Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Eteri Georgijewna Tutberidse

2015-12-22T08:49:08Z

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{{Infobox figure skater
|name= Eteri Tutberidze
|image= Eteri Tutberidze 2010JGPF.png
|caption= Tutberidze in 2010
|native_name= Этери Георгиевна Тутберидзе
|native_name_lang= ru
|fullname= Eteri Georgievna Tutberidze
|altname=
|country=
|formercountry=
|birth_date= {{birth date and age|1974|2|24|df=yes}}
|birth_place= [[Moscow]], [[Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]]
|hometown=
|residence= Moscow, [[Russia]]
|death_date=
|death_place=
|formerpartner= Nikolai Apter, Alexei Kiliakov, Vyacheslav Chichekin
|formercoach= [[Tatiana Tarasova]], Gennady Akkerman, [[Natalia Linichuk]], [[Elena Tchaikovskaya]], Lidia Kabanova, [[Edouard Pliner]], Evgenia Zelikova
|formerchoreographer=
|skating club= SDUSSHOR 37
|beganskating= c. 1978
|retired= c. 1992
}}
'''Eteri Georgievna Tutberidze''' ({{lang-ru|Этери Георгиевна Тутберидзе}}; born 24 February 1974) is a Russian [[figure skating]] coach. She coaches [[single skating|ladies' and men's singles]].

== Personal life ==
Eteri Georgievna Tutberidze was born 24 February 1974 in [[Moscow]].<ref name=FSFR140225/><ref name=FSK-ET/> The youngest of five children, she is half-[[Georgians|Georgian]], a quarter [[Russians|Russian]], and a quarter [[Armenians|Armenian]].<ref name=IN141211/> Her mother was a senior engineer at the Ministry of Agricultural Construction and her father worked at the Likhachev plant's foundry and as a taxi driver.<ref name=FSR150322/>

Tutberidze studied at the Academy of Physical Education in Malakhovka and received a degree in choreography from the Institute of Contemporary Art.<ref name=FSR150322/> During her six years in the United States, she lived in [[Oklahoma City]], [[Cincinnati]], [[Los Angeles]], and [[San Antonio]].<ref name=IN141211/> Her daughter, Diana, was born on 16 January 2003<ref name=TR140120/> in [[Las Vegas]].<ref name=IN141211/>

== Career ==
Tutberidze began skating at the age of four and a half, guided by Evgenia Zelikova and then [[Edouard Pliner]].<ref name=FSR150322/> After sustaining a spinal fracture and growing 22 cm, she switched from singles to [[ice dancing]]. She was coached by Lidia Kabanova for two years and then joined [[Elena Tchaikovskaya]], who paired her with Vyacheslav Chichekin.<ref name=FSR150322/> After briefly training under [[Natalia Linichuk]], Tutberidze switched to Gennady Akkerman, her coach for the next three years. She skated with Alexei Kiliakov until he emigrated to the United States.<ref name=FSR150322/>

During the 1991–92 season, Tutberidze trained under [[Tatiana Tarasova]] before deciding to perform in ice shows.<ref name=FSR150322/> Appearing as an adagio pair skater with Nikolai Apter, she toured with [[Ice Capades]] for several years and then worked as a coach in [[San Antonio]], Texas.<ref name=IN141211/><ref name=FSR150322/> After returning to Russia, she coached at a hockey rink, ''Serebrianyi'' in [[Zelenograd]], where ice time was limited for figure skaters.<ref name=SE111214/> She is now based at SDUSSHOR 37 in Moscow and collaborates with Sergei Dudakov.<ref name=ISU-EM/><ref name=ISU-AP/><ref name=ISU-SV/> Her current students include:

* [[Moris Kvitelashvili]]<ref name=ISU-MK/>
* [[Ilya Skirda]]
* [[Evgenia Medvedeva]]<ref name=ISU-EM/> (2015 World Junior gold medalist, 2015-16 GP Final Champion)
* [[Adian Pitkeev]]<ref name=ISU-AP/> (2014 World Junior silver medalist)
* [[Polina Tsurskaya]]<ref name=ISU-PT/> (2015-16 JGP Final Champion)
* [[Sergei Voronov (figure skater)|Sergei Voronov]], from mid-2013.<ref name=SE131227/> (2014 European silver medalist, 2014–15 GP Final bronze medalist)

Former students:
* [[Kamilla Gainetdinova]] (as a singles skater)
* [[Polina Korobeynikova]] (as a child)<ref name=SE111214/>
* [[Polina Shelepen]]<ref name=GS100711/><ref name=ISU-PS/> (two-time JGP Final silver medalist) Coached from age four<ref name=SE130905/> until July 2012.
* [[Elizabet Tursynbayeva]], for 2012-13 season.<ref name=ISU-ET/>
* [[Serafima Sakhanovich]], for 2014-15 season.<ref name=ISU-SS/> (2015 World Junior silver medalist, 2014-15 JGP Final silver medalist)
* [[Yulia Lipnitskaya]]<ref name=AS121201/><ref name=IFS110420/> (2014 European champion, 2014 Olympic champion in the team event) until November 2015.

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name=FSK-ET>{{cite web |url= http://www.fskate.ru/skaters/642.html |title= Этери Георгиевна Тутберидзе |trans_title= Eteri Georgievna Tutberidze |language= Russian |publisher= fskate.ru }}</ref>

<ref name=IFS110420>{{cite news |url= http://www.ifsmagazine.com/articles/474-girl-power-a-russian-uprising |title= Girl Power! A Russian Uprising |first= Tatjana |last= Flade |work= IFS Magazine |date= 20 April 2011 |accessdate= 10 December 2011 }}</ref>

<ref name=GS100711>{{cite news |url= http://www.goldenskate.com/articles/2010/071110.shtml |title= Riding the wave: Polina Shelepen |last= Flade |first= Tatjana |work= Golden Skate |date= 11 July 2010 |accessdate= }}</ref>

<ref name=SE111214>{{cite news |url= http://www.sport-express.ru/newspaper/2011-12-14/7_1/ | script-title=ru:Этери ТУТБЕРИДЗЕ: "ПУСТЬ МОИ ДЕВОЧКИ ПОКА ОТСИЖИВАЮТСЯ ЗА ЧУЖИМИ СПИНАМИ" |trans_title= Eteri Tutberidze interview |language= Russian |first= Elena |last= Vaytsekhovskaya |authorlink= Elena Vaytsekhovskaya |work= [[Sport Express]] |date= 14 December 2011 }}</ref>

<ref name=AS121201>{{cite news |url= http://www.absoluteskating.com/index.php?cat=interviews&id=2012tutberidze |title= Eteri Tutberidze: "Everything happens for the best" |first= Reut |last= Golinsky |work= Absolute Skating |date= 1 December 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=ISU-PS>{{cite web |url= http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00011897.htm |title= Polina SHELEPEN: 2011/2012 |publisher= International Skating Union |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120122001258/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00011897.htm |archivedate= 22 January 2012 |deadurl= yes }}</ref>

<ref name=ISU-EM>{{cite web |url= http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00014068.htm |title= Evgenia MEDVEDEVA |publisher= International Skating Union |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140823141658/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00014068.htm |archivedate= 23 August 2014 |deadurl= no }}</ref>

<ref name=ISU-ET>{{cite web |url= http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00034443.htm |title= Elizabet TURZYNBAEVA |publisher= International Skating Union |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130930075605/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00034443.htm |archivedate = 30 September 2013 |deadurl= yes }}</ref>

<ref name=ISU-MK>{{cite web |url= http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00034232.htm |title= Moris KVITELASHVILI |publisher= International Skating Union |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140814104053/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00034232.htm |archivedate= 14 August 2014 |deadurl= no }}</ref>

<ref name=ISU-AP>{{cite web |url= http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00013454.htm |title= Adian PITKEEV |publisher= International Skating Union |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140825073005/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00013454.htm |archivedate= 25 August 2014 |deadurl= no }}</ref>

<ref name=ISU-SS>{{cite web |url= http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00014288.htm |title= Serafima SAKHANOVICH: 2014/2015 |publisher= International Skating Union |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140827134447/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00014288.htm |archivedate= 27 August 2014 |deadurl= yes }}</ref>

<ref name=ISU-SV>{{cite web |url= http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00007031.htm |title= Sergei VORONOV |publisher= International Skating Union |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140825073507/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00007031.htm |archivedate= 25 August 2014 |deadurl= no }}</ref>

<ref name=ISU-PT>{{cite web |url= http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00054618.htm |title= Polina TSURSKAYA |publisher= International Skating Union }}</ref>

<ref name=SE130905>{{cite news |url= http://www.sport-express.ru/velena/reviews/35238/ | script-title=ru:Этери Тутберидзе: "На Плющенко можно сделать ставку в командных соревнованиях" |language= Russian |trans_title= Eteri Tutberidze: "Plushenko can be counted on in the team event" |first= Elena |last= Vaytsekhovskaya |authorlink= Elena Vaytsekhovskaya |publisher= [[Sport Express]] |date= 5 September 2013 }}</ref>

<ref name=SE131227>{{cite news | url = http://www.sport-express.ru/olympic14/figureskating/reviews/39475/ | script-title=ru:Сергей Воронов: "Все лето у меня реально опускались руки" |language= Russian |trans_title= Sergei Voronov: "I was desperate in the summer" |first= Elena |last= Vaytsekhovskaya |authorlink= Elena Vaytsekhovskaya |publisher= [[Sport Express]] |date= 27 December 2013 }}</ref>

<ref name=FSFR140225>{{cite news |url= http://old.fsrussia.ru/news/1118_eteri-tutberidze-mnogie-sportsmeny-kotorye-vyhodyat-na-vysokij-uroven-maksimalisty/ | script-title=ru:Этери Тутберидзе: «Многие спортсмены, которые выходят на высокий уровень, максималисты» |language= Russian |trans_title= Eteri Tutberidze: "Many elite athletes are overachievers" |first= Olga |last= Ermolina |publisher= Russian Figure Skating Federation |date= 25 February 2014 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140828222925/http://old.fsrussia.ru/news/1118_eteri-tutberidze-mnogie-sportsmeny-kotorye-vyhodyat-na-vysokij-uroven-maksimalisty/ |archivedate= 28 August 2014 |deadurl= no }}</ref>

<ref name=IN141211>{{cite news |url= http://web.icenetwork.com/news/2014/12/11/103795282/tutberidze-trying-to-lead-her-skaters-to-the-light |title= Tutberidze trying to lead her skaters to the light |first= Jean-Christophe |last= Berlot |work= [[U.S. Figure Skating|IceNetwork]] |date= 11 December 2014 }}</ref>

<ref name=TR140120>{{cite news |url= http://www.team-russia2014.ru/article/14516.html |title= Этери Тутберидзе: Липницкой совсем нельзя кушать, мне её очень жалко, но я ничего не могу с этим поделать |language= Russian |trans_title= Eteri Tutberidze interview |first= Maria |last= Vorobieva |work= team-russia2014.ru |date= 20 January 2014 }}</ref>

<ref name=FSR150322>{{cite news |url= http://fsrussia.ru/intervyu/905-eteri-tutberidze-pyatyj-element.html |title= ЭТЕРИ ТУТБЕРИДЗЕ: ПЯТЫЙ ЭЛЕМЕНТ |language= Russian |trans_title= Eteri Tutberidze: Fifth element |first= Olga |last= Ermolina |publisher= Russian Figure Skating Federation |date= 22 March 2015 }}</ref>

}}

{{commons category}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Tutberidze, Eteri
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Figure skating coach
| DATE OF BIRTH = 24 February 1974
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Moscow]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tutberidze, Eteri}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Moscow]]
[[Category:Russian figure skating coaches]]
[[Category:Russian people of Armenian descent]]
[[Category:Russian people of Georgian descent]]

Angélique du Coudray

2015-12-01T22:18:51Z

Unbuttered Parsnip: /* External links */

[[File:Angélique du Courdray.jpg|thumb|right|Madame du Coudray. From Aloïs Delacoux, Biographie des sages-femmes célèbres, anciennes, modernes et contemporaines (Unknown artist. Paris: Trinquart, 1834)]]
'''Angélique Marguerite Le Boursier du Coudray''' (c. 1712 – 17 April 1794) was an influential, pioneering [[midwife]] during her lifetime, who gained fame when men were taking over the field.{{sfn|Cody|2001}} She rose from middle–class origins to become noticed and commissioned by [[King Louis XV]], himself.{{sfn|Gelbart|1988}}

==Life==
Angélique Marguerite Le Boursier du Coudray was born into an eminent French medical family in [[Clermont-Ferrand]]. In February 1740, at the age of twenty-five, Angélique du Coudray completed her three-year apprenticeship with Anne Bairsin, dame Philibet Magin and passed her qualifying examinations at the College of Surgery [[École de Chirurgie]].{{sfn|Gelbart|1988}} Within the next few years, the school of surgery had barred female midwives from receiving instruction. After du Coudray demanded that the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Paris provide instructions to all midwives and midwifery students by signing a petition, du Coudray was accepted into the school.{{sfn|Gelbart|1988}}

In 1743, the status of surgeons heightened and expanded into the field of midwifery; this allowed surgeons to deny instruction to female midwives. Du Coudray and other female midwives signed a second petition and accused surgeons of neglecting their duties. Du Coudray argued that by refusing to instruct female midwives, midwives would be improperly trained and thus, would lead to a shortage of officially accredited midwives. To prevent potential harm to patients, medical doctors were evoked to solve the problem.{{sfn|Gelbart|1988}} After the situation was solved and all midwives received proper training, du Coudray became the head ''accoucheuse'' at the Hôtel Dieu in Paris.{{sfn|Stanley|1995}}{{sfn|Commire|1999}} By guiding and leading this political matter, du Coudray became a prominent figure in Paris.{{sfn|Halff|2014}}

In 1759, she published an early midwifery textbook, ''Abrégé de l'art des accouchements'' (Abridgment of the Art of Delivery), which was a revision and expansion of an earlier midwifery textbook published in 1667.{{sfn|Gelbart|1988}}{{sfn|Commire|1999}}

In that same year, the king commissioned her to teach midwifery to peasant women in an attempt to reduce infant mortality. Between 1760 to 1783, she traveled all over rural France, sharing her extensive knowledge with poor women. During this time, she is estimated to have taught in over forty French cities and rural towns and to have directly trained 4,000 students.{{sfn|Fissell|2004}} She was also responsible for the training of 6,000 other women who were taught directly by her former students.{{sfn|Commire|1999}} She had also taught about 500 surgeons and physicians, who were all men.{{sfn|Lindemann|2010}} By educating others, du Coudray became a national sensation and international symbol of French medical advancement.{{sfn|Gelbart|1988}}

Du Coudray died in Bordeaux on April 17, 1794.{{sfn|Gelbart|1988|p= 271}} There is mystery around du Coudray's death because she died during the [[Reign of Terror]] and after the [[French Revolution]] just took place. Many scholars believe that du Coudray was killed during the night because she was previously commissioned and endorsed by [[King Louis XV]]. Others believe that du Coudray simply died because of old age.{{sfn|Gelbart|1988}}

===The Machine===

Du Coudray invented the first lifesize [[Obstetrics|obstetrical]] mannequin, for practicing mock births. It was usually called "The Machine". Each machine cost about three hundred [[livres]] to construct. They were usually made of fabric, leather, and stuffing and on occasion they would use actual human bones to form the torso. Various strings and straps serve to simulate the stretching of the birth canal and perineum, to demonstrate the process of childbirth. The head of the infant mannequin has a shaped nose, stitched ears, hair drawn with ink, and an open mouth (with tongue) into which a finger could be inserted to a depth of {{convert|5|cm|1}}.{{efn|1= The decimal measure was not until 1794. The use of length was fairly consistent throughout most of pre-revolutionary France, in fact had been in use since Charlemagne, using ''[[French inch|pouce]]'' ([[inch]]), ''pied'' ([[foot (unit)|foot]]).}} This detail was important, as it allowed the midwife to put two fingers into the mouth, to facilitate the passage of the head in case of a breech presentation. These mannequins were very detailed and also very accurate.{{sfn|Gelbart|1988|pp=61-62}} The invention is often attributed to Englishman [[William Smellie (obstetrician)|William Smellie]], but the French Academy of Surgeons approved du Coudray's model in 1758 giving her prior claim on the invention.

===Travels===

She first traveled to Moulins in November of 1761 from Claremont France. Le Nain who had heard and learned a lot about du Coudray's childbirth courses in an exchange with letters with Ballainvilliers. Le Nain was extremely excited about du Coudray's arrival. Le Nain was one of the first people to secure her services in his city. In her first lesson in Moulins, eighty students showed up, and the second lesson brought seventy. Fewer students came because this was also the time of harvest and so many women were not able to make it due to their duties on their farms. Du Coudray noted how many women had no aptitude and even sent them home and only a few women really stood out to her. Her course cost the women thirty six to forty livres, which also included the certificate of completion in the end. Du Coudray worked her students hard and taught the women just the basics, but even this was enough for the women to be extremely useful in their cities. Classes took place six days a week, all morning and all afternoon and lasted around two months so that every student had plenty of time to listen to lectures and practice each maneuver several times on the machine. Occasionally she would allow her best students to perform actual live births with her supervision. In most cities she was paid three hundred livres for each month of her teaching.{{sfn|Halff|2014}}

Throughout the next year and a half she traveled to Burgundy, in [[Autun]] in 1761, in [[Bourg-en-Bresse]], in Chalone-sur-Saȏne in 1763 in the same year she traveled to Limognes-en-Quercy and [[Tulle]], she then traveled to Angoulȇme in 1764 and [[Bourdeilles]] in the same year then to [[Poitiers]] in 1764 to 1765 the Sablés-sur-Sarthe in 1765 her last travels took place in [[Périgueux]] in 1769 in the same year she traveled to [[Agen]]. Similar experiences took place in all these regions of the country.{{sfn|Gelbart|1988}} As du Coudray taught midwives, she instructed them to eliminate the practice of removing near-dead infants from the womb and leaving them to die without any attempt to revive them.{{sfn|Halff|2014}}

===The Abrégé===

The ''Abrégé de l'art des accouchements'' contains du Coudray’s lectures in the order that she taught them, starting with the female reproductive organs and the process of reproduction. It then explains the issue of proper prenatal care. Finally, it discusses how to deliver infants, including how to handle common obstetric problems. The Abrégé also includes rare circumstances that have occurred during the birth process, which du Coudray notes as her "observations". Throughout the book, du Coudray refers to her "machine" as a way to explain concepts. Despite its important contributions to the field of midwifery, the Abrégé was neglected when it was initially published because of its small, light, unobtrusive volume. Still, the existence of du Coudray’s book served as an influential model for midwives during the eighteenth century.{{sfn|Halff|2014}}

== See also ==
* [[Louise Bourgeois Boursier|Louyse Bourgeois]], ancestor, midwife to [[Marie de' Medici]].{{sfn|Encyclopedia of World Biography|2005}}

==Notes==

{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==

{{refbegin|30em}}

* {{cite journal
| url = https://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/french_historical_studies/v024/24.3cody.html
| title = Sex, Civility, and the Self: du Coudray, d’Eon, and Eighteenth-Century Conceptions of Gendered, National, and Psychological Identity
| first1 = Lisa Forman
| last1 = Cody
| journal = French Historical Studies
| volume = 24
| issue = 3
| pages = 379–407
| date = 2001
| publisher = Project MUSE
| doi = 10.1215/00161071-24-3-379
| ref = harv
}}

* {{cite encyclopedia
| url = http://0-go.galegroup.com.sculib.scu.edu/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX2591302544&v=2.1&u=sant38536&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
| title = Du Coudray, Angelique
| encyclopedia = Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia
| page = 804
| editor-first1 = Anne
| editor-last1 = Commire
| volume = 4
| location = Detroit
| publisher = Yorkin Publications
| date = 1999
| registration = yes
| ref = harv
}}

* {{cite encyclopedia
| url = http://0-go.galegroup.com.sculib.scu.edu/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3404900805&v=2.1&u=sant38536&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
| title = Obstetrics and Gynecology from Europe, 1450 to 1789
| encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World
| pages = 305–308
| first1 = Mary E.
| last1 = Fissell
| editor-first1 = Jonathan
| editor-last1 = Dewald
| volume = 4
| location = New York
| publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons
| date = 2004
| registration = yes
| ref = harv
}}

* {{cite book
| title = The King's Midwife : A History and Mystery of Madame du Coudray
| first1 = Nina Rattner
| last1 = Gelbart
| location = Berkeley
| publisher = University of California Press
| date = 1998
| isbn = 978-0520221574
| url = http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft1g5004dk/
| ref = harv
}}

* {{cite web
| url = http://nyamcenterforhistory.org/2014/05/20/abrege-de-lart-des-accouchements/
| title = Angelique Marguerite Le Boursier du Coudray’s Abrégé de l’art des accouchements
| publisher = The New York Academy of Medicine (NYAM History Med): Books, Health, and History.
| date = {{date| 20 May 2014}}
| origyear = 1769
| first1 = Rebecca
| last1 = Halff
| ref = harv
}}

* {{cite book
| title = Medicine and Society in Early Modern Europe
| first1 = Mary
| last1 = Lindemann
| publisher = CUP
| date = 2010
| page = 126
| isbn = 978-0521732567
| ref = harv
}}

* {{cite book
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=uRJt7QqA7GEC&pg=RA1-PA234&lpg=RA1-PA234&dq=angelique+de+coudray&source=web&ots=l2BdGievgj&sig=GTGy7Ck7-KaSdsZlPNsZejMz3Pk
| title = Mothers and Daughters of Invention: Notes for a Revised History of Technology
| first1 = Autumn
| last1 = Stanley
| page = 234
| date = 1995
| publisher = Rutgers University Press
| isbn = 978-0813521978
| ref = harv
}}

* {{cite encyclopedia
| url = http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3446400037.html
| title = Bourgeois, Louyse
| encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of World Biography
| date = 2005
| publisher = Encyclopedia.com
| accessdate = {{date| 28 nov 2015}}
| ref = {{harvid| Encyclopedia of World Biography|2005}}
}}

{{refend}}

==External links==
{{refbegin|30em}}

*[http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/joconde_fr?ACTION=CHERCHER&FIELD_98=DENO&VALUE_98=%20foetus%20&DOM=All&REL_SPECIFIC=1 Artefacts related to du Coudray at the Museum of France On line Archive.] Retrieved March 2012

*[http://web.archive.org/web/20150725203502/http://medarus.org/Medecins/MedecinsTextes/du_coudray.htm Biographie d'Angélique du Coudray], Jean-Yves Gourdol, Medarus

*[http://www3.chu-rouen.fr/Internet/connaitreCHU/culture/musee_flaubert/publications/ Musée du CHU de Rouen] Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CNU Hospital), Rouen, France

*[http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/dinner_party/heritage_floor/angelique_de_coudray.php Angélique du Coudray] at the Dinner Party database, Brooklyn Museum. Retrieved October 24, 2007

{{refend}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Du Coudray, Angelique}}
[[Category:1712 births]]
[[Category:1789 deaths]]
[[Category:French midwives]]
[[Category:French science writers]]
[[Category:French women writers]]
[[Category:Women science writers]]

Angélique du Coudray

2015-12-01T22:18:00Z

Unbuttered Parsnip: /* External links */

[[File:Angélique du Courdray.jpg|thumb|right|Madame du Coudray. From Aloïs Delacoux, Biographie des sages-femmes célèbres, anciennes, modernes et contemporaines (Unknown artist. Paris: Trinquart, 1834)]]
'''Angélique Marguerite Le Boursier du Coudray''' (c. 1712 – 17 April 1794) was an influential, pioneering [[midwife]] during her lifetime, who gained fame when men were taking over the field.{{sfn|Cody|2001}} She rose from middle–class origins to become noticed and commissioned by [[King Louis XV]], himself.{{sfn|Gelbart|1988}}

==Life==
Angélique Marguerite Le Boursier du Coudray was born into an eminent French medical family in [[Clermont-Ferrand]]. In February 1740, at the age of twenty-five, Angélique du Coudray completed her three-year apprenticeship with Anne Bairsin, dame Philibet Magin and passed her qualifying examinations at the College of Surgery [[École de Chirurgie]].{{sfn|Gelbart|1988}} Within the next few years, the school of surgery had barred female midwives from receiving instruction. After du Coudray demanded that the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Paris provide instructions to all midwives and midwifery students by signing a petition, du Coudray was accepted into the school.{{sfn|Gelbart|1988}}

In 1743, the status of surgeons heightened and expanded into the field of midwifery; this allowed surgeons to deny instruction to female midwives. Du Coudray and other female midwives signed a second petition and accused surgeons of neglecting their duties. Du Coudray argued that by refusing to instruct female midwives, midwives would be improperly trained and thus, would lead to a shortage of officially accredited midwives. To prevent potential harm to patients, medical doctors were evoked to solve the problem.{{sfn|Gelbart|1988}} After the situation was solved and all midwives received proper training, du Coudray became the head ''accoucheuse'' at the Hôtel Dieu in Paris.{{sfn|Stanley|1995}}{{sfn|Commire|1999}} By guiding and leading this political matter, du Coudray became a prominent figure in Paris.{{sfn|Halff|2014}}

In 1759, she published an early midwifery textbook, ''Abrégé de l'art des accouchements'' (Abridgment of the Art of Delivery), which was a revision and expansion of an earlier midwifery textbook published in 1667.{{sfn|Gelbart|1988}}{{sfn|Commire|1999}}

In that same year, the king commissioned her to teach midwifery to peasant women in an attempt to reduce infant mortality. Between 1760 to 1783, she traveled all over rural France, sharing her extensive knowledge with poor women. During this time, she is estimated to have taught in over forty French cities and rural towns and to have directly trained 4,000 students.{{sfn|Fissell|2004}} She was also responsible for the training of 6,000 other women who were taught directly by her former students.{{sfn|Commire|1999}} She had also taught about 500 surgeons and physicians, who were all men.{{sfn|Lindemann|2010}} By educating others, du Coudray became a national sensation and international symbol of French medical advancement.{{sfn|Gelbart|1988}}

Du Coudray died in Bordeaux on April 17, 1794.{{sfn|Gelbart|1988|p= 271}} There is mystery around du Coudray's death because she died during the [[Reign of Terror]] and after the [[French Revolution]] just took place. Many scholars believe that du Coudray was killed during the night because she was previously commissioned and endorsed by [[King Louis XV]]. Others believe that du Coudray simply died because of old age.{{sfn|Gelbart|1988}}

===The Machine===

Du Coudray invented the first lifesize [[Obstetrics|obstetrical]] mannequin, for practicing mock births. It was usually called "The Machine". Each machine cost about three hundred [[livres]] to construct. They were usually made of fabric, leather, and stuffing and on occasion they would use actual human bones to form the torso. Various strings and straps serve to simulate the stretching of the birth canal and perineum, to demonstrate the process of childbirth. The head of the infant mannequin has a shaped nose, stitched ears, hair drawn with ink, and an open mouth (with tongue) into which a finger could be inserted to a depth of {{convert|5|cm|1}}.{{efn|1= The decimal measure was not until 1794. The use of length was fairly consistent throughout most of pre-revolutionary France, in fact had been in use since Charlemagne, using ''[[French inch|pouce]]'' ([[inch]]), ''pied'' ([[foot (unit)|foot]]).}} This detail was important, as it allowed the midwife to put two fingers into the mouth, to facilitate the passage of the head in case of a breech presentation. These mannequins were very detailed and also very accurate.{{sfn|Gelbart|1988|pp=61-62}} The invention is often attributed to Englishman [[William Smellie (obstetrician)|William Smellie]], but the French Academy of Surgeons approved du Coudray's model in 1758 giving her prior claim on the invention.

===Travels===

She first traveled to Moulins in November of 1761 from Claremont France. Le Nain who had heard and learned a lot about du Coudray's childbirth courses in an exchange with letters with Ballainvilliers. Le Nain was extremely excited about du Coudray's arrival. Le Nain was one of the first people to secure her services in his city. In her first lesson in Moulins, eighty students showed up, and the second lesson brought seventy. Fewer students came because this was also the time of harvest and so many women were not able to make it due to their duties on their farms. Du Coudray noted how many women had no aptitude and even sent them home and only a few women really stood out to her. Her course cost the women thirty six to forty livres, which also included the certificate of completion in the end. Du Coudray worked her students hard and taught the women just the basics, but even this was enough for the women to be extremely useful in their cities. Classes took place six days a week, all morning and all afternoon and lasted around two months so that every student had plenty of time to listen to lectures and practice each maneuver several times on the machine. Occasionally she would allow her best students to perform actual live births with her supervision. In most cities she was paid three hundred livres for each month of her teaching.{{sfn|Halff|2014}}

Throughout the next year and a half she traveled to Burgundy, in [[Autun]] in 1761, in [[Bourg-en-Bresse]], in Chalone-sur-Saȏne in 1763 in the same year she traveled to Limognes-en-Quercy and [[Tulle]], she then traveled to Angoulȇme in 1764 and [[Bourdeilles]] in the same year then to [[Poitiers]] in 1764 to 1765 the Sablés-sur-Sarthe in 1765 her last travels took place in [[Périgueux]] in 1769 in the same year she traveled to [[Agen]]. Similar experiences took place in all these regions of the country.{{sfn|Gelbart|1988}} As du Coudray taught midwives, she instructed them to eliminate the practice of removing near-dead infants from the womb and leaving them to die without any attempt to revive them.{{sfn|Halff|2014}}

===The Abrégé===

The ''Abrégé de l'art des accouchements'' contains du Coudray’s lectures in the order that she taught them, starting with the female reproductive organs and the process of reproduction. It then explains the issue of proper prenatal care. Finally, it discusses how to deliver infants, including how to handle common obstetric problems. The Abrégé also includes rare circumstances that have occurred during the birth process, which du Coudray notes as her "observations". Throughout the book, du Coudray refers to her "machine" as a way to explain concepts. Despite its important contributions to the field of midwifery, the Abrégé was neglected when it was initially published because of its small, light, unobtrusive volume. Still, the existence of du Coudray’s book served as an influential model for midwives during the eighteenth century.{{sfn|Halff|2014}}

== See also ==
* [[Louise Bourgeois Boursier|Louyse Bourgeois]], ancestor, midwife to [[Marie de' Medici]].{{sfn|Encyclopedia of World Biography|2005}}

==Notes==

{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==

{{refbegin|30em}}

* {{cite journal
| url = https://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/french_historical_studies/v024/24.3cody.html
| title = Sex, Civility, and the Self: du Coudray, d’Eon, and Eighteenth-Century Conceptions of Gendered, National, and Psychological Identity
| first1 = Lisa Forman
| last1 = Cody
| journal = French Historical Studies
| volume = 24
| issue = 3
| pages = 379–407
| date = 2001
| publisher = Project MUSE
| doi = 10.1215/00161071-24-3-379
| ref = harv
}}

* {{cite encyclopedia
| url = http://0-go.galegroup.com.sculib.scu.edu/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX2591302544&v=2.1&u=sant38536&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
| title = Du Coudray, Angelique
| encyclopedia = Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia
| page = 804
| editor-first1 = Anne
| editor-last1 = Commire
| volume = 4
| location = Detroit
| publisher = Yorkin Publications
| date = 1999
| registration = yes
| ref = harv
}}

* {{cite encyclopedia
| url = http://0-go.galegroup.com.sculib.scu.edu/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3404900805&v=2.1&u=sant38536&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
| title = Obstetrics and Gynecology from Europe, 1450 to 1789
| encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World
| pages = 305–308
| first1 = Mary E.
| last1 = Fissell
| editor-first1 = Jonathan
| editor-last1 = Dewald
| volume = 4
| location = New York
| publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons
| date = 2004
| registration = yes
| ref = harv
}}

* {{cite book
| title = The King's Midwife : A History and Mystery of Madame du Coudray
| first1 = Nina Rattner
| last1 = Gelbart
| location = Berkeley
| publisher = University of California Press
| date = 1998
| isbn = 978-0520221574
| url = http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft1g5004dk/
| ref = harv
}}

* {{cite web
| url = http://nyamcenterforhistory.org/2014/05/20/abrege-de-lart-des-accouchements/
| title = Angelique Marguerite Le Boursier du Coudray’s Abrégé de l’art des accouchements
| publisher = The New York Academy of Medicine (NYAM History Med): Books, Health, and History.
| date = {{date| 20 May 2014}}
| origyear = 1769
| first1 = Rebecca
| last1 = Halff
| ref = harv
}}

* {{cite book
| title = Medicine and Society in Early Modern Europe
| first1 = Mary
| last1 = Lindemann
| publisher = CUP
| date = 2010
| page = 126
| isbn = 978-0521732567
| ref = harv
}}

* {{cite book
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=uRJt7QqA7GEC&pg=RA1-PA234&lpg=RA1-PA234&dq=angelique+de+coudray&source=web&ots=l2BdGievgj&sig=GTGy7Ck7-KaSdsZlPNsZejMz3Pk
| title = Mothers and Daughters of Invention: Notes for a Revised History of Technology
| first1 = Autumn
| last1 = Stanley
| page = 234
| date = 1995
| publisher = Rutgers University Press
| isbn = 978-0813521978
| ref = harv
}}

* {{cite encyclopedia
| url = http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3446400037.html
| title = Bourgeois, Louyse
| encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of World Biography
| date = 2005
| publisher = Encyclopedia.com
| accessdate = {{date| 28 nov 2015}}
| ref = {{harvid| Encyclopedia of World Biography|2005}}
}}

{{refend}}

==External links==
{{refbegin|30em}}

*[http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/joconde_fr?ACTION=CHERCHER&FIELD_98=DENO&VALUE_98=%20foetus%20&DOM=All&REL_SPECIFIC=1 Artefacts related to du Coudray at the Museum of France On line Archive.] Retrieved March 2012

*[http://web.archive.org/web/20150725203502/http://medarus.org/Medecins/MedecinsTextes/du_coudray.htm Biographie d'Angélique du Coudray], Jean-Yves Gourdol, Medarus

*[http://www3.chu-rouen.fr/Internet/connaitreCHU/culture/musee_flaubert/publications/ Musée du CHU de Rouen] Centre Hospitalier Universitaire {CNU Hospital), Rouen, France

*[http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/dinner_party/heritage_floor/angelique_de_coudray.php Angélique du Coudray] at the Dinner Party database, Brooklyn Museum. Retrieved October 24, 2007

{{refend}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Du Coudray, Angelique}}
[[Category:1712 births]]
[[Category:1789 deaths]]
[[Category:French midwives]]
[[Category:French science writers]]
[[Category:French women writers]]
[[Category:Women science writers]]

Angélique du Coudray

2015-11-29T20:03:07Z

Unbuttered Parsnip: correct her name; blank lines made for reading; check length use

[[File:Angélique du Courdray.jpg|thumb|right|Madame du Coudray. From Aloïs Delacoux, Biographie des sages-femmes célèbres, anciennes, modernes et contemporaines (Unknown artist. Paris: Trinquart, 1834)]]
'''Angélique Marguerite Le Boursier du Coudray''' (c. 1712 – 17 April 1794) was an influential, pioneering [[midwife]] during her lifetime, who gained fame when men were taking over the field.{{sfn|Cody|2001}} She rose from middle–class origins to become noticed and commissioned by [[King Louis XV]], himself.{{sfn|Gelbart|1988}}

==Life==
Angélique Marguerite Le Boursier du Coudray was born into an eminent French medical family in [[Clermont-Ferrand]]. In February 1740, at the age of twenty-five, Angélique du Coudray completed her three-year apprenticeship with Anne Bairsin, dame Philibet Magin and passed her qualifying examinations at the College of Surgery [[École de Chirurgie]].{{sfn|Gelbart|1988}} Within the next few years, the school of surgery had barred female midwives from receiving instruction. After du Coudray demanded that the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Paris provide instructions to all midwives and midwifery students by signing a petition, du Coudray was accepted into the school.{{sfn|Gelbart|1988}}

In 1743, the status of surgeons heightened and expanded into the field of midwifery; this allowed surgeons to deny instruction to female midwives. Du Coudray and other female midwives signed a second petition and accused surgeons of neglecting their duties. Du Coudray argued that by refusing to instruct female midwives, midwives would be improperly trained and thus, would lead to a shortage of officially accredited midwives. To prevent potential harm to patients, medical doctors were evoked to solve the problem.{{sfn|Gelbart|1988}} After the situation was solved and all midwives received proper training, du Coudray became the head ''accoucheuse'' at the Hôtel Dieu in Paris.{{sfn|Stanley|1995}}{{sfn|Commire|1999}} By guiding and leading this political matter, du Coudray became a prominent figure in Paris.{{sfn|Halff|2014}}

In 1759, she published an early midwifery textbook, ''Abrégé de l'art des accouchements'' (Abridgment of the Art of Delivery), which was a revision and expansion of an earlier midwifery textbook published in 1667.{{sfn|Gelbart|1988}}{{sfn|Commire|1999}}

In that same year, the king commissioned her to teach midwifery to peasant women in an attempt to reduce infant mortality. Between 1760 to 1783, she traveled all over rural France, sharing her extensive knowledge with poor women. During this time, she is estimated to have taught in over forty French cities and rural towns and to have directly trained 4,000 students.{{sfn|Fissell|2004}} She was also responsible for the training of 6,000 other women who were taught directly by her former students.{{sfn|Commire|1999}} She had also taught about 500 surgeons and physicians, who were all men.{{sfn|Lindemann|2010}} By educating others, du Coudray became a national sensation and international symbol of French medical advancement.{{sfn|Gelbart|1988}}

Du Coudray died in Bordeaux on April 17, 1794.{{sfn|Gelbart|1988|p= 271}} There is mystery around du Coudray's death because she died during the [[Reign of Terror]] and after the [[French Revolution]] just took place. Many scholars believe that du Coudray was killed during the night because she was previously commissioned and endorsed by [[King Louis XV]]. Others believe that du Coudray simply died because of old age.{{sfn|Gelbart|1988}}

===The Machine===

Du Coudray invented the first lifesize [[Obstetrics|obstetrical]] mannequin, for practicing mock births. It was usually called "The Machine". Each machine cost about three hundred [[livres]] to construct. They were usually made of fabric, leather, and stuffing and on occasion they would use actual human bones to form the torso. Various strings and straps serve to simulate the stretching of the birth canal and perineum, to demonstrate the process of childbirth. The head of the infant mannequin has a shaped nose, stitched ears, hair drawn with ink, and an open mouth (with tongue) into which a finger could be inserted to a depth of {{convert|5|cm|1}}.{{efn|1= The decimal measure was not until 1794. The use of length was fairly consistent throughout most of pre-revolutionary France, in fact had been in use since Charlemagne, using ''[[French inch|pouce]]'' ([[inch]]), ''pied'' ([[foot (unit)|foot]]).}} This detail was important, as it allowed the midwife to put two fingers into the mouth, to facilitate the passage of the head in case of a breech presentation. These mannequins were very detailed and also very accurate.{{sfn|Gelbart|1988|pp=61-62}} The invention is often attributed to Englishman [[William Smellie (obstetrician)|William Smellie]], but the French Academy of Surgeons approved du Coudray's model in 1758 giving her prior claim on the invention.

===Travels===

She first traveled to Moulins in November of 1761 from Claremont France. Le Nain who had heard and learned a lot about du Coudray's childbirth courses in an exchange with letters with Ballainvilliers. Le Nain was extremely excited about du Coudray's arrival. Le Nain was one of the first people to secure her services in his city. In her first lesson in Moulins, eighty students showed up, and the second lesson brought seventy. Fewer students came because this was also the time of harvest and so many women were not able to make it due to their duties on their farms. Du Coudray noted how many women had no aptitude and even sent them home and only a few women really stood out to her. Her course cost the women thirty six to forty livres, which also included the certificate of completion in the end. Du Coudray worked her students hard and taught the women just the basics, but even this was enough for the women to be extremely useful in their cities. Classes took place six days a week, all morning and all afternoon and lasted around two months so that every student had plenty of time to listen to lectures and practice each maneuver several times on the machine. Occasionally she would allow her best students to perform actual live births with her supervision. In most cities she was paid three hundred livres for each month of her teaching. Throughout the next year and a half she traveled to Burgundy, in [[Autun]] in 1761, in [[Bourg-en-Bresse]], in Chalone-sur-Saȏne in 1763 in the same year she traveled to Limognes-en-Quercy and [[Tulle]], she then traveled to Angoulȇme in 1764 and [[Bourdeilles]] in the same year then to [[Poitiers]] in 1764 to 1765 the Sablés-sur-Sarthe in 1765 her last travels took place in [[Périgueux]] in 1769 in the same year she traveled to [[Agen]]. Similar experiences took place in all these regions of the country.{{sfn|Gelbart|1988}} As du Coudray taught midwives, she instructed them to eliminate the practice of removing near-dead infants from the womb and leaving them to die without any attempt to revive them.{{sfn|Halff|2014}}

===The Abrégé===

The ''Abrégé de l'art des accouchements'' contains du Coudray’s lectures in the order that she taught them, starting with the female reproductive organs and the process of reproduction. It then explains the issue of proper prenatal care. Finally, it discusses how to deliver infants, including how to handle common obstetric problems. The Abrégé also includes rare circumstances that have occurred during the birth process, which du Coudray notes as her "observations". Throughout the book, du Coudray refers to her "machine" as a way to explain concepts. Despite its important contributions to the field of midwifery, the Abrégé was neglected when it was initially published because of its small, light, unobtrusive volume. Still, the existence of du Coudray’s book served as an influential model for midwives during the eighteenth century.{{sfn|Halff|2014}}

== See also ==
* [[Louise Bourgeois Boursier|Louyse Bourgeois]], ancestor, midwife to [[Marie de' Medici]].{{sfn|Encyclopedia of World Biography|2005}}

==Notes==

{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==

{{refbegin|30em}}

* {{cite journal
| url = https://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/french_historical_studies/v024/24.3cody.html
| title = Sex, Civility, and the Self: du Coudray, d’Eon, and Eighteenth-Century Conceptions of Gendered, National, and Psychological Identity
| first1 = Lisa Forman
| last1 = Cody
| journal = French Historical Studies
| volume = 24
| issue = 3
| pages = 379–407
| date = 2001
| publisher = Project MUSE
| doi = 10.1215/00161071-24-3-379
| ref = harv
}}

* {{cite encyclopedia
| url = http://0-go.galegroup.com.sculib.scu.edu/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX2591302544&v=2.1&u=sant38536&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
| title = Du Coudray, Angelique
| encyclopedia = Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia
| page = 804
| editor-first1 = Anne
| editor-last1 = Commire
| volume = 4
| location = Detroit
| publisher = Yorkin Publications
| date = 1999
| registration = yes
| ref = harv
}}

* {{cite encyclopedia
| url = http://0-go.galegroup.com.sculib.scu.edu/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3404900805&v=2.1&u=sant38536&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
| title = Obstetrics and Gynecology from Europe, 1450 to 1789
| encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World
| pages = 305–308
| first1 = Mary E.
| last1 = Fissell
| editor-first1 = Jonathan
| editor-last1 = Dewald
| volume = 4
| location = New York
| publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons
| date = 2004
| registration = yes
| ref = harv
}}

* {{cite book
| title = The King's Midwife : A History and Mystery of Madame du Coudray
| first1 = Nina Rattner
| last1 = Gelbart
| location = Berkeley
| publisher = University of California Press
| date = 1998
| isbn = 978-0520221574
| url = http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft1g5004dk/
| ref = harv
}}

* {{cite web
| url = http://nyamcenterforhistory.org/2014/05/20/abrege-de-lart-des-accouchements/
| title = Angelique Marguerite Le Boursier du Coudray’s Abrégé de l’art des accouchements
| publisher = The New York Academy of Medicine (NYAM History Med): Books, Health, and History.
| date = {{date| 20 May 2014}}
| origyear = 1769
| first1 = Rebecca
| last1 = Halff
| ref = harv
}}

* {{cite book
| title = Medicine and Society in Early Modern Europe
| first1 = Mary
| last1 = Lindemann
| publisher = CUP
| date = 2010
| page = 126
| isbn = 978-0521732567
| ref = harv
}}

* {{cite book
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=uRJt7QqA7GEC&pg=RA1-PA234&lpg=RA1-PA234&dq=angelique+de+coudray&source=web&ots=l2BdGievgj&sig=GTGy7Ck7-KaSdsZlPNsZejMz3Pk
| title = Mothers and Daughters of Invention: Notes for a Revised History of Technology
| first1 = Autumn
| last1 = Stanley
| page = 234
| date = 1995
| publisher = Rutgers University Press
| isbn = 978-0813521978
| ref = harv
}}

* {{cite encyclopedia
| url = http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3446400037.html
| title = Bourgeois, Louyse
| encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of World Biography
| date = 2005
| publisher = Encyclopedia.com
| accessdate = {{date| 28 nov 2015}}
| ref = {{harvid| Encyclopedia of World Biography|2005}}
}}

{{refend}}

==External links==
{{refbegin|30em}}

*[http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/joconde_fr?ACTION=CHERCHER&FIELD_98=DENO&VALUE_98=%20foetus%20&DOM=All&REL_SPECIFIC=1 Artefacts related to du Coudray at the Museum of France On line Archive.] Retrieved March 2012

*[http://www.medarus.org/Medecins/MedecinsTextes/du_coudray.htm Biographie d'Angélique du Coudray], Jean-Yves Gourdol, Medarus

*[http://www3.chu-rouen.fr/Internet/connaitreCHU/culture/musee_flaubert/publications/ Musée du CHU de rouen] CNU Hospital, Rouen, France

*[http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/dinner_party/heritage_floor/angelique_de_coudray.php Angélique du Coudray] at the Dinner Party database, Brooklyn Museum. Retrieved October 24, 2007

{{refend}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Du Coudray, Angelique}}
[[Category:1712 births]]
[[Category:1789 deaths]]
[[Category:French midwives]]
[[Category:French science writers]]
[[Category:French women writers]]
[[Category:Women science writers]]

Angélique du Coudray

2015-11-29T01:42:38Z

Unbuttered Parsnip: improve cites to harv

[[File:Angélique du Courdray.jpg|thumb|right|Madame du Coudray. From Aloïs Delacoux, Biographie des sages-femmes célèbres, anciennes, modernes et contemporaines (Unknown artist. Paris: Trinquart, 1834)]]
'''Angélique Marguerite Le Boursier du Coudray''' (c. 1712 – 17 April 1794) was an influential, pioneering [[midwife]] during her lifetime, who gained fame when men were taking over the field.{{sfn|Cody|2001}} She rose from middle–class origins to become noticed and commissioned by [[King Louis XV]], himself.{{sfn|Gelbart|1988}}

==Life==
Angélique Marguerite Le Boursier du Coudray was born into an eminent French medical family in [[Clermont-Ferrand]]. In February of 1740, at the age of twenty-five Angelique du Coudray completed her three-year apprenticeship with Anne Bairsin, dame Philibet Magin and passed her qualifying examinations at the College of Surgery [[École de Chirurgie]].{{sfn|Gelbart|1988}} Within the next few years, the school of surgery had barred female midwives from receiving instruction. After du Coudray demanded that the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Paris provide instructions to all midwives and midwifery students by signing a petition, Du Coudray was accepted into the school.{{sfn|Gelbart|1988}}

In 1743, the status of surgeons heightened and expanded into the field of midwifery; this allowed surgeons to deny instruction to female midwives. Du Coudray and other female midwives signed a second petition and accused surgeons of neglecting their duties. Du Coudray argued that by refusing to instruct female midwives, midwives would be improperly trained and thus, would lead to a shortage of officially accredited midwives. To prevent potential harm to patients, medical doctors were evoked to solve the problem.{{sfn|Gelbart|1988}} After the situation was solved and all midwives received proper training, du Coudray became the head ''accoucheuse'' at the Hôtel Dieu in Paris.{{sfn|Stanley|1995}}{{sfn|Commire|1999}} By guiding and leading this political matter, Du Coudray became a prominent figure in Paris.{{sfn|Halff|2014}}

In 1752, she published an early midwifery textbook, ''Abrégé de l'art des accouchements'' (Abridgment of the Art of Delivery), which was a revision and expansion of an earlier midwifery textbook published in 1667.{{sfn|Gelbart|1988}}{{sfn|Commire|1999}}

In that same year, the king commissioned her to teach midwifery to peasant women in an attempt to reduce infant mortality. Between 1760 to 1783, she traveled all over rural France, sharing her extensive knowledge with poor women. During this time, she is estimated to have taught in over forty French cities and rural towns and to have directly trained 4,000 students.{{sfn|Fissell|2004}} She was also responsible for the training of 6,000 other women who were taught directly by her former students.{{sfn|Commire|1999}} She has also taught about 500 surgeons and physicians, who were all men.{{sfn|Lindemann|2010}}

Du Coudray died in Bordeaux on April 17, 1794.{{sfn|Gelbart|1988|p= 271}} There is mystery around du Coudray's death because she died during the [[Reign of Terror]] and after the [[French Revolution]] just took place. Many scholars believe that du Coudray was killed during the night because she was previously commissioned and endorsed by [[King Louis XV]]. Others believe that du Coudray simply died because of old age.{{sfn|Gelbart|1988}}

===The Machine===

Du Coudray invented the first lifesize [[Obstetrics|obstetrical]] mannequin, for practicing mock births. It was usually called "The Machine". Each machine cost about three hundred [[livres]] to construct. They were usually made of fabric, leather, and stuffing and on occasion they would use actual human bones to form the torso. Various strings and straps serve to simulate the stretching of the birth canal and perineum, to demonstrate the process of childbirth. The head of the infant mannequin has a shaped nose, stitched ears, hair drawn with ink, and an open mouth (with tongue) into which a finger could be inserted to a depth of 5 cm. This detail was important, as it allowed the midwife to put two fingers into the mouth, to facilitate the passage of the head in case of a breech presentation. These mannequins were very detailed and also very accurate.{{sfn|Gelbart|1988|pp=61-62}} The invention is often attributed to Englishman [[William Smellie (obstetrician)|William Smellie]], but the French Academy of Surgeons approved du Coudray's model in 1758 giving her prior claim on the invention.

===Travels===

She first traveled to Moulins in November of 1761 from Claremont France. Le Nain who had heard and learned a lot about du Coudray's childbirth courses in an exchange with letters with Ballainvilliers. Le Nain was extremely excited about du Coudray's arrival. Le Nain was one of the first people to secure her services in his city. In her first lesson in Moulins, eighty students showed up, and the second lesson brought seventy. Fewer students came because this was also the time of harvest and so many women were not able to make it due to their duties on their farms. Du Coudray noted how many women had no aptitude and even sent them home and only a few women really stood out to her. Her course cost the women thirty six to forty livres, which also included the certificate of completion in the end. Du Coudray worked her students hard and taught the women just the basics, but even this was enough for the women to be extremely useful in their cities. Classes took place six days a week, all morning and all afternoon and lasted around two months so that every student had plenty of time to listen to lectures and practice each maneuver several times on the machine. Occasionally she would allow her best students to perform actual live births with her supervision. In most cities she was paid three hundred livres for each month of her teaching. Throughout the next year and a half she traveled to Burgundy, in [[Autun]] in 1761, in [[Bourg-en-Bresse]], in Chalone-sur-Saȏne in 1763 in the same year she traveled to Limognes-en-Quercy and [[Tulle]], she then traveled to Angoulȇme in 1764 and [[Bourdeilles]] in the same year then to [[Poitiers]] in 1764 to 1765 the Sablés-sur-Sarthe in 1765 her last travels took place in [[Périgueux]] in 1769 in the same year she traveled to [[Agen]]. Similar experiences took place in all these regions of the country.{{sfn|Gelbart|1988}}

== See also ==
* [[Louise Bourgeois Boursier|Louyse Bourgeois]], ancestor, midwife to [[Marie de' Medici]].{{sfn|Encyclopedia of World Biography|2005}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==

{{refbegin|30em}}

* {{cite journal
| url = https://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/french_historical_studies/v024/24.3cody.html
| title = Sex, Civility, and the Self: Du Coudray, d’Eon, and Eighteenth-Century Conceptions of Gendered, National, and Psychological Identity
| first1 = Lisa Forman
| last1 = Cody
| journal = French Historical Studies
| volume = 24
| issue = 3
| pages = 379-407
| date = 2001
| publisher = Project MUSE
| doi = 10.1215/00161071-24-3-379
| ref = harv
}}

* {{cite encyclopedia
| url = http://0-go.galegroup.com.sculib.scu.edu/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX2591302544&v=2.1&u=sant38536&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
| title = Du Coudray, Angelique
| encyclopedia = Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia
| page = 804
| editor-first1 = Anne
| editor-last1 = Commire
| volume = 4
| location = Detroit
| publisher = Yorkin Publications
| date = 1999
| isbn =
| ref = harv
}}

* {{cite encyclopedia
| url = http://0-go.galegroup.com.sculib.scu.edu/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3404900805&v=2.1&u=sant38536&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w
| title = Obstetrics and Gynecology from Europe, 1450 to 1789
| encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World
| pages = 305-308
| first1 = Mary E.
| last1 = Fissell
| editor-first1 = Jonathan
| editor-last1 = Dewald
| volume = 4
| location = New York
| publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons
| date = 2004
| isbn =
| ref = harv
}}

* {{cite book
| title = The King's Midwife : A History and Mystery of Madame du Coudray
| first1 = Nina Rattner
| last1 = Gelbart
| location = Berkeley
| publisher = University of California Press
| date = 1998
| isbn = 978-0520221574
| url = http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft1g5004dk/
| ref = harv
}}

* {{cite web
| url = http://nyamcenterforhistory.org/2014/05/20/abrege-de-lart-des-accouchements/
| title = Angelique Marguerite Le Boursier du Coudray’s Abrégé de l’art des accouchements
| publisher = The New York Academy of Medicine (NYAM History Med): Books, Health, and History.
| date = {{date| 20 May 2014}}
| origyear = 1769
| first1 = Rebecca
| last1 = Halff
| ref = harv
}}

*[http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/dinner_party/heritage_floor/angelique_de_coudray.php Angélique du Coudray] at the Dinner Party database, Brooklyn Museum. Retrieved October 24, 2007.

* {{cite book
| title = Medicine and Society in Early Modern Europe
| first1 = Mary
| last1 = Lindemann
| publisher = CUP
| date = 2010
| page = 126
| isbn = 978-0521732567
| ref = harv
}}

* {{cite book
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=uRJt7QqA7GEC&pg=RA1-PA234&lpg=RA1-PA234&dq=angelique+de+coudray&source=web&ots=l2BdGievgj&sig=GTGy7Ck7-KaSdsZlPNsZejMz3Pk
| title = Mothers and Daughters of Invention: Notes for a Revised History of Technology
| first1 = Autumn
| last1 = Stanley
| page = 234
| date = 1995
| publisher = Rutgers University Press
| isbn = 978-0813521978
| ref = harv
}}

*[http://www.medarus.org/Medecins/MedecinsTextes/du_coudray.htm Biographie d'Angélique du Coudray], Jean-Yves Gourdol, Medarus .
*[http://www3.chu-rouen.fr/Internet/connaitreCHU/culture/musee_flaubert/publications/ Musée du CHU de rouen] CNU Hospital, Rouen, France.

* {{cite encyclopedia
| url = http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3446400037.html
| title = Bourgeois, Louyse
| encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of World Biography
| date = 2005
| publisher = Encyclopedia.com
| accessdate = {{date| 28 nov 2015}}
| ref = {{harvid| Encyclopedia of World Biography|2005}}
}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
*[http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/joconde_fr?ACTION=CHERCHER&FIELD_98=DENO&VALUE_98=%20foetus%20&DOM=All&REL_SPECIFIC=1 Artifacts related to du Coudray at the Museum of France On line Archive.] Retrieved March 2012

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Coudray, Angelique de}}
[[Category:1712 births]]
[[Category:1789 deaths]]
[[Category:French midwives]]
[[Category:French science writers]]
[[Category:French women writers]]
[[Category:Women science writers]]

War Dogs

2015-11-06T09:45:59Z

Unbuttered Parsnip: Reverted 1 edit by 121.54.54.223 (talk) to last revision by Hallerworld.

{{Infobox film
| name = Arms and the Dudes
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Todd Phillips]]
| producers = [[Bradley Cooper]] [[Mark Gordon]] Todd Phillips Bryan Zuriffs Joseph Garner
| writers = [[Jason Smilovic]] Todd Phillips Stephen Chin
| based on = 
| starring = [[Miles Teller]] [[Jonah Hill]] [[Ana de Armas]]
| music =
| cinematography = [[Lawrence Sher]]
| editing = Jeff Groth
| production companies = Green Hat Films The Mark Gordon Company [[Reliance Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[Warner Bros. Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|2016|3|11}}
| runtime =
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget =
| gross = 
}}

'''''Arms and the Dudes''''' is an upcoming 2016 American [[biographical film|biographical]] [[Crime film|criminal]] [[comedy-drama film|comedy-drama]] film directed by [[Todd Phillips]] and written by Phillips, [[Jason Smilovic]] and Stephen Chin, based on the ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' article by Guy Lawson. Lawson has since written a book of the same name detailing the story.<ref>{{cite web|title=Arms and the dudes|url=http://www.amazon.com/Arms-Dudes-Stoners-Unlikely-Gunrunners/dp/1451667590/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1437454698&sr=1-1&keywords=arms+and+the+dudes|website=Amazon.com|accessdate=21 July 2015}}</ref> The film follows two arms dealers [[Efraim Diveroli]] and David Packouz, who get a government contract to supply weapons for US troops in Afghanistan.<ref name="ComingSoonPhotos" /> The film stars [[Jonah Hill]], [[Miles Teller]], [[Ana de Armas]] and [[J. B. Blanc]]. Filming began on March 2, 2015 in [[Romania]]. The film is scheduled to be released by [[Warner Bros.]] on March 11, 2016.

== Plot ==
Two arms dealers, [[Efraim Diveroli]] and David Packouz, secure a $300 million government contract to supply weapons for US allies in Afghanistan. They soon find themselves in danger abroad and in trouble back home.<ref name="ComingSoonPhotos" />

== Cast ==
* [[Miles Teller]] as David Packouz<ref name="TellerCast" />
* [[Jonah Hill]] as Efraim Diveroli<ref name="HillCast" />
* [[Ana de Armas]]<ref name="ArmasCast" />
* [[J. B. Blanc]] as Bashkim<ref name="BlancCast" />

== Production ==
On December 3, 2014, [[Jonah Hill]] was set to star in ''Arms and the Dudes'' to play one of the international arm dealers, while [[Todd Phillips]] was set to direct the film.<ref name=HillCast>{{cite news|last1=Kit|first1=Borys|title=Jonah Hill to Star in Crime Comedy 'Arms and the Dudes'|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/jonah-hill-star-crime-comedy-753760|accessdate=December 4, 2014|publisher=hollywoodreporter.com|date=December 3, 2014}}</ref> Same day, ''[[TheWrap]]'' reported that [[Miles Teller]] was also in talks to join the film for second lead role as an arm dealer. Both Hill and Teller replaced [[Jesse Eisenberg]] and [[Shia LaBeouf]] who were in talks before but never signed on.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sneider|first1=Jeff|title=Miles Teller Eyed to Join Jonah Hill in Todd Phillips’ ‘Arms and the Dudes’|url=http://www.thewrap.com/miles-teller-eyed-to-join-jonah-hill-in-todd-phillips-arms-and-the-dudes-exclusive/|accessdate=December 4, 2014|publisher=thewrap.com|date=December 3, 2014}}</ref> On February 12, 2015, ''Deadline'' confirmed that Teller had joined Hill, and he would be playing David Packouz, a licensed massage therapist in Miami, who later joins Hill's character [[Efraim Diveroli]] in arms dealing.<ref name=TellerCast>{{cite news|last1=Fleming Jr|first1=Mike|title=‘Whiplash’ Star Miles Teller Joins Jonah Hill In ‘Arms And The Dudes’|url=http://deadline.com/2015/02/miles-teller-arms-and-the-dudes-whiplash-jonah-hill-1201372328/|accessdate=February 16, 2015|publisher=deadline.com|date=February 12, 2015}}</ref> On February 13, [[Ana de Armas]] joined the cast of the film.<ref name=ArmasCast>{{cite news|last1=Hipes|first1=Patrick|title=Ana De Armas Joins Dudes In ‘Arms And The Dudes’|url=http://deadline.com/2015/02/ana-de-armas-arms-and-the-dudes-casting-1201373068/|accessdate=February 16, 2015|publisher=deadline.com|date=February 13, 2015}}</ref> [[J. B. Blanc]] joined the film on March 5, 2015 to play Bashkim, the right-hand man of Packouz.<ref name=BlancCast>{{cite news|last1=Pedersen|first1=Erik|title=IFC Films Locks Up ‘Stanford Prison Experiment'; JB Blanc Joins ‘Arms And The Dudes’ — Film Briefs|url=http://deadline.com/2015/03/ifc-films-stanford-prison-experiment-jb-blanc-arms-and-the-dudes-1201386948/|accessdate=March 7, 2015|publisher=deadline.com|date=March 5, 2015}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Shooting was previously set to begin late-April 2015 in [[Miami]] for several weeks.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jonah Hill’s New Dark Comedy “Arms and the Dudes” to Film in Miami|url=http://www.onlocationvacations.com/2015/02/24/jonah-hills-new-dark-comedy-arms-dudes-film-miami/|accessdate=February 25, 2015|publisher=onlocationvacations.com|date=February 24, 2015}}</ref> According to ''SSN Insider'', filming began on March 2, 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=On the Set for 3/2/15: Matthew McConaughey & Gugu Mbatha-Raw Start 'Free State of Jones', 'Kickboxer' Wraps & More|url=http://www.ssninsider.com/on-the-set-for-3215-matthew-mcconaughey-gugu-mbatha-raw-start-free-state-of-jonas-kickboxer-wraps-more/|accessdate=March 7, 2015|publisher=ssninsider.com|date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> Later confirmed by the ''[[Business Wire]]'' on March 17, 2015, filming was underway in [[Romania]].<ref name=BusinessWire>{{cite news|title=Shooting Begins on “Arms & the Dudes”|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20150317006203/en/Shooting-Begins-%E2%80%9CArms-Dudes%E2%80%9D#.VQhpvo6UdCg|accessdate=March 17, 2015|publisher=businesswire.com|date=March 17, 2015}}</ref> On April 24, 2015, Jonah Hill was spotted on the film set in the [[Century City, Los Angeles|Century City]] district of [[Los Angeles]].<ref name=CenturyCity>{{cite news|title=Jonah Hill's battle with his weight continues as he shows a much heavier frame while filming Arms And The Dudes|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-3054638/Jonah-Hill-s-battle-weight-continues-shows-heavier-frame-filming-Arms-Dudes.html|accessdate=May 10, 2015|work=dailymail.co.uk|date=April 25, 2015}}</ref> Hill gained weight to play the real-life role of [[Efraim Diveroli]] in the film.<ref name="CenturyCity" /> On April 29, 2015, Hill and Teller were spotted filming on the set in [[Burbank, California|Burbank]], [[California]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Molinet|first1=Jason|title=Jonah Hill spotted on set of latest movie looking noticeably heavier|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/jonah-hill-spotted-set-latest-movie-heavier-article-1.2204556|accessdate=May 10, 2015|work=nydailynews.com|date=April 30, 2015}}</ref><ref name=ComingSoonPhotos>{{cite news|last1=Evry|first1=Max|title=Arms & the Dudes: First Photos of Jonah Hill and Miles Teller on the Set|url=http://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/435603-arms-the-dudes-photos-of-jonah-hill-and-miles-teller#/slide/6|accessdate=May 10, 2015|work=comingsoon.net|date=April 30, 2015}}</ref> Later on May 7, 2015, filming took place in Miami.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jonah Hill displays his portly physique and totes an automatic rifle as he films new comedy Arms and the Dudes in Miami|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-3072645/Jonah-Hill-displays-portly-physique-totes-automatic-rifle-films-new-comedy-Arms-Dudes-Miami.html|accessdate=May 10, 2015|work=dailymail.co.uk|date=May 7, 2015}}</ref>

== Release ==
In May 2015, [[Warner Bros.]] set the film for a March 11, 2016 release.<ref>{{cite news|last1=A. Lincoln|first1=Ross|title=‘The Accountant’, ‘Project XX’, And More Get Release Dates|url=http://deadline.com/2015/05/warner-bros-release-dates-the-accountant-project-xx-1201430106/|accessdate=May 23, 2015|work=deadline.com|date=May 19, 2015}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|3}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|2005151}}

{{Todd Phillips}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2010s biographical films]]
[[Category:2010s comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2010s crime drama films]]
[[Category:2010s criminal comedy films]]
[[Category:2010s war films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American biographical films]]
[[Category:American comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:American crime drama films]]
[[Category:American criminal comedy films]]
[[Category:American war films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Todd Phillips]]
[[Category:Films about businesspeople]]
[[Category:Comedy films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Crime films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Drama films based on actual events]]
[[Category:War films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Arms trafficking]]
[[Category:Films shot in Romania]]
[[Category:Films set in Afghanistan]]
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[[Category:Films shot in Miami, Florida]]
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[[Category:Films set in Miami, Florida]]
[[Category:Warner Bros. films]]
[[Category:Reliance Entertainment films]]

Andriana

2015-10-28T09:23:52Z

Unbuttered Parsnip: ce

'''Andriana''' is both the name of the noble class and a title of nobility in [[Madagascar]]. Historically, many Malagasy ethnic groups lived in highly stratified caste-based social orders in which the ''andriana'' were the political and/or spiritual leaders. Among the [[Merina]] of the central highlands of Madagascar, the emergence of a noble class is attributed to its decree by King [[Andriamanelo]]<ref name="Miller, D 1995">Miller, D. and Rowlands, M. ''Domination and Resistance.'' Psychology Press, 1995.</ref> (1540–1575), later subdivided into four sub-castes by King [[Ralambo]]<ref name="Raison-Jourde">Raison-Jourde, Françoise. ''Les Souverains de Madagascar.'' Karthala Editions, 1983. {{fr icon}}</ref> (1575–1600) and eventually six sub-castes by King [[Andriamasinavalona]]<ref name="UNESCO">Ogot, B.A. ''Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century.'' UNESCO, 1992.</ref> (1675–1710).

The use of the word "Andriana" to denote nobility occurs among numerous Malagasy ethnic groups including the Zafiraminia, the Merina, the [[Betsileo]], the [[Betsimisaraka people|Betsimisaraka]], the [[Tsimihety]], the [[Bezanozano]], the [[Antambahoaka]] and the [[Antemoro]]. ''Andriana'' often traditionally formed part of the names of Malagasy kings, princes and nobles. Linguistic evidence suggests its origin is traceable back to an ancient Javanese nobility title, although alternate theories have been proposed.

==Etymology==
According to K.A. Adelaar, the Malagasy title "andriana" probably originated from the ancient [[Javanese people|Javanese]] nobility title ''Rahadyan'' (''Ra-hady-an''), "hady" meaning "Lord" or "Master."<ref name="Adelaar">{{cite book | last = Adelaar | first = K.A. | year = 2006 | title = The Indonesian migrations to Madagascar: Making sense of the multidisciplinary evidence | publisher = in Adelaar, Austronesian diaspora and the ethnogenesis of people in Indonesian Archipelago, LIPI PRESS | url = http://www.santafe.edu/events/workshops/images/6/6d/IndonesianMigrations.pdf}}</ref> In Malagasy the term became ''Rohandryan'' and later ''Roandriana'', mainly used in the Southeastern part of the island among the Zafiraminia, Antemoro and Antambahoaka ethnic groups.<ref name="Ottino">{{cite journal | last = Ottino | first = Paul | year = 1973 | title = La hiérarchie sociale et l'alliance dans le royaume de Matacassi | journal = [[Bulletin de l'Académie malgache]] | volume = IV | issue = 4 | pages = 53–89 | url = http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_5/b_fdi_06-07/07183.pdf|language=fr}}</ref> In the central Highlands among the Merina, Betsileo, Bezanozano, and [[Sihanaka]], the term became ''Randryan'' and later ''Randriana'' or simply ''andriana''.<ref name="Callet">{{cite book | last = Callet | first = F. | year = 1908 | title = Tantara ny Andriana (Histoire des rois) | publisher = Imprimerie Catholique}}</ref>

Other propositions have also been given on the possible etymology of "andriana", though none has seriously challenged the principal hypothesis cited above, which is based on solid linguistic arguments. Nonetheless, these alternative hypotheses include the [[Sanskrit]] ''[[aryan]]'', meaning "noble";<ref name="Ottino"/> the Sanskrit ''[[raja]]'', meaning "king" or "prince";<ref name="Adelaar"/> the [[Hebrew]] ''adri'';{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}} the Sanskrit ''[[kshatriya]]'', the noble caste in India—a term that became ''satrian'' in Malay, meaning "knight" or "warrior";<ref name="Richardson">{{cite book | last = Rev. J. Richardson| year = 1885 | title = A New Malagasy-English Dictionary | publisher = London Missionary Society}}</ref>—or the modern [[Javanese language|Javanese]] ''[[Priyayi#Titles|raden]]'', which itself also probably derives from the Old Javanese ''rahadyan'' defined above.<ref name="Adelaar"/>

In Madagascar, the name of a Malagasy sovereign, prince or nobleman was often historically composed by placing "Andriana" as a prefix to the remainder of the name. For example, the name of Merina king [[Andrianampoinimerina]] is a composite of "''Andriana''" and "''Nampoinimerina''", while that of the celebrated [[Sakalava]] warrior Andriamisara is formed from "''Andriana''" and "''Misara''".

In [[Madagascar]] today, names beginning with the "Andria" prefix are common. However, unlike in Western cultures where children automatically inherit the family name of a parent, [[Malagasy people|Malagasy]] parents are free to choose their child's first and last name as they please. Following the end of the [[Kingdom of Imerina|monarchy in Imerina]], many parents have chosen to give their children names including the "Andriana" prefix, despite lacking any family connection to the former aristocracy.

==Sub-castes among the Merina==
King [[Andriamanelo]]<ref name="Miller, D 1995"/> (1540–1575) is credited with establishing the Andriana as a separate class in early Merina society. This class was sub-divided into four groups by his son, the King [[Ralambo]]<ref name="Raison-Jourde"/> (1575–1600):

* Andriantompokoindrindra, the Eldest son of the King Ralambo and his direct descendants,

* Zanadralambo amin'Andrianjaka, the other sons of the King Ralambo.

* Andrianamboninolona, the uncle of the King Ralambo and his direct descendants.

* Andriandranando, the great-uncle of the King Ralambo and his direct descendants.

And further it was divided into six groups by Ralambo's great-great-grandson King [[Andriamasinavalona]]<ref name="UNESCO"/> (1675–1710) based on locality and genealogical proximity to the ruling family. The andriana class was divided again into seven groups by King Andrianampoinimerina (1778-1810). In rank order, these groups are:<ref name=Standing>Standing, H.F. (1885). "The Tribal Divisions of the Hova Malagasy," in ''The Antananarivo Annual and Madagascar Magazine, (3)''12, pp.354–363.</ref><ref>Revue Mensuelle. [http://books.google.com/books?id=Jp3FAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA897&dq=andriana+case+bois+madagascar&hl=en&ei=IkD1TKbsBoO0sAOwi4nwAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&sqi=2&ved=0CEwQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=andriana%20case%20bois%20madagascar&f=false Notes, reconnaissances et explorations, Vol. 4.] Imprimerie officiel de Tananarive, 1898. {{fr icon}}</ref>

* ''Zazamarolahy'' (or ''Marolahy''): Direct male descendants of the sovereign. It is among the small, elite sub-group of these called the ''Zanakandriana'' that the next ruler was selected.
* ''Andriamasinavalona'': Noble descendants of the four sons of King Andriamasinavalona who were not assigned to rule one of the four sub-divisions of Imerina that had been made the fiefs of his other four sons.
* ''Andriantompokondrindra'': Descendents of King Andriantompokoindrindra, the eldest son of King Ralambo.
* ''Andrianamboninolona'' ("Princes Above the People") or ''Zanakambony'' ("Sons Above"): Descendents of those who accompanied King Andrianjaka on his conquest of [[Antananarivo]].<ref>[http://royalark.net/Madagascar/madagascar.htm "Madagascar."] ''The Royal Arc.'' Françoise Raison-Jourde. Accessed on December 19, 2010.</ref>
* ''Andriandranando'' (or ''Zafinadriandranando''): Descendents of the uncle of King Ralambo.
* ''Zanadralambo amin'Andrianjaka'': Descendents of Ralambo's other children who did not accede to the throne.

The Andrianamboninolona, the Andriandranando and the Zanadralambo amin'Andrianjaka are often subsumed under the label ''Andrianteloray''.

== Lifestyle in Imerina ==
The Andriana benefited from numerous privileges in precolonial Madagascar. Land ownership in Imerina was reserved for the andriana class, who ruled over fiefs called ''menakely''. The populace under the rule of an andriana lord owed him—and the king—a certain amount of free labor each year (''fanompoana'') for public works such as the construction of dikes, rice paddies, roads and town walls. Posts of privilege within the government, such as judges or royal advisers, were likewise reserved for certain groups of andriana.<ref name="Kent">Kent, R.K. "Madagascar and Africa II: The Sakalava, Maroserana, Dady and Tromba before 1700." ''The Journal of African History, 9''(4), 1968, 517–546.</ref>

The ''[[valiha]]'', the national instrument of Madagascar, was originally an instrument of the masses but came to be affiliated with the noble class in the 19th century.<ref name="Musical Standard">{{Cite journal | last = Shaw | first = Geo | title = Music among the Malagasy | journal = The Musical Standard | volume = 17 | issue = 797| page = 297 | date = November 8, 1879 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=rQAtAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA297&dq=Music+among+the+Malagasy+musical+standard#v=onepage&q=Music%20among%20the%20Malagasy%20musical%20standard&f=false}}</ref> The valiha featured heavily in the [[Music of Madagascar|music of the Merina royal court]] performed at palaces such as [[Ambohimanga]] or the [[Rova of Antananarivo|Rova]] at [[Antananarivo]]. The strings of the valiha were more easily plucked with the fingernails, which were commonly grown long for this purpose; long fingernails became fashionable and symbolic of belonging to the andriana class within the Kingdom of Imerina.<ref name="Musical Standard"/>

At Antananarivo, only andriana tombs were allowed to be constructed within town limits. Hovas (freemen) and slaves were required to bury their dead beyond the city walls. The highest ranks of andriana were permitted to distinguish their tombs by the construction of a small, windowless wooden tomb house on top of it, called a [[Architecture of Madagascar#Highlands traditions|''trano masina'']] (sacred house) for the king and ''trano manara'' (cold house) for the Zanakandriana, Zazamarolahy and Andriamasinavalona.<ref name=Standing/> This tradition may have originated with King Andriantompokoindrindra, who is said to have ordered the first ''trano masina'' to be built on his tomb in honor of his memory.<ref name="Rasamimanana">{{cite book | last1 = Rasamimanana | last2 = Razafindrazaka | year = 1930 | title = Ny Andriantopokoindrindra: Fanasoavana ny tantaran'i Madagasikara | publisher = Librairie Mixte |language=fr}}</ref>

Andriana were also subjected to certain restrictions. Marriage outside the caste was forbidden by law among the lowest three ranks of andriana. A high-ranking woman who married a lower-ranking man would take on her husband's lower rank. Although the inverse situation would not cause a high-ranking man to lose status, he would be unable to transfer his rank or property to his children. For these reasons, intermarriage across andriana caste divisions was relatively infrequent.<ref name=Standing/>

==Role in post-imperial Madagascar==
The Andriana, along with the other castes, played an important part in the independence of Madagascar. For instance, Joseph Ravoahangy-Andrianavalona, a Merina nationalist and deputy, was andriana of the Andriamasinavalona sub-caste.<ref name="ravoahangy">{{cite web|url=http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/histoire/biographies/IVRepublique/ravoahangy-joseph-28101893.asp|title=Biographie de Joseph Ravoahangy |accessdate=2010-11-23|language=fr}}</ref> The secret nationalist organization V.V.S. (''[[Vy Vato Sakelika]]'') was composed of some Andriana of the intelligentsia. A 1968 study showed that 14% of the population of Imerina was Andriana.

The andriana have been key players in Madagascan political and cultural life after independence as well. The andriana were deeply affected by the 1995 destruction of the royal palace, the [[Rova of Antananarivo|Rova]], in Antananarivo, and their approval and participation were periodically solicited throughout the reconstruction process.

In 2011, the Council of Kings and Princes of Madagascar promoted the revival of a Christian andriana monarchy that would blend modernity and tradition.<ref>http://www.royal-house-of-madagascar.blogspot.com</ref>

== ''Tantara ny Andriana'' ==
Much of the known genealogical history of the Andriana of Imerina comes from Father François Callet's book "''[[Tantara ny Andriana eto Madagasikara]]''" ("History of the Nobles"). This collection of oral tradition about the history of the Merina Dynasty was originally written in Malagasy and published between 1878 and 1881. Callet summarized and translated it in [[French language|French]] under the title "Tantara ny Andriana (Histoire des rois)" in 1908.<ref name="Callet"/> Tantara ny Andriana constitutes the core material for the historians studying the Merina history, and has been commented, criticised, and challenged ever since by historians from Madagascar, [[Europe]], and [[North America]]. For examples, refer to Rasamimanana (1930),<ref name="Rasamimanana" /></ref> Ravelojaona ''et al.'' (1937),<ref name="Ravelojaona">{{cite book | last = Ravelojaona | first = Randzavola, Rajaonah G. | year = 1937 | title = Firaketana ny Fiteny sy ny Zavatra Malagasy | publisher = Antananarivo:Imprimerie Tanananarivienne}}</ref> Ramilison (1951),<ref name="Ramilison">{{cite book | last = Ramilison | first = Emmanuel | year = 1951 | title = Ny loharanon'ny andriana nanjaka teto Imerina : Andriantomara-Andriamamilazabe | publisher = Imprimerie Ankehitriny }}</ref> Kent (1970),<ref>{{cite book | last = Kent | first = Raymond K. | year = 1970 | title = Early Kingdoms in Madagascar, 1500–1700 | publisher = Holt, Rinehart and Winston | isbn = 0-03-084171-2 }}</ref> Berg (1988)<ref name="Berg">{{cite journal | last = Berg | first = Gerald M. | year = 1988 | title = Sacred Acquisition: Andrianampoinimerina at Ambohimanga, 1777–1790 | journal = The Journal of African History | volume = 29 | issue = 2 | pages = 191–211 | doi=10.1017/S002185370002363X}}</ref> or Larson (2000).<ref name="Larson">{{cite book | last = Larson | first = Pier M. | year = 2000 | title = History and Memory in the Age of Enslavement. Becoming Merina in Highland Madagascar, 1770–1822 | publisher = Social History of Africa Series. Portsmouth, New Hampshire: Heinemann |page = 414| isbn = 0-325-00217-7 }}</ref> The work is complemented by oral traditions of other tribes collected by Malagasy historians.

==Andriana gallery==
<gallery>
File:Tombeaux antimerina.jpg|Ancient Andriana tomb with ''trano manara'' or ''trano masina''
File:Fancy Malagasy Brick House in Antananarivo Madagascar.JPG|The former Ratsimamanga palace in Antananarivo once belonged to a great Andriana family
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Monarchy|Madagascar}}
*[[History of Madagascar]]
*[[Merina|History of the Merina]]s
*[[Betsileo|History of the Betsileo]]s
*[[Sakalava|History of the Sakalava]]s
*[[List of Malagasy monarchs]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{refbegin}}

*Rabarioelina, Ndriana (Rev. Dr.) (2010), "Biblical Relations between Israel and Madagascar", Doctoral Thesis of Theology, SAHTS, États-Unis, 2010, 458 pages. Abstract in Saint-Alcuin House Journal, Volume 8, N°1, USA, 2011. And in Library of Congress, number ISSN 1548-4459, USA.
*Charlotte Liliane Rabesahala-Randriamananoro, Ambohimanga-Rova : approche anthropologique de la civilisation merina (Madagascar), Paris, Le Publieur, 2006, 393 p. (ISBN 2-85194-307-3. Texte remanié d’une thèse soutenue à l’Université de La Réunion en 2002. {{fr icon}}
*Rajaonarimanana, Narivelo (1990), Savoirs arabico-malgaches : la tradition manuscrite des devins Antemoro Anakara (Madagascar), Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales. {{fr icon}}
*Ramamonjy, Georges (1952), "De quelques attitudes et coutumes merina", dans Mémoires de l'Institut scientifique de Madagascar (Tananarive), série C, Sciences humaines, 1 (2), 1952, p. 181-196. {{fr icon}}
*Ramilison, Emmanuel (Pastor) (1951), Andriantomara-Andriamamilazabe. Loharanon' ny Andriana nanjaka eto Imerina, Imprimerie Ankehitriny. {{mg icon}}
*Randrianja Solofo, Ellis Stephen (2009), Madagascar. A short history, London, Hurst & Company, 2009.
*Raombana (l'historien) (1809-1855), "Histoires", Edition Ambozontany, Fianarantsoa, 3 Volumes. {{fr icon}}
*Rasamimanana, Joseph (Dr.) (1909) et Louis de Gonzague Razafindrazaka (Governor), Ny Andriantompokoindrindra, Antananarivo, 50 pages. {{mg icon}}
*Ravelojaona (Pastor) (1937-1970), Firaketana ny Fiteny sy ny Zavatra Malagasy, Encyclopedic Dictionary, Antananarivo, 5 Volumes. {{mg icon}}
*Razafindrazaka, Harilanto, et alii (2009) "A new deep branch of eurasian mtDNA macrohaplogroup M reveals additional complexity regarding the settlement of Madagascar", BMC Genomics.
*Rombaka, Jacques Philippe (1963), Tantaran-drazana Antemoro-Anteony, Antananarivo, Imprimerie LMS, pp. 10–11. {{fr icon}}
*Rombaka, Jacques Philippe (1970), Fomban-drazana Antemoro - usages et coutumes antemoro, Ambozontany, Fianarantsoa, 121 p. {{fr icon}}
* Ratsivalaka, Ranaivo Gilbert (Gal) (1995): "Madagascar dans le Sud-Ouest de l’Océan Indien", Thèse de Doctorat d’Etat en Histoire-Paris, Antananarivo, 1995, 1083 p. {{fr icon}}
* Grandidier, Alfred et Guillaume (1903-1958): "Histoire de Madagascar", 39 volumes, Paris, 1903-1958. {{fr icon}}
{{refend}}
==External links==
* [http://users.cwnet.com/zaikabe/merina/ The Merina Nation]
* [http://www.wildmadagascar.org/history/ A Historical Timeline for Madagascar]
* [http://www.royal-house-of-madagascar.blogspot.com/ Royal House of Madagascar]

[[Category:Social classes]]
[[Category:Royal titles]]
[[Category:Noble titles]]
[[Category:African nobility]]
[[Category:History of Madagascar]]
[[Category:Malagasy culture]]
[[Category:Malagasy society]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of Africa]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1787]]

{{Nobility by nation}}

[[cs:Imerina]]
[[de:Königreich Madagaskar]]
[[fr:Royaume merina]]
[[ko:메리나 왕국]]
[[os:Имеринæ]]
[[it:Regno del Madagascar]]
[[sw:Ufalme wa Merina]]
[[ms:Kerajaan Merina]]
[[ru:Королевство Имерина]]
[[sh:Kraljevstvo Merina]]
[[fi:Imerina]]
[[th:ราชวงศ์เมรีนา]]
[[zh:伊默里纳王国]]

Paranormal Activity: Ghost Dimension

2015-10-11T16:01:42Z

Unbuttered Parsnip: Reverted 1 edit by 107.219.60.179 (talk) to last revision by 66.27.71.48.

{{Advertisement|date=October 2015}}{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Paranormal Activity: The Ghost Dimension
| image = Paranormal Activity The ghost dimension Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Gregory Plotkin
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Jason Blum]]
* [[Oren Peli]]
}}
| writer = {{Plainlist|
* Andrew Deutschman
* [[Gavin Heffernan]]
* Jason Pagan
* Adam Robitel
}}
| story = {{Plainlist|
* Brantley Aufill
* Andrew Deutschman
* Jason Pagan
}}
| based on = {{based on|''[[Paranormal Activity]]''|Oren Peli}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Chris J. Murray
* Brit Shaw
* Ivy George
* [[Katie Featherston]]
}}
| cinematography = John Rutland
| editing = Michel Aller
| studio = [[Blumhouse Productions]]
| distributor = [[Paramount Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|2015|10|23}}
| runtime = 95 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Paranormal Activity: The Ghost Dimension''''' is an upcoming American [[3-D film|3D]] [[Found footage (pseudo-documentary)|found footage]] [[Supernatural fiction|supernatural]] [[horror film]] directed by Gregory Plotkin in his directorial debut and written by Jason Pagan and Andrew Stark. Plotkin served as the editor for the past four ''Paranormal Activity'' films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deadline.com/2013/09/gregory-plotkin-directing-paranormal-activity-5/|title=Gregory Plotkin Scares up Directing Debut on 'Paranormal 5.'| last=Fleming Jr. | first=Mike| publisher=[[Deadline.com]] | date=September 26, 2013 | accessdate=September 26, 2013}}</ref> It is the fifth sequel/sixth and final installment in the [[Paranormal Activity (film series)|''Paranormal Activity'' series]]. The film is scheduled to be released on October 23, 2015, EW has confirmed. According to producer [[Jason Blum]], it will answer all of the questions that the series' mythology has posed up to this point.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wegotthiscovered.com/movies/paranormal-activity-ghost-dimension-answers-all-questions/|title=EXCLUSIVE: Jason Blum Says Paranormal Activity: The Ghost Dimension Will Answer All Our Burning Questions}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film will follow supernatural occurrences that take place in a newly moved family's home in [[Palo Alto, California]]. The family consists of four members including Ryan, a game developer, Ryan's wife Emily, a stay-at-home mom described as "more serious than her young husband—she's constantly on the go, does yoga, and though loving, has an air of maturity about her", their 6-year old daughter Leila, described as "a fearless, opinionated tomboy", and Ryan's younger brother described as a "less fit, less funky version of his brother". The brothers find tapes of young Katie and Kristi being taught supernatural abilities by their grandmother. Despite the video being filmed 20 years ago, Katie breaks the fourth wall by noticing the brothers' presence. They also find a camera which can see paranormal phenomena that the human eye can't see. With Leila being targeted by supernatural forces, Ryan must find a way to protect his daughter before it is too late.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.empireonline.com/news/story.asp?NID=39868 | author=Williams, Owen | title=First Paranormal Activity 5 Plot Details | work=''[[Empire (film magazine)|Empire]]'' | publisher=[[Bauer Media Group]] | date=21 January 2014 | accessdate=17 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=113628 | title=First Character Details Revealed for Paranormal Activity 5 | date=January 16, 2014 | publisher=[[ComingSoon.net]]}}</ref>

==Cast==
* Chris J. Murray as Ryan Fleege<ref name="earlycast">{{cite web | url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2015/06/22/paranormal-activity-ghost-dimension-sneak-peek-first-look-exclusive/29069709/ | title=Sneak peek: 'Paranormal' heads to eerie end| first=Bryan |last=Alexander | newspaper=''[[USA Today]]'' | date=2015-06-22 | accessdate=2015-06-24}}</ref>
* Brit Shaw as Emily Fleege<ref name="earlycast" />
* Dan Gill as Mike Fleege<ref name="earlycast" />
* Ivy George as Leila Fleege<ref name="earlycast" />
* [[Katie Featherston]] as Katie<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.movieweb.com/news/paranormal-activity-5-katie-featherston-returns-and-new-character-details-revealed | title='Paranormal Activity 5': Katie Featherston Returns and New Character Details Revealed | date=January 16, 2014 | last=Gallagher | first=Brian | work=[[MovieWeb]] | publisher=Watchr Media}}</ref>
** [[Chloe Csengery]] as young Katie<ref name="earlycast" />
* Jessica Tyler Brown as Young Kristi<ref name="earlycast" />
* [[Hallie Foote]] as Grandma Lois<ref name="earlycast" />

==Marketing==
A [[Trailer (promotion)|teaser trailer]] was released on June 22,<ref name="teasertrailer">{{cite web | url=http://bloody-disgusting.com/videos/3350230/paranormal-activity-ghost-dimension-teaser-plays-bloody-mary/ | title=’Paranormal Activity: The Ghost Dimension’ Teaser Plays Bloody Mary| first=Brad |last=Miska | date=2015-06-22 | accessdate=2015-06-25}}</ref> and promotional stills were released afterwards.<ref name="firststills">{{cite web | url=http://www.comingsoon.net/movies/trailers/451785-paranormal-activity-the-ghost-dimension-photos| title=Paranormal Activity: The Ghost Dimension Photos| first=Max |last=Evry | date=2015-06-22 | accessdate=2015-06-25}}</ref> The official first trailer was released the following day at midnight.<ref name="trailerus">{{cite web | url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2015/06/24/paranormal-activity-final-trailer-the-ghost-dimension/29202377/ | title=’Paranormal Activity’ trailer marks the end| first=Bryan |last=Alexander | newspaper=''[[USA Today]]'' | date=2015-06-24 | accessdate=2015-06-25}}</ref><ref name="trailervar">{{cite web |url=http://variety.com/2015/film/news/paranormal-activity-the-ghost-dimension-trailer-watch-1201527289/ |title=Watch: First Trailer for ‘Paranormal Activity: The Ghost Dimension’ |first=Alex |last=Stedman |newspaper=''Variety'' |date=2015-06-24 |accessdate=2015-06-25}}</ref>

==Release==
The film was originally slated for October 25, 2013,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2012/11/21/paranormal-activity-5-release-date/ | title='Paranormal Activity 5' coming to theaters next October | last=Busis | first=Hillary | publisher=''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' | date=November 21, 2012 | accessdate=January 27, 2015}}</ref> and then delayed to October 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thewrap.com/movies/column-post/paramount-sets-dates-paranormal-activity-5-retitled-latino-spin-109521 | title=Paramount Sets Dates for 'Paranormal Activity 5,' Retitled Latino Spin-Off | publisher=''[[The Wrap]]'' | date=August 8, 2013 | accessdate=January 27, 2015}}</ref> On September 17, 2014, it was announced the film would be entitled ''The Ghost Dimension'', and that it was set to be released on March 13, 2015.<ref name="Ghost dimension">{{cite news|url=http://variety.com/2014/film/news/paranormal-activity-the-ghost-dimension-moved-to-2015-1201307744/ | title=‘Paranormal Activity: The Ghost Dimension’ Moved to 2015 | last=Lang | first=Brent | publisher=''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' | date=September 17, 2014 | accessdate=September 17, 2014}}</ref> On January 27, 2015, [[Paramount Pictures]] announced it has pushed the release date back to October 23, 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thewrap.com/paranormal-activity-6-friday-the-13th-pushed-back-the-ring-reboot-gets-release-date/ | title=New ‘Paranormal Activity,’ ‘Friday the 13th’ Pushed Back; ‘The Ring’ Reboot Gets Release Date | last=Ge | first=Linda | work=[[TheWrap]] | date=January 27, 2015 | accessdate=January 27, 2015}}</ref> The film will be released in [[3D film|3D]] and [[RealD 3D]], the first and only in the ''Paranormal Activity'' film series.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sirani|first=Jordan|title=Paranormal Activity: The Ghost Dimension to End Series|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2015/06/23/paranormal-activity-the-ghost-dimension-to-end-series|publisher=[[IGN]]|date=June 23, 2015|accessdate=June 24, 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website |http://www.paranormalmovie.com/}}
* {{IMDb title|2473510|Paranormal Activity: The Ghost Dimension}}
* {{Mojo title|paranormalactivity2014|Paranormal Activity: The Ghost Dimension}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|paranormal_activity_the_ghost_dimension|Paranormal Activity: The Ghost Dimension}}
* {{Metacritic|paranormal-activity-the-ghost-dimension|Paranormal Activity: The Ghost Dimension}}

{{Paranormal Activity}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Paranormal Activity 5}}
[[Category:Paranormal Activity]]
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:2015 3D films]]
[[Category:2015 horror films]]
[[Category:American 3D films]]
[[Category:American horror films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Jason Blum]]
[[Category:Found footage films]]
[[Category:Psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Supernatural horror films]]
[[Category:Blumhouse Productions films]]
[[Category:Paramount Pictures films]]

{{2010s-horror-film-stub}}

Google-Play-Dienste

2015-10-11T14:55:41Z

Unbuttered Parsnip:

'''Google Play Services''' is a [[proprietary software|proprietary]] [[daemon (computing)|background service]] and [[application programming interface|API]] package for [[Android (operating system)|Android]] devices.<ref name="developer-index" /> When first introduced in 2012, it provided simple access to the [[Google+]] APIs and [[OAuth]] 2.0, but has since then expanded to cover a large variety of [[Google|Google's]] services, allowing applications to easily communicate with the services through common means, being internally referred to as simply [[Google Mobile Services|GMS]].<ref name="developer-reference-index" />

== Included tools ==

=== Google Play Game Services ===
Google Play Game Services can be used by application developers to allow a more competitive and social experience through the use of leaderboards, both public and between friends, achievement (video gaming)|achievements and multiplayer sessions.ref name developer-services-games Saved Games API is available to quickly file synchronizationsync saved game|game saves on Google's cloud storage|cloud infrastructure as well.ref name developer-services-savedgames

=== Location APIs ===
The Location APIs abstract away specifics about the location technologies, providing Geofencing APIs for scheduling specific actions upon the user entering or leaving specific geographic boundaries, Fused Location Provider for acquiring location information with as reduced power usage as possible and activity recognition for allowing applications to adapt to the current action of the user (e.g. cycling, walking, etc.).ref name developer services location

=== Google+ ===
The Google+ platform provides [[single sign-on]], allowing the user to be automatically authenticated inside applications providing a more personalized experience, and sharing options using [[Google+]].<ref name="developer-services-plus" />

=== Maps ===
Google Maps Android API allows applications to include [[Google Maps]] or [[Google Street View|Street View]] without the need to open a separate application, allowing full control over the camera and providing means of adding custom markers and overlays over the map.<ref name="developer-services-maps" />

=== Drive ===
Google Drive Android API exposes [[Google Drive]] to be used as a storage structure, providing easy lookup and syncing of documents along with various other tools for manipulating the files.<ref name="developer-services-drive" />

=== Cast ===
Google Cast Android API adds casting functionality to allow Android applications to display content on TVs using [[Google Cast]], additionally providing various helpers for common audio, video and image types.<ref name="developer-services-cast" />

=== Ads ===
Google Mobile Ads integrate advertisements into applications, allowing simple monetization through over a million Google advertisers and sophisticated ad targeting based on factors such as user location.<ref name="developer-services-ads" />

=== Wallet ===
Google Wallet Instant Buy allows purchases of services and goods to be done from a Google Wallet, providing a streamlined flow of just a few taps with minimized data entry done by the user.<ref name="developer-services-wallet" />

=== Other ===
Google Play Services provides other APIs such as the [[Google Fit]] API, Google account [[authentication]] methods and [[Google Analytics]] APIs.<ref name="developer-reference-index" /> Google Play Services is used by almost all Google apps and have system-level powers to provide multiple internal features.<ref name="ars-googleplayservices" />

== Version history<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apkmirror.com/apk/google-inc/google-play-services/google-play-services-8-1-02-2204618-438-android-apk-download/|website=APKmirror|accessdate=28 August 2015|ref=blog-8-0}}</ref> ==

* Version 1.0 was released on September 26, 2012.<ref name="gplus-release" />
* Version 3.1 was released on May 16, 2013.<ref name="blog-3-1" />
* Version 3.2 was released on August 20, 2013.<ref name="blog-3-2" />
* Version 4.0 was released on October 31, 2013.<ref name="blog-4-0" />
* Version 4.1 was released on January 9, 2014.<ref name="blog-4-1" />
* Version 4.2 was released on February 3, 2014.<ref name="blog-4-2" />
* Version 4.3 was released on March 17, 2014.<ref name="blog-4-3" />
* Version 4.4 was released on May 7, 2014.<ref name="blog-4-4" />
* Version 5.0 was released on June 25, 2014 with rollout finishing on July 2, 2014.<ref name="blog-5-0" /><ref name="blog-5-0-rollout" />
* Version 6.1 was released on September 16, 2014.<ref name="blog-6-1" />
* Version 6.5 was released on November 17, 2014.<ref name="blog-6-5" />
* Version 7.0 was released on March 2, 2015.<ref name="blog-7-0" />
* Version 8.0 was released on August 28, 2015.<ref name="blog-8-0"/>

== Adoption ==

Google Play Services is automatically updated through [[Google Play]] on devices with the Google Play Store application installed running Android 2.3 or newer.<ref name="developer-index" /> This means Google can do fast, silent rollouts of updates, providing new functionality to old devices without any interruptions from the [[original equipment manufacturer|OEMs]], avoiding the [[fragmentation (programming)|fragmentation]] of the platform for which it had become infamous .<ref name="ars-irongrip" />

=== Concerns ===
[[Android (operating system)#Open-source community|Android Open Source Project (AOSP)]] was announced in 2007, and has since then functioned as the baseline system for all OEMs and [[firmware]] modifications such as [[CyanogenMod]]. Various apps are being switched over to being released on Google Play with a closed-source model, having their AOSP counterparts being abandoned. As many of the Google apps are developed intimately tied with Google Play Services, they do not function without them being available. This means that any party interested in distributing Google Play Services as a part of the Google apps package must acquire a license from Google, which more often than not results in a contractual agreement locking the manufacturer in to Android. Additionally, enthusiasts who are not able to or are not interested in signing such an agreement, but are interested in modifying the Android system are required to either opt for not using Google apps (such as [[YouTube]] and [[Gmail]]) and 3rd party apps that use Google Play Services (such as including Google Maps) or for simply obtaining the Google apps package either from a device which has them pre-installed or an unofficial source.<ref name="ars-googleplayservices" /><ref name="ars-irongrip" />
Google Play Services demands 80 permissions without explaining why all these permissions are needed.
Google Play Services cannot be found in Google Play Store, which will not work if Google Play Services is not activated. https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.google.android.gms
This in a time that there are discussions about permissions asked by games that are not really useful for that game.

== References ==

{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="developer-index">{{cite web|title=Google Play Services|url=http://developer.android.com/google/play-services/index.html|accessdate=November 30, 2014|work=Android Developers}}</ref>
<ref name="developer-reference-index">{{cite web|title=Package Index|url=http://developer.android.com/reference/gms-packages.html|accessdate=November 30, 2014|work=Android Developers}}</ref>

<ref name="developer-services-plus">{{cite web|title=Google+ Platform for Android|url=https://developer.android.com/google/play-services/plus.html|accessdate=November 30, 2014|work=Android Developers}}</ref>
<ref name="developer-services-maps">{{cite web|title=Google Maps Android API v2|url=https://developer.android.com/google/play-services/maps.html|accessdate=November 30, 2014|work=Android Developers}}</ref>
<ref name="developer-services-drive">{{cite web|title=Google Drive Android API|url=https://developer.android.com/google/play-services/drive.html|accessdate=November 30, 2014|work=Android Developers}}</ref>
<ref name="developer-services-cast">{{cite web|title=Google Cast Android API|url=https://developer.android.com/google/play-services/cast.html|accessdate=November 30, 2014|work=Android Developers}}</ref>
<ref name="developer-services-ads">{{cite web|title=Google Mobile Ads|url=https://developer.android.com/google/play-services/ads.html|accessdate=November 30, 2014|work=Android Developers}}</ref>
<ref name="developer-services-wallet">{{cite web|title=Google Wallet Instant Buy|url=https://developer.android.com/google/play-services/wallet.html|accessdate=November 30, 2014|work=Android Developers}}</ref>
<ref name="ars-googleplayservices">{{cite web|title=Balky carriers and slow OEMs step aside: Google is defragging Android|url=http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/09/balky-carriers-and-slow-oems-step-aside-google-is-defragging-android/|accessdate=November 30, 2014|work=Ars Technica|date=September 3, 2013|author=Ron Amadeo}}</ref>
<ref name="ars-irongrip">{{cite web|title=Google’s iron grip on Android: Controlling open source by any means necessary|url=http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/10/googles-iron-grip-on-android-controlling-open-source-by-any-means-necessary/|accessdate=November 30, 2014|work=Ars Technica|date=October 21, 2013|author=Ron Amadeo}}</ref>
<ref name="gplus-release">{{cite web|title=Google Play services|url=https://plus.google.com/+AndroidDevelopers/posts/J1A5hc1ZnS1|accessdate=November 30, 2014|work=Google+|date=September 26, 2012|author=Android Developers}}</ref>
<ref name="blog-3-1">{{cite web|title=Social Gaming, Location, and More in Google Play Services|url=http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2013/05/social-gaming-location-and-more-in.html|accessdate=November 30, 2014|work=Android Developers Blog|date=May 16, 2013|author=Greg Hartrell|author2=Angana Ghosh|author3=Francesco Nerieri|author4=Francis Ma|author5=the Google Play services team}}</ref>
<ref name="blog-3-2">{{cite web|title=Google Play Services 3.2|url=http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2013/08/google-play-services-32.html|accessdate=November 30, 2014|work=Android Developers Blog|date=August 20, 2013|author=Android Developers}}</ref>
<ref name="blog-4-0">{{cite web|title=Google Play Services 4.0|url=http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2013/10/google-play-services-40.html|accessdate=November 30, 2014|work=Android Developers Blog|date=October 31, 2013|author=Android Developers}}</ref>
<ref name="blog-4-1">{{cite web|title=Google Play Services 4.1|url=http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2014/01/google-play-services-41.html|accessdate=November 30, 2014|work=Android Developers Blog|date=January 9, 2014|author=Android Developers}}</ref>
<ref name="blog-4-2">{{cite web|title=Google Play Services 4.2|url=http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2014/02/google-play-services-42.html|accessdate=November 30, 2014|work=Android Developers Blog|date=February 3, 2014|author=Android Developers}}</ref>
<ref name="blog-4-3">{{cite web|title=Google Play services 4.3|url=http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2014/03/google-play-services-43.html|accessdate=November 30, 2014|work=Android Developers Blog|date=March 17, 2014|author=Android Developers}}</ref>
<ref name="blog-4-4">{{cite web|title=Google Play services 4.4|url=http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2014/05/google-play-services-44.html|accessdate=November 30, 2014|work=Android Developers Blog|date=May 7, 2014|author=Android Developers}}</ref>
<ref name="blog-5-0">{{cite web|title=New in Android: L Developer Preview and Google Play Services 5.0|url=http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2014/06/developer-preview-and-play-services-5.html|accessdate=November 30, 2014|work=Android Developers Blog|date=June 25, 2014|author=Jamal Eason}}</ref>
<ref name="blog-5-0-rollout">{{cite web|title=Google Play Services 5.0|url=http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2014/07/google-play-services-5.html|accessdate=November 30, 2014|work=Android Developers Blog|date=July 2, 2014|author=Android Developers}}</ref>
<ref name="blog-6-1">{{cite web|title=Google Play Services 6.1|url=http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2014/09/google-play-services-61.html|accessdate=November 30, 2014|work=Android Developers Blog|date=September 16, 2014|author=Android Developers}}</ref>
<ref name="blog-6-5">{{cite web|title=Google Play services 6.5|url=http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2014/11/google-play-services-65.html|accessdate=November 30, 2014|work=Android Developers Blog|date=November 17, 2014|author=Ian Lake}}</ref>
<ref name="blog-7-0">{{cite web|title=Google Play services 7.0|url=http://android-developers.blogspot.co.uk/2015/03/google-play-services-70-places-everyone.html|accessdate=March 11, 2015|work=Android Developers Blog|date=March 2, 2015|author=Ian Lake}}</ref>
<ref name="blog-8-0">{{cite web|title=Google Play Services 8.0|url=http://www.apkmirror.com/apk/google-inc/google-play-services/google-play-services-8-1-02-2204618-438-android-apk-download/|accessdate="August 28, 2015}}</ref>
}}

{{Android|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Android (operating system)]]
[[Category:Android (operating system) software]]
[[Category:Google software]]

Yahya Petra

2015-10-11T09:34:24Z

Unbuttered Parsnip: Reverted 2 edits by 1.32.77.90 (talk) to last revision by Davidcannon.

{{EngvarB|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox royalty|monarch
|name = Sultan Yahya Petra
|title = Yang di-Pertuan Agong
|image =
|reign = 21 September 1975 – 29 March 1979
|coronation = 28 February 1976
|cor-type = Malaysia
|succession = [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong|Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia]]
|predecessor = [[Abdul Halim of Kedah]]
|successor = [[Ahmad Shah of Pahang]]
|succession1 = [[Sultan of Kelantan]]
|reign1 = 10 July 1960 – 29 March 1979
|coronation1 = 17 July 1961
|predecessor1 = [[Ibrahim IV of Kelantan]]
|successor1 = [[Ismail Petra of Kelantan]]
|spouse = [[Tengku Zainab]]
|issue = [[Ismail Petra of Kelantan]]
|father = [[Ibrahim IV of Kelantan]]
|mother = Che Embong binti Daud
|birth_date = {{birth date|1917|12|10|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Kota Bharu]], [[Kelantan]], [[Unfederated Malay States]], [[British Malaya]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1979|03|29|1917|12|10|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Istana Negara, Jalan Istana|Istana Negara]], [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]]
|date of burial = 30 March 1979
|place of burial = [[Kota Bharu]], [[Kelantan]], [[Malaysia]]
|religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}

'''Sultan Yahya Petra Ibni Al-Mahum Sultan Ibrahim''', [[GCMG]], (10 December 1917 – 29 March 1979) was the sixth [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] (King) of [[Malaysia]] from 21 September 1975 to his death, and twelfth (by some reckoning tenth) [[Sultan]] of modern [[Kelantan]] (1960–1979).

==Early career==

He was born Tengku Yahya Petra at [[Istana Balai Besar]] in [[Kota Bharu]]. He was the second son of [[Ibrahim IV of Kelantan|Sultan Ibrahim]] ibni Almarhum Sultan Muhammad IV (b. 1897; reigned 1944–1960) but the first by his commoner wife, Embong binti Daud (1899–1971), who was later promoted to the style Che Ampuan Besar by her son.<ref>Finestone, Jeffrey and Shaharil Talib (1994) ''The Royal Families of South-East Asia'' Shahindera Sdn Bhd</ref>

The young Tengku Yahya Petra was raised by his childless uncle, Tengku Ismail, later Sultan Ismail ibni Almarhum Sultan Muhammad IV. He was sent to the [[Francis Light School]] in [[Penang]] before continuing his studies in England. His uncle, Sultan Ismail, appointed him ''Tengku Temenggong'' on 21 July 1939. He was later promoted to ''Tengku Bendahara'' on 6 February 1945 by his father, then Sultan Ibrahim. He served in various Kelantan civil service posts from 1941 to 1948.<ref>''Risalah Pertabalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong VI'' Jabatan Penerangan Malaysia</ref>

==The Kelantan Succession Dispute==
[[Tengku Indra Petra]] was the eldest son of Sultan Ibrahim and elder brother of Tengku Yahya Petra. After Sultan Ibrahim succeeded his childless brother Sultan Ismail, Tengku Indra Petra had been appointed heir apparent with the title of ''Raja Muda'' on 25 October 1944. However, due to conflict with his father, he was dismissed from the post and removed from the line of succession by his father's decree on 1 February 1948. On the same day, Tengku Yahya Petra replaced his brother as heir apparent with the new title of ''Tengku Mahkota''.

Tengku Indra Petra became a politician and was elected a Member of Parliament (MP) in the first federal legislative election of 1955. Tengku Indra's descendants have since disputed their family's exclusion from the line succession of the Kelantan throne.<ref>(19 November 2005) ''Harakah''</ref>

Tengku Indra Petra did not preside over the installation of Sultan Yahya Petra's successor, [[Sultan Ismail Petra]], It was Tengku Panglima Raja Tengku Ahmad who presided over both installations of Sultan Yahya Petra and Sultan Ismail Petra. Tengku Panglima Raja is the father of the former Sultanah of Johor, [[Sultanah Zanariah|Sultanah Zanariah binti Tengku Ahmad]].

==Accession==
Sultan Yahya Petra (as he became) succeeded his father a day after the latter's death on 9 July 1960. He was crowned on 17 July 1961 at Istana Balai Besar in Kota Bharu.

==Election as Deputy Yang di-Pertuan Agong==
Sultan Yahya Petra served as Deputy [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]], the federal deputy king between 21 September 1970 until 20 September 1975.

==Election as Yang di-Pertuan Agong==
During the election of the sixth [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] (the federal king), the most senior rulers [[Abu Bakar of Pahang|Sultan Abu Bakar]] of [[Pahang]] and [[Ismail of Johor|Sultan Ismail]] of [[Johor]] both declined to be considered. Sultan Yahya Petra also declined nomination at first due to having suffered a serious stroke, but changed his mind and was duly elected.<ref>Tunku Abdul Rahman (1978) ''Viewpoints'' p 74 Heinemann, Kuala Lumpur</ref> His term began from 21 September 1975.

==Events During Kingship==
Malaysia's second prime minister [[Tun Abdul Razak]] died on 14 January 1976 less than four months into Sultan Yahya Petra's reign as Yang di-Pertuan Agong.

==Death and Funeral==
Sultan Yahya Petra died in his sleep of an apparent heart attack at [[Istana Negara, Malaysia|Istana Negara]] on 29 March 1979. His coffin lay in state at Istana Negara for a day and was then taken by plane to Kota Bharu where it was buried at the Langgar Royal Mausoleum.<ref>(1 April 1979) ''New Straits Times''</ref>

==Family life==
He was married to [[Tengku Zainab|Tengku Zainab binti Tengku Sri Utama Raja Tengku Muhammad Petra]] (1917–1993), who was styled ''Raja Perempuan'' Zainab II (her stepmother-in-law was Raja Perempuan Zainab I, consort of Sultan Ibrahim) and [[Raja Permaisuri Agong]]. Sultan Yahya Petra and Raja Perempuan Zainab II had one son and six daughters.<ref>Finestone, Jeffrey and Shaharil Talib (1994) Op Cit</ref>

==Honours==
Sultan Yahya Petra held the rank of [[Marshal of the Air Force|Marshal of the Royal Malaysian Air Force]].[http://www.4dw.net/royalark/Malaysia/malay2.htm]. He received:

=== National and Sultanal Honours ===
* {{Flag|Malaysia}} (as [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] 1975-1979) :
** Recipient of [[Darjah Kerabat Diraja Malaysia|Order of the Royal House of Malaysia]] (DKM, 1975-1979)
** Recipient (17 July 1961) and Grand Master (1975-1979) of the [[Order of the Crown of the Realm]] (DMN)
** Knight Grand Commander (SMN, 31 August 1958) and Grand Master (1975-1979) of the [[Order of the Defender of the Realm]]
** Grand Master (1975-1979) of the [[Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia]]
** Grand Master (1975-1979) of the [[Order of Merit of Malaysia]]
** Grand Master (1979-1979) of the [[Order of the Royal Household of Malaysia]]
* {{Flag|Kelantan}} (as Sultan 9 July 1960 – 29 March 1979) :
** [[File:MY-KEL Royal Family Order - Star of Yunus - DK.svg|50px]] Recipient (21 July 1939) and Grand Master (1960–1979) of the [[Royal Family Order of Kelantan]] or "Star of Yunus" (DK)
** [[File:MY-KEL Order of the Crown of Kelantan - Star of Muhammad.svg|50px]] Knight Grand Commander (SPMK, 9 August 1950) and Grand Master (1960–1979) of the [[Order of the Crown of Kelantan]] or "Star of Muhammad"
** [[File:My-KEL Order of the Life of the Crown of Kelantan 1925-2006.svg|50px]] Knight Grand Commander (SJMK, 9 August 1959) and Grand Master (1960–1979) of the [[Order of the Life of the Crown of Kelantan]] or "Star of Ismail"
** [[File:My-KEL Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Kelantan.svg|50px]] Founding Grand Master and Knight Grand Commander of the [[Order of the Loyalty to the Crown of Kelantan]] or "Star of Ibrahim" (SPSK, 10 December 1967 – 29 March 1979)
** Grand Master of the [[Order of the Most Distinguished and Most Valiant Warrior]] (PYGP, 9 July 1960 – 29 March 1979)
* {{Flag|Kedah}} :
** [[File:MY-KED Royal Family Order of Kedah (DK).svg|50px]] Member of the [[Royal Family Order of Kedah]] (DK, 5 July 1969)
* {{Flag|Pahang}} :
** [[File:MY-PAH Family Order of the Crown of Indra of Pahang - DK I.svg|50px]] Member 1st class of the [[Family Order of the Crown of Indra of Pahang]] (DK I)
* {{Flag|Perlis}} :
** [[File:MY-PERL Perlis Family Order of the Gallant Prince Syed Putra Jamalullail - DK.svg|50px]] Recipient of the [[Perlis Family Order of the Gallant Prince Syed Putra Jamalullail]] (DK, 13 February 1978)
* {{Flag|Selangor}} :
** [[File:MY-SEL Royal Family Order of Selangor - DK I.svg|50px]] First Class of the [[Royal Family Order of Selangor]] (DK I, 21 July 1966) <ref>[http://wangsamahkota.wordpress.com/2013/02/11/darjah-kerabat-selangor-dk-i-d-k-ii/ List of recipients of DK I & DK II of Selangor] (in Malay)</ref>
* {{Flag|Terengganu}} :
** [[File:MY-TER Family Order of Terengganu 1st class - DK I.svg|50px]] Member first class of the [[Family Order of Terengganu]] (DK I, 23 June 1964)
* {{Flag|Sarawak}} :
** [[File:MY-SAR Order of the Star of the Hornbill (Bintang Kenyalang) - 1. Knight Grand Commander (DP).svg|50px]] Knight Grand Commander of the [[Order of the Star of Hornbill Sarawak]] (DP)

=== Foreign Honours ===
* {{Flag|Brunei}} :
** Dato Laila Utama of the [[Royal Family Order of Brunei]] (DK, 1961)
* {{Flag|United Kingdom}} :
** Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG – 1952)
** [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]] (GCMG) – 1972
** Queen Elizabeth II Coron Medal (1953)

==Trivia==
# [[Sultan Yahya Petra Bridge]] in Kelantan was named after him.
# [[Petra Jaya]], a suburb in [[Kuching]], [[Sarawak]] was named after him.

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-reg}}
{{succession box|
before=[[Tuanku Abdul Halim]] (Sultan of Kedah)|
title=[[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] (King of Malaysia)|
years=1975–1979|
after=[[Ahmad Shah of Pahang|Sultan Ahmad Shah]]''' (Sultan of Pahang)
}}
{{succession box|
before=[[Ibrahim IV of Kelantan]] |
title=[[Sultan of Kelantan]]|
years=1960–1979|
after=[[Ismail Petra of Kelantan|Ismail II Petra of Kelantan]]
}}
{{S-end}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Yahya Petra Of Kelantan
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Sultan of Kelantan
| DATE OF BIRTH = 10 December 1917
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Kota Bharu]], [[Kelantan]]
| DATE OF DEATH = 29 March 1979
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yahya Petra Of Kelantan}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1979 deaths]]
[[Category:Marshals of the Royal Malaysian Air Force]]
[[Category:Royal House of Kelantan]]
[[Category:Monarchs of Kelantan]]
[[Category:Monarchs of Malaysia]]
[[Category:People from Kota Bharu]]
[[Category:Malaysian Malay people]]
[[Category:Malaysian Muslims]]


[[Category:Recipients of the Darjah Kerabat Diraja Malaysia]]
[[Category:Grand Masters of the Order of the Crown of the Realm]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Crown of the Realm]]
[[Category:Grand Masters of the Order of the Defender of the Realm]]
[[Category:Grand Commanders of the Order of the Defender of the Realm]]
[[Category:Grand Masters of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Grand Masters of the Order of Merit of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Family Order of Kedah]]
[[Category:First Classes of the Family Order of Terengganu]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of Hornbill Sarawak]]

[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:People from Kelantan]]

Jacques Burger

2015-10-09T14:10:35Z

Unbuttered Parsnip:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Use South African English|date=April 2014}}
{{ Infobox rugby biography
| image = Jacques Burger 2010.jpg
| birth_name=
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1983|7|29}}
| birth_place = [[Windhoek]], [[Namibia]]
| height = {{height|m=1.88}}
| weight = {{convert|105|kg|lb stlb|abbr=on}} <ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.premiershiprugby.com/premiership/rugby/saracens.php?section=1|title= Aviva Premiership Rugby – Saracens |work=web page |publisher= Premier Rugby |accessdate =24 September 2011}}</ref>
| ru_currentposition =
| ru_currentteam =
| ru_position = [[Winger (rugby union)|Flanker]]
| ru_amateuryears =
| ru_amateurclubs =
| ru_clubyears = 2005–07 2007–08 2008–10 2010–
| ru_proclubs = {{nobreak| [[GWK Griquas|Wildeklawer Griquas]] [[Stade Aurillacois Cantal Auvergne|Aurillac]] [[Blue Bulls]] [[Saracens F.C.|Saracens]] }}
| ru_clubcaps = 29 28 25 100
| ru_clubpoints = (20) (5) (10) (10)
| ru_clubupdate = 28 August 2015
| super14 = [[Bulls (rugby union)|Bulls]]
| super14years = 2008–10
| super14caps = 2
| super14points = (0)
| super14currentclub =
| super14update = 15 July 2013
| ru_nationalyears = 2004–
| ru_nationalteam = [[Namibia national rugby union team|Namibia]]
| ru_nationalcaps = 41
| ru_nationalpoints = (40)
| ru_ntupdate = 7 October 2015
}}

'''Jacques Burger''' (born 29 July 1983 in [[Windhoek]], [[South-West Africa]]) is a [[Namibia]]n [[rugby union]] loose forward who plays for [[Saracens F.C.|Saracens]] in the [[Aviva Premiership]].

==Club career==
He currently plays for [[Saracens F.C.|Saracens]], having joined them in the 2009/10 season. The back row has quickly earned a reputation as one of the toughest tacklers in the [[English Premiership (rugby union)|English Premiership]] following his arrival midway through the 2009/10 season – and his performances also haven't gone unnoticed among his peers as he was named the Saracens Player of the Year in 2010/11.[http://www.saracens.com/news/first-team-squad/view.php?Id=313]

He has previously played for the [[Bulls (rugby)|Bulls]]. He played in France, in Aurillac in the 2007/08 season. Burger was brought in by [[Brendan Venter]] as a replacement for Wikus van der Heerden, who returned to [[South Africa]].

==International career==
He is captain of the [[Namibia national rugby union team]] and made his international debut against [[Zambia national rugby union team|Zambia]] in 2004. He participated with the squad at the [[2007 Rugby World Cup]] and [[2011 Rugby World Cup]].<ref>[http://knowtheplayers.com/search.php?id=472 Player Profile]</ref> At the [[2011 Rugby World Cup]], the IRB's Rugby News Service listed Jacques Burger as one of the top 5 players of the tournament. Rugby News Service stated that Burger was "consistently the shining light in his side" and that "even as opposition scores mounted, the 28-year-old continued to tirelessly throw himself into the tackle and threaten turnover ball in the rucks."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rugbyworldcup.com/home/news/newsid=2060306.html#top+five+players+rwc+2011 |title=Top five players of RWC 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112163158/http://www.rugbyworldcup.com/home/news/newsid=2060306.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=12 November 2014}}</ref>

Following a concussion versus [[Georgia national rugby union team|Georgia]] in the [[2015 Rugby World Cup]] Burger announced his retirement from international rugby.<ref>http://www.espn.co.uk/rugby/story/_/id/13834913/rugby-world-cup-jacques-burger-namibia-career-concussion-rules-argentin-clash</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Saracens current}}
{{Namibia Squad 2011 Rugby World Cup}}
{{Namibia Squad 2007 World Cup}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Burger, Jacques}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Windhoek]]
[[Category:White Namibian people]]
[[Category:Rugby union flankers]]
[[Category:Namibian rugby union players]]
[[Category:Bulls (rugby union) players]]
[[Category:Blue Bulls players]]
[[Category:Griquas rugby union players]]
[[Category:Saracens F.C. players]]
[[Category:Namibian expatriate rugby union players]]
[[Category:Expatriate rugby union players in England]]
[[Category:Expatriate rugby union players in France]]
[[Category:Expatriate rugby union players in South Africa]]
[[Category:Namibian expatriates in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Namibian expatriates in France]]
[[Category:Namibian expatriates in South Africa]]
[[Category:Namibia international rugby union players]]
{{Namibia-rugbyunion-bio-stub}}

Flachheitsproblem

2015-04-05T09:59:38Z

Unbuttered Parsnip: Reverted to revision 652735921 by Peter Gulutzan (talk): ?vandalism?

[[Image:End of universe.jpg|thumb|275px|The local geometry of the universe is determined by whether the relative density Ω is less than, equal to or greater than 1. From top to bottom: a [[spherical]] universe with greater than critical density (Ω>1, k>0); a [[hyperbolic]], underdense universe (Ω<1, k<0); and a flat universe with exactly the critical density (Ω=1, k=0). Our universe, unlike the diagrams, is three-dimensional.]]

The '''flatness problem''' (also known as the '''oldness problem''') is a [[physical cosmology|cosmological]] [[fine-tuning]] problem within the [[Big Bang]] model of the universe. Such problems arise from the observation that some of the initial conditions of the universe appear to be fine-tuned to very 'special' values, and that a small deviation from these values would have had massive effects on the nature of the universe at the current time.

In the case of the [[Flatness (cosmology)|flatness]] problem, the parameter which appears fine-tuned is the [[density of the universe|density of matter and energy in the universe]]. This value affects the curvature of space-time, with a very specific [[Critical density (cosmology)|critical value]] being required for a flat universe. The current density of the universe is observed to be very close to this critical value. Since the total density departs rapidly from the critical value over [[cosmic time]],<ref name="peacock">{{cite book |last= Peacock|first=J. A. |title= Cosmological Physics |date= 1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn= 978-0-521-42270-3}}</ref> the early universe must have had a density even closer to the critical density, departing from it by one part in 1062 or less. This leads cosmologists to question how the initial density came to be so closely fine-tuned to this 'special' value.

The problem was first mentioned by [[Robert Dicke]] in 1969.<ref name="Lightman1993">{{cite book|author=Alan P. Lightman|title=Ancient Light: Our Changing View of the Universe|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nvk9sqbFe3UC|date=1 January 1993|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03363-4}}</ref>{{rp|61}} The most commonly accepted solution among cosmologists is [[cosmic inflation]], the idea that the universe went through a brief period of extremely rapid expansion in the first fraction of a second after the Big Bang; along with the [[monopole problem]] and the [[horizon problem]], the flatness problem is one of the three primary motivations for inflationary theory.<ref name = Ryden>{{cite book|author = Barbara Ryden|title = Introduction to Cosmology|publisher = Addison Wesley|location = San Francisco|isbn = 0-8053-8912-1|date = 2002}}</ref>

==Energy density and the Friedmann equation==

According to [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]]'s [[Einstein field equations|field equations]] of [[general relativity]], the structure of [[spacetime]] is affected by the presence of [[matter]] and energy. On small scales space appears flat – as does the surface of the Earth if one looks at a small area. On large scales however, space is bent by the [[gravitational]] effect of matter. Since relativity indicates that [[Mass–energy equivalence|matter and energy are equivalent]], this effect is also produced by the presence of energy (such as light and other electromagnetic radiation) in addition to matter. The amount of bending (or [[Shape of the Universe|curvature]]) of the universe depends on the density of matter/energy present.

This relationship can be expressed by the first [[Friedmann equation]]. In a universe without a [[cosmological constant]], this is:

:<math>H^2 = \frac{8 \pi G}{3} \rho - \frac{kc^2}{a^2}</math>

Here <math>H</math> is the [[Hubble parameter]], a measure of the rate at which the universe is expanding. <math>\rho</math> is the total density of mass and energy in the universe, <math>a</math> is the [[Scale factor (cosmology)|scale factor]] (essentially the 'size' of the universe), and <math>k</math> is the curvature parameter — that is, a measure of how curved spacetime is. A positive, zero or negative value of <math>k</math> corresponds to a respectively closed, flat or open universe. The constants <math>G</math> and <math>c</math> are Newton's [[gravitational constant]] and the [[speed of light]], respectively.

[[Cosmologists]] often simplify this equation by defining a critical density, <math>\rho_c</math>. For a given value of <math>H</math>, this is defined as the density required for a flat universe, i.e. {{nowrap|<math>k = 0</math>}}. Thus the above equation implies

:<math>\rho_c = \frac{3H^2}{8\pi G}</math>.

Since the constant <math>G</math> is known and the expansion rate <math>H</math> can be measured by observing the speed at which distant galaxies are receding from us,
<math>\rho_c</math> can be determined. Its value is currently around {{nowrap|10−26 kg m−3}}. The ratio of the actual density to this critical value is called Ω, and its difference from 1 determines the geometry of the universe: {{nowrap|Ω > 1}} corresponds to a greater than critical density, {{nowrap|<math>\rho > \rho_c</math>}}, and hence a [[closed universe]]. {{nowrap|Ω < 1}} gives a low density [[open universe]], and Ω equal to exactly 1 gives a [[flat universe]].

The Friedmann equation above can now be rearranged as follows:

:<math>\frac{3a^2}{8\pi G}H^2 = \rho a^2 - \frac{3kc^2}{8 \pi G}</math>

:<math>\rho_c a^2 - \rho a^2 = - \frac{3kc^2}{8 \pi G}</math>

:<math>(\Omega^{-1} - 1)\rho a^2 = \frac{-3kc^2}{8 \pi G}.</math><ref name=Coles>{{cite book|author = Peter Coles and Francesco Lucchin|title = Cosmology|publisher = Wiley |location = Chichester |isbn = 0-471-95473-X|date = 1997}}</ref>

The right hand side of this expression contains only constants, and therefore the left hand side must remain constant throughout the evolution of the universe.

As the universe expands the scale factor <math>a</math> increases, but the density <math>\rho</math> decreases as matter (or energy) becomes spread out. For the [[concordance cosmology|standard model of the universe]] which contains mainly matter and radiation for most of its history, <math>\rho</math> decreases more quickly than <math>a^2</math> increases, and so the factor {{nowrap|<math>\rho a^2</math>}} will decrease. Since the time of the [[Planck era]], shortly after the Big Bang, this term has decreased by a factor of around <math>10^{60},</math><ref name=Coles/> and so {{nowrap|<math>(\Omega^{-1} - 1)</math>}} must have increased by a similar amount to retain the constant value of their product.

==Current value of Ω==

[[Image:Flatness problem density graph.svg|thumb|275px|The relative density Ω against [[cosmic time]] ''t'' (neither axis to scale). Each curve represents a possible universe: note that Ω diverges rapidly from 1. The blue curve is a universe similar to our own, which at the present time (right of the graph) has a small |Ω − 1| and therefore must have begun with Ω very close to 1 indeed. The red curve is a hypothetical different universe in which the initial value of Ω differed slightly too much from 1: by the present day it has diverged massively and would not be able to support galaxies, stars or planets.]]

===Measurement===

The value of Ω at the present time is denoted Ω0. This value can be deduced by measuring the curvature of spacetime (since Ω=1, or <math>\rho=\rho_c</math>, is defined as the density for which the curvature k=0). The curvature can be inferred from a number of observations.

One such observation is that of [[anisotropies]] (that is, variations with direction - see below) in the [[Cosmic Microwave Background]] (CMB) radiation. The CMB is [[electromagnetic radiation]] which fills the universe, left over from an early stage in its history when it was filled with [[photons]] and a hot, dense [[plasma (physics)|plasma]]. This plasma cooled as the universe expanded, and when it cooled enough to form stable [[atoms]] it no longer absorbed the photons. The photons present at that stage have been propagating ever since, growing fainter and less energetic as they spread through the ever-expanding universe.

The temperature of this radiation is almost the same at all points on the sky, but there is a slight variation (around one part in 100,000) between the temperature received from different directions. The angular scale of these fluctuations - the typical angle between a hot patch and a cold patch on the sky<ref group="nb">Since there are fluctuations on many scales, not a single angular separation between hot and cold spots, the necessary measure is the angular scale of the first peak in the anisotropies' [[power spectrum]]. See [[Cosmic Microwave Background#Primary anisotropy]].</ref> - depends on the curvature of the universe which in turn depends on its density as described above. Thus, measurements of this angular scale allow an estimation of Ω0.<ref name=Liddle>{{cite book |last=Liddle |first=Andrew |title=An Introduction to Modern Cosmology |edition=2nd |date=2007 |publisher=Wiley |location=Chichester; Hoboken, NJ |page=157 |isbn=978-0-470-84835-7}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Liddle<ref name=Liddle/> uses an alternative notation in which Ω0 is the current density of [[matter]] alone, excluding any contribution from [[dark energy]]; his Ω0+ΩΛ corresponds to Ω0 in this article.|group="nb"}}

Another probe of Ω0 is the frequency of [[Type Ia supernova|Type-Ia]] [[supernovae]] at different distances from Earth.<ref>Ryden p. 168</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Cosmological Implications of the MAXIMA-1 High-Resolution Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropy Measurement |last=Stompor |first=Radek |bibcode=2001ApJ...561L...7S |date=2001 |author2=et al. |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=561 |issue=1 |page=L7–L10 |doi=10.1086/324438|arxiv = astro-ph/0105062 }}</ref> These supernovae, the explosions of degenerate white dwarf stars, are a type of [[standard candle]]; this means that the processes governing their intrinsic brightness are well understood so that a measure of ''apparent'' brightness when seen from Earth can be used to derive accurate distance measures for them (the apparent brightness decreasing in proportion to the square of the distance - see [[luminosity distance]]). Comparing this distance to the [[redshift]] of the supernovae gives a measure of the rate at which the universe has been expanding at different points in history. Since the expansion rate evolves differently over time in cosmologies with different total densities, Ω0 can be inferred from the supernovae data.

Data from the [[Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe]] (measuring CMB anisotropies) combined with that from the [[Sloan Digital Sky Survey]] and observations of type-Ia supernovae constrain Ω0 to be 1 within 1%.<ref name="wmap3">{{cite journal|author = D. N. Spergel|title = Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Three Year Results: Implications for Cosmology|date=June 2007|journal=ApJS|volume=170|issue = 2|pages=337–408|bibcode=2007ApJS..170..377S|doi = 10.1086/513700|arxiv = astro-ph/0603449|author-separator = ,|display-authors = 1|last2 = Bean|first2 = R.|last3 = Dore|first3 = O.|last4 = Nolta|first4 = M. R.|last5 = Bennett|first5 = C. L.|last6 = Dunkley|first6 = J.|last7 = Hinshaw|first7 = G.|last8 = Jarosik|first8 = N.|last9 = Komatsu|first9 = E. }}</ref> In other words the term {{nowrap begin}}|Ω − 1|{{nowrap end}} is currently less than 0.01, and therefore must have been less than 10−62 at the [[Planck era]].

===Implication===

This tiny value is the crux of the flatness problem. If the initial density of the universe could take any value, it would seem extremely surprising to find it so 'finely tuned' to the critical value <math>\rho_c</math>. Indeed, a very small departure of Ω from 1 in the early universe would have been magnified during billions of years of expansion to create a current density very far from critical. In the case of an overdensity {{nowrap|(<math>\rho > \rho_c</math>)}} this would lead to a universe so dense it would cease expanding and collapse into a [[Big Crunch]] (an opposite to the Big Bang in which all matter and energy falls back into an incredibly dense state) in a few years or less; in the case of an underdensity {{nowrap|(<math>\rho < \rho_c</math>)}} it would expand so quickly and become so sparse it would soon seem essentially empty, and [[gravity]] would not be strong enough by comparison to cause matter to collapse and [[galaxy formation|form galaxies]]. In either case the universe would contain no complex structures such as galaxies, stars, planets and people.<ref>Ryden p. 193</ref>

This problem with the Big Bang model was first pointed out by [[Robert Dicke]] in 1969,<ref name=Reality>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/?id=OIG0F37QrmQC&pg=PT237&lpg=PT237&dq=%22flatness+problem+was%22 |title=The Reality of the Unobservable: Observability, Unobservability and Their Impact on the Issue of Scientific Realism |first=Evandro |last=Agazzi |author2=Massimo Pauri |isbn=978-0-7923-6311-8 |publisher=Springer |date=2000 |page=226}}</ref> and it motivated a search for some reason the density should take such a specific value.

==Solutions to the problem==

Some cosmologists agreed with Dicke that the flatness problem was a serious one, in need of a fundamental reason for the closeness of the density to criticality. But there was also a school of thought which denied that there was a problem to solve, arguing instead that since the universe must have some density it may as well have one close to <math>\rho_{crit}</math> as far from it, and that speculating on a reason for any particular value was "beyond the domain of science".<ref name=Reality /> Enough cosmologists saw the problem as a real one, however, for various solutions to be proposed.

===Anthropic principle===

One solution to the problem is to invoke the [[anthropic principle]], which states that humans should take into account the conditions necessary for them to exist when speculating about causes of the universe's properties. If two types of universe seem equally likely but only one is suitable for the evolution of [[intelligent life]], the anthropic principle suggests that finding ourselves in that universe is no surprise: if the other universe had existed instead, there would be no observers to notice the fact.

The principle can be applied to solve the flatness problem in two somewhat different ways. The first (an application of the 'strong anthropic principle'{{Citation needed|reason=the Collins/Hawking paper is before Carter coined "strong" and "weak" anthropic principle, and the cited philosophical paper by Jesús Mosterín doesn't seem to say their reasoning is an application of the strong...seems like weak to me, since description says it's based on a multiverse where some just happen to have right conditions, whereas strong anthropic says that the universe *must* have conditions needed for life to emerge|date=February 2014}}) was suggested by [[C. B. Collins]] and [[Stephen Hawking]],<ref name="Collins Hawking">{{cite journal |bibcode=1973ApJ...180..317C |title=Why is the Universe Isotropic? |last=Collins |first=C. B. |author2=Hawking, S. |journal=Astrophysical Journal |pages=317–334 |volume=180 |date=1973 |doi=10.1086/151965 }}</ref><ref name="Anthropic Explanations">{{cite web | url=http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/archive/00001658/ | last = Mosterín | first = Jesús | title = Anthropic Explanations in Cosmology | date = 2003 | accessdate = 2008-08-01 }}</ref> who in 1973 considered the existence of an [[multiple universes|infinite number of universes]] such that every possible combination of initial properties was held by some universe. In such a situation, they argued, only those universes with exactly the correct density for forming galaxies and stars would give rise to intelligent observers such as humans: therefore, the fact that we observe Ω to be so close to 1 would be "simply a reflection of our own existence."<ref name="Collins Hawking" />

An alternative approach, which makes use of the 'weak anthropic principle', is to suppose that the universe is infinite in size, but with the density varying in different places (i.e. an [[Homogeneity (physics)|inhomogeneous]] universe). Thus some regions will be over-dense {{nowrap|(Ω > 1)}} and some under-dense {{nowrap|(Ω < 1)}}. These regions may be extremely far apart - perhaps so far that light has not had time to travel from one to another during the [[age of the universe]] (that is, they lie outside one another's [[Observable universe#Cosmological horizon|cosmological horizon]]s). Therefore each region would behave essentially as a separate universe: if we happened to live in a large patch of almost-critical density we would have no way of knowing of the existence of far-off under- or over-dense patches since no light or other signal has reached us from them. An appeal to the anthropic principle can then be made, arguing that intelligent life would only arise in those patches with Ω very close to 1, and that therefore our living in such a patch is unsurprising.<ref>{{cite book |last=Barrow |first=John D. |author2=Tiple, Frank J. |title=The Anthropic Cosmological Principle |date=1986 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-851949-4 |page=411}}</ref>

This latter argument makes use of a version of the anthropic principle which is 'weaker' in the sense that it requires no speculation on multiple universes, or on the probabilities of various different universes existing instead of the current one. It requires only a single universe which is infinite - or merely large enough that many disconnected patches can form - and that the density varies in different regions (which is certainly the case on smaller scales, giving rise to [[galactic cluster]]s and [[void (astronomy)|voids]]).

However, the anthropic principle has been [[Anthropic principle#Criticisms|criticised]] by many scientists.<ref name="Anthropic Explanations" /> For example, in 1979 [[Bernard Carr]] and [[Martin Rees]] argued that the principle “is entirely post hoc: it has not yet been used to predict any feature of the Universe.”<ref name="Anthropic Explanations" /><ref>{{cite journal|last = Carr |first = Bernard J. |author2=Rees, Martin |title = The anthropic principle and the structure of the physical world |date=April 1979 |journal=Nature |volume=278|issue = 5705 |pages=605–612 |bibcode=1979Natur.278..605C|doi = 10.1038/278605a0}}</ref> Others have taken objection to its philosophical basis, with [[Ernan McMullin]] writing in 1994 that "the weak Anthropic principle is trivial ... and the strong Anthropic principle is indefensible." Since many physicists and philosophers of science do not consider the principle to be compatible with the [[scientific method]],<ref name="Anthropic Explanations" /> another explanation for the flatness problem was needed.

===Inflation===
{{main|Cosmic inflation}}
The standard solution to the flatness problem invokes cosmic inflation, a process whereby the universe [[expanding universe|expands]] [[exponential growth|exponentially]] quickly (i.e. <math>a</math> grows as <math>e^{\lambda t}</math> with time <math>t</math>, for some constant <math>\lambda</math>) during a short period in its early history. The theory of inflation was first proposed in 1979, and published in 1981, by [[Alan Guth]].<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[Physical Review D]] |volume=23 |issue=2 |page=347 |doi= 10.1103/PhysRevD.23.347 |title=The Growth of Inflation |last=Castelvecchi |first=Davide|bibcode = 1981PhRvD..23..347G |date=1981 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi= 10.1103/PhysRevD.23.347 |title=Inflationary universe: A possible solution to the horizon and flatness problems |last=Guth |first=Alan |date=January 1981 |journal=[[Physical Review D]] | volume = 23 | issue = 2 | pages = 347–356|bibcode = 1981PhRvD..23..347G }}</ref> His two main motivations for doing so were the flatness problem and the [[horizon problem]], another fine-tuning problem of physical cosmology.

The proposed cause of inflation is a [[field (physics)|field]] which permeates space and drives the expansion. The field contains a certain energy density, but unlike the density of the matter or radiation present in the late universe, which decrease over time, the density of the inflationary field remains roughly constant as space expands. Therefore the term <math>\rho a^2</math> increases extremely rapidly as the scale factor <math>a</math> grows exponentially. Recalling the Friedman Equation

:<math>(\Omega^{-1} - 1)\rho a^2 = \frac{-3kc^2}{8\pi G}</math>,

and the fact that the right-hand side of this expression is constant, the term <math> | \Omega^{-1} - 1 | </math> must therefore decrease with time.

Thus if <math> | \Omega^{-1} - 1 | </math> initially takes any arbitrary value, a period of inflation can force it down towards 0 and leave it extremely small - around <math>10^{-62}</math> as required above, for example. Subsequent evolution of the universe will cause the value to grow, bringing it to the currently observed value of around 0.01. Thus the sensitive dependence on the initial value of Ω has been removed: a large and therefore 'unsurprising' starting value need not become massively amplified and lead to a very curved universe with no opportunity to form galaxies and other structures.

This success in solving the flatness problem is considered one of the major motivations for inflationary theory.<ref name=Ryden /><ref>{{cite book |last= Coles |first= Peter |author2=Ellis, George F. R. |title= Is the Universe Open or Closed? The Density of Matter in the Universe |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |location= Cambridge |date= 1997 |isbn= 0-521-56689-4 }}</ref>

===Post inflation===

Although inflationary theory is regarded as having had much success, and the evidence for it is compelling, it is not universally accepted: cosmologists recognize that there are still gaps in the theory and are open to the possibility that future observations will disprove it.<ref>{{cite book |last=Albrecht |first=Andreas |title=Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Structure Formation in the Universe, Cambridge 1999 |date=August 2000 |arxiv=astro-ph/0007247 |bibcode=2001sfu..conf...17A |isbn=1-4020-0155-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Guth |first=Alan |title=Was Cosmic Inflation the 'Bang' of the Big Bang? |date=1997 |journal=The Beamline |volume=27 |url=http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Guth/Guth_contents.html |accessdate=2008-09-07}}</ref> In particular, in the absence of any firm evidence for what the field driving inflation should be, many different versions of the theory have been proposed.<ref name="Bird et al.">{{cite journal|author=Bird, Simeon; Peiris, Hiranya V.; Easther, Richard |title=Fine-tuning criteria for inflation and the search for primordial gravitational waves |date=July 2008 |journal=Physical Review D|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.78.083518|volume=78|issue=8|pages=083518|bibcode = 2008PhRvD..78h3518B |arxiv = 0807.3745 }}</ref> Many of these contain parameters or initial conditions which themselves require fine-tuning<ref name="Bird et al."/> in much the way that the early density does without inflation.

For these reasons work is still being done on alternative solutions to the flatness problem. These have included non-standard interpretations of the effect of dark energy<ref>{{cite journal|last=Chernin |first=Arthur D. |title=Cosmic vacuum and the 'flatness problem' in the concordant model |date=January 2003 |journal=New Astronomy |volume=8|issue=1 |pages=79–83 |bibcode=2003NewA....8...79C|doi=10.1016/S1384-1076(02)00180-X|arxiv = astro-ph/0211489 }}</ref> and gravity,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nikolic |first=Hrvoje |title=Some Remarks on a Nongeometrical Interpretation of Gravity and the Flatness Problem |date=August 1999 |journal=General Relativity and Gravitation |volume=31|issue=8 |page=1211 |bibcode=1999GReGr..31.1211N|doi=10.1023/A:1026760304901|arxiv = gr-qc/9901057 }}</ref> particle production in an oscillating universe,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Anderson |first=P. R. |author2=R. Schokman |author3=M. Zaramensky |title=A Solution to the Flatness Problem via Particle Production in an Oscillating Universe |date=May 1997 |journal=Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society |volume=29 |page=828 |bibcode=1997AAS...190.3806A}}</ref> and use of a [[Bayesian statistics|Bayesian statistical]] approach to argue that the problem is non-existent. The latter argument, suggested for example by Evrard and Coles, maintains that the idea that Ω being close to 1 is 'unlikely' is based on assumptions about the likely distribution of the parameter which are not necessarily justified.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Evrard |first=G |author2=P. Coles |title=Getting the measure of the flatness problem |date=October 1995 |journal=Classical Quantum Gravity |volume=12|issue=10 |pages=L93–L97 |bibcode=1995CQGra..12L..93E|doi=10.1088/0264-9381/12/10/001|arxiv = astro-ph/9507020 }}.</ref> Despite this ongoing work, inflation remains by far the dominant explanation for the flatness problem.<ref name="peacock"/><ref name=Ryden />

===Einstein-Cartan theory===
{{main|Einstein-Cartan theory}}
The flatness problem is naturally solved by the [[Einstein–Cartan theory|Einstein-Cartan]]-Sciama-Kibble theory of gravity, without an exotic form of matter required in inflationary theory.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Poplawski, N. J. |date=2010 |title=Cosmology with torsion: An alternative to cosmic inflation| journal=Phys. Lett. B |volume=694 |issue=3 |pages=181–185 |doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2010.09.056|arxiv = 1007.0587 |bibcode = 2010PhLB..694..181P }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Poplawski, N. |date=2012 |title=Nonsingular, big-bounce cosmology from spinor-torsion coupling |journal=Phys. Rev. D |volume=85 |issue=10 |pages=107502 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.85.107502|arxiv = 1111.4595 |bibcode = 2012PhRvD..85j7502P }}</ref> This theory extends general relativity by removing a constraint of the symmetry of the affine connection and regarding its antisymmetric part, the [[torsion tensor]], as a dynamical variable. It has no free parameters. Including torsion gives the correct conservation law for the total (orbital plus intrinsic) [[angular momentum]] of matter in the presence of gravity. The minimal coupling between torsion and Dirac spinors obeying the [[nonlinear Dirac equation]] generates a spin-spin interaction which is significant in fermionic matter at extremely high densities. Such an interaction averts the unphysical big bang singularity, replacing it with a bounce at a finite minimum scale factor, before which the Universe was contracting. The rapid expansion immediately after the [[big bounce]] explains why the present Universe at largest scales appears spatially flat, homogeneous and isotropic. As the density of the Universe decreases, the effects of torsion weaken and the Universe smoothly enters the radiation-dominated era.

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Physical cosmology]]
[[Category:Inflation (cosmology)]]
{{Portal bar|Physics|Cosmology|Space}}

Flachheitsproblem

2015-04-05T09:58:35Z

Unbuttered Parsnip: /* Energy density and the Friedmann equation */ close cite; close ref

[[Image:End of universe.jpg|thumb|275px|The local geometry of the universe is determined by whether the relative density Ω is less than, equal to or greater than 1. From top to bottom: a [[spherical]] universe with greater than critical density (Ω>1, k>0); a [[hyperbolic]], underdense universe (Ω<1, k<0); and a flat universe with exactly the critical density (Ω=1, k=0). Our universe, unlike the diagrams, is three-dimensional.]]

The '''flatness problem''' (also known as the '''oldness problem''') is a [[physical cosmology|cosmological]] [[fine-tuning]] problem within the [[Big Bang]] model of the universe. Such problems arise from the observation that some of the initial conditions of the universe appear to be fine-tuned to very 'special' values, and that a small deviation from these values would have had massive effects on the nature of the universe at the current time.

In the case of the [[Flatness (cosmology)|flatness]] problem, the parameter which appears fine-tuned is the [[density of the universe|density of matter and energy in the universe]]. This value affects the curvature of space-time, with a very specific [[Critical density (cosmology)|critical value]] being required for a flat universe. The current density of the universe is observed to be very close to this critical value. Since the total density departs rapidly from the critical value over [[cosmic time]],<ref name="peacock">{{cite book |last= Peacock|first=J. A. |title= Cosmological Physics |date= 1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn= 978-0-521-42270-3}}</ref> the early universe must have had a density even closer to the critical density, departing from it by one part in 1062 or less. This leads cosmologists to question how the initial density came to be so closely fine-tuned to this 'special' value.

The problem was first mentioned by [[Robert Dicke]] in 1969.<ref name="Lightman1993">{{cite book|author=Alan P. Lightman|title=Ancient Light: Our Changing View of the Universe|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nvk9sqbFe3UC|date=1 January 1993|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03363-4}}</ref>{{rp|61}} The most commonly accepted solution among cosmologists is [[cosmic inflation]], the idea that the universe went through a brief period of extremely rapid expansion in the first fraction of a second after the Big Bang; along with the [[monopole problem]] and the [[horizon problem]], the flatness problem is one of the three primary motivations for inflationary theory.<ref name = Ryden>{{cite book|author = Barbara Ryden|title = Introduction to Cosmology|publisher = Addison Wesley|location = San Francisco|isbn = 0-8053-8912-1|date = 2002}}</ref>

==Energy density and the Friedmann equation==

According to [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]]'s [[Einstein field equations|field equations]] of [[general relativity]], the structure of [[spacetime]] is affected by the presence of [[matter]] and energy. On small scales space appears flat – as does the surface of the Earth if one looks at a small area. On large scales however, space is bent by the [[gravitational]] effect of matter. Since relativity indicates that [[Mass–energy equivalence|matter and energy are equivalent]], this effect is also produced by the presence of energy (such as light and other electromagnetic radiation) in addition to matter. The amount of bending (or [[Shape of the Universe|curvature]]) of the universe depends on the density of matter/energy present.

This relationship can be expressed by the first [[Friedmann equation]]. In a universe without a [[cosmological constant]], this is:

:<math>H^2 = \frac{8 \pi G}{3} \rho - \frac{kc^2}{a^2}</math>

Here <math>H</math> is the [[Hubble parameter]], a measure of the rate at which the universe is expanding. <math>\rho</math> is the total density of mass and energy in the universe, <math>a</math> is the [[Scale factor (cosmology)|scale factor]] (essentially the 'size' of the universe), and <math>k</math> is the curvature parameter — that is, a measure of how curved spacetime is. A positive, zero or negative value of <math>k</math> corresponds to a respectively closed, flat or open universe. The constants <math>G</math> and <math>c</math> are Newton's [[gravitational constant]] and the [[speed of light]], respectively.

[[Cosmologists]] often simplify this equation by defining a critical density, <math>\rho_c</math>. For a given value of <math>H</math>, this is defined as the density required for a flat universe, i.e. {{nowrap|<math>k = 0</math>}}. Thus the above equation implies

:<math>\rho_c = \frac{3H^2}{8\pi G}</math>.

Since the constant <math>G</math> is known and the expansion rate <math>H</math> can be measured by observing the speed at which distant galaxies are receding from us,
<math>\rho_c</math> can be determined. Its value is currently around {{nowrap|10−26 kg m−3}}. The ratio of the actual density to this critical value is called Ω, and its difference from 1 determines the geometry of the universe: {{nowrap|Ω > 1}} corresponds to a greater than critical density, {{nowrap|<math>\rho > \rho_c</math>}}, and hence a [[closed universe]]. {{nowrap|Ω < 1}} gives a low density [[open universe]], and Ω equal to exactly 1 gives a [[flat universe]].

The Friedmann equation above can now be rearranged as follows:

:<math>\frac{3a^2}{8\pi G}H^2 = \rho a^2 - \frac{3kc^2}{8 \pi G}</math>

:<math>\rho_c a^2 - \rho a^2 = - \frac{3kc^2}{8 \pi G}</math>

:<math>(\Omega^{-1} - 1)\rho a^2 = \frac{-3kc^2}{8 \pi G}.</math><ref name=Coles>{{cite book|author = Peter Coles and Francesco Lucchin|title = Cosmology|publisher = Wiley |location = Chichester |isbn = 0-471-95473-X|date =}}</ref>
The right hand side of this expression contains only constants, and therefore the left hand side must remain constant throughout the evolution of the universe.

As the universe expands the scale factor <math>a</math> increases, but the density <math>\rho</math> decreases as matter (or energy) becomes spread out. For the [[concordance cosmology|standard model of the universe]] which ce constant value of their product.

==Current value of Ω==

[[Image:Flatness problem density graph.svg|thumb|275px|The relative density Ω against [[cosmic time]] ''t'' (neither axis to scale). Each curve represents a possible universe: note that Ω diverges rapidly from 1. The blue curve is a universe similar to our own, which at the present time (right of the graph) has a small |Ω − 1| and therefore must have begun with Ω very close to 1 indeed. The red curve is a hypothetical different universe in which the initial value of Ω differed slightly too much from 1: by the present day it has diverged massively and would not be able to support galaxies, stars or planets.]]

===Measurement===

The value of Ω at the present time is denoted Ω0. This value can be deduced by measuring the curvature of spacetime (since Ω=1, or <math>\rho=\rho_c</math>, is defined as the density for which the curvature k=0). The curvature can be inferred from a number of observations.

One such observation is that of [[anisotropies]] (that is, variations with direction - see below) in the [[Cosmic Microwave Background]] (CMB) radiation. The CMB is [[electromagnetic radiation]] which fills the universe, left over from an early stage in its history when it was filled with [[photons]] and a hot, dense [[plasma (physics)|plasma]]. This plasma cooled as the universe expanded, and when it cooled enough to form stable [[atoms]] it no longer absorbed the photons. The photons present at that stage have been propagating ever since, growing fainter and less energetic as they spread through the ever-expanding universe.

The temperature of this radiation is almost the same at all points on the sky, but there is a slight variation (around one part in 100,000) between the temperature received from different directions. The angular scale of these fluctuations - the typical angle between a hot patch and a cold patch on the sky<ref group="nb">Since there are fluctuations on many scales, not a single angular separation between hot and cold spots, the necessary measure is the angular scale of the first peak in the anisotropies' [[power spectrum]]. See [[Cosmic Microwave Background#Primary anisotropy]].</ref> - depends on the curvature of the universe which in turn depends on its density as described above. Thus, measurements of this angular scale allow an estimation of Ω0.<ref name=Liddle>{{cite book |last=Liddle |first=Andrew |title=An Introduction to Modern Cosmology |edition=2nd |date=2007 |publisher=Wiley |location=Chichester; Hoboken, NJ |page=157 |isbn=978-0-470-84835-7}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Liddle<ref name=Liddle/> uses an alternative notation in which Ω0 is the current density of [[matter]] alone, excluding any contribution from [[dark energy]]; his Ω0+ΩΛ corresponds to Ω0 in this article.|group="nb"}}

Another probe of Ω0 is the frequency of [[Type Ia supernova|Type-Ia]] [[supernovae]] at different distances from Earth.<ref>Ryden p. 168</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Cosmological Implications of the MAXIMA-1 High-Resolution Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropy Measurement |last=Stompor |first=Radek |bibcode=2001ApJ...561L...7S |date=2001 |author2=et al. |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=561 |issue=1 |page=L7–L10 |doi=10.1086/324438|arxiv = astro-ph/0105062 }}</ref> These supernovae, the explosions of degenerate white dwarf stars, are a type of [[standard candle]]; this means that the processes governing their intrinsic brightness are well understood so that a measure of ''apparent'' brightness when seen from Earth can be used to derive accurate distance measures for them (the apparent brightness decreasing in proportion to the square of the distance - see [[luminosity distance]]). Comparing this distance to the [[redshift]] of the supernovae gives a measure of the rate at which the universe has been expanding at different points in history. Since the expansion rate evolves differently over time in cosmologies with different total densities, Ω0 can be inferred from the supernovae data.

Data from the [[Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe]] (measuring CMB anisotropies) combined with that from the [[Sloan Digital Sky Survey]] and observations of type-Ia supernovae constrain Ω0 to be 1 within 1%.<ref name="wmap3">{{cite journal|author = D. N. Spergel|title = Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Three Year Results: Implications for Cosmology|date=June 2007|journal=ApJS|volume=170|issue = 2|pages=337–408|bibcode=2007ApJS..170..377S|doi = 10.1086/513700|arxiv = astro-ph/0603449|author-separator = ,|display-authors = 1|last2 = Bean|first2 = R.|last3 = Dore|first3 = O.|last4 = Nolta|first4 = M. R.|last5 = Bennett|first5 = C. L.|last6 = Dunkley|first6 = J.|last7 = Hinshaw|first7 = G.|last8 = Jarosik|first8 = N.|last9 = Komatsu|first9 = E. }}</ref> In other words the term {{nowrap begin}}|Ω − 1|{{nowrap end}} is currently less than 0.01, and therefore must have been less than 10−62 at the [[Planck era]].

===Implication===

This tiny value is the crux of the flatness problem. If the initial density of the universe could take any value, it would seem extremely surprising to find it so 'finely tuned' to the critical value <math>\rho_c</math>. Indeed, a very small departure of Ω from 1 in the early universe would have been magnified during billions of years of expansion to create a current density very far from critical. In the case of an overdensity {{nowrap|(<math>\rho > \rho_c</math>)}} this would lead to a universe so dense it would cease expanding and collapse into a [[Big Crunch]] (an opposite to the Big Bang in which all matter and energy falls back into an incredibly dense state) in a few years or less; in the case of an underdensity {{nowrap|(<math>\rho < \rho_c</math>)}} it would expand so quickly and become so sparse it would soon seem essentially empty, and [[gravity]] would not be strong enough by comparison to cause matter to collapse and [[galaxy formation|form galaxies]]. In either case the universe would contain no complex structures such as galaxies, stars, planets and people.<ref>Ryden p. 193</ref>

This problem with the Big Bang model was first pointed out by [[Robert Dicke]] in 1969,<ref name=Reality>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/?id=OIG0F37QrmQC&pg=PT237&lpg=PT237&dq=%22flatness+problem+was%22 |title=The Reality of the Unobservable: Observability, Unobservability and Their Impact on the Issue of Scientific Realism |first=Evandro |last=Agazzi |author2=Massimo Pauri |isbn=978-0-7923-6311-8 |publisher=Springer |date=2000 |page=226}}</ref> and it motivated a search for some reason the density should take such a specific value.

==Solutions to the problem==

Some cosmologists {{who?}}agreed with Dicke that the flatness problem was a serious one, in need of a fundamental reason for the closeness of the density to criticality. But there was also a school of thought which denied that there was a problem to solve, arguing instead that since the universe must have some density it may as well have one close to <math>\rho_{crit}</math> as far from it, and that speculating on a reason for any particular value was "beyond the domain of science".<ref name=Reality /> Enough cosmologists saw the problem as a real one, however, for various solutions to be proposed.

===Anthropic principle===

One solution to the problem is to invoke the [[anthropic principle]], which states that humans should take into account the conditions necessary for them to exist when speculating about causes of the universe's properties. If two types of universe seem equally likely but only one is suitable for the evolution of [[intelligent life]], the anthropic principle suggests that finding ourselves in that universe is no surprise: if the other universe had existed instead, there would be no observers to notice the fact.

The principle can be applied to solve the flatness problem in two somewhat different ways. The first (an application of the 'strong anthropic principle'{{Citation needed|reason=the Collins/Hawking paper is before Carter coined "strong" and "weak" anthropic principle, and the cited philosophical paper by Jesús Mosterín doesn't seem to say their reasoning is an application of the strong...seems like weak to me, since description says it's based on a multiverse where some just happen to have right conditions, whereas strong anthropic says that the universe *must* have conditions needed for life to emerge|date=February 2014}}) was suggested by [[C. B. Collins]] and [[Stephen Hawking]],<ref name="Collins Hawking">{{cite journal |bibcode=1973ApJ...180..317C |title=Why is the Universe Isotropic? |last=Collins |first=C. B. |author2=Hawking, S. |journal=Astrophysical Journal |pages=317–334 |volume=180 |date=1973 |doi=10.1086/151965 }}</ref><ref name="Anthropic Explanations">{{cite web | url=http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/archive/00001658/ | last = Mosterín | first = Jesús | title = Anthropic Explanations in Cosmology | date = 2003 | accessdate = 2008-08-01 }}</ref> who in 1973 considered the existence of an [[multiple universes|infinite number of universes]] such that every possible combination of initial properties was held by some universe. In such a situation, they argued, only those universes with exactly the correct density for forming galaxies and stars would give rise to intelligent observers such as humans: therefore, the fact that we observe Ω to be so close to 1 would be "simply a reflection of our own existence."<ref name="Collins Hawking" />

An alternative approach, which makes use of the 'weak anthropic principle', is to suppose that the universe is infinite in size, but with the density varying in different places (i.e. an [[Homogeneity (physics)|inhomogeneous]] universe). Thus some regions will be over-dense {{nowrap|(Ω > 1)}} and some under-dense {{nowrap|(Ω < 1)}}. These regions may be extremely far apart - perhaps so far that light has not had time to travel from one to another during the [[age of the universe]] (that is, they lie outside one another's [[Observable universe#Cosmological horizon|cosmological horizon]]s). Therefore each region would behave essentially as a separate universe: if we happened to live in a large patch of almost-critical density we would have no way of knowing of the existence of far-off under- or over-dense patches since no light or other signal has reached us from them. An appeal to the anthropic principle can then be made, arguing that intelligent life would only arise in those patches with Ω very close to 1, and that therefore our living in such a patch is unsurprising.<ref>{{cite book |last=Barrow |first=John D. |author2=Tiple, Frank J. |title=The Anthropic Cosmological Principle |date=1986 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-851949-4 |page=411}}</ref>

This latter argument makes use of a version of the anthropic principle which is 'weaker' in the sense that it requires no speculation on multiple universes, or on the probabilities of various different universes existing instead of the current one. It requires only a single universe which is infinite - or merely large enough that many disconnected patches can form - and that the density varies in different regions (which is certainly the case on smaller scales, giving rise to [[galactic cluster]]s and [[void (astronomy)|voids]]).

However, the anthropic principle has been [[Anthropic principle#Criticisms|criticised]] by many scientists.<ref name="Anthropic Explanations" /> For example, in 1979 [[Bernard Carr]] and [[Martin Rees]] argued that the principle “is entirely post hoc: it has not yet been used to predict any feature of the Universe.”<ref name="Anthropic Explanations" /><ref>{{cite journal|last = Carr |first = Bernard J. |author2=Rees, Martin |title = The anthropic principle and the structure of the physical world |date=April 1979 |journal=Nature |volume=278|issue = 5705 |pages=605–612 |bibcode=1979Natur.278..605C|doi = 10.1038/278605a0}}</ref> Others have taken objection to its philosophical basis, with [[Ernan McMullin]] writing in 1994 that "the weak Anthropic principle is trivial ... and the strong Anthropic principle is indefensible." Since many physicists and philosophers of science do not consider the principle to be compatible with the [[scientific method]],<ref name="Anthropic Explanations" /> another explanation for the flatness problem was needed.

===Inflation===
{{main|Cosmic inflation}}
The standard solution to the flatness problem invokes cosmic inflation, a process whereby the universe [[expanding universe|expands]] [[exponential growth|exponentially]] quickly (i.e. <math>a</math> grows as <math>e^{\lambda t}</math> with time <math>t</math>, for some constant <math>\lambda</math>) during a short period in its early history. The theory of inflation was first proposed in 1979, and published in 1981, by [[Alan Guth]].<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[Physical Review D]] |volume=23 |issue=2 |page=347 |doi= 10.1103/PhysRevD.23.347 |title=The Growth of Inflation |last=Castelvecchi |first=Davide|bibcode = 1981PhRvD..23..347G |date=1981 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi= 10.1103/PhysRevD.23.347 |title=Inflationary universe: A possible solution to the horizon and flatness problems |last=Guth |first=Alan |date=January 1981 |journal=[[Physical Review D]] | volume = 23 | issue = 2 | pages = 347–356|bibcode = 1981PhRvD..23..347G }}</ref> His two main motivations for doing so were the flatness problem and the [[horizon problem]], another fine-tuning problem of physical cosmology.

The proposed cause of inflation is a [[field (physics)|field]] which permeates space and drives the expansion. The field contains a certain energy density, but unlike the density of the matter or radiation present in the late universe, which decrease over time, the density of the inflationary field remains roughly constant as space expands. Therefore the term <math>\rho a^2</math> increases extremely rapidly as the scale factor <math>a</math> grows exponentially. Recalling the Friedman Equation

:<math>(\Omega^{-1} - 1)\rho a^2 = \frac{-3kc^2}{8\pi G}</math>,

and the fact that the right-hand side of this expression is constant, the term <math> | \Omega^{-1} - 1 | </math> must therefore decrease with time.

Thus if <math> | \Omega^{-1} - 1 | </math> initially takes any arbitrary value, a period of inflation can force it down towards 0 and leave it extremely small - around <math>10^{-62}</math> as required above, for example. Subsequent evolution of the universe will cause the value to grow, bringing it to the currently observed value of around 0.01. Thus the sensitive dependence on the initial value of Ω has been removed: a large and therefore 'unsurprising' starting value need not become massively amplified and lead to a very curved universe with no opportunity to form galaxies and other structures.

This success in solving the flatness problem is considered one of the major motivations for inflationary theory.<ref name=Ryden /><ref>{{cite book |last= Coles |first= Peter |author2=Ellis, George F. R. |title= Is the Universe Open or Closed? The Density of Matter in the Universe |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |location= Cambridge |date= 1997 |isbn= 0-521-56689-4 }}</ref>

===Post inflation===

Although inflationary theory is regarded as having had much success, and the evidence for it is compelling, it is not universally accepted: cosmologists recognize that there are still gaps in the theory and are open to the possibility that future observations will disprove it.<ref>{{cite book |last=Albrecht |first=Andreas |title=Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Structure Formation in the Universe, Cambridge 1999 |date=August 2000 |arxiv=astro-ph/0007247 |bibcode=2001sfu..conf...17A |isbn=1-4020-0155-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Guth |first=Alan |title=Was Cosmic Inflation the 'Bang' of the Big Bang? |date=1997 |journal=The Beamline |volume=27 |url=http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/Guth/Guth_contents.html |accessdate=2008-09-07}}</ref> In particular, in the absence of any firm evidence for what the field driving inflation should be, many different versions of the theory have been proposed.<ref name="Bird et al.">{{cite journal|author=Bird, Simeon; Peiris, Hiranya V.; Easther, Richard |title=Fine-tuning criteria for inflation and the search for primordial gravitational waves |date=July 2008 |journal=Physical Review D|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.78.083518|volume=78|issue=8|pages=083518|bibcode = 2008PhRvD..78h3518B |arxiv = 0807.3745 }}</ref> Many of these contain parameters or initial conditions which themselves require fine-tuning<ref name="Bird et al."/> in much the way that the early density does without inflation.

For these reasons work is still being done on alternative solutions to the flatness problem. These have included non-standard interpretations of the effect of dark energy<ref>{{cite journal|last=Chernin |first=Arthur D. |title=Cosmic vacuum and the 'flatness problem' in the concordant model |date=January 2003 |journal=New Astronomy |volume=8|issue=1 |pages=79–83 |bibcode=2003NewA....8...79C|doi=10.1016/S1384-1076(02)00180-X|arxiv = astro-ph/0211489 }}</ref> and gravity,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nikolic |first=Hrvoje |title=Some Remarks on a Nongeometrical Interpretation of Gravity and the Flatness Problem |date=August 1999 |journal=General Relativity and Gravitation |volume=31|issue=8 |page=1211 |bibcode=1999GReGr..31.1211N|doi=10.1023/A:1026760304901|arxiv = gr-qc/9901057 }}</ref> particle production in an oscillating universe,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Anderson |first=P. R. |author2=R. Schokman |author3=M. Zaramensky |title=A Solution to the Flatness Problem via Particle Production in an Oscillating Universe |date=May 1997 |journal=Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society |volume=29 |page=828 |bibcode=1997AAS...190.3806A}}</ref> and use of a [[Bayesian statistics|Bayesian statistical]] approach to argue that the problem is non-existent. The latter argument, suggested for example by Evrard and Coles, maintains that the idea that Ω being close to 1 is 'unlikely' is based on assumptions about the likely distribution of the parameter which are not necessarily justified.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Evrard |first=G |author2=P. Coles |title=Getting the measure of the flatness problem |date=October 1995 |journal=Classical Quantum Gravity |volume=12|issue=10 |pages=L93–L97 |bibcode=1995CQGra..12L..93E|doi=10.1088/0264-9381/12/10/001|arxiv = astro-ph/9507020 }}.</ref> Despite this ongoing work, inflation remains by far the dominant explanation for the flatness problem.<ref name="peacock"/><ref name=Ryden />

===Einstein-Cartan theory===
{{main|Einstein-Cartan theory}}
The flatness problem is naturally solved by the [[Einstein–Cartan theory|Einstein-Cartan]]-Sciama-Kibble theory of gravity, without an exotic form of matter required in inflationary theory.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Poplawski, N. J. |date=2010 |title=Cosmology with torsion: An alternative to cosmic inflation| journal=Phys. Lett. B |volume=694 |issue=3 |pages=181–185 |doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2010.09.056|arxiv = 1007.0587 |bibcode = 2010PhLB..694..181P }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Poplawski, N. |date=2012 |title=Nonsingular, big-bounce cosmology from spinor-torsion coupling |journal=Phys. Rev. D |volume=85 |issue=10 |pages=107502 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.85.107502|arxiv = 1111.4595 |bibcode = 2012PhRvD..85j7502P }}</ref> This theory extends general relativity by removing a constraint of the symmetry of the affine connection and regarding its antisymmetric part, the [[torsion tensor]], as a dynamical variable. It has no free parameters. Including torsion gives the correct conservation law for the total (orbital plus intrinsic) [[angular momentum]] of matter in the presence of gravity. The minimal coupling between torsion and Dirac spinors obeying the [[nonlinear Dirac equation]] generates a spin-spin interaction which is significant in fermionic matter at extremely high densities. Such an interaction averts the unphysical big bang singularity, replacing it with a bounce at a finite minimum scale factor, before which the Universe was contracting. The rapid expansion immediately after the [[big bounce]] explains why the present Universe at largest scales appears spatially flat, homogeneous and isotropic. As the density of the Universe decreases, the effects of torsion weaken and the Universe smoothly enters the radiation-dominated era.

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Physical cosmology]]
[[Category:Inflation (cosmology)]]
{{Portal bar|Physics|Cosmology|Space}}

Black Lives Matter

2015-03-26T00:46:51Z

Unbuttered Parsnip: rm redlinks

[[File:Black Lives Matter protest.jpg|thumb|Protestors carrying placards at a Black Lives Matter demonstration in New York City in November 2014]]
'''Black Lives Matter''' is a U.S.-based international movement co-founded by three black women activist/organizers: [[Alicia Garza]], Patrisse Cullors, and Opal Tometi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Black Lives Still Matters to Grassroots and Black Media | url=http://www.blackvoicenews.com/news/news-wire/50048-black-lives-still-matters-to-grassroots-and-black-media.html | website=Black Voice News | date=13 January 2015 | accessdate=5 February 2015 | author=Hunt, Jazelle}}</ref>

When they created Black Lives Matter and as of March 2015, Garza was Special Projects Director for the [[National Domestic Workers Alliance]] whose members are nannies, housekeepers, caregivers and other domestic workers, Cullors was executive director of the [[Coalition to End Sheriff Violence]] in L.A. Jails and Opal Tometi, an immigrant rights activist, ran the [[Black Alliance for Just Immigration]]. <ref name= USAToday></ref>

==Description==
The #BlackLivesMatter movement began as a [[hashtag]] after [[George Zimmerman]]'s acquittal for [[Shooting of Trayvon Martin|the shooting death]] of [[Trayvon Martin]] in 2013, and gained momentum after the [[shooting of Michael Brown]], the [[shooting of John Crawford III]], and the [[death of Eric Garner]], all in 2014. Currently, there are 23 Black Lives Matter chapters in the U.S., Canada, and Ghana.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vice.com/read/patrisse-cullors-interview-michael-segalov-188 | title=We Spoke to the Activist Behind #BlackLivesMatter About Racism in Britain and America | work=Vice | date=2 February 2015 | accessdate=5 February 2015 | author=Segalov, Michael}}</ref> Black Lives Matter is "a unique contribution that goes beyond extrajudicial killings of Black people by police and vigilantes" and the organization states that "Black Lives Matter affirms the lives of Black queer and trans folks, disabled folks, black-undocumented folks, folks with records, women and all Black lives along the gender spectrum."<ref>{{cite web|title=Black Lives Matter About | url=http://blacklivesmatter.com/about/}}</ref> The movement has received worldwide media attention due to its massive scope and ongoing existence. Protesters and protest organizers have met with [[U.S. President]] [[Barack Obama]] and other prominent leaders to demand an end to [[racial profiling]], [[police brutality]], [[mass incarceration]], and [[demilitarization]] of many U.S. police departments.

As of March 2, 2015, at least 700 "Black Lives Matter" demonstrations have been held worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|title=2014-15 Black Lives Matter Demonstrations|url=https://www.elephrame.com/textbook/protests|website=Elephrame|accessdate=28 January 2015}}</ref> In August 2014, during Labor Day weekend, #BlackLivesMatter organized a 'Freedom Ride' that brought more than 500 black people from across the nation into [[Ferguson, Missouri]], to support the work being done on the ground by local organizations.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://colorlines.com/archives/2014/09/get_on_the_bus_inside_the_black_life_matters_freedom_ride.html | title=Get on the Bus: Inside the Black Lives Matter ‘Freedom Ride’ to Ferguson | work=Colorlines | date=5 September 2014| accessdate=5 February 2015 | author=Solomon, Akiba}}</ref> #BlackLivesMatter members and supporters rode in from [[New York City]], [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]], [[Boston]], [[Chicago]], [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], [[Miami]], [[Detroit]], [[Houston]], [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], [[San Francisco]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]], [[Washington, D.C.]], and more, in a similar way to that of the [[Freedom Riders]] in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/sep/04/never-forget-ferguson-justice-for-michael-brown | title=5 ways to never forget Ferguson – and deliver real justice for Michael Brown | work=The Guardian | date=4 September 2014 | accessdate=5 February 2015 | author=Cullors, Patrisse and Moore, Darnell L}}</ref> In December 2014, at least 20 members of a protest that had been using the slogan were arrested at the [[Mall of America]] in [[Bloomington, Minnesota]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/12/21/us/mall-of-america-black-lives-protest/ | title=Protesters' chants of 'Black Lives Matter' echo at megamall; at least 20 arrested | work=CNN | date=21 December 2014 | accessdate=21 December 2014 | author=Brumfield, Ben}}</ref>

==Philosophy==
Founder [[Alicia Garza]] has summed up the philosophy behind Black Lives Matter as follows: "When we say Black Lives Matter, we are talking about the ways in which Black people are deprived of our basic human rights and dignity. It is an acknowledgement Black poverty and genocide is state violence. It is an acknowledgment that 1 million Black people are locked in cages in this country–one half of all people in prisons or jails–is an act of state violence. It is an acknowledgment that Black women continue to bear the burden of a relentless assault on our children and our families and that assault is an act of state violence. Black queer and trans folks bearing a unique burden in a hetero-patriarchal society that disposes of us like garbage and simultaneously fetishizes us and profits off of us is state violence; the fact that 500,000 Black people in the US are undocumented immigrants and relegated to the shadows is state violence;.the fact that Black girls are used as negotiating chips during times of conflict and war is state violence; Black folks living with disabilities and different abilities bear the burden of state-sponsored Darwinian experiments that attempt to squeeze us into boxes of normality defined by White supremacy is state violence. And the fact is that the lives of Black people—not ALL people—exist within these conditions is consequence of state violence." <ref name=Herstory></ref>

==Influence==
The #BlackLivesMatter hashtag was created by Alicia Garza and Patrisse Cullors right after the acquittal of George Zimmerman in the Trayvon Martin Trial.<ref name= USAToday>{{cite news|last1=Guynn|first1=Jessica|title=Meet the woman who coined #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/03/04/alicia-garza-black-lives-matter/24341593/|accessdate=8 March 2015|agency=USA Today|publisher=USA Today|date=March 4, 2015}}</ref>

BlackLivesMatter appeared in an episode of ''Law & Order: SVU''.<ref name= USAToday /><ref name=Herstory>{{cite web|last1=Garza|first1=Alicia|title=A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement|url=http://thefeministwire.com/2014/10/blacklivesmatter-2/|website=The Feminist Wire|accessdate=8 March 2015}}</ref>

The [[American Dialect Society]] chose the hashtag form of the phrase as their [[word of the year]] for 2014.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2015/01/johnson-words-year-0 Johnson: Words of the year (#BlackLivesMatter)], ''The Economist''.</ref>

Founder Alicia Garza has denounced certain corporate and mainstream appropriations and adaptations of the #BlackLivesMatter hashtag and slogan which she believes ignore or contradict the spirit and philosophy behind it, including the "Our Lives Matter" iteration. She has written: "#BlackLivesMatter doesn’t mean your life isn’t important–it means that Black lives, which are seen as without value within [[White supremacy]], are important to your liberation".<ref name=Herstory />

In a video interview with Laura Flanders of ''Truth Out'', Founder Alicia Garza discussed how "Changing Black Lives Matter to All Lives Matter is a demonstration of how we don't actually understand structural racism in this country." She went on to discuss how other lives are valued more than black lives, which she feels strongly is wrong, and to take blackness out of this equation is inappropriate.<ref name=TruthOut>{{cite news|last1=Flanders|first1=Laura|title=Building Movements Without Shedding Differences: Alicia Garza of #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/29813-building-movements-without-shedding-differences-alicia-garza|accessdate=25 March 2015|agency=Truth Out|publisher=Truth Out|date=24 March 2015}}</ref>

A group of Asian-Americans has created the hashtag #Asians4BlackLives in solidarity with #BlackLivesMatter and specifically to confront anti-blackness in Asian communities.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wong|first1=Julia Carrie|title=“Which side are you on?”: #Asians4BlackLives confronts anti-black prejudice in Asian communities|url=http://www.salon.com/2015/03/08/which_side_are_you_on_asians4blacklives_confronts_anti_black_prejudice_in_asian_communities/|accessdate=10 March 2015|agency=Salon|publisher=Salon|date=March 8, 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|African American}}
* [[Ferguson unrest]]
* [[Hands up, don't shoot]]
* [[Trayvon Martin could have been me 35 years ago]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* http://blacklivesmatter.com/
* [https://www.elephrame.com/textbook/protests List of 700 Black Lives Matter demonstrations]

{{2014 Ferguson unrest}}

[[Category:Civil rights protests in the United States]]
[[Category:Hashtags]]
[[Category:Media-related controversies in the United States]]
[[Category:Race and crime in the United States]]
[[Category:Anti-racism]]

{{US-poli-stub}}

Black Lives Matter

2015-03-26T00:46:04Z

Unbuttered Parsnip: /* Influence */ close refs

[[File:Black Lives Matter protest.jpg|thumb|Protestors carrying placards at a Black Lives Matter demonstration in New York City in November 2014]]
'''Black Lives Matter''' is a U.S.-based international movement co-founded by three black women activist/organizers: [[Alicia Garza]], [[Patrisse Cullors]], and [[Opal Tometi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Black Lives Still Matters to Grassroots and Black Media | url=http://www.blackvoicenews.com/news/news-wire/50048-black-lives-still-matters-to-grassroots-and-black-media.html | website=Black Voice News | date=13 January 2015 | accessdate=5 February 2015 | author=Hunt, Jazelle}}</ref>

When they created Black Lives Matter and as of March 2015, Garza was Special Projects Director for the [[National Domestic Workers Alliance]] whose members are nannies, housekeepers, caregivers and other domestic workers, Cullors was executive director of the [[Coalition to End Sheriff Violence]] in L.A. Jails and Opal Tometi, an immigrant rights activist, ran the [[Black Alliance for Just Immigration]]. <ref name= USAToday></ref>

==Description==
The #BlackLivesMatter movement began as a [[hashtag]] after [[George Zimmerman]]'s acquittal for [[Shooting of Trayvon Martin|the shooting death]] of [[Trayvon Martin]] in 2013, and gained momentum after the [[shooting of Michael Brown]], the [[shooting of John Crawford III]], and the [[death of Eric Garner]], all in 2014. Currently, there are 23 Black Lives Matter chapters in the U.S., Canada, and Ghana.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vice.com/read/patrisse-cullors-interview-michael-segalov-188 | title=We Spoke to the Activist Behind #BlackLivesMatter About Racism in Britain and America | work=Vice | date=2 February 2015 | accessdate=5 February 2015 | author=Segalov, Michael}}</ref> Black Lives Matter is "a unique contribution that goes beyond extrajudicial killings of Black people by police and vigilantes" and the organization states that "Black Lives Matter affirms the lives of Black queer and trans folks, disabled folks, black-undocumented folks, folks with records, women and all Black lives along the gender spectrum."<ref>{{cite web|title=Black Lives Matter About | url=http://blacklivesmatter.com/about/}}</ref> The movement has received worldwide media attention due to its massive scope and ongoing existence. Protesters and protest organizers have met with [[U.S. President]] [[Barack Obama]] and other prominent leaders to demand an end to [[racial profiling]], [[police brutality]], [[mass incarceration]], and [[demilitarization]] of many U.S. police departments.

As of March 2, 2015, at least 700 "Black Lives Matter" demonstrations have been held worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|title=2014-15 Black Lives Matter Demonstrations|url=https://www.elephrame.com/textbook/protests|website=Elephrame|accessdate=28 January 2015}}</ref> In August 2014, during Labor Day weekend, #BlackLivesMatter organized a 'Freedom Ride' that brought more than 500 black people from across the nation into [[Ferguson, Missouri]], to support the work being done on the ground by local organizations.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://colorlines.com/archives/2014/09/get_on_the_bus_inside_the_black_life_matters_freedom_ride.html | title=Get on the Bus: Inside the Black Lives Matter ‘Freedom Ride’ to Ferguson | work=Colorlines | date=5 September 2014| accessdate=5 February 2015 | author=Solomon, Akiba}}</ref> #BlackLivesMatter members and supporters rode in from [[New York City]], [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]], [[Boston]], [[Chicago]], [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], [[Miami]], [[Detroit]], [[Houston]], [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], [[San Francisco]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]], [[Washington, D.C.]], and more, in a similar way to that of the [[Freedom Riders]] in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/sep/04/never-forget-ferguson-justice-for-michael-brown | title=5 ways to never forget Ferguson – and deliver real justice for Michael Brown | work=The Guardian | date=4 September 2014 | accessdate=5 February 2015 | author=Cullors, Patrisse and Moore, Darnell L}}</ref> In December 2014, at least 20 members of a protest that had been using the slogan were arrested at the [[Mall of America]] in [[Bloomington, Minnesota]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/12/21/us/mall-of-america-black-lives-protest/ | title=Protesters' chants of 'Black Lives Matter' echo at megamall; at least 20 arrested | work=CNN | date=21 December 2014 | accessdate=21 December 2014 | author=Brumfield, Ben}}</ref>

==Philosophy==
Founder [[Alicia Garza]] has summed up the philosophy behind Black Lives Matter as follows: "When we say Black Lives Matter, we are talking about the ways in which Black people are deprived of our basic human rights and dignity. It is an acknowledgement Black poverty and genocide is state violence. It is an acknowledgment that 1 million Black people are locked in cages in this country–one half of all people in prisons or jails–is an act of state violence. It is an acknowledgment that Black women continue to bear the burden of a relentless assault on our children and our families and that assault is an act of state violence. Black queer and trans folks bearing a unique burden in a hetero-patriarchal society that disposes of us like garbage and simultaneously fetishizes us and profits off of us is state violence; the fact that 500,000 Black people in the US are undocumented immigrants and relegated to the shadows is state violence;.the fact that Black girls are used as negotiating chips during times of conflict and war is state violence; Black folks living with disabilities and different abilities bear the burden of state-sponsored Darwinian experiments that attempt to squeeze us into boxes of normality defined by White supremacy is state violence. And the fact is that the lives of Black people—not ALL people—exist within these conditions is consequence of state violence." <ref name=Herstory></ref>

==Influence==
The #BlackLivesMatter hashtag was created by Alicia Garza and Patrisse Cullors right after the acquittal of George Zimmerman in the Trayvon Martin Trial.<ref name= USAToday>{{cite news|last1=Guynn|first1=Jessica|title=Meet the woman who coined #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/03/04/alicia-garza-black-lives-matter/24341593/|accessdate=8 March 2015|agency=USA Today|publisher=USA Today|date=March 4, 2015}}</ref>

BlackLivesMatter appeared in an episode of ''Law & Order: SVU''.<ref name= USAToday /><ref name=Herstory>{{cite web|last1=Garza|first1=Alicia|title=A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement|url=http://thefeministwire.com/2014/10/blacklivesmatter-2/|website=The Feminist Wire|accessdate=8 March 2015}}</ref>

The [[American Dialect Society]] chose the hashtag form of the phrase as their [[word of the year]] for 2014.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2015/01/johnson-words-year-0 Johnson: Words of the year (#BlackLivesMatter)], ''The Economist''.</ref>

Founder Alicia Garza has denounced certain corporate and mainstream appropriations and adaptations of the #BlackLivesMatter hashtag and slogan which she believes ignore or contradict the spirit and philosophy behind it, including the "Our Lives Matter" iteration. She has written: "#BlackLivesMatter doesn’t mean your life isn’t important–it means that Black lives, which are seen as without value within [[White supremacy]], are important to your liberation".<ref name=Herstory />

In a video interview with Laura Flanders of ''Truth Out'', Founder Alicia Garza discussed how "Changing Black Lives Matter to All Lives Matter is a demonstration of how we don't actually understand structural racism in this country." She went on to discuss how other lives are valued more than black lives, which she feels strongly is wrong, and to take blackness out of this equation is inappropriate.<ref name=TruthOut>{{cite news|last1=Flanders|first1=Laura|title=Building Movements Without Shedding Differences: Alicia Garza of #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/29813-building-movements-without-shedding-differences-alicia-garza|accessdate=25 March 2015|agency=Truth Out|publisher=Truth Out|date=24 March 2015}}</ref>

A group of Asian-Americans has created the hashtag #Asians4BlackLives in solidarity with #BlackLivesMatter and specifically to confront anti-blackness in Asian communities.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wong|first1=Julia Carrie|title=“Which side are you on?”: #Asians4BlackLives confronts anti-black prejudice in Asian communities|url=http://www.salon.com/2015/03/08/which_side_are_you_on_asians4blacklives_confronts_anti_black_prejudice_in_asian_communities/|accessdate=10 March 2015|agency=Salon|publisher=Salon|date=March 8, 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|African American}}
* [[Ferguson unrest]]
* [[Hands up, don't shoot]]
* [[Trayvon Martin could have been me 35 years ago]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* http://blacklivesmatter.com/
* [https://www.elephrame.com/textbook/protests List of 700 Black Lives Matter demonstrations]

{{2014 Ferguson unrest}}

[[Category:Civil rights protests in the United States]]
[[Category:Hashtags]]
[[Category:Media-related controversies in the United States]]
[[Category:Race and crime in the United States]]
[[Category:Anti-racism]]

{{US-poli-stub}}

Black Lives Matter

2015-03-26T00:44:05Z

Unbuttered Parsnip: /* Influence */

[[File:Black Lives Matter protest.jpg|thumb|Protestors carrying placards at a Black Lives Matter demonstration in New York City in November 2014]]
'''Black Lives Matter''' is a U.S.-based international movement co-founded by three black women activist/organizers: [[Alicia Garza]], [[Patrisse Cullors]], and [[Opal Tometi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Black Lives Still Matters to Grassroots and Black Media | url=http://www.blackvoicenews.com/news/news-wire/50048-black-lives-still-matters-to-grassroots-and-black-media.html | website=Black Voice News | date=13 January 2015 | accessdate=5 February 2015 | author=Hunt, Jazelle}}</ref>

When they created Black Lives Matter and as of March 2015, Garza was Special Projects Director for the [[National Domestic Workers Alliance]] whose members are nannies, housekeepers, caregivers and other domestic workers, Cullors was executive director of the [[Coalition to End Sheriff Violence]] in L.A. Jails and Opal Tometi, an immigrant rights activist, ran the [[Black Alliance for Just Immigration]]. <ref name= USAToday></ref>

==Description==
The #BlackLivesMatter movement began as a [[hashtag]] after [[George Zimmerman]]'s acquittal for [[Shooting of Trayvon Martin|the shooting death]] of [[Trayvon Martin]] in 2013, and gained momentum after the [[shooting of Michael Brown]], the [[shooting of John Crawford III]], and the [[death of Eric Garner]], all in 2014. Currently, there are 23 Black Lives Matter chapters in the U.S., Canada, and Ghana.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vice.com/read/patrisse-cullors-interview-michael-segalov-188 | title=We Spoke to the Activist Behind #BlackLivesMatter About Racism in Britain and America | work=Vice | date=2 February 2015 | accessdate=5 February 2015 | author=Segalov, Michael}}</ref> Black Lives Matter is "a unique contribution that goes beyond extrajudicial killings of Black people by police and vigilantes" and the organization states that "Black Lives Matter affirms the lives of Black queer and trans folks, disabled folks, black-undocumented folks, folks with records, women and all Black lives along the gender spectrum."<ref>{{cite web|title=Black Lives Matter About | url=http://blacklivesmatter.com/about/}}</ref> The movement has received worldwide media attention due to its massive scope and ongoing existence. Protesters and protest organizers have met with [[U.S. President]] [[Barack Obama]] and other prominent leaders to demand an end to [[racial profiling]], [[police brutality]], [[mass incarceration]], and [[demilitarization]] of many U.S. police departments.

As of March 2, 2015, at least 700 "Black Lives Matter" demonstrations have been held worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|title=2014-15 Black Lives Matter Demonstrations|url=https://www.elephrame.com/textbook/protests|website=Elephrame|accessdate=28 January 2015}}</ref> In August 2014, during Labor Day weekend, #BlackLivesMatter organized a 'Freedom Ride' that brought more than 500 black people from across the nation into [[Ferguson, Missouri]], to support the work being done on the ground by local organizations.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://colorlines.com/archives/2014/09/get_on_the_bus_inside_the_black_life_matters_freedom_ride.html | title=Get on the Bus: Inside the Black Lives Matter ‘Freedom Ride’ to Ferguson | work=Colorlines | date=5 September 2014| accessdate=5 February 2015 | author=Solomon, Akiba}}</ref> #BlackLivesMatter members and supporters rode in from [[New York City]], [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]], [[Boston]], [[Chicago]], [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], [[Miami]], [[Detroit]], [[Houston]], [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], [[San Francisco]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]], [[Washington, D.C.]], and more, in a similar way to that of the [[Freedom Riders]] in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/sep/04/never-forget-ferguson-justice-for-michael-brown | title=5 ways to never forget Ferguson – and deliver real justice for Michael Brown | work=The Guardian | date=4 September 2014 | accessdate=5 February 2015 | author=Cullors, Patrisse and Moore, Darnell L}}</ref> In December 2014, at least 20 members of a protest that had been using the slogan were arrested at the [[Mall of America]] in [[Bloomington, Minnesota]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/12/21/us/mall-of-america-black-lives-protest/ | title=Protesters' chants of 'Black Lives Matter' echo at megamall; at least 20 arrested | work=CNN | date=21 December 2014 | accessdate=21 December 2014 | author=Brumfield, Ben}}</ref>

==Philosophy==
Founder [[Alicia Garza]] has summed up the philosophy behind Black Lives Matter as follows: "When we say Black Lives Matter, we are talking about the ways in which Black people are deprived of our basic human rights and dignity. It is an acknowledgement Black poverty and genocide is state violence. It is an acknowledgment that 1 million Black people are locked in cages in this country–one half of all people in prisons or jails–is an act of state violence. It is an acknowledgment that Black women continue to bear the burden of a relentless assault on our children and our families and that assault is an act of state violence. Black queer and trans folks bearing a unique burden in a hetero-patriarchal society that disposes of us like garbage and simultaneously fetishizes us and profits off of us is state violence; the fact that 500,000 Black people in the US are undocumented immigrants and relegated to the shadows is state violence;.the fact that Black girls are used as negotiating chips during times of conflict and war is state violence; Black folks living with disabilities and different abilities bear the burden of state-sponsored Darwinian experiments that attempt to squeeze us into boxes of normality defined by White supremacy is state violence. And the fact is that the lives of Black people—not ALL people—exist within these conditions is consequence of state violence." <ref name=Herstory></ref>

==Influence==
The #BlackLivesMatter hashtag was created by [[Alicia Garza]] and [[Patrisse Cullors]] right after the acquittal of George Zimmerman in the Trayvon Martin Trial.<ref name= USAToday>{{cite news|last1=Guynn|first1=Jessica|title=Meet the woman who coined #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/03/04/alicia-garza-black-lives-matter/24341593/|accessdate=8 March 2015|agency=USA Today|publisher=USA Today|date=March 4, 2015}}</ref>

BlackLivesMatter appeared in an episode of ''Law & Order: SVU''.<ref name= USAToday></ref><ref name=Herstory>{{cite web|last1=Garza|first1=Alicia|title=A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement|url=http://thefeministwire.com/2014/10/blacklivesmatter-2/|website=The Feminist Wire|accessdate=8 March 2015}}</ref>

The [[American Dialect Society]] chose the hashtag form of the phrase as their [[word of the year]] for 2014.<ref>[http://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2015/01/johnson-words-year-0 Johnson: Words of the year (#BlackLivesMatter)], ''The Economist''.</ref>

Founder Alicia Garza has denounced certain corporate and mainstream appropriations and adaptations of the #BlackLivesMatter hashtag and slogan which she believes ignore or contradict the spirit and philosophy behind it, including the "Our Lives Matter" iteration. She has written: "#BlackLivesMatter doesn’t mean your life isn’t important–it means that Black lives, which are seen as without value within [[White supremacy]], are important to your liberation".<ref name=Herstory />

In a video interview with Laura Flanders of ''Truth Out'', Founder Alicia Garza discussed how "Changing Black Lives Matter to All Lives Matter is a demonstration of how we don't actually understand structural racism in this country." She went on to discuss how other lives are valued more than black lives, which she feels strongly is wrong, and to take blackness out of this equation is inappropriate. <ref name=TruthOut>{{cite news|last1=Flanders|first1=Laura|title=Building Movements Without Shedding Differences: Alicia Garza of #BlackLivesMatter|url=http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/29813-building-movements-without-shedding-differences-alicia-garza|accessdate=25 March 2015|agency=Truth Out|publisher=Truth Out|date=24 March 2015}}

A group of Asian-Americans has created the hashtag #Asians4BlackLives in solidarity with #BlackLivesMatter and specifically to confront anti-blackness in Asian communities.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wong|first1=Julia Carrie|title=“Which side are you on?”: #Asians4BlackLives confronts anti-black prejudice in Asian communities|url=http://www.salon.com/2015/03/08/which_side_are_you_on_asians4blacklives_confronts_anti_black_prejudice_in_asian_communities/|accessdate=10 March 2015|agency=Salon|publisher=Salon|date=March 8, 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|African American}}
* [[Ferguson unrest]]
* [[Hands up, don't shoot]]
* [[Trayvon Martin could have been me 35 years ago]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* http://blacklivesmatter.com/
* [https://www.elephrame.com/textbook/protests List of 700 Black Lives Matter demonstrations]

{{2014 Ferguson unrest}}

[[Category:Civil rights protests in the United States]]
[[Category:Hashtags]]
[[Category:Media-related controversies in the United States]]
[[Category:Race and crime in the United States]]
[[Category:Anti-racism]]

{{US-poli-stub}}

Nada Al-Ahdal

2015-03-16T04:48:52Z

Unbuttered Parsnip:

{{Orphan|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nada al-Ahdal
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Zabid]], [[Yemen]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality = Yemeni
| other_names =
| relatives = Abdel Salam al-Ahdal
| Religion = Sunni Islam
| known_for = [[Child marriage]] claims
}}
'''Nada al-Ahdal''' is a resident of [[Yemen]] known for escaping two different [[child marriage]] pacts her parents had made for her. Al-Ahdal posted a [[YouTube]] video decrying child marriage and her being forced into marriage contracts, which quickly went viral and prompted coverage of Yemenis' continued practices of child marriage.

==First marriage pact==
According to al-Ahdal and her uncle Abdel Salam al-Ahdal, at 10 years 3 months old, al-Ahdal was to be married off to a wealthy expatriate. Al-Ahdal's parents [[dowry|accepted money from the suitor]], but Abdel told the man that al-Ahdal was not nearly modest enough for him in an effort to scare him away. Adbel stated "When I heard about the groom, I panicked. Nada was not even 11 years old; she was exactly 10 years and 3 months. I could not allow her to be married off and have her future destroyed.” Having the suitor lose interest, al-Ahdal continued to live with her parents but later left and fled to her Uncle.<ref name=Goldberg1>{{cite news|last=Goldberg|first=Eleanor|title=Nada Al-Ahdal, Yemeni Girl Who Evaded Child Marriage, Says She'd 'Rather Die' Than Get Married Off (VIDEO)|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/22/nada-al-ahdal-child-bride_n_3634468.html|accessdate=8 April 2014|newspaper=Huffington Post|date=22 July 2013}}</ref> At the time of the agreements, the suitor was 26 years old, 16 years her senior. The agreed amount for al-Ahdal was $2000.<ref name=Miskin1>{{cite news|last=Miskin|first=Maayana|title=Child 'Runaway Bride' Speaks Out: 'I Fled Ignorance'|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/173004#.U0gLd_nIZps|accessdate=11 April 2014|newspaper=Isreal National News|date=20 October 2013}}</ref>

==Second marriage pact==
In 2013, then at age 11, al-Ahdal uploaded a 2.5 minute video to YouTube which quickly went viral. In the video, al-Ahdal accused her parents of trying to get her married in exchange for money.<ref name=Jamjoom1>{{cite news|last=Jamjoom|first=Mohammed|title=Yemeni girl from YouTube wants education, not marriage|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/30/world/yemen-child-marriage/|accessdate=8 April 2014|newspaper=CNN|date=31 July 2013}}</ref> The video was released with al-Ahdal speaking Arabic, but a user translated the video and uploaded the captioned version in English. [[Reddit]] user Syd_G shared al-Ahdal's YouTube video on the site, prompting even more social media sharing.<ref name=Clymer1>{{cite news|last=Clymer|first=Charles|title=11-Year-Old Yemeni Girl Speaks, Internet Listens|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/charles-clymer/11-yearold-yemeni-girl-sp_b_3632116.html|accessdate=11 April 2014|newspaper=Huffington Post|date=21 July 2013}}</ref> The video received over 7 million views in 3 days.<ref name=BBC1>{{cite news|last=al-Shamahi|first=Abubakr|title=Girl's online plea highlights plight of Yemen's child brides|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-23454291|accessdate=8 April 2014|newspaper=BBC|date=26 July 2013}}</ref>

Al-Ahdal's sister had recently been married off at age 14, with al-Ahdal soon to be engaged at 12 to be married in the "near future".<ref name=Miskin1 /> In the video, al-Ahdal started off by saying "It's true that I ran away from my family. I can't live with them anymore. Enough. I want to go live with my uncle. What about the innocence of childhood? What have the children done wrong? Why do you marry them off like that?" She continued, saying that she would rather die than be married off, citing lost educational opportunities, [[suicide]] among young brides and early death. She also talked about her 14-year old aunt who endured abuse by her much older husband before finally covering herself in oil and setting herself on fire.<ref name=Clymer1 />

Al-Ahdal ran away from home to escape the marriage and was quickly taken in by her uncle, a montage and graphics technician at a TV station.<ref name=Shakdam1>{{cite news|last=Shakdam|first=Catherina|title=A Deception Comes Undone|url=http://www.majalla.com/eng/2013/07/article55243853|accessdate=11 April 2014|newspaper=The Majalla|date=28 July 2013}}</ref>

==Controversy==
Many Middle East media outlets have decried al-Ahdal's claims as fabricated or a deception of Yemeni and Islamic custom. The Yemen Post has accused her of trying to ruin Yemeni and Islamic customs.<ref name=Yemen2>{{cite news|title=Yemen child marriage scandal; news organizations continue to propagate Nada's false allegations|url=http://yemenpost.net/Detail123456789.aspx?ID=100&SubID=7060&MainCat=5|accessdate=11 Apr 2014|newspaper=Yemen Post|date=25 Jul 2013}}</ref> The Arab magazine ''Majalla'' claims that because of her uncle's media connections, he tried to exploit al-Ahdal by "turn[ing] the young school girl into Yemen’s new [[Nujood Ali|Nujood]] [Ali]" so that they will be able to abolish child marriage in Yemen.<ref name=Shakdam1 /> Al-Ahdal's parents stated that her claims were fabrications and that the video was scripted by her uncle. However, contrary to what her parents stated, Nada Al-Ahdal said they threatened to honor kill her if she refused the 1st marriage pact.<ref name=yemenpost>{{cite news|title="Early marriage fears of Nada Al-Ahdal are fabricated. The Yemeni government took it to court to abolish child marriages but failed to due so due to some men who refused to have it abolished and said "I dont see why this is such a big matter, Muhammad married a 9 year old girl" Says the yemeni couGO|url=http://yemenpost.net/Detail123456789.aspx?ID=3&SubID=7048|accessdate=11 April 2014|newspaper=Yemen Post|date=22 July 2013}}</ref>

Ahmad Algorashi, president of Seyaj, and Ramizia Al-Eryani, the president of the Yemen Women’s Union, have said that they did not believe Nada's parents tried to force her into marriage.<ref name=Duell1>{{cite news|last=Duell|first=Mark|title=Is 11-year-old 'escaped child bride' who took the internet by storm telling the whole truth? Doubts emerge about Yemeni girl's story|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2382145/Nada-al-Ahdal-Doubts-raised-11-year-old-escaped-child-bride-telling-truth.html|accessdate=11 April 2014|newspaper=Daily Mail|date=31 July 2013}}</ref>

==Impact==
Al-Ahdal's claims have raised the discussion of child marriage in international media, Some have called the forced marriage intolerable on YouTube, others agreed with the marriage,articles from across the globe are often citing the [[Human Rights Watch]]'s research Yemen has no [[marriageable age|minimum age for marriage]] and that about half of all women married in Yemen are married off as children.<ref name=HRW1>{{cite web|title=Yemen: Child Marriage Spurs Abuse of Girls and Women|url=http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/12/08/yemen-child-marriage-spurs-abuse-girls-and-women|publisher=Human Rights Watch|accessdate=11 Apr 2014}}</ref> In an article about al-Ahdal, the International Political Forum stated "Some statistics can help put her story in context: According to the [[United Nations]], one out of nine girls in developing countries will be married by age 15, and an estimated 14.2 million girls a year will probably become child brides in the next decade."<ref name=IPF1>{{cite news|title=11-Year-Old Temeni Girl Nada Al-Ahdal: "I'm not an item for sale, I'm a human being and I would rather die than get married at this age"|url=http://internationalpoliticalforum.com/11-year-old-yemeni-girl-nada-al-ahdal-im-not-an-item-for-sale-im-a-human-being-and-i-would-rather-die-than-get-married-at-this-age/|accessdate=11 Apr 2014|newspaper=International Political Forum}}</ref>

Al-Ahdal and the child marriage pacts have been covered in [[CNN]],<ref name=Jamjoom1 /> [[The Huffington Post]],<ref name=Goldberg1 /> the [[BBC]]<ref name=BBC1 /> and many other media outlets, who have used the incident to decry the practice of child marriages.

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Yemeni people]]
[[Category:Child marriage in Yemen]]

Nada Al-Ahdal

2015-03-16T04:48:26Z

Unbuttered Parsnip: Reverted to revision 647048675 by Winkelvi (talk): Vandalism.

{{Orphan|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nada al-Ahdal
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Zabid]], [[Yemen]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality = Yemeni
| other_names =
| relatives = Abdel Salam al-Ahdal
| Religion = Sunni Islam
| known_for = [[Child marriage]] claims
}}
'''Nada al-Ahdal''' is a resident of [[Yemen]] known for escaping two different [[child marriage]] pacts her parents had made for her. Al-Ahdal posted a [[YouTube]] video decrying child marriage and her being forced into marriage contracts, which quickly went viral and prompted coverage of Yemeni's continued practices of child marriage.

==First marriage pact==
According to al-Ahdal and her uncle Abdel Salam al-Ahdal, at 10 years 3 months old, al-Ahdal was to be married off to a wealthy expatriate. Al-Ahdal's parents [[dowry|accepted money from the suitor]], but Abdel told the man that al-Ahdal was not nearly modest enough for him in an effort to scare him away. Adbel stated "When I heard about the groom, I panicked. Nada was not even 11 years old; she was exactly 10 years and 3 months. I could not allow her to be married off and have her future destroyed.” Having the suitor lose interest, al-Ahdal continued to live with her parents but later left and fled to her Uncle.<ref name=Goldberg1>{{cite news|last=Goldberg|first=Eleanor|title=Nada Al-Ahdal, Yemeni Girl Who Evaded Child Marriage, Says She'd 'Rather Die' Than Get Married Off (VIDEO)|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/22/nada-al-ahdal-child-bride_n_3634468.html|accessdate=8 April 2014|newspaper=Huffington Post|date=22 July 2013}}</ref> At the time of the agreements, the suitor was 26 years old, 16 years her senior. The agreed amount for al-Ahdal was $2000.<ref name=Miskin1>{{cite news|last=Miskin|first=Maayana|title=Child 'Runaway Bride' Speaks Out: 'I Fled Ignorance'|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/173004#.U0gLd_nIZps|accessdate=11 April 2014|newspaper=Isreal National News|date=20 October 2013}}</ref>

==Second marriage pact==
In 2013, then at age 11, al-Ahdal uploaded a 2.5 minute video to YouTube which quickly went viral. In the video, al-Ahdal accused her parents of trying to get her married in exchange for money.<ref name=Jamjoom1>{{cite news|last=Jamjoom|first=Mohammed|title=Yemeni girl from YouTube wants education, not marriage|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/30/world/yemen-child-marriage/|accessdate=8 April 2014|newspaper=CNN|date=31 July 2013}}</ref> The video was released with al-Ahdal speaking Arabic, but a user translated the video and uploaded the captioned version in English. [[Reddit]] user Syd_G shared al-Ahdal's YouTube video on the site, prompting even more social media sharing.<ref name=Clymer1>{{cite news|last=Clymer|first=Charles|title=11-Year-Old Yemeni Girl Speaks, Internet Listens|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/charles-clymer/11-yearold-yemeni-girl-sp_b_3632116.html|accessdate=11 April 2014|newspaper=Huffington Post|date=21 July 2013}}</ref> The video received over 7 million views in 3 days.<ref name=BBC1>{{cite news|last=al-Shamahi|first=Abubakr|title=Girl's online plea highlights plight of Yemen's child brides|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-23454291|accessdate=8 April 2014|newspaper=BBC|date=26 July 2013}}</ref>

Al-Ahdal's sister had recently been married off at age 14, with al-Ahdal soon to be engaged at 12 to be married in the "near future".<ref name=Miskin1 /> In the video, al-Ahdal started off by saying "It's true that I ran away from my family. I can't live with them anymore. Enough. I want to go live with my uncle. What about the innocence of childhood? What have the children done wrong? Why do you marry them off like that?" She continued, saying that she would rather die than be married off, citing lost educational opportunities, [[suicide]] among young brides and early death. She also talked about her 14-year old aunt who endured abuse by her much older husband before finally covering herself in oil and setting herself on fire.<ref name=Clymer1 />

Al-Ahdal ran away from home to escape the marriage and was quickly taken in by her uncle, a montage and graphics technician at a TV station.<ref name=Shakdam1>{{cite news|last=Shakdam|first=Catherina|title=A Deception Comes Undone|url=http://www.majalla.com/eng/2013/07/article55243853|accessdate=11 April 2014|newspaper=The Majalla|date=28 July 2013}}</ref>

==Controversy==
Many Middle East media outlets have decried al-Ahdal's claims as fabricated or a deception of Yemeni and Islamic custom. The Yemen Post has accused her of trying to ruin Yemeni and Islamic customs.<ref name=Yemen2>{{cite news|title=Yemen child marriage scandal; news organizations continue to propagate Nada's false allegations|url=http://yemenpost.net/Detail123456789.aspx?ID=100&SubID=7060&MainCat=5|accessdate=11 Apr 2014|newspaper=Yemen Post|date=25 Jul 2013}}</ref> The Arab magazine ''Majalla'' claims that because of her uncle's media connections, he tried to exploit al-Ahdal by "turn[ing] the young school girl into Yemen’s new [[Nujood Ali|Nujood]] [Ali]" so that they will be able to abolish child marriage in Yemen.<ref name=Shakdam1 /> Al-Ahdal's parents stated that her claims were fabrications and that the video was scripted by her uncle. However, contrary to what her parents stated, Nada Al-Ahdal said they threatened to honor kill her if she refused the 1st marriage pact.<ref name=yemenpost>{{cite news|title="Early marriage fears of Nada Al-Ahdal are fabricated. The Yemeni government took it to court to abolish child marriages but failed to due so due to some men who refused to have it abolished and said "I dont see why this is such a big matter, Muhammad married a 9 year old girl" Says the yemeni couGO|url=http://yemenpost.net/Detail123456789.aspx?ID=3&SubID=7048|accessdate=11 April 2014|newspaper=Yemen Post|date=22 July 2013}}</ref>

Ahmad Algorashi, president of Seyaj, and Ramizia Al-Eryani, the president of the Yemen Women’s Union, have said that they did not believe Nada's parents tried to force her into marriage.<ref name=Duell1>{{cite news|last=Duell|first=Mark|title=Is 11-year-old 'escaped child bride' who took the internet by storm telling the whole truth? Doubts emerge about Yemeni girl's story|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2382145/Nada-al-Ahdal-Doubts-raised-11-year-old-escaped-child-bride-telling-truth.html|accessdate=11 April 2014|newspaper=Daily Mail|date=31 July 2013}}</ref>

==Impact==
Al-Ahdal's claims have raised the discussion of child marriage in international media, Some have called the forced marriage intolerable on YouTube, others agreed with the marriage,articles from across the globe are often citing the [[Human Rights Watch]]'s research Yemen has no [[marriageable age|minimum age for marriage]] and that about half of all women married in Yemen are married off as children.<ref name=HRW1>{{cite web|title=Yemen: Child Marriage Spurs Abuse of Girls and Women|url=http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/12/08/yemen-child-marriage-spurs-abuse-girls-and-women|publisher=Human Rights Watch|accessdate=11 Apr 2014}}</ref> In an article about al-Ahdal, the International Political Forum stated "Some statistics can help put her story in context: According to the [[United Nations]], one out of nine girls in developing countries will be married by age 15, and an estimated 14.2 million girls a year will probably become child brides in the next decade."<ref name=IPF1>{{cite news|title=11-Year-Old Temeni Girl Nada Al-Ahdal: "I'm not an item for sale, I'm a human being and I would rather die than get married at this age"|url=http://internationalpoliticalforum.com/11-year-old-yemeni-girl-nada-al-ahdal-im-not-an-item-for-sale-im-a-human-being-and-i-would-rather-die-than-get-married-at-this-age/|accessdate=11 Apr 2014|newspaper=International Political Forum}}</ref>

Al-Ahdal and the child marriage pacts have been covered in [[CNN]],<ref name=Jamjoom1 /> [[The Huffington Post]],<ref name=Goldberg1 /> the [[BBC]]<ref name=BBC1 /> and many other media outlets, who have used the incident to decry the practice of child marriages.

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Yemeni people]]
[[Category:Child marriage in Yemen]]

Nada Al-Ahdal

2015-03-16T04:47:08Z

Unbuttered Parsnip: close ref

{{Orphan|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nada al-Ahdal
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Zabid]], [[Yemen]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality = Yemeni
| other_names =
| relatives = Abdel Salam al-Ahdal
| Religion = Sunni Islam
| known_for = [[Child marriage]] claims
}}
'''Nada al-Ahdal''' is a resident of [[Yemen]] known for escaping two different [[child marriage]] pacts her parents had made for her. Al-Ahdal posted a [[YouTube]] video decrying child marriage and her being forced into marriage contracts, which quickly went viral and prompted coverage of Yemenis' continued practices of child marriage.

==First marriage pact==
According to al-Ahdal and her uncle Abdel Salam al-Ahdal, at 11 years 3 months old, al-Ahdal was to be married off to a wealthy expatriate. Al-Ahdal's parents [[dowry|accepted money from the suitor]], but Abdel told the man that al-Ahdal was not nearly modest enough for him in an effort to scare him away. Adbel stated "When I heard about the groom, I panicked. Nada was not even 11 years old; she was exactly 10 years and 3 months. I could not allow her to be married off and have her future destroyed.” Having the suitor lose interest, al-Ahdal continued to live with her parents but later left and fled to her Uncle.<ref name=Goldberg1>{{cite news|last=Goldberg|first=Eleanor|title=Nada Al-Ahdal, Yemeni Girl Who Evaded Child Marriage, Says She'd 'Rather Die' Than Get Married Off2013}}</ref> At the time of the agreements, the suitor was 26 years old, 16 years her senior. The agreed amount for al-Ahdal was $2000.<ref name=Miskin1>{{cite news|last=Miskin|first=Maayana|title=Child 'Runaway Bride' Speaks Out: 'I Fled Ignorance'</ref>

==Second marriage pact==
In 2013, then at age 12, al-Ahdal

Al-Ahdal's sister had recently been married off at age 14, with al-Ahdal soon to be engaged at 13 to be married in the "near future".<ref name=Miskin1 />

Al-Ahdal ran away from home to esc

==Controversy==
Many Middle East media outlets have decried al-Ahdal's claims as fabricated or a deception of Yemeni and Islamic custom. The Yemen Post has accused her of trying to ruin Yemeni and Islamic customs.<ref name=Yemen2>{{cite news|title=Yemen child marriage scandal; news organizations continue to propagate Nada's false allegations|url=http://yemenpost.net/Detail123456789.aspx?ID=100&SubID=7060&MainCat=5|accessdate=11 Apr 2014|newspaper=Yemen Post|date=25 Jul 2013}}</ref> The Arab magazine ''Majalla'' claims that because of her uncle's media connections, he tried to exploit al-Ahdal by "turn[ing] the young school girl into Yemen’s new [[Nujood Ali|Nujood]] [Ali]" so that they will be able to abolish child marriage in Yemen.<ref name=Shakdam1 /> Al-Ahdal's parents stated that her claims were fabrications and that the video was scripted by her uncle. However, contrary to what her parents stated, Nada Al-Ahdal said they threatened to honor kill her if she refused the 1st marriage pact.<ref name=yemenpost>{{cite news|title="Early marriage fears of Nada Al-Ahdal are fabricated. The Yemeni government took it to court to abolish child marriages but failed to due so due to some men who refused to have it abolished and said "I dont see why this is such a big matter, Muhammad married a 9 year old girl" Says the yemeni couGO|url=http://yemenpost.net/Detail123456789.aspx?ID=3&SubID=7048|accessdate=11 April 2014|newspaper=Yemen Post|date=22 July 2013}}</ref>

Ahmad Algorashi, president of Seyaj, and Ramizia Al-Eryani, the president of the Yemen Women’s Union, have said that they did not believe Nada's parents tried to force her into marriage.<ref name=Duell1>{{cite news|last=Duell|first=Mark|title=Is 11-year-old 'escaped child bride' who took the internet by storm telling the whole truth? Doubts emerge about Yemeni girl's story|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2382145/Nada-al-Ahdal-Doubts-raised-11-year-old-escaped-child-bride-telling-truth.html|accessdate=11 April 2014|newspaper=Daily Mail|date=31 July 2013}}</ref>

==Impact==
Al-Ahdal's claims have raised the discussion of child marriage in international media, Some have called the forced marriage intolerable on YouTube, others agreed with the marriage,articles from across the globe are often citing the [[Human Rights Watch]]'s research Yemen has no [[marriageable age|minimum age for marriage]] and that about half of all women married in Yemen are married off as children.<ref name=HRW1>{{cite web|title=Yemen: Child Marriage Spurs Abuse of Girls and Women|url=http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/12/08/yemen-child-marriage-spurs-abuse-girls-and-women|publisher=Human Rights Watch|accessdate=11 Apr 2014}}</ref> In an article about al-Ahdal, the International Political Forum stated "Some statistics can help put her story in context: According to the [[United Nations]], one out of nine girls in developing countries will be married by age 15, and an estimated 14.2 million girls a year will probably become child brides in the next decade."<ref name=IPF1>{{cite news|title=11-Year-Old Temeni Girl Nada Al-Ahdal: "I'm not an item for sale, I'm a human being and I would rather die than get married at this age"|url=http://internationalpoliticalforum.com/11-year-old-yemeni-girl-nada-al-ahdal-im-not-an-item-for-sale-im-a-human-being-and-i-would-rather-die-than-get-married-at-this-age/|accessdate=11 Apr 2014|newspaper=International Political Forum}}</ref>

Al-Ahdal and the child marriage pacts have been covered in [[CNN]],<ref name=Jamjoom1 /> [[The Huffington Post]],<ref name=Goldberg1 /> the [[BBC]]<ref name=BBC1 /> and many other media outlets, who have used the incident to decry the practice of child marriages.

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Yemeni people]]
[[Category:Child marriage in Yemen]]

Singapore Girl

2015-03-03T09:16:50Z

Unbuttered Parsnip: rm swarf

[[File:Singapore Airlines Hostess.jpg|thumb|An example of the iconic Singapore Girl]]

'''Singapore Girl''' is a consistent visual [[advertising]] [[slogan]] applied to depictions of [[flight attendant]]s<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.a380.singaporeair.com/news_pr_20060905.html
|title = Press Release: Singapore Airlines A380 Lands...
|accessdate = 2007-11-21
|work = First to Fly A380
|date = 2006-09-05
|quote = Ms Jasmine Lum Wei Ming, Singapore Airlines, Stewardess
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.singaporeair.com/saa/en_UK/content/company_info/careers/cabin_crew.jsp
|title = Cabin Crew Appointments
|accessdate = 2007-11-21
|work = Singapore Airlines (UK Content) Job Adverts
|date = 2007-11-05
|quote = If you are warm, hospitable with a winning approach to customer service, we welcome you to join our elite team of Singaporean/ Malaysian Flight Stewardesses/ Stewards. (Residing in Singapore) Click here for more details. Flight Stewardesses (Singapore Permanent Residents) Click here for more details Indonesian Flight Stewardesses. Click here for more details. Malaysian Flight Stewardesses/ Stewards. Click here for more details.
Indian Flight Stewardesses. Click here for more details. Chinese Flight Stewardesses. Click here for more details
Hong Kong Flight Stewardesses/ Stewards. Click here for more details
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.uniformfreak.com/1singaporeairlines.html
|title = Current Uniforms - Cabin Crew
|accessdate = 2007-11-21
|year = 2007
}}</ref><ref name="syd">{{cite web
|url = http://www.smh.com.au/news/news/singapore-girl-alive-and-well/2007/09/05/1188783369359.html
|title = Epitome of the modern woman keeps starring role
|accessdate = 2007-11-21
|last = Lee
|first = Julian
|date = 2007-09-06
|work =
|publisher = The Sydney Morning Herald
|quote = Singapore Airlines stewardesses dressed in sarong kebaya uniform pose at Changi International Airport in Singapore. Singapore Airlines have said the iconic Singapore Girl, a symbol of the carrier's renowned in-flight service standards, will remain. Dale Woodhouse, Singapore Airlines' manager of passenger marketing, said that she would still be "front and centre of the campaign", which began last week in the lead-up to the inaugural flight on October 26.

"As usual she will be a central part of the branding and the image of Singapore Airlines," Mr Woodhouse confirmed after reports earlier this year had her permanently grounded for being too old fashioned and sexist.

When asked if she had been updated, Mr Woodhouse replied: "What's there to update? She's eternal, she's the epitome of the modern image [of a woman] and the traditional style of Singapore Airlines. Why would you want to get rid of that?"
}}</ref> of [[Singapore Airlines]] (SIA) dressed in the distinctive "''[[Sarong]]'' ''[[Kebaya]]''" SIA uniform since 1972 and remains a prominent element of SIA's [[marketing]].<ref>[http://www.singaporeair.com/saa/en_UK/content/company_info/index.jsp Singapore Airlines Company Information], retrieved on December 24, 2006.</ref>

Singapore Airlines' hospitality and cabin service has been recognised with awards from magazines, travel and tourism industries, including the 'World's Best Cabin Crew Service' by the Business Traveller Asia-Pacific Awards for 17 consecutive years. The long running campaign since its inception, emphasises these service aspects, featuring bona fide SIA flight attendants.<ref>[http://www.singaporeair.com/saa/en_UK/content/company_info/news/achievements.jsp SIA Awards & Achievements], retrieved on December 24, 2006.</ref>

==Origins==
The iconic images and branding of the Singapore Girl was first established in 1972 when Singapore Airlines took over as successor of its predecessor [[Malaysia-Singapore Airlines]] (MSA), the joint Malaysia and Singapore airline set up to develop and expand an intercontinental network. An earlier traditional version of the "Sarong Kebaya" uniform was first introduced by MSA and worn by the flight attendants since 1968. Subsequently, political acrimony between Singapore and Malaysia led to the split of Malaysia-Singapore Airlines. MSA ceased operations on 1 October 1972 and Singapore Airlines took over as its successor in Singapore.

Initially when Singapore Airlines was created, its advertising and branding was handled by the start-up Batey Inc, of Ian Batey<ref>[http://www.vlifestyle.com/entrepreneurs/inside1.htm#Ian_Batey Entrepreneurs]</ref><ref>[http://www.batey.com.sg/ Batey]</ref> ''Singapore Girl'' was coined in 1972 when [[Pierre Balmain]], a [[France|French]] [[haute couture]] designer, was hired to construct and update the "[[Sarong|Sarong Kebaya]]" as part of the cabin crew's uniform. Since then, the uniform has gained worldwide recognition as part of Singapore Airline's recognizable signature branding.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Creation of Singapore Airlines |publisher=Singapore Airlines |url= http://www.singaporeair.com/saa/en_UK/content/company_info/siastory/history.jsp |year =2007}}</ref>

Since 1972, the image of the Singapore Girl has appeared in advertisements in almost all media forms and promotions across the world. The theme music for the television advertising campaign was composed by [[Kevin Peek]].<ref>http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/western-australia/small-funeral-for-disgraced-sky-guitarist-kevin-peek/story-e6frg13u-1226580649832</ref>

===Global icon===
The Singapore Girl has become a visual [[trademark]]<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://allaboutbranding.com/index.lasso?article=282
|title = Rejuvenating Ageing Brands
|accessdate = 2007-11-21
|last = Phan
|first = Dr. Seamus
|work = All about branding
}}</ref> and [[brand]]<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.allaboutbranding.com/index.lasso?article=382
|title = Singapore Airlines - An Excellent Asian Brand
|accessdate = 2007-11-21
|last = Roll
|first = Martin
|work = All about branding
|quote = Think about one of the strongest brands from Asia, and chances are that Singapore Airlines and its long-serving, almost iconic Singapore Girl easily come to mind.
}}</ref> for Singapore Airlines together with the slogan - "A Great Way To Fly". The Singapore Girl is said to engender "Asian values and hospitality" and has been described as "caring, warm, gentle, elegant and serene".<ref>[http://www.venturerepublic.com/resources/Singapore_Airlines_-_An_Excellent_Asian_Brand.asp Singapore Airlines - An Excellent Asian Brand], VentureRepublic, retrieved on December 24, 2006.</ref>

A [[wax figure]] of the Singapore Girl was created and shown at [[Madame Tussaud's]] [[Wax Museum]] in [[London]] in 1994,<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.iht.com/articles/1993/06/08/wax.php
|title = The Singapore Girl
|accessdate = 2007-11-21
|last = Richardson
|first = Michael
|date = 1993-06-08
|work = International Herald Tribune
|quote = "Just how many more Singapore Airlines stewardesses must be molested in flight before the airline reduces the free flow of alcoholic drinks to passengers?" thundered Tan Sai Siong in a recent column for the Straits Times, Singapore's main English-language newspaper.

TAN was writing after a German metalworker was fined 2,000 Singapore dollars for hugging a Singapore Airlines flight attendant during a flight from Frankfurt to Singapore. A Japanese farmer was docked a similar amount for molesting a flight attendant during a flight from Nagoya to Singapore.

At about the same time, a Sri Lankan was fined 1,000 Singapore dollars for punching a Singapore Airlines steward who told him to stop staring at a female colleague in the cabin crew and return to his seat.

In a letter to the Straits Times, a Singaporean reader, Chan Kwee Sung, said it was not "alcohol that spurs the libido of the male passenger, but the image of the Singapore Girl that has so long been the hard sell of SIA all over the world."
|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070913070651/http://www.iht.com/articles/1993/06/08/wax.php  |archivedate = 2007-09-13}}</ref> as the first figure to represent a commercial undertaking.<ref>[http://www.brandchannel.com/features_profile.asp?pr_id=209 Singapore Airlines - flying tiger], Brandchannel.com, retrieved on December 24, 2006.</ref> This sculpture was sent to the [[Delta Air Lines]] shuttle concourse at [[LaGuardia Airport]] in [[New York City]] in 1995. A [http://www.silverkris.com/stories/woman-chosen-be-singapore-airlines-new-waxwork-madame-tussauds second wax figure] was unveiled in Singapore in March, 2015.

In March 2004, the Singapore Girl won the ''Outstanding Contribution to Tourism Award'' for the 18th Singapore Tourism Board (STB)'s Tourism Award.<ref>[http://www.singaporeair.com/saa/en_UK/content/company_info/news/achievements.jsp Outstanding Contribution to Tourism award to the Singapore Girl]</ref>

Recently the Singapore Girl has been seen in television commercials promoting Singapore Airlines [[Boeing 777|Boeing 777-300ER]] Business Class and the [[Airbus A380]] whose maiden commercial voyage to Sydney was made on 25 October 2007.

Since the sponsorship of the [[Singapore Grand Prix]] by Singapore Airlines, the Singapore Girl has appeared as [[grid girls]] on the starting grid.

==Recruitment==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2008}}
As part of efforts to build the image of the "Singapore Girl", the airline runs a rigorous training program for cabin and flight crew. The airline's repute, and the resulting prestige of the job has allowed it to be highly selective during its recruitment process as it receives numerous applications locally and from around the region. Singapore Airlines used to recruit only Singaporeans and Malaysians as cabin crew, but since 1995, in line with its global expansion, recruitment extended to other countries such as [[China]], [[India]], [[Indonesia]], [[Japan]], [[Korea]] and [[Taiwan]] to minimise language barriers between cabin crew and travellers.

About 10% of applicants of each recruitment drive are successful and sent for training on their first steps to becoming a "Singapore Girl".

Some of the strict rules and regulations for the crew from head to toe include:

*The airline requires flight attendants to color their hair black or dark brown. Flight attendants cannot use [[hair highlighting|highlights]].
*Flight attendants with long hair are to coil it into [[Bun (hairstyle)|buns]] or French twists.
*Male flight attendants are to sport short hair above their collar lines and sideburns no longer than the ear lobes. [[Fringe (hair)|Fringes]] cannot touch their [[eyebrows]].
*Eyebrows must be shaped, and cannot be fake, be it drawn-on or tattooed.
*Eye shadow must be of the colour prescribed by the company - either blue or brown, depending on skin tone.
*No fanciful, dangling earrings allowed; only studs or pearls.
*Lipstick colour must be among the few shades of bright red prescribed by the company. Pink or plum shades are forbidden.
*No chains and necklaces allowed.
*Only simple bracelets and rings can be worn. Only small and simple watches can be worn.
*A spare ''kebaya'' must be brought for every flight, including short, one-hour flights.
*Nail polish must be of the bright red colour prescribed by the company. Nails should not be chipped.
*Toenails must be of the bright red colour prescribed by the company. If toenails are unpainted, stockings must be worn as a substitute.
*Safety shoes or covered sandals must be worn during take-off and landing. At other times, flight attendants should wear their [[batik]] slippers.

===Uniform===
[[File:Singapore Airlines Hostesses.JPG|thumb|A group of Singapore Girls. Their different ranks are represented by the colour of their ''sarong kebaya'' (not shown is the [[burgundy (color)|burgundy]]-clad In-Flight Supervisor).]]
There are four Kebaya colours that represent the ranking of the Singapore Girls:
*Blue – "Flight Stewardess"
*Green – "Leading Stewardess"
*Red – "Chief Stewardess"
*Burgundy - "In-Flight Supervisor"

Although the uniform of the Singapore Girl has remained largely unchanged, the uniform for male cabin crew was updated on 30 June 2008. All male cabin crew wear the same, distinctive [[navy blue]] suits to complement the Singapore Girl's cobalt blue ''kebaya'', their ranks differentiated by the colours of their ties.<ref>http://www.singaporeair.com/mediacentre/pacontent/news/NE_3208.jsp</ref>

The four tie colours that distinguish male cabin crew:
*Blue Stripes - "Flight Steward"
*Green Stripes - "Leading Steward"
*Red Stripes - "Chief Steward"
*Purple Stripes - "In-Flight Supervisor"

This update replaces the previous uniform of business jackets and grey trousers, with the jacket colour distinguishing their ranks:

*Light Blue - "Flight Steward"
*Sky Blue - "Leading Steward"
*Navy Blue - "Chief Steward"
*Grey - "In-Flight Supervisor"

In April 2001, the shoes were replaced by Pierre Balmain-designed safety shoes, in light of safety reviews after the [[Singapore Airlines Flight 006]] crash where flight attendants complained of missing sandals.

==Criticisms==
The Singapore Girl marketing concept has been criticized as being [[sexism|sexist]] - apart from the inaccuracy of the term "Girl", the concept has been accused of being a [[stereotype]] of Asian women as being desirable<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.talkingcock.com/html/article.php?sid=1079|title = To Tighten Belts, SIA to Shorten Skirts|accessdate = 2007-11-21|date = 2003-05-23|work = "Singapore's Premier Satirical Humour Website"}}</ref>
and subservient to white males.<ref>{{cite book|last = Dines|first = Gail |authorlink = |author2=Jean McMahon Humez |editor = |others = |title = Gender, Race, and Class in Media: A Text-Reader|origyear = |origmonth = |url = |format = |accessdate = 2007-12-28 |edition = |series = |year = 2003|publisher = Sage|location = |language = |isbn = 0-7619-2261-X|oclc = |doi = |id = |pages = |chapter = |chapterurl = |quote = }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last = Ryan |first = Chris |authorlink = |author2=Colin Michael Hall |editor = |others = |title = Sex Tourism: Marginal People and Liminalities|origdate = |origyear = |origmonth = |url = |format = |accessdate = |edition = |series = |year = 2001|publisher = Routledge|location = |language = |isbn = 0-415-19509-8|chapter = |chapterurl = |quote =|page = 142}}</ref><ref name="Singapore bets on Branson">{{cite news|title = Singapore bets on Branson|author = Joanna Walters|url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2001/aug/19/theobserver.observerbusiness11|publisher = [[The Guardian]]|location = United Kingdom|date = 2001-08-19|accessdate = 2008-10-20|quote = City wags do call the airline Sex In the Air as a dubious tribute to the elegant stewardesses}}</ref> However, the marketing concept is unlikely to be replaced altogether in any future marketing campaigns:<ref name="Icon Will Remain">{{cite news|title = SIA says Singapore Girl icon will remain, no change to uniform|author = Gamar Abdul Aziz|url = http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporebusinessnews/view/263015/1/.html|publisher = [[Channel NewsAsia]]|location = Singapore|date = 2007-03-09|accessdate = 2007-12-28|quote = In a statement, SIA said its advertisements might change but not the look of its crew, nor the level of high service it provides}}</ref><ref name="Fresh Modern Look Without Compromising Icon">{{cite news|title = The 'Singapore girl' may get an Indian face|author = Archana Venkat|url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2007/05/08/stories/2007050804000500.htm|publisher = [[The Hindu Business Line]]|location = Chennai|date = 2007-05-08|accessdate = 2007-12-28|quote = Brand will have a fresh, modern look without compromising the icon; "The Singapore Girl will remain. She is not a creature of advertising," assured Mr Stephen Forshaw, Vice-President (Public Affairs), Singapore Airlines
}}</ref>

{{quote|"To remove the Singapore Girl icon from SIA is like removing [[Mickey Mouse]] from [[Disneyland]]..."|Singapore's ''[[The Straits Times]]''}}

On 16 April 2007, New York-based advertising agent [[TBWA Worldwide]] beat two other short-listed candidates, [[DDB Worldwide]] and [[Publicis]], to become SIA's new principal advertising agency. The contract is worth [[Singapore dollar|S$]]50 million per year over the following five years, making it TBWA's largest win since it started operations in [[Asia]] in the late 1990s. The change does not affect SIA's buying media agency, which is presently [[MEC (media agency)|MEC]].

Although the carrier's branding strategy is expected to adapt to the new times, SIA has promised to retain the Singapore Girl and her traditional uniform.<ref name="Icon Will Remain"/><ref name="Fresh Modern Look Without Compromising Icon"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Singapore|Fashion}}
*[http://www.usatoday.com/travel/gsingaporegirls/flash.htm The Singapore Girls], Audio reportage by Jayne Clark of ''[[USA Today]]'' in [[Adobe Flash|Flash]] format.
*{{YouTube|Tqyiqalzktg|Video clip of SQ cabin crews}}

{{Singapore Airlines}}

[[Category:Singaporean brands]]
[[Category:Singapore Airlines]]

Municipality (Indien)

2015-03-01T14:36:58Z

Unbuttered Parsnip: Reverted 1 edit by 59.161.104.184 (talk) to last revision by 70.39.184.201.

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2013}}
{{Politics of India}}

'''Municipal Governance in India''' has been in existence since the year 1687 with the formation of Madras Municipal Corporation and then Calcutta and Bombay Municipal Corporation in 1726. In early part of the nineteenth century almost all towns in India had experienced some form of municipal governance. In 1882 the then [[Viceroy of India]], [[Lord Ripon]]'s resolution of local self-government laid the democratic forms of municipal governance in India.

In 1919, a Government of India act incorporated the need of the resolution and the powers of democratically elected government were formulated. In 1935 another Government of India act brought local government under the purview of the state or provincial government and specific powers were given.

==Purpose==
It tries to improve the condition of the country.
{{Empty section|date=June 2014}}

==History==

According to [[Census of India]], 1991, there are 3255 [[Urban Local Bodies]] (ULB)s in the country; classified into four major categories of
# [[Municipal Corporation of India|Municipal Corporation]]
# Municipalities (''Municipal Council'', ''Municipal Board'', ''Municipal Committee'')
# Town Area Committee
# Notified Area Committee

The municipal corporations and municipalities are fully representative bodies, while the notified area committees and town area committees are either fully or partially nominated bodies.

As per the [[Indian Constitution]], 74th Amendment Act of 1992, the latter two categories of towns are to be designated as municipalities or nagar panchayats with elected bodies.<ref name=ICA>{{cite web|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend74.htm|title=74th Amendment Act of 1992|accessdate =18 January 2009}}</ref>
Until the amendments in state municipal legislations, which were mostly made in 1994, municipal authorities were organised on an {{Lang-lat|ultra vires}} (beyond the authority) basis and the state governments were free to extend or control the functional sphere through executive decisions without an amendment to the legislative provisions.

After the 74th Amendment was enacted there are only three categories of urban local bodies:
[[File:Administrative structure of India.svg|thumb|right|Administrative structure of India|500px]]
* [[Mahanagar Nigam]] (''Municipal Corporation'')
* [[Nagar Palika]] (''Municipality'')
* [[Nagar Panchayat]] (''Notified Area Council'', ''City Council'')

This article provides that there be a [[Nagar Panchayat]] for transitional areas i.e. an area in transition from rural to urban, a municipality for a smaller urban area and a [[municipal corporation]] for a larger urban area.<ref name=ICA1>{{cite web|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend74.htm|title=74th Amendment Act of 1992, PART IXA|accessdate =18 January 2009}}</ref>
Article 243Q of the 74th Amendment requires that municipal areas shall be declared having regard to the population of the area, the density of population therein, the revenue generated for local administration, the percentage of employment in non-agricultural activities, the economic importance or such other factors as may be specified by the state government by public notification for this purpose.

Among all urban local governments, municipal corporations enjoy a greater degree of fiscal autonomy and functions although the specific fiscal and functional powers vary across the states, these local governments have larger populations, a more diversified economic base, and deal with the state governments directly. On the other hand, municipalities have less autonomy, smaller jurisdictions and have to deal with the state governments through the Directorate of Municipalities or through the collector of a district. These local bodies are subject to detailed supervisory control and guidance by the state governments.

==Responsibilities of ULBs==

The municipal bodies of India are vested with a long list of functions delegated to them by the state governments under the municipal legislation. These functions broadly relate to [[public health]], welfare, regulatory functions, [[public safety]], [[Municipal infrastructure|public infrastructure]] works, and development activities.

Public health includes [[Water supply]], [[sanitary sewer|Sewerage]] and [[Sanitation]], eradication of communicable diseases etc.; welfare includes public facilities such as Education, [[recreation]], etc.; regulatory functions related to prescribing and enforcing [[Building code|Building regulations]], encroachments on public land, [[Birth registration]] and [[Death certificate]], etc.; public safety includes [[Fire protection]], [[Street lighting]], etc.; public works measures such as construction and maintenance of inner city roads, etc.; and development functions related to [[Town planning]] and development of commercial markets. In addition to the legally assigned functions, the sectoral departments of the state government often assign unilaterally, and on an agency basis, various functions such as [[Family planning]], Nutrition and slum improvement, disease and Epidemic control, etc.

The Twelfth Schedule of Constitution (Article 243 w) provides an illustrative list of ''eighteen functions'', that may be entrusted to the municipalities.<ref name=ICA>{{cite web|url=http://www.commonlii.org/in/legis/const/2004/39.html|title=74th Amendment Act of 1992|accessdate =18 January 2009}}</ref>

Besides the traditional core functions of municipalities, it also includes development functions like planning for [[Economic development]] and [[Social justice]], urban [[poverty alleviation]] programs and promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetic aspects. However, conformity legislation enacted by the state governments indicate wide variations in this regard. Whereas [[Bihar]], [[Gujarat]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Haryana]], [[Manipur]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] and [[Rajasthan]] have included all the functions as enlisted in the Twelfth Schedule in their amended state municipal laws, [[Andhra Pradesh]] has not made any changes in the existing list of municipal functions. [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Odisha]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[West Bengal]] states have amended their municipal laws to add additional functions in the list of municipal functions as suggested in the twelfth schedule.

There is a lot of difference in the assignment of obligatory and discretionary functions to the municipal bodies among the states. Whereas functions like planning for the social and economic development, [[urban forestry]] and protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects are obligatory functions for the municipalities of [[Maharashtra]], in [[Karnataka]] these are discretionary functions.

Provision of water supply and sewerage in several states has either been taken over by the state governments or transferred to state agencies. For example in [[Tamil Nadu]], Madhya Pradesh and [[Gujarat]], water supply and sewerage works are being carried out by the state level Public Health Engineering Department or Water Supply and Sewerage Boards, while liability for repayment of loans and maintenance are with the municipalities. Besides these state level agencies, City Improvement Trusts and [[Urban Development Authority|Urban Development Authorities]], like [[Delhi Development Authority]] (DDA), have been set up in a number of cities. These agencies usually undertake land acquisition and development works, and take up remunerative projects such as markets and commercial complexes, etc. The Municipal bodies in most cases have been left only with the functions of [[Waste collection|garbage collection]], [[garbage disposal]], [[street lighting]], construction and maintenance of roads, etc.

In terms of [[fiscal federalism]], functions whose benefits largely confine to municipal jurisdictions and may be termed as the ''essentially municipal'' functions. Similarly, functions that involve substantial economics of scale or are of national interest may not be assigned to small local bodies. For valid reasons, certain functions of higher authorities are appropriate to be entrusted with the Municipalities – as if under principal-agent contracts and may be called ''agency'' functions that need to be financed by intergovernmental revenues. Thus instead of continuing the traditional distinction between ''obligatory'' and ''discretionary'' functions the municipal responsibilities may be grouped into ''essentially municipal'', ''joint'' and ''agency'' functions.

===Suggested municipal functions===

The suggested functions to municipal corporations, municipalities and nagar panchayats are listed in the table below.<ref>Reforming Municipal Finances: Some suggestions in the context of India’s Decentralization Initiative, by Mohanty P.K., Urban India, January–June 1995.</ref>

{|width="80%" border="2" cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|- Bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="left"
!'''Essentially Municipal Functions''' !![[Municipal Corporation]] !! [[Municipal Council]] !! [[nagar panchayat]]
|- ---
| Urban planning including town planning
| Yes
| Yes
| Yes
|- ---
| Regulation of land-use and construction of buildings
| Yes
| Yes
| Yes
|- ---
| Planning for economic and social development
| Yes
| Yes
| Yes
|- ---
| Roads and bridges
| Yes
| Yes
| Yes
|- ---
| Water supply domestic, Industrial and commercial purposes
| Yes
| Yes
| Yes
|- ---
| Public health, sanitation, conservancy and solid waste management
| Yes
| Yes
| Yes
|- ---
| Fire services
| Yes
| Yes
| No
|- ---
| Urban forestry
| Yes
| Yes
| Yes
|- ---
| Preventive Health Care
| Yes
| Yes
| Yes
|- ---
| Provision of urban amenities and facilities such as parks, gardens, playgrounds
| Yes
| Yes
| Yes
|- ---
| Burials and burial grounds, cremations, cremation ghats/grounds and electric crematoria
| Yes
| Yes
| Yes
|- ---
| Cattle pounds, prevention of cruelty to animals
| Yes
| Yes
| Yes
|- ---
| Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths
| Yes
| Yes
| Yes
|- ---
| Street lighting
| Yes
| Yes
| Yes
|- ---
| Parking lots, bus stops and public conveniences
| Yes
| Yes
| Yes
|- ---
| Regulation of slaughter houses and tanneries
| Yes
| Yes
| Yes
|- ---
| Slum improvement and up gradation
| Yes
| Yes
| Yes
|- ---
| Colspan="4" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="left" |'''Agency Functions'''
|- ---
| Protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects
| Yes
| Yes
| Yes
|- ---
| Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society, including the handicapped and the mentally retarded
| Yes
| Yes
| Yes
|- ---
| Urban poverty alleviation
| Yes
| Yes
| Yes
|- ---
| Promotion of cultural, education and aesthetic aspects
| Yes
| Yes
| Yes
|- ---
| Primary Education
| Yes
| Yes
|yes
|- ---
| Primary Health Care
| Yes
| Yes
yes
|- ---
|}

==Mahanagar Nigam (Municipal Corporation)==
{{main|Municipal Corporation of India}}

Mahanagar Nigam a.k.a. (''Municipal Corporation'') in India are state government formed departments that works for the development of a [[Metropolitan city]], which has a population of more than 1 Million. The growing population and urbanisation in various cities of India were in need of a local governing body that can work for providing necessary community services like health centres, educational institutes and housing and property tax.

They are formed under the Corporations Act of 1935 of [[panchayati raj]] system which mainly deals in providing essential services in every small town as well as village of a district/city. Their elections are held once in five year and the people choose the candidates. The largest corporations are in the eight metropolitan cities of India, namely [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]], [[Chennai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Pune]] and [[Ahmedabad]]. These cities not only have a large population, but are also the administrative as well as commercial centres of the country.

==Nagar Palika (Municipality)==
{{main|Nagar Palika (Municipality)}}

In India, a Nagar Palika or Municipality or Nagar Nigam is an urban local body that administers a city of population 100,000 or more. However, there are exceptions to that, as previously nagar palikas were constituted in urban centers with population over 20,000 so all the urban bodies which were previously classified as Nagar palika were reclassified as Nagar palika even if their population was under 100,000. Under the Panchayati Raj system, it interacts directly with the state government, though it is administratively part of the district it is located in. Generally smaller district cities and bigger towns have a Nagar palika. Nagar palikas are also a form of local self-government, entrusted with some duties and responsibilities, as enshrined and guided upon by the Constitutional (74th Amendment)Act,1992.

The members of the Nagar palika are elected representatives for a term of five years. The town is divided into wards according to its population, and representatives are elected from each ward. The members elect a president among themselves to preside over and conduct meetings. A chief officer, along with officers like an engineer, sanitary inspector, health officer and education officer who come from the state public service are appointed by the state government to control the administrative affairs of the Nagar Palika.

==Nagar Panchayat (Notified Area Council)==
{{main|Nagar Panchayat (Notified Area Council)}}

A Nagar Panchayat or Notified Area Council or City Council is a form of an urban political unit in India comparable to a municipality. An urban centre with more than 11,000 and less than 25,000 inhabitants is classified as a "Nagar Panchayat".

Each Nagar Panchayat has a committee consisting of a chairman with ward members. Membership consists of a minimum of ten elected ward members and three nominated members. The N.A.C. members of the Nagar Panchayat are elected from the several wards of the Nagar Panchayat on the basis of adult franchise for a term of five years. There are seats reserved for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, backward classes and women. The Councillors or Ward Members chosen by direct election from electoral wards in the Nagar Panchayat.

==See also==
* [[List of municipal corporations of India]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* [http://trichycorporation.gov.in/ Official site of Tiruchirappalli (Trichy) Municipal Corporation]
* [http://panchayat.gov.in/ Official site of Ministry of panchayat Raj, Govt of India]
* [http://bbmp.gov.in/ Official site of Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike, Govt of India]
* [http://218.248.45.171/fms/ Official site of Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike, Govt of India]

{{Local government in India}}

[[Category:Local government in India]]

Sherif Gaber

2015-02-28T11:54:36Z

Unbuttered Parsnip: close ref

{{New unreviewed article|date=February 2015}}


Sherif Gaber: full name: Sherif Gaber Abdelzim Bakr, born c. 1993 (Arabic: شريف جابر عبد العظيم بكر)<ref>http://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/346690</ref> Is a political activist and blogger who was arrested on 27 October 2013 for professing atheism, contempt of religion relating to activities on campus and atheist statements online and spreading unmoral values "defending homosexuality".<ref>http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/02/19/sherif-gaber-sentenced_n_6714770.html</ref>

==Story==

In April 2013, gaber was in his second semester at the Suez Canal University in Ismailia, egypt. he was enrolled in a science class with a professor named "Elsaid Farrag". In one of the classes, Professor "Farrag" was giving a lecture on homosexuality and stated: “Homosexuality is a sin. Gays and lesbians shall be crucified in the middle of the streets, stoned, and burned to death! It's a disgusting sin to commit and whoever supports it is against God's plan!”. In response to professor’s statement, gaber said and suggested looking at homosexuality from a scientific perspective since this is a science class. he asked, “Is there any scientific theory to suggest that homosexuality is not natural or is wrong?” "Farrag" didn't answered his question and instead he questioned gaber's religious beliefs. Gaber told him that he believed in science, as it had a lot more than the Qur’an to back it up. he listed a handful of scientific associations that have proven scientifically that homosexuality is neither a choice, nor unnatural. “So you’re gay and you love men, don’t you?” gaber told him that if he was gay, he would have told him and that it's nothing to be ashamed of because it's not wrong. he followed with, “What you said moments ago, about killing them, would be a criminal act.” His professor "Farrag" then proceeded to ban him from ever participating in class again, threatened to extend his time at school to eight years, and threatened to give him a failing grade in every course. He continued to publically harass him for the remaining two hours of class.<ref> http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2015/02/17/egyptian-student-given-prison-sentence-for-atheist-facebook-posts/<ref>

The following week in class, Farrag with other teachers, one of them called "Ramy mohammad Husien" were holding a printed version of everything he had posted to his Facebook page that they felt went against Islam or was in support of free speech. they read the posts aloud to the class and ended by telling gaber, along with the entire class, that he would walk the papers over to the public prosecutor to have him imprisoned. Gaber was received an F in that class in June 2013, eventhough he got an A+ in the first term "Jan. 2013"<ref>http://www.madamasr.com/news/judge-orders-arrest-student-who-declared-atheism<ref>

==Arrest==

At 3 am, on October 27, 2013, three armored state security cars and an army vehicle arrived at gaber's house. A number of state security agents entered his apartment, conducted a search, and confiscated all of his property, including but not limited to his school papers and documents, books, his PC, mobile phone, and his money. After that they threw him in the car and took him to jail.<ref>http://www.albersaber.com/2013/11/sherif-gaber-2.html<ref>

On December 3, 2013, the court agreed to release gaber after paying 7500 EGP (2500 for the Contempt of Religion charge, and 5000 for for spreading immoral values and abnormal thoughts that provoke and disturb the public peace and the national security of Egypt.) He was released the next day. but his case was ongoing.<ref>http://afteegypt.org/academic_freedom/2014/04/27/7489-afteegypt.html<ref>

==Trial and sentence==

On 16 February 2015 Gaber was found guilty and sentenced to one year in jail, He was allowed to appeal if he first paid 1000 EGP.<ref>http://www.shorouknews.com/mobile/news/view.aspx?cdate=18022015&id=35324542-6525-462c-93f9-c3fadea86cb1<ref> <ref>http://afteegypt.org/digital_freedoms/2015/02/18/9486-afteegypt.html<ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

*
*
*
*

Henry McCullough

2015-02-25T14:03:05Z

Unbuttered Parsnip: mend refs

{{Distinguish| Henry Eustace McCulloch}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2009}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| image = Henry_McCullough_in_the_studio_in_2008.jpg
| name = Henry McCullough
| caption = Henry McCullough in the studio in 2008
| landscape = Yes
| background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1943|7|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Portstewart]], [[Northern Ireland]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alias =
| genre = [[Rock music|Rock]]
| occupation = [[Musician]]
| instrument = [[Guitar]], [[bass guitar]], [[Singing|vocals]]
| associated_acts = [[Eire Apparent|Éire Apparent]], [[The Grease Band]], [[Spooky Tooth]], [[Wings (band)|Wings]], [[Frankie Miller]]
| label =
| years_active = 1961–present
| website =
| notable_instruments = [[Gibson ES-335]], [[Gibson Les Paul#Goldtop|Gibson Les Paul Goldtop]]
}}

'''Henry Campbell Liken McCullough''' (born 21 July 1943, [[Portstewart]]) is a [[Northern Irish]] [[guitarist]], [[singer|vocalist]] and [[songwriter]], who has played guitar in such bands as [[Sweeney's Men]], [[Spooky Tooth]], [[Paul McCartney & Wings]] and [[The Grease Band]]. He has also performed and recorded as a solo artist.

==Early career==
McCullough first came to prominence in the early 1960s as the teenage lead guitarist with The Skyrockets [[Irish showband|showband]] from [[Enniskillen]]. In 1964, with three other members of The Skyrockets, he left and formed a new showband fronted by [[South Africa]]n born vocalist Gene Chetty, which they named [[Gene and The Gents]].

In 1967 McCullough moved to Belfast where he joined Chris Stewart (bass), Ernie Graham (vocals) and Dave Lutton (drums) to form the psychedelic band ''The People''. Later that year the band moved to London and were signed by [[Chas Chandler]]'s management team, who changed the group’s name to [[Eire Apparent|Éire Apparent]]. Under Chandler's guidance after a single release they toured with groups such as [[Pink Floyd]], [[Soft Machine]], [[The Move]] and [[The Jimi Hendrix Experience]], as well as [[The Animals|Eric Burdon and the Animals]]. Things went well until in Vancouver, Canada in mid February 1968, while the band was touring with The Animals, McCullough returned to The [[United Kingdom]], officially because of 'visa problems' and Mick Cox flew out to take his place in the band.<ref>[http://www.chickenonaunicycle.com/Eric%20Burdon.htm ''Eric Burdon and The Animals''], by Ross Hannan and Corry Arnold</ref> Back in Ireland McCullough joined what was primarily a folk group called [[Sweeney's Men]], by May 1968.<ref name=greenbeat>''Green Beat: The Forgotten Era Of Irish Rock'', by Daragh O'Halloran (Brehon Press 2006)</ref> Under his influence, they began to mix folk and rock, and are regarded as the innovators of the [[Folk rock genre]].

==Joe Cocker and Grease Band==
After a year in Ireland, McCullough returned to [[London]] to work with [[Joe Cocker]] as a member of his backing band, the Grease Band. With Cocker he toured the [[United States|U.S.]] and performed at the Woodstock Festival.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.spinner.com/2013/01/31/henry-mccullough-wings-brain-damage-heart-attack/|publisher=spinner.com|title=Henry McCullough Brain Damage: Ex-Wings Guitarist in Bad Condition After Heart Attack|date=2012-08-11|accessdate=2015-25-02}}</ref>
He played on [[The Grease Band]]'s eponymous album after splitting with Cocker, and during his time with the band he also appeared as lead guitarist on the original cast recording pf [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]] and [[Tim Rice]]'s rock opera ''[[Jesus Christ Superstar (album)|Jesus Christ Superstar]]'' (1970) and on the progressive [[Spooky Tooth]] album ''[[The Last Puff]]'' (1970).<ref name="Allmusic">{{cite web| url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/henry-mccullough-mn0000673476/biography| publisher=allmusic.com|title=Henry McCullough biography|author=Eder, Bruce |accessdate=25 February 2015}}</ref>

==Paul McCartney and Wings==
In 1971 [[Paul McCartney]] asked McCullough to join his new band, Wings, alongside [[Denny Laine]] and Denny Seiwell. His guitar solo on "[[My Love (Paul McCartney & Wings song)|My Love]]" has been described as one of rock music’s greatest solos.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rock: Henry McCullough|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/article617710.ece?token=null&offset=12&page=2|publisher=The Sunday Times|accessdate=22 August 2011}}</ref> Musical differences with McCartney, however, saw McCullough move on the eve of the ''[[Band on the Run]]'' sessions. He spent two years in the band, playing lead guitar on "[[Hi, Hi, Hi]]", "[[Live and Let Die (song)|Live and Let Die]]" as well as "My Love".<ref name="Allmusic"/>

==1973-1975 ==
McCullough's spoken words "I don't know; I was really drunk at the time" can be heard on the [[Pink Floyd]] album ''[[The Dark Side of the Moon]]'' (1973), at the end of the song "[[Money (Pink Floyd song)|Money]]". He was recalling a fight he had the night before with his wife.<ref>{{cite web| last=Willman|first=Chris|title=Pink Floyd’s ‘Dark Side’: 40 Years Later, 40 Mind-Blowing Facts About The Mad Classic| url=http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/stop-the-presses/pink-floyd-dark-side-40-years-later-40-205227757.html|work=Stop the Presses!|publisher=Yahoo|accessdate=11 March 2013}}</ref>

In 1975 McCullough joined Frankie Miller Band joining Chris Stewart, with keyboard player Mick "Wynder K. Frog" Weaver and drummer Stu Perry. They recorded the album, [[The Rock (The Frankie Miller Band album|The Rock]] with Miller. The song "Ain't Got No Money" taken form this album, inspired [[Bob Seger]] to write and record "The Fire Down Below.{{Citation needed|date=February 2015}}
Later the same year McCullough released ''Mind Your Own Business'' on [[George Harrison]]'s [[Dark Horse Records|Dark Horse]] [[record label|label]].<ref name="Allmusic">{{cite web| url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/henry-mccullough-mn0000673476/discography|publisher=allmusic.com|title=Henry McCullough discography|author=Eder, Bruce |date=2012-08-11| accessdate=2015-25-02}}</ref>

McCullough played concerts as a session musician with [[Roy Harper]], Frankie Miller, [[Eric Burdon]], [[Marianne Faithfull]], [[Ronnie Lane]] and [[Donovan]]. In 1977 he temporarily joined [[Dr. Feelgood (band)|Dr. Feelgood]], following the departure of [[Wilko Johnson]].<ref name="DBTJ">{{cite book
| first= Tony
| last= Moon
| year= 2002
| title= Down By The Jetty - The Dr Feelgood Story
| edition= 2nd
| publisher= Northdown Publishing Ltd.
| location= Borden, Hants
| isbn= 1-900711-15-X
| page= 60}}</ref>

==1980s==
Recovering from an injury to his hand while visiting his family in 1980, McCullough decided to stay in Ireland. He began to sit in with old friends The [[Fleadh Cowboys]], at their Sunday afternoon residency in The Lower Deck in [[Dublin]]. Following this he mopved back to Portstewart and put a new band together. He was joined by Percy Robinson on pedal steel guitar, Roe Butcher on bass and Liam Bradley on drums.

==1990s==
In 1998 McCullough travelled to [[Poland]], where he rehearsed with a band of Polish musicians for a tour. After the tour, they recorded a 'live' album which was released as ''Blue Sunset''. This was followed by a further Polish tour. On returning home, McCullough recorded and released "Failed Christian", a song that has since been covered by [[Nick Lowe]] on his album ''[[Dig My Mood]]''.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/dig-my-mood-mw0000598149| publisher=allmusic.com|title=Nick Lowe. Dig my mood|author=Erlewin, steven, Thomas|accessdate=25 February 2015}}</ref>

==2000-2009==
McCullough continued to record and perform and released solo material, including ''Belfast To Boston'' (2001) and ''Unfinished Business'' (2003). The latter contained his 1998 single, "Failed Christian". McCullough performed at [[concert]]s in Northern Ireland and [[Scotland]], playing with a backing band (featuring Stephen Quinn on drums and Sean McCarron on saxophone).

McCullough contributed guitar on and organized the band for the [[Alaska]]n musician, The Rev Neil Down's, 2003 release, ''When A Wrong Turns Right''.''The Henry McCullough Band - FBI Live'' was released in 2007 on [[Mundell music]], from a recording at The Famous Bein Inn in 2006.

In 2007, [[Over the Rhine (band)|Over the Rhine]] covered "Failed Christian" on their album, ''Live from Nowhere, Vol. II''.
In the same year, McCullough started to work with [[Dave Sharp]] from the [[Alarm]]) and together they enlisted keyboard player [[Zoot Money]], bassist[[Gary Fletcher (musician)|Gary Fletcher]] and drummer [[Colin Allen]], a line up which became known as [The Hard Traveler[s]]. In January 2008 [The Hard Traveler[s]] performed their debut gig at The Cellars in [[Portsmouth]].

In 2008 McCullough recorded ''Poor Man's Moon'' at Amberville Studios, which was released in Ireland only on 5 September 2008. and featured new McCullough compositions. The album also included a number of songs co-written with poet Eamon Carr from [[Horslips]] and included the single "Too Late to Worry". Among the musicians featured on the album were keyboard player [[James Delaney (music)|James Delaney]], bassists Roe Butcher and Nicky Scott (also double bass), keyboard player Enda Walsh, drummer Adie McIlduff and Percy Robinson on dobro and pedal steel guitar. The album also included drum sequences by Peter McKinney.

At the end of 2007 he worked on the album "Dark Nite of the Soul" with Jeff Greene as well as other musical collaborations recorded at Wind-Mill Lane Studios, Dublin Metropolis Studios London and The Sound Kitchen Nashville. McCullough attended Paul McCartney's concert at the O2 in Dublin on 20 December 2009 and McCartney publicly acknowledged McCullough's contribution to Wings. On 13 March 2010, McCullough and his band were the headline act at the Fifestock Festival at the Inn at Lathones, Scotland.{{Citation needed|date=February 2015}}

==2010-present==
McCullough was active in the European music scene. He played regular live gigs with artists including [[Ed Deane]], James Delaney, Noel Bridgeman, and John Quearney. In 2011 Henry collaborated with songwriter Paul Doherty and [[The Vals]] on the track 'Look to the One'. The song gained airplay worldwide airplay, with McCullough contributing backing vocals and guitar.

McCullough suffered a heart attack in November 2012 leaving him in a critical condition.<ref>{{cite news|title=Wings guitarist Henry McCullough critically ill|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-20239245|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=7 November 2012}}</ref> His death was mistakenly reported on [[Ronan Collins]]'s [[RTÉ Radio 1]] show on 7 November.{{Citation needed|date=November 2012}} The [[BBC]] was forced to apologise after prematurely reporting his death.<ref>{{cite news|title=BBC apologises after announcing death of guitarist|url=http://www.donegaldaily.com/2012/11/07/bbc-apologies-after-announcing-death-of-guitarist/|publisher=Donegal Daily|accessdate=7 November 2012}}</ref>

In an interview with website Something Else, Denny Seiwell a former Wings drummer who played with McCullough in the Paul McCartney-led group, says it's doubtful McCullough will make a complete recovery.<ref>{{cite news|title=Henry McCullough Brain Damage: Ex-Wings Guitarist in Bad Condition After Heart Attack|url=http://www.spinner.com/2013/01/31/henry-mccullough-wings-brain-damage-heart-attack/|publisher=AOL Music|accessdate=31 January 2013}}</ref>

==Discography==
*Gene and The Gents - "Puppet On A String" / "Sweet Little Sixteen" (1965)
*Éire Apparent - "Follow Me" / "Here I Go Again" (January 1968)
*Joe Cocker - ''[[With a Little Help from My Friends (Joe Cocker album)|With a Little Help from My Friends]]'' (April 1969, on four songs)
*Joe Cocker - ''[[Joe Cocker!]]'' (November 1969)
*Spooky Tooth - ''[[The Last Puff]]'' (July 1970)
*Rosetta Hightower - ''[[Hightower]]'' (1970)
*''[[Jesus Christ Superstar (album)|Jesus Christ Superstar]]'' (October 1970)
*The Grease Band - ''The Grease Band'' (1971)
*The Grease Band - ''Amazing Grease'' (1975, recorded 1970-71)
*Jackie Flavelle - ''Admission Free'' (1972)
*Wings - "[[Give Ireland Back to the Irish]]" (February 1972)
*Wings - "[[Mary Had a Little Lamb (Paul McCartney song)|Mary Had a Little Lamb]]" / "[[Little Woman Love]]" (May 1972)
*Wings - "[[Hi, Hi, Hi]]" / "[[C Moon]]" (December 1972)
*Wings - "[[My Love (Paul McCartney & Wings song)|My Love]]" / "The Mess (Live at The Hague)" (March 1973)
*Wings - ''[[Red Rose Speedway]]'' (April 1973, on seven songs)
*Wings - "[[Live and Let Die (song)|Live and Let Die]]" / "[[I Lie Around]]" (June 1973)
*Wings - "[[Helen Wheels]]" / "[[Country Dreamer]]" (October 1973, B-side only)
*Dave Carlsen - ''Pale Horse'' (1973)
*Joe Cocker - ''[[I Can Stand a Little Rain]]'' (August 1974, on two songs)
*Andy Fairweather Low - ''Spider Jiving'' (1974)
*Viola Wills - ''Soft Centres (retitled Without You)'' (1974)
*Joe Cocker - ''[[Jamaica Say You Will]]'' (August 1975, on one song)
*The Frankie Miller Band - ''[[The Rock (The Frankie Miller Band album)|The Rock]]'' (September 1975)
*Bobby Harrison - ''Funkist'' (1975)
*Gerry Lockran - ''Rags to Gladrags'' (1976)
*Evita - ''Soundtrack'' (1976)
*Roy Harper - ''[[Bullinamingvase]] (titled 'One Of Those Days In England' in US)'' (1977)
*Marianne Faithfull - ''Faithless (retitled No Regrets in 2007)'' (1978)
*Steve Ellis - ''The Last Angry Man (cassette only)'' (1978)
*Ronnie Lane - ''See Me'' (1980)
*Eric Burden - ''Darkness Darkness'' (1980)
*Denny Laine - ''Japanese Tears'' (1980)
*Roy Harper - ''Commercial Breaks'' (1994)(recorded 1977)
*Various Artists - ''Alive in Belfast - The warehouse Sessions'' (1995)
*Joe Cocker - ''On Air'' (1997) (recorded 1968)
*Linda McCartney - ''Wide Prairie'' (November 1998) (recorded 1971)
*Brendan Quinn - ''Small Town'' (2001)
*Kevin Doherty - ''Sweet Water'' (2002)
*Richard Gilpin - ''Beautiful Mistake'' (2002)
*Rev. Neil Down - ''When a Wrong Turns Right'' (2003)
*The Deans - ''The Deans'' (2006)
*Brendan Quinn - ''Sinner Man'' (2008)
*Jeff Greene - "Dark Nite of the Soul" (2008)
*The Vals - ''Look to the One'' (2011)
'''Solo:'''
*''Mind Your Own Business'' (1975)
*''All Shook Up'' (1982, maxi single)
*''Hell of A Record'' (May 1984)
*''Cut'' (1987)
*''Get In The Hole'' (1989, live)
*''Blue Sunset'' (1998)
*''Belfast To Boston'' (August 2001)
*''Unfinished Business'' (November 2002)
*''Live at the FBI'' (2007)
*''Poor Man's Moon'' (September 2008)
*''shabby road'' (February 2012)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://irishrock.org/irodb/bands/mccullough-henry.html ''Henry McCullough'' biography] at [http://irishrock.org/index.html Irish Rock Discography]
*[http://www.culturenorthernireland.org/article.aspx?articleID=691 Culture Northern Ireland]

{{Spooky Tooth}}
{{Wings}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2010}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=2079671}}

{{Persondata
| NAME =McCullough, Henry
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = British musician
| DATE OF BIRTH =21 July 1943
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Portstewart]], [[Northern Ireland]], [[United Kingdom]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:McCullough, Henry}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:British rock guitarists]]
[[Category:Irish rock guitarists]]
[[Category:Musicians from Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:Wings (band) members]]
[[Category:Paul McCartney]]
[[Category:People from Portstewart]]
[[Category:Dark Horse Records artists]]

Senat (Pakistan)

2015-02-10T13:49:53Z

Unbuttered Parsnip: /* 2008 */ rm group

{{pp-move-indef|small=yes}}{{expert-subject|date=August 2011}}
{{Infobox legislature
|name = Senate
|coa_pic = Coat_of_arms_of_Pakistan.svg
|coa_res = 108px
|session_room = Pakistani_parliament_house.jpg
|house_type = Upper House
|body = Parliament of Pakistan
|leader1_type = [[Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan|The Chairman]]
|leader1 = [[Nayyar Hussain Bukhari]]
|party1 = ([[Pakistan Peoples Party|PPP]])
|election1 = March 12, 2012
|leader3_type = Leader of the House
|leader3 = [[Raja Zafar ul Haq]]
|party3 = ([[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML(N)]])
|election3 =
|leader4_type = Leader of the Opposition
|leader4 = [[Aitzaz Ahsan]]
|party4 = (PPP)
|election4 = March 14, 2012
|members = 104
|structure1 = Pakistan Senate Structure 2013.svg
|structure1_res = 230px
|political_groups1 = {{color box|#f40000}} [[Pakistan Peoples Party|PPP]] (39) {{color box|green}} [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML (N)]] (15) {{color box|#ff8080}} [[Awami National Party|ANP]] (12) {{color box|red}} [[Muttahida Qaumi Movement|MQM]] (7) {{color box|#ff9600}} [[JUI (F)]] (7) {{color box|#7fbf7f}} [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)|PML (Q)]] (5) {{color box|#6cff35}} [[Pakistan Muslim League (F)|PML (F)]] (1) {{color box|#900000}} [[FATA]] (8) {{color box|grey}} Independents (11) {{color box|yellow}} [[Balochistan National Party|BNP (Awami)]] (4) {{color box|0000ff}} [[National Party (Pakistan)|NP]] (1)
|term_length = 6 years
|p_groups = [[Pakistan Peoples Party|PPP]] [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)|PML Q]] [[Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal|MMA]]
|meeting_place = [[Parliament of Pakistan]]
|website = [http://www.senate.gov.pk/ www.senate.gov.pk]
}}
{{Politics of Pakistan}}
The '''Senate''' ({{lang-ur|{{nq|سینیٹ}}}}, {{transl|ur|ALA-LC|''Seneṭ''}}, {{IPA-ur|sɛneːʈ|IPA}}) or the '''Upper House of Pakistan''' ({{lang-ur|{{nq|ایوانِ بالا پاکستان}}}}, {{transl|ur|ALA-LC|''Aiwān-i bālā Pākistān''}}, {{IPA-ur|ɛːʋɑːn-e bɑːlɑ ˌpɑːkɪst̪ɑːn|IPA}}) is the [[upper house]] of the [[bicameral]] [[Parliament of Pakistan]]. Elections are held every three years for one half of the [[Senate]] and each Senator has a term of six years. If the office of the [[President of Pakistan]] becomes vacant, or the President is unable to perform his functions, the Chairman of the Senate acts as President until a President is elected.

The longest serving senator of Pakistan is [[Wasim Sajjad]]. The [[Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan|Chairman of the Senate]] is [[Nayyar Hussain Bukhari]] since 12 March 2012.

== History ==
After Independence, the first [[Constituent Assembly of Pakistan]], elected in December 1947 after partition, was assigned the task of framing the [[Constitution of Pakistan]]. This Assembly passed the [[Objectives Resolution]] on 12 March 1949, laying down principles which later became substantive part of the Constitution of Pakistan. However, before it could accomplish the task of framing the constitution, it was dissolved in October, 1954. Thereafter, the [[Governor General of Pakistan|Governor General]], convened the Second Constituent Assembly in May, 1955, which framed and passed the first Constitution of Pakistan on 29 February 1956. That Constitution was promulgated on 23 March 1956, which provided for a parliamentary form of Government with a [[unicameral]] legislature. However, from 14 August 1947 to 1 March 1956 the [[Government of India Act 1935]], was retained as the Constitution of Pakistan.

On October 7, 1958, Martial Law was promulgated and the Constitution abrogated. The Military Government appointed a Constitution Commission in February, 1960 which framed the 1962 Constitution. That Constitution provided for a Presidential form of Government with a unicameral legislature. The 1962 Constitution was abrogated on 25 March 1969. The Civil Government, which came to power in December 1971 pursuant to 1970 elections, gave the nation an interim Constitution in the year 1972.

The 1970 Assembly framed the 1973 Constitution which was unanimously passed on 12 April and promulgated on 14 August 1973. The 1973 Constitution provides for a parliamentary form of Government with a [[bicameral]] legislature, comprising the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] and the Senate.

The membership of the Senate, which was originally 45, was raised to 63 in 1977 and to 87 in 1985. The government of Gen. [[Pervez Musharraf]] raised the membership of the Senate from 87 to 100 through the Legal Framework Order (LFO), 2002, enforced on 21 August 2002 and the government of [[Asif Ali Zardari]] raised the membership of the Senate from 100 to 104 through the 19th amendment in 2011 (four minority members from four provinces).

== Purpose and role ==
The main purpose for the creation of the Senate of Pakistan was to give equal representation to all the [[Subdivisions of Pakistan|federating units]] since the membership of the National Assembly was based on the population of each province. Equal provincial membership in the Senate, thus, balances the provincial inequality in the National Assembly.

There are one hundred and four senatorial seats. There are 18 women Senators; Pakistani constitution requires that there be at least 17 women Senators. Members of the Senate are elected according to Article 59 of the Constitution.

===President and Parliament===
Under Article 50 of the Constitution, the Majlis-i-Shoora (Parliament) of Pakistan consists of the President and two Houses to be known respectively as the National Assembly and the Senate. The President is elected by members of both Houses of the Parliament and the Provincial Assemblies. The President may be removed from office or impeached through a resolution, passed by not less than two-thirds of the total membership of the Parliament in a joint sitting of the two Houses, convened for the purpose. The Constitution empowers the President to dissolve the National Assembly in his discretion if a situation has arisen in which the Government of the Federation cannot be carried out in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution and an appeal to the electorate is necessary. The President in case of dissolution of National Assembly shall within fifteen days of the dissolution refer the matter to the Supreme Court and the Supreme Court shall decide the reference within thirty days whose decision shall be final. However, the Senate is not subject to dissolution.

In case the office of the President becomes vacant for any reason, the Chairman, or if he is unable to perform the functions of the office of the President, the Speaker, acts as President till such time that a President is elected. Same is the case when the President by reason of absence from Pakistan or any other cause is unable to perform his functions.

===Relations between the Houses===
Unless both the Houses pass a Bill and it receives President's assent it cannot become a law except in the case of a money bill which is the sole prerogative of the National Assembly. Through an amendment, the role of a Mediation Committee, composed of eight members of each House, has been introduced to evolve consensus on Bills, in case there is a disagreement between the two houses.

===Cabinet===
The Constitution provides that there shall be a Cabinet headed by the Prime Minister which is collectively responsible to the National Assembly. The Prime Minister is chosen from the National Assembly. The Federal Ministers and Ministers of State are appointed from amongst the members of Parliament. However, the number of Federal Ministers and Ministers of State who are members of Senate, shall not at any time, exceed one fourth of the numbers of Federal Ministers.

Provinces General Technocrats/Ulema Women Non-Muslims Total

Sindh 14 4 4 1 23

________________________________________

Punjab 14 4 4 1 23

________________________________________

Balochistan 14 4 4 1 23

________________________________________

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 14 4 4 1 23

________________________________________

Federal Capital 2 1 1 - 4

________________________________________

FATA 8 - - - 8

________________________________________

G. TOTAL 66 17 17 4* 104

* Four seats for non-Muslims increased through the Constitution (Eighteenth Amendment) Act, 2010 (Act No. X of 2010).

==Appointment==
(1) The Senate shall consist of 104 members, of whom:{{Unicode|}}
:(a) 14 shall be elected by the members of each Provincial Assembly;
:(b) eight shall be elected by direct and free vote from the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, in such manner as the President may, by Order, prescribe;
:(c) two on general seats, and one woman and one technocrat including [[aalim]] shall be elected from the Federal Capital in such manner as the President may, by Order, prescribe;
:(d) four women shall be elected by the members of each Provincial Assembly;
:(e) four technocrats including [[ulema]] shall be elected by the members of each Provincial Assembly.
:(f) one seat in the senate is reserved for minorities in each province."
(2) Election to fill seats in the Senate allocated to each Province shall be held in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote.

(3) The Senate shall not be subject to dissolution but the term of its members, who shall retire as follows, shall be six years:-
:(a) of the members referred to in paragraph (a) of clause (1), seven shall retire after the expiration of the first three years and seven shall retire after the expiration of the next three years.
:(b) of the members referred to in paragraph (b) of the aforesaid clause, four shall retire after the expiration of the first three years and four shall retire after the expiration of the next three years
:(c) of the members referred to in paragraph (c) of the aforesaid clause,-
::(i) one elected on general seat shall retire after the expiration of the first three years and the other one shall retire after the expiration of the next three years, and
::(ii) one elected on the seat reserved for technocrat shall retire after first three years and the one elected on the seat reserved for woman shall retire after the expiration of the next three years;
:(d) of the members referred to in paragraph (d) of the aforesaid clause, two shall retire after the expiration of the three years and two shall retire after the expiration of the next three years; and
:(e) of the members referred to in paragraph (e) of the aforesaid clause, two shall retire after the expiration of the first three years and two shall retire after the expiration of the next three years: Provided that the term of office of a person elected to fill a casual vacancy shall be the unexpired term of the member whose vacancy he has filled.

== 2008 party positions in Senate==
2008 party position in Senate stood like this.

===2008===
Seats in the Senate of Pakistan
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Current Senate seatings<ref name=dawn>{{cite news|last1=javed|first1=ahmad|title=senators|url=https://www.google.com.pk/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=google+translate|accessdate=7 February 2015|work=dawn|agency=AP|issue=senate|publisher=dawn|date=june 12, 2013|ref=dawn}}</ref>
|-
! Political Party !! Cumulative seat(s) !!Graphing !! Position
|-
|[[Pakistan Peoples' Party]] (PPP) || 39 ||{{Composition bar|39|104|hex=red}} || {{color|green|In Majority}}
|-
||[[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]] (PML-N)) || 15 ||{{Composition bar|15|104|hex=green}} || {{color|red|In Minority}}
|-
|[[Awami National Party]] (ANP) || 12 || {{Composition bar|12|104|hex=#E62020}} || {{color|green|In Majority}} with PPP
|-
|[[Muttahida Qaumi Movement]] (MQM) || 7 || {{Composition bar|7|104|hex=white}} || {{color|green|In Majority}} with PPP
|-
|[[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam|Jamiat-Ulema-e-Islam (F)]] (JUI-F) || 7 ||{{Composition bar|7|104|hex=#FFD300}} || {{color|green|In Majority}} with PPP
|-
|[[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)]] (PML-Q) || 5 || {{Composition bar|5|104|hex=#00FF00}} || {{color|green|In Majority}} with PPP
|-
|[[Balochistan National Party]] (BNP (A)) || 4 || {{Composition bar|4|104|hex=yellow}} || {{color|red|In Minority}} with PML (N)
|-
|[[National Party (Pakistan)|National Party]] (NP) || 1 || {{Composition bar|1|104|hex=grey}} || {{color|green|In Majority}} with PPP
|-
|[[Pakistan Muslim League (F)]] (PML-F) || 1 || {{Composition bar|1|104|hex=grey}} || {{color|green|In Majority}} with PPP
|-
||Independents|| 11 ||{{Composition bar|11|104|hex=#536872}} || {{color|grey|In caucuses}} with PPP
|-
||Vacant|| 2 ||{{Composition bar|2|104|hex=#536872}} || {{color|grey|Vacant seats}}
|-
!Total Senate Seats
|106 ||
|}

==See also==
*[[Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan]]
*[[List of Senators of Pakistan]]
*[[List of committees of the Senate of Pakistan]]
*[[National Assembly of Pakistan]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.senate.gov.pk/en/index.php Official web site of the Senate of Pakistan]

{{National upper houses}}
{{Chairman Senate Pakistan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Senate Of Pakistan}}
[[Category:Senate of Pakistan|*]]
[[Category:Parliament of Pakistan]]
[[Category:National upper houses|Pakistan]]

Tropical House

2015-02-09T05:41:34Z

Unbuttered Parsnip: /* References */ rm redundant ref

{{Distinguish2|the genre called trouse, combining [[Trance (music genre)|trance]] and [[progressive house]]}}
{{Infobox music genre
| name = Tropical house
| color = black
| bgcolor = silver
| stylistic_origins = [[Deep house]]<ref name=thissongissick_thomas_jack_presents_trop_house_vol3 /><ref name=edmexclusives_kygo_bringing_trop_house />
| cultural_origins =
| instruments = [[Percussion instrument|Percussion]], [[saxophone]], [[piano]], [[flute]]
| derivatives =
| subgenres =
| subgenrelist =
| fusiongenres =
| regional_scenes =
| local_scenes =
| other_topics =
| footnotes =
| current_year = 
}}

'''Tropical house''', often abbreviated as '''trop house''', is a fairly new [[house music]] subgenre. It is pioneered by the Australian DJ and producer Thomas Jack. Other known artists working in the genre are [[Kygo]] from [[Norway]], [[Bakermat]] from [[Netherlands]] and [[Klingande]] from [[France]]. The name of the genre itself started off as a kind of a joke by Thomas Jack, but has since been gaining popularity among listeners.<ref name=thissongissick_thomas_jack_presents_trop_house_vol3 />

Artists of the genre are often featured at various festivals, such as the appearance of [[Bakermat]] on the ''Bakermat and Friends'' stage in [[Tomorrowland (festival)|Tomorrowland]] 2014.<ref name=casulin_interview_bakermat_2014 /> The genre itself was called the "future of EDM" by the music critic Mark Vogel.{{Citation needed|reason=Source showing the original quote by Mark Vogel needed.|date=January 2015}}

The term "trouse" should not be confused with trop house as "trouse" is used as the name of the genre that instead combines the feeling of [[Trance (music genre)|trance]] and the beats of [[progressive house]], utilizing electro synths.<ref name=miami_trouse />

== Origins of the term ==
The term "tropical house" was used as a joke by the Australian DJ and producer Thomas Jack that came from being pressured into picking a genre to categorize his music under combined with his love for summer vibes and the beach. Since then, the name caught on and has been used among listeners to categorize the style of music.

{{quote|text=The genre "Tropical House" was kind of a joke at the start. One of my mates told me to label my music under a genre. I loved summer vibes and the beach so I thought tropical house would be a cool name.|sign=Thomas Jack|source=interview with Thissongissick<ref name=thissongissick_thomas_jack_presents_trop_house_vol3 />}}

== Characteristics ==
Tropical house is a subgenre of [[deep house]], which is itself a subgenre of [[house music]]. Thus, it possess typical house music characteristics, including [[synthesizer]] instrumentation, and a [[Four on the floor (music)|4/4]] kick drum pattern. The tempo of tropical house songs usually falls within the 100-120 bpm range, which is not uncommon in deep house. Like deep house also, track lengths are typically longer than other forms of house music, with song lengths varying from 5-10 minutes. It typically includes a blend of synthesized and acoustic instrumentation. This can include typical synthesizer [[bassline|basslines]] and lead synths (such as plucks), but also [[vocals]], [[Piano|pianos]] and the [[saxophone]], giving it the characteristic 'chilled' feeling.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Electronic music}}
* [[List of electronic music genres]]
* [[Styles of house music]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=edmexclusives_kygo_bringing_trop_house>{{cite web|title=Kygo – Bringing Tropical House to Center Stage|url=http://edmexclusives.com/2014/12/03/kygo-bringing-tropical-house-to-center-stage/|website=EDM Exclusives|date=3 December 2014|accessdate=2 January 2015}}</ref>
<ref name=thissongissick_thomas_jack_presents_trop_house_vol3>{{cite web|title=World Premiere: Thomas Jack Presents Tropical House Vol. 3 Bakermat Guest Mix + Exclusive Interview|url=http://thissongissick.com/blog/2014/world-premiere-thomas-jack-tropical-house-vol-3-bakermat/|last1=Guarino|first1=Nick|website=Thissongissick|date=19 May 2014|accessdate=2 January 2015}}</ref>
<ref name=casulin_interview_bakermat_2014>{{cite web|title=Interview: Melodic House DJ/Producer Bakermat Talks Jazz, Soul, & What He’s Got Planned on the Horizon|url=http://www.casulin.com/interview-with-melodic-house-producer-bakermat/|last1=Benrubi|first1=William|website=Casulin|date=3 September 2014|accessdate=2 January 2015}}</ref>

<ref name=miami_trouse>{{cite web|title=The Future Is Trouse|url=http://miamimusicweek.com/2013/02/27/the-future-is-trouse/|website=Miami Music Week|date=27 February 2013|accessdate=2 January 2015}}</ref>
}}

{{House music}}

[[Category:House music genres]]

Nestlé-Boykott

2014-11-26T02:45:56Z

Unbuttered Parsnip: mend cite

{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2011}}
A [[boycott]] was launched in the United States on July 7, 1977, against the Swiss-based [[Nestlé]] corporation. It spread in the United States, and expanded into Europe in the early 1980s. It was prompted by concern about Nestlé's "aggressive marketing" of [[breast milk]] substitutes, particularly in [[Developing country|less economically developed countries]] (LEDCs), largely among the poor. The boycott has been canceled and renewed based upon scrutiny of the business practices of Nestlé and other substitute manufacturers monitored by the [[International Baby Food Action Network]] (IBFAN). Organizers of the boycott claim that that use of the substitutes represent a health risk for infants and encourage the practice of newborn nutrition via natural [[breast milk]]. As of 2013, the Nestlé boycott is coordinated by the ''International Nestlé Boycott Committee'', the secretariat for which is the UK group ''Baby Milk Action''.

==Baby milk issue==
Groups such as the [[International Baby Food Action Network]] (IBFAN) and [[Save the Children]] claim that the promotion of infant formula over breastfeeding has led to health problems and deaths among infants in less economically developed countries.<ref>{{cite web | title = What is the Problem? | work = IBFAN | url = http://www.ibfan.org/site2005/Pages/article.php?art_id=23&iui=1| accessdate = June 6, 2007 }}</ref><ref name="savechildren">[http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/resources/online-library/a-generation-on-baby-milk-marketing-still-putting-childrens-lives-at-risk A Generation On: Baby milk marketing still putting children’s lives at risk] Save the Children report, May 2007 (pdf).</ref> There are four problems that can arise when poor mothers in developing countries switch to formula:

*Formula must normally be mixed with water, which is often contaminated in poor countries, leading to disease in vulnerable infants.<ref name="Moorhead_2007">[http://www.guardian.co.uk/medicine/story/0,,2079757,00.html Milking it] Joanna Moorhead, The Guardian, May 15, 2007</ref> Because of the low literacy rates in developing nations, many mothers are not aware of the sanitation methods needed in the preparation of bottles. Even mothers able to read in their native language may be unable to read the language in which sterilization directions are written.

*Although some mothers can understand the sanitation standards required, they often do not have the means to perform them: fuel to boil water, electric (or other reliable) light to enable sterilisation at night. [[UNICEF]] estimates that a formula-fed child living in disease-ridden and unhygienic conditions is between 6 and 25 times more likely to die of [[diarrhea]] and four times more likely to die of [[pneumonia]] than a breastfed child.<ref name=unicef>{{cite web | title = Infant and Young Child Feeding and Care| work = UNICEF | url = http://www.unicef.org/nutrition/index_breastfeeding.html| accessdate = June 8, 2007 }}</ref>

*Many poor mothers use less formula powder than is necessary, in order to make a container of formula last longer. As a result, some infants receive inadequate [[nutrition]] from weak solutions of formula.<ref>[http://www.WorldConcern.org/NETCOMMUNITY/Page.aspx?&pid=1556&srcid=596 World Concern website describes mothers' needs to dilute formula]</ref>

*Breast milk has many natural benefits lacking in formula. [[Nutrient]]s and [[Antibody|antibodies]] are passed to the baby while [[hormones]] are released into the mother's body.<ref name=CDC>{{cite web | title=Breastfeeding | work=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | url=http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/ | accessdate=January 23, 2007}}</ref> Breastfed babies are protected, in varying degrees, from a number of illnesses, including diarrhea, [[bacterial meningitis]], [[gastroenteritis]], [[Otitis media|ear infection]], and [[respiratory infection]].<ref name="Gartner_2005">{{cite journal | author=Gartner LM | title=Breastfeeding and the use of human milk | journal=Pediatrics | year=2005 | pages=496–506 | volume=115 | issue=2 | url=http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics;115/2/496 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2004-2491 | pmid= 15687461 | author-separator=, | display-authors=1 | last2=Morton | first2=J | last3=Lawrence | first3=RA | last4=Naylor | first4=AJ | last5=O'Hare | first5=D | last6=Schanler | first6=RJ | last7=Eidelman | first7=AI | author8=American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Breastfeeding}}</ref><ref name=HHS>{{cite web|title=Mothers and Children Benefit from Breastfeeding|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20090316071541/http://www.4woman.gov/breastfeeding/index.cfm?page=227|publisher=Womenshealth.gov|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20090316071541/http://www.4woman.gov/breastfeeding/index.cfm?page=227|archivedate=16 Mar 2009|date=27 February 2009}}</ref><ref name="Merck">[http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec09/ch122/ch122a.html "Gastroenteritis"]. ''Merck Manuals Online Medical Library''. February 1, 2003. Retrieved November 21, 2006.</ref> Breast milk contains the right amount of the nutrients essential for [[neuronal]] (brain and nerve) development.<ref name="Atkinson_1989">{{cite book | author = Atkinson, S |author2=Bo Lönnerdal | title = Proteins and non-protein nitrogens in human milk | publisher = CRC Press | year = 1989 | pages = 131 | isbn = 0-8493-6795-6 }}</ref> The bond between baby and mother can be strengthened during breastfeeding.<ref name="HHS" /> Frequent and exclusive breastfeeding can also [[lactational amenorrhea|delay the return of fertility]], which can help women in developing countries to space their births.<ref>{{cite web | title = Comparison of Effectiveness | work = Planned Parenthood |date=April 2005 | url = http://www.PlannedParenthood.org/birth-control-pregnancy/birth-control/effectiveness.htm | accessdate = August 12, 2006 }}, which cites: :{{cite book | first=RA | last=Hatcher | year=2000 | title=Contraceptive Technology | edition=18th | publisher=Ardent Media | location=New York | isbn=0-9664902-6-6 | author-separator=, | author2=Trussel J | author3=Stewart F | display-authors=2 }}</ref> The [[World Health Organization]] recommends that, in the majority of cases, babies should be exclusively breast fed for the first six months.<ref>[http://www.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/EB109/eeb10912.pdf World Health Organization], "Global strategy for infant and young child feeding," section titled "EXERCISING OTHER FEEDING OPTIONS" November 24, 2001</ref>

Advocacy groups and charities have accused Nestlé of unethical methods of promoting infant formula over breast milk to poor mothers in developing countries.<ref>[http://www.InFactCanada.ca/nestle_boycott_product.htm Nestlé Products to Boycott]</ref><ref name="history">[http://www.BabyMilkAction.org/pages/history.html History of the campaign] Baby Milk Action Group</ref> For example, IBFAN claim that Nestlé distributes free formula samples to hospitals and maternity wards; after leaving the hospital, the formula is no longer free, but because the supplementation has interfered with lactation, the family must continue to buy the formula. IBFAN also allege that Nestlé uses "humanitarian aid" to create markets, does not label its products in a language appropriate to the countries where they are sold, and offers gifts and sponsorship to influence health workers to promote its products.<ref>{{cite web | title = How breastfeeding is undermined | work = IBFAN | url = http://www.ibfan.org/english/issue/bfundermined01.html | accessdate = June 6, 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070415171525/http://www.ibfan.org/english/issue/bfUndermined01.html  |archivedate = April 15, 2007}}</ref> Nestlé denies these allegations.<ref name=Nestle_response>{{cite web | title = WHO Code Violation Allegations | work = Nestlé | url = http://www.babymilk.nestle.com/Who+Code+Issues/Allegations/ | accessdate = June 6, 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070409144431/http://www.babymilk.nestle.com/Who+Code+Issues/Allegations/  |archivedate = April 9, 2007}}</ref>

==History of the boycott==
Nestlé's marketing strategy was first written about in ''[[New Internationalist]]'' magazine in 1973 and in a booklet called ''[[The Baby Killer]]'', published by the British NGO [[War On Want]] in 1974. Nestlé attempted to sue the publisher of a German-language translation (Third World Action Group) for [[libel]]. After a two-year trial, the court found in favour of Nestlé because they could not be held responsible for the infant deaths 'in terms of criminal law'.<ref name="Sethi_1994">{{cite journal | author=Sethi, S. Prakash |title= Multinational Corporations and the Impact of Public Advocacy on Corporate Strategy: Nestlé and the Infant Formula Controversy| journal= Journal of International Business Studies| year=1994 | pages= 658–660 | volume= 25 | issue=3 | doi=10.1057/jibs.1994.41 | jstor=155364}}</ref>
Because the defendants were only fined 300 Swiss Francs (just over US$400, adjusted for inflation<ref>http://www.forecasts.org/data/data/EXSZUS.htm</ref>), and Judge Jürg Sollberger commented that Nestlé "must modify its publicity methods fundamentally", ''[[TIME]]'' magazine declared this a "moral victory" for the defendants.<ref name="TIME_1976">[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,914298,00.html The Formula Flap] TIME Magazine, Jul. 12, 1976</ref> This led to similar court challenges brought against other milk companies in the U.S. spearheaded by the Roman Catholic order Sisters of the Precious Blood in conjunction with the Interfaith Centre for Corporate Responsibility.<ref>http://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/nestle-baby-milk-scandal-food-industry-standards</ref>

The widespread publicity led to the launch of the boycott in [[Minneapolis]], USA, by the [[Corporate_Accountability_International#History|Infant Formula Action Coalition]] (INFACT) and this boycott soon spread to Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and Europe. In May 1978, the US Senate held a public hearing into the promotion of breast milk substitutes in developing countries and joined calls for a Marketing Code. In 1979, WHO and UNICEF hosted an international meeting that called for the development of an international code of marketing, as well as action on other fronts to improve infant and early child feeding practices. The International Baby Food Action Network (IBFAN) was formed by six of the campaigning groups at this meeting.<ref name ="history"/>

In 1981, the 34th [[World Health Assembly]] (WHA) adopted Resolution WHA34.22 which includes the [[International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes]]. The Code covers infant formula and other milk products, foods and beverages, when marketed or otherwise represented to be suitable as a partial or total replacement of breast milk. It bans the promotion of breast milk substitutes and gives health workers the responsibility for advising parents. It limits manufacturing companies to the provision of scientific and factual information to health workers and sets forth labeling requirements.<ref>{{cite web | title = The International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes | work = WHO| year=1981|url = http://www.WHO.int/nutrition/publications/code_english.pdf | accessdate = June 6, 2007 |format=PDF}}</ref>

In 1984, boycott coordinators met with Nestlé, which agreed to implement the code, and the boycott was officially suspended. In 1988 IBFAN alleged that formula companies were flooding health facilities in the developing world with free and low-cost supplies, and the boycott was relaunched the following year.<ref name="Moorhead_2007"/>

In May 1999 a ruling against Nestlé was issued by the UK [[Advertising Standards Authority (United Kingdom)|Advertising Standards Authority]] (ASA). Nestlé claimed in an anti-boycott advertisement that it markets infant formula “ethically and responsibly”. The ASA found that Nestlé could not support this nor other claims in the face of evidence provided by the campaigning group Baby Milk Action.<ref name="Ferriman_1999">{{cite journal | last = Ferriman| first = Annabel | title= Advertising Standards Authority finds against Nestlé | journal=BMJ| date = February 13, 1999| pages= 417| url= http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/318/7181/417/a | pmid= 9974443 | volume = 318 | issue = 7181 | pmc=1114895 | doi=10.1136/bmj.318.7181.417a}}</ref>

In November 2000 the [[European Parliament]] invited IBFAN, UNICEF, and Nestlé to present evidence to a Public Hearing before the Development and Cooperation Committee. Evidence was presented by the IBFAN group from [[Pakistan]] and UNICEF's legal officer commented on Nestlé's failure to bring its policies into line with the World Health Assembly Resolutions. Nestlé declined an invitation to attend, claiming scheduling conflicts, although it sent a representative of the auditing company it had commissioned to produce a report on its Pakistan operation.<ref>{{cite press release | title = European Parliament public hearing on Nestlé's baby food marketing | publisher = Breast Feeding Promotion Network of India | date = November 22, 2000 | url = http://www.bpni.org/Press_Releases/pr-nov.22,2000.pdf | accessdate = June 8, 2007 |format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release | title = MEPs shocked as Nestlé and Adidas snub Public Hearing on corporate responsibility | publisher = Baby Milk Action | date = November 23, 2000 | url = http://www.ibfan.org/english/news/press/press23nov00.html | accessdate = June 8, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = European Parliament Committee on Development | work = Nestlé | url = http://www.BabyMilk.nestle.com/News/All+Countries/Other/European+Parliament+Committee+on+Development.htm | accessdate = June 7, 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070927020154/http://www.BabyMilk.nestle.com/News/All+Countries/Other/European+Parliament+Committee+on+Development.htm  |archivedate = September 27, 2007}}</ref>

==Current status of the boycott==

{{As of|2013}}, the Nestlé boycott is coordinated by the ''International Nestlé Boycott Committee'', the secretariat for which is the UK group ''Baby Milk Action''.<ref>[http://www.BabyMilkAction.org/ Baby Milk Action]</ref> Company practices are monitored by the [[International Baby Food Action Network]] (IBFAN), which consists of more than 200 groups in over 100 countries.

In parallel with the boycott, campaigners work for implementation of the Code and Resolutions in legislation, and claim that 60 countries have now introduced laws implementing most or all of the provisions.<ref>{{cite web | title = The role of regulations in protecting infant health| work = IBFAN | url = http://www.ibfan.org/site2005/Pages/article.php?art_id=310&iui=1| accessdate = June 7, 2007}}</ref>

Some universities, colleges, and schools have banned the sale of Nestlé products from their shops and vending machines in the period since the revelations.<ref>http://www.universityobserver.ie/2009/03/24/students-to-vote-on-coca-cola-boycott/</ref><ref>http://www.leedsstudent.org/2011-10-21/article/no-to-nestle</ref><ref>http://dspace.sunyconnect.suny.edu/bitstream/handle/1951/42510/Statesman,%20V.%2025,%20n.%2042.pdf?sequence=1</ref> In the United Kingdom, 73 students' unions, 102 businesses, 30 faith groups, 20 health groups, 33 consumer groups, 18 local authorities, 12 trade unions, education groups, 31 MPs and many celebrities support the Nestlé boycott.{{when|date=September 2013}}<ref>{{cite web | title = UK groups endorsing the boycott| work = Baby Milk Action | url = http://www.BabyMilkAction.org/pages/endorsers.html#education |accessdate = November 7, 2009}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ousu.org/content/index.php?page=4113 An example of one such ban] Council of the Oxford University Student Union, June 9, 2006</ref>

Nestlé claims that it is in full compliance with the International Code.<ref>{{cite web | title = The "International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes"| work = Nestlé | url = http://www.BabyMilk.nestle.com/Who+Code+Issues/Nestle+Code+Compliance/Nestle+code+compliance.htm | accessdate = June 6, 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070516200307/http://www.babymilk.nestle.com/Who+Code+Issues/Nestle+Code+Compliance/Nestle+code+compliance.htm  |archivedate = May 16, 2007}}</ref> According to Nestlé [[CEO]] [[Peter Brabeck-Letmathe]], "we also carry out annual audits on WHO Code compliance with a sample of Nestlé companies, and we investigate any substantiated claims made by those who believe we have broken the Code.... If we find that the Code has been deliberately violated, we take disciplinary action."<ref>{{cite web | title = Foreword by Peter Brabeck | work = Nestlé | url = http://www.BabyMilk.nestle.com/Developping+World/Foreword/
| accessdate = June 11, 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070409050111/http://www.BabyMilk.nestle.com/Developping+World/Foreword/  |archivedate = April 9, 2007}}</ref> The company maintains that many of the allegations are unsubstantiated, out of date, or use IBFAN's own non-standard interpretation of the Code.<ref name=Nestle_response/>

In May 2011, the debate over Nestlé's unethical marketing of infant formula was relaunched in the Asia-Pacific region. Nineteen leading [[Laos]]-based international NGOs, including [[Save the Children]], [[Oxfam]], [[CARE International]], [[Plan International]] and [[World Vision]] have launched a boycott of Nestlé and written an open letter to the company.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Letter from NGOs to Nestlé
| url = http://info.babymilkaction.org/sites/info.babymilkaction.org/files/Aid%20Agencies%20in%20Laos%20refuse%20to%20apply%20for%20Nestle%20cash_30%20May%202011.pdf
| accessdate = 2014-09-05
}}</ref> Among other unethical practices, the NGOs criticised the lack of labelling in Laos and the provision of incentives to doctors and nurses to promote the use of infant formula.<ref>{{cite web
| title = The "LAOS: NGOs flay Nestlé’s infant formula strategy
| url = http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=93040
| accessdate = {{date | 26 nov 2014}}
}}</ref> An independent audit of Nestlé's marketing practices in Laos was commissioned by Nestlé and carried out by Bureau Veritas in late 2011. The audit found that "the requirements of the WHO Code and Lao PDR Decree are well embedded throughout the business", but that "promotional materials in 4% of the retail outlets visited" violated either the Lao PDR Decree or the WHO Code.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bureau Veritas report|url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:nNXbq5IKee8J:www.nestle.com/asset-library/Documents/R_and_D/Compliance/Independent_Assurance_Statement_by_Bureau_Veritas_Laos.pdf+&cd=4&hl=en&ct=clnk}}</ref>

==Boycott in the media==
An episode of the TV show ''[[The Mark Thomas Comedy Product]]'' produced by the British [[Channel Four]] in 1999 investigated the boycott and Nestlé's practices concerning baby milk. [[Mark Thomas]] attempted to find evidence for claims against Nestlé and to speak to heads of the company. In one portion of the show he "received a tin of baby milk from [[Mozambique]]. All instructions are in English. 33 languages and dialects are recognised in Mozambique. Portuguese is the official language. However, only about 30% of the population can speak it.<ref>[http://www.MarkThomasInfo.com/info/series4.asp Website for the Mark Thomas Product TV show]</ref>

In 2001, comedian [[Robert Newman (comedian)|Robert Newman]] and actress [[Emma Thompson]] called for a boycott of the [[Perrier Comedy Award]], because [[Perrier]] is owned by Nestlé.<ref>{{cite news | last = Scott | first = Kirsty | title = Spoof horror writer wins £5,000 Perrier award: Fringe comedy contest soured by baby milk protests | publisher = ''The Guardian'' | date = August 27, 2001| url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/edinburghfestival2001/story/0,,543033,00.html| accessdate = June 11, 2007 }}</ref> An alternative competition called the Tap Water Awards was set up the following year.<ref>{{cite web | title = The Tap Water Awards| url = http://www.TapWaterAwards.org/| accessdate = June 11, 2007 }}</ref>

In 2002, authors [[Germaine Greer]] and [[Jim Crace]] withdrew from the [[Hay Festival]] in protest over Nestlé's sponsorship thereof.<ref>{{cite news | title = Writers boycott literary festival| publisher = BBC News| date = May 27, 2002| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2010324.stm| accessdate = June 7, 2007}}</ref>

A 2007 article in ''[[The Guardian]]'' highlighted aggressive marketing practices by Nestlé in [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="Moorhead_2007"/>

==See also==
*[[H2NO]] (a campaign by Coca-Cola to offer diners alternatives to drinking water)

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ibfan.org/ International Baby Food Action Network (IBFAN)]
*[http://www.babymilkaction.org/ Baby Milk Action]
*[http://www.ibfan.org/english/pdfs/btr04/btr04nestle.pdf Nestlé marketing profile], from Breaking the Rules Stretching the Rules, IBFAN, 2004
*[http://babymilk.8k.com/ Edinburgh University Néstle Boycott Campaign]
*[http://www.babymilk.nestle.com Nestlé's response to the baby milk issue]

{{Nestlé}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nestle Boycott}}
[[Category:Boycotts of organizations]]
[[Category:Consumer boycotts]]
[[Category:Breastfeeding advocacy]]
[[Category:Nestlé|Boycott]]

Dan Ziskie

2013-06-30T20:01:11Z

Unbuttered Parsnip: remove incomplete ref

{{BLP sources|date=December 2012}}

'''Dan Ziskie''' is an American [[actor]], perhaps best known for his role as C.J. Liguori on the American television series [[Treme (TV series)|Treme]], where he plays a politically connected banker in [[Reconstruction of New Orleans|Post-Katrina New Orleans]]. He is currently on the cast of [[Zero Hour (TV series)|Zero Hour]] and [[House of Cards (TV series)|House of Cards]].

Ziskie is also known for portraying the character Frank Niggar on a popular sketch on ''[[Chappelle's Show]]''. On the season finale of [[24 (season 5)|''24'''s fifth season]] Ziskie played the [[United States Attorney General]] who, after hearing an audio recording of the president admitting that he took part in the assassination of a former president, orders his removal from office.

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.funnyordie.com/videos/f67ca41f6b/chappelle-show-the-niggar-family Dan Ziskie on Chapelle's Show]
*{{IMDb name|0957201}}

{{Persondata
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| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Actor
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| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ziskie, Dan}}

[[Category:American television actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century American actors]]

Lamin Sarjo Samateh

2013-06-27T12:13:37Z

Unbuttered Parsnip: Reverted 4 edits by Samateh20 (talk) to last revision by Addbot.

''Not to be confused with [[Lamin Samateh]].''

'''Lamin Sarjo Samateh''' (born 20 December 1993) is a [[Gambia]]n [[Association football|football]] [[Defender (association football)|defender]] playing with Samger FC.

Born in [[Fajara]] is career started in a local club S. Vlaer Tallinding helping them to win a series of junior league titles. He made such an impact that he became the team captain before moving to Samger FC in 2006. Samateh helped Samger to win the Gambian Super Cup, and a year later the club finished runner-up in the 2007-08 [[Gambian Championnat National D1]].<ref>[http://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/profile-lamin-sarjo-samateh Profile: Lamin Sarjo Samateh] at The Point Newspaper</ref> Scoring 11 goals in the 2010 Gambian Championship helped him win, for the second consecutive time, the SJAG Player of the Year Award.<ref>[http://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/lamin-sarjo-samateh-sjag-2010-player-of-the-year Lamin Sarjo Samateh: SJAG Player of the Year] at The Point Newspaper</ref>

At the national team level, he was part of the Gambian team at the [[2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup]].<ref>[http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=316155/index.html Lamin Sarjo Samateh] at [[FIFA]].com</ref> Earlier, he helped Gambia U-17 win the Pepsi Academy Football Tournament. He became part of the Gambian U-20 team that ensured qualification to the 2011 Championship in South Africa.<ref>[http://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/article/lamin-sarjo-samateh-sjag-2010-player-of-the-year Lamin Sarjo Samateh: SJAG Player of the Year] at The Point Newspaper</ref>

On March 29, 2011, he received a call for representing the [[Gambia national football team|Gambian national team]].<ref>[http://www.foroyaa.gm/modules/news/article.php?storyid=6478 Toubabo Fires E/Guinea Warning] at FOROYAA Online</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External sources==
* [http://www.transfermarkt.co.uk/en/lamin-sarjo-samateh/profil/spieler_132077.html Lamin Sarjo Samateh] at Transfermarkt
* [http://www.zerozero.pt/jogador/lamin_sarjo_samateh/actual/ficha/0/default/181239/?edicao_id=10770 Lamin Sarjo Samateh] at Zerozero

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Samateh, Lamin Sarjo
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Footballer
| DATE OF BIRTH = 20 December 1993
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Samateh, Lamin Sarjo}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gambian footballers]]
[[Category:Association football midfielders]]

{{Gambia-footy-bio-stub}}

Otto Löwenstein (Mediziner)

2013-06-25T07:54:08Z

Unbuttered Parsnip: format cites

'''Otto Lowenstein''' (7 May 1889–25 March 1965) was a German-American neuropsychiatrist who was a native of [[Osnabrück]]. He grew up Preussich-Oldendorf, the son of Julius Lowenstein and Henriette Grunewald.

In 1914 he received his medical degree from the [[University of Bonn]], and following service as a military physician during [[World War I]], he returned to [[Bonn]] as a [[neuropsychiatry|neuropsychiatric]] assistant to [[Alexander Carl Otto Westphal|Alexander Westphal]]. While at Bonn, he was involved in the fields of [[child psychiatry|pediatric psychiatry]] and [[experimental psychology]]. He became Chief of Staff at the Neuropsychiatric Hospital of Bonn University (1920–1926). He became Chief Neuropsychiatrist and Director of the State Hospital for Nervous and Mental Diseases and founded the pioneering Neuropsychiatric Hospital for children, serving as its head from 1926 to 1933. This hospital continues to operate to this day and is believed to be the first specialized hospital of its kind in the world. He was the Director of the Institute for Heredity in Neuorology and Psychiatry, (Institut Fuer Neurologisch–Psychiatrische Erbforschung) from 1926 to 1933. Together with his wife, Dr Marta (Grunewald) Lowenstein, he conducted 100s of interviews to develop family histories of neurological illnesses. While in Germany he also began early research into pupillography as a means to detect and diagnose mental and neurological disorders including engineering the first machines and methodologies to assist in the study of the eye as a window to the brain.

In 1933 he relocated to [[Switzerland]] in order to escape Nazi persecution, working as a neuropsychiatrist at the ''Clinique La Métairie'' in [[Nyon]]. He was a member of the faculty of the University of Geneva, Department of Opthalmology, and Director of the Pupillographic Laboratory from 1935 to 1939. Under his leadership, the laboratory and the equipment pioneered there were invented and used in his researching the pupil. In 1939 he emigrated to [[New York City]], where he was associated with [[New York University]] and later [[Columbia Presbyterian Hospital]]. In New York, he continued [[neuro-ophthalmology|neuro-ophthalmological]] research with his research assistant Irene Loewenfeld. As he was preparing final edits to a major compendium of his life work specializing on the pupil, he was taken ill with pancreatic cancer. His work was entrusted to Dr Loewenfeld who had received her Ph.D. From the University of Bonn under Dr Lowenstein's mentorship. The work was ultimately published in the 1990s.<ref>{{citation| year= 1999 | isbn= 978-0750671439 | edition= 2| url=http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/124/9/1881.full|title = PhD thesis}}</ref>

He is remembered for his studies involving motion, size and functionality of the [[pupil (eye)|eye's pupil]] from a neuropsychiatric standpoint. In Germany and America, he created laboratories containing specialized equipment for research of the eye's pupil. He was particularly interested in the status of an individuals' pupil during specific emotional and psychological states, as well as the condition of the pupil during periods of [[fatigue (medical)|fatigue]] and alertness.

In 1957, with Irene Loewenfeld, he built an "electronic pupillograph" that incorporated [[infrared]] technology. This device was used to accurately measure and analyze the pupils' diameter, and was a forerunner to more sophisticated pupillographic instruments that were developed in later years. Lowenstein and Loewenfeld's pioneer experiments and numerous publications on pupillary topics were a major factor in bringing pupillography into American [[neuro-ophthalmology|neuro-ophthalmological]] medicine.

Recently, a psychiatric clinic for children called ''Das Professor Otto Löwenstein Haus'' was founded at the [[University of Bonn]] in Lowenstein's honor.

==References==

{{Reflist}}

* journals.lww.com › Home › March 2005 - Volume 25 - Issue 1
* [http://www.jneuro-ophthalmology.com/pt/re/jneuroophth/fulltext.00041327-200503000-00012.htm;jsessionid=GJkFyy2Bsx1QyNQykC0M6XLfbzpLXPLFmvsyJfB2rnG1gjdHF2yg!-1697294916!181195628!8091!-1 Journal of Neuro-ophthalmology] Otto Lowenstein, Pioneer Pupillographer

{{Authority control|VIAF=52576869}}
{{Persondata 
| NAME = Lowenstein, Otto
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1889
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1965
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lowenstein, Otto}}
[[Category:1889 births]]
[[Category:1965 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Osnabrück]]
[[Category:American psychiatrists]]
[[Category:German ophthalmologists]]
[[Category:University of Bonn alumni]]

Broadcasters’ Audience Research Board

2013-06-13T10:57:10Z

Unbuttered Parsnip: restore {{Reflist}}

{{primary sources|date=February 2009}}
The '''Broadcasters' Audience Research Board''' ('''BARB''') is the organisation that compiles [[audience measurement]] and television ratings in the [[United Kingdom]]. It was created to replace a previous system known as JICTAR, where the [[BBC]] and [[ITV]] companies compiled their own ratings. . It is jointly owned by the BBC, the ITV companies, [[Channel 4]], [[Channel 5 (UK)|Channel 5]], [[BSkyB]], and the [[Institute of Practitioners in Advertising]]. Participating viewers have a box on top of their [[TV set]]s which tracks the programmes they watch.

==Business==
[[File:ITV digital channels viewing share.png|thumb|300px|right|ITV digital channels' viewing share 2000-2008]]

Currently, BARB have approximately 5,100 homes (equating to approximately 11,500 individuals)1 participating in the panel. The box records exactly what programmes they watch, and the panelists indicate who is in the room watching by pressing a button on a remote control handset. The data are collected overnight and published as overnight ratings at around 9.30 the following morning for use by TV stations and the advertising industry. The following week, final figures are released which are a combination of the overnight figures with "timeshift" figures (people recording a programme and watching it within a week). This means that with a total UK population of 58,789,194, according to the 2001 census, each viewer with a BARB reporting box represents over 5,000 people.

BARB numbers are extremely important to [[commercial television]] stations. The trading model that is used by television companies and advertising agencies depends on the number of people watching the shows, and the commercial attractiveness of those people (simplistically young/well off very attractive and older/poorer less attractive). The advertising agency will pay the television station a certain amount of money based on the number of people watching a show. The BARB numbers are used to work this out. Higher BARB numbers usually mean more advertising revenue for the television station.

This leads to some interesting situations on the smaller channels. Since there are many television stations, and many hours in the day, there can be situations where BARB will record zero viewers for certain programmes. As the TV advertising system is geared round BARB ratings all but the very smallest channels subscribe to BARB.

==Data gathering==

BARB's current research contracts have been awarded to three different market research companies: RSMB, Ipsos MORI, and Kantar Media. The contracts run from January 2010 to the end of 2015, with options to extend further.

RSMB are responsible for survey design, quality control and calculation methodology. Ipsos MORI's role is to survey the characteristics of the television owning population, including an element of direct recruitment to the viewing panel. Kantar Media is responsible for establishing and maintaining the new BARB viewing panel. It has a separate contract covering meter panel installation, data retrieval, processing and audience reporting functions.<ref>http://www.barb.co.uk/about/faq?_s=4</ref>

==See also==
* [[Audience measurement]]
* [[Nielsen ratings]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}

http://www.barb.co.uk/resources/reference-documents/faq?_s=4

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.barb.co.uk/}}

[[Category:Television in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Mass media rivalries]]
[[Category:Audience measurement]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1981]]
[[Category:1981 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Statistical organisations in the United Kingdom]]

{{UK-org-stub}}

John B. Robbins

2013-05-18T21:38:31Z

Unbuttered Parsnip: insert {{Reflist}}

{{no footnotes|date=February 2013}}
Dr. '''John Bennett Robbins''' M.D. (born December 1, 1932)<ref>[http://books.google.ca/books?id=sVQfAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Robbins,+John+Bennett%22+1932&dq=%22Robbins,+John+Bennett%22+1932&hl=en&sa=X&ei=t96WUaXWFsPOiwL464HwBw&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBA Who's who in Government, Volume 3]</ref> is a senior investigator at the [[National Institutes of Health]], best known for his development of the [[vaccine]] against [[bacterial meningitis]] ([[Haemophilus influenzae|Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib)]]) with his colleague [[Rachel Schneerson|Dr. Rachel Schneerson]] M.D.

Bacterial meningitis is the leading cause of acquired mental retardation in children.

Dr. Robbins is a recipient of the 1996 [[Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research]], the [[Pasteur Award]] from the World Health Organization and the [[Albert B. Sabin Gold Medal]]. He is also a member of the [[National Academy of Science]].

==References==

{{Reflist}}

* http://www.nichd.nih.gov/about/staff/bio.cfm?nih_id=0010046803
* http://www.polio.pitt.edu/speakers/robbins.htm

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Robbins, John
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Robbins, John}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American scientists]]
[[Category:Vaccinologists]]
[[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]

{{US-med-bio-stub}}

Gangster Disciples

2013-04-23T16:24:17Z

Unbuttered Parsnip: Reverted 3 edits by 152.27.23.66 (talk) to last revision by Niteshift36.

{{Infobox Criminal Organization
| name = Gangster Disciples
| caption =
| founded on = Late 1960s
| founding location = U.S.
| founded by = [[David Barksdale]] and [[Larry Hoover]]
| years active = Late 1960s – present
| territory = Nationwide
| ethnic makeup = Mostly African American
| membership = 40-50,000+
30,000+ in Chicago<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.justice.gov/ndic/pubs32/32146/appb.htm |title=Appendix B. Street Gangs - National Gang Threat Assessment 2009 |publisher=Justice.gov |date= |accessdate=2011-02-10}}</ref>
| criminal activities = Drug trafficking, robbery, [[extortion]], murder, prostitution, Boosting [d-queens]
| allies = [[Folk Nation]], [[Crips]], [[Surenos]], [[Zoe Pound Gang]], [[Black Guerilla Family]], [[Black Mafia Family]], [[Juggalos (gang)|Juggalos]]<ref>http://info.publicintelligence.net/NGIC-Juggalos.pdf</ref>
| rivals = [[People Nation]], [[Almighty Black P. Stone Nation | Black P.Stones]], [[Vice Lords]], [[Bloods]], [[Latin Kings]], [[Nortenos]] & [[Black Disciples]] (Insane GD & Maniac GD)}}

The '''Black Gangster Disciple''' is a [[gang]] which was formed on the South-side of [[Chicago]] (S Green St & W 68th St) in the late 1960s, by [[David Barksdale]], leader of the Black Disciples, and [[Larry Hoover]], leader of the Supreme Gangsters. The two groups united to form the Black Gangster Disciple Nation (BGDN).

The gang has made several attempts to legitimize their image. Some members dropped the "B" and began to call themselves GDs or Gangster Disciples. In the 1990s the Gangster Disciples entered into politics in the Chicago tradition of [[Black Panthers]], Black Stone Rangers, Latin Kings, Vice Lords, Black Disciples and [[Young Lords]] through the formation of the "Growth and Development" movement. Outside of Chicago some gangs will still go by the old name of BGD.<ref name="www.gangpreventionservices.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.gangpreventionservices.org/BGD.asp |title=> Black Gangster Disciples |publisher=Gang Prevention Services |date= |accessdate=2011-02-10}}</ref>

Gangster Disciples have been documented in the [[U.S. military]], found in both U.S. and overseas bases.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.military.com/news/article/gangs-increasing-in-military-fbi-says.html|title=Gangs Increasing in Military, FBI Says|date=30 June 2008|publisher=McClatchy-Tribune Information Services}}</ref> Graffiti characteristic of the Gangster Disciples has been reportedly seen in U.S. military bases in [[Iraq]] and [[Afghanistan]].

==Symbols, signs and emblems==
Like most major gangs, Gangster Disciples use a well-defined system of symbols to communicate alliances and rivalries. This system is a combination of symbols that represent the Gangster Disciple Nation or the Folk Nation as a whole and symbols that rivals use to represent their organization, typically inverted to show disrespect.

==Colors/apparel==
Gangster Disciples "represent" with the colors black and blue. Gangster Disciples are known to wear [[Georgetown Hoyas]] or [[Duke Blue Devils]] clothing. Typically, they will favor the right side.

==Six pointed star==
The major [[symbol]] Gangster Disciples make use of is the six-pointed star (identical in appearance to the [[Star of David]]) The fact that this star is known as the Star of David pays homage to founder [[David Barksdale]], and the six points are said to represent love, life, loyalty, understanding, knowledge, and wisdom (respect).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://vault.fbi.gov/gangster-disciples FBI file on the Gangster Disciples]
*[http://www.ngcrc.com/bdprofile.html GANG THREAT ANALYSIS: The Black Disciples]
*[http://cryptome.org/gangs/vice.pdf National Drug Intelligence Center document on the Vice Lords]

[[Category:Gangs in Chicago, Illinois]]
[[Category:Street gangs]]
[[Category:African-American gangs]]
[[Category:Organized crime groups in the United States]]

Orkut Büyükkökten

2013-04-13T05:33:11Z

Unbuttered Parsnip: /* Publications */ remove dup text

{{Infobox person
| name = Orkut Büyükkökten
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = February 6th, 1975
| birth_place = [[Turkey]]
| yearsactive = 1987–2007
| occupation = Product Manager
}}

{{BLP sources|date=October 2008}}
'''Orkut Büyükkökten''' (born February 6, 1975) is a Turkish software engineer who developed the social networking services Club Nexus, inCircle and [[Orkut]].

Originally from [[Konya]], [[Turkey]], Büyükkökten obtained a [[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc.]] degree in Computer Engineering and Information Science from [[Bilkent University]] in [[Ankara]]. He received both a [[Master's Degree|M.S.]] and a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in Computer Science from [[Stanford University]]. His research at Stanford focused on Web search and efficient [[PDA]] usage.

Orkut has been building and working on online communities since 2000. He introduced his first social network, named Club Nexus<ref>{{cite web | title=A social network caught in the Web | date=2003-06-02 | url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/53501/Orkut-A-Social-Network-Caught-in-the-Web | work=First Monday}}</ref> at Stanford in the fall of 2001. Club Nexus was the first college-specific social network.<ref>{{cite book | title=The Facebook Effect | url=http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Facebook_effect.html?id=RRUkLhyGZVgC | author=David Kirkpatrick | date=2010-06-08 | page=79}}</ref> It was a system built to serve the networking and communication needs of the Stanford online community. Students could use Club Nexus to send e-mail and invitations, chat, post events, buy and sell used goods, search for people with similar interests, place personals, display their artwork or post editorial columns. Within a few months of its introduction, Club Nexus attracted over 2,000 undergraduates.

Later, Orkut introduced an alumni social network, named inCircle for the Stanford Alumni Association intended for use by university alumni groups.

After joining Google, Orkut decided to use his 20% time to develop a social network. He said: "My dream was to connect all the Internet users so they can relate to each other, it can make such a difference in people's lives." The product manager and [[Marissa Mayer]] thought of naming the service after its creator. "Orkut.com" belonged to Orkut Büyükkökten himself. Google convinced him, and its social networking service was called [[Orkut]].<ref>{{cite book | title=In the Plex: How Google Thinks, Works, and Shapes Our Lives | url=http://books.google.com/books/about/In_the_Plex.html?id=V1u1f8sv3k8C | author=[[Steven Levy]] | date=2011-04-12}}</ref>

Currently, Orkut Büyükkökten is a product manager at [[Google]]. He also is a certified masseur, an avid ballroom dancer and likes to make chocolate fondue.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Jesse Lichtenstein | title=The Wired World The Real Orkut | date=2004-03-24 | url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/03/29/040329ta_talk_lichtenstein | work=[[The New Yorker]]}}</ref>

== Publications ==

Conference Publications

* Orkut Buyukkokten, Hector Garcia-Molina, Andreas Paepcke "Seeing the Whole in Parts: Text Summarization for Web Browsing on Handheld Devices". The 10th International WWW Conference (WWW10). Hong Kong, China - May 1–5, 2001.<ref>{{cite web | title=Seeing the Whole in Parts: Text Summarization for Web Browsing on Handheld Devices | url=http://infolab.stanford.edu/~orkut/papers/www10b/index.html | date=2001-05-01}}</ref>

* Oliver Kaljuvee, Orkut Buyukkokten, Hector Garcia-Molina, Andreas Paepcke "Efficient Web Form Entry on PDAs". The 10th International WWW Conference (WWW10). Hong Kong, China - May 1–5, 2001.<ref>{{cite web | title=Efficient Web Form Entry on PDAs | url=http://infolab.stanford.edu/~orkut/papers/www10a/index.html | date=2001-05-01}}</ref>

* Orkut Buyukkokten, Hector Garcia-Molina, Andreas Paepcke "Accordion Summarization for End-Game Browsing on PDAs and Cellular Phones". Human-Computer Interaction Conference 2001 (CHI 2001). Seattle, Washington - 31 March-5 April 2001.<ref>{{cite web | title=Accordion Summarization for End-Game Browsing on PDAs and Cellular Phones | url=http://www-db.stanford.edu/~orkut/papers/pb3.pdf | year=2001}}</ref>

* Orkut Buyukkokten, Hector Garcia-Molina, Andreas Paepcke. "Focused Web Searching with PDAs". The 9th International WWW Conference (WWW9). Amsterdam, Netherlands - May 15–19, 2000.<ref>{{cite web | title=Focused Web Searching with PDAs | url=http://infolab.stanford.edu/~orkut/papers/www9/index.html | year=2000}}</ref>

* Orkut Buyukkokten, Hector Garcia-Molina, Andreas Paepcke, Terry Winograd. "Power Browser: Efficient Web Browsing for PDAs". Human-Computer Interaction Conference 2000 (CHI 2000). The Hague, The Netherlands - April 1–6, 2000.<ref>{{cite web | title=Power Browser: Efficient Web Browsing for PDAs | url=http://www-db.stanford.edu/~orkut/papers/pb1.pdf | date=2000-04-01}}</ref>

* Arturo Crespo, Orkut Buyukkokten, Hector Garcia-Molina. "Efficient Query Subscription Processing in a Multicast Environment". 16th International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE). San Diego, CA, USA, February 29 - March 3, 2000.<ref>{{cite web | title=Efficient Query Subscription Processing in a Multicast Environment | url=http://www-db.stanford.edu/~orkut/papers/qm_ea.ps | date=2000-02-29}}</ref>

Workshop Publications

* Orkut Buyukkokten, Hector Garcia-Molina and Andreas Paepcke "Text Summarization of Web pages on Handheld Devices." Proceedings of Workshop on Automatic Summarization 2001 held in conjunction with NAACL 2001 (NAACL 2001), June 2001.<ref>{{cite web | title=Text Summarization of Web pages on Handheld Devices | url=http://www-db.stanford.edu/~orkut/papers/autosumm.pdf | date=2001-06}}</ref>

* Orkut Buyukkokten, Junghoo Cho, Hector Garcia-Molina and Luis Gravano "Exploiting geographical location information of web pages" Proceedings of Workshop on Web Databases (WebDB'99) held in conjunction with ACM SIGMOD'99, June 1999.<ref>{{cite web | title=Exploiting geographical location information of web pages | url=http://www-db.stanford.edu/~orkut/papers/geog.pdf | date=1999-06}}</ref>

Journal Papers

* Orkut Buyukkokten, Oliver Kaljuvee, Hector Garcia-Molina, Andreas Paepcke and Terry Winograd "Efficient Web Browsing on Handheld Devices using Page and Form Summarization" ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS), Volume 20, Issue 1, January 2002.<ref>{{cite web | title=Efficient Web Browsing on Handheld Devices using Page and Form Summarization | url=http://www-db.stanford.edu/~orkut/papers/tois.pdf | date=2002-01}}</ref>

* Dominic Hughes, Orkut Buyukkokten and James Warren "Empirical Bi-action Tables: a Tool for the Evaluation and Optimization of Text Input Systems, Application I: Stylus Keyboards" ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI), Special Issue on Mobile Text Entry. Volume 17, Issues 2 & 3, 2002. [<ref>{{cite web | title=Empirical Bi-action Tables: a Tool for the Evaluation and Optimization of Text Input Systems, Application I: Stylus Keyboards | url=http://www-db.stanford.edu/~orkut/papers/bitaps.pdf | year=2002}}</ref>

* Arturo Crespo, Orkut Buyukkokten and Hector Garcia-Molina "Query Merging: Improving Query Subscription Processing in a Multicast Environment." IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering. Volume 15, 2003.<ref>{{cite web | title=Query Merging: Improving Query Subscription Processing in a Multicast Environment | url=http://www-db.stanford.edu/~orkut/papers/badd2.pdf | year=2003}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.stanford.edu/~orkut/ Büyükkökten's Stanford webpage]
* [http://www.orkut.com/Profile.aspx?uid=325082930226142255 Büyükkökten's Orkut profile]
* [http://www.twitter.com/orkut Büyükkökten's Twitter account]
{{Persondata 
| NAME = Buyukkukten, Orkut
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = February 6th, 1975
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Turkey]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Buyukkukten, Orkut}}
[[Category:Turkish non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Turkish scientists]]
[[Category:Turkish computer scientists]]
[[Category:Turkish academics]]
[[Category:Turkish people]]
[[Category:Computer programmers]]
[[Category:Google employees]]
[[Category:Stanford University alumni]]
[[Category:Bilkent University alumni]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Buyukkukten, Orkut}}
[[Category:Turkish non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Turkish scientists]]
[[Category:Turkish computer scientists]]
[[Category:Turkish academics]]
[[Category:Turkish people]]
[[Category:Computer programmers]]
[[Category:Google employees]]
[[Category:Stanford University alumni]]
[[Category:Bilkent University alumni]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Orkut Büyükkökten

2013-04-13T05:31:20Z

Unbuttered Parsnip: move text

{{Infobox person
| name = Orkut Büyükkökten
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = February 6th, 1975
| birth_place = [[Turkey]]
| yearsactive = 1987–2007
| occupation = Product Manager
}}

{{BLP sources|date=October 2008}}
'''Orkut Büyükkökten''' (born February 6, 1975) is a Turkish software engineer who developed the social networking services Club Nexus, inCircle and [[Orkut]].

Originally from [[Konya]], [[Turkey]], Büyükkökten obtained a [[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc.]] degree in Computer Engineering and Information Science from [[Bilkent University]] in [[Ankara]]. He received both a [[Master's Degree|M.S.]] and a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in Computer Science from [[Stanford University]]. His research at Stanford focused on Web search and efficient [[PDA]] usage.

Orkut has been building and working on online communities since 2000. He introduced his first social network, named Club Nexus<ref>{{cite web | title=A social network caught in the Web | date=2003-06-02 | url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/53501/Orkut-A-Social-Network-Caught-in-the-Web | work=First Monday}}</ref> at Stanford in the fall of 2001. Club Nexus was the first college-specific social network.<ref>{{cite book | title=The Facebook Effect | url=http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Facebook_effect.html?id=RRUkLhyGZVgC | author=David Kirkpatrick | date=2010-06-08 | page=79}}</ref> It was a system built to serve the networking and communication needs of the Stanford online community. Students could use Club Nexus to send e-mail and invitations, chat, post events, buy and sell used goods, search for people with similar interests, place personals, display their artwork or post editorial columns. Within a few months of its introduction, Club Nexus attracted over 2,000 undergraduates.

Later, Orkut introduced an alumni social network, named inCircle for the Stanford Alumni Association intended for use by university alumni groups.

After joining Google, Orkut decided to use his 20% time to develop a social network. He said: "My dream was to connect all the Internet users so they can relate to each other, it can make such a difference in people's lives." The product manager and [[Marissa Mayer]] thought of naming the service after its creator. "Orkut.com" belonged to Orkut Büyükkökten himself. Google convinced him, and its social networking service was called [[Orkut]].<ref>{{cite book | title=In the Plex: How Google Thinks, Works, and Shapes Our Lives | url=http://books.google.com/books/about/In_the_Plex.html?id=V1u1f8sv3k8C | author=[[Steven Levy]] | date=2011-04-12}}</ref>

Currently, Orkut Büyükkökten is a product manager at [[Google]]. He also is a certified masseur, an avid ballroom dancer and likes to make chocolate fondue.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Jesse Lichtenstein | title=The Wired World The Real Orkut | date=2004-03-24 | url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/03/29/040329ta_talk_lichtenstein | work=[[The New Yorker]]}}</ref>

== Publications ==

Conference Publications

* Orkut Buyukkokten, Hector Garcia-Molina, Andreas Paepcke "Seeing the Whole in Parts: Text Summarization for Web Browsing on Handheld Devices". The 10th International WWW Conference (WWW10). Hong Kong, China - May 1–5, 2001.<ref>{{cite web | title=Seeing the Whole in Parts: Text Summarization for Web Browsing on Handheld Devices | url=http://infolab.stanford.edu/~orkut/papers/www10b/index.html | date=2001-05-01}}</ref>

* Oliver Kaljuvee, Orkut Buyukkokten, Hector Garcia-Molina, Andreas Paepcke "Efficient Web Form Entry on PDAs". The 10th International WWW Conference (WWW10). Hong Kong, China - May 1–5, 2001.<ref>{{cite web | title=Efficient Web Form Entry on PDAs | url=http://infolab.stanford.edu/~orkut/papers/www10a/index.html | date=2001-05-01}}</ref>

* Orkut Buyukkokten, Hector Garcia-Molina, Andreas Paepcke "Accordion Summarization for End-Game Browsing on PDAs and Cellular Phones". Human-Computer Interaction Conference 2001 (CHI 2001). Seattle, Washington - 31 March-5 April 2001.<ref>{{cite web | title=Accordion Summarization for End-Game Browsing on PDAs and Cellular Phones | url=http://www-db.stanford.edu/~orkut/papers/pb3.pdf | year=2001}}</ref>

* Orkut Buyukkokten, Hector Garcia-Molina, Andreas Paepcke. "Focused Web Searching with PDAs". The 9th International WWW Conference (WWW9). Amsterdam, Netherlands - May 15–19, 2000.<ref>{{cite web | title=Focused Web Searching with PDAs | url=http://infolab.stanford.edu/~orkut/papers/www9/index.html | year=2000}}</ref>

* Orkut Buyukkokten, Hector Garcia-Molina, Andreas Paepcke, Terry Winograd. "Power Browser: Efficient Web Browsing for PDAs". Human-Computer Interaction Conference 2000 (CHI 2000). The Hague, The Netherlands - April 1–6, 2000.<ref>{{cite web | title=Power Browser: Efficient Web Browsing for PDAs | url=http://www-db.stanford.edu/~orkut/papers/pb1.pdf | date=2000-04-01}}</ref>

* Arturo Crespo, Orkut Buyukkokten, Hector Garcia-Molina. "Efficient Query Subscription Processing in a Multicast Environment". 16th International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE). San Diego, CA, USA, February 29 - March 3, 2000.<ref>{{cite web | title=Efficient Query Subscription Processing in a Multicast Environment | url=http://www-db.stanford.edu/~orkut/papers/qm_ea.ps | date=2000-02-29}}</ref>

Workshop Publications

* Orkut Buyukkokten, Hector Garcia-Molina and Andreas Paepcke "Text Summarization of Web pages on Handheld Devices." Proceedings of Workshop on Automatic Summarization 2001 held in conjunction with NAACL 2001 (NAACL 2001), June 2001.<ref>{{cite web | title=Text Summarization of Web pages on Handheld Devices | url=http://www-db.stanford.edu/~orkut/papers/autosumm.pdf | date=2001-06}}</ref>

* Orkut Buyukkokten, Junghoo Cho, Hector Garcia-Molina and Luis Gravano "Exploiting geographical location information of web pages" Proceedings of Workshop on Web Databases (WebDB'99) held in conjunction with ACM SIGMOD'99, June 1999.<ref>{{cite web | title=Exploiting geographical location information of web pages | url=http://www-db.stanford.edu/~orkut/papers/geog.pdf | date=1999-06}}</ref>

Journal Papers

* Orkut Buyukkokten, Oliver Kaljuvee, Hector Garcia-Molina, Andreas Paepcke and Terry Winograd "Efficient Web Browsing on Handheld Devices using Page and Form Summarization" ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS), Volume 20, Issue 1, January 2002.<ref>{{cite web | title=Efficient Web Browsing on Handheld Devices using Page and Form Summarization | url=http://www-db.stanford.edu/~orkut/papers/tois.pdf | date=2002-01}}</ref>

* Dominic Hughes, Orkut Buyukkokten and James Warren "Empirical Bi-action Tables: a Tool for the Evaluation and Optimization of Text Input Systems, Application I: Stylus Keyboards" ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI), Special Issue on Mobile Text Entry. Volume 17, Issues 2 & 3, 2002. [<ref>{{cite web | title=Empirical Bi-action Tables: a Tool for the Evaluation and Optimization of Text Input Systems, Application I: Stylus Keyboards | url=http://www-db.stanford.edu/~orkut/papers/bitaps.pdf | year=2002}}</ref>

* Arturo Crespo, Orkut Buyukkokten and Hector Garcia-Molina "Query Merging: Improving Query Subscription Processing in a Multicast Environment." IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering. Volume 15, 2003.<ref>{{cite web | title=Query Merging: Improving Query Subscription Processing in a Multicast Environment | url=http://www-db.stanford.edu/~orkut/papers/badd2.pdf | year=2003}}</ref>

* Orkut Buyukkokten, Hector Garcia-Molina and Andreas Paepcke "Text Summarization of Web pages on Handheld Devices." Proceedings of Workshop on Automatic Summarization 2001 held in conjunction with NAACL 2001 (NAACL 2001), June 2001.<ref>{{cite web | title=Text Summarization of Web pages on Handheld Devices | url=http://www-db.stanford.edu/~orkut/papers/autosumm.pdf | date=2001-06}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.stanford.edu/~orkut/ Büyükkökten's Stanford webpage]
* [http://www.orkut.com/Profile.aspx?uid=325082930226142255 Büyükkökten's Orkut profile]
* [http://www.twitter.com/orkut Büyükkökten's Twitter account]
{{Persondata 
| NAME = Buyukkukten, Orkut
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = February 6th, 1975
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Turkey]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Buyukkukten, Orkut}}
[[Category:Turkish non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Turkish scientists]]
[[Category:Turkish computer scientists]]
[[Category:Turkish academics]]
[[Category:Turkish people]]
[[Category:Computer programmers]]
[[Category:Google employees]]
[[Category:Stanford University alumni]]
[[Category:Bilkent University alumni]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Buyukkukten, Orkut}}
[[Category:Turkish non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Turkish scientists]]
[[Category:Turkish computer scientists]]
[[Category:Turkish academics]]
[[Category:Turkish people]]
[[Category:Computer programmers]]
[[Category:Google employees]]
[[Category:Stanford University alumni]]
[[Category:Bilkent University alumni]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Emily Ratajkowski

2013-04-10T09:32:22Z

Unbuttered Parsnip: insert {{Reflist}}

{{notability|Biographies|date=September 2012}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2012}}
{{Infobox person

| name = Emily Ratajkowski
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1991|6|7}}
| birth_place = London, England
| occupation = Actress, model
| years_active = 2004–present
}}
'''Emily Ratajkowski''' (born June 7, 1991) is a [[Polish American]] model and actress. Emily was born in London, England and raised in Encinitas, California. Her parents are both artists--her father a painter and her mother an English professor and writer. Her parents artist sensibilities lead Emily to live and travel to many parts of Europe at a young age. She spent much of her childhood in Bantry, Ireland and Mallorca, Spain.

Emily was signed at age fourteen by [[Ford Models]]<ref>http://models.fordmodels.com/models/24/talents/15326</ref>, but continued to attend high school in San Diego as she modeled and acted in Los Angeles. She attended [[UCLA]] for one year, majoring in Fine Art, until she decided to pursue her career in modeling full time.

She worked continuously for clients such as [[Forever 21]]<ref>http://www.forever21.com/Product/SetProduct.aspx?br=f21&category=intim_lingerieset&origcategoryid=57647978-01</ref>, [[Nordstroms]]<ref>http://shop.nordstrom.com/s/miss-studio-by-la-perla-romantic-bay-bra-boyshorts/3500603?origin=category&contextualcategoryid=0&fashionColor=&resultback=4641</ref> and various swim and lingerie clients, but became recognized as a fashion model after shooting several campaigns and editorials with photographer [[Tony Duran]]<ref>http://treatsmagazine.com/magazine/issue-4/modern-artisans/</ref>. Emily began shooting more and more fashion editorials, until landing the cover of Treats! Magazine<ref>http://treatsmagazine.com/magazine/issue-3/</ref>, shot by [[Steve Shaw]]<ref>http://treatsmagazine.com/magazine/issue-3/emily/</ref>.

Since, Emily has appeared in dozens of international magazines working with esteemed photographers such as [[Tony Kelly]] (with whom she shot the cover of GQ Turkey<ref>http://gq.com.tr/fotograf-galerisi/2225/gqnun-dogum-gunu-surprizi-emily-ratajkowski</ref>), [[Chris Heads]] and [[Jonathan Leder]]. She was featured in [[Carl's Jr.]] "Memphis BBQ" commercial in August, 2012. In April 2013, she appeared as the lead in [[Robin Thicke]], [[TI]] and [[Pharrell]]'s music video for their hit "Blurred Lines"<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yyDUC1LUXSU</ref>. She will also be featured in [[Maroon 5]]'s music video for "Love Somebody" due to release in April 2013.

Emily splits her time between Los Angeles, California and New York City.

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1589279|Emily Ratajkowski}}
*{{tumblr|emilyratajkowski|Emily Ratajkowski}}
*{{twitter|realemrata|Emily Ratajkowski}}
*{{Ford Models|models|24|talents|15326|Emily Ratajkowski}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Ratajkowski, Emily
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Actress, model
| DATE OF BIRTH = April 27, 1992
| PLACE OF BIRTH = London, England
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ratajkowski, Emily}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:American child actresses]]
[[Category:American child models]]
[[Category:American female models]]
[[Category:American people of Polish descent]]
[[Category:American television actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{US-tv-actor-1990s-stub}}

St. Edward’s University

2013-04-03T15:35:42Z

Unbuttered Parsnip:

{{About|the university in Texas|St. Edward's College|St. Edward's College (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox university|
name = St. Edward's University|
image = [[File:St. Edward's University brand identity.png]]|
established = 1878 / 1885|
motto = Take on your world|
type = [[Private school|Private]], [[Mixed-sex education|Coeducational]]|
affiliation = [[Catholic Church]] ([[Congregation of Holy Cross]])|
head_label = President  |
head = George E. Martin|
city = [[Austin, Texas|Austin]]|
state = [[Texas]]|
country = [[United States|USA]]|
endowment = USD $41 million<ref>As of June 30, 2009. {{Cite web | title = U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2009 Endowment Market Value and Percentage Change in Endowment Market Value from FY 2008 to FY 2009| work = 2009 NACUBO-Commonfund Study of Endowments | publisher = National Association of College and University Business Officers | url = http://www.nacubo.org/Documents/research/2009_NCSE_Public_Tables_Endowment_Market_Values.pdf| format = PDF | accessdate = February 19, 2010}}</ref> |
undergrad = 4,368|
postgrad = 925|
postgrad_label = graduate|
faculty = |
campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]|
free_label = |
free = |
nickname = Hilltoppers |
mascot = Topper |
colors = [[Gold (color)|Gold]] and [[Blue]] {{color box|Gold}} {{color box|Blue}} |
website = [http://www.stedwards.edu/ www.stedwards.edu]
}}
'''St. Edward's University''' is a private [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] institution of higher learning located in [[Austin, Texas]]. The university offers a [[liberal arts]] education and its campus is located on a hill overlooking the city of [[Austin, Texas|Austin]]. The campus's most notable landmark is Main Building.

==History==
St. Edward's University was founded by the Rev. [[Edward Sorin]], CSC, Superior General of the [[Congregation of Holy Cross]], who also founded the [[University of Notre Dame]] in [[Indiana]]. Father Sorin established the institution on farmland south of [[Austin, Texas|Austin]] in 1878 and named it St. Edward's Academy in honor of his patron saint, [[Edward the Confessor|Edward the Confessor and King]]. It is affiliated with the [[Congregation of Holy Cross]].

In 1885, the president, the Rev. P.J. Franciscus, strengthened the prestige of the academy by securing a charter, changing its name to St. Edward's College, assembling a faculty, and increasing enrollment. Subsequently, St. Edward's began to grow, and the first school newspaper, the organization of baseball and football teams, and approval to erect an administration building all followed. Well-known architect [[Nicholas J. Clayton]] of [[Galveston, Texas]] was commissioned to design the college's Main Building. The structure was built four-stories tall in the [[Gothic Revival]] style and was constructed with local [[limestone|white limestone]].

In the spring of 1903, a mysterious fire destroyed the majority of Main Building, but it was rebuilt by the fall. In 1922, Main Building sustained damage from a tornado that caused significant damage all over the campus. Main Building was added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1973.

In 1925, St. Edward's received its university charter. Most of the personnel at the time were [[Congregation of Holy Cross|Holy Cross]] priests and brothers. Women arrived at St. Edward's in 1966 as students for Maryhill College, a coordinate institution. By 1970, Maryhill was absorbed and St. Edward's became co-educational.

By 1971, the university carried bachelor's and master's degrees in business administration. Also added were the College Assistance Migrant Program, or CAMP (1972); a professionally oriented Theater Arts curriculum (1972); an innovative degree program for adults called New College (1974); and Freshman Studies (1975).

In 1984, Patricia Hayes became the second [[layperson]] to lead St. Edward's University. In 1990, enrollment reached 3,000 for the first time. This decade also ushered in a revised undergraduate curriculum, and capital and technological improvements.

In 1999, George E. Martin became the 23rd president of St. Edward's University.

St. Edward's has maintained a balanced operating budget — currently more than $115 million — and the university's endowment stands at more than $41 million. Total university assets exceed $249 million. Fundraising has grown each year as well, and 83% of faculty and staff contributed to the annual fund last year — more than triple the giving levels of benchmark universities.

===Strategic plan and growth===
In 2000, St. Edward’s University, under the leadership of President George E. Martin and the Board of Trustees, identified seven strategic priorities to achieve its vision. These include objectives for enrollment growth, faculty and staff recruitment and retention, curricular and co-curricular program development, facility and technology development, financial management, endowment growth, and marketing.

Progress on the priorities began immediately. Enrollment has grown from 3,669 in Fall 1999 to nearly 5,300 in Fall 2009. New academic programs have been added, including undergraduate majors in bioinformatics, criminology, entrepreneurship, forensic chemistry, nonprofit management and graphic design, as well as graduate programs in computer information systems, project management, teaching, and organizational leadership and ethics.

The university’s strategic plan, which details how St. Edward’s will construct new facilities while maintaining the overall architectural character of campus, supports the strategic priorities for academic excellence, enrollment growth, and recruiting and retaining the best students, faculty and staff.

====Buildings completed under the 2010 strategic plan====
Trustee Hall, a {{convert|33000|sqft|m2|sing=on}} academic facility, was the first building completed under the plan. It opened in Fall 2002. The completion of [[Basil Moreau]] Residence Hall in 2003 and Jacques Dujarié Hall in 2005 further enhanced residence life.

The John Brooks Williams Natural Sciences Center-North Building, a {{convert|64000|sqft|m2|sing=on}} facility that opened in Fall 2006, is the first phase of a two-building science complex and houses the biology and chemistry programs in the School of Natural Sciences. A second phase, scheduled to open in 2012, will house the computer science, mathematics and physics programs.

A 756-car parking garage opened in 2007 and offers convenient access to the heart of campus.

A new residential village, which opened in January 2009, evokes a sense of urban living in the heart of campus.

Major renovations of existing campus buildings include Premont Hall (2006, Fleck Hall (2007) and Doyle Hall (2009).

Plans for a new [[chapel]] are being drawn up by architect [[Rick Joy]], winner of the 2004 National Design Award from the [[Smithsonian Institution]]’s [[Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum]].

===St. Edward's celebrates 125 years===
In 2010, St. Edward’s University completed its 10-year strategic plan under the leadership of President George E. Martin. It also began a yearlong celebration of the university’s 125-year anniversary. To honor this anniversary, the university created the 125 Service Challenge, which encourages students, alumni, faculty and staff to participate in service around the community and help reach a collective goal of 75,000 service hours. In October 2010, the university community is due to join together for a 125th birthday party complete with food, entertainment and birthday cake.

===University seal===

The university seal represents the history of St. Edward’s University. Here is a guide to the meaning behind the university seal:

• Shield = Our homeland, the United States

• Cross = Christianity

• Anchor = Taken from the seal of the Congregation of Holy Cross, the founders of St. Edward’s

• Mace = St. Edward, king and confessor; the patron saint of the university

• Wavy lines = Colorado River, which runs through Austin

• Lone star = State of Texas

• Heart shot with arrows = Love and learning

==Student body==
Nearly 5,300 students attend St. Edward's, with undergraduates coming from 46 states and 36 countries. The average SAT score of 1131 for the 2009 freshman class has risen 90 points since 1999. Nearly 54% of incoming freshmen rank in the top 25% of their high school class. The acceptance rate for freshmen applicants is 66%.<ref>http://www.stedwards.edu/market/newsmedia_center/news_center_archives/20th_in_the_west.html</ref>

More than 1,300 students live on campus in seven residence halls and two apartment communities. Students at St. Edward's University are also involved in more than 90 campus organizations, including student government, service organizations, academic honor societies, cultural clubs and intramural sports.

===Hilltop Views===

Hilltop Views is the student newspaper published by the School of Humanities at St. Edward’s University. Hilltop Views is available on news stands around campus on Wednesdays during the academic year. Hilltop Views is the exclusive newspaper of the St. Edward's University community and has been since 1987. Hilltop Views can be accessed online.<ref>http://www.hilltopviewsonline.com</ref>

==Academics==

===Programs===
St. Edward's offers 11 master's degree programs and five bachelor's degrees in more than 50 areas of study through the schools of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Education, Humanities, Management and Business, and Natural Sciences.<ref>[http://stedwards.edu/academics.htm "SEU - Academic Programs"], St. Edward's U. web site, 13 Dec 2009</ref> Additionally, St. Edward's offers similar bachelor's degrees for adults 24 years of age and older through the New College program, which began in 1974.

===Rankings===
Since 2004, [[U.S. News and World Report]] has ranked St. Edward's University among the top 25 among master's-granting universities in the western region.<ref>[http://www.stedwards.edu/market/usnews.htm "St. Edward's University" (press release)], ''U.S. News names St. Edward's one of "America's Best Colleges"''. St. Edward's University, 13 Dec 2009</ref> In its 2011 Best Colleges edition, U.S. News ranked St. Edward's University in 21st place for the Western Region of the country.<ref>[http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/austin-tx/st.-edward%27s-university-3621 "St. Edward's University - Best Colleges - Education - US News and World Report" (Overview)], ''US News and World Report'' Best Colleges 2011 edition</ref>

St. Edward's has also been recognized as one of "America's Best Colleges" by [[Forbes]] and the Center for College Affordability and Productivity (CCAP). In their joint report, Forbes and CCAP ranked 600 undergraduate institutions based on the quality of the education they provide and the experience and achievements of their students. St. Edward's was ranked in the top 10 among Texas universities.

In the National Survey of Student Engagement, St. Edward's exceeded the national average in all five areas: academic challenge, active and collaborative learning, student-faculty interaction, educational experiences, and supportive campus environment.

In 2006, [[The New York Times]] included St. Edward's in its "Colleges of Many Colors" list.

In his book ''Lifelong Learning at Its Best,'' William Maehl describes the St. Edward's New College one of the "Top 30" adult education programs in the United States.<ref>Maehl, William. ''Lifelong Learning at Its Best''</ref>

===Admissions===
[[U.S. News and World Report]] describes St. Edward's University's admissions criteria as "selective".<ref>[http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/austin-tx/st.-edward%27s-university-3621/@@Admissions_overview.html "St. Edward's University - Best Colleges - Education - US News and World Report" (Admissions)], ''US News and World Report'' Best Colleges 2010 edition, 13 Dec 2009</ref>

St. Edward's boasts that it has an impressive [[Theatre|Theater Arts program]] program, which features a U/RTA contract with the [[Actors' Equity Association]], allowing students who successfully complete the requirements of a Membership Candidate Program to become eligible to join [[Actors' Equity Association]]. St. Edward's has one of the only undergraduate programs in the country with this affiliation. In 2005, actor [[Ed Begley, Jr.]] brought his play, ''César & Ruben'' to St. Edward's University for its Texas premiere.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}

====French campus====
Beginning in September 2008, St. Edward's started a satellite campus in [[Angers]], [[France]] to provide educational opportunities for European and American students. St. Edward's faculty members travel to Angers each semester to teach courses.<ref>"[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=AASB&p_theme=aasb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=1212820A034FBF70&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM AUSTIN FACULTY SELECTED FOR CAMPUS IN FRANCE]." ''[[Austin American-Statesman]]''. June 6, 2008. B02. Retrieved on February 9, 2010.</ref> The St. Edward's in Angers, France, program is in partnership with the [[Catholic University of the West]].<ref>Stromboni, Camille. "[http://www.educpros.fr/detail-article/h/f007052921/a/st-edward-s-university-s-installe-a-angers.html St. Edward's university s'installe à Angers]." ''[[EducPros]]''/''[[L'Etudiant]]''. December 2, 2008. Retrieved on February 9, 2010.</ref>

==Student lore and traditions==

'''Bronze Plaque of Father Paul Foik'''

To receive good grades on exams, a tradition is to rub the nose of the bronze plaque located outside Scarborough-Phillips Library. Although the rest of the bronze plaque has developed a dark brown patina over the years, the nose has remained highly polished and shines like new.

'''St. Edward's University Presidential Award'''

St. Edward's University Presidential Awards are prestigious awards presented each year to a select group of graduates from Undergraduate College, New College and the graduate programs who have excelled in leadership, scholarship and service.

Recipients of the Presidential Award have participated fully in the life of the university and have been a positive influence in promoting the mission and values of St. Edward's and the Congregation of Holy Cross.

Students are nominated for Presidential Awards by members of the St. Edwards University community. Nominees submit comprehensive applications to the Presidential Awards Committee, which is coordinated by the Student Life Office and composed of students, faculty and staff. The committee makes recommendations to the president of St. Edward's University.

'''SEU Fight Song'''

'''March On:'''

March on and win for SEU. 
March on with joy and pride! 
March on and win the victory 
We're cheering at your side! 
March on and win for SEU 
Hilltoppers all are we! 
March on for good old SEU and 
Bring home the victory!

'''Mascot'''

Legend tells that during a basketball game, some time ago, a few of the baseball players showed up with a live ram. They proceeded to race it around the gym during time-outs and slow periods. The ram was such a success that eventually it became the St. Edward’s University mascot. Today, the athletic teams are known as the Hilltoppers, and the ram is named Topper. In the Spring semester of 2010, a real goat named Pax started attending athletic events. Lieutenant Dan Beck owns the goat, as well as other "Topper" goats.

'''University seal'''

Student's at St. Edward's University do not walk on or over the seal out of respect for those who have passed through the university and those who helped establish it.

==Athletics and campus recreation==

===Athletics===
[[NCAA Division II]] athletic teams include men's and women's [[baseball]]/[[softball]], [[basketball]], [[golf]], [[soccer]] and [[tennis]]. Women also compete in Division II [[volleyball]]. Over the past three years, Hilltopper varsity athletic teams have won 19 Heartland Conference championships. In 2008-2009, five St. Edward's athletes were named All-American and 56 individuals were named to the All-Heartland Conference Team.

The university's student-athlete graduation rate of 88% is fourth highest in the nation out of 270 Division II institutions. The university mascot is the Hilltopper. St. Edward's is a founding member of the [[Heartland Conference]].

The university's official spirit group is the HillRaisers.

The [[Dallas Cowboys]] [[American football|football]] team used the campus for pre-season training from 1990 to 1997.<ref>[http://cowboysblog.dallasnews.com/archives/2008/02/camp-returning-to-oxnard.html "Camp Returning to Oxnard"], ''Dallas Morning News'' (Cowboys Blog), 29 Feb 2008</ref>

St. Edward's men's soccer team was the Heartland Conference Champions in 2009.

The [http://athletics.stedwards.edu/index.aspx?path=wsoc&tab=soccer2 women's soccer team] has been very successful since 2006, posting winning records each season, and being selected to the NCAA Tournament 6 out of 7 years.

In addition to varsity programs, the university also supports several club-level programs including:

* Men's lacrosse
* Women's lacrosse
* Men's soccer
* Women's soccer
* Sapphires Dance Team
* Ving Tsun
* Ultimate Frisbee
* Outdoor adventure
* Multicultural dance
* Cross country
* Running
* Rowing
* Rugby

===Campus recreation===
In 2009, the university added a Campus Recreation program to meet the growing needs of the student population. Campus Recreation is designed to provide physical and social opportunities for the St. Edward's University community in an effort to enhance the vibrant campus community.

Campus Recreation oversees the Recreation and Convocation Center Fitness Center, Pool, Recretion Field (next to Teresa Hall), and Open Recreation (pick up basketball, racquetball, volleyball, weightlifting, cardio machine use, etc.) in the RCC.

Additionally, all club sports (16 total clubs) are housed within the Campus Recreation office.

Intramural Sports offered through Campus Recreation include Flag Football, Basketball, Dodgbeall, Kickball, Volleyball, Racquetball, Tennis, Golf, and Fantasy Sports games.

In 2010, Campus Recreation introduced Fitness Programming, including a GroupX program for Fitness Classes. Classes offered in 2010-2011 included Yoga, Zumba Fitness, Abs and Tone, Kickboxing, and Boot Camps. Additionally, faculty/staff/students are able to purchase personal training sessions at a rate far below industry standards.

Swim lessons are available at the RCC Pool.

==Residences==
The following residence halls serve the university:<ref>"[http://www.stedwards.edu/reslife/reshalls.htm Residence Life]," ''St. Edward's University''</ref>
* [[Jacques-Francois Dujarié|Jacques Dujarié]] Hall (Opened August 2005, coeducational)<ref>"[http://www.stedwards.edu/reslife/jacques_dujarie_hall.htm Jacques Dujarié Hall]," ''St. Edward's University''</ref>
* East (Opened 1966, Female only) - East served as a female-only hall and a coeducational hall.<ref>"[http://www.stedwards.edu/reslife/east.htm East Hall]," ''St. Edward's University''</ref>
* [[Basil Moreau]] Hall (Opened February 2003, coeducational)<ref>"[http://www.stedwards.edu/reslife/basil_moreau_hall.htm Basil Moreau Hall]," ''St. Edward's University''</ref>
* [[St. Teresa of Avila|Teresa]] Hall (Opened 1968, renovated 1999, coeducational) - Teresa served as a female-only hall and a coeducational hall.<ref>"[http://www.stedwards.edu/reslife/teresa.htm Teresa Hall]," ''St. Edward's University''</ref>

The Casa and two Casitas, for upperclassmen, serve as "house-style living." The Casa residents use the facilities of Dujarié Hall.<ref>"[http://www.stedwards.edu/reslife/casas_casitas.htm Casas and Casita]," ''St. Edward's University''</ref>

The residential village, which is made up of three residence halls, (Hunt, [[LeMans]], and [[Lady Bird Johnson]]) opened for residents at the start of the Spring 2009 semester, containing freshmen in suite-style rooms in Hunt and Le Mans, as well as upperclassmen in LBJ's single rooms. In addition, the new residential village has multiple dining venues and a convenience store located on the ground floor.

St. Edward's maintains two apartment communities, Maryhill Apartments (Buildings 1-11) and Hilltopper Heights Apartments (Buildings 12-17) for students.<ref>"[http://www.stedwards.edu/reslife/apart.htm SEU Apartments]," ''St. Edward's University''</ref>
{{Commons category|St. Edward's University}}

==Notable alumni==
*[[George Edward Cire]] - former U.S. federal judge
*[[Rozie Curtis]] - actress, voice actress
*[[Salam Fayyad]] - [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian]] Prime Minister 2007 of the Emergency Government

*[[W. K. Henderson|William Kennon Henderson, Jr.]] - Founder of [[radio]] station [[KWKH]] in [[Shreveport, Louisiana|Shreveport]], [[Louisiana]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lahistory.org/site25.php
|title=Henderson, William Kennon|publisher=[[Louisiana Historical Association]], ''A Dictionary of Louisiana Biography'' (lahistory.org)|accessdate=December 24, 2010}}</ref>
*[[Luci Baines Johnson]] - daughter of President [[Lyndon Johnson]]
*[[Bill Killefer]] - Former Major League baseball player
*[[Amanda Marcotte]] - feminist blogger
*[[Teri McMinn]] - actress
*[[Taj McWilliams]] - [[Connecticut Sun]] forward/center
*[[Roger Metzger]] - Former [[Houston Astros]] Shortstop and 1973 [[Gold Glove]] Winner
*William Wayne Mora, Jr. and David Joseph Mora — [[The Morakestra]]
*Monsignor [[William Mulvey]] - current Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Corpus Christi|Corpus Christi]]
*Lisa Paul - granddaughter of [[Ron Paul]]<ref>[http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/doubleazone/2008/05/index.html]</ref>
*[[Jorge Quiroga]] - former President of [[Bolivia]]
*[[Silvestre Revueltas]] - Mexican composer, attended in 1917 and 1918
*[[Charles M. Robinson III]] - author and illustrator
*[[Tim Russ]] - [[actor]], Security Chief [[Tuvok]] on ''[[Star Trek: Voyager]]''
*[[Fermín Revueltas Sánchez]] - painter
*[[Stephanie Smith]] - daughter of author Barbara Dawson Smith
*[[Nate Thomas]] - award-winning film director/producer and university film professor
*[[John Andrew Young]] - former [[U.S. Representative]] from [[Texas]]
*[[Billy Moyer]] - national speaker, co-author of the books Seeds of Success and Retreat to Success, and Co-founder of the SOS Leadership Institute

==Notable professors==
*[[Mark Cherry]]<ref>http://www.stedwards.edu/hum/phil/department/index.html</ref>
*[[Carrie Fountain]]<ref>http://www.texasbookfestival.org/Author_Page.php?aid=746</ref>
*[[Eamonn Healy]]<ref>http://www.cs.stedwards.edu/chem/Chemistry/HealyBio.html</ref>
*[[Joe M. O'Connell]]<ref>http://www.ratemyprofessors.com/ShowRatings.jsp?tid=712358l</ref>
*[[Bro. Gerald Muller]]<ref>http://faculty.stedwards.edu/geraldm/</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:St Edwards Main Building.jpg|Main building
Image:St Edwards main building SE.jpg|Southeast view of the main building
Image:St Edwards historical marker.jpg|Historical marker on the main building
Image:St Edwards Ragsdale plaza.jpg|Ragsdale Plaza
Image:St Edwards Grotto.jpg|The grotto

Image:St Edwards soccer field.jpg|Soccer field
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
25. National Small College Rugby Organization: http://www.eteamz.com/NSCRO/news/index.cfm?id=5110016&cat=0

==External links==
{{Portal|Austin|University}}
*[http://www.stedwards.edu/ St. Edward's University]
*[http://www.stedwards.edu/athletics St. Edward's University Athletics]
*[http://www.pec.stedwards.edu St. Edward's University Professional Education Center]
*[http://www.stedwards.edu/stufinan/index.htm St. Edward's University Financial Services]
* {{Handbook of Texas|id=kbs44|name=St. Edward's University}}
*[http://hilltoppernews.wikispaces.com/ St. Edward's University Online Radio Project]
*Map: {{Coord|30|14|N|97|45|W|format=dms|display=inline,title|type:edu_region:US-TX}}

{{Private colleges and universities in Texas}}
{{Heartland Conference navbox}}
{{Congregation of the Holy Cross Colleges and Universities}}
{{Austin}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Edward's University}}
[[Category:St. Edward's University| ]]
[[Category:Holy Cross universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic universities and colleges in the United States]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Austin, Texas]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Texas]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Austin, Texas]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Austin, Texas]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1878]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1885]]
[[Category:Council of Independent Colleges]]
[[Category:National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities members]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools]]

Shardeloes

2013-03-26T08:55:44Z

Unbuttered Parsnip:

[[File:Amersham Cricket Club grounds - geograph.org.uk - 49794.jpg|thumb|right|The [[cricket]] ground within the house grounds is used by [[Buckinghamshire County Cricket Club]].]]
'''Shardeloes''' is a large 18th century [[country house]] located one mile northwest of [[Amersham]] in [[Buckinghamshire]], United Kingdom. {{gbmapping|SU937978}}. A previous manor house on the site was demolished and the present building constructed between 1758 and 1766<ref>[http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1238040 Shardeloes, Amersham.] English Heritage. Retrieved 15 August 2011.</ref> for William Drake, the Member of Parliament for Amersham.

==Design and construction==
The architect and builder was [[Stiff Leadbetter]], designs for interior decorations were provided by [[Robert Adam]] from 1761.<ref>Shardeloes Papers of the 17th and 18th Centuries. G.Eland (ed). Oxford University Press 1947</ref> Built in the [[Palladian]] style, of [[stucco]]ed brick, the mansion is nine [[bay]]s long by seven bays deep. It was constructed with the [[piano nobile]] on the ground floor and a [[Mezzanine (architecture)|mezzanine]] above. The north facade has a large [[portico]] of [[Corinthian order|Corinthian]] columns. The terminating windows of the piano nobile are [[pediment]]ed and recessed into shallow niches, as are the end bays of the east front. The roof, typically for the palladian style, is hidden by a [[balustrade]]. The original plans of the house by Leadbetter show a design closer in appearance to [[Holkham Hall]], with square end towers. Adam cancelled this idea, but embellished the front with the portico.

The interior of the house has fine ornamental [[plaster]] work by [[Joseph Rose]].<ref>Detailed existing bills from Joseph Rose, 1761-63, totalling £1139 18s 0d, are noted by Geoffrey Beard, ''Decorative Plasterwork in Great Britain'' 1975:244</ref> The entrance hall by Adam has fluted [[Doric order|Doric]] [[pilaster]]s and massive doorcases in the north and south walls. The dining room has stucco panels and an oval panel in the ceiling. The library was designed by [[James Wyatt]] in a [[classicism|classical]] style and has painted panels by [[Biagio Rebecca]]. [[Nikolaus Pevsner]] describes the staircase as "surprisingly small."<ref>Pevsner, ''Buckinghamshire''. [[Penguin Books]], 1960.</ref> Pevsner for once rather misses the point: as the house was designed, all rooms of importance, including the bedrooms, were on the principal ground floor; thus, there was no need for a grand staircase, as no grandee would ever need to ascend to the secondary floor above. [[Blenheim Palace]] is another house with a small staircase for the same reason.

The house is flanked to the west by a service block and stable yard of the same period as the mansion, complete with clock tower. The stable yard is entered through five archways; the rectangular building has projecting wings and a pitched roof.

==Grounds==
[[Humphry Repton]] was commissioned to lay out the grounds in the classical English landscape fashion, in the [[lee waves|lee]] of the hill upon which the mansion stands. Repton dammed the [[River Misbourne]] to form a lake.

==Recent history==
The mansion remained the ancestral home of the Tyrwhitt-Drake family until World War II, when the house was requisitioned as a maternity hospital, for evacuated pregnant women from London to give birth, some three thousand of them and the famous lyricist Sir [[Tim Rice]] was amongst those born there in 1944.<ref name=WhatACircus>{{cite book|year=1999|author=Tim Rice|isbn=0-340-65459-7|title=Oh, What a Circus: The Autobiography |publisher=Coronet Books}}</ref> Following the war the house seemed destined to become one of the thousands of country houses being demolished, until a local [[Architectural conservation|conservation]] society, [[The Amersham Society]], assisted by the [[Council for the Protection of Rural England]] fought a prolonged battle to save the house: eventually a preservation order was put on the building preventing its demolition. Shardeloes today is a complex of private flats; the principal reception rooms are preserved as common rooms for the residents.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.amersham.org.uk/shardeloes.htm Further information]
{{coord|51.67117|N|0.64643|W|region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(SU937978)|display=title|format=dms}}


[[Category:Houses completed in 1766]]
[[Category:Country houses in Buckinghamshire]]
[[Category:Amersham]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in Buckinghamshire]]
[[Category:Palladian architecture]]
[[Category:Cricket grounds in Buckinghamshire]]

Cat Deeley

2013-03-18T22:43:20Z

Unbuttered Parsnip:

{{Infobox person
| image = Cat Deeley 2011.jpg
| caption = Deeley in Michigan.
| birth_name = Catherine Elizabeth Deeley
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1976|10|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Sutton Coldfield]], [[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]], [[England]]
| other_names = The Host of TV
| occupation = Actress, model, TV presenter, singer
| spouse = [[Patrick Kielty]] (2012-present)
| years_active = 1994–present
}}
'''Catherine Elizabeth''' "'''Cat'''" '''Deeley''' (born 23 October 1976) is a British [[television presenter]], actress, singer, and model. Since 2006, Deeley has been the host of ''[[So You Think You Can Dance (United States)|So You Think You Can Dance]]'' in the [[United States]], for which she received two nominations for the [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality-Competition Program]].<ref>[http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/awards/2011/07/emmys-cat-deeley-is-having-an-absolutely-amazing-time.html Emmys: Cat Deeley is having an 'absolutely amazing' time]</ref>

==Early life==
Deeley was born in [[Sutton Coldfield]], near [[Birmingham]].<ref name="cool">{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/you/article-1082920/Cool-Cat-Ms-Deeley-gets-cream.html|title=Cool for Cat: Ms. Deeley gets the cream|date=November 10, 2008|author=Lina Das|publisher=Daily Mail|accessdate=May 31, 2012}}</ref> She attended Grove Vale Junior School in [[Great Barr]], [[Sandwell]], followed by [[Q3 Academy|Dartmouth High School]] in Great Barr, where she played the [[clarinet]] in the [[Sandwell]] Youth Concert Band.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/celebrity/entertainment/inquisitor/2011/07/cat-deeley-interview|title=Glamour Inquisitor: Cat Deeley|date=July 14, 2011|author=Jenn Selby|publisher=Glamour.com|accessdate=May 31, 2012}}</ref> She then joined the sixth form at [[Bishop Vesey's Grammar School]].<ref name="BM">{{cite web|url=http://www.birminghammail.net/lifestyle/latest-features/2012/02/21/birmingham-s-cat-deeley-may-have-found-her-prince-charming-in-patrick-kielty-97319-30377564/|title=Birmingham's Cat Deeley may have found her Prince Charming in Patrick Kielty|date=February 21, 2012|author=Kat Keogh|publisher=Birmingham Mail|accessdate=May 31, 2012}}</ref>

At age 14, Deeley entered a regional edition of a [[BBC]] competition for ''[[The Clothes Show]]'', in which she reached the national finals.<ref name="BM" /> Spotted by an agent for [[Storm Model Management|Storm]] [[modeling agency]] at age 16,<ref name="cool" /> she was quickly signed as a [[Model (person)|model]] under her [[nickname]] of Cat to make it easier for clients to re-book her.<ref name="AskMen">{{cite web|url=http://uk.askmen.com/celebs/women/models_100/103_cat_deeley.html|title=Cat Deeley|publisher=askmen.com|accessdate=2008-11-13}}</ref>

==Career==
In 1994, at age 18, Deeley became a full-time [[Model (person)|fashion model]]. She left full-time modelling in 1997, following changes in her contract with Storm. She moved on to co-present the [[MTV]] chart show, ''Hitlist UK'', with close friend [[Edith Bowman]]. From 1998 until 2002, she was co-host with [[Ant & Dec]] on the Saturday morning children's programme ''[[SMTV Live]]'' and hosted its spin-off programmes [[CD:UK]] (1998–2005) and ''CD:UK Hotshots''. On ''SM:TV Live'' she often acted as an apparently slightly unwilling [[Magician's Assistant|assistant]] whenever the show featured a guest appearance by a [[Stage magician|magician]]. During her time with the show, she regularly found herself appearing and disappearing, and being crushed, stretched, levitated, impaled and [[Guillotine (magic trick)|guillotine]]d. However, by far the most common illusion was for her to be [[Sawing a woman in half|sawed in half]], an illusion she participated in several times in its various forms. In one performance of this illusion, she became the first British celebrity to participate in the [[Clearly Impossible]] version of the illusion, where she was divided in two inside a clear-sided box that allowed her entire body to be seen at all times during the sawing-through and separation. In 2001, she won a Children's [[BAFTA]] award and appeared in an episode of the [[BBC]]'s [[Happiness (TV series)|''Happiness'']]. In 2002, Deeley appeared in a television advert for [[Marks and Spencer]]. Other programmes she hosted include ''[[The Record of the Year]]'', ''[[Fame Academy]]'', ''The [[2004 BRIT Awards]]'' and ''[[Stars in Their Eyes]]'', as well as a weekly broadcast on London's [[Capital Radio|Capital FM]] and [[BBC Choice]] series ''Roadtripping'', both with former MTV colleague [[Edith Bowman]]. In 2005 she played herself in an episode of ''[[Little Britain]]'' and provided the voice of "Loretta Geargrinder" in the UK version of the film ''[[Robots (film)|Robots]]'', replacing [[Natasha Lyonne]].

In 2006, she began hosting the second season of American [[reality show]] ''[[So You Think You Can Dance (US)|So You Think You Can Dance]]'', replacing [[Lauren Sánchez]], who was pregnant. Deeley interviewed [[Kylie Minogue]] for a television special which was broadcast in the United Kingdom on [[Sky One]] on 16 July 2006, in Australia on [[Nine Network|Channel Nine]] on 17 July 2006 and BBC America on 9 September 2006.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5093926.stm|work=BBC News|title=Sky to show first Kylie interview|date=19 June 2006|accessdate=28 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Statham|first=Larine|url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,19533629-1702,00.html|title=Breaking News | Latest news from The Australian | The Australian |publisher=Theaustralian.news.com.au|date=|accessdate=2010-08-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bbcamerica.com/index.jsp |title=BBC America |publisher=BBC America |date= |accessdate=2011-06-13}}</ref> Deeley was a guest reporter on [[NBC]]'s ''[[The Tonight Show]]''. She presented [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]]'s ''New Year's Eve special'' from [[Times Square]] in 2006 and 2007.<ref>[http://community.tvguide.com/blog-entry/TVGuide-News-Blog/Todays-News/Cat-Deeley-Does/800028352 "Cat Deeley Does New Year's"]</ref>

In 2007 Cat Deeley said she and her friends both had a ambition to be a model . The UK coverage of the sixth season of ''[[American Idol]]'' for [[ITV2]]. She filmed segments and interviews with guests and eliminated contestants for UK audiences that were shown just before and after advertising breaks. However, this was not popular with viewers who saw Deeley's role as "unnecessary". {{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} She did not return for the seventh season of ''[[American Idol]]'' in 2008. Deeley was the face of [[Shape]] ''Water'' and a number of [[Garnier]] [[Fructis]] products, appearing in print and television advertising in the UK and [[Ireland]].

On 1 July 2007, Deeley was one of many speakers at the [[Concert for Diana]]. The event, watched by an estimated 500 million people, was at the new [[Wembley Stadium]]. In September 2007, Deeley presented ''Soundtrack to My Life'', a music series produced by Hamma & Glamma Productions for ITV London that looks at the work and influences of an eclectic band of musicians. In January 2006, a new season of ''[[So You Think You Can Dance (US)|So You Think You Can Dance]]'' started its auditions, with Deeley in the role of host. She has been the host of the show ever since. In 2011, Deeley was nominated for a [[Primetime Emmy Award]] for [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality-Competition Program|Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality-Competition Program]].<ref>[http://insidetv.ew.com/2011/07/14/emmy-nominations-2011/ Emmy nominations 2011: 'Boardwalk Empire,' 'Game of Thrones' score drama series nods]</ref>

Other projects of Deeley's include presenting the third season of ''Soundtrack to My Life'', playing herself as host of [[Peter Kay]]'s ''[[Peter Kay's Britain's Got the Pop Factor... and Possibly a New Celebrity Jesus Christ Soapstar Superstar Strictly on Ice]]'', guest hosting the United States syndicated version of ''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (U.S. game show)|Who Wants to Be a Millionaire]]'' (for [[Meredith Vieira]]), and appearing on BBC America's broadcast of ''Gordon Ramsay's F Word''. In 2009, Deeley added hosting duties for the television version of the electronic game ''[[20Q (game show)|20Q]]'' for [[Game Show Network|GSN]]. In January and February 2010, Deeley hosted ''[[So You Think You Can Dance (UK)|So You Think You Can Dance]]'' in UK. Also, in February 2010, Cat filled in for a holidaying Meredith Vieira as host on the morning TV show ''Today''. On 31 March 2010, Deeley filled in for [[Kelly Ripa]] on the morning talk show ''[[Live with Regis and Kelly]]''.

On 9 January 2011, Deeley made a small guest appearance in the Disney Channel sitcom, ''[[Shake It Up (TV series)|Shake It Up]]'' where she portrays a [[vice principal]] who is, in secret, a dancer or a host.

In April 2011 Deeley appeared on [[CNN]]'s ''Icon''<ref>{{cite news| url=http://edition.cnn.com/CNNI/Programs/icon/ | title=Icon: Style, design, culture and visual arts on CNN | date=2 June 2011}}</ref> and spoke to [[Nancy Cartwright]]. Together they did The Bartman.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jN-hV54XXt8 |title=‪Cat Deeley – So you think you can rap‬‏ |publisher=YouTube |date= |accessdate=2011-06-13}}</ref> In the same month, she also co-hosted the [[CNN]] coverage of the wedding of [[Prince William]] and [[Kate Middleton]].<ref>{{cite video |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/13117869 |title=Cat Deeley on presenting the royal wedding for CNN |format=[[Flash Video]] |date=18 April 2011 |work=[[Newsbeat]] |publisher=[[BBC Radio 1]] |accessdate=29 May 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1381236/Royal-Wedding-Cat-Deeley-leads-British-television-personalities-taking-US-coverage.html Welcome back Cat! Miss Deeley leads the British television personalities taking part in US Royal Wedding coverage] ''Daily Mail''. Retrieved 1 April 2012.</ref>

In June 2011, Deeley launched her own "behind-the-scenes" web series, produced by Deeley, Yahoo! and Collective Digital Studio.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cat-deeley-yahoo-reality-series-204689|title=Cat Deeley to Appear in Yahoo! Reality Series (Exclusive); The Hollywood Reporter |publisher=hollywoodreporter.com|date=2011-06-22|accessdate=2011-07-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20110623005416/en/Global-Fashion-Icon-Cat-Deeley-Scenes-Original | title=Global Fashion Icon Cat Deeley Goes Behind the Scenes With Original Web Series on Yahoo! | date=29 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://video.yahoo.com/dressingroom-25735118/ |title=In The Dressing Room with Cat Deeley |date= |accessdate=2011-07-29-2011}}</ref> A 20-episode twice-weekly short form series entitled "In the Dressing Room", the show follows Cat as she shares her inspiration for her "look" and gets ready before she goes live on ''[[So You Think You Can Dance (U.S. TV series)|So You Think You Can Dance]]''. The show is promoted on OMG! and throughout the Yahoo! network.

On August 25 1979 Cat Deely sang to Baljinder Braich

On 18 August 2011, she appeared on [[Live!_with_Kelly#Live_with_Regis_and_Kelly|Live with Regis and Kelly]], as a fill in for Kelly.

Deeley also appeared as a guest star in the 6th episode of ''[[Life's Too Short]]'', playing herself. She also appeared in the second episode of [[House of Lies]] as herself on January 15, 2012.

On January 26, 2012, she co-hosted [[Live! with Kelly]] with [[Kelly Ripa]].

In March 14, 2012, she appeared as a guest judge of Tyra Banks' America's Next Top Model Cycle 18.

She is now host of Fox's celebrity dating game show [[The Choice (TV series)|The Choice]], which premiered June 7, 2012 in the United States.

==Charity work==
Since 2003, Deeley has been a patron of [[Great Ormond Street Hospital]]. She is also an active supporter of [[UNICEF]]. In 2007, she took part in a UNICEF benefit show in Los Angeles during which magician [[David Copperfield (illusionist)|David Copperfield]] sawed her in half using his antique [[Sawing a woman in half#Buzzsaw|Buzz Saw]] illusion. In 2008, she visited a number of UNICEF projects in the [[Philippines]], including their Soccer Aid 2 project in [[Manila]]. In December 2009 she was made a UNICEF UK ambassador.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/people/people_nationalambassadors.html |title=People – National |publisher=UNICEF |date= |accessdate=2011-06-13}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Between 2001 and 2006, Deeley dated businessman Mark Whelan.<ref name="rte">[http://www.rte.ie/ten/2011/1016/deeleyc.html Cat Deeley splits from actor boyfriend] ''RTE''. Retrieved 1 April 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrities/cat-deeley Cat Deeley] ''US Magazine''. Retrieved 1 April 2012.</ref><ref name="mirror">[http://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/us-gossip/its-getting-serious-cat-deeley-830308 It's getting serious... Cat Deeley and comedian Patrick Kielty buy furniture together] ''The Mirror'', 12 May 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2012.</ref> She was then romantically linked to a number of fellow celebrities, including actors [[Leonardo DiCaprio]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.entertainmentwise.com/news/20605/is-cat-deeley-dating-leonardo|title=Is Cat Deeley Dating Leonardo DiCaprio?|date=August 4, 2006|author=Lowri Williams|publisher=Entertainmentwise|accessdate=June 3, 2012}}</ref> which she later dispelled as a rumour,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://au.lifestyle.yahoo.com/who/celebrity-interviews/article/-/5920338/10-things-you-didn-t-know-cat-deeley/|title=10 Things You Didn't Know: Cat Deeley|date=August 8, 2008|author=Deborah Grunfeld|publisher=Yahoo! Lifestyle|accessdate=June 3, 2012}}</ref> and [[Jack Huston]], with whom she had a two-year relationship.<ref name="mirror"/> In 2011, she had a brief relationship with [[True Blood]] actor [[Michael McMillian]], which ended after four months.<ref name="rte"/><ref name="mirror"/> In early 2012, [[Patrick Kielty]] revealed that he and Deeley were in a relationship.<ref name="mirror"/><ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2104126/Patrick-Kielty-confirms-Cat-Deeley-relationship-Shes-special-lady-life.html 'She's a special lady in my life': Patrick Kielty confirms his relationship with Cat Deeley]</ref> They were married 30 September 2012.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-19784659 Patrick Kielty and Cat Deeley in Rome wedding]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Cat Deeley}}
* {{IMDb name|0214299}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Davina McCall]]
| title = Host of ''[[Stars in their Eyes]]''
| years = 2004–2006
| after = Programme ended
}}
{{s-end}}

{{So You Think You Can Dance}}
{{So You Think You Can Dance (UK)}}
{{Fame Academy}}

{{Persondata
|NAME=Cat Deeley
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Catherine Elizabeth Deeley
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=English television host and presenter
|DATE OF BIRTH=23 October 1976
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Birmingham]], England
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deeley, Cat}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:American Idol participants]]
[[Category:Children's television presenters]]
[[Category:English television presenters]]
[[Category:English radio personalities]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:English female models]]
[[Category:So You Think You Can Dance]]
[[Category:People from Sutton Coldfield]]
[[Category:People from West Bromwich]]
[[Category:Actresses from Birmingham, West Midlands]]
[[Category:People educated at Bishop Vesey's Grammar School]]

Cat Deeley

2013-03-18T13:40:00Z

Unbuttered Parsnip: Undid revision 545210994 by 91.135.1.32 (talk) = silly damaging change

Ylla

2013-03-14T05:13:06Z

Unbuttered Parsnip: Undid revision 544007846 by Waverley123 (talk) = section at end gives errors; references section must come after referencing items.

{{Infobox artist
| bgcolour = #6495ED
| name = Ylla
| image = Yllawithtoucan.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Ylla with toucan, ca. 1950
| birth_name = Camilla Koffler
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|8|16}}
| birth_place = [[Vienna]], [[Austria-Hungary]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1955|3|30|1911|8|16}}
| death_place = [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]], [[India]]
| nationality = [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]]
| field = [[Photography]]
| training = Belgrade Academy of Fine Arts, [[Académie Colarossi]]
| movement = Nature, Animals
| works =
| patrons =
| influenced by = [[Ergy Landau]]
| influenced =
| awards =
}}
[[Image:USCAmeraOct1940.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.5|U.S. Camera, October 1940]]
'''Ylla''' (pronounced ''eela'') was the [[pseudonym]] of '''Camilla Koffler''' (16 August 1911 – 30 March 1955), a [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]] photographer who specialized in animal photography. At the time of her death she "was generally considered the most proficient animal photographer in the world."<ref>"Fall Kills Ylla, Camera Artist," ''New York Times'' (Obituary) (31 March 1955).</ref>

==Biography==
Koffler was born in [[Vienna]], Austria, to a [[Romanian people|Romanian]] father and [[Serb]] mother, both Hungarian nationals. At age eight, she was placed in a [[Germany|German]] boarding school in [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]]. In 1925, the teenage Koffler joined her mother in [[Belgrade]], [[Yugoslavia]], where she studied sculpture with [[Italians|Italian]] sculptor [[Petar Palavacini]] at the Academy of Fine Arts; discovering that her given name Camilla stood for "[[camel]]" in [[Serb]],<ref>Auer, Michèle & Michel. ''Photographers Encyclopedia International, 1839 to the present'' (Editions Camera Obscura, Geneva, 1985)</ref> she changed it to "Ylla."

In 1929, Ylla received a commission for a bas-relief sculpture for a Belgrade movie theater. By 1931, she had moved to [[Paris]], [[France]], where she studied sculpture at the [[Académie Colarossi]] and worked as photo retoucher and assistant to photographer [[Ergy Landau]].

In 1932, Ylla began photographing animals, exhibited her work at [[Galerie de La Pléiade]], and opened a studio to photograph pets. In 1933, she was introduced to [[Charles Rado]] of the [[Rapho (agency)|Rapho]] Guillumette agency.

In 1940, New York's [[Museum of Modern Art]] submitted her name to the [[U.S. Department of State]] requesting an entry visa; she immigrated to the United States in 1941.

In 1952, Ylla traveled to [[Africa]], and in 1954 she visited [[India]] for the first time.

In 1955, Ylla was fatally injured after falling from a jeep while photographing a [[bullock cart]] race during festivities in [[Bharatpur, India|Bharatpur]], North India.

==Quotes and posthumous tributes==
[[Julian Huxley]]:

{{quote|. . . She is, I think, ''the'' outstanding animal photographer. She is outstanding in being able to seize in her pictures some essential quality of her subjects, which more orthodox photographers are apt to miss in their desire for so-called realistic and complete representation.<ref>Huxley, Julian. ''Animals'' (New York: Hastings House; London: Harvill Press, 1950).</ref>}}

[[Charles Rado]]:

{{quote|[Ylla was] one of the most skilled and dedicated photographers of animals. They were her life, she loved them all. . . . She was wonderfully alive, amusing, fond of travel and people, and she loved her work because she loved and understood animals. Her books, in particular, gave her much satisfaction. She worked on them with infinite patience, supervising their design and printing. ''Animals'' (1951) won a prize as one of the most beautiful books of the year. . . . She contributed to practically every illustrated magazine here and in Europe. . . . The thrill of observing and photographing wild animals in their natural habitat was a new and exciting experience to Ylla; she would never again be content with photographing zoo animals.<ref>Rado, Charles. "Ylla: One of the most skilled and dedicated photographer of animals. They were her life, she loved them all," ''US Camera'' (annual), ed. Tom Maloney (1959).</ref>}}

==Movie Hatari! Character Based on Ylla==
Her life work of photographing animals inspired famous movie director and producer, [[Howard Hawks]], so much that he had his script writer, [[Leigh Brackett]], change the script to create one of the main characters based on Ylla for his blockbuster movie, [[Hatari!]]. The movie character Anna Maria D’Alessandro “Dallas”, is a photographer working for a zoo and was played by actress [[Elsa Martinelli]]. <ref>Todd McCarthy, ''Howard Hawks: the grey fox of Hollywood'', New York, Grove Press, 1997, pg 573, ISBN 0802115985</ref> <ref>Thomas McIntyre, May/June 2012, “Fifty Years of HATARI! – The Story of Most Expensive Safari In the World”, Sports Afield, pg 70</ref>

==Selected bibliography==
*1937 ''Chiens par Ylla/Ylla's Dog Fancies'', [[Jules Supervielle]] (Paris: Editions OET/London: Methuen Publishers)
*1937 ''Chats par Ylla'', [[Paul Léautaud]] (Paris: Editions OET)
*1938 ''Animal Language'', [[Julian Huxley]] (includes recordings of animal calls) (London: Country Life Press; New York: Grosset & Dunlop; 2nd ed. 1964)
*1944 ''They All Saw It'', [[Margaret Wise Brown]] (New York: Harper & Brothers)
*1947 ''The Sleepy Little Lion'', [[Margaret Wise Brown]] (New York: Harper & Brothers)
*1947 ''Le Petit Lion'', [[Jacques Prévert]] (Paris: Arts et Métiers Graphiques)
*1950 ''Tico-Tico'', [[Niccolo Tucci]] (New York: Harper & Brothers); 1952: [[Georges Ribemont-Dessaignes]] (Paris: Libraire Gallimard)
*1950 ''O Said the Squirrel'', [[Margaret Wise Brown]] (London: Harvill Press)
*1950 ''Des Bêtes...'', [[Jacques Prévert]] (Lausanne: Edition Jean Marguerat; Paris: Libraire Gallimard)
*1950 ''Animals'', [[Julian Huxley]] (New York: Hastings House; London: Harvill Press)
*1952 ''The Duck'', [[Margaret Wise Brown]] (New York: Harper & Brothers; London: Harvill Press)
*1953 ''Animals in Africa'', [[L.S.B. Leakey]] (New York: Harper & Brothers; London: Harvill Press; Paris: Delpire/Revue Neuf; Hamburg: Christian Wegner)
*1956 ''Twee kleine beertjes = Deux petits ours'', [[Paulette Falconnet]] (Brussel ; Amsterdam : Elsevier)
*1958 ''Animals in India'' (Lausanne: La Guilde du Livre/Clairefontaine; New York: Harper & Brothers)

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*[[Beaumont Newhall]]: ''Photography 1839-1937'' (Museum of Modern Art, New York, 1937)
*[[John Szarkowski]]: ''The Photographer’s Eye'' (Museum of Modern Art, New York, 1966)
*“Charles Rado, 71, of Photo Agency; Developed Popular Books from Ylla's Portfolio”, ''New York Times'', October 5, 1970. (Obituary)
*''Ylla'' (Musée Nicéphore Niépce, Chalon-sur-Saône, 1983)
*''The Animal in Photography 1843-1985'', ed. Alexandra Noble (The Photographers’ Gallery, London, 1986)
*''Les Femmes Photographes de la Nouvelle Vision en France 1920-1940'', Christian Bouqueret (Editions Marval, Paris, 1998)
*''1000 Dogs'', ed. Raymond Merritt & Miles Barth (Taschen, Cologne, 2002)

==External links==
*[http://www.pryordodge.com/ylla.html Biography, including a complete bibliography, examples of her portraits, and portraits of Ylla]

{{Authority control|VIAF=22665874}}
{{Persondata 
| NAME =Ylla
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Hungarian photographer
| DATE OF BIRTH =1911-8
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Vienna]], [[Austria]]
| DATE OF DEATH =1955-3
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ylla}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:1955 deaths]]
[[Category:Hungarian photographers]]
[[Category:Nature photographers]]
[[Category:Hungarian women artists]]
[[Category:Austrian people of Romanian descent]]

[[fr:Ylla]]

Training Within Industry

2013-03-14T01:30:54Z

Unbuttered Parsnip: move/remove <ref>s

The '''Training Within Industry''' ('''TWI''') service was created by the [[United States Department of War]], running from 1940 to 1945 within the [[War Manpower Commission]]. The purpose was to provide consulting services to war-related industries whose personnel were being [[Conscription|conscripted]] into the [[United States Army|US Army]] at the same time the War Department was issuing orders for additional [[matériel]]. It was apparent that the shortage of trained and skilled personnel at precisely the time they were needed most would impose a hardship on those industries, and that only improved methods of job training would address the shortfall [http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/ATO/Admin/WarProgram/charts/WarProgram-20.jpg]. By the end of [[World War II]], over 1.6 million workers in over 16,500 plants had received a certification.

==Overview==

The four basic training programs (10-hour sessions) developed by TWI were developed in an emergency situation by experts on loan from private industry. Because of the intensity of the situation, a large number of experimental methods were tried and discarded. This resulted in a distilled, concentrated set of programs. Each of the 10-hour programs had introductory programs called "Appreciation Sessions" that were used to sell the programs to top management and introduce the programs to middle management of a company. Each of these 10-hour Session programs had 'Train-the-Trainer' programs and handbooks called "Institute Conductor's Manual" for the master trainers.

Books on TWI<ref name = dinero-foundations>{{cite book | last = Dinero | first = Donald | title = Training Within Industry: The Foundation of Lean | year = 2005 | location = Portland, OR | publisher = Productivity Press | isbn = 9781563273070 | url = http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781563273070}}</ref><ref name = dinero-cases>{{cite book | last = Dinero | first = Donald | title = TWI Case Studies: Standard Work, Continuous Improvement, and Teamwork | year = 2011 | location = Portland, OR | publisher = Productivity Press | isbn = 9781439846100 | url = http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781439846100}}</ref><ref name = workbook-twi>{{cite book | last1 = Graupp | first1 = Patrick | last2 = Wrona | first2 = Robert | title = The TWI Workbook: Essential Skills for Supervisors | year = 2006 | location = Portland, OR | publisher = Productivity Press | isbn = 9781563273155 | url = http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781563273155}}</ref><ref name = implement-twi>{{ cite book | last1 = Graupp | first1 = Patrick | last2 = Wrona | first2 = Robert | title = Implementing TWI: Creating and Managing a Skills-Based Culture | year = 2010 | location = Portland, OR | publisher = Productivity Press | isbn = 9781439825969 | url = http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781439825969}}</ref> and [[Kaizen]]<ref name = imai-1986>{{
cite book | last = Imai | first = Masaaki | title = Kaizen: The Key to Japan's Competitive Success | publisher = McGraw-Hill/Irwin | isbn = 0-07-554332-X | year = 1986}}</ref><ref name = imai-1997>{{
cite book | last = Imai | first = Masaaki | title = Gemba kaizen: a commonsense low-cost approach to management | publisher = McGraw-Hill | isbn = 0070314462 | year = 1997}}</ref><ref>{{
cite book | last1= Kato | first1 = Isao | last2 = Smalley | first2 = Art | title = Toyota kaizen methods: six steps to improvement | location = Boca Raton, FL | publisher = CRC Press | year = 2011 | isbn = 9781439838532 | url = http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781439838532}}</ref> provide a useful starting point for understanding the relationships between TWI, the [[Toyota Production System]] and [[Lean manufacturing]].

The TWI Service also developed a number of "Staff Only" training programs to support staff development and to improve the implementation success.

The TWI trainers had to be invited to a factory in order to present their material. In order to market the service, they developed the Five Needs of the Supervisor: every supervisor needs to have Knowledge of the Work, Knowledge of Responsibility, Skill in Instructing, Skill in Improving Methods, and Skill in Leading. Each program was based on Charles Allen's 4-point method of Preparation, Presentation, Application, and Testing.

The 10-hour Sessions were:

* Job Instruction (JI) - a course that taught trainers (supervisors and experienced workers) to train inexperienced workers and get them "up to speed" faster. The instructors were taught to break down jobs into closely defined steps, show the procedures while explaining the Key Points and the reasons for the Key Points, then watch the student attempt under close coaching, and finally to gradually wean the student from the coaching. The course emphasized the credo, "If the worker hasn't learned, the instructor hasn't taught".

* Job Methods (JM) - a course that taught workers to objectively evaluate the efficiency of their jobs and to methodically evaluate and suggest improvements. The course also worked with a job breakdown, but students were taught to analyze each step and determine if there were sufficient reason to continue to do it in that way by asking a series of pointed questions. If they determined some step could be done better by Eliminating, Combining, Rearranging, or Simplifying, they were to develop and apply the new method by selling it to the "boss" and co-workers, obtaining approval based on Safety, Quality, Quantity, and Cost, standardizing the new method, and giving "credit where credit is due."

* Job Relations (JR) - a course that taught supervisors to deal with workers effectively and fairly. It emphasized the lesson, "People Must Be Treated As Individuals".

* Program Development (PD) - the meta-course that taught those with responsibility for the training function to assist the line organization in solving production problems through training.

There was also a short-lived course that taught union personnel to work effectively with management.

=== Relationship to Lean ===

Although the TWI program funding for application of the programs in the USA by the government ended in 1945, The US government did fund the introduction to the war-torn nations of Europe and Asia. Several private groups continued to provide TWI in the US and abroad. Channing Dooley, Walter Dietz, Mike Kane and Bill Conover (collectively known as the four horsemen) continued the development of the 'J' programs by establishing the TWI Foundation. This group was responsible for continuing the spread of TWI throughout Europe and Asia. The Director of one of the district offices established TWI, Inc., and was hired by the US Government to provide TWI training in Japan. It was especially well received in Japan, where TWI formed the basis of the [[kaizen]] culture in industry. ''Kaizen'', known by such names as ''Quality Circles'' in the West, was successfully harnessed by [[Toyota Motor Corporation]] in conjunction with the [[Lean manufacturing|Lean]] or [[Just In Time (business)|Just In Time]] principles of [[Taiichi Ohno]]. In fact, in the Foreword to Dinero's book "Training Within Industry" (2005), John Shook relates a story in which a Toyota trainer brought out an old copy of a TWI service manual to prove to him that American workers at [[NUMMI]] could be taught using the "Japanese" methods used at Toyota. Thus, TWI was the forerunner of what is today regarded as a Japanese creation.

TWI had a direct impact on the development and use of kaizen and Standard Work at Toyota. These fundamental elements are embedded within the functional system at Toyota and Job Instruction is taught and used within Toyota today. The kaizen methodology is a direct descendant of Job Methods, and most likely Job Relations had an impact on the development and function of the Team and Group Leader structure in Toyota.

Many of the points above should look familiar to students of [[W. Edwards Deming]]: the [[PDCA]] style of the training programs, the JI litany about failure being on the shoulders of the instructor, and even the JI and JM methods themselves. Deming lectures frequently included statements similar to the JR slogan, "People Must Be Treated As Individuals."

In Dinero's introduction he goes as far as saying that one of the key differences between more & less successful Lean Projects was their focus on the "people element" during implementation.

<ref>{{cite book|last=Warren|first=Mark|title=New Zealand TWI: Coaching Guides|year=2012|publisher=Lulu|location=US|isbn=9781105723087}}</ref> ===Why it disappeared from the United States===

One theory for the disappearance of TWI within the U.S. after the war is the simple fact that North American industry faced little serious competition in 1945. With no competition to an efficient industry, few saw the need to continue to improve. At the same time, foreign industries had been decimated. The defeated countries needed to establish new industry but to reject the old culture. For that purpose, TWI trainers were brought to Europe by the occupying forces there, and to Japan by [[Douglas MacArthur|MacArthur]] during the occupation.

Another theory is that after the war, everyone went back to "business as usual": "old" workforce, returning from War, moved back to their previous jobs, without any idea of "new culture", while most of the TWI trained people went back to their previous jobs; this caused TWI culture to "fade away" almost instantaneously.

The facts are a little different from the popular theories. More than 100 leading companies in the US supported the TWI Foundation following the war (Reference: US National Archive special collections), as they continued to develop these programs. TWI Conferences were held until 1952. The principles of the TWI programs found their way into general training processes across the nation. The original Job Instruction program was part of the business program at the University of Chicago until 1967. A few consultants offered versions of the programs into the 1980s.<ref>{{cite book|last=Warren|first=Mark|title=New Zealand TWI: Appreciation, Operating and Follow Up Programs|year=2012|publisher=Lulu|location=US|isbn=9781105722639}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kaizen]]
* [[Toyota Production System]]
* [[General_McArthur#Occupation_of_Japan|General McArthur's Occupation of Japan]]
* [[Occupied Japan]] / [[Occupation of Japan]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Warren|first=Mark|title=The TWI Report - 2nd Edition|year=2010|publisher=Lulu|location=US|isbn=9780557279203}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{cite book|last=Warren|first=Mark|title=New Zealand TWI: Coaching Guides|year=2012|publisher=Lulu|location=US|isbn=9781105723087}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/211.html Official archives of the War Manpower Commission], also see SME site above for Archives downloads
* [http://twisummit.com/?attachment_id=539 Roots of Lean - Training Within Industry: The Origin of Kaizen], Jim Huntzinger
* [http://www.twisummit.com/Why%20Standard%20Work%20is%20not%20Standard.pdf Why Standard Work is Not Standard], Article on TWI's relationship to Standard Work by Jim Huntzinger
* [http://www.leanfrontiers.com/twisummit.com/2nd.pdf The 2nd Coming - A TWI Primer] written by Dwayne A. Butcher
* [http://www.twisummit.com/ TWI Summit] An annual gathering of TWI proponents

[[Category:Government agencies established in 1940]]
[[Category:1945 disestablishments in the United States]]
[[Category:United States Department of War]]
[[Category:Military industry]]
[[Category:Quality]]
[[Category:Agencies of the United States government during World War II]]
[[Category:Defunct agencies of the United States government]]

Ylla

2013-03-14T01:26:48Z

Unbuttered Parsnip: move recently added section; copyedits

Virginia Hall

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Unbuttered Parsnip: insert {{Reflist}}

{{Infobox spy
| name = Virginia Hall
| nickname =
| image = Virginia Hall.jpg
| caption = Virginia Hall receiving the [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]] in 1945 from OSS chief [[William Joseph Donovan|General Donovan]]
| allegiance = {{Flagicon|USA}} [[United States of America|USA]] {{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] {{Flagicon|Free French Forces}} [[Free France]]
| service = [[Special Operations Executive|SOE]] (1940 - 1944) [[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]] (1944 - 1945) [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] ([[Special Activities Division|SAD]]) (1951-1966)
| serviceyears = 1940-1966
| rank =
| operation = [[Operation Jedburgh]]
| award = [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]], [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|DSC]]
| codename1 = Diane
| codename2 = Marie Monin
| codename3 = Germaine
| codename4 = Marie of Lyon
| codename5 = Camille
| codename6 = Nicolas<ref name="cia.gov">https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2007-featured-story-archive/the-people-of-the-cia.html</ref>
| codename7 =
| codename8 =
| codename9 =
| other = [[US Department of State]] (1931 - 1939)
| birth_name = Virginia Hall
| birth_date = {{birth date|1906|04|06}}
| birth_place = Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1982|07|08|1906|04|06}}
| death_place = Rockville, Maryland, U.S.
| death_cause = natural
| buried = [[Pikesville|Pikesville, Maryland]]
| height =
| nationality = {{flagicon|USA}} American
| religion =
| residence =
| parents =
| spouse = Paul Goillot
| children =
| occupation =
| alma_mater = Undergraduate: [[Radcliffe College]] (Harvard University) and [[Barnard College]] (Columbia University) Graduate: [[American University]]
| signature = }}

'''Virginia Hall Goillot''', [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]], [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|DSC]] (6 April 1906 — 8 July 1982<ref>http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=pv&GRid=14354228&PIpi=3280833</ref>) was an [[United States|American]] [[spy]] with the [[Special Operations Executive]] during [[World War II]] and later with the [[Office of Strategic Services]] and the [[Special Activities Division]] of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]]. She was known by many aliases, including "Marie Monin", "Germaine", "Diane", "Marie of Lyon", "Camille",<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/cia/ciakids/history/vhall01.html]</ref><ref name="Daily Telegraph Page 15">Daily Telegraph, 29/01/1994 Page 15, Obituary of George Begue</ref> and Nicolas.<ref name="cia.gov"/> The Germans gave her the nickname ''Artemis''. The Gestapo reportedly considered her "the most dangerous of all Allied spies".<ref>
Meyer,Roger (October 2008). "World War II's Most Dangerous Spy" ''The American Legion Magazine'' p. 54</ref>

== Early life ==
Hall was born in [[Baltimore, Maryland]] and attended prestigious [[Radcliffe College]] and [[Barnard College]] (Columbia University),<ref>[http://estonia.usembassy.gov/root/pdfs/history-articles/not-bad-for-a-girl-from-baltimore.pdf Curriculum]</ref> where she studied French, Italian and German. She wanted to finish her studies in Europe. With help from her parents, she travelled the Continent and studied in [[France]], [[Germany]], and [[Austria]], finally landing an appointment as a Consular Service clerk at the American Embassy in [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]] in 1931. Hall had hoped to join the Foreign Service, but suffered a setback around 1932 when she accidentally shot herself in the left leg while hunting in Turkey. The leg was later amputated from the knee down, and replaced with a wooden appendage which she named "Cuthbert". The injury foreclosed whatever chance she might have had for a diplomatic career, and she resigned from the Department of State in 1939. Thereafter she attended graduate school at [[American University]] in [[Washington, DC]].<ref>[http://photos.state.gov/libraries/estonia/99874/History%20stories/Not-Bad-for-a-Girl-from-Baltimore.pdf]</ref>

== World War II ==
The coming of war that year found Hall in [[Paris]]. She joined the Ambulance Service before the fall of France and ended up in [[Vichy France|Vichy]]-controlled territory when the fighting stopped in the summer of 1940.

=== Special Operations Executive ===
Hall made her way to London and volunteered for Britain's newly formed [[Special Operations Executive]], which sent her back to Vichy in August 1941.
She spent the next 15 months there, helping to coordinate the activities of the [[French Resistance|French Underground]] in Vichy and the occupied zone of France. At the time she had the cover of a correspondent for the [[New York Post]].<ref name="Daily Telegraph Page 15"/>

When the Germans suddenly seized all of France in November 1942, Hall barely escaped to [[Spain]]. Rather whimsically, her artificial foot had its own codename ("Cuthbert"). According to Dr. Dennis Casey of the [[Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Agency|U.S. Air Force Intelligence Agency]], the French nicknamed her "la dame qui boite" and the Germans put "the limping lady" on their most wanted list.<ref>http://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/030127/27heyday.hall.htm</ref> Before making her escape, she signalled to SOE that she hoped Cuthbert would not give trouble on the way. The SOE, not understanding the reference, replied, "If Cuthbert troublesome, eliminate him". Journeying back to London (after working for SOE for a time in Madrid), in July 1943 she was quietly made an honorary Member of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (MBE).<ref>https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/oss/art05.htm</ref>

=== Office of Strategic Services ===
She joined the U.S. [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS) Special Operations Branch in March 1944 and asked to return to occupied France. She hardly needed training in clandestine work behind enemy lines, and OSS promptly granted her request and landed her from a British [[Motor Torpedo Boat|MTB]] in [[Brittany]] (her artificial leg having kept her from parachuting in). Codenamed "Diane", she eluded the [[Gestapo]] and contacted the [[French Resistance]] in central France. She mapped drop zones for supplies and commandos from England, found safe houses, and linked up with a [[Operation Jedburgh|Jedburgh team]] after the [[Allies of World War II|Allied Forces]] landed at [[Normandy]]. Hall helped train three battalions of Resistance forces to wage guerrilla warfare against the Germans and kept up a stream of valuable reporting until Allied troops overtook her small band in September. {{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}

==Post War==
In 1950, Hall married [[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]] agent Paul Goillot. In 1951, she joined the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] working as an intelligence analyst on French parliamentary affairs. She worked alongside her husband as part of the [[Special Activities Division]].

Hall retired in 1966 to a farm in [[Barnesville, Maryland]].

==Death==
Virginia Hall Goillot died at the [[Shady Grove Adventist Hospital]] in [[Rockville, Maryland]] on 8 July 1982, aged 76.<ref>http://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/virginia-hall/</ref> She is buried in the Druid Ridge Cemetery, [[Pikesville]], [[Baltimore County]], [[Maryland]].<ref>http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=14354228</ref>

==Awards==
For her efforts in France, General [[William Joseph Donovan]] in September 1945 personally awarded Hall a [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]] — the only one awarded to a civilian woman in World War II.<ref>http://www.archives.gov/historical-docs/todays-doc/index.html?dod-date=512</ref><ref>http://blogs.archives.gov/todaysdocument/2011/05/12/may-12-virginia-hall-of-the-oss/</ref> President Truman wanted a public award of the medal; however Hall demurred and replied "Still operational and most anxious to get busy."

==Legacy==
Her story was told in "''The Wolves at the Door : The True Story of America's Greatest Female Spy''" by Judith L. Pearson (2005) The Lyons Press, ISBN 1-59228-762-X. 
A biography exists in French: "L'Espionne. Virginia Hall, une Américaine dans la guerre", by Vincent Nouzille (2007) Fayard [http://www.editions-fayard.fr/livre/fayard-241367-l-espionne-vincent-nouzille.htm] l(Paris), a book reviewed by British historian M.R.D. Foot in "Studies in Intelligence", Vol 53, N°1, [https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol53no1/l2019espionne-virginia-hall-une-americaine-dans-la.html]. She was honoured in 2006 again, at the French and British embassies for her courageous work.

==Sources==
*[[Marcus Binney]], ''The Women Who Lived for Danger: The Women Agents of SOE in the Second World War'', London, Hodder & Stoughton, 2002, ISBN 0-340-81840-9, pp. 111–38 ("Virginia Hall") and ''passim.''

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20061210/ap_on_re_us/female_spy_remembered "Ambassadors to honor female ww1 spy"] {{Dead link|date=March 2012}} by Ben Nuckols, [[Associated Press]], 10 December 2006.
* [https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/oss/art05.htm Special Operations article] and [https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2007-featured-story-archive/the-people-of-the-cia.html Featured story about Virginia Hall on the CIA web site]
* [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,3-2499682,00.html#cid=OTC-RSS&attr=World Times Online Article]
* Article by MRD Foot in Studies in Intelligence vol 53 N°1 [https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol53no1/l2019espionne-virginia-hall-une-americaine-dans-la.html]

;Attribution
{{USGovernment|sourceURL=https://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/oss/art05.htm The People of the CIA ...Making an Impact: Virginia Hall}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=54950083}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Hall, Virginia
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =Goillot, Virginia Hall Goillot
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =American World War II spy; CIA analyst
| DATE OF BIRTH =April 6, 1906
| PLACE OF BIRTH =Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.
| DATE OF DEATH =July 14, 1982 (aged 76)
| PLACE OF DEATH =Rockville, Maryland, U.S.
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hall, Virginia}}
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:American spies]]
[[Category:Female wartime spies]]
[[Category:New York Post people]]
[[Category:Special Operations Executive personnel]]
[[Category:French Resistance members]]
[[Category:World War II spies]]
[[Category:Female resistance members of World War II]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)]]
[[Category:Women in World War II]]
[[Category:People from Baltimore, Maryland]]

Raja (Elefant)

2013-03-05T23:53:56Z

Unbuttered Parsnip: clean references = insert {{Reflist}}; remove duplicate text

{{double image|right|Raja (Elephant)-I.JPG|155|Raja (Elephant)-II.JPG|155|Raja's stuffed remains}}

'''Raja''' ([[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]:රාජා) (also known as '''Maligawa Raja''') was a [[Sri Lankan elephant|Sri Lankan tusker]] of [[Sri Dalada Maligawa]] in [[Kandy]]. He participated in Buddhist religious processions for about 50 years and carried the casket of [[tooth relic]] at the annual [[Esala Perahera]] from 1950 to 1987.<ref>{{cite news|last=Senevirathne |first=Asha|url=http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2008/08/10/jun08.asp|title=Selection of tuskers to carry the relic casket|date=10 August 2008|publisher=Sunday Observer online|accessdate=2011-09-24}}</ref> On August 20, 1986 former Sri Lankan President [[J. R. Jayewardene]] declared Raja as a [[national treasure]] in recognition of his valuable services to the religion and culture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elephant.se/database2.php?elephant_id=4755|title=Raja at Kandy Sri Dalada Maligawa Temple of the Tooth|publisher=Elephant Database|accessdate=2012-09-15}}</ref>

[[File:A Tooth Of Raja The Tusker.JPG|160px|left|thumb|A Tooth of Raja The Tusker]]

It is believed that Raja was born in 1913 at the jungles of [[Eravur]] in [[Batticaloa District]]. He was captured by a Muslim man named Umaru Lebbe Panikkar in 1925. "Panicker" is a name given to the people who catch elephants in the wild, train them and sell to people for business or ceremonial work. He was purchased by Tikiri Banda Manampitiya [[Dissava]] for Rs 3,300/- and was donated to the [[Temple of the Tooth]] on 31 July, 1937, along with another elephant called Skanda.<ref name=B>{{cite news|last= Schokman|first=Derrick|url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2002/07/17/fea07.html|title=Remembering Raja: The famous Maligawa Tusker|date=17 July 2002|publisher=Daily News online|accessdate=2012-09-15}}</ref>After serving Buddhist processions for about 50 years, Raja died in July 1988 due to an illness and his death prompted the government to order a day of national mourning in Sri Lanka. Raja's [[Taxidermy|stuffed remains]] are kept in a special museum within the grounds of the Temple of the Tooth.<ref name=A>[http://daladamaligawa.org/amazing.lanka.htm Temple of the Tooth Relic]</ref>

[[File:Raja (elephant) in Sri Lankan Rupee bank notes.JPG|160px|left|thumb|Raja (elephant) in Sri Lankan Rupee bank notes]]
[[File:Photograph of Nissanka Wijeyeratne with Elephant (Raja) .jpg|thumb|right|200px|Raja (elephant) with [[Nissanka Wijeyeratne|Dr. Nissanka Wijeyeratne]] & President [[J.R Jayawardene]] at the Sri Dalada Maligawa.]]

A stamp was issued in its memory on December 12, 1989, and also the 1000 Rupee bill, with Raja and the muslim trainer Umar Lebbe Panicker from Eravur in Batticola.<ref>http://www.elephant.se/database2.php?elephant_id=4755</ref>
{{clear}}

==References==

{{Reflist}}
==See also==
*[[Heiyantuduwa Raja (elephant)]]
*[[Millangoda Raja]]
*[[Kandula (elephant)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Individual elephants]]
[[Category:1988 animal deaths]]

{{SriLanka-stub}}