Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Rema (Musiker)

2020-05-04T12:26:12Z

TwoTwoHello: Reverted to revision 953962321 by Versace1608 (talk): Lgv (TW)

{{BLP primary sources|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Rema
| background = solo_singer
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = Divine Ikubor
| birth_date =
| origin = [[Benin City]], [[Edo State]], [[Nigeria]]
| genre = {{hlist|[[Afrobeats]]|[[Trap music|trap]]}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|rapper|songwriter}}
| instrument = Vocals
| years_active = 2019 {{ndash}} present
| label = {{hlist|Jonzing World|[[Mavin Records|Mavin]]}}
| associated_acts = {{hlist|[[Don Jazzy]]|[[D'Prince]]|[[DJ Big N]]}}
| website =
}}

'''Divine Ikubor''', known professionally as '''Rema''', is a Nigerian singer and rapper. In 2019, he signed a record deal with Jonzing World, a subsidiary of [[Mavin Records]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/music/321661-don-jazzy-signs-new-artiste-to-mavin-global.html|title=Don Jazzy signs new artiste to Mavin Global|first=Jayne|last=Augoye|date=22 March 2019|publisher=}}</ref>. He rose to prominence with the release of the song "Iron Man", which appeared on [[Barack Obama]]'s 2019 summer Playlist<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/nigerian-singer-rema-makes-obamas-summer-playlist/|title=Nigerian singer Rema makes Obamas’ summer playlist|last=Published|website=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-23}}</ref>.

==Early life and career==
The singer was born in the year 2000 into a Christian family in [[Benin City]], Edo State.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thefader.com/2019/06/24/rema-dumebi-interview|title=Rema is Nigerian pop’s golden child|first=Camille|last=Storm|date=24 September 2019|publisher=The FADAR}}</ref> Rema grew up singing and rapping while in secondary school. He attained his primary and secondary school education in [[Edo State]].{{cn|date=February 2020}}

Rema signed a record deal with [[D'Prince]]'s<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thenet.ng/dprince-gave-mavin-records-new-lease-life/|title=How D'Prince gave Mavin Records a new lease of life|last=Akindare|first=Okunola|date=21 January 2020|publisher=NET}}</ref> Jonzing World, a subsidiary of Mavin Records in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.infoguideafrica.com/2019/03/Rema-Biography.html|title=Rema Biography, Age 18, Family, Early Life, Education, Music, Albums, Net Worth And More|last=Clifford|first=Igbo|website=Information Guide Africa}}</ref> He released his eponymous debut EP ''Rema'' in 2019. It peaked at number 1 on Apple Music Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/ng/album/rema-ep/1455903943|title=Rema - EP by Rema|via=music.apple.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/ng/playlist/top-100-nigeria/pl.2fc68f6d68004ae993dadfe99de83877|title=Top 100: Nigeria|website=Apple Music}}</ref>

==Awards==
On 19 October 2019, Rema won [[The Headies Award for Next Rated|Next Rated]] and was nominated for Viewer's Choice at the 13th edition of [[The Headies]]. On 12 January 2020 he received the Souncity mvp for best new artist. <ref>{{cite web |author1=Gbenga Bad-a |title=Headies 2019: Here are all the winners at the 13th edition of music award |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/headies-2019-here-are-all-the-winners-at-13th-edition-of-music-award/peegxqv |publisher=Pulse Nigeria |accessdate=20 October 2019 |date=October 20, 2019}}</ref>

==Discography==
===EPs===
*''Rema'' (2019)
*''Rema Freestyle'' (2019)
*''Bad Commando''<ref>{{cite web|last1=ROSS|first1=ALEX ROBERT|title=Listen to Rema’s new four-track EP, Bad Commando|url=https://www.thefader.com/2019/10/04/listen-to-remas-new-four-track-ep-bad-commando|website=thefadar.com|publisher=The Fadar|accessdate=21 January 2020|date=4 October 2019}}</ref> (2019)

===Singles===
*"Iron Man" (2019)
*"Why" (2019)
*"Dumebi" (2019)
*"Corny" (2019)
*"Boulevard" (2019)
*"American Love" (2019)
*"Spiderman" (2019)
*"Trap Out The Submarine" (2019)
*"Bad Commando" (2019)
*"Lady" (2019)
*"Rewind" (2019)
*"Spaceship Jocelyn" (2019)
*"Dumebi Remix" (ft [[Becky G]]) (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://notjustok.com/song/rema-dumebi-remix-ft-becky-g/|title=Rema - Dumebi (Remix) ft. Becky G {{!}} Mp3 Download « NotJustOk|date=2020-02-14|website=Latest Naija Nigerian Music, Songs & Video - Notjustok|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-03}}</ref>
*"Beamer (Bad Boys)" (2020)
*"Rainbow" (2020)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rema}}
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nigerian musicians]]
[[Category:Musicians from Edo State]]

Totally Accurate Battle Simulator

2019-05-02T12:32:31Z

TwoTwoHello: Reverted 5 edits by 185.160.20.118 (talk) to last revision by Lordtobi (TW)

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox video game
| title = Totally Accurate Battle Simulator
| image = Totally Accurate Battle Simulator logo.jpg
| caption =
| developer = Landfall Games
| publisher = Landfall Games
| engine = [[Unity (game engine)|Unity]]
| producer =
| programmer =
| artist =
| composer =
| designer =
| released = 1 April 2019 (early access)
| genre = [[Strategy video game|Strategy]]
| modes = [[Single-player video game|Single-player]]
| platforms = [[Microsoft Windows]], [[macOS]]
}}

'''''Totally Accurate Battle Simulator''''' ('''''TABS''''') is a [[ragdoll physics]] battle [[Simulation video game|simulation]] [[video game]] developed by Landfall Games, and entered [[early access]] on [[Steam (software)|Steam]] on 1 April 2019.<ref name=NotAprilFools>{{cite web|url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2019/04/01/totally-accurate-battle-simulator-released-in-early-access/|title=Totally Accurate Battle Simulator is now in early access, totally|work=RockPaperShotgun|date=1 April 2019|accessdate=2 April 2019|first=Alice|last=O'Connor}}</ref> A spinoff, titled ''[[Totally Accurate Battlegrounds]]'', was released on 5 June 2018 as a satire of the [[Battle royale game|battle royale]] genre.

== Gameplay ==
The player is presented with a range of opposing soldiers of various unit types, and the player in turn must place their own units on an opposite side of the field. After the player hits "start", the two sides will then rush forward and begin to attack each other, and the player can pan the camera around the map and spectate the match.<ref name="Verge"/><ref name="NYMag"/><ref name="Nerdist"/> The match ends when one side has killed all of the opposing soldiers. The public alpha contains a short 20 level campaign, with a variety of maps with different opposing enemy armies. Each level has a set price limit, but the player can purchase any amount troops they like as long as they do not go over the limit. ''Totally Accurate Battle Simulator'' also has a sandbox mode, which contains no price limits.<ref name="Verge"/>

== Development ==
The game was made during a week-long [[game jam]] in a Swedish castle.<ref name="Presskit"/><ref name="NYMag"/> Landfall Games released the download for people who signed up to their website<ref name="Nerdist"/><ref name="PM"/> in July 2016. The game was released in open alpha in November 2016, while the closed alpha was released in December 2016. The full version of the game was released in [[early access]] on [[Steam (software)|Steam]] on 1 April 2019 for [[Microsoft Windows]] and [[macOS]].<ref name=NotAprilFools/>

== Reception ==
The game has been referred to as a "vibrant and goofy take on chaotic combat",<ref name="KS"/> and has "silly graphics and kind of wonky body physics" which is part of the "charming appeal of an otherwise realistic simulator".<ref name="PS"/> The game has also been described as "brilliant in its simplicity" and "outstanding".<ref name="Nerdist"/>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Video games}}
*''[[Totally Accurate Battlegrounds]]''

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Presskit">{{cite web |title=TABS Press Kit |url=http://landfall.se/tabs-press-kit/ |website=Landfall |accessdate=15 June 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="Verge">{{cite web |last1=Chaim |first1=Gartenberg |title=Totally Accurate Battle Simulator brings the wacky joy of fighting action figures to life |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/12/4/13822182/totally-accurate-battle-simulator-landfall-games-pc-wacky |accessdate=15 June 2018 |work=[[The Verge]] |date=4 December 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="Nerdist">{{cite web |last1=Ashley |first1=Kendell |title=TOTALLY ACCURATE BATTLE SIMULATOR Is Indeed Totally Accurate and Totally Hilarious |url=https://nerdist.com/totally-accurate-battle-simulator-is-indeed-totally-accurate-and-totally-hilarious/ |accessdate=15 June 2018 |work=Nerdist |date=21 July 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="NYMag">{{cite web |last1=Swearingen |first1=Jake |title=I Used This Amazing 3-D ‘Battle Simulator’ to Answer All of Life’s Questions |url=http://nymag.com/selectall/2016/08/using-an-unfinished-video-game-to-answer-lifes-questions.html |accessdate=15 June 2018 |work=New York Magazine |date=22 August 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="PM">{{cite news |last1=Avery |first1=Thompson |title="Totally Accurate Battle Simulator" Simulates Accurate Battles, Totally |url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/culture/gaming/a21867/totally-accurate-battle-simulator/ |accessdate=15 June 2018 |work=Popular Magazine |date=16 July 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="KS">{{cite news |last1=Valentin |first1=Christian |title=Totally Accurate Battle Simulator will deliver the most (un)accurate warfare yet |url=https://killscreen.com/articles/totally-accurate-battle-simulator-will-deliver-unaccurate-warfare-yet/ |accessdate=15 June 2018 |work=Kill Screen |date=22 July 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="PS">{{cite news |last1=Whittaker |first1=G. Clay |title=Take A Look At This Goofy-Looking Battle Simulator |url=https://www.popsci.com/totally-accurate-battle-simulator-is-totally-accurate |accessdate=15 June 2018 |work=Popular Science |date=15 July 2016}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|landfall.se/totally-accurate-battle-simulator/}}

[[Category:2018 video games]]
[[Category:Simulation video games]]
[[Category:Video games developed in Sweden]]
[[Category:Windows games]]
[[Category:Windows-only games]]

RAF Krankenhaus Wegberg

2019-03-27T13:11:31Z

TwoTwoHello: Reverted 3 edits by 217.114.60.113 (talk) to last revision by DrDaveHPP (TW)

{{Use British English|date=July 2015}}
{{Refimprove|date=February 2013}}
{{Coord|51|09|26.21|N|6|18|19.81|E|source:enwiki-plaintext-parser|display=title}}

The former '''Royal Air Force Hospital Wegberg''', commonly abbreviated to '''RAF(H) Wegberg''', was a [[Royal Air Force]] [[military]] [[hospital]] located in [[Wegberg]], near the city of [[Mönchengladbach]], in [[Germany]].<ref name=Ministry>{{cite web|title=RAF Hospital Wegberg|url=http://www.raf.mod.uk/PMRAFNS/history/rafhospitalwegberg.cfm|publisher=M.O.D.}}</ref> It was opened in 1953 to serve the British Military personnel already in the area and in anticipation of the construction and opening of the large [[JHQ Rheindahlen]] base, nearby.

==Construction and opening==
Construction of the hospital commenced in February 1953 by No 5357 Airfield Construction Wing of the [[Royal Air Force]] and it was completed in only 111 days on 31 May 1953. The hospital opened to patients on 1 November 1953.<ref>Mary Mackie, ''SKY WARDS'', pg. 241</ref> The official opening ceremony was held on 16 November 1953, when Lady Foster, wife of the Commander in Chief of 2nd Tactical Air Force, unveiled a tablet in the main entrance hall.

The hospital was built in a unique manner. There was an outer wide U-shaped ring of single-storey buildings and an inner U-shaped ring of two-storey buildings. They could be described as one horseshoe within another. The outer ring mostly consisted of wards, outpatients and clinical areas while the inner mostly contained the administrative and support services and a central kitchen area. They were connected by radial and spoke corridors that, with other areas, could be converted into wards in the event of major emergencies or conflict. The psychiatric ward, boiler house, stores, messes, personnel accommodation and married quarters were separate from the main hospital building. A one-way ring road encircled the main building with a north entrance from [[JHQ Rheindahlen]] and a south entrance from [[Wegberg]] town.

==Patients==
The hospital functioned as a general hospital for the British military personnel, associated British civilian support staff, and their families over a wide area of [[North Rhine Westphalia]], the [[Netherlands]] and [[Belgium]]. In one year the hospital maternity ward could deliver up to 1,000 babies, while other wards had an in-patient number of 6,000 per year and out-patient of 32,000 during the peak years of activity. Intensive care facilities and a special care baby unit were added. During the 1990 Gulf War members of the hospital served in the Middle East, which strained hospital numbers so much so that they had to recruit civilian nurses and staff to fill the void. All members returned safely.<ref name=history>{{cite web|title=The Army Children Archive|url=http://www.archhistory.co.uk/taca/healthhosp.html|publisher=www.archhistory.co.uk|accessdate=8 October 2012}}</ref><ref name="Ministry"/>

In March 1972 the celebrated [[Rugby Union]] player [[Cliff Morgan]] had a severe stroke in Cologne after commentating on a match for [[BFBS]]. He spent 3 weeks in RAF Hospital Wegberg and spoke very highly of his treatment there.<ref>Cliff Morgan: The Autobiography - Beyond the Fields of Play</ref>

Hospital facilities were temporarily disrupted in June 1980 by extensive damage caused by the explosion of a propane cylinder in the dental laboratory. In January 1987 the hospital had to close to all except emergency admissions when severe winter temperatures led to burst water pipes. In September 1987 the roof of the postnatal ward was severely damaged by a blaze accidentally caused by workmen.<ref name="Ministry"/>
The School of Nursing closed in 1984, having provided a large part of the training of both Enrolled and State Registered Nurses who studied there. Student nurses from RAF Hospitals in the UK were detached to Wegberg, especially for training in [[obstetrics]].<ref name="Ministry"/>

From 1992 British Government economies dictated the number of beds being reduced from 171 to 90 with the closure of the paediatric and special care baby units in December 1992, and in 1993 the combination of the medical and surgical wards and the closure of the maternity unit.<ref>Mary Mackie, ''SKY WARDS'', pg. 322</ref>

==Closure==
RAF Hospital Wegberg closed after 43 years as a general hospital and on 1 April 1996 it was formally handed over to United Kingdom Support Command (UKSC) at [[JHQ Rheindahlen]]. From 1996 a small in-patient psychiatric unit and some community services remained on the site while all other secondary care was transferred to local German hospitals. [[File:The front entrance of RAF Hospital Wegberg.jpg|thumb|right|The front of the hospital in September 1998.]]

==Post hospital years==
From 1996 a small in-patient psychiatric unit and some community services remained on the site and it also became the home of the [[Headquarters]] of the [[British Forces Germany Health Services]] (HQ BFGHS) from 1999 to September 2010. The whole hospital site was then formally handed back to the German authorities.

A group of former personnel visited the hospital in October 2010 and reported that it was in as perfect condition as when it was fully functioning before closure. That is a testament to the original builders and the careful maintenance over 57 years. A video news report was made of this nostalgic visit.<ref name="British Forces News">{{cite web|title=Wegberg Hospital Handover 19.10.10|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EhfDJVyf8mQ}}</ref>

The BFGHS is a partnership arrangement between the [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD); the [[SSAFA Forces Help|Soldiers, Sailors, Airman and Families Association]] (SSAFA); and [[Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust]], London, to provide primary care services, community and outpatient services to the British Forces community throughout Germany.

The hospital's motto is ''Inter Fera Salus'' (In midst of ferocity, healing), and its [[Crest (heraldry)|crest]] is a wild boar passant overlaid with a [[Staff of Asclepius]].

In November 2015 the hospital site appeared abandoned and derelict and had suffered much damage from vandalism, fires and theft.

On 15 April 2017 further damage was caused by a large fire. The firefighting was difficult.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rp-online.de/nrw/staedte/moenchengladbach/blaulicht/moenchengladbach-grossbrand-am-ehemaligen-jhq-bid-1.6758433|title=Großbrand am ehemaligen JHQ in Mönchengladbach|work=RP ONLINE|accessdate=17 April 2017}}</ref>
[[File:RAF-Hospital-Wegberg-2015.jpg|thumb|View of the front of the former RAF Hospital Wegberg in November 2015]]
[[File:RAF-Hospital-Wegberg-2015-e.jpg|thumb|The reception hall of the former RAF Hospital Wegberg in November 2015]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
*Mary Mackie: ''WARDS IN THE SKY – the RAF’s Remarkable Nursing Service'' (The History Press, UK, 2014, {{ISBN|9780750959568}}).
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080201145231/http://www.army.mod.uk/bfghs/rhine_region.htm British Forces Germany Health Service]

==Foto's Royal Air Force Hospital Wegberg 2015 ==
* [http://www.urbanexploration.nl/rafhospital.php Urban Fotografie]

{{Royal Air Force}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2010}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wegberg}}
[[Category:Hospital buildings completed in 1953]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 1953]]
[[Category:Military installations established in 1953]]
[[Category:Royal Air Force stations in Germany]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Germany]]
[[Category:Barracks in Germany]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Heinsberg (district)]]
[[Category:British military hospitals]]
[[Category:Medical and health organisations based in North Rhine-Westphalia]]

Atlantische Hurrikansaison 2019

2019-02-20T14:05:17Z

TwoTwoHello: Reverted edits by 2605:A000:110E:3E9:713A:7773:DEED:95A3 (talk) to last version by Oshwah

{{Infobox hurricane season
| Basin=Atl
| Year=2019
| Track=
| First storm formed=Season not started
| Last storm dissipated=Season not started
| Strongest storm name=
| Strongest storm pressure=
| Strongest storm winds=
| Total depressions=
| Total storms=
| Total hurricanes=
| Total intense=
| Damagespre=
| Damages=None
| Fatalities=None
| five seasons=[[2017 Atlantic hurricane season|2017]], [[2018 Atlantic hurricane season|2018]], '''2019''', ''[[Tropical cyclone naming|2020]]'', ''[[Tropical cyclone naming|2021]]''

|West Pacific season=2019 Pacific typhoon season
|East Pacific season=2019 Pacific hurricane season
|North Indian season=2019 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
}}

The '''2019 Atlantic hurricane season''' is an upcoming event in the annual formation of [[Tropical cyclone|tropical cyclones]] in the [[Northern Hemisphere]]. The season will officially begin on June 1, 2019, and end on November 30, 2019. These dates historically describe the period each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin and are adopted by convention. However, tropical cyclogenesis is possible at any time of the year.

==Seasonal forecasts==
{| class="toccolours" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3 style="float:right; margin-left:1em; text-align:right; clear: right;"
|+'''Predictions of tropical activity in the 2019 season'''
|- style="background:#ccf; text-align:center;"
||'''Source'''
||'''Date'''
||'''Named storms'''
||'''Hurricanes'''
||'''Major hurricanes'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|''Average (1981–2010<ref name="Background">{{cite web|url=http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/outlooks/background_information.shtml|title=Background Information: The North Atlantic Hurricane Season|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|work=Climate Prediction Center|date=August 9, 2012|accessdate=December 13, 2013}}</ref>)''
|12.1
|6.4
|2.7
|-
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|''Record high activity''
|[[2005 Atlantic hurricane season|28]]
|[[2005 Atlantic hurricane season|15]]
|[[2005 Atlantic hurricane season|7]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|''Record low activity''
|[[1983 Atlantic hurricane season|4]]
|[[2013 Atlantic hurricane season|2]]†
|[[2013 Atlantic hurricane season|0]]†
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|align="left"|TSR<ref name="Dec11TSR"/>
|align="left"|December 11, 2018
|12
|5
|2
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"|
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="5"|* June–November only. † Most recent of several such occurrences. ([[List of Atlantic hurricane records#Seasonal activity|See all]])
|}
Ahead of and during the season, several national meteorological services and scientific agencies forecast how many named storms, hurricanes, and major hurricanes (Category 3 or higher on the [[Saffir-Simpson scale]]) will form during a season and/or how many tropical cyclones will affect a particular country. These agencies include the Tropical Storm Risk (TSR) Consortium of [[University College London]], the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA) and [[Colorado State University]] (CSU). The forecasts include weekly and monthly changes in significant factors that help determine the number of tropical storms, hurricanes, and major hurricanes within a particular year. Some of these forecasts also take into consideration what happened in previous seasons and the state of the [[El Niño–Southern Oscillation]]. On average, an Atlantic hurricane season between 1981 and 2010 contained twelve tropical storms, six hurricanes, and three major hurricanes, with an [[Accumulated Cyclone Energy]] (ACE) index of between 66 and 103 units.<ref name="Background">{{cite web|url=http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/outlooks/background_information.shtml|title=Background Information: The North Atlantic Hurricane Season|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|work=Climate Prediction Center|date=August 9, 2012|accessdate=December 13, 2013}}</ref>

===Pre-season outlooks===
The first forecast for the year was released by TSR on December 11, 2018, which predicted a slightly below-average season in 2019, with a total of 12 named storms, 5 hurricanes, and 2 major hurricanes, due to the anticipated presence of El Niño conditions during the season.<ref name="Dec11TSR">{{cite web|author=Mark Saunders|author2=Adam Lea|title=Extended Range Forecast for Atlantic Hurricane Activity in 2019|url=http://tropicalstormrisk.com/docs/TSRATLForecastDec2019.pdf|publisher=Tropical Storm Risk|date=December 11, 2018|location=London, United Kingdom}}</ref>

{{clear}}

==Storm names==
The following list of names will be used for named storms that form in the North Atlantic in 2019. Retired names, if any, will be announced by the [[World Meteorological Organization]] in the spring of 2020. The names not retired from this list will be used again in the 2025 season. This is the same list used in the [[2013 Atlantic hurricane season|2013 season]], with the exception of the name Imelda, which replaced [[Hurricane Ingrid|Ingrid]].

{| width="90%"
|
* {{tcname unused|Andrea}}
* {{tcname unused|Barry}}
* {{tcname unused|Chantal}}
* {{tcname unused|Dorian}}
* {{tcname unused|Erin}}
* {{tcname unused|Fernand}}
* {{tcname unused|Gabrielle}}
|
* {{tcname unused|Humberto}}
* {{tcname unused|Imelda}}
* {{tcname unused|Jerry}}
* {{tcname unused|Karen}}
* {{tcname unused|Lorenzo}}
* {{tcname unused|Melissa}}
* {{tcname unused|Nestor}}
|
* {{tcname unused|Olga}}
* {{tcname unused|Pablo}}
* {{tcname unused|Rebekah}}
* {{tcname unused|Sebastien}}
* {{tcname unused|Tanya}}
* {{tcname unused|Van}}
* {{tcname unused|Wendy}}
|}

==Season effects==
This is a table of all the storms that have formed in the 2019 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their duration, names, landfall(s), denoted in parentheses, damages, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was [[extratropical cyclone|extratropical]], a [[tropical wave]], or a [[Low-pressure area|low]], and all the damage figures are in USD. Potential tropical cyclones are not included in this table.
{{Saffir-Simpson small|align=center}}<center>
{{TC stats table start3|year=2019|basin=North Atlantic tropical cyclone}}
{{TC stats table end3|num-cyclones=0|dates='''Season not started''' |max-winds=0 (0)|min-press=0|tot-areas=|tot-damage=0|tot-deaths=0}}</center>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
* [[List of Atlantic hurricanes]]
* [[List of Atlantic hurricane seasons]]
* [[Tropical cyclones in 2019]]
* [[2019 Pacific hurricane season]]
* [[2019 Pacific typhoon season]]
* [[2019 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
* South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons: [[2018–19 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season|2018–19]], [[2019-20 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season|2019–20]]
* Australian region cyclone seasons: [[2018–19 Australian region cyclone season|2018–19]], [[2019–20 Australian region cyclone season|2019–20]]
* South Pacific cyclone seasons: [[2018–19 South Pacific cyclone season|2018–19]], [[2019–20 South Pacific cyclone season|2019–20]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov National Hurricane Center Website]
* [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/MIATWOAT.shtml National Hurricane Center's Atlantic Tropical Weather Outlook]
* [http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/PS/TROP/TCFP/atlantic.html Tropical Cyclone Formation Probability Guidance Product]


[[Category:Atlantic hurricane seasons]]

{{TC Decades|Year=2010|basin=Atlantic|type=hurricane}}

Techniken der Propaganda und Manipulation

2018-11-30T18:58:59Z

TwoTwoHello: Undid revision 871390456 by 2A03:E581:A:0:0:0:0:82 (talk) unhelpful for the reader

{{See also|Doublespeak|Cult of personality|Spin (politics)|Demonization|Factoid|Outline of public relations|List of cognitive biases}}

[[File:Anti-capitalism color.gif|right|thumb|[[Anti-Capitalism|Anti-capitalist]] propaganda]]
Common media for transmitting [[propaganda]] messages include news reports, government reports, historical revision, [[junk science]], books, leaflets, [[propaganda film|movies]], [[social media]], radio, television, and posters. Less common nowadays are the cow post envelopes, examples of which have survived from the time of the [[American Civil War]]. (Connecticut Historical Society; Civil War Collections; Covers.) In the case of radio and television, propaganda can exist on news, current-affairs or talk-show segments, as advertising or [[Public service announcement|public-service]] announcement "spots" or as long-running [[advertorials]]. Propaganda campaigns often follow a strategic transmission pattern to indoctrinate the target group. This may begin with a simple transmission such as a leaflet dropped from a plane or an advertisement. Generally these messages will contain directions on how to obtain more information, via a web site, hot line, radio program, etc. The strategy intends to initiate the individual from information recipient to information seeker through reinforcement, and then from information seeker to [[opinion leader]] through [[indoctrination]].<ref>Garth S. Jowett and Victoria J. O'Donnell, ''Propaganda & Persuasion'' (5th ed. 2011)</ref>

A number of techniques based on [[social psychology|social psychological]] research are used to generate propaganda. Many of these same techniques can be found under [[Informal fallacy|logical fallacies]], since propagandists use arguments that, while sometimes convincing, are not necessarily valid.

Information dissemination strategies only become propaganda strategies when coupled with ''propagandistic messages''. Identifying these messages is a necessary prerequisite to study the methods by which those messages are spread.
[[File:Tov lenin ochishchaet.jpg|170px|right|thumb|"Comrade Lenin Cleanses the Earth of Filth" by [[Viktor Deni]]. November 1920]]
[[File:Ca-cornucopia of the world.jpg|right|thumb|Propaganda to urge immigrants to move to California, 1876]]

==Specific techniques==

Scholars have identified many standard techniques used in propaganda and persuasion.<ref>Robert Cole, ed. ''Encyclopedia of Propaganda'' (3 vol 1998)</ref>{{clarify|date=December 2016}}



;[[Ad hominem]]
:A Latin phrase that has come to mean attacking one's opponent, as opposed to attacking their arguments.
;[[Ad nauseam]]
:This uses tireless repetition of an idea. An idea, especially a [[oversimplification|simple]] [[slogan]], that is repeated enough times, may begin to be taken as the truth. This approach is more effective alongside the propagandist limiting or controlling the media.
;[[Agenda-setting theory|Agenda setting]]
:Agenda setting means the "ability [of the news media] to influence the importance placed on the topics of the public agenda".<ref>{{cite journal|last=McCombs|first=M|author2=Reynolds, A|title=News influence on our pictures of the world|journal=Media effects: Advances in theory and research|year=2002}}</ref> If a news item is covered frequently and prominently, the audience will regard the issue as more important.
;[[Appeal to authority]]
:Appeals to authority cite prominent figures to support a position, idea, argument, or course of action.
;[[Appeal to fear]]
:Appeals to fear seek to build support by instilling anxieties and panic in the general population, for example, [[Joseph Goebbels]] exploited Theodore Kaufman's ''[[Germany Must Perish!]]'' to claim that the Allies sought the extermination of the German people.
;[[Appeal to prejudice]]
:Using loaded or emotive terms to attach value or moral goodness to believing the proposition.
;[[Argumentum ad populum|Bandwagon]]
:Bandwagon and "inevitable-victory" appeals attempt to persuade the target audience to join in and take the course of action that "everyone else is taking."
:*[[Inevitable victory]]: invites those not already on the bandwagon to join those already on the road to certain victory. Those already or at least partially on the bandwagon are reassured that staying aboard is their best course of action. (e.g., "The debate is over. Nearly everyone who matters agrees with me.")
:*[[Join the crowd]]: This technique reinforces people's natural desire to be on the winning side. This technique is used to convince the audience that a program is an expression of an irresistible mass movement and that it is in their best interest to join.
[[File:mexicospankingkkk.jpg|thumb|"Getting What He Deserves" American anti-Catholic cartoon from [[Heroes of the Fiery Cross]] 1928.]]
;Beautiful people
:The type of propaganda that deals with [[celebrity|famous people]] or depicts attractive, happy people. This suggests if people buy a product or follow a certain ideology, they too will be happy or successful. (This is used more in advertising for products, instead of political reasons.) Usually for advertising rather than political purposes, [[sexual arousal]] may also be used. For example, a message promoting a brand of [[Motorcycle|motorcycles]] to a male target audience may also include [[Physical attractiveness|sexually attractive]] bikini-clad women within the advertisement, to make the product more appealing to the audience by targeting [[Sexual desire|sexual desires]]. However, some evidence suggests that using sexual appeal to sell a product may not succeed, as the target audience may focus too much on the sexually appealing people in the advertisement rather than the product itself.<ref name=''Bloom1''>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-08-18/sex-doesn-t-sell-after-all-study-says|title=Sex Doesn’t Sell After All, Study Says|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]|date=18 August 2015|accessdate=26 March 2017}}</ref>
;[[Big Lie]]
:The repeated articulation of a complex of events that justify subsequent action. The descriptions of these events have elements of truth, and the "big lie" generalizations merge and eventually supplant the public's accurate perception of the underlying events. After World War I the German [[stab in the back]] explanation of the cause of their defeat became a justification for Nazi re-militarization and revanchism.
;[[Black-and-white fallacy]]
:Presenting only two choices, with the product or idea being propagated as the better choice. (e.g., "[[You're either with us, or against us]]....")
;[[Cherry picking (fallacy)]] or Selective [[truth]]
: [[Richard Crossman]], the British Deputy Director of [[Psychological Warfare Division]] (PWD) for the [[Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force]] (SHAEF) during the Second World War said "In propaganda truth pays... It is a complete delusion to think of the brilliant propagandist as being a professional liar. The brilliant propagandist is the man who tells the truth, or [[Lie#Lying by omission|that selection of the truth which is requisite for his purpose]], and tells it in such a way that the recipient does not think he is receiving any propaganda... [...] The art of propaganda is not telling lies, but rather selecting the truth you require and giving it mixed up with some truths the audience wants to hear."<ref name="Macdonald2007">{{cite book|author=Scot Macdonald|title=Propaganda and information warfare in the twenty-first century: altered images and deception operations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8C51a3tv91QC&pg=PA35|year=2007|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-77145-0|page=35}}</ref>
;[[Classical conditioning]]
:All vertebrates, including humans, respond to [[classical conditioning]]. That is, if A is always present when B is present and B causes a physical reaction (e.g. disgust, pleasure), then when presented with object A in the absence of B, that same reaction will be experienced.
;[[Cognitive dissonance]]
:People desire to be consistent. Suppose a [[pollster]] finds that a certain group of people hates his candidate for senator but loves actor A. They use actor A's endorsement of their candidate to change people's minds because people cannot tolerate inconsistency. They are forced to either dislike the actor or like the candidate.
;[[Commoner|Common man]]
:The "'''[[plain folks]]'''" or "common man" approach attempts to convince the audience that the propagandist's positions reflect the common sense of the people. It is designed to win the confidence of the audience by communicating in the common manner and style of the target audience. Propagandists use ordinary language and mannerisms (and clothe their message in face-to-face and audiovisual communications) in attempting to identify their point of view with that of the average person. A common example of this type of propaganda is a political figure, usually running for a placement, in a backyard or shop doing daily routine things. This image appeals to the common person. With the plain folks device, the propagandist can win the confidence of persons who resent or distrust foreign sounding, intellectual speech, words, or mannerisms."<ref>{{cite book|title=Psychological Operations Field Manual No.33-1|year=1979|publisher=Headquarters; Department of the Army|location=Washington DC}}</ref> For example, a politician speaking to a Southern United States crowd might incorporate words such as "[[Y'all]]" and other [[colloquialism]]s to create a perception of belonging.
;[[Cult of personality]]
:A cult of personality arises when an individual uses mass media to create an idealized and heroic public image, often through unquestioning flattery and praise. The hero personality then advocates the positions that the propagandist desires to promote. For example, modern propagandists hire popular personalities to promote their ideas and/or products.
;[[Demonizing the enemy]]
:Making individuals from the opposing nation, from a different ethnic group, or those who support the opposing viewpoint appear to be subhuman (e.g., the [[Vietnam War]]-era term "gooks" for [[Viet Cong|National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam]] aka Vietcong, or "VC", soldiers), worthless, or immoral, through suggestion or [[false accusations]]. [[Dehumanizing]] is also a term used synonymously with demonizing, the latter usually serves as an aspect of the former.
[[File:LibertyBond-WinsorMcCay.jpg|thumb|World War I poster by [[Winsor McCay]], urging Americans to buy [[Liberty Bond]]s]]
;[[Demoralization (warfare)|Demoralization]]
:Propaganda towards an adversary to erode fighting spirit, and encourage surrender or defection.
;[[Dictatorship|Dictat]]
:This technique hopes to simplify the decision making process by using images and words to tell the audience exactly what actions to take, eliminating any other possible choices. Authority figures can be used to give the order, overlapping it with the [[Appeal to Authority|appeal to authority]] technique, but not necessarily. The [[Uncle Sam]] "I want you" image is an example of this technique.
;[[Disinformation]]
:The creation or deletion of information from public records, in the purpose of making a false record of an event or the actions of a person or organization, including outright [[forgery]] of photographs, motion pictures, broadcasts, and sound recordings as well as printed documents.
;[[Divide and rule]]
:Divide and rule in politics and sociology is gaining and maintaining power by breaking up larger concentrations of power into pieces that individually have less power than the one implementing the strategy.
;[[Door-in-the-face technique]]
:Is used to increase a person's latitude of acceptance. For example, if a salesperson wants to sell an item for $100 but the public is only willing to pay $50, the salesperson first offers the item at a higher price (e.g., $200) and subsequently reduces the price to $100 to make it seem like a good deal.
;[[Dysphemism]]
: A dysphemism is an expression with a negative [[connotation]]. It is the opposite of a euphemism.
;[[Euphemism]]
:A euphemism is a generally innocuous word or expression used in place of one that may be found offensive or suggest something unpleasant.
;[[Euphoria (emotion)|Euphoria]]
:The use of an event that generates euphoria or happiness, or using an appealing event to boost morale. Euphoria can be created by declaring a holiday, making luxury items available, or mounting a military parade with marching bands and patriotic messages.
;[[Exaggeration]]
:An exaggeration (or hyperbole) occurs when the most fundamental aspects of a statement are true, but only to a certain degree. It is also seen as "stretching the truth" or making something appear more powerful, meaningful, or real than it actually is. Saying that a person ate 20 [[spring roll]]s at a party when they actually ate 7 or 8 would be considered an exaggeration.
;[[False accusations]]
False accusations can be in any of the following contexts:
* Informally in everyday life.
* [[Quasi-judicial]]ly
* [[Judicial]]ly.
;[[Fear, uncertainty, and doubt]]
:Sometimes abbreviated as FUD, an attempt to influence public perception by disseminating negative and dubious/false information designed to undermine the credibility of their beliefs.
;[[Flag-waving]]
:An attempt to justify an action on the grounds that doing so will make one more patriotic, or in some way benefit a group, country, or idea. The feeling of patriotism this technique attempts to inspire may not necessarily diminish or entirely omit one's capability for rational examination of the matter in question.
[[File:SuomiNeito.png|thumb|The [[Finnish Maiden]] - personification of Finnish nationalism]]
;[[Foot-in-the-door technique]]
:Often used by recruiters and salesmen. For example, a member of the other binary gender walks up to the victim and pins a flower or gives a small gift to the victim. The victim says thanks and now they have incurred a psychological debt to the perpetrator. The person eventually asks for a larger favor (e.g., a donation or to buy something far more expensive). The unwritten social contract between the victim and perpetrator causes the victim to feel obligated to reciprocate by agreeing to do the larger favor or buy the more expensive gift.
;[[Framing (social sciences)]]
: Framing is the [[social construction]] of a [[social phenomenon]] often by [[mass media]] sources, political or social movements, political leaders, or other actors and organizations. It is an inevitable process of selective influence over the individual's perception of the meanings attributed to words or phrases.
;[[Gaslighting]]
:Using persistent denial, misdirection, contradiction, and lying to sow seeds of doubt in a target individual or group, hoping to make them question their own memory, perception, sanity, and norms.
;[[Gish gallop]]
:Bombarding a political opponent with obnoxiously complex questions in rapid fire during a debate to make the opponent appear to not know what they are talking about.
;[[Glittering generality|Glittering generalities]]
:Glittering generalities are emotionally appealing words that are applied to a product or idea, but present no concrete argument or analysis. This technique has also been referred to as the PT [[Barnum effect]]. (e.g., the advertising campaign slogan "Ford has a better idea!")
;[[Association fallacy#Guilt by association|Guilt by association]] or [[Reductio ad Hitlerum]]
:This technique is used to persuade a target audience to disapprove of an action or idea by suggesting that the idea is popular with groups [[Hatred|hated]], [[fear]]ed, or held in [[contempt]] by the target audience. Thus if a group that supports a certain policy is led to believe that [[Social stigma|undesirable]], [[Subversion|subversive]], or contemptible people support the same policy, then the members of the group may decide to change their original position. This is a form of bad logic, where A is said to include X, and B is said to include X, therefore, A = B.
;[[Half-truth]]
:A half-truth is a deceptive statement that includes some element of truth. It comes in several forms: the statement might be partly true, the statement may be totally true but only part of the whole truth, or it may utilize some deceptive element, such as improper punctuation, or double meaning, especially if the intent is to deceive, evade, blame, or misrepresent the truth.
;[[Information overload]]
:"Information overload can have the same effect as secrecy and certainly in the short term and for democracies today it might be considered more effective."<ref>{{cite book |last=Briant |first=Emma |title=Propaganda and counter-terrorism: Strategies for global change | publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.de/books?id=f_M_CwAAQBAJ }}</ref> "When information overload occurs, it is likely that a reduction in decision quality will occur."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Speier|first=Cheri|author2=Valacich, Joseph|author3= Vessey, Iris|title=The Influence of Task Interruption on Individual Decision Making: An Information Overload Perspective|journal=Decision Sciences|year=1999|volume=30|doi=10.1111/j.1540-5915.1999.tb01613.x}}</ref> "The glut of information generated by modern technology [...] threatens to make its receivers passive. Overload prompts disengagement."<ref>{{cite book |last=Sennett |first=Richard |title=The Culture of the New Capitalism |url=https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300119923/culture-new-capitalism |page=172 | publisher=Yale University Press }}</ref>
;[[Intentional vagueness]]
:Generalities are deliberately vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations. The intention is to move the audience by use of undefined phrases, without analyzing their validity or attempting to determine their reasonableness or application. The intent is to cause people to draw their own interpretations rather than simply being presented with an explicit idea. In trying to "figure out" the propaganda, the audience forgoes judgment of the ideas presented. Their validity, reasonableness and application may still be considered.
;[[Labeling]]
:A [[euphemism]] is used when the propagandist attempts to increase the perceived quality, credibility, or credence of a particular ideal. A [[dysphemism]] is used when the intent of the propagandist is to discredit, diminish the perceived quality, or hurt the perceived righteousness of the individual. By creating a "label", "category", or "faction" of a population, it is much easier to make an example of these larger bodies, because they can uplift or defame the individual without actually incurring legal-defamation. [[Labeling]] can be thought of as a sub-set of [[guilt by association]], another logical fallacy.<ref name=earthblognews/>
;[[Social judgment theory#Latitudes of rejection, acceptance, and noncommitment|Latitudes of acceptance]]
:If a person's message is outside the bounds of acceptance for an individual and group, most techniques will engender psychological reactance (simply hearing the argument will make the message even less acceptable). There are two techniques for increasing the bounds of acceptance. First, one can take an even more extreme position that will make more moderate positions seem more acceptable. This is similar to the door-in-the-face technique. Alternatively, one can moderate one's own position to the edge of the latitude of acceptance and then over time slowly move to the position that was previously held.<ref>[http://www.jamescmccroskey.com/publications/36.htm unacceptable message]</ref>
[[File:Murales Rivera - Ausbeutung durch die Spanier 1 perspective.jpg|thumb|right|"The Conquest or Arrival of Hernán Cortés in Veracruz", 1951, National Palace, Mexico City. [[Diego Rivera]]'s political murals depict a modern interpretation of the [[Black Legend]].]]
;[[Loaded language]]
:Specific words and phrases with strong emotional implications are used to influence the audience, for example, using the word ''reforms'' rather than a more neutral word like ''changes.''
;[[Love bombing]]
{{see also|Milieu control}}
:Used to recruit members to a cult or ideology by having a group of individuals cut off a person from their existing social support and replace it entirely with members of the group who deliberately bombard the person with affection in an attempt to isolate the person from their prior beliefs and value system.
;[[Lie|Lying]] and [[deception]]
:Lying and deception can be the basis of many propaganda techniques including Ad Homimen arguments, Big-Lie, Defamation, Door-in-the-Face, Half-truth, Name-calling or any other technique that is based on dishonesty or deception. For example, many politicians have been found to frequently stretch or break the truth.
;[[Managing the news]]
:According to Adolf Hitler, "The most brilliant propagandist technique will yield no success unless one fundamental principle is borne in mind constantly - it must confine itself to a few points and repeat them over and over."<ref name="Spring2006">{{cite book|author=Joel H. Spring|title=Pedagogies of globalization: the rise of the educational security state|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0E_5dMU_zMQC&pg=PA60|year=2006|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-8058-5557-9|page=60}}</ref><ref name="HoffmannBroadwin1997">{{cite book|author1=[[Hilmar Hoffmann]]|author2=John Broadwin|author3=Volker R. Berghahn|title=The triumph of propaganda: film and national socialism, 1933–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tKftDBVbLAQC&pg=PA140|year=1997|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-57181-122-6|page=140}}</ref> This idea is consistent with the principle of classical conditioning as well as the idea of "Staying on Message."
[[File:Die Osmanen.JPG|thumb|Anti-Muslim propaganda in Germany produced during the [[Ottoman wars in Europe]], 16th century]]
;[[Milieu control]]
:An attempt to control the social environment and ideas through the use of social pressure
;[[Minimisation (psychology)|Minimisation]]
:Minimisation is the opposite of exaggeration. It is a type of [[deception]]<ref name="Guerrero, Andersen, & Afifi, 2007">Guerrero, L., Anderson, P., Afifi, W. (2007). Close Encounters: Communication in Relationships (2nd ed.). Los Angeles: Sage Publications.</ref> involving [[denial]] coupled with [[Rationalization (making excuses)|rationalization]] in situations where complete denial is implausible.
;[[Name-calling]]
:Propagandists use the ''name-calling technique'' to incite fears and arouse prejudices in their hearers in the intent that the bad names will cause hearers to construct a negative opinion about a group or set of beliefs or ideas that the propagandist wants hearers to denounce. The method is intended to provoke conclusions about a matter apart from impartial examinations of facts. Name-calling is thus a substitute for rational, fact-based arguments against an idea or belief on its own merits.
[[File:Graham's Hierarchy of Disagreement-en.svg|right|thumb|upright=1.8|Name-calling is the lowest level in [[Paul Graham (programmer)|Graham]]'s hierarchy of disagreement.]]
;[[Non sequitur (logic)|Non sequitur]]
:A type of logical fallacy, in which a conclusion is made out of an argument that does not justify it. All [[Formal fallacy|invalid arguments]] can be considered as special cases of non sequitur.
;[[Obfuscation]], intentional vagueness, confusion
:Generalities are deliberately vague so that the audience may supply its own interpretations. The intention is to move the audience by use of undefined phrases, without analyzing their validity or attempting to determine their reasonableness or application. The intent is to cause people to draw their own interpretations rather than simply being presented with an explicit idea. In trying to "figure out" the propaganda, the audience forgoes judgment of the ideas presented. Their validity, reasonableness and application may still be considered.
;[[Operant conditioning]]
:Operant conditioning involves learning through imitation. For example, watching an appealing person buy products or endorse positions teaches a person to buy the product or endorse the position. Operant conditioning is the underlying principle behind the ad nauseam, slogan and other repetition public relations campaigns.
;[[Causal oversimplification|Oversimplification]]
:Favorable generalities are used to provide simple answers to complex social, political, economic, or military problems.
[[File:Ballot1.jpg|right|thumb|Illustration by Rev. [[Branford Clarke]] from ''[[Heroes of the Fiery Cross]]'' by Bishop [[Alma White]] published by the [[Pillar of Fire Church]] 1928 in [[Zarephath, NJ]]]]
;[[Pensée unique]]
:Enforced reduction of discussion by use of overly simplistic phrases or arguments (e.g., "There is no alternative to war.")
;[[Fallacy of quoting out of context|Quotes out of context]]
:Selective editing of quotes that can change meanings. Political documentaries designed to discredit an opponent or an opposing political viewpoint often use this technique.
;[[Rationalization (making excuses)|Rationalization]]
:Individuals or groups may use favorable generalities to rationalize questionable acts or beliefs. Vague and pleasant phrases are often used to justify such actions or beliefs.
;[[Ignoratio elenchi#Red herring|Red herring]]
:Presenting data or issues that, while compelling, are irrelevant to the argument at hand, and then claiming that it validates the argument.<ref name=earthblognews>[http://earthblognews.wordpress.com/2010/01/09/a-citizens-guide-to-understanding-corporate-media-propaganda-techniques.html A Citizens Guide to Understanding Corporate Media Propaganda Techniques]{{unreliable source?|date=March 2014}}</ref>
[[File:Red herring.jpg|thumb|right|250px|In 1807, William Cobbett wrote how he used [[red herring]]s to lay a false trail, while training hunting dogs—an apocryphal story that was probably the origin of the idiom.]]
;[[Repetition (rhetorical device)|Repetition]]
: This is the repeating of a certain symbol or slogan so that the audience remembers it. This could be in the form of a jingle or an image placed on nearly everything in the picture/scene. This also includes using subliminal phrases, images or other content in a piece of propaganda.<ref name="earthblognews"/>
;[[Scapegoating]]
:Assigning [[blame]] to an individual or group, thus alleviating feelings of [[guilt (emotion)|guilt]] from responsible parties and/or distracting [[attention]] from the need to fix the problem for which blame is being assigned.
[[File:Brasil ame-o ou deixe-o.png|thumb|250px|Nationalist slogan "[[Brazil]], love it or leave it", often used during the [[Brazilian military government|Brazilian military dictatorship]] (1964–1985)]]
;[[Slogan]]s
:A slogan is a brief, striking phrase that may include labeling and stereotyping. Although slogans may be enlisted to support reasoned ideas, in practice they tend to act only as emotional appeals. Opponents of the US's invasion and occupation of Iraq use the slogan "blood for oil" to suggest that the invasion and its human losses was done to access Iraq's oil riches. On the other hand, supporters who argue that the US should continue to fight in Iraq use the slogan "cut and run" to suggest withdrawal is cowardly or weak. Similarly, the names of the military campaigns, such as "[[Operation Enduring Freedom|enduring]] [[glittering generality|freedom]]" or "[[glittering generality|just]] [[Operation Just Cause|cause]]" can also be considered slogans, devised to influence people.
;[[Smear campaign|Smears]]
A smear is an effort to damage or call into question someone's reputation, by propounding negative propaganda. It can be applied to individuals or groups.
;[[Stereotyping]], name calling or labeling
:This technique attempts to arouse prejudices in an audience by labeling the object of the propaganda campaign as something the target audience fears, hates, loathes, or finds undesirable. For instance, reporting on a foreign country or social group may focus on the stereotypical traits that the reader expects, even though they are far from being representative of the whole country or group; such reporting often focuses on the [[anecdote|anecdotal]]. In graphic propaganda, including war posters, this might include portraying enemies with stereotyped racial features.
;[[Straw man]]
:A straw man argument is an informal fallacy based on misrepresentation of an opponent's position. To "attack a straw man" is to create the illusion of having refuted a proposition by substituting a superficially similar proposition (the "straw man"), and refuting it, without ever having actually refuted the original position.
;[[Testimonial]]
{{see also|Damaging quotation}}
:Testimonials are quotations, in or out of context, especially cited to support or reject a given policy, action, program, or personality. The reputation or the role (expert, respected public figure, etc.) of the individual giving the statement is exploited. The testimonial places the official sanction of a respected person or authority on a propaganda message. This is done in an effort to cause the target audience to identify itself with the authority or to accept the authority's opinions and beliefs as its own.
[[File:Konstantin Makovsky - The Bulgarian martyresses.jpg|right|thumb|"The Bulgarian Martyresses", 1877 painting by the Russian painter [[Konstantin Makovsky]] depicting the [[rape]] of [[Bulgaria]]n women by [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] troops during the suppression of the [[April Uprising]] a year earlier, served to mobilize public support for the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)]] waged with the proclaimed aim of liberating the Bulgarians.]]
;[[Third party technique]]
{{see also|Soft power}}
:Works on the principle that people are more willing to accept an argument from a seemingly independent source of information than from someone with a stake in the outcome. It is a marketing strategy commonly employed by Public Relations (PR) firms, that involves placing a premeditated message in the "mouth of the media." The third party technique can take many forms, ranging from the hiring of journalists to report the organization in a favorable light, to using scientists within the organization to present their perhaps prejudicial findings to the public. Frequently, [[Astroturfing|astroturf groups]] or [[front groups]] are used to deliver the message.
;[[Thought-terminating cliché]]
:A commonly used phrase, sometimes passing as folk wisdom, used to quell [[cognitive dissonance]].
;[[Transfer (propaganda)|Transfer]]
:Also known as '''association''', this is a technique of projecting positive or negative qualities (praise or blame) of a person, entity, object, or value onto another to make the second more acceptable or to discredit it. It evokes an emotional response, which stimulates the target to identify with recognized authorities. Often highly visual, this technique often utilizes symbols (for example, the [[swastika]]s used in Nazi Germany, originally a symbol for health and prosperity) superimposed over other visual images.
;[[Unstated assumption]]
:This technique is used when the propaganda concept would seem less credible if explicitly stated. The concept is instead repeatedly assumed or implied.
;[[Virtue word]]s
{{see also|Transfer (propaganda)}}
:These are words in the [[value system]] of the target audience that produce a positive image when attached to a person or issue. Peace, hope, happiness, security, wise leadership, freedom, "The Truth", etc. are virtue words. Many see [[religiosity]] as a virtue, making associations to this quality effectively beneficial.
;[[Whataboutism]]
:Whataboutism is a variant of the ''[[tu quoque]]'' logical fallacy that attempts to discredit an opponent's position by charging them with hypocrisy without directly refuting or disproving their argument, which is particularly associated with Soviet and Russian propaganda. When criticisms were leveled at the Soviet Union, the Soviet response would be "What about..." followed by an event in the Western world.

Some propaganda techniques can be found in logic books.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Disinformation}}

{{Red_Herring_Fallacy}}
{{Informal fallacy}}
{{Media manipulation}}
{{Propaganda}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Propaganda Techniques}}
[[Category:Psychological warfare]]
[[Category:Promotion and marketing communications]]
[[Category:Public opinion]]
[[Category:Propaganda techniques]]

Francis Pegahmagabow

2018-11-05T18:19:58Z

TwoTwoHello: Reverted edits by 68.147.83.181 (talk) to last version by 81.148.110.214

{{Infobox military person
|name= Francis Pegahmagabow
|image= Francis Pegahmagabow.jpg
|caption= Francis Pegahmagabow shortly after World War I
|alt=
|birth_date= {{birth date|1889|03|09}}
|death_date= {{Death date and age|1952|08|05|1891|03|09}}
|birth_place= [[Parry Sound, Ontario]]
|death_place= Parry Sound, Ontario
|placeofburial= In Mathew Barkers Garden
|nickname= "Peggy"<ref name= "Veterans Affairs Canada p. ">{{harvnb|Veterans Affairs Canada|2010|p=}}</ref>
|allegiance= {{flag|Canada|1868}}
|branch= [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]]
|serviceyears= 1914–1919<ref name= "Veterans Affairs Canada p. "/>
|rank= [[Company Sergeant-Major]]
|servicenumber=
|unit=
|battles= [[World War I]]
* [[Second Battle of Ypres]]
* [[Battle of the Somme (1916)|Battle of the Somme]]
* [[Second Battle of Passchendaele]]
* [[Hundred Days Offensive|Battle of the Scarpe]]
|awards= {{Plainlist|
* [[Military Medal]] & [[Medal bar|Two bars]]
* [[1914–15 Star]]
* [[British War Medal]]
* [[Victory Medal (United Kingdom)|Victory Medal]]}}
|relations=
|laterwork= {{Plainlist|
* Chief of [[Wasauksing First Nation]] (1921–25 and 1942–45)
* Tribal Councillor (1933–36)
* Supreme Chief of the Native Independent Government}}
}}
'''Francis Pegahmagabow''' [[Military Medal|MM]] & [[Medal bar|two bars]] ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|ɛ|g|ə|m|ə|ˈ|g|æ|b|oʊ}}; March 9, 1889 – August 5, 1952) was the [[First Nations]] soldier most highly decorated for bravery in [[Military history of Canada|Canadian military history]] and the most effective [[sniper]] of [[World War I]]. Three times awarded the Military Medal and seriously wounded, he was an expert [[marksman]] and [[Reconnaissance|scout]], credited with killing 378 Germans and capturing 300 more.<ref name= "Brownlie p. 63">{{harvnb|Brownlie|2003|p=63}}</ref> Later in life, he served as chief and a [[councilor]] for the [[Wasauksing First Nation]], and as an [[activist]] and leader in several [[First Nations]] organizations. He corresponded with and met other noted aboriginal figures including [[Fred Loft]], Jules Sioui, [[Andrew Paull]] and [[John Tootoosis]].

==Early life==

Francis Pegahmagabow was born on March 9, 1889,{{sfn|Hayes|2003|p=96}}{{efn|Other sources have given Pegahmagabow's birth year as 1888 or 1891.{{sfn|Hayes|2003|p=96}} }} on what is now the [[Shawanaga First Nation]] reserve in [[Nobel, Ontario]].{{sfn|Koennecke|2008}} In [[Ojibwe language|Ojibwe]] his name was Binaaswi ("the wind that blows off").{{sfn|Powers|2016}} His father was a man of the First Nation{{clarify|date=June 2016}} and his mother of the First Nation,{{clarify|date=June 2016}} located further up Bay's{{clarify|date=June 2016}} north shore.<ref name="Hayes2003 p.14">{{harvnb|Hayes|2003|p=14}}</ref> His father Michael had been raised by Noah Nebimanyquod after the deaths of his parents; Michael died of an unspecified severe illness in April 1891, and his mother Mary Contin returned to her native [[Henvey Inlet First Nation]] after contracting the same illness. Francis was raised by Nebimanyquod and grew up in [[Shawanaga First Nation|Shawanaga]], where he learned traditional skills such as hunting, fishing, and practised a mix of Catholicism and [[Anishnaabe]] spirituality.{{sfn|Koennecke|2008}}


In January 1912 Pegahmagabow received financial aid for room and board to complete his education with the help of the Parry Sound Crown attorney Walter Lockwood Haight. That summer he worked for the [[Department of Marine and Fisheries]] on the Great Lakes as a marine fire fighter.{{sfn|Koennecke|2008}}

==Military career==

Following the outbreak of [[World War I]], Pegahmagabow volunteered for service with the [[Canadian Expeditionary Force]] in August 1914,<ref name= "Schmalz p. 301" /> despite Canadian government discrimination that initially excluded minorities.{{sfn|Koennecke|2008}} He was posted to the [[The Algonquin Regiment|23rd Canadian Regiment (Northern Pioneers)]]. After joining the Canadian force he was based at [[CFB Valcartier]]. While there he decorated his army tent with traditional symbols including a deer, the symbol of his clan.<ref name= "Schmalz p. 301">{{harvnb|Schmalz|1991|p=301}}</ref> In February 1915 he was deployed overseas with the [[1st Canadian Battalion (Ontario Regiment), CEF|1st Canadian Infantry Battalion]] of the [[1st Canadian Division]]—the first contingent of Canadian troops sent to fight in Europe.<ref name= "Hayes2005 p. 128">{{harvnb|Hayes|2005|p=128}}</ref> His companions there nicknamed him "Peggy".{{sfn|Koennecke|2008}}

Shortly after his arrival on the continent, Pegahmagabow fought in the [[Second Battle of Ypres]], where the Germans used [[chlorine]] gas for the first time on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]], and it was during this battle that he began to establish a reputation as a sniper and scout.<ref name= "Veterans Affairs Canada p. "/> Following the battle he was promoted to [[lance corporal]].{{sfn|Koennecke|2008}} His battalion took part in the [[Battle of the Somme (1916)|Battle of the Somme]] in 1916, during which he was wounded in the left leg. He recovered in time to return to the 1st Battalion as they moved to Belgium.<ref name= "Veterans Affairs Canada p. "/> He received the [[Military Medal]] for carrying messages along the lines during these two battles.<ref name= "Veterans Affairs Canada p. "/> Initially, his commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Frank Albert Creighton, had nominated him for the [[Distinguished Conduct Medal]], citing his disregard for danger and "faithfulness to duty",<ref name= "Veterans Affairs Canada p. "/> but it was downgraded.<ref name="Hayes2003 p.31">{{harvnb|Hayes|2003|p=31}}</ref>

On November 6/7, 1917, Pegahmagabow earned a [[Medal bar|Bar]] to his Military Medal for his actions in the [[Second Battle of Passchendaele]]. During the fighting, Pegahmagabow's battalion was given the task of launching an attack at Passchendaele.<ref name= "Veterans Affairs Canada p. "/> By this time, he had been promoted to the rank of [[corporal]] and during the battle he was recorded playing an important role as a link between the units on the 1st Battalion's flank. When the battalion's reinforcements became lost, Pegahmagabow was instrumental in guiding them and ensuring that they reached their allocated spot in the line.<ref name= "Veterans Affairs Canada p. "/>

On August 30, 1918, during the [[Hundred Days Offensive|Battle of the Scarpe]], Pegahmagabow was involved in fighting off a German attack at Orix Trench near Upton Wood. His company was almost out of ammunition and in danger of being surrounded. Pegahmagabow braved heavy machine gun and rifle fire by going into [[no-man's land]] and brought back enough ammunition to enable his post to carry on and assist in repulsing heavy enemy counter-attacks.<ref name= "Veterans Affairs Canada p. "/> For these efforts he received a second Bar to his Military Medal,<ref name= "Veterans Affairs Canada p. "/> becoming one of only 39 Canadians to receive this honour.<ref name= "Veterans Affairs Canada p. "/><ref name= "Bethune p. ">{{harvnb|Bethune|2005|p=}}</ref>

The war ended in November 1918 and in 1919 Pegahmagabow was invalided back to Canada. He had served for almost the whole war,<ref name= "Veterans Affairs Canada p. "/> and had built a reputation as a skilled marksman. Using the much-maligned [[Ross rifle]],<ref name= "Pegler p. 139">{{harvnb|Pegler|2006|p=139}}</ref> he was credited with killing 378 Germans and capturing 300 more.<ref name= "Brownlie p. 63"/> By the time of his discharge, he had attained the rank of [[sergeant-major]]{{sfn|Powers|2016}} and had been awarded the [[1914–15 Star]], the [[British War Medal]], and the [[Victory Medal (United Kingdom)|Victory Medal]].{{sfn|Koennecke|2008}}

==Political life==

[[File:Francis Pegahmagabow 1945.jpeg|thumb|alt=older man with suit, tie, and medals on his chest|Pegahmagabow in 1945 while attending a conference in Ottawa where the National Indian Government was formed.]]

Upon his return to Canada he continued to serve in the [[Algonquin Regiment]] militia as a non-permanent active member.<ref name= "Veterans Affairs Canada p. "/> Following in his father's and grandfather's footsteps, he was elected chief of the Parry Island Band from February 1921. Once in office he caused a schism in the band after he wrote a letter calling for certain individuals and those of mixed race to be expelled from the reserve.<ref name= "Brownlie p. 65"/> He was re-elected in 1924 and served until he was deposed via an internal power struggle in April 1925. Before the motion could go through, Pegahmagabow resigned.<ref name= "Brownlie p. 68">{{harvnb|Brownlie|2003|p=68}}</ref> A decade later, he was appointed councillor from 1933 to 1936. In 1933 the [[Indian and Northern Affairs Canada|Department of Indian Affairs (DIA)]] changed its policies and forbade First Nation chiefs from corresponding with the DIA. They directed that all correspondence, as of the spring of 1933, go through the [[Indian Agent (Canada)|Indian Agent]].<ref name= "Brownlie p. ix"/> This gave huge power to the Agent, something that grated on Pegahmagabow, who did not get along with his Indian Agent, John Daly.<ref name= "Brownlie p. ix">{{harvnb|Brownlie|2003|p=ix}}</ref> First Nation members who served in the army during World War I were particularly active as political activists. They had travelled the world, earned the respect of the comrades in the trenches, and refused to be sidelined by the newly empowered Indian Agent. Historian Paul Williams termed these advocates "returned soldier chiefs", and singled out a few, including Pegahmagabow, as being especially active.<ref name= "Brownlie p. 57">{{harvnb|Brownlie|2003|p=57}}</ref> This caused intense disagreements with Daly and eventually led to Pegahmagabow being deposed as chief.<ref name= "Brownlie p. 63"/> Daly and other agents who came in contact with Pegahmagabow were incredibly frustrated by his attempts, in his words, to free his people from "white slavery".<ref name= "Brownlie p. 65">{{harvnb|Brownlie|2003|p=65}}</ref> The Indian agents labelled him a "mental case" and strove to sideline him and his supporters.<ref name= "Brownlie p. 65"/>

In addition to the power struggle between the Indian council and the DIA with which Pegahmagabow took issue, he was a constant agitator over the islands in [[Georgian Bay]] of the [[Wyandot people|Huron]]. The Regional First Nation governments claimed the islands as their own and Pegahmagabow and other chiefs tried in vain to get recognition of their status.<ref name= "Brownlie p. 98">{{harvnb|Brownlie|2003|p=98}}</ref>

During [[World War II]] Pegahmagabow worked as a guard at a munitions plant near [[Nobel, Ontario]], and was a Sergeant-major in the local militia.<ref name= "Mackey p. ">{{harvnb|Mackey|2003|p=}}</ref> In 1943, he became the Supreme Chief of the [[Native Independent Government]], an early First Nations organization.<ref name= "Mackey p. "/>

==Family and legacy==

{{wikiquote|Francis Pegahmagabow}}

A married father of six children, Pegahmagabow died on the Parry Island reserve in 1952 at the age of 61. He is a member of the Indian Hall of Fame at the Woodland Centre in [[Brantford, Ontario]], and his memory is also commemorated on a plaque honouring him and his regiment on the Rotary and Algonquin Regiment Fitness Trail in Parry Sound.<ref name= "Mackey p. "/> Honoured by the Canadian Forces by naming the 3rd Canadian Ranger Patrol Group HQ Building at CFB Borden after him.<ref name= "Canadian Forces p. ">{{harvnb|Canadian Forces|2006|p=}}</ref>

Canadian journalist Adrian Hayes wrote a biography of Pegahmagabow titled ''Pegahmagabow: Legendary Warrior, Forgotten Hero'', published in 2003,{{sfn|Drainie|2015}} and another titled ''Pegahmagabow: Life-Long Warrior'', published in 2009.{{sfn|Hele|2014}} Canadian novelist [[Joseph Boyden]]'s 2005 novel ''[[Three Day Road]]'' was inspired in part by Pegahmagabow. The novel's protagonist is a fictional character who, like Pegahmagabow, serves as a military sniper during World War I, although Pegahmagabow also appears as a minor character.<ref name= "Wyile pp. 225-237"/>

A life-sized bronze statue of Pegahmagabow was erected in his honour on [[National Aboriginal Day]], June 21, 2016, in Parry Sound, near Georgian Bay. The figure has an eagle on one arm, a [[Ross rifle]] slung from its shoulder, and a [[caribou]] at its feet, representing the Caribou Clan that Pegahmagabow belonged to.{{sfn|Powers|2016}} The Eagle was his spirit animal.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} The artist Tyler Fauvelle spent eight months sculpting the statue, which spent a further year in casting. Fauvelle chose to erect it in Parry Sound rather than Wasauksing to reach a larger public and educate them on the contributions of First Nations people to Canada.{{sfn|Powers|2016}}

===Awards===

* He was first awarded the Military Medal while fighting at the second battle of Ypres, Festubert and Givenchy, for courage above fire in getting important messages through to the rear.<ref name= "Veterans Affairs Canada p. "/>
* Earned his first bar to the Military Medal at the bloody Battle of Passchendaele.<ref name= "Veterans Affairs Canada p. "/>
* His second bar to the Military Medal came at the battle of The Scarpe, in 1918. Only 37 other Canadian men received the honour of two bars.<ref name= "Veterans Affairs Canada p. "/><ref name="Bethune p. "/>
* The [[1914–15 Star]]{{sfn|Koennecke|2008}}
* The [[British War Medal]]{{sfn|Koennecke|2008}}
* The [[Victory Medal (United Kingdom)|Victory Medal]]{{sfn|Koennecke|2008}}

In 2003 the Pegahmagabow family donated his medals and chief head dress to the Canadian War Museum where they can be seen as of 2010 as part of the World War I display.<ref name= "Canadian War Museum p.Jaylen was there ">{{harvnb|Canadian War Museum|2003|p=}}</ref> While researching his 2005 novel ''[[Three Day Road]]'', Boyden was asked about why he thought that Pegahmagabow had not received a higher award like the [[Distinguished Conduct Medal]] or the [[Victoria Cross]]. Boyden speculated it was due to Pegahmagabow being a [[First Nations]] soldier, and that there may have been jealousy on the part of some officers who he felt might have been suspicious of the number of Germans Pegahmagabow claimed to have shot because he did not use an observer while sniping.<ref name= "Wyile pp. 225-237">{{harvnb|Wyile|2007|pp=225–237}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Aboriginal peoples in Canada|Canadian Armed Forces|World War I}}
*[[Tommy Prince]] (October 25, 1915 – November 25, 1977) was one of Canada's most decorated First Nations soldiers, serving in World War II and the [[Korean War]].

==Footnotes==

{{Notelist}}

==Bibliography==
'''Notes'''

{{reflist|30em}}

'''References'''

{{Refbegin|colwidth=40em}}
*{{cite web |ref=harv| last=Bethune| first= Brian|date= May 30, 2005|url = http://www.macleans.ca/article.jsp?content=20050527_180400_6736|title =Windigo in the First World War|publisher = [[Maclean's]]| accessdate = May 15, 2010 }}
*{{cite book |ref=harv|last=Brownlie|first=Robin | authorlink = | title = A Fatherly Eye: Indian Agents, Government Power, and Aboriginal Resistance in Ontario, 1918–1939|edition=2003|year=2003| publisher = [[University of Toronto Press]]| isbn= 978-0-19-541784-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sF5Cey6p-bcC&lpg=PP1&dq=A%20Fatherly%20Eye%3A%20Indian%20Agents%2C%20Government%20Power%2C%20and%20Aboriginal%20Resistance%20in%20Ontario%2C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true }} - Total pages: 204 
*{{cite web|ref=harv |date=August 2006 |url=http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/3crpg/eng/stories/06aug01-eng.html |title=Ranger headquarters named after Canada's most decorated aboriginal soldier |publisher=[[Canadian Forces]] |accessdate=May 11, 2010 |last=Canadian Forces |first= |authorlink=Canadian Forces |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610130431/http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/3crpg/eng/stories/06aug01-eng.html |archivedate=June 10, 2011 }}
*{{cite web |ref=harv|year= 2010|url = http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/remembers/sub.cfm?source=history/other/native/peaceful|title = Native Soldiers – Foreign Battlefields – A Peaceful Man|publisher = [[Veterans Affairs Canada]]| accessdate = May 11, 2010 | last=Veterans Affairs Canada| first= |authorlink =Veterans Affairs Canada}}
*{{cite web |ref=harv| last=Canadian War Museum| first= |date= August 27, 2003|url = http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/media/press-releases/year-2003/cpl-francis-pegahmagabows-medals-donated-to-the-canadian-war-museum|title = Cpl. Francis Pegahmagabow's Medals donated to the Canadian War Museum|publisher = pub| accessdate = May 15, 2010 |authorlink =Canadian War Museum}}
* {{cite web
|last = Drainie
|first = Bronwyn
|title = Review: ''Three Day Road''
|date = March 2015
|website = [[Quill & Quire]]
|url = http://www.quillandquire.com/review/three-day-road/
|accessdate = 2016-06-22
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150314184058/http://www.quillandquire.com/review/three-day-road
|archivedate = 2015-03-14
|ref = harv}}
*{{cite book |ref=harv|last=Hayes|first=Adrian | authorlink = | title = Parry Sound: Gateway to Northern Ontario|edition=2005|year=2005| publisher = Dundurn Press Ltd| isbn= 978-1-896219-91-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nn21iNJ2utcC&lpg=PP1&dq=Parry%20Sound%3A%20Gateway%20to%20Northern%20Ontario&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true }} - Total pages: 253 
*{{cite book |ref=harv| last = Hayes|first= Adrian | authorlink = | title = Pegahmagabow: Legendary Warrior, Forgotten Hero|edition= 2003|year=2003|pages= | publisher = Fox Meadow Creations| isbn= 978-0-9681452-8-9}}- Total pages: 95 
* {{cite web
|last = Hele
|first = Karl
|title = Francis Pegahmagabow: controversial hero
|website = [[Anishinabek News]]
|date = 2014-05-28
|url = http://anishinabeknews.ca/2014/05/28/francis-pegahmagabow-controversial-hero/
|accessdate = 2016-06-22
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150412215437/http://anishinabeknews.ca/2014/05/28/francis-pegahmagabow-controversial-hero/
|archivedate = 2015-04-12
|ref = harv}}
* {{cite web
|last = Koennecke
|first = Franz M.
|title = Francis Pegahmagabow
|date = 2008
|url = http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/francis-pegahmagabow/
|accessdate = 2016-06-23
|ref = harv}}
*{{cite web |ref=harv| last=Mackey| first= Doug |date= December 12, 2003|url = http://www.pastforward.ca/perspectives/dec_122003.htm|title = Legendary Soldier – Native Leader |work =Community Voices|publisher = Past Forward| accessdate = July 7, 2010 }}
*{{cite book |ref=harv|last=Pegler|first=Martin | authorlink = | title = Out of Nowhere: A History of the Military Sniper|edition=2006|year=2006| publisher = [[Osprey Publishing]]| isbn= 978-1-84603-140-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mkh931pIugC&lpg=PP1&dq=Out%20of%20Nowhere%3A%20A%20History%20of%20the%20Military%20Sniper&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true }} - Total pages: 352 
* {{cite web
|last = Powers
|first = Lucas
|website = CBC News
|title = WW I hero Francis Pegahmagabow given Aboriginal Day honour
|date = 2016-06-21
|url = http://www.cbc.ca/news/aboriginal/francis-pegahmagabow-aboriginal-day-1.3644513
|accessdate = 2016-06-22
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160622004630/http://www.cbc.ca/news/aboriginal/francis-pegahmagabow-aboriginal-day-1.3644513
|archivedate = 2016-06-22
|ref = harv}}
*{{cite book |ref=harv|last=Schmalz|first=Peter S.| authorlink = | title = The Ojibwa of Southern Ontario|edition=1991|year=1991| publisher = [[University of Toronto Press]]| isbn= 978-0-8020-6778-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=espKE9_839wC&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20Ojibwa%20of%20Southern%20Ontario&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true }} - Total pages: 334 
*{{cite book |ref=harv|last=Wyile|first=Herb | authorlink = | title = Speaking in The Past Tense: Canadian Novelists on Writing Historical Fiction|edition=2007|year=2007| publisher = [[Wilfrid Laurier University Press]]| isbn= 978-0-88920-511-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ODt1FIL2lrwC&lpg=PR8&dq=Speaking%20in%20The%20Past%20Tense%3A%20Canadian%20Novelists%20on%20Writing%20Historical%20Fiction&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true}} - Total pages: 327 
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==

* {{cite book
|last = Hayes
|first = Adrian
|title = Pegahmagabow: Life-Long Warrior
|year = 2009
|publisher = [[Blue Butterfly Books]]
|isbn = 978-0-97849-829-0}}

*McInnes, Brian D ''Sounding Thunder: The Stories of Francis Pegahmagabow'', 2016, Michigan State University Press

==External links==
*[http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/databases/cef/001042-119.02-e.php?image_url=http://data2.archives.ca/cef/gpc013/571983a.gif&id_nbr=572634 Francis Pegahmagabow's attestation paper]
*{{cite web |ref=harv|date= August 29, 2003|url = http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/tresors/treasure/280eng.shtml|title = Francis Pegahmagabow's Medals|work = [[Canadian Museum of Civilization]]|publisher = civilization.ca| accessdate = May 11, 2010 | last=Civilization.ca| first= }}

{{WWISniper|state=collapsed}}

{{Good article}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pegahmagabow, Francis}}
[[Category:1891 births]]
[[Category:1952 deaths]]
[[Category:Canadian Indigenous military personnel]]
[[Category:Canadian Expeditionary Force soldiers]]
[[Category:Ojibwe people]]
[[Category:Political office-holders of Indigenous governments in Canada]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Military Medal]]

Fawad Chaudhry

2018-09-05T13:02:23Z

TwoTwoHello: Reverted 1 edit by 119.160.119.50 (talk) to last revision by TwoTwoHello. (TW)

{{Infobox MP
| name = Fawad Ahmed Chaudhry
| honorific-suffix =
|image =
| office = [[Ministry of Information, Broadcasting and National Heritage (Pakistan)|Federal Minister for Information and Broadcasting]]
|president = [[Mamnoon Hussain]]
|primeminister = [[Imran Khan]]
| term_start= 20 August 2018
| term_end =
| predecessor = Syed Ali Zafar (caretaker)
| office1 = Member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]]
| term_start1 = 13 August 2018
| term_end1 =
|constituency1 = [[NA-67 (Jhelum-II)]]
|majority1 = 93,102
|predecessor1 = [[Nawabzada Raja Matloob Mehdi]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
|nationality = Pakistani
|party = [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]]
|relatives= [[Chaudhry Altaf Hussain]] (uncle)<ref name="thefridaytimes">{{cite news |title=A Potohari family album ‹ The Friday Times |url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/tft/a-potohari-family-album/ |accessdate=19 August 2018 |work=The Friday Times}}</ref> [[Chaudhry Iftikhar Hussain]] (uncle)<ref name="thefridaytimes" /> [[Chaudhry Shahbaz Hussain]] (uncle)<ref name="thefridaytimes" />
}}

'''Fawad Ahmed Chaudhry''', also known by the name of '''Fawad Hussain Chaudhry''', is a Pakistani politician who is the current [[Ministry of Information, Broadcasting and National Heritage (Pakistan)|Federal Minister for Information and Broadcasting]], in office since 20 August 2018. He has been a member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] since August 2018. He is currently serving as spokesperson and Secretary Information of [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]].

Previously he served in the federal cabinet of Prime Minister [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]] and Prime Minister [[Raja Pervaiz Ashraf]] as Special Assistant for information and political affairs, and Political Affairs, respectively, between April 2012 and March 2013.

==Personal life==
Born into a [[Jat]] family of the Vains clan, he's a lawyer by profession.<ref>{{cite news |title=Choosing right man for Punjab CM real test for Imran |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/349505-choosing-right-man-for-punjab-cm-real-test-for-imran |accessdate=8 August 2018 |work=The News |language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==
He ran for the seat of the [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]] as an independent candidate from Constituency PP-25 (Jhelum-II) in [[Pakistani general election, 2002]] but was unsuccessful. He received only 161 votes and lost the seat to Chaudhry Tasneem Nasir, a candidate of [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)]] (PML-Q) who received 38,626 votes.<ref>{{cite web |title=2002 election results |url=https://www.ecp.gov.pk/ge/ge2002vol2.pdf |publisher=ECP |accessdate=28 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126141507/https://www.ecp.gov.pk/ge/ge2002vol2.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

In January 2012, he resigned as media coordinator of [[All Pakistan Muslim League]] (APML).<ref>{{cite news |title=Musharraf’s former mediaman joins PPP {{!}} The Express Tribune |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/347357/musharrafs-former-mediaman-switches-over-to-ppp/ |accessdate=28 July 2018 |work=The Express Tribune |date=9 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728074245/https://tribune.com.pk/story/347357/musharrafs-former-mediaman-switches-over-to-ppp/ |archive-date=28 July 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In March 2012, he quit APML and joined [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP).<ref>{{cite news |title=Ex-APML spokesman Fawad Chaudhry joins PPP |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2012/03/09/ex-apml-spokesman-fawad-chaudhry-joins-ppp/ |accessdate=28 July 2018 |work=www.pakistantoday.com.pk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728071153/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2012/03/09/ex-apml-spokesman-fawad-chaudhry-joins-ppp/ |archive-date=28 July 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In April 2012, he was inducted into the federal cabinet of Prime Minister [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]] and was appointed as special assistant to Prime Minister for information and political affairs with the status of a minister of state<ref>{{cite news |last1=Newspaper |first1=From the |title=Gilani appoints Fawad Chaudhry as assistant |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/714461 |accessdate=28 July 2018 |work=DAWN.COM |date=30 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728071124/https://www.dawn.com/news/714461 |archive-date=28 July 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> where he continued to serve until June 2012 when<ref>{{cite web |title=Federal cabinet of Prime Minister Gillani |url=http://www.cabinet.gov.pk/cabinet/userfiles1/file/Info%20serveces/Federal%20Cabinet%20since%201947/12%20april%20updated/Federal%20Cabinet%20of%20Syed%20Yousaf%20Raza%20Gillani,%20Latest_doc.pdf |publisher=Cabinet division |accessdate=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505115247/http://www.cabinet.gov.pk/cabinet/userfiles1/file/Info%20serveces/Federal%20Cabinet%20since%201947/12%20april%20updated/Federal%20Cabinet%20of%20Syed%20Yousaf%20Raza%20Gillani,%20Latest_doc.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2017 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> the federal cabinet was dissolved following the disqualification of Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani.<ref>{{cite news |title=Federal Cabinet stands dissolved after Gilani's disqualification: PPP |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/46593-federal-cabinet-stands-dissolved-after-gilanis-disqualification-ppp |accessdate=2 August 2018 |work=Geo News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802155038/https://www.geo.tv/latest/46593-federal-cabinet-stands-dissolved-after-gilanis-disqualification-ppp |archive-date=2 August 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In July 2012, [[Raja Pervaiz Ashraf]] was elected Prime Minister<ref>{{cite news |title=Raja Pervaiz Ashraf elected prime minister, new cabinet sworn in |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/728608 |accessdate=2 August 2018 |work=DAWN.COM |date=22 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203143916/https://www.dawn.com/news/728608 |archive-date=3 February 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and Chaudhry was re-inducted into the federal cabinet. He was appointed as Special Assistant to Prime Minister on Political Affairs<ref>{{cite news |title=Fawad made special assistant to PM |url=https://nation.com.pk/15-Jul-2012/fawad-made-special-assistant-to-pm |accessdate=28 July 2018 |work=The Nation |date=15 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728071328/https://nation.com.pk/15-Jul-2012/fawad-made-special-assistant-to-pm |archive-date=28 July 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> where he served until March 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=Federal cabinet of Prime Minister Ashraf |url=http://www.cabinet.gov.pk/cabinet/userfiles1/file/Info%20serveces/Federal%20Cabinet%20since%201947/12%20april%20updated/Federal%20Cabinet%20of%20Raja%20Pervez%20Asharaf.pdf |publisher=Cabinet division |accessdate=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123072305/http://www.cabinet.gov.pk/cabinet/userfiles1/file/Info%20serveces/Federal%20Cabinet%20since%201947/12%20april%20updated/Federal%20Cabinet%20of%20Raja%20Pervez%20Asharaf.pdf |archive-date=23 January 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

He ran for the seat of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] as a candidate of PML-Q from [[Constituency NA-63|NA-63 (Jhelum-II)]] in [[Pakistani general election, 2013]] but was unsuccessful. He received 34,072 votes and lost the seat to [[Malik Iqbal Mehdi Khan]]. In the same election, he also ran for the seat of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as an independent candidate from Constituency PP-24 (Jhelum-I) but was unsuccessful. He received only 82 votes and lost the seat to [[Raja Muhammad Awais Khan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=2013 election results |url=https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume-II.pdf |publisher=ECP |accessdate=28 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201140612/https://ecp.gov.pk/Documents/General%20Elections%202013%20report/Election%20Report%202013%20Volume-II.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

In June 2016, he joined [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] (PTI).<ref>{{cite news |title=Prominent TV anchor Fawad Chaudhry joins PTI - ARYNEWS |url=https://arynews.tv/en/prominent-tv-anchor-fawad-chaudhry-joins-pti/ |accessdate=28 July 2018 |work=ARYNEWS |date=8 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728071430/https://arynews.tv/en/prominent-tv-anchor-fawad-chaudhry-joins-pti/ |archive-date=28 July 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Fawad Chaudhry joins PTI, will contest NA- 63 Jhelum by-polls |url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/pakistan/fawad-chaudhry-joins-pti-will-contest-na-63-jhelum-by-polls/ |accessdate=28 July 2018 |work=Daily Pakistan Global |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728071505/https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/pakistan/fawad-chaudhry-joins-pti-will-contest-na-63-jhelum-by-polls/ |archive-date=28 July 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

He ran for the seat of the National Assembly as a candidate of PTI from Constituency Constituency NA-63 (Jhelum-II) in by-election held in August 2016 but was unsuccessful. He received 74,819 votes and lost the seat to [[Nawabzada Raja Matloob Mehdi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=PML-N wins NA-63, PP-232 by-elections |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/146722-PML-Ns-Yousuf-Kuseliya-wins-PP-232-by-elections |accessdate=28 July 2018 |work=The News |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305114224/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/146722-PML-Ns-Yousuf-Kuseliya-wins-PP-232-by-elections |archive-date=5 March 2017 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

In November 2016, he was appointed the spokesperson of PTI.<ref>{{cite news |title=PTI appoints Fawad Chaudhry as party spokesperson {{!}} The Express Tribune |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1241624/pti-appoints-fawad-chaudhry-party-spokesperson/ |accessdate=28 July 2018 |work=The Express Tribune |date=23 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728074200/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1241624/pti-appoints-fawad-chaudhry-party-spokesperson/ |archive-date=28 July 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In March 2018, he was given the additional charge of Secretary Information of PTI after the resignation of [[Shafqat Mahmood]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Vocal Fawad made PTI info secretary |url=https://nation.com.pk/13-Feb-2018/vocal-fawad-made-pti-info-secretary |accessdate=2 August 2018 |work=The Nation |date=13 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413190755/https://nation.com.pk/13-Feb-2018/vocal-fawad-made-pti-info-secretary |archive-date=13 April 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=PTI appoints Fawad Chaudhry as information secretary |url=https://arynews.tv/en/pti-appoints-fawad-chaudhry-information-secretary/ |accessdate=28 July 2018 |work=ARYNEWS |date=12 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728071517/https://arynews.tv/en/pti-appoints-fawad-chaudhry-information-secretary/ |archive-date=28 July 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Fawad Chaudhry appointed as Secretary Information PTI - Pakistan - Dunya News |url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/427466-Fawad-Chuadhry-appointed-as-Secretary-Information-PTI- |accessdate=28 July 2018 |work=Dunya News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212194339/http://dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/427466-Fawad-Chuadhry-appointed-as-Secretary-Information-PTI- |archive-date=12 February 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

In June 2018, he was allocated PTI ticket to contest the [[Pakistani general election, 2018]] from Constituency [[NA-67 (Jhelum-II)]].<ref>{{cite news |title=PTI finalises 85 NA candidates of Punjab |url=https://nation.com.pk/04-Jun-2018/pti-finalises-85-na-candidates-of-punjab |accessdate=2 August 2018 |work=The Nation |date=4 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604115136/https://nation.com.pk/04-Jun-2018/pti-finalises-85-na-candidates-of-punjab |archive-date=4 June 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> An election tribunal rejected the nomination papers of Chaudhry after a petition was filed claiming Fawad had not paid agriculture tax.<ref>{{cite news |title=PTI's Fawad Chaudhry barred from contesting polls |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/334409-pti-leader-fawad-chaudhrys-nomination-papers-rejected |accessdate=2 August 2018 |work=The News |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627112745/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/334409-pti-leader-fawad-chaudhrys-nomination-papers-rejected |archive-date=27 June 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The Lahore High Court allowed Chaudhry to contest the election after he filed an appeal in the court against the election tribunal’s decision.<ref>{{cite news |title=PTI's Fawad Chaudhry allowed to contest from NA-67 |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/201088-ptis-fawad-chaudhry-allowed-to-contest-from-na-67 |accessdate=2 August 2018 |work=Geo News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730140351/https://www.geo.tv/latest/201088-ptis-fawad-chaudhry-allowed-to-contest-from-na-67 |archive-date=30 July 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=LHC overturns election tribunal decision, allows Fawad to contest polls {{!}} The Express Tribune |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1744772/1-lhc-overturns-election-tribunal-decision-allows-fawad-contest-polls/ |accessdate=2 August 2018 |work=The Express Tribune |date=28 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705055533/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1744772/1-lhc-overturns-election-tribunal-decision-allows-fawad-contest-polls/ |archive-date=5 July 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

He was elected to the National Assembly as a candidate of PTI from Constituency NA-67 (Jhelum-II) in 2018 general election. He received 93,102 votes and defeated Nawabzada Raja Matloob Mehdi, a candidate of [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]] (PML-N).<ref>{{cite web |title=ECP - Election Commission of Pakistan |url=https://www.ecp.gov.pk/ConstResult.aspx?Const_Id=NA-67&type=NA&Election_ID=10070&Election=GENERAL%20ELECTION%2025%20JUL%202018 |website=www.ecp.gov.pk |accessdate=28 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802155041/https://www.ecp.gov.pk/ConstResult.aspx?Const_Id=NA-67&type=NA&Election_ID=10070&Election=GENERAL%20ELECTION%2025%20JUL%202018 |archive-date=2 August 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In the same election, he was also elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of PTI from Constituency PP-27 (Jhelum-III). He received 67,003 votes and defeated Nasir Mehmood, a candidate of PML-N.<ref>{{cite web |title=ECP - Election Commission of Pakistan |url=https://www.ecp.gov.pk/ConstResult.aspx?Const_Id=PP-27&type=PA&Election_ID=10070&Election=GENERAL%20ELECTION%2025%20JUL%202018 |website=www.ecp.gov.pk |accessdate=28 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802155040/https://www.ecp.gov.pk/ConstResult.aspx?Const_Id=PP-27&type=PA&Election_ID=10070&Election=GENERAL%20ELECTION%2025%20JUL%202018 |archive-date=2 August 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Following his successful election, he expressed interest to become the [[List of Chief Ministers of Punjab (Pakistan)|Chief Ministers of Punjab]] in a TV talk show.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fawad Chaudhry says would be 'great honour' if Imran Khan names him CM Punjab |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/204996-fawad-chaudhry |accessdate=28 July 2018 |publisher=Geo News |date=27 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728071245/https://www.geo.tv/latest/204996-fawad-chaudhry |archive-date=28 July 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=PTI’s Fawad Chaudhry wishes to become Punjab CM |url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/pakistan/ptis-fawad-chaudhry-wishes-to-become-punjab-cm/ |accessdate=28 July 2018 |work=Daily Pakistan Global |date=27 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728071906/https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/pakistan/ptis-fawad-chaudhry-wishes-to-become-punjab-cm/ |archive-date=28 July 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

On 18 August, [[Imran Khan]] formally announced his federal cabinet structure and Chaudhry was named as [[Ministry of Information, Broadcasting and National Heritage (Pakistan)|Minister for Information and Broadcasting]].<ref>{{cite news |title=PM Imran Khan finalises names of 21-member cabinet |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1427792/pm-imran-khan-finalises-names-of-21-member-cabinet |accessdate=18 August 2018 |work=DAWN.COM |date=18 August 2018}}</ref> On 20 August 2018, he was swear in as Federal Minister for Information and Broadcasting in the federal cabinet of Prime Minister Imran Khan.<ref>{{cite news |title=16 ministers from PM Imran Khan's cabinet sworn in |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1428169/16-ministers-from-pm-imran-khans-cabinet-sworn-in |accessdate=20 August 2018 |work=DAWN.COM |date=20 August 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{Khan Cabinet}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 2018–23]]
[[Category:Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf MNAs]]
[[Category:Pakistani lawyers]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:People from Jhelum District]]
[[Category:Chaudhry family (Jhelum)]]

Fawad Chaudhry

2018-09-05T12:57:10Z

TwoTwoHello: Reverted 1 edit by 45.116.232.15 (talk) to last revision by Jibran1998. (TW)

Helicopter 66

2018-08-09T12:12:19Z

TwoTwoHello: /* Early history and Apollo missions */ WP:LQ

{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{featured article}}
{| {{Infobox aircraft begin
| name = Helicopter 66
| image = SH-3D Sea King of HS-4 recovers Apollo 11 astronaut on 24 July 1969.jpg
| caption = Helicopter 66 pictured in 1969
| alt = Helicopter 66 pictured in 1969
}}
{{Infobox aircraft career
| other names = "Old 66"<ref name="nambp">{{cite web|title=Sikorsky UH-3H Sea King|url=http://nambp.org/sikorsky-uh-3h-sea-king|website=nambp.org|publisher=[[Naval Air Museum Barbers Point]]|accessdate=February 9, 2018}}</ref>, Helicopter 740
| type = Helicopter
| manufacturer = [[Sikorsky Aircraft]]
| construction number =
| construction date = 
| civil registration = 
| military serial = BuNo 152711<ref name="nambp"/>
| radio code = 
| first flight = 
| owners = [[U.S. Navy]]
| in service = 1968–1975
| last flight = June 4, 1975
| flights = 
| total hours = 3,245.2
| total distance = 
| status = 
| aircraft carried = 
| fate = Crashed and submerged
| preservation = 
}}
|}

'''Helicopter 66''' is the common name of a [[United States Navy]] [[Sikorsky Sea King]] [[helicopter]] used during the late 1960s for the water recovery of astronauts during the [[Apollo program]]. It has been called "one of the most famous, or at least most iconic, helicopters in history", was the subject of a 1969 song by [[Manuela (singer)|Manuela]] and was made into a [[Die-cast toy|die-cast model]] by [[Dinky Toys]]. In addition to its work in support of [[NASA]], Helicopter 66 also transported the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah of Iran]] during his 1973 visit to the aircraft carrier [[USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63)|USS ''Kitty Hawk'']].

Helicopter 66 was delivered to the U.S. Navy in 1967 and formed part of the inventory of [[HSC-4|U.S. Navy Helicopter Anti-Submarine Squadron Four]] for the duration of its active life. Among its pilots during this period was [[Donald S. Jones]], who would go on to command the [[United States Third Fleet]]. Later re-numbered Helicopter 740, the aircraft crashed in the [[Pacific Ocean]] in 1975 during a training exercise. At the time of its crash, it had logged more than 3,200 hours of service.

==Design==
[[File:Apollo 10 Helicopter Recovery - GPN-2000-001143.jpg|thumb|alt=Helicopter 66 pictured during the Apollo 10 recovery|left|Helicopter 66 pictured during the [[Apollo 10]] recovery in 1969]]
Helicopter 66 was a [[Sikorsky Sea King]] SH-3D.<ref name="snews"/> The SH-3D model Sea Kings were designed for [[anti-submarine warfare]] (ASW) and were typically configured to carry a crew of four and up to three passengers.<ref name="Fas">{{cite web|title=H-3 Sea King|url=https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/h-3.htm|website=fas.org|publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]]|archive-date=January 1, 1970|archive-url=https://perma-archives.org/warc/19700101000100/////https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/h-3.htm|accessdate=February 7, 2018|dead-url=no}}</ref> Powered by two [[General Electric]] T58-GE-10 turboshaft engines producing up to {{convert|1400|hp|lk=in}} each, SH-3Ds had a maximum airspeed of {{convert|120|knots|adj=off}} and a mission endurance averaging 4.5 hours.<ref name="Fas"/><ref>{{cite web |title=S-61 |archive-date=January 1, 1970 |archive-url=https://perma-archives.org/warc/19700101000100///https://www.sikorskyarchives.com/S-61%20(HSS-2)%20Flupd.php |url=https://www.sikorskyarchives.com/S-61%20(HSS-2)%20Flupd.php |website=sikorskyarchives.com |publisher=Igor I. Sikorsky Historical Archives |accessdate=June 15, 2018 |dead-url=no }}</ref> They had a maximum allowable weight of {{convert|20,500|lbs|adj=off}} with the ability to carry an external payload of up to {{convert|6,000|lbs|adj=off}}.<ref name="Fas"/>

During ASW missions, the Sea King SH-3D was typically armed with [[Mark 46 torpedo|MK-46/44]] torpedoes.<ref name="Fas"/>

==History==
===Early history and Apollo missions===
Helicopter 66 was delivered to the U.S. Navy on March 4, 1967, and, in 1968, was added to the inventory of U.S. Navy Helicopter Anti-Submarine Squadron Four (HS-4).<ref name="snews"/> Its original tail number was NT-66/2711.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sikorsky UH-3H Sea King (S-61B) – USA – Navy|url=http://www.airliners.net/photo/USA-Navy/Sikorsky-UH-3H-Sea-King-S-61B/2276627|website=[[airliners.net]]|archive-date=January 1, 1970|archive-url=https://perma-archives.org/warc/19700101000100/////http://www.airliners.net/photo/USA-Navy/Sikorsky-UH-3H-Sea-King-S-61B/2276627|publisher=[[Leaf Group]]|accessdate=February 7, 2018|dead-url=no}}</ref>

Activated on June 30, 1952, Squadron Four – "the Black Knights" – was the first anti-submarine warfare helicopter squadron of the U.S. Navy to deploy aboard an aircraft carrier when, in 1953, it operated from {{USS|Rendova}}.<ref name="navymil"/> It began using the Sea King SH-3D in 1968, transitioning from the SH-3A model.<ref name="navymil"/> That year, the squadron was assigned to Carrier Anti-Submarine Air Group 59 and deployed aboard [[USS Yorktown (CV-10)|USS ''Yorktown'']] to the [[Sea of Japan]] (''East Sea'') in response to the capture of {{USS|Pueblo|AGER-2|6}} by the [[Korean People's Navy]].<ref name="navymil"/> Later that year, ''Yorktown''—and Squadron Four—was tasked to support the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) in the oceanic recovery of returning astronauts.<ref name="snews"/><ref name="navymil">{{cite web|title=HSC-4 Command History|url=http://www.public.navy.mil/AIRFOR/HSC4/Pages/COMMAND%20HISTORY.aspx|website=HELSEACOMBATRON FOUR|archive-date=January 1, 1970|archive-url=https://perma-archives.org/warc/19700101000100/////http://www.public.navy.mil/AIRFOR/HSC4/Pages/COMMAND%20HISTORY.aspx|publisher=[[U.S. Navy]]|accessdate=February 7, 2018|dead-url=no}}</ref>{{efn|Early U.S. manned spaceflights used water landings during return to Earth due to the minimum additional technology needed to outfit the spacecraft.<ref name="discover">{{cite news|archive-date=January 1, 1970|archive-url=https://perma-archives.org/warc/19700101000100///http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/vintagespace/2018/02/10/why-cosmonauts-dont-splash-down/#.WvclwYAvyUk|last1=Teitel|first1=Amy|title=Why Cosmonauts Have Never Splashed Down|url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/vintagespace/2018/02/10/why-cosmonauts-dont-splash-down/#.WvclwYAvyUk|accessdate=May 12, 2018|work=[[Discover Magazine]]|date=February 10, 2018|dead-url=no}}</ref> The command capsule required only parachutes to slow its descent sufficiently for a survivable landing on a "soft" surface like water, instead of the retrorockets that would be required for a landing on a "hard" surface like land.<ref name="discover"/>}}
[[File:Helicopter_66_Apollo_8.jpg|thumb|right|alt=The Apollo 8 crew shown disembarking Helicopter 66 aboard USS Yorktown following their return to Earth|The [[Apollo 8]] crew disembarks Helicopter 66 aboard USS ''Yorktown'' following their return to Earth in 1968]]
During the [[Apollo 8]], [[Apollo 10]], and [[Apollo 11]] missions, Helicopter 66 was the primary recovery vehicle which hoisted returning astronauts from the spacecraft command modules.<ref name="snews"/><ref>{{cite web|last1=Putnam|first1=Milt|title=Navy Photographer Tells the Story of Apollo 11 Recovery|url=http://www.navyhistory.org/2012/02/navy-photographer-apollo-11-recovery/|website=navyhistory.org|publisher=Naval Historical Foundation|archive-date=January 1, 1970|archive-url=https://perma-archives.org/warc/19700101000100/////http://www.navyhistory.org/2012/02/navy-photographer-apollo-11-recovery/|accessdate=November 3, 2017|dead-url=no}}</ref> As a result, it was featured prominently in television news coverage and still photography, achieving—in the words of space historian [[Dwayne A. Day]]—the status of "one of the most famous, or at least most iconic, helicopters in history".<ref name="snews"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Blair|first1=Don|title=Splashdown!: NASA and the Navy|date=2004|publisher=Turner Publishing Company|isbn=978-1-56311-985-9|page=43}}</ref> [[Commander (United States)|Commander]] [[Donald S. Jones]], who would later command the [[United States Third Fleet]], piloted Helicopter 66 during its inaugural astronaut recovery mission following Apollo 8, and again during the Apollo 11 recovery.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Carmichael|first1=Scott|title=Moon Men Return: USS Hornet and the Recovery of the Apollo 11 Astronauts|date=2012|publisher=[[Naval Institute Press]]|isbn=978-1-61251-252-5|pages=121–122}}</ref>

Following the Apollo 11 mission, the Navy switched to a three-digit designation system and Helicopter 66 was retagged Helicopter 740.<ref name="snews"/> Recognizing the fame Helicopter 66 had achieved, the Navy began the practice of repainting Helicopter 740 as Helicopter 66 for the later recovery missions in which it participated, [[Apollo 12]] and [[Apollo 13]], painting it back as Helicopter 740 at the conclusion of each mission.<ref name="snews"/><ref>{{cite news|title=From One to Another|url=https://www.verticalmag.com/features/20256-from-one-to-another-html/|accessdate=November 3, 2017|archive-url=https://perma-archives.org/warc/19700101000100/////https://www.verticalmag.com/features/20256-from-one-to-another-html/|archive-date=January 1, 1970|work=Vertical Magazine|date=April 12, 2012|dead-url=no}}</ref> During the period of its use for astronaut recovery, Helicopter 66 bore [[kill marks]] on its fuselage showing a space capsule silhouette, with one being added for each recovery in which it participated.<ref>{{cite news|title=Helicopter Unit Changes Command|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/122502453/|accessdate=February 7, 2018|page=20|work=Chula Vista Star-News|publisher=[[newspapers.com]]|date=September 26, 1971}}{{paywall}}</ref> For the recovery of the Apollo 11 astronauts, the underside of the fuselage was emblazoned with the words "Hail, Columbia".<ref>{{cite AV media
| people = [[Ron Nessen]]
| date = July 24, 1969
| title = [[NBC News]]
| trans-title =
| medium = [[television]]
| language = English
| url =
| access-date =
| format =
| time =
| location =
| publisher = [[National Broadcasting Company]]
| id =
| isbn =
| oclc =
| quote = The President's applauding as they play "Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean." Columbia, of course, is the module out there ... We understand that President Nixon requested the band play "Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean". Written on the bottom of the helicopter is another welcome aboard for the astronauts, it says "Hail, Columbia".| ref =}}</ref>{{efn|The name of the Apollo 11 command capsule was "Columbia" and [[President of the United States]] [[Richard Nixon]], who was personally embarked aboard USS ''Hornet'' for the recovery, had ordered the Band of the [[COMNAVAIRPAC]] to perform "[[Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean]]" during the recovery.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nixon|first1=Richard|title=RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon|date=2013|page=172|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4767-3183-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Astronauts Aboard Carrier|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/140157017/|accessdate=September 27, 2017|work=[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]]|page=1|date=July 24, 1969}}{{paywall}}</ref>}}

====List of Helicopter 66 Apollo recovery flights====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Mission !! Flight date !! Base ship !! Pilot !! Reference
|-
| [[Apollo 8]] || December 27, 1968 || [[USS Yorktown (CV-10)|USS ''Yorktown'']] || [[Donald S. Jones]] || <ref name="snews"/>
|-
| [[Apollo 10]] || May 29, 1969 || [[USS Princeton (LPH-5)|USS ''Princeton'']] || Chuck B. Smiley ||<ref name="snews"/>
|-
| [[Apollo 11]]|| July 24, 1969 || [[USS Hornet (CVS-12)|USS ''Hornet'']] || Donald S. Jones ||<ref name="snews"/>
|-
| [[Apollo 12]]|| November 24, 1969|| [[USS Hornet (CVS-12)|USS ''Hornet'']]|| Warren E. Aut ||<ref name="snews"/>
|-
| [[Apollo 13]]|| April 17, 1970|| [[USS Iwo Jima (LPH-2)|USS ''Iwo Jima'']] || Chuck B. Smiley ||<ref name="snews"/>
|}

===Later history and crash===
By 1973 Helicopter Squadron Four, and Helicopter 66 with it, were embarked aboard [[USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63)|USS ''Kitty Hawk'']].<ref name="navymil"/> That year, Helicopter 66 transported the [[Shah of Iran]], [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]], to ''Kitty Hawk'' for a shipboard visit while it transited the [[Indian Ocean]].<ref name="navymil"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Kitty Hawk II (CVA-63)|url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/k/kitty-hawk-cva-63-ii.html|website=Naval History and Heritage Command|archive-date=January 1, 1970|archive-url=https://perma-archives.org/warc/19700101000100/////https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/k/kitty-hawk-cva-63-ii.html|publisher=[[U.S. Navy]]|accessdate=February 7, 2018|dead-url=no}}</ref>

At 7:00 p.m. on June 4, 1975, Helicopter 66 departed [[Naval Outlying Landing Field Imperial Beach]] near [[San Diego, California]], en route to the U.S. Navy's Helo Offshore Training Area to conduct a regularly scheduled, three-hour nighttime anti-submarine training exercise.<ref name="snews"/><ref name="report"/> During the operation, in which it was carrying a full complement of four crew, the helicopter crashed.<ref name="snews"/><ref name="report"/> Though the crew was subsequently rescued by the [[U.S. Coast Guard]], pilot [[Leo Rolek]] was critically injured and later died of the wounds he sustained in the crash.<ref name="snews"/><ref name="report"/> The exact cause of the downing of Helicopter 66 is unknown; as of 2017 the U.S. Navy incident report remains largely classified.<ref name="srd">{{cite news|last1=Day|first1=Dwayne|title=It’s time to recover Helo 66|archive-url=https://perma-archives.org/warc/19700101000100/////http://www.thespacereview.com/article/3326/1|archive-date=January 1, 1970|url=http://www.thespacereview.com/article/3326/1|accessdate=November 3, 2017|work=[[The Space Review]]|date=September 17, 2017|dead-url=no}}</ref> The broken fuselage of the helicopter later sank in {{convert|800|fathom|m}} of water.<ref name="report">{{cite web|title=Aircraft Accident Report|accessdate=February 7, 2018|url=http://www.thespacereview.com/archive/895.pdf|website=[[The Space Review]]|pages=1–4|date=|publisher=[[United States Navy aircraft mishap board]]|via=[[The Space Review]]|type=Original U.S. Navy accident report scanned and uploaded by ''The Space Review''.|archive-date=January 1, 1970|archive-url=https://perma-archives.org/warc/19700101000100/////http://www.thespacereview.com/archive/895.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref> At the time of its crash, Helicopter 66 had clocked 3,245.2 flight hours since being brought into service, and 183.6 hours since its last overhaul.<ref name="srd"/>

The submerged helicopter remains the property of the U.S. Navy, and an abortive effort by private interests to surface it for preservation was not realized.<ref name="snews"/><ref name="srd"/>
[[File:Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King (6586631957).jpg|thumb|right|alt=A Sikorsky Sea King painted in Helicopter 66 livery shown at the Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum in 2011|A Sikorsky Sea King painted in Helicopter 66 livery and owned by the [[National Museum of Naval Aviation]], on display at the [[Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum]] in 2011]]

==Legacy==
[[File:Helicopter 66, portion of a painting by Tom O'Hara.png|thumb|right|Portion of the painting ''Recovery Helicopter 66'' by Tom O'Hara]]
A painting of Helicopter 66 was commissioned in 1969 from artist Tom O'Hara as part of a NASA art initiative.<ref name="si">{{cite web|title=Recovery Helicopter #66|url=https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/recovery-helicopter-66|website=airandspace.si.edu|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|accessdate=November 3, 2017}}</ref> It was subsequently placed in the custody of the [[National Air and Space Museum]].<ref name="si"/>

In September 1969 German singer [[Manuela (singer)|Manuela]] released a [[Single (music)|single]] titled "Helicopter U.S. Navy 66" which features the sound of helicopter rotors.<ref>{{cite web|language=[[German (language)|German]]|title=Manuela – Helicopter U.S. Navy 66 (song) |url=http://germancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Manuela&titel=Helicopter+U%2ES%2E+Navy+66&cat=s|website=germancharts.com|publisher=[[Bundesverband Musikindustrie]]|accessdate=February 8, 2018}}</ref> The song was covered the next year by the Belgian pop singer [[Christiane Bervoets|Samantha]], and was credited with helping launch her career.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hoe zou het zijn met Samantha?|url=https://radio2.be/antwerpen/hoe-zou-het-zijn-met-samantha|accessdate=February 11, 2018|work=[[Radio 2 (Belgium)]]|date=June 24, 2016|language=[[Dutch (language)|Dutch]]}}</ref> In a 2007 interview, the popularity of "Helicopter U.S. Navy 66" as a closing song at dance clubs in 1970s Belgium was cited by the Belgian [[Schlager music|Schlager]] vocalist [[Laura Lynn (Belgian singer)|Laura Lynn]] as the inspiration for her hit "Goud".<ref>{{cite news|language=[[Dutch (language)|Dutch]]|title=Home Muziek Radio & Televisie Musical & Theater Film Fotoalbums Kalender Wedstrijden "Goud" nieuwe album van Laura Lynn!|url=http://www.frontview-magazine.be/nl/nieuws/goud-nieuwe-album-van-laura-lynn|accessdate=February 11, 2018|work=Front View Magazine|date=June 7, 2007}}</ref>

During the early 1970s [[Dinky Toys]] released a [[Die-cast toy|die-cast model]] of a Sea King helicopter in Helicopter 66 livery.<ref name="mm"/> The model included a working winch which could lift a plastic space capsule toy.<ref name="mm">{{cite news|title=Dinky Toys News Space Recovery Special|last1=Lomax|first1=Frank|url=https://archive.org/details/meccano-magazine-1971-06|accessdate=February 7, 2018|work=[[Meccano Magazine]]|page=274|date=June 1971}}</ref>

Replicas of Helicopter 66 are on display at the [[USS Hornet Museum|USS ''Hornet'' Museum]] and the [[USS Midway Museum|USS ''Midway'' Museum]].<ref name="snews">{{cite news|last1=Day|first1=Dwayne|title=The last flight of Helo 66|url=http://www.thespacereview.com/article/895/1|accessdate=November 3, 2017|archive-date=January 1, 1970|archive-url=https://perma-archives.org/warc/19700101000100/////http://www.thespacereview.com/article/895/1|work=[[The Space Review]]|date=June 25, 2007|dead-url=no}}</ref> The helicopter at the USS Hornet Museum is a retired Navy Sikorsky Sea King painted in Helicopter 66 markings, used to represent Helicopter 66 in the motion picture ''[[Apollo 13 (movie)|Apollo 13]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Day|first1=Dwayne|title=Helo 66 revisited|archive-date=January 1, 1970|archive-url=https://perma-archives.org/warc/19700101000100/////http://www.thespacereview.com/article/903/1|url=http://www.thespacereview.com/article/903/1|accessdate=November 3, 2017|work=[[The Space Review]]|date=July 9, 2007|dead-url=no}}</ref> A Sikorsky Sea King painted in Helicopter 66 livery is also held by the [[National Museum of Naval Aviation]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Artifact Pick of the Week|url=https://www.evergreenmuseum.org/artifact-pick-of-the-week-sikorsky-uh-3h-sea-king-2|website=evergreenmuseum.org|publisher=[[Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum]]|archive-date=January 1, 1970|archive-url=https://perma-archives.org/warc/19700101000100/////https://www.evergreenmuseum.org/artifact-pick-of-the-week-sikorsky-uh-3h-sea-king-2|accessdate=February 7, 2018|dead-url=no}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of individual aircraft]]
* [[Splashdown]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category inline}}

[[Category:Individual aircraft]]
[[Category:Apollo 11]]
[[Category:Sikorsky aircraft]]
[[Category:United States military helicopters]]
[[Category:Search and rescue helicopters]]

Helicopter 66

2018-08-09T11:54:26Z

TwoTwoHello: /* Design */ maximum -> up to, a lot of maximums and this one doesn't read right

{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{featured article}}
{| {{Infobox aircraft begin
| name = Helicopter 66
| image = SH-3D Sea King of HS-4 recovers Apollo 11 astronaut on 24 July 1969.jpg
| caption = Helicopter 66 pictured in 1969
| alt = Helicopter 66 pictured in 1969
}}
{{Infobox aircraft career
| other names = "Old 66"<ref name="nambp">{{cite web|title=Sikorsky UH-3H Sea King|url=http://nambp.org/sikorsky-uh-3h-sea-king|website=nambp.org|publisher=[[Naval Air Museum Barbers Point]]|accessdate=February 9, 2018}}</ref>, Helicopter 740
| type = Helicopter
| manufacturer = [[Sikorsky Aircraft]]
| construction number =
| construction date = 
| civil registration = 
| military serial = BuNo 152711<ref name="nambp"/>
| radio code = 
| first flight = 
| owners = [[U.S. Navy]]
| in service = 1968–1975
| last flight = June 4, 1975
| flights = 
| total hours = 3,245.2
| total distance = 
| status = 
| aircraft carried = 
| fate = Crashed and submerged
| preservation = 
}}
|}

'''Helicopter 66''' is the common name of a [[United States Navy]] [[Sikorsky Sea King]] [[helicopter]] used during the late 1960s for the water recovery of astronauts during the [[Apollo program]]. It has been called "one of the most famous, or at least most iconic, helicopters in history", was the subject of a 1969 song by [[Manuela (singer)|Manuela]] and was made into a [[Die-cast toy|die-cast model]] by [[Dinky Toys]]. In addition to its work in support of [[NASA]], Helicopter 66 also transported the [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah of Iran]] during his 1973 visit to the aircraft carrier [[USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63)|USS ''Kitty Hawk'']].

Helicopter 66 was delivered to the U.S. Navy in 1967 and formed part of the inventory of [[HSC-4|U.S. Navy Helicopter Anti-Submarine Squadron Four]] for the duration of its active life. Among its pilots during this period was [[Donald S. Jones]], who would go on to command the [[United States Third Fleet]]. Later re-numbered Helicopter 740, the aircraft crashed in the [[Pacific Ocean]] in 1975 during a training exercise. At the time of its crash, it had logged more than 3,200 hours of service.

==Design==
[[File:Apollo 10 Helicopter Recovery - GPN-2000-001143.jpg|thumb|alt=Helicopter 66 pictured during the Apollo 10 recovery|left|Helicopter 66 pictured during the [[Apollo 10]] recovery in 1969]]
Helicopter 66 was a [[Sikorsky Sea King]] SH-3D.<ref name="snews"/> The SH-3D model Sea Kings were designed for [[anti-submarine warfare]] (ASW) and were typically configured to carry a crew of four and up to three passengers.<ref name="Fas">{{cite web|title=H-3 Sea King|url=https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/h-3.htm|website=fas.org|publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]]|archive-date=January 1, 1970|archive-url=https://perma-archives.org/warc/19700101000100/////https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/h-3.htm|accessdate=February 7, 2018|dead-url=no}}</ref> Powered by two [[General Electric]] T58-GE-10 turboshaft engines producing up to {{convert|1400|hp|lk=in}} each, SH-3Ds had a maximum airspeed of {{convert|120|knots|adj=off}} and a mission endurance averaging 4.5 hours.<ref name="Fas"/><ref>{{cite web |title=S-61 |archive-date=January 1, 1970 |archive-url=https://perma-archives.org/warc/19700101000100///https://www.sikorskyarchives.com/S-61%20(HSS-2)%20Flupd.php |url=https://www.sikorskyarchives.com/S-61%20(HSS-2)%20Flupd.php |website=sikorskyarchives.com |publisher=Igor I. Sikorsky Historical Archives |accessdate=June 15, 2018 |dead-url=no }}</ref> They had a maximum allowable weight of {{convert|20,500|lbs|adj=off}} with the ability to carry an external payload of up to {{convert|6,000|lbs|adj=off}}.<ref name="Fas"/>

During ASW missions, the Sea King SH-3D was typically armed with [[Mark 46 torpedo|MK-46/44]] torpedoes.<ref name="Fas"/>

==History==
===Early history and Apollo missions===
Helicopter 66 was delivered to the U.S. Navy on March 4, 1967, and, in 1968, was added to the inventory of U.S. Navy Helicopter Anti-Submarine Squadron Four (HS-4).<ref name="snews"/> Its original tail number was NT-66/2711.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sikorsky UH-3H Sea King (S-61B) – USA – Navy|url=http://www.airliners.net/photo/USA-Navy/Sikorsky-UH-3H-Sea-King-S-61B/2276627|website=[[airliners.net]]|archive-date=January 1, 1970|archive-url=https://perma-archives.org/warc/19700101000100/////http://www.airliners.net/photo/USA-Navy/Sikorsky-UH-3H-Sea-King-S-61B/2276627|publisher=[[Leaf Group]]|accessdate=February 7, 2018|dead-url=no}}</ref>

Activated on June 30, 1952, Squadron Four – "the Black Knights" – was the first anti-submarine warfare helicopter squadron of the U.S. Navy to deploy aboard an aircraft carrier when, in 1953, it operated from {{USS|Rendova}}.<ref name="navymil"/> It began using the Sea King SH-3D in 1968, transitioning from the SH-3A model.<ref name="navymil"/> That year, the squadron was assigned to Carrier Anti-Submarine Air Group 59 and deployed aboard [[USS Yorktown (CV-10)|USS ''Yorktown'']] to the [[Sea of Japan]] (''East Sea'') in response to the capture of {{USS|Pueblo|AGER-2|6}} by the [[Korean People's Navy]].<ref name="navymil"/> Later that year, ''Yorktown''—and Squadron Four—was tasked to support the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) in the oceanic recovery of returning astronauts.<ref name="snews"/><ref name="navymil">{{cite web|title=HSC-4 Command History|url=http://www.public.navy.mil/AIRFOR/HSC4/Pages/COMMAND%20HISTORY.aspx|website=HELSEACOMBATRON FOUR|archive-date=January 1, 1970|archive-url=https://perma-archives.org/warc/19700101000100/////http://www.public.navy.mil/AIRFOR/HSC4/Pages/COMMAND%20HISTORY.aspx|publisher=[[U.S. Navy]]|accessdate=February 7, 2018|dead-url=no}}</ref>{{efn|Early U.S. manned spaceflights used water landings during return to Earth due to the minimum additional technology needed to outfit the spacecraft.<ref name="discover">{{cite news|archive-date=January 1, 1970|archive-url=https://perma-archives.org/warc/19700101000100///http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/vintagespace/2018/02/10/why-cosmonauts-dont-splash-down/#.WvclwYAvyUk|last1=Teitel|first1=Amy|title=Why Cosmonauts Have Never Splashed Down|url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/vintagespace/2018/02/10/why-cosmonauts-dont-splash-down/#.WvclwYAvyUk|accessdate=May 12, 2018|work=[[Discover Magazine]]|date=February 10, 2018|dead-url=no}}</ref> The command capsule required only parachutes to slow its descent sufficiently for a survivable landing on a "soft" surface like water, instead of the retrorockets that would be required for a landing on a "hard" surface like land.<ref name="discover"/>}}
[[File:Helicopter_66_Apollo_8.jpg|thumb|right|alt=The Apollo 8 crew shown disembarking Helicopter 66 aboard USS Yorktown following their return to Earth|The [[Apollo 8]] crew disembarks Helicopter 66 aboard USS ''Yorktown'' following their return to Earth in 1968]]
During the [[Apollo 8]], [[Apollo 10]], and [[Apollo 11]] missions, Helicopter 66 was the primary recovery vehicle which hoisted returning astronauts from the spacecraft command modules.<ref name="snews"/><ref>{{cite web|last1=Putnam|first1=Milt|title=Navy Photographer Tells the Story of Apollo 11 Recovery|url=http://www.navyhistory.org/2012/02/navy-photographer-apollo-11-recovery/|website=navyhistory.org|publisher=Naval Historical Foundation|archive-date=January 1, 1970|archive-url=https://perma-archives.org/warc/19700101000100/////http://www.navyhistory.org/2012/02/navy-photographer-apollo-11-recovery/|accessdate=November 3, 2017|dead-url=no}}</ref> As a result, it was featured prominently in television news coverage and still photography, achieving—in the words of space historian [[Dwayne A. Day]]—the status of "one of the most famous, or at least most iconic, helicopters in history."<ref name="snews"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Blair|first1=Don|title=Splashdown!: NASA and the Navy|date=2004|publisher=Turner Publishing Company|isbn=978-1-56311-985-9|page=43}}</ref> [[Commander (United States)|Commander]] [[Donald S. Jones]], who would later command the [[United States Third Fleet]], piloted Helicopter 66 during its inaugural astronaut recovery mission following Apollo 8, and again during the Apollo 11 recovery.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Carmichael|first1=Scott|title=Moon Men Return: USS Hornet and the Recovery of the Apollo 11 Astronauts|date=2012|publisher=[[Naval Institute Press]]|isbn=978-1-61251-252-5|pages=121–122}}</ref>

Following the Apollo 11 mission, the Navy switched to a three-digit designation system and Helicopter 66 was retagged Helicopter 740.<ref name="snews"/> Recognizing the fame Helicopter 66 had achieved, the Navy began the practice of repainting Helicopter 740 as Helicopter 66 for the later recovery missions in which it participated, [[Apollo 12]] and [[Apollo 13]], painting it back as Helicopter 740 at the conclusion of each mission.<ref name="snews"/><ref>{{cite news|title=From One to Another|url=https://www.verticalmag.com/features/20256-from-one-to-another-html/|accessdate=November 3, 2017|archive-url=https://perma-archives.org/warc/19700101000100/////https://www.verticalmag.com/features/20256-from-one-to-another-html/|archive-date=January 1, 1970|work=Vertical Magazine|date=April 12, 2012|dead-url=no}}</ref> During the period of its use for astronaut recovery, Helicopter 66 bore [[kill marks]] on its fuselage showing a space capsule silhouette, with one being added for each recovery in which it participated.<ref>{{cite news|title=Helicopter Unit Changes Command|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/122502453/|accessdate=February 7, 2018|page=20|work=Chula Vista Star-News|publisher=[[newspapers.com]]|date=September 26, 1971}}{{paywall}}</ref> For the recovery of the Apollo 11 astronauts, the underside of the fuselage was emblazoned with the words "Hail, Columbia."<ref>{{cite AV media
| people = [[Ron Nessen]]
| date = July 24, 1969
| title = [[NBC News]]
| trans-title =
| medium = [[television]]
| language = English
| url =
| access-date =
| format =
| time =
| location =
| publisher = [[National Broadcasting Company]]
| id =
| isbn =
| oclc =
| quote = The President's applauding as they play "Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean." Columbia, of course, is the module out there ... We understand that President Nixon requested the band play "Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean". Written on the bottom of the helicopter is another welcome aboard for the astronauts, it says "Hail, Columbia".| ref =}}</ref>{{efn|The name of the Apollo 11 command capsule was "Columbia" and [[President of the United States]] [[Richard Nixon]], who was personally embarked aboard USS ''Hornet'' for the recovery, had ordered the Band of the [[COMNAVAIRPAC]] to perform "[[Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean]]" during the recovery.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nixon|first1=Richard|title=RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon|date=2013|page=172|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4767-3183-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Astronauts Aboard Carrier|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/140157017/|accessdate=September 27, 2017|work=[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]]|page=1|date=July 24, 1969}}{{paywall}}</ref>}}

====List of Helicopter 66 Apollo recovery flights====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Mission !! Flight date !! Base ship !! Pilot !! Reference
|-
| [[Apollo 8]] || December 27, 1968 || [[USS Yorktown (CV-10)|USS ''Yorktown'']] || [[Donald S. Jones]] || <ref name="snews"/>
|-
| [[Apollo 10]] || May 29, 1969 || [[USS Princeton (LPH-5)|USS ''Princeton'']] || Chuck B. Smiley ||<ref name="snews"/>
|-
| [[Apollo 11]]|| July 24, 1969 || [[USS Hornet (CVS-12)|USS ''Hornet'']] || Donald S. Jones ||<ref name="snews"/>
|-
| [[Apollo 12]]|| November 24, 1969|| [[USS Hornet (CVS-12)|USS ''Hornet'']]|| Warren E. Aut ||<ref name="snews"/>
|-
| [[Apollo 13]]|| April 17, 1970|| [[USS Iwo Jima (LPH-2)|USS ''Iwo Jima'']] || Chuck B. Smiley ||<ref name="snews"/>
|}

===Later history and crash===
By 1973 Helicopter Squadron Four, and Helicopter 66 with it, were embarked aboard [[USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63)|USS ''Kitty Hawk'']].<ref name="navymil"/> That year, Helicopter 66 transported the [[Shah of Iran]], [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]], to ''Kitty Hawk'' for a shipboard visit while it transited the [[Indian Ocean]].<ref name="navymil"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Kitty Hawk II (CVA-63)|url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/k/kitty-hawk-cva-63-ii.html|website=Naval History and Heritage Command|archive-date=January 1, 1970|archive-url=https://perma-archives.org/warc/19700101000100/////https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/k/kitty-hawk-cva-63-ii.html|publisher=[[U.S. Navy]]|accessdate=February 7, 2018|dead-url=no}}</ref>

At 7:00 p.m. on June 4, 1975, Helicopter 66 departed [[Naval Outlying Landing Field Imperial Beach]] near [[San Diego, California]], en route to the U.S. Navy's Helo Offshore Training Area to conduct a regularly scheduled, three-hour nighttime anti-submarine training exercise.<ref name="snews"/><ref name="report"/> During the operation, in which it was carrying a full complement of four crew, the helicopter crashed.<ref name="snews"/><ref name="report"/> Though the crew was subsequently rescued by the [[U.S. Coast Guard]], pilot [[Leo Rolek]] was critically injured and later died of the wounds he sustained in the crash.<ref name="snews"/><ref name="report"/> The exact cause of the downing of Helicopter 66 is unknown; as of 2017 the U.S. Navy incident report remains largely classified.<ref name="srd">{{cite news|last1=Day|first1=Dwayne|title=It’s time to recover Helo 66|archive-url=https://perma-archives.org/warc/19700101000100/////http://www.thespacereview.com/article/3326/1|archive-date=January 1, 1970|url=http://www.thespacereview.com/article/3326/1|accessdate=November 3, 2017|work=[[The Space Review]]|date=September 17, 2017|dead-url=no}}</ref> The broken fuselage of the helicopter later sank in {{convert|800|fathom|m}} of water.<ref name="report">{{cite web|title=Aircraft Accident Report|accessdate=February 7, 2018|url=http://www.thespacereview.com/archive/895.pdf|website=[[The Space Review]]|pages=1–4|date=|publisher=[[United States Navy aircraft mishap board]]|via=[[The Space Review]]|type=Original U.S. Navy accident report scanned and uploaded by ''The Space Review''.|archive-date=January 1, 1970|archive-url=https://perma-archives.org/warc/19700101000100/////http://www.thespacereview.com/archive/895.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref> At the time of its crash, Helicopter 66 had clocked 3,245.2 flight hours since being brought into service, and 183.6 hours since its last overhaul.<ref name="srd"/>

The submerged helicopter remains the property of the U.S. Navy, and an abortive effort by private interests to surface it for preservation was not realized.<ref name="snews"/><ref name="srd"/>
[[File:Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King (6586631957).jpg|thumb|right|alt=A Sikorsky Sea King painted in Helicopter 66 livery shown at the Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum in 2011|A Sikorsky Sea King painted in Helicopter 66 livery and owned by the [[National Museum of Naval Aviation]], on display at the [[Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum]] in 2011]]

==Legacy==
[[File:Helicopter 66, portion of a painting by Tom O'Hara.png|thumb|right|Portion of the painting ''Recovery Helicopter 66'' by Tom O'Hara]]
A painting of Helicopter 66 was commissioned in 1969 from artist Tom O'Hara as part of a NASA art initiative.<ref name="si">{{cite web|title=Recovery Helicopter #66|url=https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/recovery-helicopter-66|website=airandspace.si.edu|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|accessdate=November 3, 2017}}</ref> It was subsequently placed in the custody of the [[National Air and Space Museum]].<ref name="si"/>

In September 1969 German singer [[Manuela (singer)|Manuela]] released a [[Single (music)|single]] titled "Helicopter U.S. Navy 66" which features the sound of helicopter rotors.<ref>{{cite web|language=[[German (language)|German]]|title=Manuela – Helicopter U.S. Navy 66 (song) |url=http://germancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Manuela&titel=Helicopter+U%2ES%2E+Navy+66&cat=s|website=germancharts.com|publisher=[[Bundesverband Musikindustrie]]|accessdate=February 8, 2018}}</ref> The song was covered the next year by the Belgian pop singer [[Christiane Bervoets|Samantha]], and was credited with helping launch her career.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hoe zou het zijn met Samantha?|url=https://radio2.be/antwerpen/hoe-zou-het-zijn-met-samantha|accessdate=February 11, 2018|work=[[Radio 2 (Belgium)]]|date=June 24, 2016|language=[[Dutch (language)|Dutch]]}}</ref> In a 2007 interview, the popularity of "Helicopter U.S. Navy 66" as a closing song at dance clubs in 1970s Belgium was cited by the Belgian [[Schlager music|Schlager]] vocalist [[Laura Lynn (Belgian singer)|Laura Lynn]] as the inspiration for her hit "Goud".<ref>{{cite news|language=[[Dutch (language)|Dutch]]|title=Home Muziek Radio & Televisie Musical & Theater Film Fotoalbums Kalender Wedstrijden "Goud" nieuwe album van Laura Lynn!|url=http://www.frontview-magazine.be/nl/nieuws/goud-nieuwe-album-van-laura-lynn|accessdate=February 11, 2018|work=Front View Magazine|date=June 7, 2007}}</ref>

During the early 1970s [[Dinky Toys]] released a [[Die-cast toy|die-cast model]] of a Sea King helicopter in Helicopter 66 livery.<ref name="mm"/> The model included a working winch which could lift a plastic space capsule toy.<ref name="mm">{{cite news|title=Dinky Toys News Space Recovery Special|last1=Lomax|first1=Frank|url=https://archive.org/details/meccano-magazine-1971-06|accessdate=February 7, 2018|work=[[Meccano Magazine]]|page=274|date=June 1971}}</ref>

Replicas of Helicopter 66 are on display at the [[USS Hornet Museum|USS ''Hornet'' Museum]] and the [[USS Midway Museum|USS ''Midway'' Museum]].<ref name="snews">{{cite news|last1=Day|first1=Dwayne|title=The last flight of Helo 66|url=http://www.thespacereview.com/article/895/1|accessdate=November 3, 2017|archive-date=January 1, 1970|archive-url=https://perma-archives.org/warc/19700101000100/////http://www.thespacereview.com/article/895/1|work=[[The Space Review]]|date=June 25, 2007|dead-url=no}}</ref> The helicopter at the USS Hornet Museum is a retired Navy Sikorsky Sea King painted in Helicopter 66 markings, used to represent Helicopter 66 in the motion picture ''[[Apollo 13 (movie)|Apollo 13]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Day|first1=Dwayne|title=Helo 66 revisited|archive-date=January 1, 1970|archive-url=https://perma-archives.org/warc/19700101000100/////http://www.thespacereview.com/article/903/1|url=http://www.thespacereview.com/article/903/1|accessdate=November 3, 2017|work=[[The Space Review]]|date=July 9, 2007|dead-url=no}}</ref> A Sikorsky Sea King painted in Helicopter 66 livery is also held by the [[National Museum of Naval Aviation]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Artifact Pick of the Week|url=https://www.evergreenmuseum.org/artifact-pick-of-the-week-sikorsky-uh-3h-sea-king-2|website=evergreenmuseum.org|publisher=[[Evergreen Aviation & Space Museum]]|archive-date=January 1, 1970|archive-url=https://perma-archives.org/warc/19700101000100/////https://www.evergreenmuseum.org/artifact-pick-of-the-week-sikorsky-uh-3h-sea-king-2|accessdate=February 7, 2018|dead-url=no}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of individual aircraft]]
* [[Splashdown]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category inline}}

[[Category:Individual aircraft]]
[[Category:Apollo 11]]
[[Category:Sikorsky aircraft]]
[[Category:United States military helicopters]]
[[Category:Search and rescue helicopters]]

MeToo

2017-10-31T11:18:35Z

TwoTwoHello: rm unsourced rumour; rm Garry Shandling and Brad Grey, not supported by the source BLP issue

{{Correct title|#MeToo|reason=#}}
"'''Me too'''" (or "'''#MeToo'''", with local alternative in other languages) spread [[Viral phenomenon|virally]] as a two-word [[hashtag]] used on social media in October 2017 to denounce [[sexual assault]] and [[Sexual harassment|harassment]], in the wake of [[Harvey Weinstein sexual misconduct allegations|sexual misconduct allegations]] against [[Harvey Weinstein]].<ref name=CNN>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/15/entertainment/me-too-twitter-alyssa-milano/index.html|title=#MeToo: Social media flooded with personal stories of assault|first=Lisa Respers|last=France|publisher=[[CNN]]|accessdate=October 16, 2017|date=October 16, 2017}}</ref><ref name=WaPo>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/10/16/me-too-alyssa-milano-urged-assault-victims-to-tweet-in-solidarity-the-response-was-massive/|title=#MeToo: Harvey Weinstein case moves thousands to tell their own stories of abuse, break silence|first=Samantha|last=Schmidt|date=October 16, 2017|work=[[The Washington Post]]|issn=0190-8286|oclc=2269358|accessdate=October 16, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/metoo-hashtag-becomes-anti-sexual-harassment-assault-rallying-cry-n810986|title=#MeToo: Alyssa Milano promotes hashtag that becomes anti-harassment rallying cry|publisher=[[NBC News]]|accessdate=October 16, 2017|first=Elizabeth|last=Chuck|date=October 16, 2017}}</ref> The phrase, long used in this sense by social activist Tarana Burke,<ref name="Guerra" /> was popularized by actress [[Alyssa Milano]], who encouraged women to [[Twitter|tweet]] it to publicize experiences to demonstrate the widespread nature of [[Misogyny|misogynistic]] behavior. Since then, millions of people have used the hashtag to come forward with their experiences, including many celebrities.<ref name="People" /><ref name=":0" />

==Origin==
[[File:Alyssa Milano 2, 2011.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Alyssa Milano]] encouraged use of the [[hashtag]] after accusations against [[Harvey Weinstein]] surfaced in 2017.]]

Social activist and community organizer Tarana Burke created the phrase "Me Too" on the [[Myspace|MySpace]] social network<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2017/10/19/the-woman-behind-me-too-knew-the-power-of-the-phrase-when-she-created-it-10-years-ago/|title=The woman behind ‘Me Too’ knew the power of the phrase when she created it — 10 years ago|last=Ohlheiser|first=Abby|date=19 October 2017|website=Washington Post|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-10-20}}</ref> in 2006 as part of a grassroots campaign to promote "empowerment through empathy" among women of color who have experienced sexual abuse, particularly within underprivileged communities.<ref name=Guerra>{{cite news|last=Guerra|first=Cristela|date=October 17, 2017|title=Where'd the #MeToo initiative really come from? Activist Tarana Burke, long before hashtags|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/2017/10/17/alyssa-milano-credits-activist-tarana-burke-with-founding-metoo-movement-years-ago/o2Jv29v6ljObkKPTPB9KGP/story.html|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|accessdate=October 17, 2017|issn=0743-1791|oclc=66652431}}</ref><ref name=Hill>{{cite news|url=http://www.ebony.com/news-views/black-woman-me-too-movement-tarana-burke-alyssa-milano#axzz4viv2XCUH|title=Black Woman Tarana Burke Founded the "Me Too" Movement|work=[[Ebony (magazine)|Ebony]]|issn=0012-9011|accessdate=October 17, 2017|first=Zahara|last=Hill|date=October 16, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Leah2">{{cite news|url=https://www.salon.com/2017/10/17/metoo-tarana-burke-jennifer-lawrence/|title=Hollywood's brightest join the 10-year-old #MeToo movement, but will that change anything?|last=Leah|first=Rachel|date=October 17, 2017|work=[[Salon (website)|Salon]]|accessdate=October 17, 2017|publisher=Salon Media Group Inc.|oclc=43916723}}</ref><ref name=Shugerman>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/me-too-facebook-hashtag-why-when-meaning-sexual-harassment-rape-stories-explained-a8005936.html|work=[[The Independent]]|title=Me Too: Why are women sharing stories of sexual assault and how did it start?|first=Emily|last=Shugerman|date=October 17, 2017|accessdate=October 17, 2017}}</ref><ref name=HuffPost>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/me-too-victims-come-forward_us_59e4271ae4b03a7be5817b3f|title=#MeToo: Alyssa Milano's Call for Sexual Abuse Victims to Come Forward Goes Viral|first=Ed|last=Mazza|date=October 16, 2017|work=[[HuffPost]]|accessdate=October 17, 2017}}</ref> Burke, who is creating a documentary titled ''Me Too'', has said she was inspired to use the phrase after being unable to respond to a 13-year-old girl who confided to her that she had been sexually assaulted. Burke later wished she had simply told the girl, "me too".<ref name=":1" />

After accusations against Weinstein surfaced in 2017, actress [[Alyssa Milano]] encouraged [[Spreadability|spreading]] the phrase as part of an awareness campaign to show the scale and ubiquity of the problem, tweeting: "If all the women who have been sexually harassed or assaulted wrote 'Me too.' as a status, we might give people a sense of the magnitude of the problem."<ref name="Graham">{{cite web|last1=Graham|first1=Ruth|title=Why the #MeToo Moment Is Liberating, Dispiriting, and Uncomfortable All at Once|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2017/10/17/why_the_metoo_moment_is_liberating_dispiriting_and_uncomfortable_all_at.html|website=Slate|accessdate=18 October 2017|date=17 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/oct/16/harvey-weinstein-women-sexual-assault-me-too|title=It's not just one monster. 'Me too' reveals the ubiquity of sexual assault|first=Suzanne|last=Moore|date=October 16, 2017|publisher=[[Guardian Media Group]]|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=October 16, 2017}}</ref><ref name="LA">{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-et-entertainment-news-updates-metoo-campaign-me-too-alyssa-milano-1508173882-htmlstory.html|title=In saying #MeToo, Alyssa Milano pushes awareness campaign about sexual assault and harassment|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|accessdate=October 17, 2017|publisher=[[Tronc]]|issn=0458-3035|oclc=3638237}}</ref><ref name="People">{{cite news|url=http://people.com/movies/me-too-alyssa-milano-heads-twitter-campaign-against-sexual-harassment-assault/|title=#MeToo: Sexual Harassment and Assault Movement Tweeted Over 500,000 Times as Celebs Share Stories|date=October 16, 2017|work=People}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/2017/10/17/alyssa-milano-credits-activist-tarana-burke-with-founding-metoo-movement-years-ago/o2Jv29v6ljObkKPTPB9KGP/story.html|title=Where’d the "Me Too" initiative really come from? Activist Tarana Burke, long before hashtags - The Boston Globe|last=Guerra|first=Cristela|date=17 October 2017|work=BostonGlobe.com|access-date=2017-10-18|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref> Milano later attributed the phrase to Burke, calling Burke's story "heartwarming and inspiring".<ref name=":1" />

==Reach and impact==
The phrase had been used more than 200,000 times by October 15,<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-41633857|title='MeToo' and the scale of sexual abuse|last=Sini|first=Rozina|date=October 16, 2017|publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> and tweeted more than 500,000 times by October 16.<ref name="CNN" /> On [[Facebook]], the hashtag had been used by more than 4.7 million people in 12 million posts during the first 24 hours.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/17/us/me-too-tarana-burke-origin-trnd/index.html|title=An activist, a little girl and the heartbreaking origin of 'Me too'|last=CNN|first=Cassandra Santiago and Doug Criss,|work=CNN|access-date=2017-10-18}}</ref> The platform reported that 45% of users in the United States had a friend who had posted using the term.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/metoo-more-than-12-million-facebook-posts-comments-reactions-24-hours/|title=More than 12M "Me Too" Facebook posts, comments, reactions in 24 hours|last=|first=|date=October 17, 2017|work=CBS News|access-date=2017-10-23|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en}}</ref>

Tens of thousands of people replied to Milano's tweet, including more than 30 public figures:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eyerys.com/articles/timeline/metoo-movement-social-media|title=The #MeToo Movement On Social Media|publisher=Eyerys|accessdate=October 17, 2017}}</ref>

{{Div col||15em}}
*[[Patricia Arquette]]<ref name=Time>{{cite news|url=http://time.com/4983731/me-too-alyssa-milano/|title=Tons of Celebrities Are Joining Alyssa Milano's 'Me Too' Protest|first=Tara|last=John|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|accessdate=October 17, 2017|publisher=[[Time Inc.]]|issn=0040-781X|oclc=1311479}}</ref>
*[[Björk]]<ref name=AV>{{cite web|url=https://www.avclub.com/an-incomplete-depressingly-long-list-of-celebrities-se-1819628519|first=Katie|last=Rife|work=[[The A.V. Club]]|title=An incomplete, depressingly long list of celebrities’ sexual assault and harassment stories|date=October 17, 2017|accessdate=October 17, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/news/music/bjork-lends-voice-metoo-campaign-detail-sexual-harassment-hands-danish-director-lars-von-trier-2150898|title=Björk lends voice to #MeToo campaign to detail sexual harassment at hands of Danish director - NME|date=17 October 2017|website=nme.com|accessdate=18 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[Gretchen Carlson]]<ref name=WaPo/>
*[[Barry Crimmins]]<ref name=Time/>
*[[Best Coast|Bethany Cosentino]]<ref name=Billboard2/>
*[[Sheryl Crow]]<ref name=People/>
*[[Vir Das]]<ref name=IndianExpress>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-globally/metoo-lady-gaga-mallika-dua-and-other-celebrities-share-their-experiences-4895069/|title=#MeToo: Lady Gaga, Mallika Dua and other celebrities share their experiences|date=October 17, 2017|work=[[The Indian Express]]|publisher=[[Indian Express Limited]]|accessdate=October 17, 2017|oclc=70274541}}</ref>
*[[Viola Davis]]<ref name=People/>
*[[Kimya Dawson]]<ref name=Bustle>{{cite web|url=https://www.bustle.com/p/9-celebrities-whose-me-too-tweets-lay-bare-the-everyday-reality-of-sexual-assault-2920067|website=[[Bustle (magazine)|Bustle]]|publisher=Bustle Digital Group|title=9 Celebrities Whose "Me Too" Tweets Lay Bare the Everyday Reality of Sexual Assault|first=Seth|last=Millstein|date=October 15, 2017|accessdate=October 17, 2017}}</ref>
*[[Rosario Dawson]]<ref name=People/>
*[[Felicia Day]]<ref name=AV/>
*[[Ellen DeGeneres]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Ellen DeGeneres shares #MeToo: 'Hell hath no fury like a woman with a Twitter account'|url=http://ew.com/tv/2017/10/19/ellen-degeneres-metoo/|website=EW.com|accessdate=30 October 2017|date=19 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[Laura Dreyfuss]]<ref>{{cite news|work=The New York Times|date=October 16, 2017|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/16/technology/metoo-twitter-facebook.html|title=#MeToo Floods Social Media With Stories of Harassment and Assault}}</ref>
*[[Mallika Dua]]<ref name=IndianExpress/>
*[[Nikki DuBose]]<ref name=HuffPost/>
*[[Sadie Dupuis]]<ref name="Billboard2">{{cite web|title=Lady Gaga, Sheryl Crow and More Tweet #MeToo To Raise Awareness for Sexual Assault|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7998799/metoo-harrassment-lady-gaga-sheryl-crow-twitter-more|website=Billboard|accessdate=30 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[America Ferrera]]<ref>{{cite news|work=Cosmopolitan|url=http://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/celebs/a13034861/america-ferrera-assaulted-as-child/|title=America Ferrera Says She Was Sexually Assaulted When She Was 9 Years Old}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2017/10/17/america-ferreras-metoo-story-sexually-assaulted-age-9/771521001/|title=America Ferrera's #MeToo story: I was sexually assaulted at age 9|website=usatoday.com|accessdate=18 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[Lady Gaga]]<ref name=People/>
*[[Ilana Glazer]]<ref name=AV/>
*[[Heather Graham]]<ref name=AV/>
*[[Sarah Hyland]]<ref name=People/>
*[[Rupi Kaur]]<ref name=Mercury>{{cite news|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/2017/10/16/as-metoo-trends-heres-a-list-of-sex-scandals-in-tech-and-entertainment/|work=Mercury News|date=October 16, 2017|title=As #MeToo trends, here’s a list of sex scandals in tech and entertainment}}</ref>
*[[Marne Levine]]<ref name=MC>{{cite news|work=Marie Claire|url=http://www.marieclaire.com/celebrity/a13035486/marne-levine-and-emily-ratajkowski-power-trip/|title=COO of Instagram Marne Levine and Emily Ratajkowski on How the Platform Is Combatting Sexual Harassment}}</ref>
*[[Monica Lewinsky]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Society/2017/1016/Women-join-forces-against-sexual-assault-with-me-too-social-media-campaign|title=Women join forces against sexual assault with 'me too' social media campaign|date=October 16, 2017|work=[[Christian Science Monitor]]}}</ref>
*[[Melanie Lynskey]]<ref name=AV/>
*[[McKayla Maroney]]<ref name=People/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/olympic-gymnast-mckayla-maroney-says-dr-larry-nassar-molested-her-n811766|title=In #metoo post, Olympic gymnast McKayla Maroney says she was molested|website=nbcnews.com|accessdate=18 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/18/sports/olympics/gymnast-mckayla-maroney-team-doctor-sexual-abuse.html|title=Olympic Gymnast McKayla Maroney Says She Too Was Molested by Team Doctor|first=Victor|last=Mather|date=18 October 2017|publisher=|accessdate=18 October 2017|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>
*[[Marlee Matlin]]<ref name="tbtimes">{{cite web|title=The celebrities who have said #MeToo about sexual assault and harassment|url=http://cars.tampabay.com/news/perspective/the-celebrities-who-have-said-metoo-about-sexual-assault-and-harassment/2341702|website=Tampa Bay Times|accessdate=30 October 2017|language=en-us}}</ref>
*[[Debra Messing]]<ref name=CNN/>
*[[Alyssa Milano]]<ref name=CNN/>
*[[Lane Moore]]<ref name=Bustle/>
*[[Javier Muñoz (actor)|Javier Muñoz]]<ref name=CNN/>
*[[Ashleigh Murray]]<ref name=EW>{{cite news|url=http://ew.com/news/2017/10/16/me-too-twitter-campaign-alyssa-milano-sexual-assault-awareness/|title=Stars raise sexual assault awareness with #MeToo Twitter campaign|date=October 16, 2017|work=EW|accessdate=October 17, 2017}}</ref>
*[[Anna Paquin]]<ref name=CNN/>
*[[Pauley Perrette]]<ref name=EW/>
*[[Christina Perri]]<ref name=Billboard2/>
*[[Busy Philipps]]<ref name=People/>
*[[Emily Ratajkowski]]<ref name=MC/>
*[[Molly Ringwald]]<ref name=AV/>
*[[Anika Noni Rose]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/me-too-twitter-trend-sexual-assault-awareness-alyssa-milano/|title="Me Too" trend on Twitter raises awareness about sexual assault|work=CBS News|accessdate=18 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[Jenny Slate]]<ref name=AV/>
*[[Gabrielle Union]]<ref name=WaPo/><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/gabrielle-union-opens-up-about-sexual-assault-w509348|work=US Magazine|title=Gabrielle Union Vows to 'Continue' Sexual Assault Conversation: 'It Was Wild ... to See #MeToo Trending'}}</ref>
*[[Jessica Valenti]]<ref name=Mercury/>
*[[Elizabeth Warren]]<ref name=Mercury/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.boston.com/news/national-news/2017/10/16/me-too-elizabeth-warren-adds-her-voice-to-campaign-raising-awareness-of-sexual-harassment-and-assault|work=Boston.com|title=‘Me too’: Elizabeth Warren adds her voice to campaign raising awareness of sexual harassment and assault}}</ref>
*[[Evan Rachel Wood]]<ref name=People/>
*[[Reese Witherspoon]]<ref name="HillLA">{{cite web|last1=Hill|first1=Libby|title=Today in Entertainment: Larissa Gomes, Lena Headey accuse Harvey Weinstein of sexual harassment|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-et-entertainment-news-updates-reese-witherspoon-shares-her-story-of-1508254090-htmlstory.html|website=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=18 October 2017}}</ref>
{{Div col end}}

Some men, such as actors [[Terry Crews]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/oct/11/actor-terry-crews-sexually-assaulted-by-hollywood-executive|title=Actor Terry Crews: I was sexually assaulted by Hollywood executive|first=Gwilym|last=Mumford|date=11 October 2017|publisher=|accessdate=29 October 2017|via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref> and [[James Van Der Beek]],<ref name="Leah">{{cite web|last1=Leah|first1=Rachel|title=James Van Der Beek's story of sexual abuse is a powerful reminder that men can be victims too|url=https://www.salon.com/2017/10/12/james-van-der-beek-tells-his-story-of-sexual-abuse-a-powerful-reminder-that-men-can-be-victims-too/|website=Salon|accessdate=18 October 2017|language=en}}</ref> have responded to the hashtag with their own experiences of harassment and abuse, while others have responded by acknowledging past behaviors against women, spawning the hashtag "HowIWillChange."<ref name="Graham" /> The hashtag "HimThough" was coined by [[Elizabeth Plank]].<ref>{{cite web|title=12 million women told their story of sexual assault with #MeToo. Now a new hashtag is asking men to take responsibility|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/women-me-too-hashtag-twitter-sexual-harassment-stories-trending-him-though-men-responsibility-a8004806.html|website=The Independent|accessdate=18 October 2017|date=17 October 2017}}</ref>

In addition to [[Hollywood]], "Me Too" declarations elicited discussion of sexual harassment and abuse in the [[music industry]],<ref name="Billboard2"/> sciences,<ref name="Neill">{{cite web|last1=Neill|first1=Ushma S.|title=When Scientists Say, "Me, Too"|url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/voices/when-scientists-say-me-too/|website=Scientific American Blog Network|publisher=Scientific American|language=en}}</ref> academia,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.houstonchronicle.com/life/article/Me-Too-the-end-of-the-beginning-of-a-movement-12289190.php|title='Me Too' the 'end of the beginning' of a movement|last=Gordon|first=Maggie|date=2017-10-19|work=Houston Chronicle|accessdate=2017-10-23}}</ref> and politics.<ref name="Wang">{{cite news|last1=Wang|first1=Amy B.|title=Senators say #MeToo: McCaskill, others share their stories of sexual harassment|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2017/10/21/senators-say-metoo-mccaskill-others-share-their-stories-of-sexual-harassment/?utm_term=.321e51ab8e62|accessdate=22 October 2017|work=Washington Post|agency=Washington Post|publisher=Washington Post|date=21 October 2017}}</ref> In the music industry, the band [[Veruca Salt]] used the #MeToo hashtag to air allegations of sexual harassment against [[James Toback]],<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/10/23/director-james-toback-accused-of-sexual-abuse-by-38-women/?utm_term=.49122ae4a03e Director James Toback accused of sexual harassment by 38 women] Travis M. Andrews, ''[[Washington Post]]'', October 23, 2017</ref> and [[Alice Glass]] used the hashtag to share a history of alleged sexual assault and other abuses by former [[Crystal Castles (band)|Crystal Castles]] bandmate [[Ethan Kath]].<ref name="Aswad">{{cite web|last1=Aswad|first1=Jem|title=Alice Glass Accuses Former Crystal Castles Bandmate of Sexual Assault, Abuse|url=http://variety.com/2017/music/news/alice-glass-accuses-former-crystal-castles-bandmate-of-sexual-assault-abuse-1202598036/|website=Variety|accessdate=25 October 2017|date=24 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Vincent">{{cite web|last1=Vincent|first1=Alice|title=Crystal Castles' Ethan Kath has denied claims by bandmate Alice Glass that he raped and abused her for years|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/music/news/crystal-castles-ethan-kath-has-denied-claims-bandmate-alice/|website=The Telegraph|accessdate=25 October 2017|date=25 October 2017}}</ref>

Statehouses in California, Illinois, Oregon, and Rhode Island responded to allegations of sexual harassment surfaced by the campaign,<ref name="Tareen">{{cite news|last1=Tareen|first1=Sophia|title=Latest Front in Weinstein Scandal: Statehouses Say 'Me Too'|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/illinois/articles/2017-10-24/open-letter-alleges-sexual-harassment-in-illinois-politics|accessdate=25 October 2017|agency=US News and World Report|publisher=US News}}</ref> and several women in politics spoke out about their experiences of sexual harassment, including United States Senators [[Heidi Heitkamp]], [[Mazie Hirono]], [[Claire McCaskill]] and [[Elizabeth Warren]].<ref name="Wang" /> Congresswoman [[Jackie Speier]] has introduced a bill aimed at making sexual harassment complaints easier to report on [[Capitol Hill]].<ref name="Cadei">{{cite news|last1=Cadei|first1=Emily|title=Few in Washington are saying #MeToo. California congresswoman wants to change that.|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics-government/article180767911.html|accessdate=25 October 2017|work=miamiherald|agency=McClatchy|publisher=Miami Herald|language=en}}</ref>

===International response===
The hashtag has trended in at least 85 countries,<ref name="Strum">{{cite web|last1=Strum|first1=Laura|title=Twitter chat: What #MeToo says about sexual abuse in society|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/twitter-chat-what-metoo-says-about-sexual-abuse-in-society|website=PBS NewsHour|accessdate=25 October 2017}}</ref> including India, Pakistan, and the United Kingdom. Variants of the phrase trended in France,<ref name="auto" /> using "BalanceTonPorc" (DenounceYourPig),<ref name="Etehad" /> which encouraged users to share the names of their alleged abusers.<ref name="Donadio">{{cite web|last1=Donadio|first1=Rachel|title=#BalanceTonPorc Is France's #MeToo|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/10/the-weinstein-scandal-seen-from-france/543315/|website=The Atlantic|accessdate=19 October 2017}}</ref> In Italy, women posted stories of assault and harassment under the hashtag #QuellaVoltaChe translated literally into "#TheTimeThat."<ref name="Montini">{{cite news |last=Montini |first=Beatrice |date=17 October 2017 |title=Weinstein, Giulia Blasi e le storie su #quellavoltache: «Se c’è squilibrio di potere non c’è mai consenso. Basta processare le vittime» |trans-title= Weinstein, Giulia Blasi, and stories posted to #quellavoltache: "When there's a power imbalance, it can never be consensual. Quit putting victims on trial." |language=Italian |url=http://27esimaora.corriere.it/17_ottobre_15/weinstein-giulia-blasi-storie-quellavoltache-se-c-squilibrio-potere-non-c-mai-consenso-basta-processare-vittime-1ad947a8-b1c7-11e7-8c05-16c4f9105c9c.shtml |work=[[Corriere della Sera]] |location=Milan |access-date=18 October 2017}}</ref><ref>See also: {{cite tweet |user=ResistanceItaly |number=920409937209167872 |date=17 October 2017 |title=#quellavoltache is the Italian #metoo hashtag.}}</ref> The Spanish-language counterpart is "#YoTambién". In French-speaking parts of Canada, the campaign is done under the hashtag "#MoiAussi". In [[Israel]], the Hebrew hashtag "גםאנחנו#" (#UsToo) began trending on October 18, with a front page spread in the newspaper ''[[Yediot Aharonot]]''.<ref name="Etehad">{{cite news|last1=Etehad|first1=Melissa|title=A global primal scream: #MeToo (#YoTambien #QuellaVoltaChe #גםאנחנו أنا_كمان#)|url=http://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la-fg-global-me-too-20171018-story.html|accessdate=19 October 2017|work=Los Angeles Times|agency=LA Times|date=18 October 2017}}</ref> In Sweden, several women used the hashtag to confront television presenter [[Martin Timell]]'s alleged abuse towards them.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.expressen.se/noje/anklagelserna-mot-tv4-stjarnan-martin-timell/|title=Martin Timell anklagas för sexism och rasism under inspelningar av "Äntligen hemma"|publisher=|accessdate=20 October 2017}}</ref> All of his shows on TV4 were cancelled on 20 October 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.expressen.se/noje/martin-timell-bryter-tystnaden-och-erkanner-/|title=Timell bryter tystnaden och erkänner: "Är chockad över att jag gjort så mycket fel"|publisher=|accessdate=20 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.se/20171020/swedish-media-probe-sexual-offence-allegations|title=Swedish media probe sexual offence allegations|date=20 October 2017|publisher=The Local|accessdate=20 October 2017}}</ref>

The [[European Parliament]] convened a session directly in response to the Me Too campaign, after it gave rise to allegations of abuse in Parliament and in the [[European Union|European Union's]] offices in [[Brussels]]. [[Cecilia Malmstrom]], the European Commissioner for Trade, specifically cited the hashtag as the reason the meeting had been convened.<ref name="Schreuer">{{cite news|last1=Schreuer|first1=Milan|title=A #MeToo Moment for the European Parliament|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/25/world/europe/european-parliament-weinstein-harassment.html?_r=0|accessdate=25 October 2017|work=The New York Times|agency=New York Times|publisher=New York Times|date=25 October 2017}}</ref> In the UK, the Cabinet Office has launched an investigation in allegations that Parliament member [[Mark Garnier]] ordered a secretary to buy sex toys for his wife and mistress.<ref name="Wootson">{{cite news|last1=Wootson Jr|first1=Cleve R.|title=A British minister admits he made his secretary buy sex toys as #MeToo hits Parliament|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/10/29/a-british-minister-admits-he-made-his-secretary-buy-sex-toys-as-metoo-hits-parliament/?utm_term=.4b172140f21c|accessdate=29 October 2017|work=Washington Post|agency=Washington Post|publisher=Washington Post|date=29 October 2017}}</ref>

In China, the websphere reacted in anger following the media claims that harassment was a foreign problem, claiming Chinese men to be educated as protective.<ref>Anger as Chinese media claim harassment is just a western problem https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/17/anger-as-chinese-media-claim-harassment-is-just-a-western-problem</ref>

===List of local alternative hashtags===
*Arabic: [https://twitter.com/hashtag/أنا_كمان?src=hash أنا_كمان#]
*{{flag|Canada}}, French-speaking areas: [https://twitter.com/hashtag/moiAussi?src=hash #MoiAussi] (en: MeToo)
*{{flag|China}}: [https://twitter.com/hashtag/我也是?src=hash #我也是] (en: MeToo)
*English-speaking countries: #MeToo
*{{flag|France}}: [https://twitter.com/hashtag/balanceTonPorc?src=hash #balanceTonPorc] (en: DenounceYourPig)
*{{flag|Italy}}: [https://twitter.com/hashtag/QuellaVoltaChe?src=hash #QuellaVoltaChe] (en: TheTimeThat)
*{{flag|Israel}}: [https://twitter.com/hashtag/גםאנחנו?src=hash גםאנחנו#] (en: UsToo)
*{{flag|Japan}}: [https://twitter.com/hashtag/meToo?src=hash #meToo] (en: MeToo)
*{{flag|South Korea}}: [https://twitter.com/hashtag/나도?src=hash #나도] (en: MeToo)
*{{flag|Spain}}: [https://twitter.com/hashtag/YoTambién?src=hash #YoTambién] (en: MeToo)
*{{flag|Vietnam}}: [https://twitter.com/hashtag/TôiCũngVậy?src=hash #TôiCũngVậy] (en: MeToo)

===Aftermath===
Subsequent to the accusations against Harvey Weinstein, the following public figures have also been accused of inappropriate behavior (including but not limited to harassment or assault):

{{Div col|2}}
*[[Ben Affleck]], filmmaker and actor <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/11/entertainment/ben-affleck-apology/index.html|title=Ben Affleck apologizes to Hilarie Burton|first=Sandra Gonzalez,|last=CNN|website=cnn.com|accessdate=29 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[Ken Baker (entertainment journalist)|Ken Baker]], TV personality<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2017/10/27/e-news-ken-baker-accused-sexual-harassment.html|title=E! News' Ken Baker accused of sexual harassment|first=Sasha|last=Savitsky|date=27 October 2017|website=foxnews.com|accessdate=29 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[John Besh]], chef<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.delish.com/food-news/a56283/john-besh-sexual-harassment-allegations/|title=Celebrity Chef Accused Of Sexual Harassment And Resigns From His Company|date=24 October 2017|website=delish.com|accessdate=29 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[David Blaine]], magician<ref>{{cite web|last1=O'Carroll|first1=Lisa|title=David Blaine accused of raping model in London in 2004|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2017/oct/20/david-blaine-accused-of-raping-model-in-london-in-2004|website=The Guardian|date=20 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[George H. W. Bush]], former President of the United States<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goerie.com/news/20171028/erie-city-council-candidate-george-hw-bush-made-inappropriate-touch-in-2004|title=Erie City Council candidate: George H.W. Bush made inappropriate touch in 2004|first=Kevin|last=Flowers|website=goerie.com|accessdate=29 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[Stephen Crabb]], UK Member of Parliament<ref name="Hughes">{{cite news|last1=Hughes|first1=Laura|last2=Newell|first2=Claire|title=Stephen Crabb sent young woman sexually explicit messages after rejecting her application for role in his office|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/10/28/stephen-crabb-sent-young-woman-sexually-explicit-messages-rejecting/|accessdate=29 October 2017|work=The Telegraph|agency=Telegraph|publisher=Telegraph|date=28 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[Hamilton Fish V]], Publisher at [[The New Republic]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ember|first1=Sydney|title=Hamilton Fish of The New Republic Goes on Leave After Women’s Complaints|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/30/business/media/new-republic-hamilton-fish.html|website=The New York Times|accessdate=30 October 2017|date=30 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[Mark Garnier]], UK Member of Parliament<ref name="Wootson" />
*[[The Gaslamp Killer]], musician<ref>{{cite web|last1=Minsker|first1=Evan|title=The Gaslamp Killer Accused of Rape {{!}} Pitchfork|url=https://pitchfork.com/news/the-gaslamp-killer-accused-of-rape/|website=pitchfork.com|accessdate=30 October 2017|language=en}}</ref>
*Tyler Grasham, talent agent<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ew.com/tv/2017/10/20/apa-agent-tyler-grasham-fired-sexual-assault-allegations/|title=Hollywood agent fired after sex abuse allegations surface|date=20 October 2017|website=ew.com|accessdate=29 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[Mark Halperin]], author and journalist<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/26/business/media/halperin-sexual-harassment.html|title=Mark Halperin, a Top Political Journalist, Faces Multiple Claims of Harassment|first1=John|last1=Koblin|first2=Michael M.|last2=Grynbaum|date=26 October 2017|publisher=|accessdate=29 October 2017|via=www.nytimes.com}}</ref>
*[[Ron Jeremy]], pornographic actor<ref>{{cite web|last1=Miller|first1=Dan,|title=Exxxotica: Ron Jeremy Not Welcome; Jeremy Responds {{!}} AVN|url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/exxxotica-ron-jeremy-not-welcome-at-show-jeremy-responds-748313.html|website=AVN|accessdate=30 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[Ethan Kath]], musician<ref>{{cite web|last1=Aswad|first1=Jem|title=Alice Glass Accuses Former Crystal Castles Bandmate of Sexual Assault, Abuse|url=http://variety.com/2017/music/news/alice-glass-accuses-former-crystal-castles-bandmate-of-sexual-assault-abuse-1202598036/|website=Variety|accessdate=30 October 2017|date=24 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[R. Kelly]], musician<ref>{{cite web|title=Surviving R. Kelly: Former Girlfriend Alleges Abuse|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/features/surviving-r-kelly-former-girlfriend-alleges-abuse-w509860|website=Rolling Stone|accessdate=30 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[Val Kilmer]], actor<ref>{{cite web|title=Former actress claims Val Kilmer punched her during 'The Doors' audition|url=https://www.deathandtaxesmag.com/349628/o-heaney-kilmer-punch-stone-doors|website=Death and Taxes|accessdate=30 October 2017|date=25 October 2017}}</ref>
*Andrew Kramer, former [[Lionsgate]] executive<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/lionsgate-exec-andrew-kramer-exits-harassment-allegation-1052209|title=Lionsgate Exec Andrew Kramer Exited After Harassment Allegation (Exclusive)|website=hollywoodreporter.com|accessdate=29 October 2017}}</ref>
*Tyler Malka, owner of [[NeoGAF]]<ref name="gafverge">{{cite web|title=Games forum NeoGAF in chaos after owner accused of sexual misconduct|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/10/23/16520184/neogaf-tyler-evilore-malka-sexual-misconduct-forum-status|website=The Verge|accessdate=30 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[Peyton Manning]], football player<ref>{{cite web|title=Peyton Manning's accuser speaks out on alleged sexual harassment|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/peyton-manning-accuser-jamie-naughright-on-alleged-sexual-harassment/|website=CBS News|accessdate=31 October 2017|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Matt Mondanile]], musician<ref>{{cite web|title=Matt Mondanile Accused of Sexual Misconduct by Multiple Women {{!}} Pitchfork|url=https://pitchfork.com/news/matt-mondanile-accused-of-sexual-misconduct-by-multiple-women/|website=pitchfork.com|accessdate=30 October 2017|language=en}}</ref>
*Rupert Myers, writer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2017/10/19/male-feminist-writer-fired-by-gq-magazine-after-woman-accuses-him-sexual-assault.html|title=Male feminist writer fired by GQ Magazine after woman accuses him of sexual assault|first=Brian|last=Flood|date=19 October 2017|website=foxnews.com|accessdate=29 October 2017}}</ref>
*Lawrence "Larry" G. Nassar, ostheopathic physician<ref name="gafverge"/>
*[[Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)|Bill O'Reilly]], author and political commentator<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lekach|first1=Sasha|title=Bill O’Reilly files $5 million defamation lawsuit over #MeToo Facebook post|url=http://mashable.com/2017/10/27/bill-oreilly-sexual-harassment-facebook-post-lawsuit|website=Mashable|accessdate=30 October 2017|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Roman Polanski]], filmmaker<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/oct/23/roman-polanski-marianne-barnard-allegations</ref>
*[[Roy Price]], former [[Amazon Studios]] executive<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/17/business/media/roy-price-amazon-studios.html|title=Roy Price Quits Amazon Studios After Sexual Harassment Claim|first=John|last=Koblin|date=17 October 2017|publisher=|accessdate=29 October 2017|via=www.nytimes.com}}</ref>
*[[Twiggy Ramirez]], musician<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/twiggy-ramirez-issues-statement-following-rape-accusation-w510245|title=Twiggy Ramirez Issues Statement Following Rape Accusation|website=rollingstone.com|accessdate=29 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[Terry Richardson]], photographer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/10/23/exclusive-terry-richardson-banned-working-vogue-leading-mags/|title=Exclusive: Terry Richardson banned from working with Vogue and other leading mags, leaked email shows|first1=Ben|last1=Riley-Smith|first2=Nick|last2=Allen|date=23 October 2017|publisher=|accessdate=29 October 2017|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref>
*[[Gilbert Rozon]], founder of [[Just for Laughs]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Chavez|first1=Danette|title=Just For Laughs founder resigns over sexual assault and harassment allegations|url=https://www.avclub.com/just-for-laughs-founder-resigns-over-harassment-allegat-1819677827|website=The A.V. Club|accessdate=30 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[Chris Savino]], animator<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/nickelodeon-fires-loud-house-creator-sexual-harassment-allegations-1050485|title=Nickelodeon Fires 'Loud House' Creator After Sexual Harassment Allegations|website=hollywoodreporter.com|accessdate=29 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[Robert Scoble]], blogger<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/10/20/robert-scoble-has-allegedly-continued-to-sexually-harass-women-after-going-sober/|title=Robert Scoble has allegedly continued to sexually harass women after going sober|first=Sarah|last=Buhr|website=techcrunch.com|accessdate=29 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[Steven Seagal]], actor and martial artist<ref>{{cite web|title=Steven Seagal: Drug warrior, honorary cop, alleged serial sex abuser|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-watch/wp/2017/10/13/steven-seagal-drug-warrior-honorary-cop-alleged-serial-sex-abuser|website=Washington Post|accessdate=30 October 2017}}</ref>
*Andy Signore, Internet media personality<ref>{{cite web|url=http://variety.com/2017/digital/news/honest-trailers-creator-andy-signore-fired-for-egregious-and-intolerable-sexual-behavior-1202583996/|title=‘Honest Trailers’ Creator Andy Signore Fired for ‘Egregious and Intolerable’ Sexual Behavior|first=Todd|last=Spangler|date=9 October 2017|website=variety.com|accessdate=29 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[Kevin Spacey]], actor<ref>http://deadline.com/2017/10/anthony-rapp-kevin-spacey-sexual-advances-harassment-1202197344/</ref>
*[[Lockhart Steele]], writer <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2017/10/19/vox_fires_editorial_director_lockhart_steele.html|title=Vox Media Fires Editorial Director Lockhart Steele|first=Elliot|last=Hannon|date=19 October 2017|publisher=|accessdate=29 October 2017|via=Slate}}</ref>
*[[Oliver Stone]], filmmaker<ref>{{cite web|title=Oliver Stone Accused of Groping TV Actress in Early 1990s|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oliver-stone-accused-groping-tv-actress-early-1990s-1048468|website=The Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=30 October 2017|language=en}}</ref>
*Martin Timell, TV personality<ref>https://www.aftonbladet.se/nojesbladet/a/2MVdq/martin-timell-polisanmald-for-sexofredande-pa-flygplan</ref>
*[[James Toback]], filmmaker<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/27/us/james-toback-accusations.html|title=More Women Accuse James Toback of Sexual Harassment|first=Jacey|last=Fortin|date=27 October 2017|publisher=|accessdate=29 October 2017|via=www.nytimes.com}}</ref>
*[[Warner Bros.]], NZK Productions, and various producers of [[The Bachelorette]] (Bennett Graebner, Elan Gale, Peter Scalettar, Jacqueline Naz Perez, Caitlin Stapleton)<ref>http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/bachelor-producer-sues-sexual-harassment-1053043</ref>
*[[Bob Weinstein]], [[The Weinstein Company]] chairman<ref>{{cite web|last1=Littleton|first1=Cynthia|title=Bob Weinstein Accused of Sexual Harassment by TV Showrunner|url=http://variety.com/2017/tv/news/bob-weinstein-sexual-harassment-1202592165/|website=Variety|accessdate=30 October 2017|date=17 October 2017}}</ref>
*[[Leon Wieseltier]], writer<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2017/10/the-harvey-effect-reaches-leon-wieseltier/543897/|title=The ‘Harvey Effect’ Takes Down Leon Wieseltier's Magazine|first=Adrienne|last=LaFrance|website=theatlantic.com|accessdate=29 October 2017}}</ref>
{{Div col end}}

==Criticism==
The hashtag has been criticized for putting the responsibility of publicizing sexual harassment and abuse on those who experienced it, which could be re-traumatizing.<ref name="Schlack">{{cite web|last1=Schlack|first1=Julie|title=#MeToo Flared But Won't Endure|url=http://www.wbur.org/cognoscenti/2017/10/18/metoo-flared-but-wont-endure-julie-wittes-schlack|website=www.wbur.org|publisher=National Public Radio|accessdate=19 October 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Maltby">{{cite web|last1=Maltby|first1=Kate|title=Mayim Bialik and the trouble with #MeToo|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/16/opinions/me-too-mayim-bialik-kate-maltby-opinion/index.html|website=CNN|accessdate=19 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Gerson">{{cite web|last1=Gerson|first1=Jen|title=Jen Gerson: I mean no disrespect when I say that I have a problem with #MeToo|url=http://nationalpost.com/opinion/jen-gerson-the-problem-with-metoo-it-holds-the-wrong-people-responsible-for-sex-assault|website=National Post|accessdate=19 October 2017|date=17 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/19/health/me-too-sexual-assault-stories-trigger-trauma/index.html|title=#MeToo sexual assault stories trigger trauma for some|last=CNN|first=Sandee LaMotte,|work=CNN|access-date=2017-10-20}}</ref> Some found the hashtag to inspire fatigue and outrage, rather than emotionally dense communication.<ref name="Hempel">{{cite web|last1=Hempel|first1=Jessi|title=The Problem with #MeToo and Viral Outrage {{!}} Backchannel|url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-problem-with-me-too-and-viral-outrage/|website=WIRED|accessdate=19 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Charleston">{{cite web|last1=Charleston|first1=Libby-Jane|title=Why I'm Not Joining The #MeToo Hashtag Even Though I Was Sexually Harassed|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/libby-jane-charleston/why-im-not-joining-the-metoo-hashtag-even-though-i-was-sexually-harassed_a_23245315/|website=Huffington Post|accessdate=19 October 2017|language=en-AU|date=17 October 2017}}</ref> Burke had initially criticized the movement for ignoring the work of black women in creating dialogue addressing sexual assault. However, she did salute those who partook in the movement and credited Milano for acknowledging Burke’s own similar movement.<ref name="Hill" />

==See also==
{{Portal|Internet|Sexuality}}
*[[Girls for Gender Equity]]
*[[Hashtag activism]]
*[[Who Needs Feminism]]
*[[YesAllWomen]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*''[http://metoo.support/the-movement/ Me too Movement]'' movement website

[[Category:2017 in women's history]]
[[Category:Hashtags]]
[[Category:Internet-based activism]]
[[Category:October 2017 events]]
[[Category:Phrases]]
[[Category:Sexual harassment]]
[[Category:Violence against women]]

Kate Sessions

2017-10-10T16:37:47Z

TwoTwoHello: Reverted 3 edits by 66.203.31.56 (talk) to last revision by ClueBot NG. (TW)

{{Infobox person
| name = Katherine Olivia "Kate" Sessions
| image = Kate Sessions.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = November 8, 1857
| birth_place = [[San Francisco]], [[California]]
| death_date = March 24, 1940 (aged 82)
| death_place = [[San Diego]], [[California]]
| nationality = American
| other_names =
| known_for = "Mother of [[Balboa Park (San Diego)|Balboa Park]]"; introduced trees and plants to San Diego
| occupation = Horticulturalist, landscape architect
}}

'''Katherine Olivia "Kate" Sessions''' (November 8, 1857 – March 24, 1940) was an American [[botanist]], [[horticulturalist]], and [[landscape architect]] closely associated with [[San Diego]], [[California]], and known as the "Mother of [[Balboa Park (San Diego)|Balboa Park]]."<ref name="SDHS Bio">[http://www.sandiegohistory.org/bio/sessions/sessions.htm Sessions biography] (San Diego Historical Society)</ref>

==Early life==
Sessions was born in [[San Francisco, California]] and educated in [[Oakland, California|Oakland]].<ref name="SDHS Bio" /> At the age of six, she moved with her family to a farm next to [[Lake Merritt]].<ref name="Chr16"/> She attended the [[University of California, Berkeley]] in 1881 with a degree in natural science.<ref name="Chr16"/> While attending a San Francisco business school, at the request of a friend, she moved to San Diego in 1883 to work as an eighth grade teacher and vice principal at Russ School (now [[San Diego High School]]).<ref name="Chr16"/><ref>Showley, p. 73</ref> She worked at the school for over a year before she left due to health problems.<ref name="Chr16"/>

==Adult life==
In San Diego, Sessions quickly moved on to her true interest, the cultivation of plants. In 1885, she purchased a nursery; within a few years she was the owner of a flower shop as well as growing fields and nurseries in [[Coronado, California|Coronado]], [[Pacific Beach, San Diego, California|Pacific Beach]], and [[Mission Hills, San Diego, California|Mission Hills]].<ref name="Chr18">Christman (1985), p. 18</ref><ref name="Pour32">Pourade (1965), p. 32</ref> The Mission Hills Nursery, which she founded in 1910 and sold to her employees the Antonicelli brothers in 1926, is still in operation.<ref>[http://www.pioneerpark.net/sandiego/downtown.html Pioneer Park history]</ref>

In 1892 Sessions struck a deal with the [[San Diego, California|City of San Diego]] to lease {{convert|30|acre|m2}} of land in Balboa Park (then called City Park) as her growing fields.<ref name="Chr18"/> In return, she agreed to plant 100 trees a year in the mostly barren park, as well as 300 trees a year in other parts of San Diego.<ref name="SDHS Bio"/><ref name="Pour32"/> This arrangement left the park with an array of [[cypress]], [[pine]], [[oak]], [[Schinus|pepper trees]] and [[eucalyptus]] grown in her gardens from seeds imported from around the world; virtually all of the older trees still seen in the park were planted by her. Among many other plant introductions, she is credited with importing and popularizing the [[jacaranda]], now very familiar in the city. She also collected, propagated, and introduced many [[California native plants]] to the [[horticulture]] trade and into gardens.<ref name="Chr18"/> In 1900, she took a trip to [[Baja California]] to find a palm tree not native in San Diego to be planted at the park.<ref name="Chr18"/> She would also later take a seven-month trip through Europe where she collected multiple plant varieties that she eventually helped plant in the park.<ref name="Chr18"/>

Together with [[Alfred D. Robinson and Marion James Robinson|Alfred D. Robinson]] she co-founded the San Diego Floral Association in 1907; it is the oldest garden club in Southern California. The garden club was influential in teaching San Diegans how to grow ornamental and edible plants, at a time when most San Diego landscaping consisted of dirt and sagebrush.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sdfloral.org/about.htm|title=Our History|work=San Diego Floral Association|accessdate=1 February 2013}}</ref>

Sessions worked with architect [[Hazel Wood Waterman]] on the garden design for a group of houses built by San Diego socialite Alice Lee near Balboa Park.

==Personal life==
Sessions never married<ref name="Chr16">Christman (1985), p. 16</ref> and lived to be 82, when she died in San Diego on March 24, 1940. She is interred in [[Mount Hope Cemetery, San Diego|Mount Hope Cemetery]].

==Honors==
{{quote box|width=30em|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|quote="Botanically speaking, I would call Miss Sessions a perennial, evergreen and everblooming."|source=—[[George Marston]], at a 1935 garden dedication in her honor<ref name="Chr18"/>}}
Her work with plant introduction, as well as her extensive writing on the subject, won her international recognition. At the [[California Pacific International Exposition]] on September 22, 1935, the day was dedicated to Sessions, where she was named the "Mother of Balboa Park".<ref>Christman (1985), p. 88</ref> In 1939 she became the first woman to receive the prestigious Frank N. Meyer medal of the [[American Genetic Association]].<ref name="Chr20">Christman (1985), p. 20</ref>

In the San Diego area, the [http://new.sandi.net/schools/sessions/Pages/default.aspx/ Kate Sessions Elementary school] in [[Pacific Beach, San Diego, California|Pacific Beach]] bears her name, as does Kate O. Sessions Memorial Park on [[Mount Soledad]], located less than a mile from the school and constructed only a few years later.<ref name="Chr20"/>

A bronze statue of Sessions, dedicated in 1998, is situated in a prominent location in [[Balboa Park (San Diego)|Balboa Park]], in the southwest corner of Sefton Plaza, near the Sixth Avenue entrance to the park.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kate Olivia Sessions|url=http://www.hillquest.com/community/katesessions.htm|work=Hillquest, an Urban Guide to 92103|publisher=Hillquest, Inc.|accessdate=5 December 2012}}</ref> It is the only full sculpture in San Diego of a real (non-fictional) woman. <ref name="womensmuseumca1">http://womensmuseumca.org/hall-of-fame/kate-sessions</ref>

In 2006 the [[Women's Museum of California]] inducted Kate Sessions into the [[San Diego County Women's Hall of Fame]], under the title of Trailblazer. <ref>http://womensmuseumca.org/hall-of-fame/category/trailblazer</ref><ref name="womensmuseumca1"/>

==In popular culture==
A 2013 children's picture book, ''The Tree Lady: The True Story of How One Tree-Loving Woman Changed a City Forever'', tells the story of Kate's life, education, and contribution to San Diego civic life.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiebound.org/book/9781442414020|title=The Tree Lady|work=Beach Lane Books|accessdate=18 March 2015}}</ref>

== Selected works ==
*{{Cite book|url=http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40978506|title=The complete writings of Kate Sessions in California garden, 1909-1939|last=|first=|last2=|first2=|last3=|date=|publisher=San Diego Floral Association|year=1998|isbn=|location=San Diego, Calif.|pages=|language=English|quote=|via=}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last=Christman|first=Florence|title=The Romance of Balboa Park|year=1985|edition=4th|location=San Diego|publisher=San Diego Historical Society|isbn=0-918740-03-7}}
*{{cite book|last=Pourade|first=Richard F.|title=Gold in the Sun|year=1965|location=San Diego|edition=1st|publisher=The Union-Tribune Publishing Company|isbn=0-913938-04-1}}
*{{cite book | author=MacPhail, Elizabeth C. | title=Kate Sessions : pioneer horticulturist | publisher=San Diego Historical Society | year=1976 }}
*{{cite book|last=Showley|first=Robert M.|title=San Diego: Perfecting Paradise|publisher=Heritage Media Corp.|year=2000|isbn=1-886483-24-8}}

{{Balboa Park}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sessions, Kate}}
[[Category:American horticulturists]]
[[Category:American landscape and garden designers]]
[[Category:American landscape architects]]
[[Category:1857 births]]
[[Category:1940 deaths]]
[[Category:Women botanists]]
[[Category:Women landscape architects]]
[[Category:Women horticulturists and gardeners]]
[[Category:American women architects]]
[[Category:American women scientists]]
[[Category:California people in design]]
[[Category:Landscape design history of the United States]]
[[Category:Botanists active in California]]
[[Category:History of San Diego]]
[[Category:Balboa Park (San Diego)]]
[[Category:People from San Diego]]
[[Category:People from San Francisco]]
[[Category:Burials at Mount Hope Cemetery, San Diego]]
[[Category:American designers]]
[[Category:Scientists from California]]
[[Category:19th-century American architects]]
[[Category:20th-century American architects]]
[[Category:19th-century American botanists]]
[[Category:20th-century American botanists]]
[[Category:19th-century women scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century women scientists]]

Chinesisch-pakistanische Beziehungen

2017-05-10T08:18:07Z

TwoTwoHello: Reverted edits by 39.37.164.104 (talk) to last version by Bender the Bot

{{Infobox bilateral relations|China–Pakistan
| party1 = Pakistan
| party2 = China
| map = Pakistan China Locator.svg
| filetype = 250px
| envoytitle1 = [[Ambassador]]
| envoy1 = Masood Khalid
| envoytitle2 = [[Ambassador]]
| envoy2 = Sun Weidong
| mission1 = [[Beijing|Pakistani Embassy, Beijing]]
| mission2 = [[Islamabad|Chinese Embassy, Islamabad]]
}}
'''China–Pakistan relations''' began in 1950 when [[Pakistan]] was among the first countries to end official diplomatic relations with the [[Republic of China]] on [[Taiwan]] and recognize the PRC. Since then, both countries have placed considerable importance on the maintenance of an extremely close and supportive relationship<ref name="bbcnews">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13418957|title= Pakistani PM hails China as his country's 'best friend'|work=BBC News|accessdate=17 May 2011|date=17 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="nyt">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/13/world/asia/13pstan.html|title= Pakistan President to Visit China, a Valued Ally|work=New York Times|accessdate=12 October 2008|first=Salman|last=Masood|date=13 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-11/14/content_732562.htm|title=China-Pakistan relations|accessdate=14 November 2006|work=China Daily}}</ref> and the two countries have regularly exchanged high-level visits resulting in a variety of agreements. The PRC has provided economic, military and technical assistance to Pakistan and each considers the other a close strategic ally.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2011-05-17/world/china.pakistan.friend_1_minister-yousuf-raza-gilani-chinese-president-hu-jintao-pakistani-counterpart?_s=PM:WORLD|title=Pakistan cements China ties amid tension with U.S|date=17 May 2011|accessdate=12 July 2011|work=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90883/7384378.html|title=China, Pakistan joined in bonds of brotherhood|accessdate=18 May 2011|work=People's Daily}}</ref> The relationship has recently been the subject of renewed attention due to the publication of a new book, ''[[The China-Pakistan Axis: Asia's New Geopolitics]]'', which is the first extensive treatment of the relationship since the 1970s.

Bilateral relations have evolved from an initial Chinese policy of neutrality to a partnership with a smaller but militarily powerful Pakistan. Diplomatic relations were established in 1950, military assistance began in 1966, a strategic alliance was formed in 1972 and economic co-operation began in 1979. China has become Pakistan’s largest supplier of arms and its third-largest trading partner.<ref>{{cite web|agency=Reuters |url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/05/21/pakistan-says-wants-china-to-build-naval-base.html |title=Pakistan wants China to build it a naval base |publisher=Dawn.com |date=21 May 2011 |accessdate=13 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://thecommongood.net/2011/05/china-to-fast-track-jets-for-pakistan/ |title=China to Fast-Track Jets for Pakistan |publisher=Thecommongood.net |accessdate=13 May 2012}}</ref> Recently, both nations have decided to cooperate in improving [[Pakistan's civil nuclear power sector]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10340642 |title=China says Pakistan nuclear deal 'peaceful' |publisher=BBC |date=17 June 2010 |accessdate=13 May 2012}}</ref>

According to [[Pew Research Center]] in 2014, Pakistanis have the most favorable view of China after China itself.<ref>[http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/24/ Opinion of China Do you have a favorable or unfavorable view of China?]</ref> Maintaining close relations with China is a central part of [[Pakistan's foreign policy]]. China supported Pakistan's opposition to the [[Soviet Union]]'s intervention in [[Afghanistan]] and is perceived by Pakistan as a regional counterweight to [[NATO]] and the [[United States]].{{dubious|date=June 2013}} In addition, Pakistan was one of only two countries, alongside Cuba, to offer crucial support for the PRC in after the [[Tiananmen protests of 1989]]. China and Pakistan also share close military relations, with China supplying a range of modern armaments to the Pakistani defense forces. China supports Pakistan's stance on [[Kashmir]] while Pakistan supports China on the issues of [[East Turkestan independence movement|Xinjiang]], [[Tibetan independence movement|Tibet]], and [[Taiwan independence|Taiwan]]. Military cooperation has deepened with joint projects producing armaments ranging from [[fighter jet]]s to guided missile frigates.

Chinese cooperation with Pakistan has reached economic high points, with substantial Chinese investment in Pakistani infrastructural expansion including the Pakistani deep-water port at [[Gwadar]]. Both countries have an ongoing [[free trade]] agreement. Pakistan has served as China's main bridge between Muslim countries. Pakistan also played an important role in bridging the communication gap between China and the West by facilitating the [[1972 Nixon visit to China]].
The relations between Pakistan and China have been described by Pakistan's ambassador to China as ''higher than the mountains, deeper than the oceans, stronger than steel, dearer than eyesight, sweeter than honey, and so on.'' <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/18682839|title=Sweet as can be?|publisher=The Economist|accessdate=12 February 2013|date=14 May 2011}}</ref> According to [[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]] Pakistan is China's biggest arms buyer, counting for nearly 47% of Chinese arms exports.<ref>[http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=475 Trends in international arms transfers, 2013 Siemon T. Wezeman and Pieter D. Wezeman]</ref> According to a 2014 BBC World Service Poll, 75% of [[Pakistanis]] view China's influence positively with only 15% expressing a negative view. In the Asia Pacific region, [[Chinese people]] hold third most positive opinions of Pakistan's influence in the world, behind Indonesia and Pakistan itself.<ref>http://www.globescan.com/images/images/pressreleases/bbc2014_country_ratings/2014_country_rating_poll_bbc_globescan.pdf</ref>

==Background==
[[File:2007 08 21 China Pakistan Karakoram Highway Khunjerab Pass IMG 7311.jpg|thumb|left|alt=JF-17 Thunder.|[[Karakoram Highway]] connects the two states, it is also sometimes referred to as the Eighth Wonder of the World.]]
Buddhist monks from the area of what is now present day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region of Pakistan were involved in the [[Silk Road transmission of Buddhism]] to [[Han dynasty]] China. The Han dynasty's [[Protectorate of the Western Regions]] bordered the [[Kushan Empire]]. [[Faxian]] travelled in what is now modern day Pakistan.

Pakistan has a long and strong relationship with China. The long-standing ties between the two countries have been mutually beneficial. A close identity of views and mutual interests remain the centre-point of bilateral ties. Since the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]], Pakistan has supported China on most issues of importance to the latter, especially those related to the question of China's sovereignty like [[Taiwan]], [[Xinjiang]], and [[Tibet]] and other sensitive issues such as human rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/coe21/publish/no16_1_ses/11_rahman.pdf |title=Eager Eyes Fixed on Eurasia Russia and Its Neighbors in Crisis Russia and Its Neighbors in Crisis, Edited by IWASHITA Akihiro, Slavic Research Center, p 212 |format=PDF |accessdate=13 May 2012}}</ref>

The Chinese leadership has acknowledged Pakistan's steadfast support on key issues. Pakistan helped China in reestablishing formal ties with the West, where they helped make possible the [[1972 Nixon visit to China]].{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} Pakistan has collaborated with China in extensive military and economic projects, seeing China as a counterweight to [[India]] and the United States. Pakistan has also served as a conduit for China's influence in the Muslim world.

China also has a consistent record of supporting Pakistan in regional issues. Pakistan's military depends heavily on [[Equipment Development Department of the Central Military Commission|Chinese armaments]], and joint projects of both economic and militaristic importance are ongoing. China has supplied equipment to support Pakistan's nuclear program.

==Diplomatic relations==
[[File:Ambassador Hilaly receiving US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in Rawalpindi on 8 July 1971.jpg|thumb|left|alt=JF-17 Thunder.|[[Henry Kissinger]] was on a secret mission to China facilitated by the [[Government of Pakistan]], a fact known to very few people including [[Agha Hilaly|Ambassador Hilaly]].]]

[[Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War|Chinese Muslims fought against Japan in World War II]]. The Hui Muslim Imam Da Pusheng [[w:zh:达浦生|达浦生]] toured the Middle East and South Asia to confront Japanese propagandists in Muslim countries and denounce their invasion to the Islamic world. He directly confronted Japanese agents in Muslim countries and challenged them in public over their propaganda. He went to British India, Hejaz in Saudi Arabia and Cairo in Egypt. An anti-Japanese 8-month tour to spread awareness of the war in Muslim nations was undertaken by Muslim Shanghai Imam Da Pusheng.<ref name="Luo1991">{{cite book|author=Zhufeng Luo|title=Religion Under Socialism in China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cEfiZlUpI5oC&pg=PA50&lpg=PA50&dq=da+pusheng+1938&source=bl&ots=_szMS4OGH8&sig=PH6evN63RQX1Re0BUeW82jjhGB4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=T1qaU-r_NNayyATf3YLwAw&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=da%20pusheng%201938&f=false|date=January 1991|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-87332-609-4|pages=50–}}</ref> Misinformation on the war was spread in the Islamic Middle Eastern nations by Japanese agents. In response, in the World Islamic Congress in Hejaz, Imam Du openly confronted fake Muslim Japanese agents and exposed them as non-Muslims. Japan's history of imperialism was explained by Du to his fellow Muslims. [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the future founder of Pakistan, met with Imam Du. The anti Japanese war effort in China received a pledge of support from Jinnah.<ref>http://www.88dict.com/archives/485094/ {{cite web|url=http://archive |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-08-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712160429/http://archive |archivedate=12 July 2013 |df=dmy }}. is/jDCDc</ref> The Hindu leaders Tagore and Gandhi and Muslim Jinnah both discussed the war with the Chinese Muslim delegation under Ma Fuliang while in Turkey President [[İsmet İnönü]] also met the delegation.<ref>http://www.huizu360.com/huizu/news_view.asp?tid=5&id=19276</ref> The bombardment of Chinese Muslims by the warplanes of the Japanese was reported in the newspapers of Syria. Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Lebanon were all toured by the delegation. The Foreign Minister, Prime Minister, and President of Turkey met with the Chinese Muslim delegation after they came via Egypt in May 1939. Gandhi and Jinnah met with the Hui Ma Fuliang and his delegation as they denounced Japan.<ref>http://www.xzbu.com/7/view-1606508.htm</ref>

Diplomatic relations between Pakistan and China were established on 21 May 1951, shortly after the [[Republic Of China]] lost power in [[Mainland China|the Mainland]] in 1949.<ref>[http://202.83.164.26/wps/portal/Mocul/!ut/p/c0/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os_hQN68AZ3dnIwML82BTAyNXTz9jE0NfQwNfA_2CbEdFAA2MC_Y!/?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/MoculCL/ministry/highlights/iap-pakchina-01 Pakistan and China Relations]</ref> While initially ambivalent towards the idea of a Communist country on its borders, Pakistan hoped that China would serve as a counterweight to Indian influence. [[India]] had recognized China a year before, and Indian Prime Minister Nehru also hoped for closer relations with the Chinese. However, with escalating border tensions leading to the [[1962 Sino-Indian war]], China and Pakistan aligned with each other in a joint effort to counter Indian encroachment. One year after China's border war with India, Pakistan ceded the [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]] to China to end border disputes and improve diplomatic relations.

Since then, an informal alliance that initially consisted of joint Indian opposition{{clarify|date=June 2013}} has grown into a lasting relationship that has benefited both nations on the diplomatic, economic and military frontiers. Along with diplomatic support, Pakistan served as a conduit for China to open up to the West. China has in turn provided extensive economic aid and political support to Pakistan.

[[File:Kashmir map big.jpg|thumb|200px|Disputed territory ceded to China in 1963.]]

Since the two sides established their "all-weather diplomatic relations", there has been frequent exchanges between the two countries' leadership and peoples. For example, former Chinese Premier [[Zhou Enlai]] received warm welcomes in all of his four visits to Pakistan. When Zhou died in 1976, then Pakistani's Ambassador to China rushed to the [[Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] at 8 in the morning without appointment. Upon arriving at the ministry, the ambassador cried due to his grief in front of Chinese diplomats. In 2004, a road in Pakistani capital [[Islamabad]] leading to the Diplomatic Enclave was named "Zhou Enlai Road". It is the first road in Pakistan that is named after foreign leaders. On 27 May 1976, then Chinese leader [[Mao Zedong]], aged 83, received his last foreign guest Pakistani president [[Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]] despite his illness.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://politics.people.com.cn/n/2015/0417/c1001-26863311.html |title=中国与巴基斯坦高层交往的5则小故事 |publisher=[[People's Daily China]] |date=17 April 2015 |accessdate=18 April 2015}}</ref> On 22 May 2013, Chinese Premier [[Li Keqiang]]'s airplane was escorted by six JF-17 Thunder jets, jointly developed by the two countries, as it entered Pakistani airspace.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-22650591 |title=China media: Li Keqiang's Pakistan visit |publisher=BBC |date=24 May 2013 |accessdate=18 April 2015}}</ref> The premier was also received by both Pakistani president and prime minister upon his arrival at the airport. On 20 April 2015, Chinese President [[Xi Jinping]] visited Pakistan as his first foreign visit of the year, also the first by a Chinese president in 9 years. Before his arrival, he published an article praising the friendship on Pakistani newspapers like ''[[Daily Jang]]''. The Chinese president compared visiting Pakistan with visiting his brother's home.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://politics.people.com.cn/n/2015/0420/c1001-26873284.html |title=解读：习近平为何说访巴就像到自己兄弟家中探访？ |publisher=People's Daily China |date=20 April 2015 |accessdate=20 April 2015}}</ref> Like previous visit by Premier Li, the airplane was escorted by 8 JF-17 Thunder jets. Xi was given a grand welcome upon his arrival at Noor Khan airbase, a 21-gun salute and guard of honour was presented to him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1177109/chinese-presidents-visit-to-usher-in-new-era-of-development-pm |title=Chinese president's visit to usher in new era of development: PM |publisher=[[DAWN News]] |date=20 April 2015 |accessdate=20 April 2015}}</ref>

{{quote|text=When I was young, I heard many touching stories about Pakistan and the friendship between our two countries. To name just a few, I learned that the Pakistani people were working hard to build their beautiful country, and that Pakistan opened an air corridor for China to reach out to the world and supported China in restoring its lawful seat in the United Nations. The stories have left me with a deep impression. I look forward to my upcoming state visit to Pakistan.|sign=[[Xi Jinping]], [[President of the People's Republic of China]] before his 2015 visit to Pakistan|source=<ref>[http://thediplomat.com/2015/04/xi-jinping-on-pakistan-i-feel-as-if-i-am-going-to-visit-the-home-of-my-own-brother/ Xi Jinping on Pakistan: 'I Feel as if I Am Going to Visit the Home of my Own Brother']</ref>}}

Pakistan's military initially depended almost entirely on American armaments and aid, which was increased during the covert U.S. support of Islamic militants in the [[Soviet war in Afghanistan]]. America under US President [[Richard Nixon]] supported Pakistan in the 1971 [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].<ref name="Shalom">Shalom, Stephen R., [http://coat.ncf.ca/our_magazine/links/issue47/articles/a07.htm The Men Behind Yahya in the Indo-Pak War of 1971]</ref> However, the period following the Soviet withdrawal and the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] led indirectly to the increasing realignment of America with the previously pro-Soviet India. The [[Pressler Amendment]] in 1990 suspended all American military assistance and any new economic aid amidst concerns that Pakistan was attempting to develop a nuclear weapon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=larry_pressler_1 |title=Larry Pressler |publisher=Historycommons.org |date=29 March 1993 |accessdate=13 May 2012}}</ref> Given the support that Pakistan had given them during the War in Afghanistan, many Pakistanis saw this as a betrayal that sold out Pakistani interests in favor of India. This belief was further strengthened as India had developed a nuclear weapon without significant American opposition, and Pakistan felt obligated to do the same. Consequently, the primarily geopolitical alliance between Pakistan and China has since 1990 branched out into military and economic cooperation, due to Pakistan's belief that America's influence and support in the region should be counterbalanced by the Chinese.

With the U.S.-led [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|war in Afghanistan]], there is a general sentiment in Pakistan to adopt a foreign policy which favors China over the United States.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/pakistan/2010/pakistan-100619-irna03.htm Global Security] and [http://pakobserver.net/201009/28/detailnews.asp?id=54483 Pakistan Foreign Policy Makers Urged to tie strongly with China compared to US]</ref> Washington has been accused deserting Pakistan in favor of a policy that favors stronger relations with India, while Pakistan sees China as a more reliable ally over the long term.<ref name="articles.cnn.com">{{Cite news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2011-05-17/world/china.pakistan.friend_1_minister-yousuf-raza-gilani-chinese-president-hu-jintao-pakistani-counterpart?_s=PM:WORLD|title=Pakistan cements China ties amid tension with U.S|date=17 May 2011|accessdate=12 July 2011|publisher=CNN}}</ref>

Since [[September 11 attacks]], Pakistan has increased the scope of Chinese influence and support by agreeing to a number of military projects, combined with extensive economic support and investment from the Chinese.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}

==Military relations==
{{Unreliable sources|date=June 2013}}
[[File:Pakistan Air Force Chengdu JF-17 Gu.jpg|thumb|left|alt=JF-17 Thunder.|The [[JF-17 Thunder]] is a joint Pakistan-China project.]]
There are strong military ties between People's Republic of China and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/pakistan/2010/pakistan-100619-irna03.htm|title=Pakistan enjoys strong defense ties with China|date=19 June 2010|accessdate=30 December 2010|publisher=[[Islamic Republic News Agency|IRNA – Islamic Republic News Agency]]|first=IRNA|last=Islamic Republic News Agency}}</ref> This alliance between two neighbouring Asian nations is significant geo-politically. The strong military ties primarily aim to counter regional Indian and American influence, and was also to repel [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] influence in the area. In recent years this relationship has strengthened through ongoing military projects and agreements between Pakistan and China.

Since 1962, China has been a steady source of military equipment to the [[Pakistani Army]], helping establish ammunition factories, providing technological assistance and modernizing existing facilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/10070/chinapakistan_relations.html|title=China-Pakistan Relations|work=Backgrounder|publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]|date=6 July 2010|accessdate=16 July 2010|first1=Jamal|last1=Afridi|first2=Jayshree|last2=Bajoria}}</ref>
[[File:Pakistan airforce K8.jpg|framepx200|right|thumb|[[Hongdu JL-8]] is co-produced by both Pakistan and China.]]

Most recently, the Chinese [[Chengdu J-10]]B fighter was compared to its closest American counterpart, the [[Lockheed Martin F-16]]C Block 52/60, the most advanced F-16, for orders on either aircraft for the [[Pakistan Air Force]], resulting in the wins of the Chinese [[Chengdu J-10]]B. Accordingly, the [[Chengdu J-10]]B had more advanced technology such as its radar and OLS targeting system, and its new generation stealthy features, such as its DSI intake gave it an edge over the [[Lockheed Martin F-16]].

China and Pakistan are involved in several projects to enhance military and weaponry systems, which include the joint development of the [[JF-17 Thunder]] fighter aircraft, [[K-8 Karakorum]] advance [[training aircraft]], a tailor made training aircraft for the [[Pakistan Air Force]] based on the Chinese domestic [[Hongdu L-15]], [[space technology]], [[Airborne Early Warning and Control|AWACS]] systems, [[Al-Khalid tank]]s, which China granted license production and tailor made modifications based on the initial Chinese Type 90 and/or MBT-2000. The Chinese has designed tailor made advanced weapons for Pakistan, making it a strong military power in the Asian region. The armies have a schedule for organising joint military exercises.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/mbt-2000.htm|title=Al Khalid MBT-2000 / Type 2000 Main Battle Tank|publisher=GlobalSecurity.org|accessdate=16 July 2010}}</ref>

China is the largest investor in Pakistan's [[Gwadar]] Deep Sea Port, which is strategically located at the mouth of the [[Strait of Hormuz]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianresearch.org/articles/2528.html|title=Gwadar: China's Naval Outpost on the Indian Ocean|first=Tarique|last=Niazi|date=28 February 2005|accessdate=16 July 2010|publisher=Association for Asian Research}}</ref> It is viewed warily by both America and India as a possible launchpad for the Chinese Navy, giving them the ability to launch submarines and warships in the Indian Ocean. China has recently pledged to invest nearly $43 billion US dollars.

China has offered Pakistan military aid in order to fight against terrorism in Pakistan.{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} Pakistan has purchased military equipment from China in order to bolster their efforts{{clarify|date=June 2013}} against militants.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.zeenews.com/news439060.html|title=China offers Pakistan military aid to fight terrorism|date=26 April 2008|accessdate=16 July 2010|publisher=[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee News Ltd]]}}</ref>

{{Quote box
|quote = If you love China, love Pakistan too.
|source = [[Li Keqiang]], [[Premier of the People's Republic of China]]<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-22650591 China media: Li Keqiang's Pakistan visit]</ref>
|width = 25%
|align = left
}}
In the past, China has played a major role in the development of Pakistan's nuclear infrastructure, especially when increasingly stringent export controls in [[Western countries]] made it difficult for Pakistan to acquire plutonium and uranium enriching equipment from elsewhere such as the Chinese help in building the [[Khushab]] reactor, which plays a key role in Pakistan's production of plutonium. A subsidiary of the [[China National Nuclear Corporation]] contributed in Pakistan's efforts to expand its uranium enrichment capabilities by providing 5,000 custom made ring magnets, which are a key component of the bearings that facilitate the high-speed rotation of centrifuges. China has also provided technical and material support in the completion of the [[Chashma Nuclear Power Complex]] and plutonium reprocessing facility, which was built in the mid-1990s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/pakistan/nuke/|title=Pakistan Nuclear Weapons: A Brief History of Pakistan's Nuclear Program|date=11 December 2002|accessdate=16 July 2010|work=Strategic Security Project|publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]]}}</ref> China has become increasing concerned about al-Qaeda linked [[Terrorism in Pakistan|terrorism originating in Pakistan]] and sought help to set up military bases on Pakistani soil to deal with the problem.<ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/china-seeks-military-bases-in-paks-restive-tribal-region/articleshow/10497288.cms "China seeks military bases in Pak's restive tribal region."] ''PTI'', 26 October 2011.</ref>

On January 26, 2015, Chinese Foreign Minister [[Wang Yi (politician)|Wang Yi]] during a conclusion of a two-day visit of [[Raheel Sharif]] to [[Beijing]] called Pakistan China's 'irreplaceable, all-weather friend'. Sharif also met [[Yu Zhengsheng]], [[Meng Jianzhu]] and [[Xu Qiliang]].<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/827836/coas-visit-chinese-foreign-minister-terms-pakistan-chinas-irreplaceable-friend/ Pakistan an 'irreplaceable' friend, Chinese foreign minister tells army chief]</ref> On April 19, 2015, China concluded sale of eight conventional [[submarines]] worth $5bn, biggest ever arms sale by China in its history.<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/world/xi-jinpings-sale-of-submarines-to-pakistan-raises-risk-of-indian-ocean-nuclear-clash-20150418-1mnt6i.html Xi Jinping's sale of submarines to Pakistan raises risk of Indian Ocean nuclear clash]</ref>

==Economic relations==
{{See also|China–Pakistan Free Trade Agreement}}
[[File:Zong 4G1.jpg|[[Zong (mobile network operator)|Zong]] is Pakistan's first 4G operator|thumbnail]]
Economic trade between Pakistan and China is increasing at a rapid pace and a free trade agreement has recently been signed. Military and technological transactions continue to dominate the economic relationship between the two nations, although in recent years China has pledged to vastly increase their investment in Pakistan's economy and infrastructure. Among other things, China has been helping to develop Pakistan's infrastructure through the building of power plants, roads and communication nodes. Current trade between both countries is at $9 billion, making China the largest trade partner of Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/688389/top-ten-trading-partners |title=Top ten trading partners |publisher=Dawn |date=15 January 2012}}</ref>

Both countries are keen on strengthening the economic ties between the two, and have promised to 'propel' cross-border trade. This has led to investment in Pakistan's nascent financial and energy sectors, amidst a surge of Chinese investment designed to strengthen ties. Pakistan has in turn been granted free trade zones in China.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-09/10/content_12031914.htm|title=China, Pakistan service trade agreement to take effect next month|date=10 September 2009|accessdate=16 July 2010|publisher=Xinhua}}</ref>

The economic relationship between Pakistan and China is composed primarily of Chinese investment in Pakistani interests. China's increasing economic clout has enabled a wide variety of projects to be sponsored in Pakistan through Chinese credit. Pakistani investment in China is also encouraged, and cross-border trade remains fluid.<ref name="articles.cnn.com"/>

In 2011 China Kingho Group canceled a $19 billion mining deal because of security concerns.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/8799596/US-finds-new-friend-in-Uzbekistan-after-Pakistan-fallout.html "US finds new friend in Uzbekistan after Pakistan fallout."] ''Telegraph Media Group Limited'', 30 September 2011.</ref>

On 26 April, ''[[China Mobile]]'' announced $1 billion of investment in [[Pakistan]] in telecommunication infrastructure and training of its officials within a period of three years.<ref>[http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/04/24/city/karachi/china-mobile-to-invest-1b-in-pakistan/ China Mobile to invest $ 1b in Pakistan]</ref> The announcement came a day after China Mobile subsidy [[Zong Pakistan|Zong]] emerged as the highest bidder in the 3G auction, claiming a 10 MHz 3G band licence, qualifying for the 4G licence.<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/699257/spectrum-auction-live-updates/ Next-generation licence: Govt raises over $1.1 billion in spectrum auction]</ref>

On 22 April 2015, According to ''[[China Daily]]'', China released its first overseas investment project under the [[One Belt, One Road]] for developing a hydropower station near [[Jhelum]].<ref>[http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2015-04/22/content_20508778.htm Silk Road Fund makes first investment]</ref>

===China–Pakistan Economic Corridor===
{{main article|China–Pakistan Economic Corridor}}
[[File:Gwadar Port.jpg|framepx200|right|thumb|Gwadar Port.]]
Pak-China Economic Corridor is under construction. It will connect Pakistan with China and the Central Asian countries with highway connecting [[Kashgar]] to [[Khunjerab Pass|Khunjerab]] and [[Gwadar]].<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/591372/boosting-trade-pak-china-economic-corridor-plan-gets-premiers-go-ahead/</ref> [[Gwadar port]] in southern Pakistan will serve as the trade nerve center for China, as most of its trade especially that of oil will be done through the port, which is operated by the China Overseas Port Holding Company, a state-owned Chinese company.<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/589268/pak-china-ties-gawadar-port-one-part-of-a-larger-plan/ Pak-China ties: Gawadar port one part of a larger plan]</ref> Currently, sixty percent of China’s oil must be transported by ship from the [[Persian Gulf]] to the only commercial port in China, Shanghai, a distance of more than 16,000 kilometres. The journey takes two to three months, during which time the ships are vulnerable to pirates, bad weather, political rivals and other risks. Using Gwadar port instead would reduce the distance and possibly the cost. However currently there is no plan to provide an oil pipeline to China and the Gwadar port lacks the ability to offload or store oil.

==Views==
{{externalvideo|video1=[http://money.cnn.com/2015/04/20/news/economy/pakistan-china-aid-infrastucture/ Pakistan lands $46 billion investment from China.]}}
The support with which China and Pakistan give each other is considered significant in global diplomacy, and has been compared to [[Israel – United States relations]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Thalif Deen |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2010/10/20101028135728235512.html |title=China: 'Pakistan is our Israel' – Features |publisher=Al Jazeera English |accessdate=13 May 2012}}</ref> According to a Pew survey of Pakistan public opinion in 2010, 84 percent of respondents said they had a favorable view of China and 16 percent had a favorable view of the United States. These results showed that Pakistan is the most pro-China country in the world.{{dubious|date=June 2013}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/12/13/us-pakistan-china-idUSTRE6BC12D20101213 | work=Reuters | title=Pakistan-China ties to be strengthened in Wen visit | date=13 December 2010}}</ref> Similarly, the Chinese state-run media has portrayed Pakistan in a favorable light in regional issues. In 2013, this figure increased to 90% of Pakistanis having a favorable view of China.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://afpak.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/03/25/could_pakistan_bridge_the_us_china_divide?wp_login_redirect=0 |title=Could Pakistan bridge the U.S.-China divide? - by Ziad Haider | The AfPak Channel |publisher=Afpak.foreignpolicy.com |date=2013-03-25 |accessdate=2013-05-23}}</ref>

Pakistan and China have long praised the close ties the two countries have with each other. China has been referred to by Pakistani President [[Pervez Musharraf]] as their "time-tested and all-weather friend", while in return Chinese president Hu Jintao has referred to Pakistan as "a good friend and partner".<ref name="cbsnews.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/04/16/world/main4018992.shtml | work=CBS | title=Olympic Torch Hits China-Friendly Pakistan | date=11 February 2009}}</ref> These statements are noted by some observers as occurring after Pakistani relations with the United States or India have become strained, such as after [[Osama Bin Laden]] was killed by American forces without Pakistan's prior permission.<ref name="articles.cnn.com"/>

On July 2013, ''[[Pew Research Center]]'' as part of their ''Global Attitudes Project'' declared [[Pakistan]] to have the most positive view of China in the world, according to the research 81% of Pakistanis responded favorable to China. On the other hand, only 11% of Pakistanis had favorable view on [[United States]], lowest in the world.<ref>http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/33/country/166/</ref><ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/579055/pakistanis-increasingly-view-china-as-postive-over-us/ Pakistanis increasingly view China as positive over US]</ref>

{{Quote box
|quote = Pakistan, with its strategic position, natural resources and warm-water ports, has long been an ally of Beijing. The Chinese see the south Asian state, the closest they have to a friend both in south Asia and in the Islamic world, as important to the security and development of their western, predominantly Muslim provinces, and as a useful aide in efforts to counter the influence of India. In recent years, links have grown closer.
|source = ''[[The Guardian]]''<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/mar/22/china-pakistan Pakistan kept sweet by China's money – and shared strategic interests]</ref>
|width = 70%
|align = center
}}

The author of the book ''[[The China-Pakistan Axis: Asia's New Geopolitics]]'' concludes the book by connecting the bilateral relationship to broader themes in Chinese foreign policy. According to the author, on the one hand, Pakistan is both a Chinese pawn (against India) and platform for power projection, but there are limits to this approach. For instance, as Small notes, 'Beijing's counterterrorism strategy has been essentially parasitic on the United States being a more important target for transnational militant groups than China'. It's unclear how long that can last.'<ref>[http://www.lowyinterpreter.org/post/2015/01/21/Book-review-China-Pakistan-Axis-Asias-New-Geopolitics-andrew-small.aspx Book review: The China-Pakistan Axis]</ref>

{{Quote box
|quote = if there were recriminations they were not made public. Indeed China's ties with Pakistan, which were established during Mao's rule and are based on shared hostility towards India, thrive on many common interests. A long history of secret deals between their two armies--overrides the problems with Islamic extremism.
|source = Andrew Small, the author of ''[[The China-Pakistan Axis: Asia's New Geopolitics]]''<ref>[http://www.businessinsider.com/china-and-pakistan-are-geopolitical-friends-2015-1 China And Pakistan Are Geopolitical Friends]</ref>
|width = 70%
|align = center
}}

==Issues==

The [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement|ETIM]] is a [[Waziristan|Waziri]] based mujahedeen organization that is said to be allied with the [[Taliban]],<ref>http://waziristanhills.com/Taliban/MilitantOrganizations/EastTurkistanIslamicMovementETIM/tabid/141/language/en-GB/Default.aspx</ref> As these militants are labeled as terrorists from the Chinese province of [[Xinjiang]], Pakistan's inability to prevent this is a potential source of conflict.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Politics/03-Jun-2009/Hu-Jintao-urges-Zardari-to-crush-ETIM-extremists |title=Hu Jintao urges Zardari to crush ETIM extremists |publisher=The Nation |date=3 June 2009 |accessdate=13 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/12/13/us-pakistan-china-idUSTRE6BC12D20101213?pageNumber=2 | work=Reuters | title=Pakistan-China ties to be strengthened in Wen visit | date=13 December 2010}}</ref>

==Timeline==
[[File:Pakistan embassy Beijing.jpg|framepx200|right|thumb|Pakistan embassy in [[Beijing]], China.]]
[[File:PRC Towers and PNSC Building Karachi.jpg|framepx200|right|thumb|People Republic of China '''PRC''' Tower in Karachi (left) has offices of many Chinese corporations.]]
Important events:
: '''1950''' – Pakistan becomes the third non-communist country, and first Muslim one, to recognize the People's Republic of China.
: '''1951''' – Beijing and [[Karachi]] establish diplomatic relations.
: '''1963''' – Pakistan cedes the Trans-Karakoram Tract to China, ending border disputes.
: '''1970''' – Pakistan helps the U.S. arrange the [[1972 Nixon visit to China]].
: '''1978''' – The [[Karakoram Highway]] linking the mountainous [[Northern Pakistan]] with Western China officially opens.
: '''1980'''s – China and the U.S. provide support through Pakistan to the [[Afghan mujahideen#Afghanistan|Afghan guerillas]] fighting [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] forces.
: '''1986''' – China and Pakistan reach a comprehensive nuclear co-operation agreement.
: '''1996''' – Chinese President [[Jiang Zemin]] pays a state visit to Pakistan.
: '''1999''' – A 300-megawatt nuclear power plant, built with Chinese help in [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab province]], is completed.
: '''2001''' – A joint-ventured Chinese-Pakistani tank, the [[MBT-2000]] (Al-Khalid) MBT is completed.
: '''2002''' – The building of the [[Gwadar]] deep sea port begins, with China as the primary investor.
: '''2003''' – Pakistan and China signed a $110 million contract for the construction of a housing project on Multan Road in Lahore<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/2004/12/16/top5.htm|title=China, Pakistan sign 7 accords in vital sectors: •Oil, gas exploration •high-level trade •Gwadar port improvement|author=Khan, Bahzad Alam|date=16 December 2004|accessdate=16 July 2010|publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref>
: '''2007''' – The [[People's Republic of China|Sino-]]Pakistani joint-ventured [[multirole]] [[fighter aircraft]] – the [[JF-17 Thunder]] (FC-1 Fierce Dragon) is formally rolled out.
:'''2008''' – Pakistan welcomes the Chinese Olympic Torch in an Islamabad sports stadium, under heavy guard amidst security concerns.<ref name="cbsnews.com"/>
:'''2008''' – China and Pakistan sign a free trade agreement.
:'''2008''' – Pakistan and China to build a railway through the [[Karakoram Highway]], in order to link China's rail network to [[Gwadar Port]].
:'''2008''' – The [[F-22P]] frigate, comes into service with the [[Pakistani Navy]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/brothers-in-arms-china-gives-warship-to-pak/98275-2.html|title=Brothers in 'arms'? China gives warship to Pak|date=31 July 2009|accessdate=16 July 2010|work=[[Press Trust of India]]|publisher=[[CNN-IBN|IBN Live]]}}</ref>
:'''2009''' – The [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] arrest several suspected [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]] terrorists seeking refuge in Pakistan.
:'''2010''' – Pakistan and China conduct a joint anti-terrorism drill.
:'''2010''' – China donates $260 million in dollars to flood hit Pakistan and sends 4 military rescue helicopters to assist in rescue operations.
:'''2010''' – [[Wen Jiabao]] visits Pakistan. More than 30 billion dollars worth of deals were signed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://dailytimespakistan.com/china-pm-inaugurates-pak-china-friendship-centre/|title=Gilani, Jiabao inaugurate Pak-China Friendship Centre|date=18 December 2010|accessdate=30 December 2010|publisher=[[Associated Press of Pakistan|APP]]|first=APP|last=Express}}</ref>
:'''2011''' – Pakistan is expected to buy air-to-air SD 10 missiles from China for its 250 JF 17 thunder fighter fleet
:'''2013''' – Management of [[Gwadar port]] is handed over to state-run Chinese Overseas Port Holdings after previously being managed by Singapore’s PSA International,<ref>[http://dawn.com/2013/02/07/decision-to-hand-over-gwadar-port-to-china-worries-india/ "Decision to hand over Gwadar port to China worries India"], ''[[Dawn (newspaper)]]'', 7 February 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.</ref> and it becomes a matter of ''great concern'' for India.<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/503373/india-concerned-over-china-running-gwadar-port/ "India 'concerned' over China running Gwadar port"], ''[[The Express Tribune]]'', 6 February 2013. Retrieved on 13 February 2013.</ref>
:'''2013''' – Chinese Premier Li Keqiang visits Pakistan. Trade between China and Pakistan hit a 12-month figure of $12 billion for the first time in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/article-101959-Chinese-PM-begins-Pakistan-visit |title=Chinese PM begins Pakistan visit |publisher=Thenews.com.pk |date=2013-05-16 |accessdate=2013-05-23}}</ref>
:'''2013''' – On 5 July 2013, Pakistan and China approved the '''Pak-China Economic corridor''' which will link Pakistan’s [[Gwadar Port]] on the [[Arabian Sea]] and Kashghar in [[Xinjiang]] in northwest China. The [[$]]18 billion project will also includes the construction of a 200km-long tunnel.<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/572857/china-pakistan-friendship-sweeter-than-honey-nawaz/ Development projects: Nawaz signs $18 bn tunnel deal with China]</ref><ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/591372/boosting-trade-pak-china-economic-corridor-plan-gets-premiers-go-ahead/ Boosting trade: Pak-China economic corridor plan gets premier’s go-ahead]</ref>
:'''2013''' – On 24 December 2013, China announced a commitment $6.5 billion to finance the construction of a major nuclear power project in [[Karachi]], the project which will have two reactors with a capacity of 1,100 megawatts each.<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/649908/china-commits-6-5-billion-for-nuclear-project-in-pakistan/ China commits $6.5 billion for nuclear project in Pakistan- The Express Tribune]</ref>
:'''2014''' – Chinese Premier announced investment of $31.5 billion in Pakistan mainly in countries energy, infrastructure and port expansion for [[Gwadar]]. According to ''[[The Express Tribune]]'' initially projects worth $15–20 billion will be started which include Lahore-Karachi motorway, Gwadar Port expansion and energy sector projects will be launched in [[Gadani]] and six coal projects near [[Thar coalfield]]. The newspaper further claimed that the government has also handed over to Pakistan Army the task of providing fool-proof security to Chinese officials in [[Balochistan, Pakistan]] in a bid to address [[Beijing]]’s concerns and execute the investment plan in the province, which will get 38% of the funds.<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/683281/balochistan-to-receive-big-slice-of-chinese-funds/ Balochistan to receive big slice of Chinese funds]</ref>
:'''2014''' – On 22 May 2014, The governments of Pakistan and China on Thursday signed an agreement to start a metro train project in Lahore, Express News reported. The 27.1 kilometres long track – named Orange Line – will be built at the cost of $1.27 billion.<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/711614/pakistan-china-sign-lahore-metro-train-agreement/ Pakistan, China sign Lahore metro train agreement]</ref>
:'''2014''' – On 8 November 2014, Pakistan and China signed 19 agreements particularly relating to [[China–Pakistan Economic Corridor]], China pledged a total investment worth of $42 billion. While Pakistan pledged to help China in its fight concerning the [[Xinjiang conflict]].<ref>[http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/11/08/national/pakistan-wins-42b-chinese-investment/ Pakistan wins $42b Chinese investment]</ref>
:'''2015''' – On 20 April 2015, Chinese President Xi Jinping, accompanied by the First Lady and a delegation of high-level officials and businessmen, visits Pakistan. It is the first visit to Pakistan by a Chinese president after a gap of 9 years and the first foreign trip of Xi in 2015. 51 Memorandums of Understanding are signed, including the plan of "Pakistan China Economic Corridor".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1177109/economic-corridor-in-focus-as-pakistan-china-sign-51-mous |title=Economic corridor in focus as Pakistan, China sign 51 MoUs |publisher=DAWN News |date=20 April 2015 |accessdate=20 April 2015}}</ref>
:'''2015''' – Pakistan began circulating the Rs. 20 coin with the Pakistan and China flags to commemorate the countries' lasting friendship.

==See also==
{{Portal|China|Pakistan|International relations}}
* [[Pakistan Embassy College Beijing]]
* [[Hong Kong–Pakistan relations]]

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last1=Small|first1=Andrew|title=The China-Pakistan Axis: Asia's New Geopolitics|date=2015|publisher=Hurst|location=London|isbn=1849043418|pages=288|edition=1|url=http://www.andrewsmall.org}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Cardenal|first1=Juan Pablo|authorlink1=Juan Pablo Cardenal|last2=Araújo|first2=Heriberto|authorlink2=Heriberto Araújo |title=La silenciosa conquista china |location=Barcelona|publisher=Crítica|year=2011|url=https://books.google.com/?id=jQ2fvBVpQpYC |pages=247ff|isbn=9788498922578|language=es}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://blogs.reuters.com/india-expertzone/2012/01/20/the-limits-of-the-pakistan-china-alliance/ The limits of the Pakistan-China alliance]
*[https://www.youtube.com/v/Ogqj5UZiWEs&list=UURPwLKbd4S960c7hkYVNahQ&index=1&feature=plcp China hints at ally Pakistan's hand in Xinjiang unrest]
*[http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-02-12/news/31052205_1_china-pakistan-relationship-countries-trade-and-business-relationship Ahmed Rashid on the Sino-Pakistani relationship]
*[http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/coe21/publish/no16_1_ses/11_rahman.pdf Eager Eyes Fixed on Eurasia Russia and Its Neighbors in Crisis Russia and Its Neighbors in Crisis, Edited by IWASHITA Akihiro, Slavic Research Center]
*[http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSISL9262520061124 CHRONOLOGY-Main events in Chinese-Pakistani relations]
*[http://www.hindustantimes.com/audio-news-video/AV-World/Pakistan-trained-militants-pose-a-threat-to-Xinjiang/Article2-841360.aspx Xinjiang-Pakistan]

{{China–Pakistan relations}}
{{Foreign relations of China}}
{{Foreign relations of Pakistan}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:China-Pakistan Relations}}
[[Category:China–Pakistan relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of China|Pakistan]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Pakistan]]

Cody Walker (Schauspieler)

2017-04-18T17:34:03Z

TwoTwoHello: Reverted edits by 85.139.222.145 (talk) to last version by PenguinsElite

{{about|the actor|the poet|Cody Walker (poet)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Cody Walker
| image = Cody Walker.png
| caption = Walker at the 2016 Game4Paul event
| birth_name = Cody Beau Walker
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1988|6|13}}
| birth_place = [[Los Angeles County, California]], U.S.
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2013–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Felicia Knox|2015}}
| relatives = [[Paul Walker]] {{small|(brother)}} Caleb Walker {{small|(brother)}} Meadow Walker {{small|(niece)}}
}}

'''Cody Beau Walker''' (born June 13, 1988) is an American actor. He started his career in the 2015 blockbuster ''[[Furious 7]]'', in which he helped complete the scenes for his late brother, [[Paul Walker|Paul]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Andriakos|first1=Jacqueline|title=Paul Walker's Brother Cody Walker on Furious 7: 'I Think Paul Would Be Proud'|url=http://www.people.com/article/paul-walker-younger-brother-cody-furious-7-premiere|accessdate=July 11, 2015|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|date=April 2, 2015}}</ref>

==Early life==
Walker was born in [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County]], California, to Cheryl (''[[née]]'' Crabtree) and Paul William Walker III. He has four older siblings: [[Paul Walker|Paul]], Caleb, Ashlie, and Amie. He graduated from the [[University of California, Santa Barbara]].<ref name="nydailynews">{{cite news|last1=Caulfield|first1=Philip|title=Paul Walker’s brother, Cody Walker, pursuing Hollywood career after 'Furious 7|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/movies/paul-walker-brother-cody-pursuing-acting-career-report-article-1.2170834|accessdate=July 11, 2015|work=[[New York Daily News]]|date=April 2, 2015}}</ref>

==Career==
Walker made his acting debut in the low-budget 2013 horror film ''[[Abandoned Mine]]'', portraying the role of Thomas; the film was not successful.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 'Abandoned Mine' Clips Featuring 'Repo's' Alexa Vega! -|url = http://bloody-disgusting.com/news/3247618/abandoned-mine-clips-featuring-repos-alexa-vega/|website = Bloody Disgusting!|accessdate = 2017-04-15|language = en-US}}</ref>

He appeared in ''[[Furious 7]]'' after his brother Paul died on November 30, 2013 in a [[single-vehicle accident]]. Cody and Caleb both stepped in to help finish their brother's scenes as [[Brian O'Conner]] in the movie, which was still filming at the time of Paul's death.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Reagan Alexander|first1=Melody Chiu|title=Paul Walker's Brother Cody Speaks Out: 'He Was Fearless'|url=http://www.people.com/article/paul-walker-brother-cody-continuing-legacy|accessdate=July 11, 2015|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|date=May 13, 2015}}</ref>

After his appearance in ''Furious 7'', Cody Walker decided to pursue acting, continuing Paul's legacy.<ref name="nydailynews"/><ref name="RFord"/> He appears in the [[World War II]] film ''[[USS Indianapolis: Men of Courage]]'' (2016).

Walker will make his major role debut in the upcoming horror film ''The Tunche'', which will be released on 28 July 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Tunche (2017) - IMDb|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt6233536/|publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]]|accessdate=15 April 2017}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Walker, who is a trained paramedic, is also a brand manager for his brother's charity foundation, Reach Out Worldwide, which helps emergency responders gain entry to disaster-stricken areas around the world.<ref name="RFord">{{cite news|last1=Ford|first1=Rebecca|title=Paul Walker's Brother Pursuing Acting Career|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/paul-walkers-brother-pursuing-acting-785939|accessdate=July 11, 2015|work=[[Hollywood Reporter]]|date=April 1, 2015}}</ref> On August 15, 2015, Walker married longtime girlfriend Felicia Knox.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Seemayer |first1=Zach |title=Paul Walker's Brother Cody Walker is Married! |url=http://www.etonline.com/news/170076_paul_walker_brother_cody_is_married/ |accessdate=August 17, 2015 |work=[[Entertainment Tonight]] |agency=[[CBS|CBS Studios Inc.]] ([[CBS Television Distribution]]) |date=August 16, 2015 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6aqtRbrNQ?url=http://www.etonline.com/news/170076_paul_walker_brother_cody_is_married/ |archivedate=August 17, 2015 |location=United States |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Abandoned Mine]]''
| Thomas
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Furious 7]]''
| [[Brian O'Conner]]
| Stand-in for [[Paul Walker]]
|-
| 2016
| ''[[USS Indianapolis: Men of Courage]]''
| Lt. James West
|
|-
| 2016
| ''In The Rough''
| Blake McCracken
| Television programme
|-
| 2017
| ''The Tunche''
| Seven Tim
| Pre-production
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm3132733}}
*{{facebook|codywalker}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Walker, Cody}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Los Angeles County, California]]
[[Category:Male actors from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:University of California, Santa Barbara alumni]]
[[Category:American male film actors]]

{{US-film-actor-1980s-stub}}

Akida

2017-01-13T10:24:14Z

TwoTwoHello: Reverted 4 edits by 213.241.37.3 (talk) to last revision by I dream of horses. (TW)

{{about||an Islamic term meaning creed|Aqidah|the story of the binding of Isaac|Akedah}}
{{Underlinked|date=September 2016}}

'''Akida''' was a title of indigenous rural officials in Tanganyika.<ref name=jeppie>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c3JX-BaTy2EC&pg=PA275|pages=275–276|title=Muslim Family Law in Sub-Saharan Africa: Colonial Legacies and Post-colonial Challenges|editors=Shamil Jeppie, Ebrahim Moosa, Richard L. Roberts|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|year=2010}}</ref> During the [[German East Africa]]n rule, the Germans adopted the title from pre-colonial Zanzibar-based administration, investing it with greater power.<ref name=jeppie/> Under German rule, akidas headed administrative units overseeing several small countryside chiefs (called ''jumbe'') and functioned as tax collectors, policemen, and lower judges.<ref name=jeppie/> Their judicial role was recognized under the British colonial administration which took over from Germans following World War I.<ref name=jeppie/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:History of German East Africa]]

{{Germany-hist-stub}}
{{africa-hist-stub}}

Japanophilie

2017-01-04T13:07:36Z

TwoTwoHello: Reverted 1 edit by 195.225.189.78 (talk) to last revision by AgnosticPreachersKid. (TW)

[[File:Lafcadio Hearn portrait.jpg|right|thumb|[[Lafcadio Hearn]], aka Koizumi Yakumo, a notable scholar and author well known for his strong interest in Japanese culture.]]

'''Japanophilia''' refers to the appreciation and love of Japanese culture, people or history.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Japanophile|encyclopedia=Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged|year=200|publisher= Merriam-Webster|quote= one who especially admires and likes Japan or Japanese ways|url=http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com|accessdate=2016-02-21}}</ref> In Japanese, the term for Japanophile is {{nihongo|"shinnichi"|親日}}, with "親" {{nihongo|"shin"|しん}} equivalent to the English prefix 'pro-', and "日" {{nihongo|"nichi"|にち}}, meaning "Japanese" (as in the word for Japan {{nihongo|"Nihon"|日本}}). The term was first used as early as the 18th century, switching in scope over time.

==History==
===Early usage===

The term "Japanophile" traces back to the late 18th and early 19th centuries before Japan became more open to foreign trade. [[Carl Peter Thunberg]] and [[Philipp Franz von Siebold]] helped introduce Japanese flora, artworks, and other objects to Europe which spiked interest.<ref>{{cite book|title=William and Henry Walters, the Reticent Collectors|author=William R. Johnston|year=1999|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=0-8018-6040-7|page=76}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Topsy-Turvy 1585|author=Robin D. Gill|year=2004|publisher=Paraverse Press|isbn=0-9742618-1-5|page=25}}</ref> [[Lafcadio Hearn]], an Irish-Greek author who made his home in Japan in the 19th century, was described as "a confirmed Japanophile" by [[Tuttle Publishing|Charles E. Tuttle Company]] in their forewords to several of his books.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lafcadio Hearn|first= Heather|last= Hale|newspaper=Japanfile, the Website of [[Kansai Time Out]] Magazine|date=September 1990|url= http://www.japanfile.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=139|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305210917/http://japanfile.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=139 |archivedate=2016-03-05 }}</ref>

===20th century===

In the first decade of the 20th century, several British writers lauded Japan. In 1904, for example, [[Beatrice Webb]] wrote that Japan was a "rising star of human self-control and enlightenment", praising the "innovating collectivism" of the Japanese, and the "uncanny" purposefulness and open-mindedness of its "enlightened professional elite." [[H. G. Wells]] similarly named the élite of his ''[[A Modern Utopia]]'' "samurai". In part this was a result of the decline of British industrial primacy, with Japan and Germany rising comparatively. Germany was seen as a threat close to hand, but Japan was seen as a potential ally. The British sought efficiency as the solution to issues of productivity, and after the publication of [[Alfred Stead]]'s 1906 book ''Great Japan: A Study of National Efficiency'', pundits in Britain looked to Japan for lessons. This interest however, ended with [[World War I]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Parallax Visions: Making Sense of American-East Asian Relations|author=Bruce Cumings
|chapter=Archaeology, Descent, Emergence: American Mythology and East Asian Reality|year=1999|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=0-8223-2924-7|page=25}}</ref>

===21st century===

In the early 2000s, words associating themselves with [[Japanese popular culture]] have acquired derogatory connotations. The term '''wapanese''' (from ''white Japanese'', or possibly also ''wannabe Japanese'') first came out in 2002 as a term used to describe a white person who is obsessed with Japanese culture, which includes [[manga]], [[hentai]] and [[anime]]. The term '''weeaboo''' (or ''weeb'' later, compare ''[[wikt:dweeb|dweeb]]'') came from a comic strip created by [[Nicholas Gurewitch]] in which the term had no meaning other than it was something unpleasant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.japanpowered.com/otaku-culture/am-i-a-weeaboo-what-does-weeaboo-mean-anyway|title=Am I a Weeaboo? What does Weeaboo Mean Anyway?|publisher=Japan Powered|author=Chris Kincaid|date=2015-08-30|accessdate=2016-02-21}}</ref> According to an unpublished MA thesis, [[4chan]] quickly picked up the word, and applied it in an abusive way in place of the already existing wapanese term.<ref>{{cite web|last=Davis|first=Jesse Christian|title=Japanese animation in America and its fans|url=http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/8736/thesis.pdf|accessdate=12 December 2015}}</ref> It is debatable whether ''weeaboo'' has the same meaning as the Japanese term ''[[otaku]]'' (people with obsessive interests). ''Frog-kun'' from [[Crunchyroll]] states that what it means to be an otaku is hindered by [[cultural appropriation]], and that some [[Western culture|westerners]] believe that the word ''Otaku'' can only be used to describe a Japanese person.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-feature/2016/08/22/feature-found-in-translation-the-evolution-of-the-word-otaku-part-1|title=FEATURE: Found in Translation - The Evolution of the Word “Otaku” [PART 1]|publisher=[[Crunchyroll]]|author=Frog-kun|date=August 22, 2016|accessdate=August 26, 2016}}</ref> In a blog post on [[Anime News Network]], Justin Sevakis gives a difference between the two, saying that there is nothing wrong with loving Japanese culture. He points out that a person only becomes a ''weeaboo'' when they start to be obnoxious, immature, and ignorant about the culture they love.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/answerman/2014-08-22/.77818|title=Nobody Loves the Weeaboo|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|author=Justin Sevakis|date=August 22, 2014|accessdate=March 10, 2016}}</ref> Rocket News 24 did a number of interviews with Japanese citizens asking them what they thought of "weeaboos". A "general consensus" was that they felt that any foreign interest in Japan was a good thing, and that ignorance might over time become understanding of their culture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rocketnews24.com/2016/04/07/what-do-japanese-people-think-of-weeaboos%E3%80%90video%E3%80%91/|title=What do Japanese people think of “weeaboos”?【Video】|publisher=Rocket News 24|author=evie lund|date=Apr 7, 2016|accessdate=May 30, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.rocketnews24.com/2016/04/21/japanese-people-react-to-weeaboo-cringe-videos-on-youtube/|title=Japanese people react to “weeaboo cringe videos” on YouTube【Video】|publisher=Rocket News 24|author=evie lund|date=Apr 21, 2016|accessdate=May 30, 2016}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Japan}}
* [[Japanization]]
* [[Japanification]]: cultural assimilation into Japanese society
* [[Japonism]]
* [[Japanese studies]]
* [[Cool Japan]]
* [[Japan Expo]]
* [[Anime and manga fandom]]
* [[Orientalism]]
* [[Sinophile]]
* [[Korean Wave]]
* [[Taiwanese Wave]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cultural appreciation}}

[[Category:Japanese culture]]
[[Category:Japan in non-Japanese culture]]
[[Category:Admiration of foreign cultures]]
[[Category:Japanese subcultures]]
[[Category:Asian culture]]
[[Category:Orientalism by type]]
[[Category:Japanese nationalism]]

Missbrauchsskandal von Rochdale

2017-01-03T13:11:35Z

TwoTwoHello: Undid revision 758095520 by 78.33.162.202 (talk) it's not helpful to link common words

{{User:RMCD bot/subject notice|1=Rochdale child sex abuse case (2012)|2=Talk:Oxford sex gang#Requested move 18 December 2016 }}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}}
The '''Rochdale sex trafficking gang''' preyed on under-age white teenage girls in [[Rochdale]], Greater Manchester, England. Gang members were convicted of [[sex trafficking]] and other offences including rape, trafficking girls for sex and conspiracy to engage in sexual activity with a child, on 8 May 2012.<ref name=Telegraph/> Forty-seven girls were identified as victims of [[Child sexual abuse|child sexual exploitation]] during the police investigation.<ref name=Respected/><ref name=BBC120508/><ref name=teleg120508/> The men were [[British Pakistanis]] except for one [[Afghans in the United Kingdom|Afghani]] which led to discussion on whether the failure to investigate them was linked to the authorities' fear of being accused of racism.<ref name=week120928/> The girls were mainly [[white British]].<ref name=week120928/> In March 2015, [[Greater Manchester Police]] apologised for its failure to investigate the child sexual exploitation allegations more thoroughly between 2008 and 2010.<ref name=bbc130315>{{cite news|title=Police 'sorry' over Rochdale child sex abuse failures|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-31857066|accessdate=13 March 2015|work=BBC News|date=13 March 2015}}</ref>

==Gang members==
Twelve men were charged with [[sex trafficking]] and other offences including rape, trafficking girls for sex and conspiracy to engage in sexual activity with a child. Of the nine men convicted, eight were of British Pakistani origin and one was an Afghan [[asylum-seeker]]; of the three not convicted, one was cleared of all charges, the jury was unable to reach a verdict in the case of the second, and the third was not present at the trial after fleeing to Pakistan while on bail.<ref name=Telegraph/><ref name=Vulnerable/> Most of the men were married and well-respected within their community.<ref name=Respected/> One gang member convicted of sex trafficking was a religious studies teacher at a mosque and a married father of five. The men were aged between 24 and 59 and all knew each other. Two worked for the same taxi firm and another two worked at a takeaway restaurant; some came from the same village in Pakistan and another pair shared a flat.<ref name=teleg120509/> The gang worked to secure underage girls for sex.<ref name=sky120509sent/><ref name=sky120509prof/>

==Abuse==
The abuse of under-age white girls that occurred in 2008 and 2009 centered around two [[Take-out|takeaways]] in [[Heywood, Greater Manchester|Heywood]] near Rochdale. Despite one victim going to the police in 2008 to report the grooming, and the detectives involved giving her support, the [[Crown Prosecution Service]] decided not to prosecute two men, invoking the witnesses' credibility. As a result of the CPS dropping the case, the police halted its investigation, which was resumed when a second girl made complaints of a similar nature in December 2009.<ref name=bbcdropped/> The CPS's original decision was overturned in 2011 when a new chief prosecutor for the region, Nazir Afzal, a first generation British-Pakistani,<ref name=indepafzal/> was appointed.<ref name=Respected/>

The victims, vulnerable teenagers from deprived, dysfunctional backgrounds were targeted in "honeypot locations" where young people congregated, such as takeaway food shops. One victim, a 15-year-old known as the Honey Monster, acted as a recruiter, procuring girls as young as 13 for the gang. The victims were coerced and bribed into keeping quiet about the abuse by a combination of alcohol and drugs, food, small sums of money and other gifts.<ref name=Telegraph/><ref name=Respected/>

The oldest member of the gang to be convicted, Shabir Ahmed,<ref name=guardianname/> was for a while the main trafficker of the victims. On one occasion he ordered a girl aged 15 to have sex with a member of the gang, Kabeer Hassan, as a "treat" for his birthday — Hassan then raped the girl.<ref name=guardcon/> Abdul Aziz, a married father of three, took over from Shabir Ahmed as the main trafficker and was paid by various men to supply underage girls for sex.<ref name=guardcon/>

Although some victims willingly had sex with their abusers, others were physically assaulted and raped by as many as five men at a time,<ref name=Telegraph/> or obliged to having sex with "several men in a day, several times a week".<ref name=Vulnerable/> The victims, plied with drugs and alcohol, were passed around friends and family,<ref name=IBT120508/> and taken to various locations in the north of England, including [[Rochdale]], [[Oldham]], [[Nelson, Lancashire|Nelson]], [[Bradford]] and [[Leeds]].<ref name=Telegraph/> The abusers paid small sums of money for the encounters.<ref name=Telegraph/> One 13-year-old victim recounted that, after being forced to have sex in exchange for vodka, her abuser immediately raped her again and gave her £40 to not say anything about the incident.<ref name=IBT120508/> Among the incidents that police recorded were: a 15-year old victim too drunk to recall being raped by 20 men, one after the other; another victim so drunk that she vomited over the side of the bed as she was being raped by two men.<ref name=Respected/> One thirteen-year-old victim had an abortion after becoming pregnant.<ref name=Vulnerable/>

==Trial and sentences==
Some gang members told the court the girls were willing participants and happy having sex with the men. The ring-leader, 59-year-old Shabir Ahmed, claimed the girls were "prostitutes" who had been running a "business empire" and it was all "white lies". He shouted in court, "Where are the white people? You have only got my kind here."<ref name=Respected/><ref name=sky120509sent/> Shabir Ahmed's threatening behaviour and calling Judge Gerald Clifton a "racist bastard" resulted in him being banned from the court for the sentencing hearing.<ref name=guardianname/>

The trial concluded in May 2012 with the nine convictions. Shabir Ahmed<ref name=bbc120621/> received the longest sentence, 19 years for rape, aiding and abetting a rape, sexual assault, trafficking for sexual exploitation and conspiracy to engage in sexual activity with children. Mohammed Sajid was sentenced to 12 years for rape, sexual activity with a girl under 16, trafficking for sexual exploitation and conspiracy to engage in sexual activity with children. Kabeer Hassan was sentenced to nine years for rape and conspiracy to engage in sexual activity with children. Abdul Aziz received a similar sentence nine years (concurrently) for trafficking for sexual exploitation and conspiracy to engage in sexual activity with children. Abdul Rauf was sentenced to six years for trafficking for sexual exploitation and conspiracy to engage in sexual activity with children. Adil Khan was sentenced to eight years for the same offences. Mohammed Amin received a five-year sentence for sexual assault and conspiracy to engage in sexual activity with children. Another five-year sentence was given to Abdul Qayyum for conspiracy to engage in sexual activity with children while Hamid Safi received four years for trafficking for sexual exploitation and conspiracy to engage in sexual activity with children.

==Second sex ring and Operation Doublet==
{{main|Operation Doublet}}
Following the break up of the first sex ring in May 2012, the police made arrests in relation to another child sexual exploitation ring in Rochdale. Nine men between 24 and 38 years old were arrested on suspicion of sexual activity with a child.<ref name=second/> Operation Doublet was launched at the same time as an investigation into [[child grooming]] and sexual abuse in the region. Assistant Chief Constable Steve Heywood said that about 550 officers were working on Operation Doublet in May 2013. He said the investigation was at "an extremely sensitive stage" and street grooming was the force's top priority, "a bigger priority than gun crime". He said the investigation was looking at cases in Rochdale dating back to 2003.<ref name="evening news">{{cite news | url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/local-news/police-vow-arrest-even-more-4002537 | title= Police vow to arrest even more child sex suspects | first = Chris | last = Jones| work = Manchester Evening News | location = Manchester | date = 23 May 2013 | accessdate=4 March 2015 }}</ref>

In March 2015, ten men aged between 26 and 45 were charged with serious sex offences against seven females aged between 13 and 23 at the time. The alleged offences that took place in Rochdale between 2005 and 2013 included rape, conspiracy to rape, inciting a child to engage in sexual activity, sexual activity with a child, and sexual assault.<ref name=bbc31695832>{{cite news | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-31695832| title= Ten men charged over Rochdale child abuse claims | work = BBC News | location = | date = 2 March 2015 | accessdate=4 March 2015 }}</ref>

==Reaction and public debate==
The case raised a serious debate about whether the crimes were racially motivated.<ref name=second/> Suggestions emerged that police and social work departments failed to act when details of the gang emerged for [[Political correctness|fear of appearing racist]], and vulnerable white teenagers being groomed by Pakistani men were ignored.<ref name=timesreport/><ref name=police/><ref name=Asian/> About a dozen more cases involving Asian Muslims in Northern England were investigated.<ref name=dh120628/> A report by the deputy children's commissioner in 2012 said that 33% of child sex abuse by gangs in Britain was committed by [[British Asian]], where Asians are 7% of the population, but concluded that it was "irresponsible" to dwell on the data.<ref name=afp122021/>

[[Ann Cryer]], Labour MP for Keighley, recalled in a BBC documentary filmed in 2012 that she had worked with the families of the victims involved, and had been "round at the police station virtually every week" and was "begging" both the police and social services to do something. Cryer said, "neither the police nor social services would touch those cases...I think it was they were afraid of being called racist."<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b03ghfyp/Quitting_the_English_Defence_League_When_Tommy_Met_Mo/ "Quitting the English Defence League: When Tommy Met Mo"] BBC One, Producer/Director: Amanda McGlynn: video from 18:14. Broadcast 28 October 2013. Accessed 31 October 2013</ref> Cryer had attempted to reach the Muslim community and persuade it to take action: "I went to a friend of mine, who was a local councillor and happened to be a Muslim and therefore able to represent me to the elders, because I thought it was a good move to try to get those elders involved. I hoped that I would be able to persuade the elders to go knocking on doors and say 'this behaviour is un-Islamic and I want it to stop because I'm going to tell the whole community about you and what you’re doing if you don’t'. Now they weren’t prepared to do that."<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b03ghfyp/Quitting_the_English_Defence_League_When_Tommy_Met_Mo/ "Quitting the English Defence League: When Tommy Met Mo"] BBC One: video from 19:13. Broadcast 28 October 2013. Accessed 31 October 2013</ref>

[[Tim Loughton]], the [[Department for Education|Minister for Children and Families]], said that while there was no evidence that ethnic communities condoned child sexual abuse, he was concerned that some had been slow to report it to the police, and urged police and social workers not to allow "political correctness around ethnicity" to hinder their work to apprehend such criminals.<ref name=PCguardian/>

In late-2011 the [[Children's Commissioner for England|Office of the Children's Commissioner]] started a two-year long inquiry into child sexual exploitation by street gangs.<ref name=indegrooming/> The inquiry issued its final report in November 2013.<ref name=Berelowitz /> After members of the Rochdale gang were sentenced, the UK's Department of Education announced new funding for a specialist foster care scheme to protect vulnerable children in residential care, where some victims had been.<ref name=guard120606/>

===''The Times'' report of 5 January 2011===
A report compiled by ''[[The Times]]'' on 5 January 2011, related to convictions for child sex grooming in [[North of England|the North]] and Midlands. Of the 56 offenders convicted since 1997 for crimes relating to on-street grooming of girls aged 11 to 16, three were white, 53 were Asian of which 50 were Muslim, and most were from the British Pakistani community.<ref name=timesreport/> Furthermore, ''The Times'' article alleged: "with the exception of one town there is scant evidence of work being undertaken in British Pakistani communities to confront the problem" of "pimping gangs" largely consisting of "members of the British Pakistani community".<ref name=timesreport/>

The findings have been questioned by researchers Ella Cockbain and Helen Brayley, from whose work for the [[UCL Jill Dando Institute|UCL Jill Dando Institute of Security and Crime Science]] ''The Times'' report had drawn much of its evidence.<ref name=jillguard/> "The citations are correct but they have been taken out of context," Cockbain told ''The Independent''; "Nor do they acknowledge the small sample size of the original research, which focused on just two large cases." Cockbain and Brayley expressed concern that "findings were being overextended from a small, geographically concentrated sample to characterise an entire crime type".<ref name=indegrooming/>

===Coalition for the Removal of Pimping===
Hilary Willmer, representing a Leeds-based support group for parents of sexually exploited girls, the Coalition for the Removal of Pimping (Crop), was quoted as saying "The vast majority [of] perpetrators are Pakistani Asians",<ref name=jillguard/> with sources inside Crop claiming a percentage as high as 80 per cent although, ''The Independent'' noted, "Kurdish, Romanian and Albanian gangs were also involved". Willmer added: "We think this is the tip of the iceberg", although she cautioned against treating the matter as a race crime. "It's a criminal thing."<ref name=jillguard/> By May 2012, according to ''The Independent'', Crop had "gone suddenly silent" concerning the percentage of abusers of Asian origin who had come to the organisation's attention: Willmer explained to the paper: "We've been accused of being a cover for the [[British National Party|BNP]]".<ref name=indegrooming/>

===Child protection organisations===
In 2011 the [[Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre]] launched a five-month long investigation into whether there was a link between racial profile and the crime of underage grooming. The organisation defined underage grooming as any situation where a child or young person received a gift in exchange for sexual favours. It drew statistics from organisations such as Barnardo's but the findings were considered inconclusive by expert academics because not all the figures had been compiled in the same way and ethnicity had not always been noted with each reported crime.<ref name=indegrooming/> Ella Cockbain and Helen Brayley pointed out, "There is no criminal offence of 'on-street grooming' and as a result it is very difficult to measure the extent of the crime based on court statistics."<ref name=indegrooming/> Further research has been pursued since late 2011 by the Office of the Children's Commissioner.<ref name=indegrooming/>

Wendy Shepherd, child sexual exploitation project manager for Barnardo's in the north of England, said that since she started working with the organisation, there has been "a shift from the men selling children in ones or twos to something that is much more organised in groups and networks. The networks of men come from different backgrounds: in the North and Midlands many have been British Asians; in Devon it was white men; in Bath and Bristol, Afro-Caribbeans; in London, all ethnic mixes, whites, Iraqis, Kurds, Afghans, Somalis.” She noted that white male predators on the street tend to work alone. She added: "The danger with saying that the problem is with one ethnicity is that then people will only be on the lookout for that group – and will risk missing other threats."<ref name=indegrooming/>

The former head of Barnardo's, Martin Narey, said on [[BBC Radio 4]]'s ''[[Today (BBC Radio 4)|Today]]'' programme: "For this particular type of crime, the street grooming of teenage girls in northern towns … there is very troubling evidence that Asians are overwhelmingly represented in the prosecutions for such offences."<ref name=guardnarey/> Narey rejected the idea that such gangs were specifically targeting white girls, but suggested vulnerable girls on the street were more likely to be white since Asian girls were subjected to strict parenting and were more likely to be kept off the streets.<ref name=guardnarey/>

===Response from Muslim spokesmen===
In a BBC documentary investigating grooming young girls for sex by some Pakistani men, Imam Irfan Chishti from the [[Rochdale Council of Mosques]] deplored the practice, saying it was "very shocking to see fellow [[Islam in the United Kingdom|British Muslims]] brought to court for this kind of horrific offence."<ref name=rdol111207/><ref name=bbccentre/> [[Mohammed Shafiq]], chief executive of the [[Ramadhan Foundation]], accused elders of the Pakistani community of "burying their heads in the sand" on the matter of sexual grooming. He said that of convictions involving child sexual exploitation, 87% were of British Pakistani men and it was a significant problem for that community. He said the actions of criminals who thought "white teenage girls are worthless and can be abused" were "bringing shame on our community."<ref name=BBC120508/>

[[Sayeeda Warsi]], co-chairperson of the Conservative Party, in an interview with the ''[[Evening Standard]]'', said "You can only start solving a problem if you acknowledge it first," and added, "This small minority who see women as second class citizens, and white women probably as third class citizens, are to be spoken out against." She described the Rochdale case as "even more disgusting" than cases of girls being passed around street gangs, as the perpetrators "were grown men, some of them religious teachers or running businesses, with young families of their own."<ref name=til120518/>

Nazir Afzal, who as the newly appointed chief [[Crown Prosecution Service|crown prosecutor]] decided to bring the case to trial, said that gender, not race, was the key issue: "There is no community where women and girls are not vulnerable to sexual attack and that's a fact."<ref name=guardnotab/>

===Far-right protests===
Protestors from far-right organisations, the [[British National Party]] and [[English Defence League]], held demonstrations with slogans like: "Our girls are not Halal meat."<ref name=dh120628/><ref name=indegrooming/>

===Hindu and Sikh objections===
Hindu and Sikh groups have objected to media use of the "Asian" description saying that the culprits were "almost always of Pakistani origin" and Muslim. They contend that clouding the issue by calling them "Asians" is unfair towards other groups and detrimental to a frank discussion.<ref name=bbc120516/><ref name=teleg120608/><ref name=dc120508/>

===Taxi controversy===
Two of the convicted gang members worked at Eagle Taxis, which was taken over by Car 2000 after the scandal. The company's owner said that due to requests, clients could choose to have a white driver but this was reversed after 50 Asian drivers protested.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rochdale taxi firm boss in 'race choice' U-turn|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-29785062|accessdate=2 November 2014|work=BBC News|date=27 October 2014}}</ref>

===Moral panic===
Researchers have suggested that the British media’s portrayal of South Asian men as perpetrators of sexual violence against white victims is an example of a [[moral panic]].<ref name=Gill /> In particular they point out that the inquiry by the Office of the Children's Commissioner<ref name=Berelowitz /> found that, "perpetrators and their victims were ethnically diverse."<ref name=Gill />

==Review of police actions==
On 13 March 2015, Greater Manchester Police apologised for its failure to investigate child sexual exploitation allegations more thoroughly between 2008 and 2010. The apology was made after a review by the [[Independent Police Complaints Commission]] "examined the conduct and actions of 13 officers who were involved in Operation Span and the policing of Rochdale Division." Operation Span was the investigation launched in December 2009 into allegations made against the individuals who were convicted in 2012, and others. Assistant Chief Constable Dawn Copley said that, at the time of the earlier investigation, "there was a strong target driven focus, predominantly on serious acquisitive crime. At best this was distracting for leaders and influenced the areas that resources were focussed on." She said that seven officers had been served with misconduct notices, but no further disciplinary action would be taken against them. Copley said: "We apologise to the victims and we give them our assurance that lessons have been learned, changes have been made and we are determined to use this to continue making improvements."<ref name=bbc130315/><ref>[http://www.gmp.police.uk/Content/WebsitePages/5852C2381F45C0A080257E07002FA81A?OpenDocument Greater Manchester Police, Report into Rochdale CSE investigation, 13 March 2015]. Retrieved 13 March 2015</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Crime|Greater Manchester}}
* [[Derby sex gang]]
* [[Oxford sex gang]]
* [[Rotherham child sexual exploitation scandal]]
* [[Bristol Sex Gang|Bristol sex gang]]
* [[Telford sex gang]]
* [[Peterborough sex abuse case]]
* [[Banbury sex gang]]
* [[Aylesbury sex gang]]
* [[Keighley sex gang]]
* [[Operation Doublet|second Rochdale case]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=

<ref name=BBC120508>{{cite news | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-17989463 | title = Rochdale grooming trial: Nine found guilty of child sex charges | publisher = BBC News | date= 8 May 2012 | accessdate=8 May 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=bbcdropped>{{cite news | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-17853560 | title = Rochdale child sex grooming case originally dropped | first= Paul | last = Burnell | publisher= BBC News | date= 8 May 2012 | accessdate= 27 August 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=bbc120516>{{cite news | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-18092605 | title = Complaints over use of 'Asian' label in grooming cases | publisher = BBC News | date = 16 May 2012 | accessdate = 12 September 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=bbc120621>{{cite news | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-18540902 | title = Rochdale grooming leader guilty of child rape | publisher = BBC News | date = 21 June 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=bbccentre>{{cite news | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-17899841 | title= Heywood: Rochdale town at the centre of child sex ring | first = Emma | last= Stanley | publisher= BBC News | date= 8 May 2012 | accessdate=9 May 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=Berelowitz>{{Cite journal | last1 = Berelowitz | first1 = Sue | last2 = Clifton | first2 = Jenny | last3 = Firimin | first3 = Carlene | last4 = Gulyurtlu | first4 = Sandra | last5 = Edwards | first5 = Gareth | title = "If only someone had listened": Office of the Children's Commissioner's Inquiry into Child Sexual Exploitation in Gangs and Groups: final report | publisher = [[Children's Commissioner for England|Office of the Children's Commissioner]] | url = http://socialwelfare.bl.uk/subject-areas/services-client-groups/children-young-people/childrenscommissioner/ifonly13.aspx | date = November 2013 }} [http://www.thebromleytrust.org.uk/files/chidrens-commission.pdf Pdf.]</ref>

<ref name=Gill>{{Cite journal | last1 = Gill | first1 = Aisha K. | last2 = Harrison | first2 = Karen | title = Child grooming and sexual exploitation: are South Asian men the UK media’s new folk devils? | journal = International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | pages = 34-49 | publisher = [[Public Knowledge Project]] | doi = 10.5204/ijcjsd.v4i2.214 | date = 2015 | url = http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v4i2.214 | ref = harv | postscript = .}} [https://www.crimejusticejournal.com/article/view/214/pdf Pdf.]</ref>

<ref name=rdol111207>{{cite news | url = http://www.rochdaleonline.co.uk/news-features/2/news/64181/rochdale-featured-in-sex-grooming-documentary | title= Rochdale featured in sex grooming documentary | work= Rochdale Online | date= 7 December 2011 | accessdate= 9 May 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=Respected>{{cite news | url = https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/may/08/rochdale-child-sex-ring-case?intcmp=239 | title = Rochdale child sex ring case: respected men who preyed on the vulnerable | first = Helen | last = Carter | work = The Guardian | location= London | date= 8 May 2012 | accessdate=8 May 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=guardianname>{{cite news | url = https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/jun/21/ringleader-rochdale-paedophiles-named | title = Rochdale paedophile ringleader is named | agency = Press Association | work= The Guardian | location= London | date = 21 June 2012 | accessdate= 21 July 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=guardcon>{{cite news | url = https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/may/09/rochdale-child-sex-ring-jailed | title = Rochdale child sex ring: nine men jailed | agency = Press Association | work = The Guardian | date=9 May 2012 | accessdate = 23 July 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=Vulnerable>{{cite news | url = https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/may/08/men-guilty-abusing-girls-rochdale | title = Nine men found guilty of sexually abusing vulnerable girls in Rochdale | first = Helen | last = Carter | work = The Guardian | location = London | date= 8 May 2012 | accessdate=8 May 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=PCguardian>{{cite news | url = https://www.theguardian.com/politics/blog/2012/jul/03/cameron-grilled-mps-eurozone-live-blog | title = Politics Live with Andrew Sparrow | first = Andrew | last = Sparrow | work = The Guardian | location = London | date = 3 July 2012 | accessdate= 23 July 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=jillguard>{{cite news | url= https://www.theguardian.com/law/2011/jan/06/child-sex-trafficking-racial-stereotyping | title= Child sex trafficking study sparks exaggerated racial stereotyping | work= The Guardian | date= 6 January 2011 | accessdate= 23 July 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=guardnarey>{{cite news | url= https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/may/09/grooming-girls-asian-men-barnados | title= Grooming offences committed mostly by Asian men, says ex-Barnardo's chief | first=Haroon | last=Siddique | work = The Guardian | location=London | date= 9 May 2012 | accessdate= 23 July 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=guard120606>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/jun/06/sexually-exploited-children-barnados | title= Sexually exploited children are at further risk in care, says Barnardo's | first=Alexandra | last=Topping | work=The Guardian | location=London | date=6 June 2012 | accessdate= 26 August 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=guardnotab>{{cite news | url = https://www.theguardian.com/society/2012/may/09/rochdale-grooming-trial-race | title = Why the Rochdale 'grooming trial' wasn't about race | first = Jane | last = Martinson | work = The Guardian | date = 9 May 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=police>{{cite news | url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/9253250/Rochdale-grooming-trial-Police-accused-of-failing-to-investigate-paedophile-gang-for-fear-of-appearing-racist.html | title= Rochdale grooming trial: Police accused of failing to investigate paedophile gang for fear of appearing racist | first = Nigel | last = Bunyan | work = The Telegraph | location = London | date= 8 May 2012 | accessdate=9 May 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=Telegraph>{{cite news | url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/9239126/Rochdale-grooming-trial-gang-convicted-for-sex-trafficking.html | title= Rochdale grooming trial: gang convicted for sex trafficking | first= Nigel | last = Bunyan | work= The Telegraph | location=London | date=8 May 2012 | accessdate=8 May 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=teleg120508>{{cite news | url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/9253267/Rochdale-grooming-trial-how-the-case-unfolded.html | title=Rochdale grooming trial: how the case unfolded | first= Nigel | last = Bunyan | work= The Telegraph | location=London | date=8 May 2012 | accessdate=8 May 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=teleg120509>{{cite news | url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/9254232/Members-of-paedophile-gang-treated-victims-as-worthless.html | title= Members of paedophile gang treated victims as 'worthless' | first1 = Victoria | last1 = Ward | first2 = Nigel | last2 = Bunyan | work = The Telegraph | location= London | date= 9 May 2012 | accessdate=9 May 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=second>{{cite news | url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/9261748/Arrests-made-in-second-Rochdale-sex-grooming-scandal.html | title= Arrests made in second Rochdale sex grooming scandal | first = Julie | last = Henry | work = The Telegraph | location = London | date = 12 May 2012 | accessdate=12 May 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=Asian>{{cite news | url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/9253016/Rochdale-grooming-trial-Asian-grooming-gangs-the-uncomfortable-issue.html | title= Rochdale grooming trial: Asian grooming gangs, the uncomfortable issue | first = Nigel | last = Bunyan | work = The Telegraph | location= London | date= 8 May 2012 | accessdate= 9 May 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=teleg120608>{{cite news | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/9314448/Its-time-to-stop-using-the-word-Asians.html | title = It's time to stop using the word 'Asians' | first = Hardeep | last = Singh | work = The Telegraph | date = 8 June 2012 | accessdate = 12 September 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=indegrooming>{{cite web | url = http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/child-sex-grooming-the-asian-question-7729068.html | title = Child sex grooming: the Asian question | first = Paul | last = Vallely | work = The Independent | date = 10 May 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=indepafzal>{{cite news | url = http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/nazir-afzal-we-tackled-grooming-gangs-now-we-have-to-confront-forced-marriage-among-travellers-7769697.html | title = Nazir Afzal: 'We tackled grooming gangs. Now we have to confront forced marriage among Travellers' | first = Jonathan | last = Brown | work = The Independent | date = 21 May 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=sky120509sent>{{cite news | url=http://news.sky.com/home/uk-news/article/16224161 | title=Gang To Be Sentenced Over Child Sex Crimes | publisher=Sky News | date=9 May 2012|accessdate=8 May 2012}}</ref>

<ref name=sky120509prof>{{cite news | url=http://news.sky.com/home/uk-news/article/16224243 | title=Profiles of Child Sex Abuse Gang Members | publisher=Sky News | accessdate=8 May 2012|date = 9 May 2012}}</ref>

<ref name=dh120628>{{cite news | url = http://www.dailyherald.com/article/20120628/news/706289541/ | title = British sex grooming cases spark racial tensions | agency = [[Associated Press]] | work = Daily Herald | date = 29 June 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=afp122021>{{cite news | url = https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hZBG8KaAHpyMtDXe4S1_RZwzzJGw?docId=CNG.9836f256180055c58ccd50568c16ee9e.251 | title = Report 'downplays sex abuse by Asian men' | agency = [[Agence France-Presse]] | publisher = Google | date = 21 November 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=timesreport>{{cite web | url= http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/uk/crime/article2863058.ece | title=Revealed: conspiracy of silence on UK sex gangs | work=The Times | date= 5 January 2011 | accessdate= 23 July 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=week120928>{{cite news | url = http://www.theweek.co.uk/crime/49280/rochdale-child-sex-ring-did-political-correctness-delay-justice | title = Rochdale child sex ring: did political correctness delay justice? | publisher = TheWeek.co.uk | date = 28 September 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=IBT120508>{{cite news | url= http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/338573/20120508/nine-men-being-tried-sexual-exploitation-charges.htm | title= Rochdale Child Sex Ring: 'Master', 'Tiger' and Seven Others Guilty of Rape and Trafficking | first= Jamie | last=Lewis | work=International Business Times | date= 8 May 2012 | accessdate=8 May 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=dc120508>{{cite news | url = http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/world/europe/uk-hindus-sikhs-protest-%E2%80%98asian%E2%80%99-label-culprits-670 | title = UK Hindus, Sikhs protest 'Asian' label for culprits | first = Sarju | last = Kaul | newspaper=Deccan Chronicle | date= 8 May 2012 | accessdate= 30 September 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=til120518>{{cite news | url = http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/politics/full-interview-with-baroness-warsi-father-asked-me-why-be-a-leader-if-you-dont-take-the-lead-7766362.html | title = Full interview with Baroness Warsi | work = London Evening Standard | date = 18 May 2012 }}</ref>

}}

==External links==
* [http://www.rbscb.org/CSEReport.pdf The Rochdale Borough Safeguarding Children Board, Review of Multi-Agency Responses to the Sexual Exploitation of Children]
* [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmselect/cmhaff/68/68i.pdf House of Commons Home Affairs Committee ''Child sexual exploitation and the response to localized grooming: Second Report of Session 2013–14, Vol. 1'']
* [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201314/cmselect/cmhaff/68/68ii.pdf House of Commons Home Affairs Committee ''Child sexual exploitation and the response to localized grooming: Second Report of Session 2013–14, Vol. 2'']

[[Category:Child prostitution]]
[[Category:Crime in Greater Manchester]]
[[Category:Forced prostitution]]
[[Category:Modern street gangs]]
[[Category:Rape in England]]
[[Category:Rochdale]]
[[Category:Sex crimes in England]]
[[Category:Sex gangs]]
[[Category:Human trafficking in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:2012 in England]]
[[Category:2008 in England]]
[[Category:2009 in England]]
[[Category:Child sexual abuse]]
[[Category:Pakistani-British gangs]]
[[Category:Child sexual abuse in England]]

Henry Plummer

2016-12-13T17:26:24Z

TwoTwoHello: Reverted edits by 216.146.107.37 (talk) to last version by Wx5jcp

{{About|the old west lawman and criminal |the American physician |Henry Stanley Plummer}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Henry Plummer
| image = Henry Plummer (1832-1864).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 1832 
| birth_place = [[Addison, Maine|Addison]], [[Washington County, Maine]]
| death_date = January 10, 1864 
| death_place = [[Bannack, Montana|Bannack]], [[Beaverhead County, Montana]], [[Idaho Territory]]
| nationality =
| other_names = William Henry Handy Plumer
| occupation = prospector, city marshal, sheriff, outlaw, road agent, criminal gang leader
| known_for = Leader of "Road Agent" gang, the "Innocents"
}}

'''Henry Plummer''' (1832–1864) was a prospector, lawman, and outlaw in the American West in the 1850s and 1860s, who was known to have killed several men, some in what was considered self-defense. He was elected sheriff of [[Bannack, Montana]] from 1863 to 1864, during which period he was accused of being the leader of a "[[Highwayman|road agent]]" gang of outlaws known as the "[[Innocents (gang)|Innocents]]," which preyed on shipments from Virginia City to other areas. In response some leaders in Virginia City formed the Vigilance Committee of Alder Gulch, and began to take action against Plummer's gang, gaining confessions from a couple of men they arrested in early January 1864. On January 10, 1864 Plummer and two associates were arrested in Bannack by a company of the [[Montana Vigilantes|Vigilance Committee of Alder Gulch]] and summarily hanged. He was hung without a trial, evidence or even a reasonable theory. One resident even noted, "...not one body can be found." Yet, the Vigilante Committee claimed Henry Plummer and his gang killed over 100 people. He was hung by the neck, being pulled up rather than given the drop. He was strangled slowly to death. Ironically, the leader of the Vigilante Committee took control of many of the committees victims properties and holdings, including Henry Plummer's gold claim outside of Bannack. He was pulled out of bed while suffering from TB. He was hung without due process. Plummer and the Vigilantes often argued over the tactics of the committee. They hung at least 138 people in Bannack without trial, including a 17 year old boy that stated Plummer was innocent after the committee hung Plummer. The Vigilante Committee always executed their victims late at night so the townspeople were never there to witness it and the only witnesses were committee members. They totally controlled the narrative. The accused never were given the opportunity to state their case, mount a defense or plead guilty or not guilty. Plummer was a Northern Democrat(anti-slavery) and the Vigilante Commitee leader was a Southern Democrat(pro-slavery).

The only trial Henry Plummer got was a posthumous trial held in 1993 which led to a mistrial. If that same trial had been held in 1864, Plummer would have walked out a free man. The jury was split 6-6.

== Early years ==
He was born William Henry Handy Plummer in 1832 in [[Addison, Maine]], the last of six children in a family whose ancestors had first settled in Maine in 1634, when it was still a part of the Massachusetts Bay colony. He changed the spelling of his surname after moving West.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Genge |first=Will |authorlink= |year=2009 |title=The Legend of Henry Plummer-Outlaw Sheriff of Bannack, MT |journal=Montana Historian |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=52–61 |id= |url= |accessdate= |quote= }}</ref> His father died while Henry was in his teens.

In 1852, at age 19, Plummer headed west to the gold fields of [[California]]. His mining venture went well: within two years he owned a mine, a ranch, and a bakery in [[Nevada City, California|Nevada City]]. In 1856, he was elected sheriff and city manager. Supporters suggested that he should run for state representative as a Democrat. However, the party was divided, and without its full support, he lost.

== Becoming an outlaw ==

On September 26, 1857, Plummer shot and killed John Vedder. As city marshal of [[Nevada City, California]], Plummer had been providing protection of Lucy Vedder, John's wife, who was seeking to escape from her abusive husband. Plummer claimed he was acting in self-defense in the incident, but was convicted of second-degree murder. He won an appeal for a retrial and was convicted again and sentenced to ten years in [[San Quentin]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Allen|first1=Frederick|title=A decent, orderly lynching : the Montana vigilantes|date=2009|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|location=Norman|isbn=9780806140384|pages=38–48}}</ref> But in August 1859, supporters of his wrote to the governor seeking a pardon based on his alleged good character and civic performance. The governor granted the pardon due to Plummer's poor health as a result of [[tuberculosis]], then incurable.

In 1861, Plummer tried to carry out a citizen's arrest of William Riley, who had escaped from San Quentin; in the attempt, Riley was killed. Plummer turned himself in to the police, who accepted that the killing was justified. Fearing that his prison record would prevent a fair trial, they allowed Plummer to leave the state.

== Life of a criminal ==

Plummer headed to [[Washington Territory]] where gold had been discovered. There he became involved in a dispute that ended in a gunfight won by Plummer. He decided to leave the West and return to Maine.

On the way back east, waiting for a [[steamboat]] to reach [[Fort Benton, Montana]] on the [[Missouri River]], Plummer was approached by [[James Vail]]. He was recruiting volunteers to help protect his family from Indian attacks at the mission station he was attempting to found in [[Sun River, Montana]]. No passage home being available, Plummer accepted, along with [[Jack Cleveland]], a horse dealer who had known Plummer in California. While at the mission, both Plummer and Cleveland fell in love with Vail's attractive sister-in-law, Electa Bryan; Plummer asked her to marry him and she agreed. As gold had recently been discovered in nearby Bannack, Montana, Plummer decided to go there to try to earn enough money to support them both. Cleveland followed him.

In January 1863, Cleveland, nursing his jealousy, forced Plummer into a fight and was killed. The altercation took place in a crowded saloon, and observers agreed that Plummer had killed his foe in self-defense. Plummer was viewed very favorably by most town residents and, in May, he was elected sheriff of Bannack.

==The Plummer gang==
{{see also|Montana Vigilantes}}
Between October and December 1863, the rate of robberies and murders in and around Alder Gulch increased significantly, and the citizens of Virginia City grew increasingly suspicious of Sheriff Henry Plummer and his associates.

Notable criminal acts by alleged members of the Plummer gang included:
* On October 13, 1863, Lloyd Magruder was killed by road agent Chris Lowrie. Magruder was an Idaho merchant leaving Virginia City with $12,000 in gold dust from goods he had sold there. Several of the men he hired to accompany him back to Lewiston, Idaho were criminals. Four other men in his party were also murdered in camp—Charlie Allen, Robert Chalmers, Horace Chalmers and William Phillips—by Lowrie, Doc Howard, Jem Romaine and William Page.<ref name=Dillon3>{{cite book |author=Dillon, Mark C. |title=Montana Vigilantes 1863-1870 Gold, Guns and Gallows |publisher=Utah State University Press |location=Logan, UT |year=2013 |isbn=9780874219197 |chapter=The Third Factor Leading to Vigilantism in the Region-The Insecure Means of Transporting Wealth |pages=57–88}}</ref>
* On October 26, 1863, the Peabody and Caldwell's stage was robbed between the Rattlesnake Ranch and Bannack by two road agents believed to be Frank Parish and George Ives. Bill Bunton, the owner of the Rattlesnake Ranch who joined the stage at the ranch, was also complicit in the robbery. The road agents netted $2,800 in gold from the passengers and threatened them all with death if they talked about the robbery.<ref name=Dillon3/>
* On November 13, 1863, a teenage Henry Tilden was hired by [[Wilbur F. Sanders|Wilbur Sanders]] and [[Sidney Edgerton]] to locate and corral some horses owned by the two men. Near Horse Prairie, Tilden was confronted by three armed road agents. He was carrying very little money and was allowed to depart unmolested, but was warned that if he talked about whom he'd seen, he would be killed. He told Hattie Sanders, Wilbur's wife, and Sidney Edgerton that he had recognized one of the road agents as Sheriff Henry Plummer. Although Tilden's account was dismissed because of general respect for Plummer, suspicion in the region increased that Plummer was the leader of a gang of road agents.<ref name=Dillon3/>
* On November 22, 1863, the A.J. Oliver stage was robbed on its way from Virginia City to Bannack by road agents George Ives, "Whiskey Bill" Graves, and Bob Zachary. The robbery netted less than $1,000 in gold and treasury notes. One of the victims, Leroy Southmayd, reported the robbery and identified the road agents to Bannack sheriff Henry Plummer. Members of Plummer's gang confronted Southmayd on his return trip to Virginia City, but Southmayd was cunning enough to avoid injury or death.<ref name=Dillon3/>
* In November 1863, [[Conrad Kohrs]] traveled to Bannack from [[Deer Lodge, Montana]] with $5,000 in gold dust to buy cattle. After talking with Sheriff Plummer in Bannack, Kohrs worried about the risk of robbery on his return to Deer Lodge. While his group was camped overnight, his associates found road agents George Ives and "Dutch John" Wagner surveying the camp, and armed with shotguns. A day or two later, Kohrs was riding on horseback to Deer Lodge when Ives and Wagner gave chase. As Kohrs's horse proved the faster, Kohrs evaded confrontation and reached the safety of Deer Lodge.<ref name=Dillon3/>
* In early December 1863, a three-wagon freight outfit organized by Milton S. Moody was going from Virginia City to Salt Lake City. Among the seven passengers was [[John Bozeman]]. It was carrying $80,000 in gold dust and $1,500 in treasury notes. While the outfit was camped on [[Blacktail Deer Creek]], road agents "Dutch John" Wagner and Steve Marshland entered the camp, armed and ready to rob the pack train. Members of the camp had armed themselves well, and Wagner and Marshland were able to escape by claiming they were just looking for lost horses. Two days later, Wagner and Marshland were both wounded in an unsuccessful attempt to rob the train as it crossed the [[Continental Divide of the Americas|Continental Divide]] at [[Red Rock River (Montana)|Rock Creek]].<ref name=Dillon3/>
* On December 8, 1863, Anton Holter, who was taking oxen to sell in Virginia City, survived an attempted robbery and murder. When road agents George Ives and Aleck Carter, whom Holter recognized, discovered Holter was not carrying any significant wealth, they tried to shoot him. He avoided being shot and escaped into the brush.<ref name=Dillon3/>

At the time Bannack and [[Virginia City, Montana]] were part of a remote region of the [[Idaho Territory]]; there was no formal law enforcement or justice system for the area. Some residents suspected that Plummer's road agent gang was responsible for numerous robberies, attempted robberies, murders and attempted murders in and around Alder Gulch in October–December 1863.

From December 19 to 21, 1863, a public trial was held in Virginia City by a miners' court for George Ives, the suspected murderer of Nicholas Tiebolt, a young Dutch immigrant. Hundreds of miners from around the area attended the three-day outdoor trial. George Ives was prosecuted by [[Wilbur F. Sanders]], convicted, and hanged on December 21, 1863.<ref>{{cite book |author=Dillon, Mark C. |title=Montana Vigilantes 1863-1870 Gold, Guns and Gallows |publisher=Utah State University Press |location=Logan, UT |year=2013 |isbn=9780874219197 |chapter=The Murder of Nicolas Tiebolt and the Trial and Execution of George Ives |pages=89–118}}</ref>

On December 23, 1863, two days after the Ives trial, leading citizens of Virginia City and Bannack formed the Vigilance Committee of Alder Gulch in Virginia City. They included five Virginia City residents, led by Wilbur F. Sanders, and including Major Alvin W. Brockie, John Nye, Captain Nick D. Wall, and Paris Pfouts.<ref name=DillonCommittee>{{cite book |author=Dillon, Mark C. |title=Montana Vigilantes 1863-1870 Gold, Guns and Gallows |publisher=Utah State University Press |location=Logan, UT |year=2013 |isbn=9780874219197 |chapter=Formation of the Vigilance Committee |pages=119–134}}</ref> Between January 4 and February 3, 1864, the vigilantes arrested and summarily executed at least 20 alleged members of Plummer's gang.

Shortly after its formation, the Vigilance Committee dispatched a posse of men to search for Aleck Carter, "Whiskey Bill" Graves, and Bill Bunton, known associates of George Ives. The posse was led by vigilante Captain James Williams, the man who had investigated the Nicolas Tiebolt murder. Near the Rattlesnake Ranch on the [[Ruby River]], the posse located "Erastus Red" Yeager and George Brown, both suspected road agents. While traveling under guard back to Virginia City, Yeager made a complete confession, naming the majority of the road agents in Plummer's gang, and Henry Plummer. The posse found Yeager and Brown to be guilty and hanged them from a cottonwood tree on the Lorrain's Ranch on the Ruby River.<ref name=Dillon8>{{cite book |author=Dillon, Mark C. |title=Montana Vigilantes 1863-1870 Gold, Guns and Gallows |publisher=Utah State University Press |location=Logan, UT |year=2013 |isbn=9780874219197 |chapter=The Hanging Spree Begins |pages=135–155}}</ref>

On January 6, 1864, vigilante Captain Nick Wall and Ben Peabody captured "Dutch John" Wagner, a road agent wounded in the Moody robbery, on the [[Salt Lake City]] trail. The vigilantes transported Wagner to Bannack, where he was hanged on January 11, 1864. By this time, Yeager's confession had mobilized vigilantes against Plummer and his key associates, deputies Buck Stinson and Ned Ray. Plummer, Stinson, and Ray were arrested on the morning of January 10, 1864, and summarily hanged.

The two youngest members of the gang were said to be spared. One was sent back to Bannack to tell the rest to get out of the area, and the other was sent ahead to [[Lewiston, Idaho]] to warn gang members to leave that town. (Lewiston was the connection from the Territory to the world, as it had river steamboats that traveled to the coast at [[Astoria, Oregon]] via the Snake and Columbia rivers.) Plummer was known to have traveled to Lewiston during the time when he was an elected official in Bannack. The hotel registry records with his signature during this period have been preserved. The large-scale robberies of gold shipments by gangs ended with Plummer's and the alleged gang members' deaths. Gang member [[Clubfoot George]] was hanged at about the same time with Plummer.


==In popular culture==
* [[Ernest Haycox|Ernest Haycox's]] 1942 historical novel ''Alder Gulch'' depicts Plummer as handsome and well-spoken, but a cold and calculating murderer and thief without conscience. He portrays the vigilantes as justified but equally remorseless, as they conducted their lynching executions by slow strangulation hangings.
*[[John Dehner]] played Plummer in an episode of the 1950s [[Western (genre)|western]] [[television series]], ''[[Stories of the Century]],'' starring and narrated by [[Jim Davis (actor)|Jim Davis]].
*In "Two for the Gallows" (April 11, 1961) of [[NBC]]'s ''[[Laramie (TV series)|Laramie]]'' series, character Slim Sherman ([[John Smith (actor)|John Smith]]) is hired under false pretenses to take a "Professor Landfield", played by [[Donald Woods (actor)|Donald Woods]], into the [[Badlands]] to seek gold. Landfield is purportedly Morgan Bennett, a member of the former Plummer gang who has escaped from prison. Slim has no idea that Lanfield is seeking the loot which his gang had hidden. Jess Harper ([[Robert Fuller (actor)|Robert Fuller]]), Pete Dixon ([[Warren Oates]]), and Pete's younger brother, soon come to Slim's aid. The title of this episode is based on the two Dixon brothers likely to be headed for the hangman because of their activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0624822/|title=''Laramie'': "Two for the Gallows"|publisher=Internet Movie Data Base|accessdate=October 10, 2012}}</ref>
*Scottish folk act The David Latto Band, wrote "Plummer's Song" about Henry Plummer, released on their 2012 eponymous debut album.<ref>{{cite web|title=Plummer's Song, The David Latto Band|url=http://www.discogs.com/David-Latto-Band-The-David-Latto-Band/release/4239166}}</ref> The song was written from the viewpoint of a Bannack resident with doubts as to Plummer's guilt for his alleged crimes.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Langford |first=Nathaniel Pitt |authorlink=Nathaniel P. Langford |title=Vigilante Days and Ways-The Pioneers of the Rockies |publisher=D. D. Merrill |location=New York |year=1890}}
* {{cite book |last=Hough |first=Emerson |authorlink=Emerson Hough |title=The Story of the Outlaws-A Study of the Western Desperado |publisher=The Outing Publishing Company |location=New York |year=1907 }}
* {{cite book |last=Dimsdale |first=Thomas J. |title=The Vigilantes of Montana-or Popular Justice in the Rocky Mountains |publisher=State Publishing |location=Helena, MT |year=1915 }}
* {{cite book |last=Hough |first=Emerson |title=The Passing of the Frontier-A Cronicle of the Old West |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven, CT |year=1918 }}
* {{cite book |last=Johnson |first=Dorothy M. |title=The Bloody Bozeman-The Perilous Trail To Montana's Gold |publisher=McGraw Hill Book Company |location=New York |year=1971 }}
* {{cite book |first=R. E. |last=Mather |author2=Boswell, D.E. |title=Hanging the Sheriff-A Biography of Henry Plummer |location=Salt Lake City, Utah |publisher=University of Utah Press |year=1987 |isbn=0-9663355-0-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Malone |first=Michael P. |author2=Roeder, Richard B. |author3=Lang, William L. |title=Montana-A History of Two Centuries |chapter=The Mining Frontier |publisher=University of Washington Press |location=Seattle, WA |year=1991 |isbn=0-295-97129-0 |pages=64–91 }}
* {{cite book |last=Callaway |first=Lew L. |title=Montana's Righteous Hangmen-The Vigilantes in Action |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |location=Norman, OK |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-8061-2912-9 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Allen|first1=Frederick|title=A Decent, Orderly Lynching : The Montana Vigilantes|date=2009|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|location=Norman|isbn=9780806140384}}
*Fabel, Dennis W. (1998, 2001). Electa: A Historical Novel. Authorhouse. ISBN 0-7596-7920-7
* {{cite book |last=Elliott |first=Diane |title=Strength of Stone: The Pioneer Journal of Electa Bryan Plumer, 1862-1864 |publisher=The Globe Pequot Press |location=Guilford, CT |year=2002 |isbn=0-7627-2464-1 }}

==External links==
*[http://www.historynet.com/magazines/wild_west/3028031.html A reevaluation of Henry Plummer]
*[http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history.do?action=Article&id=4530 May 24, 1863] Henry Plummer is elected sheriff of Bannack, Montana
*[https://books.google.com/books?q=Henry+plummer&btnG=Nach+B%C3%BCchern+suchen Google books results]
*[http://www.thecommunitypaper.com/archive/2010/06_03/index.php The Paper] The Big Sky County and Henry Plummer

{{Lynching in the United States}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Plummer, Henry}}
[[Category:1832 births]]
[[Category:1864 deaths]]
[[Category:Montana sheriffs]]
[[Category:People from Washington County, Maine]]
[[Category:People from Beaverhead County, Montana]]
[[Category:People from Nevada City, California]]
[[Category:Crime in Montana]]
[[Category:Lynching deaths in Montana]]
[[Category:Outlaws of the American Old West]]
[[Category:Montana articles lacking sources]]
[[Category:California Democrats]]

St. George’s University (Grenada)

2016-11-29T23:57:37Z

TwoTwoHello: Reverted edits by 66.87.68.218 (talk) to last version by BD2412

{{Infobox University
|name= St. George's University
|image=St. George's University logo.png
|motto= Think Beyond
|endowment=
|chancellor= Charles R. Modica
|established= 1976
|type= Private, [[For-profit school|For-profit]]<ref>[http://www.iaomc.org/sgu/10%20SGU%20Eligib&%20Certif%20Report.pdf U.S. Department of Education Eligibility and Certification Approval Report], printed February 25, 2010, archived on International Association of Medical Colleges website.</ref>
|faculty= 2,300+
|students= 6,300+
|undergrad=
|postgrad= 14,000+
|colors=
|city= [[St. George's, Grenada|St. George's]]
|state= [[Saint George Parish, Grenada|St. George]]
|country= [[Grenada]]
|coor= {{coord|12.000557|N|61.773065|W|display=inline}}
|campus= True Blue Bay
|mascot= Knights
|website= [http://www.sgu.edu/ sgu.edu]
|image
}}
'''St. George’s University''' is a private international university in [[Grenada]], [[West Indies]], offering degrees in [[medicine]], [[veterinary medicine]], [[public health]], the [[health sciences]], [[nursing]], arts and sciences, and [[business]].

St. George's University was established by an act of [[Grenada|Grenada's]] [[Parliament of Grenada|parliament]] on July 23, 1976. Classes in the School of Medicine began January 17, 1977. In 1993, the University added graduate and undergraduate programs. In 1996, it was granted a charter for the School of Arts and Sciences and a Graduate Studies Program. In 1997, undergraduate courses in international business, life sciences, medical sciences, pre-medical and pre-veterinary medicine were added. The School of Veterinary Medicine was established in 1999, as was the University's Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine.

==History==
St. George's University was founded on July 23, 1976, by an act of Grenada's Parliament. The name is taken from the capital city of Grenada. The original founders were Charles Modica, Louis Modica, Edward McGowan, and Patrick F. Adams. Classes at St. George’s School of Medicine began on January 17, 1977. Almost all of the founding faculty members had been educated either in the United States or Europe.

A Marxist coup forcibly overturned the Gairy government of Grenada in 1979, as the school was in its infancy with a student enrollment of 630. There were nearly 1,000 Americans on the island (including students, faculty, families, etc.). The U.S. government launched [[Operation Urgent Fury]] in 1983 as a result. Students were evacuated and classes were moved to [[Long Island]], [[New York (state)|New York]]; [[New Jersey]], and [[Barbados]] temporarily until 1984.<ref>{{cite web | title = St. George's University History | url = http://www.sgu.edu/about-sgu/history-of-sgu.html | accessdate = 2009-11-29}}</ref>

The reason given by the U.S. Administration of [[Ronald Reagan]] to justify the October 1983 [[invasion of Grenada]] was to rescue American medical students at St. George’s University from the danger posed to them by the violent coup that had overthrown Grenada’s Prime Minister [[Maurice Bishop]].<ref>{{cite news | title = Less Strategic Now, Grenada Is to Lose American Embassy | url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE4DB1330F931A35756C0A962958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print | accessdate = 2007-11-07 | work=The New York Times | first=Steven A. | last=Holmes | date=1994-05-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Jonetown | url = http://www.fonebone.net/Jonestown/08.Chap.txt | accessdate = 2007-11-07}}</ref> Bishop, a number of members of his government and several dozen civilians were killed in the coup and the island had been placed under a 24-hour curfew.<ref>{{cite web | title = Remembering Reagan's Invasion of Grenada | url = http://www.democracynow.org/2004/6/10/remembering_reagans_invasion_of_grenada | accessdate = 2007-11-07}}</ref> During the days immediately after the coup, the only independent information coming out of Grenada was from a [[amateur radio operator|ham radio]] operated by a St. George’s student.<ref>{{cite news | title = Getting Back to Normal | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,926318-1,00.html | accessdate = 2007-11-07 | work=Time | date=1983-11-21 | first1=Ed | last1=Magnuson | first2=Christopher | last2=Redman | first3=William | last3=McWhlrter}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first=Ed | last=Magnuson | coauthors= | title=D-Day in Grenada | date=1983-11-07 | publisher= | url =http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,949850-4,00.html | work =Time | pages = | accessdate = 2008-02-01 | language = }}</ref>

In his memoir, President Reagan recounted the return to the U.S. of the St. George’s students as an event that affected him deeply. "I was among many in our country whose eyes got a little misty when I watched their arrival in the United States on television and saw some of them lean down and kiss American soil the moment that they stepped off the airplanes that brought them home."<ref>{{cite web | title = Lebanon, Beirut and Grenada | url = http://www.ronaldreagan.com/leb.html | accessdate = 2007-11-09}}</ref>

In response to Hurricane Ivan in 2004, students were again relocated temporarily to campuses in the United States.<ref>http://www.upi.com/Science_News/2004/09/30/Hurricane-hit-Grenada-med-school-moves/25391096557211/</ref> The school has a comprehensive hurricane plan in place currently.<ref>http://www.sgu.edu/hurricaneplan.html</ref>

In August 2014, SGU received a $750 million investment<ref>{{cite web | title = St. Georges University Lands $750M Investment Deal |url=http://blogs.wsj.com/atwork/2014/08/08/st-georges-university-lands-750m-investment-deal/|publisher=Wall Street Journal|accessdate=11 January 2015}}</ref> from Baring Private Equity Asia and Altas Partners, a Canadian private equity company whose other major investment is in a salt mining operation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Altas partners with St. George’s University|url=http://www.altaspartners.com/altas-partners-with-st-georges-university/|website=Altas Partners|accessdate=8 April 2015}}</ref> In August 2015, G. Richard Olds, the founder and past dean of [[UC Riverside School of Medicine]], was named as the school's president and CEO.<ref name="G. Richard Olds Named President and CEO">{{cite news|title=Dr. G. Richard Olds Appointed as President and Chief Executive Officer of St. George’s University|url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/dr-g-richard-olds-appointed-as-president-and-chief-executive-officer-of-st-georges-university-2015-08-28|accessdate=28 August 2015}}</ref>

==Campus==
St. George's University owns 65 buildings on 42 acres of land, spread out in a peninsula in the southwest corner of Grenada located in the West Indies. A major campus expansion begun in the early 1990s resulted in 52 new buildings. The architecture of the buildings are of Georgian architecture.<ref>{{cite web | title = Campus Facilities | url = http://www.sgu.edu/graduate-schools/campus-facilities.html | accessdate = 2015-08-24}}</ref>

==University schools==
[[St. George's University School of Medicine]] offers a Doctor of Medicine degree program that can be earned individually or as part of a dual degree with a Master of Public Health, Master of Business Administration, Master of Science, or Bachelor of Science. School of Veterinary Medicine students may obtain a DVM by itself or with the aforementioned degree programs. In addition, the School of Arts and Sciences offers bachelor's degree programs, and students can earn an MPH, MBA, MSc or PhD through the Graduate Studies Program.<ref>{{cite web | title = Campus Programs | url = http://www.sgu.edu/programs.html | accessdate = 2015-08-24}}</ref>

==University administration==
'''Chancellors'''
* Charles R. Modica (1976–present)

'''Presidents'''
* Charles R. Modica (1976–2015)
* G. Richard Olds (2015–present)

'''Vice Chancellors'''
* [[Geoffrey H. Bourne]], [[anatomist]]/[[primatologist]], (1978-1988)
* Keith B. Taylor, [[gastroenterologist]], (1989-1998)
* [[Peter Bourne]], [[physician]], (1999-2003)

==Notable speakers==

'''White Coat Ceremony Speakers''' 
''School of Medicine''<ref>{{cite web|title=School of Medicine White Coat Ceremony speakers|url=http://etalk.sgu.edu/white-coat-ceremony/som/index.html}}</ref>
* [[Ben Carson]], neurosurgeon, 2016 US Presidential candidate (August 1996)
* [[Jonathan Mann (WHO official)|Jonathan Mann]], former director of the Global Programme on AIDS (now [[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS|UNAIDS]]) (January 1998)
* [[Donald Hopkins]], Director of Health Programs, [[The Carter Center]] (August 2000)
* [[Mark Siegler]], director, [[MacLean Center for Clinical Medical Ethics]] (January 2001)
* Arnold P. Gold, founder and president, [[Gold Humanism Honor Society]] (January 2005)
* [[Ezekiel Emanuel]], chair, Department of Clinical Bioethics, Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center, [[National Institutes of Health]] (January 2006)
* [[Kenneth Calman|Sir Kenneth Calman]], Chief Medical Officer of Scotland (August 2009)
* [[John Walton, Baron Walton of Detchant|Lord Walton of Detchant]] (August 2010)
* Charles Twort, [[physician]], [[Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust]] (January 2013)

'''Bourne Lecture Speakers'''
* [[Anthony S. Fauci]], head, [[National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases]] ([[National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases|NIAID]]) (1998)
* [[William Foege]], director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ([[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]]) (2001)
* [[Lawson Soulsby, Baron Soulsby of Swaffham Prior|Lord Soulsby of Swaffham Prior]], microbiologist/parasitologist (2002)
* [[Graeme Catto|Sir Graeme Robertson Dawson Catto]], president, [[General Medical Council]], United Kingdom (2003)

'''Keith B. Taylor Memorial/WINDREF Lecture Speakers'''
* [[John Walton, Baron Walton of Detchant|Lord Walton of Detchant]] (2002)
* [[Lawson Soulsby, Baron Soulsby of Swaffham Prior|Lord Soulsby of Swaffham Prior]], microbiologist/parasitologist (2004)
* [[Valentin Fuster]], cardiologist and past president, [[American Heart Association]] ([[American Heart Association|AHA]]) (2010)
* [[Peter Piot|Baron Peter Piot]], co-discoverer, [[Ebola virus disease]]; former director of the Global Programme on AIDS (now [[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS|UNAIDS]]) (2012)
* [[Robert Gallo]], director/co-founder, [[Institute of Human Virology]] ([[Institute of Human Virology|IHV]]); co-discoverer of [[HIV]] (2013)

==See also==
* [[List of medical schools in the Caribbean]]
* [[International medical graduate]]

==References and notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sgu.edu/ St. George's University Home]
* [http://www.valuemd.com/st-georges-university-school-medicine/ St. George's University Student Forums]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint George's University}}
[[Category:Education in Grenada]]
[[Category:Schools of medicine in Grenada]]
[[Category:Veterinary schools]]
[[Category:1976 establishments in Grenada]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1976]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in St. George's, Grenada]]

MineCon

2016-07-20T08:06:45Z

TwoTwoHello: Reverted edits by 70.190.142.69 (talk) to last version by ClueBot NG

{{Infobox Convention
| name = Minecon
| image = Minecon_logo.png
| imagesize = 200px
| caption =
| status = Active
| venue =
| location = Varies
| country =
| first = 2009
| attendance = 10,000+ in 2015 (27,000 total)
| events =
| website = {{URL|https://minecon.minecraft.net}}
}}
'''Minecon''' is a [[Fan convention|convention]] for the video game ''[[Minecraft]]'', hosted by [[Mojang]].<ref name="pcg-2012"/> The first gathering in 2010 was known as '''MinecraftCon'''. The Minecon 2011 convention was held in [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]] and celebrated the launch of the game with ''Minecraft''-related discussion panels and gaming areas. The most recent convention, held in [[London]], had 10,000 attendees and was recognized as the world's biggest gaming convention for a single video game.

==Events by year==
===2010===
MinecraftCon 2010 was a gathering of more than 30 people at [[Bellevue, Washington]] on August 31st. [[Markus Persson]] made the meet-up when several requests were made for a community meet-up, so he called on the community to pick no specific venue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://notch.tumblr.com/post/1008498266/how-about-a-somewhat-spontaneous-minecraftcon-2010-in|title=How about a somewhat spontaneous MinecraftCon 2010 in Bellevue in one week?|first=Markus|last=Persson|work=[[Tumblr]]|date=25 August 2010}}</ref> This was not technically a convention, but some count it as the first ''Minecraft'' convention.

===2011===
5,000 people attended the first Minecon convention held in [[Las Vegas]] on 30 November 2011.<ref name="mcvuk-paris"/> The convention focused on celebrating the game's release and hosted ''Minecraft''-related discussion panels, and invited people to play the game with others while at the convention.<ref name="mcvuk-paris">{{cite news|url=http://www.mcvuk.com/news/read/minecon-2012-will-be-at-disneyland-paris/0100583|title=Minecon 2012 will be at Disneyland Paris|first=Lauren|last=Wainwright|date=2 August 2012|publisher=[[Market for Home Computing and Video Games]]|accessdate=28 December 2012}}</ref> There were keynote speeches from members of the community, building contests, costume contests and exhibits. One of the many events at Minecon was the "Nether Party", an event for those aged 21 and over, featuring [[deadmau5]].

===2012===

On 2 August 2012, [[Mojang]] announced that the 2012 Minecon convention would take place in the [[Paris]] [[Disneyland Park (Paris)|Disneyland Park]] on 24 and 25 November.<ref name="eg-paris">{{cite news|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2012-08-02-minecon-2012-will-be-held-at-disneyland-paris|title=MineCon 2012 will be held at Disneyland Paris|first=Robert|last=Purchese|date=2 August 2012|publisher=[[Eurogamer]]|accessdate=28 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="js-paris">{{cite news|url=http://www.joystiq.com/2012/08/02/minecon-2012-going-to-disneyland-paris-this-november/|title=MineCon 2012 going to Disneyland Paris this November|first=JC|last=Fletcher|date=2 August 2012|publisher=[[Joystiq]]|accessdate=27 December 2012}}</ref> The announcement was made over the social networking platform [[Twitter]] when the game's creator, [[Markus Persson]], posted a short trailer revealing the new convention location.<ref name="eg-paris"/> The video shows Mojang team members wearing Disney paraphernalia, and Persson comments to lead developer [[Jens Bergensten]], "I think they are trying to tell us something".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2012-08-02-minecon-2012-to-be-held-at-disneyland-paris|title=Minecon 2012 to be held at Disneyland Paris|first=Dan|last=Pearson|date=2 August 2012|work=''[[GamesIndustry.biz]]''|publisher=[[Eurogamer]]|accessdate=28 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite video|people=Persson, Markus; Bergensten, Jens|title=MINECON 2012 Announcement!|url=//www.youtube.com/watch?v=ik6VYNPiLsw|date=2 August 2012}}</ref> [[Joystiq]]'s JC Fletcher said that the site was a "step up" from the first Minecon's location in Las Vegas.<ref name="js-paris"/> The second annual convention was the first held outside of the United States, making it available to European fans who might not have been able to attend the first.<ref name="ign-venue">{{cite news|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2012/08/02/minecon-2012-dates-and-venue-revealed|title=MineCon 2012 Dates and Venue Revealed|first=Luke|last=Karmali|date=2 August 2012|publisher=[[IGN]]|accessdate=28 December 2012}}</ref> It was held in the wake of ''Minecraft'''s growing popularity as the [[Xbox 360]] version of the game sold 3 million copies.<ref name="ign-venue"/> 2012 was also the start of several in-game unofficial Minecons, notably Virtual Minecon,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planetminecraft.com/forums/virtual-minecon-t152014.html|title=CREEPEREVENTS 2013 Virtual Minecon - RECRUITMENT WEEK!|publisher=PlanetMinecraft|date=9 September 2012 |accessdate=14 June 2013}}</ref> which although an unofficial event, was attended by a member of the Mojang Team.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/carnalizer/status/267356693904625664|title=carnalizer: In a VIP area at Virtual Minecon|first=Henrik|last=Pettersson|work=[[Twitter]]|date=10 November 2012|accessdate=14 June 2013}}</ref> Many in-game Minecons have announced an intent to return with the start of the next Minecon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.creeperevents.com|title=Virtual Minecon 2013|publisher=Creeperevents.com|accessdate=14 June 2013}}</ref>

4,500 fans attended the convention in 2012.<ref name="pcg-2012">{{cite journal|title=Minecon celebrates a vast community|last=Francis|first=Tom|date=January 2013|journal=[[PC Gamer (UK)|PC Gamer]]|location=UK|page=11}}</ref> Mojang made several announcements at the 2012 convention. Details about the 1.5 "Redstone" update were revealed as well as information on the game's modding [[API]].<ref name="mcv-over">{{cite news|url=http://www.mcvnordic.com/news/read/minecon-2012-is-over/0107067|title=MineCon 2012 is over|first=Mats|last=Nylund|date=27 November 2012|work=[[Market for Home Computing and Video Games]]|accessdate=28 December 2012}}</ref> The Redstone update was planned for release in early March 2013 and included new features added to the redstone [[ore]] in the game. ''Minecraft'' 1.5 has released hoppers, droppers, and more.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mojang.com/2013/03/minecraft-1-5-is-published/|title=Minecraft 1.5 is Published!|first=Jens|last=Bergensten|publisher=Mojang|date=13 March 2013}}</ref>

===2013===
In April 2013, Lydia Winters revealed that Minecon 2013 would be held in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/LydiaWinters/status/320922859411230720|title=LydiaWinters: MINECON will be in the US this year. Sorry dear Brits. I'm not coming to scout locations!|first=Lydia|last=Winters|work=[[Twitter]]|date=7 April 2013|accessdate=20 June 2013}}</ref> [[Jens Bergensten]] later said that it would be on the [[East coast of the United States|east coast]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/jeb_/status/324813956302647296|title=jeb_: Sorry it's gonna be on the US east coast|first=Jens|last=Bergensten|work=[[Twitter]]|date=18 April 2013|accessdate=27 June 2013}}</ref> On 27 June, it was announced on Mojang's YouTube Channel that Minecon 2013 will be held in [[Orlando, Florida]].<ref>{{cite video|people=Persson, Markus; Geuder, Patrick|title=Where in the World is MINECON 2013?|url=//www.youtube.com/watch?v=lNG_Ayqb-ts|date=27 July 2013}}</ref> The website for the [[Orange County Convention Center]] had listed Minecon as an upcoming event in November, with an attendance of 7,500,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.occc.net/Global/calendar.asp#11|title=OCCC Calendar Of Events - July 2013 Through December 2013|publisher=Orange County Convention Center |accessdate=4 July 2013}}</ref> but then removed the event from the web page.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.occc.net/Global/calendar.asp#11|title=OCCC Calendar Of Events - July 2013 Through December 2013|publisher=Orange County Convention Center|accessdate=17 July 2013}}</ref> Tickets went on sale in three batches each of 2,500 tickets on 31 July, 2 August, and 3 August. The first batch of 2,500 tickets were sold out in three seconds according to Mojang [[Chief operating officer|COO]] Vu Bui.<ref name=3sec>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/vubui/status/362712206640562177|title=vubui: Official numbers now in. #MINECON tickets, batch 1... 2500 tickets sold in 3 seconds.|first=Vu|last=Bui|work=[[Twitter]]|date=31 July 2013}}</ref> The event took place on 2 and 3 November.

===2014===
On 30 March 2014, Lydia Winters revealed in a tweet that Minecon 2014 would be held in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/LydiaWinters/status/450374452383977472|title=LydiaWinters: It's in Europe this year... but maybe next year|first=Lydia|last=Winters|work=[[Twitter]]|date=30 March 2014}}</ref> However, on 21 August 2014, COO of Mojang, Vu Bui, created a blog post, stating that there would be no Minecon 2014, but instead the next Minecon would be in Spring 2015 in London.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mojang.com/2014/08/minecon-2015/|title=MINECON 2015|website=mojang.com|access-date=2016-07-04}}</ref>

===2015===
{{External media|video1=[//www.youtube.com/watch?v=AIdvjx6kDk4 MineCon 2015 Opening Ceremony Animation]}}

[[File:MineCon2015ExpoHall.jpg|thumb|right|The Expo Hall at Minecon 2015]]
On 2 February 2015, Vu Bui announced Minecon 2015 would be held in [[London]], at the [[ExCeL London|ExCeL London Exhibition and Conference Centre]] on 4 and 5 July 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mojang.com/2015/02/minecon-2015-announced/|title=MINECON 2015 announced!|website=mojang.com|access-date=2016-07-04}}</ref> Ticket prices were announced on 18 March 2015 and were set at £129. During the opening ceremony on 4 July 2015 it was announced by [[Guinness World Records]] that Minecon won the world record for the most attendance for a convention that is solely for one game, selling 10,000 tickets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/387749-largest-convention-for-a-single-videogame|title=Largest convention for a single videogame|publisher=[[Guinness World Records]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2015/07/06/minecon-2015-sets-world-record-for-being-biggest-convention-for-a-single-game|publisher=[[IGN.com]]|title=MineCon 2015 Sets World Record for Being Biggest Convention for a Single Game|date=6 July 2015|first1=Cassidee|last1=Moser}}</ref>

===2016===
On 7 March 2016, Mojang announced in a blog post that Minecon 2016 would be held in [[Anaheim, California]], at the Anaheim Convention Center on 24 and 25 September 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mojang.com/2016/03/minecon-announcement/|title=WHERE IN THE WORLD IS MINECON?}}</ref> They have now announced that tickets are 150$ per person, and toddlers aged 3 and under are admitted free. The Minecraft team will be receiving another award, as they were selling 12,000 tickets this year, which sold out within seconds of going on sale.

==Minecon capes==
At each Minecon, attendees received an exclusive in-game cape. In 2011, attendees received a red cape with a Creeper face in the center, chosen in a vote by the community.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mojang.com/2011/09/minecon-speakers-the-yogscast/|title=MineCon speakers: The Yogscast|first=Lydia|last=Winters|date=27 September 2011|publisher=Mojang|accessdate=10 November 2013}}</ref> In 2012, a dark blue<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/mollstam/status/269141575110639617|title=mollstam: Capes for MINECON attendees will be given when the event starts to have as a memory. They are pretty and blue.|first=Tobias|last=Möllstam|work=[[Twitter]]|date=15 November 2012}}</ref> cape with a golden pickaxe in the center, which was spoiled in [[Curse, Inc.|Curse]]'s "Swag Bag" video.<ref>{{cite video|people=Ferguson, Lindsay|title=Minecon 2012- Swag Bag|url=//www.youtube.com/watch?v=EwCxyyITeQc&t=69s|date=23 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minecraftforum.net/topic/1575374-|title=Could this be the Minecon 2012 Cape? :O|author=Flosstradamus|publisher=Minecraft Forums|date=24 November 2012|accessdate=16 May 2014}}</ref> In 2013, a jade green cape with an elevated piston in the center.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/mollstam/status/395505852188487680|title=mollstam: E-mails with Minecon 2013 capes have started to go out! Sent to the address used for purchasing tickets.|first=Tobias|last=Möllstam|work=[[Twitter]]|date=30 October 2013}}</ref> In 2015, a dark cyan cape with the face of an Iron Golem.

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|MineCon}}
* {{Official website|http://minecon.mojang.com}}
* [http://minecraft.gamepedia.com/MineCon Minecon article on the Minecraft wiki]
* [http://mineconparis.tumblr.com/ Official Minecon 2012 Tumblr]
* [http://mineconorlando.tumblr.com Official Minecon 2013 Tumblr]

{{Mojang}}
{{Video Game Trade Shows}}

[[Category:Annual events]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 2010]]
[[Category:Video game conventions]]
[[Category:Minecraft]]

MineCon

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Chilcot-Bericht

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{{Use British English|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2012}}
{{Infobox historical event
|Event_Name = Iraq Inquiry
|image = Iraq Inquiry logo.gif
|AKA = Chilcot Inquiry (or Report)
|Participants = {{Plain list|
* [[John Chilcot|Sir John Chilcot]] (chairman)
* [[Lawrence Freedman|Sir Lawrence Freedman]]
* [[Martin Gilbert|Sir Martin Gilbert]] (died February 2015)
* [[Roderic Lyne|Sir Roderic Lyne]]
* [[Usha Prashar, Baroness Prashar|Baroness Prashar]]
}}
|Location = [[London]], United Kingdom
|Date = '''Hearings''': {{Start date|df=yes|2009|11|24}} – 2 February 2011 '''Report''': 6 July 2016
|URL = {{URL|www.iraqinquiry.org.uk}}
}}
[[File:Blair Bush 2006.jpg|thumb|[[Tony Blair|''Tony Blair'']] ''and [[George W. Bush]] in 2006'']]
The '''Iraq Inquiry''', also referred to as the '''Chilcot Inquiry''' after its chairman, [[John Chilcot|Sir John Chilcot]],<ref name=Guardian1>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/jul/31/iraq-inquiry-fourth-plinth-chilcot My alternative to another round of Iraq whitewashing] ''[[The Guardian]]'', 31 July 2009.</ref><ref name=Guardian2>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/aug/14/british-army-abuses-iraq-chilcot-inquiry Investigate UK abuses in Iraq] ''The Guardian'', 14 August 2009.</ref> is a British [[public inquiry]] into the nation's role in the [[Iraq War]]. The inquiry was announced on 15 June 2009 by [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Gordon Brown]] and published on 6 July 2016 with a public statement by Chilcot.

The inquiry was pursued by a committee of [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Counsellors]] with broad [[terms of reference]] to consider Britain's involvement in Iraq between mid-2001 and July 2009. It covered [[Lead-up to the Iraq War|the run-up to the conflict]], [[Operation Telic|the subsequent military action]] and [[Aftermath of the Iraq War|its aftermath]] to establish how decisions were made, to determine what happened and to identify lessons to ensure that in a similar situation in future, the British government is equipped to respond in the most effective manner in the best interests of the country.<ref name=BBC6>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7312757.stm |title=The key points of the Iraq war inquiry explained |publisher=BBC News |date=5 March 2010}}</ref> The open sessions of the inquiry commenced on 24 November 2009 and concluded on 2 February 2011.

In 2012, the government vetoed the release to the inquiry of documents detailing minutes of Cabinet meetings in the days leading up to the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invasion of Iraq in 2003]]. Concurrently, the [[Foreign Office]] successfully appealed against a judge's ruling and blocked the disclosure of extracts of a conversation between US President [[George W. Bush]] and British Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]] days before the invasion. The government stated that revealing the conversation would present a "significant danger" to [[United Kingdom–United States relations|British-American relations]].<ref name="dailymail.co.uk">John Kampfner, ''[[Daily Mail]]'', 3 August 2012, [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-2182924/Chilcot-inquiry-Hypocrisy-insidious-culture-secrecy.html Hypocrisy and this insidious culture of secrecy]</ref> The million-word report of the inquiry was due to be released to the public by 2014,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/10191047/Foreign-Office-braced-for-criticism-in-Chilcot-report-over-its-record-keeping-around-Iraq-War.html|title=Foreign Office braced for criticism in Chilcot report over its record-keeping around Iraq War|date=27 July 2013|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group]]|accessdate=27 January 2013|location=London|first=Christopher|last=Hope}}</ref> but difficult negotiations were continuing with the United States over the publication of documents.<ref>James Cusick, ''[[The Independent]]'', 13 November 2011, [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/exclusive-us-blocks-publication-of-chilcots-report-on-how-britain-went-to-war-with-iraq-8937772.html Exclusive: US blocks publication of Chilcot’s report on how Britain went to war with Iraq ]</ref> The [[Lord-in-Waiting]] [[William Wallace, Baron Wallace of Saltaire|Lord Wallace of Saltaire]] said on behalf of the government that it would be "inappropriate" to publish the report in the months leading up to the [[Next United Kingdom general election|next general election]] in May 2015.<ref name=BBCNov314>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-29884094|title=Iraq Inquiry set to cost taxpayers £10m|publisher=[[BBC News Online]]|date=3 November 2014|accessdate=14 November 2014}}</ref>

In August it transpired that the Report would in any event be further delayed, possibly into 2016, due to the legal requirement of "[[Maxwellisation]]", allowing any person who is to be criticised a fair opportunity to comment on a draft prior to finalisation and publication.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/iraq-war-chilcot-inquiry-sir-john-chilcot-a6969046.html|title=Iraq War: MPs launch investigation into legislation which delayed Chilcot Inquiry|author=Matt Broomfield|date=5 April 2016|accessdate=6 July 2016|newspaper=Independent}}</ref> Chilcot wrote a letter to David Cameron in October 2015, announcing that the text could be complete by April 2016, and furthermore proposed a release date of June or July 2016.<ref>http://www.iraqinquiry.org.uk/media/55941/2015-10-28%20Chilcot%20to%20Cameron.pdf</ref>

On 6 July 2016 Sir John Chilcot announced the report's publication, more than seven years after the inquiry was announced.<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Iraq Inquiry: Chilcot report to be published on 6 July |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-36251346 |publisher=BBC News |date=9 May 2016 |access-date=9 May 2016}}</ref> Usually referred to as the Chilcot report by the news media,<ref>,{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-36721645 |title=Chilcot report: Findings at-a-glance |author= |date=7 July 2016 |website=BBC |publisher=BBC |access-date=7 July 2016}}</ref> the document stated that [[Saddam Hussein]] did not pose an urgent threat to British interests, that intelligence regarding weapons of mass destruction was presented with too much certainty, that peaceful alternatives to war had not been exhausted, that the United Kingdom and United States had undermined the authority of the [[United Nations Security Council]], that the process of identifying the legal basis was "far from satisfactory", and that a war in March 2003 was unnecessary.<ref name="GuardianReport">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jul/06/chilcot-report-crushing-verdict-tony-blair-iraq-war|title=Chilcot delivers crushing verdict on Blair and the Iraq war |author=Luke Harding|newspaper=The Guardian|date=6 July 2016|accessdate=6 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="TelegraphReport">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/07/06/chilcot-inquiry-judgement-day-for-tony-blair-as-iraq-war-report/|title=Chilcot report: 2003 Iraq war was 'unnecessary', invasion was not 'last resort' and Saddam Hussein was 'no imminent threat'|author=Leon Watson|date=6 July 2016|accessdate=6 July 2016|newspaper=The Telegraph}}</ref>

The report was made available under the [[Open Government Licence]].

==Build-up==
It was initially announced by Prime Minister [[Gordon Brown]] that the Iraq Inquiry would be held [[in camera]], excluding the public and press. However, the decision was later deferred to Sir [[John Chilcot]], the inquiry chairman, who said that it was "essential to hold as much of the proceedings of the inquiry as possible in public".<ref name="NS">{{cite news|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/2009/06/hold-public-inquiry-iraq|title=Chilcot calls for public Iraq inquiry|date=23 June 2009|work=[[New Statesman]]|accessdate=15 February 2010}}</ref><ref name="Tele 1">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/5604841/Large-parts-of-Iraq-inquiry-to-be-heard-in-public.html|title=Large parts of Iraq inquiry to be heard in public|last=Whitehead|first=Tom|date=23 June 2009|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group]]|accessdate=15 February 2010|location=London}}</ref> In July 2009, when the inquiry commenced, it was announced that the committee would be able to request any British document and call any British citizen to give evidence.<ref name="BBC 30/7">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8176698.stm|title=Will Iraq probe worry ministers?|last=Chakrabarti |first=Reeta|date=30 July 2009|work=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=15 February 2010}}</ref> In the week before the inquiry began hearing witnesses, a series of documents including military reports were leaked to a newspaper which appeared to show poor post-war planning and lack of provisions.<ref name="Tele 2">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/defence/6625415/Iraq-report-Secret-papers-reveal-blunders-and-concealment.html|title=Iraq report: Secret papers reveal blunders and concealment|last=Gilligan|first=Andrew |date=21 November 2009|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group Limited]]|accessdate=15 February 2010 |location=London}}</ref>

==Committee members==
The committee of inquiry, the members of which were chosen by Gordon Brown,<ref>[http://www.iraqinquiry.org.uk/faq.aspx#I03 About the Iraq Inquiry: questions and answers] The Iraq Inquiry</ref> comprised:<ref name=BBC1/><ref>"[http://www.iraqinquiry.org.uk/about.aspx About the Inquiry]" The Iraq Inquiry</ref>

*[[John Chilcot|Sir John Chilcot]] (chairman), a career diplomat and senior civil servant who was previously a member of the [[Butler Review]]
*[[Lawrence Freedman|Sir Lawrence Freedman]], a military historian, and Professor of War Studies at [[King's College London]]. His memo outlining five tests for military intervention was used by [[Tony Blair]] in drafting his Chicago foreign policy speech
*[[Martin Gilbert|Sir Martin Gilbert]], (died 3 February 2015) a historian who supported the invasion of Iraq and claimed in 2004 that [[George W. Bush]] and Blair may one day "join the ranks of [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] and [[Winston Churchill|Churchill]]"<ref name=Observer1>[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,,1379819,00.html Statesmen for these times] ''[[The Observer]]'', 26 December 2004.</ref>
*[[Roderic Lyne|Sir Roderic Lyne]], former Ambassador to [[Russia]] and to the [[United Nations]] in [[Geneva]], previously served as private secretary to Prime Minister [[John Major]]
*[[Usha Prashar, Baroness Prashar|Baroness Prashar]], a [[crossbencher]], member of the [[Joint Committee on Human Rights]], and the current chairwoman of the [[Judicial Appointments Commission]]

The committee also took secretarial support during proceedings from Margaret Aldred.<ref name="opening statement">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article6929445.ece?print=yes&randnum=1151003209000|title=Sir John Chilcot's opening statement to Iraq Inquiry|date=24 November 2009|work=Times Online|publisher=[[Times Newspapers Ltd]]|accessdate=12 February 2010|location=London|first1=Anushka|last1=Asthana|author-link1=Anushka Asthana|first2=Jill|last2=Sherman}}</ref>

===Advisors to the committee===
*[[Roger Wheeler (British Army officer)|General Sir Roger Wheeler]], former [[Chief of the General Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the General Staff]] and Commander in Chief Land Forces.<ref>http://www.iraqinquiry.org.uk/media/36690/roger_wheelercv1.pdf</ref>
*[[Rosalyn Higgins|Dame Rosalyn Higgins]], former President of the [[International Court of Justice]].<ref>http://www.iraqinquiry.org.uk/media/36687/dame_rosalyn_cv.pdf</ref>

==Proceedings==
When the inquiry was announced on 15 June 2009 by [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Gordon Brown]], it was initially announced that proceedings would take place in private, a decision which was subsequently reversed after receiving criticism in the media and the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]].<ref name=BBC1>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8100432.stm Iraq war inquiry to be in private] BBC News, 15 June 2009.</ref><ref name=AlJ1>[http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2009/06/200961514301331360.html UK PM announces Iraq war inquiry] [[Al Jazeera]], 15 June 2009.</ref><ref name=Guardian3>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/jun/22/iraq-war-inquiry |title=Public Iraq war inquiry 'essential', says chairman |publisher=The Guardian |date= 22 June 2009|accessdate=24 November 2009| first=Haroon | last=Siddique |location=London}}</ref>

The inquiry commenced in July 2009, with public hearings commencing on 24 November 2009 with [[Peter Ricketts]], chairman of the [[Joint Intelligence Committee (United Kingdom)|Joint Intelligence Committee]] at the time of the invasion of Iraq, as the first witness. Opening the proceedings, Sir John Chilcot announced that the inquiry was not seeking to apportion blame, but to "get to the heart of what happened" but that it would not "shy away" from making criticism where it was justified.<ref name="Telegraph 25/11">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/6645689/Iraq-Inquiry-British-officials-discussed-regime-change-two-years-before-war.html|title=Iraq Inquiry: British officials discussed regime change two years before war|date=25 November 2009|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group]]|accessdate=12 February 2010|location=London}}</ref> The commission resumed its hearings in January 2011 with the former prime minister, [[Tony Blair]] as its prime witness.

===29 October Protocol===
On 29 October 2009, HM Government published a Protocol in agreement with the Iraq Inquiry on the treatment of sensitive written and electronic information.<ref>[http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/media/306669/protocol.pdf Iraq Inquiry Protocol] Cabinet Office</ref> Evidence which will not be made available to the public includes anything likely to:

*a) cause harm or damage to the public interest, guided by the normal and established principles under which the balance of public interest is determined on grounds of [[Public Interest Immunity]] in proceedings in England and Wales, including, but not limited to,
** i) national security, defence interests or international relations;
** ii) the economic interests of the United Kingdom or of any part of the United Kingdom;
*b) endanger the life of an individual or otherwise risk serious harm to an individual;
*c) make public commercially sensitive information;
*d) breach the principle of [[legal professional privilege]] (LPP);
*e) prejudice, in the case of legal advice (following any voluntary waiver of LPP) rather than material facts, the position of HMG in relation to ongoing legal proceedings;
*f) breach the rules of law which would apply in proceedings in England and Wales under the provisions of Section 17 of the [[Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000]];
*g) breach the rules of law applicable to the disclosure of information by the Security Service, SIS or GCHQ, the third party rule governing non-disclosure of intelligence material or other commitments or understandings governing the release of sensitive information;
*h) breach the [[Data Protection Act 1998]]; or
*i) prejudice the course or outcome of any ongoing statutory or criminal inquiry into matters relating to the information proposed for release

==Witnesses==
{{main|List of witnesses of the Iraq Inquiry}}
The inquiry heard evidence from a variety of witnesses, such as politicians, including several cabinet ministers at the time of the invasion; senior civil servants, including lawyers and intelligence chiefs; diplomats, mostly composed of British ambassadors to Iraq and the United States; and high-ranking military officers including former Chiefs of the General Staff and Chiefs of the Defence Staff as well as senior operational commanders.<ref name="Telegraph 25/11">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/6645689/Iraq-Inquiry-British-officials-discussed-regime-change-two-years-before-war.html|title=Iraq Inquiry: British officials discussed regime change two years before war|date=25 November 2009|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group]]|accessdate=12 February 2010|location=London}}</ref>

The inquiry heard mostly from civil servants, intelligence and security officials, diplomats and military officers from the first public hearings up until it recessed for Christmas. Key witnesses included [[Christopher Meyer|Sir Christopher Meyer]], former ambassador to the United States; [[Michael Boyce, Baron Boyce|Admiral Lord Boyce]], former [[Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the Defence Staff]]; [[John Scarlett|Sir John Scarlett]], Chief of the [[Secret Intelligence Service]]; [[Tim Cross|Major-General Tim Cross]], the most senior British officer on the ground in the aftermath of the invasion; and [[Brian Burridge|Air Chief Marshal Sir Brian Burridge]], overall commander of British forces in the invasion.

Former Prime Minister Tony Blair was publicly questioned by the enquiry on 29 January 2010, and again on 21 January 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iraqinquiry.org.uk/hearings/timetable.aspx |title=Iraq Inquiry - Hearings - Timetable |publisher= |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002113/http://www.iraqinquiry.org.uk/hearings/timetable.aspx |archivedate=4 March 2016 }}</ref> On both of these occasions protests took place outside the conference centre.<ref name="Tele 3">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/tony-blair/8274202/Chilcot-Inquiry-Tony-Blair-heckled-as-he-expresses-regret-for-this-loss-of-life-in-the-Iraq-war.html|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|publisher=Telegraph Media Group|accessdate=19 June 2011|location=London|first=Rosa|last=Prince|title=Chilcot Inquiry: Tony Blair heckled as he expresses regret for this loss of life in the Iraq war|date=21 January 2011}}</ref> Because of widespread public interest in Blair's evidence, public access to the hearings had to be allocated by lottery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iraqinquiry.org.uk/news/20101208-ballot.aspx |title=Public Ballot: Application to Attend the Public Hearing of Rt Hon Tony Blair |publisher= |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506235431/http://www.iraqinquiry.org.uk/news/20101208-ballot.aspx |archivedate=6 May 2014 }}</ref> Special dispensations to attend were allocated to those whose close family were casualties of the war, some of whom shouted angry accusations at Blair during his second appearance.<ref name="Tele 3"/>

From the inquiry's resumption in January 2010, it heard predominantly from politicians and former government officials, including [[Alastair Campbell]], Tony Blair's director of communications and on 2 February 2010, then-[[Secretary of State for International Development]] [[Clare Short]], when she repeatedly criticised Blair, Attorney General [[Peter Goldsmith]] and others in the UK Government for what she maintained was deceiving her and other MPs in an attempt to obtain consent for the invasion of Iraq.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/feb/02/clare-short-warned-tony-blair Clare Short: Tony Blair lied and misled parliament in build-up to Iraq war], ''[[The Guardian]], James Sturcke,2 February 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2016.</ref>

Gordon Brown had to retract his claim that spending on defence rose every year during the Iraq war, as this was found not to have been the case.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8573664.stm Brown misled Iraq inquiry over defence budget - Cameron] BBC News, 17 March 2010.</ref>

After a recess to avoid influencing the [[United Kingdom general election, 2010|general election]], the inquiry resumed public hearings on 29 June 2010. The first witness was [[Douglas Brand]], chief police adviser to the Iraqi Interior Ministry from 2003 to 2005.<ref name="BBC IV">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/politics/10437254.stm|title=Iraq inquiry told of post-war police training errors|date=29 June 2010|work=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=29 June 2010}}</ref>

The final witness in the public hearings, heard on 2 February 2011, was [[Jack Straw]], Foreign Secretary from 2001 to 2006.<ref name="BBC-evidencetimeline">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-12224606|title=Iraq inquiry - day by day timeline of evidence given|date=2 February 2011|work=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=5 February 2011}}</ref>

== Publication ==

The Inquiry's final report was published on 6 July 2016. Comprising 2.6 million words in 12 volumes, plus an [[executive summary]], a physical copy was priced at [[Pound sterling|£]]767.<ref name="Stone">{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/chilcot-inquiry-hard-copy-of-iraq-inquiry-report-to-cost-bereaved-families-767-a7064166.html|title=Chilcot Inquiry: Hard copy of Iraq inquiry report to cost bereaved families £767 | UK Politics | News | The Independent|last=Stone|first=Jon|date=3 July 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|accessdate=7 July 2016}}</ref> It was also published online.

The report was made available under the [[Open Government Licence]] v3.0, although this excluded material supplied by third parties.

==Findings==
The report – described by [[BBC News]] as "damning",<ref name="BBCCrystal">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-36724704|title=Crystal clear, polite - but damning|author=Laura Kuenssberg |date=6 July 2016|accessdate=6 July 2016|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> by ''[[The Guardian]]'' as a "crushing verdict",<ref name="GuardianReport"/> and by the ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]'' as "scathing"<ref name="TelegraphReport"/> – was broadly critical of the actions of the British government and military in making the case for the war, in tactics and in planning for the [[aftermath of the Iraq War]].<ref name="BBCReport">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-36721645|title=Chilcot report: Findings at a glance|date=6 July 2016|accessdate=6 July 2016|publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="GuardianReport"/><ref name="TelegraphReport"/> [[Richard Norton-Taylor]] of ''[[The Guardian]]'' wrote that the report "could hardly be more damning" of [[Tony Blair]] and "was an unprecedented, devastating indictment of how a prime minister was allowed to make decisions by discarding all pretence at cabinet government, subverting the intelligence agencies, and making exaggerated claims about threats to Britain's national security".<ref>Richard Norton-Taylor, [https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jul/06/chilcot-indictment-of-tony-blair-could-hardly-have-been-more-serious Chilcot's indictment of Tony Blair could hardly be more damning], ''Guardian'' (6 July 2016).</ref>

===The case for war was deficient===
The report found that in the [[lead-up to the Iraq War|run-up to the war]], peaceful diplomatic options to avoid instability and [[Weapon of mass destruction|WMD]] proliferation had not been exhausted, and that the war was therefore "not a last resort".<ref name="BBCReport"/><ref name="GuardianReport"/> Intervention might have become necessary later, but in March 2003 Saddam Hussein did not pose an immediate threat and the majority of the [[UN Security Council]] supported the continuation of UN weapons inspections and monitoring.<ref name="BBCReport"/>

The report does not question Blair's personal belief that there was a case for war, only the way he presented the evidence that he had.<ref name="IndependentReport">{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/chilcot-report-inquiry-tony-blair-iraq-war-weapons-of-mass-destruction-evidence-verdict-a7122361.html|title=Chilcot report: Blair didn't tell truth about WMDs, the deal with Bush or the warnings of fallout – how Britain went to war in Iraq|author=Andy McSmith, Charlie Cooper|date=6 July 2016|accessdate=7 July 2016|newspaper=The Independent}}</ref> The report cleared the [[Prime Minister's Office]] of influencing the [[Iraq Dossier]] (the "Dodgy Dossier"), which contained the claim that Iraq possessed the ability to launch WMD within 45 minutes, and instead laid the blame for the weaknesses in its evidence on the [[Joint Intelligence Committee (United Kingdom)|Joint Intelligence Committee]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/chilcot-report-intelligence-was-exaggerated-and-omitted-to-justify-iraq-war-inquiry-finds-a7122481.html|title=Chilcot report: Intelligence on WMDs exaggerated to justify going to war, inquiry finds|author=Kim Sengupta|date=6 July 2016|accessdate=6 July 2016}}</ref> However, it did find that references to this intelligence in government reports were over-certain and did not adequately stress uncertainties and nuance.<ref name="BBCReport"/> The [[Secret Intelligence Service]] (better known as MI6) had also expressed concerns about the quality of its source – in particular, noting that an inaccurate detail about storing chemical weapons in glass containers appeared to have been taken from the 1996 action film ''[[The Rock (film)|The Rock]]'' – and expressed doubts about its reliability, but Straw nevertheless asked MI6 to use the source to provide "silver bullet intelligence".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jul/06/movie-plot-the-rock-inspired-mi6-sources-iraqi-weapons-claim-chilcot-report|title=The Rock movie plot 'may have inspired MI6 source's Iraqi weapons claim'|newspaper=The Guardian|date=6 July 2016|accessdate=7 July 2016|author=Peter Walker}}</ref>

===Legal basis for war was far from satisfactory===
The inquiry was not about the legality of military action and did not rule one way or the other as it is not an internationally recognised court. However, the report did criticize the process by which the government investigated the legal basis for the war, finding it "far from satisfactory".<ref name="BBCReport"/> [[Peter Goldsmith, Baron Goldsmith|Lord Goldsmith]], the [[Attorney General for England and Wales|Attorney General]], should have provided a detailed written report to Cabinet, but was instead asked to provide oral evidence without extensive questioning, and he did not explain what the basis would be for deciding whether Iraq had violated [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441]].<ref name="prosecuted">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jul/06/iraq-war-inquiry-chilcot-tony-blair-prosecute|title=The Iraq war inquiry has left the door open for Tony Blair to be prosecuted|author=Joshua Rozenberg|date=6 July 2016|accessdate=6 July 2016|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> Goldsmith's advice changed between January 2003 – when he said that a second resolution was necessary – and March 2003 – when he said that Resolution 1441 was sufficient – and the report describes pressure being applied by the Prime Minister's Office to get Goldsmith to revise his opinion.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/b1d19340-439b-11e6-b22f-79eb4891c97d.html#axzz4Dil94DE7|title=Chilcot report: The government hid the legal case from view|author=[[David Allen Green]]|newspaper=Financial Times|date=6 July 2016|accessdate=7 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.legalweek.com/sites/legalweek/2016/07/06/lord-goldsmith-qc-named-as-chilcot-report-finds-legal-basis-for-iraq-invasion-far-from-satisfactory/?slreturn=20160607072043|title=Lord Goldsmith QC named as Chilcot report finds legal basis for Iraq invasion 'far from satisfactory'|author=Francis Ivens|newspaper=Legal Week|date=6 July 2016|accessdate=7 July 2016}}</ref> By ultimately going to war without a [[United Nations Security Council resolution|Security Council resolution]], the UK was "undermining the Security Council's authority".<ref name="NYTimesReport"/>

===UK overestimated ability to influence US decisions on Iraq===
The report found that Blair had attempted to persuade Bush of the need to seek support from the UN, European allies and Arab states, but that he "overestimated his ability to influence US decisions on Iraq".<ref name="BBCReport"/><ref name="GuardianReport"/> The report accused Blair personally of being too conciliatory towards the US, saying: "Despite concerns about the state of US planning, he did not make an agreement on a satisfactory post-conflict plan a condition of UK participation in military action",<ref name="NYTimesReport"/> and drew attention to a sentence from a private memo from Blair to Bush which read "I will be with you whatever".<ref name="BBCReport"/><ref name="GuardianReport"/> Contrary to Tony Blair's claims, Chilcot found that the [[Special Relationship]] did not require unquestioning agreement between the UK and the US, and the report identified several previous occasions where one country had gone to war without the other without long-term damage to diplomatic relations, including the [[Vietnam War]] and [[Falklands War]].<ref name="GuardianReport"/>

===War preparation and planning was "wholly inadequate"===
The report found that British planning for a post-[[Saddam Hussein]] Iraq was "wholly inadequate" and that the [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD) left UK forces in the country without adequate equipment or a plan.<ref name="Equipment">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jul/06/mod-left-uk-forces-in-iraq-ill-equipped-amid-lack-of-plan-chilcot-report-says|title=MoD left UK forces in Iraq lacking equipment and a plan, Chilcot says |author=Nick Hopkins|date=6 July 2016|accessdate=6 July 2016|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name="BBCReport"/>

There was no ministerial oversight of post-conflict strategy.<ref name="prosecuted"/>

Initial planning for the war assumed an invasion from the north, but Turkey refused permission for UK troops to cross its border.<ref name="Equipment"/> Plans were therefore completely rewritten two months before the war began with insufficient time to assess the dangers or prepare the brigades.<ref name="Equipment"/>

Soldiers were not issued with key equipment, and there were shortfalls in the provision of helicopters, armoured vehicles and in reconnaissance and intelligence assets.<ref name="BBCReport"/> In addition, the MoD was slow to respond to the threat of [[improvised explosive device]]s (IEDs).<ref name="NYTimesReport">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/07/world/europe/chilcot-report.html|title=Chilcot Report on Iraq War Offers Devastating Critique of Tony Blair|author=Steven Erlanger and Stephen Castle|date=6 July 2016|accessdate=6 July 2016|newspaper=New York Times}}</ref>

Although military officials presented several concerns about the risks of the war, the report found that this was not taken into account in planning. "The risks of internal strife in Iraq, active Iranian pursuit of its interests, regional instability and Al Qaeda activity in Iraq were each explicitly identified before the invasion".<ref name="NYTimesReport"/> A "can-do" attitude among military officials also led them to downplay dangers and setbacks during briefings.<ref name="NYTimesReport"/>

The report also described the situation in the city of [[Basra]], where British forces were forced to make a deal with insurgents to end attacks on British troops, as "humiliating".<ref name="NYTimesReport"/>

===Military action did not achieve its goals===
According to the report, British military action did not achieve its goals,<ref name="BBCReport"/> and [[Iraqi insurgency (2003–11)|Baghdad and south-east Iraq destabilised rapidly in the wake of the invasion]].<ref name="GuardianReport"/>

At the time, the UK was also involved in the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–14)|War in Afghanistan]] and military commanders felt that there was more potential for success there, which meant that equipment, manpower and the attention of commanders were diverted from Iraq in the later stages of the war, exacerbating difficulties.<ref name="Equipment"/>

==Reactions and analysis==
In a statement to the House of Commons the afternoon after the inquiry's report was released, [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[David Cameron]] refused to say whether the Iraq War was "a mistake" or "wrong" and rejected calls for an apology to be issued on behalf of the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] for its role in the lead-up to the war. Cameron said that he did not see "a huge amount of point" in "replaying all the arguments of the day" and said that focus should instead be on learning "the lessons of what happened and what needs to be put in place to make sure that mistakes cannot be made in future".<ref>Jon Stone, [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/david-cameron-iraq-war-chilcot-report-response-apology-refuses-live-latest-updates-a7122886.html David Cameron refuses to say the Iraq War was 'wrong' or 'a mistake' following damning Chilcot Report], ''The Independent'' (7 July 2016).</ref>

The same day, [[Spokesperson for the United States Department of State|US State Department spokesperson]] [[John Kirby (admiral)|John Kirby]] stated in the daily [[White House]] press briefing that the US would not respond to the report and that reporters should direct their questions to British officials instead, explaining that their focus was now on Syria rather than a decision made 13 years prior: "... we’re not going to make a judgment one way or the other about this report, and I’ll let British officials speak to the degree to which they intend to derive lessons learned from it. That’s really, again, for them to talk to. We’re not going to go through it, we’re not going to examine it, we’re not going to try to do an analysis of it or make a judgment of the findings one way or the other. Our focus, again, is on the challenges we have in Iraq and Syria right now, and that’s where our focus is".<ref>[http://state.gov/md259402.htm#UK Daily Press Briefing - July 6 2016], ''[[United States Department of State]]</ref><ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/07/06/chilcot-report-how-the-world-reacted/ Chilcot report - how the world reacted: 'A very British masterclass in quiet, restrained but devastating critique'], ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''</ref>

After the report was issued, [[Jeremy Corbyn]], the [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|leader of the opposition]] and [[Leader of the Labour Party (UK)|leader of the Labour Party]] - who had voted against military action - gave a speech in Westminster stating: "I now apologise sincerely on behalf of my party for the disastrous decision to go to war in Iraq in March 2003" which he called an "act of military aggression launched on a false pretext" something that has "long been regarded as illegal by the overwhelming weight of international opinion".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-36733979 |title=Tony Blair says world is better as a result of Iraq War |author= |date=7 July 2016 |website=BBC |publisher=BBC |access-date=7 July 2016 |quote=He said the report proved the Iraq War had been an "act of military aggression launched on a false pretext", something he said which has "long been regarded as illegal by the overwhelming weight of international opinion"}}</ref> Corbyn specifically apologized to "the people of Iraq"; to the families of British soldiers who died in Iraq or returned injured; and to "the millions of British citizens who feel our democracy was traduced and undermined by the way in which the decision to go to war was taken on".<ref name="Corbyn">Andrew Grice, [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/jeremy-corbyn-chilcot-report-iraq-war-inquiry-apology-tony-blair-labour-party-a7123461.html Jeremy Corbyn apologises on behalf of Labour for 'disastrous decision' to join Iraq War], ''The Independent'' (6 July 2016).</ref>

In a statement by [[Alex Salmond]] released after the inquiry's report was issued, the [[Scottish National Party]] said: "After such carnage, people will ask inevitable questions of was conflict inevitable and worthwhile? The answer from Chilcot is undoubtedly no. And who is responsible? The answer is undoubtedly Tony Blair. There must now be a consideration of what political or legal consequences are appropriate for those responsible".<ref>Siobhan Fenton, [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/chilcot-report-alex-salmond-tony-blair-legal-action-iraq-war-inquiry-a7122626.html Chilcot report: Alex Salmond calls for legal action against Tony Blair], ''The Independent'' (6 July 2016).</ref><ref>Alex Salmond, [http://www.snp.org/snp_statement_on_the_chilcot_report SNP statement on the Chilcot Report], Scottish National Party (July 6, 2016).</ref>

After the inquiry's report was issued, [[Tony Blair]] acknowledged that the report made "real and material criticisms of preparation, planning, process and of the relationship with the United States" but cited sections of the report that he said "should lay to rest allegations of bad faith, lies or deceit". He stated: "whether people agree or disagree with my decision to take military action against Saddam Hussein; I took it in good faith and in what I believed to be the best interests of the country. ... I will take full responsibility for any mistakes without exception or excuse. I will at the same time say why, nonetheless, I believe that it was better to remove Saddam Hussein and why I do not believe this is the cause of the terrorism we see today whether in the Middle East or elsewhere in the world".<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/chilcot-report-tony-blair-findings-lie-iraq-war-saddam-hussein-dodgy-dossier-inquiry-latest-a7122611.html Chilcot report: Tony Blair claims findings show he did not lie over Iraq War], ''The Independent'' (6 July 2016).</ref><ref>[http://www.tonyblairoffice.org/news/entry/statement-from-tony-blair-on-chilcot-report/ Statement from Tony Blair on Chilcot Report], Office of Tony Blair (6 July 2016).</ref>

===Allegations of deceit===

Political commentators were split as to what extent the report showed that Tony Blair had lied or deliberately misled Parliament and the public. [[NBC News]] said that the report "stops short of saying Blair lied",<ref name="NBCReport">{{cite news|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/chilcot-report-iraq-war-released-stops-short-saying-blair-lied-n604461|title=Chilcot Report on Iraq War Is Released, Stops Short of Saying Blair Lied|authors=Alexander Smith, Bill Neely|date=6 July 2016|accessdate=7 July 2016|publisher=NBC News}}</ref> the chief political commentator for the ''[[Financial Times]]'', [[Philip Stephens (journalist)|Philip Stephens]], said that Blair's "sin was one of certitude rather than deceit",<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/8da14dcc-438b-11e6-9b66-0712b3873ae1.html#axzz4DiJF24oF|title=Chilcot report exposes Tony Blair’s sin of certitude|author=Philip Stephens|date=7 July 2016|accessdate=7 July 2016|newspaper=Financial Times}}</ref> and writing for [[Bloomberg View]], [[Eli Lake]] said that the report proved Blair "didn't lie his way into Iraq".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2016-07-06/blair-didn-t-lie-his-way-into-iraq-neither-did-bush|title=Blair Didn't Lie His Way Into Iraq. Neither Did Bush.|date=6 July 2016|accessdate=7 July 2016|publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref> Speaking in Parliament, Corbyn said that MPs who voted for the war were "misled by a small number of leading figures in the Government" who "were none too scrupulous about how they made their case for war",<ref name="Corbyn"/> and [[Caroline Lucas]], MP for the [[Green Party of England and Wales|Green Party]], claimed that contradictions between public statements and private memos to Bush proved that Blair was "lying" about whether war could have been averted.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.de/caroline-lucas-on-the-chilcot-report-iraq-inquiry-tony-blair-david-cameron-2016-7?r=UK&IR=T|title=CAROLINE LUCAS: The Iraq War was illegal, Tony Blair was lying, and David Cameron should apologise too|author=Lara O'Reilly|publisher=Business Insider|date=7 July 2016|accessdate=7 July 2016}}</ref>

==Criticism==
The timing and nature of the inquiry—and particularly the fact that it would not issue its report until after the [[United Kingdom general election, 2010|2010 general election]]—generated political controversy.<ref name="Tele 1"/> [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] leader [[David Cameron]] dismissed the inquiry as "an [[The Establishment|establishment]] stitch-up", and the [[Liberal Democrats]] threatened a boycott.<ref name=BBC2>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8102203.stm Anger over 'secret Iraq inquiry'] BBC News, 16 June 2009.</ref> In a parliamentary debate over the establishment of the inquiry, [[Member of Parliament|MPs]] from all the major parties criticised the government's selection of its members.<ref name=TWFY1>{{cite web|url=http://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=2009-06-24c.800.1#g808.1|date=24 June 2009|title=Iraq Inquiry|publisher=They Work For You}}</ref> MPs drew attention to the absence of anyone with first-hand military expertise, the absence of members with acknowledged or proven inquisitorial skills, and the absence of any elected representatives.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} Gilbert's appointment to the enquiry was criticised on the basis that he had once compared Bush and Blair to Roosevelt and Churchill.<ref name=Observer1/> Several MPs drew attention to the fact that Chilcot would be unable to receive evidence under oath.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}

The criticism by the Liberal Democrats continued with the start of public hearings, with party leader [[Nick Clegg]] accusing the government of "suffocating" the inquiry, referring to the power given to government departments to veto sections of the final report. Meanwhile, a group of anti-war protestors staged a demonstration outside the conference centre.<ref name="Times 25/11">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article6931594.ece?print=yes&randnum=1151003209000|title=Gordon Brown accused of suffocating the Chilcot Iraq Inquiry|date=25 November 2009|work=Times Online|publisher=[[Times Newspapers Ltd]]|accessdate=12 February 2010|location=London|first1=Anushka|last1=Asthana|author-link1=Anushka Asthana|first2=Jill|last2=Sherman|last3=Hines|first3=Nico|last4=Brown|first4=David}}</ref><ref name="BBC 25/11">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/uk_politics/8375439.stm|title=Iraq inquiry being 'suffocated' - Lib Dem leader Clegg|date=25 November 2009|work=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=12 February 2010}}</ref> Concerns were also raised about the expertise of the panel, particularly with regard to issues of legality by senior judges.<ref name="Telegraph II">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/6637328/Iraq-inquiry-civil-servant-Sir-John-Chilcot-incapable-of-addressing-legal-issues.html|title=Iraq inquiry: civil servant Sir John Chilcot 'incapable of addressing legal issues'|last=Laing |first=Aislinn|date=24 November 2009|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group]]|accessdate=12 February 2010 |location=London}}</ref> On 22 November 2009, former British Ambassador [[Oliver Miles]] published an article in the ''[[Independent on Sunday]]'',<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/oliver-miles-the-key-question-ndash-is-blair-a-war-criminal-1825374.html |title=The key question – is Blair a war criminal? | location=London | work=The Independent}}</ref> in which he questioned the appointment to the inquiry panel of two British historians on the basis of their previous support for [[Israel]]. In a diplomatic cable from the US embassy in London, released as part of [[Cablegate]], Jon Day, director general for security policy at the British Ministry of Defence is cited having promised the US to have "put measures in place to protect your interests" regarding the inquiry.<ref>{{cite web | title=09LONDON2198, U/S TAUSCHER'S MEETINGS WITH FS MILIBAND AND OTHER| url=http://www.cablegatesearch.net/cable.php?id=09LONDON2198&version=1291138620 | accessdate=11 November 2011}}</ref> This has been interpreted as an indication that the inquiry is restricted "to minimize embarrassment for the United States."<ref>{{ cite news | title=WikiLeaks cable reveals secret pledge to protect US at Iraq inquiry | url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/30/wikileaks-chilcot-iraq-war-inquiry | work=The Guardian | first=Robert | last=Booth| accessdate=30 November 2010 | location=London | date=30 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.salon.com/news/wikileaks/index.html?story=/politics/war_room/2010/11/30/wikileaks_uk_iraq_inquiry | title=Is Britain's Iraq war inquiry compromised? | work=www.salon.com | first=Justin | last=Elliott | accessdate=30 November 2010 }}</ref>

In 2012, [[Attorney General for England and Wales|Attorney General]] [[Dominic Grieve]] was criticized when he vetoed the release of documents to the inquiry detailing minutes of Cabinet meetings in the days leading up to the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invasion of Iraq]] in 2003. Concurrently, the Foreign Office successfully appealed against a judge's ruling and blocked the disclosure of extracts of a conversation between Bush and Blair moments before the invasion. The British government stated that revealing the content of a phone call between Bush and Blair moments before the invasion would later present a "significant danger" to [[United Kingdom–United States relations|British-American relations]].<ref name="dailymail.co.uk"/> In his submission to the inquiry, [[Philippe Sands]] observed that:

{{Quote|
an independent Dutch Inquiry has recently concluded – unanimously and without ambiguity – that the war was not justified under international law. The Dutch inquiry Committee was presided by W.J.M. Davids, a distinguished former President of the Dutch Supreme Court, and four of its seven members were lawyers. The Dutch Committee was well-placed to address the substantive legal issues. I note, however, that the composition of this Inquiry includes no members with any legal background.<ref>{{Cite web |last= Sands |first= Philippe |authorlink= Philippe Sands |date= 4 October 2010 |title= Submission to Iraq inquiry |url= http://www.theguardian.com/law/interactive/2010/oct/04/iraq-inquiry-submissions-philippe-sands |publisher= [[The Guardian|theguardian.com]] |accessdate= 15 February 2013 }}</ref>
}}

In 2011, the ''[[The Independent|Independent]]'' published an article with 15 charges that have yet to be answered by the inquiry.<ref name="Independent 1/11">{{Cite news|author=Michael Savage|date=21 January 2011|title=The case against Blair: 15 charges that have yet to be answered|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/the-case-against-blair-15-charges-that-have-yet-to-be-answered-2190375.html|publisher=[[The Independent|independent.co.uk]]|accessdate=29 August 2013|location=London}}</ref> Speaking at a public meeting in 2013, [[David Owen]] said that the inquiry "is being prevented from revealing extracts that they believe relevant from exchanges between President Bush and Prime Minister Blair". He blamed Blair and Cameron for this state of affairs, who he believed have entered into a private deal to prevent the publication of important documents out of mutual self-interest.<ref>{{Cite news | last = Oborne | first = Peter | authorlink = Peter Oborne | date = 29 May 2013 | title = The whiff of suspicion over the Chilcot Inquiry grows stronger | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/10086837/The-whiff-of-suspicion-over-the-Chilcot-Inquiry-grows-stronger.html | publisher = [[The Daily Telegraph|telegraph.co.uk]] | location=London}}</ref> It emerged that the Cabinet Office was resisting the release of "more than 130 records of conversations" between Bush and Blair, as well as "25 notes from Mr Blair to President Bush" and "some 200 cabinet-level discussions".<ref>{{Cite news | last = Doward | first = Jamie | date = 10 November 2013 | title = Iraq war inquiry blocked in bid to make Bush-Blair 'kick ass' memo public | url = http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/nov/10/iraq-war-tony-blair-george-bush | accessdate = 10 November 2013 | publisher = ''[[The Observer]]'' }}</ref>

The length of time taken for the inquiry to complete its report is seen by many as excessive, and has been widely criticised.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-33163916 "Cameron 'losing patience' with Chilcot Iraq Inquiry delay"], ''BBC News'', 17 June 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/11808788/Retired-High-Court-judge-questions-inordinate-Chilcot-delay.html "Retired High Court judge questions 'inordinate' Chilcot delay as Defence Secretary intervenes"], ''The Telegraph'', 18 August 2015.</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34072126 "Sir John Chilcot facing legal action over report delays"], ''BBC News'', 27 August 2015.</ref> There were also criticisms that the inquiry's final report had been published electronically only as [[Portable Document Format]] files, including images of scans of photocopies of printouts of electronic documents, and not in an [[open format]].<ref name="Styles">{{cite web|url=http://tech.newstatesman.com/big-data/tried-searching-chilcot-report-good-luck|title=What do you mean Chilcot isn't a technology story?|last=Styles|first=Kirsty|date=7 July 2016|work=[[New Statesman]]|accessdate=7 July 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.iraqinquiry.org.uk}}
** [http://www.iraqinquiry.org.uk/the-report/ Download list] (in chapters)
** [http://www.iraqinquiry.org.uk/media/246416/the-report-of-the-iraq-inquiry_executive-summary.pdf Executive summary] (1 MB, 150 p.)
* [http://officialinquiries.atomatic.net/uk-parliament-iraq-inquiry/ Searchable text version]
*[http://www.iraqinquirydigest.org/ Iraq Inquiry Digest] - commentary site edited by journalist Chris Ames.

{{Tony Blair}}
{{Members of the Iraq Inquiry}}
{{British Inquiries into the Iraq War}}
{{Iraq War}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Iraq Inquiry, The}}
[[Category:Political controversies]]
[[Category:Public inquiries in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Iraq Inquiry| ]]
[[Category:2009 in British politics]]
[[Category:2010 in British politics]]
[[Category:2016 in British politics]]
[[Category:Tony Blair]]

Michael Zinberg

2016-06-04T10:40:14Z

TwoTwoHello: clean up, removed stub tag, typo(s) fixed: an alumni of → an alumnus of using AWB

{{Infobox person
| name = Michael Zinberg
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Michael Allan Zinberg
| other_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1944|03|22}}
| birth_place = [[Bexar County, Texas|Bexar County]], [[Texas]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater = [[University of Texas at Austin]]
| occupation = Television Director TV Producer TV Writer Former TV Executive
| years_active = 1971–present
| spouse = Leslie Zinberg
}}
'''Michael Allan Zinberg''' (born March 22, 1944),<ref name=FamilySearch-TXBirth-1944>{{cite web|title=Michael Allan Zinberg - Texas, Birth Index|url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:VD66-SN6|website=[[FamilySearch]]|accessdate=18 April 2015|date=22 March 1944}}</ref> is an American [[television director]], [[Television producer|producer]] and [[Television writer|writer]].

== Early life ==
Zinberg was born in [[Bexar County]], [[Texas]] to Dorothy Zinberg (née Rissien) and William Zinberg.<ref name=FamilySearch-TXBirth-1944 /> Graduated from Thomas Jefferson High School in San Antonio, TX.

He is an alumnus of the [[University of Texas at Austin]], where he was an English major.<ref name=UTAustin-Alumni-Zinberg>{{cite web|title=Alumni - Outstanding - Michael Zinberg |url=http://moody.utexas.edu/alumni/outstanding/michael-zinberg|website=[[University of Texas at Austin]] - [[Moody College of Communication]]|accessdate=18 April 2015}}</ref>

== Career ==
Zinberg moved to [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], in 1968, with his first job as an usher at [[CBS Television City]]. He worked his way up to become a production assistant and then a writer, eventually working as an Associate Producer on the [[James Garner]] TV show ''[[Nichols (TV series)|Nichols]].''<ref name=FlowTV-Zinberg-Bio>{{cite web|title=Michael Zinberg Bio|url=http://flowtv.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Michael.Zinberg.bio_.pdf|website=[[Flow TV]]|accessdate=18 April 2015|date=Summer 2014}}</ref>

=== MTM Productions ===
In 1972, Zinberg joined the [[MTM Productions]] television production company that was founded by [[Mary Tyler Moore]]'s husband, [[Grant Tinker]]. While at MTM Productions he wrote, produced and directed ''[[The Bob Newhart Show]]'' for six seasons,<ref name=Variety-BobNewhart-2012>{{cite news|last1=Rice|first1=Jerry|title=TV dreams live on: Bob Newhart: 50 Years in Showbiz|url=https://variety.com/2012/tv/news/tv-dreams-live-on-1118061137/|accessdate=18 April 2015|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=26 October 2012}}</ref> as well as ''[[The Mary Tyler Moore Show]],'' among other popular TV shows of the 1970s and 1980s.<ref name=FlowTV-Zinberg-Bio />

=== Executive career ===
From 1979 to 1981, Zinberg was VP Production Development at [[NBC]], where he was responsible for ''[[Hill Street Blues]],'' ''[[Cheers]],'' as well as other programs.<ref name=FlowTV-Zinberg-Bio />

From 1993 to 1995, Zinberg was President of [[NBC Productions]], where he oversaw ''[[Homicide: Life on the Street]],'' ''[[JAG (TV series)|JAG]]'', and all NBC Late Night programming.<ref name=FlowTV-Zinberg-Bio /><ref name=Variety-NBC-1993>{{cite news|last1=Variety Staff|title=Petry NBC West Coast sr. VP|url=https://variety.com/1993/scene/news/petry-nbc-west-coast-sr-vp-115888/|accessdate=18 April 2015|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=16 November 1993}}</ref>

=== Directing ===
Zinberg continues to produce direct many episodic TV programs, including ''[[Rizzoli & Isles]],'' where he serves as Executive Producer. He has directed current shows like ''[[The Good Wife]],'' ''[[The Blacklist (TV series)|The Blacklist]],'' and ''[[NCIS: New Orleans]],'' among others. He counts [[John Rich (director)|John Rich]], [[John Frankenheimer]], [[Bob Butler]], and [[Gene Reynolds]] as inspiration for his directing work.<ref name=DGA-VisualHistory-2009>{{cite web|last1=Shimokawa|first1=Gary|title=Visual History with Michael Zinberg|url=http://www.dga.org/Craft/VisualHistory/Interviews/Michael-Zinberg.aspx|website=[[Directors Guild of America]]|accessdate=18 April 2015|date=28 May 2009|quote=Video interviews}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
''Selected work''
* 1971-1972: ''[[Nichols (TV series)|Nichols]]'' - Assistant Producer, 24 episodes
* 1972-1974: ''[[The Mary Tyler Moore Show]]'' - Associate Producer, 24 episodes; Assistant Producer, 24 episodes
* 1972-1978: ''[[The Bob Newhart Show]]'' - Associate Producer, 75 episodes; Producer, 33 episodes; Executive Producer, 22 episodes; Director, 15 episodes
* 1976-1978: ''[[The Tony Randall Show]]'' - Director, 5 episodes
* 1082-1983: ''[[Taxi (TV series)|Taxi]]'' - Director, 6 episodes
* 1978-1979: ''[[WKRP in Cincinnati]]'' - Director, 4 episodes
* 1983-1984: ''[[The Yellow Rose]]'' - Executive Producer, 22 episodes
* 1987-1988: ''[[L.A. Law]]'' - Director, 2 episodes
* 1989-1990: ''[[Midnight Caller]]'' - Director - 3 episodes
* 1990-1991: ''[[Quantum Leap (TV series)|Quantum Leap]]'' - Co-Executive Producer, 24 episodes; Director, 9 episodes
* 1996-1998: ''[[JAG (TV series)|JAG]]'' - Co-Executive Producer, 7 episodes; Director, 2 episodes
* 1996-1997: ''[[Men Behaving Badly (U.S. TV series)|Men Behaving Badly]]'' - Director, 16 episodes
* 1999-2002: ''[[Everybody Loves Raymond]]'' - Director, 5 episodes
* 1999-2004: ''[[The Practice]]'' - Director, 8 episodes
* 2003-2009: ''[[Monk (TV series)|Monk]]'' - Director, 5 episodes
* 2004-2005: ''[[Gilmore Girls]]'' - Director, 6 episodes
* 2008-2010: ''[[Private Practice (TV series)|Private Practice]]'' - Director, 5 episodes
* 2009-2010: ''[[Lie to Me (2011 TV series)|Lie to Me]]'' - Director, 4 episodes
* 2010-2011: ''[[Rizzoli & Isles]]'' - Executive Producer, 15 episodes; Director, 5 episodes
* 2010-2015: ''[[The Good Wife]]'' - Director, 13 episodes
* 2014-2015: ''[[NCIS (TV series)|NCIS]]'' - Director, 2 episodes
* 2015-2016: ''[[The Carmichael Show]]'' - Director, 2 episodes

== Honors ==

=== Emmys ===
* 1977: Outstanding Comedy Series, ''[[The Bob Newhart Show]]'' (CBS)<ref name=Emmys-Zinberg>{{cite web|title=Michael Zinberg|url=http://www.emmys.com/bios/michael-zinberg|website=[[Emmys]]|publisher=[[Academy of Television Arts & Sciences]]|accessdate=18 April 2015}}</ref>
* 1991: Outstanding Drama Series, ''[[Quantum Leap (TV series)|Quantum Leap]]'' (NBC)<ref name=Emmys-Zinberg />
* 1992: Outstanding Drama Series, ''[[Quantum Leap (TV series)|Quantum Leap]]'' (NBC)<ref name=Emmys-Zinberg />

Zinberg has won the following awards and has served on the following bodies:
* The Lifetime Achievement Award from The Caucus of Writers, Producers and Directors
* Board Member, The Western Directors Council
* Co-Chair of the DGA Television Creative Rights Committee
* 1983: The Young Texas Exes Award, University of Texas at Austin
* 1994: The College of Communication Outstanding Alumnus Award, University of Texas at Austin
* UT College of Communication Foundation Advisory Council, University of Texas at Austin

== Personal life ==
Zinberg has been married to Leslie Zinberg (née Fierman), a writer and designer, since 1969.<ref name=FamilySearch-TXMarriage-1969>{{cite web|title=Michael A Zinberg mentioned in the record of Michael A Zinberg and Leslie S Fierman|url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:VTKL-5K8|website=[[FamilySearch]]|accessdate=18 April 2015|date=26 January 1969}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|0956910}}

{{DirectorsGuildofAmericaOutstandingDirectingDramaSeries 1990–2009}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zinberg, Michael}}
[[Category:American television directors]]
[[Category:American television producers]]
[[Category:American television writers]]
[[Category:Male television writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Texas at Austin alumni]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Directors Guild of America Award winners]]
[[Category:1944 births]]

Annie (2014)

2016-05-19T09:29:25Z

TwoTwoHello: Reverted edits by 74.194.64.238 (talk) to last version by TwoTwoHello

{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Annie
| image = Annie2014Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Will Gluck]]
| producer = {{plainlist|
* [[James Lassiter]]
* Will Gluck
* [[Jada Pinkett Smith]]
* [[Will Smith]]
* Caleeb Pinkett
* [[Jay Z|Shawn "Jay Z" Carter]]
* Jay Brown
* Tyran Smith
}}
| screenplay = {{plainlist|
* Will Gluck
* [[Aline Brosh McKenna]]
}}
| based on = {{Based on|''[[Annie (musical)|Annie]]''|[[Charles Strouse]] [[Martin Charnin]] [[Thomas Meehan (writer)|Thomas Meehan]]}} and {{Based on|''[[Little Orphan Annie]]''|[[Harold Gray]]}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Jamie Foxx]]
* [[Quvenzhané Wallis]]
* [[Rose Byrne]]
* [[Bobby Cannavale]]
* [[Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje]]
* [[David Zayas]]
* [[Cameron Diaz]]
}}
| music = [[Charles Strouse]] [[Greg Kurstin]]
| cinematography = Michael Grady
| editing = Tia Nolan
| studio = {{plainlist|
* [[Village Roadshow Pictures]]
* [[Overbrook Entertainment]]
}}
| distributor = [[Columbia Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|2014|12|07|[[Ziegfeld Theatre (1969)|Ziegfeld Theatre]]|2014|12|19|United States}}
| runtime = 118 minutes<ref name="BBFC">{{cite web | url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/annie-film | title=''ANNIE'' (PG) | work=[[British Board of Film Classification]] | date=October 23, 2014 | accessdate=October 23, 2014}}</ref>
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $65 million<ref>{{cite web | url = https://deadline.com/2014/12/weekend-box-office-the-hobbit-the-battle-of-the-five-armies-no-1-annie-night-at-the-museum-1201331370/ | title = ‘Hobbit’ Wakes Up Auds; ‘Museum’ Takes Second, ‘Annie’ Sings Third – Friday B.O. UPDATE | author = Anthony D'Alessandro | publisher = [[Deadline.com]] | date = December 20, 2014 | accessdate = December 20, 2014}}</ref><ref name="mojo do ">{{cite web | url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=annie2014.htm | title=Annie (2014) | work=[[Box Office Mojo]] | publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]] | accessdate=May 22, 2015}}</ref>
| gross = $133.8 million<ref name="mojo do " />
}}
'''''Annie''''' is a 2014 American [[Musical film|musical]] [[comedy-drama]] film directed by [[Will Gluck]] and produced by [[Village Roadshow Pictures]] and [[Will Smith]]'s [[Overbrook Entertainment]] for [[Sony Pictures Entertainment|Sony Pictures]]' [[Columbia Pictures]]. A contemporary adaptation of the 1977 [[Annie (musical)|Broadway musical of the same name]], the film stars [[Quvenzhané Wallis]], [[Jamie Foxx]], [[Rose Byrne]], [[Bobby Cannavale]], and [[Cameron Diaz]]. The third [[film adaptation]], following Columbia's 1982 [[Annie (1982 film)|theatrical film]] and [[Walt Disney Television|Disney]]'s 1999 [[Annie (1999 film)|television film]], ''Annie'' began production in August 2013 and opened on December 19, 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.playbill.com/news/article/177957-Will-Glucks-Annie-Film-Remake-Starring-Quvenzhane-Wallis-Will-Begin-Production-in-NYC-This-August|title=Will Gluck's "Annie" Film Remake, Starring Quvenzhane Wallis, Will Begin Production in NYC This August|work=Playbill}}</ref><ref>[http://www.deadline.com/2013/09/columbia-shifts-annie-release-date-by-a-week "Columbia Shifts ''Annie'' Release By A Week]. Deadline.com. Retrieved March 5, 2014.</ref><ref name="hack"/> to generally negative reviews, but was a box-office success, grossing over $133 million.

''Annie'' received two [[Golden Globe Award]] nominations, one for [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Comedy or Musical|Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Comedy or Musical]] (for Wallis) and for [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]]. Conversely, the film won the [[Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Prequel, Remake, Rip-off or Sequel]] and Cameron Diaz was nominated for [[Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actress|Worst Supporting Actress]].

==Plot==

In [[Harlem]], Manhattan Island, N.Y.C, [[Little Orphan Annie|Annie Bennett]] lives in foster care with several other girls in the care of Colleen Hannigan, a bitter former singer who spends her days drinking or trying to find a husband. Annie spends Fridays waiting outside ''Donni's'' restaurant, believing her parents will come for her because a note written on a receipt from ''Donni's'' says they would return. When a city inspector checks on Hannigan's treatment of the girls, Annie takes advantage of the situation; she manages to copy her [[social security number]] from his clipboard and heads off to get her information. Annie learns that there's nothing more about her than what she already knows.

Trying to save a [[Shiba Inu]] from bullies, Annie is nearly run over; however, she is saved by William Stacks, a [[mysophobia|germaphobe]] cell phone mogul running for mayor. Annie's rescue goes viral on the internet, boosting Stacks popularity; per suggestion of Stacks' campaign manager Guy Danlily, Annie moves in with Stacks to boost his popularity further. Annie enjoys her new surroundings, befriending Stacks' assistant Grace Farrell. Annie also gets to adopt the stray dog from before, naming her Sandy. Bonding with Annie, Stacks reveals that he had humble beginnings in Queens; he never really knew his father due to his work hours, but believed he could understand him if he worked just as hard. Annie also helps Grace and Stacks begin realizing that they like each other romantically.

Per Annie's request, Stacks takes her and her friends in Hannigan's foster care to see the premiere of ''MoonQuake Lake''. Stacks is uninterested in the movie at first, but soon becomes a major fan, along with Grace. Per Annie and Grace's insistence, Stacks joins in the after-movie party. After returning her friends home, Annie shows Grace her Friday routine of waiting to see if her parents will return; Grace sympathizes, agreeing to keep this a secret from Stacks. At Hannigan's, the girls accidentally wake her; Hannigan snaps at them, saying rich people aren't nice, and will ditch anyone they don't like anymore (recalling her own past). Slightly hungover, she laments about her situation of foster kids and her desire to reclaim stardom.

When Annie is asked to read a speech during a charity event, she runs out, revealing that she doesn't know how to read. Stacks decides to get her a tutor, but Guy decides that Annie will only hinder Stacks' campaign as his popularity isn't improving anymore. Teaming up with Hannigan, Guy plans to have imposters claim Annie as their daughter to boost Stacks popularity to the point where he wins; Guy will then share his payment with Hannigan. However, Guy plans to dump Annie back into the system after the election, not caring about her well-being. By the time Hannigan has second thoughts, Annie has already been kidnapped by the imposters; Hannigan tells Stacks about the plan, getting Guy fired. Stacks, Grace, Hannigan and the girls board Stacks' helicopter; aided by the police, they chase the getaway car into the park. Annie, thinking Stacks arranged this (due to the kidnappers believing Stacks paid them, not Guy), is surprised when Stacks announces to the press that he quits the mayoral race; Annie then helps Grace and Stacks admit their love. All three dance and sing happily.

Later, Annie announces the opening of the Stacks Education Facility, to help children like herself who couldn't read. Everyone sings Annie's ''The Sun Will Come Out Tomorrow''; unhumorously, Hannigan attempts to continue singing after the song is done, only to receive stares that cue her to stop.

==Cast==
* [[Quvenzhané Wallis]] as [[Little Orphan Annie|Annie Bennett]], a child living in a [[foster home]] searching for her parents.
* [[Jamie Foxx]] as William "Will" Stacks, a wealthy politician and cell phone mogul based on [[Oliver "Daddy" Warbucks|Oliver Warbucks]] and Annie's father figure.
* [[Rose Byrne]] as Grace Farrell, Stacks' faithful personal assistant and Annie's mother figure.
* [[Bobby Cannavale]] as Guy Danlily,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywood.com/news/brief/55031477/bobby-cannavale-joins-the-cast-of-annie|title=Bobby Cannavale joins the cast of Annie|date=August 20, 2013|publisher=Hollywood.com}}</ref> a "bulldog political adviser" to Stacks. He convinces Stacks to let Annie live with him for the press at first, but later proves that he doesn't care for her well-being.
* [[Cameron Diaz]] as Miss Colleen Hannigan, the cruel [[control freak]] of the foster home where Annie resides. She is based on Agatha Hannigan.
* [[Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje]] as Nash, "the tough but lovable bodyguard and driver for Stacks and a good friend of Annie." He evokes the traits of Punjab and The Asp.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.playbill.com/news/article/182530-Adewale-Akinnuoye-Agbaje-Cast-in-Will-Glucks-Annie-Film-Remake-Columbia-Pictures-Bumps-Up-Release-Date|title=Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje Cast in Will Gluck's "Annie" Film Remake; Columbia Pictures Bumps Up Release Date|work=Playbill}}</ref>
* [[Tracie Thoms]] and [[Dorian Missick]] as Annie's "fake parents", based on the characters Lily St. Regis and Rooster Hannigan.<ref>[http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/dorian-missick-tracie-thoms-will-be-quvenzhane-wallis-fake-parents-in-remake-of-annie "Dorian Missick & Tracie Thoms Will Be Quvenzhané Wallis' "Fake Parents' In Remake Of ''Annie''"]. ''Shadow and Act''. indieWire. Retrieved March 5, 2014.</ref>
* [[David Zayas]] as Lou, the local [[Convenience store|bodega owner]] who is a friend of Annie and has a crush on Miss Hannigan. He evokes the traits of the laundryman Mr. Bundles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/dexters-david-zayas-joins-annie-629160|title='Dexter's' David Zayas Joins 'Annie' Remake (Exclusive)|date=September 30, 2013|work=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref>
* [[Stephanie Kurtzuba]] as Mrs. Kovacevic, the New York Family Services worker who becomes close with Annie's case.

* [[Nicolette Pierini]] as Mia Putnam, the youngest of Annie's foster sisters.
* [[Amanda Troya]] as Pepper Ulster, the bossiest and oldest foster girl. She is almost thirteen, and thinks that nobody wants her.
* [[Eden Duncan-Smith]] as Isabella Sullivan, the second oldest of Annie's foster sisters.
* [[Zoe Margaret Colletti]] as Tessie Dutchess, one of Annie's fosters. Tessie is in Annie's grade at school.

;Cameos
* [[Patricia Clarkson]] as Focus Group Woman
* [[Michael J. Fox]] as himself
* [[Mila Kunis]] as Andrea Alvin, the lead actress in ''[[MoonQuake Lake]]''
* [[Ashton Kutcher]] as Simon Goodspeed, the lead actor in ''[[MoonQuake Lake]]''
* [[Shilpa Shetty]] as Herself
* [[Bobby Moynihan]] as Guy in Bar
* [[Rihanna]] as Moon Goddess, a supporting character in ''[[MoonQuake Lake]]''
* [[Sia (musician)|Sia]] as Animal Care & Control Volunteer
* [[George Clooney]] as himself

[[Phil Lord and Christopher Miller]]'s names appear in the end credits of ''[[MoonQuake Lake]]'', a fictional [[Story within a story|film within the film]]. The scenes were actually directed by Lord and Miller.

==Musical numbers==
{{Main|Annie (2014 film soundtrack)}}
While the film incorporates notable songs from the original Broadway production, written by composer [[Charles Strouse]] and lyricist [[Martin Charnin]], the songs themselves were rearranged by [[Sia (musician)|Sia]] and [[Greg Kurstin]] to reflect its new contemporary setting. Executive music supervisor Matt Sullivan explained that there was a desire to make the film's use of music "seamless" rather than "abrupt", and to maintain the integrity and familiarity of the musical's most iconic songs, including "Tomorrow" and "It's the Hard Knock Life". The songs were rearranged with a percussive, [[pop music|pop]]-inspired style: in particular, "It's the Hard Knock Life"—whilst maintaining the use of "natural" sounds for its rhythm, was updated in a [[hip hop]] style. Lyrics to some songs were also updated to reflect the differences in the film's storyline and settings.<ref name=billboard-ruinchildhood /> Sia and Kurstin wrote three new songs for the soundtrack: "Opportunity", "Who Am I", and "Moonquake Lake". Sia additionally co-wrote "The City's Yours" with [[Stargate (production team)|Stargate]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Rigby|first1=Sam|title=Sia and Beck Join Stars on Annie Movie Soundtrack|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/music/news/a605383/sia-and-beck-join-stars-on-annie-movie-soundtrack.html#~oUASLyfKso2baF|work=Digital Spy|accessdate=November 3, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Via RocNation|title=ANNIE Soundtrack Press Release|url=http://nukethefridge.com/2014/10/22/annie-soundtrack-press-release/|publisher=Nuke The Fridge|accessdate=November 3, 2014}}</ref>

# "Maybe" – Annie, Foster girls
# "[[It's the Hard Knock Life]]" – Annie, Foster girls
# "Tomorrow" - Annie
# "I Think I'm Gonna Like It Here" – Annie, Grace, and Mrs. Kovacevic
# "Little Girls" - Miss Hannigan
# "The City's Yours" – Will and Annie
# "Opportunity" – Annie
# "Easy Street" – Guy and Miss Hannigan
# "Who Am I?" – Miss Hannigan, Will, and Annie
# "I Don't Need Anything But You" - Will, Annie, and Grace
# "Tomorrow/I Don't Need Anything But You" - Company
# "You're Never Fully Dressed Without a Smile" - Sia

==Production==
[[Sony Pictures|Sony]] first announced the [[remake]] in January 2011; [[Jay-Z]] and [[Will Smith]] served as producers, and Smith's daughter [[Willow Smith|Willow]] was attached to play the lead role.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=73519 |title=Sony Confirms ''Annie'' Remake in the Works |publisher=ComingSoon.net |accessdate=September 16, 2013}}</ref> In February 2011, ''[[Glee (TV series)|Glee]]'' co-creator [[Ryan Murphy (writer)|Ryan Murphy]] became front-runner to direct the film,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thewrap.com/movies/column-post/sony-interested-ryan-murphy-direct-annie-24598 |title=Sony Wants ''Glee''{{'}}s' Ryan Murphy to Direct ''Annie'' |work=The Wrap |date=February 9, 2011 |accessdate=September 16, 2013}}</ref> but by March, he had declined.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hitfix.com/articles/no-annie-for-ryan-murphy |title=Glees Ryan Murphy wont be directing Will Smith-produced remake |publisher=HitFix.com |date=March 26, 2011 |accessdate=September 16, 2013}}</ref>

The production soon began seeking a screenwriter, and actress [[Emma Thompson]] was considered.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/will_smith_wants_emma_thompson_to_write_the_annie_remake_for_willow_smith |title=Will Smith Wants Emma Thompson To Write The ''Annie'' Remake For Willow Smith |publisher=Blogs.indieWire.com |accessdate=September 16, 2013}}</ref> No developments arrived until May 2012, when Will Smith appeared on ''[[Good Morning America]]'' and provided updates, including that the film would be set in modern-day [[New York City]], that Thompson was providing a script, and that Jay-Z would also provide newly written songs for the film.<ref>{{cite web |date = May 24, 2012 |url= http://www.hitfix.com/news/jay-z-writing-new-material-for-willow-smith-for-annie-remake |title=Jay-Z writing new material for Willow Smith for ''Annie'' remake |publisher=HitFix.com |accessdate=September 16, 2013}}</ref> In July 2012, ''[[We Bought a Zoo]]'' screenwriter [[Aline Brosh McKenna]] wrote a second draft of the script.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/annie-aline-brosh-mckenna-353107 |title=Aline Brosh McKenna to Rewrite ''Annie'' Remake |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=July 26, 2012 |accessdate=September 16, 2013}}</ref> In August, it was announced production was to begin in Spring 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thefilmstage.com/news/will-smith-and-jay-zs-annie-remake-to-begin-nyc-production-this-spring |title=Will Smith and Jay-Z's ''Annie'' Remake To Begin NYC Production This Spring |publisher=TheFilmStage.com |accessdate=September 16, 2013}}</ref>

In January 2013, ''[[Easy A]]'' director [[Will Gluck]] was hired to direct, but Willow Smith had dropped out.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/30/will-gluck-annie-remake-willow-smith_n_2583687.html |title=Will Gluck Hired For ''Annie'' Remake; Willow Smith No Longer Attached |work=The Huffington Post |date=January 30, 2013 |accessdate=September 16, 2013}}</ref>

===Casting===
By February 2013, ''[[Beasts of the Southern Wild]]'' star and [[Academy Award|Oscar]] nominee [[Quvenzhané Wallis]] had replaced Smith in the lead role,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.upcoming-movies.com/new/quvenzhane-wallis-to-star-in-will-gluck-s-annie/ |title=Quvenzhane Wallis to Star in Will Gluck's ANNIE |publisher=Upcoming-Movies.com |date=February 24, 2013 |accessdate=September 16, 2013}}</ref> and the film had scheduled a Christmas 2014 release.<ref>{{cite web |last=Barrett |first=Annie |url=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2013/02/27/quvenzhane-wallis-annie-christmas-2014-release-date |title=''Annie'' gets Christmas 2014 release date |work=Entertainment Weekly |date=February 27, 2013 |accessdate=September 16, 2013}}</ref>

In March 2013, the search for the rest of the cast continued, and [[Justin Timberlake]] was rumored for the role of Daddy Warbucks.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/19/justin-timberlake-annie-daddy-warbucks_n_2906913.html |title=Justin Timberlake In ''Annie''? Star Rumored For Daddy Warbucks Role In Upcoming Remake |work=The Huffington Post |date=March 19, 2013 |accessdate=September 16, 2013}}</ref> This was proven false when [[Jamie Foxx]] signed on for the role, now named Will Stacks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://screenrant.com/jamie-foxx-daddy-warbucks-annie-movie-2014 |title=Jamie Foxx May Play 'Daddy Warbucks' in the ''Annie'' Remake |publisher=ScreenRant.com |accessdate=September 16, 2013}}</ref> In June 2013, [[Cameron Diaz]] was cast as Miss Hannigan, after [[Sandra Bullock]] declined.<ref>{{cite web |last=O'Neal |first=Sean |url= http://www.avclub.com/articles/actually-cameron-diaz-will-be-the-one-terrorizing,99512/ |title=Actually, Cameron Diaz will be the one terrorizing children with her singing in ''Annie'' |work=The A.V. Club |date=June 27, 2013 |accessdate=September 16, 2013}}</ref>

In July 2013, [[Rose Byrne]] joined the cast as Grace Farrell, Stacks's faithful assistant<ref>{{cite web |url=http://variety.com/2013/film/news/rose-byrne-annie-musical-1200565257 |title=Rose Byrne Sets Sights on ''Annie'' at Sony (EXCLUSIVE) |work=Variety |date=July 18, 2013 |accessdate=September 16, 2013}}</ref> and in August, ''[[Boardwalk Empire]]'' star [[Bobby Cannavale]] joined the cast as a "bulldog political adviser" to Will Stacks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cinemablend.com/new/Boardwalk-Empire-Bobby-Cannavale-Joins-Annie-Remake-39073.html |title=Boardwalk Empire's Bobby Cannavale Joins The ''Annie'' Remake |publisher=CinemaBlend.com |date=August 20, 2013 |accessdate=September 16, 2013}}</ref> In September, the rest of the cast was announced: Amanda Troya, Nicolette Pierini, Eden Duncan-Smith, and Zoe Colletti as Annie's foster sisters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/annie-a-contemporary-adaptation-of-the-classic-broadway-musical-comedy-begins-filming-in-new-york-225069712.html |title=''Annie'', A Contemporary Adaptation Of The Classic Broadway Musical Comedy, Begins Filming In New York |agency=PR Newswire |date=September 24, 2013}}</ref>

As of September 19, 2013, [[principal photography]] had begun.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://ca.eonline.com/news/460640/quvenzhane-wallis-bikes-around-the-set-of-annie-see-the-pic | title = Quvenzhané Wallis Bikes Around the Set of ''Annie'' | work = E! Online UK | accessdate = March 5, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x18hz01_cameron-diaz-and-jamie-foxx-perform-tomorrow-on-annie-remake_people |title=Cameron Diaz and Jamie Foxx perform tomorrow on ''Annie'' remake |publisher=DailyMotion.com |accessdate=March 5, 2014}}</ref> Shooting was done at [[Grumman Studios]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsday.com/business/ex-grumman-hangars-pulling-more-movie-business-to-long-island-1.6715759|title=Ex-Grumman hangars pulling more movie business to Long Island|work=Newsday}}</ref> Other scenes were filmed at the new [[Four World Trade Center]].

==Changes from prior adaptations==
{{refimprove section|date=December 2014}}
{{Expand list|date=December 2014}}
While "rooted in the same story" according to Gluck, the 2014 film adaptation is a contemporary take on the 1977 Broadway musical and contains some differences from the original:<ref name=billboard-ruinchildhood>{{cite web|title='Annie' Director Will Gluck Worried He'd 'Ruin a Lot of Kids' Childhoods'|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/events/bbthr-conference/6311908/annie-director-will-gluck-interview|website=Billboard|accessdate=December 28, 2014}}</ref> The setting was changed from the 1930s—the era of [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s presidency and the [[Great Depression]]—to present-day New York City. The opening school scene features class presentations by both the new Annie, and a student representing her classic appearance, discussing aspects of and parallels between the economic states of the two settings, such as the [[New Deal]] and the modern [[American lower class|lower class]].<ref name=variety-anniereview>{{cite web|title=Film Review: ‘Annie’|url=http://variety.com/2014/film/reviews/film-review-annie-1201377921/|website=Variety|accessdate=December 28, 2014}}</ref>

The character of Oliver Warbucks was modified to create William Stacks, an entrepreneur in the technology sector (particularly, the mobile phone industry) turned politician, who is trying to run for [[Mayor of New York City]]. Annie also no longer lives in an [[orphanage]], but is kept in [[foster care]].<ref name=billboard-ruinchildhood/><ref name=ew-review /><ref name=chicagotrib-review /> Miss Hannigan's first name is changed to Colleen, instead of her previous film name Agatha. While Hannigan is complicit in deceiving Stacks and Annie that Annie's birth parents have been found (conspiring with Stacks' campaign manager Guy Danlily), they are not impersonated by Hannigan's brother Rooster and his girlfriend Lily as in the original version. Instead, Guy has 'people he uses for this kind of work' take Annie. Hannigan's character is also softened from her prior appearances, to the point of experiencing guilt over her part in separating Stacks and Annie, and even helping to rescue Annie from her false parents in the film's finale. Annie's dog Sandy is a female in this film, as opposed to past adaptations where the dog is a male. Annie is black, previously being white and having red hair.

==Release==
The film officially [[premiere]]d at the [[Ziegfeld Theater]] in [[New York City]] on December 7, 2014.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://variety.com/2014/scene/news/annie-stars-speak-out-at-premiere-about-sony-hack-attack-1201373392/ | title = ‘Annie’ Stars Speak Out at Premiere About Sony Hack Attack| date = December 7, 2014 | accessdate = December 31, 2014 | work = [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] }}</ref>

===Piracy===
On November 27, 2014, ''Annie'' was one of several films leaked by the [[Sony Pictures Entertainment hack|"Guardians of Peace"]], a group that the [[FBI]] believes has ties to [[North Korea]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/press-releases/update-on-sony-investigation | title = FBI — Update on Sony Investigation| date = December 19, 2014 | accessdate = December 22, 2014 | publisher = [[FBI]] }}</ref> following its [[Sony Pictures Entertainment hack|breach]] of Columbia's parent company Sony Pictures Entertainment. Within three days of the initial leak, ''Annie'' had been downloaded by an estimated 206,000 unique IPs.<ref name="hack">{{cite web | url=http://variety.com/2014/digital/news/new-sony-films-pirated-in-wake-of-hack-attack-1201367036/ | title=Sony’s New Movies Leak Online Following Hack Attack | work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date=November 29, 2014 | accessdate=December 2, 2014}}</ref> By December 9, the count had risen to over 316,000. The chief analyst at ''[[Boxoffice (magazine)|BoxOffice.com]]'' felt that despite this, the leak was unlikely to affect ''Annie''{{'}}s box office performance as the demographic who pirates movies isn't the target audience for the film.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://variety.com/2014/film/news/is-pre-release-piracy-a-threat-to-annies-box-office-1201374523/ | title=Is Pre-Release Piracy a Threat to 'Annie's' Box Office? | work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date=December 9, 2014 | accessdate=December 13, 2014}}</ref>

===Box office===
''Annie'' opened on December 19, 2014, and earned $5,289,149 on its opening day. In the first weekend, the film made $15,861,939, ranking third in the domestic box office behind other new releases ''[[The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies]]'' and ''[[Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=2014&wknd=51&p=.htm | title=Weekend Box Office Results for December 19-21, 2014 | work=[[Box Office Mojo]] | publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]] | date=December 22, 2014 | accessdate=December 28, 2014}}</ref> The film grossed $85.9 million in North America and $48.7 million overseas for a worldwide total of $134.6 million.<ref name="intmojo">{{cite web | url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=annie2014.htm | title=Annie (2014) (2014) - International Box Office Results | work=Box Office Mojo | publisher=Internet Movie Database | accessdate=March 10, 2015}}</ref>

===Critical reception===
{{Disputed-section|date=October 2015}}
''Annie'' received generally negative reviews from critics. On [[Rotten Tomatoes]], a [[review aggregator]], the film has a 27% approval rating, based on 140 reviews, with an average rating of 4.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The new-look ''Annie'' hints at a progressive take on a well-worn story, but smothers its likable cast under clichés, cloying cuteness, and a distasteful materialism."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/annie_2012/|title=Annie|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|publisher=[[Flixster]]|accessdate=April 27, 2015}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film has a score of 33 out of 100, based on 38 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/annie-2014 | title=Annie Reviews |publisher=[[Metacritic]] | accessdate=December 24, 2014}}</ref> Audiences rated the film an “A-" on [[CinemaScore]].<ref>http://www.cinemascore.com/</ref>

''[[PopMatters]]'' magazine rated ''Annie'' with a three out of ten, saying, "In its aggravatingly choreographed frenzy, the party scene epitomizes ''Annie'': it's trying too hard both to be and not be the previous Annies, it's trying too little to be innovative or vaguely inspired. It's as crass as Miss Hannigan and as greedy as Stacks, at least until they learn their lessons. The movie doesn't appear to learn a thing."<ref>{{cite web|work=[[PopMatters]]|title=A (Somewhat) Class-Conscious 'Annie'|first=Cynthia|last=Fuchs|date=December 22, 2014|url=http://www.popmatters.com/review/189381-annie-quvenzhane-wallis-sings-and-dances/}}</ref> [[Michael Phillips (critic)|Michael Phillips]] of the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' gave ''Annie'' one-and-a-half stars, describing the adaptation as being "wobbly" and "unsatisfying", criticizing the commercialized nature of the plot changes, concluding that it was "finesse-free and perilously low on the simple performance pleasures we look for in any musical, of any period".<ref name=chicagotrib-review>{{cite news|last1=Phillips|first1=Michael|title=Review: 'Annie'|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/movies/ct-1216-annie-20141218-column.html|accessdate=December 27, 2014|work=Chicago Tribune}}</ref> Ben Sachs of the ''[[Chicago Reader]]'' gave the film three out of four stars, praising the "surprising amount of bite: the filmmakers openly acknowledge the similarities between the [[Great Depression]] and the present, and the populist message, however overstated, always registers as sincere." Sachs also praised director Will Gluck for "striking a buoyant tone that feels closer to classic Hollywood musicals than contemporary kiddie fare."<ref name=Annie-ChicagoReader>{{cite news|last1=Sachs|first1=Ben|title=Annie|url=http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/annie/Film?oid=15709234|accessdate=December 18, 2014|work=Chicago Tribune}}</ref>

The soundtrack, rearranged by Sia and Greg Kurstin, received a polarizing response from critics, with much criticism going towards the heavy use of [[auto-tune]]. ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' described its soundtrack as an auto-tuned "disaster", noting that "you won't ever hear a worse rendition of 'Easy Street' than the one performed by Diaz and Cannivale — I promise".<ref name=ew-review>{{cite web|title=Annie Review|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20883399,00.html|website=Entertainment Weekly|accessdate=December 27, 2014}}</ref> David Rooney of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' says "all but a handful of the existing songs have been shredded, often retaining just a signature line or two and drowning it in desperately hip polyrhythmic sounds, aurally assaultive arrangements and inane new lyrics."<ref name="Rooney">{{cite web|work=TheHollywoodReporter|title=Annie Review|first=David|last=Rooney|date=December 14, 2014|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/annie/review/757491}}</ref> [[Matt Zoller Seitz]] however, praised the soundtracks' new songs.<ref name="Seitz">{{cite web|work=[[RogerEbert.com]]|title=Annie Movie Review|first=Matt|last=Seitz|date=December 19, 2014|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/annie-2014}}</ref>

The performances, however, were more positively received by some critics. ''[[IGN.com]]'' praised Wallis and Foxx for being "on-point" throughout much of the film, as well as Rose Byrne, calling her the "surprise" of the film.<ref name=ign-anniereview>{{cite web|title=Annie Review: Yolomorrow.|url=http://ca.ign.com/articles/2014/12/20/annie-review|website=IGN.com|accessdate=December 27, 2014}}</ref> Matt Zoller Seitz called Wallis "the first Annie to bring something both culturally and personally new to this role", and praised the rest of the cast too, including Foxx and Byrne.<ref name="Seitz"/> However, Cameron Diaz's performance was widely panned, with critics calling it "vampy",<ref name="Seitz"/> as well as "strident and obnoxious".<ref name="Rooney"/> [[Peter Travers]] of [[Rolling Stone (magazine)|''Rolling Stone'']] says that she "overacts the role to the point of hysteria".<ref name='Annie'>{{cite web|title='Annie' MovieReview|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/annie-20141217|accessdate=December 17, 2014}}</ref>

===Accolades===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" |Award
! scope="col" |Date of ceremony
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Recipients and nominees
! scope="col" |Result
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[Golden Globe Award]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-30432198|title=Golden Globes 2015 nominations|date=December 11, 2014|publisher=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=December 11, 2014}}</ref>
| rowspan="2"| [[72nd Golden Globe Awards|January 11, 2015]]
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Comedy or Musical|Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Comedy or Musical]]
| Quvenzhané Wallis
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]]
| "Opportunity" – Greg Kurstin, Sia Furler, Will Gluck
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[NAACP Image Award]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://popwatch.ew.com/2014/12/09/naacp-image-awards-nominations/|title=NAACP Image Awards announce nominations for film and TV|last=Jue|first=Teresa|date=December 9, 2014|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|accessdate=December 11, 2014}}</ref>
| February 6, 2015
| [[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture|Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture]]
| Quvenzhané Wallis
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row"|[[20th Critics' Choice Awards|Broadcast Film Critics' Association Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://variety.com/2014/film/news/birdman-grand-budapest-pace-noms-for-critics-choice-awards-1201379383/ |title=‘Birdman,’ ‘Grand Budapest’ Top Critics Choice Awards Nominations |work=Variety |date=December 15, 2014 |first=Tim |last=Gray |accessdate=December 15, 2014 }}</ref>
| [[20th Critics' Choice Awards|January 15, 2015]]
| [[Broadcast film critics association award for best young performer|Best Young Actor/Actress]]
| Quvenzhané Wallis
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[Golden Raspberry Award]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/399427-nominations-for-the-35th-annual-razzie-awards-announced|title=Nominations for the 35th Annual Razzie Awards Announced|date=January 13, 2015|publisher=comingsoon.net|accessdate=February 8, 2015}}</ref>
| rowspan="2"| [[35th Golden Raspberry Awards|February 21, 2015]]
| [[Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Prequel, Remake, Rip-off or Sequel|Worst Prequel, Remake, Rip-off or Sequel]]
| ''Annie''
| {{Won}}
|-
| [[Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actress|Worst Supporting Actress]]
| Cameron Diaz
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Meryl Streep gets her first Kids' Choice Awards nomination: See the full list|first=Megan|last=Daley|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2015/02/20/kids-choice-awards-release-nominations-meryl-streep-earns-her-very-first|date=February 20, 2015|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|accessdate=February 22, 2015}}</ref>
| rowspan="2"| [[2015 Kids' Choice Awards|March 28, 2015]]
| Favorite Movie Actress
| Cameron Diaz
| {{nom}}
|-
| Favorite Villain
| Cameron Diaz
| {{nom}}
|-
|}

===Home media===
''Annie'' was released on [[DVD]] and [[Blu-ray Disc|Blu-ray]]/DVD combo pack on March 17, 2015.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dvdactive.com/news/releases/annie-2014.html | title=News: Annie (2014) (US - DVD R1 / BD RA) | work=DVDActive | date=February 5, 2015 | accessdate=February 5, 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.annie-movie.com/site/}}
* {{IMDb title|1823664|Annie}}
* {{Mojo title|annie2014|Annie}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|annie_2012|Annie}}
* {{Metacritic|annie-2014|Annie}}

{{Little Orphan Annie}}
{{Will Gluck}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Annie (2014 Film)}}
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:2010s comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2010s musical films]]
[[Category:American comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:American musical comedy films]]
[[Category:American musical drama films]]
[[Category:Dolby Atmos films]]
[[Category:Films about orphans]]
[[Category:Films based on comic strips]]
[[Category:Films based on musicals]]
[[Category:Films set in 2014]]
[[Category:Films set in New York City]]
[[Category:Films shot in New York City]]
[[Category:Overbrook Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Village Roadshow Pictures films]]
[[Category:Columbia Pictures films]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]

Annie (2014)

2016-05-19T08:50:57Z

TwoTwoHello: Reverted 2 edits by 74.194.64.238 (talk) to last revision by Circeus. (TW)

Pigeon Island (St. Lucia)

2015-10-19T00:07:50Z

TwoTwoHello: Reverted edits by 68.2.190.119 (talk) to last version by ImageRemovalBot

{{Unreferenced|date=March 2012}}
[[Image:At the top of Pigeon Island.jpg|thumb|sizepx|At the top of Pigeon Island, looking east towards Reduit Beach. To the left is the Landings Sandals Grande.]]
'''Pigeon Island''' is a {{convert|40|acre|m2|adj=on}} [[islet]] located in [[Gros Islet]] in the northern region of [[Saint Lucia]]. Once isolated from the country in the [[Caribbean Sea]], the [[island]] was artificially joined to the western coast of mainland in 1972 by a man-made causeway built from dirt excavated to form the Rodney Bay Marina. Composed of two peaks the island is a historic site with numerous forts such as an 18th-century British fort and Fort Rodney both used by the British to spy on French Ships from neighbouring [[Martinique]]. In 1979 it was named a national park and again in 1992 it became a national landmark under the control of the Saint Lucia National Trust. Today, Pigeon Island is the home and major venue of the [[Saint Lucia Jazz Festival]].

==History==
The [[Arawaks|Arawak]] people, the original inhabitants of Pigeon island, were driven out by the [[Island Caribs|Caribs]] around 1000 A.D. The Caribs lived in caves along the shore of the island, and hunted for fish, shellfish, small animals and birds. They also foraged for plant food. In the 16th century, a French [[Piracy in the Caribbean|pirate]], [[François le Clerc]], used Pigeon Island as his base. He forged an agreement with the Caribs, so that they would not attack his ship.

In 1778, Admiral [[George Rodney]] took over Pigeon island, expelled the natives, and built a fort on the smaller of the two peaks. This fort is known as Fort Rodney. To establish clear sightlines, Rodney ordered all trees on Pigeon Island to be cut down. From the higher peak, Signal Hill, Rodney was able to observe the [[French Navy|French naval]] base on [[Martinique]].

Over the next several years, the British built several other structures on Pigeon Island, including two [[barracks]], a [[mess hall]], and a [[Lime (material)|lime]] kiln.



In 1782, Admiral Rodney sailed from Pigeon Island to confront the French fleet, which he defeated in the [[Battle of Saints]].

In 1824, a barracks which had been destroyed by a [[hurricane]] in 1817 was rebuilt.

==Geography==
Pigeon Island like the rest of Saint Lucia is volcanic and mountainous in nature with the same tropical, humid climate moderated by northeast trade winds as the mainland.

==See also==
[[Saint Lucia]]
[[Saint Lucia Jazz Festival]]
[[Rodney Bay]]
[[Gros-Islet]]

==References==
*{{cite web|title=Pigeon Island National Landmark |url=http://slunatrust.org/sites/pigeon-island-national-landmark}}

<gallery>
Image:Pigeon Island0.jpg|Officer's Kitchen
File:Cannons at Fort Rodney, Pigeon Island, Santa Lucia (December 2008).jpg|Fort Rodney
</gallery>

[[File:Pigeon Island.JPG|thumb|left|500px|Pigeon Island as seen from the causeway]]

{{coord|14|05|N|60|58|W|display=title|region:LC_type:isle_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Islands of Saint Lucia]]

{{SaintLucia-geo-stub}}

Mobile Computing

2015-10-14T12:52:00Z

TwoTwoHello: Reverted edits by 61.12.82.214 (talk) to last version by 103.248.120.70

{{mergefrom|Mobile Internet device|date=June 2012|discuss=Talk:Mobile_device#Merge_with_mobile_internet_device}}
{{mergefrom|Mobile device|date=June 2012}}
{{expert-subject|Technology|ex2=Computing|date=May 2009}}

[[File:Galaxy Nexus smartphone.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Galaxy Nexus]], capable of web browsing, e-mail access, video playback, document editing, image editing, among many other tasks common on smartphones. A smartphone is a tool of mobile computing.]]
[[File:Telxon PTC-710 with MP 830-42.jpg|thumb|Telxon PTC-710 is a 16-bit mobile computer PTC-710 with MP 830-42 micro[[Printer (computing)|printer]] 42-column version. ]]

'''Mobile computing''' is [[human–computer interaction]] by which a [[computer]] is expected to be transported during normal usage. Mobile computing involves [[mobile communication]], mobile hardware, and mobile software. Communication issues include ad hoc and infrastructure networks as well as communication properties, [[communications protocol|protocols]], data formats and concrete technologies. Hardware includes [[mobile device]]s or device components. [[Mobile software]] deals with the characteristics and requirements of mobile applications.

==Definitions==

Mobile Computing is a technology that allows transmission of data, voice and video via a computer or any other wireless enabled device without having to be connected to a fixed physical link. The main concept involves:

Mobile communication

Mobile hardware

Mobile software

==Devices==
Some of the most common forms of mobile computing devices are as follows.
* [[personal computers|''portable computers'']], compacted lightweight units including a full character set keyboard and primarily intended as [[computer terminal|host]]s for software that may be parametrized, as laptops, notebooks, notepads, etc.
* [[mobile phone|''mobile phones'']] including a restricted key set primarily intended but not restricted to for vocal communications, as cell phones, smart phones, phonepads, etc.
* [[Smart cards]] that can run multiple applications but typically payment, travel and secure area access
* [[wearable computing|''wearable computers'']], mostly limited to functional keys and primarily intended as incorporation of [[software agent]]s, as watches, wristbands, necklaces, keyless implants, etc.

The existence of these classes is expected to be long lasting, and complementary in personal usage, none replacing one the other in all features of convenience.

Other types of mobile computers have been introduced since the 1990s including the:
* [[Portable computer]] (discontinued)
* [[Personal digital assistant]]/[[Enterprise digital assistant]] (discontinued)
* [[Ultra-Mobile PC]] (discontinued)
* [[Laptop]]
* [[Smartphone]]
* [[Robots]]
* [[Tablet computer]]
* [[Wearable computer]]
* [[Carputer]]
* [[Application-specific computer]]

==Limitations==
* '''Range & Bandwidth''': Mobile Internet access is generally slower than direct cable connections, using technologies such as [[GPRS]] and [[EDGE]], and more recently [[HSDPA]] and [[HSUPA]] [[3G]] and [[4G]] networks and also upcoming [[5G]] network. These networks are usually available within range of commercial cell phone towers. High speed network [[wireless LAN]]s are inexpensive but have very limited range.
* '''Security standards''': When working mobile, one is dependent on public networks, requiring careful use of [[virtual private networks|VPN]]. Security is a major concern while concerning the mobile computing standards on the fleet. One can easily attack the VPN through a huge number of networks interconnected through the line.
* '''Power consumption''': When a power outlet or portable generator is not available, mobile computers must rely entirely on battery power. Combined with the compact size of many mobile devices, this often means unusually expensive batteries must be used to obtain the necessary battery life.
* '''Transmission interferences''': Weather, terrain, and the range from the nearest signal point can all interfere with signal reception. Reception in tunnels, some buildings, and rural areas is often poor.
* '''Potential health hazards''': People who use mobile devices while driving are often distracted from driving and are thus assumed more likely to be involved in traffic accidents.<ref>http://www.distraction.gov/stats-and-facts/</ref> (While this may seem obvious, there is considerable discussion about whether banning mobile device use while driving reduces accidents or not.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://handsfreeinfo.com/study-handheld-cell-bans-have-no-effect|title=Hands Free Cell Phones No Safer, Insurance Study Claims|publisher=|accessdate=16 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-30686_3-10444717-266.html|title=Study: Distractions, not phones, cause car crashes|publisher=CBS Interactive|work=CNET|accessdate=16 July 2015}}</ref>) Cell phones may interfere with sensitive medical devices. Questions concerning [[mobile phone radiation and health]] have been raised.
* '''Human interface with device''': Screens and keyboards tend to be small, which may make them hard to use. Alternate input methods such as speech or handwriting recognition require training.

==In-vehicle computing and fleet computing==
Many commercial and government field forces deploy a ruggedized portable computer with their fleet of vehicles. This requires the units to be anchored to the vehicle for driver safety, device security, and [[ergonomics]]. [[Rugged computer]]s are rated for severe vibration associated with large service vehicles and off-road driving and the harsh environmental conditions of constant professional use such as in [[emergency medical services]], fire, and public safety.

[[Image:Compaq portable.jpg|thumb|The [[Compaq Portable]] - Circa 1982 pre-[[laptop]]]]

Other elements affecting function in vehicle:
* [[Operating temperature]]: A vehicle cabin can often experience temperature swings from -20F to +140F. Computers typically must be able to withstand these temperatures while operating. Typical fan-based cooling has stated limits of 95F-100F of ambient temperature, and temperatures below freezing require localized heaters to bring components up to operating temperature (based on independent studies by the SRI Group and by Panasonic R&D).
* Vibration can decrease the life expectancy of computer components, notably rotational storage such as [[Hard disk drive|HDDs]].
* Visibility of standard screens becomes an issue in bright sunlight.
* Touchscreen users easily interact with the units in the field without removing gloves.
* High-temperature battery settings: Lithium ion batteries are sensitive to high temperature conditions for charging. A computer designed for the mobile environment should be designed with a high-temperature charging function that limits the charge to 85% or less of capacity.
* External antenna connections go through the typical metal cabins of vehicles which would block wireless reception, and take advantage of much more capable external communication and navigation equipment.

Several specialized manufacturers such as First Mobile Technologies, National Products Inc ([[Ram Mounts]]), Gamber Johnson and [http://www.havis.com Havis] (formerly LedCo) build mounts for vehicle mounting of computer equipment for a wide range of vehicles. The mounts are built to withstand the harsh conditions and maintain ergonomics.

Specialized installation companies design the mount design, assembling the parts, and installing them in a safe and consistent manner away from [[airbags]], vehicle HVAC controls, and driver controls. Frequently installations will include a [[Wireless Wide Area Network|WWAN]] modem, power conditioning equipment, transceiver antennae mounted external to the vehicle, and WWAN/WLAN/GPS/etc.

==Security issues involved in mobile==
'''Mobile security''' or '''mobile phone security''' has become increasingly important in mobile computing. It is of particular concern as it relates to the [[Information security|security]] of personal information now stored on the [[smartphone]].

More and more users and businesses use smartphones as communication tools but also as a means of planning and organizing their work and private life. Within companies, these technologies are causing profound changes in the organization of [[information systems]] and therefore they have become the source of new risks. Indeed, smartphones collect and compile an increasing amount of sensitive information to which access must be controlled to protect the [[Information privacy|privacy]] of the user and the [[intellectual property]] of the company.

All smartphones, as computers, are preferred targets of attacks. These attacks exploit weaknesses related to smartphones that can come from means of communication like [[SMS]], [[Multimedia Messaging Service|MMS]], [[wifi|wifi networks]], and [[GSM]]. There are also attacks that exploit software vulnerabilities from both the web browser and operating system. Finally, there are forms of [[malware|malicious software]] that rely on the weak knowledge of average users.

Different security counter-measures are being developed and applied to smartphones, from security in different layers of software to the dissemination of information to end users. There are good practices to be observed at all levels, from design to use, through the development of [[operating system]]s, software layers, and downloadable apps.

==Portable computing devices==
{{main|Mobile device|Portable computer}}
{{Cleanup|section|date=February 2009}}

Several categories of portable computing devices can run on batteries but are not usually classified as laptops: portable computers, PDAs, ultra mobile PCs (UMPCs), tablets and smartphones.

* A [[portable computer]] (discontinued) is a general-purpose computer that can be easily moved from place to place, but cannot be used while in transit, usually because it requires some "setting-up" and an AC power source. The most famous example is the [[Osborne 1]]. Portable computers are also called a "transportable" or a "luggable" PC.
* A [[personal digital assistant]] (PDA) (discontinued) is a small, usually pocket-sized, computer with limited functionality. It is intended to supplement and to synchronize with a desktop computer, giving access to contacts, address book, notes, e-mail and other features.[[Image:PalmTX.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Palm TX]] PDA]]
* An [[ultra mobile PC]] (discontinued) is a full-featured, PDA-sized computer running a general-purpose operating system.
* A [[tablet computer]] that lacks a keyboard (also known as a non-convertible tablet) is shaped like a slate or a paper notebook. Instead a physical keyboard it has a [[touchscreen]] with some combination of [[virtual keyboard]], stylus and/or [[handwriting recognition]] software. Tablets may not be best suited for applications requiring a physical keyboard for typing, but are otherwise capable of carrying out most of the tasks of an ordinary laptop.
* A [[smartphone]] has a wide range of features and install-able applications.
* A [[carputer]] is installed in an automobile. It operates as a wireless computer, sound system, GPS, and DVD player. It also contains word processing software and is bluetooth compatible.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.engadget.com/tag/carputer/|title=Carputer Articles on Engadget|publisher=AOL|work=Engadget|accessdate=16 July 2015}}</ref>
* A |Pentop (discontinued) is a computing device the size and shape of a pen. It functions as a writing utensil, MP3 player, language translator, digital storage device, and calculator.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geardiary.com/2007/10/07/the-fly-fusion-pentop-computer-review/|title=Gear Diary » The FLY Fusion Pentop Computer Review|date=7 October 2007|publisher=|accessdate=16 July 2015}}</ref>
* An application-specific computer is one that is tailored to a particular application. For example, [[Ferranti]] introduced a handheld application-specific mobile computer (the [[Ferranti MRT|MRT-100]]) in the form of a [[clipboard]] for conducting [[opinion polls]].<ref>G Rowley, K Barker and V Callaghan “''The Questronic Project and the Ferranti MRT 100 A Boon For Survey Research''”, The Professional Geographer, Volume 37, Issue 4, pages 459–463, November 1985</ref>

Boundaries that separate these categories are blurry at times. For example, the [[OQO]] UMPC is also a PDA-sized tablet PC; the [[EMate 300|Apple eMate]] had the clamshell form factor of a laptop, but ran PDA software. The [[HP Omnibook]] line of laptops included some devices small more enough to be called ultra mobile PCs. The hardware of the [[Nokia 770]] internet tablet is essentially the same as that of a PDA such as the [[Sharp Zaurus|Zaurus]] 6000; the only reason it's not called a PDA is that it does not have [[Personal information manager|PIM]] software. On the other hand, both the 770 and the Zaurus can run some desktop Linux software, usually with modifications.

==Mobile data communication==
[[Wireless]] data connections used in mobile computing take three general forms so.<ref name="Ositech">[http://www.ositech.com/downloads/123dwnlod_1.html "Wireless Data Communications for Beginners"], ''Ositech''</ref> [[Cellular network|Cellular]] data service uses technologies such as [[GSM]], [[Code division multiple access|CDMA]] or [[General Packet Radio Service|GPRS]], [[3G]] networks such as [[W-CDMA (UMTS)|W-CDMA]], [[Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution|EDGE]] or [[CDMA2000]].<ref>Lachu Aravamudhan, Stefano Faccin, Risto Mononen, Basavaraj Patil, Yousuf Saifullah, Sarvesh Sharma, Srinivas Sreemanthula. [http://www.informit.com/articles/printerfriendly.aspx?p=98132 "Getting to Know Wireless Networks and Technology"], ''InformIT''</ref><ref>[http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/imt-2000/DocumentsIMT2000/What_really_3G.pdf "What really is a Third Generation (3G) Mobile Technology"], ''ITU''</ref> and more recently [[4G]] networks such as [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]], [[LTE-Advanced]].<ref>[[LTE Advanced]]</ref> These networks are usually available within range of commercial [[Cell site|cell towers]]. [[Wi-Fi]] connections offer higher performance,<ref>Gier, Jim. [http://www.wireless-nets.com/resources/downloads/wireless_industry_report_2007.pdf "Wireless Network Industry Report"], ''Wireless Nets, Ltd.''</ref> may be either on a private business network or accessed through public [[Hotspot (Wi-Fi)|hotspots]], and have a typical range of 100 feet indoors and up to 1000 feet outdoors.<ref>[http://www.hotrecruiter.com/resources/technical-tutorials/35-freelance-tips-a-tutorials/893-wi-fi "Wi-Fi"]</ref> [[Satellite Internet access]] covers areas where cellular and Wi-Fi are not available<ref>Mitchell, Bradley. [http://compnetworking.about.com/od/internetaccessbestuses/g/bldef_satellite.htm "Satellite Internet"]</ref> and may be set up anywhere the user has a [[Line-of-sight propagation|line of sight]] to the satellite's location,<ref>[http://www.compassroseintl.com/pubs/Intro_to_sats.html "Introduction to Global Satellite Systems"], ''CompassRose International Publications''</ref> which for satellites in [[geostationary]] orbit means having an unobstructed view of the southern sky.<ref name="Ositech" /> Some enterprise deployments combine networks from multiple cellular networks or use a mix of cellular, Wi-Fi and satellite.<ref>[http://www.netmotionwireless.com/resources/case_studies.aspx Case studies], ''netmotionwireless.com''</ref> When using a mix of networks, a [[mobile virtual private network]] ([[mobile virtual private network|mobile VPN]]) not only handles the [[Computer security|security]] concerns, but also performs the multiple network [[login]]s automatically and keeps the [[Application software|application]] connections alive to prevent [[Crash (computing)|crashes]] or data loss during network transitions or coverage loss.<ref>Phifer, Lisa. [http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/tip/0,289483,sid40_gci1210989_mem1,00.html "Mobile VPN: Closing the Gap"], ''SearchMobileComputing.com'', July 16, 2006. </ref><ref name="Cheng">Cheng, Roger. [http://online.wsj.com/article/SB119717610996418467.html "Lost Connections"], ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', December 11, 2007. </ref>

==See also==
{{commons category|Mobile computers}}
* [[Enterprise digital assistant]]
* [[Location-based service]]
* [[Mobile ad hoc network]]s
* [[Mobile cloud computing]]
* [[Mobile Computing and Communications Review]]
* [[Mobile development]]
* [[Mobile device management]]
* [[Mobile identity management]]
* [[Mobile interaction]]
* [[Mobile phone]]
* [[Mobile software]]
* [[Mobileer]]s (users of [[mobile rig]]s)
* [[PDA]]
* [[Smart card]]
* [[Smart device]]
* [[Ubiquitous computing]]

== References ==

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|2}}

=== Bibliography ===
* GH Forman, J Zahorjan - Computer, 1994 - doi.ieeecomputersociety.org
* David P. Helmbold, "A dynamic disk spin-down technique for mobile computing", citeseer.ist.psu.edu, 1996
* MH Repacholi, "health risks from the use of mobile phones", [[Toxicology Letters]], 2001 - Elsevier
* Landay, J.A. Kaufmann, T.R., "user interface issues in mobile computing", Workstation Operating Systems, 1993.
* T Imielinski, BR Badrinath "mobile wireless computing, challenges in data management- Communications of the ACM, 1994 - portal.acm.org
* Roth, J. "Mobile Computing - Grundlagen, Technik, Konzepte", 2005, dpunkt.verlag, Germany
* Pullela, Srikanth. "Security Issues in Mobile Computing" http://crystal.uta.edu/~kumar/cse6392/termpapers/Srikanth_paper.pdf
* Zimmerman, James B. "Mobile Computing: Characteristics, Business Benefits, and Mobile Framework" April 2, 1999. http://ac-support.europe.umuc.edu/~meinkej/inss690/zimmerman/INSS%20690%20CC%20-%20Mobile%20Computing.htm
* Koudounas, Vasilis. Iqbal, Omar. "Mobile Computing: Past, Present, and Future" http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~nd/surprise_96/journal/vol4/vk5/report.html

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | title=Mobile Computing Principles: Designing and Developing Mobile Applications with UML and XML | first=Reza | last=B'Far | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2004 | isbn=0-521-81733-1}}
* {{cite book | title=Ubiquitous Computing: Smart Devices, Environments and Interactions | first=Stefan | last=Poslad | publisher=Wiley | year=2009 | isbn=0-470-03560-9}}
* {{cite book | title=The Wireless Internet Explained | publisher=Digital Press | year=2001 | first=John | last=Rhoton | isbn=1-55558-257-5}}
* {{cite book | title=Mobile Computing: Technology, Applications, and Service Creation | first=Asoke | last=Talukder | first2=Roopa | last2=Yavagal | publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional | year=2006 | isbn=0-07-147733-0}}

{{Computer sizes}}
{{Sub-disciplines of computing}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mobile Computing}}
[[Category:Mobile computers| ]]
[[Category:Automatic identification and data capture]]

Tom Tupa

2015-10-13T01:38:25Z

TwoTwoHello: Reverted edits by 107.9.230.112 (talk) to last version by Sfo1980

{{Infobox NFL player
|image=
|position=[[Punter (American football)|Punter]] [[Quarterback]]
|number=19, 7, 9
|birth_date={{birth date and age|1966|2|6}}
|birth_place=[[Cleveland, Ohio]]
|death_date=
|height_ft=6
|height_in=4
|weight_lb=225
|debutyear=1988
|debutteam=Phoenix Cardinals
|finalyear=2005
|finalteam=Washington Redskins
|draftyear=1988
|draftround=3
|draftpick=68
|highschool=[[Brecksville-Broadview Heights High School|Broadview Heights (OH) Brecksville]]
|college=[[Ohio State Buckeyes football|Ohio State]]
|teams=
* [[Arizona Cardinals|Phoenix Cardinals]] ({{NFL Year|1988}}–{{NFL Year|1991}})
* [[Indianapolis Colts]] ({{NFL Year|1992}})
* [[Cleveland Browns]] ({{NFL Year|1993}}–{{NFL Year|1995}})
* [[New England Patriots]] ({{NFL Year|1996}}–{{NFL Year|1998}})
* [[New York Jets]] ({{NFL Year|1999}}–{{NFL Year|2001}})
* [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]] ({{NFL Year|2002}}–{{NFL Year|2003}})
* [[Washington Redskins]] ({{NFL Year|2004}}–{{NFL Year|2005}})
|statlabel1=[[Punt (gridiron football)|Punts]]
|statvalue1=873
|statlabel2=Punting yards
|statvalue2=37,862
|statlabel3=Punting average
|statvalue3=43.4
|nfl=TUP276861
|highlights=
* ''[[USA Today]]'' High School All-American ([[1983 USA Today All-USA high school football team|1983]])
* [[Pro Bowl]] selection ([[2000 Pro Bowl|1999]])
* [[All-Pro]] selection ([[1999 All-Pro Team|1999]])
* [[Super Bowl]] champion ([[Super Bowl XXXVII|XXXVII]])
* [[AFC Championship Game|AFC champion]] (1996)
* [[New England Patriots|New England Patriots All-1990s Team]]
}}

'''Thomas Joseph Tupa, Jr.''' (born February 6, 1966) is a former [[American football]] [[punter (American football)|punter]] and [[quarterback]] in the [[National Football League]].

==Personal life and high school career==
As a child, Tupa participated in the NFL's [[Punt, Pass, and Kick]] contest, and was a semi-finalist three times, winning once. Tupa played mostly quarterback at [[Brecksville-Broadview Heights High School]]; he led his team to the state championship while also [[Letterman (sports)|lettering]] in [[basketball]] (where he averaged 20.8 points per game) and [[baseball]] (where he was a [[pitcher]] and [[shortstop]]). While in high school, Tupa played on the same basketball team as former NBA head coach [[Eric Musselman]] and former NBA forward [[Scott Roth]].

After sitting three seasons behind [[Mike Tomczak]] and Jim Karsatos, Tupa took over the starting quarterback job at Ohio State University in 1987, throwing for 2,252 yards, 15 touchdowns and 12 interceptions.<ref>http://www.the-ozone.net/football/2010/summer/carter_agent.htm</ref> He was selected as an All-American punter in the same season,<ref>http://buckeyefansonly.com/awards.html</ref> as well as All-Big 10. Tupa was a four-time football letterman and was also selected to play in the 1988 Hula Bowl all-star game.<ref>http://ohiostatebuckeyes.com/fls/17300/pdf/fb/guide/10spring-spread/10_p132to175.pdf?DB_OEM_ID=17300</ref>

He is currently the offensive coordinator at his high school alma mater, [[Brecksville-Broadview Heights High School]], where he called the plays for both his sons.<ref>http://www.cleveland.com/sunstarcourier/index.ssf/2010/09/passing_on_the_family_traditio.html</ref> He is also Brecksville's Recreation Director. <ref>http://patch.com/ohio/brecksville/still-right-at-home-in-brecksville</ref>

His son Tom Tupa III (high school class of 2013) plays quarterback for [[Miami University]] in [[Oxford, Ohio]].<ref>http://www.muredhawks.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=26100&ATCLID=208656696</ref> His son Tim Tupa (high school class of 2014) plays wide receiver for the [[Bowling Green State University]].<ref>http://highschoolsports.cleveland.com/news/article/966482374518133295/former-brecksville-qbwr-tim-tupa-transfers-to-bowling-green-from-naval-academy/</ref>

He is a first cousin of Colorado Democratic State Senator and Majority Caucus Leader [[Ron Tupa]].

==Professional career==
{{More footnotes|date=December 2014|section}}
Tupa was drafted in the third round (68th overall) of the [[1988 NFL Draft]] by the [[Arizona Cardinals|Phoenix Cardinals]]. During his rookie year, he was used exclusively as a quarterback, playing in two games and completing 4-of-5 passes for 49 yards. His second season with the team saw an expanded role. He started two games at quarterback, while registering six punts for 46.7 yards per punt. After spending the entire [[1990 NFL season|1990 season]] as strictly a holder on kicks, he was the primary quarterback for the Cardinals the following year, playing in 11 games and throwing six touchdowns to 13 interceptions. He then joined the [[Indianapolis Colts]] in [[1992 NFL season|1992]], playing as a backup quarterback to [[Jack Trudeau]] and [[Jeff George]].

That season also marked the last time Tupa was used regularly as a quarterback; since then he almost exclusively punted, with only emergency occasions or trick plays making use of his throwing skills. Tupa sat out the [[1993 NFL season]], having been cut by the [[Cleveland Browns]] right before the season. However, he was re-signed by the Browns the following year and stayed with them for two seasons as their starting punter. He joined the [[New England Patriots]] in [[1996 NFL season|1996]] and played for them for three years. In [[1999 NFL season|1999]], Tupa signed with the [[New York Jets]]. It was during this season that Tupa received his first invitation to the [[Pro Bowl]]. He also made his first pass attempt since 1996, and went 6-of-11 for 165 yards and two touchdowns. [[2002 NFL season|2002]] saw Tupa sign with the [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]], where he was their punter on their road to [[Super Bowl XXXVII]], where they defeated the [[Oakland Raiders]]. Before the start of the [[2004 NFL season]], Tupa signed with the [[Washington Redskins]]. In 2004, he was named as a Pro Bowl second alternate. He spent 2005 on the injured reserve list, and did not appear in a game.

Tupa announced his retirement from pro-football in the spring of 2006. In February 2006, he was appointed as the recreation director of [[Brecksville, Ohio]].<ref>http://www.brecksville.oh.us/news/pdf/Mar_Apr06.pdf</ref>

Tupa scored the first [[two-point conversion]] in NFL history, running in a faked extra point attempt for the Browns in a game against the [[Cincinnati Bengals]] in the first week of the 1994 season. He scored a total of three such conversions that season, earning him the nickname "Two Point Tupa."

The final pass of Tupa's career was thrown in overtime of the 2002 season-opener against the [[New Orleans Saints]] during a punt attempt from the Buccaneers' five-yard line. Pressure from a Saints defender forced Tupa to abort the punt attempt and throw a desperation pass with his non-throwing arm which was intercepted by a Saints defender and returned for a [[touchdown]], ending the game.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{espn nfl|id=0541|name=Tom Tupa}}

{{1987 NCAA Division I-A College Football Consensus All-Americans}}
{{Ohio State Buckeyes quarterback navbox}}
{{Super Bowl XXXVII}}
{{Phoenix Cardinals 1988 draft navbox}}
{{Arizona Cardinals starting quarterback navbox}}
{{Patriots1990s}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Tupa, Tom
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Tupa, Thomas Joseph, Jr.; Tupa, Thomas J., Jr.
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = All-American college football player, professional football player, punter, quarterback
| DATE OF BIRTH = February 6, 1966
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tupa, Tom}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:All-American college football players]]
[[Category:American Conference Pro Bowl players]]
[[Category:American football punters]]
[[Category:American football quarterbacks]]
[[Category:Cleveland Browns players]]
[[Category:Indianapolis Colts players]]
[[Category:New England Patriots players]]
[[Category:New York Jets players]]
[[Category:Ohio State Buckeyes football players]]
[[Category:People from Cleveland, Ohio]]
[[Category:Phoenix Cardinals players]]
[[Category:Players of American football from Ohio]]
[[Category:Tampa Bay Buccaneers players]]
[[Category:Washington Redskins players]]
[[Category:Super Bowl champions]]

Benutzer:Distelfinck/Virginia Heinlein

2015-09-15T22:59:46Z

TwoTwoHello: fix date mismatches

{{Infobox person
|name = Virginia Heinlein
|image = Heinlein Tahiti 2.jpg
|image_size =
|caption = Robert and Virginia Heinlein in Tahiti, 1980.
|birth_name = Virginia Doris Gerstenfeld
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1916|4|22}}
|birth_place = [[Brooklyn]], [[New York]], United States
|death_date = {{Death date and age|2003|1|18|1916|4|22}}
|death_place = [[Florida]], United States
|death_cause =
|resting_place =
|nationality = American
|other_names =
|education =
|alma_mater = [[New York University]] <ref name=bio/>
|occupation = [[Chemist]], [[biochemist]]
|known_for = Founder of The Heinlein Society
|spouse = {{marriage|[[Robert A. Heinlein]]|1948|1988}}
}}
'''Virginia "Ginny" Heinlein''' (April 22, 1916 – January 18, 2003), born '''Virginia Doris Gerstenfeld''', was a chemist, biochemist, engineer, and the third wife of [[Robert A. Heinlein]], a prominent and successful author once known as one of the "Big Three" of science fiction (along with [[Isaac Asimov]] and [[Arthur C. Clarke]]).

==Life and career==
Born to George and Jeanne Gerstenfeld, Virginia was raised in Brooklyn and had one brother, Leon. She was red-haired, an organic chemist and biochemist, and served as an inspiration for many of the active and talented red-haired women in Heinlein's stories.<ref name="latimes-obit">{{Citation
| last = Woo | first = Elaine | title = Virginia Heinlein, 86; Wife, Muse and Literary Guardian of Celebrated Science Fiction Writer (free abstract) | newspaper = [[Los Angeles Times]] | pages = B14 | date = 2003-01-26 | url = http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/280532451.html?dids=280532451:280532451&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+26%2C+2003&author=Elaine+Woo&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&edition=&startpage=B.14&desc=Obituaries%3B+Virginia+Heinlein%2C+86%3B+Wife%2C+Muse+and+Literary+Guardian+of+Celebrated+Science+Fiction+Writer}}</ref> She met Robert when they both worked at the Naval Air Experimental Station in [[Philadelphia]] when she was a lieutenant in the [[WAVES]] in the U.S. Navy in World War II. She moved to [[Los Angeles]] in 1946 to take an advanced degree, where Heinlein had already relocated after the war. They married on October 21, 1948 in [[Raton, New Mexico]]. Shortly thereafter they moved to Colorado, but in 1965 her health was chronically affected by the altitude, so the couple moved to [[Bonny Doon, California]].

Prior to a trip to the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] (where they happened to be when [[Francis Gary Powers]] was shot down in his [[Lockheed U-2|U-2]] spyplane), Virginia learned to speak [[Russian language|Russian]], which proved invaluable in talking with local citizens.
Virginia Heinlein was highly esteemed among her husband's fans for her exceptional willingness to correspond with them and/or to otherwise acknowledge them. This continued until her last days, with activity in a [[Usenet]] newsgroup devoted to Heinlein fans. She was very touched when other users sent her Mother's Day greetings, an homage to her bestowing the title of "Heinlein's Children" on Robert's fans worldwide.

After Robert's death in 1988, she moved from California to Florida.<ref name="washmonthly-obit">{{Citation | last = Drum | first = Kevin | title = Virginia Heinlein | newspaper = [[The Washington Monthly]] | date = 2003-01-20 | url = http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/archives/individual/2003_01/000193.php}}</ref> She edited a collection of his letters and writings which was published in 1989 as ''[[Grumbles from the Grave]]''.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://articles.latimes.com/1990-01-23/news/vw-446_1_robert-heinlein| title=BOOK REVIEW : A Shallow Peek Into a Sci-Fi Grand Master| accessdate=2 August 2013}}</ref> She authorised the publication of ''[[Tramp Royale]]''<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-441-82184-6| title=Tramp Royale| accessdate=2 August 2013}}</ref> and longer editions of the previously published works ''[[Stranger in a Strange Land]]'',<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2009/jan/12/heinlein-hugo-stranger-strange-land| title=Robert Heinlein's softer side|accessdate=2 August 2013}}</ref> ''[[The Puppet Masters]]'', and ''[[Red Planet (novel)|Red Planet]]''. She established a literary society in her husband's name, the [[Heinlein Society]].<ref name=bio>{{cite web | last = James, PhD.| first = Robert | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Biographies of Robert and Virginia Heinlein
| work = | publisher = The Heinlein Society | date = 2001–2007 | url = http://www.heinleinsociety.org/rah/biographies.html | doi = | accessdate = 2007-10-18}}</ref>

==References==
{{refbegin}}
{{refend}}
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{isfdb name}}
* [http://www.sfwa.org/news/vheinlein.htm Virginia Heinlein (1917-2003) - SFWA News] Obituary at the [[Science Fiction Writers of America]]

{{Heinlein (books)|state=collapsed}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Heinlein, Virginia
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American scientist
| DATE OF BIRTH = April 22, 1916
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Brooklyn]], [[New York]], [[United States]]
| DATE OF DEATH = January 18, 2003
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Florida]], United States
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Heinlein, Virginia}}
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Brooklyn]]
[[Category:Women in the United States Navy]]
[[Category:Robert A. Heinlein]]
[[Category:American women in World War II]]

Illustris-Projekt

2015-02-20T13:54:53Z

TwoTwoHello: clean up, typo(s) fixed: wide-spread → widespread using AWB

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Cosmology}}

The '''Illustris project''' is an ongoing series of astrophysical [[simulation]]s run by an international collaboration of scientists.<ref name="IP-20140614">{{cite web |author=Staff |title=The Illustris Simulation - Towards a predictive theory of galaxy formation. |url=http://www.illustris-project.org/ |date=14 June 2014 |work=[http://www.illustris-project.org Illustris Project] |accessdate=16 July 2014 }}</ref> The aim is to study the processes of [[galaxy formation and evolution]] in the [[universe]] with a comprehensive physical model. Early results are described in a number of publications<ref name="ARX-20140514">{{cite journal |author=Vogelsberger, Mark; Genel, Shy; Springel, Volker; Torrey, Paul; Sijacki, Debora; Xu, Dandan; Snyder, Greg; Nelson, Dylan; Hernquist, Lars |title=Introducing the Illustris Project: Simulating the coevolution of dark and visible matter in the Universe |url=http://arxiv.org/pdf/1405.2921.pdf |date=14 May 2014 |journal=arXiv |arxiv=1405.2921 |format=PDF |accessdate=18 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name="ARX-20140515">{{cite journal |authors=Genel, Shy; Vogelsberger, Mark; Springel, Volker; Sijacki, Debora; Nelson, Dylan; Snyder, Greg; Rodriguez-Gomez, Vicente; Torrey, Paul; Hernquist, Lars |title=The Illustris Simulation: the evolution of galaxy populations across cosmic time |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/1405.3749 |date=15 May 2014 |journal=[[arXiv]] |arxiv=1405.3749 |accessdate=16 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name="NAT-20140508">{{cite journal |author=Vogelsberger, M.; Genel, S.; Springel, V.; Torrey, P.; Sijacki, D.; Xu, D.; Snyder, G.; Bird, S.; Nelson, D.; Hernquist, L. |title=Properties of galaxies reproduced by a hydrodynamic simulation |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v509/n7499/full/nature13316.html |date=8 May 2014 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=509 |pages=177–182 |doi=10.1038/nature13316 |accessdate=16 July 2014 }}</ref> following widespread press coverage.<ref name="HS-20140507">{{cite web |last=Aguilar |first=David A. |last2=Pulliam |first2=Christine |title=Astronomers Create First Realistic Virtual Universe - Release No.: 2014-10 |url=http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/news/2014-10 |date=7 May 2014 |work=[[Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics]] |accessdate=16 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20140716">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |authorlink=Dennis Overbye |title=Stalking the Shadow Universe |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/16/science/space/stalking-the-shadow-universe.html |work=[[New York Times]] |date=16 July 2014 |accessdate=16 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name="NASA-20140512">{{cite web |authors=Nemiroff, Robert; Bonnell, Jerry; Newman, Phillip |title=Astronomy Picture of the Day - Illustris Simulation of the Universe |url=http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap140512.html |date=12 May 2014 |work=[[NASA]] |accessdate=16 July 2014 }}</ref> The project plans to publicly release the data from the simulation in 2015.

== Overview ==
[[File:Large-scale structure formation.gif|thumb|200px|left|[[Cosmic Web|A large-scale structure]] simulation of the [[universe]] - similar to the ''Illustris project''.]]

The ''Illustris project'' includes [[Cosmic web|large-scale]] [[Cosmology|cosmological]] [[simulations]] of the [[Chronology of the Universe|evolution of the Universe]], spanning initial conditions of the [[Big Bang]], to the present day, [[Age of the Universe|13.8 billion years]] later. Modeling, based on the most precise data and calculations currently available, are compared to actual findings of the [[observable universe]] in order to better understand the nature of the [[universe]], including [[galaxy formation]], [[dark matter]] and [[dark energy]].<ref name="HS-20140507" /><ref name="NYT-20140716" /><ref name="NASA-20140512" />

The simulation includes many physical processes which are thought to be critical for galaxy formation. These include the formation of stars and the subsequent "feedback" due to supernova explosions, as well as the formation of super-massive black holes, their consumption of nearby gas, and their multiple modes of energetic feedback.<ref name="IP-20140614" /><ref name="NAT-20140508" />

=== Computational Aspects ===

The main ''Illustris'' simulation was run on the [[Curie supercomputer]] at [[Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives|CEA (France)]] and the [[SuperMUC|SuperMUC supercomputer]] at the [[Dagstuhl|Leibniz Computing Center (Germany)]].<ref name="IP-20140614" /><ref name="WRD-20140507">{{cite web |last=Mann |first=Adam |title=Supercomputers Simulate the Universe in Unprecedented Detail |url=http://www.wired.com/2014/05/supercomputers-simulate-the-universe-in-unprecedented-detail/ |date=7 May 2014 |work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |accessdate=18 July 2014 }}</ref> A total of 19 million CPU hours was required, using 8,192 [[Central processing unit|CPU cores]].<ref name="IP-20140614" /> The peak memory usage was approximately 25 TB of RAM.<ref name="IP-20140614" /> A total of 136 snapshots were saved over the course of the simulation, totaling over 230 TB cumulative data volume.<ref name="ARX-20140514" />

A code called "Arepo" was used to run the Illustris simulations. It was written by Volker Springel, the same author as the [[GADGET]] code. The name is derived from the [[Sator Square]]. This code solves the coupled equations of [[gravity]] and [[hydrodynamics]] using a [[discretization]] of space based on a moving [[Voronoi diagram|Voronoi tessellation]]. It is optimized for running on large, distributed memory supercomputers using a [[Message Passing Interface|MPI]] approach.



==See also==
{{Portal|Cosmology}}
{{cmn|2|
* [[Galaxy]]
* [[Computer simulation]]
* [[N-body simulation]]
* [[Computational fluid dynamics]]
* [[Millennium Run]]
* [[Large-scale structure of the universe]]
}}

{{-}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|www.illustris-project.org}}
* [http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/news/2014-10 Press release] - [[Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics]] (7 May 2014).
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NjSFR40SY58 Video (06:44) - "Illustris" Simulation] - [http://www.illustris-project.org Illustris-Project] (6 May 2014).
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GNjuz6MO0eU Video (86:49) - "Search for Life in the Universe"] - [[NASA]] (14 July 2014).

{{Astronomy navbox|state=collapsed}}
{{Astronomy subfields|state=collapsed}}
{{Dark matter|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Astrophysics]]
[[Category:Physical cosmology| ]]

Theatre Royal (Brighton)

2014-12-19T01:56:38Z

TwoTwoHello: overlink; trim

{{Infobox Theatre
|name = Theatre Royal, Brighton
|image = Theatre Royal Brighton.jpg
|caption = Panoramic view of the theatre from stage.
|address = New Road
|city = [[Brighton]]
|country = England
|designation = [[Listed building|Grade II listed]]
|latitude =
|longitude =
|architect =
|owner = [[Ambassador Theatre Group]]
|capacity = 952 (4 levels)
|type = Proscenium
|opened = 1807
|yearsactive = 205
|rebuilt = 1854
|closed =
|othernames =
|currentuse =
}}
The '''Theatre Royal, Brighton''' is a theatre in [[Brighton]], England presenting a range of [[West End theatre|West End]] and touring [[musical theatre|musicals]] and [[Play (theatre)|plays]], along with performances of [[opera]] and [[ballet]]. In recent years, catering to a wider demographic, The Theatre Royal Brighton has chosen to offer an alternative to the traditional Christmas pantomime which it historically played, replacing the shows with big hits such as Priscilla Queen of the Desert (2013), The Rocky Horror Show (2012), and Spamalot (2011).

==History==
In 1806 the Prince of Wales gave [[Royal Assent]] for the theatre to be built and it opened on 27 June 1807, with a performance of [[William Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Hamlet]]''. It struggled until the theatre was purchased in 1854 by actor Henry John Nye Chart, who engaged theatre architect [[Charles J. Phipps]] to begin a programme of expansion and redevelopment.

The theatre improved its reputation and finances, becoming a respected venue. When Henry John Nye Chart died in 1876 his wife took over and continued the success as one of the first female theatre managers.

==Present==
Since 1999 the theatre has been owned by the [[Ambassador Theatre Group]].
In 2007 the theatre celebrated its 200th anniversary with a visit from [[Queen Elizabeth II]].

==External links==
{{Commonscat}}
* [http://www.arthurlloyd.co.uk/BrightonTheatresIndex.htm History of Brighton's Theatres Including the Theatre Royal.]
* [http://theatreroyalbrighton.com Theatre Royal Brighton]

{{ATGVenues}}

{{coord|50|49|24|N|0|08|22|W|display=title}}
{{B&H Buildings}}
[[Category:Theatres in Brighton and Hove]]
[[Category:Grade II listed buildings in Brighton and Hove]]
[[Category:Clayton & Black buildings]]
[[Category:Charles J. Phipps buildings]]

Theatre Royal (Brighton)

2014-12-19T01:52:08Z

TwoTwoHello: Undid revision 618962735 by 82.111.86.195 (talk) unexplained change

{{Infobox Theatre
|name = Theatre Royal, Brighton
|image = Theatre Royal Brighton.jpg
|caption = Panoramic view of the theatre from stage.
|address = New Road
|city = [[Brighton]]
|country = {{UK}}
|designation = [[Listed building|Grade II listed]]
|latitude =
|longitude =
|architect =
|owner = [[Ambassador Theatre Group]]
|capacity = 952 (4 levels)
|type = Proscenium
|opened = 1807
|yearsactive = 205
|rebuilt = 1854
|closed =
|othernames =
|currentuse =
}}
The '''Theatre Royal, Brighton''' is a theatre in [[Brighton]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom]] presenting a range of [[West End theatre|West End]] and touring [[musical theatre|musicals]] and [[Play (theatre)|plays]], along with performances of [[opera]] and [[ballet]]. In recent years, catering to a wider demographic, The Theatre Royal Brighton has chosen to offer an alternative to the traditional Christmas pantomime which it historically played, replacing the shows with big hits such as Priscilla Queen of the Desert (2013), The Rocky Horror Show (2012), and Spamalot (2011), which everyone, not just young children, can enjoy.

==History==
In 1806 the Prince of Wales gave [[Royal Assent]] for the theatre to be built and it opened on 27 June 1807, with a performance of [[William Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Hamlet]]''. It struggled with mixed fortunes until the theatre was purchased in 1854 by actor Henry John Nye Chart, who engaged theatre architect [[Charles J. Phipps]] to begin a programme of expansion and redevelopment.

The theatre improved its reputation and finances, becoming a respected venue. When Henry John Nye Chart died in 1876 his wife took over and continued the success as one of the first female theatre managers.

==Present==
Since 1999 the theatre has been owned by the [[Ambassador Theatre Group]].
In 2007 the theatre celebrated its 200th anniversary with a visit from [[Queen Elizabeth II]] who renamed a box after herself.

==External links==
{{Commonscat}}
* [http://www.arthurlloyd.co.uk/BrightonTheatresIndex.htm History of Brighton's Theatres Including the Theatre Royal.]
* [http://theatreroyalbrighton.com Theatre Royal Brighton]

{{ATGVenues}}

{{coord|50|49|24|N|0|08|22|W|display=title}}
{{B&H Buildings}}
[[Category:Theatres in Brighton and Hove]]
[[Category:Grade II listed buildings in Brighton and Hove]]
[[Category:Clayton & Black buildings]]
[[Category:Charles J. Phipps buildings]]

Detmolder Kindermumie

2014-11-21T17:11:19Z

TwoTwoHello: clean up, added orphan tag, typo(s) fixed: a infant → an infant using AWB

{{Orphan|date=November 2014}}

'''Detmold child''' is the name of an [[mummy]] found in [[Peru]] the mummy has been identified to be about 6,500 years old, being one of the oldest preserved mummies ever found.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/cause-of-death-found-for-ancient-baby-mummy/article6212407.ece|title=Cause of death found for ancient baby mummy|author=DPA|work=The Hindu|accessdate=21 November 2014}}</ref> The Detmold child was an infant when it died and was mummified it had its arms folded, eyes closed, legs hunched, a pose typical of burial in the region and culture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://beforeitsnews.com/science-and-technology/2014/07/scientists-reveal-cause-of-death-of-6500-year-old-detmold-child-2707644.html|title=Scientists reveal cause of death of 6,500-year-old Detmold child|work=Before It's News - Alternative News - UFO - Beyond Science - True News- Prophecy News - People Powered News|accessdate=21 November 2014}}</ref> It has been revealed by officials at the Lippe State Museum in [[Detmold, Germany]] that the Detmold child died at the age of eight to nine months after it suffered from a rare congenital heart malformation mostly known as hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), which is a rare congenital condition if you have it parts of the left side of the heart does not develop completely.<ref name="Newscientist">{{cite web|url=http://www.newscientist.com/gallery/mummies-of-the-world|title=Gallery - Mummies of the world gather in Los Angeles - Image 1 - New Scientist|publisher=|accessdate=21 November 2014}}</ref> That combined with the baby contracting [[pneumonia]] led to its death. The child was also discovered to have Vitamin D deficiency, and also had an abnormal, conically-shaped skull.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.katu.com/sponsored/mummies-of-the-world/Mummy-fact-sheet-210135051.html|title=From a Peruvian child to a Baron from Budapest|work=KATU.com|accessdate=21 November 2014}}</ref>

The body had been covered by w linen and buried with an amulet hung around its neck a CT scan has revealed.<ref name="Newscientist"/>

The Detmold child is currently on exhibition at the California Science Centre in [[California]], [[USA]] along with 45 mummies and 95 artifacts.<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/howaboutthat/7865680/Mummies-of-the-World-an-exhibition-at-the-California-Science-Centre-in-Los-Angeles-in-pictures.html?image=1|title=Mummies of the World: an exhibition at the California Science Centre in Los Angeles, in pictures|work=Telegraph.co.uk|accessdate=21 November 2014}}</ref>

The name of the baby The Detmold child was the name given after its owners Lippisches Land Museum in Detmold.<ref name="Telegraph"/>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Mummies]]

Neue Bürgerbewegung (China)

2013-10-25T13:26:42Z

TwoTwoHello: clean up, typo(s) fixed: etc → etc. (2) using AWB

{{Chinese|s=新公民运动|t=新公民運動|p=XīnGōngMín Yùndòng|l=New Citizen's Movement}}
[[File:公民.jpg|thumb|right|Citizen insignia, handwriting of [[Sun Yatsen]]]]

The '''Chinese New Citizen's Movement''' ({{zh|s=中国新公民运动|t=中國新公民運動|p=Zhōngguó XīnGōngMín YùnDòng}}) is the collection of many civil rights activism in [[mainland China]] since 2010. It is promoted by the loosely-organized civil rights group "Citizens" (successor to the [[Open Constitution Initiative]] ({{zh|s=公盟|p=gōngméng}})) with the '''New Citizens' Spirit''': "Freedom, Justice, Love". It is a major component of the civil society movement in mainland China since the beginning of the 21st century. The New Citizen's Movement has close ties to the [[weiquan movement|rights defending movement]], but it has clearer and higher-level charter and pursuits. It is political, in facilitating a peaceful transition of the country towards constitutionalism. It is also societal, in facilitating the transition from a "servants' society" to a [[civil society]].

The name "New Citizens' Movement" was first proposed by [[Xu Zhiyong]], a prominent legal scholar and civil rights lawyer, in his article "China's New Citizens' Movement" in May 2012.<ref name="citizensmovement">{{cite web |author=Xu Zhiyong | title=China's New Citizens' Movement | date=May 29, 2012 | publisher= | url = http://xuzhiyong2012.blogspot.com/2012/11/blog-post_9281.html | work = | pages = | accessdate = | language = Chinese}}</ref>

China authority has always tried to monitor and suppress the New Citizens' Movement. Xu Zhiyong, founder of the movement，was arrested on July 16, 2013.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news | author=Chris Buckley | title=A Leading Chinese Human Rights Advocate Is Detained in Beijing | date=July 17, 2013 | publisher=NYTimes | url =http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/18/world/asia/china-detains-a-leading-human-rights-advocate.html | work = | pages = | accessdate = }}</ref><ref name="usatoday">{{cite news | author=Calum MacLeod | title=China silences anti-corruption activists | date=July 30, 2013 | publisher=USA Today | url =http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/07/30/china-corruption-prison/2590301/ | work = | pages = | accessdate = }}</ref><ref name="nytimes2">{{cite news | author=Jane Perlez | title=Jailed Chinese Rights Advocate Speaks Out in Video | date=Aug 8, 2013 | publisher=NYTimes | url =http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/09/world/asia/imprisoned-chinese-rights-advocate-urges-defiance-in-video.html | work = | pages = | accessdate = }}</ref> Another prominent businessman and financial supporter of the movement, [[Wang Gongquan]], was arrested on Sep 13, 2013.<ref name="nty-wgq">{{cite news | title=China Detains a Billionaire for Activism | date=2013-09-13 |publisher=NYTimes | url =http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/14/world/asia/activist-chinese-billionaire-is-arrested.html | work = | pages = | accessdate = |language = }}</ref>

==New Citizens' Spirit and Insignia==

===New Citizens' Spirit===
[[File:自由公義愛.jpg|thumb|right|The "Freedom, Justice, Love" insignia]]

The New Citizens' Spirit was first established by Xu Zhiyong in his article "New Citizens' Spirit - Freedom, Justice, Love".<ref name="blogspot01">{{cite web | first=Xu Zhiyong | title=新公民精神——自由、公义、爱 | date=Jun 20, 2012 | publisher=Works of Xu Zhiyong | url =http://xuzhiyong2012.blogspot.com/2012/11/blog-post_6084.html | work = | pages = | accessdate = | language = Chinese}}</ref>

===New Citizens' Insignia===

The New Citizens' insignia is the a handwriting of the word "公民" (citizen) by Sun Yatsen. The characters are in white on a blue background. It is the common symbol of Chinese citizens' pursuit of freedom, [[democracy]], [[rule of law]] and [[constitutionalism]]. It is often used in combination with the five Chinese characters denoting the New Citizens' Spirit.

==Activism of the New Citizens' Movement==

===Citizens' Pledge===
In June 2010, a group of scholars, lawyers, journalists and activists, including Xu Zhiyong, [[Teng Biao]], Wang Gongquan, Li Xiongbin, Li Fangping, [[Xu Youyu]] and Zhang Shihe (Laohumiao), initiated an open letter "The Citizens' Pledge", calling for the awakening and improvement of Chinese citizens' civil rights awareness.<ref>{{cite web | first=C Custer | title=Xu Zhiyong, et al: "The Chinese Citizens’ Pledge" | date=Jun 20, 2010 | publisher=ChinaGeeks | url = http://chinageeks.org/2010/06/xu-zhiyong-et-al-the-chinese-citizens-pledge/| work = | pages = | accessdate = | language = }}</ref> This event is usually regarded as the start of the New Citizens' Movement (even though it was prior to the coinage of the term).

===Equal Rights for Education===
"Equal Rights for Education" is armed to reduce and eliminate the huge unfairness of the distribution of education resources in mainland China. One specific campaign is to abolish the [[hukou]] restriction in [[gaokao]] (college admission exam) for migrants' children in large cities. The campaign started with just four student-parent volunteers in 2010, and grew to more than 100,000 in 2012. Under the pressure, the Ministry of Education revised the gaokao policy for migrants' student children in August 2012. Subsequently, all provinces and cities except Beijing and Shanghai, removed or promised to remove the hukou constraint. This campaign was first brought up by Wang Gongquan.

===Wealth Disclosure (of Govenment Officials)===
"Wealth Disclosure" is calling for the disclosure of the wealth of government officials in mainland China. There have been public demonstrations in many cities. The notable ones include a demonstration by Yuan Dong, Zhang Baocheng, Ma Xinli and Hou Xin in Beijing's Xidan Square on Mar 31, 2013, and a demonstration by Liu Ping, Wei Zhongping, Li Sihua etc. in Xinyu, Jiangxi on Apr 23, 2013.

===Same-City Dinner Gathering===
"Same-City Dining" is the regular dinner gathering held on the last Saturday each month. In mainland China, netizens' dinner gathering has been around for many years. Around the end of 2011, after deliberations, it was proposed to set a fixed date (last Saturday of the month) so as to strengthen the coalitions of citizens. The dinner gatherings are self-organized, generally covering social issues, but the topic and format are not fixed. Upon 2013, the dinner gathering are happening in more than 30 cities, including overseas Chinese. Even though dinner gatherings are low-key and not illegal, they are still under pressure in several cities like Beijing, Shanghai, Zhengzhou, Nanning and Changsha. The participants may be questioned, and sensitive persons are sometimes threatened or detained.

===Citizen Lookout===
"Citizen Lookout" is a project to provide basic needs for family of prisoner of conscience. The reference level is RMB 50,000 per year. This project was proposed by Li Huaping. It is similar to the "Songfandang" by Routangseng and "Ai-Mo-Can-Help" project by [[Ai Weiwei]] and Mo Zhixu.

==Reaction of Chinese Authority==

Chinese authority always tries to suppress independent activism. In 2009, the authority disbanded Gongmeng (Open Constitution Initiative) using tax evasion excuses. After that the Gongmeng members started to use "Citizens" to continue civil rights activism.

From the end of 2012 to 2013, many citizens took it to the street in Shenzhen, Beijing, Jiangxi etc., demanding Chinese government officials to disclose their wealth. The participants were arrested in sequence. From Mar 31 to Apr 17, 2013, the authority arrested 10 citizens: Yuan Dong, Zhang Baocheng, Ma Xinli, Hou Xin, Ding Jiaxi, Zhao Changqing, Sun Hanhui, Wang Yonghong, Li Wei and Qi Yueying. Arrested in Beijing also include Zhang Xiangzhong, Li Gang, Li Huanjun, Song Ze and Xu Zhiyong. Three Xinyu citizens, Liu Ping, Wei Zhongping, Li Sihua were arrested in Jiangxi between Apr 27 and 30, 2013. Five citizens, Yuan Fengchu (Yuan Bing), Yuan Xiaohua, Huang Wenxun, Chen Jianxiong (Chen Jinxin), Li Yinli, were arrested in Hubei on May 25, 2013.

On Jul 16, 2013, after being under house arrest for more than three months, Xu Zhiyong was detained for allegedly "amassing a crowd to disturb order in a public space". The arrest was covered in the news and drew great attention both domestically and internationally.<ref name="nytimes1" /><ref name="usatoday" /><ref name="nytimes2" /> On Aug 22, Dr Xu was formally charged.<ref name="formalcharge">{{cite news|title=Chinese citizens movement leader arrested|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/chinese-citizens-movement-leader-arrested|newspaper=美联社|author=Gillian Wong|date=Aug 23, 2013}}</ref>

On Jul 18, Chuan-Zhi-Xing ("Transitions"), a Beijing-based NGO/thinktank was closed due to its involvement with civil rights research.

Dr Xu's arrest caused wide-scale protest. [[Mao Yushi]], Wang Gongquan, Xiaoshu, He Sanwei, Yang Zili published an open letter demanding the release of Dr Xu and other arrested citizens. More than 3000 people signed the open letter.

On Aug 8, Guo Feixiong, a main organizer of New Citizens' Movement in southern China, was arrested. On Aug 11, Li Huaping, a main organizer of New Citizens' Movement in eastern China, was arrested.

On Sep 13, Wang Gongquan was detained by Beijing police for "disturbing order in public space". On Oct 20, he was formally charged.<ref name="nty-wgq" />

==Controversies==

New Citizens' Movement is also criticized by some Chinese dissidents. Ai Weiwei's music video "Sha Bo Yi" is interpreted by many as sarcasm towards Xu Zhiyong's unrealistic expectation of the authority. Many dissidents think New Citizens' Movement and New Citizens' Spirit are too soft, or event "selling false hope". Another kind of criticism is towards the "depoliticization" of the New Citizens' Movement. However, New Citizens' Movement is a political movement according to Dr Xu and other leaders and participants.

==External links==
* [http://chinachange.org/2012/07/11/china-needs-a-new-citizens-movement-xu-zhiyongs-%E8%AE%B8%E5%BF%97%E6%B0%B8-controversial-essay/ Xu Zhiyong: The New Citizens’ Movement in China]
* {{zh icon}} [http://xuzhiyong2012.blogspot.com Collected Works of Xu Zhiyong]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Political movements]]
[[Category:Civil movements]]

Samara Weaving

2013-09-18T09:28:53Z

TwoTwoHello: rm tabloid trivia; overlink

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2011}}
{{Use Australian English|date=July 2011}}
{{infobox person
| name = Samara Weaving
| image = Samara Weaving 9.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1992|2|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Adelaide, South Australia|Adelaide]], Australia
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2007–present
| relatives = [[Hugo Weaving]] (Uncle)
}}
'''Samara Weaving''' (born 23 February 1992) is an Australian actress known for her role as Kirsten Mulroney in the Australian-produced [[BBC]] TV series ''[[Out of the Blue (2008 TV series)|Out Of The Blue]]'' and also for playing [[Indigo Walker]] on soap opera ''[[Home and Away]]''.

==Family and early life==
Weaving was born in [[Adelaide]], but grew up in Singapore, Fiji and Indonesia. While she was living in Jakarta, Indonesia, she attended Primary School there. She then returned to Australia in 2004 and attended Pittwater House School on Sydney's Northern Beaches prior to entering [[Canberra Girls' Grammar School]]. She has performed in short films, dance and stage shows, with Singapore Dance Company, Canberra Youth Theatre and school productions. Her uncle is actor [[Hugo Weaving]] and her younger sister Morgan is also in the industry.

==Career==
Weaving played Kirsten Mulroney in the 2008 TV series ''Out of the Blue'', which was commissioned by the BBC. A second series was not commissioned.

In 2009, Weaving began appearing in the Australian soap opera ''[[Home and Away]]'', playing [[Indigo Walker]].<ref name="Sun">{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,25864365-5012974,00.html|title=Samara Weaving gets acting tips from uncle Hugo Weaving|first=Colin|last=Vickery|date=1 August 2009|publisher=''[[Herald Sun]]''|accessdate=16 April 2010}}</ref> During the 2009 season, Weaving had a recurring role on the show; the following year, she returned to the show joining the cast in a main role.
[[File:Samara Weaving.jpg|thumb|Samara Weaving]]

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Television
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2008
| ''Out Of The Blue''
| Kirsten Mulroney
| Season Regular
| <ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1322794/</ref>
|-
| 2009–2013
| ''[[Home and Away]]''
| Indigo Walker
|
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[1st_AACTA_Awards#Presenters_and_performers|AACTA Awards]]''
| Herself - Presenter
|
| <ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2200957/</ref>
|-
| 2013
| ''[[The Wright Stuff]]''
| Herself - Guest Panelist
| Episode #18.4
| <ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2673202/</ref>
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Film
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2"|2009
| ''Sprung''
| Fran
|
| <ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1586571/</ref>
|-
| ''Steps''
| Samara Weaving
| Director, Writer
| <ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1802520/</ref>
|-
|2013
|''Mystery Road''
|TBA
|
| <ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2236054/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm#cast</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=3034977}}
*[http://www.cggs.act.edu.au/pages/page332.asp Canberra Girls' Grammar newsletter announcing Samara's role]
*[http://www.tvsa.co.za/actorprofile.asp?actorID=8838 Samara Weaving on TVSA]
*[http://www.samaraweaving.com Samara Weaving on SamaraWeaving.com]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Weaving, Samara
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Australian actor
| DATE OF BIRTH = 23 February 1992
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Adelaide, South Australia]], [[Australia]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Weaving, Samara}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Actresses from Adelaide]]
[[Category:Australian child actresses]]
[[Category:Australian television actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]

John Standing

2013-09-09T14:44:57Z

TwoTwoHello: Undid revision 569631328 by 217.44.48.208 (talk)

{{BLP sources|date=March 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name = John Standing
| image =
| birth_name = John Ronald Leon
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1934|8|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[London]], [[England]], [[UK]]
| spouse = [[Jill Melford]] (1961-1972; divorced); 1 child Sarah Forbes (1984-present); 3 children
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 1959–present
}}
'''Sir John Ronald Leon Standing, 4th Baronet''' (born 16 August 1934), born '''John Ronald Leon''', is an English actor.

==Early life==
Standing was born in [[London]], the son of [[Kay Hammond]] (née Dorothy Katherine Standing), an actress, and Sir Ronald George Leon, 3rd Baronet, a [[stockbroker]].<ref>http://www.filmreference.com/film/93/John-Standing.html</ref> He is from a distinguished acting family on his mother's side, including his great-grandfather [[Herbert Standing]] (1846–1923) and his grandfather, Sir [[Guy Standing]] (1873–1937).His step-father was actor [[Sir John Clements]] . He uses his mother's maiden name as his professional name.

He was educated at [[Eton College]] and [[Millfield School]], [[Somerset]], later serving in the [[King's Royal Rifle Corps]] as a [[second lieutenant]], before going to study at the [[Byam Shaw School of Art]] in London.

==Career==
Standing began as an extra in [[Peter Brook]]’s 1955 production of ''[[Titus Andronicus]]'' starring [[Laurence Olivier]] and wife [[Vivien Leigh]] <ref>http://wwword.com/1977/think/school-room/learning-lines/</ref> and later played leading parts in [[Oscar Wilde]]'s ''[[The Importance of Being Earnest]]'', ''Ring Around the Moon'', ''A Sense of Detachment'' by [[John Osborne]], and [[Noël Coward]]'s ''[[Private Lives]]'', with [[Maggie Smith]]. He made his film debut in ''The Wild and the Willing'' (1962), going on to appear in ''King Rat'' (1965), ''The Psychopath'' (1966), ''The Eagle Has Landed'' (1976), ''The Elephant Man'' (1980), ''Nightflyers'' (1987), ''Mrs. Dalloway'' (1997), and ''A Good Woman'' (2004).

One of his first major television role was as [[Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin|Sidney Godolphin]] in the [[BBC]] twelve part serial, ''[[The First Churchills]]'' (1969). Other television appearances include ''Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy'' (1979); the [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] [[sitcom]] ''[[The Other 'Arf]]'' (1980–84), with [[Lorraine Chase]]; ''The Choir'' (1995) and ''King Solomon's Mines'' (2004). In the United States, he made guest appearances in numerous weekly programmes including ''[[L.A. Law]]'', ''Civil Wars'' and ''[[Murder She Wrote]]'', and co-starred briefly with [[Robert Wagner]] and [[Samantha Smith]] in the action series ''[[Lime Street (TV series)|Lime Street]]'' (1985).

He appeared in the 1987 film ''[[Nightflyers]]'' adapted from a short story by [[George R.R. Martin]]. In July 2010 it was confirmed that he would be appearing as [[Jon Arryn]] in the [[HBO]] series ''[[Game of Thrones]]'', based on Martin's ''[[A Song of Ice and Fire]]'' novels.<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0822062 George R.R. Martin blog]</ref>

Standing appeared on the tracks "Elements" and "[[Ramblin' Man (Lemon Jelly song)|Ramblin' Man]]" on [[electronica]] duo [[Lemon Jelly]]'s album ''[[Lost Horizons (Lemon Jelly album)|Lost Horizons]]''. {{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}

==Personal life==
He succeeded his father as the 4th baronet in 1964, but does not use the title. The Leon family were, until 1937, owners of [[Bletchley Park]], the country house in [[Buckinghamshire]] famous as the World War II [[Enigma machine|Enigma]] code-breaking centre. He married [[Jill Melford]] in 1961; they divorced in 1972. They had a son, Alexander John. In 1984 he married Sarah Kate Forbes, the daughter of film director [[Bryan Forbes]] and actress [[Nanette Newman]] and the sister of television presenter [[Emma Forbes]]; they have three children.

==Filmography==

===Film roles===
* ''[[The Wild and the Willing]]'' (1962)
* ''[[A Pair of Briefs]]'' (1962)
* ''[[The Iron Maiden]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Hot Enough for June]]'' (1964)
* ''[[King Rat (film)|King Rat]]'' (1965)
* ''[[The Psychopath]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Walk, Don't Run]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Torture Garden (film)|Torture Garden]]'' (1967)
* ''[[A Touch of Love (1969 film)|A Touch of Love]]'' (1969)
* ''[[All the Right Noises]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Rogue Male (1976 film)|Rogue Male]]'' (1976)
* ''[[The Eagle Has Landed]]'' (1976)
* ''[[The Class of Miss MacMichael]]'' (1978)
* ''[[The Legacy (1979 film)|The Legacy]]'' (1979)
* ''[[The Elephant Man (film)|The Elephant Man]]'' (1980)
* ''[[The Sea Wolves]]'' (1980)
* ''[[The Young Visitors]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Nightflyers]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Chaplin (film)|Chaplin]]'' (1992)
* ''[[The Man Who Knew Too Little]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Mrs Dalloway]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Mad Cows]]'' (1999)
* ''[[8½ Women]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Rogue Trader (film)|Rogue Trader]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Queen's Messenger]]'' (2002)
* ''[[A Good Woman (film)|A Good Woman]]'' (2004)
* ''[[V for Vendetta (film)|V for Vendetta]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Lassie (2005 film)|Lassie]]'' (2005)
* ''[[I Want Candy (2007 film)|I Want Candy]]'' (2007)
*''Outlaw'' (2007)
*''[[Before the Rains]]'' (2007)

===Television roles===
* ''[[The Avengers (TV series)|The Avengers]]''
* ''[[The Saint (TV series)|The Saint]]''
* ''[[Danger Man]]''
* ''[[The First Churchills]]''
* ''[[Space: 1999]]''
* ''[[Van der Valk (TV series)|Van der Valk]]''
* ''[[Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy]]''
* ''[[L.A. Law]]''
* ''[[Murder She Wrote]]''
* ''[[Pygmalion (1983 film)|Pygmalion]]'' - Col. Pickering
* ''[[A Dance to the Music of Time]]''
* ''[[NYPD Blue]]''
* ''[[Midsomer Murders]]''
* ''[[Game of Thrones]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0822062|name=John Standing}}
*[http://www.juggle.com/john-standing John Standing, photo, filmography, biography and awards; Juggle.com]
*[http://ibdb.com/person.php?id=96283 John Standing; IBDb.com]

{{s-start}}
{{s-reg|uk-bt}}
{{succession box | title=[[Leon Baronets|Baronet]] '''(of Bletchley Park) | years='''1964–present | before= Ronald George Leon | after= Incumbent }}
{{s-end}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2011}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=69141942}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Standing, John
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = British actor
| DATE OF BIRTH =16 August 1934
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[London]], [[England]], [[UK]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Standing, John}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Byam Shaw School of Art]]
[[Category:Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:English film actors]]
[[Category:English television actors]]
[[Category:King's Royal Rifle Corps officers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People educated at Eton College]]
[[Category:People educated at Millfield]]
[[Category:Actors from London]]

Benutzer:Distelfinck/Virginia Heinlein

2013-08-02T12:13:02Z

TwoTwoHello: Add Puppet Masters, Red Planet

{{Infobox Person
|name = Virginia Heinlein
|image = Heinlein Tahiti 2.jpg
|image_size =
|caption = Robert and Virginia Heinlein in Tahiti, 1980.
|birth_name = Virginia Doris Gerstenfeld
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1916|4|22}}
|birth_place = [[Brooklyn]], [[New York]], United States
|death_date = {{Death date and age|2003|1|18|1916|4|22}}
|death_place = [[Florida]], United States
|death_cause =
|resting_place =
|nationality = American
|other_names =
|education =
|alma_mater = [[New York University]] <ref name=bio/>
|occupation = [[Chemist]], [[biochemist]]
|known_for = Founder of The Heinlein Society
|spouse = {{marriage|[[Robert A. Heinlein]]|1948|1988}}
}}
'''Virginia "Ginny" Heinlein''' (April 22, 1916 – January 18, 2003), born '''Virginia Doris Gerstenfeld''', was the third wife of [[Robert A. Heinlein]], a prominent and successful author once known as one of the "Big Three" of science fiction (along with [[Isaac Asimov]] and [[Arthur C. Clarke]]).

Born to George and Jeanne Gerstenfeld, Virginia was raised in Brooklyn and had one brother, Leon. She was red-haired, an organic chemist and biochemist, and served as an inspiration for many of the active and talented red-haired women in Heinlein's stories.<ref name="latimes-obit">{{Citation
| last = Woo | first = Elaine | title = Virginia Heinlein, 86; Wife, Muse and Literary Guardian of Celebrated Science Fiction Writer (free abstract) | newspaper = [[Los Angeles Times]] | pages = B14 | year = 2003 | date = 2006-01-26 | url = http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/280532451.html?dids=280532451:280532451&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+26%2C+2003&author=Elaine+Woo&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&edition=&startpage=B.14&desc=Obituaries%3B+Virginia+Heinlein%2C+86%3B+Wife%2C+Muse+and+Literary+Guardian+of+Celebrated+Science+Fiction+Writer}}</ref> She met Robert when they both worked at the Naval Air Experimental Station in [[Philadelphia]] when she was a lieutenant in the [[WAVES]] in the U.S. Navy in World War II. She moved to [[Los Angeles]] in 1946 to take an advanced degree, where Heinlein had already relocated after the war. They married on October 21, 1948 in [[Raton, New Mexico]]. Shortly thereafter they moved to Colorado, but in 1965 her health was chronically affected by the altitude, so the couple moved to [[Bonny Doon, California]].

Prior to a trip to the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] (where they happened to be when [[Francis Gary Powers]] was shot down in his [[Lockheed U-2|U-2]] spyplane), Virginia learned to speak [[Russian language|Russian]], which proved invaluable in talking with local citizens.
Virginia Heinlein was highly esteemed among her husband's fans for her exceptional willingness to correspond with them and/or to otherwise acknowledge them. This continued until her last days, with activity in a [[Usenet]] newsgroup devoted to Heinlein fans. She was very touched when other users sent her Mother's Day greetings, an homage to her bestowing the title of "Heinlein's Children" on Robert's fans worldwide.

After Robert's death in 1988, she moved from California to Florida.<ref name="washmonthly-obit">{{Citation | last = Drum | first = Kevin | title = Virginia Heinlein | newspaper = [[The Washington Monthly]] | year = 2003 | date = 2006-01-20 | url = http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/archives/individual/2003_01/000193.php}}</ref> She edited a collection of his letters and writings which was published in 1989 as ''[[Grumbles from the Grave]]''.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://articles.latimes.com/1990-01-23/news/vw-446_1_robert-heinlein| title=BOOK REVIEW : A Shallow Peek Into a Sci-Fi Grand Master| accessdate=2 August 2013}}</ref> She authorised the publication of ''[[Tramp Royale]]''<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-441-82184-6| title=Tramp Royale| accessdate=2 August 2013}}</ref> and longer editions of the previously published works ''[[Stranger in a Strange Land]]'',<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2009/jan/12/heinlein-hugo-stranger-strange-land| title=Robert Heinlein's softer side|accessdate=2 August 2013}}</ref> ''[[The Puppet Masters]]'', and ''[[Red Planet (novel)|Red Planet]]''. She established a literary society in her husband's name, the [[Heinlein Society]].<ref name=bio>{{cite web | last = James, PhD.| first = Robert | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Biographies of Robert and Virginia Heinlein
| work = | publisher = The Heinlein Society | date = 2001-2007 | url = http://www.heinleinsociety.org/rah/biographies.html | doi = | accessdate = 2007-10-18}}</ref>

==References==
<div class="references-small">{{reflist|2}}</div>

==External links==
* {{isfdb name}}
* [http://www.sfwa.org/news/vheinlein.htm Virginia Heinlein (1917-2003) - SFWA News] Obituary at the [[Science Fiction Writers of America]]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Heinlein, Virginia
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = April 22, 1916
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Brooklyn]], [[New York]], [[United States]]
| DATE OF DEATH = January 18, 2003
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Florida]], United States
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Heinlein, Virginia}}
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Brooklyn]]
[[Category:Women in the United States Navy]]
[[Category:Robert A. Heinlein]]

{{US-sf-writer-stub}}

Benutzer:Distelfinck/Virginia Heinlein

2013-08-02T10:58:02Z

TwoTwoHello: Add Tramp Royale, uncut SiaSL

{{Infobox Person
|name = Virginia Heinlein
|image = Heinlein Tahiti 2.jpg
|image_size =
|caption = Robert and Virginia Heinlein in Tahiti, 1980.
|birth_name = Virginia Doris Gerstenfeld
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1916|4|22}}
|birth_place = [[Brooklyn]], [[New York]], United States
|death_date = {{Death date and age|2003|1|18|1916|4|22}}
|death_place = [[Florida]], United States
|death_cause =
|resting_place =
|nationality = American
|other_names =
|education =
|alma_mater = [[New York University]] <ref name=bio/>
|occupation = [[Chemist]], [[biochemist]]
|known_for = Founder of The Heinlein Society
|spouse = {{marriage|[[Robert A. Heinlein]]|1948|1988}}
}}
'''Virginia "Ginny" Heinlein''' (April 22, 1916 – January 18, 2003), born '''Virginia Doris Gerstenfeld''', was the third wife of [[Robert A. Heinlein]], a prominent and successful author once known as one of the "Big Three" of science fiction (along with [[Isaac Asimov]] and [[Arthur C. Clarke]]).

Born to George and Jeanne Gerstenfeld, Virginia was raised in Brooklyn and had one brother, Leon. She was red-haired, an organic chemist and biochemist, and served as an inspiration for many of the active and talented red-haired women in Heinlein's stories.<ref name="latimes-obit">{{Citation
| last = Woo | first = Elaine | title = Virginia Heinlein, 86; Wife, Muse and Literary Guardian of Celebrated Science Fiction Writer (free abstract) | newspaper = [[Los Angeles Times]] | pages = B14 | year = 2003 | date = 2006-01-26 | url = http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/280532451.html?dids=280532451:280532451&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+26%2C+2003&author=Elaine+Woo&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&edition=&startpage=B.14&desc=Obituaries%3B+Virginia+Heinlein%2C+86%3B+Wife%2C+Muse+and+Literary+Guardian+of+Celebrated+Science+Fiction+Writer}}</ref> She met Robert when they both worked at the Naval Air Experimental Station in [[Philadelphia]] when she was a lieutenant in the [[WAVES]] in the U.S. Navy in World War II. She moved to [[Los Angeles]] in 1946 to take an advanced degree, where Heinlein had already relocated after the war. They married on October 21, 1948 in [[Raton, New Mexico]]. Shortly thereafter they moved to Colorado, but in 1965 her health was chronically affected by the altitude, so the couple moved to [[Bonny Doon, California]].

Prior to a trip to the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] (where they happened to be when [[Francis Gary Powers]] was shot down in his [[Lockheed U-2|U-2]] spyplane), Virginia learned to speak [[Russian language|Russian]], which proved invaluable in talking with local citizens.
Virginia Heinlein was highly esteemed among her husband's fans for her exceptional willingness to correspond with them and/or to otherwise acknowledge them. This continued until her last days, with activity in a [[Usenet]] newsgroup devoted to Heinlein fans. She was very touched when other users sent her Mother's Day greetings, an homage to her bestowing the title of "Heinlein's Children" on Robert's fans worldwide.

After Robert's death in 1988, she moved from California to Florida.<ref name="washmonthly-obit">{{Citation | last = Drum | first = Kevin | title = Virginia Heinlein | newspaper = [[The Washington Monthly]] | year = 2003 | date = 2006-01-20 | url = http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/archives/individual/2003_01/000193.php}}</ref> She edited a collection of his letters and writings which was published in 1989 as ''[[Grumbles from the Grave]]''.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://articles.latimes.com/1990-01-23/news/vw-446_1_robert-heinlein| title=BOOK REVIEW : A Shallow Peek Into a Sci-Fi Grand Master| accessdate=2 August 2013}}</ref> She authorised the publication of ''[[Tramp Royale]]''<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-441-82184-6| title=Tramp Royale| accessdate=2 August 2013}}</ref> and a longer version of the previously published work ''[[Stranger in a Strange Land]]''.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2009/jan/12/heinlein-hugo-stranger-strange-land| title=Robert Heinlein's softer side|accessdate=2 August 2013}}</ref> She established a literary society in her husband's name, the [[Heinlein Society]].<ref name=bio>{{cite web | last = James, PhD.| first = Robert | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Biographies of Robert and Virginia Heinlein
| work = | publisher = The Heinlein Society | date = 2001-2007 | url = http://www.heinleinsociety.org/rah/biographies.html | doi = | accessdate = 2007-10-18}}</ref>

==References==
<div class="references-small">{{reflist|2}}</div>

==External links==
* {{isfdb name}}
* [http://www.sfwa.org/news/vheinlein.htm Virginia Heinlein (1917-2003) - SFWA News] Obituary at the [[Science Fiction Writers of America]]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Heinlein, Virginia
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = April 22, 1916
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Brooklyn]], [[New York]], [[United States]]
| DATE OF DEATH = January 18, 2003
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Florida]], United States
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Heinlein, Virginia}}
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Brooklyn]]
[[Category:Women in the United States Navy]]
[[Category:Robert A. Heinlein]]

{{US-sf-writer-stub}}

Benutzer:Distelfinck/Virginia Heinlein

2013-08-02T10:26:58Z

TwoTwoHello: Add Grumbles from the Grave

{{Infobox Person
|name = Virginia Heinlein
|image = Heinlein Tahiti 2.jpg
|image_size =
|caption = Robert and Virginia Heinlein in Tahiti, 1980.
|birth_name = Virginia Doris Gerstenfeld
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1916|4|22}}
|birth_place = [[Brooklyn]], [[New York]], United States
|death_date = {{Death date and age|2003|1|18|1916|4|22}}
|death_place = [[Florida]], United States
|death_cause =
|resting_place =
|nationality = American
|other_names =
|education =
|alma_mater = [[New York University]] <ref name=bio/>
|occupation = [[Chemist]], [[biochemist]]
|known_for = Founder of The Heinlein Society
|spouse = {{marriage|[[Robert A. Heinlein]]|1948|1988}}
}}
'''Virginia "Ginny" Heinlein''' (April 22, 1916 – January 18, 2003), born '''Virginia Doris Gerstenfeld''', was the third wife of [[Robert A. Heinlein]], a prominent and successful author once known as one of the "Big Three" of science fiction (along with [[Isaac Asimov]] and [[Arthur C. Clarke]]).

Born to George and Jeanne Gerstenfeld, Virginia was raised in Brooklyn and had one brother, Leon. She was red-haired, an organic chemist and biochemist, and served as an inspiration for many of the active and talented red-haired women in Heinlein's stories.<ref name="latimes-obit">{{Citation
| last = Woo | first = Elaine | title = Virginia Heinlein, 86; Wife, Muse and Literary Guardian of Celebrated Science Fiction Writer (free abstract) | newspaper = [[Los Angeles Times]] | pages = B14 | year = 2003 | date = 2006-01-26 | url = http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/280532451.html?dids=280532451:280532451&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+26%2C+2003&author=Elaine+Woo&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&edition=&startpage=B.14&desc=Obituaries%3B+Virginia+Heinlein%2C+86%3B+Wife%2C+Muse+and+Literary+Guardian+of+Celebrated+Science+Fiction+Writer}}</ref> She met Robert when they both worked at the Naval Air Experimental Station in [[Philadelphia]] when she was a lieutenant in the [[WAVES]] in the U.S. Navy in World War II. She moved to [[Los Angeles]] in 1946 to take an advanced degree, where Heinlein had already relocated after the war. They married on October 21, 1948 in [[Raton, New Mexico]]. Shortly thereafter they moved to Colorado, but in 1965 her health was chronically affected by the altitude, so the couple moved to [[Bonny Doon, California]].

Prior to a trip to the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] (where they happened to be when [[Francis Gary Powers]] was shot down in his [[Lockheed U-2|U-2]] spyplane), Virginia learned to speak [[Russian language|Russian]], which proved invaluable in talking with local citizens.
Virginia Heinlein was highly esteemed among her husband's fans for her exceptional willingness to correspond with them and/or to otherwise acknowledge them. This continued until her last days, with activity in a [[Usenet]] newsgroup devoted to Heinlein fans. She was very touched when other users sent her Mother's Day greetings, an homage to her bestowing the title of "Heinlein's Children" on Robert's fans worldwide.

After Robert's death in 1988, she moved from California to Florida.<ref name="washmonthly-obit">{{Citation | last = Drum | first = Kevin | title = Virginia Heinlein | newspaper = [[The Washington Monthly]] | year = 2003 | date = 2006-01-20 | url = http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/archives/individual/2003_01/000193.php}}</ref> She edited a collection of his letters and writings which were published in 1989 as ''[[Grumbles from the Grave]]''.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://articles.latimes.com/1990-01-23/news/vw-446_1_robert-heinlein| title=BOOK REVIEW : A Shallow Peek Into a Sci-Fi Grand Master| accessdate=2 August 2013}}</ref> She established a literary society in her husband's name, the [[Heinlein Society]].<ref name=bio>{{cite web | last = James, PhD.| first = Robert | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Biographies of Robert and Virginia Heinlein
| work = | publisher = The Heinlein Society | date = 2001-2007 | url = http://www.heinleinsociety.org/rah/biographies.html | doi = | accessdate = 2007-10-18}}</ref>

==References==
<div class="references-small">{{reflist|2}}</div>

==External links==
* {{isfdb name}}
* [http://www.sfwa.org/news/vheinlein.htm Virginia Heinlein (1917-2003) - SFWA News] Obituary at the [[Science Fiction Writers of America]]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Heinlein, Virginia
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = April 22, 1916
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Brooklyn]], [[New York]], [[United States]]
| DATE OF DEATH = January 18, 2003
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Florida]], United States
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Heinlein, Virginia}}
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Brooklyn]]
[[Category:Women in the United States Navy]]
[[Category:Robert A. Heinlein]]

{{US-sf-writer-stub}}

Das Venus Projekt

2013-05-23T13:10:19Z

TwoTwoHello: Undid revision 556422323 by 78.184.26.94 (talk)

{{Infobox organization
| name = The Venus Project
| image = TheVenusProjectLogo.svg
| size = 200px
| caption = The Venus Project logo
| founded = 1980
| motto = Beyond Politics, Poverty and War
| type = [[Non-profit Organization]]
| website = [http://www.thevenusproject.com www.thevenusproject.com]
}}

'''The Venus Project''' is an organization started by [[self-educated]] [[structural engineering|structural engineer]], [[industrial design]]er, and [[futurism|futurist]] [[Jacque Fresco]]. Fresco's project aims to restructure society through worldwide utilization of a theoretical design that he calls a ''resource-based economy''. Those ideas use a version of [[sustainable development|sustainable]] cities, [[Efficient energy use|energy efficiency]], [[natural resource management]] and advanced [[automation]] with a global socio-economic system based on [[cooperation|social cooperation]] and [[science|scientific methodology]].

== History ==
[[File:Jacque Fresco with Roxanne Meadows.jpg|right|180px|thumb|Futurist [[Jacque Fresco]] (right) with Roxanne Meadows]]

The Venus Project was started by [[Jacque Fresco]] and by former portrait artist Roxanne Meadows in [[Venus, Florida]], [[United States]].

2002 - "[[The Best That Money Can't Buy]]" book was published.

==Zeitgeist movies==
{{Main|The Zeitgeist Movement}}
The Venus Project is featured prominently in the documentary film ''[[Zeitgeist: Addendum]]'', in relation to global problems explained in the film.<ref name="ZeitgeistAddendumMovie">{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EewGMBOB4Gg |title=Zeitgeist: Addendum |work=Video |publisher=YouTube |date= |accessdate=2012-04-25}}</ref> The film premiered at the 5th Annual [[Artivist Film Festival]] in [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], California on October 2, 2008, winning their highest award.<ref>{{cite web|title=Home :: The Artivist Film Festival (from web.archive.org)|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20081021161025/http://www.artivists.org/|accessdate=27 August 2012|month=October|year=2008|quote=Presenting The 2008 Artivist Award Winners! "ZEITGEIST ADDENDUM" Director: Peter Joseph. Best Feature - Artivist Spirit Award}}</ref> It was released online for free on YouTube.<ref name="ZeitgeistAddendumMovie" /> Following the movie, an organization called [[the Zeitgeist Movement]] was established to promote the aims of the Venus Project. In 2011, an additional film, ''[[Zeitgeist: Moving Forward]]'', was also released. At that time Zeitgeist was a promoter and advocate of the Venus Project. In April 2011, the Venus Project formally disassociated itself from Zeitgeist as it no longer felt represented by Zeitgeist.<ref>{{cite web|title=TVP / TZM Split on V-Radio|url=http://tobtr.com/s/1802513}}</ref>

== Resource-based economy ==

The term "Resource-based Economy" is applied by the Venus Project to a hypothetical [[economic system]] in which goods, services and information are free. This use of the term is found in information from Jacque Fresco.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thevenusproject.com/en/the-venus-project/resource-based-economy|title=Resource Based Economy|publisher=The Venus Project}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Post-scarcity]]
* [[Technocracy movement]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.thevenusproject.com The Venus Project]
* [http://www.thepangea.org/ The Pangea — Greece Activism]
* [http://www.futuragora.pt/ FUTURAGORA — Portugal Activism]
* [http://www.civilisation2.org/ Civilisation 2.0 — France Activism]
* [http://www.fbdthemovie.com/order.html Future by Design DVD, Directed by William Gazecki]

{{Coord|27.073667|-81.43079|region:US_type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:Non-profit organizations based in Florida]]

Grammy Award for Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media

2013-03-14T14:08:55Z

TwoTwoHello: Undid revision 544098134 by 122.164.144.9 (talk) unexplained change

{{Infobox award
| name = Grammy Award for Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media
| description = quality compilation soundtrack albums
| image = Grammy.jpg
| imagesize = 100px
| alt = A gold gramophone trophy with a plaque set on a table
| caption = Gilded gramophone trophy presented to Grammy Award winners
| presenter = [[National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences]]
| country = United States
| year = 2000
| year2 = 2012
| website = [http://www.grammy.com/ grammy.com]
}}
The [[Grammy Award]] for '''Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media''' has been awarded since 2000. In 2000 the award was presented as the Grammy Award for '''Best Soundtrack Album''', and from 2001-2011 as '''Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for Motion Pictures, Television or Other Visual Media'''.

From 2012, the category was known as '''Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media'''.

Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were presented, for music released in the previous year. The award is presented to the artist or artists of a majority of tracks and/or the producer or producers of a majority of tracks on the album. In the absence of either, then the award goes to the individual(s) actively responsible for the musical direction of the album.<ref>http://www.grammy.org/recording-academy/announcement/category-mapper/new-category/124722/124829/</ref>



==2000s==
; [[42nd Grammy Awards]]: (2000)
* '''''[[Tarzan (1999 film soundtrack)|Tarzan]]''''' - '''[[Phil Collins]]''' (artist); '''[[Mark Mancina]]''' (album producer)
** ''[[American Beauty (soundtrack)|American Beauty]]''
** ''[[Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me#Soundtrack|Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me]]''
** ''[[The Matrix: Music from the Motion Picture|The Matrix]]''
** ''[[The Prince of Egypt (OST)|The Prince of Egypt]]''
; [[43rd Grammy Awards]]: (2001)
* '''''[[Almost Famous (soundtrack)|Almost Famous]]''''' - '''[[Cameron Crowe]]''' (producer); '''Danny Bramson''' (producer)
** "''[[Music on The Sopranos#The Sopranos: Music from the HBO Original Series|The Sopranos]]''"
** ''[[Fantasia 2000#Program|Fantasia 2000]]''
** ''[[High Fidelity (film)#Soundtrack|High Fidelity]]''
** ''[[Magnolia (soundtrack)|Magnolia]]''
; [[44th Grammy Awards]]: (2002)
* '''''[[O Brother, Where Art Thou? (soundtrack)|O Brother, Where Art Thou?]]''''' - '''[[T-Bone Burnett]]''' (compilation producer); '''Mike Piersante''' (engineer); '''Peter F. Kurland''' (engineer)
** "''[[Music on The Sopranos#The Sopranos: Peppers & Eggs: Music from the HBO Original Series|The Sopranos]]''" - For "Peppers & Eggs"
** ''[[Bridget Jones's Diary (film)#Soundtrack|Bridget Jones's Diary]]''
** ''[[Moulin Rouge! Music from Baz Luhrmann's Film|Moulin Rouge!]]''
** ''[[List of Shrek songs#Shrek|Shrek]]''
; [[45th Grammy Awards]]: (2003)
* '''''[[Standing in the Shadows of Motown (film)#Soundtrack album|Standing in the Shadows of Motown]]''''' - '''[[The Funk Brothers]]''' (artists); '''Alan Slutsky''' (compilation producer); '''Harry Weinger''' (compilation producer); '''Ted Greenberg''' (compilation producer/engineer/mixer); '''Kooster McAlister''' (engineer/mixer)
** "''[[Six Feet Under (soundtrack)|Six Feet Under]]''"
** ''[[Dogtown and Z-Boys#Music|Dogtown and Z-Boys]]''
** ''[[I Am Sam (soundtrack)|I Am Sam]]''
** ''[[Y tu mamá también#Soundtrack listing|Y tu mamá también]]''
; [[46th Grammy Awards]]: (2004)
* '''''[[Chicago: Music from the Miramax Motion Picture|Chicago]]''''' - "'''Various artists'''"; '''[[Randy Spendlove]]''' (compilation producer); '''[[Ric Wake]]''' (compilation producer); '''Joel Moss''' (engineer/mixer); '''Dan Hetzel''' (engineer/mixer)
** ''[[Gangs of New York: Music from the Miramax Motion Picture|Gangs of New York]]'' - "Various artists"
** ''[[Kill Bill Volume 1 (soundtrack)|Kill Bill Volume 1]]'' - "Various artists"
** ''[[A Mighty Wind]]'' - "Various artists"
** ''[[School of Rock (soundtrack album)|School of Rock]]'' - "Various artists"
; [[47th Grammy Awards]]: (2005)
* '''''[[Garden State (soundtrack)|Garden State]]''''' - '''[[Zach Braff]]''' (compilation producer)
** ''[[Cold Mountain (soundtrack)|Cold Mountain]]'' - "Various artists"; [[T-Bone Burnett]] (compilation producer)
** ''[[De-Lovely#Soundtrack|De-Lovely]]'' - "Various artists"; [[Peter Asher]] (compilation producer); Stephen Endelman (compilation producer)
** ''[[Kill Bill Volume 2 (soundtrack)|Kill Bill Volume 2]]'' - "Various artists"; [[Quentin Tarantino]] (compilation producer)
** ''[[List of Shrek songs#Shrek 2|Shrek 2]]'' - "Various artists"; [[Andrew Adamson]] (compilation producer); [[Christopher Douridas]] (compilation producer); Michael Ostin (compilation producer)
; [[48th Grammy Awards]]': (2006)
* '''''[[Ray (soundtrack)|Ray]]''''' - '''James Austin''' (compilation producer); '''[[Stuart Benjamin]]''' (compilation producer); '''[[Taylor Hackford]]''' (compilation producer)
** ''[[Six Feet Under, Vol. 2: Everything Ends|Six Feet Under]]'' - "Various artists"; Gary Calamar (producer); Thomas Golubic (producer); Errol Kolosine (producer) - For Volume 2 - Everything Ends
** ''[[Beyond the Sea (film)#Soundtrack list|Beyond the Sea]]'' - [[Kevin Spacey]]; [[Phil Ramone]] (producer)
** ''[[Napoleon Dynamite original soundtrack|Napoleon Dynamite]]'' - "Various artists"; Brian McNelis (producer); Skip Williamson (producer)
** ''[[No Direction Home]]'' - [[Bob Dylan]]; Steve Berkowitz (producer); Bruce Dickinson (producer); Jeff Rosen (producer) - For The Soundtrack - Bootleg Series, Vol. 7
; [[49th Grammy Awards]]: (2007)
* '''''[[Walk the Line (soundtrack)|Walk the Line]]''''' - '''[[Joaquin Phoenix]]'''; '''[[T-Bone Burnett]]''' (producer)
** "''[[Grey's Anatomy (soundtrack)#Volume 2 track listing|Grey's Anatomy]]''" - "Various artists"; Mitchell Leib (producer); [[Alexandra Patsavas]] (producer) - For "Volume 2"
** ''[[Brokeback Mountain (soundtrack)|Brokeback Mountain]]'' - "Various artists"; [[Gustavo Santaolalla]] (producer)
** ''[[Cars (soundtrack)|Cars]]'' - "Various artists"; Chris Montan (producer); [[Randy Newman]] (producer)
** ''[[Little Miss Sunshine (soundtrack)|Little Miss Sunshine]]'' - [[DeVotchKa]]; "Various artists"; [[Mychael Danna]] (producer)
; [[50th Grammy Awards]]: (2008)
* '''''[[Love (The Beatles album)|Love]]''''' - '''[[The Beatles]]''' (artists); '''[[George Martin]]''' (producer); '''[[Giles Martin]]''' (producer)
** ''[[Across the Universe (film)#Music|Across the Universe]]'' - "Various artists"; [[T-Bone Burnett]] (producer); [[Elliot Goldenthal]] (producer); [[Matthias Gohl]] (producer)
** ''[[Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture|Dreamgirls]]'' - [[Beyoncé Knowles]] (artist); [[Jennifer Hudson]] (artist); [[Anika Noni Rose]] (artist); [[The Underdogs (duo)|Harvey Mason, Jr.]] (producer); [[Randy Spendlove]] (producer); Matthew Rush Sullivan (producer); [[The Underdogs (duo)|Damon Thomas]] (producer)
** ''[[Hairspray (2007 soundtrack)|Hairspray]]'' - "Various artists"; [[Marc Shaiman]] (producer)
** ''[[Once (film)#Soundtrack|Once]]'' - [[Glen Hansard]] (artist/producer); [[Markéta Irglová]] (artist)
; [[51st Grammy Awards]]: (2009)
* '''''[[Juno (soundtrack)|Juno]]''''' - '''"Various artists"'''
** ''[[American Gangster (album)|American Gangster]]'' - "Various artists"
** ''[[August Rush#Music|August Rush]]'' - "Various artists"
** ''[[Mamma Mia! The Movie Soundtrack|Mamma Mia!]]'' - [[Meryl Streep]]; "Various artists"
** ''[[Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007 film)#Music|Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street]]'' - "Various artists"

==2010s==
; [[52nd Grammy Awards]]: (2010)
* '''''[[Slumdog Millionaire (soundtrack)]] - [[Various artists]]; [[A.R. Rahman]], producer.'''''
** ''[[Cadillac Records: Music from the Motion Picture|Cadillac Records]]'' - Steve Jordan, producer
** ''[[Inglourious Basterds (soundtrack)|Inglourious Basterds]]'' - Various Artists; [[Quentin Tarantino]], producer
** ''[[True Blood]]'' - Various Artists; [[Alan Ball (screenwriter)|Alan Ball]], Gary Calamar & Kevin Weaver, producers
** ''[[Twilight (soundtrack)|Twilight]]'' - Various Artists; Paul Katz & Alexandra Patsavas, producers
; [[53rd Grammy Awards]]: (2011)
* '''''[[Crazy Heart (soundtrack)]] - [[Various artists]]; [[Stephen Bruton]] & [[T Bone Burnett]], producers.'''''
** ''[[Glee: The Music, Volume 1]]''
** ''[[Treme (TV series)#Soundtrack|Tremé]]''
** ''True Blood – Volume 2''
** ''[[The Twilight Saga: Eclipse (soundtrack)|The Twilight Saga: Eclipse]]''
; [[54th Grammy Awards]]: (2012)
* '''''Boardwalk Empire Volume 1 - (Various Artists) - Stewart Lerman, Randall Poster and Kevin Weaver, producers'''''
** ''[[Burlesque (soundtrack)|Burlesque]]'' - [[Christina Aguilera]]
** ''[[Glee: The Music, Volume 4]]'' - ([[Glee Cast]]) - Adam Anders, Peer Astrom and Ryan Murphy, producers
** ''[[Tangled#Soundtrack|Tangled]]'' - (Various Artists) - Alan Menken, producer
** ''True Blood Volume 3'' - (Various Artists) - Gary Calamar, producer
; [[55th Grammy Awards]]: (2013)
* '''''Midnight in Paris'' - Various Artists''' (Grammy Recipients to be determined)
**''The Descendants'' - Various Artists - Dondi Bastone & Alexander Payne, producers
**''Marley'' - [[Bob Marley]] & The Wailers - [[Chris Blackwell]] & Barry Cole, producers
**''Midnight in Paris'' - Various Artists
**''[[The Muppets (soundtrack)|The Muppets]]'' - Various Artists - Kaylin Frank & Mitchell Leib, producers
**''Rock of Ages'' - Various Artists - Adam Anders & Peer Astrom, producers

==See also==
*[[Academy Award for Best Original Score]]
*[[Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media]]
*[[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score]]
*[[BAFTA Award for Best Film Music]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Grammy Award categories}}

[[Category:Grammy Award categories|Compilation Soundtrack For Visual Media]]

Benutzer:Distelfinck/Bürgerin des Mars

2013-03-09T14:15:31Z

TwoTwoHello: rm overlink; fix link; minor ce

{{Infobox Book
| name = Podkayne of Mars
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = [[Image:Pom63.jpg|200px]]
| image_caption = First edition cover
| author = [[Robert A. Heinlein]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist = [[Irv Docktor]]
| country = United States
| language = English
| series =
| genre = [[Science fiction novel]]
| publisher = [[G. P. Putnam's Sons]]
| release_date = 1963
| media_type = Print
| pages =
| isbn = NA
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}
{{Unreferenced|date=September 2008}}
'''''Podkayne of Mars''''' is a [[science fiction]] novel by [[Robert A. Heinlein]], originally serialised in ''[[Worlds of If]]'' (November 1962, January, March 1963), and published in hardcover in 1963. The novel is about a teenage girl named Podkayne "Poddy" Fries and her younger, [[Asperger syndrome|asocial genius]] brother, Clark, who leave their home on [[Mars]] to take a trip on a spaceliner to visit [[Earth]], accompanied by their uncle.

This book, along with ''[[Starship Troopers]]'', shows Heinlein moving away from his old, comfortable territory of [[Heinlein juveniles|juvenile science fiction novels]]. Both books were written for a publisher expecting to market a juvenile science fiction novel, and both raised serious objections from the publisher.

==Plot summary==
The book is a first-person narrative in the form of Podkayne's diaries. Podkayne is 15 in Earth years (a bit over eight Martian years) while her genius younger brother Clark is 11 earth years (6 martian years). Due to the unscheduled "uncorking" (birth) of their three [[In vitro fertilisation|test-tube babies]], Podkayne's parents cancel a much-anticipated trip to Earth. Disappointed, Podkayne confesses her misery to her uncle, Senator Tom Fries, an elder statesman of the Mars government. Tom arranges for Clark and Podkayne, escorted by himself, to get upgraded passage on a luxury liner to Earth.

During boarding, Clark is asked by a customs official "Anything to declare?" and facetiously answers "Two kilos of happy dust!" As he anticipated, his seemingly flippant remark gets him taken away and searched, just in time to divert attention away from Podkayne's luggage, where he has hidden a package he was paid to smuggle aboard. Podkayne suspects the reason behind her brother's behavior, but cannot prove it. Clark was told it was a present for the captain, but is far too cynical to be taken in. He later carefully opens the package and finds a nuclear bomb, which he, in typical Clark-fashion, disarms and keeps.

Much of the description of the voyage is based on Heinlein's own experiences as a [[naval officer]] and world traveler. Clark's ploy is taken from a real-life incident, related in Heinlein's ''[[Tramp Royale]]'', in which his wife answers the same question with "heroin" substituted for the fictitious, but equally illegal, happy dust.

Once aboard, they are befriended by "Girdie", an attractive, capable, experienced woman left impoverished by her late husband. Much to Podkayne's surprise, the normally very self-centered Clark contracts a severe case of [[puppy love]].

The liner makes a stop at [[Venus]], which is depicted as a latter-day [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]] gone ultra-capitalistic. The planet is controlled by a single corporation; the dream of most of the frantically enterprising residents is to earn enough to buy a single share in it, which guarantees lifelong financial security. Just about anything goes, as long as one can pay for it. The penalty for murder is a fine paid to the corporation for the victim's estimated value plus his projected future earnings. On a less serious level, Heinlein anticipated, by over forty years, television ads in taxicabs (in the book, [[Holography|holographic]]), which have since been implemented in taxicabs in major cities worldwide.

The Fries are given VIP treatment by the Venus Corporation and Podkayne is escorted by Dexter Cunha, the Chairman's dashing son. She begins to realize that Tom is much more than just her [[pinochle]]-playing uncle. When Clark vanishes and even the corporation is unable to find him, Tom reveals that he is on a secret [[diplomacy|diplomatic]] mission, and the children have been his protective coloration—instead of an accredited representative to a vital conference on Luna, Tom appears to be a doddering uncle escorting two young people on a tour of the solar system. Clark has been kidnapped by functionaries of a political faction opposed to Tom.

Podkayne makes an ill-judged attempt to rescue Clark by herself and falls into the kidnappers' clutches as well--only to find her uncle caught too. The captors' scheme is to use the children to blackmail the uncle into doing their bidding at the Luna conference. Clark quickly realizes that once Uncle Tom is released, no matter what happens, their kidnappers will have little reason to keep their prisoners alive. He is prepared, however, and engineers an escape, leaving the nuclear bomb behind to blow up the kidnappers.

===Two versions of the ending===
In Heinlein's original ending, Podkayne is killed. This did not please his publisher, who demanded and got a rewrite over the author's bitter objections. In a letter to [[Lurton Blassingame]], his [[literary agent]], Heinlein complained that it would be like "revising Romeo and Juliet to let the young lovers live happily ever after." He also declared that changing the end "isn't real life, because in real life, not everything ends happily."

In the original ending, after they escape from the kidnappers to a safe distance, Podkayne remembers that a semi-intelligent Venerian "fairy" baby has been left behind, and returns to rescue it. When the bomb that Clark leaves for the kidnappers blows up, Podkayne is killed, shielding the young fairy with her body. Clark takes over the narrative for the last chapter. The story ends with a hint of hope for him, as he admits his responsibility for what happened to Podkayne — that he "fubbed it, mighty dry" — then shows some human feeling by regretting his inability to cry and describes his plan to raise the fairy himself.

In the revised version, Podkayne is injured by the bomb, but not fatally. Uncle Tom, in a phone conversation with Podkayne's father, blames the parents — especially the mother — for neglecting the upbringing of the children. Uncle Tom feels that Clark is dangerous and maladjusted, and attributes this to the mother giving priority to her career. Clark still takes over as the narrator, and, again, regrets that Podkayne was hurt and plans to take care of the fairy, this time because Podkayne will want to see it when she is better.

The 1995 Baen edition includes both endings (which differ only on the last page), [[Jim Baen]]'s own edited postlude to the story, and a collection of readers' essays giving their opinions about which ending is better. Most of these readers favored the sad ending, partly because they felt Heinlein should have been free to create his own story, and partly because they believed that the changed ending turned a tragedy into a mere adventure, and not a very well constructed one at that.

Podkayne appears in Heinlein's later novel ''[[The Number of the Beast (novel)|The Number of the Beast]]'', attending the party at the end along with many other Heinlein characters from previous books.

==Editions==
*February 1963, G. P. Putnam's Sons, hardcover
*1966, Avon, paperback, Avon G1211
*January, 1970, Berkley Medallion Edition, paperback, ISBN 0-425-02073-8
*Berkley Publishing Group, paperback, 176 pages, ISBN 0-425-08901-0
*January 1, 1976, Hodder & Stoughton General Division, paperback, ISBN 0-450-00278-0
*December 1976, Berkley Publishing Group, paperback, ISBN 0-425-03153-5
*December 1976, Berkley Publishing Group, paperback, 176 pages, ISBN 0-425-03434-8
*June 1979, Berkley Publishing Group, paperback, ISBN 0-425-04236-7
*March 1982, Berkley Publishing Group, paperback, ISBN 0-425-05713-5
*September 1983, Berkley Publishing Group, paperback, ISBN 0-425-06826-9
*June 15, 1987, Ace, paperback reissue edition, ISBN 0-441-67402-X
*August 1, 1993, Baen, paperback reprint, 224 pages, ISBN 0-671-72179-8
*July 1, 1995, Baen, paperback, 288 pages, ISBN 0-671-87671-6
*April 1, 1999, Yestermorrow Inc, hardcover, ISBN 1-56723-164-0
*October 1, 1999, Sagebrush, library binding, ISBN 0-613-01568-1
*January 31, 2003, Robert Hale Ltd, hardcover, ISBN 0-7090-7139-6
*June 28, 2005, Ace, paperback, 224 pages, ISBN 0-441-01298-1

==Notes==
<references />

{{Heinlein (Novel)}}

[[Category:1963 novels]]
[[Category:Novels by Robert A. Heinlein]]
[[Category:1960s science fiction novels]]
[[Category:American science fiction novels]]
[[Category:Mars in fiction]]
[[Category:Venus in fiction]]
[[Category:Works originally published in If (magazine)]]
[[Category:Novels first published in serial form]]

Kepler-37b

2013-03-02T15:23:56Z

TwoTwoHello: /* Physical */ add relative distance to Mercury for comparison

{{Infobox planet
| name = Kepler-37b
| image = [[File:Kepler-37b.jpg|Kepler-37b|250px]]
| caption = NASA Artist Impression of Kepler-37b
| apsis = astron
| discovery_ref = <ref name=nature />
| discoverer =
| discovery_site =
| discovered = February 20, 2013<ref name=nature />
| discovery_method = [[Astronomical transit|Transit]]
| alt_names = 
| periastron =
| apoastron =
| semimajor = 0.1003 [[Astronomical Units|AU]]<ref name=keplernasa>{{cite web|url=http://kepler.nasa.gov/Mission/discoveries/kepler37/ |title=Kepler-37 System |publisher=kepler.nasa.gov |date= |accessdate=February 21, 2013}}</ref>
| avg_speed =
| eccentricity =
| period = 13.367308 [[Day|d]]<ref name=nature />
| inclination = 88.63°<ref name=keplernasa />
| angular_dist =
| long_periastron = 
| time_periastron = 
| semi-amplitude =
| mean_radius = 0.303 [[Earth radius|R⊕]]<ref name=keplernasa />
| surface_area =
| volume =
| density =
| mass = ≥0.01 [[Earth mass|M⊕]]
| surface_grav = 
| escape_velocity =
| albedo =
| single_temperature = 700 K<ref name=NASA/>
}}

'''Kepler-37b''' is an [[extrasolar planet]] (exoplanet) orbiting [[Kepler-37]] in the constellation [[Lyra]]. {{As of|2013|02}} it is the smallest extrasolar planet discovered around a [[main sequence]] star with a mass and radius slightly greater than the Earth's [[Moon]].<ref name=SWR>{{cite web|url=http://www.scienceworldreport.com/articles/5098/20130221/tiniest-planet-discovered-nasa-outside-solar-system.htm|title=Tiniest Planet Yet Discovered by NASA Outside our Solar System |publisher=scienceworldreport.com |date=February 21, 2013 |accessdate=February 21, 2013}}</ref>

==Discovery==
[[File:A Moon-size Line Up.jpg|thumb|left|210px|A size comparison of the Kepler-37 planets with objects in the solar system]]
Kepler-37b, along with two other planets, [[Kepler-37c]] and [[Kepler-37d]], were discovered by the [[Kepler (spacecraft)|Kepler space telescope]], which observes stellar [[Astronomical transit|transit]]s.<ref name=nature>{{cite journal|last1=Barclay|first1=T.|last2=Rowe|first2=J. F.|last3=Lissauer|first3=J. J.|last4=Huber|first4=D.|last5=Fressin|first5=F.|last6=Howell|first6=S. B.|last7=Bryson|first7=S. T.|last8=Chaplin|first8=W. J.|last9=Désert|first9=J.-M.|title=A sub-Mercury-sized exoplanet|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature11914.html| journal=Nature|date=2013-02-20|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/nature11914|accessdate=2013-02-21}}</ref><ref name=NASA>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2013/feb/HQ_13-057_Kepler_Tiny_Planet.html |title=NASA's Kepler Mission Discovers Tiny Planet System |publisher=[[NASA]] |date=February 20, 2013 |accessdate=February 21, 2013}}</ref> After observing transits of the planet, astronomers had to compare it with the size of the parent star.

The size of the star was obtained using [[asteroseismology]];{{clarify|date=February 2013}}<ref name=slate>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2013/02/20/smallest_exoplanet_kepler_37b_is_barely_bigger_than_earth_s_moon.html |title=Astronomers Find the Tiniest Exoplanet Yet |publisher=[[Slate]] |date=February 20, 2013 |accessdate=February 21, 2013}}</ref> Kepler-37 is currently the smallest star to be studied using this process.<ref name=NASA /> This allowed the size of the planet to be determined "with extreme accuracy".<ref name=NASA />

To date, the planet is the smallest discovered around a [[main sequence]] star<ref group="note">The [[pulsar planet]] [[PSR B1257+12 D]] has a much smaller mass than Kepler-37b and [[PSR B1257+12 A]] has a comparable mass. The actual sizes of these planets are unknown, but are likely smaller than and comparable to Kepler-37b, respectively.</ref> outside our solar system.<ref name=SWR /> The discovery of Kepler-37b has led [[Jack J. Lissauer|Jack Lissauer]], a scientist at NASA's [[Ames Research Center]], to conjecture that "such little planets are common".<ref name=NASA />

==Properties==
===Physical===
The planet, about 210 [[light-year]]s away from Earth,<ref name=latimes>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/science/la-sci-small-exoplanet-20130221,0,4749761.story |title=NASA, using Kepler space telescope, finds smallest planet yet |publisher=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=February 20, 2013 |accessdate=February 21, 2013}}</ref> is slightly larger than the Earth's moon, with a diameter of about {{convert|3900|km|mi}}.<ref name=slate /> [[NASA]] states that the planet probably has no atmosphere and cannot support life.<ref name=NASA /> Furthermore, the planet is most likely composed of rocky materials.<ref name=NASA /> Because it is so close to its star ([[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] is more than three times as far from the sun), the planet's mean temperature is estimated to be around {{convert|425|C|F|sigfig=2}}.<ref name=NASA />

===Orbital===
The innermost known planet in its system, Kepler-37b, orbits its parent star at a distance of about 15 million kilometers (9.3 million miles), with a period of roughly 13 days.<ref name=SWR/> The outer two planets in the system have orbital periods<ref name=nature /><ref name=keplernasa /> within one percent of 8:5 and 3:1 [[orbital resonance|commensurabilities]] (integer ratios) to Kepler-37b's period.

==See also==
*[[List of planets discovered by the Kepler spacecraft]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Templates==
{{s-start}}
{{s-ach|rec}}
{{s-bef|before=[[PSR B1257+12 A]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of extrasolar planet extremes#Planetary characteristics|Least massive exoplanet]]|years=2013 — }}
{{s-aft|after=''current''}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Kepler-42d]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of extrasolar planet extremes#Planetary characteristics|Smallest volume exoplanet]]|years=2013 — }}
{{s-aft|after=''current''}}
{{s-end}}
{{Kepler-37}}
{{Exoplanets}}

[[Category:Exoplanets discovered in 2013]]
[[Category:Extrasolar planets discovered by Kepler (spacecraft)‎]]
[[Category:Lyra (constellation)]]
[[Category:Terrestrial planets]]
[[Category:Transiting extrasolar planets]]
[[Category:Exoplanetology]]

Kepler-37b

2013-03-02T14:37:17Z

TwoTwoHello: /* Discovery */ rm "a planet like", per source

{{Infobox planet
| name = Kepler-37b
| image = [[File:Kepler-37b.jpg|Kepler-37b|250px]]
| caption = NASA Artist Impression of Kepler-37b
| apsis = astron
| discovery_ref = <ref name=nature />
| discoverer =
| discovery_site =
| discovered = February 20, 2013<ref name=nature />
| discovery_method = [[Astronomical transit|Transit]]
| alt_names = 
| periastron =
| apoastron =
| semimajor = 0.1003 [[Astronomical Units|AU]]<ref name=keplernasa>{{cite web|url=http://kepler.nasa.gov/Mission/discoveries/kepler37/ |title=Kepler-37 System |publisher=kepler.nasa.gov |date= |accessdate=February 21, 2013}}</ref>
| avg_speed =
| eccentricity =
| period = 13.367308 [[Day|d]]<ref name=nature />
| inclination = 88.63°<ref name=keplernasa />
| angular_dist =
| long_periastron = 
| time_periastron = 
| semi-amplitude =
| mean_radius = 0.303 [[Earth radius|R⊕]]<ref name=keplernasa />
| surface_area =
| volume =
| density =
| mass = ≥0.01 [[Earth mass|M⊕]]
| surface_grav = 
| escape_velocity =
| albedo =
| single_temperature = 700 K<ref name=NASA/>
}}

'''Kepler-37b''' is an [[extrasolar planet]] (exoplanet) orbiting [[Kepler-37]] in the constellation [[Lyra]]. {{As of|2013|02}} it is the smallest extrasolar planet discovered around a [[main sequence]] star with a mass and radius slightly greater than the Earth's [[Moon]].<ref name=SWR>{{cite web|url=http://www.scienceworldreport.com/articles/5098/20130221/tiniest-planet-discovered-nasa-outside-solar-system.htm|title=Tiniest Planet Yet Discovered by NASA Outside our Solar System |publisher=scienceworldreport.com |date=February 21, 2013 |accessdate=February 21, 2013}}</ref>

==Discovery==
[[File:A Moon-size Line Up.jpg|thumb|left|210px|A size comparison of the Kepler-37 planets with objects in the solar system]]
Kepler-37b, along with two other planets, [[Kepler-37c]] and [[Kepler-37d]], were discovered by the [[Kepler (spacecraft)|Kepler space telescope]], which observes stellar [[Astronomical transit|transit]]s.<ref name=nature>{{cite journal|last1=Barclay|first1=T.|last2=Rowe|first2=J. F.|last3=Lissauer|first3=J. J.|last4=Huber|first4=D.|last5=Fressin|first5=F.|last6=Howell|first6=S. B.|last7=Bryson|first7=S. T.|last8=Chaplin|first8=W. J.|last9=Désert|first9=J.-M.|title=A sub-Mercury-sized exoplanet|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature11914.html| journal=Nature|date=2013-02-20|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/nature11914|accessdate=2013-02-21}}</ref><ref name=NASA>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2013/feb/HQ_13-057_Kepler_Tiny_Planet.html |title=NASA's Kepler Mission Discovers Tiny Planet System |publisher=[[NASA]] |date=February 20, 2013 |accessdate=February 21, 2013}}</ref> After observing transits of the planet, astronomers had to compare it with the size of the parent star.

The size of the star was obtained using [[asteroseismology]];{{clarify|date=February 2013}}<ref name=slate>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2013/02/20/smallest_exoplanet_kepler_37b_is_barely_bigger_than_earth_s_moon.html |title=Astronomers Find the Tiniest Exoplanet Yet |publisher=[[Slate]] |date=February 20, 2013 |accessdate=February 21, 2013}}</ref> Kepler-37 is currently the smallest star to be studied using this process.<ref name=NASA /> This allowed the size of the planet to be determined "with extreme accuracy".<ref name=NASA />

To date, the planet is the smallest discovered around a [[main sequence]] star<ref group="note">The [[pulsar planet]] [[PSR B1257+12 D]] has a much smaller mass than Kepler-37b and [[PSR B1257+12 A]] has a comparable mass. The actual sizes of these planets are unknown, but are likely smaller than and comparable to Kepler-37b, respectively.</ref> outside our solar system.<ref name=SWR /> The discovery of Kepler-37b has led [[Jack J. Lissauer|Jack Lissauer]], a scientist at NASA's [[Ames Research Center]], to conjecture that "such little planets are common".<ref name=NASA />

==Properties==
===Physical===
The planet, about 210 [[light-year]]s away from Earth,<ref name=latimes>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/science/la-sci-small-exoplanet-20130221,0,4749761.story |title=NASA, using Kepler space telescope, finds smallest planet yet |publisher=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=February 20, 2013 |accessdate=February 21, 2013}}</ref> is slightly larger than the Earth's moon, with a diameter of about {{convert|3900|km|mi}}.<ref name=slate /> [[NASA]] states that the planet probably has no atmosphere and cannot support life.<ref name=NASA /> Furthermore, the planet is most likely composed of rocky materials.<ref name=NASA /> Because it is so close to its star, the planet's mean temperature is estimated to be around {{convert|425|C|F|sigfig=2}}.<ref name=NASA />

===Orbital===
The innermost known planet in its system, Kepler-37b, orbits its parent star at a distance of about 15 million kilometers (9.3 million miles), with a period of roughly 13 days.<ref name=SWR/> The outer two planets in the system have orbital periods<ref name=nature /><ref name=keplernasa /> within one percent of 8:5 and 3:1 [[orbital resonance|commensurabilities]] (integer ratios) to Kepler-37b's period.

==See also==
*[[List of planets discovered by the Kepler spacecraft]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Templates==
{{s-start}}
{{s-ach|rec}}
{{s-bef|before=[[PSR B1257+12 A]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of extrasolar planet extremes#Planetary characteristics|Least massive exoplanet]]|years=2013 — }}
{{s-aft|after=''current''}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Kepler-42d]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of extrasolar planet extremes#Planetary characteristics|Smallest volume exoplanet]]|years=2013 — }}
{{s-aft|after=''current''}}
{{s-end}}
{{Kepler-37}}
{{Exoplanets}}

[[Category:Exoplanets discovered in 2013]]
[[Category:Extrasolar planets discovered by Kepler (spacecraft)‎]]
[[Category:Lyra (constellation)]]
[[Category:Terrestrial planets]]
[[Category:Transiting extrasolar planets]]
[[Category:Exoplanetology]]

Kepler-37b

2013-02-26T18:04:37Z

TwoTwoHello: Undid revision 540699630 by 90.198.132.40 (talk)

{{Infobox planet
| name = Kepler-37b
| image = [[File:A Moon-size Line Up.jpg|Kepler-37 exoplanets|250px]]
| caption = A size comparison of the Kepler-37 planets with various objects in the solar system
| apsis = astron
| discovery_ref = <ref name=nature />
| discoverer =
| discovery_site =
| discovered = February 20, 2013<ref name=nature />
| discovery_method = [[Astronomical transit|Transit]]
| alt_names = 
| periastron =
| apoastron =
| semimajor = 0.1003 [[Astronomical Units|AU]]<ref name=keplernasa>{{cite web|url=http://kepler.nasa.gov/Mission/discoveries/kepler37/ |title=Kepler-37 System |publisher=kepler.nasa.gov |date= |accessdate=February 21, 2013}}</ref>
| avg_speed =
| eccentricity =
| period = 13.367308 [[Day|d]]<ref name=nature />
| inclination = 88.63°<ref name=keplernasa />
| angular_dist =
| long_periastron = 
| time_periastron = 
| semi-amplitude =
| mean_radius = 0.303 [[Earth radius|R⊕]]<ref name=keplernasa />
| surface_area =
| volume =
| density =
| mass = ≥0.01 [[Earth mass|M⊕]]
| surface_grav = 
| escape_velocity =
| albedo =
| single_temperature = 700 K<ref name=NASA/>
}}

'''Kepler-37b''' is an [[extrasolar planet]] (exoplanet) orbiting [[Kepler-37]] in the constellation [[Lyra]]. {{As of|2013|02}}, it is the smallest extrasolar planet ever discovered around a [[main sequence]] star, with a mass and radius slightly greater than that of Earth's [[Moon]].<ref name=SWR>{{cite web|url=http://www.scienceworldreport.com/articles/5098/20130221/tiniest-planet-discovered-nasa-outside-solar-system.htm|title=Tiniest Planet Yet Discovered by NASA Outside our Solar System |publisher=scienceworldreport.com |date=February 21, 2013 |accessdate=February 21, 2013}}</ref>

==Discovery==
Kepler-37b, along with two other planets, [[Kepler-37c]] and [[Kepler-37d]], were discovered by the [[Kepler (spacecraft)|Kepler space telescope]], which observes stellar [[Astronomical transit|transit]]s.<ref name=nature>{{cite journal|last1=Barclay|first1=T.|last2=Rowe|first2=J. F.|last3=Lissauer|first3=J. J.|last4=Huber|first4=D.|last5=Fressin|first5=F.|last6=Howell|first6=S. B.|last7=Bryson|first7=S. T.|last8=Chaplin|first8=W. J.|last9=Désert|first9=J.-M.|title=A sub-Mercury-sized exoplanet|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature11914.html| journal=Nature|date=2013-02-20|issn=0028-0836|doi=10.1038/nature11914|accessdate=2013-02-21}}</ref><ref name=NASA>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2013/feb/HQ_13-057_Kepler_Tiny_Planet.html |title=NASA's Kepler Mission Discovers Tiny Planet System |publisher=[[NASA]] |date=February 20, 2013 |accessdate=February 21, 2013}}</ref> After observing transits of the planet, astronomers had to compare it with the size of the parent star. The size of the star was obtained using [[asteroseismology]];<ref name=slate>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2013/02/20/smallest_exoplanet_kepler_37b_is_barely_bigger_than_earth_s_moon.html |title=Astronomers Find the Tiniest Exoplanet Yet |publisher=[[Slate]] |date=February 20, 2013 |accessdate=February 21, 2013}}</ref> Kepler-37 is currently the smallest star to be studied using this process.<ref name=NASA /> This allowed the size of the planet to be determined "with extreme accuracy".<ref name=NASA /> To date, the planet is the smallest discovered around a [[main sequence]] star<ref group="note">The [[pulsar planet]] [[PSR B1257+12 D]] has a much smaller mass than Kepler-37b and [[PSR B1257+12 A]] has a comparable mass. The actual sizes of these planets are unknown, but are likely smaller than and comparable to Kepler-37b, respectively.</ref> outside the solar system.<ref name=SWR /> A planet like Kepler-37b having been discovered suggests, to [[Jack J. Lissauer|Jack Lissauer]], a scientist at NASA's [[Ames Research Center]], that "such little planets are common".<ref name=NASA />

==Physical properties==
The planet, about 210 [[light-year]]s away from Earth,<ref name=latimes>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/science/la-sci-small-exoplanet-20130221,0,4749761.story |title=NASA, using Kepler space telescope, finds smallest planet yet |publisher=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=February 20, 2013 |accessdate=February 21, 2013}}</ref> is slightly larger than the Earth's moon, with a diameter of about {{convert|3900|km|mi}}.<ref name=slate /> [[NASA]] states that the planet probably has no atmosphere and cannot support life.<ref name=NASA /> Furthermore, the planet is most likely composed of rocky materials.<ref name=NASA /> Because it is so close to its star, the planet's mean temperature is estimated to be around {{convert|425|C|F|sigfig=2}}.<ref name=NASA />

==Orbital properties==
The innermost known planet in its system, Kepler-37b, orbits its parent star at a distance of about 15 million kilometers (9.3 million miles), with a period of roughly 13 days.<ref name=SWR/> The outer two planets in the system have orbital periods<ref name=nature /><ref name=keplernasa /> within one percent of 8:5 and 3:1 [[orbital resonance|commensurabilities]] (integer ratios) to Kepler-37b's period.

==See also==
*[[List of planets discovered by the Kepler spacecraft]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-ach|rec}}
{{s-bef|before=[[PSR B1257+12 A]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of extrasolar planet extremes#Planetary characteristics|Least massive exoplanet]]|years=2013 — }}
{{s-aft|after=''current''}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Kepler-42d]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of extrasolar planet extremes#Planetary characteristics|Smallest volume exoplanet]]|years=2013 — }}
{{s-aft|after=''current''}}
{{s-end}}

{{Exoplanets}}

[[Category:Exoplanets discovered in 2013]]
[[Category:Extrasolar planets discovered by Kepler (spacecraft)‎]]
[[Category:Lyra (constellation)]]
[[Category:Terrestrial planets]]
[[Category:Transiting extrasolar planets]]

Melrose High School (Massachusetts)

2013-02-13T19:06:29Z

TwoTwoHello: Reverted to revision 517324428 by RedSoxFan274: last good version. (TW)

{{infobox School
|name=Melrose High School
|image=Melrose high school (partial front).jpg
|type=Public
|location=360 [[Lynn Fells Parkway]], [[Melrose, Massachusetts|Melrose]], [[Massachusetts]] 02176
|coordinates={{coord|42|27|52|N|71|3|57|W|type:edu_region:US-MA|display=inline, title}}
|mascot=Red Raider
|colors=Red & White {{colorbox|red}} {{colorbox|white}}
|rivals=[[Wakefield High School (Massachusetts)|Wakefield High School]] ([[Wakefield, Massachusetts|Wakefield, MA]]; borders Melrose to the north)
|grades=[[ninth grade|9]]–[[twelfth grade|12]]
|website=[http://www.melroseschools.com/mhs www.melroseschools.com/mhs]
|district=[[Melrose Public Schools]]
|students=987<ref name="enrollment">{{ cite web | title = FY2011 Budget | url = http://melroseschools.com/msc/budget_reports/FY2011/FY2011_Budget.pdf|date=2010-07-01|publisher=''Melrose Public Schools''|accessdate=2010-08-27}}</ref>
|SAT=514 verbal 521 math 511 writing (2010)<ref>http://profiles.doe.mass.edu/state_report/sat_perf.aspx</ref>
|principal=Marianne A. Farrell (Interim)
|free_label=School Type
|free_text=Non-vocational high school
}}
'''Melrose High School''' (MHS) is a [[public high school]] serving children in grades [[ninth grade|9]]–[[twelfth grade|12]]. It is located at 360 [[Lynn Fells Parkway]] in [[Melrose, Massachusetts]] and is Melrose's only high school. Enrollment for the 2010–2011 school year is 987 students.<ref name=enrollment/> The school is accredited by the New England Association of Schools & Colleges (NEASC) and is a member of the [[METCO]] program.

==History==
===1868–1897: First high school===

Melrose High School began teaching children in the 1800s and has called several buildings home. The oldest known location is on West Emerson Street where the Melrose Public Library now stands. On March 30, 1868, Melrose appropriated $20,000 for the construction of the high school on a {{convert|30000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} lot located on the corner of West Emerson Street and Lake Avenue. An Additional $7,500 was added to the price tag of the school on January 19, 1869 and on July 15, 1869, the school was finished and dedicated. Almost thirty years later on January 25, 1897, a fire destroyed the building.<ref name=histmel>{{cite book| last = Goss| first = Elbridge Henry| authorlink = | coauthors = | title = The History of Melrose| publisher =A. W. Dunton & Co.| year = 1902| location = [[Melrose, Massachusetts|Melrose, MA]]| pages = 192–200| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=MA98PsSsa9oC&pg=RA5-PA341&lpg=RA5-PA341&dq=%22history+of+melrose+hospital%22%22&source=web&ots=0QKeKtbDhw&sig=kQIlzWKFYhqL7mERnOaasO5RjLQ&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=10&ct=result#PPP8,M1| doi = | id = | isbn = }}</ref>

[[Image:Coolidgeapartments.JPG|170px|thumb|left|Melrose High School (1898-1931)]]

===1898–1931: Second high school===

The building on West Emerson Street quickly became too small for the growing community and so at the [[town meeting]] held on February 24, 1896, the town allocated $100,000 for the building of a new high school. The town selected a lot of land known as the "Old Burial Ground" on Main Street across from the Central Fire Station as the location for the new school building. On August 1, 1898, an additional $3,000 was appropriated for site work around the building. The school was dedicated on September 17, 1898 and at the time, was one of the "finest school buildings to be found in [[New England]]".<ref name=histmel/> Two additional wings were added to the main building and opened in 1909.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/csmonitor_historic/access/176238932.html?dids=176238932:176238932&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Sep+02%2C+1909&author=&pub=Christian+Science+Monitor&desc=MELROSE+HIGH+SCHOOL+OPENING.&pqatl=google|title=Melrose High School Opening|date=September 2, 1909|publisher=''[[Christian Science Monitor]]''|accessdate=September 28, 2010|author=Staff}}</ref>

===1932–1974: Third high school===

[[Image:melrose middle school.jpg|170px|thumb|left|Melrose High School (1932-1974)]]
In 1932, another new school was built and the previous school building became the [[Calvin Coolidge]] Elementary School. This time the new building was built on swamp land taken from Ell Pond on [[Lynn Fells Parkway]]. It was a very large school, featuring a 900 seat Auditorium and a full size gymnasium. 1961 saw the addition of the Daffinee Gymnasium which contained new locker rooms for both basketball and football and also extra classroom space. The addition also included the construction of a three-floor annex attached by a bridge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityofmelrose.org/departments/opcd/Plan_elements/schools.htm|title=Schools Section of the Master Plan|year=2002|publisher=''[[Melrose, Massachusetts|City of Melrose]]''|accessdate=2008-08-23}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Many historians praised the main building for its period design and architectural beauty.

===1975–2004: Fourth high school===

[[Image:Melrose high school (whole front).jpg|170px|thumb|left|Melrose High School (1975-present)]]
In 1975, a new "modern" Melrose High School opened next-door to the old one, which became the middle school. This building is renowned for its "open spaces," which were large open areas with movable walls.<ref name="plan">{{cite web|url=http://www.melroseschools.com/frame_news.asp?thefile=administration/Strategic_Plan/Strategic%20Plan%202005-2010.pdf&thetitle=Strategic%20Plan%202005-2010|title=Melrose Public Schools - Strategic Plan|date=2005-12-o1|publisher=''[[Melrose Public Schools]]''|accessdate=2008-08-23}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Less than half of the buildings classrooms were in open spaces and the rest were triangular in shape. The school was supposedly built by an architect who also designed prisons and the building style reflects this. Numerous classrooms contain no windows and masonry is the main building material. Windows appear in a select few classrooms and are plentiful, yet most don't open. There is a constantly running air circulation system to combat the window problem and this also cools the building in the summer.

===2005–present: Renovations===

In Summer 2005, walls were constructed in the second- and third-floor open spaces creating fourteen separate classrooms. The work was done in conjunction with the project to build a new middle school on the site of the third high school and done as a requirement of an NEASC accreditation report.<ref name="plan"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=BG&p_theme=bg&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10EA9123609E4BC8&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|title=Development Discussed|publisher=''[[The Boston Globe]]''|date=2005-12-18|accessdate=2008-07-20}}</ref> For two years while the construction of the new middle school occurred, eighth-graders occupied the new classrooms. After Summer 2007, regular high school classes resumed in the former open space.

On October 16, 2007, [[Robert J. Dolan (politician)|Mayor Robert Dolan]] announced that the building would undergo major renovations within the next four years. The [[United States dollar|$]]3-4 million renovation will include the installation of "SmartBoards" in all 78 classrooms, improved lighting, roof replacement, and repainting the entire school.<ref name=renovations>{{ cite web | title = Mayor announces plan to revitalize high school
| url =http://www.wickedlocal.com/melrose/archive/x1633047500|work=Melrose Free Press|publisher=[[GateHouse Media]]|date=2007-10-18|accessdate=2008-01-25|author=Demaina, Daniel}}</ref> The first phase, with construction that occurred in Summer 2008, costing $1.44 million and was for the installation and purchase of the "SmartBoards" and the electrical work needed to accommodate the additional technology for the boards. This phase also added or improved internet, phone, and cable television connections throughout the school.<ref name=renovations/> By the start of the 2008-09 school year, September 4, 2008, 70 fixed position smart boards and four portable ones were ready for use.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wickedlocal.com/melrose/news/x1001331870/BACK-TO-SCHOOL|title=Schools' physical changes: Technology upgrades, Franklin renovations highlight summer changes|last=DeMaina|first=Daniel|date=2008-09-03|work=Melrose Free Press|publisher=[[GateHouse Media]]|accessdate=2008-09-04}}</ref>

==School Life==
The school has several successful sports programs, the most notable being the recent success of the girls volleyball, girls cross country and girls basketball teams. Also notable are its wide array of clubs, many of which are active within the community.

==Notable alumni and faculty==
*[[Elizabeth Dole]] worked as a student teacher at MHS during the 1959-1960 school year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=BG&p_theme=bg&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EADDDE3B2F98FA4&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|title=Dole Returns to Melrose Classroom|publisher=''[[The Boston Globe]]''|date=1999-09-21|accessdate=2008-07-20|author=Leonard, Mary}}</ref>
*[[Ryan Johnson (soccer)|Ryan Johnson]], a 2002 graduate, plays [[Major League Soccer]] for the [[San Jose Earthquakes]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mlssoccer.com/player/ryan-johnson|title=Players - Ryan Johnson|last=Staff|publisher=[[Major League Soccer]]|accessdate=April 18, 2010}}</ref>
*Nick DeVita, a 2004 graduate, an actor who has appeared in numerous commercial campaigns for [[Best Buy]] and for [[Sony]]. He is also an Artistic Associate and actor for the [[Hudson Warehouse]] theater company in New York City. He also serves on their board of directors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.NickDeVita.com|title=NickDeVita.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hudsonwarehouse.net|title=Hudson Warehouse}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Melrose, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Schools in Middlesex County, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Public high schools in Massachusetts]]

Englischsprachige Wikipedia

2012-10-16T10:14:31Z

TwoTwoHello: Undid revision 518092782 by 77.42.152.164 (talk)

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2012}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Infobox website
| name = {{Wiki favicon}} English Wikipedia
| logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-en.svg|Logo of the English Wikipedia]]
| screenshot = [[File:Wikipedia screenshot.png|280px|The [[Main Page]] of the English Wikipedia on 31 January 2009]]
| collapsible = yes
| caption = [[en.wikipedia.org]]
| slogan = The Free Encyclopedia
| url = [[Main Page|en.wikipedia.org]]
| commercial = Charitable
| launch date = 15 January 2001
| type = [[Internet encyclopedia project]]
| registration = Optional (required to create articles)
| content license = {{nobr|[[Creative Commons licenses|Creative Commons Attribution/ Share-Alike]] 3.0}} (most text also dual-licensed under [[GFDL]]) Media licensing varies
| owner = [[Wikimedia Foundation]]
| author=[[Jimmy Wales]], [[Larry Sanger]]<ref name=foundercontroversy>There is some controversy over who founded Wikipedia. Wikipedia's official [http://web.archive.org/web/20011104094947/www.wikipedia.com/wiki/Wikipedia personnel page from September 2001] states Wales and Sanger were the two co-founders, and that there was no editor-in-chief. Wales considers himself to be the sole founder of Wikipedia and has told the ''[[Boston Globe]]'' that "it's preposterous" to call Sanger the co-founder. However, Sanger strongly contests that description. He was identified as a co-founder of Wikipedia at least as early as September 2001 and referred to himself that way as early as January 2002.
* {{Cite news|url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html|author=Jonathan Sidener|title =Everyone's Encyclopedia|accessdate =15 October 2006|publisher=San Diego Union Tribune|date = 6 December 2004}}
* {{Cite news|author=Peter Meyers|title=Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9800E5D6123BF933A1575AC0A9679C8B63&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fSubjects%2fC%2fComputer%20Software|work=New York Times|accessdate=15 October 2006|date=20 September 2001}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_and_why_it_matters&oldid=149626|author=Sanger, Larry|title=What Wikipedia is and why it matters|accessdate =12 April 2006|authorlink=Larry Sanger}}</ref>
}}

The '''English Wikipedia''' is the [[English language|English-language]] edition of the free online encyclopedia Wikipedia. Founded on 15 January 2001 and reaching four million articles by July 2012,<ref>{{cite news |first=Bobbie |last=Johnson |date=17 August 2009 |title=English Wikipedia hits three million articles |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/blog/2009/aug/17/wikipedia-three-million |work=The Guardian |location=UK | accessdate=17 August 2009}}</ref> it was the first edition of Wikipedia and remains the largest, with almost three times as many articles as the next largest, the [[German Wikipedia]]. As of {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}, nearly {{#expr:({{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|en}} * 100 / {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}) round 1}}% of articles in all Wikipedias belong to the English language edition. This share has gradually declined from more than 50% in 2003, because of the growth of Wikipedias in other languages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Wikipedias&oldid=520778 |title=List of Wikipedias |author=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki |date=21 September 2008 |accessdate=21 September 2008}}</ref> There are [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] articles on the site (live count).<ref>The number of articles on the English Wikipedia is shown by the [[MediaWiki]] variable {{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}, with all Wikipedias as total {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}} = {{formatnum:{{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|total}}}}.</ref> In January 2012, the combined text of the English Wikipedia's articles totalled approximately 9.7 [[gigabyte]]s.<ref>[http://www.webpronews.com/download-wikipedia-in-english-all-9-7gb-of-it-2012-04 "Download Wikipedia In English – All 9.7GB Of It"]. 9 April 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-10.</ref>

The first Wikipedia articles were created between September 2001 and January 2002.

The [[Simple English Wikipedia]] is a variation, with most of the articles using a simplified level of English vocabulary.

== Pioneering edition ==
[[File:Languages in Wikipedia.jpg|thumb|left|Percentages of articles written in various language families. English highlighted has 22% of articles (6 September 2009).]]
The English Wikipedia was the first Wikipedia edition and has remained the largest. It has pioneered many ideas as conventions, policies or features which were later adopted by some of the other-language Wikipedia editions. These ideas include "featured articles",<ref>{{cite web | url=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Featured_articles&oldid=104207677 | title=Featured articles | author=English Wikipedia | date=30 January 2007 | accessdate=30 January 2007}}</ref>
the neutral-point-of-view policy,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view&oldid=103033132 | title=Neutral point of view | author=English Wikipedia | date=25 January 2007 | accessdate=30 January 2007}}</ref> navigation templates,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Template&oldid=520481 | title=Help:Template | author=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki | date=29 January 2007 | accessdate=30 January 2007}}</ref>
the sorting of short "stub" articles into sub-categories,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Stub_sorting&oldid=101829026 | title=WikiProject Stub sorting | author=English Wikipedia | date=19 January 2007 | accessdate=30 January 2007}}</ref> [[dispute resolution]] mechanisms such as mediation and arbitration,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Resolving_disputes&oldid=103577785 | title=Resolving disputes | author=English Wikipedia | date=27 January 2007 | accessdate=30 January 2007}}</ref>
and weekly collaborations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Article_Creation_and_Improvement_Drive&oldid=104243512|title=Article Creation and Improvement Drive|author=English Wikipedia|date=30 January 2007|accessdate=30 January 2007}}</ref>

The English Wikipedia has adopted features from the [[German Wikipedia]], and from smaller editions. These features include verified revisions from the German Wikipedia (dewiki), and town population-lookup templates from the Dutch Wikipedia (nlwiki).

Although the English Wikipedia stores images and audio files, as well as text files, many of the images have been moved to [[Wikimedia Commons]] with the same name, as passed-through files. However, the English Wikipedia also has [[fair-use]] images and audio/video files (with copyright restrictions), most of which are not allowed on Commons.

Many of the most active participants in the [[Wikimedia Foundation]], and the developers of the [[MediaWiki]] software that powers Wikipedia, are English Wikipedia users.

== Users and editors ==
{| align="right"
|-
| {{bar box
|title=Origin of edits (04/10 – 03/11) [http://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageEditsPerLanguageBreakdown.htm Source]
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=250px
|bars=
{{bar percent|United States|Black|43.6}}
{{bar percent|United Kingdom|Blue|16.3}}
{{bar percent|Canada|Red|6.2}}
{{bar percent|Australia|Purple|4.2}}
{{bar percent|India|Orange|3.6}}
{{bar percent|Germany|Green|2.1}}
{{bar percent|Philippines|DeepPink|1.2}}
{{bar percent|Netherlands|Purple|1.2}}
{{bar percent|Italy|Orange|1.0}}
{{bar percent|New Zealand|Black|0.9}}
{{bar percent|Other|grey|11.3}}
}}
|}
[[File:English wikipedia map.png|thumb|right|The countries in which the English Wikipedia is the most popular language version of Wikipedia are shown in blue. Other countries are shown in yellow.<ref name="stats">{{cite web|url=http://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryTrends.htm|title=Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report – Wikipedia Page Views Per Country – Trends|author=Erik Zachte|date=14 November 2011|publisher=Wikimedia Statistics|accessdate=19 January 2011}}</ref>]]

<center>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ '''English Wikipedia statistics'''
|-
! Number of user accounts !! Number of articles !! Number of files !!Number of administrators
|-
| {{NUMBEROFUSERS}} || {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} || {{NUMBEROFFILES}} || {{NUMBEROFADMINS}}
|}
</center>

[[File:Wiki feel stupid v2.ogv|thumb|left|In April 2009, the [[Wikimedia Foundation]] conducted a usability study on the English Wikipedia, questioning users about the editing mechanism.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://usability.wikimedia.org/wiki/Usability_and_Experience_Study |title=Usability and Experience Study |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]] |accessdate=19 January 2012}}</ref>]]

The English Wikipedia reached 4,000,000 registered user accounts on 1 April 2007,<ref name="4,564,000">[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2007-04-02/News and notes]]. Retrieved 20 April 2007</ref> just a little over a year since it had crossed a threshold of 1,000,000 registered user accounts in late February 2006.<ref name="1,000,000">[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2006-02-27/News and notes]]. Retrieved 20 April 2007</ref>

About 250,000 new accounts are created every month.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}} About 300,000 editors have edited Wikipedia more than 10 times.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}} Approximately the same number, 300,000 editors, edit Wikipedia every month; of these, about 50,000 perform more than 5 edits, and 5,000 perform more than 100 edits.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}} By 24 November 2011, a total of 500 million edits had been performed on the English Wikipedia.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}

A 2008 survey provided some basic information on the demographics and motivations of Wikipedia editors.<ref>[http://blog.wikimedia.org/blog/2010/04/02/new-reports-from-november-2008-survey-released/ New Reports from November 2008 Survey Released], Wikimedia Blog, 2 April 2010</ref>

As the largest Wikipedia edition, and because English is such a widely-used language, the English Wikipedia draws many users and editors whose [[native language]] is not English. Such users may seek information from the English Wikipedia rather than the Wikipedia of their native language because the English Wikipedia tends to contain more information about general subjects. Successful collaborations have developed between non-native English speakers who add content to English Wikipedia and native English speakers who act as copyeditors for them.

=== Arbitration Committee ===
{{Main|Arbitration Committee (English Wikipedia)}}
The English Wikipedia has an Arbitration Committee (also known as ArbCom) that consists of a panel of editors that imposes binding rulings with regard to disputes between other editors of the online encyclopedia.<ref name='AU'>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/in-depth/democracy-for-knowalls/2006/11/30/1164777721624.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap2 |title=Know-alls |accessdate= 15 June 2009 |last=Schiff |first=Stacy |date=2 December 2006 |work=The Age |location=Australia |publisher=Fairfax Digital Network }}</ref> The Committee was created by [[Jimmy Wales]] on 4 December 2003 as an extension of the decision-making power he had formerly held as owner of the site.<ref name='Wales1'>{{cite web|url=http://markmail.org/message/komcldyapats43xj#query:+page:1+mid:komcldyapats43xj+state:results |title= WikiEN-l Wikiquette committee appointments |accessdate=9 June 2009 |last=Wales |first=Jimmy |date=4 December 2003 |work=Wikipedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]] }}</ref><ref name='SSRN'>{{cite journal|title=Wikitruth Through Wikiorder |journal=Emory Law Journal|year=2010|first=David A.|last=Hoffman|coauthors=Salil Mehra |volume=59|issue=2010|ssrn=1354424}}</ref>
[[File:Enwiki-map.png|thumb|right|Top 25 countries from which [[Wikipedians]] contribute. Countries in which the majority of the population are native English speakers are in dark green; countries with English as a mostly second language are in light green. However, people in many other nations also contribute to the English Wikipedia.<ref name="stats">{{cite web|url=http://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageEditsPerLanguageBreakdown.htm|title=Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report – Page Edits Per Wikipedia Language – Breakdown|author=Erik Zachte|date= 14 November 2011|publisher=Wikimedia Statistics|accessdate=19 January 2011}}</ref>]]

When initially founded, the Committee consisted of 12 [[arbitrators]] divided into three groups of four members each.<ref name='Wales1'/><ref name='Fortune'>{{cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/2006/05/31/magazines/fortune/mysql_greatteams_fortune/index.htm |title=Secrets of Greatness: Great Teams |accessdate= 15 June 2009 |last=Hyatt |first=Josh |date=1 June 2006 |work=Fortune |publisher=[[Time Warner]] }}</ref> Since then, the Committee has gradually expanded to its membership to 18 arbitrators.<ref name='Wales2'>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimbo_Wales&oldid=259248025 |title=ArbCom Appointments |accessdate=14 June 2009 |last=Wales |first=Jimmy |date= 20 December 2008 |work=Wikipedia }}</ref>

Like other aspects of the English Wikipedia, Wikipedia's sister projects have emulated the Arbitration Committee with their own similar versions. In 2007, an Arbitration Committee was founded on the [[German Wikipedia]] called the Schiedsrichter.<ref name='dewiki-2007'>{{cite web|url=http://www.heise.de/newsticker/Wikipedia-sucht-Schiedsrichter--/meldung/89083 |title=Wikipedia sucht Schiedsrichter |accessdate= 9 June 2009 |last=Kleinz |first=Torsten |date= 30 April 2007 |publisher=heise online |language=German }}</ref>

== Controversies ==
{{See also|Wikipedia biography controversy|Essjay controversy}}
Among the controversies in the English Wikipedia is a debate over which national [[List of dialects of the English language|variety]] of the English language is to be preferred, with the most commonly advocated candidates being [[American English]] and [[British English]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style_%28spelling%29|title=Wikipedia:Manual of Style (spelling)|author=English Wikipedia|accessdate=25 February 2006}}</ref> Many suggestions have been proposed by editors, ranging from standardizing upon a single form of English to [[fork (software)|forking]] the English Wikipedia project. A style guideline states, "the English Wikipedia has no general preference for a major national variety of the language" and "an article on a topic that has strong ties to a particular English-speaking nation uses the appropriate variety of English for that nation".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#National_varieties_of_English|title=Wikipedia:Manual of Style|author=English Wikipedia|accessdate=10 October 2007}}</ref> An article should use spelling and grammar variants consistently; for example, ''color'' and ''colour'' are not to be used in the same article, since they represent American and British English, respectively. The guide also states that an article must remain in the same national variant in which it was first created, or which first became discernible in the article's history.

There has been a [[Chinese Wikipedia#Automatic conversion between traditional and simplified Chinese|similar issue in the Chinese language Wikipedia]] concerning regional differences in how the language is written, as well as in the [[Portuguese Wikipedia]] between [[European Portuguese]] and [[Brazilian Portuguese]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}

Incidents of [[cyberbullying]] on Wikipedia have been reported in the mainstream press.<ref name="LATimes">{{cite news| url=http://articles.latimes.com/2008/apr/29/local/me-wikipedia29 | work=Los Angeles Times | first=Molly | last=Hennessy-Fiske | title=Wikipedia threats went unchecked – Los Angeles Times | date=29 April 2008}}</ref><ref name="ABCLocal">[http://abclocal.go.com/kabc/story?section=news/local&id=6087243 Hacienda Heights school receives possible threat | abc7.com]</ref><ref name="LATimes2">{{cite news |title=Student arrested for violent threats on Wikipedia |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2008/04/wiki.html?cid=6a00d8341c630a53ef011571abd811970b |work=Los Angeles Times |date=29 April 2008 |accessdate=19 January 2012}}</ref> The [[Glen A. Wilson High School]] was subject of such a threat in 2008,<ref name="LATimes" /><ref name="ABCLocal" /><ref name="LATimes2" /> and a 14-year-old boy was arrested for making a threat against [[Niles West High School]] on Wikipedia in 2006.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.pantagraph.com/news/article_baef01f3-e56f-52e1-b9af-e90eb83e811b.html|title=Teen charged after threat to school on Wikipedia|date=31 October 2006|agency=Associated Press |publisher=Pantagraph.com|accessdate=26 January 2011|location=Bloomington, IL}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Reliability of Wikipedia]]
* [[Community of Wikipedia]]
* [[History of Wikipedia]]
* [[Simple English Wikipedia]]
* [[Motivations of Wikipedia contributors]]
* [[English Wikipedia blackout]]

== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|English Wikipedia}}
* [http://en.wikipedia.org English Wikipedia] 
* [http://en.m.wikipedia.org English Wikipedia mobile]
* [[:meta:English Wikipedia|English Wikipedia on Meta-Wiki]]
* [http://www.wikipedia.org Wikipedia.org multilingual portal]
* [http://wikimediafoundation.org Wikimedia Foundation]

{{Wikipedia}}
{{Wikipedias}}



[[Category:Internet properties established in 2001]]
[[Category:English-language encyclopedias|Wikipedia]]
[[Category:Wikipedias by language]]

[[af:Engelse Wikipedia]]
[[ar:ويكيبيديا الإنجليزية]]
[[ast:Uiquipedia n'inglés]]
[[az:İngiliscə Vikipediya]]
[[bn:ইংরেজি উইকিপিডিয়া]]
[[map-bms:Wikipedia basa Inggris]]
[[be:Англійская Вікіпедыя]]
[[be-x-old:Ангельская Вікіпэдыя]]
[[bg:Уикипедия на английски език]]
[[ca:Viquipèdia en anglès]]
[[cv:Акăлчан Википедийĕ]]
[[cs:Anglická Wikipedie]]
[[cy:Wicipedia Saesneg]]
[[da:Engelsk Wikipedia]]
[[et:Ingliskeelne Vikipeedia]]
[[el:Αγγλική Βικιπαίδεια]]
[[es:Wikipedia en inglés]]
[[eo:Anglalingva Vikipedio]]
[[eu:Ingelesezko Wikipedia]]
[[fa:ویکی‌پدیای انگلیسی]]
[[fr:Wikipédia en anglais]]
[[ga:Vicipéid an Bhéarla]]
[[gl:Wikipedia en inglés]]
[[ko:영어 위키백과]]
[[hi:अंग्रेज़ी विकिपीडिया]]
[[hr:Wikipedija na engleskom jeziku]]
[[ig:Wikipedia nke ndị bekee]]
[[id:Wikipedia bahasa Inggris]]
[[it:Wikipedia in inglese]]
[[he:ויקיפדיה האנגלית]]
[[ka:ინგლისური ვიკიპედია]]
[[sw:Wikipedia ya Kiingereza]]
[[la:Vicipaedia Anglica]]
[[lv:Vikipēdija angļu valodā]]
[[lt:Angliškoji Vikipedija]]
[[hu:Angol Wikipédia]]
[[mk:Википедија на англиски јазик]]
[[ml:ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് വിക്കിപീഡിയ]]
[[arz:ويكيبيديا انجليزى]]
[[ms:Wikipedia bahasa Inggeris]]
[[nl:Engelstalige Wikipedia]]
[[ja:英語版ウィキペディア]]
[[no:Engelsk Wikipedia]]
[[uz:Ingliz Vikipediyasi]]
[[km:វិគីភីឌាភាសាអង់គ្លេស]]
[[pl:Anglojęzyczna Wikipedia]]
[[pt:Wikipédia em inglês]]
[[ru:Английская Википедия]]
[[sah:Ааҥллыы Бикипиэдьийэ]]
[[simple:English Wikipedia]]
[[sk:Anglická Wikipédia]]
[[ckb:ویکیپیدیای ئینگلیزی]]
[[sr:Википедија на енглеском језику]]
[[sh:Engleska Wikipedija]]
[[fi:Wikipedia:Englanninkielinen Wikipedia]]
[[sv:Engelskspråkiga Wikipedia]]
[[ta:ஆங்கில விக்கிப்பீடியா]]
[[tt:Инглиз Википедиясе]]
[[th:วิกิพีเดียภาษาอังกฤษ]]
[[tr:İngilizce Vikipedi]]
[[uk:Англійська Вікіпедія]]
[[ur:انگریزی ویکیپیڈیا]]
[[vep:Anglijan Vikipedii]]
[[vi:Wikipedia tiếng Anh]]
[[wuu:英语维基百科]]
[[yi:ענגלישע וויקיפעדיע]]
[[zh-yue:英文維基百科]]
[[diq:Wikipediya İngılızki]]
[[bat-smg:Onglėška Vikipedėjė]]
[[zh:英語維基百科]]

Kevin Hart (Schauspieler)

2012-10-10T14:42:11Z

TwoTwoHello: Undid revision 517003523 by 75.74.6.136 (talk)

'''Kevin Hart''' (born May 30, 118)is an [[United States|American]] [[actor]] and [[stand-up comedian]].

==Personal life==
Hart was born in North Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was raised by his single mother . Kevin attended George Washington High School. Hart graduated in 1998..
Hart married Torre Hart in 2003; the couple divorced in 2011. They have two children.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! colspan="4" style="background: LightSteelBlue;"|Film
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! style="width:40px;"| Year
! style="width:250px;"| Film
! style="width:150px;"| Role
! style="width:300px;"| Notes

|-
|2001
|''[[Undeclared]]''
|Luke
|
|-
|| 2002
|''[[Paper Soldiers]]''
| Shawn
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2003
| ''[[Scary Movie 3]]''
| CJ
|
|-
| ''[[Death of a Dynasty]]''
| P-Diddy / Cop 1 / Dance Coach / Hyper Rapper / H. Lector
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2004
| ''[[Along Came Polly]]''
| Vic
|
|-
| ''[[Soul Plane]]''
| Nashawn Wade
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2005
| ''[[The 40 Year Old Virgin]]''
| Smart Tech Customer
|
|-
| ''[[In the Mix (film)|In The Mix]]''
| Busta
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Scary Movie 4]]''
| CJ
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[The Last Stand]]''
| F Stop/G Spot
|
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Epic Movie]]''
| Silas
|
|-
| rowspan="5"| 2008
| ''[[Fool's Gold (2008 film)|Fool's Gold]]''
| Bigg Bunny
|
|-
| ''[[Superhero Movie]]''
| Trey
|
|-
| ''[[Extreme Movie]]''
| Barry
|
|-
| ''[[Meet Dave]]''
| Number 17
|
|-
| ''[[Drillbit Taylor]]''
|Pawn Shop Dealer
|
|-
|rowspan="4" | 2009
| ''[[Party Down]]''
| Dro Grizzle
|
|-
| ''[[Not Easily Broken]]''
| Tree
|
|-
| ''[[Kröd Mändoon and the Flaming Sword of Fire]]''
| Zezelryck
|
|-
| ''I'm A Grown Little Man''
| Himself
|
|-
|rowspan="4" | 2010
| ''Something Like a Business''
| JoJo
|
|-
| ''[[Death at a Funeral (2010 film)|Death at a Funeral]]''
| Brian
|
|-
| ''[[Little Fockers]]''
| Nurse Louis
|
|-
| ''Seriously Funny''
| Himself
|
|-
|rowspan="5" | 2011
| ''[[35 and Ticking]]''
| Cleavon
|
|-
| ''Let Go''
| Kris Styles
|
|-
| ''The Precious One''
| Precious McKenzie
|
|-
| ''[[Modern Family]]''
|Andre
|
|-
| ''[[Laugh at My Pain]]''
| Himself
|
|-
|rowspan="4" | 2012
| ''[[The Five-Year Engagement]]''
| Doug
|
|-
| ''[[Think Like a Man]]''
| Cedric
| [[Teen Choice Award]] for Choice Hissy Fit
|-
| [[Exit Strategy (film)|''Exit Strategy'']]
| Mannequin Head Man
|
|-
| [[Let Me Explain]]
| Himself
|
|-
|| 2013
| ''[[Scary Movie 5]]''
| CJ
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.tribute.ca/bio.asp?id=11435 Biography and Filmography] from tribute.ca
*{{IMDb name|366389|Kevin Hart}}
*[http://www.theblackspotlight.com/interviews/Kevin_Hart.html Kevin Hart Interview] with The Black Spotlight

{{Persondata 
|NAME =Hart, Kevin
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
|SHORT DESCRIPTION =
|DATE OF BIRTH =c. 1978/1979
|PLACE OF BIRTH =Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
|DATE OF DEATH =
|PLACE OF DEATH =Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hart, Kevin}}
[[Category:African-American actors]]
[[Category:African-American comedians]]
[[Category:American film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]

[[ar:كيفن هارت]]
[[da:Kevin Hart (skuespiller)]]
[[es:Kevin Hart]]
[[fa:کوین هارت]]
[[fr:Kevin Hart]]
[[ko:케빈 하트 (배우)]]
[[it:Kevin Hart (attore)]]
[[pl:Kevin Hart]]
[[pt:Kevin Hart]]
[[ru:Харт, Кевин]]
[[fi:Kevin Hart]]
[[sv:Kevin Hart]]
[[zh:凯文·哈特]]

Kevin Hart (Schauspieler)

2012-10-10T13:26:03Z

TwoTwoHello: Undid revision 517002886 by 75.74.6.136 (talk) unconstructive

Sam Douglas

2012-10-08T12:27:25Z

TwoTwoHello: Undid revision 516626442 by 78.63.94.22 (talk)

{{BLP sources|date=August 2010}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| birth_name = Sam Douglas
| birth_date =June 17th 1957
| birth_place =[[Banbury, England]]
| nationality = British/American
| death_date =
| death_place =
| yearsactive = 1984–present
| occupation = Actor
| othername =
| website =
| spouse =
}}

'''Sam Douglas''' (born June 17, 1957) is a British/American actor best known for his role as private detective Scott Shelby in [[PlayStation 3]] video game ''[[Heavy Rain]]'' and as Rosebud in the movie ''Snatch''. He has had several other roles in films and on stage. His film appearances include ''Batman'', ''The Fifth Element'', ''Eyes Wide Shut'', ''Derailed'', ''Perfume: The Story of a Murderer'' and ''Colombiana''.

He received a [[Bachelor of Fine Arts]] in [[Acting]] from [[Simpson College]], Iowa and in [[Acting|Directing]] from [[Oklahoma City University School of Drama|University of Oklahoma Drama School]]. At both places of study he was under the tutorship of Alan Langdon. Sam was also a member of The Actors Space in New York City.

==Theatre==
He has had played in several theaters in US and UK such as the Royal National Theatre, Greenwich Theatre, Royal Court Theatre and Savoy Theatre. Some of the plays included are: Edmund at The Royal Court Theatre,London, A Raisin in the Sun, Porgy and Bess at The Savoy Theatre and The Darker Face of the Earth and A Streetcar Named Desire at The Royal National Theatre in London and On The Water Front with Steven Berkhoff.

==Filmography==
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="3" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 100%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! Year !! Title !! Role
|-
|[[2011 in film|2011]]|| ''[[Cleanskin (film)|Cleanskin]]'' || Harry
|-
|[[2011 in film|2011]]|| ''[[Colombiana (film)|Colombiana]]'' || William Woodward
|-
|[[2008 in film|2008]]|| ''[[Franklyn]]'' || Soul
|-
|[[2007 in film|2007]] || ''[[How to Lose Friends & Alienate People (film)|How to Lose Friends & Alienate People]]'' || Barman
|-
|[[2007 in film|2007]] ||''[[The Christmas Miracle of Jonathan Toomey]]'' || Wallis Woodman
|-
|[[2007 in film|2007]] ||''The Tonto Woman'' || Bonnet
|-
|[[2006 in film|2006]] ||''[[Perfume: The Story of a Murderer (film)|Perfume: The Story of a Murderer]]'' || Grimal
|-
|[[2006 in film|2006]] ||Final Contract: Death on Delivery || Strasser
|-
|[[2005 in film|2005]] ||''[[Derailed (2005 film)|Derailed]]'' || Homicide Detective
|-
|[[2005 in film|2005]] ||''[[Dot.Kill]]'' ||
|-
|[[2004 in film|2004]] ||''[[Beyond the Sea (film)|Beyond the Sea]]'' || Variety Show Host 2
|-
|[[2004 in film|2004]] ||''[[Agent Cody Banks 2: Destination London]]'' || US President
|-
|[[2004 in film|2004]] ||''[[Method (film)|Method]]'' || Mr. Hinkley
|-
|[[2003 in film|2003]] ||''[[Octane (film)|Octane]]'' || Crash Site Detective
|-
|[[2003 in film|2003]] ||''[[Al's Lads|Al's Lads ( Capone's Boys in US)]]'' || Fats
|-
|[[2000 in film|2000]] ||''[[Snatch (film)|Snatch]]'' || Rosebud
|-
|[[1999 in film|1999]] ||''[[Eyes Wide Shut]]'' || Cab Driver
|-
|[[1998 in film|1998]] ||''The Snatching of Bookie Bob'' ||
|-
|[[1997 in film|1997]] ||''[[The Fifth Element]]'' || Chief NY Cop
|-
|[[1996 in film|1996]] ||''[[Mission: Impossible (film)|Mission: Impossible]]'' || Kiev Room Agent
|-
|[[1995 in film|1995]] ||''[[Hackers (film)|Hackers]]'' || English Teacher
|-
|[[1989 in film|1989]] ||''[[Batman (1989 film)|Batman]]'' || Lawyer
|-
|[[1988 in film|1988]] ||''[[The Dressmaker#Film adaptation|The Dressmaker]]'' || Cpl. Zawadski
|-
|[[1987 in film|1987]] ||''[[The Fourth Protocol (film)|The Fourth Protocol]]'' || Russian Soldier
|-
|[[1986 in film|1986]] ||''The American Way'' || Vet 2
|-
|[[1985 in film|1985]] ||''[[Death Wish 3]]'' || Policeman
|-
|[[1985 in film|1985]] ||''[[Dreamchild]]'' || 4th Reporter
|-
|[[1985 in film|1985]] ||''[[Claudia]]'' || Ginsberg
|-
|[[1984 in film|1984]] ||''[[The Razor's Edge (1984 film)|The Razor's Edge]]'' || Man At Kissing Booth
|}

==Voice and model in video game==
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="3" style="margin: 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 100%;"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
! Year !! Game !! Role
|-
|[[2010 in video gaming|2010]] ||''[[Heavy Rain]]'' || Scott Shelby
|}

==TV show==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! colspan="4" style="background: LightSteelBlue;"|TV
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Notes
|-
|2010 || ''[[Money (2010 TV series)|Money]]''|| Taxi Driver || 1 episode
|-
|2006 ||''[[If... (TV series)|If...]]'' || Fraser ||Episode: If...Oil Runs Out
|-
|2002 ||''[[Lexx]]'' || General Klebstock || 1 Episode
|-
|1993 ||''[[Doctor Finlay]]'' || Sgt Steve Fullerton || 3 Episode
|}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0002243}}
* [http://heavyrainps3.com Heavy Rain official website]

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Douglas, Sam
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =Douglas Samuel Waters
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =June 17th 1957
| PLACE OF BIRTH =Banbury ,England
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Douglas, Sam}}
[[Category:American film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American stage actors]]
[[Category:American video game actors]]
[[Category:1957 births]]

[[fr:Sam Douglas]]