|last= Murray-Rust|authorlink=Peter Murray-Rust|url=https://blogs.ch.cam.ac.uk/pmr/2014/02/18/bealls-criticism-of-mdpi-lacks-evidence-and-is-irresponsible/|title=Beall's criticism of MDPI lacks evidence and is irresponsible|date=February 18, 2014|work=petermr's blog}}</ref> Crawford has made critical attempts to verify Beall's list independently, and—documenting numerous instances of inconsistency and ambiguity—concludes that the lists should be ignored, and offers an alternative algorithm based primarily on the [[Directory of Open Access Journals]] (DOAJ).<ref name=Crawford>Walt Crawford, (July 2014), "[http://citesandinsights.info/civ14i7on.pdf Journals, 'Journals' and Wannabes: Investigating The List]", ''[[Cites & Insights]]'', 14:7, {{ISSN|1534-0937}}</ref> Beall differed with these opinions and wrote a letter of rebuttal in mid-2015.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://crln.acrl.org/content/76/6/340.full|title = Response to "Beyond Beall’s List"|author1=Monica Berger |author2=Jill Cirasella |lastauthoramp=yes |publisher = }}</ref>

Following the ''[[Who's Afraid of Peer Review?]]'' investigation, the DOAJ has tightened up its inclusion criteria, with the purpose of serving as a [[whitelist]], very much like Beall's has been a [[blacklist]].<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1038/512017a| pmid = 25100463| title = Open-access website gets tough| journal = Nature| volume = 512| issue = 7512| pages = 17| year = 2014| last1 = Van Noorden | first1 = R. | bibcode = 2014Natur.512...17V}}</ref> The investigation found that "the results show that Beall is good at spotting publishers with poor quality control."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bohannon |first1=J |title=Who's afraid of peer review? |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |date=4 October 2013 |volume=342 |issue=6154 |pages=60–65 |pmid=24092725 |doi=10.1126/science.342.6154.60 |bibcode=2013Sci...342...60B}}</ref> However, the managing director of DOAJ, Lars Bjørnshauge, estimates that questionable publishing probably accounts for fewer than 1% of all author-pays, open-access papers, a proportion far lower than Beall's estimate of 5-10%. Instead of relying on blacklists, Bjørnshauge argues that open-access associations such as the DOAJ and the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association should adopt more responsibility for policing publishers: they should lay out a set of criteria that publishers and journals must comply with to win a place on a 'white list' indicating that they are trustworthy.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Butler | first1 = D | year = 2013 | title = Investigating journals: The dark side of publishing | url = | journal = Nature | volume = 495 | issue = 7442| pages = 433–435 | doi = 10.1038/495433a | pmid = 23538810 | bibcode = 2013Natur.495..433B }}</ref>

Beall has been threatened with a [[Jeffrey Beall#Legal threat|lawsuit]] by a Canadian publisher that appears on the list. He reports that he has been the subject of online harassment for his work on the subject. His list has been criticized<ref name=Crawford/> for relying heavily on analysis of publishers' web sites, not engaging directly with publishers, and including newly founded but legitimate journals. Beall has responded to these complaints by posting the criteria he uses to generate the list, as well as instituting an anonymous three-person review body to which publishers can appeal to be removed from the list.<ref name=Butler /> For example, a 2010 re-evaluation resulted in [[Hindawi Publishing Corporation#Beall's list|some journals being removed]] from Beall's list.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/495433a |title=Investigating journals: The dark side of publishing |year=2013 |last1=Butler |first1=Declan |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=495 |issue=7442 |pages=433–435 |pmid=23538810|bibcode=2013Natur.495..433B }}</ref>

In 2013, the OMICS publishing group threatened to sue Beall for $1 billion for his "ridiculous, baseless, [and] impertinent" inclusion of them on his list, which "smacks of literal unprofessionalism and arrogance".<ref name = JakeNew>{{cite news|url = http://chronicle.com/article/Publisher-Threatens-to-Sue/139243/?cid=at|title = Publisher Threatens to Sue Blogger for $1-Billion|newspaper = [[Chronicle of Higher Education]]|date = 15 May 2013|accessdate = 22 October 2016|last = New|first = Jake}}</ref> An unedited sentence from the letter read: "Let us at the outset warn you that this is a very perilous journey for you and you will be completely exposing yourself to serious legal implications including criminal cases lunched against you in INDIA and USA."<ref>{{cite web|url = https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2013/05/20/high-noon-a-publisher-threatens-to-lunch-a-criminal-case-against-librarian-critic/|title = High Noon – A Publisher Threatens to "Lunch" a Criminal Case Against Librarian Critic|first = Rick|last = Anderson|date = 20 May 2013|accessdate = 24 October 2016|publisher = [[Scholarly Kitchen]]}}</ref> Beall responded that the letter was "poorly written and personally threatening" and expressed his opinion that the letter "is an attempt to detract from the enormity of OMICS's editorial practices".<ref name = NPR>{{cite news|url = http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/05/15/184233141/publisher-threatens-librarian-with-1-billion-lawsuit |title = Publisher Threatens Librarian With $1 Billion Lawsuit|newspaper = [[National Public Radio]]|date = 15 May 2013|accessdate = 2 October 2016|last = Chappell|first = Bill}}</ref> OMICS' lawyers stated that damages were being pursued under section 66A of India's [[Information Technology Act, 2000]], which makes it illegal to use a computer to publish "any information that is grossly offensive or has menacing character" or to publish false information.<ref name = IndiaToday /> It stated that three years in prison was a possible penalty, although a U.S. lawyer said that the threats seemed to be a "publicity stunt" that was meant to "intimidate".<ref name = JakeNew /> This section has been criticised in an ''[[India Today]]'' editorial due to its potential for misuse in "stifling political dissent, crushing speech and ... enabling bullying".<ref name = IndiaToday>{{cite journal|url = http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/section-66a-it-act-supreme-court-bullies-censorship-rohan-venkataramakrishnan/1/271900.html|title = Send Section 66A bullies home|first = Rohan|last = Venkataramakrishnan|newspaper = [[India Today]]|date = May 19, 2013|accessdate = October 24, 2016}}</ref> Beall could have been sued for [[defamation]] but truth is a complete defense; under section 66A, the truth of any information is irrelevant if it is grossly offensive.<ref name = IndiaToday /> Section 66A was struck down by the [[Supreme Court of India]] in an unrelated case in 2015, finding that it had no proximate connection to public order, "arbitrarily, excessively and disproportionately invades the right of free speech" and that the description of offenses is "open-ended, undefined and vague."<ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-strikes-down-section-66-a-of-the-it-act-finds-it-unconstitutional/article7027375.ece|title = SC strikes down 'draconian' Section 66A |first = Jayant|last = Sriram|newspaper = [[The Hindu]]|date = March 25, 2015|accessdate = October 24, 2016}}</ref> As such, it is not possible for the OMICS Group to proceed against Beall under section 66A, but it could mount a defamation case.

The list was used as an authoritative source by South Africa's Department of Higher Education and Training in maintaining its list of accredited journals: articles published in those journals will determine funding levels for their authors; however, journals identified as predatory will be removed from this list.<ref name=SA>{{cite web |url=http://www0.sun.ac.za/research/research-outputs-and-accreditation/accredited-journals.html |title=Accredited Journals |publisher=[[Stellenbosch University]]}}</ref> [[ProQuest]] is reviewing all journals on Beall's list, and has started removing them from the [[International Bibliography of the Social Sciences]].<ref name=SA />

===Other efforts===
More transparent peer review, such as [[open peer review]] and [[post-publication peer review]], has been advocated to combat predatory journals.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/information-culture/2014/11/26/is-this-peer-reviewed-predatory-journals-and-the-transparency-of-peer-review/ |title=Is this peer reviewed? Predatory journals and the transparency of peer review |first=Bonnie |last=Swoger |date=26 November 2014 |website=[[Scientific American]] |publisher=Macmillan Publishers Ltd. |access-date=2017-06-14}}</ref> Others have argued instead that the discussion on predatory journals should not be turned "into a debate over the shortcomings of peer review—it is nothing of the sort. It is about fraud, deception, and irresponsibility..."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bartholomew |first1=R. E. |title=Science for sale: the rise of predatory journals |journal=[[Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine]] |date=2014 |volume=107 |issue=10 |pages=384–385 |doi=10.1177/0141076814548526 |pmid=25271271 |url=http://jrs.sagepub.com/content/107/10/384}}</ref>

In an effort to "set apart legitimate journals and publishers from non-legitimate ones", principles of transparency and best practice have been identified and issued collectively by the [[Committee on Publication Ethics]], the DOAJ, the [[Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association]], and the World Association of Medical Editors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://publicationethics.org/files/u7140/Principles_of_Transparency_and_Best_Practice_in_Scholarly_Publishing.pdf |title=Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing |author=COPE/DOAJ/OASPA/WAME |date=10 January 2014 |website=COPE |publisher=Committee on Publication Ethics |access-date=2017-06-14}}</ref>
Various journal review websites (crowd-sourced or expert-run) have been started, some focusing on the quality of the peer review process and extending to non-OA publications.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Jeffrey |last1=Perkel |title=Rate that journal |journal=Nature |date=30 March 2015 |volume=520 |issue=7545 |url=http://www.nature.com/news/rate-that-journal-1.17225 |doi=10.1038/520119a |pmid=25832406 |pages=119–120|bibcode=2015Natur.520..119P }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Quality Open Access Market and Other Initiatives: A Comparative Analysis |first1=Danielle |last1=van Gerestein |journal=LIBER Quarterly |volume=24 |issue=4 |year=2015 |publisher=Association of European Research Libraries |url=http://liber.library.uu.nl/index.php/lq/article/view/9911 |doi=10.18352/lq.9911 |pages=162}}</ref>
A group of libraries and publishers launched an awareness campaign.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/careers/2015/10/avoiding-fake-journals-and-judging-work-real-ones |title=Avoiding fake journals and judging the work in real ones |last=Benderly |first=Beryl Lieff |date=13 October 2015 |website=Science |publisher=AAAS |access-date=2017-06-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2015/10/02/awareness-campaign-predatory-publishing |title=Awareness Campaign on 'Predatory' Publishing |last=Straumsheim |first=Carl |date=2 October 2015 |website=Inside Higher Ed. |access-date=2017-06-14}}</ref>

A number of measures have been suggested to further combat predatory journals. Some have called research institutions to improve the publication literacy notably among junior researchers in developing countries.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Clark | first1 = J. | last2 = Smith | first2 = R. | year = 2015 | title = Firm action needed on predatory journals | url = | journal = [[The BMJ|BMJ]] | volume = 350 | issue = | page = h210 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.h210 }}</ref> As Beall has ascribed predatory publishing to a consequence of [[gold open access]] (particularly its [[author-pays model|author-pays]] variant),<ref name="Beall2013"/> one researcher has argued for platinum open access, where the absence of [[article processing charges]] removes the publisher's [[conflict of interest]] in accepting article submissions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.oii.ox.ac.uk/cobo/?p=967|title=(Gold) Open Access: the two sides of the coin |last=Cobo |first=Cristobal |date=17 November 2014 |website=OII Blogs |publisher=University of Oxford |access-date=2017-06-14}}</ref> More objective discriminating metrics<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Beall | first1 = J | year = 2013 | title = Unethical Practices in Scholarly, Open-Access Publishing | url = | journal = [[Journal of Information Ethics]] | volume = 22 | issue = 1| pages = 11–20 | doi=10.3172/jie.22.1.11}}</ref> have been proposed, such as a "predatory score"<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Teixeira | first1 = | last2 = da Silva | first2 = J. A. | year = 2013 | title = How to better achieve integrity in science publishing | url = http://www.ease.org.uk/resources/journal/archive/november-2013-394 | journal = [[European Science Editing]] | volume = 39 | issue = 4| page = 97 }}</ref> and positive and negative journal quality indicators.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Beaubien | first1 = S | last2 = Eckard | first2 = M | year = 2014 | title = Addressing Faculty Publishing Concerns with Open Access Journal Quality Indicators | url = | journal = Journal of Librarianship and Scholarly Communication | volume = 2 | issue = 2| page = eP1133 | doi = 10.7710/2162-3309.1133 }}</ref>
Others have encouraged authors to consult subject-area expert-reviewed journal listings, such as the Directory of Nursing Journals, vetted by the International Academy of Nursing Editors and its collaborators.<ref>"Predatory Publishers: What Editors Need to Know." ''Nurse Author & Editor'', September 2014. [http://www.nurseauthoreditor.com/article.asp?id=261]. Republished as open access in: {{cite journal|doi=10.1111/jmwh.12273|title=Predatory Publishing|journal=[[Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health]]|volume=59|issue=6|pages=569–571|year=2014}}</ref>
It has been argued that the incentives for fraud need to be removed.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Wehrmeijer |first=M |date= 27 August 2014 |title=Exposing the predators. Methods to stop predatory journals |type=Master's |url=http://hdl.handle.net/1887/28943 |institution=[[Leiden University]]}}</ref>

Bioethicist [[Arthur Caplan]] has warned that predatory publishing, fabricated data, and academic plagiarism erodes public confidence in the medical profession, devalues legitimate science, and undermines public support for [[evidence-based policy]].<ref name="Caplan2015">{{cite journal|last1=Caplan|first1=Arthur L.|title=The Problem of Publication-Pollution Denialism|journal=[[Mayo Clinic Proceedings]]|volume=90|issue=5|year=2015|pages=565–566|issn=0025-6196|doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.02.017}}</ref>

In 2015, Rick Anderson, associate dean in the J. Willard Marriott Library, University of Utah, challenged the term itself: "what do we mean when we say 'predatory,' and is that term even still useful?... This question has become relevant because of that common refrain heard among Beall's critics: that he only examines one kind of predation—the kind that naturally crops up in the context of author-pays OA." Anderson suggests that the term "predatory" be retired in the context of scholarly publishing. "It's a nice, attention-grabbing word, but I'm not sure it's helpfully descriptive... it generates more heat than light."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2015/05/11/should-we-retire-the-term-predatory-publishing/ |title=Should We Retire the Term "Predatory Publishing"? |last=Anderson |first=Rick |date=11 May 2015 |website=The [[Scholarly Kitchen]] |publisher=[[Society for Scholarly Publishing]] |access-date=2017-06-14}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Too many see alsos|date=October 2017}}
* [[Author mill]]
* [[Diploma mill]]
* [[Fraudulent conferences]]
* [[Hijacked journal]]
* [[Mega journal]]
* [[Open access journal]]
* [[Peer review failures]]
* [[Pseudo-scholarship]]
* [[Vanity press]]
* [[List of predatory publishers]]
; Past inclusions:{{anchor|Past inclusions}}
* [[Dove Medical Press]]
* [[Hindawi Publishing Corporation]] (only some of its journals)<ref>Listed as on a "watchlist" but not as a confirmed predatory publisher in 2012: {{citation|url=http://www.ep.liu.se/authorinf/pdf/List_of_Predatory_Open-Access_Publishers_2012.pdf|title=Beall's List of Predatory, Open-Access Publishers, 2012 Edition|first=Jeffrey|last=Beall}}. See also {{harvtxt|Butler|2013}}: "A set of Hindawi's journals appeared on a version of Beall's list because
he had concerns about their editorial process, but has since been removed."</ref>
* [[Libertas Academica]]
* [[MDPI]]
; Inclusions when list was discontinued:{{anchor|Current inclusions}}
* [[Allied Academies]]
* [[Bentham Open]]
* [[Frontiers Media]]
* [[OMICS Publishing Group]]
* [[Pulsus Group]]
* [[Scientific Research Publishing]]
* [[World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202192038/https://scholarlyoa.com/individual-journals/ |archive-date=2016-12-02 |url=http://scholarlyoa.com/individual-journals/ |title=Beall's List of Predatory Journals |dead-url=yes |access-date=2017-01-28 |df= }}
* {{cite web|url=http://scholarlyoa.com/publishers/ |title=Beall's List of Predatory Publishers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222020349/https://scholarlyoa.com/publishers/ |archive-date=2016-12-22 |access-date=2017-01-24 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
* [http://thinkchecksubmit.org/ Think.Check.Submit.]
* [http://beallslist.weebly.com/ Beall's list on weebly.com]

[[Category:Open access (publishing)]]
[[Category:Ethically disputed business practices]]

Benutzer:Zollernalb/Dude Perfect

2017-02-17T08:45:28Z

V2Blast: /* top */ added "advert" template

{{Advert|date=February 2017}}

{{Infobox YouTube personality
| name = Dude Perfect
| image = DudePerfect's Logo 2014-02-23 02-35.png
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Current logo of Dude Perfect as of June 2016.
| signature =
| website = {{URL|http://www.dudeperfect.com/}}
| channel_name =
| years_active = 2008–present
| genre = {{plainlist|
*[[Sports]]
*[[entertainment]]
*[[comedy]]
}}
| subscribers = 15+ million
| views = 2+ billion
| network =
| creator = {{plainlist|
*Coby Cotton
*Cory Cotton
*Garrett Hilbert
*Cody Jones
*Tyler Toney
}}
| subscriber_date = February 4, 2017
| view_date = February 4, 2017
| silver_button = yes
| gold_button = yes
| diamond_button = yes
| silver_year = 2011
| gold_year = 2013
| diamond_year = 2016
| stats_update = February 4, 2017
}}
'''''Dude Perfect''''' is an American [[sports]] [[entertainment]] group based on [[YouTube]], and consists of twins Coby and Cory Cotton, Garrett Hilbert, Cody Jones, and Tyler (Ty) Toney all former high school basketball players<ref name="Daily Mail">{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1215511/Dude-perfect-Is-really-amazing-basketball-shot-entire-world.html|title='Dude, perfect!' Is this really the most amazing basketball shot in the entire world?|newspaper=[[Daily Mail]]|date=September 23, 2009|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> and college roommates at [[Texas A&M University]].<ref> name="Dallas Observer" {{cite news|last=Nicholson|first=Eric|url=http://www.dallasobserver.com/news/watch-dude-perfect-hit-a-500-foot-trick-shot-from-reunion-tower-7121459|title=Watch Dude Perfect Hit a 500-Foot Trick Shot from Reunion Tower|newspaper=[[Dallas Observer]]|date=January 2, 2014|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref>

They're widely known for their [[extreme sports]] methods, including stunt-based trick shots, and are also involved in comedy with their "Stereotypes" series, in which they poke fun at common stereotypes, mostly in the sports world. Occasionally, the group also does non-profitable and [[charity (practice)|charitable]] actions, once collaborating with [[Make-A-Wish]].

The group commented that their shots typically relied more on [[American football]] skills than basketball.<ref name="CBS News">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/trick-b-ball-shots-turn-youtube-sensation/|title=Trick B-Ball Shots Turn YouTube Sensation|work=[[CBS News]]|date=September 28, 2009|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> They have broken several [[Guinness World Records]] themselves, and have over 2.6 billion total views and over 15.5 million subscribers<ref>{{cite web|url=https://subscribercount.live/channel?user=Dude+Perfect|title=Dude Perfect channel live subscribers|date=November 18, 2016|accessdate=November 18, 2016}}</ref> as of February 2017, making them the [[List of the most subscribed users on YouTube|24th most subscribed channel on YouTube]].

==History==

===Early years and formation===
They originally had Tyler as the main person while Garrett, Cory, and Coby were along in the group. Then the twins asked Cody if he wanted to be in. The group was betting on sandwiches via basketball shots in their backyard, which were eventually recorded on camera, and a video of trick shots at Toney's ranch was eventually released on YouTube.<ref name="TAMU" /> Within a week, the video received 100,000 views. When asked about the name, Toney stated,<ref name="Star Local" />

{{bquote|Our camera guy, Sean (inspired by Kawdel Ainsworth), set the camera down on a ledge. When he turned on the camera, Tyler was already in the frame and he just said "dude, perfect" and said that he barely had to move the camera. When we went back to edit the video, we heard that the twins (Coby and Cory) had the mindset to brand this and called it Dude Perfect.|sign=|source=}}

Afterwards, a trick shot video from the Christian summer camp Sky Ranch was released, which, as of December 2016, has over 18 million views.<ref>{{cite web|author=Dude Perfect|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T4giMyqv0qc|title=Trick Shot Basketball {{!}} Dude Perfect {{!}} Summer Camp|publisher=[[YouTube]]|date=August 30, 2009|accessdate=October 21, 2014}}</ref> For every 100,000 views the video received, Dude Perfect pledged to sponsor a child from [[Compassion International]].<ref name="TAMU">{{cite web|last=Ralston|first=Katy|url=http://tamunews.tamu.edu/dude-perfect-becomes-national-sensation/|title=‘Dude Perfect’ Becomes National Sensation|publisher=[[Texas A&M University]]|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> Afterwards, [[ESPN]]'s ''[[E:60]]'' contacted the group for a segment, and on the third floor of Texas A&M's [[Kyle Field]], Toney converted a shot, which traveled 3.9 seconds, which was a world record at the time. The shot prompted television appearances on ESPN's ''[[First Take (TV series)|First Take]]'', ''[[Pardon the Interruption]]'', ''[[Around the Horn]]'' and ''[[SportsNation (TV series)|SportsNation]]''.

====Introduction of Panda mascot====
Eventually, Dude Perfect introduced the Panda mascot, who "developed a cult following at [[Texas A&M Aggies men's basketball|A&M basketball]] games" when taunting players of the opposing team.<ref name="Star Local">{{cite web|last=Welch|first=Matt|url=http://starlocalmedia.com/sports/hoop-dreams-local-goes-from-online-sensation-to-nationwide-phenomenon/article_082fe9d7-e9f7-5dd1-84a7-9acf3a7ca8f6.html|title=Hoop Dreams: Local goes from online sensation to nationwide phenomenon|publisher=Star Local Media|date=June 18, 2011|accessdate=January 13, 2014}}</ref> The Panda has even competed in a couple of the Battles, winning one of them; "Go-Kart Battle".

===Popular follower increase===
Later, the group received professional endorsements and requests, which began with then-[[Sacramento Kings]] player [[Tyreke Evans]], in an effort to promote Evans' run for [[NBA Rookie of the Year Award|Rookie of the Year]].<ref name="TheBlaze">{{cite web|last=Klimas|first=Liz|url=http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2013/03/08/you-know-those-viral-trick-shot-videos-we-talked-to-the-guys-behind-many-of-them-and-theyre-fascinating/|title=YOU KNOW THOSE VIRAL TRICK SHOT VIDEOS? WE TALKED TO THE GUYS BEHIND MANY OF THEM AND THEY’RE FASCINATING|publisher=[[TheBlaze]]|date=March 8, 2013|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> Dude Perfect also worked with quarterback [[Aaron Rodgers]], [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] star [[Chris Paul]], Australian bowler [[Jason Belmonte]], actor [[Paul Rudd]], singer [[Tim McGraw]], [[Seattle Seahawks]] coach [[Pete Carroll]] and [[quarterback]] [[Russell Wilson]], Golfer Jamie Sadlowski, Ryan Swope, Volleyball Star Morgan Beck, and [[Heisman Trophy]] winner quarterback [[Johnny Manziel]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Gaines|first=Cork|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/johnny-manziel-trick-shot-video-with-dude-perfect-2013-1|title=Johnny Manziel Made A Trick Shot Video That Is Hard To Believe|publisher=[[Business Insider]]|date=January 25, 2013|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kercheval|first=Ben|url=http://collegefootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2013/01/24/johnny-manziel-has-an-absurd-trick-shot-video/|title=Johnny Manziel has an absurd trick shot video|publisher=[[NBC Sports]]|date=January 24, 2013|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> at Kyle Field,<ref>{{cite web|last=Speros|first=Bill|url=http://espn.go.com/blog/playbook/trending/post/_/id/13546/its-manziel-and-dude-perfect-mash-up|title=It's Manziel and Dude Perfect mash-up|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=January 25, 2013|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> [[Miami Dolphins]] quarterback [[Ryan Tannehill]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Newport|first=Kyle|url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1872125-ryan-tannehill-and-dude-perfect-make-trick-shot-video-at-dicks-sporting-goods|title=Ryan Tannehill and 'Dude Perfect' Make Trick Shot Video at Dick's Sporting Goods|publisher=[[Bleacher Report]]|accessdate=January 12, 2014}}</ref> the [[United States at the Olympics|U. S. Olympic team]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/19/team-usa-olympics-trick-shot-video-dude-perfect_n_1687732.html|title=Team USA Olympics Trick Shot Video: Dude Perfect Celebrates The Olympics With Amazing Accuracy|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=July 19, 2012|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> [[NASCAR]] drivers [[Ricky Stenhouse Jr.]], [[Travis Pastrana]], [[James Buescher]], [[Dale Earnhardt Jr.]] and [[IndyCar Series]] driver [[James Hinchcliffe]] at [[Texas Motor Speedway]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Haag|first=Mike|url=http://blog.mysanantonio.com/motorsports/2013/03/nascar-drivers-dude-perfect-hoop-it-up-at-texas-motor-speedway/|title=NASCAR drivers, Dude Perfect hoop it up at Texas Motor Speedway|newspaper=[[San Antonio Express-News]]|date=March 8, 2013|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> [[New York Giants]] wide receiver [[Odell Beckham Jr.]],<ref>{{Citation|last=Dude Perfect|title=Super Bowl Edition ft. Odell Beckham Jr {{!}} Dude Perfect|date=2015-02-02|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EvCCwnLGtLY|accessdate=2016-05-25}}</ref> the [[Seattle Seahawks]], and [[Los Angeles Rams ]] players [[Greg Zuerlein (American football)|Greg Zuerlein]], [[John Hekker]], and [[Jacob McQuaide]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Wagoner|first=Nick|url=http://www.stlouisrams.com/news-and-events/article-1/Rams-Get-Their-Kicks-with-Dude-Perfect/ec71fcbc-f54b-49a2-bfa3-54ac0b7fa3d4|title=Rams Get Their Kicks with Dude Perfect|publisher=[[St. Louis Rams]]|date=June 30, 2013|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> The group also worked with A&M wideout [[Travis Labhart]], and later they collaborated with the hockey team [[Dallas Stars]]' forward duo [[Tyler Seguin]] and [[Jamie Benn]]. They also have shot videos with fellow trick shot maestros [[Brodie Smith (ultimate)|Brodie Smith]] and [[Florian Kohler|Florian "Venom" Kohler]], and YouTube singer [[Luke Conard]]. The group has also interviewed [[National Basketball Association]] stars including, but not limited to: [[LeBron James]], [[Kobe Bryant]], [[Kevin Love]], [[Kevin Durant]], [[James Harden]], [[Carmelo Anthony]], and [[Chris Paul]], in their period as the [[United States men's national basketball team]]. Recently the Dude Perfect team traveled to the United Kingdom to film a video with players of [[Manchester City F.C.]] and [[Arsenal F.C.]] such as, [[Raheem Sterling]], [[Kevin De Bruyne]], [[Calum Chambers]], and [[Mathieu Flamini]]. <ref>{{Cite web|title = Dude Perfect goes to Manchester City, Arsenal|url = http://www.si.com/planet-futbol/2016/01/19/dude-perfect-soccer-manchester-city-arsenal|website = www.si.com|access-date = 2016-01-21|first = SI|last = Staff}}</ref>

===Launch of mobile app, draft, future television show===
In 2011, Dude Perfect launched a mobile game for [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]], self-titled ''Dude Perfect''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/dude-perfect/id424123969?mt=8|title=Dude Perfect|work=[[iTunes]]|accessdate=July 7, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.dudeperfect.dudeperfect&hl=en|title=Dude Perfect|work=[[Google Play]]|accessdate=July 7, 2014}}</ref> Additionally, Cory Cotton authored a nationally published book titled ''Go Big'' in which he shares the secrets the group has learned along the way building a business in a world largely influenced by social media.

In June 2015, the group was selected by the [[Harlem Globetrotters]] in their annual player draft.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/early-lead/wp/2015/06/24/harlem-globetrotters-draft-mone-davis-alex-morgan-and-dude-perfect/|title=Harlem Globetrotters draft Mo’ne Davis, Alex Morgan and Dude Perfect|date=June 24, 2015|first=Marissa|last=Payne|newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref> In September 2015, the group was approved for a television series entitled ''The Dude Perfect Show'' on [[CMT (U.S. TV channel)|CMT]], which began airing during the first half of 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cmt.com/news/1757585/dude-perfect-series-coming-to-cmt/|title=Dude Perfect Series Coming to CMT|website=CMT News|access-date=2016-05-26}}</ref>

==Channel series==

===Regular videos===
Regular videos from Dude Perfect consist of the [[extreme sports]] genre. They are mostly [[stunt]]-based trick shots based on [[American football]] techniques and maneuvers, but also consists of go-karts, [[Nerf]] shots, contraptions, and more.

===Stereotypes===
"Stereotypes" is a [[satirical]] series where the group acts out the usual stereotypes of different subjects, such as pick-up basketball, softball, fishing, golf, driving (which guest-starred NASCAR driver [[Dale Earnhardt Jr.]]), and ''[[Madden NFL]]'' video game players. In "Editor Edition" the cameramen and editors of Dude Perfect, Chad and Tim, did a Streotypes clip on the Dudes. One constant running gag in each of the series' videos is the "Rage Monster" stereotype, where Tyler portrays a guy who goes on an angry rampage over innocent incidents, mainly against Cody.

===Contests===

====Battles====
"Battles" is a "last man standing" competition where the members compete in a [[tournament]]-style battle, usually for a trophy. Garrett has a running gag before each battle when he proclaims, "I'm gonna make a bold prediction, he ain't winning" in reference to Coby who has only won one individual battle, though he did win a team battle, "Archery Kart", with his brother, Cory. He won the flop challenge battle (this was on Callaway Golf's Youtube channel not the Dude Perfect channel). The closest Coby has come to winning a battle were on three occasions: in the Endless Ducker iPhone game, in which he lost to Cory by one point, Plastic Golf Club battle, in which he lost to Ty by one stroke, and the Basketball Arcade battle, in which Coby had three chances to hit one of five targets to win the battle (he missed all three chances). Team battles are 2 on 2 events with one judge. The motto is "they're less about winning and more about not losing". The winning team doesn't receive a prize rather the losing team has a not so hurtful punishment. Some punishments include paint angels and drinking blended cold hot pockets, as well as getting taped to a column.

Some celebrities have competed in Battles as well. [[Paul Rudd]] competed in "Dizzy Sports Battle 2", as part of a promotion for the movie ''[[Ant-Man (film)|Ant-Man]]''. [[Liam Hemsworth]] and [[Jeff Goldblum]] competed in "Drone Racing Battle", as part of a promotion for ''[[Independence Day: Resurgence]]''. [[Luke Bryan]] competed in "Archery Kart Team Battle".

====Face-Off====
Face-Off videos are featured on the [[Whistle Sports Network]] YouTube Channel. In these Face-Off videos the dudes draw two people to Face-Off and they draw a sideline announcer to commentate the Face-Off, in which the commentator is done in a comedic sense, with an outlandish outfit and personality. Tyler usually is the one chosen to be the commentator, having been selected for 9 face-offs.

While Coby has yet to win a battle, he is the most successful member of the Dude Perfect team in regards to face-offs; he has competed in six face-offs and won four of them. By contrast, both Tyler and Cory are the least successful, with both being winless in their combined 7 face-offs.

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan=6|Dude Perfect Face-Offs
|-
! No. !! Sport !! Winner !! Score !! Loser !! Commentator(s)
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 1 || Table Tennis || style="background: #000040; color:white"|'''Coby''' || '''20''' – 17 || style="background: #00cd00; color:white"|Cory || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 2 || Golf || style="background: #0000FF; color:white"|'''Cody''' || '''-3''' – E || style="background: #800080; color:white"|Garrett || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 3 || Hockey Shootout || style="background: #800080; color:white"|'''Garrett''' || '''2''' – 1 || style="background: #000040; color:white"|Coby || style="background: #0000FF; color:white"|Cody
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 4 || Darts || style="background: #0000FF; color:white"|'''Cody''' || '''3''' – 0 || style="background: #00cd00; color:white"|Cory || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 5 || Football || style="background: #000040; color:white"|'''Coby''' || '''10''' – 9 || style="background: #0000FF; color:white"|Cody || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 6 || Super Smash Bros (3DS) || style="background: #000040; color:white"|'''Coby''' || '''2''' – 0 || style="background: #00cd00; color:white"|Cory || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 7 || The Most Dangerous Game || style="background: #808080; color:black"|'''Toby''' || '''2''' – 0 || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler || style="background: #ffff00; color:black"|Coby & Cory
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 8 || Field Goal Kicking || style="background: #800080; color:white"|'''Garrett''' || '''4''' – 1 || style="background: #000040; color:white"|Coby || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 9 || Roller Skating Tennis || style="background: #000040; color:white"|'''Coby''' || '''2''' – 1 || style="background: #800080; color:white"|Garrett || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 10 || Turkey Bowling || style="background: #800080; color:white"|'''Garrett''' || '''27''' – 21 || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler || style="background: #000040; color:white"|Coby
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 11 || Hockey || style="background: #808080; color:black"|'''Tim''' || '''2''' – 1 || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler || style="background: #00cd00; color:white"|Cory
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 12 || Office Golf || style="background: #0000FF; color:white"|'''Cody''' || '''840''' – 50 || style="background: #00cd00; color:white"|Cory || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 13 || Gingerbread House || style="background: #ffff00; color:black"|"'Tyler and Cody"' || "'1"' – 0 || style="background: #ffff00; color:black"|Coby and Cory || style="background: #800080; color:white"|Garrett
|-style="text-align:center;"
| colspan=6 style="text-align:center;"|'''Best Record:''' Coby, 4–2 (0.667)
|}
†Toby, who at the time was an intern cameraman, put his name in the drawing and got selected to compete in the faceoff.

====Record====
In 2009, the group set the world record for the longest basketball shot after shooting from the third deck of Kyle Field. The record was jeopardized by Legendary Shots, who made a shot from [[Birmingham, Alabama]]'s [[Vulcan statue]], but in October 2010, Dude Perfect extended their record with a "cross-tower" shot, which was {{convert|216|ft|m}} high, and the basket was {{convert|150|ft|m|abbr=on}} away from the tower's base.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://probasketballtalk.nbcsports.com/2010/10/01/dude-perfect-shatters-longest-shot-record/|title=Dude Perfect shatters longest shot record|work=[[NBC Sports]]|date=October 1, 2010|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> In March 2011, Dude Perfect unofficially{{ref|Official record|[a]}} extended the record with a shot from the top of [[NRG Stadium]], which lasted 5.3 seconds.<ref name="Star Local" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Goodman|first=William|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/dude-perfect-make-alleged-new-world-record-basketball-shot-at-reliant-stadium/|title="Dude Perfect" make alleged new world record basketball shot at Reliant Stadium|publisher=[[CBS News]]|date=March 23, 2011|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> In January 2014, the group successfully attempted a shot from the {{convert|561|ft|m|abbr=on}}-high [[Reunion Tower]], with Jones and Hilbert holding the basket at the base of the tower.<ref name="Dallas Observer">{{cite news|last=Nicholson|first=Eric|url=http://www.dallasobserver.com/news/watch-dude-perfect-hit-a-500-foot-trick-shot-from-reunion-tower-7121459|title=Watch Dude Perfect Hit a 500-Foot Trick Shot from Reunion Tower|newspaper=[[Dallas Observer]]|date=January 2, 2014|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref>

==Controversy==
Despite their success, questions arose over the legitimacy of the group's tricks; ''[[Good Morning America]]'' hosted a segment about the tricks and whether they were real,<ref>{{cite news|last=Chivers|first=Tom|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/6223653/YouTube-sensation-Dude-Perfects-worlds-longest-basketball-shot-real-or-fake.html|title=YouTube sensation Dude Perfect's 'world's longest basketball shot' - real or fake?|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=September 23, 2009|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> though experts contacted by ''GMA'' stated they were unable to find evidence of the tricks being fake.<ref name="Daily Mail" /> Regarding the doubts, Jones stated, "We love it when people claim it's fake because it makes the shots seem even more ridiculously impossible; and we get more publicity and hits on YouTube so we love the mystery of knowing whether it's real or fake."<ref name="TAMU" /> Toney, Coby and Cory Cotton stated that it takes multiple attempts when filming before successfully converting the final shots.<ref name="CBS News" />

==Notes==
:{{note|Official record|[a]}} ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' has not recognized Dude Perfect as the record holder; Thunder Law of the [[Harlem Globetrotters]] officially holds the record with a {{convert|33.45|m|ft|abbr=on}} shot at [[US Airways Center]] in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, on November 11, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/1000/longest-basketball-shot|title=Longest basketball shot|work=[[Guinness World Records]]|accessdate=January 15, 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://dudeperfect.com/}}
* {{YouTube|u=corycotton|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}
{{Streamy Awards Series Winners Subject}}

[[Category:2009 introductions]]
[[Category:Internet celebrities]]
[[Category:Streamy Award-winning channels, series or shows]]
[[Category:Texas A&M University alumni]]
[[Category:YouTube channels]]
[[Category:YouTube Diamond Play Button recipients]]

Benutzer:Zollernalb/Dude Perfect

2017-02-17T08:43:16Z

V2Blast: /* External links */ changed website link to use "official website" template

{{Infobox YouTube personality
| name = Dude Perfect
| image = DudePerfect's Logo 2014-02-23 02-35.png
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Current logo of Dude Perfect as of June 2016.
| signature =
| website = {{URL|http://www.dudeperfect.com/}}
| channel_name =
| years_active = 2008–present
| genre = {{plainlist|
*[[Sports]]
*[[entertainment]]
*[[comedy]]
}}
| subscribers = 15+ million
| views = 2+ billion
| network =
| creator = {{plainlist|
*Coby Cotton
*Cory Cotton
*Garrett Hilbert
*Cody Jones
*Tyler Toney
}}
| subscriber_date = February 4, 2017
| view_date = February 4, 2017
| silver_button = yes
| gold_button = yes
| diamond_button = yes
| silver_year = 2011
| gold_year = 2013
| diamond_year = 2016
| stats_update = February 4, 2017
}}

'''''Dude Perfect''''' is an American [[sports]] [[entertainment]] group based on [[YouTube]], and consists of twins Coby and Cory Cotton, Garrett Hilbert, Cody Jones, and Tyler (Ty) Toney all former high school basketball players<ref name="Daily Mail">{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1215511/Dude-perfect-Is-really-amazing-basketball-shot-entire-world.html|title='Dude, perfect!' Is this really the most amazing basketball shot in the entire world?|newspaper=[[Daily Mail]]|date=September 23, 2009|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> and college roommates at [[Texas A&M University]].<ref> name="Dallas Observer" {{cite news|last=Nicholson|first=Eric|url=http://www.dallasobserver.com/news/watch-dude-perfect-hit-a-500-foot-trick-shot-from-reunion-tower-7121459|title=Watch Dude Perfect Hit a 500-Foot Trick Shot from Reunion Tower|newspaper=[[Dallas Observer]]|date=January 2, 2014|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref>

They're widely known for their [[extreme sports]] methods, including stunt-based trick shots, and are also involved in comedy with their "Stereotypes" series, in which they poke fun at common stereotypes, mostly in the sports world. Occasionally, the group also does non-profitable and [[charity (practice)|charitable]] actions, once collaborating with [[Make-A-Wish]].

The group commented that their shots typically relied more on [[American football]] skills than basketball.<ref name="CBS News">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/trick-b-ball-shots-turn-youtube-sensation/|title=Trick B-Ball Shots Turn YouTube Sensation|work=[[CBS News]]|date=September 28, 2009|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> They have broken several [[Guinness World Records]] themselves, and have over 2.6 billion total views and over 15.5 million subscribers<ref>{{cite web|url=https://subscribercount.live/channel?user=Dude+Perfect|title=Dude Perfect channel live subscribers|date=November 18, 2016|accessdate=November 18, 2016}}</ref> as of February 2017, making them the [[List of the most subscribed users on YouTube|24th most subscribed channel on YouTube]].

==History==

===Early years and formation===
They originally had Tyler as the main person while Garrett, Cory, and Coby were along in the group. Then the twins asked Cody if he wanted to be in. The group was betting on sandwiches via basketball shots in their backyard, which were eventually recorded on camera, and a video of trick shots at Toney's ranch was eventually released on YouTube.<ref name="TAMU" /> Within a week, the video received 100,000 views. When asked about the name, Toney stated,<ref name="Star Local" />

{{bquote|Our camera guy, Sean (inspired by Kawdel Ainsworth), set the camera down on a ledge. When he turned on the camera, Tyler was already in the frame and he just said "dude, perfect" and said that he barely had to move the camera. When we went back to edit the video, we heard that the twins (Coby and Cory) had the mindset to brand this and called it Dude Perfect.|sign=|source=}}

Afterwards, a trick shot video from the Christian summer camp Sky Ranch was released, which, as of December 2016, has over 18 million views.<ref>{{cite web|author=Dude Perfect|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T4giMyqv0qc|title=Trick Shot Basketball {{!}} Dude Perfect {{!}} Summer Camp|publisher=[[YouTube]]|date=August 30, 2009|accessdate=October 21, 2014}}</ref> For every 100,000 views the video received, Dude Perfect pledged to sponsor a child from [[Compassion International]].<ref name="TAMU">{{cite web|last=Ralston|first=Katy|url=http://tamunews.tamu.edu/dude-perfect-becomes-national-sensation/|title=‘Dude Perfect’ Becomes National Sensation|publisher=[[Texas A&M University]]|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> Afterwards, [[ESPN]]'s ''[[E:60]]'' contacted the group for a segment, and on the third floor of Texas A&M's [[Kyle Field]], Toney converted a shot, which traveled 3.9 seconds, which was a world record at the time. The shot prompted television appearances on ESPN's ''[[First Take (TV series)|First Take]]'', ''[[Pardon the Interruption]]'', ''[[Around the Horn]]'' and ''[[SportsNation (TV series)|SportsNation]]''.

====Introduction of Panda mascot====
Eventually, Dude Perfect introduced the Panda mascot, who "developed a cult following at [[Texas A&M Aggies men's basketball|A&M basketball]] games" when taunting players of the opposing team.<ref name="Star Local">{{cite web|last=Welch|first=Matt|url=http://starlocalmedia.com/sports/hoop-dreams-local-goes-from-online-sensation-to-nationwide-phenomenon/article_082fe9d7-e9f7-5dd1-84a7-9acf3a7ca8f6.html|title=Hoop Dreams: Local goes from online sensation to nationwide phenomenon|publisher=Star Local Media|date=June 18, 2011|accessdate=January 13, 2014}}</ref> The Panda has even competed in a couple of the Battles, winning one of them; "Go-Kart Battle".

===Popular follower increase===
Later, the group received professional endorsements and requests, which began with then-[[Sacramento Kings]] player [[Tyreke Evans]], in an effort to promote Evans' run for [[NBA Rookie of the Year Award|Rookie of the Year]].<ref name="TheBlaze">{{cite web|last=Klimas|first=Liz|url=http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2013/03/08/you-know-those-viral-trick-shot-videos-we-talked-to-the-guys-behind-many-of-them-and-theyre-fascinating/|title=YOU KNOW THOSE VIRAL TRICK SHOT VIDEOS? WE TALKED TO THE GUYS BEHIND MANY OF THEM AND THEY’RE FASCINATING|publisher=[[TheBlaze]]|date=March 8, 2013|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> Dude Perfect also worked with quarterback [[Aaron Rodgers]], [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] star [[Chris Paul]], Australian bowler [[Jason Belmonte]], actor [[Paul Rudd]], singer [[Tim McGraw]], [[Seattle Seahawks]] coach [[Pete Carroll]] and [[quarterback]] [[Russell Wilson]], Golfer Jamie Sadlowski, Ryan Swope, Volleyball Star Morgan Beck, and [[Heisman Trophy]] winner quarterback [[Johnny Manziel]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Gaines|first=Cork|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/johnny-manziel-trick-shot-video-with-dude-perfect-2013-1|title=Johnny Manziel Made A Trick Shot Video That Is Hard To Believe|publisher=[[Business Insider]]|date=January 25, 2013|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kercheval|first=Ben|url=http://collegefootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2013/01/24/johnny-manziel-has-an-absurd-trick-shot-video/|title=Johnny Manziel has an absurd trick shot video|publisher=[[NBC Sports]]|date=January 24, 2013|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> at Kyle Field,<ref>{{cite web|last=Speros|first=Bill|url=http://espn.go.com/blog/playbook/trending/post/_/id/13546/its-manziel-and-dude-perfect-mash-up|title=It's Manziel and Dude Perfect mash-up|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=January 25, 2013|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> [[Miami Dolphins]] quarterback [[Ryan Tannehill]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Newport|first=Kyle|url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1872125-ryan-tannehill-and-dude-perfect-make-trick-shot-video-at-dicks-sporting-goods|title=Ryan Tannehill and 'Dude Perfect' Make Trick Shot Video at Dick's Sporting Goods|publisher=[[Bleacher Report]]|accessdate=January 12, 2014}}</ref> the [[United States at the Olympics|U. S. Olympic team]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/19/team-usa-olympics-trick-shot-video-dude-perfect_n_1687732.html|title=Team USA Olympics Trick Shot Video: Dude Perfect Celebrates The Olympics With Amazing Accuracy|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=July 19, 2012|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> [[NASCAR]] drivers [[Ricky Stenhouse Jr.]], [[Travis Pastrana]], [[James Buescher]], [[Dale Earnhardt Jr.]] and [[IndyCar Series]] driver [[James Hinchcliffe]] at [[Texas Motor Speedway]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Haag|first=Mike|url=http://blog.mysanantonio.com/motorsports/2013/03/nascar-drivers-dude-perfect-hoop-it-up-at-texas-motor-speedway/|title=NASCAR drivers, Dude Perfect hoop it up at Texas Motor Speedway|newspaper=[[San Antonio Express-News]]|date=March 8, 2013|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> [[New York Giants]] wide receiver [[Odell Beckham Jr.]],<ref>{{Citation|last=Dude Perfect|title=Super Bowl Edition ft. Odell Beckham Jr {{!}} Dude Perfect|date=2015-02-02|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EvCCwnLGtLY|accessdate=2016-05-25}}</ref> the [[Seattle Seahawks]], and [[Los Angeles Rams ]] players [[Greg Zuerlein (American football)|Greg Zuerlein]], [[John Hekker]], and [[Jacob McQuaide]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Wagoner|first=Nick|url=http://www.stlouisrams.com/news-and-events/article-1/Rams-Get-Their-Kicks-with-Dude-Perfect/ec71fcbc-f54b-49a2-bfa3-54ac0b7fa3d4|title=Rams Get Their Kicks with Dude Perfect|publisher=[[St. Louis Rams]]|date=June 30, 2013|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> The group also worked with A&M wideout [[Travis Labhart]], and later they collaborated with the hockey team [[Dallas Stars]]' forward duo [[Tyler Seguin]] and [[Jamie Benn]]. They also have shot videos with fellow trick shot maestros [[Brodie Smith (ultimate)|Brodie Smith]] and [[Florian Kohler|Florian "Venom" Kohler]], and YouTube singer [[Luke Conard]]. The group has also interviewed [[National Basketball Association]] stars including, but not limited to: [[LeBron James]], [[Kobe Bryant]], [[Kevin Love]], [[Kevin Durant]], [[James Harden]], [[Carmelo Anthony]], and [[Chris Paul]], in their period as the [[United States men's national basketball team]]. Recently the Dude Perfect team traveled to the United Kingdom to film a video with players of [[Manchester City F.C.]] and [[Arsenal F.C.]] such as, [[Raheem Sterling]], [[Kevin De Bruyne]], [[Calum Chambers]], and [[Mathieu Flamini]]. <ref>{{Cite web|title = Dude Perfect goes to Manchester City, Arsenal|url = http://www.si.com/planet-futbol/2016/01/19/dude-perfect-soccer-manchester-city-arsenal|website = www.si.com|access-date = 2016-01-21|first = SI|last = Staff}}</ref>

===Launch of mobile app, draft, future television show===
In 2011, Dude Perfect launched a mobile game for [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]], self-titled ''Dude Perfect''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/dude-perfect/id424123969?mt=8|title=Dude Perfect|work=[[iTunes]]|accessdate=July 7, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.dudeperfect.dudeperfect&hl=en|title=Dude Perfect|work=[[Google Play]]|accessdate=July 7, 2014}}</ref> Additionally, Cory Cotton authored a nationally published book titled ''Go Big'' in which he shares the secrets the group has learned along the way building a business in a world largely influenced by social media.

In June 2015, the group was selected by the [[Harlem Globetrotters]] in their annual player draft.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/early-lead/wp/2015/06/24/harlem-globetrotters-draft-mone-davis-alex-morgan-and-dude-perfect/|title=Harlem Globetrotters draft Mo’ne Davis, Alex Morgan and Dude Perfect|date=June 24, 2015|first=Marissa|last=Payne|newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref> In September 2015, the group was approved for a television series entitled ''The Dude Perfect Show'' on [[CMT (U.S. TV channel)|CMT]], which began airing during the first half of 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cmt.com/news/1757585/dude-perfect-series-coming-to-cmt/|title=Dude Perfect Series Coming to CMT|website=CMT News|access-date=2016-05-26}}</ref>

==Channel series==

===Regular videos===
Regular videos from Dude Perfect consist of the [[extreme sports]] genre. They are mostly [[stunt]]-based trick shots based on [[American football]] techniques and maneuvers, but also consists of go-karts, [[Nerf]] shots, contraptions, and more.

===Stereotypes===
"Stereotypes" is a [[satirical]] series where the group acts out the usual stereotypes of different subjects, such as pick-up basketball, softball, fishing, golf, driving (which guest-starred NASCAR driver [[Dale Earnhardt Jr.]]), and ''[[Madden NFL]]'' video game players. In "Editor Edition" the cameramen and editors of Dude Perfect, Chad and Tim, did a Streotypes clip on the Dudes. One constant running gag in each of the series' videos is the "Rage Monster" stereotype, where Tyler portrays a guy who goes on an angry rampage over innocent incidents, mainly against Cody.

===Contests===

====Battles====
"Battles" is a "last man standing" competition where the members compete in a [[tournament]]-style battle, usually for a trophy. Garrett has a running gag before each battle when he proclaims, "I'm gonna make a bold prediction, he ain't winning" in reference to Coby who has only won one individual battle, though he did win a team battle, "Archery Kart", with his brother, Cory. He won the flop challenge battle (this was on Callaway Golf's Youtube channel not the Dude Perfect channel). The closest Coby has come to winning a battle were on three occasions: in the Endless Ducker iPhone game, in which he lost to Cory by one point, Plastic Golf Club battle, in which he lost to Ty by one stroke, and the Basketball Arcade battle, in which Coby had three chances to hit one of five targets to win the battle (he missed all three chances). Team battles are 2 on 2 events with one judge. The motto is "they're less about winning and more about not losing". The winning team doesn't receive a prize rather the losing team has a not so hurtful punishment. Some punishments include paint angels and drinking blended cold hot pockets, as well as getting taped to a column.

Some celebrities have competed in Battles as well. [[Paul Rudd]] competed in "Dizzy Sports Battle 2", as part of a promotion for the movie ''[[Ant-Man (film)|Ant-Man]]''. [[Liam Hemsworth]] and [[Jeff Goldblum]] competed in "Drone Racing Battle", as part of a promotion for ''[[Independence Day: Resurgence]]''. [[Luke Bryan]] competed in "Archery Kart Team Battle".

====Face-Off====
Face-Off videos are featured on the [[Whistle Sports Network]] YouTube Channel. In these Face-Off videos the dudes draw two people to Face-Off and they draw a sideline announcer to commentate the Face-Off, in which the commentator is done in a comedic sense, with an outlandish outfit and personality. Tyler usually is the one chosen to be the commentator, having been selected for 9 face-offs.

While Coby has yet to win a battle, he is the most successful member of the Dude Perfect team in regards to face-offs; he has competed in six face-offs and won four of them. By contrast, both Tyler and Cory are the least successful, with both being winless in their combined 7 face-offs.

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan=6|Dude Perfect Face-Offs
|-
! No. !! Sport !! Winner !! Score !! Loser !! Commentator(s)
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 1 || Table Tennis || style="background: #000040; color:white"|'''Coby''' || '''20''' – 17 || style="background: #00cd00; color:white"|Cory || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 2 || Golf || style="background: #0000FF; color:white"|'''Cody''' || '''-3''' – E || style="background: #800080; color:white"|Garrett || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 3 || Hockey Shootout || style="background: #800080; color:white"|'''Garrett''' || '''2''' – 1 || style="background: #000040; color:white"|Coby || style="background: #0000FF; color:white"|Cody
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 4 || Darts || style="background: #0000FF; color:white"|'''Cody''' || '''3''' – 0 || style="background: #00cd00; color:white"|Cory || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 5 || Football || style="background: #000040; color:white"|'''Coby''' || '''10''' – 9 || style="background: #0000FF; color:white"|Cody || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 6 || Super Smash Bros (3DS) || style="background: #000040; color:white"|'''Coby''' || '''2''' – 0 || style="background: #00cd00; color:white"|Cory || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 7 || The Most Dangerous Game || style="background: #808080; color:black"|'''Toby''' || '''2''' – 0 || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler || style="background: #ffff00; color:black"|Coby & Cory
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 8 || Field Goal Kicking || style="background: #800080; color:white"|'''Garrett''' || '''4''' – 1 || style="background: #000040; color:white"|Coby || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 9 || Roller Skating Tennis || style="background: #000040; color:white"|'''Coby''' || '''2''' – 1 || style="background: #800080; color:white"|Garrett || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 10 || Turkey Bowling || style="background: #800080; color:white"|'''Garrett''' || '''27''' – 21 || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler || style="background: #000040; color:white"|Coby
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 11 || Hockey || style="background: #808080; color:black"|'''Tim''' || '''2''' – 1 || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler || style="background: #00cd00; color:white"|Cory
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 12 || Office Golf || style="background: #0000FF; color:white"|'''Cody''' || '''840''' – 50 || style="background: #00cd00; color:white"|Cory || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 13 || Gingerbread House || style="background: #ffff00; color:black"|"'Tyler and Cody"' || "'1"' – 0 || style="background: #ffff00; color:black"|Coby and Cory || style="background: #800080; color:white"|Garrett
|-style="text-align:center;"
| colspan=6 style="text-align:center;"|'''Best Record:''' Coby, 4–2 (0.667)
|}
†Toby, who at the time was an intern cameraman, put his name in the drawing and got selected to compete in the faceoff.

====Record====
In 2009, the group set the world record for the longest basketball shot after shooting from the third deck of Kyle Field. The record was jeopardized by Legendary Shots, who made a shot from [[Birmingham, Alabama]]'s [[Vulcan statue]], but in October 2010, Dude Perfect extended their record with a "cross-tower" shot, which was {{convert|216|ft|m}} high, and the basket was {{convert|150|ft|m|abbr=on}} away from the tower's base.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://probasketballtalk.nbcsports.com/2010/10/01/dude-perfect-shatters-longest-shot-record/|title=Dude Perfect shatters longest shot record|work=[[NBC Sports]]|date=October 1, 2010|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> In March 2011, Dude Perfect unofficially{{ref|Official record|[a]}} extended the record with a shot from the top of [[NRG Stadium]], which lasted 5.3 seconds.<ref name="Star Local" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Goodman|first=William|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/dude-perfect-make-alleged-new-world-record-basketball-shot-at-reliant-stadium/|title="Dude Perfect" make alleged new world record basketball shot at Reliant Stadium|publisher=[[CBS News]]|date=March 23, 2011|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> In January 2014, the group successfully attempted a shot from the {{convert|561|ft|m|abbr=on}}-high [[Reunion Tower]], with Jones and Hilbert holding the basket at the base of the tower.<ref name="Dallas Observer">{{cite news|last=Nicholson|first=Eric|url=http://www.dallasobserver.com/news/watch-dude-perfect-hit-a-500-foot-trick-shot-from-reunion-tower-7121459|title=Watch Dude Perfect Hit a 500-Foot Trick Shot from Reunion Tower|newspaper=[[Dallas Observer]]|date=January 2, 2014|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref>

==Controversy==
Despite their success, questions arose over the legitimacy of the group's tricks; ''[[Good Morning America]]'' hosted a segment about the tricks and whether they were real,<ref>{{cite news|last=Chivers|first=Tom|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/6223653/YouTube-sensation-Dude-Perfects-worlds-longest-basketball-shot-real-or-fake.html|title=YouTube sensation Dude Perfect's 'world's longest basketball shot' - real or fake?|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=September 23, 2009|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> though experts contacted by ''GMA'' stated they were unable to find evidence of the tricks being fake.<ref name="Daily Mail" /> Regarding the doubts, Jones stated, "We love it when people claim it's fake because it makes the shots seem even more ridiculously impossible; and we get more publicity and hits on YouTube so we love the mystery of knowing whether it's real or fake."<ref name="TAMU" /> Toney, Coby and Cory Cotton stated that it takes multiple attempts when filming before successfully converting the final shots.<ref name="CBS News" />

==Notes==
:{{note|Official record|[a]}} ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' has not recognized Dude Perfect as the record holder; Thunder Law of the [[Harlem Globetrotters]] officially holds the record with a {{convert|33.45|m|ft|abbr=on}} shot at [[US Airways Center]] in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, on November 11, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/1000/longest-basketball-shot|title=Longest basketball shot|work=[[Guinness World Records]]|accessdate=January 15, 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://dudeperfect.com/}}
* {{YouTube|u=corycotton|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}
{{Streamy Awards Series Winners Subject}}

[[Category:2009 introductions]]
[[Category:Internet celebrities]]
[[Category:Streamy Award-winning channels, series or shows]]
[[Category:Texas A&M University alumni]]
[[Category:YouTube channels]]
[[Category:YouTube Diamond Play Button recipients]]

Benutzer:Zollernalb/Dude Perfect

2017-02-17T08:42:13Z

V2Blast: /* Launch of mobile app, draft, future television show */ removed inappropriate external link in body text

{{Infobox YouTube personality
| name = Dude Perfect
| image = DudePerfect's Logo 2014-02-23 02-35.png
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Current logo of Dude Perfect as of June 2016.
| signature =
| website = {{URL|http://www.dudeperfect.com/}}
| channel_name =
| years_active = 2008–present
| genre = {{plainlist|
*[[Sports]]
*[[entertainment]]
*[[comedy]]
}}
| subscribers = 15+ million
| views = 2+ billion
| network =
| creator = {{plainlist|
*Coby Cotton
*Cory Cotton
*Garrett Hilbert
*Cody Jones
*Tyler Toney
}}
| subscriber_date = February 4, 2017
| view_date = February 4, 2017
| silver_button = yes
| gold_button = yes
| diamond_button = yes
| silver_year = 2011
| gold_year = 2013
| diamond_year = 2016
| stats_update = February 4, 2017
}}

'''''Dude Perfect''''' is an American [[sports]] [[entertainment]] group based on [[YouTube]], and consists of twins Coby and Cory Cotton, Garrett Hilbert, Cody Jones, and Tyler (Ty) Toney all former high school basketball players<ref name="Daily Mail">{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1215511/Dude-perfect-Is-really-amazing-basketball-shot-entire-world.html|title='Dude, perfect!' Is this really the most amazing basketball shot in the entire world?|newspaper=[[Daily Mail]]|date=September 23, 2009|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> and college roommates at [[Texas A&M University]].<ref> name="Dallas Observer" {{cite news|last=Nicholson|first=Eric|url=http://www.dallasobserver.com/news/watch-dude-perfect-hit-a-500-foot-trick-shot-from-reunion-tower-7121459|title=Watch Dude Perfect Hit a 500-Foot Trick Shot from Reunion Tower|newspaper=[[Dallas Observer]]|date=January 2, 2014|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref>

They're widely known for their [[extreme sports]] methods, including stunt-based trick shots, and are also involved in comedy with their "Stereotypes" series, in which they poke fun at common stereotypes, mostly in the sports world. Occasionally, the group also does non-profitable and [[charity (practice)|charitable]] actions, once collaborating with [[Make-A-Wish]].

The group commented that their shots typically relied more on [[American football]] skills than basketball.<ref name="CBS News">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/trick-b-ball-shots-turn-youtube-sensation/|title=Trick B-Ball Shots Turn YouTube Sensation|work=[[CBS News]]|date=September 28, 2009|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> They have broken several [[Guinness World Records]] themselves, and have over 2.6 billion total views and over 15.5 million subscribers<ref>{{cite web|url=https://subscribercount.live/channel?user=Dude+Perfect|title=Dude Perfect channel live subscribers|date=November 18, 2016|accessdate=November 18, 2016}}</ref> as of February 2017, making them the [[List of the most subscribed users on YouTube|24th most subscribed channel on YouTube]].

==History==

===Early years and formation===
They originally had Tyler as the main person while Garrett, Cory, and Coby were along in the group. Then the twins asked Cody if he wanted to be in. The group was betting on sandwiches via basketball shots in their backyard, which were eventually recorded on camera, and a video of trick shots at Toney's ranch was eventually released on YouTube.<ref name="TAMU" /> Within a week, the video received 100,000 views. When asked about the name, Toney stated,<ref name="Star Local" />

{{bquote|Our camera guy, Sean (inspired by Kawdel Ainsworth), set the camera down on a ledge. When he turned on the camera, Tyler was already in the frame and he just said "dude, perfect" and said that he barely had to move the camera. When we went back to edit the video, we heard that the twins (Coby and Cory) had the mindset to brand this and called it Dude Perfect.|sign=|source=}}

Afterwards, a trick shot video from the Christian summer camp Sky Ranch was released, which, as of December 2016, has over 18 million views.<ref>{{cite web|author=Dude Perfect|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T4giMyqv0qc|title=Trick Shot Basketball {{!}} Dude Perfect {{!}} Summer Camp|publisher=[[YouTube]]|date=August 30, 2009|accessdate=October 21, 2014}}</ref> For every 100,000 views the video received, Dude Perfect pledged to sponsor a child from [[Compassion International]].<ref name="TAMU">{{cite web|last=Ralston|first=Katy|url=http://tamunews.tamu.edu/dude-perfect-becomes-national-sensation/|title=‘Dude Perfect’ Becomes National Sensation|publisher=[[Texas A&M University]]|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> Afterwards, [[ESPN]]'s ''[[E:60]]'' contacted the group for a segment, and on the third floor of Texas A&M's [[Kyle Field]], Toney converted a shot, which traveled 3.9 seconds, which was a world record at the time. The shot prompted television appearances on ESPN's ''[[First Take (TV series)|First Take]]'', ''[[Pardon the Interruption]]'', ''[[Around the Horn]]'' and ''[[SportsNation (TV series)|SportsNation]]''.

====Introduction of Panda mascot====
Eventually, Dude Perfect introduced the Panda mascot, who "developed a cult following at [[Texas A&M Aggies men's basketball|A&M basketball]] games" when taunting players of the opposing team.<ref name="Star Local">{{cite web|last=Welch|first=Matt|url=http://starlocalmedia.com/sports/hoop-dreams-local-goes-from-online-sensation-to-nationwide-phenomenon/article_082fe9d7-e9f7-5dd1-84a7-9acf3a7ca8f6.html|title=Hoop Dreams: Local goes from online sensation to nationwide phenomenon|publisher=Star Local Media|date=June 18, 2011|accessdate=January 13, 2014}}</ref> The Panda has even competed in a couple of the Battles, winning one of them; "Go-Kart Battle".

===Popular follower increase===
Later, the group received professional endorsements and requests, which began with then-[[Sacramento Kings]] player [[Tyreke Evans]], in an effort to promote Evans' run for [[NBA Rookie of the Year Award|Rookie of the Year]].<ref name="TheBlaze">{{cite web|last=Klimas|first=Liz|url=http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2013/03/08/you-know-those-viral-trick-shot-videos-we-talked-to-the-guys-behind-many-of-them-and-theyre-fascinating/|title=YOU KNOW THOSE VIRAL TRICK SHOT VIDEOS? WE TALKED TO THE GUYS BEHIND MANY OF THEM AND THEY’RE FASCINATING|publisher=[[TheBlaze]]|date=March 8, 2013|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> Dude Perfect also worked with quarterback [[Aaron Rodgers]], [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] star [[Chris Paul]], Australian bowler [[Jason Belmonte]], actor [[Paul Rudd]], singer [[Tim McGraw]], [[Seattle Seahawks]] coach [[Pete Carroll]] and [[quarterback]] [[Russell Wilson]], Golfer Jamie Sadlowski, Ryan Swope, Volleyball Star Morgan Beck, and [[Heisman Trophy]] winner quarterback [[Johnny Manziel]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Gaines|first=Cork|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/johnny-manziel-trick-shot-video-with-dude-perfect-2013-1|title=Johnny Manziel Made A Trick Shot Video That Is Hard To Believe|publisher=[[Business Insider]]|date=January 25, 2013|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Kercheval|first=Ben|url=http://collegefootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2013/01/24/johnny-manziel-has-an-absurd-trick-shot-video/|title=Johnny Manziel has an absurd trick shot video|publisher=[[NBC Sports]]|date=January 24, 2013|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> at Kyle Field,<ref>{{cite web|last=Speros|first=Bill|url=http://espn.go.com/blog/playbook/trending/post/_/id/13546/its-manziel-and-dude-perfect-mash-up|title=It's Manziel and Dude Perfect mash-up|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=January 25, 2013|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> [[Miami Dolphins]] quarterback [[Ryan Tannehill]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Newport|first=Kyle|url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1872125-ryan-tannehill-and-dude-perfect-make-trick-shot-video-at-dicks-sporting-goods|title=Ryan Tannehill and 'Dude Perfect' Make Trick Shot Video at Dick's Sporting Goods|publisher=[[Bleacher Report]]|accessdate=January 12, 2014}}</ref> the [[United States at the Olympics|U. S. Olympic team]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/07/19/team-usa-olympics-trick-shot-video-dude-perfect_n_1687732.html|title=Team USA Olympics Trick Shot Video: Dude Perfect Celebrates The Olympics With Amazing Accuracy|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=July 19, 2012|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> [[NASCAR]] drivers [[Ricky Stenhouse Jr.]], [[Travis Pastrana]], [[James Buescher]], [[Dale Earnhardt Jr.]] and [[IndyCar Series]] driver [[James Hinchcliffe]] at [[Texas Motor Speedway]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Haag|first=Mike|url=http://blog.mysanantonio.com/motorsports/2013/03/nascar-drivers-dude-perfect-hoop-it-up-at-texas-motor-speedway/|title=NASCAR drivers, Dude Perfect hoop it up at Texas Motor Speedway|newspaper=[[San Antonio Express-News]]|date=March 8, 2013|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> [[New York Giants]] wide receiver [[Odell Beckham Jr.]],<ref>{{Citation|last=Dude Perfect|title=Super Bowl Edition ft. Odell Beckham Jr {{!}} Dude Perfect|date=2015-02-02|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EvCCwnLGtLY|accessdate=2016-05-25}}</ref> the [[Seattle Seahawks]], and [[Los Angeles Rams ]] players [[Greg Zuerlein (American football)|Greg Zuerlein]], [[John Hekker]], and [[Jacob McQuaide]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Wagoner|first=Nick|url=http://www.stlouisrams.com/news-and-events/article-1/Rams-Get-Their-Kicks-with-Dude-Perfect/ec71fcbc-f54b-49a2-bfa3-54ac0b7fa3d4|title=Rams Get Their Kicks with Dude Perfect|publisher=[[St. Louis Rams]]|date=June 30, 2013|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> The group also worked with A&M wideout [[Travis Labhart]], and later they collaborated with the hockey team [[Dallas Stars]]' forward duo [[Tyler Seguin]] and [[Jamie Benn]]. They also have shot videos with fellow trick shot maestros [[Brodie Smith (ultimate)|Brodie Smith]] and [[Florian Kohler|Florian "Venom" Kohler]], and YouTube singer [[Luke Conard]]. The group has also interviewed [[National Basketball Association]] stars including, but not limited to: [[LeBron James]], [[Kobe Bryant]], [[Kevin Love]], [[Kevin Durant]], [[James Harden]], [[Carmelo Anthony]], and [[Chris Paul]], in their period as the [[United States men's national basketball team]]. Recently the Dude Perfect team traveled to the United Kingdom to film a video with players of [[Manchester City F.C.]] and [[Arsenal F.C.]] such as, [[Raheem Sterling]], [[Kevin De Bruyne]], [[Calum Chambers]], and [[Mathieu Flamini]]. <ref>{{Cite web|title = Dude Perfect goes to Manchester City, Arsenal|url = http://www.si.com/planet-futbol/2016/01/19/dude-perfect-soccer-manchester-city-arsenal|website = www.si.com|access-date = 2016-01-21|first = SI|last = Staff}}</ref>

===Launch of mobile app, draft, future television show===
In 2011, Dude Perfect launched a mobile game for [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]], self-titled ''Dude Perfect''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/dude-perfect/id424123969?mt=8|title=Dude Perfect|work=[[iTunes]]|accessdate=July 7, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.dudeperfect.dudeperfect&hl=en|title=Dude Perfect|work=[[Google Play]]|accessdate=July 7, 2014}}</ref> Additionally, Cory Cotton authored a nationally published book titled ''Go Big'' in which he shares the secrets the group has learned along the way building a business in a world largely influenced by social media.

In June 2015, the group was selected by the [[Harlem Globetrotters]] in their annual player draft.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/early-lead/wp/2015/06/24/harlem-globetrotters-draft-mone-davis-alex-morgan-and-dude-perfect/|title=Harlem Globetrotters draft Mo’ne Davis, Alex Morgan and Dude Perfect|date=June 24, 2015|first=Marissa|last=Payne|newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref> In September 2015, the group was approved for a television series entitled ''The Dude Perfect Show'' on [[CMT (U.S. TV channel)|CMT]], which began airing during the first half of 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cmt.com/news/1757585/dude-perfect-series-coming-to-cmt/|title=Dude Perfect Series Coming to CMT|website=CMT News|access-date=2016-05-26}}</ref>

==Channel series==

===Regular videos===
Regular videos from Dude Perfect consist of the [[extreme sports]] genre. They are mostly [[stunt]]-based trick shots based on [[American football]] techniques and maneuvers, but also consists of go-karts, [[Nerf]] shots, contraptions, and more.

===Stereotypes===
"Stereotypes" is a [[satirical]] series where the group acts out the usual stereotypes of different subjects, such as pick-up basketball, softball, fishing, golf, driving (which guest-starred NASCAR driver [[Dale Earnhardt Jr.]]), and ''[[Madden NFL]]'' video game players. In "Editor Edition" the cameramen and editors of Dude Perfect, Chad and Tim, did a Streotypes clip on the Dudes. One constant running gag in each of the series' videos is the "Rage Monster" stereotype, where Tyler portrays a guy who goes on an angry rampage over innocent incidents, mainly against Cody.

===Contests===

====Battles====
"Battles" is a "last man standing" competition where the members compete in a [[tournament]]-style battle, usually for a trophy. Garrett has a running gag before each battle when he proclaims, "I'm gonna make a bold prediction, he ain't winning" in reference to Coby who has only won one individual battle, though he did win a team battle, "Archery Kart", with his brother, Cory. He won the flop challenge battle (this was on Callaway Golf's Youtube channel not the Dude Perfect channel). The closest Coby has come to winning a battle were on three occasions: in the Endless Ducker iPhone game, in which he lost to Cory by one point, Plastic Golf Club battle, in which he lost to Ty by one stroke, and the Basketball Arcade battle, in which Coby had three chances to hit one of five targets to win the battle (he missed all three chances). Team battles are 2 on 2 events with one judge. The motto is "they're less about winning and more about not losing". The winning team doesn't receive a prize rather the losing team has a not so hurtful punishment. Some punishments include paint angels and drinking blended cold hot pockets, as well as getting taped to a column.

Some celebrities have competed in Battles as well. [[Paul Rudd]] competed in "Dizzy Sports Battle 2", as part of a promotion for the movie ''[[Ant-Man (film)|Ant-Man]]''. [[Liam Hemsworth]] and [[Jeff Goldblum]] competed in "Drone Racing Battle", as part of a promotion for ''[[Independence Day: Resurgence]]''. [[Luke Bryan]] competed in "Archery Kart Team Battle".

====Face-Off====
Face-Off videos are featured on the [[Whistle Sports Network]] YouTube Channel. In these Face-Off videos the dudes draw two people to Face-Off and they draw a sideline announcer to commentate the Face-Off, in which the commentator is done in a comedic sense, with an outlandish outfit and personality. Tyler usually is the one chosen to be the commentator, having been selected for 9 face-offs.

While Coby has yet to win a battle, he is the most successful member of the Dude Perfect team in regards to face-offs; he has competed in six face-offs and won four of them. By contrast, both Tyler and Cory are the least successful, with both being winless in their combined 7 face-offs.

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan=6|Dude Perfect Face-Offs
|-
! No. !! Sport !! Winner !! Score !! Loser !! Commentator(s)
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 1 || Table Tennis || style="background: #000040; color:white"|'''Coby''' || '''20''' – 17 || style="background: #00cd00; color:white"|Cory || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 2 || Golf || style="background: #0000FF; color:white"|'''Cody''' || '''-3''' – E || style="background: #800080; color:white"|Garrett || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 3 || Hockey Shootout || style="background: #800080; color:white"|'''Garrett''' || '''2''' – 1 || style="background: #000040; color:white"|Coby || style="background: #0000FF; color:white"|Cody
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 4 || Darts || style="background: #0000FF; color:white"|'''Cody''' || '''3''' – 0 || style="background: #00cd00; color:white"|Cory || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 5 || Football || style="background: #000040; color:white"|'''Coby''' || '''10''' – 9 || style="background: #0000FF; color:white"|Cody || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 6 || Super Smash Bros (3DS) || style="background: #000040; color:white"|'''Coby''' || '''2''' – 0 || style="background: #00cd00; color:white"|Cory || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 7 || The Most Dangerous Game || style="background: #808080; color:black"|'''Toby''' || '''2''' – 0 || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler || style="background: #ffff00; color:black"|Coby & Cory
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 8 || Field Goal Kicking || style="background: #800080; color:white"|'''Garrett''' || '''4''' – 1 || style="background: #000040; color:white"|Coby || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 9 || Roller Skating Tennis || style="background: #000040; color:white"|'''Coby''' || '''2''' – 1 || style="background: #800080; color:white"|Garrett || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 10 || Turkey Bowling || style="background: #800080; color:white"|'''Garrett''' || '''27''' – 21 || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler || style="background: #000040; color:white"|Coby
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 11 || Hockey || style="background: #808080; color:black"|'''Tim''' || '''2''' – 1 || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler || style="background: #00cd00; color:white"|Cory
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 12 || Office Golf || style="background: #0000FF; color:white"|'''Cody''' || '''840''' – 50 || style="background: #00cd00; color:white"|Cory || style="background: #ff0000; color:white"|Tyler
|-style="text-align:center;"
| 13 || Gingerbread House || style="background: #ffff00; color:black"|"'Tyler and Cody"' || "'1"' – 0 || style="background: #ffff00; color:black"|Coby and Cory || style="background: #800080; color:white"|Garrett
|-style="text-align:center;"
| colspan=6 style="text-align:center;"|'''Best Record:''' Coby, 4–2 (0.667)
|}
†Toby, who at the time was an intern cameraman, put his name in the drawing and got selected to compete in the faceoff.

====Record====
In 2009, the group set the world record for the longest basketball shot after shooting from the third deck of Kyle Field. The record was jeopardized by Legendary Shots, who made a shot from [[Birmingham, Alabama]]'s [[Vulcan statue]], but in October 2010, Dude Perfect extended their record with a "cross-tower" shot, which was {{convert|216|ft|m}} high, and the basket was {{convert|150|ft|m|abbr=on}} away from the tower's base.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://probasketballtalk.nbcsports.com/2010/10/01/dude-perfect-shatters-longest-shot-record/|title=Dude Perfect shatters longest shot record|work=[[NBC Sports]]|date=October 1, 2010|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> In March 2011, Dude Perfect unofficially{{ref|Official record|[a]}} extended the record with a shot from the top of [[NRG Stadium]], which lasted 5.3 seconds.<ref name="Star Local" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Goodman|first=William|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/dude-perfect-make-alleged-new-world-record-basketball-shot-at-reliant-stadium/|title="Dude Perfect" make alleged new world record basketball shot at Reliant Stadium|publisher=[[CBS News]]|date=March 23, 2011|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> In January 2014, the group successfully attempted a shot from the {{convert|561|ft|m|abbr=on}}-high [[Reunion Tower]], with Jones and Hilbert holding the basket at the base of the tower.<ref name="Dallas Observer">{{cite news|last=Nicholson|first=Eric|url=http://www.dallasobserver.com/news/watch-dude-perfect-hit-a-500-foot-trick-shot-from-reunion-tower-7121459|title=Watch Dude Perfect Hit a 500-Foot Trick Shot from Reunion Tower|newspaper=[[Dallas Observer]]|date=January 2, 2014|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref>

==Controversy==
Despite their success, questions arose over the legitimacy of the group's tricks; ''[[Good Morning America]]'' hosted a segment about the tricks and whether they were real,<ref>{{cite news|last=Chivers|first=Tom|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/6223653/YouTube-sensation-Dude-Perfects-worlds-longest-basketball-shot-real-or-fake.html|title=YouTube sensation Dude Perfect's 'world's longest basketball shot' - real or fake?|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=September 23, 2009|accessdate=January 11, 2014}}</ref> though experts contacted by ''GMA'' stated they were unable to find evidence of the tricks being fake.<ref name="Daily Mail" /> Regarding the doubts, Jones stated, "We love it when people claim it's fake because it makes the shots seem even more ridiculously impossible; and we get more publicity and hits on YouTube so we love the mystery of knowing whether it's real or fake."<ref name="TAMU" /> Toney, Coby and Cory Cotton stated that it takes multiple attempts when filming before successfully converting the final shots.<ref name="CBS News" />

==Notes==
:{{note|Official record|[a]}} ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' has not recognized Dude Perfect as the record holder; Thunder Law of the [[Harlem Globetrotters]] officially holds the record with a {{convert|33.45|m|ft|abbr=on}} shot at [[US Airways Center]] in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, on November 11, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/1000/longest-basketball-shot|title=Longest basketball shot|work=[[Guinness World Records]]|accessdate=January 15, 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://dudeperfect.com/about/ Dude Perfect's Website]
* {{YouTube|u=corycotton|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}
{{Streamy Awards Series Winners Subject}}

[[Category:2009 introductions]]
[[Category:Internet celebrities]]
[[Category:Streamy Award-winning channels, series or shows]]
[[Category:Texas A&M University alumni]]
[[Category:YouTube channels]]
[[Category:YouTube Diamond Play Button recipients]]

Dab (Tanzfigur)

2016-09-04T15:05:58Z

V2Blast: fixed Vibe.com article citation and removed link from "External links" section

{{pp-semi|expiry=22:24, 9 November 2016|small=yes}}
{{Wiktionary|dab|dabbing}}
{{cleanup rewrite|date=February 2016}}
[[File:Do the Dab.jpg|thumbnail|400px|A group of teens dabbing]]
'''The Dab''' is a dance move in which the dancer simultaneously drops the head while raising an arm and the elbow in a gesture that has been noted to resemble sneezing.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fumadoh|first1=Ziwe|title=Your guide to dabbing, a 'new' dance craze that already peaked|url=http://www.dailydot.com/lol/guide-to-dabbing-dance/|accessdate=January 4, 2016|work=Daily Dot|date=November 20, 2015}}</ref> As a ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' article about the phenomenon described the Dab, “The dance is pretty simple; one leans in to their elbow like they’re sneezing."

[[Rich the Kid]] is featured in a [[YouTube]] video tutorial on dabbing. As of February 12, 2016, the video has been viewed more than 1 million times.<ref>{{cite web |title=How To DAB (Dance) with Rich The Kid |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJ9zJb1I0Ok |website=Youtube |publisher=HotNewHipHop |accessdate=January 4, 2016 }} Please note that the video might contain inappropriate material.</ref> [[Jason Derulo]] taught [[James Corden]] how to dab during a November 4, 2015 edition of "Carpool Karaoke" on ''[[The Late Late Show with James Corden]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jason Derulo Carpool Karaoke|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3fJ-TdyZtKE|website=Youtube|accessdate=7 June 2016}}</ref>

==Origins==

The Dab has its origins in the [[Atlanta]] hip-hop scene, but there is disagreement about who originated the dance.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fumadoh|first1=Ziwe|title=Your guide to dabbing, a 'new' dance craze that already peaked|url=http://www.dailydot.com/lol/guidetodabbingdance/|accessdate=January 4, 2016|work=Daily Dot|date=November 20, 2015|quote=There’s a great deal of controversy surrounding the pioneers of the dabbing dance, with the majority of credit going to the members of Quality Control label (including Migos, OG Maco, and Peewee Longway). Migos has gotten the bulk of credit for the trend since releasing the song ' Dab' on Sept. 3, 2015.}}</ref> Artists frequently mentioned{{by whom|date=September 2016}} as possible originators include [[Migos]] (as in "[[Look at My Dab]]"), Skippa Da Flippa, [[Peewee Longway]], and [[Rich The Kid]].{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

American rapper [[Bow Wow (rapper)|Bow Wow]] attempted to explain the origin of the dab dance, saying it derived from the cannabis dabbers community started long before the dance move in 2012. He was met with opposition from other rappers who immediately took to [[Twitter]] to insult and disagree with him.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Robertson|first1=Iyana|title=Bow Wow Attempts To Explain The Origin Of "The Dab," Gets Clowned By Migos|url=http://www.vibe.com/2015/12/bow-wow-migos-dab-twitter/|accessdate=February 3, 2016|work=Vibe|date=December 8, 2015}}</ref>

Some have speculated that the dance move originated from Dabbing, an action taken by those who snort [[cocaine]] from their elbow while acting like they are sneezing. However, there is no proof that this claim is either true or false. [[National Football League|NFL]] [[American football|football]] player [[Cam Newton]] of the [[Carolina Panthers]] is well known for performing this dance move when he scores a touchdown.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ducey|first1=Kenny|title=A history of Cam Newton and the ‘Dab’|url=http://www.si.com/extra-mustard/2016/02/07/nfl-super-bowl-cam-newton-dab-dance-celebration|website=Sports Illustrated|accessdate=7 June 2016}}</ref>

==Popularity==
In 2015, the Dab rose to national prominence in the U.S. As ''[[XXL Magazine]]'' reported in August 2015, "What started as a regional down South adlib is quickly becoming a masterful maneuver in clubs and on street corners. It’s called dabbin’."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Madden|first1=Sidney|title=Atlanta’s Dabbin’ Dance Craze Is Taking Over Scial Media|url=http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2015/08/dabbing-dance-craze/|accessdate=January 4, 2016|work=XXL Magazine|date=August 5, 2015}}</ref>

The Dab gained popularity in U.S. sports following an eight-second celebratory Dab by [[Cam Newton]], football quarterback for the [[2015 Carolina Panthers season|Carolina Panthers]] of the [[National Football League]], during a game against the [[2015 Tennessee Titans season|Tennessee Titans]] on November 15, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfl.com/schedules/2015/REG10|title=2015 Week 10 Schedule|publisher=NFL.com|accessdate=February 10, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Peters |first1=Micah |title=Titans linebacker takes offense to Cam Newton's dancing, Newton keeps dancing in his face |url=http://ftw.usatoday.com/2015/11/cam-newton-styles-on-titans-linebacker-dances-all-up-in-his-face-video |accessdate=January 4, 2016 |work=USA Today |date=November 15, 2015 }}</ref> According to a ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' account of the incident, "[w]hen two Titans players confronted [Newton] about the celebration, he continued to dance in their faces, even as he backed away."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ducey|first1=Kenny|title='Dab on Them Folks': A Brief History of the Dab Dance in Sports|url=http://www.si.com/extra-mustard/2015/11/16/nfl-nba-dab-dance-cam-newton-lebron-james|accessdate=January 4, 2016|work=Sports Illustrated|date=November 16, 2015}}</ref>

After his famous dab against the Titans, Newton explained at a press conference why he had dabbed. He credited a 16-year old for instructing him to "dab on them folks":

<blockquote>I'm a firm believer that if you don't like me to do it then don't let me in ... I just like doing it, man. It's not to be boastful, and from the crowd's response they like seeing it. ... Tell me what to do "Dab on them folks," so I tried "Dab on them folks," in that tone too. "Dab on them folks." He's only like 16, but he's got an Adam's apple out of this world.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dator|first1=James|title=Cam Newton danced like that because a 16-year-old told him to|url=http://www.sbnation.com/nfl/2016/2/7/10920766/cam-newton-dab-dance-celebration-why-super-bowl-50|accessdate=February 10, 2016|work=SBNation|date=November 16, 2015}}</ref></blockquote>

It was later confirmed that the 16-year old was Newton's younger brother Caylin.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sandritter|first1=Mark|title=Cam Newton is the NFL's king of the Dab|url=http://www.sbnation.com/nfl/2016/2/7/10920766/cam-newton-dab-dance-celebration-why-super-bowl-50|accessdate=February 10, 2016|work=SBNation|date=February 7, 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Can-can]]
* [[Nae Nae]]
* [[Twerking]]
* [[Whip (dance)|Whip]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{cite news|last1=Diaz|first1=Angel|title=Og Maco and Migos Got Into It On Twitter Over the Dabbin' Dance|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2015/08/og-maco-migos-twitter-dabbin-dance|accessdate=January 4, 2016|work=Complex|date=August 6, 2015}}

{{Hip-hop dance}}
{{Street dance}}

[[Category:Street dance]]
[[Category:Novelty and fad dances]]
[[Category:2010s fads and trends]]
[[Category:Hip hop dance]]

Dab (Tanzfigur)

2016-09-04T15:04:07Z

V2Blast: /* Popularity */ removed "example farm" template (there is only one real example)

{{pp-semi|expiry=22:24, 9 November 2016|small=yes}}
{{Wiktionary|dab|dabbing}}
{{cleanup rewrite|date=February 2016}}
[[File:Do the Dab.jpg|thumbnail|400px|A group of teens dabbing]]
'''The Dab''' is a dance move in which the dancer simultaneously drops the head while raising an arm and the elbow in a gesture that has been noted to resemble sneezing.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fumadoh|first1=Ziwe|title=Your guide to dabbing, a 'new' dance craze that already peaked|url=http://www.dailydot.com/lol/guide-to-dabbing-dance/|accessdate=January 4, 2016|work=Daily Dot|date=November 20, 2015}}</ref> As a ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' article about the phenomenon described the Dab, “The dance is pretty simple; one leans in to their elbow like they’re sneezing."

[[Rich the Kid]] is featured in a [[YouTube]] video tutorial on dabbing. As of February 12, 2016, the video has been viewed more than 1 million times.<ref>{{cite web |title=How To DAB (Dance) with Rich The Kid |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJ9zJb1I0Ok |website=Youtube |publisher=HotNewHipHop |accessdate=January 4, 2016 }} Please note that the video might contain inappropriate material.</ref> [[Jason Derulo]] taught [[James Corden]] how to dab during a November 4, 2015 edition of "Carpool Karaoke" on ''[[The Late Late Show with James Corden]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jason Derulo Carpool Karaoke|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3fJ-TdyZtKE|website=Youtube|accessdate=7 June 2016}}</ref>

==Origins==

The Dab has its origins in the [[Atlanta]] hip-hop scene, but there is disagreement about who originated the dance.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fumadoh|first1=Ziwe|title=Your guide to dabbing, a 'new' dance craze that already peaked|url=http://www.dailydot.com/lol/guidetodabbingdance/|accessdate=January 4, 2016|work=Daily Dot|date=November 20, 2015|quote=There’s a great deal of controversy surrounding the pioneers of the dabbing dance, with the majority of credit going to the members of Quality Control label (including Migos, OG Maco, and Peewee Longway). Migos has gotten the bulk of credit for the trend since releasing the song ' Dab' on Sept. 3, 2015.}}</ref> Artists frequently mentioned{{by whom|date=September 2016}} as possible originators include [[Migos]] (as in "[[Look at My Dab]]"), Skippa Da Flippa, [[Peewee Longway]], and [[Rich The Kid]].{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

American rapper [[Bow Wow (rapper)|Bow Wow]] attempted to explain the origin of the dab dance, saying it derived from the cannabis dabbers community started long before the dance move in 2012. He was met with opposition from other rappers who immediately took to [[Twitter]] to insult and disagree with him.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Diaz|first1=Angel|title=Bow Wow Explaining the true meaning of the dab dance|url=http://www.vibe.com/2015/12/bow-wow-migos-dab-twitter|accessdate=January 4, 2016|work=Vibe Magazine|date=August 6, 2015}}</ref>

Some have speculated that the dance move originated from Dabbing, an action taken by those who snort [[cocaine]] from their elbow while acting like they are sneezing. However, there is no proof that this claim is either true or false. [[National Football League|NFL]] [[American football|football]] player [[Cam Newton]] of the [[Carolina Panthers]] is well known for performing this dance move when he scores a touchdown.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ducey|first1=Kenny|title=A history of Cam Newton and the ‘Dab’|url=http://www.si.com/extra-mustard/2016/02/07/nfl-super-bowl-cam-newton-dab-dance-celebration|website=Sports Illustrated|accessdate=7 June 2016}}</ref>

==Popularity==
In 2015, the Dab rose to national prominence in the U.S. As ''[[XXL Magazine]]'' reported in August 2015, "What started as a regional down South adlib is quickly becoming a masterful maneuver in clubs and on street corners. It’s called dabbin’."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Madden|first1=Sidney|title=Atlanta’s Dabbin’ Dance Craze Is Taking Over Scial Media|url=http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2015/08/dabbing-dance-craze/|accessdate=January 4, 2016|work=XXL Magazine|date=August 5, 2015}}</ref>

The Dab gained popularity in U.S. sports following an eight-second celebratory Dab by [[Cam Newton]], football quarterback for the [[2015 Carolina Panthers season|Carolina Panthers]] of the [[National Football League]], during a game against the [[2015 Tennessee Titans season|Tennessee Titans]] on November 15, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfl.com/schedules/2015/REG10|title=2015 Week 10 Schedule|publisher=NFL.com|accessdate=February 10, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Peters |first1=Micah |title=Titans linebacker takes offense to Cam Newton's dancing, Newton keeps dancing in his face |url=http://ftw.usatoday.com/2015/11/cam-newton-styles-on-titans-linebacker-dances-all-up-in-his-face-video |accessdate=January 4, 2016 |work=USA Today |date=November 15, 2015 }}</ref> According to a ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' account of the incident, "[w]hen two Titans players confronted [Newton] about the celebration, he continued to dance in their faces, even as he backed away."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ducey|first1=Kenny|title='Dab on Them Folks': A Brief History of the Dab Dance in Sports|url=http://www.si.com/extra-mustard/2015/11/16/nfl-nba-dab-dance-cam-newton-lebron-james|accessdate=January 4, 2016|work=Sports Illustrated|date=November 16, 2015}}</ref>

After his famous dab against the Titans, Newton explained at a press conference why he had dabbed. He credited a 16-year old for instructing him to "dab on them folks":

<blockquote>I'm a firm believer that if you don't like me to do it then don't let me in ... I just like doing it, man. It's not to be boastful, and from the crowd's response they like seeing it. ... Tell me what to do "Dab on them folks," so I tried "Dab on them folks," in that tone too. "Dab on them folks." He's only like 16, but he's got an Adam's apple out of this world.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dator|first1=James|title=Cam Newton danced like that because a 16-year-old told him to|url=http://www.sbnation.com/nfl/2016/2/7/10920766/cam-newton-dab-dance-celebration-why-super-bowl-50|accessdate=February 10, 2016|work=SBNation|date=November 16, 2015}}</ref></blockquote>

It was later confirmed that the 16-year old was Newton's younger brother Caylin.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sandritter|first1=Mark|title=Cam Newton is the NFL's king of the Dab|url=http://www.sbnation.com/nfl/2016/2/7/10920766/cam-newton-dab-dance-celebration-why-super-bowl-50|accessdate=February 10, 2016|work=SBNation|date=February 7, 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Can-can]]
* [[Nae Nae]]
* [[Twerking]]
* [[Whip (dance)|Whip]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{cite news|last1=Diaz|first1=Angel|title=Og Maco and Migos Got Into It On Twitter Over the Dabbin' Dance|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2015/08/og-maco-migos-twitter-dabbin-dance|accessdate=January 4, 2016|work=Complex|date=August 6, 2015}}
* {{cite news|last1=Robertson|first1=Iyana|title=Bow Wow Attempts To Explain The Origin Of "The Dab," Gets Clowned By Migos|url=http://www.vibe.com/2015/12/bow-wow-migos-dab-twitter/|accessdate=February 3, 2016|work=Vibe|date=December 8, 2015}}

{{Hip-hop dance}}
{{Street dance}}

[[Category:Street dance]]
[[Category:Novelty and fad dances]]
[[Category:2010s fads and trends]]
[[Category:Hip hop dance]]

Dab (Tanzfigur)

2016-09-04T15:02:30Z

V2Blast: "dance" -> "dance move"

{{pp-semi|expiry=22:24, 9 November 2016|small=yes}}
{{Wiktionary|dab|dabbing}}
{{cleanup rewrite|date=February 2016}}
[[File:Do the Dab.jpg|thumbnail|400px|A group of teens dabbing]]
'''The Dab''' is a dance move in which the dancer simultaneously drops the head while raising an arm and the elbow in a gesture that has been noted to resemble sneezing.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fumadoh|first1=Ziwe|title=Your guide to dabbing, a 'new' dance craze that already peaked|url=http://www.dailydot.com/lol/guide-to-dabbing-dance/|accessdate=January 4, 2016|work=Daily Dot|date=November 20, 2015}}</ref> As a ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' article about the phenomenon described the Dab, “The dance is pretty simple; one leans in to their elbow like they’re sneezing."

[[Rich the Kid]] is featured in a [[YouTube]] video tutorial on dabbing. As of February 12, 2016, the video has been viewed more than 1 million times.<ref>{{cite web |title=How To DAB (Dance) with Rich The Kid |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJ9zJb1I0Ok |website=Youtube |publisher=HotNewHipHop |accessdate=January 4, 2016 }} Please note that the video might contain inappropriate material.</ref> [[Jason Derulo]] taught [[James Corden]] how to dab during a November 4, 2015 edition of "Carpool Karaoke" on ''[[The Late Late Show with James Corden]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jason Derulo Carpool Karaoke|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3fJ-TdyZtKE|website=Youtube|accessdate=7 June 2016}}</ref>

==Origins==

The Dab has its origins in the [[Atlanta]] hip-hop scene, but there is disagreement about who originated the dance.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fumadoh|first1=Ziwe|title=Your guide to dabbing, a 'new' dance craze that already peaked|url=http://www.dailydot.com/lol/guidetodabbingdance/|accessdate=January 4, 2016|work=Daily Dot|date=November 20, 2015|quote=There’s a great deal of controversy surrounding the pioneers of the dabbing dance, with the majority of credit going to the members of Quality Control label (including Migos, OG Maco, and Peewee Longway). Migos has gotten the bulk of credit for the trend since releasing the song ' Dab' on Sept. 3, 2015.}}</ref> Artists frequently mentioned{{by whom|date=September 2016}} as possible originators include [[Migos]] (as in "[[Look at My Dab]]"), Skippa Da Flippa, [[Peewee Longway]], and [[Rich The Kid]].{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

American rapper [[Bow Wow (rapper)|Bow Wow]] attempted to explain the origin of the dab dance, saying it derived from the cannabis dabbers community started long before the dance move in 2012. He was met with opposition from other rappers who immediately took to [[Twitter]] to insult and disagree with him.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Diaz|first1=Angel|title=Bow Wow Explaining the true meaning of the dab dance|url=http://www.vibe.com/2015/12/bow-wow-migos-dab-twitter|accessdate=January 4, 2016|work=Vibe Magazine|date=August 6, 2015}}</ref>

Some have speculated that the dance move originated from Dabbing, an action taken by those who snort [[cocaine]] from their elbow while acting like they are sneezing. However, there is no proof that this claim is either true or false. [[National Football League|NFL]] [[American football|football]] player [[Cam Newton]] of the [[Carolina Panthers]] is well known for performing this dance move when he scores a touchdown.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ducey|first1=Kenny|title=A history of Cam Newton and the ‘Dab’|url=http://www.si.com/extra-mustard/2016/02/07/nfl-super-bowl-cam-newton-dab-dance-celebration|website=Sports Illustrated|accessdate=7 June 2016}}</ref>

==Popularity==

In 2015, the Dab rose to national prominence in the U.S. As ''[[XXL Magazine]]'' reported in August 2015, "What started as a regional down South adlib is quickly becoming a masterful maneuver in clubs and on street corners. It’s called dabbin’."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Madden|first1=Sidney|title=Atlanta’s Dabbin’ Dance Craze Is Taking Over Scial Media|url=http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2015/08/dabbing-dance-craze/|accessdate=January 4, 2016|work=XXL Magazine|date=August 5, 2015}}</ref>

{{Example farm|section|date=March 2016}}
The Dab gained popularity in U.S. sports following an eight-second celebratory Dab by [[Cam Newton]], football quarterback for the [[2015 Carolina Panthers season|Carolina Panthers]] of the [[National Football League]], during a game against the [[2015 Tennessee Titans season|Tennessee Titans]] on November 15, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfl.com/schedules/2015/REG10|title=2015 Week 10 Schedule|publisher=NFL.com|accessdate=February 10, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Peters |first1=Micah |title=Titans linebacker takes offense to Cam Newton's dancing, Newton keeps dancing in his face |url=http://ftw.usatoday.com/2015/11/cam-newton-styles-on-titans-linebacker-dances-all-up-in-his-face-video |accessdate=January 4, 2016 |work=USA Today |date=November 15, 2015 }}</ref> According to a ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' account of the incident, "[w]hen two Titans players confronted [Newton] about the celebration, he continued to dance in their faces, even as he backed away."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ducey|first1=Kenny|title='Dab on Them Folks': A Brief History of the Dab Dance in Sports|url=http://www.si.com/extra-mustard/2015/11/16/nfl-nba-dab-dance-cam-newton-lebron-james|accessdate=January 4, 2016|work=Sports Illustrated|date=November 16, 2015}}</ref>

After his famous dab against the Titans, Newton explained at a press conference why he had dabbed. He credited a 16-year old for instructing him to "dab on them folks":

<blockquote>I'm a firm believer that if you don't like me to do it then don't let me in ... I just like doing it, man. It's not to be boastful, and from the crowd's response they like seeing it. ... Tell me what to do "Dab on them folks," so I tried "Dab on them folks," in that tone too. "Dab on them folks." He's only like 16, but he's got an Adam's apple out of this world.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dator|first1=James|title=Cam Newton danced like that because a 16-year-old told him to|url=http://www.sbnation.com/nfl/2016/2/7/10920766/cam-newton-dab-dance-celebration-why-super-bowl-50|accessdate=February 10, 2016|work=SBNation|date=November 16, 2015}}</ref></blockquote>

It was later confirmed that the 16-year old was Newton's younger brother Caylin.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sandritter|first1=Mark|title=Cam Newton is the NFL's king of the Dab|url=http://www.sbnation.com/nfl/2016/2/7/10920766/cam-newton-dab-dance-celebration-why-super-bowl-50|accessdate=February 10, 2016|work=SBNation|date=February 7, 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Can-can]]
* [[Nae Nae]]
* [[Twerking]]
* [[Whip (dance)|Whip]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{cite news|last1=Diaz|first1=Angel|title=Og Maco and Migos Got Into It On Twitter Over the Dabbin' Dance|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2015/08/og-maco-migos-twitter-dabbin-dance|accessdate=January 4, 2016|work=Complex|date=August 6, 2015}}
* {{cite news|last1=Robertson|first1=Iyana|title=Bow Wow Attempts To Explain The Origin Of "The Dab," Gets Clowned By Migos|url=http://www.vibe.com/2015/12/bow-wow-migos-dab-twitter/|accessdate=February 3, 2016|work=Vibe|date=December 8, 2015}}

{{Hip-hop dance}}
{{Street dance}}

[[Category:Street dance]]
[[Category:Novelty and fad dances]]
[[Category:2010s fads and trends]]
[[Category:Hip hop dance]]

Dab (Tanzfigur)

2016-09-04T15:01:06Z

V2Blast: /* top */ "dance" -> "dance move"

{{pp-semi|expiry=22:24, 9 November 2016|small=yes}}
{{Wiktionary|dab|dabbing}}
{{cleanup rewrite|date=February 2016}}
[[File:Do the Dab.jpg|thumbnail|400px|A group of teens dabbing]]
'''The Dab''' is a dance move in which the dancer simultaneously drops the head while raising an arm and the elbow in a gesture that has been noted to resemble sneezing.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fumadoh|first1=Ziwe|title=Your guide to dabbing, a 'new' dance craze that already peaked|url=http://www.dailydot.com/lol/guide-to-dabbing-dance/|accessdate=January 4, 2016|work=Daily Dot|date=November 20, 2015}}</ref> As a ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' article about the phenomenon described the Dab, “The dance is pretty simple; one leans in to their elbow like they’re sneezing."

[[Rich the Kid]] is featured in a [[YouTube]] video tutorial on dabbing. As of February 12, 2016, the video has been viewed more than 1 million times.<ref>{{cite web |title=How To DAB (Dance) with Rich The Kid |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJ9zJb1I0Ok |website=Youtube |publisher=HotNewHipHop |accessdate=January 4, 2016 }} Please note that the video might contain inappropriate material.</ref> [[Jason Derulo]] taught [[James Corden]] how to dab during a November 4, 2015 edition of "Carpool Karaoke" on ''[[The Late Late Show with James Corden]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jason Derulo Carpool Karaoke|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3fJ-TdyZtKE|website=Youtube|accessdate=7 June 2016}}</ref>

==Origins==

The Dab has its origins in the [[Atlanta]] hip-hop scene, but there is disagreement about who originated the dance.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fumadoh|first1=Ziwe|title=Your guide to dabbing, a 'new' dance craze that already peaked|url=http://www.dailydot.com/lol/guidetodabbingdance/|accessdate=January 4, 2016|work=Daily Dot|date=November 20, 2015|quote=There’s a great deal of controversy surrounding the pioneers of the dabbing dance, with the majority of credit going to the members of Quality Control label (including Migos, OG Maco, and Peewee Longway). Migos has gotten the bulk of credit for the trend since releasing the song ' Dab' on Sept. 3, 2015.}}</ref> Artists frequently mentioned{{by whom|date=September 2016}} as possible originators include [[Migos]] (as in "[[Look at My Dab]]"), Skippa Da Flippa, [[Peewee Longway]], and [[Rich The Kid]].{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

American rapper [[Bow Wow (rapper)|Bow Wow]] attempted to explain the origin of the dab dance, saying it derived from the cannabis dabbers community started long before the dance in 2012. He was met with opposition from other rappers who immediately took to [[Twitter]] to insult and disagree with him.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Diaz|first1=Angel|title=Bow Wow Explaining the true meaning of the dab dance|url=http://www.vibe.com/2015/12/bow-wow-migos-dab-twitter|accessdate=January 4, 2016|work=Vibe Magazine|date=August 6, 2015}}</ref>

Some have speculated that the dance originated from Dabbing, an action taken by those who snort [[cocaine]] from their elbow while acting like they are sneezing. However, there is no proof that this claim is either true or false. [[National Football League|NFL]] [[American football|football]] player [[Cam Newton]] of the [[Carolina Panthers]] is well known for performing this dance when he scores a touchdown.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ducey|first1=Kenny|title=A history of Cam Newton and the ‘Dab’|url=http://www.si.com/extra-mustard/2016/02/07/nfl-super-bowl-cam-newton-dab-dance-celebration|website=Sports Illustrated|accessdate=7 June 2016}}</ref>

==Popularity==

In 2015, the Dab rose to national prominence in the U.S. As ''[[XXL Magazine]]'' reported in August 2015, "What started as a regional down South adlib is quickly becoming a masterful maneuver in clubs and on street corners. It’s called dabbin’."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Madden|first1=Sidney|title=Atlanta’s Dabbin’ Dance Craze Is Taking Over Scial Media|url=http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2015/08/dabbing-dance-craze/|accessdate=January 4, 2016|work=XXL Magazine|date=August 5, 2015}}</ref>

{{Example farm|section|date=March 2016}}
The Dab gained popularity in U.S. sports following an eight-second celebratory Dab by [[Cam Newton]], football quarterback for the [[2015 Carolina Panthers season|Carolina Panthers]] of the [[National Football League]], during a game against the [[2015 Tennessee Titans season|Tennessee Titans]] on November 15, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfl.com/schedules/2015/REG10|title=2015 Week 10 Schedule|publisher=NFL.com|accessdate=February 10, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Peters |first1=Micah |title=Titans linebacker takes offense to Cam Newton's dancing, Newton keeps dancing in his face |url=http://ftw.usatoday.com/2015/11/cam-newton-styles-on-titans-linebacker-dances-all-up-in-his-face-video |accessdate=January 4, 2016 |work=USA Today |date=November 15, 2015 }}</ref> According to a ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' account of the incident, "[w]hen two Titans players confronted [Newton] about the celebration, he continued to dance in their faces, even as he backed away."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ducey|first1=Kenny|title='Dab on Them Folks': A Brief History of the Dab Dance in Sports|url=http://www.si.com/extra-mustard/2015/11/16/nfl-nba-dab-dance-cam-newton-lebron-james|accessdate=January 4, 2016|work=Sports Illustrated|date=November 16, 2015}}</ref>

After his famous dab against the Titans, Newton explained at a press conference why he had dabbed. He credited a 16-year old for instructing him to "dab on them folks":

<blockquote>I'm a firm believer that if you don't like me to do it then don't let me in ... I just like doing it, man. It's not to be boastful, and from the crowd's response they like seeing it. ... Tell me what to do "Dab on them folks," so I tried "Dab on them folks," in that tone too. "Dab on them folks." He's only like 16, but he's got an Adam's apple out of this world.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dator|first1=James|title=Cam Newton danced like that because a 16-year-old told him to|url=http://www.sbnation.com/nfl/2016/2/7/10920766/cam-newton-dab-dance-celebration-why-super-bowl-50|accessdate=February 10, 2016|work=SBNation|date=November 16, 2015}}</ref></blockquote>

It was later confirmed that the 16-year old was Newton's younger brother Caylin.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sandritter|first1=Mark|title=Cam Newton is the NFL's king of the Dab|url=http://www.sbnation.com/nfl/2016/2/7/10920766/cam-newton-dab-dance-celebration-why-super-bowl-50|accessdate=February 10, 2016|work=SBNation|date=February 7, 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Can-can]]
* [[Nae Nae]]
* [[Twerking]]
* [[Whip (dance)|Whip]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{cite news|last1=Diaz|first1=Angel|title=Og Maco and Migos Got Into It On Twitter Over the Dabbin' Dance|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2015/08/og-maco-migos-twitter-dabbin-dance|accessdate=January 4, 2016|work=Complex|date=August 6, 2015}}
* {{cite news|last1=Robertson|first1=Iyana|title=Bow Wow Attempts To Explain The Origin Of "The Dab," Gets Clowned By Migos|url=http://www.vibe.com/2015/12/bow-wow-migos-dab-twitter/|accessdate=February 3, 2016|work=Vibe|date=December 8, 2015}}

{{Hip-hop dance}}
{{Street dance}}

[[Category:Street dance]]
[[Category:Novelty and fad dances]]
[[Category:2010s fads and trends]]
[[Category:Hip hop dance]]

Dab (Tanzfigur)

2016-09-04T14:52:14Z

V2Blast: merged content of unnecessary "Tutorial" section into lead; combined "Popularity" sections; added "by whom" and "citation needed" tags; renamed "Sources" section to "External links" and removed already-cited links

{{pp-semi|expiry=22:24, 9 November 2016|small=yes}}
{{Wiktionary|dab|dabbing}}
{{cleanup rewrite|date=February 2016}}
[[File:Do the Dab.jpg|thumbnail|400px|A group of teens dabbing]]
'''The Dab''' is a dance in which the dancer simultaneously drops the head while raising an arm and the elbow in a gesture that has been noted to resemble sneezing.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fumadoh|first1=Ziwe|title=Your guide to dabbing, a 'new' dance craze that already peaked|url=http://www.dailydot.com/lol/guide-to-dabbing-dance/|accessdate=January 4, 2016|work=Daily Dot|date=November 20, 2015}}</ref> As a ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' article about the phenomenon described the Dab, “The dance is pretty simple; one leans in to their elbow like they’re sneezing."

[[Rich the Kid]] is featured in a [[YouTube]] video tutorial on dabbing. As of February 12, 2016, the video has been viewed more than 1 million times.<ref>{{cite web |title=How To DAB (Dance) with Rich The Kid |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJ9zJb1I0Ok |website=Youtube |publisher=HotNewHipHop |accessdate=January 4, 2016 }} Please note that the video might contain inappropriate material.</ref> [[Jason Derulo]] taught [[James Corden]] how to dab during a November 4, 2015 edition of "Carpool Karaoke" on ''[[The Late Late Show with James Corden]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jason Derulo Carpool Karaoke|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3fJ-TdyZtKE|website=Youtube|accessdate=7 June 2016}}</ref>

==Origins==

The Dab has its origins in the [[Atlanta]] hip-hop scene, but there is disagreement about who originated the dance.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fumadoh|first1=Ziwe|title=Your guide to dabbing, a 'new' dance craze that already peaked|url=http://www.dailydot.com/lol/guidetodabbingdance/|accessdate=January 4, 2016|work=Daily Dot|date=November 20, 2015|quote=There’s a great deal of controversy surrounding the pioneers of the dabbing dance, with the majority of credit going to the members of Quality Control label (including Migos, OG Maco, and Peewee Longway). Migos has gotten the bulk of credit for the trend since releasing the song ' Dab' on Sept. 3, 2015.}}</ref> Artists frequently mentioned{{by whom|date=September 2016}} as possible originators include [[Migos]] (as in "[[Look at My Dab]]"), Skippa Da Flippa, [[Peewee Longway]], and [[Rich The Kid]].{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}

American rapper [[Bow Wow (rapper)|Bow Wow]] attempted to explain the origin of the dab dance, saying it derived from the cannabis dabbers community started long before the dance in 2012. He was met with opposition from other rappers who immediately took to [[Twitter]] to insult and disagree with him.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Diaz|first1=Angel|title=Bow Wow Explaining the true meaning of the dab dance|url=http://www.vibe.com/2015/12/bow-wow-migos-dab-twitter|accessdate=January 4, 2016|work=Vibe Magazine|date=August 6, 2015}}</ref>

Some have speculated that the dance originated from Dabbing, an action taken by those who snort [[cocaine]] from their elbow while acting like they are sneezing. However, there is no proof that this claim is either true or false. [[National Football League|NFL]] [[American football|football]] player [[Cam Newton]] of the [[Carolina Panthers]] is well known for performing this dance when he scores a touchdown.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ducey|first1=Kenny|title=A history of Cam Newton and the ‘Dab’|url=http://www.si.com/extra-mustard/2016/02/07/nfl-super-bowl-cam-newton-dab-dance-celebration|website=Sports Illustrated|accessdate=7 June 2016}}</ref>

==Popularity==

In 2015, the Dab rose to national prominence in the U.S. As ''[[XXL Magazine]]'' reported in August 2015, "What started as a regional down South adlib is quickly becoming a masterful maneuver in clubs and on street corners. It’s called dabbin’."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Madden|first1=Sidney|title=Atlanta’s Dabbin’ Dance Craze Is Taking Over Scial Media|url=http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2015/08/dabbing-dance-craze/|accessdate=January 4, 2016|work=XXL Magazine|date=August 5, 2015}}</ref>

{{Example farm|section|date=March 2016}}
The Dab gained popularity in U.S. sports following an eight-second celebratory Dab by [[Cam Newton]], football quarterback for the [[2015 Carolina Panthers season|Carolina Panthers]] of the [[National Football League]], during a game against the [[2015 Tennessee Titans season|Tennessee Titans]] on November 15, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfl.com/schedules/2015/REG10|title=2015 Week 10 Schedule|publisher=NFL.com|accessdate=February 10, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Peters |first1=Micah |title=Titans linebacker takes offense to Cam Newton's dancing, Newton keeps dancing in his face |url=http://ftw.usatoday.com/2015/11/cam-newton-styles-on-titans-linebacker-dances-all-up-in-his-face-video |accessdate=January 4, 2016 |work=USA Today |date=November 15, 2015 }}</ref> According to a ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' account of the incident, "[w]hen two Titans players confronted [Newton] about the celebration, he continued to dance in their faces, even as he backed away."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ducey|first1=Kenny|title='Dab on Them Folks': A Brief History of the Dab Dance in Sports|url=http://www.si.com/extra-mustard/2015/11/16/nfl-nba-dab-dance-cam-newton-lebron-james|accessdate=January 4, 2016|work=Sports Illustrated|date=November 16, 2015}}</ref>

After his famous dab against the Titans, Newton explained at a press conference why he had dabbed. He credited a 16-year old for instructing him to "dab on them folks":

<blockquote>I'm a firm believer that if you don't like me to do it then don't let me in ... I just like doing it, man. It's not to be boastful, and from the crowd's response they like seeing it. ... Tell me what to do "Dab on them folks," so I tried "Dab on them folks," in that tone too. "Dab on them folks." He's only like 16, but he's got an Adam's apple out of this world.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dator|first1=James|title=Cam Newton danced like that because a 16-year-old told him to|url=http://www.sbnation.com/nfl/2016/2/7/10920766/cam-newton-dab-dance-celebration-why-super-bowl-50|accessdate=February 10, 2016|work=SBNation|date=November 16, 2015}}</ref></blockquote>

It was later confirmed that the 16-year old was Newton's younger brother Caylin.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sandritter|first1=Mark|title=Cam Newton is the NFL's king of the Dab|url=http://www.sbnation.com/nfl/2016/2/7/10920766/cam-newton-dab-dance-celebration-why-super-bowl-50|accessdate=February 10, 2016|work=SBNation|date=February 7, 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Can-can]]
* [[Nae Nae]]
* [[Twerking]]
* [[Whip (dance)|Whip]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{cite news|last1=Diaz|first1=Angel|title=Og Maco and Migos Got Into It On Twitter Over the Dabbin' Dance|url=http://www.complex.com/music/2015/08/og-maco-migos-twitter-dabbin-dance|accessdate=January 4, 2016|work=Complex|date=August 6, 2015}}
* {{cite news|last1=Robertson|first1=Iyana|title=Bow Wow Attempts To Explain The Origin Of "The Dab," Gets Clowned By Migos|url=http://www.vibe.com/2015/12/bow-wow-migos-dab-twitter/|accessdate=February 3, 2016|work=Vibe|date=December 8, 2015}}

{{Hip-hop dance}}
{{Street dance}}

[[Category:Street dance]]
[[Category:Novelty and fad dances]]
[[Category:2010s fads and trends]]
[[Category:Hip hop dance]]

Unterschwelliger Reiz

2015-11-29T12:45:29Z

V2Blast: /* Direct and indirect measures */

{{medref|date=August 2015}}
'''Subliminal stimuli''' ({{IPAc-en|s|ʌ|b|ˈ|l|ɪ|m|ɨ|n|əl}}; literally "below threshold"), contrary to [[supraliminal stimuli]] or "above threshold", are any sensory stimuli below an individual's [[Sensory threshold|threshold]] for conscious [[perception]].<ref name="Loftus & Klinger 1992">{{cite journal|last=Loftus|first=Elizabeth F.|author2=Klinger, Mark R. |title=Is the unconscious smart or dumb?|journal=American Psychologist|date=June 1992|volume=47|issue=6|pages=761–765|doi=10.1037/0003-066X.47.6.761|pmid=1616173}}</ref> A recent review of functional magnetic resonance imaging ([[Functional magnetic resonance imaging|fMRI]]) studies shows that subliminal stimuli activate specific regions of the brain despite participants being unaware.<ref name="Brooks et al., 2012">{{cite journal |last=Brooks |first=S.J. |author2=Savov V |author3=Allzén E |author4=Benedict C |author5=Fredriksson R |author6=Schiöth HB.
|title=Exposure to subliminal arousing stimuli induces robust activation in the amygdala, hippocampus, anterior cingulate, insular cortex and primary visual cortex: a systematic meta-analysis of fMRI studies. |journal=NeuroImage |date=February 2012 |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=2962–2973 |pmid=22001789 |doi=10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.09.077}}</ref> Visual stimuli may be quickly flashed before an individual can process them, or flashed and then masked, thereby interrupting the processing. Audio stimuli may be played below audible volumes or masked by other stimuli.

==Effectiveness==
Applications often base themselves on the [[persuasive]]ness of the message. Importantly, research on action priming has shown that subliminal stimuli can trigger only those actions that one plans to perform anyway: an action can be triggered subliminally only if the person already has the specific intention to perform this specific action.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Schlaghecken | first1 = F. | last2 = Eimer | first2 = M. | year = 2004 | title = Subliminal stimuli can bias 'free' choices between response alternatives | url = | journal = Psychonomic Bulletin & Review | volume = 11 | issue = | pages = 463–468 | doi=10.3758/bf03196596}}</ref>
The following sections have more information on specific studies in which the effectiveness of subliminal stimuli are investigated.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3345871/</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| doi = 10.1093/brain/124.7.1263
| last1 = Zeman | first1 = A.
| title = Consciousness
| journal = Brain : a journal of neurology
| volume = 124
| issue = Pt 7
| pages = 1263–1289
| year = 2001
| pmid = 11408323
}}</ref>

==Method==

The threshold in subliminal stimuli research is the level at which the participant is not aware of the stimulus being presented.<ref name="Chessman and Merikle, 1984" /> Researchers determine a threshold for the stimulus that will be used as the subliminal stimulus. That subliminal stimulus is then presented during the study at some point and measures are taken to determine the effects of the stimulus. The way in which studies operationally define thresholds depends on the methods of the particular article. The methodology of the research also varies by the type of subliminal stimulus (auditory or visual) and the [[dependent variable]]s they measure.

===Objective threshold===

The objective threshold is found using a forced choice procedure, in which participants must choose which stimulus they saw from options given to them.<ref name="Chessman and Merikle, 1984">{{cite journal|last=Chessman|first=Jim|author2=Merikle, Philip M. |title=Priming with and without awareness|journal=Perception and Psychophysics|year=1984|volume=36|issue=4|pages=387–395|doi=10.3758/bf03202793}}</ref> Participants are flashed a stimulus (e.g. the word "orange") and then given a few choices and asked which one they saw. Participants must choose an answer in this design. The objective threshold is obtained when participants are at chance level of performance in this task.<ref name="Chessman and Merikle, 1984" /> The length of presentation that causes chance performance on the forced choice task is used later in the study for the subliminal stimuli.

===Subjective threshold===

The subjective threshold is determined by when the participant reports that his or her performance on the forced choice procedure is around chance.<ref name="Chessman and Merikle, 1984" /> The subjective threshold is 30 to 50 ms slower than the objective threshold, demonstrating that participants are able to detect the stimuli is present sooner than their perceived accuracy ratings would indicate.<ref name="Chessman and Merikle, 1984" /> In other words, stimuli presented at a subjective threshold have a longer presentation time than those presented at an objective threshold. When using the objective threshold, primes neither facilitated nor inhibited the recognition of a color.<ref name="Chessman and Merikle, 1984" /> However, the longer the duration of the priming stimuli, the greater effect it had on subsequent responding.<ref name="Chessman and Merikle, 1984" /> These findings indicate that the results of some studies may be due to their definition of below threshold.

===Direct and indirect measures===
Perception without awareness can be demonstrated through the comparison of direct and indirect measures of perception.<ref name="Reingold and Merikle, 1988">{{cite journal|last=Reingold|first=Eyal M.|author2=Merikle, Philip M. |title=Direct and indirect measures to study perceptions without awareness|journal=Perception and Psychophysics|year=1988|volume=44|issue=6|pages=563–575|doi=10.3758/bf03207490}}</ref> Direct measures use responses to task definitions as per the explicit instructions given to the subjects. Indirect measures use responses that are not a part of the task definition given to subjects.<ref name="Reingold and Merikle, 1988"/> Both direct and indirect measures are displayed under comparable conditions except for the direct or indirect instruction. For example, in a typical [[Stroop effect|Stroop Task]], subjects are given the task of naming the color of a patch of ink. A direct measure is 'accuracy' — true to the instructions given to the participants. The popular indirect measure used in the same task is 'response time' — subjects are not told that they are being measured for response times.

Similarly, a direct effect is the effect of a task stimulus on the instructed response to that stimulus, usually measured as accuracy. An indirect effect is an uninstructed effect of the task stimulus on behavior, sometimes measured by including an irrelevant or distracting component in the task stimulus and measuring its effect on accuracy.<ref name="Greenwald, Klinger & Schuh, 1995"/> These effects are then compared on their relative sensitivity: an indirect effect that is greater than direct effect indicates existence of unconscious cognition.<ref name="Reingold and Merikle, 1988"/><ref name="Greenwald, Klinger & Schuh, 1995">{{cite journal|last=Greenwald|first=Anthony G.|author2=Klinger, Mark R.|author3=Schuh, Eric S. |title=Activation by marginally Perceptible ("Subliminal") Stimuli: Dissociation of Unconscious From Conscious Cognition|journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology|year=1995|volume=124|issue=1|pages=22–42|doi=10.1037/0096-3445.124.1.22 }}</ref>

==Visual stimuli==
In order to study the effects of subliminal stimuli, researchers will often prime the participants with specific visual stimuli, often images, and determine if those stimuli elicit different responses.<ref name="KrosnickAndOthers">{{Cite journal| first1 = J. A.| last3 = Jussim | first2 = A. L.| last1 = Krosnick | first3 = L. J.| last2 = Betz | first4 = A. R.| title = Subliminal Conditioning of Attitudes| journal = Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin| volume = 18| issue = 2| pages = 152| year = 1992| last4 = Lynn | doi = 10.1177/0146167292182006}}</ref><ref name="doi10.1002/hbm.20208">{{Cite journal| first1 = L. M.| last1 = Williams | first2 = B. J.| first3 = A. H.| first4 = R. A.| first5 = R. A.| first6 = A. S.| first7 = E.| title = Amygdala–prefrontal dissociation of subliminal and supraliminal fear| journal = Human Brain Mapping| volume = 27| pages = 652–661| year = 2006 | doi = 10.1002/hbm.20208| pmid = 16281289| last2 = Liddell| last3 = Kemp| last4 = Bryant| last5 = Meares| last6 = Peduto| last7 = Gordon| issue = 8}}</ref> Subliminal stimuli has mostly been studied in the context of emotion, in particular, researchers have focused a lot of attention to the perception of faces and how subliminal presentation to different facial expression affects emotion.<ref name="doi10.1016/0022-10319090068-W">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/0022-1031(90)90068-W | title = Priming relationship schemas: My advisor and the pope are watching me from the back of my mind| year = 1990 | first3 = D. F. | last1 = Baldwin | last3 = Lopez | first1 = M.| last2 = Carrell | first2 = D. F.| journal = Journal of Experimental Social Psychology | volume = 26 | issue = 5 | pages = 435}}</ref><ref name="Faces 1">{{cite journal|last=Lee|first=Su Young|author2=Kang, Jee In |author3=Lee, Eun |author4=Namkoong, Kee |author5= An, Suk Kyoon |title=Differential priming effect for subliminal fear and disgust facial expressions|journal=Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics|date=February 2011|volume=73|series=2|pages=473–481|doi=10.3758/s13414-010-0032-3}}</ref><ref name="faces 2">{{cite journal|last=Ibáñez|first=Agustin|author2=Hurtado, Esteban |author3=Lobos, Alejandro |author4=Escobar, Josefina |author5=Trujillo, Natalia |author6=Baez, Sandra |author7=Huepe, David |author8=Manes, Facundo |author9= Decety, Jean |title=Subliminal presentation of other faces (but not own face) primes behavioral and evoked cortical processing of empathy for pain|journal=Brain Research|date=29 June 2011|volume=1398|pages=72–85|doi=10.1016/j.brainres.2011.05.014}}</ref><ref name="faces 3">{{cite journal|last=Yang|first=Zixu|author2=Tong, Eddie M. W. |title=The Effects of Subliminal Anger and Sadness Primes on Agency Appraisals|journal=Emotion|year=2010|volume=10|issue=6|pages=915–922|doi=10.1037/a0020306}}</ref> Visual subliminal stimuli has also been used to study emotion eliciting stimuli and simple geometric stimuli.<ref name="sex stimuli">{{cite journal|last=Gillath|first=Omri|author2=Mikulincer, Mario |author3=Birnbaum, Gurit E. |author4= Shaver, Phillip R. |title=Does subliminal exposure to sexual stimuli have the same effects on men women?|journal=Journal of Sex Research|date=May 2007|volume=44|series=2|pages=111–121|doi=10.1080/00224490701263579}}</ref><ref name=therapy>{{cite journal|last=Mayer|first=Birgit|author2=Merckelbach, Harald |title=Do subliminal priming effects on emotion have clinical potential?|journal=Anxiety, Stress, and Coping|date=10 December 1998|volume=12|pages=217–229|doi=10.1080/10615809908248330}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated6275">{{cite journal | last1 = Vorberg | first1 = D. | last2 = Mattler | first2 = U. | last3 = Heinecke | first3 = A. | last4 = Schmidt | first4 = T. | last5 = Schwarzbach | first5 = J. | year = 2003 | title = Different time courses for visual perception and action priming | url = | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA | volume = 100 | issue = | pages = 6275–6280 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0931489100}}</ref><ref name="geo figs">{{cite journal|last=Taylor|first=Frank W. R.|title=The discrimination of subliminal visual stimuli|journal=Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology|date=March 1953|volume=7|series=1|pages=12–20|doi=10.1037/h0083570}}</ref> A significant amount of research has been produced throughout the years to demonstrate the effects of subliminal visual stimuli.<ref>{{cite journal | PMC = 2430002 | pmid=17403642 | doi=10.1098/rstb.2007.2093 | volume=362 | title=Levels of processing during non-conscious perception: a critical review of visual masking. | date=May 2007 | journal=Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci | pages=857–75}}</ref>

===Images===
Attitudes can develop without being aware of its antecedents.<ref name="KrosnickAndOthers"/> Individuals viewed slides of people performing familiar daily activities after being exposed to either an emotionally positive scene, such as a romantic couple or kittens, or an emotionally negative scene, such as a werewolf or a dead body between each slide and the next. After exposure from something which the individuals consciously perceived as a flash of light, the participants gave more positive personality traits to those people whose slides were associated with an emotionally positive scene and vice versa. Despite the statistical difference, the subliminal messages had less of an impact on judgment than the slide's inherent level of physical attractiveness.<ref name="KrosnickAndOthers"/>

Individuals show right [[amygdala]] activity in response to subliminal fear, and greater left amygdala response to supraliminal fear.<ref name="doi10.1002/hbm.20208"/> People were exposed to a subliminal image flashed for 16.7 milliseconds that could signal a potential threat and again with a supraliminal image flashed for half a second. Furthermore supraliminal fear showed more sustained cortical activity, suggesting that subliminal fear may not entail conscious surveillance while supraliminal fear entails higher-order processing.<ref name="doi10.1002/hbm.20208"/>

===Emotion eliciting stimuli===
A subliminal sexual stimulus has a different effect on men compared to women.<ref name="sex stimuli"/> Men and women were subliminally exposed to either a sexual or a neutral picture, and their [[sexual arousal]] was recorded. Researchers examined the accessibility of sex-related thoughts after following the same procedure with either a pictorial judgment task or [[lexical decision task]]. The results revealed that the subliminal sexual stimuli did not have an effect on men, but for women, lower levels of sexual arousal were reported.<ref name="sex stimuli"/> However, in conditions related to accessibility of sex-related thoughts, the subliminal sexual stimuli led to higher accessibility for both men and women.<ref name="sex stimuli"/>

Subliminal stimuli have elicit significant emotional changes, but these changes are not valuable for a [[therapeutic effect]].<ref name="therapy"/> Spider-fearful and non-fearful undergraduates experienced either a positive, negative, or neutral subliminal prime followed immediately by a picture of a spider or a snake. Using visual analogue scales, the participants rated the affective quality of the picture. No evidence was found to support that the unpleasantness of the pictures can be modulated by subliminal priming.<ref name="therapy"/> In fact, the non-fearful participants rated the spiders as more frightening after being primed with a negative stimuli, however, for the fearful participants, this effect was not found.<ref name="therapy"/>

===Simple geometric stimuli===
Laboratory research on unconscious perception often employs simple stimuli (e.g., [[Shape|geometric shapes]] or colors) in which visibility is controlled by visual masking.<ref name="autogenerated6275"/> Masked stimuli are then used to prime the processing of subsequently presented target stimuli. For instance, in the [[Response Priming]] paradigm, participants have to respond to a target stimulus (e.g., by identifying whether it is a diamond or a square) which is immediately preceded by a masked priming stimulus (also a diamond or a square). The prime has large effects on responses to the target; it speeds responses when it is consistent with the target, and slows responses when it is inconsistent. Response priming effects can be dissociated from visual awareness of the prime, such as when prime identification performance is at chance, or when priming effects increase despite decreases in prime visibility.<ref name="autogenerated6275"/>

The presentation of geometric figures as subliminal stimuli can result in below threshold discriminations.<ref name="geo figs"/> The geometric figures were presented on slides of a [[tachistoscope]] followed by a supraliminal shock for a given slide every time it appeared. The shock was administered after a five-second interval. Electrical skin changes of the participants that occurred before the [[reinforcement]] (shock) or non-reinforcement were recorded. The findings indicate that the proportion of electrical skin changes that occurred following subliminal visual stimuli was significantly greater than expected.<ref name="geo figs"/> In contrast, the proportion of electrical skin changes that occurred in response to the stimuli which were not reinforced was significantly less. As a whole, participants were able to make below threshold discriminations.<ref name="geo figs"/>

===Word and non-word stimuli===
Another form of visual stimuli are words and non-words. In a set of experiments, words and non-word were used as subliminal primes. Primes that work best as subliminal stimuli are words that have been classified several times before they are used as primes. Word primes can also be made from parts of practiced words to create new words. In this case, the actual word used as a prime can have the opposite meaning of the words it came from (its “parents”), but it will still prime for the meaning of the parent words. Non-words created from previously practiced stimuli have a similar effect, even when they are unpronounceable (e.g., made of all consonants). These primes generally only increase response times for later stimuli for a very short period of time (milliseconds).<ref name="Parts outweigh the whole (word) in unconscious analysis of meaning">{{cite journal|last=Abrams|first=R. L.|author2=Greenwald, A. G. |title=Parts outweigh the whole (word) in unconscious analysis of meaning|journal=Psychological Science|year=2000|volume=11|pages=118–124|doi=10.1111/1467-9280.00226}}</ref>

===Masking visual stimuli===
Visual stimuli are often masked by forward and backward masks so that they can be displayed for longer periods of time, but without the subject being able to tell what the prime is. A forward mask displayed before the prime for a short period of time and usually a
[[Backward masking|backward mask]] will follow the prime. This prevents recognition of the prime by the subject.<ref name="Subliminal Speech Priming">{{cite journal|last=Breitmeyer|first=B.G.|author2=Ogmen, H. |title=Visual Masking|journal=Scholarpedia|year=2007|volume=2|issue=7|doi=10.4249/scholarpedia.3330|pages=3330}}</ref>

==Auditory stimuli==

===Auditory masking===
One method for creating subliminal auditory stimuli is called masking. This method involves hiding the target auditory stimulus in some way. Auditory subliminal stimuli are shown to have some effect on the participant, but not a large one.<ref name="Subliminal Speech Priming" /> For example, one study used other speechlike sounds to cover up the target words.<ref name="Subliminal Speech Priming" /> The study found evidence of priming in the absence of awareness of the stimuli. But the effects of these subliminal stimuli were only seen in one of the outcome measures of priming, while the effects of conscious stimuli were seen in multiple outcome measures.<ref name="Subliminal Speech Priming" /> However, the empirical evidence for the assumption of an impact of auditory subliminal stimuli on human behavior remains weak: In an experimental study on the influence of subliminal target words (embedded into a music track) on choice behavior for a drink,<ref>{{cite journal
| last = Egermann
| first = Hauke
| last2 = Kopiez
| first2 = Reinhard
| last3 = Reuter
| first3= Christoph
| year = 2007
| title = Is there an effect of subliminal messages in music on choice behavior?
| journal = Journal of Articles in Support of the Null Hypothesis go
| volume = 4
| pages = 29–64
| url = http://www.jasnh.com
| issue = 2
}}</ref> authors found no evidence for a manipulative effect.

===Self-help audio recordings===

A study investigated the effects on self-concept of [[Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy]] and auditory subliminal stimulation (separately and in combination) on 141 undergraduate students with self-concept problems. They were randomly assigned to one of four groups receiving either Rational-Emotive Therapy, subliminal stimulation, both, or a placebo treatment. Rational-Emotive Therapy significantly improved scores on all the dependent measures (cognition, self-concept, self-esteem, anxiety), except for behavior. Results for the subliminal stimulation group were similar to those of the placebo treatment except for a significant self-concept improvement and a decline in self-concept related irrational cognitions. The combined treatment yielded results similar to those of Rational-Emotive Therapy, with tentative indications of continued improvement in irrational cognitions and self-concept from posttest to follow-up.<ref>Comparison of the effects of auditory subliminal stimulation and rational-emotive therapy, separately and combined, on self-concept. Möller AT, Kotzé HF, Sieberhagen KJ. Department of Psychology, University of Stellenbosch, RSA.</ref>

Another study investigated the effects of self-help tapes on self-esteem and memory. Volunteers who wanted to improve their self-esteem or memory were recruited and completed several self-esteem and memory tests before being given a self-help tape. Subjects were given a self-esteem audio tape or a memory audio tape, but half of the tapes were mislabeled and half were correctly labeled. After listening to the tapes daily for five weeks, subjects came back and repeated the self-esteem and memory tests. There was no significant change from the first set of testing to the second, although subjects believed that their self-esteem or memory improved based on which tape they believed they had, even when they had a mislabeled tape (those who had tapes labeled as self-esteem tapes felt their self-esteem had increased and the same with memory). This effect is often referred to as a placebo.<ref name="The cargo-cult science of subliminal persuasion">{{cite journal|last=Pratkanis|first=A. R. |title=The cargo-cult science of subliminal persuasion|journal=Skeptical Inquirer|year=1992|volume=16|pages=260–272}}</ref><ref name="Doubleblind tests of subliminal self-help audiotapes">{{cite journal|last=Greenwald|first=A.G.|author2=E. R. Spangenberg |author3=A. R. Pratkanis |author4=J. Eskenazi |title=Doubleblind tests of subliminal self-help audiotapes|journal=Psychological Science|year=1991|pages=119–122|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9280.1991.tb00112.x |volume=2}}</ref> There are multiple other studies on subliminal self-help with different measures and have given similar results.<ref name="Self-improvement Using Subliminal Selfhelp Audiotapes: Consumer Benefit or Consumer Fraud?">{{cite journal|last=Auday|first=B.C.|author2=J. L. Mellett |author3=P. M. Williams |title=Self-improvement Using Subliminal Selfhelp Audiotapes: Consumer Benefit or Consumer Fraud?|journal=Psychological Science|year=1991|pages=Paper presented at the meeting of Western Psychological Association, San Francisco, CAlif., April}}</ref><ref name="Subliminal self-help auditory tapes: An empirical test of perceptual consequences">{{cite journal|last=Moore|first=T.E.|title=Subliminal self-help auditory tapes: An empirical test of perceptual consequences|journal=Canadian Journal Of Behavioural Science/Revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du Comportement,|year=1995|volume=27|issue=1|pages=9–20|doi=10.1037/008-400X.27.1.9}}</ref>

==Consumption and television==
Some studies have looked at the efficacy of subliminal messaging in television. Subliminal messages produce only one-tenth of the effects of detected messages and the findings related the effects of subliminal messaging were relatively ambiguous.<ref name="Smith and Rogers" /> Also, participants’ ratings of positive response to commercials are not affected by subliminal messages in the commercials.<ref name="Smith and Rogers">{{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Kirk H.|author2=Rogers, Martha |title=Effectiveness of subliminal messages in television commercials: Two experiments|journal=Journal of Applied Psychology|year=1994|volume=79|issue=6|pages=866–874|doi=10.1037/0021-9010.79.6.866}}</ref>

Karremans suggests that subliminal messages have an effect when the messages are goal-relevant.<ref name="Karremans2006">{{Cite journal| first1 = J.| first2 = W.| last1 = Karremans| first3 = J.| title = Beyond Vicary's fantasies: the impact of subliminal priming and brand choice☆| journal = Journal of Experimental Social Psychology| volume = 42| issue = 6| pages = 792–798| year = 2006 | doi = 10.1016/j.jesp.2005.12.002| last2 = Stroebe| last3 = Claus}}</ref> Subliminally priming a brand name of a drink (Lipton Ice) made those who were thirsty want the Lipton Ice. However, those who were not thirsty were not influenced by the subliminal messages.<ref name="Karremans2006"/> Karremans did a study assessing whether subliminal priming of a brand name of a drink would affect a person's choice of drink, and whether this effect is caused by the individual's feelings of being thirsty.<ref name=Karremans2006 /> In another study, participant's ratings of thirst were higher after viewing an episode of "[[The Simpsons]]" that contained single frames of the word "thirsty" or of a picture of a Coca-Cola can.<ref name="Cooper & Cooper, 2002">{{cite journal|last=Cooper|first=Joel|author2=Cooper, Grant |title=Subliminal motivation: A story revisited|journal=Journal of Applied Social Psychology|year=2002|volume=32|issue=11|pages=2213–2227|doi=10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb01860.x}}</ref>
Some studies have shown greater effects of subliminal messaging with as high as 80% of participants showing a preference for a particular rum when subliminally primed by the name placed in an ad backward.<ref>{{citation |last=Key |first= W.B. |title=Subliminal seduction: Ad media's manipulation of a not so innocent America |year=1973 |publisher=Prentice-Hall |location=Englewood Cliffs, NJ |isbn=0-13-859090-7}}</ref>

Many authors have continued to argue for the effectiveness of subliminal cues in changing consumption behavior, citing environmental cues as a main culprit of behavior change.<ref name="Dijksterhuis et al. 2005, The unconscious consumer">{{cite journal|authors=Dijksterhuis, Ap; Smith, Pamela K.; van Baaren, Rick B.; Wigboldus, Daniel H.J.|title=The unconscious consumer: Effects of environment on consumer behavior|journal=Journal of Consumer Psychology|year=2005|volume=15|issue=3|pages=193–202|doi=10.1207/s15327663jcp1503_3}}</ref> Authors who support this line of reasoning cite findings such as the research that showed slow-paced music in a supermarket was associated with more sales and customers moving at a slower pace.<ref name="Milliman 1982">{{cite journal|last=Milliman|first=Ronald E.|title=Using background music to effect the behavior of supermarket shoppers|journal=Journal of Marketing|year=1982|volume=46|issue=3|pages=86–91|doi=10.2307/1251706}}</ref> Findings such as these support the notion that external cues can affect behavior, although the stimulus may not fit into a strict definition of subliminal stimuli because although the music may not be attended to or consciously affecting the customers, they are certainly able to perceive it.

Subliminal messaging is prohibited in advertising in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cap.org.uk/Advertising-Codes/Broadcast-HTML/Section-3-Misleading-advertising.aspx|publisher=Committees on Advertising Practice (CAP)|work=BCAP Code|title=Section 3. Misleading-advertising|year=2013|accessdate=6 January 2014}} "No advertisement may use images of very brief duration, or any other technique that is likely to influence consumers, without their being fully aware of what has been done."</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Instances of subliminal messages]]
* [[Neuroethics]]
* [[Peripheral vision horizon display]] (PVHD)
* [[Pre-attentive processing]]
* [[Response priming]]
* {{section link|Unconscious thought theory|Criticism of UTT}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{citation |last=Boese |first=Alex |title=Hippo Eats Dwarf: A Field Guide to Hoaxes and Other B.S. |year=2006 |publisher=Harcourt |location=Orlando |isbn=0-15-603083-7 |pages=193–195}}
* {{citation |last=Dixon |first=Norman F. |title=Subliminal Perception: The nature of a controversy |year=1971 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York |isbn=0-07-094147-5}}
* {{Cite journal| first1 = A. G.| title = New Look 3: Unconscious cognition reclaimed| last1 = Greenwald| journal = American Psychologist| volume = 47| pages = 766–779| year = 1992 | doi = 10.1037/0003-066X.47.6.766| pmid = 1616174| issue = 6}}
* {{Citation |last=Holender |first=D. |year=1986 |title=Semantic activation without conscious identification in dichotic listening, parafoveal vision, and visual masking: A survey and appraisal |journal=Behavioral and Brain Sciences |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 |doi=10.1017/s0140525x00021269}}
* {{Citation |last=Merikle |first=P. M. |last2=Daneman |first2=M. |year=1998 |title=Psychological Investigations of Unconscious Perception |journal=[[Journal of Consciousness Studies]] |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=5–18}}
* {{Citation |author=United States Senate, Ninety-ninth Congress, First Session on Contents of Music and the Lyrics of Records |date=September 19, 1985 |title=Record Labeling: Hearing before the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |location=Washington, DC |url=http://www.joesapt.net/superlink/shrg99-529/}}
* {{Cite journal| first1 = T.| last1 = Watanabe| first2 = J.| first3 = Y.| journal = Nature| pages = 844–848 | doi = 10.1038/35101601| last2 = Náñez| volume = 413| last3 = Sasaki| year = 2001| pmid = 11677607| title = Perceptual learning without perception| issue = 6858}}

[[Category:Sensory systems]]

Mishipeshu

2015-04-20T05:29:09Z

V2Blast: converted repeated Penney citations to use single footnote and "rp" template; added "unreferenced section", "who", and "citation needed" templates; converted Dewdney entry in "Further reading" to use "cite book" template (edited with [[User:ProveIt_GT|...

{{tone|date=March 2014}}

[[File:Underwater panther NMAI GGH.jpg|thumb|Underwater Panther, [[George Gustav Heye Center]], [[National Museum of the American Indian]]]]
An '''Underwater panther''', called '''''Mishipeshu''''' or '''''Mishibijiw''''' in [[Ojibwe language|Ojibwe]], is one of the most important of several mythological water beings among many [[Great Lakes]] and [[Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands|Northeastern Woodlands]] [[indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American tribes]], particularly among the [[Anishinaabe]] peoples.

''Mishipeshu'' translates into "the Great Lynx". It has the head and paws of a giant cat but is covered in scales and has dagger-like spikes running along its back and tail.{{citation needed (lead)|date=April 2015}} Mishipeshu calls [[Michipicoten Island]] in [[Lake Superior]] his home and is a powerful creature in the mythological traditions of some Native American tribes, particularly [[Anishinaabe]] tribes, the [[Odawa people|Odawa]], [[Ojibwe]], and [[Potawatomi]], of the [[Great Lakes]] region of [[Canada]] and the [[United States]].<ref name="conway" /><ref name="Kohl">{{cite book | last = Kohl | first = Johann | title = Kitchi-Gami: Life Among the Lake Superior Ojibway | year = 1859 | month = | publisher = | location = | id = | chapter = | chapterurl = | isbn = 0-87351-172-7 }}</ref> In addition to the Anishinaabeg, [[Innu people|Innu]] also have ''Mishibizhiw'' stories.<ref name="Barnes">{{cite web|last=Barnes|first=Michael|url=http://www.city.north-bay.on.ca/living/history/lavase/97frs611.htm| title=Aboriginal Artifacts|work=Final Report - 1997 Archaeological Excavations La Vase Heritage Project|publisher=City of [[North Bay, Ontario]]|accessdate=2008-10-05}}</ref>

To the [[Algonquins]], the underwater panther was the most powerful [[underworld]] being. The [[Ojibwe]] traditionally held them to be masters of all water creatures, including snakes. Some versions of the [[Nanabozho]] creation legend refer to whole communities of water [[lynx]].<ref name="Bolgiano">{{cite book | last = Bolgiano | first = Chris | title = Mountain Lion: An Unnatural History of Pumas and People |date=August 1995 |location=Mechanicsburg, PA | publisher=Stackpole Books | isbn = 0-8117-1044-0 | chapter = Native Americans and American Lions | chapterurl = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/mountain.htm}}</ref>

Some archaeologists{{who|date=April 2015}} believe that underwater panthers were major components of the [[Southeastern Ceremonial Complex]] of the [[Mississippian culture]] in the prehistoric American Southeast.<ref>{{cite book | last = Townsend | first = Richard F. | title = Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand| publisher = [[Yale University Press]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-300-10601-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=F. Kent |last1=Reilly |first2=James |last2=Garber | title = Ancient Objects and Sacred Realms | publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |location=Austin, Texas | year = 2004 | pages = 29–34 | isbn = 978-0-292-71347-5 |first3=Vincas P., foreword |last3=Steponaitis}}</ref>

==Name==
In the [[Ojibwe language]], this creature is sometimes called ''Mishibizhiw'', ''Mishipizhiw'', ''Mishipizheu'', ''Mishupishu'', ''Mishepishu'', ''Michipeshu'',<ref name="conway">{{cite book |last1=Conway |first1=Thor |year=2010 |title=Spirits in Stone |location=Sault Ste. Marie, ON |publisher=Heritage Discoveries}}</ref> or ''Mishibijiw'', which translates as "Great Lynx",<ref>[http://www.freelang.net/dictionary/ojibwe.html Freelang Ojibwe Dictionary]</ref> or ''Gichi-anami'e-bizhiw'' ("Gitche-anahmi-bezheu"), which translates as "the fabulous night panther".<ref name="Kohl" /><ref>"The fabulous night panther" is a translation from [[Anishinaabe language]] into [[French language|French]] to [[German language|German]], which then was translated into English. The direct translation would be something closer to "The greatly revered lynx." See [http://www.freelang.net/dictionary/ojibwe.html Freelang Ojibwe Dictionary]</ref> However, it is also commonly referred to as the "Great underground wildcat" or "Great under-water wildcat."<ref name="Barnes" /><ref name="Gidmark">{{cite journal |url=http://books.google.com/books?doi=-gLBOIhjsPQC&pg=PA168&lpg=PA168&dq=Mishi-peshu&source=bl&ots=NNnev31kdp&sig=Lx3UhQHsHdHyfwwazxPlELqbPVQ&hl=en&ei=MBD3SpaXKIWo8AavkqjzCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CAwQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=Mishi-peshu&f=false |title=Mishi-Peshu |last1=Gidmark |first1=Jill B. |date=November 30, 2000 |work=Encyclopedia of American literature of the sea and Great Lakes |location=Westport, Connecticut |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=0-313-30148-4 |page=168 |accessdate=December 25, 2012}} ISBN 978-0-313-30148-3; 10.1336/0313301484. 568 pages.</ref> It is the most important of the underwater animals for the Ojibwa.<ref name="Lemaître">{{cite web |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/mishipeshu |title=Mishipeshu |work=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |first1=Serge |last1=Lemaître |accessdate=December 25, 2012}}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Agawa Rock, panel VIII.jpg|right|thumb|Pictographs of a ''mishibizhiw'' as well as two giant serpents<ref name=conway/> and a canoe, from [[Lake Superior Provincial Park]], [[Ontario]], Canada. Attributed to the Ojibwe.<ref name="Penney">{{cite book |last1=Penney |first1=David W. |title=North American Indian Art |location=London |publisher=Thames and Hudson |year=2004 |isbn=0-500-20377-6}}</ref>{{rp|71}}]]
In [[Native American mythologies]] of the Great Lakes, underwater panthers are described as water monsters that live in opposition to the [[Thunderbird (mythology)|Thunderbird]]s,<ref name="Strom">{{cite web | url=http://www.kstrom.net/isk/art/morriss/art_miss.html | title=Morrisseau's ''Missipeshu'' – Cultural Preservation | work=Native American Indian Resources | date=August 3, 1996 | accessdate=October 1, 2011 | author=Strom, Karen M.}}</ref> masters of the powers of the air. Underwater Panthers are seen as an opposing yet complementary force to the Thunderbirds, and they are engaged in eternal conflict.<ref name="Penney" />{{rp|60}}

Underwater panther was an amalgam of features from many animals: the body of a wild feline, often a [[mountain lion]] or [[lynx]]; the horns of [[deer]] or [[bison]]; upright scales on its back;<ref name="Penney" />{{rp|207}} occasionally bird [[feathers]]; and parts from other animals as well, depending on the particular myth. Underwater panthers are represented with exceptionally long tails,<ref name="Penney" />{{rp|59}} occasionally with serpentine properties.<ref name="Penney" />{{rp|60}} The creatures are thought to roar or hiss in the sounds of storms or rushing rapids.<ref name="Strom" />

''Mishipizheu'' were said to live in the deepest parts of lakes and rivers, where they can cause storms.<ref name="Penney" />{{rp|60}} Some traditions believed the underwater panthers to be helpful, protective creatures, but more often they were viewed as malevolent beasts that brought death and misfortune. They often need to be placated for safe passage across a lake.<ref name="Strom" /> As late as the 1950s, the Prairie Band of [[Potawatomi]] Indians performed a traditional ceremony to placate the Underworld Panther and maintain balance with the Thunderbird.<ref name="Bolgiano"/>

When ethnographer [[Johann Kohl]] visited the United States in the 1850s, he spoke with a [[Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa|Fond du Lac]] chief, who showed Kohl a piece of copper kept in his [[medicine bag]]. The chief said it was a strand of hair from the ''mishibizhiw'', and thus considered extremely powerful.<ref name="Kohl" />

==Copper==
Mishipeshu is known for guarding the vast amounts of copper in Lake Superior and the [[Great Lakes]] Region. There seems to be substantial evidence that there was a very ancient and unknown people that mined the copper and moved the majority to an undisclosed location.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} Later, during the 17th century, the [[Jesuit]] Missionaries arrived in the Great Lakes Region. By that time, swiping copper from the region was extremely taboo and forbidden by the Ojibwa tribe. It was even worse to take it from the Great Lynx's home, [[Michipicoten Island]]; this was considered to be stealing from Mishipeshu himself.<ref name="Weird Michigan">{{cite book | title=Weird Michigan: your travel guide to Michigan's local legends and best kept secrets | publisher=Sterling Publishing Co. | author=Godfrey, Linda S. | year=2006 | location=New York | isbn=9781402739071}}</ref>

==Close encounters==
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2015}}
There are a few stories that might be of true believers of this great beast. A Jesuit missionary named [[Claude Dablon]] told a story about four Ojibwa Indians who embarked on a journey to the home of Mishipeshu to take some copper back to their home, and use it to heat water. The very second they pushed off and backed into the water with their canoe, the eerie voice of the water panther surrounded them. The water panther came growling after them, vigorously accusing them of stealing the playthings of his children. All four of the Indians died on the way back to their village; the last one surviving just long enough to tell the tale of what had happened in his final moments before he finally died.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}} During the 1840s there was a copper rush; people there had realized the value of copper which was for the taking around [[Isle Royale]] and [[Keweenaw Peninsula]]. There was great suffering and accidents to which many key people and vessels fell victim. The steamer [[Cumberland]] was lost at the [[Rock of Ages Light|Rock of Ages Reef]] on Isle Royale. Another ship, by the name of Algoma, was sunk in a storm during 1885, and forty-five people sunk to a watery death in the creature's lair.{{citation needed|April 2015}}

==Depictions in art==
The underwater panther is well represented in [[pictograph]]s. Historical Anishnaabe twined and [[quillwork|quilled]] men's bags often feature an underwater panther on one panel and the Thunderbird on the other.<ref name="Penney" />{{rp|59}} [[Norval Morrisseau]] (Ojibwe) painted underwater panthers in his [[Woodlands style]] artworks, contemporary paintings based on Ojibwe oral history and cosmology.<ref name="Strom" /><ref name="Penney" />{{rp|207}} The emblem has been embellished, and appears as a decorative [[Motif (visual arts)|motif]] on [[muskets]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.academia.edu/847109/Dragon_Sideplates_from_York_Factory_A_New_Twist_on_an_Old_Tail |title=Dragon Sideplates from York Factory, A New Twist on an Old Tail |first1=William A |last1=Fox |volume=2 |number=2 |journal=Manitoba Archaeological Journal |pages=21–35 |accessdate=December 25, 2012}}</ref>

The [[Canadian Museum of Civilization]] includes an underwater panther in its coat of arms.<ref name="Strom" />

In 2003, archaeologist Brad Lepper suggested that the [[Alligator Effigy Mound]] in [[Granville, Ohio]] represents the underwater panther. Lepper posits that early European settlers, when learning from Native Americans that the mound represented a fierce creature that lived in the water and ate people, mistakenly assumed that the Native Americans were referring to an alligator.<ref name="Lepper">{{cite journal|last =Lepper|first=Brad|title=Alligator Mound: Geoarchaeological and Iconographical Interpretations of a Late Prehistoric Effigy Mound in Central Ohio, USA|journal=Cambridge Archaeological Journal|volume=13 |pages=147–167|doi=10.1017/S0959774303000106|year=2003|last2 =Frolking|first2 =Tod A.|url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=187259|issue =2}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
The ''[[Grimm (TV series)|Grimm]]'' episode "[[Grimm (season 4)|Mishipeshu]]" involves the possession of a young [[Native American]] by an underwater panther.

==See also==
*[[Anishinaabe traditional beliefs]]
*[[Nguruvilu]]
*[[Piasa]]
*[[Horned Serpent]]
*[[Southeastern Ceremonial Complex]]
*[[Bunyip]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/indianrockpainti00dewd | title=Indian Rock Paintings of the Great Lakes | publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] | author=Dewdney, Selwyn | authorlink=Selwyn Dewdney | year=1975 | location=Toronto | pages=149 | last2=Kidd | first2=Kenneth E.}}
* {{cite news|url=http://farshores.org/alimound.htm|first1=David|last1=Lore|title=Man pounces on panther theory about mound|newspaper=[[The Columbus Dispatch]]|date=January 21, 2001}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Underwater panther}}
*[http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/past-exhibitions/mythic-creatures/water-creatures-of-the-deep/mutating-myths American Museum of Natural History on Mishepishu]
*[http://www.americanindian.si.edu/searchcollections/item.aspx?irn=151435&catids=1&objmat=Twine/string/cord|Basswood%20fiber%20cordage&src=1-4 Odawa twined bag with images of the Underwater Panther, NMAI]

{{Mississippian and related cultures}}
{{Pre-Columbian North America}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Underwater Panther}}
[[Category:Anishinaabe mythology]]
[[Category:Lake Superior]]
[[Category:Legendary creatures of the indigenous peoples of North America]]
[[Category:Mythological hybrids]]
[[Category:Great Lakes tribal culture]]
[[Category:Native American religion]]
[[Category:Water deities]]

Mishipeshu

2015-04-20T04:52:32Z

V2Blast: /* Copper */ removed puffery; changed citation to use "cite book" template (edited with ProveIt)

{{tone|date=March 2014}}
[[File:Underwater panther NMAI GGH.jpg|thumb|Underwater Panther, [[George Gustav Heye Center]], [[National Museum of the American Indian]]]]

An '''Underwater panther''', called '''''Mishipeshu''''' or '''''Mishibijiw''''' in [[Ojibwe language|Ojibwe]], is one of the most important of several water beings among many [[Great Lakes]] and [[Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands|Northeastern Woodlands]] [[indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American tribes]], particularly among the [[Anishinaabe]] peoples.

Mishipeshu translates into "The Great Lynx." It has the head and paws of a giant cat but is covered in scales and has dagger-like spikes running along its back and tail.{{citation needed (lead)|date=April 2015}} Mishipeshu calls [[Michipicoten Island]] in [[Lake Superior]] his home and is a powerful creature in the mythological traditions of some Native American tribes, particularly [[Anishinaabe]] tribes, the [[Odawa people|Odawa]], [[Ojibwe]], and [[Potawatomi]], of the [[Great Lakes]] region of [[Canada]] and the [[United States]].<ref name=conway/><ref name="Kohl">{{cite book | last = Kohl | first = Johann | title = Kitchi-Gami: Life Among the Lake Superior Ojibway | year = 1859 | month = | publisher = | location = | id = | chapter = | chapterurl = | isbn = 0-87351-172-7 }}</ref> In addition to the Anishinaabeg, [[Innu people|Innu]] also have ''Mishibizhiw'' stories.<ref name="Barnes">{{cite web|last=Barnes|first=Michael|url=http://www.city.north-bay.on.ca/living/history/lavase/97frs611.htm| title=Aboriginal Artifacts|work=Final Report - 1997 Archaeological Excavations La Vase Heritage Project|publisher=City of [[North Bay, Ontario]]|accessdate=2008-10-05}}</ref>

To the [[Algonquins]], the underwater panther was the most powerful [[underworld]] being. The [[Ojibwe]] traditionally held them to be masters of all water creatures, including snakes. Some versions of the [[Nanabozho]] creation legend refer to whole communities of water [[lynx]].<ref name="Bolgiano">{{cite book | last = Bolgiano | first = Chris | title = Mountain Lion: An Unnatural History of Pumas and People |date=August 1995 |location=Mechanicsburg, PA | publisher=Stackpole Books | isbn = 0-8117-1044-0 | chapter = Native Americans and American Lions | chapterurl = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/mountain.htm}}</ref>

Some archaeologists believe that underwater panthers were major components of the [[Southeastern Ceremonial Complex]] of the [[Mississippian culture]] in the prehistoric American Southeast.<ref>{{cite book | last = Townsend | first = Richard F. | title = Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand| publisher = [[Yale University Press]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-300-10601-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=F. Kent |last1=Reilly |first2=James |last2=Garber | title = Ancient Objects and Sacred Realms | publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |location=Austin, Texas | year = 2004 | pages = 29–34 | isbn = 978-0-292-71347-5 |first3=Vincas P., foreword |last3=Steponaitis}}</ref>

==Name==
In the [[Ojibwe language]], this creature is sometimes called ''Mishibizhiw'', ''Mishipizhiw'', ''Mishipizheu'', ''Mishupishu'', ''Mishepishu'', ''Michipeshu'',<ref name=conway>{{cite book |last1=Conway |first1=Thor |year=2010 |title=Spirits in Stone |location=Sault Ste. Marie, ON |publisher=Heritage Discoveries}}</ref> or ''Mishibijiw'', which translates as "Great Lynx",<ref>[http://www.freelang.net/dictionary/ojibwe.html Freelang Ojibwe Dictionary]</ref> or ''Gichi-anami'e-bizhiw'' ("Gitche-anahmi-bezheu"), which translates as "the fabulous night panther".<ref name="Kohl" /><ref>"The fabulous night panther" is a translation from [[Anishinaabe language]] into [[French language|French]] to [[German language|German]], which then was translated into English. The direct translation would be something closer to "The greatly revered lynx." See [http://www.freelang.net/dictionary/ojibwe.html Freelang Ojibwe Dictionary]</ref> However, it is also commonly referred to as the "Great underground wildcat" or "Great under-water wildcat."<ref name="Barnes" /><ref name="Gidmark">{{cite journal |url=http://books.google.com/books?doi=-gLBOIhjsPQC&pg=PA168&lpg=PA168&dq=Mishi-peshu&source=bl&ots=NNnev31kdp&sig=Lx3UhQHsHdHyfwwazxPlELqbPVQ&hl=en&ei=MBD3SpaXKIWo8AavkqjzCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CAwQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=Mishi-peshu&f=false |title=Mishi-Peshu |last1=Gidmark |first1=Jill B. |date=November 30, 2000 |work=Encyclopedia of American literature of the sea and Great Lakes |location=Westport, Connecticut |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=0-313-30148-4 |page=168 |accessdate=December 25, 2012}} ISBN 978-0-313-30148-3; 10.1336/0313301484. 568 pages.</ref> It is the most important of the underwater animals for the Ojibwa.<ref name="Lemaître">{{cite web |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/mishipeshu |title=Mishipeshu |work=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |first1=Serge |last1=Lemaître |accessdate=December 25, 2012}}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Agawa Rock, panel VIII.jpg|right|thumb|Pictographs of a ''mishibizhiw'' as well as two giant serpents<ref name=conway/> and a canoe, from [[Lake Superior Provincial Park]], [[Ontario]], Canada. Attributed to the Ojibwe.<ref>Penney 71</ref>]]
In [[Native American mythologies]] of the Great Lakes, underwater panthers are described as water monsters that live in opposition to the [[Thunderbird (mythology)|Thunderbird]]s,<ref name=strom>Strom, K. [http://www.kstrom.net/isk/art/morriss/art_miss.html "Morrisseau's Missipeshu: Cultural Preservation."] ''Native American Indian Resources.'' 3 Aug 2006 (retrieved 1 Oct 2011)</ref> masters of the powers of the air. Underwater Panthers are seen as an opposing yet complementary force to the Thunderbirds, and they are engaged in eternal conflict.<ref name=p60>Penney 60</ref>

Underwater panther was an amalgam of features from many animals: the body of a wild feline, often a [[mountain lion]] or [[lynx]]; the horns of [[deer]] or [[bison]]; upright scales on its back;<ref name=p207>Penney 207</ref> occasionally bird [[feathers]]; and parts from other animals as well, depending on the particular myth. Underwater panthers are represented with exceptionally long tails,<ref name=p59>Penney 59</ref> occasionally with serpentine properties.<ref name=p60/> The creatures are thought to roar or hiss in the sounds of storms or rushing rapids.<ref name=strom/>

''Mishipizheu'' were said to live in the deepest parts of lakes and rivers, where they can cause storms.<ref name=p60/> Some traditions believed the underwater panthers to be helpful, protective creatures, but more often they were viewed as malevolent beasts that brought death and misfortune. They often need to be placated for safe passage across a lake.<ref name=strom/> As late as the 1950s, the Prairie Band of [[Potawatomi]] Indians performed a traditional ceremony to placate the Underworld Panther and maintain balance with the Thunderbird.<ref name="Bolgiano"/>

When ethnographer [[Johann Kohl]] visited the United States in the 1850s, he spoke with a [[Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa|Fond du Lac]] chief, who showed Kohl a piece of copper kept in his [[medicine bag]]. The chief said it was a strand of hair from the ''mishibizhiw'', and thus considered extremely powerful.<ref name="Kohl" />

==Copper==
Mishipeshu is known for guarding the vast amounts of copper in Lake Superior and the [[Great Lakes]] Region. There seems to be substantial evidence that there was a very ancient and unknown people that mined the copper and moved the majority to an undisclosed location.{{cn|date=October 2014}} Later, during the 17th century, the [[Jesuit]] Missionaries arrived in the Great Lakes Region. By that time, swiping copper from the region was extremely taboo and forbidden by the Ojibwa tribe. It was even worse to take it from the Great Lynx's home, [[Michipicoten Island]]; this was considered to be stealing from Mishipeshu himself.<ref name="Weird Michigan">{{cite book | title=Weird Michigan: your travel guide to Michigan's local legends and best kept secrets | publisher=Sterling Publishing Co. | author=Godfrey, Linda S. | year=2006 | location=New York | isbn=9781402739071}}</ref>

==Close encounters==
There are a few stories that might be of true believers of this great beast. A Jesuit missionary named [[Claude Dablon]] told a story about four Ojibwa Indians who embarked on a journey to the home of Mishipeshu to take some copper back to their home, and use it to heat water. The very second they pushed off and backed into the water with their canoe, the eerie voice of the water panther surrounded them. The water panther came growling after them, vigorously accusing them of stealing the playthings of his children. All four of the Indians died on the way back to their village; the last one surviving just long enough to tell the tale of what had happened in his final moments before he finally died. During the 1840s there was a copper rush; people there had realized the value of copper which was for the taking around [[Isle Royale]] and [[Keweenaw Peninsula]]. There was great suffering and accidents to which many key people and vessels fell victim. The steamer [[Cumberland]] was lost at the [[Rock of Ages Light|Rock of Ages Reef]] on Isle Royale. Another ship, by the name of Algoma, was sunk in a storm during 1885, and forty-five people sunk to a watery death in the creature's lair.

==Depictions in art==
The underwater panther is well represented in [[pictograph]]s. Historical Anishnaabe twined and [[quillwork|quilled]] men's bags often feature an underwater panther on one panel and the Thunderbird on the other.<ref name=p59/> [[Norval Morrisseau]] (Ojibwe) painted underwater panthers in his [[Woodlands style]] artworks, contemporary paintings based on Ojibwe oral history and cosmology.<ref name=strom/><ref name=p207/> The emblem has been embellished, and appears as a decorative [[Motif (visual arts)|motif]] on [[muskets]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.academia.edu/847109/Dragon_Sideplates_from_York_Factory_A_New_Twist_on_an_Old_Tail |title=Dragon Sideplates from York Factory, A New Twist on an Old Tail |first1=William A |last1=Fox |volume=2 |number=2 |journal=Manitoba Archaeological Journal |pages=21–35 |accessdate=December 25, 2012}}</ref>

The [[Canadian Museum of Civilization]] includes an underwater panther in its coat of arms.<ref name=strom/>

In 2003, archaeologist Brad Lepper suggested that the [[Alligator Effigy Mound]] in [[Granville, Ohio]] represents the underwater panther. Lepper posits that early European settlers, when learning from Native Americans that the mound represented a fierce creature that lived in the water and ate people, mistakenly assumed that the Native Americans were referring to an alligator.<ref name="Lepper">{{cite journal|last =Lepper|first=Brad|title=Alligator Mound: Geoarchaeological and Iconographical Interpretations of a Late Prehistoric Effigy Mound in Central Ohio, USA|journal=Cambridge Archaeological Journal|volume=13 |pages=147–167|doi=10.1017/S0959774303000106|year=2003|last2 =Frolking|first2 =Tod A.|url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=187259|issue =2}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
The ''[[Grimm (TV series)|Grimm]]'' episode "[[Grimm (season 4)|Mishipeshu]]" involves the possession of a young [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] by an underwater panther.

==See also==
*[[Anishinaabe traditional beliefs]]
*[[Nguruvilu]]
*[[Piasa]]
*[[Horned Serpent]]
*[[Southeastern Ceremonial Complex]]
*[[Bunyip]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Sources==
*Dewdney, Selwyn. Kidd, Kenneth E. ''Indian Rock Paintings of the Great Lakes'' (Toronto, Ontario: [[University of Toronto Press]] (for the Quetico Foundation), 1975), p. 149.
* {{cite news|url=http://farshores.org/alimound.htm|first1=David|last1=Lore|title=Man pounces on panther theory about mound|publisher=[[The Columbus Dispatch]]|date=2001-01-21}}
* {{cite book |last1=Penney |first1=David W. |title=North American Indian Art |location=London |publisher=Thames and Hudson |year=2004 |isbn=0-500-20377-6}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Underwater panther}}
*[http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/past-exhibitions/mythic-creatures/water-creatures-of-the-deep/mutating-myths American Museum of Natural History on Mishepishu]
*[http://www.americanindian.si.edu/searchcollections/item.aspx?irn=151435&catids=1&objmat=Twine/string/cord|Basswood%20fiber%20cordage&src=1-4 Odawa twined bag with images of the Underwater Panther, NMAI]

{{Mississippian and related cultures}}
{{Pre-Columbian North America}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Underwater Panther}}
[[Category:Anishinaabe mythology]]
[[Category:Lake Superior]]
[[Category:Legendary creatures of the indigenous peoples of North America]]
[[Category:Mythological hybrids]]
[[Category:Great Lakes tribal culture]]
[[Category:Native American religion]]
[[Category:Water deities]]

Mishipeshu

2015-04-20T04:37:22Z

V2Blast: renamed sections; removed unnecessary subsection heading; moved info about cited sources from "Sources" section into inline citations, and removed redundant listings; updated dead link

{{tone|date=March 2014}}
[[File:Underwater panther NMAI GGH.jpg|thumb|Underwater Panther, [[George Gustav Heye Center]], [[National Museum of the American Indian]]]]

An '''Underwater panther''', called '''''Mishipeshu''''' or '''''Mishibijiw''''' in [[Ojibwe language|Ojibwe]], is one of the most important of several water beings among many [[Great Lakes]] and [[Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands|Northeastern Woodlands]] [[indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American tribes]], particularly among the [[Anishinaabe]] peoples.

Mishipeshu translates into "The Great Lynx." It has the head and paws of a giant cat but is covered in scales and has dagger-like spikes running along its back and tail.{{citation needed (lead)|date=April 2015}} Mishipeshu calls [[Michipicoten Island]] in [[Lake Superior]] his home and is a powerful creature in the mythological traditions of some Native American tribes, particularly [[Anishinaabe]] tribes, the [[Odawa people|Odawa]], [[Ojibwe]], and [[Potawatomi]], of the [[Great Lakes]] region of [[Canada]] and the [[United States]].<ref name=conway/><ref name="Kohl">{{cite book | last = Kohl | first = Johann | title = Kitchi-Gami: Life Among the Lake Superior Ojibway | year = 1859 | month = | publisher = | location = | id = | chapter = | chapterurl = | isbn = 0-87351-172-7 }}</ref> In addition to the Anishinaabeg, [[Innu people|Innu]] also have ''Mishibizhiw'' stories.<ref name="Barnes">{{cite web|last=Barnes|first=Michael|url=http://www.city.north-bay.on.ca/living/history/lavase/97frs611.htm| title=Aboriginal Artifacts|work=Final Report - 1997 Archaeological Excavations La Vase Heritage Project|publisher=City of [[North Bay, Ontario]]|accessdate=2008-10-05}}</ref>

To the [[Algonquins]], the underwater panther was the most powerful [[underworld]] being. The [[Ojibwe]] traditionally held them to be masters of all water creatures, including snakes. Some versions of the [[Nanabozho]] creation legend refer to whole communities of water [[lynx]].<ref name="Bolgiano">{{cite book | last = Bolgiano | first = Chris | title = Mountain Lion: An Unnatural History of Pumas and People |date=August 1995 |location=Mechanicsburg, PA | publisher=Stackpole Books | isbn = 0-8117-1044-0 | chapter = Native Americans and American Lions | chapterurl = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/mountain.htm}}</ref>

Some archaeologists believe that underwater panthers were major components of the [[Southeastern Ceremonial Complex]] of the [[Mississippian culture]] in the prehistoric American Southeast.<ref>{{cite book | last = Townsend | first = Richard F. | title = Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand| publisher = [[Yale University Press]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-300-10601-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=F. Kent |last1=Reilly |first2=James |last2=Garber | title = Ancient Objects and Sacred Realms | publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |location=Austin, Texas | year = 2004 | pages = 29–34 | isbn = 978-0-292-71347-5 |first3=Vincas P., foreword |last3=Steponaitis}}</ref>

==Name==
In the [[Ojibwe language]], this creature is sometimes called ''Mishibizhiw'', ''Mishipizhiw'', ''Mishipizheu'', ''Mishupishu'', ''Mishepishu'', ''Michipeshu'',<ref name=conway>{{cite book |last1=Conway |first1=Thor |year=2010 |title=Spirits in Stone |location=Sault Ste. Marie, ON |publisher=Heritage Discoveries}}</ref> or ''Mishibijiw'', which translates as "Great Lynx",<ref>[http://www.freelang.net/dictionary/ojibwe.html Freelang Ojibwe Dictionary]</ref> or ''Gichi-anami'e-bizhiw'' ("Gitche-anahmi-bezheu"), which translates as "the fabulous night panther".<ref name="Kohl" /><ref>"The fabulous night panther" is a translation from [[Anishinaabe language]] into [[French language|French]] to [[German language|German]], which then was translated into English. The direct translation would be something closer to "The greatly revered lynx." See [http://www.freelang.net/dictionary/ojibwe.html Freelang Ojibwe Dictionary]</ref> However, it is also commonly referred to as the "Great underground wildcat" or "Great under-water wildcat."<ref name="Barnes" /><ref name="Gidmark">{{cite journal |url=http://books.google.com/books?doi=-gLBOIhjsPQC&pg=PA168&lpg=PA168&dq=Mishi-peshu&source=bl&ots=NNnev31kdp&sig=Lx3UhQHsHdHyfwwazxPlELqbPVQ&hl=en&ei=MBD3SpaXKIWo8AavkqjzCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CAwQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=Mishi-peshu&f=false |title=Mishi-Peshu |last1=Gidmark |first1=Jill B. |date=November 30, 2000 |work=Encyclopedia of American literature of the sea and Great Lakes |location=Westport, Connecticut |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=0-313-30148-4 |page=168 |accessdate=December 25, 2012}} ISBN 978-0-313-30148-3; 10.1336/0313301484. 568 pages.</ref> It is the most important of the underwater animals for the Ojibwa.<ref name="Lemaître">{{cite web |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/mishipeshu |title=Mishipeshu |work=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |first1=Serge |last1=Lemaître |accessdate=December 25, 2012}}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Agawa Rock, panel VIII.jpg|right|thumb|Pictographs of a ''mishibizhiw'' as well as two giant serpents<ref name=conway/> and a canoe, from [[Lake Superior Provincial Park]], [[Ontario]], Canada. Attributed to the Ojibwe.<ref>Penney 71</ref>]]
In [[Native American mythologies]] of the Great Lakes, underwater panthers are described as water monsters that live in opposition to the [[Thunderbird (mythology)|Thunderbird]]s,<ref name=strom>Strom, K. [http://www.kstrom.net/isk/art/morriss/art_miss.html "Morrisseau's Missipeshu: Cultural Preservation."] ''Native American Indian Resources.'' 3 Aug 2006 (retrieved 1 Oct 2011)</ref> masters of the powers of the air. Underwater Panthers are seen as an opposing yet complementary force to the Thunderbirds, and they are engaged in eternal conflict.<ref name=p60>Penney 60</ref>

Underwater panther was an amalgam of features from many animals: the body of a wild feline, often a [[mountain lion]] or [[lynx]]; the horns of [[deer]] or [[bison]]; upright scales on its back;<ref name=p207>Penney 207</ref> occasionally bird [[feathers]]; and parts from other animals as well, depending on the particular myth. Underwater panthers are represented with exceptionally long tails,<ref name=p59>Penney 59</ref> occasionally with serpentine properties.<ref name=p60/> The creatures are thought to roar or hiss in the sounds of storms or rushing rapids.<ref name=strom/>

''Mishipizheu'' were said to live in the deepest parts of lakes and rivers, where they can cause storms.<ref name=p60/> Some traditions believed the underwater panthers to be helpful, protective creatures, but more often they were viewed as malevolent beasts that brought death and misfortune. They often need to be placated for safe passage across a lake.<ref name=strom/> As late as the 1950s, the Prairie Band of [[Potawatomi]] Indians performed a traditional ceremony to placate the Underworld Panther and maintain balance with the Thunderbird.<ref name="Bolgiano"/>

When ethnographer [[Johann Kohl]] visited the United States in the 1850s, he spoke with a [[Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa|Fond du Lac]] chief, who showed Kohl a piece of copper kept in his [[medicine bag]]. The chief said it was a strand of hair from the ''mishibizhiw'', and thus considered extremely powerful.<ref name="Kohl" />

==Copper==
The history of Mishipeshu is merely a legend for some, but for Algonquin Indians and their relatives it is as real as the water and precious metal it guarded. Mishipeshu is known for guarding the vast amounts of copper in Lake Superior and the [[Great Lakes]] Region. There seems to be substantial evidence that there was a very ancient and unknown people that mined the copper and moved the majority to an undisclosed location.{{cn|date=October 2014}} Later, during the 17th century, the [[Jesuit]] Missionaries arrived in the Great Lakes Region. By that time, swiping copper from the region was extremely taboo and forbidden by the Ojibwa tribe. It was even worse to take it from the Great Lynx's home, [[Michipicoten Island]] - this was considered to be stealing from Mishipeshu himself.<ref>Godfrey, Linda S. Weird Michigan New York: Sterling Publishing Co.(2006) Hardcover</ref>

==Close encounters==
There are a few stories that might be of true believers of this great beast. A Jesuit missionary named [[Claude Dablon]] told a story about four Ojibwa Indians who embarked on a journey to the home of Mishipeshu to take some copper back to their home, and use it to heat water. The very second they pushed off and backed into the water with their canoe, the eerie voice of the water panther surrounded them. The water panther came growling after them, vigorously accusing them of stealing the playthings of his children. All four of the Indians died on the way back to their village; the last one surviving just long enough to tell the tale of what had happened in his final moments before he finally died. During the 1840s there was a copper rush; people there had realized the value of copper which was for the taking around [[Isle Royale]] and [[Keweenaw Peninsula]]. There was great suffering and accidents to which many key people and vessels fell victim. The steamer [[Cumberland]] was lost at the [[Rock of Ages Light|Rock of Ages Reef]] on Isle Royale. Another ship, by the name of Algoma, was sunk in a storm during 1885, and forty-five people sunk to a watery death in the creature's lair.

==Depictions in art==
The underwater panther is well represented in [[pictograph]]s. Historical Anishnaabe twined and [[quillwork|quilled]] men's bags often feature an underwater panther on one panel and the Thunderbird on the other.<ref name=p59/> [[Norval Morrisseau]] (Ojibwe) painted underwater panthers in his [[Woodlands style]] artworks, contemporary paintings based on Ojibwe oral history and cosmology.<ref name=strom/><ref name=p207/> The emblem has been embellished, and appears as a decorative [[Motif (visual arts)|motif]] on [[muskets]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.academia.edu/847109/Dragon_Sideplates_from_York_Factory_A_New_Twist_on_an_Old_Tail |title=Dragon Sideplates from York Factory, A New Twist on an Old Tail |first1=William A |last1=Fox |volume=2 |number=2 |journal=Manitoba Archaeological Journal |pages=21–35 |accessdate=December 25, 2012}}</ref>

The [[Canadian Museum of Civilization]] includes an underwater panther in its coat of arms.<ref name=strom/>

In 2003, archaeologist Brad Lepper suggested that the [[Alligator Effigy Mound]] in [[Granville, Ohio]] represents the underwater panther. Lepper posits that early European settlers, when learning from Native Americans that the mound represented a fierce creature that lived in the water and ate people, mistakenly assumed that the Native Americans were referring to an alligator.<ref name="Lepper">{{cite journal|last =Lepper|first=Brad|title=Alligator Mound: Geoarchaeological and Iconographical Interpretations of a Late Prehistoric Effigy Mound in Central Ohio, USA|journal=Cambridge Archaeological Journal|volume=13 |pages=147–167|doi=10.1017/S0959774303000106|year=2003|last2 =Frolking|first2 =Tod A.|url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=187259|issue =2}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
The ''[[Grimm (TV series)|Grimm]]'' episode "[[Grimm (season 4)|Mishipeshu]]" involves the possession of a young [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] by an underwater panther.

==See also==
*[[Anishinaabe traditional beliefs]]
*[[Nguruvilu]]
*[[Piasa]]
*[[Horned Serpent]]
*[[Southeastern Ceremonial Complex]]
*[[Bunyip]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Sources==
*Dewdney, Selwyn. Kidd, Kenneth E. ''Indian Rock Paintings of the Great Lakes'' (Toronto, Ontario: [[University of Toronto Press]] (for the Quetico Foundation), 1975), p. 149.
* {{cite news|url=http://farshores.org/alimound.htm|first1=David|last1=Lore|title=Man pounces on panther theory about mound|publisher=[[The Columbus Dispatch]]|date=2001-01-21}}
* {{cite book |last1=Penney |first1=David W. |title=North American Indian Art |location=London |publisher=Thames and Hudson |year=2004 |isbn=0-500-20377-6}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Underwater panther}}
*[http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/past-exhibitions/mythic-creatures/water-creatures-of-the-deep/mutating-myths American Museum of Natural History on Mishepishu]
*[http://www.americanindian.si.edu/searchcollections/item.aspx?irn=151435&catids=1&objmat=Twine/string/cord|Basswood%20fiber%20cordage&src=1-4 Odawa twined bag with images of the Underwater Panther, NMAI]

{{Mississippian and related cultures}}
{{Pre-Columbian North America}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Underwater Panther}}
[[Category:Anishinaabe mythology]]
[[Category:Lake Superior]]
[[Category:Legendary creatures of the indigenous peoples of North America]]
[[Category:Mythological hybrids]]
[[Category:Great Lakes tribal culture]]
[[Category:Native American religion]]
[[Category:Water deities]]

Mishipeshu

2015-04-20T04:22:06Z

V2Blast: /* top */ replaced non-specific citation to unreliable source with "citation needed (lead)" tag

{{tone|date=March 2014}}
[[File:Underwater panther NMAI GGH.jpg|thumb|Underwater Panther, [[George Gustav Heye Center]], [[National Museum of the American Indian]]]]

An '''Underwater panther''', called '''''Mishipeshu''''' or '''''Mishibijiw''''' in [[Ojibwe language|Ojibwe]], is one of the most important of several water beings among many [[Great Lakes]] and [[Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands|Northeastern Woodlands]] [[indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American tribes]], particularly among the [[Anishinaabe]] peoples.

Mishipeshu translates into "The Great Lynx." It has the head and paws of a giant cat but is covered in scales and has dagger-like spikes running along its back and tail.{{citation needed (lead)|date=April 2015}} Mishipeshu calls [[Michipicoten Island]] in [[Lake Superior]] his home and is a powerful creature in the mythological traditions of some Native American tribes, particularly [[Anishinaabe]] tribes, the [[Odawa people|Odawa]], [[Ojibwe]], and [[Potawatomi]], of the [[Great Lakes]] region of [[Canada]] and the [[United States]].<ref name=conway/><ref name=Kohl>Kohl</ref> In addition to the Anishinaabeg, [[Innu people|Innu]] also have '''Mishibizhiw''' stories.<ref name=Barnes/>

To the [[Algonquins]], the underwater panther was the most powerful [[underworld]] being. The [[Ojibwe]] traditionally held them to be masters of all water creatures, including snakes. Some versions of the [[Nanabozho]] creation legend refer to whole communities of water [[lynx]].<ref name="Bolgiano">Bolgiano</ref>

Some archaeologists believe that underwater panthers were major components of the [[Southeastern Ceremonial Complex]] of the [[Mississippian culture]] in the prehistoric American Southeast.<ref>{{cite book | last = Townsend | first = Richard F. | title = Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand| publisher = [[Yale University Press]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-300-10601-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=F. Kent |last1=Reilly |first2=James |last2=Garber | title = Ancient Objects and Sacred Realms | publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |location=Austin, Texas | year = 2004 | pages = 29–34 | isbn = 978-0-292-71347-5 |first3=Vincas P., foreword |last3=Steponaitis}}</ref>

==Name==
In the [[Ojibwe language]], this creature is sometimes called ''Mishibizhiw, Mishipizhiw, Mishipizheu, Mishupishu, Mishepishu, Michipeshu'',<ref name=conway>{{cite book |last1=Conway |first1=Thor |year=2010 |title=Spirits in Stone |location=Sault Ste. Marie, ON |publisher=Heritage Discoveries}}</ref> or ''Mishibijiw'', which translates as "Great Lynx",<ref>[http://www.freelang.net/dictionary/ojibwe.html Freelang Ojibwe Dictionary]</ref> or ''Gichi-anami'e-bizhiw'' ("Gitche-anahmi-bezheu"), which translates as "the fabulous night panther."<ref name=Kohl /><ref>"The fabulous night panther" is a translation from [[Anishinaabe language]] into [[French language|French]] to [[German language|German]], which then was translated into English. The direct translation would be something closer to "The greatly revered lynx." See [http://www.freelang.net/dictionary/ojibwe.html Freelang Ojibwe Dictionary]</ref> However, it is also commonly referred to as the "Great underground wildcat" or "Great under-water wildcat."<ref name=Barnes>Barnes</ref><ref name="Gidmark">{{cite journal |url=http://books.google.com/books?doi=-gLBOIhjsPQC&pg=PA168&lpg=PA168&dq=Mishi-peshu&source=bl&ots=NNnev31kdp&sig=Lx3UhQHsHdHyfwwazxPlELqbPVQ&hl=en&ei=MBD3SpaXKIWo8AavkqjzCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CAwQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=Mishi-peshu&f=false |title=Mishi-Peshu |last1=Gidmark |first1=Jill B. |date=November 30, 2000 |work=Encyclopedia of American literature of the sea and Great Lakes |location=Westport, Connecticut |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=0-313-30148-4 |page=168 |accessdate=December 25, 2012}} ISBN 978-0-313-30148-3; 10.1336/0313301484. 568 pages.</ref> It is the most important of the underwater animals for the Ojibwa.<ref name="Lemaître">{{cite web |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/mishipeshu |title=Mishipeshu |work=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |first1=Serge |last1=Lemaître |accessdate=December 25, 2012}}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Agawa Rock, panel VIII.jpg|right|thumb|Pictographs of a ''mishibizhiw'' as well as two giant serpents<ref name=conway/> and a canoe, from [[Lake Superior Provincial Park]], [[Ontario]], Canada. Attributed to the Ojibwe.<ref>Penney 71</ref>]]
In [[Native American mythologies]] of the Great Lakes, underwater panthers are described as water monsters that live in opposition to the [[Thunderbird (mythology)|Thunderbird]]s,<ref name=strom>Strom, K. [http://www.kstrom.net/isk/art/morriss/art_miss.html "Morrisseau's Missipeshu: Cultural Preservation."] ''Native American Indian Resources.'' 3 Aug 2006 (retrieved 1 Oct 2011)</ref> masters of the powers of the air. Underwater Panthers are seen as an opposing yet complementary force to the Thunderbirds, and they are engaged in eternal conflict.<ref name=p60>Penney 60</ref>

Underwater panther was an amalgam of features from many animals: the body of a wild feline, often a [[mountain lion]] or [[lynx]]; the horns of [[deer]] or [[bison]]; upright scales on its back;<ref name=p207>Penney 207</ref> occasionally bird [[feathers]]; and parts from other animals as well, depending on the particular myth. Underwater panthers are represented with exceptionally long tails,<ref name=p59>Penney 59</ref> occasionally with serpentine properties.<ref name=p60/> The creatures are thought to roar or hiss in the sounds of storms or rushing rapids.<ref name=strom/>

''Mishipizheu'' were said to live in the deepest parts of lakes and rivers, where they can cause storms.<ref name=p60/> Some traditions believed the underwater panthers to be helpful, protective creatures, but more often they were viewed as malevolent beasts that brought death and misfortune. They often need to be placated for safe passage across a lake.<ref name=strom/> As late as the 1950s, the Prairie Band of [[Potawatomi]] Indians performed a traditional ceremony to placate the Underworld Panther and maintain balance with the Thunderbird.<ref name="Bolgiano"/>

When ethnographer [[Johann Kohl]] visited the United States in the 1850s, he spoke with a [[Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa|Fond du Lac]] chief, who showed Kohl a piece of copper kept in his [[medicine bag]]. The chief said it was a strand of hair from the ''mishibizhiw'', and thus considered extremely powerful.<ref name=Kohl />

==Copper==
The history of Mishipeshu is merely a legend for some, but for Algonquin Indians and their relatives it is as real as the water and precious metal it guarded. Mishipeshu is known for guarding the vast amounts of copper in Lake Superior and the [[Great Lakes]] Region. There seems to be substantial evidence that there was a very ancient and unknown people that mined the copper and moved the majority to an undisclosed location.{{cn|date=October 2014}} Later, during the 17th century, the [[Jesuit]] Missionaries arrived in the Great Lakes Region. By that time, swiping copper from the region was extremely taboo and forbidden by the Ojibwa tribe. It was even worse to take it from the Great Lynx's home, [[Michipicoten Island]] - this was considered to be stealing from Mishipeshu himself.<ref>Godfrey, Linda S. Weird Michigan New York: Sterling Publishing Co.(2006) Hardcover</ref>

==Close encounters==
There are a few stories that might be of true believers of this great beast. A Jesuit missionary named [[Claude Dablon]] told a story about four Ojibwa Indians who embarked on a journey to the home of Mishipeshu to take some copper back to their home, and use it to heat water. The very second they pushed off and backed into the water with their canoe, the eerie voice of the water panther surrounded them. The water panther came growling after them, vigorously accusing them of stealing the playthings of his children. All four of the Indians died on the way back to their village; the last one surviving just long enough to tell the tale of what had happened in his final moments before he finally died. During the 1840s there was a copper rush; people there had realized the value of copper which was for the taking around [[Isle Royale]] and [[Keweenaw Peninsula]]. There was great suffering and accidents to which many key people and vessels fell victim. The steamer [[Cumberland]] was lost at the [[Rock of Ages Light|Rock of Ages Reef]] on Isle Royale. Another ship, by the name of Algoma, was sunk in a storm during 1885, and forty-five people sunk to a watery death in the creature's lair.

==Depictions in art==
The underwater panther is well represented in [[pictograph]]s. Historical Anishnaabe twined and [[quillwork|quilled]] men's bags often feature an underwater panther on one panel and the Thunderbird on the other.<ref name=p59/> [[Norval Morrisseau]] (Ojibwe) painted underwater panthers in his [[Woodlands style]] artworks, contemporary paintings based on Ojibwe oral history and cosmology.<ref name=strom/><ref name=p207/> The emblem has been embellished, and appears as a decorative [[Motif (visual arts)|motif]] on [[muskets]].<ref>*{{cite journal |url=http://www.academia.edu/847109/Dragon_Sideplates_from_York_Factory_A_New_Twist_on_an_Old_Tail |title=Dragon Sideplates from York Factory, A New Twist on an Old Tail |first1=William A |last1=Fox |volume=2 |number=2 |journal=Manitoba Archaeological Journal |pages=21–35 |accessdate=December 25, 2012}}</ref>

The [[Canadian Museum of Civilization]] includes an underwater panther in its coat of arms.<ref name=strom/>

==="Alligator" mound===
{{main|Alligator Effigy Mound}}
In 2003 archaeologist Brad Lepper suggested that the [[Alligator Effigy Mound]] in [[Granville, Ohio]] represents the underwater panther. Lepper suggests that early European settlers, when learning from Native Americans that the mound represented a fierce creature that lived in the water and ate people, mistakenly assumed that the Native Americans were referring to an alligator.<ref>Lepper.</ref>

==Popular culture==
The ''[[Grimm (TV series)|Grimm]]'' episode "[[Grimm (season 4)|Mishipeshu]]" involves the possession of a young [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] by an underwater panther.

==See also==
*[[Anishinaabe traditional beliefs]]
*[[Nguruvilu]]
*[[Piasa]]
*[[Horned Serpent]]
*[[Southeastern Ceremonial Complex]]
*[[Bunyip]]
==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite web|last=Barnes|first=Michael|url=http://www.city.north-bay.on.ca/living/history/lavase/97frs611.htm| title=Aboriginal Artifacts|work=Final Report - 1997 Archaeological Excavations La Vase Heritage Project|publisher=City of [[North Bay, Ontario]]|accessdate=2008-10-05}}
* {{cite book | last = Bolgiano | first = Chris | title = Mountain Lion: An Unnatural History of Pumas and People |date=August 1995 |location=Mechanicsburg, PA | publisher=Stackpole Books | isbn = 0-8117-1044-0 | chapter = Native Americans and American Lions | chapterurl = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/mountain.htm}}
*{{cite book |last1=Conway |first1=Thor |year=2010 |title=Spirits in Stone |location=Sault Ste. Marie, ON |publisher=Heritage Discoveries}}
*Dewdney, Selwyn. Kidd, Kenneth E. ''Indian Rock Paintings of the Great Lakes'' (Toronto, Ontario: [[University of Toronto Press]] (for the Quetico Foundation), 1975), p. 149.
*{{cite journal |url=http://www.academia.edu/847109/Dragon_Sideplates_from_York_Factory_A_New_Twist_on_an_Old_Tail |title=Dragon Sideplates from York Factory, A New Twist on an Old Tail |first1=William A |last1=Fox |volume=2 |number=2 |journal=Manitoba Archaeological Journal |pages=21–35 |accessdate=December 25, 2012}}
* {{cite web|last=Fox|first=William A |url=http://www.adamsheritage.com/articles/fox/dragon_sideplates.htm| title=Dragon Sideplates from York Factory: A New Twist on an Old Tail.|publisher=Adams Heritage|accessdate=2006-07-13}}
*{{cite journal |url=http://books.google.com/books?doi=-gLBOIhjsPQC&pg=PA168&lpg=PA168&dq=Mishi-peshu&source=bl&ots=NNnev31kdp&sig=Lx3UhQHsHdHyfwwazxPlELqbPVQ&hl=en&ei=MBD3SpaXKIWo8AavkqjzCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CAwQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=Mishi-peshu&f=false |title=Mishi-Peshu |last1=Gidmark |first1=Jill B. |date=November 30, 2000 |work=Encyclopedia of American literature of the sea and Great Lakes |location=Westport, Connecticut |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=0-313-30148-4 |page=168 |accessdate=December 25, 2012}} ISBN 978-0-313-30148-3; 10.1336/0313301484. 568 pages.
* {{cite book | last = Kohl | first = Johann | title = Kitchi-Gami: Life Among the Lake Superior Ojibway | year = 1859 | month = | publisher = | location = | id = | chapter = | chapterurl = | isbn = 0-87351-172-7 }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/mishipeshu |title=Mishipeshu |work=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |first1=Serge |last1=Lemaître |accessdate=December 25, 2012}}
* {{cite journal|last =Lepper|first=Brad|title=Alligator Mound: Geoarchaeological and Iconographical Interpretations of a Late Prehistoric Effigy Mound in Central Ohio, USA|journal=Cambridge Archaeological Journal|volume=13 |pages=147–167|doi=10.1017/S0959774303000106|year=2003|last2 =Frolking|first2 =Tod A.|url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=187259|issue =2}}
* {{cite news|url=http://farshores.org/alimound.htm|first1=David|last1=Lore|title=Man pounces on panther theory about mound|publisher=[[The Columbus Dispatch]]|date=2001-01-21}}
* {{cite book |last1=Penney |first1=David W. |title=North American Indian Art |location=London |publisher=Thames and Hudson |year=2004 |isbn=0-500-20377-6}}
*{{cite book | last = Townsend | first = Richard F. | title = Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand| publisher = [[Yale University Press]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-300-10601-7}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Underwater panther}}
*[http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/mythiccreatures/water/myths.php American Museum of Natural History on Mishepishu]
*[http://norvalmorrisseau.blogspot.com/2007/11/canadian-museum-of-civilization-coat-of.html Canadian Museum of Civilization Coat of Arms]
*[http://www.americanindian.si.edu/searchcollections/item.aspx?irn=151435&catids=1&objmat=Twine/string/cord|Basswood%20fiber%20cordage&src=1-4 Odawa twined bag with images of the Underwater Panther, NMAI].
*[http://www.monstropedia.org/index.php?title=Mishipeshu Mishipeshu at Monstropedia]

{{Mississippian and related cultures}}
{{Pre-Columbian North America}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Underwater Panther}}
[[Category:Anishinaabe mythology]]
[[Category:Lake Superior]]
[[Category:Legendary creatures of the indigenous peoples of North America]]
[[Category:Mythological hybrids]]
[[Category:Great Lakes tribal culture]]
[[Category:Native American religion]]
[[Category:Water deities]]

Jiraiya

2014-12-17T09:51:23Z

V2Blast: moved "in popular culture" template to top of page; added "citation needed" tag; added "See also" section with wikilink to Japanese folklore

{{About|the folk ninja featured in ''Jiraiya Gōketsu Monogatari''|the ninja of the same name featured in [[Naruto]]|Jiraiya (Naruto)|the 1988 television series|Sekai Ninja Sen Jiraiya|the cicada [[genus]]|cicada}}

{{Refimprove|date=December 2014}}
{{In popular culture|date=December 2014}}

[[File:Eight Hundred Heroes of Our Country s Suikoden 12.jpg|thumb|Ogata Shuma Hiroyuki later known as Jiraiya, with a heavy gun, overcoming a huge snake which has preyed on his toads]]

{{Nihongo3|literally "Young Thunder"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wayofninja.com/2008/tale-of-the-gallant-jiraiya/ |title=The Tale of Jiraiya the Gallant|publisher=Way Of Ninja |date=2008-09-03 |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref>|自来也 or 児雷也|'''Jiraiya'''}}, originally known as '''Ogata Shuma Hiroyuki''', is the title character of the Japanese [[Folklore|folk tale]] {{Nihongo3|"The Tale of the Gallant Jiraiya"|児雷也豪傑物語|'''Jiraiya Gōketsu Monogatari'''}}. The tale was adapted into a 19th century serial novel, a [[kabuki]] drama, several films, video games and a [[manga]], and has also served as a source of influence for various other works.

==Classic tale==
In the legend, Jiraiya is a [[ninja]] who uses [[shapeshifting]] [[Magic (paranormal)|magic]] to morph into a gigantic toad. As the heir of a powerful clan in [[Kyūshū]] of the same name, Jiraiya fell in love with Tsunade (綱手), a beautiful young maiden who has mastered slug magic. His arch-enemy was his one-time follower Yashagorō (夜叉五郎), later known as Orochimaru (大蛇丸), a master of [[Serpent (symbolism)|serpent]] magic (the [[kanji]] 大蛇 literally means "giant snake" or "serpent"). It was first recorded in 1806.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}

===19th century adaptations===
[[File:Jiraya magicien Yoshitoshi.jpg|thumb|Jiraiya riding a giant toad, depicted in an 1866 print by [[Yoshitoshi]]]]

*A novel version of the story was written by different authors and published in 43 installments from 1839 to 1868; one of its illustrators was woodblock artist [[Kunisada]].<ref name=kiseido>{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20010713081853/http://www.kiseido.com/printss/ji.html |title=The Gallant Jiraiya |publisher=Web.archive.org |date=2001-07-13 |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref>
*[[Kawatake Mokuami]] wrote a [[kabuki]] drama based on the first ten parts of the novel, which premiered in [[Edo]] in 1852, starring [[Ichikawa Danjūrō VIII]] in the leading role.<ref name=kiseido/>

==In popular culture==
===Modern adaptations===
* Jiraiya (also known as Ikazuchi-Maru) is the protagonist in the 1966 [[tokusatsu]] movie ''Kairyū Daikessen'' (known in English as ''[[The Magic Serpent]]''). He and his nemesis Orochimaru transform into two [[Kaiju|daikaiju]], a toad and dragon, respectively, and have a duel to the death. Tsunade is his love interest.
* There are also films ''Jiraiya'' (1914), ''Nidaime Jiraiya'' (1917), ''Jiraiya Gōketsu Tan'' (1918), ''Gōketsu Jiraiya'' (''[[Jiraiya the Hero]]'', 1921), ''Jiraiya'' (also known as ''Ninjutsu Sanyō Den'', 1937), ''Hibari Torimonochō: Jiraiya Koban'' (1958), and ''Kunoichi Ninpō Chō: Jiraiya Hishō'' (1995).
* In the first game of [[Hudson Soft]]'s ''Tengai Makyō'' series (known in the West as ''[[Far East of Eden]]''), ''Tengai Makyō: Ziria'' (1989), Jiraiya ("Ziria") is a ninja from the Fire Clan who fights with a [[kodachi]] sword and has a pet frog which grows several times its size when he summons it in combat. Tsunade is a ninja girl from the Roots Clan (the arch-enemies of the Fire Clan) who uses snails and a huge axe in her attacks and is in love with Orochimaru, a wandering warrior and poet who wields a [[naginata]] and snake magic. In 2006, the game was remade as ''[[Tengai Makyou Ziria: Haruka naru Jipang]]''. Its characters also all returned in the 1995 spin-off fighting game ''[[Far East of Eden: Kabuki Klash]]''.
* ''Jiraiya Kenzan'', an unreleased video game by [[Capcom]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unseen64.net/2010/02/03/the-magical-ninjya-jiraiya-kenzan-ps2-cancelled/ |title=The Magical Ninjya: Jiraiya Kenzan PS2 - Cancelled |publisher=Unseen 64 |date= |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref>
* ''Shōnen Jiraiya'', a manga by [[Shigeru Sugiura]].

=== Other appearances ===
* An Australian horror and fantasy author [[Shane Jiraiya Cummings]] is named after Jiraiya.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}
* In the tokusatsu superhero series ''[[Sekai Ninja Sen Jiraiya]]'', the protagonists’s hero identity is named after Jiraiya.
* In ''[[Naruto]]'', a popular manga and anime television series, [[Jiraiya (Naruto)|Jiraiya]] appears in the series as a ninja with the ability to summon giant toads. Along with the series' versions of [[Tsunade(Naruto)|Tsunade]] and [[Orochimaru (Naruto)|Orochimaru]], he is part of a trio of legendary ninja known as the ''Densetsu no Sannin'' ("Legendary Three Ninja"). One of the anime's episodes is titled "The Tale of Jiraiya the Gallant."
* In the video game ''[[Muramasa: The Demon Blade]]'', the [[DLC]] story "A Spirited Seven Nights' Haunting" uses elements from Jiraiya's story in terms of snake, toad, and slug magic. In the story's second ending, a teenage Jiraiya and Tsunade confront the game's version of Orochimaru.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}
* In the manga and anime series ''[[Gin Tama]]'', Jiraia is the strongest ninja of the [[Oniwanbanshu]].
* One of the five characters in the [[Super Sentai]] series ''[[Ninja Sentai Kakuranger]]'' is descended from the title character Jiraiya the Gallant. Fittingly, as each [[Kakurangers|Kakuranger]] is associated with an animal, Jiraiya uses toad-based [[mecha]].
* Jiraiya Byakko is a character in the manga and anime series ''[[Karasu Tengu Kabuto]]''.
* [[Akimitsu Takagi]]'s detective novel ''The Tattoo Murder Case'' uses the character representations in tattoos worn by three of the main characters: Kinue Nomura (Orochimaru, the snake), her brother Tsunetaro (Jiraiya, the frog) and sister Tamae (Tsunade, the slug; translated as Tsunade-hime), all set within a series of murders that takes all three's lives.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}
* In the video game ''[[Persona 4]]'', Yōsuke Hanamura's persona is a cartoony Jiraiya in a disco costume.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}

==See also==
* [[Japanese folklore]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Japan}}
* [http://vintageninja.net/?tag=jiraiya Vintage Ninja writeup about the 1921 film ''Jiraiya'']
* [http://www.fumikura.net/paper/edoyo/edoyo33.html 1821 version of the story] {{jp icon}}

[[Category:1839 novels]]
[[Category:Fictional characters who use magic]]
[[Category:Fictional ninja]]
[[Category:Japanese folklore]]
[[Category:Japanese novels]]
[[Category:Kabuki plays]]

Jiraiya

2014-12-17T09:39:36Z

V2Blast: /* External links */

{{About|the folk ninja featured in Jiraiya Gōketsu Monogatari|the ninja of the same name featured in [[Naruto]]|Jiraiya (Naruto)|the 1988 television series|Sekai Ninja Sen Jiraiya|the cicada [[genus]]|cicada}}

{{Refimprove|date=December 2014}}

[[File:Eight Hundred Heroes of Our Country s Suikoden 12.jpg|thumb|Ogata Shuma Hiroyuki later known as Jiraiya, with a heavy gun, overcoming a huge snake which has preyed on his toads]]

{{Nihongo3|literally "Young Thunder"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wayofninja.com/2008/tale-of-the-gallant-jiraiya/ |title=The Tale of Jiraiya the Gallant|publisher=Way Of Ninja |date=2008-09-03 |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref>|自来也 or 児雷也|'''Jiraiya'''}}, originally known as '''Ogata Shuma Hiroyuki''', is the title character of the Japanese [[Folklore|folk tale]] {{Nihongo3|"The Tale of the Gallant Jiraiya"|児雷也豪傑物語|'''Jiraiya Gōketsu Monogatari'''}}. The tale was adapted into a 19th century serial novel, a [[kabuki]] drama, several films, video games and a [[manga]], and has also served as a source of influence for various other works.

==Classic tale==
In the legend, Jiraiya is a [[ninja]] who uses [[shapeshifting]] [[Magic (paranormal)|magic]] to morph into a gigantic toad. As the heir of a powerful clan in [[Kyūshū]] of the same name, Jiraiya fell in love with Tsunade (綱手), a beautiful young maiden who has mastered slug magic. His arch-enemy was his one-time follower Yashagorō (夜叉五郎), later known as Orochimaru (大蛇丸), a master of [[Serpent (symbolism)|serpent]] magic (the [[kanji]] 大蛇 literally mean "giant snake" or "serpent"). It was first recorded in 1806.

===19th century adaptations===
[[File:Jiraya magicien Yoshitoshi.jpg|thumb|Jiraiya riding a giant toad, depicted in an 1866 print by [[Yoshitoshi]]]]

*A novel version of the story was written by different authors and published in 43 installments from 1839 to 1868; one of its illustrators was woodblock artist [[Kunisada]].<ref name=kiseido>{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20010713081853/http://www.kiseido.com/printss/ji.html |title=The Gallant Jiraiya |publisher=Web.archive.org |date=2001-07-13 |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref>
*[[Kawatake Mokuami]] wrote a [[kabuki]] drama based on the first ten parts of the novel, which premiered in [[Edo]] in 1852, starring [[Ichikawa Danjūrō VIII]] in the leading role.<ref name=kiseido/>

==In popular culture==
{{In popular culture|section|date=December 2014}}
===Modern adaptations===
* Jiraiya (also known as Ikazuchi-Maru) is the protagonist in the 1966 [[tokusatsu]] movie ''Kairyū Daikessen'' (known in English as ''[[The Magic Serpent]]''). He and his nemesis Orochimaru transform into two [[Kaiju|daikaiju]], a toad and dragon, respectively, and have a duel to the death. Tsunade is his love interest.
* There are also films ''Jiraiya'' (1914), ''Nidaime Jiraiya'' (1917), ''Jiraiya Gōketsu Tan'' (1918), ''Gōketsu Jiraiya'' (''[[Jiraiya the Hero]]'', 1921), ''Jiraiya'' (also known as ''Ninjutsu Sanyō Den'', 1937), ''Hibari Torimonochō: Jiraiya Koban'' (1958), and ''Kunoichi Ninpō Chō: Jiraiya Hishō'' (1995).
* In the first game of [[Hudson Soft]]'s ''Tengai Makyō'' series (known in the West as ''[[Far East of Eden]]''), ''Tengai Makyō: Ziria'' (1989), Jiraiya ("Ziria") is a ninja from the Fire Clan who fights with a [[kodachi]] sword and has a pet frog which grows several times its size when he summons it in combat. Tsunade is a ninja girl from the Roots Clan (the arch-enemies of the Fire Clan) who uses snails and a huge axe in her attacks and is in love with Orochimaru, a wandering warrior and poet who wields a [[naginata]] and snake magic. In 2006, the game was remade as ''[[Tengai Makyou Ziria: Haruka naru Jipang]]''. Its characters also all returned in the 1995 spin-off fighting game ''[[Far East of Eden: Kabuki Klash]]''.
* ''Jiraiya Kenzan'', an unreleased video game by [[Capcom]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unseen64.net/2010/02/03/the-magical-ninjya-jiraiya-kenzan-ps2-cancelled/ |title=The Magical Ninjya: Jiraiya Kenzan PS2 - Cancelled |publisher=Unseen 64 |date= |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref>
* ''Shōnen Jiraiya'', a manga by [[Shigeru Sugiura]].

=== Other appearances ===
* An Australian horror and fantasy author [[Shane Jiraiya Cummings]] is named after Jiraiya.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}
* In the tokusatsu superhero series ''[[Sekai Ninja Sen Jiraiya]]'', the protagonists’s hero identity is named after Jiraiya.
* In ''[[Naruto]]'', a popular manga and anime television series, [[Jiraiya (Naruto)|Jiraiya]] appears in the series as a ninja with the ability to summon giant toads. Along with the series' versions of [[Tsunade(Naruto)|Tsunade]] and [[Orochimaru (Naruto)|Orochimaru]], he is part of a trio of legendary ninja known as the ''Densetsu no Sannin'' ("Legendary Three Ninja"). One of the anime's episodes is titled "The Tale of Jiraiya the Gallant."
* In the video game ''[[Muramasa: The Demon Blade]]'', the [[DLC]] story "A Spirited Seven Nights' Haunting" uses elements from Jiraiya's story in terms of snake, toad, and slug magic. In the story's second ending, a teenage Jiraiya and Tsunade confront the game's version of Orochimaru.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}
* In the manga and anime series ''[[Gin Tama]]'', Jiraia is the strongest ninja of the [[Oniwanbanshu]].
* One of the five characters in the [[Super Sentai]] series ''[[Ninja Sentai Kakuranger]]'' is descended from the title character Jiraiya the Gallant. Fittingly, as each [[Kakurangers|Kakuranger]] is associated with an animal, Jiraiya uses toad-based [[mecha]].
* Jiraiya Byakko is a character in the manga and anime series ''[[Karasu Tengu Kabuto]]''.
* [[Akimitsu Takagi]]'s detective novel ''The Tattoo Murder Case'' uses the character representations in tattoos worn by three of the main characters: Kinue Nomura (Orochimaru, the snake), her brother Tsunetaro (Jiraiya, the frog) and sister Tamae (Tsunade, the slug; translated as Tsunade-hime), all set within a series of murders that takes all three's lives.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}
* In the video game ''[[Persona 4]]'', Yōsuke Hanamura's persona is a cartoony Jiraiya in a disco costume.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Japan}}
* [http://vintageninja.net/?tag=jiraiya Vintage Ninja writeup about the 1921 film ''Jiraiya'']
* [http://www.fumikura.net/paper/edoyo/edoyo33.html 1821 version of the story] {{jp icon}}

[[Category:1839 novels]]
[[Category:Fictional characters who use magic]]
[[Category:Fictional ninja]]
[[Category:Japanese folklore]]
[[Category:Japanese novels]]
[[Category:Kabuki plays]]

Jiraiya

2014-12-17T09:37:04Z

V2Blast: /* top */ added "refimprove" template

{{About|the folk ninja featured in Jiraiya Gōketsu Monogatari|the ninja of the same name featured in [[Naruto]]|Jiraiya (Naruto)|the 1988 television series|Sekai Ninja Sen Jiraiya|the cicada [[genus]]|cicada}}

{{Refimprove|date=December 2014}}

[[File:Eight Hundred Heroes of Our Country s Suikoden 12.jpg|thumb|Ogata Shuma Hiroyuki later known as Jiraiya, with a heavy gun, overcoming a huge snake which has preyed on his toads]]

{{Nihongo3|literally "Young Thunder"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wayofninja.com/2008/tale-of-the-gallant-jiraiya/ |title=The Tale of Jiraiya the Gallant|publisher=Way Of Ninja |date=2008-09-03 |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref>|自来也 or 児雷也|'''Jiraiya'''}}, originally known as '''Ogata Shuma Hiroyuki''', is the title character of the Japanese [[Folklore|folk tale]] {{Nihongo3|"The Tale of the Gallant Jiraiya"|児雷也豪傑物語|'''Jiraiya Gōketsu Monogatari'''}}. The tale was adapted into a 19th century serial novel, a [[kabuki]] drama, several films, video games and a [[manga]], and has also served as a source of influence for various other works.

==Classic tale==
In the legend, Jiraiya is a [[ninja]] who uses [[shapeshifting]] [[Magic (paranormal)|magic]] to morph into a gigantic toad. As the heir of a powerful clan in [[Kyūshū]] of the same name, Jiraiya fell in love with Tsunade (綱手), a beautiful young maiden who has mastered slug magic. His arch-enemy was his one-time follower Yashagorō (夜叉五郎), later known as Orochimaru (大蛇丸), a master of [[Serpent (symbolism)|serpent]] magic (the [[kanji]] 大蛇 literally mean "giant snake" or "serpent"). It was first recorded in 1806.

===19th century adaptations===
[[File:Jiraya magicien Yoshitoshi.jpg|thumb|Jiraiya riding a giant toad, depicted in an 1866 print by [[Yoshitoshi]]]]

*A novel version of the story was written by different authors and published in 43 installments from 1839 to 1868; one of its illustrators was woodblock artist [[Kunisada]].<ref name=kiseido>{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20010713081853/http://www.kiseido.com/printss/ji.html |title=The Gallant Jiraiya |publisher=Web.archive.org |date=2001-07-13 |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref>
*[[Kawatake Mokuami]] wrote a [[kabuki]] drama based on the first ten parts of the novel, which premiered in [[Edo]] in 1852, starring [[Ichikawa Danjūrō VIII]] in the leading role.<ref name=kiseido/>

==In popular culture==
{{In popular culture|section|date=December 2014}}
===Modern adaptations===
* Jiraiya (also known as Ikazuchi-Maru) is the protagonist in the 1966 [[tokusatsu]] movie ''Kairyū Daikessen'' (known in English as ''[[The Magic Serpent]]''). He and his nemesis Orochimaru transform into two [[Kaiju|daikaiju]], a toad and dragon, respectively, and have a duel to the death. Tsunade is his love interest.
* There are also films ''Jiraiya'' (1914), ''Nidaime Jiraiya'' (1917), ''Jiraiya Gōketsu Tan'' (1918), ''Gōketsu Jiraiya'' (''[[Jiraiya the Hero]]'', 1921), ''Jiraiya'' (also known as ''Ninjutsu Sanyō Den'', 1937), ''Hibari Torimonochō: Jiraiya Koban'' (1958), and ''Kunoichi Ninpō Chō: Jiraiya Hishō'' (1995).
* In the first game of [[Hudson Soft]]'s ''Tengai Makyō'' series (known in the West as ''[[Far East of Eden]]''), ''Tengai Makyō: Ziria'' (1989), Jiraiya ("Ziria") is a ninja from the Fire Clan who fights with a [[kodachi]] sword and has a pet frog which grows several times its size when he summons it in combat. Tsunade is a ninja girl from the Roots Clan (the arch-enemies of the Fire Clan) who uses snails and a huge axe in her attacks and is in love with Orochimaru, a wandering warrior and poet who wields a [[naginata]] and snake magic. In 2006, the game was remade as ''[[Tengai Makyou Ziria: Haruka naru Jipang]]''. Its characters also all returned in the 1995 spin-off fighting game ''[[Far East of Eden: Kabuki Klash]]''.
* ''Jiraiya Kenzan'', an unreleased video game by [[Capcom]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unseen64.net/2010/02/03/the-magical-ninjya-jiraiya-kenzan-ps2-cancelled/ |title=The Magical Ninjya: Jiraiya Kenzan PS2 - Cancelled |publisher=Unseen 64 |date= |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref>
* ''Shōnen Jiraiya'', a manga by [[Shigeru Sugiura]].

=== Other appearances ===
* An Australian horror and fantasy author [[Shane Jiraiya Cummings]] is named after Jiraiya.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}
* In the tokusatsu superhero series ''[[Sekai Ninja Sen Jiraiya]]'', the protagonists’s hero identity is named after Jiraiya.
* In ''[[Naruto]]'', a popular manga and anime television series, [[Jiraiya (Naruto)|Jiraiya]] appears in the series as a ninja with the ability to summon giant toads. Along with the series' versions of [[Tsunade(Naruto)|Tsunade]] and [[Orochimaru (Naruto)|Orochimaru]], he is part of a trio of legendary ninja known as the ''Densetsu no Sannin'' ("Legendary Three Ninja"). One of the anime's episodes is titled "The Tale of Jiraiya the Gallant."
* In the video game ''[[Muramasa: The Demon Blade]]'', the [[DLC]] story "A Spirited Seven Nights' Haunting" uses elements from Jiraiya's story in terms of snake, toad, and slug magic. In the story's second ending, a teenage Jiraiya and Tsunade confront the game's version of Orochimaru.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}
* In the manga and anime series ''[[Gin Tama]]'', Jiraia is the strongest ninja of the [[Oniwanbanshu]].
* One of the five characters in the [[Super Sentai]] series ''[[Ninja Sentai Kakuranger]]'' is descended from the title character Jiraiya the Gallant. Fittingly, as each [[Kakurangers|Kakuranger]] is associated with an animal, Jiraiya uses toad-based [[mecha]].
* Jiraiya Byakko is a character in the manga and anime series ''[[Karasu Tengu Kabuto]]''.
* [[Akimitsu Takagi]]'s detective novel ''The Tattoo Murder Case'' uses the character representations in tattoos worn by three of the main characters: Kinue Nomura (Orochimaru, the snake), her brother Tsunetaro (Jiraiya, the frog) and sister Tamae (Tsunade, the slug; translated as Tsunade-hime), all set within a series of murders that takes all three's lives.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}
* In the video game ''[[Persona 4]]'', Yōsuke Hanamura's persona is a cartoony Jiraiya in a disco costume.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Japan}}
* [http://vintageninja.net/?tag=jiraiya Jiraiya - Vintage Ninja]
* [http://www.fumikura.net/paper/edoyo/edoyo33.html 1821 version of the story] {{jp icon}}

[[Category:1839 novels]]
[[Category:Fictional characters who use magic]]
[[Category:Fictional ninja]]
[[Category:Japanese folklore]]
[[Category:Japanese novels]]
[[Category:Kabuki plays]]

Jiraiya

2014-12-17T09:36:34Z

V2Blast: /* In popular culture */ added "in popular culture" and "citation needed" templates; removed irrelevant examples (the connection to Jiraiya should be explicit)

{{About|the folk ninja featured in Jiraiya Gōketsu Monogatari|the ninja of the same name featured in [[Naruto]]|Jiraiya (Naruto)|the 1988 television series|Sekai Ninja Sen Jiraiya|the cicada [[genus]]|cicada}}

[[File:Eight Hundred Heroes of Our Country s Suikoden 12.jpg|thumb|Ogata Shuma Hiroyuki later known as Jiraiya, with a heavy gun, overcoming a huge snake which has preyed on his toads]]

{{Nihongo3|literally "Young Thunder"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wayofninja.com/2008/tale-of-the-gallant-jiraiya/ |title=The Tale of Jiraiya the Gallant|publisher=Way Of Ninja |date=2008-09-03 |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref>|自来也 or 児雷也|'''Jiraiya'''}}, originally known as '''Ogata Shuma Hiroyuki''', is the title character of the Japanese [[Folklore|folk tale]] {{Nihongo3|"The Tale of the Gallant Jiraiya"|児雷也豪傑物語|'''Jiraiya Gōketsu Monogatari'''}}. The tale was adapted into a 19th century serial novel, a [[kabuki]] drama, several films, video games and a [[manga]], and has also served as a source of influence for various other works.

==Classic tale==
In the legend, Jiraiya is a [[ninja]] who uses [[shapeshifting]] [[Magic (paranormal)|magic]] to morph into a gigantic toad. As the heir of a powerful clan in [[Kyūshū]] of the same name, Jiraiya fell in love with Tsunade (綱手), a beautiful young maiden who has mastered slug magic. His arch-enemy was his one-time follower Yashagorō (夜叉五郎), later known as Orochimaru (大蛇丸), a master of [[Serpent (symbolism)|serpent]] magic (the [[kanji]] 大蛇 literally mean "giant snake" or "serpent"). It was first recorded in 1806.

===19th century adaptations===
[[File:Jiraya magicien Yoshitoshi.jpg|thumb|Jiraiya riding a giant toad, depicted in an 1866 print by [[Yoshitoshi]]]]

*A novel version of the story was written by different authors and published in 43 installments from 1839 to 1868; one of its illustrators was woodblock artist [[Kunisada]].<ref name=kiseido>{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20010713081853/http://www.kiseido.com/printss/ji.html |title=The Gallant Jiraiya |publisher=Web.archive.org |date=2001-07-13 |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref>
*[[Kawatake Mokuami]] wrote a [[kabuki]] drama based on the first ten parts of the novel, which premiered in [[Edo]] in 1852, starring [[Ichikawa Danjūrō VIII]] in the leading role.<ref name=kiseido/>

==In popular culture==
{{In popular culture|section|date=December 2014}}
===Modern adaptations===
* Jiraiya (also known as Ikazuchi-Maru) is the protagonist in the 1966 [[tokusatsu]] movie ''Kairyū Daikessen'' (known in English as ''[[The Magic Serpent]]''). He and his nemesis Orochimaru transform into two [[Kaiju|daikaiju]], a toad and dragon, respectively, and have a duel to the death. Tsunade is his love interest.
* There are also films ''Jiraiya'' (1914), ''Nidaime Jiraiya'' (1917), ''Jiraiya Gōketsu Tan'' (1918), ''Gōketsu Jiraiya'' (''[[Jiraiya the Hero]]'', 1921), ''Jiraiya'' (also known as ''Ninjutsu Sanyō Den'', 1937), ''Hibari Torimonochō: Jiraiya Koban'' (1958), and ''Kunoichi Ninpō Chō: Jiraiya Hishō'' (1995).
* In the first game of [[Hudson Soft]]'s ''Tengai Makyō'' series (known in the West as ''[[Far East of Eden]]''), ''Tengai Makyō: Ziria'' (1989), Jiraiya ("Ziria") is a ninja from the Fire Clan who fights with a [[kodachi]] sword and has a pet frog which grows several times its size when he summons it in combat. Tsunade is a ninja girl from the Roots Clan (the arch-enemies of the Fire Clan) who uses snails and a huge axe in her attacks and is in love with Orochimaru, a wandering warrior and poet who wields a [[naginata]] and snake magic. In 2006, the game was remade as ''[[Tengai Makyou Ziria: Haruka naru Jipang]]''. Its characters also all returned in the 1995 spin-off fighting game ''[[Far East of Eden: Kabuki Klash]]''.
* ''Jiraiya Kenzan'', an unreleased video game by [[Capcom]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unseen64.net/2010/02/03/the-magical-ninjya-jiraiya-kenzan-ps2-cancelled/ |title=The Magical Ninjya: Jiraiya Kenzan PS2 - Cancelled |publisher=Unseen 64 |date= |accessdate=2013-09-18}}</ref>
* ''Shōnen Jiraiya'', a manga by [[Shigeru Sugiura]].

=== Other appearances ===
* An Australian horror and fantasy author [[Shane Jiraiya Cummings]] is named after Jiraiya.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}
* In the tokusatsu superhero series ''[[Sekai Ninja Sen Jiraiya]]'', the protagonists’s hero identity is named after Jiraiya.
* In ''[[Naruto]]'', a popular manga and anime television series, [[Jiraiya (Naruto)|Jiraiya]] appears in the series as a ninja with the ability to summon giant toads. Along with the series' versions of [[Tsunade(Naruto)|Tsunade]] and [[Orochimaru (Naruto)|Orochimaru]], he is part of a trio of legendary ninja known as the ''Densetsu no Sannin'' ("Legendary Three Ninja"). One of the anime's episodes is titled "The Tale of Jiraiya the Gallant."
* In the video game ''[[Muramasa: The Demon Blade]]'', the [[DLC]] story "A Spirited Seven Nights' Haunting" uses elements from Jiraiya's story in terms of snake, toad, and slug magic. In the story's second ending, a teenage Jiraiya and Tsunade confront the game's version of Orochimaru.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}
* In the manga and anime series ''[[Gin Tama]]'', Jiraia is the strongest ninja of the [[Oniwanbanshu]].
* One of the five characters in the [[Super Sentai]] series ''[[Ninja Sentai Kakuranger]]'' is descended from the title character Jiraiya the Gallant. Fittingly, as each [[Kakurangers|Kakuranger]] is associated with an animal, Jiraiya uses toad-based [[mecha]].
* Jiraiya Byakko is a character in the manga and anime series ''[[Karasu Tengu Kabuto]]''.
* [[Akimitsu Takagi]]'s detective novel ''The Tattoo Murder Case'' uses the character representations in tattoos worn by three of the main characters: Kinue Nomura (Orochimaru, the snake), her brother Tsunetaro (Jiraiya, the frog) and sister Tamae (Tsunade, the slug; translated as Tsunade-hime), all set within a series of murders that takes all three's lives.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}
* In the video game ''[[Persona 4]]'', Yōsuke Hanamura's persona is a cartoony Jiraiya in a disco costume.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Japan}}
* [http://vintageninja.net/?tag=jiraiya Jiraiya - Vintage Ninja]
* [http://www.fumikura.net/paper/edoyo/edoyo33.html 1821 version of the story] {{jp icon}}

[[Category:1839 novels]]
[[Category:Fictional characters who use magic]]
[[Category:Fictional ninja]]
[[Category:Japanese folklore]]
[[Category:Japanese novels]]
[[Category:Kabuki plays]]

Tritagonist

2014-12-09T08:22:21Z

V2Blast: /* top */ separated latter 2 paragraphs into "History" section

In [[literature]], the '''tritagonist''' is the third most important [[Character (arts)|character]] of a narrative, after the [[protagonist]] and [[deuteragonist]]. In [[Ancient Greek drama]], the tritagonist was the third member of the acting troupe.

As a character, a tritagonist may act as the instigator or cause of the sufferings of the protagonist. Despite being the least sympathetic character of the drama, he or she occasions the situations by which pity and sympathy for the protagonist are excited.<ref name="muller">[[Karl Otfried Müller|Müller, Karl Otfried]], and [[John William Donaldson]]. ''[http://archive.org/details/historyofliterat01mluoft A History of the Literature of Ancient Greece]'', 1858</ref>{{rp|451}}

==History==
The part of the tritagonist emerged from earlier forms of two-actor drama. Where two actors only allowed for a principal character and their adversary, moving the part of adversary to a third actor (the tritagonist) allowed for the second actor (the deuteragonist) to play roles as a confidant or aide to the principal character, and thereby elicit greater character depth from the principal character by having the protagonist explain their feelings and motivations to an on-stage listener.<ref name="muller" />{{rp|451}} As Ancient Greek theatre recitations were partly melodic, the role of the tritagonist would typically go to a performer with a voice in the [[bass (voice type)|bass]] range (as compared to the protagonist as tenor and the deuteragonist as baritone).<ref name="mantzius">''A History of Theatrical Art'', Mantzius (1903).</ref>{{rp|172}} [[Cicero]], in his ''[[Divinatio in Caecilium]]'', reported that the tritagonist (being a role of lesser importance than the protagonist) would often have to subdue his voice if he was naturally stronger than the protagonist.<ref>''Divinatio in Caecilium'', [[Cicero]], s. 45.</ref>

Notable Ancient Greek actors who worked in this role include the orator [[Aeschines]], who was held by [[Demosthenes]] to have been untalented as a tritagonist,<ref name="mantzius" />{{rp|175}} and Myniscus, who was tritagonist under the playwright [[Aeschylus]].<ref name="mantzius" />{{rp|195}}

In some forms of Greek theatre, it was traditional for the tritagonist to enter the stage from the left.<ref name="muller" />{{rp|404}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Wiktionary|tritagonist}}

{{Narrative}}
{{Lit-stub}}

[[Category:Drama]]

Releaseformate (Warez)

2014-06-28T22:38:08Z

V2Blast: /* top */ added "refimprove" and "lead rewrite" templates

{{Refimprove|date=June 2014}}
{{Lead rewrite|date=June 2014}}

With regard to [[warez]] groups or [[Copyright infringement of audio-visual works|organized piracy groups]], a movie is usually released in several formats and different versions because the primary sources used by a group for a particular movie may vary. Pirated movies are primarily released by these organized groups, commonly referred to as ''scene'' groups or ''warez groups''. The first release of a movie is usually of a lower quality (due to a lack of sources), and is eventually replaced with higher-quality releases as better sources become available.

== Background == 

[[Cam (movie piracy)|Cam]] releases were the early attempts at movie piracy which were implemented by recording the on-screen projection of a movie in a cinema. This enabled groups to pirate movies which were in their theatrical period (not released for personal entertainment). But because these releases often suffered distinctly low quality and required undetected videotaping in movie theaters, alternative methods were sought.


Beginning in 1998, feature films began to be released on the internet by warez groups prior to their theatrical release. These pirated versions usually came in the form of VCD or SVCD. A prime example was the release of ''[[American Pie (film)|American Pie]]''.<ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.theisonews.com/release.php?releaseid=4262
| title = Video CD: American Pie
| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20050211094807/http://www.theisonews.com/release.php?releaseid=4262
| archivedate = 2005-02-11
}} ''[[The iSONEWS|iSONews]]''.
</ref> This is notable for three reasons:

# It was released in an uncensored workprint format. The later theatrical release was cut down by several minutes and had scenes reworked to avoid nudity to pass [[Motion Picture Association of America|MPAA]] guidelines.
# It was released nearly two months prior to its release in theaters ([[CNN Headline News]] reported on its early release).{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}}
# It was listed by the movie company as one of the reasons it released an [[Motion picture rating system|Unrated]] DVD edition.{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}}

In October 1999, [[DeCSS]] was released. This program allowed anyone to remove the [[Content-scrambling system|CSS]] encryption on a DVD. Although its authors only intended the software to be used for playback purposes,{{fact|date=June 2012}} it also meant that one could decode the content perfectly for [[ripping]]; combined with the ''[[DivX]] 3.11 Alpha'' codec released shortly after, the new codec increased video quality from near [[VHS]] to almost DVD quality when encoding from a DVD source.

The early DivX releases were mostly internal for group use, but once the codec spread, it became accepted as a standard and quickly became the most widely used format for the scene. With help from associates who either worked for a [[movie theater]], [[movie production]] company, or [[video rental]] company, groups were supplied with massive amounts of material, and new releases began appearing at a very fast pace. When version 4.0 of DivX was released, the codec went commercial and the need for a free codec, [[Xvid]] (then called "XviD", "DivX" backwards), was created. Today, Xvid has replaced DivX almost entirely. Although the DivX codec has evolved from version 4 to 7.0 during this time, it is banned<ref>{{cite web |url=http://scenerules.irc.gs/t.html?id=2005_XViD.nfo | title=The XviD Releasing Standards 2005}}</ref> in the warez scene due to its commercial nature.


In February 2012, a consortium of popular piracy groups officially announced [[x264]], the free [[H.264]] codec, as the new standard for releases,<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.gizmodo.com.au/2012/03/superior-h-264-codec-gains-traction-among-tv-torrent-groups-is-now-the-official-standard/
| title = H.264 Codec Now the 'Official' Standard
}}</ref> replacing the previous format, which was Xvid wrapped in an [[Audio Video Interleave|AVI]] container. The move to H.264 also obsoletes AVI in favor of [[MP4]] and [[Matroska]], although AVI video is still very common.

== Release formats ==

Below is a table of pirated movie release types along with respective sources, ranging from the lowest quality to the highest. [[Standard (warez)|Scene rules]] define in which format and way each release type is to be packaged and distributed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afterdawn.com/glossary/ |title=AfterDawn Glossary}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; width:90%;"
|-
! style="width:15%;"|Type
! style="width:15%;"|Label
! style="width:15%;"|Rarity
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Cam (bootleg)|Cam]]<ref name="VCDQuality">[http://www.vcdq.com/faq VCDQuality Terms] – Lists recent video releases in the warez scene.</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|''CAMRip'' ''CAM
| style="text-align:center;"|Common; Quality issues make this an unpopular format
|-
|colspan="3"|A copy made in a cinema using a camcorder or mobile phone. The sound source is the camera microphone. Cam rips can quickly appear online after the first preview or premiere of the film. The quality ranges from terrible to very good, depending on the group of persons performing the recording and the resolution of the camera used. The main disadvantage of this is the sound quality. The microphone does not only record the sound from the movie, but also the background sound in the cinema. The camera can also record movements and audio of the audience in the theater, for instance, when someone stands up in front of the screen, or when the audience laughs at a funny moment in the movie.
|- style="text-align:center;"
||[[Telesync]]<ref name="AfterDawn">[http://www.afterdawn.com/glossary/term.cfm/telesync Telesync - AfterDawn: Glossary of technology terms & acronyms]</ref>
||''TS'' ''TELESYNC'' ''PDVD''
||Very common
|-
| colspan="3" |A [[Telesync|telesync (TS)]] is a bootleg recording of a film recorded in a [[movie theater]], sometimes filmed using a professional camera on a tripod in the projection booth. The main difference between a CAM and TS copy is that the audio of a TS is captured with a direct connection to the sound source (often an [[Microbroadcasting|FM microbroadcast]] provided for the hearing-impaired, or from a drive-in theater). Often, a ''cam'' is mislabeled as a telesync.

PDVD, also known as Pre-DVD, is a release type found mostly in India and/or for Indian movies, with Hollywood movies being the majority. Low quality CAM/TS releases in India are put on DVD and sold on the streets, which are then ripped by some release groups and released as PDVD-rips. They are often mistaken for being DVD-rips, due to the name.
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Workprint]]<ref name="VCDQuality" />
| style="text-align:center;"|''WP''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://scenelingo.wordpress.com/2008/07/16/what-does-wp-mean/ |title=What does "WP" mean? |accessdate=2009-11-02}}</ref> ''WORKPRINT''
| style="text-align:center;"|Very rare
|-
|colspan="3"|A copy made from an unfinished version of a film produced by the studio. Typically a workprint has missing effects and overlays, and often differ from its theatrical release. Some workprints have a time index marker running in a corner or on the top edge; some may also include a watermark. A workprint might be an uncut version, and missing some material that would appear in the final movie.
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Telecine (piracy)|Telecine]]<ref name="VCDQuality" />
| style="text-align:center;"|''TC'' ''TELECINE''
| style="text-align:center;"|Fairly rare; losing popularity due to R5 releases
|-
|colspan="3"|A copy captured from a film print using a machine that transfers the movie from its analog reel to digital format. These were rare because telecine machines for making these prints were very costly and very large. However, they have recently become much more common. Telecine has basically the same quality as DVD, since the technique is same as digitizing the actual film to DVD. However, the result is inferior since the source material is usually a lower quality copy reel. Telecine machines usually cause a slight left-right jitter in the picture and have inferior color levels compared to DVD.
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|Pay-Per-View Rip<ref>{{cite web|url=http://r5dvd.com/2009/05/14/what-is-ppvrip/ |title=What is PPVRip?}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|''PPV'' ''PPVRip''
| style="text-align:center;"|Common
|-
|colspan="3"| PPVRips come from Pay-Per-View sources. All the PPVRip releases are brand new movies which have not yet been released to Screener or DVD, but are available for viewing by hotel customers.
|- style="text-align:center;"
||[[Screener]]<ref name="VCDQuality" />
||''SCR'' ''SCREENER'' ''DVDSCR'' ''DVDSCREENER'' ''BDSCR''
||Very Common
|-
|colspan="3"|These are early DVD or BD releases of the theatrical version of a film, typically sent to movie reviewers, [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences|Academy]] members, and executives for review purposes. A screener normally has a message overlaid on its picture, with wording similar to: "The film you are watching is a promotional copy. If you purchased this film at a retail store please, contact 1-800-NO-COPIES to report it." or more commonly if released for awards consideration simply, "FOR YOUR CONSIDERATION." Apart from this, some movie studios release their screeners with a number of scenes of varying duration shown in [[black-and-white]]. Aside from this message, and the occasional B&W scenes, screeners are normally of only slightly lower quality than a retail DVD-Rip, due to the smaller investment in DVD mastering for the limited run. Some screener rips with the overlay message get cropped to remove the message and get released mislabled as DVD-Rips.

''Note: Screeners make a small exception here—since the content may differ from a retail version, it can be considered as lower quality than a DVD-Rip (even if the screener in question was sourced from a DVD).''
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|Digital Distribution Copy or Downloadable/Direct Digital Content<ref>{{cite web |url=http://scenerules.irc.gs/t.html?id=VER6_MViD.nfo |title=Music_Video_Council_Rules_v6.0-MVC |date=2011-09-23 |accessdate=2013-01-22 |quote="DDC" refers to Downloadable/Direct Digital Content which is not freely available}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|''DDC'' ''
| style="text-align:center;"| Common
|-
|colspan="3"|A digital distribution copy (DDC) is basically the same as a Screener, but sent digitally (FTP, HTTP, etc.) to companies instead of via the postal system. This makes distribution cheaper. Its quality is lower than one of a R5, but higher than a Cam or Telesync.

In the [[warez scene]] DDC refers to Downloadable/Direct Digital Content which is not freely available.
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[R5 (bootleg)|R5]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://scitech.blogs.cnn.com/2009/09/09/pirated-copy-of-district-9-posted-online/ |title=Pirated copy of District 9 posted online |author=Wes Finley-Price – CNN.com Webmaster |date=2009-11-09 |publisher=scitech.blogs.cnn.com |accessdate=2009-11-02}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|''R5 R5.LINE R5.AC3.5.1.HQ''
| style="text-align:center;"|Very common
|-
|colspan="3"|The R5 is a retail DVD from [[region 5]]. Region 5 consists of the [[Indian subcontinent]], most of [[Africa]], [[North Korea]], [[Russia]] and [[Mongolia]]. R5 releases differ from normal releases in that they are a direct Telecine transfer of the film without any of the image processing. If the DVD does not contain an English-language audio track, the R5 video is synced to a previously released English audio track. Then a ''LiNE'' tag is added.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://scenelingo.wordpress.com/2008/07/29/what-does-r5-mean/ |title=What does "R5" mean? |accessdate=2009-11-02}}</ref> This means that the sound often is not as good as DVD-Rips. To account for the lesser audio quality typically present in R5 releases, some release groups take the high quality Russian or Ukrainian 5.1 channel audio track included with the R5 DVD and modify it with audio editing software. They remove the non-English spoken portion of the audio and sync the remaining portion, which contains high quality sound effects and music with a previously recorded source of English vocals usually taken from a ''LiNE'' tagged release. The result of this process is an almost retail DVD quality surround sound audio track which is included in the movie release. Releases of this type are normally tagged ''AC3.5.1.HQ'' and details about what was done to the audio track as well as the video are present in the release notes accompanying the pirated movie.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://i.cubeupload.com/lFZi4Q.png |title=Man.on.a.Ledge.2012.R5.DVDRip.XviD.AC3.5.1.HQ.Hive-CM8.nfo |accessdate=2012-10-04}}</ref>

The other regions are:

* R0 No Region Coding
* R1 United States of America, Canada
* R2 Europe, including Turkey, Egypt, Arabia, Japan, Israel and South Africa
* R3 Korea, Thailand, Vietnam, Borneo and Indonesia
* R4 Australia and New Zealand, Mexico, the Caribbean, and South America
* R5 India, Africa (except Egypt, South Africa, Swaziland, and Lesotho), Russia and former USSR countries
* R6 Peoples Republic of China
* R7 Reserved for future use, MPAA-related DVDs and "media copies" of pre-releases in Asia
* R8 Airlines/Cruise Ships
* R9 Expansion (often used as region free)

R1 and R2 are considered the best quality.

|- style="text-align:center;"
||DVD-Rip
||''DVDRip''
||Very common
|-
|colspan="3"|A final retail version of a film, typically released before it is available outside its originating [[DVD#Region codes|region]]. Often after one group of pirates releases a high-quality DVD-Rip, the "race" to release that film will stop. The release is an [[Audio Video Interleave|AVI]] file and uses the [[Xvid]] codec (earlier DivX) for video, and [[mp3]] or [[Dolby AC-3|AC3]] for audio. Because of their high quality, DVD-Rips generally replace any earlier copies that may already have been circulating. [[Widescreen]] DVDs used to be indicated as WS.DVDRip.
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[DVD-R]]
| style="text-align:center;"|''DVDR'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rules.nukenet.info/t.html?id=2009_DVDR.nfo|archiveurl=http://wayback.archive.org/web/20120226143901/http://rules.nukenet.info/t.html?id=2009_DVDR.nfo|archivedate=2012-02-26 |title=The 2009 DVDR releasing standards}}  THE.2009.DVDR.RELEASING.STANDARDS-TDRS2K9</ref> DVD-Full, Full-Rip, [[ISO 9660|ISO rip]], [[Lossless data compression|lossless rip]], untouched rip, DVD-5/DVD-9
| style="text-align:center;"|Very common
|-
|colspan="3"|A final retail version of a film in DVD format, generally a complete copy from the original DVD. If the original DVD is released in the [[DVD-9]] format, however, extras might be removed and/or the video re-encoded to make the image fit the less expensive for burning and quicker to download [[DVD-5]] format. DVD-R releases often accompany DVD-Rips. DVD-R rips are larger in size, generally filling up the 4.37 or 7.95 GiB provided by DVD-5 and DVD-9 respectively. ''Untouched'' or [[Lossless data compression|lossless]] rips in the strictest sense are 1:1 rips of the source, with nothing removed or changed, though often the definition is lightened to include DVDs which have not been transcoded, and no features were removed from the user's perspective, removing only restrictions and possible nuisances such as copyright warnings and movie previews.
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|HDTV or DS Rip<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rules.nukenet.info/t.html?id=2002_TV.nfo|archiveurl=http://wayback.archive.org/web/20120226143906/http://rules.nukenet.info/t.html?id=2002_TV.nfo|archivedate=2012-02-26 |title=TV release rules v1.5 (2002-11-16)}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|''DSR'' ''DSRip'' ''DTHRip'' ''DVBRip'' ''HDTV'' ''PDTV'' ''TVRip'' ''HDTVRip'' 
| style="text-align:center;"|Very common
|-
|colspan="3"|TVRip is a capture source from an analog capture card (coaxial/composite/s-video connection). Digital satellite rip (DSR) is a rip that is captured from a non standard definition digital source like satellite. [[HDTV]] or [[PDTV]] or DTH ([[Direct To Home]]) rips often come from Over-the-Air transmissions. With an HDTV source, the quality can sometimes even surpass DVD. Movies in this format are starting to grow in popularity.

Analog, DSR, and PDTV sources are often re-encoded to 512×384 if fullscreen, 640×352 if widescreen. HDTV sources are re-encoded to multiple resolutions such as 640×352 (360p), 960×528 (540p), and 1280×720 (720p) at various file sizes for pirated releases. They can be [[progressive scan]] captured or not ([[480i]] digital transmission).
|- style="text-align:center;"
||VODRip
||''VODRip'' ''VODR'' 
||Common, becoming more common
|-
|colspan="3"|VODRip stands for Video-On-Demand Rip. This can be done by recording or capturing a video/movie from an On-Demand service such as through a cable or satellite TV service. Most services will state that ripping or capturing films is a breach of their use policy, but it is becoming more and more popular as it requires little technology or setup. There are many online On-Demand services that would not require one to connect their TV and computer. It can be done by using software to identify the video source address and downloading it as a video file which is often the method that bears the best quality end result. However, some people have used screen cams which effectively record, like a video camera, what is on a certain part of the computer screen, but does so internally, making the quality not of HD quality, but nevertheless significantly better than a Cam or Telesync version filmed from a cinema, TV or computer scree
|- style="text-align:center;"
||WEB-DL
||''WEBDL'' ''WEB DL'' ''WEB-DL'' 
||Common, becoming more common
|-
|colspan="3"| This is a movie or TV show downloaded via an on-line distribution website (web download), such as iTunes. The quality is quite good since they are not re-encoded. The video (H.264) and audio (AC3/AAC) streams are usually extracted from the iTunes file and then remuxed into a MKV container without sacrificing quality.
An advantage with these releases is that they mostly have no network logos on screen, just like BD/DVDRips.
|- style="text-align:center;"
||WEBRip
||''WEB-Rip'' ''WEBRIP'' ''WEB Rip'' 
||Common, WEB-DL is preferred
|-
|colspan="3"| This is a file ripped from a DRM-free streaming service, such as Hulu, CrunchyRoll or WWE Network. The quality is comparable to WEB-DL, but bitrates are lower to save on streaming bandwidth. The file will be extracted from the RTMP protocol and losslessly remuxed from a MP4 or FLV container to MKV.
|- style="text-align:center;"
||WEBCap
||''WEB-Cap'' ''WEBCAP'' ''WEB Cap'' 
||Common, WEBRip/WEB-DL is preferred
|-
|colspan="3"| This is a rip created by capturing video from a DRM-enabled streaming service, such as Amazon Instant or Netflix. Quality can range from mediocre (comparable with low quality XVID encodes) to excellent (comparable with high quality BR encodes). Essentially, the quality of the image obtained depends on internet connection speed and the specifications of the recording machine.
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|BD/BRRip
| style="text-align:center;"|''BDRip'' ''BRRip'' ''Blu-Ray / BluRay / BLURAY'' ''BDR''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scenerules.irc.gs/t.html?id=2010_BDr.nfo |title=The BDR releasing standards}} THE.2010.BDR.RELEASING.STANDARDS</ref> ''BD5/BD9 (also known as BD25/BD50)''
| style="text-align:center;"|Very Common, becoming even more common
|-
|colspan="3"| Similar to DVD-Rip, only the source is a [[Blu-ray Disc]]. A BD/BRRip in DVD-Rip size often looks better than a same-size DVD rip because encoders have better source material. A common misconception among downloaders is that BDRip and BRRip are the same thing. They differ in that a BDRip comes directly from the Blu-ray source, while a BRRip is encoded from a pre-release, usually from a 1080p BDRip from another group. BDRips are available in DVD-Rip sized releases (commonly 700 MB and 1.4 GB) encoded in Xvid or x264, as well as larger DVD5 or DVD9 (often 4.5 GB or larger, depending on length and quality) sized releases encoded in x264.

BD5 or BD9 are also available, which are slightly smaller than their counterpart DVD5/DVD9 releases. They are AVCHD compatible using the BD folder structure, and are intended to be burnt onto DVDs to play in AVCHD compatible Blu-ray players. More recent types, probably associated with the use of newsgroups and cheaper storage at home, are complete Blu-ray copies (images). They are commonly referred to as BD25 or BD50 and may or may not be remixed (but not transcoded). (Remixing is keeping the original video, but eliminating audio tracks, and/or adding audio tracks in other languages.)

BD/BRRips come in various versions: the m-720p (or mini 720p), which is a compressed version of a 720p and usually weighs around 2–3 GB; the 720p, which usually weighs around 4–7 GB and is the most downloaded form of BDRip; the m-1080p (or mini 1080p), which usually weighs a little bit more than 720p; and the 1080p, which can weigh from 8 GB to sizes as big as 40–60 GB. There are also mHD (or mini HD) versions available, which are encoded in lower resolution and are smaller in size.
|}

== See also ==
* [[Copyright infringement of audio-visual works]]
* [[Standard (warez)]]
* [[Warez]]
* [[Warez scene]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Forms of pirated film releases}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pirated Movie Release Types}}
[[Category:Copyright infringement]]
[[Category:Film and video technology]]
[[Category:Warez]]

Lego Technic

2013-08-21T08:10:31Z

V2Blast: fixed template: {{LEGO}} -> {{Lego}}

{{Merge|List of Lego themes|discuss= Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Lego#Request for comment on creating omnibus articles for sets and themes|date=October 2012}}
{{redirect-acronym|Technic|[[Technique (disambiguation)|Technique]]}}

{{Infobox Lego theme
|name=LEGO Technic
|image=[[Image:Technic logo.svg|200px]]
|subthemes=[[LEGO pneumatics|Pneumatics]]
|othernames=Expert Builder Technical LEGO
|from=1977
|to=Present
|sets=100+
|website=http://technic.LEGO.com/en-us/default.aspx?icmp=COUSFR17Technic
}}

[[Image:Lego technic.jpg|thumb|250px|Early example of LEGO Technic.]]

'''Technic''' is a line of [[LEGO]] interconnecting plastic rods and parts. The purpose of this series is to create more advanced models with more complex movable arms, such as machines with wheels, in addition to the simpler [[brick]]-building properties of normal LEGO.
The concept was introduced as the ''Expert Builder'' series and originally ''Technical Sets'' in 1977,<ref>The Unofficial LEGO Builder's Guide by Allan Bedford</ref> and was renamed ''Technic'' in 1984.

Technic sets are often characterized by the presence of special pieces, such as gears, axles, pins, and beams. Some sets also come with [[LEGO pneumatics|pneumatic]] pieces or [[electric motor]]s. In recent years, technic pieces have begun filtering down into other LEGO sets as well, the power miners, and others, but mostly notably the [[Bionicle]] sets (which were once sold as part of the Technic line), as well as a great many others.

The style of technic sets has been changing over time. Technic sets produced since the year 2000 use a different construction methodology, described as "studless construction" (Studs are the small circular knobs which appear on traditional LEGO bricks). This method utilizes beams and pins rather than technic bricks.

[[LEGO Mindstorms|Mindstorms]], a LEGO line of robotic products, also uses a large number of Technic pieces, although it is sold as a separate line of products. The latest generation of the Mindstorms range, the Mindstorms NXT range (released August 2006), is based on the studless construction method.

=="Studded" versus "Studless"==
[[Image:OldStyleTechnicLego.jpg|thumb|200px|A construction using the old pieces with studs.]]
Although studless beams (''studs'' are the bumps traditionally associated with LEGO parts) have been present in Technic sets for many years, the change from primarily studded to primarily studless construction represented a major paradigm shift and has been quite controversial.

[[Image:NewStyleTehnicLego.jpg|thumb|bottom|left|250px|A vehicle using the new pieces without studs.]] The primary advantage of studless construction is the addition of new construction methods that were previously unavailable. The new studless beams are exactly 1 unit width high, in contrast to studded beams, which are a non-integer multiple of one unit. It can be awkward to use studded beams in vertical structures because it is necessary to insert plates between the studded beams in order to get the holes to line up. Studless beams allow greater flexibility when building in multiple dimensions, while remaining compatible with "classic" studded beams. Some builders also believe that models constructed with studless beams look nicer than their studded counterparts.<ref>http://news.lugnet.com/general/?n=48416</ref>

However, studless construction also introduces disadvantages. Studless construction is not immediately intuitive, requiring the builder to think five or six steps ahead.<ref>http://www.actionfigurecustoms.com/blogs/2007/10/2009-camaro-custom-LEGO-technic-by.php</ref> While studded construction follows the classic bottom-to-top building pattern, studless construction requires building inside-to-outside.<ref>http://news.lugnet.com/general/?n=48420</ref>

As of 2005, LEGO has begun to re-incorporate studded bricks back into the Technic line, which can be seen in sets such as [http://peeron.com/inv/sets/8421-1 8421] (found on [[Peeron]]), The Mobile Crane.

==LEGO Technic components==
LEGO Technic system expands on the normal LEGO bricks with a whole range of new bricks that offer new functionality and building styles. The most significant change from normal LEGO is that single-stud wide bricks ('beams') have circular holes through their vertical face, positioned in-between the studs. These holes can accommodate pins, which enable two beams to be held securely together, either side-by-side, or at an angle.

===Motors===

LEGO Technic system has always included a variety of different electric motors. Broadly, these divide into those powered by batteries, held in a connected battery box, or by mains electricity, via a transformer. Battery-power is the most common.

Early motors were either 9 volt or 4.5 volt, and consisted of a large brick with a small protruding axle that would rotate when the motor was powered. The motor was not hugely geared-down, resulting in high-RPM, low-torque output.

Recent motors contain an axle hole enabling axles of different lengths to be used.

[[File:Lego Technic Crane Truck.jpg|thumb|LEGO Technic Crane Truck (Power Functions)]]

==Power Functions==

In late 2007, a new motor system was released called ''Power Functions''; it was included within LEGO set 8275 Motorized Bulldozer. It comprised a set of motors, two IR receivers, [[IR remote control|remote control]] and a battery box, thus resulting in a remote-control model.

With these sets it is possible to build or convert manually-operated mechanical movement to motorized using electric motors which are controlled via switches or IR remote control. Future plans for this set include more parts which will add even more functionality/control possibilities.<ref>http://powerfunctions.LEGO.com/en-us/Movies/M3.aspx</ref> LEGO has already started to design and sell LEGO TECHNIC models (sets) which can be easily retrofitted with Power Functions blocks. For example models like the 8294 Excavator, 8295 Telescopic Handler or 7645 MT-61 Crystal Reaper are sold like classic LEGO TECHNIC models with manual motorization but are designed with free space for the Power Functions components with factory instructions on how to perform the conversion to an electrically operated model.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Number !! Name !! Released
|-
|'''870''' || LEGO Technical Motor, 4.5V || 1977 (discontinued)
|-
|'''960''' || LEGO Expert Builder Power Pack || 1978 (discontinued)
|-
|'''8881''' || AA Power Functions Battery Box || 2008
|-
|'''8882''' || Power Functions XL-Motor || 2008
|-
|'''8883''' || Power Functions M-Motor || 2008
|-
|'''8884''' || Power Functions IR Receiver || 2008
|-
|'''8885''' || Power Functions IR Remote Control || 2008
|-
|'''8886''' || Power Functions Extension Wire || 2008
|-
|'''8866''' || Train Motor || 2009
|-
|'''8869''' || Power Functions Control Switch || 2009
|-
|'''8870''' || Power Functions Light || 2009
|-
|'''8871'''|| Power Functions Extension Wire 20” || 2009
|-
|'''8293'''|| Power Functions Motor Set || 2009
|-
|'''8878'''|| Power Functions Rechargeable Battery Box || 2009
|-
|'''8887'''|| Power Functions Transformer 10VDC || 2009
|-
|'''8879'''|| Power Functions IR Speed Remote Control || 2009
|-
|'''61100c01'''|| Windup Motor 2 × 4 × 2{{fraction|1|3}} with Orange Release Button (Power Functions)
|| 2009
|-
|'''88000'''|| AAA Battery Box || 2011
|-
|'''88002'''|| LEGO Power Functions Train Motor || 2011
|-
|'''88003'''|| Power Functions Large Motor || 2012
|-
|'''88004'''|| Power Functions Servo Motor || 2012
|-
|}
The Power Functions line-up also includes a Linear Actuator currently not sold separately, but already used in many models like the 8294 Excavator and the 8043 Motorized Excavator.

===Pneumatics===
{{main|Lego pneumatics}}

===Gears===
[[Image:Lego technic gears.jpg|thumb|200px|Various LEGO Technic gears.]]
[[Gear]]s have been included within LEGO Technic sets as a way of transferring rotary power, and of gearing-up or down the speed. Gears come in several sizes: 8 tooth, 16 tooth, 24 tooth and 40 tooth spur gears, 12 tooth, 20 tooth and 36 tooth double bevel gears, and 12 tooth and 20 tooth single bevel gears. The double bevel gears are cut so they can also be meshed as spur gears. There is also a 16 tooth clutch gear, and a 24 tooth friction gear that slips when a certain amount of torque is put on it to prevent motors from damaging any parts or burning themselves out.

In addition to standard gears, some kits include a rack, a clutch and even [[worm gear]]s and [[differential gear]]s. The original differential had a 28 tooth bevel gear, designed to be meshed with the 14 tooth bevel gears (replaced by the 12 tooth gears) to give 2:1 reduction. They can also be meshed with the newer double bevel gears. It was replaced by a newer design incorporating 16 tooth and 24 tooth gears on opposite sides of the casing. The casing holds three 12 tooth bevel gears inside.

As of 2008, an updated version of the original differential has been released, optimised for studless construction.

Chain links were also introduced as an additional way of connecting gears. Tension (resulting from the correct number of chain-link parts used), along with the combination of gearwheel-sizes used, is critical to reliable operation. 8-tooth gears are not recommended for this purpose.

== See also ==
{{commons category|LEGO Technic}}
* [[LEGO Mindstorms]]
* [[Fischertechnik]]
* [[Bionicle]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Lego}}
{{Gears}}

[[Category:Lego themes|Technic]]

Lego Technic

2013-08-21T08:03:35Z

V2Blast: fixed merge discussion link

Mikroexpression

2010-11-03T07:46:31Z

V2Blast: /* Wizards Project */ removed Diogenes Project link redirecting to already mentioned Wizards Project link

{{Refimprove|date=October 2009}}
A '''microexpression''' is a brief, involuntary [[facial expression]] shown on the face of [[humans]] according to [[emotion]]s experienced. They usually occur in high-stakes situations, where people have something to lose or gain. Unlike regular facial expressions, it is difficult to fake microexpressions. Microexpressions express the seven universal emotions: [[disgust]], [[anger]], [[fear]], [[sadness]], [[happiness]], [[Surprise (emotion)|surprise]], and [[contempt]].<ref>P. Ekman, “Facial Expressions of Emotion: an Old Controversy and New Findings”, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, B335:63--69, 1992</ref> They can occur as fast as 1/15 to 1/25 of a second.<ref>http://face.paulekman.com/aboutmett2.aspx</ref>

==History==
Microexpressions were first discovered by Haggard and Isaacs. In their 1966 study, Haggard and Isaacs outlined how they discovered these "micromomentary" expressions while "scanning motion picture films of psychotherapy hours, searching for indications of non-verbal communication between therapist and patient" <ref>Haggard, E. A., & Isaacs, K. S. (1966). Micro-momentary facial expressions as indicators of ego mechanisms in psychotherapy. In L. A. Gottschalk & A. H. Auerbach (Eds.), Methods of Research in Psychotherapy (pp. 154-165). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.</ref>This reprint edition of Ekman and Friesen's breakthrough research on the facial expression of emotion uses scores of photographs showing emotions of surprise, fear, disgust, contempt, anger, happiness, and sadness. The authors of UNMASKING THE FACE explain how to identify these basic emotions correctly and how to tell when people try to mask, simulate, or neutralize them. It features several practical exercises that help actors, teachers, salesmen, counselors, nurses, law-enforcement personnel and physicians -- and everyone else who deals with people -- to become adept, perceptive readers of the facial expressions of emotions.

In the 1960s, [[William S. Condon]] pioneered the study of interactions at the fraction-of-a-second level. In his famous research project, he scrutinized a four-and-a-half-second film segment frame by frame, where each frame represented 1/25th second. After studying this film segment for a year and a half, he discerned interactional micromovements, such as the wife moving her shoulder exactly as the husband's hands came up, which combined yielded [[microrhythm]]s.<ref> http://journals.lww.com/jonmd/Citation/1966/10000/Sound_Film_Analysis_of_Normal_and_Pathological.5.aspx </ref>

Years after Condon's study, American psychologist [[John Gottman]] began video-recording living relationships to study how couples interact. By studying participants' facial expressions, Gottman was able to correlate expressions with which relationships would last and which would not.<ref>http://www.gottman.com/49853/Research-FAQs.html</ref> Gottman's 2002 paper makes no claims to [[Accuracy#Accuracy_and_precision_in_binary_classification|accuracy in terms of binary classification]], and is instead a [[regression analysis]] of a two factor model where [[skin conductance]] levels and oral history narratives encodings are the only two statistically significant variables. Facial expressions using Ekman's encoding scheme were not statistically significant.<ref>Gottman, J. and Levenson, R.W., (2002). [http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118941255/abstract A Two-Factor Model for Predicting When a Couple Will Divorce: Exploratory Analyses Using 14-Year Longitudinal Data], Family Process, 41 (1), p. 83-96</ref> In [[Malcom Gladwell]]'s book [[Blink (book)|"Blink"]], which was written many years after "Emotional Intelligence" already brought Gottman's work to the attention of the public, Gottman states that there are four major emotional reactions that are destructive to a marriage: [[defensiveness]], [[stonewalling]], [[criticism]], and [[contempt]]. Among these four, Gottman considers contempt the most important of them all.<ref>Gladwell, Malcolm (2005). Blink, Chapter 1, Section 3, The Importance of Contempt</ref>

==Wizards Project==
{{Main|Wizards Project}}

Most people do not seem to perceive microexpressions in themselves or others. In the [[Wizards Project]], previously called the "Diogenes Project", Drs. [[Paul Ekman]] and Maureen O'Sullivan studied the ability of people to detect deception. Of the thousands of people tested, only a select few were able to accurately detect when someone was lying. The [[Wizards Project]] researchers named these people "Truth Wizards". To date, the [[Wizards Project]] has identified just over 50 people with this ability after testing nearly 20,000 people.<ref>Camilleri, J., Truth Wizard knows when you've been lying", Chicago Sun-Times, January 21, 2009</ref> Truth Wizards use microexpressions, among many other cues, to determine if someone is being truthful. Scientists hope by studying wizards that they can further advance the techniques used to identify deception.

==In popular culture==
{{In popular culture|date=June 2010}}

Microexpressions and associated science are the central premise for the [[2009 in television|2009]] television series ''[[Lie to Me]]''.

They also play a central role in Robert Ludlum's posthumously published ''[[The Ambler Warning]]'', in which the central character, Harrison Ambler, is an intelligence agent who is able to see them. Similarly, one of the main characters in Alastair Reynolds science fiction novel, ''[[Absolution Gap]]'', Aura, can easily read microexpressions.

On ''[[Law & Order: Criminal Intent]]'', Detective [[Robert Goren]] was adept in detecting microexpressions.

The [[Bene Gesserit]] in [[Frank Herbert]]'s [[Dune Universe]] utilize proficiency reading microexpressions in their roles as [[Bene_Gesserit#Truthsaying|truthsayers]].

==See also==
*[[Nonverbal communication]]
*[[Body language]]
*[[Facecrime]]
*[[Facial Action Coding System]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
Sound Film Analysis of Normal and Pathological Behavior Patterns, CONDON, W. S.; OGSTON, W. D.,
Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease. 143(4):338-347, October 1966.

==External links==
{{External links|date=June 2010}}
* [http://www.paulekman.com Paul Ekman's Personal Site]
* [http://www.humintell.com/dr-david-matsumoto/ Dr. David Matsumoto]
* [http://www.globalemotion.de/en/micro-expression-training-program.html Free Micro Expression Training]
* [http://www.psychologytoday.com/node/42184 J.J. Newberry, director]
* [http://www.lyintamer.com/bodylanguageinstitute Janine Driver, director]
* [http://www.jnforensics.com/ Joe Navarro, director]
* [http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/deception Maureen O'Sullivan's Blog]
* [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2004-10/ama-lad100804.php Lying and Deceit: The Wizards Project]
* [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6249749/ Scientists Pick Out Human Lie Detectors, MSNBC.com]
* [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/05/060505161952.htm Lying Is Exposed By Microexpressions We Can't Control, Science Daily, May 2006]
* [http://www.gladwell.com/2002/2002_08_05_a_face.htm The Naked Face]
* [http://www.cio.com/archive/120104/faces.html Facial Expressions Test based on "The Micro Expression Training Tool"]
* [http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=a-look-tells-all "A Look Tells All" in Scientific American Mind October 2006]
* [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/78447.php Microexpressions Complicate Face Reading, by Medical News Today] August 2007
* [http://www.apa.org/monitor/julaug04/detecting.html Deception Detection, American Psychological Association]

[[Category:Facial expressions]]
[[Category:Emotion]]
[[Category:Nonverbal communication]]

[[fr:Micro-expression]]
[[no:Mikrouttrykk]]
[[pl:Mikroekspresja]]
[[ru:Микровыражение]]
[[sv:Mikrouttryck]]
[[tr:Mikro-ifadeler]]
[[zh:微表情]]

Mikroexpression

2010-11-03T07:42:59Z

V2Blast: /* In popular culture */ removed trivial reference to popular culture (if the author/book doesn't have a wikipedia page, it can't be that notable), repeated "Lie to Me" reference

{{Refimprove|date=October 2009}}
A '''microexpression''' is a brief, involuntary [[facial expression]] shown on the face of [[humans]] according to [[emotion]]s experienced. They usually occur in high-stakes situations, where people have something to lose or gain. Unlike regular facial expressions, it is difficult to fake microexpressions. Microexpressions express the seven universal emotions: [[disgust]], [[anger]], [[fear]], [[sadness]], [[happiness]], [[Surprise (emotion)|surprise]], and [[contempt]].<ref>P. Ekman, “Facial Expressions of Emotion: an Old Controversy and New Findings”, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, B335:63--69, 1992</ref> They can occur as fast as 1/15 to 1/25 of a second.<ref>http://face.paulekman.com/aboutmett2.aspx</ref>

==History==
Microexpressions were first discovered by Haggard and Isaacs. In their 1966 study, Haggard and Isaacs outlined how they discovered these "micromomentary" expressions while "scanning motion picture films of psychotherapy hours, searching for indications of non-verbal communication between therapist and patient" <ref>Haggard, E. A., & Isaacs, K. S. (1966). Micro-momentary facial expressions as indicators of ego mechanisms in psychotherapy. In L. A. Gottschalk & A. H. Auerbach (Eds.), Methods of Research in Psychotherapy (pp. 154-165). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.</ref>This reprint edition of Ekman and Friesen's breakthrough research on the facial expression of emotion uses scores of photographs showing emotions of surprise, fear, disgust, contempt, anger, happiness, and sadness. The authors of UNMASKING THE FACE explain how to identify these basic emotions correctly and how to tell when people try to mask, simulate, or neutralize them. It features several practical exercises that help actors, teachers, salesmen, counselors, nurses, law-enforcement personnel and physicians -- and everyone else who deals with people -- to become adept, perceptive readers of the facial expressions of emotions.

In the 1960s, [[William S. Condon]] pioneered the study of interactions at the fraction-of-a-second level. In his famous research project, he scrutinized a four-and-a-half-second film segment frame by frame, where each frame represented 1/25th second. After studying this film segment for a year and a half, he discerned interactional micromovements, such as the wife moving her shoulder exactly as the husband's hands came up, which combined yielded [[microrhythm]]s.<ref> http://journals.lww.com/jonmd/Citation/1966/10000/Sound_Film_Analysis_of_Normal_and_Pathological.5.aspx </ref>

Years after Condon's study, American psychologist [[John Gottman]] began video-recording living relationships to study how couples interact. By studying participants' facial expressions, Gottman was able to correlate expressions with which relationships would last and which would not.<ref>http://www.gottman.com/49853/Research-FAQs.html</ref> Gottman's 2002 paper makes no claims to [[Accuracy#Accuracy_and_precision_in_binary_classification|accuracy in terms of binary classification]], and is instead a [[regression analysis]] of a two factor model where [[skin conductance]] levels and oral history narratives encodings are the only two statistically significant variables. Facial expressions using Ekman's encoding scheme were not statistically significant.<ref>Gottman, J. and Levenson, R.W., (2002). [http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118941255/abstract A Two-Factor Model for Predicting When a Couple Will Divorce: Exploratory Analyses Using 14-Year Longitudinal Data], Family Process, 41 (1), p. 83-96</ref> In [[Malcom Gladwell]]'s book [[Blink (book)|"Blink"]], which was written many years after "Emotional Intelligence" already brought Gottman's work to the attention of the public, Gottman states that there are four major emotional reactions that are destructive to a marriage: [[defensiveness]], [[stonewalling]], [[criticism]], and [[contempt]]. Among these four, Gottman considers contempt the most important of them all.<ref>Gladwell, Malcolm (2005). Blink, Chapter 1, Section 3, The Importance of Contempt</ref>

==Wizards Project==
{{Main|Wizards Project}}

Most people do not seem to perceive microexpressions in themselves or others. In the [[Wizards Project]], previously called the [[Diogenes Project]], Drs. [[Paul Ekman]] and Maureen O'Sullivan studied the ability of people to detect deception. Of the thousands of people tested, only a select few were able to accurately detect when someone was lying. The [[Wizards Project]] researchers named these people "Truth Wizards". To date, the [[Wizards Project]] has identified just over 50 people with this ability after testing nearly 20,000 people.<ref>Camilleri, J., Truth Wizard knows when you've been lying", Chicago Sun-Times, January 21, 2009</ref> Truth Wizards use microexpressions, among many other cues, to determine if someone is being truthful. Scientists hope by studying wizards that they can further advance the techniques used to identify deception.

==In popular culture==
{{In popular culture|date=June 2010}}

Microexpressions and associated science are the central premise for the [[2009 in television|2009]] television series ''[[Lie to Me]]''.

They also play a central role in Robert Ludlum's posthumously published ''[[The Ambler Warning]]'', in which the central character, Harrison Ambler, is an intelligence agent who is able to see them. Similarly, one of the main characters in Alastair Reynolds science fiction novel, ''[[Absolution Gap]]'', Aura, can easily read microexpressions.

On ''[[Law & Order: Criminal Intent]]'', Detective [[Robert Goren]] was adept in detecting microexpressions.

The [[Bene Gesserit]] in [[Frank Herbert]]'s [[Dune Universe]] utilize proficiency reading microexpressions in their roles as [[Bene_Gesserit#Truthsaying|truthsayers]].

==See also==
*[[Nonverbal communication]]
*[[Body language]]
*[[Facecrime]]
*[[Facial Action Coding System]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
Sound Film Analysis of Normal and Pathological Behavior Patterns, CONDON, W. S.; OGSTON, W. D.,
Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease. 143(4):338-347, October 1966.

==External links==
{{External links|date=June 2010}}
* [http://www.paulekman.com Paul Ekman's Personal Site]
* [http://www.humintell.com/dr-david-matsumoto/ Dr. David Matsumoto]
* [http://www.globalemotion.de/en/micro-expression-training-program.html Free Micro Expression Training]
* [http://www.psychologytoday.com/node/42184 J.J. Newberry, director]
* [http://www.lyintamer.com/bodylanguageinstitute Janine Driver, director]
* [http://www.jnforensics.com/ Joe Navarro, director]
* [http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/deception Maureen O'Sullivan's Blog]
* [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2004-10/ama-lad100804.php Lying and Deceit: The Wizards Project]
* [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6249749/ Scientists Pick Out Human Lie Detectors, MSNBC.com]
* [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/05/060505161952.htm Lying Is Exposed By Microexpressions We Can't Control, Science Daily, May 2006]
* [http://www.gladwell.com/2002/2002_08_05_a_face.htm The Naked Face]
* [http://www.cio.com/archive/120104/faces.html Facial Expressions Test based on "The Micro Expression Training Tool"]
* [http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=a-look-tells-all "A Look Tells All" in Scientific American Mind October 2006]
* [http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/78447.php Microexpressions Complicate Face Reading, by Medical News Today] August 2007
* [http://www.apa.org/monitor/julaug04/detecting.html Deception Detection, American Psychological Association]

[[Category:Facial expressions]]
[[Category:Emotion]]
[[Category:Nonverbal communication]]

[[fr:Micro-expression]]
[[no:Mikrouttrykk]]
[[pl:Mikroekspresja]]
[[ru:Микровыражение]]
[[sv:Mikrouttryck]]
[[tr:Mikro-ifadeler]]
[[zh:微表情]]

Time Hollow

2009-07-13T10:24:38Z

V2Blast: added link for Masanori Akita

{{Infobox VG
|title=Time Hollow
|image=[[Image:Timeholloweurope.jpg]]
|developer=[[Tenky]]
|publisher=[[Konami]]
|designer=
|engine=
|released= '''[[Japan|JPN]]''' [[March 19]], [[2008]] '''[[North America|NA]]''' [[September 23]], [[2008]] '''[[Europe|EU]]''' [[February 6]], [[2009]] '''[[Australia|AU]]''' TBA 2008 
|genre=[[Adventure]]
|modes=[[Single player]]
|ratings={{vgratings|CERO=B (Ages 12+)|ESRB=T|PEGI=7+}}
|platforms=[[Nintendo DS]]
|media=
|requirements=
|input=Nintendo DS stylus
}}

'''''Time Hollow''''' is an [[adventure]] [[video game]] developed and published by [[Konami]] for the [[Nintendo DS]] [[video game console]]. The game was released in [[Japan]] on [[March 19]], [[2008]]. An official North American date of [[September 23]], 2008 was announced at E3 2008. The game was written by [[Junko Kawano]],<ref name=GameZone>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamezone.com/news/09_23_08_04_36PM.htm|title=Konami Ships Time Hollow for the Nintendo DS to Retail Stores Nationwide|publisher=GameZone|accessdate=2009-01-05}}</ref> whose [[PlayStation 2]] work ''[[Shadow of Memories]]'' also features a young man using a time-travelling device to try and alter their future.

The main theme of the game was composed by [[Masanori Akita]], and also appeared on the Japanese [[PlayStation 2]] version of ''[[Dance Dance Revolution SuperNova 2]]'' and the North American PlayStation 2 version of ''[[Dance Dance Revolution X]]''.

==Gameplay==
''Time Hollow'' is a [[graphic adventure game]], in which the player controls protagonist Ethan Kairos as he attempts to find his missing parents. Using the "Hollow Pen", he is able to open circular portals into the past after he has experienced a "flashback" of a certain location.<ref name=IGN>{{cite web|url=http://ds.ign.com/articles/937/937845p1.html|title=IGN Time Hollow Review|last=Casamassina|first=Matt|date=December 11, 2008|publisher=IGN|accessdate=2009-01-05}}</ref> By opening portals into different areas, he is able to recover or place items and people, as well as observe the past.<ref name=IGN/> Although time stops while a portal is open, certain characters are able to interact with Ethan. The player must draw these portals with the stylus, and if once the portal is closed, a certain amount of "Time" is lost, equivalent to [[health (game mechanic)|HP]]. Portions of Time equivalent to one portal, called "Chrons", can be recovered by finding Ethan's cat, Sox, in the game world. The game is supplemented by [[Cut scene#Animated cut scenes|animated cut scenes]] showing important events and flashbacks. Backgrounds are static, and layered to provide a 3D effect when they are moved back and forth.<ref name=IGN/>

==Plot==
''Time Hollow'' follows the story of Ethan [[Kairos]], whose parents, Timothy and Pamela Kairos, mysteriously disappear on his 17th birthday. Ethan realizes that the entire world has changed as if his parents had disappeared 12 years ago. Ethan then comes across a Hollow Pen, an uncanny object with the unique power to open [[time portal|portal]]s to the past, as well as a note from his parents. Ethan uses the pen to solve problems that suddenly and mysteriously occur, thus changing the present, though he himself is able to remember these past [[Parallel universe (fiction)#Fantasy multiverses|parallel universe]]s. He also meets a girl, Kori Twelves, who seems to share Ethan's displacement from time. Eventually, Ethan comes to realize that the past is being manipulated by another Hollow Pen wielder, Irving Onegin, as revenge for the fact that Ethan supposedly killed his mother. After a final confrontation, Irving steps through his own portal, [[identity theft|taking the identity]] of Ethan's teacher in order to exact his plan. After thwarting a series of determined attempts to murder his friends by Irving, he saves his parents from a restaurant explosion that caused their disappearance. He confronts Irving again, causing him to fall off a cliff. Ethan realizes that Irving's mother committed suicide using her own Hollow Pen out of guilt for the fact that she could not prevent her son from killing Kori. Ethan's uncle volunteers to save Kori after Irving [[attempted murder|attempts to murder her]], preventing Irving from ever causing the events of the game. At the end of the game, Ethan sends the pen and note back to his past self to prevent a time paradox.

===Characters===
Note: All of the characters' last names are references to numbers or time.
*'''Ethan Kairos/Horou Tokio''' (時尾歩郎)
[[Image:Ethankairos.jpg|thumb|Ethan Kairos]]
The main character of Time Hollow, a normal high school student who lives with his family. On the morning of his seventeenth birthday, he discovered that the world had changed into one where his parents went missing 12 years ago. In order to solve this mystery, he takes up the Hollow Pen, which has the power to change history.

Ethan's Japanese name is a pun on the Japanese pronunciation of the word 'hollow' as well as on 'time corridor' (toki no horou). His English last name is Latin for 'the fullness of time. "Kairos (καιρός) is an ancient Greek word meaning the right or opportune moment (the supreme moment). The ancient Greeks had two words for time, chronos and kairos. While the former refers to chronological or sequential time, the latter signifies a time in between, a moment of undetermined period of time in which something special happens. What the special something is depends on who is using the word."

*'''Timothy Kairos/Wataru Tokio''' (時尾亘)
Ethan's Father. At his son's 17th birthday, both he and his wife disappeared.

Timothy's Japanese name means 'to cross time' (toki o wataru).

*'''Pamela Kairos/Aki Tokio''' (時尾秋)
Ethan's Mother. She has a cheerful personality and doesn't focus on difficult problems, but she's a caring mother who always puts her family first. She's said to have disappeared 12 years ago along with her husband Timothy.

Aki means 'autumn'.

*'''Derek Kairos/Tamotsu Tokio''' (時尾保)
Ethan's uncle, Timothy's younger brother. A freelance writer engaged in chasing the long-ago incident. He's brusque, and has a serious disposition. Although it seems he did not get along well with his older brother, he took Ethan in after Timothy and Pamela disappeared.

Derek's Japanese name means 'to preserve time' (toki o tamotsu).

*'''Sox/Follow''' (フォ郎)
Ethan's pet cat, who is attached to Ethan, and often sleeps on his bed.

'Forou' can also be pronounced as 'Horou' (Hollow).

== Reception ==
{{VG Reviews
| 1UP = C+<ref name=1up>{{cite web |accessdate=2009-01-05 |url=http://www.1up.com/do/reviewPage?cId=3170120&p=39 |title= 1UP Time Hollow Review |publisher=1UP |date=2009-09-23 |author=Pfister, Andrew }}</ref>
| GSpot = 5.5 of 10<ref name=gamespot>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/ds/adventure/timehollow/review.html?om_act=convert&om_clk=gssummary&tag=summary;read-review |title=Gamespot Time Hollow Review |publisher=Nintendo |accessdate=2009-01-05}}</ref>
| IGN = 7 of 10<ref name=IGN/>

| MC = 65%<ref name=metacritic>{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/ds/timehollow?q=time%20hollow|title=Time Hollow|publisher=Metacritic|accessdate=2009-01-06}}</ref>
}}

''Time Hollow'' received mostly lukewarm reviews from critics, garnering an aggregated score of 65% on [[Metacritic]].<ref name=metacritic/> [[Gamespot]] praised its "great concept" and "vivid artwork", but thought that the gameplay was "overly simple" and "restrictively linear," with "very little for you to figure out for yourself."<ref name=gamespot/> IGN commended the plot, but complained that "only a handful of characters are interesting enough to care about."<ref name=IGN/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.konami.jp/time_hollow/ Time Hollow (Official Site in Japanese)]
* [http://www.konamistyle.jp/ecitem/item46084.html Konami Style Order Page]
* [http://ds.ign.com/articles/821/821442p1.html IGN Preview]

[[Category:2008 video games]]
[[Category:Konami games]]
[[Category:Nintendo DS games]]
[[Category:Nintendo DS-only games]]

[[es:Time Hollow]]
[[it:Time Hollow]]
[[ja:タイムホロウ奪われた過去を求めて]]