Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Natriumthiopental

2006-02-19T00:59:16Z

Uthbrian: fix schedule

{| border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" width="250px" align="right" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0 0 0 0.5em"
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="center" colspan="2" |
[[image:thiopentalsodium.png|chemical structure of thiopental sodium]] 
''sodium thiopental''
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" | ''sodium 5-ethyl-6-oxo-5-pentan-2-yl-2- sulfanyl-pyrimidin-4-olate''
|- align="center" style="border-bottom: 3px solid gray"
| '''[[CAS number]]''' 71-73-8{{ref|cas}}
| '''[[ATC code]]''' [[ATC code N01|N01]]AF03
|-
| bgcolor="#eeeeee" | [[Chemical formula]]
| bgcolor="#ddeeff" | C11H17N2NaO2S
|-
| bgcolor="#eeeeee" | [[Molecular weight]]
| bgcolor="#ddeeff" | 264.321 g/mol
|-
| bgcolor="#eeeeee" | [[Bioavailability]]
| bgcolor="#ddeeff" | ?
|-
| bgcolor="#eeeeee" | Metabolism
| bgcolor="#ddeeff" | ?
|-
| bgcolor="#eeeeee" | [[Elimination half-life]]
| bgcolor="#ddeeff" | 5.89{{ref|half-life}}-26 hours{{ref|half-life2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#eeeeee" | Time to reach [[steady state]]
| bgcolor="#ddeeff" | ?
|-
| bgcolor="#eeeeee" | [[Excretion]]
| bgcolor="#ddeeff" | ?
|-
| bgcolor="#eeeeee" | [[Pregnancy category (pharmaceutical)|Pregnancy category]]
| bgcolor="#ddeeff" | ?
|-
| bgcolor="#eeeeee" | [[Regulation of therapeutic goods|Legal status]]
| bgcolor="#ddeeff" | US:[[Schedule III]]
|-
| bgcolor="#eeeeee" | Route(s) of administration
| bgcolor="#ddeeff" | Rectal, intravenous
|-
| bgcolor="#eeeeee" | Formulation(s)
| bgcolor="#ddeeff" | ?
|-
|}
'''Sodium thiopental''' also called '''Sodium Pentothal''' (a [[trademark]] of [[Abbott Laboratories]]), '''thiopental''', '''thiopentone''' '''sodium''', or '''trapanal''' is a rapid-onset, short-acting [[barbiturate]] [[general anesthetic]].


==Barbiturates==
Barbiturates are a class of drugs that act on the GABAa receptor in the brain and spinal cord. The GABAa receptor is an inhibitory channel which decreases neuronal activity. Barbiturates have anesethetic, sedative, and hypnotic properties.

==Uses==
Thiopental is an ultra-short acting barbiturate and is most commonly used in the induction phase of [[general anaesthesia]]. Following [[intravenous]] [[injection]] the drug rapidly reaches the brain and causes unconsciouness within 30-45 seconds. At one minute, the drug attains a peak concentration of about 60% of the total dose in the brain. Thereafter, the drug distributes to the rest of the body and in about 5 minutes the concentration is low enough in the brain such that consciouness returns. Because of its pharmacokinetics, thiopental is never used for the maintence of anesthesia in surgical procedures. Maintainence of anesthesia is maintained by the inhaled anesthetics/flourinated hydrocarbons. This class of drugs has an extremely rapid elimination such that stopping the inhaled anesthetics will allow rapid return of consciousness. Thiopental would have to be given in large amounts to maintain an anesthetic plane, and because of its 11.5-26 hour half-life, consciousness would take a long time to return. In addition, the rapid redistribution of the drug out of the brain would make it very difficult to maintain appropriate anesthesia.

In addition to anesthesia induction, thiopental can be used for induction of medical comas. This is because the drug's half-life is much longer. Simply put, a large dose of the drug is given such that the distributive phase has a high enough concentration to maintain anesthesia. Patients with brain swelling, causing elevation of the intracranial pressure, either secondary to trauma or following surgery may benefit from this drug. Thiopental, and the barbiturate class of drugs, decreases neuronal activity and therefore decreases the production of osmotically active metabolites which in turn decreases swelling. Patients with significant swelling have improved outcomes following the induction of coma. Reportedly, thiopental has been shown to be superior to [[pentobarbital]]{{ref|vspentobarbital}} in reducing intracranial pressure.

Along with [[pancuronium bromide]] and [[potassium chloride]], thiopental is used in some states of the [[United States|US]] to execute prisoners by [[lethal injection]]. A megadose is given which places the patient into a rapidly induced coma. In [[the Netherlands]], it is used for the purposes of assisted suicide to cause death after the induction of a coma by [[barbiturate|barbiturates]].

It is still used in some places as a [[truth serum]], recently used during the interrogation of [[Abu Faraj al-Libbi]].{{ref|telegraph}} in Pakistan and [[Abu Salem]] in India.

==Metabolism==
Sodium thiopental is mainly metabolized to pentobarbital,{{ref|metabolites1}} 5-ethyl-5-(1'-methyl-3'-hydroxybutyl)-2-thiobarbituric acid, and 5-ethyl-5-(1'-methyl-3'-carboxypropyl)-2-thiobarbituric acid.{{ref|metabolites2}}

==Side effects==
As with nearly all [[anaesthetic]] [[Medication|drug]]s, thiopental causes cardiovascular and respiratory depression resulting in [[hypotension]], [[apnea]] and [[airway]] obstruction. For these reasons, only [[anesthesiologist]]s and other suitably trained [[physician|doctors]] should give thiopental in an environment suitably equipped to deal with these effects. Side effects include headache, [[delirium|emergence delirium]], prolonged [[somnolence]] and [[nausea]]. The hangover effects may last up to 36 hours.

==History==
Sodium thiopental was discovered in the early 1930s by [[Ernest H. Volwiler]] and [[Donalee L. Tabern]], working for [[Abbott Laboratories]]. It was first used in human beings on March 8, 1934, by Dr. [[Ralph M. Waters]]{{ref|waters1}} in an investigation of its properties, which were short-term anesthesia and surprisingly little analgesia.{{ref|waters2}} Three months later,{{ref|lundy1}} Dr. [[John S. Lundy]] started a clinical trial of thiopental at the [[Mayo Clinic]] at the request of Abbott.{{ref|lundy2}}

It is famously associated with a number of anaesthetic deaths in victims of the attack on [[Pearl Harbor]]. These deaths, relatively soon after its discovery, were due to excessive doses given to [[shock]]ed trauma patients.

==Trivia==
* The [[Italy|italian]] fictional gentleman thief, [[Diabolik]], uses Pentothal on his victims to force them to reveal safes combinations.

== External links ==

* [http://www.scienceweb.org/tv/highincident.html Scienceweb.org: Sodium Pentothal]

==References and end notes==
* [http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?sid=149220 PubChem Substance Summary: Thiopental]
* [http://www.hospira.com/Files/PDF/Pentothal-PI.pdf Pentothal] Abbott Laboratories. 1993.
# {{note|cas}} [http://www.biam2.org/www/Sub2380.html THIOPENTAL SODIQUE] ''Biam.''
# {{note|half-life}} Russo H, Bres J, Duboin MP, Roquefeuil B. "Pharmacokinetics of thiopental after single and multiple intravenous doses in critical care patients." Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1995; 49(1-2):127-37. PMID: 8751034
# {{note|half-life2}} Morgan DJ, Blackman GL, Paull JD, Wolf LJ. "Pharmacokinetics and plasma binding of thiopental. II: Studies at cesarean section." ''Anesthesiology.'' 1981 Jun;54(6):474-80. PMID 7235275
# {{note|vspentobarbital}} Pérez-Bárcena J, Barceló B, Homar J, Abadal JM, Molina FJ, de la Peña A, Sahuquillo J, Ibáñez J. "Comparison of the effectiveness of pentobarbital and thiopental in patients with refractory intracranial hypertension. Preliminary report of 20 patients]" [Article in Spanish] ''Neurocirugia (Astur).'' 2005 Feb;16(1):5-12; discussion 12-3. PMID 15756405 [http://www.revistaneurocirugia.com/web/artics/v16n1/1.pdf Fulltext]
# {{note|telegraph}} Massoud Ansari in Karachi [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/05/08/walq08.xml&sSheet=/news/2005/05/08/ixworld.html Truth drug fails to get al-Qa'eda No 3 to talk]
# {{note|metabolites1}} WINTERS WD, SPECTOR E, WALLACH DP, SHIDEMAN FE. "Metabolism of thiopental-S35 and thiopental-2-C14 by a rat liver mince and identification of pentobarbital as a major metabolite." ''Journal of Pharmacology Experimental Therapeutics.'' 1955 Jul;114(3):343-57. PMID 13243246
# {{note|metabolites2}} Bory C, Chantin C, Boulieu R, Cotte J, Berthier JC, Fraisse D, Bobenrieth MJ. "[Use of thiopental in man. Determination of this drug and its metabolites in plasma and urine by liquid phase chromatography and mass spectrometry]" [Article in French] ''C R Acad Sci III.'' 1986;303(1):7-12. PMID 3093002
# {{note|waters1}} [http://www.anes.uab.edu/march.htm This Month in Anesthesia History: March]
# {{note|waters2}} Steinhaus, John E. [http://www.asahq.org/Newsletters/2001/09_01/steinhaus.htm The Investigator and His ‘Uncompromising Scientific Honesty’] American Society of Anesthesiologists. ''NEWSLETTER.'' September 2001, Volume 65, Number 9.
# {{note|lundy1}} [http://www.aana.com/archives/imagine/1997/08imagine97.asp Imagining in Time—''From this point in time: Some memories of my part in the history of anesthesia -- John S. Lundy, MD''] August 1997, AANA Archives-Library
# {{note|lundy2}} [http://www.aana.com/archives/pdf/0008CHP7.pdf History of Anesthesia with Emphasis on the Nurse Specialist] ''Archives of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists.'' 1953

[[Category:Anesthetics]]
[[Category:Barbiturates]]
[[Category:Lethal injection]]
[[Category:Sodium compounds]]

[[de:Thiopental]]
[[es:Tiopental sodio]]
[[fr:Sodium thiopental]]
[[ja:チオペンタール]]
[[it:Pentothal]]
[[pl:Tiopental]]

Natriumthiopental

2006-02-02T03:36:34Z

Uthbrian: rv odd edits, reinsert blurb about use in Netherlands

{| border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" width="250px" align="right" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0 0 0 0.5em"
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffff" align="center" colspan="2" |
[[image:thiopentalsodium.png|chemical structure of thiopental sodium]] 
''sodium thiopental''
|-
| align="center" colspan="2" | ''sodium 5-ethyl-6-oxo-5-pentan-2-yl-2- sulfanyl-pyrimidin-4-olate''
|- align="center" style="border-bottom: 3px solid gray"
| '''[[CAS number]]''' 71-73-8{{ref|cas}}
| '''[[ATC code]]''' [[ATC code N01|N01]]AF03
|-
| bgcolor="#eeeeee" | [[Chemical formula]]
| bgcolor="#ddeeff" | C11H17N2NaO2S
|-
| bgcolor="#eeeeee" | [[Molecular weight]]
| bgcolor="#ddeeff" | 264.321 g/mol
|-
| bgcolor="#eeeeee" | [[Bioavailability]]
| bgcolor="#ddeeff" | ?
|-
| bgcolor="#eeeeee" | Metabolism
| bgcolor="#ddeeff" | Hepatic
|-
| bgcolor="#eeeeee" | [[Elimination half-life]]
| bgcolor="#ddeeff" | 5.89{{ref|half-life}}-26 hours{{ref|half-life2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#eeeeee" | Time to reach [[steady state]]
| bgcolor="#ddeeff" | ?
|-
| bgcolor="#eeeeee" | [[Excretion]]
| bgcolor="#ddeeff" | ?
|-
| bgcolor="#eeeeee" | [[Pregnancy category (pharmaceutical)|Pregnancy category]]
| bgcolor="#ddeeff" | ?
|-
| bgcolor="#eeeeee" | [[Regulation of therapeutic goods|Legal status]]
| bgcolor="#ddeeff" | [[Schedule III]]
|-
| bgcolor="#eeeeee" | Route(s) of administration
| bgcolor="#ddeeff" | Rectal, intravenous
|-
| bgcolor="#eeeeee" | Formulation(s)
| bgcolor="#ddeeff" | ?
|-
|}
'''Sodium thiopental''' also called '''Sodium Pentothal''' (a [[trademark]] of [[Abbott Laboratories]]), '''thiopental''', '''thiopentone''' '''sodium''', or '''trapanal''' is a rapid-onset, short-acting [[barbiturate]] [[general anesthetic]].


==Barbiturates==
Barbiturates are a class of drugs that act on the GABAa receptor in the brain and spinal cord. The GABAa receptor is an inhibitory channel which decreases neuronal activity. Barbiturates have anesethetic, sedative, and hypnotic properties.

==Uses==
Thiopental is an ultra-short acting barbiturate and is most commonly used in the induction phase of [[general anaesthesia]]. Following [[intravenous]] [[injection]] the drug rapidly reaches the brain and causes unconsciouness within 30-45 seconds. At one minute, the drug attains a peak concentration of about 60% of the total dose in the brain. Thereafter, the drug distributes to the rest of the body and in about 5 minutes the concentration is low enough in the brain such that consciouness returns. Because of its pharmacokinetics, thiopental is never used for the maintence of anesthesia in surgical procedures. Maintainence of anesthesia is maintained by the inhaled anesthetics/flourinated hydrocarbons. This class of drugs has an extremely rapid elimination such that stopping the inhaled anesthetics will allow rapid return of consciousness. Thiopental would have to be given in large amounts to maintain an anesthetic plane, and because of its 11.5-26 hour half-life, consciousness would take a long time to return. In addition, the rapid redistribution of the drug out of the brain would make it very difficult to maintain appropriate anesthesia.

In addition to anesthesia induction, thiopental can be used for induction of medical comas. This is because the drug's half-life is much longer. Simply put, a large dose of the drug is given such that the distributive phase has a high enough concentration to maintain anesthesia. Patients with brain swelling, causing elevation of the intracranial pressure, either secondary to trauma or following surgery may benefit from this drug. Thiopental, and the barbiturate class of drugs, decreases neuronal activity and therefore decreases the production of osmotically active metabolites which in turn decreases swelling. Patients with significant swelling have improved outcomes following the induction of coma. Reportedly, thiopental has ben shown to be superior to [[pentobarbital]]{{ref|vspentobarbital}} in reducing intracranial pressure.

Along with [[pancuronium bromide]] and [[potassium chloride]], thiopental is used in some states of the [[United States|US]] to execute prisoners by [[lethal injection]]. A megadose is given which places the patient into a rapidly induced coma. In [[the Netherlands]], it is used for the purposes of assisted suicide to cause death after the induction of a coma by [[barbiturate|barbiturates]].

It is still used in some places as a [[truth serum]], recently used during the interrogation of [[Abu Faraj al-Libbi]].{{ref|telegraph}} in Pakistan and [[Abu Salem]] in India.

==Metabolism==
Sodium thiopental is mainly metabolized to pentobarbital,{{ref|metabolites1}} 5-ethyl-5-(1'-methyl-3'-hydroxybutyl)-2-thiobarbituric acid, and 5-ethyl-5-(1'-methyl-3'-carboxypropyl)-2-thiobarbituric acid.{{ref|metabolites2}}

==Side effects==
As with nearly all [[anaesthetic]] [[Medication|drug]]s, thiopental causes cardiovascular and respiratory depression resulting in [[hypotension]], [[apnea]] and [[airway]] obstruction. For these reasons, only [[anesthesiologist]]s and other suitably trained [[physician|doctors]] should give thiopental in an environment suitably equipped to deal with these effects. Side effects include headache, [[delirium|emergence delirium]], prolonged [[somnolence]] and [[nausea]]. The hangover effects may last up to 36 hours.

==History==
Sodium thiopental was discovered in the early 1930s by [[Ernest H. Volwiler]] and [[Donalee L. Tabern]], working for [[Abbott Laboratories]]. It was first used in human beings on March 8, 1934, by Dr. [[Ralph M. Waters]]{{ref|waters1}} in an investigation of its properties, which were short-term anesthesia and surprisingly little analgesia.{{ref|waters2}} Three months later,{{ref|lundy1}} Dr. [[John S. Lundy]] started a clinical trial of thiopental at the [[Mayo Clinic]] at the request of Abbott.{{ref|lundy2}}

It is famously associated with a number of anaesthetic deaths in victims of the attack on [[Pearl Harbor]]. These deaths, relatively soon after its discovery, were due to excessive doses given to [[shock]]ed trauma patients.

== External links ==

* [http://www.scienceweb.org/tv/highincident.html Scienceweb.org: Sodium Pentothal]

==References and end notes==
* [http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?sid=149220 PubChem Substance Summary: Thiopental]
* [http://www.hospira.com/Files/PDF/Pentothal-PI.pdf Pentothal] Abbott Laboratories. 1993.
# {{note|cas}} [http://www.biam2.org/www/Sub2380.html THIOPENTAL SODIQUE] ''Biam.''
# {{note|half-life}} Russo H, Bres J, Duboin MP, Roquefeuil B. "Pharmacokinetics of thiopental after single and multiple intravenous doses in critical care patients." Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1995; 49(1-2):127-37. PMID: 8751034
# {{note|half-life2}} Morgan DJ, Blackman GL, Paull JD, Wolf LJ. "Pharmacokinetics and plasma binding of thiopental. II: Studies at cesarean section." ''Anesthesiology.'' 1981 Jun;54(6):474-80. PMID 7235275
# {{note|vspentobarbital}} Pérez-Bárcena J, Barceló B, Homar J, Abadal JM, Molina FJ, de la Peña A, Sahuquillo J, Ibáñez J. "Comparison of the effectiveness of pentobarbital and thiopental in patients with refractory intracranial hypertension. Preliminary report of 20 patients]" [Article in Spanish] ''Neurocirugia (Astur).'' 2005 Feb;16(1):5-12; discussion 12-3. PMID 15756405 [http://www.revistaneurocirugia.com/web/artics/v16n1/1.pdf Fulltext]
# {{note|telegraph}} Massoud Ansari in Karachi [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/05/08/walq08.xml&sSheet=/news/2005/05/08/ixworld.html Truth drug fails to get al-Qa'eda No 3 to talk]
# {{note|metabolites1}} WINTERS WD, SPECTOR E, WALLACH DP, SHIDEMAN FE. "Metabolism of thiopental-S35 and thiopental-2-C14 by a rat liver mince and identification of pentobarbital as a major metabolite." ''Journal of Pharmacology Experimental Therapeutics.'' 1955 Jul;114(3):343-57. PMID 13243246
# {{note|metabolites2}} Bory C, Chantin C, Boulieu R, Cotte J, Berthier JC, Fraisse D, Bobenrieth MJ. "[Use of thiopental in man. Determination of this drug and its metabolites in plasma and urine by liquid phase chromatography and mass spectrometry]" [Article in French] ''C R Acad Sci III.'' 1986;303(1):7-12. PMID 3093002
# {{note|waters1}} [http://www.anes.uab.edu/march.htm This Month in Anesthesia History: March]
# {{note|waters2}} Steinhaus, John E. [http://www.asahq.org/Newsletters/2001/09_01/steinhaus.htm The Investigator and His ‘Uncompromising Scientific Honesty’] American Society of Anesthesiologists. ''NEWSLETTER.'' September 2001, Volume 65, Number 9.
# {{note|lundy1}} [http://www.aana.com/archives/imagine/1997/08imagine97.asp Imagining in Time—''From this point in time: Some memories of my part in the history of anesthesia -- John S. Lundy, MD''] August 1997, AANA Archives-Library
# {{note|lundy2}} [http://www.aana.com/archives/pdf/0008CHP7.pdf History of Anesthesia with Emphasis on the Nurse Specialist] ''Archives of the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists.'' 1953

[[Category:Anesthetics]]
[[Category:Barbiturates]]
[[Category:Lethal injection]]
[[Category:Sodium compounds]]

[[de:Thiopental]]
[[es:Tiopental sodio]]
[[fr:Sodium thiopental]]
[[ja:チオペンタール]]
[[it:Pentothal]]
[[pl:Tiopental]]

Tetsubin

2006-01-31T01:56:26Z

Uthbrian: change cat

[[Image:Tetsubin.jpg|thumb|250px|A Japanese cast iron teapot, also known as a [[Tetsubin]].]]
'''Tetsubin''' are [[cast iron]] [[teapot|teapots]] made in [[Japan]] and often used in a [[Japanese tea ceremony]]. Normally the teapots are elaborately decorated with [[relief]] designs on the outside and glazed with [[Vitreous enamel|enamel]] on the inside. These features, in addition to their small size and often unusual shape makes them popular with [[Collecting|collectors]]. A typical Tetsubin holds around .5 litres of water. It is usually sold with a [[tea strainer]] and an iron [[trivet]] decorated with a similar relief design.

Tetsubin date back to the [[17th century]] and were originally used to brew [[tea]] or simply boil water over a [[hearth]], lacking the decorative features of today's teapots. During the [[19th century]] infused tea became more popular, and tetsubin were considered primarily [[status symbol|status symbols]], rather than functional kitchen items. Today they are used to brew and serve tea, however tetsubin are not normally placed on the stove. Instead, water is boiled elsewhere and then poured into the teapot to make tea.

The [[prefectures]] of [[Iwate Prefecture|Iwate]] and [[Yamagata Prefecture|Yamagata]] are best known for producing tetsubin.

==Use and care==
Because tetsubin teapots are both ornamental and practical, good care should be practiced to ensure a long and beautiful lifetime. Following these guidelines will produce good tea and prolong the life of a tetsubin teapot. Over time, the tetsubin will develop a desirable mineral coating that is said to be good for one's health.

===Making tea===
# Do not place tetsubin directly on stove to heat. Instead, boil water separately and pour into tetsubin.
# While water is being heated, pour some warm water into tetsubin. This will warm the teapot which will keep tea warmer for longer. If it is glazed, this will also prevent the tetsubin's ceramic glaze from cracking when the hotter water is poured in.
# Teas require different temperatures of water to be used. Make sure to not overheat or underheat water for the tea being used.
# Teas also require different periods of time to steep. Be aware of this length or a bitter tea will result.

===Cleaning===
# Do not allow tea leaves to sit in tetsubin for extended periods.
# Do not use soap or abrasive pads to clean tetsubin. Rather, just rinse inside with some water and pour out.
# Do not expose teapot to salt or oil.
# After rinsing, lightly dry the inside and outside of the teapot with a cloth towel. Set pieces to air-dry separately.

==See also==
* [[Japanese tea ceremony]]
* [[Teapot]]
* [[Teakettle]]

==External links==
* [http://www.teaconcepts.com/dTetsubin.asp Tetsubin Teapots - Facts, History & Its Role in the Japanese Tea Ceremony]

[[da:Tetsubin]]

[[Category:Teaware]]
[[Category:Tea ceremony]]