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Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pascha

2015-12-07T08:54:43Z

TutterMouse: v1.37 - WP:WCW project (DEFAULTSORT missing for titles with special letters - Spelling and typography)

{{Infobox Officeholder
| honorific-prefix = Kör
| name = Yusuf Ziyaüddin
| honorific-suffix = [[Pasha]]
| image =
| imagesize = 250px
| smallimage =
| caption =
| order =
| office =
| term_start =
| term_end =
| order1 =
| office1 = [[Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire]]
| monarch1 = [[Selim III]]
| term_start1 = 25 October 1798
| term_end1 = 21 April 1805
| predecessor1 = [[Safranbolulu Izzet Mehmet Pasha]]
| successor1 = [[Bostancıbaşı Hafız İsmail Pasha]]
| monarch2 = [[Mahmud II]]
| term_start2 = 1 January 1809
| term_end2 = 11 May 1811
| predecessor2 = [[Çarhacı Ali Pasha]]
| successor2 = [[Laz Ahmed Pasha]]
| vicepresident =
| viceprimeminister =
| deputy =
| lieutenant =
| president =
| primeminister =
| governor =
| governor-general =
| governor_general =
| succeeding =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| constituency =
| majority =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1819
| death_place = [[Chios]], [[Eyalet of the Archipelago|Archipelago Eyalet]], Ottoman Empire
| nationality = [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]]
| party =
| spouse =
| relations =
| children =
| residence =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha''' (also known as '''Yusuf Ziya Pasha''', died 1819) was an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] statesman who twice served as the [[Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire]] in 1798–1805 and 1809–1811.<ref name=Somel>{{cite book|last1=Somel|first1=Selcuk Aksin|title=The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire|date=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press, Inc.|pages=xxxi-xxxii|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tBoyoNNKh78C&pg=PR81}}</ref>

==Biography==
Kör Yusuf's date of birth is unknown. He was of [[Georgian people|Georgian]] origin.<ref name=Kasap>{{cite web|last1=Kasap|first1=Murat|title=Yusuf Ziya Pasha|url=http://www.gdd.org.tr/tarihtendetay.asp?id=91|publisher=Georgia Friendship Association|date=2009-09-24}}</ref> As a result of an accident while playing [[javelin]] he was blinded in one eye, hence his name ''Kör'' ("Blind").<ref name=Kasap/> Kör Yusuf known for his [[fatalism]] and piety, as well as for being a competent commander.<ref name="Aksan238">Aksan 2014, p. 238.</ref> Kör Yusuf started his career as a government clerk then as an [[intendant]] of mines.<ref name=Salzmann169>Salzmann 2004, p. 169.</ref> He was promoted to the rank of [[vizier|vezir]] and was appointed governor of [[Diyarbekir Eyalet]] in 1793, then [[Erzurum Eyalet]] in 1794 and [[Childir Eyalet]] and [[Trabzon Eyalet]] in 1796.<ref name=Kasap/>

===Grand Vizier===
Kör Yusuf was appointed grand vizier on 25 October 1798 during the sultanate of [[Selim III]].<ref name=Yilmazcelik/> He was involved in the affairs of both the central government and the peripheral provinces. During his first term, he and his sons, Mehmet Beg and Sabit Yusuf Beg, purchased numerous [[tax farm]]s in Diyarbekir Eyalet and Kör Yusuf also owned a half-share of the copper refinery in the city of [[Diyarbakır|Diyarbekir]].<ref name=Salzmann169/>

In 1799, during his first term as grand vizier, Kör Yusuf was assigned command over an Ottoman ground force mobilized at [[Üsküdar]] to reassert Ottoman control over [[Egypt Eyalet|Egypt]] and drive out French forces who occupied that province during the [[French campaign in Egypt and Syria|French campaign in the Ottoman Empire]].<ref>Aksan 2014, p. 231.</ref> In the initial mobilization, Kör Yusuf's army numbered 15,000 troops,<ref name="Aksan235-236">Aksan 2014, pp. 235–236.</ref> but after recruiting soldiers from [[Aleppo]] and [[Damascus]],<ref name=Masters>{{cite book|last1=Masters|first1=Bruce|title=The Arabs of the Ottoman Empire, 1516-1918: A Social and Cultural History|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107033634|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4x09OvMBMmgC&pg=PA133}}</ref> this number grew to 25,000 by the time the Ottoman army reached Egypt from its [[Gaza City|Gaza]] launch point.<ref name="Aksan235-236"/> [[Arnauts]] formed the largest component of Kör Yusuf's forces, and were prone to revolt. Other components included a 5,000-strong cavalry and a contingent of [[Janissaries]].<ref name="Aksan238"/> In January 1800, Kör Yusuf signed the Convention of al-Arish with French general [[Jean Baptiste Kléber]] and British admiral [[Sidney Smith (Royal Navy officer)|Sidney Smith]], which called for the evacuation of French forces from Egypt. However, conflict resumed and Kléber's forces defeated the Ottoman Army and allied Mamluk forces at [[Heliopolis]] in March. Kléber was assassinated in mid-June and after victories by the Ottoman-British alliance, the French were defeated by December 1801.<ref name="Aksan235-236"/>

When Kör Yusuf entered [[Cairo]] he had Christians accused of collaborating with the French executed or exiled, and seized large amounts of wealth from them. He remained in Cairo to dispatch the ''[[amir al-hajj]]'' to command the [[Hajj]] pilgrim caravan to [[Mecca]]. After sorting some of Egypt's affairs in the aftermath of the French withdrawal, Kör Yusuf departed Egypt for [[Ottoman Syria|Syria]].<ref name=Masters/> On 21 April 1805, Kör Yusuf resigned from the office of grand vizier and for a time remained in seclusion in his home.<ref name=Yilmazcelik>{{cite journal|last1=Yilmazcelik|first1=Ibrahim|title=Osmanli Hakimyeti Suresince Diyarbakir Eyaleti Vailileri|journal=Fırat Universty Journal of Social Science|date=2000|volume=10|issue=1|pages=256-257|url=http://web.firat.edu.tr/sosyalbil/dergi/arsiv/cilt10/sayi1/233-288.pdf|language=Turkish}}</ref>

===Later political career===
Kör Yusuf was appointed for a second term as governor of Trabzon in March 1807. In September he was appointed the governor of [[Baghdad Eyalet|Baghdad]] and [[Basra Eyalet|Basra]] eyalets, and also [[Konya Eyalet|Konya]] and [[Aleppo Eyalet|Aleppo]] in October.<ref name=Yilmazcelik/> In 1808 he was appointed a second term as governor of Erzurum and was given the high-ranking post of ''șark seraskeri'' (Commander-in-Chief of the East) making him responsible for all of the Ottomans's military forces in the Diyarbekir, [[Rûm Eyalet|Sivas]], Trabzon, [[Malatya]], [[Dulkadir Eyalet|Marash]], [[Chorum]] and [[Mosul Eyalet|Mosul]] [[eyalet]]s (provinces). Kör Yusuf performed well against [[Russian Empire]] forces at [[Akhalkalaki|Ahılkelek]].<ref name=Kasap/>

Kör Yusuf was appointed a second term as grand vizier in 1809 during the sultanate of [[Mahmud II]].<ref name="Aksan235-236"/> During his second term, he led efforts against the Russians in the [[Rumelia]]n (southern Balkans) front for two years. He was dismissed as grand vizier on 10 May 1811. He was appointed governor of [[Sanjak of Sakız|Chios Sanjak]] in 1817, after having been appointed as commander of [[Sanjak of Eğriboz|Eğriboz Sanjak]] in 1815. Kör Yusuf died in Chios island in 1819 and was buried at the tomb of Sheikh Ilyas on the island, today a part of [[Greece]].<ref name=Kasap/><ref name=Yilmazcelik/>

==See also==
* [[List of Ottoman Grand Viziers]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last1=Aksan|first1=Virginia|title=Ottoman Wars, 1700-1870: An Empire Besieged|date=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317884033|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UaesAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA238}}
*{{cite book|title=Tocqueville in the Ottoman Empire: rival paths to the modern state|first1=Ariel|last1=Salzmann|publisher=Brill|year=2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qhqA9rjTc80C&pg=PA169}}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ziyauddin Pasha, Kor Yusuf}}
[[Category:1819 deaths]]
[[Category:Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Ottoman people of Georgian descent]]
[[Category:Ottoman Army generals]]
[[Category:18th-century Ottoman people]]
[[Category:19th-century Ottoman people]]
[[Category:Ottoman military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars]]

Ca’ Sanudo Turloni

2015-07-12T09:01:46Z

TutterMouse: WPCleaner v1.35 - WP:WCW project (DEFAULTSORT missing for titles with special letters - Spelling and typography)

'''Ca’ Sanudo Turloni''' is a 13th-century palace located with a facade on Rio de Sant'Antonio, and paralelling the Calle Pezzana, in the [[Sestiere San Polo]] in [[Venice]], Italy.

==History==
The palace was constructed likely by the 13th-century in Venetian Byzantine style by the old aristocratic [[Sanudo]] family, and remained in possession of the family till 1852, when it was sold to Angelo Revedin.

The main facade on the Rio has [[Venetian Gothic architecture|Venetian Gothic]] design, refurbished in [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]] style. Over the centuries, the palace underwent many modifications, including rising to five stories. The inner courtyard had a well. The interior retains a few frescoes by [[Gaspare Diziani]]. A portion of the palace once abutted the Campo San Polo. It now has been subdivided into apartments.<ref>[http://venice.jc-r.net/palaces/sanudo-turloni-a-san-polo.htm JC-R Net website].</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Italy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ca' Sanudo Turloni, Venice}}
[[Category:Palaces in Venice|Sanudo]]
[[Category:Venetian Gothic architecture]]

Wikipedia:Huggle

2015-04-01T16:57:23Z

TutterMouse: aktualisierung logo

{{Shortcut|WP:HG, WP:HUG}}
{{Wikipedia:Huggle/Header}}
{{Infobox Software
| Name = Huggle
| Logo = [[Datei:Huggle 3 logo.svg|225px]]
| Screenshot = [[Datei:Huggle-Windows.png|350px|Huggle 2.1.19 unter Windows 8]]
| Beschreibung = Beispiel: Ein Klick, dann wird der Artikel revertiert, und der Vandale erhält eine Nachricht, während man weitermacht. (Bildschirmfoto von Huggle 2.1.19 unter [[Microsoft Windows 8|Windows 8]])
| Maintainer = [[:en:Wikipedia:Huggle/Members|siehe Liste]]
| Hersteller = Projektleiter: [[:en:User:Addshore|Addshore]] und [[:en:User:Petrb|Petrb]] (vollständige Liste auf [[:m:Huggle/Members|Meta-Wiki]])
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| AktuelleVersionFreigabeDatum = 19. März 2015
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| Betriebssystem = Linux, Mac OS X, Windows
| Programmiersprache = [[C++]]
| Kategorie = Programm zur Vandalismusbekämpfung
| Lizenz = Programm: [[GNU General Public License|GPL]], einige Symbole: [[GNU Lesser General Public License|LGPL]]
| Deutsch = Ja
| Website = [https://github.com/huggle https://github.com/huggle]
}}
Huggle ist ein Programm zur [[Hilfe:Vandalismusbekämpfung|Vandalismusbekämpfung]], das ursprünglich von [[:en:User:Gurch|Gurch]], der nicht mehr am Projekt beteiligt ist, in [[Visual Basic .NET]] geschrieben wurde. Nähere Informationen gibt es im [[meta:Huggle|Meta-Wiki]]. '''[[meta:Huggle/Download|Hier]]''' kann man sich Huggle herunterladen.

Die dritte Generation von Huggle ''(Huggle 3)'' wurde im Mai 2014 veröffentlicht.

Seit Version 2.1.15 befindet sich die Whitelist [http://huggle.wmflabs.org/data/wl.php?wp=de.wikipedia&action=display hier]. Bei den vorhergehenden Versionen war die Whitelist auf einer Unterseite platziert.

Ein deutschsprachiges Video-Tutorial zu Huggle 2 findet man [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GkNwSWkpK9k hier]. Wenn man Huggle benutzt, ist es angebracht, diese Seite zu beobachten, da auf der Diskussionsseite oft Fragen zur Konfiguration etc. gestellt werden. Außerdem lohnt es sich, die [[mail:huggle|Mailingliste]] zu abonnieren.

Die Benutzung von Huggle in der deutschsprachigen Wikipedia erfordert mindestens 1000 Bearbeitungen (es zählen Beiträge aller Namensräume, aber nicht gelöschte) sowie zusätzlich den [[WP:Gesichtete Versionen|aktiven Sichterstatus]].

{| cellspacing="5" cellpadding="5" style="font-size:100%; border:3px solid #DD0000; background-color:#FFDDDD; position:relative;"
| [[Datei:Achtung.svg|60px|links|link=]] Bitte lies dir vor der Benutzung von Huggle das '''[[/Handbuch|Handbuch]]''' aufmerksam durch! Beachte außerdem, dass du für alle Änderungen, die du mit Hilfe des Programms tätigst, selbst verantwortlich bist. Bei groben Missachtungen der Richt- und Leitlinien der Wikipedia kann der Huggle-Zugriff entzogen<ref>Info für Admins: Eine Anleitung zum Blockieren von Huggle befindet sich im [[WP:Huggle/Handbuch#Anleitung für Admins: Huggle-Zugriff blockieren|Handbuch]].</ref> oder dein Benutzerkonto gesperrt werden.
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|[[Datei:Help-browser.svg|rahmenlos|rechts|100px]]
Wenn du Hilfe bei der Verwendung von Huggle benötigst, stehen folgende Supportmöglichkeiten zur Verfügung:
# lokale [[Wikipedia_Diskussion:Huggle|Diskussionsseite]] von Huggle
# [[:en:Wikipedia:Huggle/Feedback|englische Supportseite]]
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<references />

[[Kategorie:Wikipedia:Vandalismus]]

Unterschiede zwischen der Gemeinschaft Christi und der Kirche Jesu Christi der Heiligen der Letzten Tage

2014-11-08T09:17:44Z

TutterMouse: WPCleaner v1.34 - Fixed using WP:WCW (External link with a line break)

The '''[[Community of Christ]]''' (formerly the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS Church)) and '''[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]''' (LDS Church) are two separate [[Christian denomination|denominations]] that share a common heritage in the [[Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)|Church of Christ]] founded by [[Joseph Smith]] on April 6, 1830. Since [[death of Joseph Smith|Smith's death]] in 1844, they have evolved separately in belief and practices. The LDS Church claims more than 15 million members worldwide<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite news |url=https://www.lds.org/ensign/2014/05/saturday-afternoon-session/statistical-report-2013 |title=Statistical Report, 2013 |publisher=[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] |date=April 2014 |accessdate=April 21, 2014}}</ref> while the Community of Christ reports a worldwide membership of approximately 250,000.<ref name = "total_membership">{{Cite web | title=CofChrist General Denominational Information | url= http://www.cofchrist.org/news/GeneralInfo.asp |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110725184128/http://www.cofchrist.org/news/GeneralInfo.asp |archivedate= July 25, 2011| year=2011 | publisher= [[Community of Christ]] | accessdate= July 25, 2011 }}</ref>

==Recent transformation in Community of Christ==
Significant doctrinal, organizational, and attitudinal changes in the Community of Christ since 1960 have reduced some of the similarities that remained between it and the LDS Church. While the doctrine and belief system of the LDS Church is highly centralized, systematic, and static, the Community of Christ has adopted an adaptive, decentralized, and progressive approach to doctrine. In 1997, the Community of Christ initiated a three-year period of transformation entitled “Transformation 2000,” that was seen by its president [[W. Grant McMurray]] as the culmination of a series of changes dating back to 1960.<ref>[[W. Grant McMurray]], [http://www.cofchrist.org/docs/T2000/en/transfch.pdf "Transforming the Church"], 1998.</ref> McMurray identified these changes as a movement away from a belief that the denomination was "''the'' restored church" and towards a position within [[Mainline (Protestant)|mainstream Christianity]]. At the World Conference of 2000, by vote of 1,979 to 561, the name of the church was changed from the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints to Community of Christ. In so doing, the church was attempting to distance itself from comparisons with the LDS Church and in the process transform itself into a unique body among mainstream Christian denominations.

As the first president of the Community of Christ that was not a direct descendant of Joseph Smith, McMurray also sought to formalize changes in thinking about prophetic leadership, the historical basis of the [[Book of Mormon]], and the concept that [[priesthood (Latter Day Saints)|priesthood]] authority had been restored in the 1820s and 1830s after centuries of [[apostasy]]. During his presidency, the church moved from a [[closed communion|closed]] to an [[open communion]] and McMurray began to open the door to [[Ordination of LGBT Christian clergy|priesthood ordination for LGBT individuals]], something which he acknowledged was already occurring. However, negative membership response to this issue forced McMurray to reaffirm the official policy prohibiting the ordination of sexually active gays and lesbians. Nevertheless, the church allows those who were ordained against policy to continue in their priesthood offices.

Prior to 1960, the RLDS Church's identity was primarily tied to its differences with the larger LDS Church, which RLDS Church members usually referred to as the "Utah Church" or "Mormon Church". McMurray cited a 1960 world tour by former president [[W. Wallace Smith]] as a pivotal event impacting the evolution of RLDS Church beliefs. Leaders such as [[Roy Cheville]] had already been teaching a new generation of church members a more ecumenical and open-minded system of beliefs. But it was the church's proselytizing of cultures in countries outside North America that knew little about Christianity, much less Mormonism, that forced a reassessment of denominational practices and beliefs. RLDS [[apostle (Latter Day Saints)|apostle]] [[Charles Neff]], a leading church missionary, pushed fellow leaders and field ministers towards a relativistic doctrinal viewpoint motivated by a combination of practical missionary concerns and an attitude of theological openness. These significant moves of the Community of Christ towards alignment with [[liberal Christianity|liberal Protestant]] doctrine were influenced in part by many in church leadership who pursued theological studies at [[St. Paul School of Theology]] in Kansas City, Missouri. While the RLDS Church had long been known for its strong anti-polygamy stance, its outreach efforts amongst the [[Sora people]] in India brought a re-examination even on this issue.

Church president [[Wallace B. Smith]]’s 1984 call for the ordination of women to the priesthood was a milestone in the doctrinal evolution of the church towards progressive Christianity. During his term in office, greater attention was brought to peace and justice issues. The call to dedicate the [[Independence Temple]] to the "pursuit of peace" is widely regarded as both symbolic and practical evidence of the differences between the two denominations. While the LDS Church has a set of highly standardized [[temple (LDS Church)|temple]] [[ordinance (Latter Day Saints)|rituals]] and regards temples as sacred space for the creation of [[covenant (Latter Day Saints)|covenants]], the Community of Christ understands temples to be a less formalized center for spirituality, ministerial education, and church administration.

These and other changes comprised a fundamental shift in thinking for the Community of Christ from [[Restorationism]] to mainline Protestant liberalism. These recently developed differences only add to the list of long-standing doctrinal differences between it and the LDS Church. Nearly all of the traditional differences between the two groups also can be seen as aligning the Community of Christ more closely with traditional Christian teaching and [[neo-orthodoxy]], which further isolates the LDS Church within Christianity as a whole.

==Historical differences between the churches==
{{main|Community of Christ history}}
The RLDS Church was founded by the confederation of a number of smaller groups that declined to migrate with [[Brigham Young]] to [[Utah Territory]] or follow any of the others vying to become the successor to Joseph Smith. Prior to the 1860 [[Amboy Conference]], in which the church was formally "reorganized" into the RLDS Church, numerous doctrinal differences were espoused by the leaders of the various splinter groups. Following the reorganization, these differences were solidified into a litany of what might now be called "[[wedge issue]]s" that would distinguish it from Young's LDS Church in Utah.<ref name = EASmith>[[Elbert A. Smith]], [http://www.centerplace.org/library/books/Differencesthatpersist.pdf ''Differences That Persist between the RLDS and LDS Churches], (1950), website accessed 2008-06-11.</ref>

The differences enumerated below characterize the major differences between the Community of Christ and the LDS Church.<ref>{{citation |url= http://www.mrm.org/rlds |title= LDS and RLDS (Community of Christ): Differences & Similarities |authorlink= Bill McKeever |first= Bill |last= McKeever |work= MRM.org |publisher= Mormonism Research Ministry |accessdate= 2013-01-17 }} {{verify credibility|date=January 2013}}</ref>

===Scriptures===
Both churches believe in an open canon of scripture founded upon the Bible, the [[Book of Mormon]], and the revelations of Joseph Smith.

====Bible====
The [[Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible|Inspired Version of the Bible]] is part of the Community of Christ's canon of scripture,<ref>{{Citation | last = Brown | first = Rich | title = Web site of The Community of Christ - Sacrament - A Sacrament of Blessing and Promise | publisher = Herald | url = http://www.cofchrist.org/sacraments/blessing/blessing-brown.asp | accessdate = 3 September 2009}} Note: Paragraph 14 says “The unique teachings offered in the Inspired Version (Joseph Smith’s emendations of the King James translation of the Bible) add significantly to our theological understanding.”</ref> although it does not mandate a single translation of the Bible.<ref>{{Citation | last = Euritt | first = Mark | title = Official Web site of The Community of Christ - Sacrament - The Sacrament of Ordination | publisher = Herald | url = http://www.cofchrist.org/sacraments/blessing/blessing-brown.asp | accessdate = 3 September 2009}} Note: Paragraph 3 refers to the King James Version (referred to as the Authorized Version of the Bible), the New Revised Standard Version (NRSV), and the New International Version (NIV) Bibles.</ref>

The LDS Church has officially adopted the [[Authorized King James Version]] for English speakers, and has produced [[LDS edition of the Bible|its own edition]] which is extensively footnoted with clarifications from the Inspired Version. The LDS Church refers to the Inspired Version as the "Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible." For [[Spanish language|Spanish]]-speaking members, the LDS Church publishes a slightly modified version of the [[Reina-Valera]] version, including footnotes and annotations comparable to those found in its official King James Version. For other languages, the LDS Church recommends usage of specific traditional translations that are selected based on doctrinal integrity with the other official [[standard works]].

====Book of Mormon====
[[File:The Book of Mormon- An Account Written by the Hand of Mormon upon Plates Taken from the Plates of Nephi.jpg|thumbnail|upright|right|alt= Book of Mormon (1830) | Title page of the first edition of the Book of Mormon (1830).]]

Both the Community of Christ and LDS Church accept the [[Book of Mormon]] as a second canon of scripture<ref name = "Minutes">Andrew M. Shields, "Official Minutes of Business Session, Wednesday March 28, 2007," in 2007 World Conference Thursday Bulletin, March 29, 2007. Community of Christ, 2007.</ref> and views it as an additional witness of Jesus Christ that complements the Bible. The Community of Christ publishes two versions of the book through its official publishing arm, [[Herald House]]. The Authorized Edition is based on the original printer's manuscript and the 1837 Second Edition (or "Kirtland Edition") of the Book of Mormon. Its content is similar to the Book of Mormon published by the LDS Church, but the versification is different<ref name = "Authorized">[http://www.heraldhouse.org/cart/edit.asp?p=125146 1966 "Revised Authorized Edition"].</ref> The Community of Christ also publishes a 1966 "Revised Authorized Edition", which attempts to modernize some of the language.<ref name = "Authorized"/>

The LDS Church publishes a single version of the Book of Mormon, which is extensively footnoted to the church's other [[standard works]]. Its chapter and versification is based upon the 1879 edition edited by [[Orson Pratt]].

In 2007, Community of Christ President Stephen M. Veazey ruled that a resolution to "reaffirm the Book of Mormon as a divinely inspired record" was out of order.<ref name = "Minutes"/> He stated that "while the Church affirms the Book of Mormon as scripture, and makes it available for study and use in various languages, we do not attempt to mandate the degree of belief or use. This position is in keeping with our longstanding tradition that belief in the Book of Mormon is not to be used as a test of fellowship or membership in the church."<ref name = "Minutes"/> The LDS Church regularly emphasizes the importance of the Book of Mormon and encourages its members to read from it daily.

====Doctrine and Covenants====
{{main |Doctrine and Covenants}}
Both churches publish a book called the [[Doctrine and Covenants]] and accept it as scripture.<ref name = "CofCscriptures">{{Citation | title = Basic Beliefs: Scripture | publisher = Official Web site of The Community of Christ | url = http://www.cofchrist.org/OurFaith/faith-beliefs.asp | accessdate = 2 September 2009}}</ref><ref name ="LDSD&C">{{Citation | title = Doctrine and Covenants of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints | publisher = Official Web site of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | url = http://scriptures.lds.org/en/dc/contents | accessdate = 2 September 2009}}</ref> The Community of Christ has removed several early sections<ref Name = "DC107">Community of Christ, Doctrine and Covenants - Doctrine and Covenants 107 [http://www.centerplace.org/hs/dc/rdc-107.htm see header]</ref> and has regularly added new revelations and other inspired documents to the book. The LDS Church has added some material to the Doctrine and Covenants, but less than that of the Community of Christ. The Community of Christ version currently contains 166 documents, 51 of which were produced after the death of Joseph Smith. The LDS Church version currently contains 140 documents, five of which were produced after Smith's death.

====Pearl of Great Price====
{{main|Pearl of Great Price (Mormonism)}}
The LDS Church includes the [[Pearl of Great Price (Mormonism)|Pearl of Great Price]] as part of its [[standard works]]. The Community of Christ has never published or considered this book to be scripture.<ref name = "CofCscriptures"/> However, the Community of Christ does accept two portions of the Pearl of Great Price—the [[Book of Moses]] and [[Joseph Smith–Matthew]]—as scripture:
*Chapters 2–8 of the Book of Moses are included within the [[Book of Genesis]] in the Community of Christ's Inspired Version of the Bible;
* Chapter 1 of the Book of Moses is accepted as section 22 of the Community of Christ's Doctrine and Covenants;
* In addition to appearing in the Inspired Version of the Bible, chapter 7 of the Book of Moses is also accepted as section 36 of the Community of Christ's Doctrine and Covenants; and
* [[Joseph Smith–Matthew]] is accepted as part of the [[Book of Matthew]] in the Inspired Version of the Bible.
Portions of the Pearl of Great Price that are not accepted as scripture by the Community of Christ are the [[Book of Abraham]], [[Joseph Smith–History]], and the [[Articles of Faith (Latter Day Saints)|Articles of Faith]].

===Presidential tenure and succession===
{{main | Lineal succession (Latter Day Saints)}}
[[File:JosephSmith3.jpg|thumbnail|upright=.7|right| alt = Joseph Smith III | Joseph Smith III, the successor to Joseph Smith as the Prophet-President of the Community of Christ]]
Both the Community of Christ and the LDS Church are headed by a [[President of the Church]], a position created and held by [[Joseph Smith]]. After Smith, the next three presidents of the Community of Christ served in the position until their deaths. In 1978, [[W. Wallace Smith]] broke this tradition and retired from the presidency, designated himself as "president emeritus", and appointed [[Wallace B. Smith]] as his successor. Wallace B. Smith and his chosen successor—McMurray—also retired from the position. In the LDS Church, every President of the Church has served until his death and none have selected a successor prior to death.

The first five<ref>{{Citation | title = Under leadership of..| publisher = Official Web site of The Community of Christ | url = http://www.cofchrist.org/history/ | accessdate = 2 September 2009}} Note List of Church Presidents in side frame</ref> successors to Joseph Smith in the presidency of the Community of Christ were direct descendants Smith.<ref name =Nieb>{{Citation | last = Niebuhr | first = Gustav | title = New Leader For Church That Shares Mormon Roots | at = paragraph 6 &10 | publisher = The New York Times | date = 12 May 1996 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/12/us/new-leader-for-church-that-shares-mormon-roots.html | accessdate = 19 June 2009}}</ref> McMurray was the first president of the church who was not a member of the Smith family.<ref name =Nieb/> While never formally accepting a principle of lineal succession, the denomination originally taught that Smith had designated his son, [[Joseph Smith III]], as his successor.<ref>{{Citation | title = Our Faith: Frequently Asked Questions: Frequently Asked Questions? | publisher = Official Web site of The Community of Christ | url = http://www.cofchrist.org/ourfaith/faq.asp | accessdate = 3 September 2009}}</ref> In 1996, the appointment of McMurray by retiring president [[Wallace B. Smith]] was the justification used by schismatic groups that abandoned the Community of Christ. This schism led to the creation of the [[Remnant Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints]]. The president of the Remnant Church, [[Frederick Niels Larsen]], is a maternal great-great-grandson of Joseph Smith.

The LDS Church determines its presidential successor by principles of apostolic seniority combined with inspiration from God.<ref name = "bTOP">[[Brent L. Top]] and Lawrence R. Flake, [http://www.lds.org/ensign/1996/08/the-kingdom-of-god-will-roll-on-succession-in-the-presidency "'The Kingdom of God Will Roll On': Succession in the Presidency'], ''[[Ensign (LDS magazine)|Ensign]]'', August 1996, p. 22.</ref> When a church president dies, the member of the [[Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)|Quorum of the Twelve Apostles]] who has been in the Quorum the longest—the [[President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles]]—becomes the new president of the church.<ref name = "bTOP"/> Prior to making the succession official, the apostles individually and collectively pray for divine guidance and confirmation of their proposed action.<ref name = "bTOP"/>

While this is an area that marked a traditional difference between the two denominations, a 2004–05 succession crisis prompted the [[Council of Twelve Apostles (Community of Christ)|Council of Twelve Apostles]] of the Community of Christ to utilize an inspiration-seeking procedure similar to that adopted by the apostles of the LDS Church.<ref name ="APNEW">{{Citation | author = Associated Press | title = Community of Christ selects new president | work = | place = Independence, Missouri | pages = | language = | publisher = | date = 7 March 2005 | url = http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,600117063,00.html | accessdate = 19 June 2009}}</ref> When McMurray stepped down as president in 2004, he chose not to name a successor, as previous retirees from the position had done. In 2005, [[Stephen M. Veazey]]—who was president of the Twelve, but not the senior member—was selected as successor by the Council of Twelve.<ref name ="APNEW"/><ref name = coc>[http://www.cofchrist.org/bio/current/Veazey-Steve.asp Stephen M. Veazey], cofchrist.org, accessed March 2, 2008.</ref>

===Godhead===
{{main|Godhead (Latter Day Saints)}}
The Community of Christ teaches [[trinity|trinitarian]] principles.<ref>{{Citation | title = Faith and Beliefs: Our Faith and Beliefs: God | publisher = Community of Christ | url = http://www.cofchrist.org/ourfaith/faith-beliefs.asp | accessdate = 13 August 2009
}}</ref> The LDS Church teaches that the Godhead is composed of three physically distinct personage Gods who are united—or "one"—in purpose.<ref>[http://lds.org/study/topics/godhead "Godhead"], lds.org.</ref>

====Exaltation====
{{Main | Exaltation (LDS Church)}}
The LDS Church teaches the principle of [[exaltation (LDS Church)|exaltation]];<ref>[http://www.lds.org/topics/exaltation "Exaltation"], lds.org.</ref> this doctrine is not accepted by the Community of Christ.<ref name = EASmith/>

====Adam–God doctrine====
{{main | Adam–God doctrine}}
According to [[Brigham Young]], the Adam–God doctrine was first taught by [[Joseph Smith]] before his death in 1844. However, the evidence that Smith originated the doctrine consists only of Young's own assertions,<ref>{{harvtxt|Collier|1999|p=229 fn. 12}} (citing minutes of meeting of the Quorum of Twelve, 4 April 1860, in which it was recorded: "It was Joseph's doctrine that Adam was God… God comes to earth and eats and partakes of fruit. Joseph could not reveal what was revealed to him, and if Joseph had it revealed, he was not told to reveal it."). {{harvtxt|Collier|1999|p=360}} (citing Wilford Woodruff Journal of 4 September 1860, in which George Q. Cannon said "that Adam is our Father [and] is a true doctrine revealed from God to Joseph & Brigham. For this same doctrine is taught in some of the old Jewish records which have never been in print...."). {{harvtxt|Collier|1999|p=367}} (citing Wilford Woodruff Journal of 16 December 1867, stating that "President Young said Adam was Michael the Archangel, & he was the Father of Jesus Christ & was our God & that Joseph taught this principle.")</ref> an 1877 recollection of [[Anson Call]],<ref>{{harvtxt|Collier|1999|p=233}} (citing an 1877 reminiscence of [[Anson Call]], who said he heard Joseph Smith say: "now regarding Adam: He came here from another planet [as] an immortalized being and brought his wife, Eve, with him, and by eating of the fruits of the earth became subject to death and decay and he became of the earth, earthly, was made mortal and subject to death.").</ref> and some circumstantial evidence collected by [[Mormon fundamentalism|Mormon fundamentalist]] writers.<ref>See, e.g., {{harvtxt|Collier|1999|pp=228–42}} (a fundamentalist author, arguing that Joseph Smith believed and taught the doctrine).</ref> LDS Church President [[Spencer W. Kimball]] officially denounced the Adam–God doctrine in 1976.<ref>Conference Report, p. 115 (October 1–3, 1976)</ref><ref>Spencer W. Kimball, [http://www.lds.org/ensign/1976/11/our-own-liahona "Our Own Liahona"], ''[[Ensign (LDS magazine)|Ensign]]'', November 1976, p. 77.</ref>

Because the Community of Christ was founded by the confederation of a number of smaller groups that declined to accept Young's leadership, the Adam–God doctrine has never been a part of Community of Christ teachings, and it has maintained that the doctrine was first enunciated by Young, not Smith.<ref name = EASmith/>

===Priesthood eligibility===
{{main | Priesthood (Community of Christ)|Priesthood (LDS Church)}}
{{see also |Priesthood (Latter Day Saints)}}

Both churches have a tradition of bestowing the priesthood on adult male members of the church. The priesthood of the Community of Christ has always been open to persons of all races,<ref>[http://www.cofchrist.org/seek/beliefs.asp Faith and Beliefs], webpage, retrieved June 17, 2006</ref> and was opened to women in 1984.<ref>Community of Christ, Doctrine and Covenants Section 156:9C-D [http://www.centerplace.org/library/study/dc/rdc-156.htm] see 9C and 9D</ref> The LDS Church's priesthood is open to males only<ref Name = "Declaration #2">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Doctrine and Covenants: Official Declaration #2 [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/od/2]</ref><ref>{{Citation | title = Basic Beliefs: The Restoration of\Truth: The Restoration of the Priesthood | publisher = Official Web site of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints | url = http://www.mormon.org/mormonorg/eng/basic-beliefs/the-restoration-of-truth/the-restoration-of-the-priesthood | accessdate = 2 September 2009}} Paragraph 4</ref> and until 1978 was not open to people of [[Black people and Mormonism|black African descent]],<ref Name = "Declaration #2"/> who were sometimes characterized as "descendants of [[Cain]]".<ref>{{Citation |last=McConkie |first=Bruce |title=[[Mormon Doctrine]] | year=1966}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Taylor | first = John | title = Journal of Discourses | volume = 22
| issue = | pages = 304 | publisher = Albert Carringtonv 42 | location = Delivered At Sunday Afternoon [[General Conference (LDS Church)|General Conference]], Provo, UT, | date = 28 August 1881 | url = http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/JournalOfDiscourses3&CISOPTR=9616&REC=2 | accessdate = 2 September 2009}}</ref> The LDS Church gives its [[Aaronic priesthood (Latter Day Saints)|Aaronic priesthood]] to boys 12 years of age and older, while the Community of Christ generally restricts its priesthood to adult men and women.{{cn|date=November 2014}}

===Temples===
[[File:Community of Christ Temple located in Independence, Missouri.jpg|thumbnail|upright=.7|right|alt=[[Independence Temple]]|[[Independence Temple]] of the [[Community of Christ]] in Independence, Missouri.]]
{{main|Temple (Latter Day Saints)}}
{{see also | Kirtland Temple}}
Both the Community of Christ and the LDS Church operate [[temple (Latter Day Saints)|temples]], which for both groups are separate and distinct from church chapels or meetinghouses. The Community of Christ operates two temples, the [[Kirtland Temple]] and the [[Independence Temple]], while the LDS Church has more than 140.

The Community of Christ does not practice and has traditionally objected to the idea of [[Ordinance (Latter Day Saints)|sacraments or rituals]] being performed in its temples.<ref name = EASmith/> The Community of Christ's temples are open to the public<ref>{{Citation | title = Our Faith: Frequently Asked Questions: Do you perform sacraments in your Temple in Independence? | publisher = Official Web site of The Community of Christ | url = http://www.cofchrist.org/ourfaith/faq.asp | accessdate = 3 September 2009}}</ref> and are dedicated to the pursuit of peace, spiritual learning, and church history and administration. LDS Church temples are open only to approved members and are primarily used for the performance of rites such as the [[endowment (Mormonism)|endowment]], [[celestial marriage]], and [[baptism for the dead]]; these ordinances have never been embraced by the Community of Christ.<ref name = EASmith/>

Historically, the Community of Christ did include documents in its Doctrine and Covenants<ref>Community of Christ, Doctrine and Covenants [http://www.centerplace.org/hs/dc/ Sections 107, 109, 110, 113 and 123]</ref> which sanctioned baptism for the dead and other temple rites.<ref name = EASmith/> However, the Community of Christ considers that the institution of baptism for the dead was made conditional on the completion of the [[Nauvoo Temple]] in a reasonable amount of time.<ref name = "Baptism">Charles R. Hield and Russell F. Ralston, [http://www.centerplace.org/library/study/bap4dead.htm "Baptism for the Dead".]</ref> Because the membership of the church failed to complete the temple during Smith's lifetime, the Community of Christ teaches that the right to perform baptisms for the dead was withdrawn and has not been reinstituted.<ref name = "Baptism"/>

The 1970 World Conference of the Community of Christ concluded that sections 107, 109, and 110 (regarding baptism for the dead and temple rites) had been added to the 1844 edition of the Doctrine and Covenants without proper [[common consent (Latter Day Saints)|approval]] of a church conference. Thus, the conference [[Doctrine and Covenants#Portions removed from the Community of Christ edition|removed]]<ref Name = "DC107">Community of Christ, Doctrine and Covenants [http://www.centerplace.org/hs/dc/rdc-107.htm see header]</ref> those sections to a historical appendix.<ref Name = "DC107"/> The World Conference of 1990 subsequently removed the entire appendix from the Doctrine and Covenants.<ref Name = "DC107"/>

===Use of cross and other symbols===
The Community of Christ utilizes the symbol of the [[cross]] on its buildings and temples.<ref>[http://www.cofchrist.org/visit/virtual/EXTcross.html Official Web site of Community of Christ: Virtual Tour: Exterior Cross]</ref> The LDS Church does not use the cross on the grounds that "because the Savior lives, we do not use the symbol of His death as the symbol of our faith".<ref>
{{Citation | title = Gospel Topics: Cross | publisher = lds.org | url = http://www.lds.org/topics/cross | accessdate = 8 September 2009 }}</ref>

Most temples of the LDS Church include a statue of the [[Angel Moroni]] on a spire,<ref>Eight LDS temples do not have an angel Moroni (either in original design or added later). For list see [http://www.ldschurchtemples.com/articles/facts/ LDSChurchTemples.com: Interesting Facts: Angel Moroni Statues #1]</ref> but the church does not consider Moroni to be an official symbol and "has no policy regarding the use of statues of the angel Moroni atop temples", but rather includes or excludes a statue from each temple based on local circumstances.<ref name = "Greenwood">{{Citation | last = Greenwood | first = Val D. | title = I Have a Question | newspaper = Ensign | pages = 66–67 | date = July 1994 | url = http://www.lds.org/ensign/1994/07/i-have-a-question | accessdate = 8 September 2009}}</ref> The Community of Christ does not use the angel Moroni as a symbol.

In the United States, the [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs emblems for headstones and markers|Veterans Affairs (VA) emblem for headstones]] for LDS Church members is a stylized Angel Moroni. For the Community of Christ, the VA emblem is a stylized representation of a child standing between a lion and a lamb, which is an official logo of the Community of Christ.

===Polygamy===
{{see also | Mormonism and polygamy | Origin of Latter Day Saint polygamy}}

In the 19th century, the differences between the LDS Church and the RLDS Church regarding polygamy was the principal distinction between the two churches. The LDS Church openly practiced plural marriage from 1852 to 1890 and taught that the practice was instituted by Joseph Smith and taught in secret to members of the church before his death. For many years, the leaders of the RLDS Church were vocal critics of the LDS Church's polygamy and argued that the practice had been introduced by [[Brigham Young]] and falsely attributed to Smith after Smith's death. Polygamy was frequently denounced by RLDS leaders and the practice was never accepted by the church.<ref name="polyg">{{Citation | title = Our Faith: Frequently Asked Questions: What position does Community of Christ take on Joseph Smith Jr.'s alleged involvement in polygamy? | publisher = Official Web site of The Community of Christ | url = http://www.cofchrist.org/ourfaith/faq.asp | accessdate = 3 September 2009}}</ref> Smith's son [[Joseph Smith III]] and widow [[Emma Smith]] repeatedly taught that Smith opposed the practice and was not a polygamist.<ref>{{Harvnb|Whitmer|1887}}</ref><ref>''[[Times and Seasons]]'', volume 5, page [http://www.centerplace.org/history/ts/v5n03.htm 423], [http://www.centerplace.org/history/ts/v5n06.htm 474].</ref><ref>''[[Millennial Star]]'' '''4''':144 (January 1844).</ref>

Today, although the Community of Christ has no official position on whether Smith was a polygamist,<ref name="polyg"/> some members now accept the historical consensus that Smith [[List of the wives of Joseph Smith|had multiple wives]]. Some members have argued that Smith was wrong to introduce polygamy;<ref name = "polyg"/> in any case, most Community of Christ members continue to reject polygamy.<ref name = EASmith/><ref name = "polyg"/> Today, most members of the LDS Church also oppose the practice of polygamy, though the church retains a document in its Doctrine and Covenants that justifies the practice.

===Tithing===
Traditionally, the Community of Christ taught that tithing should be calculated as one-tenth of a member’s discretionary income.<ref name = "Path">[http://www.cofchrist.org/templeschool/Curriculum/te231.asp Stewardship: An Old Path Made New], webpage, retrieved June 24, 2006</ref> The LDS Church teaches that it is ten percent of one's annual income,<ref>[http://www.lds.org/topics/tithing "Tithing"], lds.org.</ref> with it left to the member to determine how to calculate it (e.g., whether it is ten percent of income after or before tax). Recently, the Community of Christ has adopted a program known as Disciples' Generous Response, which encourages financial generosity as a response to God rather than as a set calculated obligation.<ref name = "Path"/>

===Apostasy and Restoration===
[[File:Joseph Smith first vision stained glass.jpg|right|thumb|[[Stained glass]] depiction of the first vision of [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]], completed in 1913 by an unknown artist (LDS Museum of Church History and Art).]]
{{main|Restoration (Latter Day Saints)}}
The LDS Church teaches that Joseph Smith restored the fullness of the gospel after a centuries long period known as the [[great apostasy]].<ref name = "Talmage">[[James E. Talmage]], ''[[The Great Apostasy (book)|The Great Apostasy]]'' (1909, Salt Lake City: Deseret Book) [http://books.google.com/books?id=yJn69K_Q0y0C]</ref><ref name = "Barker">''Apostasy from The Divine Church'' by [[James L. Barker]]</ref> The LDS Church therefore characterizes itself as a restoration of fallen Christianity and the [[one true church]] that exists.<ref name = "Talmage"/> In contrast, the Community of Christ has abandoned its traditional tenet that it is the one true church and has adopted a viewpoint that all faith traditions can offer a pathway to [[Enlightenment (spiritual)|spiritual enlightenment]].<ref>{{Citation | title = Basic Beliefs: The Church | publisher = Official Web site of The Community of Christ | url = http://www.cofchrist.org/OurFaith/faith-beliefs.asp | accessdate = 2 September 2009}}</ref> Barbara McFarlane Higdon has called the Community of Christ a "unique member of the body of Christ, the universal community of believers."<ref>Higdon, Barbara McFarlane, "Faith and Beliefs: The Church," HERALD, September 2006, p. 22-23.</ref> Higdon also suggests that prior claims that the church had been "restored" were tantamount to idolatry. The Community of Christ has therefore moved towards [[ecumenism]] and inter-faith dialogue. Nevertheless, the Community of Christ "steadfastly affirms the primacy of continuing revelation instead of creedal rigidity". The Community of Christ's Doctrine and Covenants continues to contain documents that declare that the church is the one true church.<ref>[http://www.centerplace.org/hs/dc/rdc-001.htm Community of Christ, Doctrine and Covenants Section 1]</ref>

Today, the [[Community of Christ]] generally refers to Joseph Smith's [[First Vision]] as the "grove experience" and takes a flexible view about its historicity,<ref>According to its website, the church "does not legislate or mandate positions on issues of history. We place confidence in sound historical methodology as it relates to our church story. We believe that historians and other researchers should be free to come to whatever conclusions they feel are appropriate after careful consideration of documents and artifacts to which they have access. We benefit greatly from the significant contributions of the historical discipline." [http://www.cofchrist.org/ourfaith/faq.asp Community of Christ website.]</ref> emphasizing the healing presence of God and the forgiving mercy of Jesus Christ felt by Smith.<ref>[http://www.cofchrist.org/history/default.asp Our History - Introduction]</ref> In contrast, the LDS Church strongly affirms the reality of the First Vision and emphasizes its role as the beginning of the restoration of the gospel through God's chosen prophet.

==Summary chart==
{| class="wikitable"
|
! scope="col" | Community of Christ
! scope="col" | LDS Church
|-
! scope="row" | Approximate membership
| 250,000
| 15 million
|-
! scope="row" | Headquarters
| [[Independence, Missouri]]
| [[Salt Lake City, Utah]]
|-
! scope="row" | Open canon
| Yes
| Yes
|-
! scope="row" | Bible
| [[Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible|Inspired Version]]
| [[King James Version]] in [[LDS edition of the Bible|LDS edition]] or other language-appropriate edition; [[Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible|Inspired Version]] is respected but not canonized
|-
! scope="row" | [[Book of Mormon]]
| Accepts as scripture
| Accepts as scripture
|-
! scope="row" | [[Doctrine and Covenants]]
| 166 documents 51 non–Joseph Smith documents
| 140 documents five non–Joseph Smith documents
|-
! scope="row" | [[Pearl of Great Price (Mormonism)|Pearl of Great Price]]
| Rejects Accepts as scripture only the parts the LDS Church refers to as the [[Book of Moses]] and [[Joseph Smith–Matthew]]
| Accepts as scripture, including the [[Book of Moses]], [[Book of Abraham]], [[Joseph Smith–Matthew]], [[Joseph Smith–History]], and the [[Articles of Faith (Latter Day Saints)|Articles of Faith]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[President of the Church|Presidential]] tenure and succession
| President may choose to retire and may appoint successor Succession traditionally based on [[Lineal succession (Latter Day Saints)|lineal descent]] from Joseph Smith; now abandoned in favor of appointment by retiring president or apostolic selection by inspiration
| President serves in position until death and does not appoint a successor before death Succession based on apostolic seniority combined with apostolic selection by inspiration
|-
! scope="row" | Godhead
| [[Trinity|Trinitarian]]
| Three distinct personage Gods united in purpose
|-
! scope="row" | [[Exaltation (Latter Day Saints)|Exaltation]]
| Rejects
| Accepts
|-
! scope="row" | [[Adam–God doctrine]]
| Rejects
| Traditionally accepted; now rejects
|-
! scope="row" | [[Plural marriage|Polygamy]]
| Rejects
| Traditionally accepted; now rejects but retains scriptural basis in the Doctrine and Covenants
|-
! scope="row" | [[Priesthood (Latter Day Saints)|Priesthood]]
| Open to all races Open to women since 1984 Open to adults
| Open to all races since 1978 (previous [[Black people and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|black African descent prohibition]]) Open to men only Open to boys beginning at age 12
|-
! scope="row" | [[Temple (Latter Day Saints)|Temples]]
| 2 Open to the public Dedicated to peace, spiritual learning, and church administration and history
| 145 Open only to members Dedicated to performance of standardized [[ordinance (Latter Day Saints)|ordinances]] and [[covenant (Latter Day Saints)|covenant]]-making
|-
! scope="row" | [[Endowment (Mormonism)|Endowment]]
| Rejects
| Accepts
|-
! scope="row" | [[Baptism for the dead]]
| Rejects
| Accepts
|-
! scope="row" | [[Celestial marriage]] and [[sealing (Latter Day Saints)|family sealing]]
| Rejects
| Accepts
|-
! scope="row" | Cross as a symbol
| Accepts
| Rejects
|-
! scope="row" | [[Angel Moroni]] as a symbol
| Rejects
| Accepts, but not as an official symbol
|-
! scope="row" | Tithing
| One-tenth of discretionary income More flexible "Disciples' Generous Response" has been introduced
| One-tenth of annual income (member decides how to calculate)
|-
! scope="row" | [[First Vision]]
| Referred to as the "grove experience" No position on historicity Focus on the healing presence of God and the forgiving mercy of Jesus Christ for Joseph Smith
| Accepted as a foundational historical event Smith's 1838 account is canonized as part of [[Joseph Smith–History]] Focus on its role as the beginning of the restoration of the gospel through a prophet chosen by God
|-
! scope="row" | Is it the [[one true church]]?
| Traditionally, yes; more recently, no
| Yes
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.cofchrist.org/ Official Website of the Community of Christ]
*[http://www.lds.org/ Official Web site of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]
*[http://www.heraldhouse.org/ Herald House, official publishing arm of the Community of Christ]
*[http://www.jwha.info John Whitmer Historical Association, a scholarly society focused on Community of Christ history]

==Denominational tree==
{{Mormon denomination tree}}

{{Community of Christ}}
{{Latter Day Saint movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Community Of Christ (Differentiation From Lds Church)}}
[[Category:Community of Christ]]
[[Category:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]
[[Category:Latter Day Saint doctrines, beliefs, and practices]]

Rock or Bust

2014-10-10T07:41:56Z

TutterMouse: WPCleaner v1.33 - Fixed using WP:WCW (External link with a line break)

{{Infobox album| 
| Name = Rock or Bust
| Type = studio
| Artist = [[AC/DC]]
| Cover = Rock or Bust.jpg
| Alt =
| Released = {{Start date|2014|11|28|df=y}}
| Genre = [[Hard rock]]
| Recorded = Spring 2014 at [[The Warehouse Studio|Warehouse Studio]], [[Vancouver, British Columbia|Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]]
| Label = [[Albert Music|Albert]]/[[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
| Length = 34:54
| Producer = [[Brendan O'Brien (record producer)|Brendan O'Brien]]
| Last album = ''[[Live at River Plate]]'' (2012)
| This album = '''''Rock or Bust''''' (2014)
| Next album =
| Misc = {{Singles
| Name = Rock or Bust
| Type = studio
| single 1 = Play Ball
| single 1 date = October 7, 2014
| single 2 = Rock Or Bust
| single 2 date = November 19th, 2014
}}}}

'''''Rock or Bust''''' is an upcoming album by Australian [[hard rock]] band [[AC/DC]]. It will be the band's fifteenth internationally released studio album and the sixteenth to be released in Australia. It will be the shortest studio album ever released by the band. At under 35 minutes, it is two minutes shorter than their previous shortest album, ''[[Flick of the Switch]]'', released in 1983.

==Overview==
Due to be released on 28 November 2014 in Australia and on 2 December 2014 elsewhere, ''Rock or Bust'' will mark the band's first original recordings since 2008's ''[[Black Ice (album)|Black Ice]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/acdc-confirm-malcolm-youngs-retirement-rock-or-bust-album-and-world-tour-20140924-10lmlf.html |title=AC/DC confirm Malcolm Young's retirement, ''Rock or Bust'' album and world tour |date=24 September 2014 |accessdate=7 October 2014 |publisher=Syndey Morning Herald}}</ref>

''Rock or Bust'' will be the band's first album without founding member and rhythm guitarist [[Malcolm Young]], who left the band in 2014 for health reasons.<ref name=MalcolmQuits>{{cite web|title=AC/DC ‘ROCK OR BUST’|url=http://albertmusic.com/news/ac-dc-rock-or-bust|publisher=Alberts Management|accessdate=24 September 2014}}</ref> Malcolm's departure was later clarified by the band and their management, saying that Malcolm was officially diagnosed with dementia and will possibly never play again.

Before the album was officially announced, [[Brian Johnson]] admitted that it was difficult to make the album without Malcolm Young. He brought about the idea that the album could be called ''Man Down'', but believed the title felt too negative towards Malcolm's situation and overall health.<ref>http://ultimateclassicrock.com/brian-johnson-malcolm-young-comments/</ref>

In 2015, the band will embark on a world tour to promote ''Rock or Bust'' and celebrate the band's 40th anniversary.<ref name=Guardian>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/sep/24/acdc-confirm-departure-of-malcolm-young-new-album-rock-or-bust|title=AC/DC's Malcolm Young departs as new album Rock or Bust announced|date=24 September 2014|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=24 September 2014|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140924153656/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/sep/24/acdc-confirm-departure-of-malcolm-young-new-album-rock-or-bust|archivedate=24 September 2014}}</ref> Malcolm Young will be replaced by his and Angus' nephew, [[Stevie Young]].<ref name=MalcolmQuits/>

==Recording==
The album was recorded at Warehouse Studio in Vancouver, Canada with producer [[Brendan O'Brien (record producer)|Brendan O'Brien]] and mixer [[Mike Fraser]].<ref name=MalcolmQuits/>

==Singles==
The first single "Play Ball" was first used on 27 September 2014 in a trailer for [[Major League Baseball on TBS]] postseason coverage,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ultimateclassicrock.com/acdc-play-ball-trailer/ |title=Listen to AC/DC's new song "Play Ball" in posteason baseball trailer |date=26 September 2014 |accessdate=7 October 2014 |publisher=Ultimare Classic Rock}}</ref> and the single was released on 7 October, the same day as the tracklisting and artwork were revealed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ultimateclassicrock.com/acdc-play-ball/ |title=Hear AC/DC's "Play Ball" and check out ''Rock or Bust'' cover art |date=7 October 2014 |publisher=Ultimate Classic Rock}}</ref> It became available on [[iTunes]] for those who pre-ordered the album.

The second single, "Rock or Bust" will be officially released on 19 November,{{cn|date=October 2014}} along with the song's official video, which was filmed in front of 500 fans in London on 4 October. The song leaked by accident when it was uploaded to the AC/DC YouTube account instead of "Play Ball".

==Track listing==
<ref>https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/rock-or-bust/id923586222</ref>
<ref>http://www.acdcfans.net/forum/comments.php?DiscussionID=6987&page=1#Item_4</ref>
<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2014/10/08/ac-dc-play-ball-rock-or-bust-track-list/16906121/ The track list for Rock or Bust -- USA Today]</ref>
{{track listing
| title1 = Rock or Bust
| length1 = 3:04
| title2 = Play Ball
| length2 = 2:47
| title3 = Rock the Blues Away
| length3 = 3:24
| title4 = Miss Adventure
| length4 = 2:57
| title5 = Dogs of War
| length5 = 3:35
| title6 = Got Some Rock & Roll Thunder
| length6 = 3:22
| title7 = Hard Times
| length7 = 2:44
| title8 = Baptism by Fire
| length8 = 3:30
| title9 = Rock the House
| length9 = 2:42
| title10 = Sweet Candy
| length10 = 3:09
| title11 = Emission Control
| length11 = 3:41
}}

==Personnel==
*[[Brian Johnson]] – [[lead vocals]]
*[[Angus Young]] – [[lead guitar]]
*[[Stevie Young]] – [[rhythm guitar]], [[backing vocals]]
*[[Cliff Williams]] – [[bass guitar]], backing vocals
*[[Phil Rudd]] – [[drum kit|drums]], [[percussion instrument|percussion]]

==References==
{{Reflist|25em}}

{{AC/DC}}

[[Category:2014 albums]]
[[Category:AC/DC albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Brendan O'Brien]]
[[Category:English-language albums]]
[[Category:Upcoming albums]]

Judicaël Perroy

2014-06-12T17:20:39Z

TutterMouse: WPCleaner v1.33 - Fixed using WP:WCW (Reference before punctuation)

{{multiple issues|
{{close paraphrasing|date=June 2014}}
{{lead too short|date=June 2014}}
{{peacock|date=June 2014}}
}}



'''Judicaël Perroy''' (b. July 21, 1973, [[Paris]]) is a French classical guitarist and teacher.

== Early life and education ==

Perroy saw his father doodle amateurishly with an [[acoustic guitar]] early on<ref name=suitablename>Classical Guitar: Judicaël Perroy in Conversation with Danielle Ribouillault, Volume 26, Issue 12; p.11, August 2008, ISSN 0950-429X, Ashley Mark Publishing Company. </ref> Enrolled at the age of seven at the Paris Academy of Music (''Conservatoire Municipal Inter-Arrondissements de Paris'') he, like other students, started learning the foundations of [[classical music]] and the workings of his chosen instrument, the guitar. It was during these early years of formation that one day he claims to have an epiphany: "All of a sudden, I understood how the instrument worked, technically".<ref name=suitablename/> From that moment on, he says that playing the guitar became easy. In 1983, at the age of ten, he enrolled at the ''National School Academy of Aulnay-sous-Bois'' (a northeastern suburb of Paris) and came under the tutelage of Delia Estrada, Roberto Aussel and later, Raymond Gratien.<ref name=suitablename/> He was dubbed a "child prodigy"<ref name="name">The Classical Guitar: Its Evolution, Players and Personalities Since 1800, Maurice J. Summerfield, p. 223, Fifth Edition 2002, ISBN 1-872639-46-1, Ashley Mark Publishing Company.</ref> At the age of eleven he performed two [[Vivaldi]] concertos as soloist accompanied by a full orchestra directed by the conductor Andre Girard. The venue was the Theatre du Mans, in [[Le Mans]], a city in central France.<ref name=availablename>California State University Fullerton College of the Arts, Judicaël Perroy's Concert Program, Thursday April 10, 2014 </ref>
== Career ==

A second prize placement at the ''International Competition of the Ile-de-France'' in 1988<ref name="name">The Classical Guitar: Its Evolution, Players and Personalities Since 1800, Maurice J. Summerfield, p. 223, Fifth Edition 2002, ISBN 1-872639-46-1, Ashley Mark Publishing Company </ref> at the age of fourteen was a start for Perroy. In 1988, he graduated ''[[summa cum laude]]'' and was awarded first prize by the Academy. He continued his studies, first privately with Pablo Márquez <ref name=suitablename/> then with Roberto Aussel and Daniel Lavialle.<ref name=availablename/> After starting courses in Economics and Mathematics at the university, he stopped playing the guitar for two years, from 17 to 19 years of age.<ref name=suitablename/> He restarted playing a few weeks before the ''15ème Concours International de guitarre René Bartoli'' at the urging of Raymond Gratien <ref name=suitablename/> and won Grand prize (awarded by the jury) as well as Audience prize (awarded by the public in attendance). Perroy then went on to earn his diploma from the ''École Normale de Musique de Paris'' in 1994 after attending classes with Alberto Ponce.<ref name="name">The Classical Guitar: Its Evolution, Players and Personalities Since 1800, Maurice J. Summerfield, p. 223, Fifth Edition 2002, ISBN 1-872639-46-1, Ashley Mark Publishing Company</ref> The same year he earned his License de Concert (1994), he competed in the ''7th International Guitar Competition of Bourg-Madame'', placing first by audience assignment.<ref name="name">The Classical Guitar: Its Evolution, Players and Personalities Since 1800, Maurice J. Summerfield, p. 223, Fifth Edition 2002, ISBN 1-872639-46-1, Ashley Mark Publishing Company</ref><ref name=availablename/> Two years later (1996) he was the first prize winner of the graduating class of the ''Conservatoire National de Musique et de Dance de Paris''.<ref name="name">The Classical Guitar: Its Evolution, Players and Personalities Since 1800, Maurice J. Summerfield, p. 223, Fifth Edition 2002, ISBN 1-872639-46-1, Ashley Mark Publishing Company</ref> He then entered the international scene by winning the prestigious ''[[Guitar Foundation of America]] International Solo Competition''<ref name="name">The Classical Guitar: Its Evolution, Players and Personalities Since 1800, Maurice J. Summerfield, p. 223, Fifth Edition 2002, ISBN 1-872639-46-1, Ashley Mark Publishing Company</ref> <ref name=available name/> <ref name="name>California State University Fullerton College of the Arts, Judicaël Perroy's Concert Program, Thursday April 10, 2014</ref><ref>[http://www.adelaidefestivalcentre.com.au/guitar-festival/artists/judicael-perroy/ Adelaide Festival Centre]</ref><ref>[http://www.guitarfoundation.org/?page=PastICACWinners ICACW winners]</ref> of 1997 held that year in [[La Jolla]], [[California]]. The prize came with a sixty-city tour of North America in 1998. Subsequently, he toured the globe both as performer and teacher. Many of his students had been competition winners, three of them winning the GFA, including [[Thomas_Viloteau]].<ref name=suitablename/>

== Current academic positions ==

Judicael Perroy lives in Paris. He has held the titles of Professor of Classical Guitar at the following institutions: Pôle sup' 93 Seine-Saint-Denis-Île-de-France (Aubervilliers) (2012 - present); L'Association de préfiguration du Pôle Superiour d'enseignements artistiques (apPSEA) at Lille (Nord-Pas-de-Calais) (2010 - present); and L'École Nationale de Musique d'Aulnay-sous-Bois (2004 - present).<ref name=availablename/>

== Musicology ==

Judicaël Perroy's discography is varied and mostly of traditional classical composers ([[JS Bach]]; [[Mauro Giuliani]]; [[Handel]]; [[Isaac Albéniz]]) but also for the more modern guitar repertoire ([[Piazzola]]; [[Nũnez]]; [[Nikita Koshkin]]). His transcription of Bach's second keyboard partita in C minor BWV 826, a first for the classical guitar, was released on the [[Naxos Records]] label in 2010 as part of an all Bach CD.

== Discography ==

*''Quantum'' (1998): [[Paganini]]; Granados; [[Albéniz]]; Dodgson.
*''Bayard Musique'' (new distribution, not reissued): Aspen Suite (2000); Albéniz; Giuliani; Barrios; Nuñez; Piazzolla; Koshkin.
*''Mel Bay'' (1999): Live Recital at Texas Tech University, [[Lubbock, Texas]]: Barrios; Piazzolla; Nuñez; Paganini; Giuliani; Bach; Albéniz.
*''Bayard Musique'' (2001): ''Méditation (flute and Guitar)'' with Florence Bellon: Anonymous; Schubert (arr. Mertz); Vivaldi; Handel; Castérède; Bach; Dowland; Giuliani; Poulenc; Debussy; Ravel.
*''Bayard Musique'' (2002): ''Méditation (harp and guitar)'' with Joanna Kozielska: Rodrigo; Pachelbel; Handel; Respighi; Debussy; Anonymous; Bach; Handel; Albinoni; Beethoven; Albéniz.
*''Soundset'': ''The Well-tempered Koshkin'' (2000) Participation in trio with Frank Koonce and Nikita Koshkin.
*''Bayard Musique'' (2008): ''La Magie de la Guitare'': Vivaldi; Bach; Schubert; Paganini; Albéniz; Granados; Anonymous; Rossini; Handel; Giuliani; Barrios; Piazzola; Nuñez; Koshkin.
*''Naxos'' (2010): ''[[J. S. Bach]], Transcriptions for Guitar'', Partita No. 2, BWV 826; Suite, BWV 997; Prelude, Fugue and Allegro, BWV 998; Concerto, BWV 972.

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Persondata
| NAME =Perroy, Judicaël
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = musician and professor
| DATE OF BIRTH = July 21, 1973
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Paris
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Perroy, Judicael}}
[[Category:Classical guitarists]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

O. T. Fagbenle

2014-06-04T08:48:33Z

TutterMouse: WPCleaner v1.33 - Fixed using WP:WCW (External link with a line break)

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2010}}
{{Infobox person
| name = O-T Fagbenle
| image = MEN awards.jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| birth_name = Olatunde Olateju Olaolorun
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1981|01|22}}
| birth_place = [[London]], [[England]]
| occupation = Actor, songwriter, director
| years_active = 2002–present
| alma mater = [[Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]]
| website =
}}
'''O. T. (Olatunde Olateju Olaolorun) <ref name=ivymunrointerview>[http://www.ivymunro.com/entertainment/interviews-a-news/269-o-t-fagbenleone-of-many] ivymunro.com, 31 October 2010.</ref> Fagbenle''' (also known as '''O-T''' and '''OT''') is a British actor, writer, and director. He has appeared in several films, stage, and television productions.

==Early life==
Born in [[London]] to a [[Nigeria]]n journalist father and a [[United Kingdom|British]] mother, Fagbenle moved to [[Spain]] as a child and started learning the [[alto saxophone]]. Within a year he was playing for the South Coast Jazz Band and toured the [[Edinburgh Festival]].<ref name=ashbee>[http://ashbee.net/rada/grad01/fag.html] ashbee.net, 15 March 2001.</ref><ref name=imdbbio>[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1282966/bio] imdb.com, 11 November 2004.</ref> He moved back to England where he continued to perform as a musician in big bands at the [[Wembley Arena]] and the [[Royal Albert Hall]].<ref name=ashbee/> His younger brother is actor [[Luti Fagbenle]] <ref name="ivymunrointerview"/>

==Acting career==

===Theatre===
He started acting at the age of 14 for the Ritual Theatre Arts and was given the lead role in an adaptation of [[William Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Macbeth]]'', performing at international venues and at central London's [[The UCL Bloomsbury|Bloomsbury Theatre]]. He trained at the [[Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts]]<ref name=ashbee/> and graduated early to make his graduate debut at the [[Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester|Royal Exchange Theatre]], [[Manchester]] in ''Les Blancs'' in 2001.

Fagbenle continued his Shakespearean roles performing in ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'' as [[Mercutio]] in a national tour culminating at the [[Hong Kong Arts Festival]] 2004 the evening telegraph said of his performance "O-T Fagbenle achieves the impossible by almost overshadowing the young lovers with his inspired performance of Mercutio".<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/news-articles/coventry-evening-telegraph-england/mi_7969/is_2003_Nov_13/juliet-woeful-art-thou-reviews/ai_n33589505/] findarticles.com, 13 November 2003.</ref>

Fagbenle was soon offered his first all out lead. Outstanding reviews<ref>[http://www.thestage.co.uk/reviews/review.php/2060] thestage.com, 10 May 2004.</ref><ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/reviews/six-degrees-of-separation-royal-exchange-theatre-manchester-561325.html] independent.com, 27 April 2004.</ref><ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/stage/2004/apr/24/theatre] guardian.co.uk, 27 April 2004.</ref><ref>[http://www.reviewsgate.com/index.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1715] reviewsgate.com, 26 April 2004.</ref> preceded a [[Manchester Evening News|M.E.N.]] Theatre award for best actor in a leading role<ref>[http://www.britishtheatreguide.info/news/MENA2004-win.htm] britishtheatreguide.com, 9 December 2004.</ref> for his portrayal of a man claiming to be [[Sidney Poitier]]'s son in [[John Guare]]'s award-winning play ''[[Six Degrees of Separation (play)|Six Degrees of Separation]]''.

In 2008, Fagbenle flew to [[Paris]] for world-renowned theatre director [[Peter Brook]], to help workshop and develop Brook's international production of Tierno Bokar.

Fagbenle played the role of Sportin' Life, in [[Trevor Nunn|Sir Trevor Nunn]]'s award winning production of ''[[Porgy and Bess]]'' at the [[Savoy Theatre]] in the [[West End of London]] (a part played by [[Cab Calloway]] in the opera and [[Sammy Davis Jr.]] in the feature film).<ref>[http://london.broadway.com/blog/id/3005838/O-TFagbenle O-T Fagbenle] London.Broadway.com, 7 February 2007.</ref> Fagbenle received outstanding reviews across the board,<ref>[http://africanmoviestar.com/tag/awards/] africanmoviestar.com, 10 March 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.reviewsgate.com/index.php?name=News&file=article&sid=3150] reviewsgate.com, 22 November 2006.</ref><ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/stage/2006/nov/10/theatre] guardian.co.uk, 10 November 2006.</ref><ref>[http://www.indielondon.co.uk/Theatre-Review/porgy-and-bess-savoy-theatre-review] indielondon.com, 10 November 2006.</ref><ref>[http://www.britishtheatreguide.info/reviews/porgybessnunn-rev.htm] British theatre guide.com, 10 November 2006.</ref> ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' magazine's review remarked 'There are moments everything take wing as a musical, mostly whenever Fagbenle's splendidly serpentine, easeful Sportin' Life is around. Light on his feet, his every moment is poised and polished.'<ref>[http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117932102.html?categoryid=33&cs=1&query=porgy+and+bess+nunn] Variety.com, 12 November 2006.</ref>

In 2012, London England, O-T took on the role of Slupianek, (originated by [[Alan Cumming]]) in 'The Conquest of the Sout Pole', at the Arcola and Rose Theatres. Again Fagbenle won critical acclaim across the board for his performance, with TimeOut, The British Theatre Guide, Spoonfed, Whatsonstage.com and industry standard 'The Stage' all exclaiming his performance as 'Charismatic'.<ref name="onestoparts.com">[http://onestoparts.com/review-conquest-of-the-south-pole-arcola-theatre] onestopparts.co.uk, 1 May 2012.</ref><ref name="timeout.com">[http://www.timeout.com/london/theatre/event/261305/the-conquest-of-the-south-pole] timeout.co.uk, 2 May 2012.</ref><ref name="britishtheatreguide.info">[http://www.britishtheatreguide.info/reviews/the-conquest-of-arcola-theatre-7478] britishtheatreguidet.co.uk, 2 May 2012.</ref>
<ref>[http://www.thestage.co.uk/reviews/review.php/36022/the-conquest-of-the-south-pole] Thestage.com, 25 May 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.whatsonstage.com/reviews/theatre/london/E8831335886157/The+Conquest+of+the+South+Pole.html] whatsonstage.co.uk, 2 May 2012.</ref> Fagbenle went on to be Panel nominated for 'Best Male Performance' at the prestigious Off West End Awards.<ref name="offwestend.com">[http://www.offwestend.com/index.php/pages/the_offies] offwestend.com, 25 May 2012.</ref>

===Film===
Fagbenle has also appeared in [[Academy award]]-winning director [[Anthony Minghella]]'s movie ''[[Breaking and Entering (film)|Breaking and Entering]]''<ref name=imdbname>[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1282966/] imdb.com, 15 March 2001.</ref> with [[Jude Law]] and [[Juliette Binoche]].

Fagbenle portrayed Sean, an American television star opposite Oscar nominated [[Michelle Pfeiffer]], in [[Amy Heckerling]]'s ''[[I Could Never Be Your Woman]]''. <ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0466839/</ref>

In 2010 O-T starred opposite Golden Globe winner [[Sandra Oh]] in movie Scaredy Cat. <ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1659253/</ref>

O-T is rumoured (2014) to be playing Mark Duggan in an upcoming movie Lions Tigers Bears.

===Television===
Fagbenle starred in a sitcom for the [[BBC]] called ''[[Grownups (2006 TV series)|Grownups]]'' and appeared in the British TV series [[Agatha Christie]]'s ''[[Marple (ITV TV series)|Marple]]''.
He also played 'Other Dave' in the two part [[Doctor Who]] story ''[[Silence in the Library]]'' and ''[[Forest of the Dead]]''.
He starred in ''[[Little Miss Jocelyn]]'' as Mrs Owukupopo's dead husband (number 2) and the hilarious YouTube hit 'Postman Black'(2004–06) in Little Miss Jocelyn [[BBC]].
Fagbenle starred in two dramas for the [[BBC]],<ref name=imdbname/> including the role of [[Walter Tull]] in ''Walter's War'', a biopic of the first mixed-heritage officer in the [[British Army]] in which he again garnered outstanding international reviews<ref>[http://torontoist.com/2009/1/televisualist_the_best_comedy_show_on_tv_has_a_fart_machine.php] torontoist.com, 23 November 2009.</ref><ref>[http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/features?articleid=4674172] thescotsman.com, 8 November 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/3562990/The-weekends-television-choices.html] telegraph.co.uk, 8 November 2008.</ref><ref>[http://thecustardtv.blogspot.com/2008/11/walters-war-bbc4.html] thecustardtv.com, 11 November 2008.</ref>

In January 2010 Fagbenle took a leading role as Chris in the [[BBC One]] flagship show ''[[Material Girl (TV Series)|Material Girl]]'',<ref name=imdbname/> starring [[Dervla Kirwan]] (''[[Doctor Who]]'') and [[Lenora Crichlow]] (''[[Being Human (UK TV series)|Being Human]]'', ''[[Sugar Rush (TV Series)|Sugar Rush]]''). Off the back of his performance he went on to be cast in the 2011 American romantic comedy 'Double Wedding'.

Fagbenle had a lead role in the TV series ''[[Thorne (TV series)|Thorne]]'', which adapted the [[Mark Billingham]] novels 'Sleepyhead' and 'Scaredy Cat'.<ref name=imdbname/> They were directed by ''[[24 (TV series)|24]]'' producer [[Stephen Hopkins (director)|Stephen Hopkins]] and the second starred [[Emmy]] award winning actress [[Sandra Oh]]. Fagbenle also appeared as 'Mark Lightfoot' in episode six of the first season of ''[[Death in Paradise (TV series)|Death in Paradise]]'' in 2011.

In 2012 after taking some time out to 'do some theatre and develop [his] writing projects' O-T accepted a lead role in the BBC comedy 'Quick Cuts' alongside cult comedy actress and star of Smack the Pony Doon Mackichan.

In 2014 O-T starred in the first series of [[HBO|HBO's]] original drama ''[[Looking]]''. He played 'Frank' a sweet hearted musician from Ohio having trouble with his live in partner.

Later that year O-T was cast as the all out lead in the BBC's biggest budget crime drama of all time - The Interceptor. O-T playing the interceptor himself - Ash.

==Radio==
For several months in 2004 he took the part of Kwame in the [[BBC World Service]] radio [[soap opera]] ''[[Westway (1997 radio series)|Westway]]''.

He has performed multiple times for the BBC including the lead role in ''[[Six Degrees of Separation (play)|Six Degrees of Separation]]'', playing [[Marvin Gaye]] in a [[biopic]], and two roles in the [[BBC Radio]] adaptation of ''[[The Color Purple]]'', which went on to win the [[Sony Radio Academy Awards]] for Drama in 2009.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00k9hgg] bbc.co.uk, 24 October 2009.</ref>

==Writing and Directing==
In 2008 he authored an article which appeared in a double page spread in the national Nigerian newspaper ''The Guardian'' about the life and times of Walter Tull.

In 2011 O-T wrote and directed the cult black comedy 'Kandi and the Jinn'
<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1282966/] imbd.com, 24 may 2012.</ref>

In 2012 O-T was commissioned by the BBC to help develop the comedy 'Quick Cuts'. Later that same year O-T was commissioned by the Theatre Royal Stratford East to develop and write his one man play 'Synthesis'.

After a being awarded a fund by the Nigerian high commission/TRSE to write and direct a teaser for his movie idea, O-T was commissioned by Bafta-nominated Lutimedia to develop Big Bad Blood a teen comedy T.V series. <ref>https://vimeo.com/59478697</ref>

In 2014 O-T wrote, directed and executive produced the 'Remarkable' short film, MOTH, starring [[Tamzin Outhwaite]]. MOTH was later made an part of the official selection at the Los Angeles SreamFest Film Festival.

==Music==
Along with a starring actor credit, Fagbenle composed the music and penned the lyrics for several songs for the [[NBC]] drama ''Quarterlife'', created by [[Marshall Herskovitz]] and Oscar©-winner [[Ed Zwick]].<ref>[http://seeika.ning.com/page/quarterlife-part-30] quarterlife.com, 18 September 2008.</ref>

In 2011 O-T Co-wrote the song "Storm" for Grammy nominated artist [[Tyga]] on his ''Black Thoughts Vol. 2'' mixtape and received over 8 million hits on worldstarhiphop.com.<ref>[http://www.worldstarhiphop.com/videos/video.php?v=wshh36q6FyR5Qvx4eH42] worldstarhiphop.com, 25 May 2012.</ref> The song features vocalist Stefano Moses, a long-time musical collaborator with Fagbenle.

==Awards and History==

Taking on the lead in the BBC's "Walters War", O-T became the first mixed race (black and white) actor to play a title role in the history of UK television Drama.

Fagbenle has been honoured by the [[Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]] (of which [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] is patron) by being included in the ''100 faces of RADA'' along with [[Anthony Hopkins|Sir Anthony Hopkins]], [[Clive Owen]] and [[John Gielgud|Sir John Gielgud]].<ref name=imdbbio/>

After John W Bubbles in the Opera and Sammy Davis Jr in the film O-T originated the role of Sportin' Life in the world premiere of ''[[Porgy and Bess]] - The Musical'' at the Savoy theatre in London's West End.
<ref>[http://www.theatermania.com/west-end-theater/shows/the-gershwins-porgy-and-bess_122946/]</ref>

Fagbenle was awarded Best Actor in a Leading role at the M.E.N. awards for his performance in ''Six Degrees of Separation''.<ref>[http://www.citylife.co.uk/theatre_dance/news/9432_denise_and_o_t_reign_at_m_e_n__awards] citylife.co.uk, 16 March 2010.</ref>

He was the recipient of an Outstanding Achievement Award at the 13th African Film Awards.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/3414/3/night-of-glitz-as-african-movie-award-holds-in-lon.html | title=Night of glitz, as African Movie Award holds in London | author=Gbenga-Ogundare, Yejide | publisher=modernghana.com | date=27 November 2008 | accessdate=31 December 2010 }}</ref>

O-T originated the role of "Perry" in the Royal Court's production of the award winning production of Fallout. <ref>http://www.royalcourttheatre.com/whats-on/fallout</ref>

In 2012 O-T was nominated for Best Male Performance at the Off West End Awards for his 'charismatic' <ref name="onestoparts.com"/><ref name="timeout.com"/><ref name="britishtheatreguide.info"/> portrayal of Slupianek in The Conquest of the South Pole <ref name="offwestend.com"/>

==Selected filmography==
*''[[EastEnders]]'' (2002), Angels
*''420 Seconds of Love'' (2002), Ben
*''[[As If (British TV series)|As If]]'' (2004) TV drama, Tyler
*''[[Casualty (television)|Casualty]]'' (2004), Terry O'Brien
*''[[Hollyoaks]]'' (2004), James Walker
*''Doctors Between the Lines'' (2005), Todd Dexter
*''[[Breaking and Entering (film)|Breaking and Entering]]'' (2006), Joe
*''[[Grownups (2006 TV series)|Grownups]]'' (2006), Dean
*''[[I Could Never Be Your Woman]]'' (2006), Sean
*''Marple: [[By the Pricking of My Thumbs (novel)|By the Pricking of My Thumbs]]'' (2006), Chris Murphy
*''Poppies (2006)'', Michael
*''[[Doctor Who]]'' (2008), Other Dave - "[[Silence in the Library]]"
*''[[Radio Cape Cod]]'' (2008), Sunday Umankwe
*''[[Walter's War]]'' (2008), Walter Tull - first black commissioned officer in the British Army
*''[[Double Wedding]]'' (2010), Tate

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name | id=1282966 }}

{{Authority control|VIAF=169930388}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Fagbenle, O. T.
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = British actor
| DATE OF BIRTH = 22 January 1981
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[London]], England, UK
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fagbenle, O. T.}}
[[Category:English male stage actors]]
[[Category:English male film actors]]
[[Category:English male television actors]]
[[Category:English people of Nigerian descent]]
[[Category:Male actors from London]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]]
[[Category:Black English male actors]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:English male radio actors]]
[[Category:English people of Yoruba descent]]
[[Category:Yoruba male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century English male actors]]

Vitaly Ustinov

2014-05-28T08:23:41Z

TutterMouse: WPCleaner v1.33 - Fixed using WP:WCW (External link with a line break)

'''Metropolitan Vitaly''' ({{lang-ru|Митрополит Виталий}}, secular name '''Rostislav Petrovich Ustinov''', {{lang-ru|Ростислав Петрович Устинов}}; 18 March 1910, [[St Petersburg]] - 25 September 2006, [[Magog, Quebec]], [[Canada]]) was the first Hierarch of the [[Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia]] from 1985 until his retirement in 2001.

==Biography==
Rostislav Petrovich Ustinov was born to naval officer Peter Ustinov and Lydia Andreevna (née Stopchanskaya), daughter of the General of Police in the Caucasus. In 1920, during the Civil War in Russia, Rostislav Ustinov moved with his family to Crimea. There he enlisted into a [[Cadet Corps (Russia)|cadet corps military school]] established by General [[Pyotr Wrangel]]. At the end of the year the corps, numbering 650 cadets, moved to [[Istanbul]], and thence to [[Yugoslavia]]. In 1923, his mother recalled him to Istanbul, after which she moved to Paris and placed him in the French college of Saint Louis in the city of [[Le Маns]]. After completing his studies, Rostislav lived with mother in [[Cannes]]. In 1934, he was called to serve in the army and was enlisted in the Ninth [[Cuirassier]] (cavalry) Regiment. Having served up to the grade of foreman, he refused to continue military career as an officer, deciding to leave the world and to enter a monastery. Four years later, he arrived in the Monastery of Saint Job in [[Ladomirova]] in the [[Carpathian mountains]] (at the time, the territory of [[Czechoslovakia]]). In 1939, Rostislav Ustinov was professed a [[monk]] with the name of Vitaly, and received the Little Schema a year later.

The [[Second World War]] forced the monastic brotherhood to leave [[Ladomirova]] and to evacuate to Germany. Vitaly appeared in Berlin where, together with archimandrite Nafanail (L'vov), he engaged in wide missionary activity amongst the Russian refugees and prisoners of war. Nafanail and Vitaly then relocated to [[Hamburg]] where they concentrated on the work of preventing thousands of refugees from being compulsorily repatriated to the [[USSR]]. In Hamburg, [[hegumen]] Vitaly began active church life at [[List of POW camps in Germany|Camp Fischbeck]]. In the barrack-type church, the daily circle of divine services were conducted. Simultaneously, Vitaly began a small monastic brotherhood, and established a printing house which began to print badly needed anthologies from the church service-books for all the camp churches of Germany. From 1947 to 1951, Vitaly was Prior of the London parish, where archimandrite [[Anthony (Bloom)]] serially served in one church. However, not recognizing the "soviet" bishop as a true servant of God, bishop Vitaly called Anthony "the servant of satan".

===Life as bishop===
On 12 July 1951, on the feast of Saints Peter and Paul, Vitaly was consecrated Bishop of [[Sao Paulo]], vicar of the Brazilian diocese. There the young bishop opened a printing house and arranged a small shelter for boys who were trained as [[acolytes]] for the cycle of divine services. In 1955, Bishop Vitaly with his brotherhood was transferred to [[Edmonton]], [[Canada]]. 75 miles from the city, he erected the Dormition monastery.

He was appointed ruling bishop of Montreal and Canada, Bishop Vitaly founded a [[skete]] in [[Mansonville, Quebec]]. In [[Montreal]], Bishop Vitaly built and magnificently equipped a large cathedral. The fine house of his(its) monastic farmstead and a residence is near to a cathedral. In this farmstead, a printing house operated, publishing service-books and the periodical "The Orthodox Bulletin". The death of [[Philaret (Voznesensky)|Metropolitan Philaret]] in 1985 necessitated the election of a new Metropolitan. On 22 January 1986, Vitaly was elected Metropolitan of Eastern America and New York, also retaining management of the Canadian diocese.

Citing his declining health in 2001 Metropolitan Vitaly announced that he was going to retire the same year. During the council of Bishops of 2001, Metropolitan Vitaly announced his resignation. Immediately afterwards, he left to his residence at the Holy Transfiguration monastery in [[Potton, Quebec|Mansonville]], accompanied by his supporters.

After the election of the New First Hierarch of ROCOR, [[Metropolitan Laurus]], Metropolitan Vitaly released an epistle denouncing the latest ROCOR Synod, asserting that he continued to be ROCOR's primate. A number of ROCOR clergy and parishioners who were against ROCOR's union with the [[Moscow Patriarchate]] formed a new church administration around Metropolitan Vitaly, renaming themselves as the [[Russian Orthodox Church in Exile]] (referred to as ROCOR-Vitaly in common parlance).

The episcopate of ROCOR asserted that Metropolitan Vitaly was being held hostage by schismatics who took advantage of his failing health and used his name to produce a schism. The episcopate made numerous attempts at contacting Metropolitan Vitaly, but were unable to get through to him personally. Metropolitan Vitaly reposed on the 25th of September, 2006. He was buried in his Mansonville skete by the clergy of the Russian Orthodox Church in Exile. ROCOR bishops were not permitted to be present, consequently they served his funeral separately.

==See also==
*[[Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia]]
*[[White Emigre]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.roca-sobor.org Official Site of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Ustinov, Vitaly
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Eastern Orthodox metropolitan
| DATE OF BIRTH = 18 March 1910
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 25 September 2006
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ustinov, Vitaly}}
[[Category:1910 births|Ustinov]]
[[Category:2006 deaths|Ustinov]]
[[Category:First Hierarchs of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia]]
[[Category:Eastern Orthodox metropolitans]]
[[Category:White Russian emigrants]]
[[Category:Eastern Orthodox Christians from Russia]]
[[Category:Russian Orthodox Christians]]

Billie Fleming

2014-05-16T07:19:56Z

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'''Billie Fleming''' (April 1914<ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Abraham |url=http://www.cyclingweekly.co.uk/news/latest-news/billie-fleming-passes-away-age-100-123454 |title=Billie Fleming passes away age 100 |publisher=Cycling Weekly |date=2014-05-15 |accessdate=2014-05-15}}</ref>-12 May 2014) (previously Dovey the name under which she rode the record) was a long distance cyclist who set the woman's mileage record in 1938 at 29,603.7 miles. Bille rode across the United Kingdom on a mission to promote the health benefits of cycling. She rode every single day of the year in a wide variety of weather conditions to spread the message. Her mammoth tour included many evening engagements requiring her to give a talk at the end of a long day’s pedalling. Billie’s ride attracted a huge amount of interest and press attention as the year progressed.

Her huge mileage set a woman’s record attracting huge international attention. In 1942 [[Pat Hawkins]] set out to take the record from Billie. Pat’s end of year showed a total mileage of 54,402.8 miles, however it was discredited after the Australian cycling authorities scrutinised her log books.

Billie subsequently married George Fleming, a cyclist with a huge racing pedigree who took on and smashed a number of cycling records.

Billie died at the age of 100 years old on 12 May 2014 after a short illness.<ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Abraham |url=http://www.cyclingweekly.co.uk/news/latest-news/billie-fleming-passes-away-age-100-123454 |title=Billie Fleming passes away age 100 |publisher=Cycling Weekly |date=2014-05-15 |accessdate=2014-05-15}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

[http://www.cyclingweekly.co.uk/cycling-weekly/billie-fleming-happy-100th-birthday-121964 Interview with Billie Fleming in Cycling Weekly Magazine]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fleming, Billie}}
[[Category:English cyclists]]
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]

Cath Wallace

2014-05-14T20:40:23Z

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[[File:Cath Wallace, 2007.jpg|thumb|Cath Wallace in 2007]]
'''Catherine C. "Cath" Wallace''' (born 1952) is a [[New Zealand]] [[environmentalist]] and academic. She is a lecturer in economics and public policy at [[Victoria University of Wellington]], and has been active in environment organizations in New Zealand. She was awarded the [[Goldman Environmental Prize]] in 1991, for her contributions to the protection of the environment of [[Antarctica]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goldmanprize.org/node/173 |title=Islands and Island Nations 1991. Cath Wallace. New Zealand |publisher=[[Goldman Environmental Prize]]|accessdate=21 November 2010}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Cath Wallace}}
* [http://www.victoria.ac.nz/sgees/about/staff/cath-wallace]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Wallace, Cath
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = New Zealand environmentalist
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1952
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wallace, Cath}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Victoria University of Wellington faculty]]
[[Category:New Zealand environmentalists]]
[[Category:1952 births]]

{{NewZealand-bio-stub}}

Alejandro Córdoba Sosa

2014-04-29T07:34:52Z

TutterMouse: WPCleaner v1.32 - Fixed using WP:WCW (Multiple categories on one line - Category with space)

'''Alejandro Córdoba Sosa''' ([[Berisso]], [[Buenos Aires province]], 1971) is an [[Argentine]] writer. [[File:Alejandro Córdoba Sosa.png|thumb|Alejandro Córdoba Sosa]]

As a [[story teller]] he participated in several anthologies, among which stands out the compilation published by the Argentina Society of Writers (SADE) in 2000, in which Cordoba Sosa was included as a winner of the National Short Story Competition SADE 2000 for his story ''Robar la nada'' (Steal the void).

In 2007, under the pen name 'Alejandro Zenteno Lobo', he published ''Doscientos y un cuentos en miniatura'' (Two hundred and one miniature stories) a book of [[flash fiction]] none of which goes beyond the limit of seventy words. The book was illustrated by the artist [[Meli Valdés Sozzani]].
One of the flash fictions included in this book is thought to be the shortest horror story in Spanish. This story has just 28 letters in only seven words.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taringa.net/posts/ciencia-educacion/17762357/El-cuento-de-terror-mas-corto-del-mundo.html |title=El cuento de terror más corto del mundo |publisher=Taringa! |date= |accessdate=2014-04-28}}</ref> The story reads, in its entirety:

''Frente a él, el espejo estaba vacio''.

(In front of him the mirror was empty.)

In 2011, his work is included in the anthology ''Poetas y Narradores Contemporáneos 2011'' (Contemporary Poets and Storytellers 2011), published by Editorial de los Cuatro Vientos.

In April 2013, a personal selection of his stories is published under the name ''El enigma de O.'' (The enigma of O.). The book was presented at the 39th International Book Fair of Buenos Aires.

In 2014, he published his second personal anthology, the book of short stories ''El destino de la especie'' (The fate of the species), which is presented at the 40th [[Buenos Aires International Book Fair]].

== Works ==

•Antología SADE 2000 (Sociedad Argentina de Escritores, 2000)

•Doscientos y un cuentos en miniatura (De los Cuatro Vientos Ed.,2007)

•Poetas y Narradores Contemporáneos (De los Cuatro Vientos Ed.,2011)

•El enigma de O. (De los Cuatro Vientos Ed.,2013)

•El destino de la especie (Ed. Dunken, 2014)

=== References ===
{{Reflist}}

•http://www.elenigmadeo.com

•http://alejandro4156.wordpress.com/

•http://www.semanarioelmundo.com.ar/archivo_2013/1344/cultura_1344/cultura_1344_05.html

•http://www.semanarioelmundo.com.ar/archivo_2013/1346/cultura_1346/cultura_1346_02.html

•http://www.eldia.com.ar/edis/20130714/Eventos-Ciudad-revistadomingo13.htm

•http://www.semanarioelmundo.com.ar/archivo_2014/1394/cultura_1394/cultura_1394_02.html

•http://books.google.com.ar/books/about Doscientos_y_un_cuentos_en_miniatura.html?id=AxtluAAACAAJ&redir_esc=y

•http://www.lsf.com.ar/libros/85/DOSCIENTOS-Y-UN-CUENTOS-EN-MINIATURA/

•http://www.libreroonline.com/argentina/libros/223411/alejandro-zenteno-lobo/doscientos-y-un-cuentos-en-miniatura.html

•Concurso Nacional de Cuento SADE 2000, Antologia (Sociedad Argentina de Escrtitores, ISBN N°987-98389-5-5)

•Poetas y Narradores Contemporáneos (De los Cuatro Vientos Ed.,2011, ISBN 978-987-08-0442-0)

•Doscientos y un cuentos en miniatura (De los Cuatro Vientos Ed.,2007, ISBN 978-987-564-685-8)

•El enigma de O. (De los Cuatro Vientos Ed.,2013,ISBN 978-987-08-0736-0)

•El destino de la especie (Ed. Dunken, 2014, ISBN 978-987-02-7340-0)

http://www.taringa.net/posts/ciencia-educacion/17762357/El-cuento-de-terror-mas-corto-del-mundo.html

[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Argentine writers]]
[[Category:People from Buenos Aires Province]]
[[Category:Argentine short story writers]]

Thomas B. Turley

2014-04-26T18:58:34Z

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{{Infobox Officeholder
|name = Thomas Battle Turley
|image = Thomas B. Turley.jpg
|jr/sr = United States Senator
|state = [[Tennessee]]
|term_start = July 20, 1897
|term_end = March 4, 1901
|predecessor = [[Isham G. Harris]]
|successor = [[Edward W. Carmack]]
|birth_date = {{birth date|1845|4|5}}
|birth_place = [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]], [[Tennessee]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1910|7|1|1845|4|5}}
|death_place = [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]], [[Tennessee]]
|party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
}}
'''Thomas Battle Turley''' (April 5, 1845{{spaced ndash}}July 1, 1910) was a [[Tennessee]] attorney who served as a [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] [[United States Senate|U.S. senator]] from 1897 to 1901.

Turley was born in [[Memphis, Tennessee]] to Thomas Jefferson and Flora Crudup Battle Turley. His uncle was Judge William B. Turley of the [[Tennessee Supreme Court]]. After attending public schools, Turley in 1861 enlisted and served in the Maynard Rifles of Memphis, a [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] company that joined the [[154th Tennessee Infantry Regiment]]. Turley sustained wounds at the battles of [[Battle of Shiloh|Shiloh]] (1862) and [[Battle of Atlanta|Atlanta]] (1864) before being captured in the [[Battle of Nashville]] in 1864. He was imprisoned at [[Camp Chase|Camp Chase, Ohio]], from December 1864 until March 1865. Upon the war's conclusion, he attended the [[University of Virginia School of Law]] in [[Charlottesville, Virginia]], completing his studies in 1867. In 1870 he was admitted to the Tennessee [[Bar (law)|bar]] and began practicing in Memphis with L. D. McKissick, a former Confederate colonel. When former Governor [[Isham G. Harris]] teamed with them in 1876, the firm became Harris, McKissick & Turley. After McKissick moved to California, Harris and Turley remained partners until 1886, when Turley formed a partnership with [[Luke Edward Wright]], who later served as governor-general of the Philippines and secretary of war. A prominent attorney, upon the death in office of Senator Isham Harris, Turley was appointed by the governor of Tennessee [[Robert Love Taylor]] to the vacancy. He was subsequently elected to the balance of the term by the [[Tennessee General Assembly]].

Turley declined to stand for any further service in the Senate once the balance of the term to which Harris had initially been elected had expired, serving in the Senate from July 20, 1897 to March 4, 1901. He returned to his Memphis law practice until shortly before his death in 1910. He was buried at [[Elmwood Cemetery (Memphis, Tennessee)|Elmwood Cemetery]] in Memphis, the final resting place of many [[West Tennessee]] political figures.

== External links ==
* [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=7750615 Find-A-Grave biography]

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|us-sen}}
{{U.S. Senator box |
state=Tennessee | class=2 |
before=[[Isham G. Harris]] | after=[[Edward W. Carmack]] |
years=1897–1901 |
alongside=[[William B. Bate]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{USSenTN}}

{{CongBio|T000412}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Turley, Thomas B.
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American politician
| DATE OF BIRTH = April 15, 1845
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]], [[Tennessee]]
| DATE OF DEATH = July 1, 1910
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]], [[Tennessee]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Turley, Thomas B.}}
[[Category:1845 births]]
[[Category:1910 deaths]]
[[Category:United States Senators from Tennessee]]
[[Category:Democratic Party United States Senators]]
[[Category:Tennessee Democrats]]

Benutzer:E235JREMU/Bombardier Electrostar

2014-04-25T20:21:56Z

TutterMouse: WPCleaner v1.31b - Fixed using WP:WCW (Link equal to linktext)

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox EMU
|name = ''Electrostar''
|image = Southern377213-Harow&Wealdstone-20040928.JPG
|imagesize = 300px
|caption = Class 377, no. 377 213, at [[Harrow & Wealdstone station]] on 28 September 2004. This unit is in the [[Southern (train operating company)|Southern]] livery.
|background = #384379
|manufacturer = [[Bombardier Transportation]], [[Derby Carriage and Wagon Works|Derby]] (formerly [[ADtranz]])
|operator = [[c2c]] [[Southeastern (train operating company)|Southeastern]] [[Southern (train operating company)|Southern]] [[First Capital Connect]] [[London Overground]] [[Gautrain]] [[Greater Anglia]]
|formation = 3, 4 or 5 cars per trainset
|numberbuilt = 480 trainsets
|service = 1999 - Current
|weight = Class 357: 157.6 [[tonnes|t]] Classes 375/3 and 377/3: 133.1 t Classes 375/6, 375/7, 377/1, 377/2: 173.6 t
|carlength = Class 357: DMSO: {{convert|20.75|m|ftin|0|abbr=on}} each, MSO and PTOSL: {{convert|20.10|m|ftin|0|abbr=on}} each Classes 376 and 377 DMSO: {{convert|20.4|m|ftin|0|abbr=on}} each, MSO and PTOSL: {{convert|19.99|m|ftin|0|abbr=on}} each
|width = {{convert|2.80|m|ftin|0|abbr=on}}
|height = {{convert|3.78|m|ftin|0|abbr=on}}
|capacity = Varies depending on number of carriages and seating configuration, see individual articles for details
|maxspeed = {{convert|75|mph|km/h|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} (376/378) {{convert|100|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}
|poweroutput = 2x373 = 746 kW [[kilowatt|kW]] (377/3 only) 3x373 = 1,119 kW (others, third rail) 3x560 = 1,680 kW (AC mode)
|gauge = {{RailGauge|sg|al=on|lk=on}}
|electricsystem = 25 [[volt|kV]] [[Alternating current|AC]] [[Overhead lines]] 750 V [[Direct current|DC]] [[third rail]]
|safety = [[Automatic Warning System#British Rail AWS|AWS]], [[Train Protection & Warning System|TPWS]]
}}
'''Electrostar''' is the name given to a series of related [[electric multiple unit|electric multiple-unit]] (EMU) passenger trains manufactured by [[Bombardier Transportation]] (formerly [[Adtranz|ADtranz]]) at their [[Derby Carriage and Wagon Works|Litchurch Lane Works]] in [[Derby]], England. Since the [[privatisation of British Rail]], it has become the most common new EMU type in [[UK|Britain]], where different variants referred to as [[British Rail Class 357|Class 357]], [[British Rail Class 375|Class 375]], [[British Rail Class 376|Class 376]], [[British Rail Class 377|Class 377]], [[British Rail Class 378|Class 378]] and [[British Rail Class 379|Class 379]], are most common on the high-volume suburbun commuter routes in [[South London|South]], [[West London|West]], [[North London|North]] and [[East London]], and mainline services south to [[Sussex]], [[Kent]] & South [[Essex]] coasts and north to [[Cambridge]] and [[Stansted Airport]] . It shares the same bodyshell and core structure as the [[Turbostar]], which is in turn the most common post-privatisation [[diesel multiple unit]] (DMU) family, and both evolved from the [[British Rail Class 168|Class 168 ''Clubman'']] design by ADtranz.

The Clubman/Turbostar/Electrostar platform is a modular design, which share the same basic design, bodyshell and core structure, and is optimised for speedy manufacture and easy maintenance. It consists of an underframe, which is created by seam-welding a number of aluminium alloy [[extrusion]]s, upon which bodyside panels are mounted followed by a single piece roof, again made from extruded sections. The car ends (cabs) are made from [[glass-reinforced plastic]] and steel, and are huck-bolted onto the main car bodies. Underframe components are collected in ‘rafts’, which are bolted into slots on the underframe extrusion. The mostly aluminium alloy body gives light weight to help acceleration and energy efficiency.

The Electrostar has also been selected for use on the [[Gautrain]] system in South Africa, a new railway between [[Johannesburg]], [[Pretoria]], and the [[Johannesburg International Airport]]. The trains will be assembled by [[UCW Partnership]] in South Africa from components made in Derby.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bombardier Selected Preferred Bidder for Rapid Rail System in South Africa|url=http://bombardier.com/en/corporate/media-centre/press-releases/details?docID=0901260d8000fbb4|publisher=Bombardier|accessdate=15 October 2012|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20110722192200/http://bombardier.com/en/corporate/media-centre/press-releases/details?docID=0901260d8000fbb4|archivedate=22 July 2011|date=2 July 2005|quote=Bombardier Transportation’s facility in Derby, United Kingdom, will be responsible for manufacturing the fleet of Electrostar vehicles, with final assembly performed in South Africa by UCW Partnership, a broad-based empowered subsidiary of Murray & Roberts.}}</ref>

[[Transport for London]] (TfL) announced in August 2006 that it had ordered 48 three- and four-car Electrostar trains for the [[London Overground]] service. These were categorised by [[Network Rail]] as [[British Rail Class 378|Class 378]], and entered service in 2009 to replace the [[British Rail Class 313|Class 313]] and [[British Rail Class 508|Class 508]] on the [[North London Line]] and [[West London Line]], and to provide the opening service on the new [[East London line extension]] from 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=TfL awards £223m new trains contract|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/press-centre/press-releases/press-releases-content.asp?prID=882|publisher=Transport For London|accessdate=15 October 2012|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070311024853/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/press-centre/press-releases/press-releases-content.asp?prID=882|archivedate=11 March 2007|date=31 August 2006|quote=Funded by TfL's £10 billion Investment Programme, the new trains will operate on the North London Railway, which TfL will manage from November next year, and the extended East London Line.}}{{dead link|October 2012|date=October 2012}}</ref>

In 2009, as part of the government's wider rolling stock plan, an order was placed for thirty four-car [[British Rail Class 379|Class 379]] Electrostar units intended for use by [[National Express East Anglia]] (now operated by [[Greater Anglia]]) on the [[Stansted Express]] and [[West Anglia Main Line|West Anglia]] services.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railfuture.org.uk/tiki-read_article.php?articleId=1071|title=Express delivery|publisher=Railfuture|date=4 April 2009|accessdate=19 July 2010}}</ref> The first of the new [[British Rail Class 379|Class 379]] units entered passenger service on Thursday 3 March 2011 running the 20:10 [[Stansted Express]] from London Liverpool Street to Stansted Airport and the 21:15 return service.

==Electrostar variants==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Class !! Image !! Operator !! Introduced !! Number !! Power !! Carriages !! Door configuration !! End gangways !! Notes
|-
|| [[British Rail Class 357|357]] ''Electrostar'' || [[File:357014 at Upminster Bridge.JPG|100px]] || [[c2c]] || 1999 || 72 || AC electric || 4 || "Plug" style || No ||
|-
|| [[British Rail Class 375|375]] ''Electrostar'' || [[Image:Unit 375926 at Orpington.JPG|100px]]||[[Southeastern (train operating company)|Southeastern]] || 1999 || 112 || Dual Voltage/DC electric || 3 or 4 || "Plug" style || Yes || Classes 375 and 377 differ only in their coupler configuration and other minor fittings; all Southern units built as Class 375 have since been converted to Class 377 couplers and re-classed. Minor differences in interior trim remain.Class 375/6 is dual voltage
|-
|| [[British Rail Class 376|376]] ''Electrostar'' || [[Image:Class376londonbridge.jpg|100px]] ||[[Southeastern (train operating company)|Southeastern]]|| 2004 || 36 || DC electric || 5 || Sliding pocket|| No ||
|-
|| [[British Rail Class 377|377]] ''Electrostar''|| [[File:Southern377215-WestBrompton-20040927.JPG|100px]] || [[Southern (train operating company)|Southern]][[First Capital Connect]] || 2002 || 182 || Dual Voltage/DC electric || 3, 4 or 5 || "Plug" style || Yes || First Capital Connect run 26 four car dual-voltage Class 377s on the [[Thameslink]] route. These units are on loan from Southern. Southern has ordered 26 new Class 377/6.
|-
|| [[British Rail Class 378|378]] ''Capitalstar'' || [[File:Unit 378138 at Hoxton.jpg|100px]]|| [[London Overground]] || 2009 || 57 || Dual Voltage/DC electric || 4 || Sliding pocket|| Emergency use only || The Class 378s were constructed in three separate batches - 24 three car units designated as Class 378/0 with dual voltage capability were utilised on the [[North London Line]] and [[West London Line]]. 20 four car DC-only units designated Class 378/1 were built for the [[East London Line]]. 13 four car Class 378/2s were also built, and the 378/0s had an extra car added to make them 378/2s.
|-
|| [[Gautrain#Rolling stock|Gautrain]] ''Electrostar'' || [[Image:Gautrain-in-depot-retouched.JPG|100px]] || [[Gautrain]] || 2010 || 24 || AC electric || 4 || "Plug" style || No ||
|-
|| [[British Rail Class 379|379]] ''Electrostar'' || [[Image:379001 at Norwich 8 January 2011.jpg|100px]] || [[Greater Anglia]] || 2011 || 30 || AC electric || 4 || "Plug" style || Yes || The Class 379s incorporate some technical features of the proposed [[Aventra]] Mark II Electrostar.<ref name=railgaz20101014 /> However they are outwardly similar to classes 375 and 377.
|-
|| [[British Rail Class 387|387]] ''Electrostar'' |||| [[Thameslink (train operating company)|Thameslink, Southern and Great Northern (TSGN) franchise]] || 2015 || 29 || AC electric || 4 || "Plug" style || Yes || The Class 387 were ordered to cope withe extra extra servie before Thameslink will built|
|}

==Electrostar routes==

=== c2c ===
[[File:Unit 357030 at Barking.JPG|thumb|right|300px|357030 at Barking in new national express c2c livery. Electrostar trains are the new standard on many of London’s commuter routes.]]
c2c uses Class 357 units on services down the [[London, Tilbury and Southend Railway]] line from [[Shoeburyness]] and [[Southend]] to [[Fenchurch Street railway station|London Fenchurch Street]].

=== Southeastern ===
[[Image:375624 Cuxton 240113.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A Southeastern Class 375 Electrostar at Cuxton.]]
[[Image:Hastings line train interior.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Interior of a Southeastern electrostar ([[British Rail Class 375|Class 375]]).]]
The Class 375 is the backbone of Southeastern's long distance routes, seeing services on most of its lines originating from its London termini ([[London Victoria station|London Victoria]], [[Charing Cross railway station|Charing Cross]], [[Cannon Street station|Cannon Street]] and [[London Bridge station|London Bridge]]) including;
*[[Chatham Main Line]]
**[[Maidstone East Line]]
*[[Medway Valley Line]]
*[[South Eastern Main Line]]
**[[Hastings Line]]
**[[Ashford to Ramsgate (via Canterbury West) line]]
**[[Kent Coast Line]]
*[[North Kent Line]]

On the outer suburban portions of these above routes, [[British Rail Class 465|Class 465]]/9 ''Networkers'' support the ''Electrostars'', but they do not work in multiple together.

[[Image:376033 in South East London.JPG|100px|thumb|right|300px|A Southeastern [[British Rail Class 376|Class 376]] Electrostar in [[Connex South Eastern]] livery.]]
The Class 376 operates on the metro routes in suburban London, in conjunction with the Class 465 and [[British Rail Class 466|Class 466]] [[Networker (train)|''Networker''s]], operating over the London portion of the above lines from the London Termini (including [[Blackfriars station|Blackfriars]]) out to [[Dartford railway station|Dartford]] and [[Sevenoaks railway station|Sevenoaks]]);

*North Kent Line (to Dartford)
*[[Bexleyheath Line]] (to Dartford)
*[[Dartford Loop Line]] (to Dartford)
*[[Chatham Main Line]] (to Sevenoaks)
*Maidstone East Line (to Sevenoaks)
*South Eastern Main Line (to Sevenoaks)
*[[Hayes Line]]

This leaves the [[Bromley North Line]] and [[Sheerness Line]], both operated by [[British Rail Class 466|Class 466s]] (2 car Networkers) which also used to operate on the [[Medway Valley Line]] prior to the May 2012 Timetable Changes.

===Southern===
[[Image:377120 at Clapham Junction.jpg|100px|thumb|right|300px|A Southern [[British Rail Class 377|Class 377]].]]
Southern's Class 377 fleet is found on all parts of the network apart from the non-electrified routes. They also now run frequently in metro routes alongside the [[British Rail Class 455|Class 455s]] and used to run alongside the [[British Rail Class 456|Class 456s ]] until their transfer to [[South West Trains]] in 2014.

====Main lines====
*[[Brighton Main Line]] (Victoria–Gatwick-Brighton)
*[[East Coastway Line|East Coastway]] (Brighton–Eastbourne/Hastings)
*[[West Coastway Line|West Coastway]] (Brighton–Portsmouth/Southampton)
*[[Arun Valley Line]] (Victoria–Horsham/Littlehampton/Chichester)
*[[West London Line]] (South Croydon–Milton Keynes Central) (Using Dual Voltage Class 377/2)

====Outer suburban====
*London Victoria–Horsham via Dorking
*London Victoria–East Grinstead
*London Bridge–Horsham via East Croydon
*London Bridge-Reigate
*London Bridge-Tonbridge via Redhill

====Suburban====
Often found on
*London Victoria–Dorking via Sutton
*London Victoria–Epsom Downs
*London Bridge-London Victoria via Sydenham
*London Bridge-Caterham
*London Victoria-Caterham
*London Victoria-Epsom
*London Bridge-Tattenham Corner

377s can be also found running overnight on Southern London Victoria–Brighton duties at 1:00am and 4:00am, calling at Clapham Junction, East Croydon, Horley, Gatwick Airport, Three Bridges.

===London Overground===
[[Image:Unit 378149 at Crystal Palace.JPG|100px|thumb|right|300px|A London Overground [[British Rail Class 378|Class 378]] in TfL livery at Crystal Palace.]]
London Overground operates Class 378s over four lines around London:
*[[North London Line]] (Richmond-Stratford)
*[[West London Line]] (Clapham Junction-Stratford)
*[[Watford DC Line]] (Euston-Watford)
*[[East London Line]] (Clapham Junction/Crystal Palace/New Cross/West Croydon-Highbury & Islington via Canada Water)
*[[Inner South London Line|South London Line]]

The sixth major route it's responsible for is the unelectrified [[Gospel Oak to Barking Line]]. For this, London Overground obtained [[British Rail Class 172|Class 172 Turbostar]] [[diesel multiple unit|DMUs]].

===First Capital Connect===
[[File:L F CC 377508 1.JPG|thumb|right|300px|First Capital Connect Bombardier Class 377/5 Electrostar No. 377508 is seen arriving at [[St Albans City railway station|St. Albans]], with a southbound service for [[Brighton railway station|Brighton]].]]
Since March 2009 First Capital Connect are running 23 x 4 car Class 377's on the [[Thameslink]] Bedford to Brighton route, this increased to 26 x 4 car Class 377's in late 2011.

*[[Thameslink]], Bedford to Brighton
*[[Thameslink]], Bedford to Ashford International/Gillingham/Bearsted/Rochester peak only services. (These services will be jointly run by [[First Capital Connect]] and [[Southeastern (train operating company)|Southeastern]] with services north of [[Blackfriars, London|Blackfriars]] operated by First Capital Connect and south by Southeastern).

===Gautrain (South Africa)===
On 8 June 2010, the route between [[Sandton (Gautrain station)|Sandton]] and [[OR Tambo International Airport]] in South Africa opened in time for the [[2010 FIFA World Cup]].<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jun/08/gautrain-africa-high-speed-train The Guardian: Welcome aboard the Gautrain, Africa's first high-speed urban train] Accessed 12 June 2010</ref> The rest between [[Johannesburg Park Station]] and [[Rosebank, Gauteng|Rosebank]] is to be completed in 2011. Although railways in South Africa use the {{RailGauge|1067mm|lk=on}} Cape gauge, Gautrain is built to the more expensive [[standard gauge]] of {{RailGauge|sg}}. According to the Gautrain planning and implementation study,<ref>{{cite web | title =Gautrain Rapid Rail Link: Planning and Implementation Study| accessdate=12 June 2010 | url = http://www.gautrain.co.za/contents/Tech%20Rep%202%204%20GAUGE%20Data%20Room%20Rev0.pdf|format=PDF| work = Official Gautrain Website}}</ref> this is done for several reasons, including that standard gauge is safer and more comfortable to passengers. The rolling stock is also easier, quicker and less expensive to obtain than Cape Gauge rolling stock, and standard gauge is also less expensive to maintain as it is more tolerant of track imperfections than Cape Gauge. Standard gauge allows for travel at Gautrain's required speed of {{convert|160|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.

===Abellio Greater Anglia===
[[File:Tottenham Hale station MMB 04 379014.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[Abellio Greater Anglia]] Class 379 "Electrostar" EMU 379014 arrives at [[Tottenham Hale station|Tottenham Hale]] with a service to [[Liverpool Street station|Liverpool Street]].]]
From March 2011 National Express East Anglia introduced 30 x 4 car [[British Rail Class 379|Class 379s]] on [[Stansted Express]] and [[West Anglia Main Line]] services.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Express launches Class 379s on Stansted Express Service|url=http://railwayherald.com/magazine/download/260/Issue260.pdf|publisher=Railway Herald|accessdate=15 October 2012|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BQuXisv2|archivedate=15 October 2012|page=3|date=21 March 2011}}</ref> These incorporate some features of Bombardier's planned 'Aventra' Mark 2 Electrostars.<ref name=railgaz20101014>{{cite news | url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/first-new-stansted-express-train-rolls-out.html | title=First new Stansted Express train rolls out | date=14 October 2010 | magazine=[[Railway Gazette International]]}}</ref>

All units entered service as of mid-August 2011, two months ahead of schedule. A major timetable update in December 2011 entailed the introduction of 12-car trains on some peak workings to/from Cambridge.<ref>[http://www.nationalexpresseastanglia.com/dec11 "New timetable for the West Anglia network"]. National Express East Anglia. Retrieved 2011-11-11.</ref>

These trains are now operated by [[Greater Anglia]] as of 5 February 2012.

==Diagrams==

===Class 357, c2c===
[[Image:Class 357 c2c Diagram.PNG|x45px]]

===Class 375, Southeastern===
[[Image:Southeastern Class 375 Diagram.PNG|x45px]]

===Class 376, Southeastern===
[[Image:Class 376 Southeastern Diagram.PNG|x45px]]

===Class 377, Southern, First Capital Connect===
[[Image:Southern Class 377 Diagram.PNG|x45px]]
[[File:Class 377 First Capital Connect Diagram.PNG|x45px]]

===Class 378, London Overground===
[[Image:Class 378 London Overground Diagram.PNG|x45px]]

===Class 379, Greater Anglia===
[[Image:Greater Anglia class 379.png|x45px]]

===Gautrain===
[[Image:Gautrain Electrostar.PNG|x45px]]

==See also==
*[[Bombardier Inc.|Bombardier]]
*[[Southern (train operating company)|Southern]]
*[[Southeastern (train operating company)|Southeastern]]
*[[London Overground]]
*[[First Capital Connect]]
*[[C2c (train operating company)|c2c]]
*[[Greater Anglia]]
*[[Gautrain]]
*[[Turbostar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.southernelectric.org.uk/features/historical-features/index.html Southern Electric Group Historical Features Index]
*[http://www.bombardier.com Bombardier website - the manufacturer of the Electrostars]
The Operators of the Electrostars
*[http://www.c2c-online.co.uk c2c website] (Class 357)
*[http://www.southernrailway.com Southern website] (Class 377)
*[http://www.southeasternrailway.co.uk Southeastern website] (Classes 375/376)
*[http://www.firstcapitalconnect.co.uk First Capital Connect website] (Class 377)
*[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/modalpages/2688.aspx Transport for London website for London Overground] (Class 378)
*[http://www.greateranglia.co.uk Greater Anglia] (Class 379)
*[http://www.gautrain.co.za/ Gautrain website]
 

{{Turbostar}}
{{British Rail EMU}}

[[Category:Bombardier Transportation multiple units]]
[[Category:Adtranz multiple units]]
[[Category:British Rail electric multiple units]]

Westamerikanischer Schwertfarn

2014-04-21T12:49:22Z

TutterMouse: WPCleaner v1.31 - Fixed using WP:WCW (Link equal to linktext)

{{Refimprove|date=April 2014}}
{{Taxobox
| image = Polystichum munitum (Jami Dwyer) 001.jpg
| image_caption = Western sword fern growing in the [[Columbia River Gorge]]
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Pteridophyta]]
| classis = [[Pteridopsida]]
| ordo = [[Polypodiales]]
| familia = [[Dryopteridaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Polystichum]]''
| species = '''''P. munitum'''''
| binomial = ''Polystichum munitum''
| binomial_authority = ([[Georg Friedrich Kaulfuss|Kaulf.]]) [[Karel Presl|C.Presl]]
}}

'''''Polystichum munitum''''' ('''western sword fern''') is an [[evergreen]] [[fern]] native to western [[North America]], where it is one of the most abundant ferns. It occurs along the Pacific coast from southeastern [[Alaska]] to southern [[California]], and also inland east to southeastern [[British Columbia]], northern [[Idaho]] and western [[Montana]], with isolated populations in interior northern British Columbia, the [[Black Hills]] in [[South Dakota]], and on [[Guadalupe Island]] off [[Baja California]].

==Description==
The dark green [[frond]]s of this fern grow {{convert|50|to|180|cm|ft}} tall, in a tight clump spreading out radially from a round base. They are single-[[pinnate]], with the pinnae alternating on the stalk. Each pinna is {{convert|1|to|15|cm|in}} long, with a small upward-pointing lobe at the base, and the edges are serrated with bristly tips. Individual fronds live for 1.5 to 2.5 years and remain attached to the [[rhizome]] after withering. The round [[Sorus|sori]] occupy two rows on either side of the midrib of each pinna and are covered by a centrally-attached, umbrella-like indusium with fringed edges. They produce light yellow spores.

==Habitat==
[[Image:Quinault Small Waterfall.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Sword fern habitat near [[Lake Quinault]] in Washington]]
The favored habitat of this fern is the understory of moist [[conifer]]ous forests at low elevations. It grows best in a well-drained acidic [[soil]] of rich humus and small stones. Sword ferns are very tough and can survive occasional dry periods, but do well only with consistent moisture, light sunlight, and prefer cool weather to overly warm. In cultivation, they also respond well to regular, light applications of fertilizer.

While this fern is a favored horticultural subject in western North America, it has been found to be difficult or impossible to grow satisfactorily in the eastern part of the continent.
{{clear}}

==Traditional food usage==
In spring, with no other food available, [[Quileute (tribe)|Quileute]], [[Makah people|Makah]], [[Klallam]], [[Squanish people|Squamish]], [[Shishalh|Sechelt]], [[Haida people|Haida]], and other [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]]/[[First Nations]] peoples roasted, peeled and ate the rhizomes.<ref name=Pojar>{{cite book |author=Paul Alaback, Joe Antos, Trevor Goward, Ken Lertzman, [[Andy MacKinnon]], [[Jim Pojar]], Rosamund Pojar, Andrew Reed, Nancy Turner, Dale Vitt |editor=Jim Pojar and Andy MacKinnon |title=Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast |edition=Revised |year=2004 |publisher=[[Lone Pine Publishing]]|location=Vancouver, British Columbia |isbn=978-1-55105-530-5 |page=53 }}</ref>

==Uses==
Western sword fern spores have many medicinal uses, including relieving the pain from the sting of a stinging nettle.{{Citation needed|date=January 2014}} It is also commonly used by florists as an ornamental plant.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons and category}}
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200004619 Flora of North America: ''Polystichum munitum'']
* [http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=POMU USDA Plants Profile: ''Polystichum munitum'']
* [http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/fern/polmun/all.html=POMU USFS Profile: ''Species: Polystichum munitum'']

[[Category:Polystichum|munitum]]
[[Category:Ferns of California]]
[[Category:Fern species]]
[[Category:Garden plants of North America]]
[[Category:Flora of the West Coast of the United States]]
[[Category:Flora of California chaparral and woodlands]]
[[Category:Flora of the Northwestern United States]]
[[Category:Flora of British Columbia]]
[[Category:Flora of South Dakota]]
[[Category:Flora of Oregon]]

Diözese Belize

2014-03-23T12:39:01Z

TutterMouse: WPCleaner v1.31 - Fixed using WP:WCW (Spelling and typography)

The '''[[Anglican]] [[Diocese]] of [[Belize]]'''<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/dioceseofbelizecpwi/about-the-diocese About the Diocese]</ref> was established in 1891. The current [[bishop]] is the Right Reverend [[Philip Wright (bishop)|Philip Wright]].<ref>[http://www.anglicancommunion.org/acns/news.cfm/2005/10/28/ACNS4058 Brief biography]</ref><ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/dioceseofbelizecpwi/about-bishop-wright Official Belizean biography]</ref>

Established in 1883 as a member of the [[Church in the Province of the West Indies|Church of the Province of the West Indies]], today the Diocese of Belize is comprised of 31 churches spread throughout the country, and is engaged in missionary outreach on a national and international scale. In partnership with the government, it also operates 20 schools across the country of Belize.<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/dioceseofbelizecpwi/about-the-diocese From: About the Diocese]</ref><ref>[http://www.anglicanschoolsbz.com/our-schools.php Anglican Schools of Belize - the list]</ref>

'''History of the Diocese:'''

In some sense, to understand the history of the [[Anglican Communion|Anglican Church]] in the midst of the [[history of Belize]], one has to look back to the Indian tribes of the [[Mosquito Coast|Moskito (or Mosquito) Shore]] in the mid-eighteenth century. After repeated appeals by the Rev. Mr. Peat, Rector of Jamestown, [[Jamaica]], the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts ([[USPG|SPG]]) sent a succession of missionaries to work among the Indians. This started sometime after 1747 with the Rev. Nathan Prince. Many of these missionaries did not fare well, succumbing to the harsh conditions and dying shortly after arrival in the region.<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/dioceseofbelizecpwi/about-the-diocese From: About the Diocese, used with permission of the diocesan Web site master]</ref>

'''The Early Chaplains to the Belize Settlement:'''

The [[Mosquito Coast|Moskito Coast]] Mission received the Rev. Robert Shaw in 1774. However, in 1776, due to illness and inability to bear the climate there, Shaw was forced to return to [[England]] – being replaced by the Rev. William Standord. On his way from the Mosquito Coast, Shaw made a stop in the Belize settlement (the ‘[[Baymen|Bay Settlement]]’) which then comprised of British [[buccaneer]]s living on [[St. George's Caye|St George’s Caye]], located a few miles offshore the mainland. Shaw stayed on to become the first [[chaplain]] of the Belize settlement.
<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/dioceseofbelizecpwi/about-the-diocese From: About the Diocese, used with permission of the diocesan Web site master]</ref>

Shaw’s chaplaincy was interrupted by a Spanish invasion in 1779 from which Shaw escaped to the Moskito Shore. The public records make no mention of a permanent chaplain between the late 1780s and 1794, perhaps because of the unsettled times resulting from the territorial dispute between [[History of Guatemala|Mexico]] and England, including the [[Battle of St. George's Caye]] in September 1789, now celebrated on 10 September, annually. Ecclesiastical functions were carried out by the magistrates during this period.<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/dioceseofbelizecpwi/about-the-diocese From: About the Diocese, used with permission of the diocesan Web site master]</ref>

In March 1794, Rev. William Stanford was appointed as chaplain. By this time the settlement had moved to the mainland, developing into what became known as Belize Town (today’s [[Belize City]]). Despite early confrontations with the settlers and [[List of Governors of British Honduras|Superintendent]], Stanford later became a Police Magistrate. This was a full-time administrative and judicial office in the local government and a most influential position. In 1803, by resolution of the magistrates, and through the efforts of Stanford, public funds were used to support the chaplaincy.<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/dioceseofbelizecpwi/about-the-diocese From: About the Diocese, used with permission of the diocesan Web site master]</ref>

Between 1776 and 1810, the two chaplains (Shaw and Stanford) were more involved in the affairs concerning the government of the settlements than to that of the Church. They were more social stabilizers than evangelists. Yet partly due to their efforts and a growing sense of permanence among the settlers, the settlement was preparing to build a church building, call a [[Rector (ecclesiastical)|rector]] and establish a school by 1810. on the twentieth of July, 1812, that the foundation stone of what was to become [[St. John's Cathedral (Belize City)|St John’s Cathedral]] was laid by the then Superintendent, Lt. Colonel John Nugent Smyth. By 1817 the magistrates were petitioning for assistance for the completion of the building. in 1818 the SPG approved $200 for the project.<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/dioceseofbelizecpwi/about-the-diocese From: About the Diocese, used with permission of the diocesan Web site master]</ref>

'''The beginnings of the Evangelical Influence:'''

Around this time the Rev. John Armstrong arrived to replace Standford as the third chaplain of the settlement. His arrival was to produce remarkable changes in the relationship between the Church and the community at large. Armstrong was the product of the Wesleyan-initiated [[First Great Awakening|Evangelical Awakening]] that was taking place in England. Armstrong thus marked the start of the evangelical influence in Belize.<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/dioceseofbelizecpwi/about-the-diocese From: About the Diocese, used with permission of the diocesan Web site master]</ref>

Two years later, in 1814, when the settlement received its new Superintendent in the person of [[Sir George Arthur, 1st Baronet|Sir George Arthur]], the evangelical influence intensified. Arthur was also an Evangelical Anglican with very strong Calvinist views. He and Armstrong embarked upon a program to reform the society much to the disgust of many of the settlers. He condemned their drunkenness, immorality, cruelty to the slaves and the injustice of their courts.<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/dioceseofbelizecpwi/about-the-diocese From: About the Diocese, used with permission of the diocesan Web site master]</ref>

Armstrong and Arthur did not always agree on certain issues of government, however. Arthur’s constant meddling in Armstrong’s work often created tensions between them. Yet both men were driven by similar religious convictions. They did their best to advance the work of the Church in the settlement by erecting chapels and opening schools. Armstrong periodically expressed his desire to extend his ministry to the Indians near the settlement and at the Moskito Shore, but was never able to pursue this goal. During their time, on November 19, 1823, about 19,500 Garinagu [[Garifuna people|Garifuna]] refugees arrived in Belize,<ref>[http://svgblog.blogspot.com/2008/08/garifuna-timeline-belize.html Garifuna Timeline Belize]</ref> a date commemorated since 1941 as [[Garifuna Settlement Day]].<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/dioceseofbelizecpwi/about-the-diocese From: About the Diocese, used with permission of the diocesan Web site master]</ref>

By 1825 the early evangelical influence had all but come to an end following the departure of Arthur and Armstrong, and thanks to the efforts of the majority of the settlers. Arthur was replaced by General Edward Codd, and Armstrong by the Rev. Dr. Matthew Newport in 1824. Newport was ‘a high Churchman of the old eighteenth century type’ who believed in the historic orthodoxy of the Church. His determination to return to traditional [[Anglicanism]] characterized the approach to his chaplaincy. He was to make the settlement his home for the next thirty six years.<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/dioceseofbelizecpwi/about-the-diocese From: About the Diocese, used with permission of the diocesan Web site master]</ref>

'''Under the Jurisdiction of the [[Diocese of Jamaica and the Cayman Islands|Diocese of Jamaica]]:'''

On the thirteenth of April, 1826, [[St. John's Cathedral (Belize City)|St John’s Cathedral]] was consecrated by the Rt. Rev. [[Christopher Lipscomb]], Bishop of Jamaica. He had earlier, in July 1824, been consecrated and appointed to the Jamaican [[Episcopal see|See]] with jurisdiction over the Church in the Belize settlement in accordance with the [[Bishoprics, etc., in West Indies Act 1842|creation of the Diocese of Jamaica]], with state-supplied stipends for two clergymen. His visit marked the first such visit of a bishop to the Belize settlement. About this time In 1830, Codrington College<ref>[http://www.codrington.org/cms/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18&Itemid=1 Codrington College Official Web site]</ref> in Barbados started to prepare candidates exclusively to become priests, and in 1833 in England, the [[Anglo-Catholicism|Anglo-Catholic]] [[Oxford Movement]] was beginning.<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/dioceseofbelizecpwi/about-the-diocese From: About the Diocese, used with permission of the diocesan Web site master]</ref><ref>[http://www.anglicandiocesejamaica.com/content/aboutus/history.html The History of the Diocese of Jamaica and the Cayman Islands]</ref>

This relationship with the Diocese of Jamaica proved beneficial for the Church in the Bay Settlement. A grant from the SPG’s Negro Instruction Fund was secured for the erection of a school at Belize Town as part of the effort to provide education for the slaves who were now legally free. SPG missionaries could now also be sent from Jamaica to Belize, such as the Rev. Charles Mortlock in 1844–the first in over forty years.<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/dioceseofbelizecpwi/about-the-diocese From: About the Diocese, used with permission of the diocesan Web site master]</ref>

The expansion of Belize Town to the north in the mid-1800s necessitated the construction of a second church building. A small wooden building was erected on the north side of the town dedicated to St. Mary the Virgin. It was consecrated by the evangelical Bishop [[Aubrey Spencer|Aubrey George Spencer]] of Jamaica in 1852. A few years later, the Anglo-Guatemalan Treaty of 1859 was signed, a basis for [[Belizean–Guatemalan territorial dispute|Guatemala's current and disputed claims]] about Belizean boundaries<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/dioceseofbelizecpwi/about-the-diocese From: About the Diocese, used with permission of the diocesan Web site master]</ref>

The Bishop of Jamaica in 1862 sought the support of the SPG in a scheme for the establishment of a mission in Northern [[British Honduras]]. By 1868 the bishop was able to send the Rev. A. T. Giolme to [[Corozal Town|Corozal]].<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/dioceseofbelizecpwi/about-the-diocese From: About the Diocese, used with permission of the diocesan Web site master]</ref>

'''Disestablishment:'''

On the second of August, 1872, the Anglican Church in British Honduras was disestablished following that of Jamaica in 1870. Some have suggested that by this time the prominence of the Anglican Church was already on the wane due to internal differences within the Church concerning ‘[[High church|High]]’ and ‘[[Low church|Low]]’ church forms of worship; the growing strength of the [[Nonconformist|non-conformists]] (primarily [[Methodism|Methodist]] and [[Baptists|Baptist]]); and the arrival of the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]] within the influx of the Yucatán refugees from the [[Caste War of Yucatán]]. These developments changed the status of the Church in the settlement which then had to become more self-supporting.<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/dioceseofbelizecpwi/about-the-diocese From: About the Diocese, used with permission of the diocesan Web site master]</ref>

The disestablishment of the Churches in Jamaica and British Honduras also placed both Churches under separate jurisdictions. When the Bishop of Jamaica, the Rt. Rev. [[Reginald Courtenay (Bishop of Jamaica)|R. Courtenay]], resigned in 1879, his successor, the Rt. Rev. [[William Tozer|W. G. Tozer]], was separately appointed as Bishop of Honduras, holding the title even after he had resigned the Jamaica See. Tozer’s replacement, the Rt. Rev. [[Enos Nuttall|Enos Nuttal]]. Nuttall had been a former Methodist missionary to Jamaica who became Bishop of Jamaica in 1880. He was requested by the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] <ref>[http://www.archbishopofcanterbury.org Official site of the Archbishop of Canterbury]</ref> to reorganize the Church in British Honduras. Nuttall succeeded in getting the [[Colonial Office]] to make some amendments to the Disestablishment Law thereby securing the property of the Church, passed as the Church of England Act of 19 February 1883. During a visit to the colony in 1883, Nuttal was able to supervise the reorganization process. The Rt. Rev. [[William Austin (bishop)|William Austin]] of Guyana became the first [[Primate (bishop)|Primate]] of the Province of the West Indies in 1883. Nuttall later became Primate in 1893; his title of Primate was changed to [[Archbishop of the West Indies]] in 1897.<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/dioceseofbelizecpwi/about-the-diocese From: About the Diocese, used with permission of the diocesan Web site master]</ref><ref>[http://www.anglicandiocesejamaica.com/content/aboutus/history.html The History of the Diocese of Jamaica and the Cayman Islands]</ref>

'''A Separate Diocese:'''

On the tenth of August, 1883, through Instrument by the Most Rev. [[Edward Benson (bishop)|Edward Benson]], [[Archbishop]] of [[Canterbury]], the Church in Belize was duly constituted into a separate bishopric and diocese. Nuttall of Jamaica continued to exercise jurisdiction over the diocese until 1891.<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/dioceseofbelizecpwi/about-the-diocese From: About the Diocese, used with permission of the diocesan Web site master]</ref>

'''An Extended Diocese:'''

The Venerable Archdeacon [[Henry Holme|Henry Redmayne Holme]] was consecrated first bishop of British Honduras in [[Cathedral Church of Saint Michael and All Angels|St. Michael’s Cathedral]], [[Barbados]], on the first of March 1891. This was the first such consecration in the [[West Indies]]. Holme arrived in the colony on the fourth of April but died four months later in a shipwreck. He was succeeded by [[George Ormsby|George Albert Ormsby]] whose appointment took place in 1893 with the SPG contributing to his stipend.<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/dioceseofbelizecpwi/about-the-diocese From: About the Diocese, used with permission of the diocesan Web site master]</ref>

A year later, on the tenth of January, 1894, Bishop Ormsby’s jurisdiction was extended to include Guatemala, [[Honduras|Spanish Honduras]], [[Nicaragua]] and [[Costa Rica]]. By 1895 it was further extended to include Panama, [[Bolivia]], Magdalena, Isthmus of Panama, and the City of Panama. Ormsby divided the colony of British Honduras itself into eight large mission districts and had eighteen clergy at work throughout his extended diocese. Grants from the SPG were a great support for these expansions.<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/dioceseofbelizecpwi/about-the-diocese From: About the Diocese, used with permission of the diocesan Web site master]</ref>

Ormsby was succeeded in 1908 by [[Herbert Bury|Herbery Bury]]. At this time the diocese was reduced by transferring the [[Isthmus of Panama]] and all areas south of it to the jurisdiction of the [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Protestant Episcopal Church of the USA]]. Bishops to follow Bury included the Rt. Rev. [[Walter Farrar]] in 1912, and the Most Rev. [[Edward Dunn (bishop)|Edward Dunn]] in 1917. Bishop Dunn remained Bishop until 1943, and at the same time became Archbishop of the West Indies, 1936 - 1943.<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/dioceseofbelizecpwi/about-the-diocese From: About the Diocese, used with permission of the diocesan Web site master]</ref>

By 1927, Bishop Dunn had ten clergy to serve six countries. Much work was maintained among the [[Miskito people|Moskito Indians]] who gave generously to the Church, longing to live under the rule of the Britsh flag, as their ancestors had so done.<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/dioceseofbelizecpwi/about-the-diocese From: About the Diocese, used with permission of the diocesan Web site master]</ref>

The shortage of priests remained, however. In 1930 the [[Diocese of Derby]] <ref>[http://www.derby.anglican.org/en/about-us/the-diocese/brief-history.html History of the Diocese of Derby]</ref> in England sought to assist by sending priests to work in the Diocese of British Honduras. The Rev. Steven L. Caiger was among the first to go. He first served in British Honduras itself and later in [[Guatemala]]. He was followed by the Rev. R. A. Pratt, who later became [[Archdeacon]] of Belize.<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/dioceseofbelizecpwi/about-the-diocese From: About the Diocese, used with permission of the diocesan Web site master]</ref>

The [[1931 Belize hurricane|1931 hurricane]] that devastated the [[British Honduras|Colony of British Honduras]] caused tremendous damage to church property. The Cathedral, St. Mary’s Church, and their respective [[Clergy house|rectories]] were seriously damaged. Again the SPG came to the rescue making a grant from the Marriot [[Bequest]]. Further depression set in when the [[United Fruit Company]] began to suffer serious losses in the 1930s. [[James Hughes (bishop)|W. J. Hughes M.A.]], served as Bishop from 1944 to 1945, and he was succeeded by [[Douglas Wilson (bishop)|D. J. Wilson, M.A.]], who served as Bishop from 1945 to 1950.<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/dioceseofbelizecpwi/about-the-diocese From: About the Diocese, used with permission of the diocesan Web site master]</ref>

Between 1947 and 1957 the diocese was reduced by transferring [[Panama]], [[El Salvador]] (Iglesia Episcopal Anglicana de El Salvador),<ref>[http://www.elsalvador.anglican.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&layout=blog&id=6&Itemid=6 The Official Diocesan Web page of the Iglesia Episcopal Anglicana de El Salvador]</ref> [[Honduras]] (Diócesis de Honduras),<ref>[http://honduras.fedigitales.org/index.html]</ref> and [[Guatemala]] (Iglesia Episcopal de Guatemala)<ref>[http://www.iglepiscoguate.com/eeobispado.html]</ref> to the jurisdiction of the Episcopal Church of the USA. The diocese was now back to its original geographical area of British Honduras. During this time [[Gerald Brooks|G. H. Brooks, A.A.]], began serving as Bishop 1950, and he remained Bishop to 1966, During Brooks' tenure, [[Hurricane Hattie]] submerged Belize City in 1961, and Belize became self-governing.<ref>[http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/QueenandBelize2/Historyandpresentgovernment.aspx The British Monarchy Official Web site]</ref> Bishop Brooks was succeeded by [[Benjamin Vaughan (bishop)|G. N. Y. Vaughan, M. A.]], who served as Bishop from 1967 to 1971, and 1970 the capital of Belize was officially moved from Belize City to [[Belmopan]], and subsequently, [[St. Ann's Anglican Church|St. Ann's Church]] was constructed in Belmopan. [[Eldon Sylvester|E. A. Silvestre]] began serving as Lord Bishop of British Honduras in 1972.<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/dioceseofbelizecpwi/about-the-diocese From: About the Diocese, used with permission of the diocesan Web site master]</ref>

'''The Church in its Wider Context:'''

In 1973, when the name "British Honduras" was changed to "Belize" and when Bishop Silvestre was serving as Bishop, the diocese became known as the "Anglican Diocese of Belize", and Bishop Sylvestre's title changed to "Lord Bishop of Belize".<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/dioceseofbelizecpwi/about-the-diocese From: About the Diocese, used with permission of the diocesan Web site master]</ref><ref>[http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/QueenandBelize2/Historyandpresentgovernment.aspx The British Monarchy Official Web site]</ref>

In 1975, the Diocese of Belize established a ‘companion relationship’ <ref>[http://www.episcopalchurch.org/page/companion-relationships Companion Relationships - Episcopal Church]</ref> with the Diocese of New York of [[Episcopal Church (United States)|The Episcopal Church]]. In 1978, Bishop Silvestre ended his tenure as Bishop was succeeded by K. A. McMillan, who served as Bishop from 1980 to 1988 (being Bishop on 21 September 1981 when Belize became an independent member of the British Commonwealth: Independence Day).<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/dioceseofbelizecpwi/about-the-diocese From: About the Diocese, used with permission of the diocesan Web site master]</ref>

Bishop McMillan was succeeded by Br. D. Smith, SSF, Bishop from 1989 to 1992, and Bishop Smith was succeeded by [[Sylvester Romero Palma|S. D. Romero, D.D.]], Bishop from 1994 to 2004. The companion relationship with the Diocese of New York was to be followed with similar relationships with the Dioceses of North Carolina (1984-1993), Georgia (1990-1996), Los Angeles (1996), and the Diocese of Southern Virginia, also of The Episcopal Church.<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/dioceseofbelizecpwi/about-the-diocese From: About the Diocese, used with permission of the diocesan Web site master]</ref>

[[Philip Wright (bishop)|P. S. Wright, M.A.]], became Bishop in 2005. The Diocese entered into a companion relationship with the Diocese of St. Alban's<ref>[http://www.stalbans.anglican.org/diocese/ Diocese of St. Alban's]</ref> of the [[Church of England]] in 2014.<ref>[The Anglican News, Anglican Diocese of Belize, Vol. 29, No. 1, page 1]</ref> In terms of the Internet, in 2012 Bishop Wright introduced a) the first Diocese of Belize's Web page and b) the Diocese of Belize's, Anglican Theological Institute's on-line program in conjunction with the Online Anglican Theological College program (OATC).<ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/dioceseofbelizecpwi/about-the-diocese From: About the Diocese, used with permission of the diocesan Web site master]</ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20120821121743/http://belizeanglican.org/ Web.archive.org]</ref><ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/onlineanglicancampus/ Online Anglican Theological College program official Web site]</ref>

Belize is one of eight dioceses that constitute the Church in the Province of the West Indies (CPWI) which was formed in 1883. The Anglican Church in Belize is a member of both the Belize Council of Churches (BCC)<ref>[http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/caribbean/belize/bcc World Council of Churches official Web site]</ref> and the Caribbean Council of Churches (CCC).<ref>[http://www.ccc-caribe.org/eng/index.htm Caribbean Council of Churches official Web site]</ref><ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/dioceseofbelizecpwi/about-the-diocese From: About the Diocese, used with permission of the diocesan Web site master]</ref><ref>[https://sites.google.com/site/dioceseofbelizecpwi/about-the-diocese From: About the Diocese, used with permission of the diocesan Web site master]</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [https://sites.google.com/site/dioceseofbelizecpwi/home Official site]
{{Bishops of Belize}}
{{Anglican Churches}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Belize, Anglican Diocese Of}}
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1891]]
[[Category:1891 establishments in the British Empire]]

Never Gonna Give You Up

2014-02-13T19:19:12Z

TutterMouse: WPCleaner v1.31b - Fixed using WP:WCW - Link equal to linktext

{{About|the Rick Astley song}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox single
| Name = Never Gonna Give You Up
| Cover = RickAstleyNeverGonnaGiveYouUp7InchSingleCover.jpg
| Artist = [[Rick Astley]]
| Album = [[Whenever You Need Somebody]]
| Released = 3 August 1987
| Format = [[7" single]], [[12"|12" maxi]]
| Recorded = 31 March 1987
| Genre = [[Dance-pop]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1046002/april-fools-gets-a-rickrolling |title= April Fools Gets A Rickrolling |publisher= [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |accessdate= 26 June 2013}} "British dance-pop sensation Rick Astley's "Never Gonna Give You Up" first appeared on Billboard's Hot 100 chart the week of 19 Dec. 1987 at No. 71, only to climb to the top spot shortly thereafter."</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.allmusic.com/album/whenever-you-need-somebody-mw0000194422 |title= Whenever You Need Somebody review at Allmusic |author= Alex Henderson |work= [[AllMusic|Allmusic]] |publisher= [[Rovi Corporation]] |accessdate= 20 July 2013}}</ref>
| Length = 3:32
| Label = [[RCA Records]]
| Writer = [[Stock Aitken Waterman|Mike Stock, Matt Aitken, Pete Waterman]]
| Producer = [[Stock Aitken Waterman]]
| Editor = [[Robert Grieg Bannochie]]
| Last single = "When You Gonna" (with Lisa Carter) (1987)
| This single = "'''Never Gonna Give You Up'''" (1987)
| Next single = "[[Learning To Live (Without Your Love)]]" (with [[O'chi Brown]]) (1987)
| Misc =
{{Extra music sample
| Type = single
| filename = Rick Astley - Never Gonna Give You Up.ogg
| format = [[Ogg]]
| title = "Never Gonna Give You Up"
| artist = Rick Astley
}}
{{External music video|{{YouTube|dQw4w9WgXcQ|"Never Gonna Give You Up"}}
}}}}

"'''Never Gonna Give You Up'''" is a 1987 song performed by British singer [[Rick Astley]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.discogs.com/Rick-Astley-Never-Gonna-Give-You-Up/master/96559 |title= Rick Astley – Never Gonna Give You Up |publisher= [[Discogs]] |year= 1987 |accessdate= 17 June 2012}}</ref> It was written and produced by [[Stock, Aitken & Waterman]]. The song was released as the first [[Single (music)|single]] from Astley's multi-million selling debut album, ''[[Whenever You Need Somebody]]''. The song was a worldwide number-one hit, initially in the singer's native United Kingdom in 1987, where it stayed at [[list of number-one singles (UK)|number 1]] for 5 weeks and was the best-selling single of that year. It eventually topped the charts in 25 countries, including the US and West Germany.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.mikestockmusic.com/index.php?page=Biography02&section=sectionBiography |title= Biography |publisher= Mike Stock Music |accessdate= 14 November 2011}}</ref>

The song won Best British Single at the 1988 [[Brit Awards]]. The [[music video]] for the song has become the basis for the "[[Rickrolling]]" [[Internet meme]].

In 2004, it was voted #28 in ''50 Most Awesomely Bad Songs ... Ever'' by [[VH1]]. In 2008, Rick Astley won the MTV EMA awards for [[MTV Europe Music Award for Best Act|"Best Act Ever"]] with the song "Never Gonna Give You Up", as a result of collective voting from thousands of people on the internet, due to the popular phenomenon of Rickrolling.

==Music video==
In the "Never Gonna Give You Up" [[music video]], directed by [[Simon West]],<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0922346/ |title= Simon West - IMDb |publisher= [[Internet Movie Database|IMDb]] |accessdate= 20 July 2013}}</ref> produced by [[Andy Picheta]] and edited by [[Robert Bannochie]], a smiling Astley sings and dances to the song in various outfits and venues in west [[London]], sometimes accompanied by [[backup dancer]]s. A bartender, played by Clive Clarke (who appeared prolifically in 1980s music videos, and was a member of [[Top of the Pops]] dance troupe Zoo) gradually shifts from casually noticing Astley's singing to being fully engrossed in the song with energetic acrobatic moves. The athletic exertion of many of the other dancers also becomes more intense over the course of Astley's performance.

===Rickrolling===
{{Main|Rickrolling}}

"Never Gonna Give You Up" is the subject of a popular Internet [[prank]] known as "rickrolling" involving misleading links (commonly shortened URLs) redirecting to the song's music video.<ref>{{cite video|url= http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lr9G9Afdkfw |publisher= [[YouTube]] |title= An example of rickrolling |date= 23 February 2012 |accessdate= 25 February 2012}}</ref> By May 2007, the practice had achieved notoriety on the Internet, and it increased in popularity after its use as a 2008 [[April Fool's Day]] joke by various media companies and websites, including [[YouTube]] rickrolling all of its featured videos on that day and a website allowing people to rickroll their friends' phones.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.comedycalls.com |title= ComedyCalls.com - A website (www.comedycalls.com) allowing people to rickroll phone numbers |publisher= Comedycalls.com |accessdate= 14 November 2011}}</ref>

In "a couple of weeks", about 13 million people had been rickrolled into watching Astley's video, the BBC reported on 1 April 2008. "I think it's just one of those odd things where something gets picked up and people run with it," Astley told the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' in late March 2008, adding: "That's what's brilliant about the Internet."<ref>{{cite web|title= Rickrolling and the league of web fame |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7325280.stm |author= Mark Savage |work= News.bbc.co.uk |publisher= [[BBC]] |accessdate= 20 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Web Scout exclusive! Rick Astley, king of the 'Rickroll,' talks about his song's second coming |url= http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/webscout/2008/03/rick-astley-kin.html |work= Latimesblogs.latimes.com |publisher= [[Los Angeles Times]] |date= 25 March 2008 |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110926194338/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/webscout/2008/03/rick-astley-kin.html |archivedate= 26 September 2011 |accessdate= 11 October 2013}}</ref>

Astley also appeared in the 2008 [[Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade]] interrupting a song performed by those on a float promoting the [[Cartoon Network]] program ''[[Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends]]'' with a lipsynched performance of "Never Gonna Give You Up".

In several of its protests against the [[Church of Scientology]], [[Anonymous (Group)|Anonymous]] has employed the rickroll.<ref>{{cite news|author= Sean Michaels |title= Taking the Rick: Twenty years after Never Gonna Give You Up, Rick Astley became an internet phenomenon - and an unlikely weapon against Scientology |work= [[The Guardian]] |publisher= Guardian News and Media Limited |date= 19 March 2008 |url= http://music.guardian.co.uk/news/story/0,,2266526,00.html |accessdate= 20 March 2008}}</ref>

Starting in early 2010, Oregon House member Jefferson Smith started setting up an elaborate joke to rick roll the Oregon legislature. He got some other Oregon House members to sneak a few words into speeches they said in a special session in February 2010. The phrases were then edited into a short video that had the phrases put together to make the song. The video was put on YouTube on April Fools' Day 2011.

With the release of [[Apple Inc.|Apple's]] [[iOS 7]] in late 2013, users reported a rickroll in which [[Siri]] displayed the "Never Gonna Give You Up" Wikipedia page after being asked, "What is today going to be like?"<ref>{{cite web|author= Steven Sande |title= Siri's inexplicable rickroll |url= http://www.tuaw.com/2013/09/28/siris-inexplicable-rickroll |publisher= AOL Inc. |work= Tuaw.com |date= 28 September 2013 |accessdate= 28 September 2013}}</ref>

Despite the video garnering millions of hits on [[YouTube]], Astley has earned almost no money from the meme, receiving only US$12 in royalties from YouTube for his performance share, as of August 2010.<ref>{{cite news|title= German judge chides Google over YouTube freeloading |author= Andrew Orlowski |url= http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/08/31/gema_youtube/ |date= 31 August 2010 |work= The Register |accessdate= 11 October 2013}}</ref>

In February 2014, actor [[Robert_Downey,_Jr.|Robert Downey Jr.]] employed the rickroll on his official [[Facebook]] page.<ref>https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=256832667818539&set=a.156205521214588.1073741828.154213784747095&type=1&relevant_count=1</ref>

==Cover versions==

* In 1988, Hong Kong singer Rosanne Lui covered this song in Cantonese.{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}}
* In 1997, the French band [[2Be3]] covered the song under the name "Toujours là pour toi", which had a great success in France (number 4) and Belgium (Wallonia) (number 12).<ref>{{cite web|title= lescharts.com - 2 Be 3 - Toujours là pour toi |work= Lescharts.com |url= http://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=2+Be+3&titel=Toujours+l%E0+pour+toi&cat=s |publisher= Hung Medien |accessdate= 20 July 2013}}</ref>
* In 1999, an Italian cover entitled "Non ti lascerò" was made by [[Rosario Fiorello|Fiorello]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Fiorello: discography - Estatica |url= http://www.estatica.it/en/musica/fiorello/discografia |publisher= Estatica.it |accessdate= 14 November 2011}}</ref>
* [[Eurobeat]] artist Kevin Johnson covered the song in 2004 for the album ''[[Super Eurobeat|Super Eurobeat 149]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.discogs.com/release/445882 |title= Discogs album listing for Super Eurobeat 149 |publisher= [[Discogs]] |date= 16 June 2004 |accessdate= 14 November 2011}}</ref>
* In August 2007, [[internet celebrity]] and singer, [[Tay Zonday]] covered the song <ref>{{cite video|url= http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u_aY7HZvFpQ |title= YOU GOT TAY ROLLED! "Never Gonna Give You Up" Karaoke By Tay Zonday |publisher= [[YouTube]] |date= 18 July 2007 |accessdate= 14 November 2011}}</ref>{{Better source|reason=This is a video link and not a reliable written source.|date=November 2013}}
* On 25 November 2008, [[Barry Manilow]] released a version of the song on his ''[[The Greatest Songs of the Eighties]]'' album.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.amazon.com/dp/B001HUBFPG |title= The Greatest Songs Of The Eighties: Barry Manilow: Music |publisher= Amazon.com |accessdate= 14 November 2011}}</ref>
* 911 (UK Band) also did a version of the song.{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}}
* In the [[Family Guy]] episode "[[Meet the Quagmires]]", Brian Griffin (voiced by [[Seth MacFarlane]]) sings the song.

==The Rickrollerz==
{{Infobox single
|Name = Never Gonna Give You Up
|Cover = Rickrollerz.png
|Artist = The Rickrollerz
|Released = 11 April 2008
|Producer = The Rickrollerz
|Writer = [[Stock Aitken Waterman]]
}}

A group of [[London]] dance producers, called The Rickrollerz made a [[house music]] cover version of "Never Gonna Give You Up"<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/chartblog/2008/04/please_give_me_up_give_me_up_1.shtml |title= Please, Give Me Up, GIVE ME UP! |author= Fraser McAlpine |publisher= BBC |date= 14 April 2008 |accessdate= 6 December 2009}}</ref> The song was remixed on the same day and in the same studio where the original recording took place 20 years earlier. In May 2008, the track entered the UK Club Charts at number 22.

==Track listings==
; 7" single
# "Never Gonna Give You Up" — 3:33
# "Never Gonna Give You Up" (instrumental) — 3:30

; 12" maxi
# "Never Gonna Give You Up" (Cake mix) — 5:46
# "Never Gonna Give You Up" (instrumental) — 6:19
# "Never Gonna Give You Up"– 3:33
# "Never Gonna Give You Up" (Escape to New York mix) — 7:01
# "Never Gonna Give You Up" (Escape from Newton mix) — 6:23

; 12" maxi
# "Never Gonna Give You Up" (Cake mix) — 5:48
# "Never Gonna Give You Up" (instrumental) — 3:30
# "Never Gonna Give You Up" — 3:33

; 12" single
# "Never Gonna Give You Up" (Escape from Newton mix) — 6:30
# "Never Gonna Give You Up" (Escape to New York mix) — 7:00

==Personnel==
*Written and produced by [[Stock, Aitken & Waterman]]
*Engineer : Mark McGuire, Mike Duffy
*Mixed by :
**Escape from Newton mix : Mixmaster Pete Hammond
**Escape to New York mix : The Extra Beat Boys

==Charts and certifications==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

===Peak positions===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Chart (1987-1988)
!Peak position
|-
|Australia ([[Kent Music Report]])<ref>{{cite book|title= Australian Chart Book 1970 - 1992 |author= [[David Kent (historian)|David Kent]] |isbn= 0-646-11917-6 |year= 1993 |publisher= Australian Chart Book, St Ives, N.S.W.}}</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
{{singlechart|Austria|4|artist=Rick Astley|song=Never Gonna Give You Up|accessdate=20 July 2013}}
|-
{{singlechart|Flanders|1|artist=Rick Astley|song=Never Gonna Give You Up|accessdate=20 July 2013}}
|-
|Belgium ([[VRT Top 30]] Flanders)<ref>{{cite web|url= http://top30-2.radio2.be/#/song-info/6376 |title= Never Gonna Give You Up - RICK ASTLEY |work= VRT |publisher= Top30-2.radio2.be |language= Dutch |accessdate= 20 July 2013}} Hoogste notering in de top 30 : 1</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|Canada ([[RPM (magazine)|''RPM'' 100 Singles]])<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.0950&type=1&interval=20&PHPSESSID=u9874ano8k0c5b6bkp4r8qrbp3 |title= Top Singles - Volume 47, No. 22, March 19, 1988 |publisher= Library and Archives Canada |accessdate= 31 May 2013}}</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|Canada ([[RPM (magazine)|''RPM'' Adult Contemporary]])<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.8884&type=1&interval=20&PHPSESSID=u9874ano8k0c5b6bkp4r8qrbp3 |title= Adult Contemporary - Volume 47, No. 24, April 02 1988 |publisher= Library and Archives Canada |accessdate= 4 June 2013}}</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|Denmark ([[Tracklisten]])<ref name="BOOK">{{cite book|title= Earl Blackwell's Celebrity Register, 1990 |author= Earl Blackwell |editor= Gale Research Inc. |year= 1990 |isbn= 978-0810368750 |page= 16}}</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|Finland ([[The Official Finnish Charts]])<ref name="BOOK"/>
|align="center"|1
|-
{{singlechart|France|6|artist=Rick Astley|song=Never Gonna Give You Up|accessdate=20 July 2013}}
|-
{{singlechart|Germany2|1|artist=Rick Astley|song=Never Gonna Give You Up|accessdate=20 July 2013}}
|-
|Ireland ([[Irish Recorded Music Association|IRMA]])<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement |title= The Irish Charts - All there is to know |publisher= [[Irish Recorded Music Association|IRMA]] |accessdate= 20 July 2013}} 1st result when searching "Never gonna give you up"</ref>
|align="center"|2
|-
|Italy ([[Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana|FIMI]])<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.hitparadeitalia.it/hp_yends/hpe1987.htm |title= I singoli più venduti del 1987 |work= HitParadeItalia |publisher= Creative Commons |language= Italian |accessdate= 20 July 2013}} 13. Never gonna give you up - Rick Astley [#3, 1987/88]</ref>
|align="center"|3
|-
{{singlechart|Dutch40|1|artist=Rick Astley - Never Gonna Give You Up|accessdate=20 July 2013}}
|-
{{singlechart|Dutch100|1|artist=Rick Astley|song=Never Gonna Give You Up|accessdate=20 July 2013}}
|-
{{singlechart|New Zealand|1|artist=Rick Astley|song=Never Gonna Give You Up|accessdate=20 July 2013}}
|-
{{singlechart|Norway|1|artist=Rick Astley|song=Never Gonna Give You Up|accessdate=20 July 2013}}
|-
|South Africa ([[Springbok Radio]])<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.rock.co.za/files/springbok_top_20_(A).html |title= South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1969 - 1989 Acts (A) |work= Rock.co.za |publisher= John Samson |accessdate= 20 July 2013}}</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|Spain ([[Productores de Música de España|AFYVE]])<ref>{{cite book|author= Fernando Salaverri |title= Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 |edition= 1st |date=September 2005 |publisher= Fundación Autor-SGAE |location= Spain |isbn= 84-8048-639-2}}</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
{{singlechart|Sweden|1|artist=Rick Astley|song=Never Gonna Give You Up|accessdate=20 July 2013}}
|-
{{singlechart|Switzerland|2|artist=Rick Astley|song=Never Gonna Give You Up|accessdate=20 July 2013}}
|-
|UK ([[Official Charts Company]])<ref name="UK">{{cite web|url= http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/rick%20astley/ |title= Rick Astley |publisher= [[Official Charts Company]] |accessdate= 20 July 2013}}</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]<ref name="awards">{{cite web|url= http://www.allmusic.com/artist/rick-astley-mn0000354722/awards |title= Rick Astley awards at Allmusic |work= [[AllMusic|Allmusic]] |publisher= [[Rovi Corporation]] |accessdate= 20 July 2013}}</ref>
|align="center"|1
|-
|US ''Billboard'' [[Adult Contemporary (chart)|Hot Adult Contemporary]]<ref name="awards"/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|US ''Billboard'' [[Hot Dance Club Songs|Hot Dance Club Play]]<ref name="awards"/>
|align="center"|1
|-
|US ''Billboard'' [[Dance/Electronic Singles Sales|Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales]]<ref name="awards"/>
|align="center"|1
|}
{{col-2}}
{|class="wikitable"
!Chart (2008)
!Peak position
|-
|UK ([[Official Charts Company]])<ref name="UK"/>
|align="center"|73
|}

===Year-end charts===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!End of year chart (1987)
!Position
|-
|Germany ([[Media Control Charts]])
|align="center"|14
|-
|Netherlands ([[Dutch Top 40]])<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.top40.nl/pdf/Top%20100/top%20100%20-%201987.pdf |title= Single top 100 over 1987 |publisher= Top40 |language= Dutch |format= PDF |accessdate= 21 September 2010}}</ref>
|align="center"|6
|-
|Switzerland ([[Swiss Hitparade|Schweizer Hitparade]])<ref>{{cite web|url= http://hitparade.ch/year.asp?key=1987 |title= Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1987 |work= Swiss Singles Chart |publisher= Hung Medien |language= German |accessdate= 1 August 2008}}</ref>
|align="center"|20
|-
|UK ([[Official Charts Company]])<ref>''The Complete Book Of British Charts'' by Warwick/Kutner/Brown</ref>
|align="center"|1
|}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!End of year chart (1988)
!Position
|-
|Australia ([[Kent Music Report]])<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-50-singles-1988.htm |title= ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 50 Singles 1988 |work= Aria.com.au |publisher= ARIA - Australian Recording Industry Association Ltd. |accessdate= 20 July 2013}}</ref>
|align="center"|8
|-
|US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://longboredsurfer.com/charts.php?year=1988 |title= Billboard Top 100 - 1988 |work= Billboard |publisher= The Longbored Surfer |accessdate= 15 September 2009}}</ref>
|align="center"|4
|-
|US ''Billboard'' [[Adult Contemporary (chart)|Hot Adult Contemporary]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/archivesearch/article_display/854930 |title= TOP ADULT CONTEMPORARY SINGLES OF 1988 |accessdate= 8 November 2011}}</ref>
|align="center"|8
|}

===Certifications===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Country
!Certification
!Date
!Sales certified
|-
|Canada<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.musiccanada.com/GPSearchResult.aspx?st=never%20gonna%20give%20you%20up&ica=False&sa=&sl=&smt=0&sat=-1&ssb=Artist |title= Gold and Platinum Search |work= Canadian Singles Chart |publisher= Musiccanada.com |accessdate= 20 July 2013}}</ref>
|align="center"|Gold
|align="center"|{{sort|06|17 May 1988}}
|align="center"|50,000
|-
|France<ref>[http://www.chartsinfrance.net/certifications/artiste-324.htm French certifications - Chartsinfrance.net] (Retrieved 2 September 2008)</ref>
|align="center"|Silver
|align="center"|{{sort|05|1988}}
|align="center"|200,000
|-
|Germany<ref>{{cite certification|region=Germany|title=Never+Gonna+Give+You+Up|accessdate=1 September 2008}}</ref>
|align="center"|Gold
|align="center"|{{sort|01|1987}}
|align="center"|250,000
|-
|Netherlands<ref>[http://www.nvpi.nl/nvpi/pagina.asp?pagkey=60461#resultaat Dutch certifications - nvpi.nl] (Retrieved 9 December 2008)</ref>
|align="center"|Platinum
|align="center"|{{sort|02|1987}}
|align="center"|60,000
|-
|Sweden<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.ifpi.se/wp-content/uploads/guld-platina-1987-1998.pdf |title= 1987-1988 |work= Swedish Singles Chart |publisher= Ifpi.se |accessdate= 20 July 2013}}</ref>
|align="center"|Gold
|align="center"|{{sort|04|21 October 1987}}
|align="center"|10,000
|-
|UK<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.bpi.co.uk/certified-awards.aspx |title= Certified Awards |work= Bpi.co.uk |publisher= [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]] |accessdate= 11 October 2013}}</ref>
|align="center"|Gold
|align="center"|{{sort|03|1 September 1987}}
|align="center"|500,000
|-
|US<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?artist=%22Never+Gonna+Give+You+Up%22 |title= RIAA – Gold and Platinum – Never Gonna Give You Up |publisher= [[Recording Industry Association of America]] |accessdate= 11 October 2013}}</ref>
|align="center"|Gold
|align="center"|{{sort|07|24 February 1989}}
|align="center"|500,000
|}
{{col-end}}

===Successions===
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = "[[I Just Can't Stop Loving You]]" by [[Michael Jackson]] and [[Siedah Garrett]]
| title = [[List of number-one singles from the 1980s (UK)#1987|UK number one single]]
| years = 30 August 1987 – 27 September 1987
| after = "[[Pump Up the Volume (song)|Pump Up the Volume]]" by [[MARRS|M/A/R/R/S]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = "[[It's a Sin]]" by [[Pet Shop Boys]]
| title = [[Sverigetopplistan|Swedish]] [[List of Swedish number-one hits|number-one single]]
| years = 30 September 1987 – 11 November 1987
| after = "Oh Mama" by Lili & Sussie
}}
{{Succession box
| before = "[[Too Much Ain't Enough Love]]" by [[Jimmy Barnes]]
| title = [[Kent Music Report|Australian Music Report Singles Chart]] [[List of number-one singles in Australia during the 1980s|number-one single]]
| years = 30 November 1987 – 11 January 1988
| after = "[[Faith (George Michael song)|Faith]]" by [[George Michael]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = "Brilliant Disguise" by [[Bruce Springsteen]]
| title = [[VG-lista|Norwegian VG-Lista]] [[List of number-one hits in Norway|number-one single]]
| years = Week 43, 1987
| after = "[[Voyage Voyage]]" by [[Desireless]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = "[[I'm Beggin' You]]" by [[Supertramp]]
| title = [[Hot Dance Club Songs|''Billboard'' Hot Dance Club Play]] [[Number-one dance hits of 1988 (USA)|number-one single]]
| years = 16 January 1988
| after = "[[What Have I Done to Deserve This? (song)|What Have I Done to Deserve This?]]" by [[Pet Shop Boys]] and [[Dusty Springfield]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = "[[I Think We're Alone Now]]" by [[Tiffany (American singer)|Tiffany]]
| title = [[Recorded Music NZ|New Zealand RIANZ]] [[List of number-one singles in 1988 (New Zealand)|number-one single]]
| years = 5 February 1988
| after = "[[Pump Up the Volume (song)|Pump Up the Volume]]" by [[MARRS|M/A/R/R/S]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = "[[Father Figure (song)|Father Figure]]" by [[George Michael]]
| title = [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] [[Hot 100 number-one hits of 1988 (United States)|number one single]]
| years = 12 March 1988 – 19 March 1988
| after = "[[Man in the Mirror]]" by [[Michael Jackson]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = "[[She's Like the Wind]]" by [[Patrick Swayze]] featuring [[Wendy Fraser]]
| title = ''Billboard'' [[Adult Contemporary (chart)|Hot Adult Contemporary]] number-one single
| years = 12 March 1988 – 26 March 1988
| after = "[[Where Do Broken Hearts Go]]" by [[Whitney Houston]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = "[[Pump Up the Volume (song)|Pump Up the Volume]]" by [[MARRS|M/A/R/R/S]]
| title = [[RPM (magazine)|Canadian ''RPM'' Singles Chart]] [[list of RPM number-one singles of 1988|number-one single]]
| years = 19 March 1988 – 2 April 1988
| after = "[[Get Outta My Dreams, Get into My Car]]" by [[Billy Ocean]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*{{MetroLyrics song|rick-astley|never-gonna-give-you-up}}

{{Rick Astley}}
{{UK best-selling singles (by year) 1970–1989}}

[[Category:1987 singles]]
[[Category:1987 songs]]
[[Category:2008 singles]]
[[Category:Ashley Tisdale songs]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one singles]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs number-one singles]]
[[Category:Brit Award for British Single]]
[[Category:Dance-pop songs]]
[[Category:Internet memes]]
[[Category:Number-one debut singles]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Norway]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Spain]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Sweden]]
[[Category:Dutch Top 40 number-one singles]]
[[Category:Pete Waterman Entertainment singles]]
[[Category:RCA Records singles]]
[[Category:Rick Astley songs]]
[[Category:RPM Top Singles number-one singles]]
[[Category:Singles certified silver by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by Stock Aitken Waterman]]
[[Category:Songs written by Matt Aitken]]
[[Category:Songs written by Mike Stock (musician)]]
[[Category:Songs written by Pete Waterman]]
[[Category:UK Singles Chart number-one singles]]

Whole Lotta Rosie

2013-10-20T10:45:57Z

TutterMouse: WPCleaner v1.29 - Link equal to linktext (Fixed using WP:WCW)

{{EngvarB|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox single
| Name = Whole Lotta Rosie
| Cover = Acdc-whole lotta rosie s.jpg
| Artist = [[AC/DC]]
| from Album = [[Let There Be Rock]]
| B-side = "[[Dog Eat Dog (song)|Dog Eat Dog]]"
| Released = 1977
| Format = [[Gramophone record|7"]]
| Recorded = 1977
| Genre = [[Hard rock]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.allmusic.com/song/whole-lotta-rosie-mt0000659796 |title= Whole Lotta Rosie review on Allmusic |author= Ed Rivadavia |work= Allmusic |publisher= Rovi Corporation |accessdate= 1 July 2013}} "One of hard rock's all-time greatest moments"</ref>
| Length = 5:20
| Writer = [[Angus Young]], [[Bon Scott]], [[Malcolm Young]]
| Label = [[Atco Records|ATCO]]
| Producer = [[Harry Vanda]], [[George Young (rock musician)|George Young]]
| Chart position =
| Last single = "[[Let There Be Rock (song)|Let There Be Rock]]" (1977)
| This single = "'''Whole Lotta Rosie'''" (1978)
| Next single = "[[Rock 'n' Roll Damnation]]" (1978)
| Misc = {{Extra album cover
| Upper caption = Alternative cover
| Type = single
| Cover = AC DC wholelottarosie.jpg
| Lower caption = Cover of AC/DC's 1978 single
}}
}}
{{Infobox song 
| Name = Whole Lotta Rosie
| Cover =
| Artist = [[AC/DC]]
| Album = [[Let There Be Rock]]
| Released = March 1977 (Australia) 23 June 1977 (worldwide)
| track_no = 8
| Recorded = January–February 1977
| Genre = [[Hard rock]], [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]]
| Length = 5:33
| Label = [[Atco Records|ATCO]]
| Producer = [[Harry Vanda]], [[George Young (rock musician)|George Young]]
| Chart Position =
| prev = "[[Let There Be Rock|Hell Ain't a Bad Place to Be]]"
| prev_no = 7
| next = N/A
}}
"'''Whole Lotta Rosie'''" is a song by Australian [[hard rock]] band [[AC/DC]]. It is the eighth and final track on the band's fourth Australian album, ''[[Let There Be Rock]]'', released in Australia in March 1977, and was written by [[Angus Young]], [[Malcolm Young]], and [[Bon Scott]]. It is also the eighth and final track on the international version of the album, released in June the same year.

It was also released as a single in 1978, with a live version of the ''Let There Be Rock'' album track "[[Dog Eat Dog (song)|Dog Eat Dog]]" as the [[A-side and B-side|B-side]], which had been recorded in concert in [[Glasgow]] on 30 April 1978.

==Composition==
The song is about an obese [[Tasmania]]n woman, Rosie, with whom the singer (Bon Scott) had a one night stand at the Freeway Gardens Motel in [[North Melbourne]].<ref>Bon Scott Interview, ''Bonfire'' Box Set, Disc 4</ref> In addition to pointing out the woman's size, the singer finds her to be one of the most talented lovers he's ever experienced.

The song's first verse reveals Rosie's substantial physical measurements (42"-39"-56"), and that she weighs nineteen [[stone (weight)|stone]] (266 pounds/approximately 120 kilograms). On the ''[[Live from the Atlantic Studios]]'' disc, however, Scott describes the titular woman as "... a Tasmanian devil ... weighs 305 pounds ...," a measurement that differs from the "19 stone" lyric (305 lb being 21 st 11 lb).

==Early version==
The song's main riff was also featured on an earlier recording with different lyrics, titled "Dirty Eyes", which saw official release on ''[[Volts (album)|Volts]]'', part of the ''[[Bonfire (album)|Bonfire]]'' box set. "Dirty Eyes" features a different chord progression in the chorus, as well as a slower tempo than "Rosie".

In late summer of 1976, "Dirty Eyes" was first recorded by AC/DC, along with "Carry Me Home" and "Love at First Feel" for a possible EP. This recording is possibly the version that was later issued on the ''Bonfire'' boxed set. The EP was scrapped, leaving "Love at First Feel" as a fill-in for the upcoming Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap album and "Carry Me Home" as a b-side. In the following months, Dirty Eyes was recrafted into "Whole Lotta Rosie," and recorded during the ''Let There Be Rock'' sessions of January–February 1977.<ref>Englehart, Murray (''AC/DC: Maximum Rock & Roll'', p. 162).</ref>

When the song was released as a single in 1978 it was heavily edited, making the song considerably shorter. A big part of the guitar solo was left out as well as the characteristic guitar-band duel.

==Live recordings and performances==
[[Image:RosieACDC.JPG|left|thumb|"Rosie" on the 2008 Black Ice Tour]]

One of AC/DC's most popular songs, "Whole Lotta Rosie" has been included on each of the band's official live albums: three with Scott (''[[If You Want Blood You've Got It]]'', ''[[Live from the Atlantic Studios]]'', ''[[Let There Be Rock: The Movie – Live in Paris]]'', the latter two released in 1997 as part of the ''[[Bonfire (album)|Bonfire]]'' box set), and also four with Brian Johnson (released on ''[[AC/DC Live|Live]]'', ''[[Live: 2 CD Collector's Edition]]'', the [[Stiff Upper Lip#Tour Edition|tour edition]] of ''[[Stiff Upper Lip]]'', and also on ''[[Live at River Plate (album)|Live at River Plate]]''). The only other song that appears on all these releases is "[[T.N.T. (album)|The Jack]]". A live video of "Whole Lotta Rosie" is also featured on the DVD ''[[Family Jewels (AC/DC album)|Family Jewels]]'', from a 1978 performance on the [[BBC]]'s TV concert series ''[[Rock Goes to College]]'', on which Scott refers to Rosie as the "biggest, fattest woman who ever [[fornication|fornicated]]." When the song is performed live, the crowd will usually shout 'Angus!' in between each of the opening riffs.

Current live performances of "Whole Lotta Rosie" are accompanied by a giant, inflatable "Rosie" as seen on the ''[[Live at Donington (AC/DC)|Live at Donington]]'' video. In March 2005, [[Q (magazine)|''Q'' magazine]] placed the live version from ''If You Want Blood ...'' at number 16 in its list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks. {{citation needed|date=November 2011}}

Rosie was seen (at the same table as [[Brian Johnson]]) during the cartoon intro video that was played on the [[Black Ice World Tour]]. The song was also used in [[Brian Johnson]]'s audition as Scott's successor.<ref name="acdc.cc">{{Cite web| title=AC/DC History | work=AC/DC – Bedlam in Belgium | url=http://www.ac-dc.cc | accessdate = 23 September 2006}}</ref>

==Covers==
"Whole Lotta Rosie" was covered by [[Guns N' Roses]], it was on the 1987 UK vinyl singles of "Welcome to the Jungle" and the 1988 "Live from the Jungle" album. It has also been played as part of Guns N' Roses' concerts.<ref>{{cite web | title=Guns N' Roses singles | work=Here Today... Gone to Hell | url=http://www.heretodaygonetohell.com/releases/discog/welcome.htm | accessdate=17 January 2007}}</ref>

Australian psychedelic band Electric Hippies recorded a cover in 1995 for the "[[Fuse_Box_(album)|Fuse Box"]] alternative tribute album.

It was also covered by [[W.A.S.P.]] on the American version of the 1996 "[[Still Not Black Enough]]" album.

[[Bullet for My Valentine]] also released a cover of the song as a bonus track on their 2013 album [[Temper Temper (Bullet for My Valentine album)|Temper Temper]].

==In other media==
A live version of this song is included on ''[[List of Rock Band track packs#AC/DC Live: Rock Band Track Pack|AC/DC Live: Rock Band Track Pack]]''.

==Track listing==
[[File:Wolelottarosie-intro power chords.ogg|thumb|''Whole Lotta Rosie'' intro with power chords]]
;1977 7-inch single (Netherlands: Atlantic ATL 109 92)
#"Whole Lotta Rosie" (Young, Young, Scott) – 5:20
#"Dog Eat Dog" (Young, Young, Scott) – 3:35

;1978 7-inch single (Belgium: Atlantic 109 92)
#"Whole Lotta Rosie" (Young, Young, Scott) – 5:20
#"Dog Eat Dog" (Young, Young, Scott) – 3:35

;1980 7-inch single (UK: Atlantic HM 4)
#"Whole Lotta Rosie" (Young, Young, Scott) – 5:20
#"Hell Ain't a Bad Place to Be" (Young, Young, Scott) – 4:21

==Personnel==
*[[Bon Scott]] – lead vocals
*[[Angus Young]] – lead guitar
*[[Malcolm Young]] – rhythm guitar
*[[Mark Evans (musician)|Mark Evans]] – bass<ref name="Music Legends">{{cite web |publisher=Music Legends| url=http://musiclegends.ca/interviews/mark-evans-acdc-interview/| title=Mark Evans Interview| accessdate=6 May 2013|date=30 September 2011|last=Saulnier|first=Jason}}</ref>
*[[Phil Rudd]] – drums

*Producers: [[Harry Vanda]], [[George Young (rock musician)|George Young]]

==Chart positions==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Chart (1978)
!Position
|-
{{singlechart|Flanders|12|artist=AC/DC|song=Whole Lotta Rosie}}
|-
{{singlechart|Dutch40|3|artist=AC/DC|song=Whole Lotta Rosie}}
|-
{{singlechart|Dutch100|5|artist=AC/DC|song=Whole Lotta Rosie}}
|-
!Chart (1980)
!Position
|-
|UK ([[Official Charts Company]])<ref name="UK">{{cite web |url= http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/ac/dc/ |title= AC/DC |publisher= Official Charts Company |accessdate= 1 July 2013}}</ref>
|align="center"|36
|-
!Chart (2012)
!Position
|-
|UK ([[Official Charts Company]])<ref name="UK"/>
|align="center"|68
|}

==External links==
*[{{Allmusic|class=song|id=t2010079|pure_url=yes}} Review of "Whole Lotta Rosie" by Allmusic]

==References==
<div style="font-size:90%;"><references/></div>

{{AC/DC singles}}

[[Category:AC/DC songs]]
[[Category:Songs written by Angus Young]]
[[Category:Songs written by Bon Scott]]
[[Category:Songs written by Malcolm Young]]
[[Category:1977 songs]]
[[Category:1978 singles]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by Harry Vanda]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by George Young]]

Benutzer:Rogi.Official/Artikel/Werkstatt/Medium.com

2013-09-13T13:46:48Z

TutterMouse: Requesting speedy deletion (CSD A7). (TW)

{{db-corp}}
{{Unreviewed|date=September 2013}}

'''Medium (service)''' is a blog publishing platform.<ref>http://readwrite.com/2012/08/14/read-only-launch-for-medium-branch-but-twitter-founders-promise-more#awesm=~ohaawehyjEQlUn</ref> It was founded by [[Twitter]] co-founders [[Evan Williams (entrepreneur)|Evan Williams]] and [[Biz Stone]].<ref>http://mashable.com/2012/08/14/medium-ev-biz/</ref>



==References==
{{reflist}}


==External links==
* {{Official website|https://medium.com/}}

*
*
*
*



{{Uncategorized|date=September 2013}}

Ozone Park

2012-07-19T07:54:28Z

TutterMouse: WPCleaner v1.14 - Template with Unicode control characters (Fixed using WP:WCW)

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ozone Park
| settlement_type = [[Neighborhoods of New York City]]
| image_skyline = OzonePark-Welcome-sign.JPG
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Ozone Park Welcome Sign
| image = 
| nickname =
| motto =
| anthem =


| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = [[United States]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[New York]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in New York|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Queens County, New York|Queens]]
| elevation_ft =


| established_title = 
| established_date =
| established_title1 = 
| established_date1 =
| founder =
| named_for =


| population_footnotes = 
| population_total = 52,275
| population_as_of = 2000
| population_est =
| pop_est_as_of =
| population_demonym = 
| population_note =


| demographics_type1 = Ethnicity
| demographics1_footnotes = 
| demographics1_title1 = White
| demographics1_info1 = 48.0%
| demographics1_title2 = Black
| demographics1_info2 = 5.3%
| demographics1_title3 = Hispanic
| demographics1_info3 = 33.6%
| demographics1_title4 = Asian
| demographics1_info4 = 13.9%
| demographics1_title5 = Other
| demographics1_info5 = 20.4%


| demographics_type2 = Economics
| demographics2_footnotes = 
| demographics2_title1 = [[Median household income|Median income]]
| demographics2_info1 = $41,291


| postal_code_type = ZIP code
| postal_code = 11416, 11417
| area_code = 718, 347, 917
}}
[[Image:Aqueduct Racetrack.jpg|thumb|Aqueduct Racetrack.]]
'''Ozone Park''' is a working class{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} neighborhood located in the southwestern section of the [[New York City]] [[borough (New York City)|borough]] of [[Queens]] bordering [[Woodhaven, Queens|Woodhaven]], [[Richmond Hill, Queens|Richmond Hill]], [[South Ozone Park, Queens|South Ozone Park]], [[Howard Beach, Queens|Howard Beach]], and [[City Line, Brooklyn]].<ref name=map>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.queensbp.org/content_web/map_boundaries.htm
|oldurl=http://www.queensbp.org/content_web/map_boundaries.htm
|title=2008 Map of Queens neighborhoods
|accessdate=2010-09-01 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080731085321/http://www.queensbp.org/content_web/map_boundaries.htm |archivedate = 2008-07-31}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/neighbor/neighbor.pdf |title=NYC Community Boards |format=pdf |accessdate=2009-10-16}}
</ref>
Different parts of the neighborhood are covered by [[Queens Community Board 9]] and [[Queens Community Board 10|10]].<ref>[http://www.nyc.gov/html/cau/html/cb/cb_queens.shtml Queens Community Boards], [[New York City]]. Accessed September 3, 2007.
</ref>

The northern border is [[Atlantic Avenue (New York City)|Atlantic Avenue]]; the southern border is [[Conduit Avenue|South Conduit Avenue]], and the eastern border is 108th Street.<ref name=map />
The western border is the county line with [[Brooklyn]] (mostly along Ruby and Drew Streets<ref>{{cite web |last=Liff |first=Bob |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/ny_local/1999/04/27/1999-04-27_where_city_drew_the_line___d.html |title=WHERE CITY DREW THE LINE DOUBLE LIVES THE NORM IN BORDER NABE |publisher=New York Daily News |date=April 27, 1999 |accessdate=2009-10-16}}</ref>). It is the home of the [[Aqueduct Racetrack]], a popular spot for [[thoroughbred racing]].

==History==
{{Ref improve section|date=April 2010}}
{{Essay|section|date=April 2010}}
During the 1870s, an economic depression caused residents of New York City to look for better housing opportunities in the suburbs of Manhattan and Brooklyn where it would be cheaper. Two partners, Benjamin W. Hitchcock and Charles C. Denton, first began carving farmland into building lots. They were able to do this because of their wealth and substantial capital. Housing was first developed in the area after the [[Long Island Rail Road]] began service through the area in 1880 as part of its route from [[Long Island City, Queens|Long Island City]] to [[Howard Beach, Queens|Howard Beach]]. Ozone Park was created and settled in 1882. The name "Ozone Park" was chosen to "lure buyers with the idea of refreshing breezes blowing in from the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to a park-like community." Ozone Park was considered the country to all those that lived in Manhattan.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} Ozone Park was also a very serene place to have loved ones rest in peace, in what was termed the country.<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C04E2DD163CF936A35753C1A9659C8B63&sec=&pagewanted=3 If You're Thinking of Living In/Ozone Park; Changing Faces, Enduring Values], ''[[The New York Times]]'', October 5, 2003.</ref>
Before the turn of the 20th century, there was an attempt{{Who|date=April 2010}} to develop up to nine neighborhoods with the "park" title.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} Ozone Park was the only one these neighborhoods that continues to exist mostly because of the daily service at the now-defunct [[Ozone Park (LIRR station)|Ozone Park station]] on the [[Long Island Railroad]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} The name persisted because of the many commuters{{Who|date=April 2010}} who passed through the Ozone Park station and referred to it as an important landmark.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} The railroad station was also responsible for the increasing development of the neighborhood because the access to the railroad allowed people to get into the city easily, increasing its popularity among families looking to move into a suburb.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}

The final improvement to the local transit system was the elevated railroad line at Liberty Avenue in 1914. In addition to this railroad station came the nickel fare which was another major factor in the development of Ozone Park. The nickel fare gave residents the ability to travel anywhere along the railroad line for a set price of 5¢. This new fare was considered to be the "single most effective stimulus to home building"{{Cite quote|date=April 2010}} in the Ozone Park area because the real estate developers began buying up all the lots on either side of Liberty Avenue in hopes the new station would attract more people to want to live in Ozone Park.
[[File:Medisys Ozone Park jeh.JPG|thumb|Historic clock tower built during the 1860s that is a relatively small remnant of the Lalance & Grosjean [[Enamelware#Industrial Porcelain Enamel|porcelain enamelware]] factory complex on Atlantic Avenue at north end of Ozone Park or, alternatively, the south end of [[Woodhaven, Queens|Woodhaven]] that was mostly razed in the 1980s and is now [[Adaptive reuse|"adaptively reused"]] as a medical clinic.]]

Prior to 1922, [[Woodhaven Boulevard]] was the only important north-south street in town. Then officials decided to expand Woodhaven Boulevard all the way south to the Rockaways and finally opened to traffic in 1925. This made Ozone Park more accessible by both bus and car. Since cars were also becoming more popular at this time, the land became much more valuable leading to a construction boom in an attempt to fill any empty lot. Between the years of 1921 and 1930, Ozone Park saw a population increase of over 180% from 40,000 to 112,950 people. With this extraordinary increase in population came the need for schools and sources of entertainment. In response to this demand came the construction of John Adams High School in 1930. This school was built came right as the construction boom slowed down and right before the Great Depression. John Adams High School is still open today. Furthermore, in 1925 the development of the Cross-Bay Movie Theatre gave residents the ability to go and see a show while also connecting with neighbors.{{Or|date=August 2011}}

One infamous{{Why?|date=April 2010}} area of Ozone Park is known as "the hole" which is a term that is used for areas of Ozone Park where houses are below grade{{Clarify|date=September 2009}}. In the 1930s the city of New York decided to install sewers and sewer lines in Ozone Park to stop the serious flooding that was a major problem. In order to install the sewers the houses had to be raised almost an entire floor. Owners were given a stipend to raise their homes but some chose not to raise them leaving them down under. The first floors of some homes subsequently became basements. This area was mostly on 75th, 76th, 77th and 78th streets, although there are still a few homes that are below grade that still have not been raised to this day.

==Demographics==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2009}}
Since its beginnings, Ozone Park has been largely populated by different groups of immigrants. [[German American|Germans]] and [[Irish American|Irish]] made up a large part of Ozone Park in the late 19th century and early 20th century. By 1910 the [[Italian American|Italians]], who were one of the largest ethnic groups in the neighborhood from 1915 to 1983, started to migrate into [[Ozone Park]] from East New York, Brooklyn. Most of the current Italians in the neighborhood are originally from Brooklyn. Fears of changing neighborhoods caused a stir amongst the Italians that caused them to move into Ozone Park, which at the time was mostly Germans and Irish who had migrated themselves from neighboring [[East New York]]. [[Census]] from the early years show how Ozone Park was a sparsely lived in neighborhood because of the lack of transportation. By 1915 the [[Fulton Street Line]] opened, connecting Ozone Park with the rest of NYC, thus starting the enormous growth by the Italians. Ozone Park then formed many smaller neighborhoods within a neighborhood, trying for separate identities. The Tudor Village section, which is still known by this name, was located on the south bordered by Pitkin Ave and North Conduit Ave and from East to West Cross Bay Blvd and North Conduit Ave. Centerville, which also still uses this name, is bordered by Aqueduct, on the East, and Cross Bay Blvd on the West and North Conduit Ave on the South and Rockaway Blvd on the North. Liberty Heights, which is only known by the old-timers, was bordered by Liberty Ave on the South and 101 Ave (Jerome Ave) on the North side and Woodhaven Blvd on the East and Drew Street on the West. Balsam Village, which is also known by the old-timers, was named after the farm Balsam Farms after selling off parcels of land for development, is bordered by Liberty Ave on the North and 84 Street on the West and Crossbay Blvd on the East. In the 1980s, e.g. 1985, Ozone Park's [[NYPD]] Precinct (106th) became the source and scene of several [[police brutality]] incidents, e.g. April 17, 1985's [[Electroshock weapon|stun gun]] of high schooler [[Mark Davidson]] who was arrested on [[marijuanna]] possession charges.

At the turn of the 21st century immigrants from Latin America, South Asia ([[Bangladesh]]), the West Indies and South America (Indo-Guyanese & Indo-Surinamese) have moved in, adding a diverse atmosphere to the neighborhood, which is especially apparent along 101st Avenue and Liberty Avenue near the neighborhood's border with Richmond Hill.<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C04E2DD163CF936A35753C1A9659C8B63 Ozone Park: Changing faces - Article from NY Times]</ref> These new arrivals have made Ozone Park become one of the fastest-growing and ethnically diverse neighborhoods in New York City. Aside from these larger groups, there is a large [[Hispanic]] population in Ozone Park, mainly concentrated in the northern portion of the neighborhood near the [[Woodhaven, Queens|Woodhaven]] border, and an African-American minority, spread throughout the neighborhood.

Residents vary from working-class to middle-class families, who own or rent private homes on the neighborhood's tree-lined residential streets. There are pockets of wealthier areas in the southern part of the neighborhood close to the [[Belt Parkway]].

==Transportation==
There are many bus routes that run through Ozone Park. The [[Q7 (New York City bus)|Q7]] runs on Rockaway Boulevard, [[Q21 (New York City bus)|Q21]] and [[Q41 (New York City bus)|Q41]] run on [[Cross Bay Boulevard]], [[Q11 (New York City bus)|Q11]] up [[Woodhaven Boulevard]], [[Q112 (New York City bus)|Q112]] on Liberty Avenue, the [[Q8 (New York City bus)|Q8]] on 101st Avenue, and the [[Q24 (New York City bus)|Q24]] on [[Atlantic Avenue (New York City)|Atlantic Avenue]]. The Q53 also runs on Woodhaven Boulevard and Cross Bay Boulevard, but stops only at Atlantic Avenue and Rockaway Boulevard.

The [[New York City Subway]]'s [[IND Fulton Street Line]] ({{NYCS Fulton east}}) runs along Liberty Avenue, and becomes [[Elevated railway|elevated]] upon entering the neighborhood from Brooklyn. The station at [[Rockaway Boulevard (IND Fulton Street Line)|Rockaway Boulevard]] is a major junction between trains heading towards the [[Ozone Park-Lefferts Boulevard (IND Fulton Street Line)|Ozone Park-Lefferts Boulevard]] station and trains heading to [[Far Rockaway-Mott Avenue (IND Rockaway Line)|Far Rockaway-Mott Avenue]], an often confusing or unknown detail for tourists on their way to JFK Airport on the latter line.

==Pop culture==
===Onscreen (film)===
* ''[[Boss of Bosses]]'' (starring [[Chazz Palminteri]]) features a scene with John Gotti in Ozone Park at the Bergin Hunt and Fish Club
* ''[[A Bronx Tale]]'' features a scene set at [[Aqueduct Racetrack]]
* ''[[Goodfellas]]'' is an Academy Award-winning gangster film that takes place in and around Ozone Park, Queens
* ''[[Lucky Number Slevin]]'' contains a scene at the beginning wherein the father and son are at Aqueduct Racetrack
* ''Searching for Bobby DeNiro'' (aka ''Movers and Fakers'') was filmed in Aldos II Pizzeria in Ozone Park<ref>http://video.barnesandnoble.com/DVD/Searching-for-Bobby-DeNiro/Paul-Borghese/e/723952077752</ref>
* ''[[A Shock to the System]]'' (1990) contains a scene filmed in the old Aqueduct Raceway Station

===Onscreen (television)===
* ''[[All in the Family]]'''s (1970s TV sitcom) principals, Archie and Edith Bunker, had cousins who lived in Ozone Park
* ''[[Getting Gotti]]'' (1994 TV film starring [[Lorraine Bracco]]) is based on a real life woman, Diane Giacalone, who grew up in Ozone Park and through the years first-handedly watched Gotti rise to power on the streets of Ozone Park. She eventually became an Assistant US Attorney and built up a case against him.
* The ''[[The King Of Queens]]'' TV sitcom often contains scenes in which the old United Artists Cross Bay movie theatre on Rockaway Boulevard can be seen
* The ''Perfect Crimes'' [[History Channel]] documentary features the [[Lufthansa heist]] and discusses the [[Lucchese crime family]] crews living, killing and running businesses in Ozone Park
* ''[[The Sopranos]]'' character, [[Rusty_Millio#Rusty_Millio|Rusty Millio]] (played by [[Frankie Valli]]), lives in Ozone Park, as revealed in the episode "[[Live Free or Die (The Sopranos)|Live Free or Die]]"

===Other===
*[[Jack Lord]], from the 1960s ''[[Hawaii Five-0]]'' TV series, attended [[John Adams High School (New York City)|John Adams High School]], located on Rockaway Boulevard in Ozone Park
*[[Pope John Paul II]] celebrated [[Catholic mass|mass]] for 75,000 people at Ozone Park's Aqueduct Racetrack in October 1995

==Schools==
[[File:PS 63 Ozone Park jeh.JPG|thumb|P.S. 63]]
;'''Public schools'''
*[http://schools.nyc.gov/SchoolPortals/27/Q063/default.htm?searchType=school P.S. 63 Old South School]
*[http://schools.nyc.gov/SchoolPortals/27/Q064/default.htm?searchType=school P.S. 64 Joseph P. Addabbo School]
*[http://schools.nyc.gov/SchoolPortals/27/Q065/default.htm?searchType=school P.S. 65 The Raymond York Elementary School]
*[http://schools.nyc.gov/SchoolPortals/27/Q137/default.htm?searchType=school Middle School 137 America's School-Heroes]
*[http://schools.nyc.gov/SchoolPortals/27/Q202/default.htm?searchType=school Junior High School 202 R. H. Goddard]
*Robert H Goddard High School Of Technology and Communications 308
* [http://schools.nyc.gov/SchoolPortals/27/Q210/default.htm?searchType=school Junior High School 210 Elizabeth Blackwell]
*[[John Adams High School (Jamaica/Ozone Park, NY)|John Adams High School]]
*[[High School for Construction Trades, Engineering and Architecture]]
;'''Private schools'''
*St Elizabeth's RC Elementary
*St Mary Gate of Heaven RC Elementary
*Divine Mercy Catholic Academy (originally Nativity B.V.M. and St. Stanislaus Schools, which were combined renamed in 2007)
*Little Dolphin Pre-School
*Our Lady of Perpetual Hope
* Our Lady's Catholic Academy
;'''Closed schools'''
*Our Lady of Wisdom RC Secondary

==Notable residents==
[[Image:Jacks house3.JPG|thumb|[[Jack Kerouac]] lived above this flower shop in Ozone Park.]]

Notable current and former residents of Ozone Park include:
*[[Ray Abruzzo]] - Actor (The Sopranos)
*[[Joseph Patrick Addabbo]] - Congressman and has P.S. 64 named after him.<ref name=Thinking>Shaman, Diana. [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C04E2DD163CF936A35753C1A9659C8B63 "If You're Thinking of Living In/Ozone Park; Changing Faces, Enduring Values"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', October 5, 2003. Acecssed October 19, 2007. "''It's a great community,'' said Councilman Joseph P. Addabbo Jr., who represents Ozone Park and lives there with his wife, Dawn.... At the foot of the tree-shaded enclave, which stretches from North Conduit Avenue to Pitkin Avenue and from 81st to 87th Streets, lies the 2.8-acre Joseph P. Addabbo Park, named after Representative Addabbo, a lifelong resident of Ozone Park who served in Congress from 1960 until his death in 1986."</ref>
*[[Joseph Addabbo, Jr.]], member of the [[New York City Council]] from the 32nd Council District.<ref name=Thinking/>
*[[Pedro Beato]], relief pitcher of the [[New York Mets]]
*[[Charles Camarda]] - astronaut, Mission Specialist on [[STS-114]]
*[[The Capris]] - 1950s [[Doo Wop]] group.<ref>O'Donnell, Michelle. [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=980DEEDC153FF932A25756C0A9659C8B63 "CITYPEOPLE; Remember Then"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', May 11, 2003. Accessed November 11, 2007. "...at which members of long-forgotten groups like the Elegants (from Staten Island) and the Capris (Ozone Park, Queens) examined the Italian-American influence on doo-wop."</ref> Smith / W.9th Street
*[[Gerald Edelman]] (1929-), 1972 winner of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]].<ref>[http://www.hightech-mag.com/index.php/vip/2005/07/gerald-edelman-1972-nobel-prize-in-physiology-and-medicine/ Gerald Edelman - 1972 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine], ''Israel High-Tech Magazine'', July 1, 2005.</ref>
*[[Elizabeth Eden]] (1946–1987), Real life character of "''Leon''" from the 1975 film ''[[Dog Day Afternoon]]''.<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE0D91F38F932A35753C1A961948260 "Elizabeth Eden, Transsexual Who Figured in 1975 Movie"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', October 1, 1987. Accessed December 26, 2007.</ref>
*[[Peter Facinelli]] - (born November 26, 1973), actor.
*[[John Frascatore]] (1970-), baseball player<ref>Huang, Paul. [http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/sport/archives/2003/08/15/2003063900/wiki "John Frascatore beefs up Lions' pitching"], ''[[Taipei Times]]'', August 15, 2003. Accessed October 18, 2007. "Contributing four of those 10 wins is former major leaguer John Frascatore of Ozone Park, New York (4-2 with a 2.05 ERA)."</ref>
*[[Diane Giacalone]] former [[Assistant U.S. Attorney]] and John Gotti prosecutor<ref>Attorney Diane Giacalone, from the neighborhood.], ''[[Time (magazine)]]'', September 29, 1986.</ref>
*[[John Gotti]] (1940–2002) Mafia boss<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/06/10/john.gotti/ 'Dapper Don' John Gotti dead: Brought down by the Bull], [[CNN.com]], June 11, 2002.</ref>
*[[Neal Heaton]] (1960-), [[MLB]] baseball pitcher
*[[Carol Heiss]] (1940-), Olympics figure skater<ref>[http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B1EF63A5D13728DDDAF0994DA405B8889F1D3 "CAROL HEISS GAINS 3D WORLD CROWN IN FIGURE SKATING; Ozone Park Girl Adds to Her Compulsory Phase Lead in Free-Style Exhibition"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', February 16, 1958. Accessed November 11, 2007. "Carol Heiss of Ozone Park, Queens, Miss Personality of the ice, skated off with her third world figure skating championship tonight with a perfectly-executed freestyle exhibition."</ref>
*[[Jimmy Herring (boxer)|Jimmy Herring]], middleweight boxer<ref>[http://www.boxrec.com/boxer_display.php?boxer_id=021972 Boxrec.com Stats for Jimmy Herring]</ref>
*[[Rob Keighron|Father Rob Keighron]] (1980-), [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] [[Priesthood (Catholic Church)|priest]], co-host/co-producer of "''[[The Catholic Guy]]''"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://old.dioceseofbrooklyn.org/vocations/pdf/Summer%202006_newsletter.pdf|title=My Vocation Story|last=Keighron|first=Robert|work=Vocation News|publisher=Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn|accessdate=9 July 2012}}</ref>
*[[Jack Kerouac]] (1922–1969), writer. Born in Lowell, Massachusetts, he lived in Ozone Park with his parents after discharge from the U.S. Navy in 1943. He wrote his first novel, ''The Town and the City'', as well as the quintessential ''[[On the Road]]'' while living in Ozone Park. His friends jokingly called him "The Wizard of Ozone Park".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dharmabeat.com/ozonepark.html |title=The Wizard of Ozone Park |accessdate=2011-03-13}}</ref>
*[[Cyndi Lauper]] (1953-), singer/actress. (104th Street)<ref>Hoffman, Jan. [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E06E2D7113EF932A05751C1A9659C8B63 "PUBLIC LIVES; She Just Wanted to Have Fun. And She's Having It."], ''[[The New York Times]]'', December 31, 2003. Accessed October 10, 2007. "She found simpatico musicians to help her repossess the songs that reverberated through her childhood block in Ozone Park, Queens. And she felt ready to celebrate a lifetime of spirited dancing."</ref>
*[[Bernadette Peters]] (1948-), actress/singer.<ref>[http://www.artshound.com/?app=eventDetail&id=2051 Artshound.com biography of Bernadette Peters], accessed December 16, 2006.</ref>
*[[Peter Polaco]], American professional wrestler better known by his ring name, "Justin Credible".
*[[Nick Scotti]] - actor, singer, and model
*[[Anthony Trentacosta]] - Gambino Family
*[[Joe Lo Truglio]] (1970-), actor
*[[Eric Ulrich]] - member of the [[New York City Council]] from the 32nd Council District
*[[Thomas Von Essen]] - Senior Vice President at Giuliani Partners and 30th [[New York City Fire Commissioner]].<ref>Connelly, Sherryl. [http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/entertainment/2002/07/28/2002-07-28_surviving_the_inferno___the_.html "SURVIVING THE INFERNO The vital memoir of NYC's ex-Fire Commissioner"], ''[[Daily News (New York)]]'', July 28, 2002. Accessed January 18, 2009. "After relating such immediate events, the book, which will be in stores Aug. 6, recounts Von Essen's life story. It's that of a boy from Ozone Park, Queens, who was adrift until he joined the Fire Department in 1970 at age 24."</ref>
*[[Debra Wilson]] (1962-), actress, comedienne, voice actress, and TV presenter

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Portal|New York City}}
*[http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,134529,00.html Ozone Park Mafia Graveyard]
*[http://www.astorialic.org/starjournal/1920s/1921december_p.php Gaussie Humann trial, Ozone Park, 1921]
*[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C04E5D81230F930A2575BC0A962958260 Robber killed by cop in Ozone Park]
*[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,962405-1,00.html Diane Giacalone, from the neighborhood.]
*[http://www.wordsareimportant.com/ozonepark.htm Jack Kerouac, Wizard of Ozone Park.]
*[http://www.zwire.com/site/index.cfm?newsid=17619900&BRD=2731&PAG=461&dept_id=574995&rfi=8 Ozone Park gang, Queens Chronicle]

{{Queens}}
{{coord|40.670198|-73.838317|display=title}}

[[Category:Neighborhoods in Queens]]
[[Category:Little Italys in the United States]]

[[sv:Ozone Park]]

Ernst Barthel

2012-02-12T07:40:57Z

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{{Orphan|date=February 2009}}

'''Ernst Philipp Barthel''' (1890 – 1953) was an [[Alsace|Alsatian]] [[philosopher]] and [[mathematician]] and a [[Privatdozent|private lecturer]] of philosophy at the [[University of Cologne]] in the 1920s and 1930s.

From 1927 on Barthel was editor of the magazine ''Antäus. Blätter für neues Wirklichkeitsdenken''. Philosophically, he tended towards [[Christianity|Christian]] [[Platonism]]. He was a friend of [[Albert Schweitzer]]. Besides his philosophical work he also published several works on geometry creating a [[Non-Euclidean_geometry|non-Euclidean]] theory of geometry which he called ''polar geometry'', stating that the [[Earth]] was a maximal sphere in a spherical space and its surface therefore a ''total plane''. A total plane is flat, without curvature yet closed, running back on itself. Barthel considered this his most important theory, even ''the most significant thought of the century'', as he writes in his autobiography.<ref>''Mein Opfergang durch diese Zeit'', 2005, p. 119.</ref> While some of his academic opponents stated that this theory is geometrically possible and consistent, others, who did not want or were not able to acknowledge that, mocked him of "teaching that the [[Flat_Earth_Society|Earth is a disk]]" or outright declared him [[Insanity|crazy]].<ref>''Mein Opfergang durch diese Zeit'', 2005, passim</ref> In November 1940 he was dismissed from the University of Cologne by the Nazi Reich Minister because of religio-metaphysical (caused by his book ''Der Mensch und die ewigen Hintergründe'') and political (alleged Francophilia) suspicions. The Russian astronomer Leonid Andrenko considered Barthel's main thought among the most ingenious ever suggested and advocated for it being taken note of and thought about.

== Further Reading ==
Wurtz, Jean-Paul: ''Ernst Barthel: philosophe alsacien (1890 - 1953).'' Recueil d'études publié à l'occasion du centenaire de sa naissance. Strasbourg: Presses Univ. 1991.

==Works==
*''Die Erde als Totalebene'' (The Earth as total plane), 1914
*''Goethes Wissenschaftslehre in ihrer modernen Tragweite'', 1922
*''Goethes Relativitätstheorie der Farbe. Nebst einer musikästhetischen Parallele'', 1923
*''Lebensphilosophie'', 1923
*''Philosophie des Eros'', 1926
*''Deutschlands und Europas Schicksalsfrage'', in: Zeitschrift für Geopolitik 3 (1926), p. 303-309.
*''Die Welt als Spannung und Rhythmus'', 1928
*'Albert Schweitzer as Theologian', ''Hibbert Journal'' XXVI, 4 (1928)
*''Elsässische Geistesschicksale. Ein Beitrag zur europäischen Verständigung'', 1928
*''[[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]], das Sinnbild deutscher Kultur'', 1930
*''Kosmologische Briefe. Eine neue Lehre vom Weltall'' (Cosmological letters. A new teaching of the universe), 1931
*''Vorstellung und Denken. Eine Kritik des pragmatischen Verstandes'', 1931
*''Einführung in die Polargeometrie'', (Introduction to Polar Geometry) 2nd ed., 1932
*''Geometrie und Kosmos'', 1939
*''Die Kosmologie der Großerde im Totalraum'', Leipzig: Hillmann 1939
*''Der Mensch und die ewigen Hintergründe'', 1939
*''[[Nietzsche]] als Verführer'' (Nietzsche as Seducer), 1947
*''Mein Opfergang durch diese Zeit. Ein Leben im Kampf um Wahrheit und ein elsässisches Geistesschicksal'', Georg Duve (Hrsg.), 2005

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
*{{worldcat id|lccn-no2006-121739}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Barthel, Ernst
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1890
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1953
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Barthel, Ernst}}
[[Category:German philosophers]]
[[Category:People from Alsace]]
[[Category:1890 births]]
[[Category:1953 deaths]]

{{Germany-philosopher-stub}}

[[sv:Ernst Barthel]]

City Tattersalls Club

2012-02-12T01:36:18Z

TutterMouse: removing self-links and/or gen fixes using AWB

{{Orphan|date=February 2009}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2011}}
<references/>{{Reflist}}<references/>
{{Infobox company
|company_name = City Tattersalls Club
|company_logo = [[Image:CTC Logo C.png|200px|]]
|foundation = (1895)
|location = [[Sydney, Australia]]
|industry = [[Registered Club]]
|num_employees = 252
|slogan = ''a friends’ place''
|homepage = [http://www.citytatts.com.au/ www.citytatts.com.au]
}}

The '''City Tattersalls Club''' is a social club located in [[Sydney]] [[New South Wales]] [[Australia]] Formed in 1895, by a group of [[bookmaker]]s disgruntled with a Judge’s decision on a race at [[Kensington, New South Wales]]. The club is located in the heart of the [[Sydney CBD|central business district]] at Pitt Street between Market and Park Streets.

==Purpose==
The objects for which the club exists, according to the CTC Act and Club Rules, are:
*(a) to provide social, sporting, athletic, cultural and other activities for its members;
*(b) to provide a clubhouse or clubhouses for the entertainment and recreation of its members;
*(c) to assist any charitable, social, patriotic or philanthropic object;
*(d) to give assistance to any of its members or their respective families or its employees in case of distress or death;
*(e) to obtain, maintain and renew the registration of the Club as a registered club in accordance with the provisions of the Liquor Act, 1912 or the Act;
*(f) to carry out the powers conferred by the CTC Act and amendments thereof, and all such lawful acts or things as will provide for the further usefulness of the Club and the greater comfort and convenience of members;
*(g) to hold and arrange matches and competitions, and offer and grant or contribute towards provision of prizes, awards and/or distinctions; and
*(h) to establish, conduct or carry out any sports tournaments or amusements, and to cooperate with any person or body in so doing.<ref>City Tattersall's Club Act 1912</ref>

The purpose of the club is, according to its mission statement, to "consistently aim to provide a range of commercially sound, recreational amenities for members that are attractive, enjoyable and relevant in a location that is convenient, safe and friendly. The Club recognises employee performance with opportunities for advancement and career growth. The guiding principle of club management is fiscal responsibility in all matters.

==History==
City Tattersalls Club was formed in 1895 by a group of 20 bookmakers disgruntled with a Judge’s decision on a race at Kensington, an objection was lodged over a jockey weighing in with his whip, the end result being a disqualification of the horse first past the post and the bookmakers refusing to pay-out on the second horse, a hot favourite. By way of protest, the bookmakers left Tattersalls Club, the institution now on Elizabeth Street, Sydney, and City Tattersalls Club was born.

City Tattersalls Club has its own [[Act_of_Parliament#Australia|Act of Parliament]], with an Honorary Committee comprising a [[Chairman]], Vice-Chairman, Treasurer and seven Committee members, all of whom are now elected by those who hold either Gold or Silver Membership, and who protect the interests of Members by overseeing the strategies of the Executive Manag,ement. The Management is headed by three Executive Managers; including General Manager, Assistant General Manager and Operations Manager. The staff comprises 252 members at present.

==Location==
[[Image:CTC Front.png|right|thumb|Front view from Pitt Street, Sydney]] City Tattersalls Club previously occupied the Graphic Arts building and the building alongside Adams Hotel, where the Sydney [[Hilton Hotel]] now stands.

In December 1992 ‘Silks Bar and Grill’ was born. Sydney during the 90’s was seeing an upgrade of office blocks and shopping arcades; City Tattersalls Club was ageing, exclusive and ran a strict dress code.

The Silks Bar and Grill opening was strategic as it allowed the club to capitalise on the [[Government of New South Wales]] 5 kilometre ruling, allowing residents outside a 5 km radius to simply sign in to a registered club. Being a separate entrance, this protected the main membership of City Tattersalls Club.

After approval by its Board Members in 2007 City Tattersalls Club purchased the Merivale building at 194 Pitt Street and took back its occupancy of 196 Pitt Street previously occupied by [[National Australia Bank]].These areas once developed will bring the Club closer to the Pitt Street Mall and enhance its prominence in the Sydney CBD. The Merivale building cost $9,250,000. The entire amount was borrowed from National Australia Bank who hold a first mortgage over the property. As of August 2010 only one floor (out of eight) is being used. The cafe or restaurant planned for the ground floor did not proceed.

==Heritage & Milestones==
The City Tattersalls Club building at 202-204 Pitt Street was occupied from 1891. Tattersall’s was formed in 1858 and previously had clubrooms at Tattersall’s Hotel in Pitt Street. Built at a small cost by today’s standards, the building was described as presenting a free and effective rendering of the classic [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]] style of architecture. It was constructed of [[Pyrmont, New South Wales]] [[freestone]], finished in [[rubble masonry]], relieved by handsome [[pilasters]] [[Baluster|balustrades]], [[Course (architecture)|moulded Courses]] and carved enrichments which were said to “combine to produce a striking though harmonious effect”. The rearing [[horse]] figure which surmounted the building until 2007 was carved from a single block of stone measuring {{convert|200|cuft|m3|abbr=on}}. City Tattersalls bought the building in 1975 at a fraction of its value in its centenary year. City Tattersalls’ second home, premises at 240 Pitt Street with a narrow frontage was occupied until moving to the present site in 1924. The old building still exists today with the Club’s name still discernible on the front [[fascia]].

In 1930 [[Amy Johnson]] spent six weeks touring Australia after her [[circumnavigation]] of the world at public events attended by cheering crowds at the City Tattersalls Club by posing on the Club’s front balcony at Pitt Street.

*1858 Tattersall’s first formed
*1891 First Tattersalls Club moved into 202-204 Pitt Street
*1895 Opening of City Tattersalls Club
*1903 249 Pitt Street purchased
*1924 Move into current premises at 198-204 Pitt Street
*1930 [[Amy Johnson]] welcomed by the Club after her world flight
*1963 Opening of membership to women
*1971 Snooker table dedicated to Norman Squire at the [[World Snooker Championship 1971]]
*1992 Silks Bar and Grill opened
1995 City Tattersalls Club Centenary year

==Committee Members & Succession==
All City Tattersalls Club [[committee]] members are elected to their office by Voting Members and remain in office until results of the next Committee Members election has been duly declared.
To stand as a candidate in a Committee Member [[election]], a person must be a Gold Member, being the Club’s highest membership level, have paid all entrance and subscription fees in respect of their membership at the closure of nominations and have submitted a valid nomination form in accordance with the Club’s rules. All Life, Gold and Silver members can vote for the committee.

[[Chief Executive Officer]] : Anthony J. "Tony" Guilfoyle

==Logos==
In 2003 City Tattersalls Club embarked on a re-branding programme to demonstrate to existing and potentially new members its contemporary but keeping with its traditional values. The Club adopted its new logo in 2005 and is currently in use.
<gallery Caption="Company Logos">
Image:CTC Silks CYMK logo.png|Silks Logo in use to 2005
Image:CTC Trad Black.png|Club logo in use until 2005
Image:CTC Logo C.png|Current logo in use today
</gallery>

The Club manages several sub-brands offering many lifestyle, entertainment, health and fitness choices to its members and guests
<gallery Caption="Sub Brand logos adopted in 2005">
Image:CTC Esperanto LG trans.png|Esperanto Dining Room
Image:CTC Zest Logo C.png|Zest Restaurant
Image:CTC Omega Lounge C.png|Omega Lounge December
Image:CTC Lime Bar Box Logo C.png|Lime Bar
Image:CTC 196 text A69468-(glamorous gold).png|196 Gaming Lounge
Image:CTC FitnessCentres-L.png|Fitness Centres
Image:CTC FitnessCentre Mens.png|Mens Fitness Centre
Image:CTC FitnessCentre Womens.png|Womens Fitness Centre
</gallery>

==External links==
* [http://www.citytatts.com.au] Official site citytatts.com.au. Retrieved on 12 February 2008
* [http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/onlinestuff/stories/amy_johnson.aspx?page=2] sciencemuseum.org.uk Science Museum exhibit on Amy Johnson Retrieved on 12 February 2008
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/humber/famous_folk/amyjohnson/biog2.shtml] BBC Humber site for Johnson centenary Retrieved on 12 February 2008
* [http://www.olgr.nsw.gov.au/reg_clubs_home.asp] .olgr.nsw.gov.au Retrieved on 12 February 2008
* [http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/onlinestuff/stories/amy_johnson.aspx?page=2] sciencemuseum.org.uk Science Museum exhibit on Amy Johnson Retrieved on 12 February 2008
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/humber/famous_folk/amyjohnson/biog2.shtml] BBC Humber site for Johnson centenary Retrieved on 12 February 2008
Amy Johnson National Biography 1941-1950, London: Oxford University Press, 1959

==References==
<references/>

{{coord|33|52|16.33|S|151|12|30.8|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Clubs and societies in Australia]]
[[Category:Traditional gentlemen's clubs]]
[[Category:1895 establishments in Australia]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Sydney]]
[[Category:Sydney culture]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Sydney]]

Alosa sapidissima

2012-02-07T16:52:42Z

TutterMouse: general fixes using AWB

{{Taxobox
| name = American shad
| image = Dentonshad1904.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Watercolor of an American shad by Sherman F. Denton, 1904. The swelling between the [[anal fin]] and [[ventral fin]] identifies this as a pregnant female.
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
| ordo = [[Clupeiformes]]
| familia = [[Clupeidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Alosinae]]
| genus = ''[[Alosa]]''
| subgenus = ''A. (Alosa)''
| species = '''''A. (A.) sapidissima'''''
| binomial = ''Alosa (Alosa) sapidissima''
| binomial_authority = ([[Alexander Wilson|A. Wilson]], [[1811]])
| synonyms =
''Clupea sapidissima''
}}

==Introduction==
The '''American shad''' or '''Atlantic shad''', '''''Alosa sapidissima''''',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Alose |title=Alose |accessdate=2007-04-26 |work=[[TheFreeDictionary.com]] |publisher=[[Farlex, Inc.]]}}</ref> is a species of [[anadromous]] fish in [[family (biology)|family]] [[Clupeidae]] of [[order (biology)|order]] [[Clupeiformes]]. It is not closely related to the other North American shads. Rather, it seems to form a lineage that diverged from a common ancestor of the European [[taxa]] before these diversified <ref>Faria, R.; Weiss, S. & Alexandrino, P. (2006): A molecular phylogenetic perspective on the evolutionary history of Alosa spp. (Clupeidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40(1): 298–304. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.02.008</ref>

It weighs between {{convert|3|lb|kg}} to {{convert|8|lb|kg}} and has a delicate flavor when cooked.<ref>"Grass Shad-another Fine Bait- Southeastern King Mackerel Club – King Mackerel Fishing in Southeastern North Carolina." Southeastern King Mackerel Club – King Mackerel Fishing in Southeastern North Carolina-. Web. 15 Dec. 2011. <http://southeasternkingmackerelclub.com/grass-shad-another-fine-bait/>.</ref> It is considered flavorful enough to not require sauces, herbs or spices. It can be boiled, [[Fillet (cut)|fillet]]ed and fried in butter, or baked. Traditionally, a little vinegar is sprinkled over it on the plate. In the eastern United States, [[roe]] shad (females) are prized because the eggs are considered a delicacy.<ref name=RedOrbit/>

==Habits==
The shad spends most of its life at sea, but swims up fresh rivers to spawn. The fish survive breeding and can return to the sea; they do not inhabit fresh water except to spawn.<ref name="another">Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2005). "Alosa sapidissima" in FishBase. November 2005 version.</ref> At sea, shad are schooling fish; thousands are often seen at the surface in spring, summer, and autumn. They are hard to find in the winter, as they tend to go deeper before spawning season; they have been pulled up in nets as deep as {{convert|65|fathom|m|sp=us|lk=in}}.

Like other herrings, the American Shad is primarily a [[plankton]] feeder, but will eat small [[shrimp]] and fish eggs. Occasionally they eat small fish, but these are only a minor item in their general diet.<ref name=another/>

The sexually mature fish enter the streams in spring or early summer when the river water has warmed to {{convert|50|to|55|F|C}}. Cooler water appears to interrupt the spawn. Consequently the shad run correspondingly later in the year passing from south to north along the coast, commencing in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] in January; in March in the waters tributary to [[Pamlico Sound|Pamlico]] and [[Albemarle Sound]]s; in April in the [[Potomac River|Potomac]]; and in May and June in northern streams generally from [[Delaware]] to [[Canada]].<ref name=another/>

In large rivers they run far upstream especially in the open rivers of the southeast. The apparent longest distance is in the [[St. Johns River]] of [[Florida]], an extremely slow (1" drop per mile, 1.5 cm per km) river that widens into large lakes; shad have been found {{convert|375|mi|km|-1|sp=us}} upriver.<ref name=another/>

The fish select sandy or pebbly shallows for spawning grounds, and deposit their eggs mostly between sundown and midnight. Females release eggs in batches and produce about 30,000 eggs per batch, though as many as 156,000 have been estimated in very large fish. Total annual egg production is 200,000–600,000 eggs per female with larger fish producing more. In rivers north of Cape Fear the spent fish, now very emaciated, begin their return journey to the sea immediately after spawning. In southern rivers, most shad die after spawning.

The eggs are transparent, pale pink or amber, and being semi-buoyant and not sticky like those of other river herrings, they roll about on the bottom with the current. The eggs hatch in 12 to 15 days at {{convert|52|F|C|0|abbr=on}}, in 6 to 8 days at {{convert|63|F|C|0|abbr=on}}, which covers the range characteristic of [[Maine]] and [[Bay of Fundy]] rivers during the season of incubation.

The larvae are about 9 to 10 mm long. The young shad remain in the rivers until fall, when they move down to salt water; they are now 1½ to 4½ inches (70 to 110 mm) long, resembling their parents in appearance.

==Nutritional information==
Like most herring, shad are very high in [[omega 3]], and in particular contain nearly twice as much per unit weight as wild salmon. They are also very low in toxins like [[PCBs]], [[Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds|dioxins]], and [[mercury (element)|mercury]] by EPA standards. The American or Atlantic shad (''A. sapidissima'') is a valued food fish.

==Shad population==
There has been a problem with declines in the shad population as early as the turn of the century. Traditionally, it was caught along with [[salmon]] in set nets which were suspended from poles driven into the river bed reasonably close to shore in [[tidal]] water.<ref name="RedOrbit">"American Shad - Fish Reference Library - RedOrbit." RedOrbit - Science, Space, Technology, Health News and Information. 3 Apr. 2007. Web. 27 Nov. 2011. <http://www.redorbit.com/education/reference_library/science_1/fish/2579052/american_shad/index.html>.</ref>
Many of the rivers where it was common now suffer from [[pollution]]; however, in some cases, the short length of time spent by shad in fresh water may minimize contamination. Shad are taken from the [[Hudson River]] and eaten, as scientists have found that they are not in the river long enough to be affected by PCBs and other contaminants.<ref>[http://www.hrmm.org/museum/festival.htm Hudson River Maritime Museum Kingston Shad Festival]</ref> Note: Fishing for (including catch and release) or possessing American Shad in the [[Hudson River]] or Marine District is prohibited.<ref>New York State Freshwater Fishing 2010-2011 Official Regulations Guide</ref>
Such pollution, however, may damage the spawn, and studies have been undertaken to determine whether fingerlings suffer [[DNA]] damage. Some of the rivers in which the shad spawns have dams on them, eliminating much of the spawning grounds; in recent years, several small dams have been destroyed for just this reason. Pollutants, even if not harmful ''per se'', may encourage the growth of unfriendly water fauna. And finally, shad have simply been overfished.

Even more important to the decline of the shad is the damming of the rivers and streams in which they spawn, as pregnant doe shad are quite heavy and do not jump even when hooked. As noted above, the number of shad caught in the Merrimack River declined from almost 900,000 in 1789 to 0 in 1888, due to the fishes' inability to reach their spawning ground.

Shad serve a peculiar symbolic role in [[Virginia]] state politics. On the year of every gubernatorial election, would-be candidates, lobbyists, campaign workers, and reporters gather in the town of [[Wakefield, Virginia]] for [[Shad Planking]].

American Shad were introduced into the [[San Francisco Bay]]/Sacramento River system in California in the 1800s. Shad have spread throughout many river systems on the West Coast of North America. There is currently a very large shad population in the Columbia River. In recent years shad counts at Bonneville and The [[Dalles Dam]]s have ranged from over two million to over five million fish per year. Shad return to the Columbia in May and June. Shad migrate upstream as far as above Lower Granite Dam on the Snake River and above Priest Rapids Dam on the Upper Columbia. Unlike many exotic/introduced species, it has not been confirmed that American Shad have serious negative effects on the environment or other native fish species in the Columbia.<ref name=another/>

==Shad fishing==
{{main|Shad fishing}}
[[File:Pedee detail.jpg|right|thumb|Early 19th century shad fishing on the [[Peedee River|Peedee]] (Greater Pee Dee) River, South Carolina.]]
Shad are also valued as a sport fish that exhibit complex and little-understood feeding behavior while spawning. Unlike salmon, shad retain the ability to digest and assimilate food during the anadromous migration. Like other fish, their feeding instinct can be triggered by a variety of factors such as turbidity and water temperature. Anglers use both spinning and fly fishing tackle to pursue shad. Spin fisherman use a shad dart or a flutter spoon. Typically a downrigger is used to place the artificial lure at the desired depth and location. This is usually in the channel, or deepest part of the river. Much of the shad's migration places them in the lower potion of the water column which makes this the typical depth of choice for fishing. In the north, April through June is when shad spawn in coastal rivers and estuaries once water temperatures have reached 58 degrees Fahrenheit (14 °C). Fishing conditions typically improve as water temperatures warm and flow decreases.
{{clear}}

===Footnotes===
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-7113046962066091138&hl=en Video - American Shad Restoration: Gill Net Fishing on the Potomac River.] [link appears to be broken - May 9}
* [http://www.2011shadfestposters.blogspot.com] Shad Festival, Lambertville, NJ.]
* [http://hartford.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?zi=1/XJ&sdn=hartford&zu=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F87%2Fr0376.html Shad Roe recipe from "The Boston Cooking-school Cook Book" by Fannie Farmer, published in 1918.]
* [http://www.villagevoice.com/nyclife/0613,lalli,72659,15.html] Village Voice article, "Shad Madness".
* [http://www.newenglandshad.com] New England Shad Association

{{DEFAULTSORT:American Shad}}
[[Category:Clupeidae]]
[[Category:Fauna of the United States]]
[[Category:Sport fish]]
[[Category:Fish of North America]]
[[Category:Symbols of Connecticut]]
[[Category:Animals described in 1811]]

[[ca:Saboga sapidíssima]]
[[es:Alosa sapidissima]]
[[fr:Alosa sapidissima]]
[[nl:Amerikaanse elft]]
[[pl:Aloza amerykańska]]

New Zealand State Highway 73

2012-01-27T15:04:59Z

TutterMouse: WPCleaner (v1.09) Double pipe in one link (Fixed using WP:WCW)

{{infobox road
|country=NZL
|type=SH
|route=73
|map=
|length_km=231
|tourist= [http://www.greatalpinehighway.co.nz/aboutus.php Great Alpine Highway] Christchurch Ring Road [[Inland Scenic Route]] between Sheffield and Waddington.
|direction_a= Northwest
|direction_b=Southeast
|terminus_a=[[New Zealand State Highway 6|State Highway 6]] [[File:State Highway 6 NZ.svg|20px]] at [[Kumara, New Zealand|Kumara Junction, New Zealand]]
|junction=
|terminus_b=[[Christchurch-Lyttelton Motorway|Tunnel Road]] [[File:State Highway 74 NZ.svg|20px]] at [[Heathcote, New Zealand]]
|destinations=[[Kumara, New Zealand|Kumara]], [[Dillmanstown]], [[Jacksons, New Zealand|Jacksons]], [[Otira]], [[Arthur's Pass]], [[Bealey]], [[Cass, New Zealand|Cass]], [[Castle Hill Village]], [[Springfield, New Zealand|Springfield]], [[Sheffield and Waddington, New Zealand|Sheffield]], [[Sheffield and Waddington, New Zealand|Waddington]], [[Darfield, New Zealand|Darfield]], [[Kirwee]], [[Aylesbury, New Zealand|Aylesbury]], [[West Melton, New Zealand|West Melton]], [[Yaldhurst]], [[Christchurch]]
|previous_type=SH
|previous_route=71
|next_type=SH
|next_route=74
}}

'''State Highway 73''' is a major east-west [[South Island]] [[New Zealand State Highway network|State Highway]] in [[New Zealand]] connecting [[Christchurch]] on the east coast with [[Greymouth]]/[[Hokitika, New Zealand|Hokitika]] on the west coast via the [[Southern Alps]]. It is mostly two lane, with some single-lane bridges north of [[Springfield, New Zealand|Springfield]] but is mostly [[dual carriageway]] in Christchurch with some sections of the road currently being upgraded to motorway status.

==History==
The route connecting the West and East coasts of the South Island via the Southern Alps were known for hundreds of years by the [[Māori people]], due to a flourishing [[pounamu]] trade. The Europeans were informed of the route by a local chief in the mid-19th century but was not used during his lifetime. In 1864, [[Arthur Dudley Dobson]] traversed from the east to the west coast from the Waimakariri River, thereby discovering [[Arthur's Pass (mountain pass)|Arthur's Pass]]. A route connecting Christchurch to [[Hokitika]] was fully completed in 1866, with the first [[Cobb & Co. (New Zealand)|Cobb & Co]] coach began operating that same year due to the burgeoning gold rush.

[[Image:ArthursPass.jpg|thumb|240px|SH 73 through Arthur's Pass]]
As the railway was progressively built from both sides, the road was the only route that connected both coastlines of the South Island until 1923, when the [[Otira Tunnel]] was open, this signalled the end of the [[Cobb & Co. (New Zealand)|Cobb & Co]] coach in New Zealand.<ref>[http://www.railtoursnz.com/ArthursShortHistory.html] Arthur's Pass history</ref><ref>http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/canterbury-places/14 Accessed 29th May 2010</ref>

Due to the geography and topography between [[Springfield, New Zealand|Springfield]] and [[Kumara, New Zealand|Kumara]], the road has bee subjected to several closures and road realignments, with both [[Porters Pass|Porters]] and [[Arthur's Pass (mountain pass)|Arthur's]] Pass subjected to frequent closures during the winter months. The road between Arthur's Pass and [[Otira]] in particular was amongst the most dangerous in the country, due to the road located on [[scree]] slopes which frequently gave way. As a result, numerous studies were conducted into alternative options for fixing the road around Candy's Bend, Starvation Point and the Zig Zag. Construction of the Otira Viaduct and the protective roofs from slips began in 1997 and opened in 1999.<ref>http://www.nzine.co.nz/views/arthurspass_otira.html The Road from Arthur's Pass to Otira</ref>

==Route==
===Kumara Junction to Christchurch===
As of May 2010, this is the current route of the highway.

State Highway 73 begins 11 km south of [[Greymouth]] at [[Kumara Junction]]. The highway passes through undulating farmland, scrubland and forest as it passes through the settlements of [[Kumara, New Zealand|Kumara]] and Dillmanstown. The road veers sharply to the left as it approaches the mountains to the front of the road. The road then hugs the [[Taramakau River]] as it proceeds down the valley. At [[Jacksons, New Zealand|Jacksons]], the [[Midland Line, New Zealand|Midland Line]] crosses the river and begins to run parallel to the road. Just before [[Aickens]] at the confuence of the Taramakau and [[Otira River]]s, the road and rail line veers to the right and runs to the south before reaching [[Otira]].

[[Image:Arthur's Pass.jpg|thumb|240px|The Otira Viaduct]] Beyond Otira, the road breaks with the railway line and crosses the river before climbing up towards the Otira Viaduct and [[Arthur's Pass (mountain pass)|Arthur's Pass]]. At 920 metres, Arthur's Pass is the second highest pass on the road and is one of the three alpine passes connecting the east and west coasts. After peaking, the road descends into [[Arthur's Pass]] village with the railway line emerging from the [[Otira Tunnel]] nearby.

After the village, the road and rail line runs along the [[Bealey River]] valley and crosses the [[Waimakariri River]] before veering left and running parallel to both the river and the rail line on the opposite side. Before [[Cass, New Zealand|Cass]], the road runs along a bluff and turns right to proceed past some more farmland as well as Lakes [[Lake Grasmere|Grasmere]] and [[Lake Pearson|Pearson]].

[[Image:Castle Hill Village Stevage.jpg|thumb|240px|right|Castle Hill Village]]
The road then climbs up towards [[Castle Hill Village]] and runs through a valley before passing beside [[Lake Lyndon]] where it curves left before climbing up towards [[Porters Pass]] which, at 939 metres, is the highest point on the road. After cresting, the road descends into the [[Kowai River]] valley and runs roughly parallel with the river until it reaches [[Springfield, New Zealand|Springfield]].

[[Image:Donut-springfield-nz.png|right|thumb|240px|The former Springfield doughnut with Mount Torlesse in the background]]
After Springfield, the road emerges onto the [[Canterbury Plains]] and runs straight through the settlements of Annat, [[Sheffield and Waddington, New Zealand|Sheffield and Waddington]] before arriving at [[Darfield, New Zealand|Darfield]]. The road then passes through the settlements of [[Kirwee]], [[Aylesbury, New Zealand|Aylesbury]] and [[West Melton, New Zealand|West Melton]] as well as dairy and lifestyle farms characteristic of the plains. The road passes by [[Paparua Prison]] and arrives in Christchurch via [[Yaldhurst]].<ref>http://www.nzine.co.nz/features/arthurs_pass.html From Christchurch to Arthur's Pass By Road</ref>

===Christchurch===
As Yaldhurst Road, the proceeds in an easterly direction towards [[Riccarton, New Zealand|Riccarton]]. The road widens to four lanes at [[Avonhead]], but by Curletts Road/Peer Street, the highway turns right (while Yaldhurst Road becomes Riccarton Road and heads towards the city centre).

As Curletts Road, the road temporarily reverts back to two lanes divided by a [[Median (road)|flush median]]. After Blenheim Road, however the road widens again, crosses over the [[Main South Line]] and proceeds towards the future [[Christchurch Southern Motorway]].

As the motorway, the speed limit increases to 100 km/h but the road narrows back to two lanes for about 1.5 km. The road then splits up to form Jerrold Street North and Jerrold Street South where both roads intersects with Barrington Street. The roads then merge to form Brougham Street, a major southern arterial road of the city, where it intersects with all the north-south roads of the CBD except for Manchester Street.

After intersecting with Ensors Road, Brougham Street narrows back to two lanes but turns into a small expressway, which it retains as it merges with Opawa Road just before the Garlands Road intersection. At Port Hills Road/Curries Road intersection the road changes name to Port Hills Road which it retains before the highway designation ends at a [[parclo interchange]] with [[Christchurch-Lyttelton Motorway|Tunnel Road]], though Ports Hills Road still continues beyond this point.

==Route changes==
Over the past 40 years SH 73 has been subjected to several route changes both in the Christchurch and the Arthur's Pass-Otira areas. In 1999, one of the worst sections of highway in the country (around Candy's Bend) were replaced with the Otira Viaduct. Meanwhile, in Christchurch, since SH 1 was rerouted to bypass the CBD, SH 73 was extended to Brougham Street/Waltham Road intersection, with the rest of the route covered by SH 74. In 2004, with SH 74 being rerouted to run along the Ring Road and the entire length of Tunnel Road instead of through the CBD, SH 73 was extended further to its current terminus.

==Major intersections and towns==
===Kumara Junction to Christchurch===
{| border=1 cellpadding=2 style="margin-left:1em; margin-bottom: 1em; color: black; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" class="wikitable"
|- align="center" bgcolor="006d32" style="color: white;font-size:120%;"
| colspan="4" | '''State Highway 73 [[Image:State Highway 73 NZ.svg|30px]]'''
|- align="center" bgcolor="000000" style="color: white"
| Northbound exits
| Distance to Greymouth (km)
| Distance to Lyttelton (km)
| Southbound exits
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | ''End '''Otira Highway''''' [[Image:State Highway 73 NZ.svg|20px]] 
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" rowspan="2"| 16.6
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" rowspan="2"| 240.4
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | ''Start '''Otira Highway''''' [[Image:State Highway 73 NZ.svg|20px]]
|- align="center"
| [[Hokitika, New Zealand|Hokitika]], [[Greymouth]] '''Kumara Junction Highway''' [[Image:Give way sign at roundabout (Australia).svg|25px]] '''Taramakau Highway''' [[Image:Japanese road sign(Crossing A).svg|25px|Level Crossing]] [[Image:State Highway 6 NZ.svg|20px]]
| [[Greymouth]], [[Hokitika, New Zealand|Hokitika]] '''Taramakau Highway''' [[Image:Japanese road sign(Crossing A).svg|25px|Level Crossing]] [[Image:State Highway 6 NZ.svg|20px]] '''Kumara Junction Highway''' [[Image:Give way sign at roundabout (Australia).svg|25px]]
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Kumara, New Zealand|Kumara]] ''Name change to '''Seddon Street''' through Kumara''
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 23.5
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 233.5
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Kumara, New Zealand|Kumara]] ''Name change to '''Seddon Street''' through Kumara''
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Dillmanstown]]
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 26.2
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 230.8
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Dillmanstown]]
|- align="center"
| [[Lake Brunner]], [[Moana, New Zealand|Moana]] '''Lake Brunner Road''' [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]] ([[Image:State Highway 7 NZ.svg|20px]])
| 61.5
| 195.5
| [[Lake Brunner]], [[Moana, New Zealand|Moana]] '''Lake Brunner Road'''[[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]] ([[Image:State Highway 7 NZ.svg|20px]])
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Jacksons, New Zealand|Jacksons]]
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 62.1
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 194.9
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Jacksons, New Zealand|Jacksons]]
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Midland Line, New Zealand|MIDLAND LINE]] [[Image:Japanese road sign(Crossing A).svg|25px|Level Crossing]]
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 69.4
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 187.6
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Midland Line, New Zealand|MIDLAND LINE]][[Image:Japanese road sign(Crossing A).svg|25px|Level Crossing]]
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Midland Line, New Zealand|MIDLAND LINE]] [[Image:Japanese road sign(Crossing A).svg|25px|Level Crossing]]
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 72.2
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 184.8
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Midland Line, New Zealand|MIDLAND LINE]][[Image:Japanese road sign(Crossing A).svg|25px|Level Crossing]]
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Otira]]
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 81.5
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 175.5
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Otira]]
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Midland Line, New Zealand|MIDLAND LINE]]
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 83.2
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 173.8
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Midland Line, New Zealand|MIDLAND LINE]]
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Otira River|OTIRA RIVER]]
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 83.3
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 173.7
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Otira River|OTIRA RIVER]]
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | OTIRA VIADUCT
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 87.7
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 169.3
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | OTIRA VIADUCT
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | ENTER [[Grey (district), New Zealand|GREY DISTRICT]] ''Name change to '''Otira Highway'''''
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" rowspan="2"| 90
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" rowspan="2"| 167
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Arthur's Pass (mountain pass)|ARTHUR'S PASS]] {{convert|920|m|abbr=on}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Arthur's Pass (mountain pass)|ARTHUR'S PASS]] {{convert|920|m|abbr=on}}
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | ENTER [[Selwyn District|SELWYN DISTRICT]] ''Name change to '''West Coast Road'''''
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Arthur's Pass]]
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 95
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 162
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Arthur's Pass]]
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Waimakariri River|WAIMAKARIRI RIVER]]
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 104
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 153
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Waimakariri River|WAIMAKARIRI RIVER]]
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Bealey]]
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 106
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 151
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Bealey]]
|- align="center"
| '''Mount White Road'''[[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
| 118
| 139
| '''Mount White Road'''[[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Cass, New Zealand|Cass]]
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 121
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 136
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Cass, New Zealand|Cass]]
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Castle Hill Village]]
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 145
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 112
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Castle Hill Village]]
|- align="center"
| [[Lake Lyndon]], [[Lake Coleridge]] '''Lyndon Road'''[[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
| 156
| 101
| [[Lake Lyndon]], [[Lake Coleridge]] '''Lyndon Road'''[[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Porters Pass|PORTERS PASS]] {{convert|939|m|abbr=on}}
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 159
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 98
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Porters Pass|PORTERS PASS]] {{convert|939|m|abbr=on}}
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Kowai River|KOWAI RIVER]]
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 164.7
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 92.3
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Kowai River|KOWAI RIVER]]
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Kowai River|KOWAI RIVER]]
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 171.2
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 84.8
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Kowai River|KOWAI RIVER]]
|- align="center"
| [[Kowai Bush]], [[Waimakariri Gorge]] '''Pocock Road'''[[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
| 175.8
| 80.2
| [[Kowai Bush]], [[Waimakariri Gorge]] '''Pocock Road'''[[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Springfield, New Zealand|Springfield]]
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 177.5
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 79.5
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Springfield, New Zealand|Springfield]]
|- align="center"
| [[Russells Flat]] '''Keens Road''' '''Coxs Road''' '''Junction Road'''[[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
| 180.1
| 76.9
| [[Russells Flat]] '''Coxs Road''' '''Junction Road''' '''Keens Road'''[[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Annat, New Zealand|Annat]]
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 184
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 73
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Annat, New Zealand|Annat]]
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Sheffield and Waddington, New Zealand|Sheffield]]
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 187
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 70
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Sheffield and Waddington, New Zealand|Sheffield]]
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Sheffield and Waddington, New Zealand|Waddington]] 
| 189.5
| 68.5
| [[Oxford, New Zealand|Oxford]], [[Rangiora, New Zealand|Rangiora]] '''Waimakariri Gorge Road'''[[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]] [[Inland Scenic Route]]
|- align="center"
| [[Oxford, New Zealand|Oxford]], [[Rangiora, New Zealand|Rangiora]] '''Waimakariri Gorge Road'''[[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]] [[Inland Scenic Route]]
| 189.5
| 68.5
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Sheffield and Waddington, New Zealand|Waddington]]
|- align="center"
| [[Coalgate, New Zealand|Coalgate]], [[Glentunnel]] '''Deans Road''' [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]] [[Inland Scenic Route]]
| 190.5
| 67.5
| [[Coalgate, New Zealand|Coalgate]], [[Glentunnel]] '''Deans Road''' [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]] [[Inland Scenic Route]]
|- align="center"
| [[Coalgate, New Zealand|Coalgate]], [[Glentunnel]] '''[[New Zealand State Highway 77|Bangor Road]]''' [[Image:State Highway 77 NZ.svg|20px]][[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
| 200
| 57
| [[Coalgate, New Zealand|Coalgate]], [[Glentunnel]] '''[[New Zealand State Highway 77|Bangor Road]]''' [[Image:State Highway 77 NZ.svg|20px]][[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
|- align="center"
| [[Charing Cross, New Zealand|Charing Cross]], [[Dunsandel]], [[Kimberley, New Zealand|Kimberley]] '''Ross Street''' '''McMillan Street''' [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
| 200.3
| 56.7
| [[Kimberley, New Zealand|Kimberley]], [[Charing Cross, New Zealand|Charing Cross]], [[Dunsandel]] '''McMillan Street''' '''Ross Street''' [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Darfield, New Zealand|Darfield]] ''Name change to '''South Terrace''' through Darfield''
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 200.5
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 56.5
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Darfield, New Zealand|Darfield]] ''Name change to '''South Terrace''' through Darfield''
|- align="center"
| [[Darfield, New Zealand|Darfield]] '''Horndon Street''' [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
| 202.3
| 54.7
| [[Darfield, New Zealand|Darfield]] '''Horndon Street''' [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
|- align="center"
| [[Charing Cross, New Zealand|Charing Cross]] '''Ansons Road''' [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
| 206.9
| 50.1
| [[Charing Cross, New Zealand|Charing Cross]] '''Ansons Road''' [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Midland Line, New Zealand|MIDLAND LINE]] [[Image:Japanese road sign(Crossing A).svg|25px|Level Crossing]]
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 207
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 50
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Midland Line, New Zealand|MIDLAND LINE]][[Image:Japanese road sign(Crossing A).svg|25px|Level Crossing]]
|- align="center"
| [[Courtenay, New Zealand|Courtenay]] '''Ansons Road''' [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
| 207.1
| 49.9
| [[Courtenay, New Zealand|Courtenay]] '''Ansons Road''' [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
|- align="center"
| [[Charing Cross, New Zealand|Charing Cross]], [[Courtenay, New Zealand|Courtenay]] '''Courtenay Road''' [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
| rowspan="2"| 209
| rowspan="2"| 48
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Kirwee]]
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Kirwee]]
| [[Courtenay, New Zealand|Courtenay]], [[Charing Cross, New Zealand|Charing Cross]] '''Courtenay Road''' [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
|- align="center"
| [[Hororata, New Zealand|Hororata]], [[Burnham, New Zealand|Burnham]], [[Rolleston, New Zealand|Rolleston]] '''Railway Road''' '''Aylesbury Road''' '''Bealey Road''' '''Station Road''' [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
| rowspan="2"| 214.5
| rowspan="2"| 42.5
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Aylesbury, New Zealand|Aylesbury]]
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Aylesbury, New Zealand|Aylesbury]]
| [[Rolleston, New Zealand|Rolleston]], [[Burnham, New Zealand|Burnham]], [[Hororata, New Zealand|Hororata]] '''Station Road''' '''Railway Road''' '''Aylesbury Road''' '''Bealey Road''' [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
|- align="center"
| [[Rolleston, New Zealand|Rolleston]], [[Kirwee]] '''Hoskyns Road''' [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
| 216.6
| 40.4
| [[Kirwee]], [[Rolleston, New Zealand|Rolleston]] '''Hoskyns Road''' [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
|- align="center"
| [[Burnham, New Zealand|Burnham]], [[Weedons]] '''Weedons Ross Road''' '''West Melton Road''' [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
| rowspan="2"| 222.7
| rowspan="2"| 34.3
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[West Melton, New Zealand|West Melton]]
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[West Melton, New Zealand|West Melton]]
| [[Weedons]], [[Burnham, New Zealand|Burnham]] '''West Melton Road''' '''Weedons Ross Road''' [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
|- align="center"
| [[Springston]], [[McLeans Island]] '''Dawsons Road''' '''Chattertons Road''' [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
| 227.6
| 29.4
| [[McLeans Island]], [[Springston]] '''Chattertons Road''' '''Dawsons Road''' [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
|- align="center"
| [[Broomfield, New Zealand|Broomfield]], [[Sockburn, New Zealand|Sockburn]] '''Buchanans Road''' [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
| 231.8
| 25.2
| [[Broomfield, New Zealand|Broomfield]], [[Sockburn, New Zealand|Sockburn]] '''Buchanans Road''' [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
|- align="center"
| [[Courtenay, New Zealand|Courtenay]], [[Sheffield and Waddington, New Zealand|Waddington]] '''Old West Coast Road''' [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
| 232.5
| 24.5
| [[Courtenay, New Zealand|Courtenay]], [[Sheffield and Waddington, New Zealand|Waddington]] '''Old West Coast Road''' [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Yaldhurst, New Zealand|Yaldhurst]]
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" rowspan="3" | 234.2
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" rowspan="3" | 22.8
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Yaldhurst, New Zealand|Yaldhurst]]
|- align="center"
| [[Templeton, New Zealand|Templeton]], [[McLeans Island]] '''Pound Road''' [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
| [[McLeans Island]], [[Templeton, New Zealand|Templeton]] '''Pound Road''' [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | ''End '''Yaldhurst Road''' [[Image:State Highway 73 NZ.svg|20px]] continues as '''West Coast Road [[Image:State Highway 73 NZ.svg|20px]]'''''
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | ''Start '''Yaldhurst Road''' [[Image:State Highway 73 NZ.svg|20px]] from '''West Coast Road''' [[Image:State Highway 73 NZ.svg|20px]]
|- align="center"
|}

===Christchurch to Heathcote===
{| border=1 cellpadding=2 style="margin-left:1em; margin-bottom: 1em; color: black; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" class="wikitable"
|- align="center" bgcolor="006d32" style="color: white;font-size:120%;"
| colspan="4" | '''State Highway 73 [[Image:State Highway 73 NZ.svg|30px]]'''
|- align="center" bgcolor="000000" style="color: white"
| Northbound exits
| Distance to Greymouth (km)
| Distance to Lyttelton (km)
| Southbound exits
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | ''End '''Yaldhurst Road''' [[Image:State Highway 73 NZ.svg|20px]] continues as '''West Coast Road [[Image:State Highway 73 NZ.svg|20px]]'''''
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" rowspan="2"| 236.4
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" rowspan="2"| 20.6
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | ''Start '''Yaldhurst Road''' [[Image:State Highway 73 NZ.svg|20px]] from '''West Coast Road [[Image:State Highway 73 NZ.svg|20px]]'''''
|- align="center"
| [[Timaru]], [[Masham, New Zealand|Masham]], [[Russley]], [[Picton, New Zealand|Picton]] '''Masham Road''' [[Image:Australian traffic lights ahead sign.png|25px]] '''Russley Road''' [[File:Gfi-set01-airport.png|20px]] [[Image:State Highway 1 NZ.svg|20px]]
| [[Picton, New Zealand|Picton]], [[Russley]], [[Masham, New Zealand|Masham]], [[Timaru]] '''Russley Road''' [[File:Gfi-set01-airport.png|20px]] [[Image:Australian traffic lights ahead sign.png|25px]] '''Masham Road''' [[Image:State Highway 1 NZ.svg|20px]]
|- align="center"
| [[Sockburn, New Zealand|Sockburn]], [[Avonhead]] '''Middlepark Road''' '''Avonhead Road''' [[Image:Australian traffic lights ahead sign.png|25px]]
| 238.5
| 18.5
| [[Avonhead]], [[Sockburn, New Zealand|Sockburn]] '''Avonhead Road''' '''Middlepark Road''' [[Image:Australian traffic lights ahead sign.png|25px]]
|- align="center"
| [[Bishopdale, New Zealand|Bishopdale]], [[Riccarton, New Zealand|Riccarton]] '''Peer Street''' '''Yaldhurst Road''' [[Image:Australian traffic lights ahead sign.png|25px]]
| rowspan="2" | 239.4
| rowspan="2" | 17.6
| [[Bishopdale, New Zealand|Bishopdale]], [[Riccarton, New Zealand|Riccarton]] '''Peer Street''' '''Yaldhurst Road''' [[Image:Australian traffic lights ahead sign.png|25px]]
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | ''Name change to '''Yaldhurst Road''' End concurrency with '''[[Christchurch Ring Road]]'''''
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | ''Name change to '''Curletts Road''' Start concurrency with '''[[Christchurch Ring Road]]'''''
|- align="center"
| [[Hornby, New Zealand|Hornby]], [[Riccarton, New Zealand|Riccarton]] '''Main South Road''' [[Image:Australian traffic lights ahead sign.png|25px]]
| 239.5
| 17.5
| [[Riccarton, New Zealand|Riccarton]], [[Hornby, New Zealand|Hornby]] '''Main South Road''' [[Image:Australian traffic lights ahead sign.png|25px]]
|- align="center"
| [[Hornby, New Zealand|Hornby]], [[Christchurch Central City|Christchurch CBD]] '''Blenheim Road''' [[Image:State Highway 73a NZ.svg|20px]] [[Image:Australian traffic lights ahead sign.png|25px]]
| 240.3
| 16.7
| [[Christchurch Central City|Christchurch CBD]], [[Hornby, New Zealand|Hornby]] '''Blenheim Road''' [[Image:State Highway 73a NZ.svg|20px]] [[Image:Australian traffic lights ahead sign.png|25px]]
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Main South Line|MAIN SOUTH LINE]]
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 240.5
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 16.5
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Main South Line|MAIN SOUTH LINE]]
|- align="center"
| [[Wigram]] '''Parkhouse Road''' [[Image:Australian traffic lights ahead sign.png|25px]]
| 240.8
| 16.2
| [[Wigram]] '''Parkhouse Road''' [[Image:Australian traffic lights ahead sign.png|25px]]
|- align="center"
| [[Middleton, New Zealand|Middleton]] '''Lunns Road''' [[Image:Australian traffic lights ahead sign.png|25px]]
| 241.1
| 15.9
| [[Middleton, New Zealand|Middleton]] '''Lunns Road''' [[Image:Australian traffic lights ahead sign.png|25px]]
|- align="center"
| [[Hoon Hay]], [[Halswell]], [[Akaroa]] '''Curletts Road''' [[Image:State Highway 75 NZ.svg|20px]] [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
| rowspan="2" | 241.6
| rowspan="2" | 15.4
| [[Hoon Hay]], [[Halswell]], [[Akaroa]] '''Curletts Road''' [[Image:State Highway 75 NZ.svg|20px]] [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | ''Name change to '''Curletts Road'''''
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | ''Name change to '''[[Christchurch Southern Motorway]]'''''
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | ''Name change to '''[[Christchurch Southern Motorway]]'''''
| rowspan="2" | 244.2
| rowspan="2" | 12.8
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | ''Name change to '''Jerrold Street'''''
|- align="center"
| [[Spreydon]], [[Addington, New Zealand|Addington]] '''Barrington Street''' [[Image:Australian traffic lights ahead sign.png|25px]]
| [[Addington, New Zealand|Addington]], [[Spreydon]] '''Barrington Street''' [[Image:Australian traffic lights ahead sign.png|25px]]
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | ''Name change to '''Jerrold Street'''''
| rowspan="2" | 245
| rowspan="2" | 12
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | ''Name change to '''Brougham Street'''''
|- align="center"
| [[Barrington, New Zealand|Barrington]], [[Addington, New Zealand|Addington]] '''Simeon Street''' '''Collins Street''' [[Image:Australian traffic lights ahead sign.png|25px]]
| [[Addington, New Zealand|Addington]], [[Barrington, New Zealand|Barrington]] '''Collins Street''' '''Simeon Street''' [[Image:Australian traffic lights ahead sign.png|25px]]
|- align="center"
| [[Sydenham, New Zealand|Sydenham]], [[Addington, New Zealand|Addington]] '''Selwyn Street''' [[Image:Australian traffic lights ahead sign.png|25px]]
| 245.4
| 11.6
| [[Addington, New Zealand|Addington]], [[Sydenham, New Zealand|Sydenham]] '''Selwyn Street''' [[Image:Australian traffic lights ahead sign.png|25px]]
|- align="center"
| [[Sydenham, New Zealand|Sydenham]], [[Addington, New Zealand|Addington]] '''Strickland Street''' '''Antigua Street''' [[Image:Australian traffic lights ahead sign.png|25px]]
| 245.9
| 11.1
| [[Addington, New Zealand|Addington]], [[Sydenham, New Zealand|Sydenham]] '''Antigua Street''' '''Strickland Street''' [[Image:Australian traffic lights ahead sign.png|25px]]
|- align="center"
| [[Christchurch Central City|Christchurch CBD]] '''Montreal Street''' [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
| 246.1
| 10.9
| [[Christchurch Central City|Christchurch CBD]] '''Montreal Street''' [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
|- align="center"
| [[Christchurch Central City|Christchurch CBD]] '''Durham Street South''' [[Image:Australian traffic lights ahead sign.png|25px]]
| 246.3
| 10.7
| [[Christchurch Central City|Christchurch CBD]] '''Durham Street South''' [[Image:Australian traffic lights ahead sign.png|25px]]
|- align="center"
| [[Beckenham, New Zealand|Beckenham]], [[Christchurch Central City|Christchurch CBD]] '''Colombo Street''' [[Image:Australian traffic lights ahead sign.png|25px]]
| 246.6
| 10.4
| [[Christchurch Central City|Christchurch CBD]], [[Beckenham, New Zealand|Beckenham]] '''Colombo Street''' [[Image:Australian traffic lights ahead sign.png|25px]]
|- align="center"
| [[Sydenham, New Zealand|Sydenham]], [[Christchurch Central City|Christchurch CBD]] '''Burlington Street''' '''Gasson Street''' [[Image:Australian traffic lights ahead sign.png|25px]]
| 247.1
| 9.9
| [[Christchurch Central City|Christchurch CBD]], [[Sydenham, New Zealand|Sydenham]] '''Gasson Street''' '''Burlington Street''' [[Image:Australian traffic lights ahead sign.png|25px]]
|- align="center"
| [[Waltham, New Zealand|Waltham]], [[Christchurch Central City|Christchurch CBD]] '''Waltham Road''' [[Image:Australian traffic lights ahead sign.png|25px]]
| 247.4
| 9.6
| [[Christchurch Central City|Christchurch CBD]], [[Waltham, New Zealand|Waltham]] '''Waltham Road''' [[Image:Australian traffic lights ahead sign.png|25px]]
|- align="center"
| [[Opawa, New Zealand|Opawa]], [[Addington, New Zealand|Addington]] '''Opawa Road''' [[Image:Australian traffic lights ahead sign.png|25px]]
| 248.2
| 8.8
| [[Addington, New Zealand|Addington]], [[Opawa, New Zealand|Opawa]] '''Opawa Road''' [[Image:Australian traffic lights ahead sign.png|25px]]
|- align="center"
| [[St Martins, New Zealand|St Martins]], [[Linwood, New Zealand|Linwood]] '''Ensors Road''' [[Image:Australian traffic lights ahead sign.png|25px]]
| 248.5
| 8.5
| [[Linwood, New Zealand|Linwood]], [[St Martins, New Zealand|St Martins]] '''Ensors Road''' [[Image:Australian traffic lights ahead sign.png|25px]]
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Heathcote River|HEATHCOTE RIVER]]
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 249.3
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 7.7
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Heathcote River|HEATHCOTE RIVER]]
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | ''Name change to '''Brougham Street'''''
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 249.5
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 7.5
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | ''Name change to '''Opawa Road'''''
|- align="center"
| [[St Martins, New Zealand|St Martins]], [[Woolston, New Zealand|Woolston]] '''[[New Zealand State Highway 74#Spur Sections|Garlands Road]]''' [[Image:State Highway 74a NZ.svg|20px]] [[Image:Australian traffic lights ahead sign.png|25px]]
| rowspan="2" | 249.6
| rowspan="2" | 7.4
| [[Woolston, New Zealand|Woolston]], [[St Martins, New Zealand|St Martins]] '''[[New Zealand State Highway 74#Spur Sections|Garlands Road]]''' [[Image:State Highway 74a NZ.svg|20px]][[Image:Australian traffic lights ahead sign.png|25px]]
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | ''Start concurrency with '''[[Christchurch Ring Road]]'''''
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | ''End concurrency with '''[[Christchurch Ring Road]]'''''
|- align="center"
| [[Murray Aynsley]], [[Woolston, New Zealand|Woolston]] '''Port Hills Road''' '''Curries Road''' [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
| rowspan="2" | 250.5
| rowspan="2" | 6.5
| [[Woolston, New Zealand|Woolston]], [[Murray Aynsley]] '''Curries Road''' '''Port Hills Road''' [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | ''Name change to '''Opawa Road'''''
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | ''Name change to '''Port Hills Road'''''
|- align="center"
| [[Lyttelton, New Zealand|Lyttelton]], [[Woolston, New Zealand|Woolston]] '''Tunnel Road''' [[Image:State Highway 74 NZ.svg|20px]]
| 252.1
| 4.9
| [[Woolston, New Zealand|Woolston]], [[Lyttelton, New Zealand|Lyttelton]] '''Tunnel Road''' [[Image:State Highway 74 NZ.svg|20px]]
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | ''Start '''State Highway 73''''' [[Image:State Highway 73 NZ.svg|20px]] ''as '''Port Hills Road'''''
|
|
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | ''End '''State Highway 73''''' [[Image:State Highway 73 NZ.svg|20px]] ''Continues as '''Port Hills Road'''''
|- align="center"
|}

==Spur sections==
{{infobox road small
|shield=[[File:State Highway 73a NZ.svg|40px]]
|name=State Highway 73A
|length_km=3.6
|length_round=1
|location= [[Hornby, New Zealand|Hornby]]–[[Sockburn, New Zealand|Sockburn]]
}}

'''State Highway 73A''' is a spur section of SH 73 connecting the suburbs of [[Hornby, New Zealand]] and [[Sockburn, New Zealand]] via Main South Road and Blenheim Road. Before 2004 it formed part of the old route of SH 73 and further before that [[New Zealand State Highway 1|SH 1]]. It is one of the few state highways in New Zealand to be wholly dual carriageway.

===Major intersections===
{| border=1 cellpadding=2 style="margin-left:1em; margin-bottom: 1em; color: black; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" class="wikitable"
|- align="center" bgcolor="006d32" style="color: white;font-size:120%;"
| colspan="4" | '''State Highway 73A [[Image:State Highway 73a NZ.svg|30px]]'''
|- align="center" bgcolor="000000" style="color: white"
| Westbound intersections
| Distance to Hornby (km)
| Distance to Christchurch CBD (km)
| Eastbound intersections
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | ''End [[Image:State Highway 73a NZ.svg|20px]] continues as '''Main South Road [[Image:State Highway 1 NZ.svg|20px]]'''''
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" rowspan="2"| 0
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" rowspan="2"| 10
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | ''Start [[Image:State Highway 73a NZ.svg|20px]] as '''Main South Road''' from [[Image:State Highway 1 NZ.svg|20px]]''
|- align="center"
| [[Springston]], [[Timaru]], [[Hornby, New Zealand|Hornby]], [[Picton, New Zealand|Picton]] '''Shands Road''' [[Image:Australian traffic lights ahead sign.png|25px]] '''Carmen Road''' [[File:Gfi-set01-airport.png|20px]] [[Image:State Highway 1 NZ.svg|20px]]
| [[Picton, New Zealand|Picton]], [[Hornby, New Zealand|Hornby]], [[Timaru]], [[Springston]] '''Carmen Road''' [[File:Gfi-set01-airport.png|20px]] [[Image:State Highway 1 NZ.svg|20px]] '''Shands Road''' [[Image:Australian traffic lights ahead sign.png|25px]]
|- align="center"
| [[Prebbleton]], [[Lincoln, New Zealand|Lincoln]] '''Springs Road''' [[Image:Australian traffic lights ahead sign.png|25px]]
| 1.7
| 8.3
| [[Prebbleton]], [[Lincoln, New Zealand|Lincoln]] '''Springs Road''' [[Image:Australian traffic lights ahead sign.png|25px]]
|- align="center"
| [[Wigram]], [[Middleton, New Zealand|Middleton]], [[Sockburn, New Zealand|Sockburn]] '''Symes Road''' '''Green Lane''' [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px]]
| 2.1
| 7.9
| [[Sockburn, New Zealand|Sockburn]], [[Wigram]], [[Middleton, New Zealand|Middleton]] '''Green Lane''' '''Symes Road''' [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px]]
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Main South Line|MAIN SOUTH LINE]]
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 2.2
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 7.8
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Main South Line|MAIN SOUTH LINE]]
|- align="center"
| [[Broomfield, New Zealand|Broomfield]], [[Yaldhurst]] '''Lowther Street''' [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px]] '''Racecourse Road'''
| 2.4
| 7.6
| [[Broomfield, New Zealand|Broomfield]], [[Yaldhurst]] '''Racecourse Road''' '''Lowther Street''' [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px]]
|- align="center"
| [[Upper Riccarton, New Zealand|Upper Riccarton]], [[Sockburn, New Zealand|Sockburn]] '''Alloy Street''' '''Epsom Road''' '''Main South Road''' [[Image:Give way sign at roundabout (Australia).svg|25px]] '''''SOCKBURN ROUNDABOUT'''''
| rowspan="2" | 2.6
| rowspan="2" | 7.4
| [[Upper Riccarton, New Zealand|Upper Riccarton]], [[Sockburn, New Zealand|Sockburn]] '''Epsom Road''' '''Main South Road''' '''Alloy Street''' [[Image:Give way sign at roundabout (Australia).svg|25px]] '''''SOCKBURN ROUNDABOUT'''''
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | ''Name change to '''Main South Road'''''
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | ''Name change to '''Blenheim Road'''''
|- align="center"
| [[Upper Riccarton, New Zealand|Upper Riccarton]], [[Halswell]] '''Curletts Road''' [[Image:Australian traffic lights ahead sign.png|25px]] [[Image:State Highway 73 NZ.svg|20px]]
| 3.8
| 6.2
| [[Upper Riccarton, New Zealand|Upper Riccarton]], [[Halswell]] '''Curletts Road''' [[Image:Australian traffic lights ahead sign.png|25px]] [[Image:State Highway 73 NZ.svg|20px]]
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" colspan="4" | ''End [[Image:State Highway 73a NZ.svg|20px]] continues as '''Blenheim Road''' to [[Christchurch Central City|Christchurch CBD]]''
|}

==See also==
* [http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&q=W+Coast+Rd,+Christchurch,+Canterbury,+New+Zealand&sll=-40.979898,-173.759766&sspn=33.047513,79.013672&ie=UTF8&cd=2&geocode=FaniZ_0dVGRFCg&split=0&hq=&hnear=W+Coast+Rd,+Christchurch,+New+Zealand&ll=-43.092961,171.719055&spn=1.002839,3.515625&t=h&z=9 State Highway 73 at Google Maps]
* [http://www.greatalpinehighway.co.nz/ Great Alpine Highway] - a tourist site promoting the road

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.tripadvisor.com/LocationPhotos-g255116-d291947-State_Highway_73-South_Island.html#18335542 A Selection of photos of SH 73]

{{New Zealand State Highway navbox}}

[[Category:State highways in New Zealand|73]]

Shen Yun Performing Arts

2012-01-27T14:30:50Z

TutterMouse: WP:WCW - repairing error #64, typos fixed: french → French using AWB

{{Chinese|t=神韻藝術團|s=神韵艺术团|p=shén yùn yì shù tuán|
pic=logo-shenyun.png|picsize=120px|
piccap=Company logo }}

'''Shen Yun Performing Arts''', formerly known as '''Divine Performing Arts''', is a performing arts and entertainment company based in [[New York]].<ref name="mission">{{Cite web| url=http://shenyunperformingarts.org/mission | accessdate=15 November 2009 | title=Mission }} The Mission statement of Shen Yun Performing Arts</ref> It performs classical Chinese dance, ethnic and folk dance, and story-based dance,<ref name="pnwi" /> with orchestral accompaniment and solo performers.

Founded in 2006, Shen Yun is associated with the [[Falun Gong]] spiritual practice,<ref name="sfgate">{{Cite web
| url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/01/04/PKC014SEDQ.DTL
| work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]
| last=Hunt
| first=Mary Ellen
| date=4 January 2009
| accessdate=4 September 2009
| title=Chinese New Year Spectacular in S.F., Cupertino}}</ref><ref name="denverpost">{{Cite web
| url=http://www.denverpost.com/entertainment_old/ci_7925231
| work=The Denver Post
| first=John
| last=Wenzel
| date=1 October 2007
| accessdate=5 September 2009
| title=Chinese New Year embracing tradition }}</ref> and performances around the world are hosted by local Falun Dafa Associations. Shen Yun states that its underlying mission is to "revive the essence of 5000 years of Chinese culture", which it asserts to have been nearly demolished by the Chinese Communist government.<ref>[http://www.shenyunperformingarts.org/company/about-the-company About the company]</ref>

The group is composed of three performing arts companies: The New York Company, The Touring Company, and the International Company, with of a total of over 200 performers. For seven months a year, Shen Yun Performing Arts tours to over 130 cities across Europe, North America, Oceania, and Asia.<ref name=NYTimesHodara/> Shen Yun's shows have been staged in several leading theaters, including New York's [[Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts]],<ref name=Observer/> London’s [[Royal Festival Hall]], Washington DC’s [[Kennedy Center]], and Paris’ Le [[Palais des congrès de Paris|Palais de Congrès]]<ref name="denverpost" />
<ref name="ET_WorldTour">{{Cite web| url=http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/features/dpa/ | work=[[Epoch Times]] | accessdate=5 September 2009 | title=Shen Yun Performing Arts 2009 World tour special coverage }}</ref> The show's acts and production staff are trained at Shen Yun’s headquarters in Cuddebackville, in [[Orange County, New York]].<ref name=NYTimesHodara/>

Shen Yun has received generally positive reviews,<ref name=Observer/> though the show’s geo-political and spiritual content has drawn mixed reactions from critics.

==History==
Shen Yun was founded in 2006 in New York by expatriate Chinese living in North America. The company’s first tour took place in 2007, when the company comprised 90 dancers, musicians, soloists and production staff.<ref name=About/><ref name=hudsonreporter>Adriana Rambay Fernandez, [http://hudsonreporter.com/view/full_story/17252040/article-Dancing-around-the-world-Local-teen-performs-in-classical-Chinese-dance-company-?instance=secondary_stories_left_column Dancing around the world], Hudson Reporter, 22 Jan 2012.</ref> Initially the shows were titled "Chinese Spectacular",<ref name="sfgate"/><ref name="denverpost"/> "Holiday Wonders",<ref>{{Cite web
| url=http://broadwayworld.com/article/Holiday_Wonders_Chinese_Meets_West_Extravaganza_20071115
| work=Broadway World
| first=Beau
| last=Higgins
| date=15 November 2007
| accessdate=5 September 2009
| title='Holiday Wonders' Chinese Meets West Extravaganza }}</ref> Chinese New Year Splendor, and "Divine Performing Arts", but now the company mostly performs under the name "Shen Yun." As of 2009, Shen Yun had expanded to three full companies and orchestras that tour the world simultaneously.<ref name=About>Shen Yun Performing Arts [http://www.shenyunperformingarts.org/company/about-the-company About the Company]</ref>

==Content==
Each year, Shen Yun creates original productions lasting 2.5 hours and consisting of approximately 20 vignettes featuring classical Chinese dance and ethnic dance, as well as solo musicians and operatic signers.<ref name="concnet">{{Cite web| url=http://www.concertonet.com/scripts/review.php?ID_review=6204 | work=[[Concertonet.com]] | last=Sparacino | first=Micaele | date=19 January 2010 | accessdate=29 January 2010 | title=Deities, Dragons, Dancers, and Divas }}</ref> Before each act, bilingual MCs describe the upcoming performance in Chinese and in local languages.<ref name=NYTimesHodara>SUSAN HODARA. [http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/15/nyregion/15dancewe.html?scp=1&sq=shen%20yun&st=cse 5,000 Years of Chinese Music and Dance, in One Night]. New York Times. August 13, 2010.</ref><ref name="sfbaytimes"/>

===Dance===
Each touring company consists of approximately 60 male and female dancers, and large-scale group dance is at the center of Shen Yun productions.<ref name="denverpost"/> The shows mainly feature classical Chinese dance, which is described on the company’s website as a comprehensive dance system passed down through thousands of years. Classical Chinese dance is recognizable in part for its extensive use of acrobatic and tumbling techniques, as well as its unique forms and postures, and the inner emotions conveyed through the movements.<ref name=hudsonreporter/><ref>Shen Yun, [http://www.shenyunperformingarts.org/videos/index/play/6tD4ip5-OPs ‘Chinese Classical Dance Intro’]</ref>

Many of Shen Yun’s dances draw on stories from Chinese history and legends, such as [[Hua Mulan|legend of Mulan]].,<ref name="pnwi">{{Cite web| url=http://www.inlander.com/content/arts_culture_shen_yun_performing_arts_inb_center/ | work=[[The Pacific Northwest Inlander]] | accessdate=15 November 2009 | title=International Incident }}</ref><ref>Shen Yun Performing Arts, [http://www.shenyunperformingarts.org/learn/category/index/level-one/ZiksLpcpL8A/level-two/gCmr9AehjYU “Tales from Chinese Literature”]</ref> [[Journey to the West]]<ref>[http://www.shenyunperformingarts.org/learn/article/read/item/y3sCsCFkRu4/level-one/ZiksLpcpL8A/level-two/gCmr9AehjYU Journey to the West]</ref> and [[Outlaws of the Marsh]].<ref>[http://www.shenyunperformingarts.org/learn/article/read/item/eHhra-x-odA/level-one/ZiksLpcpL8A/level-two/gCmr9AehjYU Outlaws of the Marsh]</ref> Some performances depict “the story of Falun Gong today,” including representations of human rights abuses in China, wherein Falun Gong practitioners are attacked by police, for instance.<ref name=globeandmail/> In addition to classical Chinese dance, Shen Yun also features ethnic and folk dances that seek to capture the spirit of various ethnicities, including [[Yi people|Yi]], [[Miao people|Miao]], and [[Mongolian people|Mongolian]] dance, among others.<ref>Shen Yun Performing Arts, [http://www.shenyunperformingarts.org/learn/category/index/level-one/8i28clX-ln4/level-two/re8-V0nF9Vc Chinese Ethnic and Folk Dance].</ref>

===Music===
Shen Yun dances are accompanied by a Western philharmonic orchestra that integrates several traditional Chinese instruments, including the [[pipa]], [[suona]], [[dizi]], [[guzhen]], and a variety of Chinese percussion instruments.<ref name=NYTimesHodara/><ref>Elina Shatkin. [http://articles.latimes.com/2009/jan/01/entertainment/et-guideevent1 Vina leads Divine Performing Arts' Chinese New Year Spectacular]. Los Angeles Times. January 01, 2009.</ref> In addition to the live orchestra accompanying each performance, there are solo performances featuring Chinese instruments such as the [[erhu]].<ref name="sfgate"/><ref name="concnet"/> Between dance productions, Shen Yun features virtuoso operatic singers, and songs which sometimes invoke spiritual or religious themes. A performance in 2007, for instance, included reference to the [[Chakravartin]], a figure in [[Buddhism]] who turns the wheel of [[Dharma]].<ref name=dctheatre/>

The company counts a number of accomplished soloists and musicians among its ranks. Three performers—flutist Ningfang Chen, erhuist Mei Xuan and tenor Guan Guimin—were recipients of the Chinese Ministry of Culture’s “National First Class Performer” awards. Prior to joining Shen Yun, Guan Guimin was well known in China for his work on soundtracks for over 50 movies and television shows.<ref>[http://www.shenyunperformingarts.org/artists/biography/view/xoPVM4FkQng%7C Shen Yun Profile of Guan Guimin]</ref> Other award-winning performers include Erhu soloist Xiaochun Qi, and bassoonist Hsiao-Ch’un Wang.

===Costume and backdrops===
Shen Yun’s dancers perform wearing intricate costumes, often accompanied by a variety of props.<ref name=sfgate/><ref name=NYTimesHodara/> Some costumes are intended to imitate the dress various ethnicities, while other depict ancient Chinese court dancers, soldiers, or characters from classic stories.<ref name=sfgate/> Props include colorful handkerchiefs, drums,<ref name=sfgate/> fans, chopsticks, or silk scarves.<ref name=globeandmail>Paula Citron. A dazzling show with a clear message. The Globe and Mail: Arts. January 22, 2008.</ref><ref name=chicagotribune>Sid Smith, [http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2008-01-28/features/0801270151_1_dance-chinese-traditional ‘Women flow like water in spectacle’], 28 January 2008.</ref>

Each Shen Yun piece is set against a digitally projected backdrop, usually depicting landscapes such as Mongolian grasslands, imperial courts, ancient villages, temples, or mountains.<ref name=NYTimesHodara/><ref name="sfbaytimes">{{Cite web| url=http://www.sfbaytimes.com/index.php?sec=article&article_id=5979 | work=[[San Francisco Bay Times]] | last=Goodwyn | first=Albert | date=11 January 2007 | accessdate=5 September 2009 | title=Chinese New Year Spectacular }}</ref><ref>Meredith Galante. [http://www.businessinsider.com/chinese-traditional-dance-shen-yun-performing-arts-at-lincoln-center-2012-1#this-years-sets-are-3-d-adding-21st-century-technology-to-the-show-about-traditions-13 A Day In The Life Of A Professional Dancer In A Traditional Chinese Company]. Business Insider. 11 January 2012.</ref> Not all the backdrops are static; some contain moving elements that integrate with the performance.<ref name=chicagotribune/>

==Artists==
===Principal Dancers===
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-3}}
*Angelina Wang
*Chelsea Cai
*Gu Yun
*Steven Wang
*Rocky Liao
*Hsiao-Hung Lin
*Melody Qin
*Jialin Chen
*Tony Xue
*Chad Chen
*Nancy Wang
{{Col-3}}
*Madeline Lobjois
*Michelle Ren
*Tim Wu
*Miranda Zhou-Galati
*Daoyong Zheng
*William Li
*Seongho Cha
*Alison Chen
*Kaidi Wu
*Faustina Quach
*Alvin Song
{{Col-3}}
*Yungchia Chen
*Golden Li
*Lily Wang
*Jim Chen
*Rachael Bastick
*Jason Shi
*Orphelia Wu
*Cindy Liu
*Taiwei Wang
*Yuxuan Liu
{{Col-end}}

===Orchestra ===
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-3}}
*Yo-yo Gan (violin)
*I-Chen Huang (cello)
*Yu-Chen Lin (flute)
*Hui-Chih Tsai (violin)
*Peng Zhang (erhu)
*Miao Yin (pipa)
*Hsiao-Ch’un Wang (bassoon)
*Chengbo Su (bamboo flute)
{{Col-3}}
*Jung-Wen Tsai (suona)
*Chia-Chi Lin (violin)
*Nika Zhang (violin)
*Perry Lee (violin)
*Yi-Hsun T’ang (French horn)
*Chen-Pei Liao (bamboo flute)
*Jenny Ge (flute)
*Sheng Yang (oboe)
{{Col-3}}
*Pei-Ju Wang (violin)
*Ningfang Chen (flute)
*Eddie Jimenez (trumpet)
*Jing Xuan (pipa)
*Yuen-Suo Yang (clarinet)
*James Zheng (cello)
*Hui-Ching Chen (bass)
*Weifeng Jiang (erhu)
{{Col-end}}

===Soloists===
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-3}}
*Guan Guimin (tenor)
*Yuan Qu (tenor)
*Tian Ge (tenor)
*Haolan Geng (soprano)
{{Col-3}}
*Pi-Ju Huang (soprano)
*Qu Yue (baritone)
*Min Jiang (soprano)
{{Col-3}}
*Feng Ming (soprano)
*Chia-Ning Hsu (soprano)
*Qi Xiaochun (erhu)
{{Col-end}}

===Choreographers===
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-3}}
*Yungchia Chen
*Michelle Ren
{{Col-3}}
*Jinman Li
{{Col-3}}
*Si-Ya Yang
{{Col-end}}

===Composers===
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-3}}
*Yuan Gao
{{Col-3}}
*Junyi Tan
{{Col-3}}
*Jing Xuan
{{Col-end}}

==Reception==
Every year, the three full companies of Shen Yun tour simultaneously some of the world’s most prestigious performing arts venues. By the end of the 2010 season, approximately one million audience members had seen the performance.<ref name=NYTimesHodara/> Although critics have generally lauded the show’s artistry, some reviewers have been critical of Shen Yun’s religious and political content related to the suppression of Falun Gong in China.

''The [[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' billed the show positively, writing that the performance "takes viewers on a visually dazzling tour of 5,000 years of Chinese history and culture via bravura displays of acrobatics and grand tales told through flourishes of Chinese classical dance."<ref name="sfgate"/> Paula Citron, theater critic for Canada's [[Globe and Mail]] said "the production values are grand in terms of costumes and scenic effects, and the performers are all very good-looking and meticulously disciplined."<ref name="globeandmail"/> A critic for [[Chicago Tribune]] was particularly fond of the female dancers, stating, "they are as delicate as they are quick, and their skills include a nimble mastery of traditional talents, such as the classic fan dance."<ref name=chicagotribune/> Joel Markowitz of DC Theatre Scene was most taken by the solo vocalists, describing tenor Guan Guimin's voice as "similar to the voice of the great Italian tenor Benjamino Gigli with a glorious sweet upper range-and crystal clear diction, sung with great emotion." <ref name=dctheatre>Joel Markowitz, [http://dctheatrescene.com/2007/01/28/january-pleasures/ ‘January Pleasures’], DC Theatre Scene, January 28, 2007.</ref> A reviewer with the Philadelphia City Paper took note of the orchestra: "What struck me — having seen them previously — was how the orchestra's blend of Western and Chinese instrumentation and timbre works, its erhu players seamlessly mixing in with more traditional musicians."<ref name=philcitypaper>A.D. Amorosi, [http://archives.citypaper.net/articles/2008/12/18/divine-performing-arts ‘Divine Performing Arts’], Philadelphia City Paper, Dec 16, 2008.</ref>

Some reviewers, however, have criticized Shen Yun shows for not explicitly advertising that some of its performances are inspired by Falun Gong philosophy. ''[[The New York Times]]'' and [[Buffalo News]] raised objections about allegedly misleading promotion, noting that promotional materials did not clearly state the relationship with Falun Gong.<ref name="nyt">{{Cite news| last =Konigsberg | first =Eric | title =A Glimpse of Chinese Culture That Some Find Hard to Watch | newspaper =[[The New York Times]] | year = | date =6 February 2008| url =http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/06/nyregion/06splendor.html?_r=1&oref=slogin}}</ref><ref name='buffallownews'>{{Cite web|url=http://www.buffalonews.com/2010/05/30/1066022/songdance-spectacular-not-exactly.html#comment |title=Song & dance spectacular not exactly what it seems |first=Colin |last=Dabkowski |work= Buffalo News |date=30 May 2010 |accessdate=21 June 2010 }}</ref> ''[[The Telegraph]]'' stated the show presented "a Disneyfied version of Chinese culture" and described the "politically motivated" content as "propaganda as entertainment."<ref name=telegr>{{Cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/dance/3671451/Shen-Yun-Propaganda-as-entertainment.html |title=Shen Yun: Propaganda as entertainment |work=The Daily Telegraph |first=Sue |last=Crompton |date=25 February 2008 |accessdate=1 April 2009 }}</ref> ''[[The Guardian]]'' gave the show 2 stars out of 5, praising some elements of the show with comments like "The sinuous calligraphy of the dancers' bodies is elaborated with rippling silks and fans," but concluded that the show "is all too weird a mix of propaganda and bling."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/stage/2008/feb/25/dance |title=Dance review: Shen Yun Royal Festival Hall, London |first=Judith |last=Mackrell |work= The Guardian |date=25 February 2008 |accessdate=1 April 2009 }}</ref> In 2008, ''[[The Toronto Star]]'' gave the show 1 1/2 stars out of four, describing it as "spectacularly tacky" and noted the choreography was "banal."<ref name=star20080120>Susan Walker [http://www.thestar.com/entertainment/article/295651 (Falun) Gong New Year event mere propaganda], The Toronto Star, 20 January 2008</ref>

The New York Observer wrote that while the performances depicting modern-day political repression in China “were rather unexpected for first-time viewers, the more traditional dances were nothing short of a triumph,” and noted that the show had performed in New York to “highly favorable reviews.”<ref name=Observer>Elise Knutsen, [http://www.observer.com/2011/07/shindigger-shen-yun-performance-brings-out-stars-and-awareness/ ‘Shen Yun Performance Brings out Stars and Awareness’], New York Observer, 5 July 2011.</ref>

==Chinese Government Reaction==
The Chinese government has attempted to cancel or delay Shen Yun performances through political pressure via its embassies according to the US State Department and Falun Gong-related sources.<ref name=USSTATE>US Department of State, BUREAU OF DEMOCRACY, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND LABOR,[http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2010/148863.htm International Religious Freedom Report 2010 Report], November 17, 2010</ref><ref>Epoch Times Article, Hans Bengtsson, Mar 28, 2009, [http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/content/view/14392/ "Empty Threats From The Chinese Embassy Backfire"]</ref><ref>Epoch Times Article, Joshua Philipp, Jun 4, 2010, [http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/content/view/36639/99999999/1/1/ "Despite Chinese Regime Pressure, The Show Goes On"]</ref>

The Chinese embassy in Ottawa, Canada, said that the show was “propaganda” whose objective was to “smear China’s image” and damage bilateral relationships.<ref>Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, [http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/story/2007/01/17/chinese.html Chinese New Year Spectacular 'just propaganda': Chinese Embassy], 17 January 2007.</ref>

In [[Moldova]] the government cancelled two performances in 2010 after the government suggested that it might "hurt diplomatic relations with China."<ref>US Department of State, BUREAU OF DEMOCRACY, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND LABOR, [http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2010/148963.htm Moldova country report], November 17, 2010</ref><ref>Epoch Times Article, Leeshai Lemish, May 30, 2010,[http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/content/view/36472/ "Shen Yun Locked Out in Moldova, a First-Person Account"]</ref><ref>Epoch Times Article, Epoch Times Staff, May 25, 2010, [http://%20http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/content/view/36141/ "Chinese Regime Pressures Moldovan Theater to Close Doors to Shen Yun"]</ref> In [[Romania]], government intervention also prevented Shen Yun from performing at a theater in [[Bucharest]] due to a "contract issue", despite protest from several Romanian members of the European Parliament. Falun Dafa Romania, who sponsored the shows, accused the Chinese embassy of blocking the performance. In [[Ukraine]] the government has also cancelled a performance after alleged pressure from China.<ref>US Department of State, BUREAU OF DEMOCRACY, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND LABOR, [http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2010/148993.htm Romania country report], November 17, 2010</ref><ref>US Department of State, BUREAU OF DEMOCRACY, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND LABOR, [http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2010/148975.htm Ukraine country report], November 17, 2010</ref>

In late January 2010, the government of [[Hong Kong]] refused entry visas for members of the production crew for the troupe's performances with rationale of "work visas were considered case by case" and the applicant could have found the expertise locally. The troupe cancelled the performances which it claimed to have been sold out. [[Democratic Party (Hong Kong)|Democratic Party]] chairman [[Albert Ho]] said the denial of the visas was a worrying new erosion of Hong Kong's freedoms, and damaged the reputation of Hong Kong as a liberal and open society.<ref>Agence-France Presse, [http://www.mysinchew.com/node/34582 Falungong decries HK as democracy row deepens], 27 January 2010.</ref>

In February 2010 Jiang Feng, the husband of a musician in Shen Yun, was reported missing in China, according to the State Department's International Religious Freedom Report 2010.<ref name=USSTATE /> Amnesty International reported that he had been taken by public security officials at the Shanghai International Airport while trying to board a flight. His abduction may have been an attempt to pressure his wife to “cease her involvement with the Shen Yun Performing Arts group.”<ref>Amnesty International, [http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA17/021/2010/en/df9220a8-a89f-4d86-93a8-28ed2f15e915/asa170212010en.html | China:Falun Gong Practitioner Missing in China: Jiang Feng], 10 May 2010.</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Falun Gong}}
*[[Dance in the United States]]
*[[Falun Dafa]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ShenYunPerformingArts.org/ Shen Yun Performing Arts]

{{Falun Gong}}

[[Category:Falun Gong]]
[[Category:Dance in the United States]]
[[Category:Entertainment companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Companies based in New York]]
[[Category:Companies established in 2006]]

[[de:Shen Yun Performing Arts]]
[[ja:神韻]]
[[pl:Shen Yun Performing Arts]]

Tan Sitong

2012-01-15T19:23:30Z

TutterMouse: general fixes, typos fixed: , → , (4) using AWB

{{Wikify|date=August 2011}}
{{Infobox philosopher
|region=Chinese Philosophy
|era=
|name=Tan Sitong
|image=Tansitong.jpg
|birth_date={{birth date|1865|3|10|df=y}}
|death_date={{death date and age|1898|9|28|1865|3|10|df=y}}
|influences=[[Kang Youwei]], [[Liang Qichao]]
}}
'''Tan Sitong''' (March 10, 1865-September 28, 1898), courtesy name Fusheng(复生), pseudonym Zhuangfei (壮飞), was a well-known Chinese politician, thinker and revolutionist in the late Qing Dynasty(1636–1911) who was in support of reform; he was however, finally executed because of the failure of the reformation. He was one of the “Six gentlemen of the Hundred Days' Reform” (戊戌六君子).

==His family ==
Tan Sitong was born in Beijing while his family came from Liuyang, Hunan Province. His father, Tan Jixun(谭继洵), was the governor of Hubei Province. His mother, Xu Wuyuan(徐五缘), a traditional Chinese housewife, was quite strict on the study of her children. Tan Sitong had nine siblings in total.eldest brother: Tan Sixiang(谭嗣襄), second eldest brother: Tan Siyi(谭嗣贻), eldest sister: Tan Sihuai(谭嗣怀), second eldest sister: Tan Sishu(谭嗣淑), half brothers: Tan Sizhun(谭嗣准), Tan Sijiong (谭嗣冏), Tan Sikui (谭嗣揆) and half sisters: Tan Sifu(谭嗣茀), Tan Sijia(谭嗣嘉).

Unfortunately, at the age of 12,Tan Sitong lost his mother, his eldest brother and his second eldest sister one after the other within 5 days dueing to diphtheria. A cousin of him who had this disease infected them when they went to see her. He himself also went off into a dead faint and revived three days later which deemed to be a wonder. This event struck him a lot and since then he regarded life as nothing. After that, his father’s concubine treated him worse and worse. He married to Li Run(李闰) at the age of 19 and had a son called Tan Lansheng(谭兰生) who died within a year.

==His life==
Tan Sitong spent his childhood in Beijing and his youth in Liuyang. He began to study at the age of 5. He learned from a famous scholar called Ouyang Zhonggu(欧阳中鹄) when he was 10. Though he was talented in writing essays, he objected to the conventional form of the essay which was required in every exam at that time. As a result, he was only titled “mandarin scholar” (Xiu Cai), a very low educational level.

In 1879, he learned from another scholar, Xu Qixian(徐启先), from whom he had a systematic study of Chinese typical works and began to contact with some natural science.

In 1884, he left his home and began his long trip to which expanded his outlook. He traveled to several different provinces of China including Hebei, Gansu, Xinjiang, Shanxi(陕西), Henan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Shangdong, Shanxi(山西), and wrote more than 200 poems during the trip.

In 1895, through a war of aggression against China, Japan forced the Qing Government to sign the unequal Treaty of Shimonoseki, and forcibly occupied Taiwan. Tan Sitong was astonished by the news, and felt quite disappointed to impotent of the authority and indignant to the invasion of the imperialist. He and his colleagues began to search for new ways to change the current situation.

During 1896 and 1897, he finished a famous book called “Ren Xue”, which considered to be the first philosophical work of the faction of reformation. In this book, he pointed out that absolute monarchy greatly oppressed human nature and was the fountain head of every sorts of evil. In 1897, Tan Sitong helped the governor of Hunan province with the new policy. In 1898, he founded a new academy called “South Academy” which aimed at combining the power of reformation in the South. Later, he also created “news of Hunan” (湘报) to give publicity to the advantage of new policies.

An officer proposed Tan Sitong to the Guang Xu Emperor, and he was soon appointed to be a member of the Grand Council in April 1898. The Hundred Days Reform began with the publication of a new rescript which contained a series of new policies on June 11, 1898. However, new policies greatly harmed the interests of feudal nobles and were seriously obstructed by various excuses. When Tan heard that the Empress Dowager Cixi was brewing a scheme of putting the emperor under house arrest, he immediately visited general Yuan Shikai(袁世凯) and resorted to his army on September 18. After Yuan Shikai came back to Tianjin on September 20, he betrayed them immediately by leaking all their conspiracy of overthrowing the sway of Ci Xi and regaining the power by the emperor from Ci Xi. Ci Xi soon launched the coup and issued the command of arresting all those people who were involved in the reform on September 21. Since then, their reform was utterly failed after 103 days. Tan Sitong was arrested at “guild hall of Liuyang”(浏阳会馆) in Beijing on September 24. Before that, someone had persuaded him to escape to Japan, but he refused to do so with the anticipation of arising the public’s passion of revolution by his death. Finally, he was executed by beheading in Caishikou(菜市口) outside the Xuanwu Gate on September 28, 1898, along with five others. In 1899, his remains were sent back and buried in Liuyang.

==See also==
*[[Tan Jixun]]
*[[Six gentlemen of the Hundred Days' Reform]]
*[[Hundred Days Reform]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

仁学
谭嗣同年谱
http://baike.baidu.com/view/1655.htm

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Tan, Sitong
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = March 10, 1865
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = September 28, 1898
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tan, Sitong}}
[[Category:1865 births]]
[[Category:1898 deaths]]
[[Category:Chinese philosophers]]
[[Category:Culture heroes]]
[[Category:People from Changsha]]
[[Category:Qing Dynasty politicians]]

[[bo:ཐབ་སི་ཐུང་།]]
[[ko:담사동]]
[[id:Tan Sitong]]
[[it:Tan Sitong]]
[[ja:譚嗣同]]
[[no:Tan Sitong]]
[[pl:Tan Sitong]]
[[sk:S’-tchung Tchan]]
[[vi:Đàm Tự Đồng]]
[[zh-classical:譚嗣同]]
[[zh:谭嗣同]]

Stokes-Beziehungen

2012-01-15T18:59:36Z

TutterMouse: general fixes, typos fixed: , → , using AWB

{{Multiple issues|unreferenced = December 2009|orphan = December 2009|wikify = December 2009}}

'''Stokes relations''' describe the relative phase of light reflected at a boundary between materials of different [[refractive index]]. They also relate the transmission and reflection coefficients for the interaction. Their derivation relies on a cunning time reversal argument, so they only work when there is no absorption in the system.

You start with a reflection of the incoming field ''E'', that is reflected and transmitted at the dielectric boundary to give ''rE'' and ''tE'', where ''r'' and ''t'' are the amplitude reflection and transmission coefficients respectively. Next you have to realise that, since there is no absorption, this system is reversible, as shown in the second picture where the direction of the beams has been reversed. If this reversed process were actually taking place, there will be parts of the incoming fields ''rE'' and ''tE'' that are themselves transmitted and reflected at the boundary. In the third picture this is shown, where we now have coefficients ''r''' and ''t''' for reflection and transmission of the reversed fields. The only thing is that everything must interfere so that the second and third pictures agree. This means that the beam ''x'' has amplitude ‘’E” and the beam ''y'' has amplitude 0, giving Stokes relations.

The most interesting result here is that ''r=-r’''. This means that whatever phase is associated with reflection on one side of the interface, it is 180 degrees different on the other side of the interface. For example, if, ''r'' has a phase of 0, ''r’'' has a phase of 180 degrees.

Explicit values of the transmission and reflection coefficients are given by the [[Fresnel equations]]

[[Image:09 2006 2017 Reflection.png]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stokes Relations}}
[[Category:Optics]]

Saint Mary’s College (St. Lucia)

2012-01-15T17:34:04Z

TutterMouse: general fixes, typos fixed: , → , using AWB

{{wikify|date=June 2009}}
'''Saint Mary's College''' is an all male Catholic [[secondary school]] located at [[Vigie]], [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean]]. The school is the only St. Lucian secondary school to have produced a [[Nobel Prize|Nobel]] Laureate, producing the island's two Nobel laureates: [[Sir Arthur Lewis]] and [[Derek Walcott]]. The jurist and politician [[Vincent Floissac|Sir Vincent Floissac]] was also a pupil at the School.

== History ==

St. Mary's College was formally opened on 20 April 1890, three weeks after the first lessons had been given in the building. The school opened with a mere 27 boys on role ranging from age 6 years to 15 years in the now Parish Center on Micoud Street, Castries . The first headmaster, Mr. F.E. Bundy, received his training as a teacher at the "St. Mary's College for Teachers," Hammersmith, England. His only assistant at first, was Mr. O'Neil Traynor.

The first days at the college were full of difficulties for the teachers. The number of boys on roll, by the end of 1890 had risen to 35. Of that number, a few spoke fluent English, some understood it but couldn't hold a fluent conversation. Others spoke French and the rest patois (French Based Creole). It was really surprising that the Masters were able to do as much as they did then with the material they had. Fights were frequent and broken windows an every day occurrence.

At the end of 1890, the College was in debt to the tune of € 385, over € 90 of which had been incurred since the College opened. To assist in writing off the debt, the F.M.I fathers gave € 75 to the college. A handsome contribution in those days. In 1893, the College began receiving a "Grant-In-Aid" from the Government on the condition that 10 pupils receive science scholarships from elementary schools on the results of an examination.

Until 1895, students never sat any public exams, but this soon changed with the appointment of Mr. H.J. Meagher as headmaster. In December of that year, two students, Cecil and Garnet Garnaway were entered in the Cambridge preliminary local Examination which they sat in Barbados because there was no centre in St. Lucia.

In December of the following year, a Cambridge Local Examination Centre was established at the college. At the end of 1898, the number of boys on roll was 53, the average attendance being 47. At that time the holidays were 6 weeks at Christmas, 2 weeks at midsummer and 2 weeks at Easter. The fees were from 3 to 6 guineas per annum payable in advance. There was also an arrangement by which the younger brother paid less.

Towards the close of 1899, the staff consisted of 5 Mothers. At a Public Meeting in 1903, a resolution was passed that an Advisory Committee be appointed to control the affairs of the College and that Government Grant-In-Aid be raised from € 200 to € 400. The request was granted by the Government and Committee Formed.
Brothers Canice Collins, Macartan Sheehy and Lawrence Reynolds arrived in St. Lucia on Saturday, January 11, 1947, having set out from Avonmouth, England on December 28, 1946 on a 6,000 ton banana boat. They arrived at Port-of Spain, Trinidad, on January 10, 1947 and stayed overnight with the Holy Ghost Fathers, flying on to St. Lucia the following day. On their arrival in Castries they were welcomed by the French F.M.I. Fathers. Fr. Harcourt, who was Rector of St. Mary's College, was particularly glad to see them. They got a hearty welcome also from the Sisters of St. Joseph of Cluny.

St. Mary's College was the only secondary school in St. Lucia at that time. Founded in 1890 the student enrollment in 1947 was 80. The building was dilapidated; its woodwork had not been painted for years, the equipment was scanty and the classroom furniture was in poor condition. The Brothers had little over a week to settle in before the school would reopen after the Christmas vacation. Mr. Herman D. Boxill, who taught at the College for 18 years, was of considerable help in the preparation for the big day. On January 22, Mass was celebrated before a packed audience in the ground floor of the College. Fr. Harcourt introduced the Brothers to the teachers, the students and the general congregation. Br. Canice Collins was installed as Principal.

For the first few months after they arrived in St. Lucia the Brothers lived in the presbytery in Castries, sharing accommodations with the F.M.I. Fathers. In March they moved into what became known as The Brothers' House, 69 Micoud St. This was to be their home for four years, until March 1951.

During the first few years under the Brothers' administration, St. Mary's College saw many changes. Physical structures were improved and many aspects of secondary education were reorganized.

1948-1952:

On June 19, 1948 much of the town of Castries was destroyed by fire. The work and courage displayed by the Brothers, lay staff and students were deeply appreciated by all and recognized officially. A local newspaper at the time referred to the leadership shown by the Brothers and stated that "it is a beacon of hope to the many striving to promote a spirit of initiative and cooperative action in the West Indies.
"At the New Year's Honours of 1949, Br. Canice received the MBE in recognition for his efforts on the night of the Castries fire.

During the next few years the number of students enrolled at St. Mary's College increased rapidly. As a result, the facilities available at the College in Castries became inadequate. Expanding and reconstructing the College on the same site was under consideration,as well as possible relocation to another location.

At the same time, some military buildings dating back to the Anglo-French battles on the island which had housed soldiers of the West Indian Regiment at various times were vacant. One group of buildings was situated on a splendid site on the Vigie Peninsula a few miles from Castries. Though over 150 years old the buildings were in good structural condition and after lengthy negotiations with the authorities, including the War Office in London, an agreement was reached for their purchase. They were completely refurbished and at the end of July 1952 St. Mary's College was transferred to Vigie. By then, student enrollment had increased to 275.

It proved fortunate that a bungalow adjacent to the main building, which had been the Commanding Officers' residence, was also available. In March 1951, a second fire devastated much of what remained of the old Castries, including No. 69 Micoud Street. The Brothers, now a community of five, moved into the bungalow at Vigie and it has continued to be the Brothers' residence ever since.

1953-1957:

With the additional facilities and space available in the new location, new subjects were added to the curriculum and the student population increased to over 300.

In 1953, hostel facilities at Vigie for students from out-lying rural areas were provided. One of the ancillary buildings was adapted and furnished for this purpose. The Hostel, as it came to be called, served a very useful purpose for some 20 years. By 1973 the need was no longer acute and the building was then used to provide extra classroom space for the Sixth Form classes.

In 1955 Br. Canice was transferred to San Fernando, Trinidad on completion of his term of office as Superior and College Principal. Br. Lawrence had previously moved to San Fernando in 1952 therefore, Br. Macartan was appointed Provincial Superior of the West Indies region in succession to Br. Dunstan Curtin, who returned to England. As Br. Macartan also took up residence in San Fernando, all three members of the founding community had left St. Lucia and were living in San Fernando.

In 1957 Br. Canice went to Beaumont, Texas, USA for medical treatment. It was discovered that he would need brain surgery. Unfortunately the operation was unsuccessful and he died on March 20 at the age of 43 years. He is buried in Texas. In a telegram of condolence the Administrator of St. Lucia . J.K.R. Thorpe, CMG, wrote; "We are deeply conscious of the debt owed to him for his splendid and devoted work for this island, and he has an abiding place in our affection."

In 1990, to mark the 100th anniversary of the founding of St. Mary's College, the St. Lucia postal authorities issued a commemorative stamp featuring a portrait of Br. Canice superimposed on a drawing of the college building at Vigie.

From the mid 1950s onwards the number of Brothers coming to the West Indies increased. New foundations were established in Chaguanas, Trinidad and in St. John, Barbados. All this led to more frequent changes in the communities of the region, including the St. Lucia community.

1972:

In 1972 Sir Arthur Lewis (1915–91) an economist, was awarded the Nobel Prize. He and Theodore W. Schultz of the United States shared the prize for their work on the economic problems of developing nations. Lewis's economic theories emphasise the relationship between traditional agriculture and modern industries in the developing countries.He was a past pupil of St. Mary's College having been a student there in the 1930s. He was the first West Indian to be awarded the Nobel prize.

Twenty years later another past pupil, Derek Walcott, would be similarly honoured.

1974:

In November 1974 an event took place which was greatly to affect the Brothers in St. Lucia, both as a community and in their future relations with St. Mary's College.

The Government introduced a bill establishing a Board of Management for St. Mary's College, replacing the St. Mary's College Advisory Committee. From the terms set out in the bill it was evident that the new Board of Management would have control over College affairs but would not accept responsibility for the College. It also became evident that the ownership of the property by the Brothers was an obstacle to a properly functioning Board as proposed by Government.

After prolonged discussion at community and provincial level, in January 1975 the Brothers formally requested the Archbishop of Castries, Most Rev. Patrick Webster OSB, to take over the ownership of the buildings and property from the Presentation Brothers. (The Brothers retained ownership of their residence and three acres surrounding it.)

The new arrangements for the administration of St. Mary's College, though the subject of various letters of protest in the local press and even of public demonstrations in Castries, came into effect in September 1975. The Presentation Brothers had agreed to remain as members of the College staff ( for which the Government expressed appreciation ) but for the first time since the arrival of the Brothers in 1947 there was a Principal other than a Presentation Brother. This was Fr. T J. Stack who had previously taught at the College as a Presentation Brother before being ordained priest for the Archdiocese of Castries.

The patronal feast of the College is still Presentation Day, November 21, and admiration of the work done by the Brothers for the College and for education generally has been expressed publicly on numerous occasions. During the College Speech Day on November 21, 1976, His Excellency the Governor, Sir Allen Lewis QC, a leading member of the Anglican community in St. Lucia, a past student of St. Mary's and brother of Nobel Prize winner Sir Arthur Lewis, said: "The advent of the Presentation Brothers in 1947 marked a turning point in the management and growth of St. Mary's College. Their breadth of vision, their concern for the welfare of the community, their administrative ability, scholarship and devotion to duty and to the welfare of their students have brought great benefits to St. Lucia. I should like to take this opportunity to express publicly the appreciation and gratitude of the people of St. Lucia for the work the Brothers have done and continue to do among us."

1979:

St. Lucia became an independent nation, having been ruled by Britain since 1814. The Prime Minister with a cabinet of 10 ministers forms the Government. The 17 member House of Assembly and the 11 member Senate pass the nation's laws. The members of the House are elected by the people and government leaders appoint the Senate members.

1977 -1991:

In 1977 the St. Lucia community was reduced to two Brothers, Br. Cyril O'Sullivan who taught at the College and Br. Macartan. Br. Macartan had been awarded the MBE at the Queen's Birthday Honours of June 1974 in recognition of his work and that of the Brothers for education in St. Lucia. Though now retired from teaching he continued to assist at the Ministry of Education with the organizing of the Cambridge Overseas Examinations

Br. Macartan's health began to fail and in September 1979 it was obvious he was seriously ill. He went to Barbados for medical treatment and he died at St. Joseph's Hospital on September 22. His remains were brought back to St. Lucia and after Requiem Mass celebrated by Bishop Guilly his funeral to the Riverside Cemetery was an indication of the very high esteem in which he was held by the people of Castries and St. Lucia.

For quite a number of year's after Br. Macartan's death Br. Cyril was the only Brother in St. Lucia. Br. Martin Walsh from Canada was a regular visitor during the winter months. During the early '80s the community increased to two and then three and by 1989 there were four and in 1990 five.

In 1991 the Community experienced another great loss. On July 22 of that year Br. Ligouri O'Mahony died during his sleep at the comparatively young age of 64. He had spent 37 years in the West Indies and was the last Presentation Brother to be Principal of St. Mary's College. Br. Ligouri is buried in St. Lucia.

1992:

In 1992 Derek Walcott, who had been one of the senior form pupils at St. Mary's when the Brothers arrived, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. Derek became a member of the teaching staff when he graduated at St. Mary's- he is seen at the right of the back row in this photograph. A poet and playwright, his work explores such themes as the Caribbean experience from slavery to independence and the nature of the Caribbean's post-colonial identity, influenced by many cultures and traditions.

Twenty years earlier another past pupil, Sir Arthur Lewis had also been a Nobel Prize winner.

1993 : CARE - a new apostolate.

In March 1993 Br. Dominic Brunnock joined the St. Lucia community. He had been working in Trinidad with the SERVOL programme from 1989 to 1993. SERVOL caters for the needs of disadvantaged teenagers, especially early school leavers.

Today St.Mary's College is recognised as one of St.Lucia's top secondary schools, performing well in all aspects of school life on the island. As of 2009 the school placed a close second to St. Joseph's Convent in the [[Caribbean Examination Council]] Exams

==S.M.C. School Anthem==

Step together, play the game 
thus will bring St. Mary's Fame 
Unity will make us strong, love will guide our steps along 
Love indeed our lives will frame, Love for god 
Which cares not whether, foes smite, left, right; 
We Samarians work together 
Steady boys and step together. 

In the past we've made our name, 
St. Lucia's Sterling sons proclaim. 
That St. Mary's taught them well, each his debt to it can tell. 
Now we'll fan still more the flame, of our past 
And reck' not whether, foes smite, left right 
We samarians work together 
Steady boys and step together. 

Step together, fight as one 
Seek no rest till you have done, 
For St. Mary's all you can prove your worth and be a man; 
Thus will all unite and shun, 
Cowardly deeds and reck' not whether 
Foes smite, left right 
All Samarians work together, 
Steady boys and step together.

==External links==
*[http://smc.secondary.schools.education.gov.lc/ St. Mary's College website]

{{coord missing|Saint Lucia}}

[[Category:Castries]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1890]]
[[Category:Schools in Saint Lucia]]

Xian (Dame)

2012-01-15T10:55:44Z

TutterMouse: general fixes, typos fixed: , → ,, removed wikify tag using AWB

{{one source|date=January 2011}}

'''The Lady of Ch'iao Kuo''' (Qiao Guo) is a [[Li people|Hsien]] [[noblewoman]] who lived in [[Guangdong|southern China]] during the [[medieval]] [[Sui Dynasty]]. Most of her history is recorded in the ''[[Standard History of the Sui Dynasty]]'' by scholar ''Wei Qiang''. {{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}

== Lady of Qiao Guo ==
The Lady of Ch'iao Kuo (Qiao Guo) lived in the [[Sui Dynasty]]'s time, in [[Guangdong|Southern China]], where her tribe, the [[Li people|Hsien]] (the [[medieval Chinese]] word for "Hsi", or "Xi") had their heavily forested lands treated like an exile place for prisoners, who intermarried with natives. {{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}

The Lady was a notable leader who successfully defending her tribe from enemies, eventually earning her title as the Lady of Ch'iao Kuo. At some point, she married a Chinese general and encouraged an appreciation of Chinese ways among her people.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}<ref name=autogenerated1>[http://royalwomen.tripod.com/id20.html Lady of Ch'iao Kuo]</ref>

==Relatives==
Little is known of Lady Ch'iao Kuo's family.

The Lady of Ch'iao Kuo was born in [[510s|516 A.D.]] and lived through 3 [[dynasty|dynasties]]: the [[Liang Dynasty|Liang]], the [[Chen Dynasty|Chen]], and the [[Sui Dynasty|Sui]]. {{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}

No information is known about her mother and father, though some said that her father was killed while fighting raiders wearing dog-headed helmets. {{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}<ref name=autogenerated1 />

She is noted as having a brother named [[T'ing]], who ruled before her and defeated the "Dog-Head" raiders and other enemies. {{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Other [[sibling]]s are unknown. The Lady of Ch'iao Kuo had three grandsons named [[Feng Hun]], [[Feng Hsian]] (Feng Xian), and [[Feng Ang]]. Her grandsons' parents are undetermined and their relationships to each other are also unknown.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}

==Cultural Depictions==
The Lady of Ch'iao Kuo is depicted in the ''[[The Royal Diaries]]'' novel series in ''The Lady of Ch'iao Kuo: Warrior of the South'', written by [[Laurence Yep]]. In the novel, she is known as Princess Redbird.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Sui Dynasty]]
[[Category:Guangdong]]

Karl Ludvig Reichelt

2012-01-15T10:26:46Z

TutterMouse: general fixes, typos fixed: , → , using AWB

{{Wikify|date=October 2010}}
{{Unreferenced|date=October 2010}}
'''Karl Ludvig Reichelt''' (born September 1, 1877 on the farm Fredlund in Barbu at Arendal, died March 13, 1952 in [[Hong Kong]]) was a Lutheran missionary who worked China, especially among the Buddhists and established the Nordic Christian Buddhist Mission. He founded the institution [[Tao Fong Shan]] in Hong Kong.

==Life and work==
{{Cleanup|section|date=June 2011}}
His father was a sea captain who died when Karl Ludvig was still a child. His mother, who was the Matron at an orphanage, provided that the boy had teacher education at Teachers' College Notodden. He then spent several years teaching in Telemark, and lay preacher in his spare time.

Karl Ludvig Reichelt began in the Mission school in Stavanger at the age of 20 years in 1897. He was ordained at Our Savior's Church in Oslo 20 March 1903 by Bishop A. Christian Bang, and was then sent by the Norwegian Missionary Society (NMS) to China.

In October 1903 he came with his fiancee and later ('05) wife, Anna Dorothea Gerhardsen, to Shanghai, but left soon after the travelers into the country to Hunan province. Anna Dorothea coming soon. Here in the provincial capital [[Changsha]] they settled down to begin their language studies. Karl Ludvig Reichelt had the first part of his work in Hunan. After the one-year language course, he was sent to the city of Ning Xiang, who was at Mission Company Mission field. In 1906 was there an experience that would be crucial to his later work. When he undertook his first visit to the famous Buddhist Weishanklosteret close to town. He later wrote that he just gave a glimpse of a unique and exclusive world of deep religious mysticism, of heartbreaking tragedy, but also immensely rich. He felt that God called him to a special way to work among buddhistenre, and cultivate a friendly dialogue with the monks and the enlightened Buddhist laity. This he used some force to his years in Hunan and Hubei, first as a pioneer missionary (to 1911, when he returned to Norway for a time), then as a teacher in the NT at the priest school in Shekou (1913–1920).

He is particularly suited to the study of Buddhism and the Buddhist religious writings. In 1919 he had the opportunity to be involved in renaming a Buddhist monk.

Under a Norway Stay 1920-1,922 he got the green light from the NMS to build a Christian center of the Buddhist monks to come and stay for shorter or longer time, and there have personal contact with Christianity. He traveled in those years around Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Germany and the United States to generate interest for his project, and also received some pledges of support, including from the Swedish Lutheran Church and the Danish Mission Association. A coordination committee for the mission companies in the three Scandinavian countries, was established to guarantee a minimum amount of support in case the gift supply would not reach the expected size. NMS also promised to pay him wages, even though he was in the rest yourself.

Reichelt and missionary Notto Normann Thelle then went back and got their planned center, called the Ching Fong Shan ("the shining wind rock"), just outside of Nanjing. It was not long before the first itinerant Buddhist monks found their way to the Christian "monastery", and eventually, the number of such visitors in approximately 1 000 per year, and most were there for a longer or shorter period. Some were Christian and was baptized.

In his meeting with China's Buddhist monks came Karl Ludvig Reichelt to develop their own misjonssyn, a sight that made him controversial. This was especially with his view of God's revelation and the religions (especially Buddhism) as a preparation for the gospel (praeparatio evangelica), his dialogical method, and his positive evaluation of other religions. But NMS became concerned that Reichelt openness to Buddhism went too far, especially when Reichelt meant to find "points of light and connection points brought forth by God's Holy Spirit ... in their sacred writings (and) in their rituals and thinking systems ". It ended with NMS Reichelt called home for consultations on this and some financial problems, and it ended with the split from Reichelt in 1925.

In 1926 founded when Reichelt The Nordic Christian Buddhist Mission (or the Nordic-East Asia Mission, later the Areopagus). Work continued in Nanjing, and in 1927, 22 Chinese people were baptized. But the same year the mission station destroyed during a riot, and Reichelt and Thelle had to flee the city.

For two years the work they saw in Shanghai. In 1929 Reichelt came to Hong Kong, and was built institution Tao Fong Shan ("the mountain where the wind blows Logo") in Shatin in the Sha Tin district of New Territories. This institute has since been the seat of Buddhist Mission's work in China.

Reichelt wrote several books in Chinese and several works on East Asia religions, including religions of China (1st ed. 1913) and From Convenience Types and shrines in East Asia (Three volumes, 1947–1949). He received in 1939, St. Olav's Medal for meritorious activities in 1941 and was appointed honorary doctor at Uppsala University for his extensive research on Eastern religious life. For the future mission theologians, religious scholars and sinologist has Karl Ludvig Reichelt extensive and proven knowledge of Chinese culture and religion as well as his contribution to the question of the contextualization of Christianity in China has become a literary treasure.

He left China in 1947, and settled down in 1951 in Hong Kong. He died at the Tao Fong Shan in Hong Kong on 13 March 1952.

==Works==
* ''Kinas religioner. Haandbok i den kinesiske religionshistorie'', Stavanger 1913, 2. opplag 1922
* ''Det rene land. ("Tsing tou"). En oversættelse af det merkelige buddhistiske skrift "De vigtigste momenter ved dyrkelsen av "Det rene lands lære" med vedføjede indledningsbemærkninger'', København 1928
* ''Mot Tibets grænser.'' With chapters by Arthur Hertzberg. 1933
* ''Fromhetstyper og helligdommer i Øst-Asia'', I - III, 1947–49
** English translation: ''Meditation and Piety in the Far East: a Religious-Psychological Study by Karl Ludvig Reichelt'', translated by Sverre Holth, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1954
* ''Laotse''. Gyldendal, 1948. Translation of the [[Tao te ching]],
** reissued in 1982 with the title ''Tao te ching'' and an introduction by Henry Henne. Gyldendal, 1982. ISBN 82-05-13333-6,
** reissued in 2001, as ''Tao te ching: utvalgte taoistiske skrifter'', edited by Rune Svarverud and Notto R. Thelle; translated from Karl Ludvig Reichelt (Tao te ching) and Rune Svarverud ([[Nan Hua Zhen Jing|Zhuangzi]]). De norske bokklubbene, 2001, ISBN 82-525-4104-6

==Further reading==
*Hakan Eihart (1974) ''Boundlessness: Studies in Karl Ludwig Reichelt's Missionary Thinking with Special Regard to the Buddhist Christian Encounter'', Studia Missionalia Upsaliensia XXIV: 1974.
*Eric J. Sharpe (ca 1984) ''Karl Ludvig Reichelt, missionary, scholar and pilgrim''. Hong Kong: Tao Fong Shan Ecumenical Centre.
*Notto Normann Thelle (1954) ''Karl Ludvig Reichelt. En kristen banebryter i Øst-Asia''. Den nordiske kristne Buddhistmisjon. Oslo.
*Notto Reidar Thelle (1995): «Reichelts misjon og livsverk - en utfordring til vår tid», i ''Norsk Tidsskrift for Misjon'', 1/1995, pp. 33–52, Oslo.

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Reichelt, Karl Ludvig
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = September 1, 1877
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = March 13, 1952
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Reichelt, Karl Ludvig}}
[[Category:Lutheran missionaries]]
[[Category:Norwegian sinologists]]
[[Category:1877 births]]
[[Category:1952 deaths]]

[[no:Karl Ludvig Reichelt (1877-1952)]]
[[nn:Karl Ludvig Reichelt (1877-1952)]]

Biclustering

2012-01-14T22:59:52Z

TutterMouse: /* Algorithms */general fixes, typos fixed: exaustive → exhaustive, , → , (2) using AWB

{{Wikify|date=June 2010}}

'''Biclustering''', '''co-clustering''', or '''two-[[mode]] clustering'''<ref>
{{cite journal
| author = Van Mechelen I, Bock HH, De Boeck P
| year = 2004
| title = Two-mode clustering methods:a structured overview
| journal = Statistical Methods in Medical Research
| volume = 13
| issue = 5
| pages = 363–94
| doi = 10.1191/0962280204sm373ra
| pmid = 15516031
}}
</ref> is a [[data mining]] technique which allows simultaneous [[cluster analysis|clustering]] of the rows and columns of a [[matrix (mathematics)|matrix]].
The term was first introduced by Mirkin<ref name="mirkin">
{{cite book
| last = Mirkin
| first = Boris
| title = Mathematical Classification and Clustering
| publisher = Kluwer Academic Publishers
| year = 1996
| isbn = 0792341597 }}
</ref> (recently by Cheng and Church<ref>
{{cite journal
| author = Cheng Y, Church GM
| year = 2000
| title = Biclustering of expression data
| journal = Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology
| pages = 93–103
}}
</ref> in [[gene expression]] analysis), although the technique was originally introduced much earlier<ref name="mirkin"/> (i.e., by J.A. Hartigan<ref>
{{cite journal
| author = Hartigan JA
| year = 1972
| month =
| title = Direct clustering of a data matrix
| journal = Journal of the American Statistical Association
| volume = 67
| issue = 337
| pages = 123–9
| doi = 10.2307/2284710
| publisher = American Statistical Association
| jstor = 2284710
}}
</ref>).

Given a set of <math>m</math> rows in <math>n</math> columns (i.e., an <math>m \times n</math> matrix), the biclustering algorithm generates biclusters - a subset of rows which exhibit similar behavior across a subset of columns, or vice versa.

== Complexity ==

The complexity of the biclustering problem depends on the exact problem formulation, and particularly on the merit function used to evaluate the quality of a given bicluster. However most interesting variants of this problem are [[NP-complete]] requiring either large computational effort or the use of lossy heuristics to short-circuit the calculation.<ref name=madeira-oliveira />

== Type of Bicluster ==

Different biclustering algorithms have different definitions of bicluster.<ref name="madeira-oliveira">
{{cite journal
| author = Madeira SC, Oliveira AL
| year = 2004
| title = Biclustering Algorithms for Biological Data Analysis: A Survey
| journal = IEEE Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics
| volume = 1
| issue = 1
| pages = 24–45
| doi = 10.1109/TCBB.2004.2
| pmid = 17048406
}}
</ref>

They are:

#Bicluster with constant values (a),
#Bicluster with constant values on rows (b) or columns (c),
#Bicluster with coherent values (d, e).

{| border="0" cellspacing="20"
|
{| | border="1px solid black" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
|+a) Bicluster with constant values
|-
| 2.0 || 2.0 || 2.0 || 2.0 || 2.0
|-
| 2.0 || 2.0 || 2.0 || 2.0 || 2.0
|-
| 2.0 || 2.0 || 2.0 || 2.0 || 2.0
|-
| 2.0 || 2.0 || 2.0 || 2.0 || 2.0
|-
| 2.0 || 2.0 || 2.0 || 2.0 || 2.0
|}
|
{| | border="1px solid black" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
|+b) Bicluster with constant values on rows
|-
| 1.0 || 1.0 || 1.0 || 1.0 || 1.0
|-
| 2.0 || 2.0 || 2.0 || 2.0 || 2.0
|-
| 3.0 || 3.0 || 3.0 || 3.0 || 3.0
|-
| 4.0 || 4.0 || 4.0 || 4.0 || 4.0
|-
| 4.0 || 4.0 || 4.0 || 4.0 || 4.0
|}
|
{| | border="1px solid black" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
|+c) Bicluster with constant values on columns
|-
| 1.0 || 2.0 || 3.0 || 4.0 || 5.0
|-
| 1.0 || 2.0 || 3.0 || 4.0 || 5.0
|-
| 1.0 || 2.0 || 3.0 || 4.0 || 5.0
|-
| 1.0 || 2.0 || 3.0 || 4.0 || 5.0
|-
| 1.0 || 2.0 || 3.0 || 4.0 || 5.0
|}
|}

{| border="0" cellspacing="20"
|
{| | border="1px solid black" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
|+d) Bicluster with coherent values (additive)
|-
| 1.0 || 4.0 || 5.0 || 0.0 || 1.5
|-
| 4.0 || 7.0 || 8.0 || 3.0 || 4.5
|-
| 3.0 || 6.0 || 7.0 || 2.0 || 3.5
|-
| 5.0 || 8.0 || 9.0 || 4.0 || 5.5
|-
| 2.0 || 5.0 || 6.0 || 1.0 || 2.5
|}
|
{| | border="1px solid black" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
|+e) Bicluster with coherent values (multiplicative)
|-
| 1.0 || 0.5 || 2.0 || 0.2 || 0.8
|-
| 2.0 || 1.0 || 4.0 || 0.4 || 1.6
|-
| 3.0 || 1.5 || 6.0 || 0.6 || 2.4
|-
| 4.0 || 2.0 || 8.0 || 0.8 || 3.2
|-
| 5.0 || 2.5 || 10.0 || 1.0 || 4.0
|}
|}



The relationship between these cluster models and other types of clustering such as [[correlation clustering]] is discussed in.<ref>{{cite journal
| last = Kriegel
| first = H.-P.
| coauthors = Kröger, P., Zimek, A.
| title = Clustering High Dimensional Data: A Survey on Subspace Clustering, Pattern-based Clustering, and Correlation Clustering
| journal = ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data (TKDD)
| volume = 3
| issue = 1
| pages = 1–58
| date = March 2009
| url = http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1497577.1497578
| doi = 10.1145/1497577.1497578}}
</ref>

== Algorithms ==

There are many biclustering algorithms developed for [[bioinformatics]], including: block clustering, CTWC (Coupled Two-Way Clustering), ITWC (Interrelated Two-Way Clustering), δ-bicluster, δ-pCluster, δ-pattern, FLOC, OPC, Plaid Model, OPSMs (Order-preserving submatrixes), Gibbs, SAMBA (Statistical-Algorithmic Method for Bicluster Analysis),<ref>
{{cite journal
| author = Tanay A, Sharan R, Kupiec M and Shamir R
| year = 2004
| title = Revealing modularity and organization in the yeast molecular network by integrated analysis of highly heterogeneous genomewide data
| journal = Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
| volume = 101
| issue = 9
| pages = 2981–2986
| doi = 10.1073/pnas.0308661100
| pmid = 14973197
| pmc = 365731
}}</ref> Robust Biclustering Algorithm (RoBA), Crossing Minimization,<ref name=ahsan/> cMonkey,<ref>
{{cite journal
| author = Reiss DJ, Baliga NS, Bonneau R
| year = 2006
| title = Integrated biclustering of heterogeneous genome-wide datasets for the inference of global regulatory networks
| journal = BMC Bioinformatics
| volume = 2
| pages = 280–302
| doi = 10.1186/1471-2105-7-280
| pmid = 16749936
| pmc = 1502140
}}</ref> PRMs, DCC, LEB (Localize and Extract Biclusters), QUBIC (QUalitative BIClustering), BCCA (Bi-Correlation Clustering Algorithm) and FABIA (Factor Analysis for Bicluster Acquisition).<ref>
{{cite journal
| author = [[Sepp Hochreiter|Hochreiter S]], Bodenhofer U, Heusel M, Mayr A, Mitterecker A, Kasim A, Khamiakova T, Van Sanden S, Lin D, Talloen W, Bijnens L, Gohlmann HWH, Shkedy Z, Clevert DA
| year = 2010
| title = FABIA: factor analysis for bicluster acquisition
| journal = Bioinformatics
| pmid = 20418340
| volume = 26
| issue = 12
| pmc = 2881408
| pages = 1520–1527
| doi = 10.1093/bioinformatics/btq227
}}</ref> Biclustering algorithms have also been proposed and used in other application fields under the names coclustering, bidimentional clustering, and subspace clustering.<ref name=madeira-oliveira />

Given the known importance of discovering local patterns in time series data, recent proposals have addressed the biclustering problem in the specific case of time series gene expression data. In this case, the interesting biclusters can be restricted to those with contiguous columns. This restriction leads to a tractable problem and enables the development of efficient exhaustive enumeration algorithms such as CCC-Biclustering <ref name="ccc-biclustering">
{{cite journal
| author = Madeira SC, Teixeira MC, Sá-Correia I, Oliveira AL
| year = 2010
| title = Identification of Regulatory Modules in Time Series Gene Expression Data using a Linear Time Biclustering Algorithm
| journal = IEEE Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics
| volume = 1
| issue = 7
| pages = 153–165
| doi = 10.1109/TCBB.2008.34
}}
</ref> and ''e''-CCC-Biclustering.<ref name="e-ccc-biclustering">
{{cite journal
| author = Madeira SC, Oliveira AL
| year = 2009
| title = A polynomial time biclustering algorithm for finding approximate expression patterns in gene expression time series
| journal = Algorithms for Molecular Biology
| volume = 4
| issue = 8
}}
</ref> These algorithms ﬁnd and report all maximal biclusters with coherent and contiguous columns with perfect/approximate expression patterns, in time linear/polynomial in the size of the time series gene expression matrix using eﬃcient string
processing techniques based on suffix trees.

Some recent algorithms have attempted to include additional support for biclustering rectangular matrices in the form of other datatypes, including cMonkey.

There is an ongoing debate about how to judge the results of these methods, as biclustering allows overlap between clusters and some algorithms allow the exclusion of hard-to-reconcile columns/conditions. Not all of the available algorithms are deterministic and the analyst must pay attention to the degree to which results represent stable minima. Because this is an unsupervised-classification problem, the lack of a gold standard makes it difficult to spot errors in the results. One approach is to utilize multiple biclustering algorithms, with majority or super-majority voting amongst them deciding the best result. Another way is to analyse the quality of shifting and scaling patterns in biclusters.<ref>
{{cite journal
| author = Aguilar-Ruiz JS
| year = 2005
| title = Shifting and scaling patterns from gene expression data
| journal = Bioinformatics
| volume = 21
| issue = 10
| pages = 3840–3845
| doi = 10.1093/bioinformatics/bti641
| pmid = 16144809
}}
</ref> Biclustering has been used in the domain of text mining (or classification) where it is popularly known as co-clustering
.<ref name="chi-sim">{{cite journal
| author = Bission G. and Hussain F.
| year = 2008
| title = Chi-Sim: A new similarity measure for the co-clustering task
| journal = ICMLA
| pages = 211–217
| doi = 10.1109/ICMLA.2008.103

}}
</ref> Text corpora are represented in a vectorial form as a matrix D whose rows denote the documents and whose columns denote the words in the dictionary. Matrix elements Dij denote occurrence of word j in document i. Co-clustering algorithms are then applied to discover blocks in D that correspond to a group of documents (rows) characterized by a group of words(columns).

Several approaches have been proposed based on the information contents of the resulting blocks: matrix-based approaches such as SVD and BVD, and graph-based approaches. Information-theoretic algorithms iteratively assign each row to a cluster of documents and each column to a cluster of words such that the mutual information is maximized. Matrix-based methods focus on the decomposition of matrices into blocks such that the error between the original matrix and the regenerated matrices from the decomposition is minimized. Graph-based methods tend to minimize the cuts between the clusters. Given two groups of documents d1 and d2, the number of cuts can be measured as the number of words that occur in documents of groups d1 and d2.

More recently (Bisson and Hussain)<ref name="chi-sim"/> have proposed a new approach of using the similarity between words and the similarity between documents to co-cluster the matrix. Their method (known as '''χ-Sim''', for cross similarity) is based on finding document-document similarity and word-word similarity, and then using classical clustering methods such as hierarchical clustering. Instead of explicitly clustering rows and columns alternately, they consider higher-order occurrences of words, inherently taking into account the documents in which they occur. Thus, the similarity between two words is calculated based on the documents in which they occur and also the documents in which "similar" words occur. The idea here is that two documents about the same topic do not necessarily use the same set of words to describe it but a subset of the words and other similar words that are characteristic of that topic. This approach of taking higher-order similarities takes the latent semantic structure of the whole corpus into consideration with the result of generating a better clustering of the documents and words.

In contrast to other approaches, FABIA is a multiplicative model that assumes realistic non-Gaussian signal distributions with [[heavy tails]]. FABIA utilizes well understood model selection techniques like variational approaches and applies the Bayesian framework. The generative framework allows FABIA to determine the [[information content]] of each bicluster to separate spurious biclusters from true biclusters.

== See also ==
* [[Formal concept analysis]]
* [[Biclique]]
* [[Galois connection]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=ahsan>
{{cite journal
|last1=Abdullah
|first1=Ahsan
|last2=Hussain
|first2=Amir
|title=A new biclustering technique based on crossing minimization
|journal=Neurocomputing, vol. 69 issue 16-18
|year=2006
|pages=1882–1896
|url= http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0925231206001615
|doi=10.1016/j.neucom.2006.02.018
|volume=69
|issue=16–18
}}
</ref>
}}

=== Others ===
<div class="references-small">
* A. Tanay. R. Sharan, and R. Shamir, "Biclustering Algorithms: A Survey", In ''Handbook of Computational Molecular Biology'', Edited by Srinivas Aluru, Chapman (2004)
* {{cite journal | author = Kluger Y, Basri R, Chang JT, Gerstein MB | year = 2003 | title = Spectral Biclustering of Microarray Data: Coclustering Genes and Conditions | url = | journal = Genome Research | volume = 13 | issue = 4| pages = 703–716 | doi = 10.1101/gr.648603 | pmid = 12671006 | pmc = 430175 }}

=== External links ===
* [http://www.bioinf.jku.at/software/fabia/fabia.html FABIA: Factor Analysis for Bicluster Acquisition, an R package] —software

[[Category:Cluster analysis]]
[[Category:Bioinformatics]]

[[fr:Classification double]]

Icon for Hire

2012-01-13T23:53:32Z

TutterMouse: WPCleaner (v1.09) Categories more at one line - Category duplication - Reference duplication (Fixed using WP:WCW)

{{notability|Music|date=December 2011}}
{{primary sources|date=December 2011}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Icon For Hire
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| background = group_or_band
| origin = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Decatur, Illinois|Decatur]], [[Illinois]], [[United States|USA]]
| years_active = 2007-present
| genre = [[Alternative metal]] [[Electronic rock]] [[Hard rock]] [[Christian rock]]
| label = [[Tooth & Nail Records]]
| associated_acts =
| website = [http://www.myspace.com/iconforhire www.myspace.com/iconforhire]
| current_members = Ariel Shawn Jump Josh Kincheloe Adam Kronshagen 
| past_members = Joshua Davis }}

'''Icon for Hire''' is an [[United States|American]] [[Rock music|rock]] band originating from [[Decatur, Illinois|Decatur]], [[Illinois]].<ref name="Myspace">{{cite web|title=Icon for Hire - Free Music, Tour Dates, Photos, Videos|url=http://www.myspace.com/iconforhire|publisher=myspace.com|accessdate=2011-05-26}}</ref> The band is currently signed to [[Tooth & Nail Records]] and has released two [[Extended play|EPs]] independently. Their debut album was released on August 23, 2011.<ref name="Artist Database">{{cite web|title=Icon for Hire Discography, Icon for Hire Artist Database|url=http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/artists/IconForHire.asp|publisher=jesusfreakhideout.com|accessdate=2011-05-26}}</ref>

==Beginning (2007-2010)==

Icon for Hire formed in [[Decatur, Illinois|Decatur]], [[Illinois]] in December 2007.<ref name="Artist Database" />

In their early years, the band played a number of gigs in and around Illinois and began to amass a local following. During this time, they recorded two independent EPs, the epinonimous ''Icon For Hire'' in 2008 and ''The Grey EP'' in 2009. In 2009, they caught the attention of [[Tooth & Nail Records]], and eventually signed with the label in July 2010.<ref>Cross Rhythms interview 1/1/2012 | http://www.crossrhythms.co.uk/articles/music/Icon_For_Hire_The_rockers_bemused_by_the_Paramore_and_Evanescence_comparisons_/46555/p1/</ref>

==Tooth & Nail (2010-present)==

Icon for Hire's debut full-length album, Scripted, was released on August 23, 2011. The album made it on the US Billboard charts at #7 for Hard Rock Albums, #5 for Christian Albums, #16 for Alternative Albums, #22 for Rock Albums, and #95 on the Billboard 200.<ref>http://www.billboard.com/#/album/icon-for-hire/scripted/1509662</ref> The album also hit on Soundscan at #1 on the Christian Rock chart and #7 on the Christian chart. It debuted at #4 on the iTunes Rock chart and on the general iTunes chart at #19.<ref name="cmspin">http://www.cmspin.com/newsmanager/anmviewer.asp?a=6461&z=54</ref>

From Scripted, the band released their first single with Tooth & Nail, [[Make a Move]]. Make A Move was the Discovery Download on [[iTunes]] the week of August 23 2011,<ref name="cmspin"/> but did not hit the Billboard charts. The video for [[Make a Move]] was released first by [[Guitar World Magazine]], on August 15, 2011, as an exclusive premiere.<ref>http://www.guitarworld.com/exclusive-icon-hire-premiere-make-move-music-video</ref>

Icon for Hire supported [[Red (band)|Red]] on their "Kill The Machine" tour in October 2011.<ref>http://www.fusemix.com/en/events/2272--red-kill-the-machine-tour-october-7-october-26-2011</ref> The band is on tour in early 2012<ref>http://www.toothandnail.com/tours/</ref>, and is playing at the 2012 [[Rage Music Festival]] in Phoenix, AZ.<ref>http://www.extremefaithproductions.com/event10.php</ref>

Vocalist Ariel was listed as one of the "25 Hottest Chicks in Hard Rock" by [[Revolver Magazine]] in its Sept/Oct 2011 issue.<ref>http://www.revolvermag.com/photos/the-hottest-chicks-in-hard-rock-ariel%e2%80%94the-outtakes.html</ref>

==Band members==
*Ariel - [[Vocals]] (2007–present)
*Shawn Jump - [[Electric guitar]] (2007–present)
*Adam Kronshagen - [[Drums]] (2007–present)
*Josh Kincheloe - [[Bass guitar]] (2011–present)

;Former members
*Joshua Davis - [[Bass guitar|bass]] (2007–2009)

==Discography==
;EPs
* ''Icon for Hire EP'' (2008)
* ''The Grey EP'' (2009)
;Studio albums
* ''Scripted'' (2011)
;Singles
* ''Make A Move'' (2011)
* ''Get Well'' (2011)

==References==
'''All dates are MM-DD-YYYY at UTC'''
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{Official|http://www.toothandnail.com/artists/289/Icon_For_Hire/}}
* [http://allmusic.com/album/scripted-r2229035 Review] on [[Allmusic]]
* [http://www.revolvermag.com/photos/the-hottest-chicks-in-hard-rock-ariel%e2%80%94the-outtakes.html Revolver Magazine - hottest chicks in hard rock]

[[Category:Musical groups from Illinois]]
[[Category:Tooth and Nail Records artists‎]]
[[Category:Rock music groups]]
[[Category:Hard rock musical groups]]
[[Category:Alternative rock groups‎]]
[[Category:Christian rock groups‎]]
[[Category:Alternative metal musical groups‎]] ‎ ‎

{{cat improve|date=December 2011}}

[[ru:Icon for Hire]]

Second Suite in F for Military Band

2012-01-05T19:17:33Z

TutterMouse: Typo fixing, typos fixed: french → French using AWB

The '''''Second Suite in F for Military Band''''' (Op. 28, No. 2) is [[Gustav Holst]]'s second and last suite for [[concert band]]. Although performed less frequently than the ''[[First Suite in E-flat for Military Band|First Suite in E-flat]]'', it is still a staple of the band literature. The ''Second Suite'', written in 1911 and first published in 1922, dedicated to James Causley Windram, is longer and considered more difficult to play than its sister suite.

During Holst's earlier years as a composer, he took interest (as did many composers at the time) in folk music, and wrote many pieces based on folk tunes. He provided piano accompaniments in 1909 to 16 songs collected by Dr [[George Gardiner]], for publication in Folk Songs from [[Hampshire]], a volume in [[Cecil Sharp|Cecil Sharp's]] County Songs series.<ref>Holst, Imogen, A Thematic Catalogue of Gustav Holst's Music, Faber 1974, entries 84 and 106</ref> He was taken with them and incorporated several into this suite (he later made choral arrangements of several, including ones he had already used in the suite). His contemporary and friend [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]] later based his own ''[[English Folk Song Suite|Folk Song Suite]]'' on English folk tunes. Seven traditional tunes are compressed into the four movements of Holst's suite.

There have been several editions of the work, most recently by [[Boosey & Hawkes]] (1984), edited by Colin Mathews. In the 1940s, [[Gordon Jacob]] arranged it for full orchestra under the title "A Hampshire Suite".

==Instrumentation==
The work is scored for a standard military band of the early 1900s.
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
;[[Woodwind]]s:
:[[Flute]]/[[Piccolo]] in D-flat
:Flute/Piccolo in C
:[[Oboe]]
:[[Clarinet in E-flat]]
:3 [[Clarinet]]s in B-flat
:[[Alto Clarinet]] in E-flat
:[[Bass Clarinet]] in B-flat
:2 [[Bassoon]]s

:[[Soprano Saxophone]] in B-flat
:[[Alto Saxophone]] in E-flat
:[[Tenor Saxophone]] in B-flat
:[[Baritone Saxophone]] in E-flat
:[[Bass Saxophone]]/[[Contrabass clarinet]] in B-flat
{{col-break}}
;[[brass instrument|Brass]]:
:2 [[Cornet]]s in B-flat
:2 [[Trumpet]]s in B-flat
:4 [[Horn (instrument)|Horn]]s in E-flat
:2 [[Trombone|Tenor Trombone]]s
:[[Bass Trombone]]
:[[Euphonium]] in B-flat
:[[Tuba]]/[[Double Bass]]

;[[Percussion]]:
:[[Snare Drum]]
:[[Bass Drum]]
:[[Cymbal]]s
:[[triangle (instrument)|Triangle]]
:[[Tambourine]]
:[[Anvil]]
{{col-break}}

{{col-end}}

== Structure ==
The ''Second Suite'' consists of four movements, all based on specific English folk songs.

===Movement I: "March: Morris dance, Swansea Town, Claudy Banks"===
The "March" of the ''Second Suite'' begins with a simple five note [[Motif (music)|motif]] between the low and high instruments of the band. The first folk tune is heard in the form of a traditional [[Brass band (British style)|British brass band]] march using the morris-dance tune "Glorishears".<ref>Holst, Imogen, A Thematic Catalogue of Gustav Holst's Music, Faber 1974, p.99</ref> After a brief climax, the second strain begins with a [[euphonium]] solo playing the second folk tune in the suite "Swansea Town".<ref>Holst, Imogen, A Thematic Catalogue of Gustav Holst's Music, Faber 1974, p.99</ref> The theme is repeated by the full band before the trio. For the trio, Holst modulates to the unconventional sub-dominant minor of B-flat minor ''and'' changes the time signature to 6/8, thereby changing the meter. (Usually one would modulate to sub-dominant major in traditional march form. While Sousa, reputably the "king of marches", would sometimes change time signatures for the trio (most notably in "El Capitan"), it was not commonplace.) The third theme, called "Claudy Banks",<ref>Holst, Imogen, A Thematic Catalogue of Gustav Holst's Music, Faber 1974, p.99</ref> is heard in a low woodwind soli, as is standard march orchestration. Then the first strain is repeated ''[[da capo]]''.

===Movement II: "Song Without Words, 'I'll Love My Love'"===
Holst places the fourth folk song, "I'll Love My Love"<ref>Holst, Imogen, A Thematic Catalogue of Gustav Holst's Music, Faber 1974, p.99</ref> in stark contrast to the first movement. The movement begins with a chord from French horns and moves into a solo of clarinet with oboe over a flowing accompaniment in F Dorian. The solo is then repeated by trumpet, forming an arc of intensity. The climax of the piece is a fermata in measure 32, followed by a trumpet pickup into the final measures of the piece.

===Movement III: "Song of the Blacksmith"<ref>Holst, Imogen, A Thematic Catalogue of Gustav Holst's Music, Faber 1974, p.99</ref>===
Again, Holst contrasts the slow second movement to the rather upbeat third movement which features the folk song "A Blacksmith Courted Me". The brass section plays in a pointillistic style depicting a later Holst style. There are many time signature changes (4/4 to 3/4) making the movement increasingly difficult because the brass section has all of their accompaniment on the up-beats of each measure. The upper-woodwinds and horns join on the melody around the body of the piece, and are accompanied with the sound of a blacksmith tempering metal with an anvil called for in the score. The final D major chord has a glorious, heavenly sound, which opens way to the final movement. This chord works so effectively perhaps because it is unexpected: the entire movement is in F major when the music suddenly moves to the major of the relative minor.

===Movement IV: "Fantasia on the Dargason"===
This movement is not based on any folk songs, but rather has two tunes from [[The Dancing Master|Playford's Dancing Master]] of 1651.<ref>Holst, Imogen, A Thematic Catalogue of Gustav Holst's Music, Faber 1974, p.99</ref> The finale of the suite opens with an alto saxophone solo based on the folk tune "Dargason", a 16th Century English dance tune included in the first edition of The Dancing Master. The fantasia continues through several variations encompassing the full capabilities of the band. The final folk tune, ''[[Greensleeves]]'', is cleverly woven into the fantasia by the use of [[hemiola]]s, with Dargason being in 6/8 and Greensleeves being in 3/4. At the climax of the movement, the two competing themes are placed in competing sections. As the movement dies down, a tuba and piccolo duet forms a call back to the beginning of the suite with the competition of low and high registers.

The name 'dargason' may perhaps come from an Irish legend that tells of a monster resembling a large bear (although much of the description of the creature has been lost over time), the Dargason tormented the Irish country side. During the Irish uprising of the late 18th Century, the dargason is supposed to have attacked a British camp killing many soldiers. This tale aside, 'dargason' is more likely derived from from an Anglo-Saxon word for dwarf or fairy, and the tune has been considered English (or Welsh) since at least the 16th Century.<ref>for instance in Pammelian by Thomas Ravenscroft, 1580</ref> It is also known as 'Sedony' (or Sedany) or 'Welsh Sedony'.

Holst later rewrote and rescored this movement for string orchestra, as the final movement of his [[St Paul's Suite]] (1912), which he wrote for his music students at [[St Paul's Girls' School]].<ref>Holst, Imogen, A Thematic Catalogue of Gustav Holst's Music, Faber 1974, entry 118</ref>

== External links ==
* {{IMSLP2|id=Second_Suite_for_Military_Band,_Op.28_No.2_(Holst,_Gustav)}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Suites by Gustav Holst|Military 2]]
[[Category:Concert band pieces]]
[[Category:1911 compositions]]

[[nl:Second Suite in F (Holst)]]

Khenpo Sodargye

2011-12-24T00:15:34Z

TutterMouse: WPCleaner (v1.09) Headlines with bold - Reference before punctuation (Fixed using WP:WCW)

[[Image:Khenpo Sodargye Portrait.JPG|thumb|250px|left|Khenpo Sodargye]]

'''Khenpo Sodargye'''（[[Tibetan alphabet|Tibetan]]：མཁན་པོ བསོད་དར་རྒྱས；[[Chinese language|Chinese]]:堪布索达吉）was born in Drakgo in Kham Tibet on the fourth day of the sixth month of Tibetan calendar in the year of 1962.

After being ordained at Larung Gar Serthar Buddhist Institute in 1985, Khenpo relied on Kyabje Khenchen [[Jigme Phuntsok Rinpoche]] as his root guru. After intensive study of the five principle treatises on [[Madhyamaka]], [[Prajnaparamita]], [[Abhidharma]],[[Vinaya]], and [[Buddhist Logic]], Khenpo received direct transmissions of such tantric teachings as [[Dzogchen|the Great Perfection]], [[Kalachakra]], and the Great Illusory Net from Kyabje Khenchen Jigme Phuntsok Rinpoche and gained unshakable faith in the Omniscient [[Longchenpa]] and [[Mipham Rinpoche]]. Through his practice, he obtained supreme realization of these teachings.

After engaging in classic Tibetan Buddhist debate and after undergoing oral and written examination he obtained his “Khenpo” degree. Khenpo was then placed in charge of the institute by Kyabje Khenchen Jigme Phuntsok Rinpoche and became Kyabje’s chief translator for Chinese disciples
.<ref>{{cite web|last=Germano|first=David|title=The Leaders of Larung Gar|url=http://mms.thlib.org/media_objects/9706|work=The Tibetan and Himalayan Library|publisher=The Tibetan and Himalayan Library|accessdate=30/Jul/1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Melvyn|first=Goldstein|title=Buddhism in Contemporary Tibet Religious Revival and Cultural Identity|year=1998|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles, California|isbn=0520211316|pages=168}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=FAISON|first=SETH|title=A 'Living Buddha' Plants an Academy|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/28/world/serthar-journal-a-living-buddha-plants-an-academy.html?pagewanted=2A 'Living Buddha' Plants an Academy|newspaper=The New York Times Journal|date=July 28, 1999}}</ref>

==Dharma Prapagation==

[[Image:KhenpoSodargye.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Khenpo Sodargye Teaching at Hong Kong Buddhist Tri-Virtues Advocate Center in Jul 2011]]

In 1987, Khenpo accompanied Kyabje Rinpoche to make a pilgrimage to the holy Wutai Mountain and began to receive Chinese disciples of the four types (monks, nuns, male and female lay practitioners).

From 1990 to 1999, Khenpo accompanied Kyabje Rinpoche to give Dharma teachings in many countries worldwide, including the United States, Canada, France, Germany, Holland, United Kingdom, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and Japan.<ref>{{cite web|title=WCBW-DharmaPic|url=http://www.zhibeifw.com/ssyy/phot_list.php?id=25#p=4|accessdate=15 December 2011}}</ref>

Beginning in 2006, in order to facilitate more faithful followers to receive systematic Dharma training and to widely benefit the fortunate beings, Khenpo began to use modern media, such as Internet and DVD, to spread his teachings.

==Charitable Activities==

[[Image:Khenpo&kids.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Khenpo Sodargye at Wisdom & Compassion Elementary School in Drakgo at east Tibet]]
In 2007, Khenpo inaugurated his “Initiation of Loving Heart” and encouraged Buddhist practitioners to give love and stop ignoring the needy people around us. As an example, he started Wisdom and Compassion Elementary Schools, the Novice Monk School, nursing homes and accommodations to support the practice of the senior lay practitioners. From Feb 2011, Khenpo has worked as the Honorary Chairman of Shanghai Kindness & Wisdom Public Fundation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shanghai Kindness&Wisdom Public Fundation|url=http://www.cihuigy.org/gy/about/|accessdate=December 23 2011}}</ref>

==Publication Introduction==

Khenpo tirelessly teaches and translates the Dharma both day and night. Currently, more than 100 Dharma books have been published through Khenpo’s unfaltering efforts. All his translations (from Tibetan to Chinese) are collected in the “Treasure of Sutra and Tantra”,<ref>{{cite web|title=Wisdom Compassion Buddhist Web-Treasure of Sutra and Tantra|url=http://www.zhibeifw.com/ssfb/xmbk.php|accessdate=Dec 09, 2011}}</ref> all his compositions are collected in the “Treasure of Supreme Dharma”,<ref>{{cite web|title=Wisdom Compassion Buddhist Web-Treasure of Sumpreme Dharma |url=http://www.zhibeifw.com/ssfb/zbbk.php|accessdate=Dec 09, 2011}}</ref> and all his oral teachings are collected in the “Treasure of Wisdom and Compassion.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wisdom Compassion Buddhist Web-Treasure of Wisdom and Compassion|url=http://www.zhibeifw.com/ssfb/zbbk.php|accessdate=Dec 09, 2011}}</ref>”

==Academic Activities==

[[Image:ChineseUniverstiyof H.JPG|thumb|250px|left|Khenpo Sodargye at Chinese University of Hong Kong]]

Due to his productive works, Khenpo has become acknowledged in academic filed. In June 2010, Khenpo was invited to give teachings in China's most prestige universities, such as [[Peking University]] and [[Tsinghua University]]. In March 2011, Khenpo was invited to give seminar presentations in [[Fudan University]],<ref>{{cite web|title=WCBW-FuDanUPics|url=http://www.zhibeifw.com/ssyy/phot_list.php?id=19|accessdate=15 December 2011}}</ref> [[Nanjing University]]<ref>{{cite web|title=WCBW-NanJingUPics|url=http://www.zhibeifw.com/ssyy/phot_list.php?id=20|accessdate=Dec 15, 2011}}</ref> and [[Renmin University of China]].In June 2011, Khenpo was invited to give presentations at [[Zhejiang University]],<ref>{{cite web|title=WCBW-ZhejiangUPics|url=http://www.zhibeifw.com/ssyy/phot_list.php?id=37|accessdate=15 December 2011}}</ref> [[Huazhong Normal University]]<ref>{{cite web|title=WCBW-CCNUPics|url=http://www.zhibeifw.com/ssyy/phot_list.php?id=39|accessdate=Dec 15, 2011}}</ref> (AKA:Central China Normal Universtiy), [[Sun Yat-sen University]],<ref>{{cite web|title=WCBW-SYUPics|url=http://www.zhibeifw.com/ssyy/phot_list.php?id=40|accessdate=Dec 15, 2011}}</ref> the[[Chinese University of Hong Kong]]<ref>{{cite web|title=WCBW-CUHKPics|url=http://www.zhibeifw.com/ssyy/phot_list.php?id=52|accessdate=Dec 15, 2011}}</ref> and the [[Hong Kong Polytechnic University]].<ref>{{cite web|title=WCBW-at PolyU|url=http://www.zhibeifw.com/ssyy/phot_list.php?id=56|accessdate=Dec 15, 2011}}</ref> Both faculty and students found tremendous benefit from Khenpo's visits.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wisdom Compassion Buddhist Web-University Speeches|url=http://www.zhibeifw.com/ssks/index.php}}</ref>

[[Image:ChineseUniverstiyHK.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Khenpo Sodargye at Chinese University of Hong Kong]]

Through his activities,such as Dharma translation, teaching the Dharma and running charitable organization to provide help to various kinds of needy people, Khenpo became the most influential and acknowledged Tibetan Buddhist teacher in China.

Khenpo often inculcates his students in this way: “As long as we can benefit sentient beings, even if just one person could generate one virtuous thought through our efforts, we should be willing to be his servant for millions and millions of eons.”

==Partial Publications (in progress)==

===Series of the “Treasure of Wisdom and Compassion”(Teachings)===
1. ''The Great Commentary on the Guide to the Bodhisattavas’ Way of Life'' (''Bodhicayavatara'') Vol.I

(English Translation of the full text is available at Wisdom & Compassion Buddhist Web-Dharma Books<ref>{{cite web|title=Wisdom & Compassion Dharma Books-Bodhicaryavatara Vol I|url=http://zhibeifw.com/cmsc/bencandy.php?fid=209&id=922|accessdate=Dec 12, 2011}}</ref> )

2. ''The Great Commentary on the Guide to the Bodhisattavas’ Way of Life'' (''Bodhicayavatara'') Vol.II

3. ''The Great Commentary on the Guide to the Bodhisattavas’ Way of Life'' (''Bodhicayavatara'') Vol.III

4. ''The Great Commentary on the Guide to the Bodhisattavas’ Way of Life'' (''Bodhicayavatara'') Vol.IV

5. ''The Great Commentary on the Guide to the Bodhisattavas’ Way of Life'' (''Bodhicayavatara'') Vol.V

6. ''The Great Commentary on the Guide to the Bodhisattavas’ Way of Life'' (''Bodhicayavatara'') Vol.VI

7. ''The Great Commentary on the Guide to the Bodhisattavas’ Way of Life'' (''Bodhicayavatara'') Vol.VII

8. ''The Great Commentary on the Guide to the Bodhisattavas’ Way of Life'' (''Bodhicayavatara'') Vol.VIII

9. ''The Great Commentary on the Guide to the Bodhisattavas’ Way of Life'' (''Bodhicayavatara'') Vol.IX

10. ''The Great Commentary on the Guide to the Bodhisattavas’ Way of Life''(''Bodhicayavatara'') Vol.X

11. ''Commentary on the Treasure of Logic on Valid Cognition'' (''Pramanayuktinidhi'') Vol. I

12. ''Commentary on the Treasure of Logic on Valid Cognition'' (''Pramanayuktinidhi'') Vol. II

13. ''Commentary on the Treasure of Logic on Valid Cognition'' (''Pramanayuktinidhi'') Vol. III

14. ''Commentary on the Treasure of Logic on Valid Cognition'' (''Pramanayuktinidhi'') Vol. IV

15. ''The Quintessential Butter of Dharma'' (Ch: Zheng Fa Ti Hu)

Including：

:a.''Commentary on Mipham Rinpoche’s the Teachings on Mundane and Transmundane Codes''

:b.''Commentary on Thogme Zangpo’s the 37 Practices of a Bodhisattva''(Rgyal-sras lag-len so-bdun-ma)

:c.''Commentary on Thogme Zangpo’s the Song of Happiness''

16.''Commentary on The Garland of White Lotus Flowers'': Mipham Rinpoche’s Commentary on Nagarjuna’s “''A letter to a Friend'' (Suhrllekha) ”(Bshe-spring gi mchan-grel padma-dkar-po’I phreng-ba)

17.''The Supreme Vase of Prajna'' (Ch:Bo Ruo Miao Ping)

Including：

:a. ''Commentary on Mipham Rinpoche’s the Sword of Wisdom for Thoroughly Ascertaining Reality''

:b. ''Commentary on Mipham Rinpoche’s Summary of the Ornament of Clear Realization''(''Abhisamayalankara'')

:c. ''Commentary on Mipham Rinpoche’s Overview of the Ornament of Clear Realization''(''Abhisamayalankara'')

18. ''The Nectar of Enlightenment'' (Ch: Pu Ti Gan Lin)

19. ''Interpretation of the Standards for being a Good Student and Child in a Buddhist Way'' (Ch: Di Zi Gui Ling Jie)

20-24 ''Pure Land Practice in Tibetan Buddhism'' (Ch: Zang Chuan Jin Tu Fa)
:1. ''Commentary on the Aspiration Prayer to Be Born in the Land of Bliss'' by Chagme Rinpoche (Karma-chags-med) Vol. I
:2. ''Commentary on the Aspiration Prayer to Be Born in the Land of Bliss'' by Chagme Rinpoche (Karma-chags-med) Vol. II
:3. ''Commentary on the Aspiration Prayer to Be Born in the Land of Bliss'' by Chagme Rinpoche (Karma-chags-med) Vol. III
:4. ''Commentary on the Aspiration Prayer to Be Born in the Land of Bliss'' by Chagme Rinpoche (Karma-chags-med) Vol. IV
:5. ''Commentary on the Aspiration Prayer to Be Born in the Land of Bliss'' by Chagme Rinpoche (Karma-chags-med) Vol. V

25-27 ''A Short Commentary on the Verse Summary of the Prajnaparamita''

:1. ''A Short Commentary on the Verse Summary of the Prajnaparamita'' Vol. I
:2. ''A Short Commentary on the Verse Summary of the Prajnaparamita'' Vol. II
:3. ''A Short Commentary on the Verse Summary of the Prajnaparamita'' Vol. III

28-30 ''Explanation of Mipham Rinpoche’s Commentary on Shantarakshita's Ornament of the Middle Way''(''Madhyamakālaṅkārapañjikā'')
:1. ''Explanation of Mipham Rinpoche’s Commentary on Shantarakshita's Ornament of the Middle Way'' Vol. I
:2. ''Explanation of Mipham Rinpoche’s Commentary on Shantarakshita's Ornament of the Middle Way'' Vol. II
:3. ''Explanation of Mipham Rinpoche’s Commentary on Shantarakshita's Ornament of the Middle Way'' Vol. III

31-35 ''The Great Commentary on the Words of My Perfect Teacher''

:1. ''The Great Commentary on the Words of My Perfect Teacher'' (Kun bzan bla ma’I zal lun) by Patrul Rinpoche Vol.I
:2. ''The Great Commentary on the Words of My Perfect Teacher'' (Kun bzan bla ma’I zal lun) by Patrul Rinpoche Vol.II
:3. ''The Great Commentary on the Words of My Perfect Teacher'' (Kun bzan bla ma’I zal lun) by Patrul Rinpoche Vol.III
:4. ''The Great Commentary on the Words of My Perfect Teacher'' (Kun bzan bla ma’I zal lun) by Patrul Rinpoche Vol.IV
:5. ''The Great Commentary on the Words of My Perfect Teacher'' (Kun bzan bla ma’I zal lun) by Patrul Rinpoche Vol.V
36. ''Commentary on Infinite Life Sutra'' (''Amitayuḥ Sutra'')

'''Pamphlets:'''

1.''The Liberation at Living and Death'' (Ch:Sheng Si Jiu Du)

Including:
:a. ''The Merit of Releasing Captured Creatures'' (Ch: Fang Sheng Gong De Wen)
:b. ''The Prayers for Liberating the Dying''( Ch: Lin Zhong Guan Huai Wen)

2. ''Questions and Answers at Ease'' (Ch: Xian Tan Wen Da Lu)

===Series of the “Treasure of Sutra and Tantra” (Translation)===
1. ''The Collection of Dharma Instruction'' (Ch: Jiao Yan Hui Ji)

Including:

:a. ''In Praise of Precepts'' by Ogyen Tendzin Norbu
:b. ''The 37 Practices of a Bodhisattva'' by Bodhisattva Thogme Zangpo
:c. ''The Dharma Song of Triumph'' by Jigme Phuntsok Rinpoche
:d. ''The Jewel Garland of Bodhisattva'' by Je Atisha
:e. ''The Three Principles Aspects of the Path'' by Je Tsongkapa (Losang Drakpa)
:f. ''The Eight Verses for Training the Mind'' by Langri Tangpa
:g. ''Thirty Heartfelt Advices'' by Omniscient Longchenpa
:h. ''Instruction to Oneself'' by Patrul Rinpoche
:i. ''On the Dual Codes of Mundane and Transmundane'' by Mipham Rinpoche
:j. ''On the Code for Monarchs'' by Mipham Rinpoche
:k. Sakya Pandita's ''Treasury of Good Advice''
:l. ''In Praise of Dependent Origination'' by Je Tsongkhapa

2. ''The Words of My Perfect Teacher'' (Kun bzan bla ma’I zal lun) by Patrul Rinpoche

3. ''The Sutra of One Hundred Karma Stories''

4. ''Pure Land Practice in Tibetan Buddhism''

Including:

:a. ''The Aspiration Prayer to Be Born in the Land of Bliss'' by Chagme Rinpoche

:b. ''A Great Commentary on the Aspiration Prayer to Be Born in the Land of Bliss'' by Lhala Chodri Rinpoche
:c. ''The Teachings on Pure Land'' by Mipham Rinpoche

5. ''The Ocean of Pith Instruction Treasure'' (Ch: Qiao Jue Bao Zang Hai)

Including: Kyabje Khenchen Jigme Phuntsok Rinpoche’s commentaries on Mipham Rinpoche's

:a. ''The Debate between the Sleeping and Awakening''
:b. ''The Path of Great Perfection''
:c. ''The Unsurpassed Yoga''
:d. ''The Drop of Immaculate Nature of Enlightenment''
:e. ''The View, Meditation, Action and Fruit in the Great Perfection''
:f. ''The Essence of the Three Vehicles''

6. ''The Quintessence of Vajrayana''

Including:

:a. ''The Luminous Treasure of the Great Illusory Net Tantra'' by Mipham Rinpoche
:b. ''Direct Pointing the Nature of Mind in the Great Perfection'' by Mipham Rinpoche
:c. ''Commentary on Direct Pointing the Nature of Mind of the Great Perfection'' by Jigme Phuntsok Rinpoche

7. ''The Innermost Heart Drop of the Guru''

8. ''The Practice in Vajrayana''

Including:
:a. ''The Short Life Story of the Omniscient Longchenpa'' by Chodrak Sampo
:b. ''The Short Life Story of the Omniscient Mipham Rinpoche'' by Jigme Phuntsok Rinpoche
:c.''The Treasure of Pith Instruction'' by Longchen Rabjam
:d. ''The Practice Guidance of Finding Comfort and Ease in the Nature of Mind'' by Longchen Rabjam

9. ''The Great Chariot: A Treatise on Finding Comfort and Ease in the Nature of Mind in the Great Perfection'' by Longchen Rabjam Vol. I

10. ''The Great Chariot: A Treatise on Finding Comfort and Ease in the Nature of Mind in the Great Perfection'' by Longchen Rabjam Vol. II

11. Mipham Rinpoche’s ''Great Biography of Buddha Shakyamuni'' Vol. I

12. Mipham Rinpoche’s ''Great Biography of Buddha Shakyamuni'' Vol. II

13. ''The Lamp Directing the Path'' (Ch: Yin Lu Ming Deng)
Including:
:a. ''The Garland of Practice in Mountain Solitude'' by Drakar Rinpoche
:b. ''On Previous and Present Life'' by Khenpo Tsultrim Lodrö

14. ''The Ocean of Good Explanation: the Guide to the Bodhisattva’s Way of Life'' by Thogme Zangpo Rinpoche

15. ''The Essential Summary of the Precepts in Three Vehicles''

16. ''The Commentary on the Middle Way'' by Mipham Rinpoche

17. ''The Commentary on the Mahayana Abhidharma'' by Lhode Wangpo

18. ''The Collective Stories of the Sublime Beings''
Including:
:a. ''The Journey to the Pure Land of Padmasambhava'' by Terton Dorje Dechen Lingpa
:b. ''The Secretary Biography of Khentse Yeshe Dorje''
:c. ''The Marvelous Life Stories of 63 Vajrayana Mahasiddhas''

19. ''The Gateway for Liberation''

Including:

:a.''Opening the Door to Mind Training on the Graded Path to Enlightenment'' by Gyalwa Lodro Gyaltsen Palzang
:b.''The Root Verses of Beacon of Certainty'' by Mipham Rinpoche
:c.''The Commentary of Beacon of Certainty'' by Khenpo Genhor

20. ''The Commentary on the Ornament of the Middle Way''(''Madhaymakalankara'')

Including:
:a.The Root Text of the ''Ornament of the Middle Way'' by Shantarakshita
:b.''The Commentary on the Ornament of the Middle Way- A Teaching to Delight My Master Manjughosha'' by Mipham Rinpoche

21. ''A Compendium of Valid Cognition''(''Pramana'')

Including:
''The Treasure of Logic on Valid Cognition'' by Sakya Pandita

22. ''The Commentary on the Ornament of Clear Realization'' by Mipham Rinpoche

23. ''Majushiri Peaceful Practice of the Great Perfection'' by Jigme Phuntsok Rinpoche

24. ''A Great Treatise on Nagarjuna's Jewel Garland of Middle Way'' by Lhala Chodri Rinpoche

25. ''The Bright Mirror for Adopting and Abandoning''

26. ''A Guide to the Words of My Perfect Teacher'' by Khenpo Ngawang Pelzang

27. ''A Commentary on Summary Verses of Prajna'' by Mipham Rinpoche

28. ''A Treatise on the Ornament of Clear Realization'' by Patrul Rinpoche and Mipham Rinpoche

29. ''Autobiography of the Second Kyabje Dudjom Rinpoche''<ref>{{cite web|title=Autobiography of the Second Kyabje Dudjom Rinpoche|url=http://www.zhibeifw.com/ssfb/online_content.php?id=68|accessdate=Dec12, 2011}}</ref>

===Series of the “Treasure of Supreme Dharma”(Compositions)===

1. The Treasure of the Source of Faith
including:
:a. The Biography of Khenpo Jigme Phuntsok Rinpoche
:b. Buddhism and Science
:c. The Commentary on the Diamond Sutra

2. The Collection of Commentaries
including:
:a. A Short Commentary on the Dharma Song of Triumph
:b. A Short Commentary on the Eight Points of Mind Training
:c. A Short Commentary on the Three Principles of the Path
:d. A Short Commentary on the Verse Summary of the Stages of the Path
:e. A Short Commentary on the Instruction to Oneself by Patrul Rinpoche

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Buddhist writers]]
[[Category:Khenpo Sodargye]]

Manipuri (Tanz)

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[[Image:Manipuri.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Full Manipuri dance costume for Radha'']]
{{Infobox Music genre
|name=Manipuri dance
|bgcolor=Pink
|color=Blue
|stylistic_origins=[[Manipuri dance|Manipuri]] and [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic]]
|cultural_origins=Early 15th century [[Manipur]]
|instruments=[[Drum|Pung]], [[Pena]], [[Cymbal|Kartal and Manzilla]], Mangkang, Sembong, [[Flute|Baashi]], [[Harmonium]]
|popularity=Much in [[Manipur]] and in [[India]]
|derivatives=
|subgenrelist=List of Manipuri dance genres
|subgenres=[[Pung cholom]] - [[Rasa_Lila#Performance|Ras Lila]]
|regional_scenes=
|other_topics=
}}

'''Manipuri dance''' is one of the major [[Classical Indian dance|Indian classical dance forms]]. It originates from [[Manipur]], a state in north-eastern [[India]] on the border with [[Myanmar]] (also known as Burma). In Manipur, surrounded by mountains and geographically isolated at the meeting point of the orient and mainland India, the form developed its own specific aesthetics, values, conventions and ethics. The cult of [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]], particularly the [[raslila]], is central to its themes but the dances, unusually, incorporate the characteristic cymbals (kartal or manjira) and double-headed drum (pung or Manipuri mridang) of [[sankirtan]] into the visual performance.<ref>http://chandrakantha.com/articles/indian_music/nritya/manipuri.html</ref>

Manipuri dancers do not wear ankle bells to accentuate the beats tapped out by the feet, in contrast with other [[Classical Indian dance|Indian dance]] forms, and the dancers' feet never strike the ground hard. Movements of the body and feet and facial expressions in Manipuri dance are subtle and aim at devotion and grace.

==History==
===The early period===
A copper plate inscription credits King Khuoyi Tompok (c. 2nd century CE) with introducing drums and cymbals into Manipuri dance. However, it is unlikely that the style resembled the form known today before the introduction of Krishna [[bhakti]] in the 15th century CCE. Maharaja [[Ching-Thang Khomba|Bhagyachandra]] (r. 1759–1798 CE) codified the style, composed three of the five types of [[Ras Lila]]s, the ''Maha Ras'', the ''Basanta Ras'' and the ''Kunja Ras'', performed at the Sri Sri Govindaji temple in Imphal during his reign and also the ''Achouba Bhangi Pareng'' dance. He designed an elaborate costume known as ''Kumil''. The ''Govindasangeet Lila Vilasa'', an important text detailing the fundamentals of the dance, is also attributed to him.

Maharaja Gambhir Singh (r. 1825–1834 CE) composed two parengs of the [[tandava]] type, the ''Goshtha Bhangi Pareng'' and the ''Goshtha Vrindaban Pareng''. Maharaja Chandra Kirti Singh (r. 1849–1886 CE), a gifted drummer, composed at least 64 [[Pung cholom]]s (drum dances) and two parengs of the ''Lasya'' type, the ''Vrindaban Bhangi Pareng'' and ''Khrumba Bhangi Pareng''. The composition of the ''Nitya Ras'' is also attributed to him.<ref>Singha, R. and Massey R. (1967) ''Indian Dances, Their History and Growth'', Faber and Faber, London, pp.175-77</ref>

===Modern Times===
[[Image:Manipuri Dance.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Exponents of Manipuri dance]]
This genre of dance became better known outside the region through the efforts of [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. In 1919, he was so impressed after seeing a dance composition, the ''Goshtha Lila'' in [[Sylhet]] (in present day [[Bangladesh]]) that he invited Guru Budhimantra Singh to [[Shantiniketan]]. In 1926, Guru Naba Kumar joined the faculty to teach the ''Ras Lila''. Other celebrated Gurus, Senarik Singh Rajkumar, Nileshwar Mukherji and Atomba Singh were also invited to teach there and assisted Tagore with the choreography of several of his dance-dramas.<ref>Singha, R. and Massey R. (1967) ''Indian Dances, Their History and Growth'', Faber and Faber, London, p.208</ref>

Guru Naba Kumar went to Ahmedabad to teach Manipuri dance in 1928. Soon, Guru Bipin Singh popularised it in Mumbai. Amongst his pupils, most well known are the Jhaveri sisters, Nayana, Suverna, [[Darshana Jhaveri|Darshana]] and Ranjana.<ref>Singha, R. and Massey R. (1967) ''Indian Dances, Their History and Growth'', Faber and Faber, London, p.178</ref>

Guru PAGLU Maharaj (Anurag Deb) went to Guwahati, Singapore and other places to learn Manipuri dance. He now teaches his PAGLU gharana dance at Pictoria Blues academy of dance and is extremely popular among his students. In last World Manipuri dance meet, he left a lasting impression on the audiences coming from different parts of the world.

==The Dance==
[[Image:A Manipuri Dancer in traditional Krishna attire.jpg|right|thumb|A Manipuri Dancer in traditional [[Krishna]] attire]]
[[Image:Manipuri performer in an evocative pose.jpg|left|200px|thumb|A Manipuri performer strikes an evocative pose.]]
The traditional Manipuri dance style embodies delicate, lyrical and graceful movements. The aim is to make rounded movements and avoid any jerks, sharp edges or straight lines. It is this which gives Manipuri dance its undulating and soft appearance. The foot movements are viewed as part of a composite movement of the whole body. The dancer puts his or her feet down, even during vigorous steps, with the front part touching the ground first. The ankle and knee joints are effectively used as shock absorbers. The dancer’s feet are neither put down nor lifted up at the precise rhythmic points of the music but rather slightly earlier or later to express the same rhythmic points most effectively.

The musical accompaniment for Manipuri dance comes from a percussion instrument called the [[Drum|Pung]], a singer, small [[cymbal]]s, a stringed instrument called the [[pena]] and wind instrument such as a [[flute]]. The drummers are always male artistes and, after learning to play the pung, students are trained to dance with it while drumming. This dance is known as [[Pung cholom]]. The lyrics used in Manipuri are usually from the classical poetry of [[Jayadeva]], [[Vidyapati]], [[Chandidas]], [[Govindadasa|Govindadas]] or Gyandas and may be in [[Sanskrit]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Brij Bhasha]] or others.

==Further reading==
*''Manipuri'' by R K Singhajit Singh, ''Dances of India'' series, Wisdom Tree, ISBN 81-86685-15-4.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
* [http://www.sangeetnatak.com/programmes_recognition&honours_dance_manipuri.html Official list of Sangeet Natak Akademi Award recipients in Manipuri]

==References==
* {{cite book|last=Doshi|first=Saryu |title=Dances of Manipur: the classical tradition|publisher=Marg Publications|year=1989|isbn=8185026092}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Manipuri dance}}
* [http://www.manipuri-dance.com/index.htm Guru R.K. Singhajit Singh, Charu Matthur & their performance]
* [http://manipuri.20m.com Manipuri Dance: Its history, origin and development]

{{Indian classical dance}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manipuri Dance}}
[[Category:Classical dance genres of India]]
[[Category:Dances of India]]
[[Category:Manipuri culture]]

[[bn:মণিপুরী (নৃত্য)]]
[[gu:મણિપુરી નૃત્ય]]
[[ml:മണിപ്പൂരി നൃത്തം]]
[[mr:मणिपुरी नृत्य]]
[[pl:Taniec Manipuri]]
[[pt:Manipuri]]
[[simple:Manipuri Dance]]
[[fi:Manipuri]]
[[te:మణిపురి (నృత్యం)]]

Manipuri (Tanz)

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Gujranwala (Distrikt)

2010-07-06T09:11:17Z

TutterMouse: Reverted edits by 119.152.61.209 (talk) to last revision by 58.27.200.176 (HG)

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gujranwala District
| official_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = [[Districts of Pakistan|District]]
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Gujranwala District.png
| mapsize = 200px
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Map of Punjab with Gujranwala District highlighted 
| latd = |latm = |lats = |latNS =
| longd = |longm = |longs = |longEW =
| coordinates_type =
| coordinates_display =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Pakistan|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = Capital
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gujranwala]]
| area_total_km2 = 5988
| population_as_of = 2010
| population_total = 4910560
| population_density_km2 =
| timezone1 = [[Time in Pakistan|PST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| leader_title = District Nazim
| leader_name = Muhammad Fayyaz Chatta
| leader_title1 = District Naib Nazim
| leader_name1 = [[Jamal Hassan Khan Manj]]<ref>[http://www.nrb.gov.pk/lg_election/results.asp?state=1 Zila Nazims & Naib Zila Nazims in the Province of Punjab]</ref>
| blank_name_sec1 = District Council
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Number of [[tehsil|Tehsils]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 5
| demographics1_title1 = Main language(s)
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Urdu]]
| website =
}}
'''Gujranwala District''' ({{lang-ur|ضلع گوجرانوالہ}}) is a [[Districts of Pakistan|district]] in [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]].

== History ==
The village of Asarur which has been identified as the location of Taki, an ancient town, visited by the Chinese pilgrim [[Hiuen Tsiang]] contains immense ruins of Buddhist origin. After the time of Tsiang little is know about Gujranwala til the Islamic conquests, by this time however Taki had fallen into oblivion while Lahore had become the chief city of Punjab. The district flourished during Mughal rule, from the days of [[Akbar]] to those of [[Aurangzeb]], wells were scattered over the whole country, and villages lay thickly dotted about the southern plateau, now a barren waste of grass land and scrub jungle. Their remains may still be found in the wildest and most solitary reaches of the Bar.<ref name="IGI355">[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V12_361.gif Gujrānwāla District Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 12, p. 355]</ref>

[[Eminabad]] and [[Hafizabad]] were the chief towns (the later now part of a separate district), while the country was divided into six well-tilled [[pargana]]s. But before the close of the Islamic period the tract was mysteriously depopulated. The tribes at present occupying the District are all immigrants of recent date, and before their advent the whole region seems for a time to have been almost entirely abandoned. The only plausible conjecture to account for this sudden and disastrous change is that it resulted from the constant wars by which the Punjab was convulsed during the last years of Mughal rule. <ref name="IGI355"/>

During the rise of Sikh power, the waste plains of Gujranwala were seized by the military adventurers who then sprang up. [[Charat Singh]], the grandfather of Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]], took possession of the village of Gujranwala, then an inconsiderable hamlet, and made it the headquarters of himself and of his son and grandson. Minor Sikh chieftains settled at Wazirabad Sheikhupura, and other towns; while in the western portion of the District the Rajput Bhattis and Chathas maintained a sturdy independence. In the end, however, Ranjit Singh succeeded in bringing all the scattered portions of the District under his own power.<ref name="IGI355"/>

The Maharaja himself was born at Gujranwala, and the town continued to be his capital up to his occupation of Lahore. The mausoleum of his father is still to be seen there, and a lofty cupola close by covers a portion of the ashes of Ranjit Singh
himself. The Sikh rule, which brought prosperity elsewhere, also appears to have been an unmitigated benefit to Gujranwala. Ranjit Singh settled
large colonies in the various villages, and was very successful in encouraging cultivation throughout the depopulated plain of the Bar.
In the Degh valley, especially, he planted a body of hard-working Hindus, the [[Labana]]s, to whom he granted the land at a nominal rent.<ref name="IGI355"/>

In 1847 the District came under British influence and two years later, in 1849, it was included in
the territory annexed after the second Sikh War. A cantonment was established at Wazirabad, which was abolished in 1855. The District formed a part originally of the extensive District of Wazirabad, which comprised the whole upper portion of the Rechna Doab.<ref name="IGI356">[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V12_362.gif Gujrānwāla District Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 12, p. 356]</ref>

In 1852 this unwieldy territory was divided between Gujranwala and Sialkot. The District, as then constituted, stretched across the entire plateau,
from the Chenab to the Ravi ; but in 1853 the south-eastern fringe, consisting of 303 villages, was transferred to Lahore, and three years later a second batch of 324 villages was handed over to the same District. There was no outbreak during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] and the Sikh
Sardars and people rallied to the side of Government with the greatest enthusiasm. <ref name="IGI356"/>

According to the 1901 census the District had a population of 890,577 and contained 8 towns and 1,331 villages. Its population according to the 1881 census was 616,892 rising to 690,169 in 1891. The population increased by 29 per cent between 1891 and 1901 - the increase being greatest
in the Hafizabad and Khangah Dogran tahsils, owing to the extension of canal-irrigation and the colonisation of the Bar. <ref name="IGI356"/>

At the time the district was divided into four tehsils namely: Gujranwala, Wazirabad, Hafizabad and Khangah Dogran (the headquarters of each being at the place from which it is named).<ref name="IGI356"/>

The chief towns during British rule were the municipalities of Gujranwala, the head-quarters of the District, Wazirabad, Ramnagar, Akalgarh, Eminabad, Kila Didar Singh, and the [[notified area]] of Sodhra.<ref name="IGI356"/>

During the [[British Raj|British era]] the district of Gujranwala was part of [[Lahore Division]].<ref>[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V12_359.gif Gujrānwāla District - Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 12, p. 353]</ref>

== Demography ==

According to the 1998 census of Pakistan the population of district was 3,400,940 of which 50.17% were urban. It is thus the third-most advanced district in Punjab, <ref>[http://www.urckarachi.org/Population%20Table-5.htm Population Table]</ref> the population now stands at 4,308,905.<ref>[http://www.gujranwalapolice.gov.pk/statistics/?id=13 Statistics - Official website of Gujranwala Police]</ref>

== Government ==
The district is composed of 4 [[tehsils]]:
# [[Gujranwala]]
# [[Kamoki]]
# [[Nowshera Virkan]]
# [[Wazirabad Tehsil]]

== Transport links ==
The district has metalled road-length of 1413 Kilometres and is linked with Sialkot, Gujrat, Sheikhupura, Narowal, Hafizabad and Mandi Bahauddin districts through metalled roads.

The main Peshawar-Karachi railway line passes through Gujranwala district. The district is linked with Sialkot, Hafizabad and Gujrat districts through railway network. <ref>http://pportal.punjab.gov.pk/portal/portal/media-type/html/group/309/page/default.psml/js_pane/P-10480f054b8-10002?nav=left</ref>

== Major tribes ==

The Jats are a major tribe. The principal clans are [[Moghuls]], [[Chadhar]], [[Bhatti]], [[Virk]], [[Assoun]], [[Chattha]], [[Cheema]], [[Sandhu]], [[Dhariwal]], [[Dhotar]], [[Ghumman]], [[Gill (clan)|Gill]], [[Goraya]], and [[Tarar]].
The foregoing Jat clans are mostly found in rural areas. However the urban area has a different picture.Urban area is filled with the casts. Lohars(Blacksmiths),Kamhars and other artisan casts i.e.Sheikh and Insari(Jolahay) are in the majority. Kashmiri muhajirs as a caste also have a big share. Jats are fewer in the city.
Mughal Principal clan of Gujranwala

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Districts of Punjab (Pakistan)}}mehees are big caste or gujranwala

{{coord|32|10|N|73|50|E|region:PK_type:adm3rd_source:GNS-enwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Gujranwala District|*]]

[[ca:Districte de Gujranwala]]
[[pnb:ضلع گجرانوالہ]]
[[simple:Gujranwala District]]
[[zh:古杰兰瓦拉县]]

Inchcailloch

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[[Image:Innisnacailleach.jpg|right|thumb|300px|From the summit of Inchcailloch over the woodland with the neighbouring island, [[Inchfad]] in the background]]

'''Inchcailloch''' ([[Scottish Gaelic]]: '''Innis na Cailleach''') is an island on [[Loch Lomond]] in Scotland. It is 85 m at its highest point. It is also known to some as Inchebroida.

The name Inchcailloch means "Isle of the old woman" or "Isle of the Coweled Woman" in the [[Scottish Gaelic]] language. Saint Kentigerna came to Scotland from Ireland to preach and spread Christianity and the island is thought to be named after her.

==Geography and geology==
[[Inchmurrin]], [[Creinch]], [[Torrinch]], and Inchcailloch all form part of the [[Highland boundary fault]].<ref name=Worsley>Worsley, Harry ''Loch Lomond: The Loch, the Lairds and the Legends'' ISBN 978-1-898169-34-5 Lindsay Publications (Glasgow) 1988</ref>

There is a burial ground in the north, and a bay in the south, Port Bawn (Scottish Gaelic: "Port Bàn", meaning white port).

==Transport==
There is a passenger ferry across the short channel separating it from [[Balmaha]] on the mainland. As a result it receives more visitors than most of the Loch Lomond islands, currently 20,000 visitors per year. There is a camp site in the south at Port Bawn<ref name=Lomondnet>{{cite web| url=http://www.loch-lomond.net/islands/inchcailloch.html| title=Inchcailloch| publisher=Loch Lomond Net| accessdate=2008-09-24}}</ref> and a nature trail.

== History ==
[[File:Loch Lomond Map c 1800.jpg|right|thumb|200px|A map of the 1800s showing the islands of Loch Lomond.]]
Inchcailloch has been used as a hunting forest since the reign of [[Robert the Bruce]]. Deer still roam the island. White deer have been seen on the island in 2003. The narrow crossing is very shallow making an easy passage for deer to ford. The island was farmed until the early 19th century, being recorded in 1800 as producing good wheat and oats; the ruins of the farm can still be seen.<ref name=Worsley>{{cite book| author=Worsley, Harry| title=Loch Lomond: The Loch, the Lairds and the Legends| isbn=978-1-898169-34-5| publisher=Lindsay Publications| location=Glasgow| date=1988}}</ref><ref>Garnett, T. (1800). ''Observations on a Tour of the Highlands'' ... London. V.1. p. 40.</ref> For around 130 years, Inchcailloch was an oak plantation. The resulting timber was processed at [[Balmaha]] (on the site of the Highland Way Inn), for making wood vinegar ([[pyroligneous acid]]), wood tar, and dye.<ref name=Worsley/><ref name=Lomondnet/>

Inchcailloch had a church dedicated to [[St Kentigerna]], which was the parish church until 1621,<ref name=gaz/> but the graveyard was used until 1947.<ref name=Lomondnet/> St Kentigerna was an Irish woman who is not to be confused with St Kentigern (a man who is also known as [[St Mungo]]). The [[Clan MacGregor]] burial ground includes some of [[Robert Roy MacGregor|Rob Roy]]'s ancestors.<ref name=Lomondnet/> Legends have passed by word of mouth that the bones of a woman were found under the altar stone during an excavation.

Inchcailloch forms part of a nature reserve, owned and run by [[Scottish Natural Heritage]].<ref name=gaz>{{cite web| url=http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/scotgaz/features/featurefirst1905.html| title=Overview of Inchcailloch| publisher=Gazetteer for Scotland| accessdate=2008-09-24}}</ref>

==Literary References==
Inchcailloch is mentioned in Dr William Fraser's ''The Lennox'' (1874).

The travel writer, [[Henry Vollam Morton|H.V. Morton]] visited in the 1930s, and remarked:

:''The isle is sacred to the MacGregors, and in the tangled brances and amongst the green trees is their ancient burial ground. It was on the halidom of him 'who sleeps beneath the grey stone of Inchcailloch' that members of this vigorous clan used to take their oaths.''<ref>{{cite book| author=Morton, H. V.| title=In Scotland Again| date=1933| publisher=Methuen| location=London| page=145| isbn=}}</ref>

[[Walter Scott]] refers to the island in his poem, ''[[The Lady of the Lake]]'' -
:A slender crosslet formed with care
:A cubit's length in measure due
:The shafts and limbs were rods of yew
:Whose parents in Inch Cailliach wave
:Their Shadows o'er Clan Alpine's grave,
:And, answering Lomond's breezes deep,
:Soothe many a chieftain's endless sleep.

== References ==
<references/>

==External links==
* http://www.lochlomond-islands.com/
*[http://www.incallander.co.uk/islands.htm article which mentions it]

{{Loch Lomond}}
{{Stirling-geo-stub}}

{{coord|56|05|N|4|33|W|display=title|region:GB_type:isle_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Islands of Loch Lomond|Cailloch]]

Inchcailloch

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Inchcailloch

2010-06-05T10:09:20Z

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Das Ende (Lost)

2010-05-25T13:14:55Z

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{{Infobox television episode
| Title = The End
| Series = [[Lost (TV Series)|Lost]]
| Season = 6
| Episode = 17 & 18
| Airdate = {{Start date|2010|05|23}}
| Writer = [[Damon Lindelof]] & [[Carlton Cuse]]
| Director = [[Jack Bender]]
| Guests = {{MultiCol}}[[Maggie Grace]] [[Ian Somerhalder]] [[Elizabeth Mitchell]] [[Jeremy Davies]] [[Cynthia Watros]] [[Dominic Monaghan]] [[Rebecca Mader]] [[Dylan Minnette]]{{ColBreak}}[[John Terry (actor)|John Terry]] [[L. Scott Caldwell]] [[Sam Anderson]] [[Sonya Walger]] [[François Chau]] [[Fionnula Flanagan]] [[Neil Hopkins]] [[John Pyper-Ferguson]]{{EndMultiCol}}
| Prev = [[What They Died For]]
| Episode list = [[Lost (season 6)|''Lost'' (season 6)]] [[List of Lost episodes|List of ''Lost'' episodes]]
}}
"'''The End'''" is the [[series finale]] of the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] [[television series]] ''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]'', consisting of the 17th and 18th episodes of [[Lost (TV series)|season 6]]. It is also the 120th and 121st episodes overall. As the final episode, it was first aired in the [[United States]], and then aired simultaneously in [[Canada]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], [[Italy]], [[Israel]], [[Portugal]], [[Spain]], [[Turkey]] and the [[United Kingdom]]. It aired again in Ireland on [[RTÉ Two]] on May 24, 2010. The episode centers on [[Jack Shephard]], [[Kate Austen]], [[Benjamin Linus]], [[John Locke (Lost)|John Locke]], [[James "Sawyer" Ford]], [[Claire Littleton]], [[Hugo "Hurley" Reyes]], [[Miles Straume]], [[Jin-Soo Kwon]], [[Sun-Hwa Kwon]] and [[Desmond Hume]].

The finale was written by co-creator/executive producer [[Damon Lindelof]] and executive producer [[Carlton Cuse]], and directed by executive producer [[Jack Bender]].<ref name="Apr23Sched">{{cite web |url=http://abcmedianet.com/primeschedule/ABCGRIDS_April26_May23.pdf |title=Weekly Primetime Schedule: April 26 - May 23, 2010 |publisher=[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] Medianet |date=April 23, 2010 |accessdate=April 24, 2010}}</ref> Unlike the previous [[season finale]]s, which were two hours long with advertisements, the series finale was expanded by half an hour; running two and a half hours starting at 9pm [[Eastern Daylight Time]], with a retrospective of the past six seasons running for two hours, starting at 7pm.<ref name="finaledate">{{Cite episode |title= [[Jimmy Kimmel Live!]] |credits= [[Damon Lindelof|Lindelof, Damon]] and [[Carlton Cuse|Cuse, Carlton]] |network= [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] |airdate= February 2, 2010}}</ref><ref name=3hourfinale>{{cite web |url=http://featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/entertainment_tv/2009/12/lost-season-6-cuse-lindelof-abc.html |title=''Lost'' Photos and Info Found: A Few Thoughts from Cuse and Lindelof on the End of the Island Drama |author=Ryan, Maureen |publisher=Chicago Tribune |date=December 15, 2009 |accessdate=January 8, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= 'Lost' series finale will expand to two-and-a-half hours. |publisher=EW.com |author=Snierson, Dan |accessdate=2010-05-05 |date=2010-05-23 |url= http://news-briefs.ew.com/2010/05/04/lost-series-finale-will-expand-to-two-and-a-half-hours/}}</ref> The series finale garnered 13.5 million viewers.<ref name="tvbythenumbers1">{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.com/2010/05/24/tv-ratings-lost-finale-ratings-season-high-but-not-epic-celebrity-apprentice-finale-up/52163 |title=Nielsen TV Ratings Sunday: 60 Minutes ratings, Lost finale ratings, The Simpsons finale Ratings, 'Til Death ratings, Family Guy finale ratings, Cleveland Show finale Ratings, Celebrity Apprentice finale ratings, CSI ratings, Brooks & Dunn The Last Rodeo ratings, Minute To Win It ratings - TV Ratings, Nielsen Ratings, Television Show Ratings |publisher=TVbytheNumbers.com |date=2010-05-21 |accessdate=2010-05-25}}</ref>

The final conflict begins as the [[Man in Black (Lost)|Man in Black]] ([[Terry O'Quinn]]) executes his plan to destroy the island and [[Jack Shephard]] ([[Matthew Fox (actor)|Matthew Fox]]) tries to stop him once and for all. In the flash-sideways, the survivors experience visions from the main narrative, and the nature of the flash-sideways reality is revealed.

==Plot==
===2007===
Following the events of "[[What They Died For]]", [[Jack Shephard]] ([[Matthew Fox (actor)|Matthew Fox]]), [[Kate Austen]] ([[Evangeline Lily]]) and [[Hugo "Hurley" Reyes]] ([[Jorge Garcia]]) head to the [[Across the Sea (Lost)|heart of the island]] while [[James "Sawyer" Ford]] ([[Josh Holloway]]) goes to the well to help [[Desmond Hume]] ([[Henry Ian Cusick]]). At the well, Sawyer is confronted by [[Ben Linus]] ([[Michael Emerson]]) and the [[Man in Black (Lost)|Man in Black]]. After the Man in Black reveals his plan to destroy the island, Sawyer steals Ben's rifle and reunites with Jack's group. Jack then tells Sawyer that he plans to confront the Man in Black at the heart of island. At the same time, Desmond, having been rescued by [[Rose Henderson]] ([[L. Scott Caldwell]]) and [[Bernard Nadler]] ([[Sam Anderson]]) (who have also travelled through time in "[[LA X]]"), is confronted by the Man in Black. The Man in Black threatens to kill Rose and Bernard if Desmond does not come with him, and Desmond agrees to go with him, provided he leaves Rose and Bernard unharmed. Meanwhile, [[Miles Straume]] ([[Ken Leung]]) finds a now aging [[Richard Alpert (Lost)|Richard Alpert]] ([[Nestor Carbonell]]) and they set to destroy the Ajira plane. Along the way, they rescue [[Frank Lapidus]] ([[Jeff Fahey]]) from the [[The Candidate (Lost)|wreckage of the submarine]] and they decide to leave the island by using the plane.

On the way to the heart of the island, Jack's group encounters the Man in Black, Ben and Desmond. Jack tells the Man in Black that he is going to kill him, and together with Desmond, they travel to the heart of the island. Jack believes that Desmond can kill the Man in Black because he thinks Jacob brought him back not as bait but as a weapon. Desmond tells Jack that destroying the island and killing Locke doesn't matter because he is going down to the heart of the island to the flash-sideways reality. Jack and the Man in Black lower Desmond down to the heart of the island and he reaches a chamber, leading to a glowing pool with an elongated stone at its centre. Immune to the pool's electromagnetic energy, Desmond manages to remove a giant stopper in the centre of the pool. However, the light goes out, and as the Man in Black predicted, sets about the destruction of the island with the unforeseen side-effect of making the Man in Black mortal again. After a prolonged fight, Jack is able to kill the Man in Black after Kate shoots him. Jack is mortally wounded in the process and in a heartfelt moment, he and Kate profess their love for one another. Nonetheless, Jack, realizing he must prevent the destruction of the island, returns to the pool. When Kate asks Jack if he will ever see him again, the question goes unanswered. Jack tells Kate to find Claire and to leave the island. She leaves with Sawyer while Hurley and Ben follow Jack.

Kate and Sawyer travel to the site of the Ajira Airlines plane where Lapidus, Richard and Miles have been quickly trying to make it air-worthy. After convincing [[Claire Littleton]] ([[Emilie De Ravin]]) to leave, Kate, Sawyer, Claire, Richard, Miles, and Frank board the plane, which successfully takes off. Jack leads Hurley and Ben back to the heart of the island, where Jack convinces an emotional Hurley to take over as the protector of the island. Jack goes down to the light and rescues a barely conscious Desmond from death. Jack manages to restore the light and is enveloped in the light that surrounds him. Hurley, in his role as the new protector of the island, decides to help Desmond get home and asks Ben to be his right-hand man. When Hurley laments that people can't leave the island, Ben suggests that Hurley should not have to follow Jacob's way of doing things. Jack reawakens outside by a river and walks toward the [[Pilot (Lost)|spot where he woke up for the first time on the island]]. After Jack collapses to the ground, Vincent the dog approaches him and lies next to him. Jack gazes happily at the sky while watching the Ajira plane fly overhead away from the island. Jack slowly closes his eyes, mirroring the first shot of the series of Jack's eye opening.

===Flash-sideways===
Desmond continues to gather the islanders who begin to recollect their time on the island. One by one, each member begins to recognize one another based upon close contact with a person or object that was important to them throughout their time on the island. Eventually most of them congregate inside a church, with Ben being the sole "awakened" member. Ben then meets Hurley, who says everyone is all inside and motions him to join them, but Ben elects to stay outside. As Hurley heads back inside, he says to Ben that he was a " real good number two, to which Ben replies back that Hurley was a "great number one" possibly referencing their roles of protector and advisor of the Island. Ben is then met outside the church by Locke and Locke forgives him for murdering him. Kate arrives with Jack and instructs him to enter through the back of the church, where he comes upon his father's coffin. The coffin acts as the catalyst for Jack's memories after earlier contact with Locke and Kate met with resistance on his part to believe what he was seeing. He then discovers the coffin to be empty. [[Christian Shephard]] ([[John Terry (actor)|John Terry]]) appears to Jack, who asks his father how he is here. Jack then realizes that he must have died, and is emotionally embraced by his father, who reassures him that the people he has met and the events leading up until now not only happened, but that "The time you spent with these people was the most important period of your life." Christian states that "you made this place so you could find each other", independent of the time at which they died, and move on to "the next phase" together, as in that place time has no meaning. Jack and Christian go out into the church to meet the others. After an emotional reunion, Christian opens the front doors of the church, which releases another bright light, blanketing everyone inside the church.

===Credits===
Instead of being displayed upon a black background, the closing credits are shown alongside various shots of plane wreckage from the Oceanic flight 815 crash.

==Production==
[[Damon Lindelof]], producer, reported on his [[Twitter]] page that the finale completed shooting in Hawaii on April 24, 2010, exactly six years after filming was completed on the [[Pilot (Lost)|show's pilot]].<ref>{{cite web |title = Twitter / Damon Lindelof: We wrapped the Pilot on my birthday. Bender called at 6 AM to say the finale is completed exactly six years later. The circle closes. |accessdate=2010-04-24 |date=2010-05-12 |url = http://twitter.com/DamonLindelof/statuses/12783965531}}</ref> When interviewed about the finale, [[Carlton Cuse]] stated that it had a real, definite resolution instead of "'a snow globe, waking up in bed, it's all been a dream, cut to black' kind of ending," referencing the series finales of ''[[St. Elsewhere]]'', ''[[Newhart finale|Newhart]]'', and ''[[Made in America (The Sopranos)|The Sopranos]]'', respectively.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/celebritology/2010/05/talking_lost_with_damon_lindel.html | title=Talking 'Lost' with Damon Lindelof and Carlton Cuse | publisher=Washington Post | date=2010-05-20 | accessdate=2010-05-23}}</ref>

The cast members have expressed satisfaction regarding the finale. [[Daniel Dae Kim]] stated "If you think about how many pieces the writers had to put together in order to make it fall into place, it’s mind-boggling, and they did such a great job... For me it was very satisfying. After I read it, I had to sit for five or 10 minutes, just reflecting and digesting, because it definitely makes an impact."<ref>{{cite web |title = Lost: Daniel Dae Kim on Twists, Taking It Off and ‘The End' |publisher=TV Watch.com |author=Lopez, Mario |accessdate = 2010-03-31 |date= 2010-05-12 |url = http://tvwatch.people.com/2010/03/31/lost-daniel-dae-kim-on-twists-taking-it-off-and-the-end/#more-26029}}</ref> [[Michael Emerson]] has commented on the finale as well: {{quotation|I have received the finale by degrees. I read the script without the secret scenes, then I read the secret scenes, then I shot the script and each time I’m thinking about 'what does this mean?' When I first read it, the ending wasn’t clear to me – but since then it’s grown more clear and I have to say, grown more satisfying the more I think about it. I expect a mixture of satisfaction and consternation amongst the viewers when it airs. But once they rewatch it, rethink about it and possibly look at the saga again, gradually they will feel like they have just read a good novel{{mdash}}but you have to chew on it for a while.<ref>{{cite web |title = Michael Emerson: Ben's about to form a dangerous new alliance |publisher=New York Post.com |author=Wieselman, Jarret |accessdate = 2010-05-11 |date= 2010-05-12 |url = http://www.nypost.com/p/blogs/popwrap/michael_emerson_84X3K3M1gDq8cgC0s2PxaM}}</ref>}} [[Nestor Carbonell]] described the finale as being "all about everyone’s resolutions."<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.tvguidemagazine.com/kecks-exclusives/how-will-lost-end-5118.html|title=How will Lost End? | publisher = TVGuide.com |author=Keck, William|date=May 20, 2010|accessdate=May 19, 2010}}</ref> Also, [[Henry Ian Cusick]] has said "There are so many walks of life getting together to talk about the show and so many issues to be brought up and that's exactly what the ending will bring up. People will be talking about it for weeks afterwards and that's what the show has always done."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hitfix.com/articles/2010-5-16-nestor-carbonell-and-henry-ian-cusick-tease-the-end-of-lost|title=Nestor Carbonell and Henry Ian Cusick tease the end of Lost.|publisher=Hitfix.com|author=Fienberg, Daniel|date=May 20, 2010|accessdate=May 16, 2010}}</ref>

After the finale, a post-finale special of [[Jimmy Kimmel Live!]], titled ''Jimmy Kimmel Live: Aloha to Lost'', aired at 12:05 a.m., showing three alternate endings, which turned out to be finale spoofs from ''[[Survivor (TV series)|Survivor]]'', ''[[The Sopranos]]'', and ''[[Newhart]]'' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/News/Lost-Series-Finale-1018123.aspx|title=ABC Extends Lost Series Finale by 30 Minutes|publisher=TVGuide.com|author=Stanhope, Kate|date=May 23, 2010|accessdate=May 5, 2010}}</ref> Lindelof and Cuse have stated that they shot only one ending for the finale. All three were spoofs of other classic finales and were produced by Jimmy Kimmel Live!<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lostpedia.wikia.com/index.php?title=Special:Outbound&f=Portal%3AOfficial_Lost_Podcast%2FSeason_6&u=http%3A%2F%2Fll.media.abc.com%2Fpodcast%2Faudio%2Fitunes%2FLOST_616_audio_podcast_86afa0aa-338f-4c33-b030-8c83e06af538_2963901.mp3|title=Executive Producers Damon Lindelof and Carlton Cuse rehash Across the Sea in their final audio podcast before the series finale|publisher=ABC.com}}</ref> An [[ABC network|ABC]] source reported that the DVD and Blu-ray release of season 6 will feature twenty minutes of additional scenes, some of which will have answers to questions, cut from the storyline due to running time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguidemagazine.com/kecks-exclusives/lost-to-continue-in-season-six-dvd-5119.html|title=How will Lost End?|publisher=TVGuide.com|author=Keck, William|date=May 20, 2010|accessdate=May 18, 2010}}</ref>

All former series regulars who appear ([[Ian Somerhalder]], [[Dominic Monaghan]], [[Jeremy Davies]], [[Maggie Grace]], [[Cynthia Watros]], [[Rebecca Mader]] and [[Elizabeth Mitchell]]) are restored in the main cast in this episode. Also, guest stars [[L. Scott Caldwell]], [[Sam Anderson]], [[Fionnula Flanagan]], [[John Terry (actor)|John Terry]], [[Sonya Walger]] and [[François Chau]] are upgraded to the main cast in these final episodes.

==Reception==
In its original American broadcast, "The End" was viewed by 13.5 million households with a 5.8 rating/15% share in the 18-49 demographic, coming first in every timeslot and boosting [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] to the highest rated network on Sunday. The best rated half-hour (the last one) was viewed by 15.31 million viewers and earned a 6.4 rating/19% share in the 18-49 demographic.<ref name="tvbythenumbers1"/> At least 20.5 million viewers watched at least 6 minutes of the episode according to ABC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.com/2010/05/24/20-5-million-watch-at-least-six-minutes-of-lost-finale/52235 |title=20.5 Million Watch At Least Six Minutes of LOST Finale - TV Ratings, Nielsen Ratings, Television Show Ratings |publisher=TVbytheNumbers.com |date=2010-05-21 |accessdate=2010-05-25}}</ref> The series finale is currently the [[list of most-watched television broadcasts|55th highest viewed series finale]] in the United States. ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s [[Michael Ausiello]] called the ratings "Solid, not spectacular". According to Ausiello, even though it was the show's highest rated episode in two years, it was still "far from a record-breaking performance".<ref name="Ausiello">{{cite news|url=http://ausiellofiles.ew.com/2010/05/24/early-lost-finale-ratings/|title=Early 'Lost' ratings: Solid, not spectacular|last=Ausiello|first=Michael|date=24 May 2010|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|accessdate=24 May 2010}}</ref>

According to the web site [[Metacritic]], "The End" received "generally favorable reviews" with a Metascore – a weighted average based on the impressions of a select number of critical reviews – of 74 out of 100.<ref name="Metacritic">{{cite web|url=http://features.metacritic.com/features/2010/lost-finale-review-season-6-episode-17-18/?tag=topslot;title;1|title=Episode Review: "Lost" Series Finale|date=24 May 2010|work=[[Metacritic]]|accessdate=24 May 2010}}</ref> Chris Carbot of ''[[IGN]]'' gave the episode a 10 saying it was "Masterful" and "Lost may be gone, but it will hardly be forgotten." He also noted that the discussions about the episode may never end.<ref>{{cite web|last=Carabott |first=Chris |url=http://tv.ign.com/articles/109/1092169p3.html |title=Lost: "The End" Review - TV Review at IGN |publisher=ign.com |date=2010-03-29 |accessdate=2010-05-25}}</ref> Eric Deggans of ''[[St. Petersburg Times]]'' also gave the finale a perfect score, stating "Sunday’s show was an emotional, funny, expertly measured reminder of what Lost has really centered on since its first moments on the prime time TV landscape: faith, hope, romance and the power of redemption through belief in the best of what moves mankind."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tampabay.com/features/media/lost-finale-long-satisfying-trip-is-done/1097172|title='Lost' finale: Long, satisfying trip is done|publisher=St. Petersburg Times.com|Deggans, Eric|accessdate=May 24, 2010|date=May=25, 2010}}</ref> Robert Bianco of ''[[USA Today]]'' rated the episode perfect as well, deeming the finale "can stand with the best any series has produced." <ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/television/reviews/2010-05-24-lostreview24_ST_N.htm|title='Lost' finale: Redemption as 'The End' justifies the journey|publisher=USA Today.com|author=Bianco, Robert|accessdate=May 24, 2010|date=May 25, 2010}}</ref> Maureen Ryan of ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' highly praised the finale, stating "The first two hours were exciting and emotionally engaging, especially when the island castaways in the Sideways world began remembering their "real" lives. … But the last half hour or so took the finale to another level. … The emotional part of the finale worked so well that I don’t care much about the analytical/structural stuff." Although she criticized the supernatural plot device of the episode, calling it "wobbly at best" and "vaguely unsatisfying". <ref>{{cite web|url=http://featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/entertainment_tv/2010/05/lost-finale.html|title=The 'Lost' finale: It's hard to let go|publisher=Chicago Tribune.com|author=Ryan, Maureen|accessdate=May 24, 2010|date=May 25, 2010}}</ref> James Poniewozik of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' also praised "The End", calling it "full of heart and commitment."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tunedin.blogs.time.com/2010/05/23/lostwatch-all-of-this-matters/|title=Lostwatch: All of This Matters|publisher=Time.com|author=Poniewozik, James|accessdate=May 23, 2010|date=May 25, 2010}}</ref> Todd VanDerWerff of [[Los Angeles Times]] reviewed the episode positively, feeling that "it works and it becomes thrilling because it provides character payoffs we’ve been waiting for. … The important thing … is not answers. It’s resolution. And "Lost" provided that in spades. … [But] I don’t know where I’d rank "The End" against all other "Lost" episodes. There were some jokes that fell flat, and an overreliance on sentimentality that could be a little grating at times."<ref> {{cite web|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/showtracker/2010/05/lost-if-you-come-with-me-ill-show-you-what-i-mean.html|title='Lost': If you come with me, I'll show you what I mean|publisher=Los Angeles Times.com|author=VanDerWerff, Todd|accessdate=May 24, 2010|date=May 25, 2010}}</ref> Though reviewing the episode postitvely, Alan Sepinwall of ''[[Star Ledger]]'' was less enthusiastic of the finale, stating "I’m still wrestling with my feelings about 'The End'… As two and a half hours of television – as an extra-long episode of 'Lost' – I thought most of it worked like gangbusters. … But as someone who did spend at least part of the last six years dwelling on the questions that were unanswered – be they little things like the outrigger shootout or why The Others left Dharma in charge of the Swan station after the purge, or bigger ones like Walt – I can’t say I found 'The End' wholly satisfying, either as closure for this season or the series. … There are narrative dead ends in every season of 'Lost,' but it felt like season six had more than usual."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hitfix.com/blogs/whats-alan-watching/posts/lost-the-end-see-you-in-the-other-life-brother|title='Lost' - 'The End': See you in the other life, brother|publisher=Star Ledger.com|author=Sepinwall, Alan|accessdate=May 24, 2010|date=May 25, 2010}}</ref>

However, not all critics expressed satisfaction. Mike Hale of ''[[The New York Times]]'' gave "The End" a mixed review, as the episode showed that the series was "shaky on the big picture — on organizing the welter of mythic-religious-philosophical material it insisted on incorporating into its plot — but highly skilled at the small one, the moment to moment business of telling an exciting story."<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/25/arts/television/25lost.html?pagewanted=2 | publisher = New York Times | author = Mike Hale | title = No Longer 'Lost', but Fans are Still Searching | date = 2010-05-24 }}</ref> Matthew Gilbert of ''[[Boston Globe]]'' gave the episode a mixed review as well, stating "The mixed episode offered an abundance of emotional resolution and vague metaphor, some of which was compelling (Sawyer and Juliet’s reunion, Jack and Desmond’s farewell) and some of which was quite hokey (the cork?! the light? Locke becoming human again?)."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/tv/blog/2010/05/lost_gives_emot.html|title='Lost' finale: emotional resolution|publisher=Boston Globe.com|author=Gilber, Matthew|accessdate=May 23, 2010|May 25, 2010}}</ref> David Zurawik of ''[[Baltimore Sun]]'' gave the episode a highly negative review, writing "If this is supposed to be such a smart and wise show, unlike anything else on network TV (blah, blah, blah), why such a wimpy, phony, quasi-religious, white-light, huggy-bear ending. … Once Jack stepped into the church it looked like he was walking into a Hollywood wrap party without food or music — just a bunch of actors grinning idiotically for 10 minutes and hugging one another."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://weblogs.baltimoresun.com/entertainment/zontv/2010/05/lost_finale_john_locke_terry_o.html|title='Lost' finale: Wondering where the wisdom was|publisher=Baltimore Sun.com|author=Zurawik, David|accessdate=May 24, 2010|date=May 23, 2010}}</ref>

===International reaction===
The series finale generated interest from observers outside the United States. The BBC's Entertainment reporter Kev Geoghegan said "Honestly, the show ended the only way it could have possibly ended. It was emotionally satisfying while some of the questions were answered and yet others will remain a mystery. All in all, the show was wrapped up rather nicely with a positive affirming kind of message." Geoghegan, however, criticised the lack of redemption for The Man In Black, calling him "a man who saw the limitations of his life on island and saw his destiny elsewhere" and saying that "killing him resulted in a loss of balance on the island" (balance as well as good and evil being recurring motifs throughout the entire series).<ref>Geoghegan, Kev. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment_and_arts/10146072.stm Review: The final episode of Lost]. ''BBC Entertainment and Arts''.</ref>

Shane Hegarty in ''[[The Irish Times]]'' said the finale episode was "about resolution rather than revelation" but admitted that the final scene in the alternative timeline was "somewhat of a letdown", while comparing it to the recent similar ending of ''[[Ashes to Ashes (TV series)|Ashes to Ashes]]'' and contrasting it with the last ever episode of ''[[The Sopranos]]'' - "That show [''The Sopranos''] was not about mystery, but its final scene was so inscrutable that fans are still squinting in an effort to figure it out. ''Lost'' ’s finale, though, was not too obtuse."<ref>Hegarty, Shane. [http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/features/2010/0525/1224271076949.html Did 'Lost' lose it?] ''The Irish Times'' - Tuesday, May 25, 2010.</ref>

Michael Deacon in ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' expressed his relief that the show "didn't culminate in the revelation that the plot had all just been a terrible dream" and said he was "beatifically surprised" at the "great" ending.<ref name=deacondailytelegraph> Deacon, Michael. [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/7760345/Lost-finale-found-the-secret-of-successfully-ending-a-series.html 'Lost' finale found the secret of successfully ending a series]. ''The Daily Telegraph''. 24 May 2010.</ref> The same newspaper reported that reviewers from the United States (apart from the reviewer with the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'') were "left cold" and "disappointed" by the result.<ref>Collins, Nick. [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/7758625/Lost-finale-disappoints-reviewers.html 'Lost' finale disappoints reviewers]. ''The Daily Telegraph''. 24 May 2010.</ref>

Some reviewers were, however, left puzzled as to the meaning of ''Lost''. Steve Busfield and Richard Vine in ''[[The Guardian]]'' said many questions remained unanswered - "if you were after answers about the other mysteries of ''Lost'', you may not have found them" - and that "The aptly named ''Lost'' will continue to baffle, infuriate and delight fans for an eternity".<ref>Busfield, Steve and Vine, Richard. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/tv-and-radio/2010/may/24/us-series-lost-ends-reaction A Lost embrace]. ''The Guardian''. 24 May 2010.</ref> Tim Teeman in ''[[The Times]]'' referrred to "a global scratching of heads" in his review but concluded "The questions are ceaseless: it may be healthier, as one online fan put it, 'to just accept it and move on'".<ref>Teeman, Tim. [http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/tv_and_radio/article7135548.ece After six years, finale of the TV drama Lost is just the beginning]. ''The Times''. 25 May 2010.</ref>

== Broadcasts ==
The episode aired simultaneously on ABC in the [[United States]], [[CTV Television Network|CTV]] in Canada, [[Fox (Italy)|Fox]] in [[Italy]] and [[Portugal]], [[Fox]] and [[Cuatro (channel)|Cuatro]] in [[Spain]], [[DiziMax]] in [[Turkey]] and [[Sky1]] in the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[Republic of Ireland]], [[HOT 3]] in [[Israel]] at 9pm [[Pacific Time Zone|Pacific Time]] on May 23, 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=Final episode of LOST simultaneously with America |url=http://www.digiturk.com.tr/buhafta/lostfinal2.htm |accessdate=May 23, 2010 |date=May 23, 2010 |author=Digiturk |publisher=digiturk.com.tr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sky 1 to simulcast Lost finale |url=http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/5014228.article |accessdate=May 20, 2010 |date=May 23, 2010 |author=Campbell Lisa |publisher=Broadcastnow.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lost: Sky1 To Simulcast The Lost Finale In The UK! May 24th At 5AM |url=http://sky1.sky.com/lost-sky1-to-simulcast-the-lost-finale-in-the-uk |date=May 23, 2010 |publisher=Sky.com}}</ref> Due to the time difference, its initial [[Spain]] simulcast airing was at 6am (5am in the [[UK]]) [[British Summer Time|BST]]. In Ireland, [[RTÉ Two]] decided to air it on Monday, May 24 at 9pm rather than its usual Thursday night slot in the interest of fans who did not want the ending to be spoiled.<ref>{{cite web |title=RTÉ to show final of Lost next Monday |url=http://www.rte.ie/arts/2010/0521/lost.html |date=May 21, 2010 |accessdate=May 23, 2010 |publisher=RTÉ Entertainment}}</ref>

===WEWS===
Throughout the night of the episode's initial airing, northeast Ohio ABC station [[WEWS-TV]] experienced technical difficulties causing repeated glitches in their transmission. After complaints from viewers, the station released an apology the next day, attributing the disruptions to interference with the main ABC feed between the station's Cleveland broadcast center and its Parma transmitter and promising to re-air the episode on the following Saturday, May 29.<ref>{{cite web |title=WEWS TV apologises |url=http://www.newsnet5.com/dpp/news/local_news/%27lost%27-disrupted-due-to-equipment-issue |date=May 24, 2010 |accessdate=May 24, 2010 |publisher=WEWS TV, Cleveland}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

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[[Category:Lost (TV series) episodes]]
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[[Category:Television series finales]]

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0,999…

2010-05-24T09:58:31Z

TutterMouse: Reverted edits by 121.73.178.231 (talk) to last revision by ClueBot (HG)

[[Image:999 Perspective.png|300px|right]]

In [[mathematics]], the [[repeating decimal]] '''0.999…''' which may also be written as <math style="position:relative;top:-.35em"> 0.\bar{9}</math>, <math style="position:relative;top:-.35em">0.\dot{9}</math> or <math style="position:relative;top:-.2em"> 0.(9)\,\!</math>, denotes a [[real number]] that can be shown to be [[1 (number)|the number one]]. In other words, the notations ''0.999…'' and ''1'' represent the same number. [[mathematical proof|Proofs]] of this [[equality (mathematics)|equality]] have been formulated with varying degrees of [[mathematical rigour]], taking into account preferred development of the real numbers, background assumptions, historical context, and target audience.

That certain real numbers can be represented by more than one digit string is not limited to the decimal system. The same phenomenon occurs in all [[integer]] [[radix|base]]s, and mathematicians have also quantified the ways of writing 1 in [[Non-integer representation|non-integer bases]]. Nor is this phenomenon unique to 1: every non-zero, terminating decimal has a twin with trailing 9s, such as 8.32 and 8.31999…. The terminating decimal is simpler and is almost always the preferred representation, contributing to a misconception that it is the ''only'' representation. The non-terminating form is more convenient for understanding the decimal expansions of certain [[fraction (mathematics)|fraction]]s and, in base three, for the structure of the ternary [[Cantor set]], a simple [[fractal]]. The non-unique form must be taken into account in a classic proof of the uncountability of the entire set of real numbers. Even more generally, any [[positional numeral system]] for the real numbers contains infinitely many numbers with multiple representations.

The equality 0.999…=1 has long been accepted by mathematicians and taught in textbooks. In the last few decades, researchers of [[mathematics education]] have studied the reception of this equality among students. Some reject it due to their intuitions that each number has a unique [[decimal expansion]], that nonzero [[infinitesimal]] numbers should exist, or that the expansion of 0.999… eventually terminates. These intuitions fail in the real numbers, but alternate number systems can be constructed bearing some of them out. Indeed, some settings contain numbers that are "just shy" of 1; these are generally unrelated to 0.999…, but they are of considerable interest in [[mathematical analysis]].

==Algebraic proofs{{anchor|Proofs}}{{anchor|Algebraic}}==
===Fractions and long division{{anchor|Fractions}}===

One reason that infinite decimals are a necessary extension of finite decimals is to represent fractions. Using [[long division]], a simple division of integers like {{frac|1|9}} becomes a recurring decimal, 0.111…, in which the digits repeat without end. This decimal yields a quick proof for 0.999… = 1. Multiplication of 9 times 1 produces 9 in each digit, so 9 × 0.111… equals 0.999… and 9 × {{frac|1|9}} equals 1, so 0.999… = 1:

:<math>
\begin{align}
\frac{1}{9} & = 0.111\dots \\
9 \times \frac{1}{9} & = 9 \times 0.111\dots \\
1 & = 0.999\dots
\end{align}
</math>

Another form of this proof multiplies {{frac|1|3}} = 0.3… by 3.

===Digit manipulation{{anchor|Digit manipulation}}===

When a number in decimal notation is multiplied by 10, the digits do not change but the decimal separator moves one place to the right. Thus 10 × 0.999… equals 9.999…, which is 9 greater than the original number. To see this, consider that in subtracting 0.999… from 9.999…, each of the digits after the decimal separator the result is 9 − 9, which is 0. The final step uses algebra:

:<math>
\begin{align}
x &= 0.999\ldots \\
10 x &= 9.999\ldots \\
10 x - x &= 9.999\ldots - 0.999\ldots \\
9 x &= 9 \\
x &= 1
\end{align}
</math>

===Discussion===
Although these proofs demonstrate that 0.999… = 1, the extent to which they ''explain'' the equation depends on the audience. In introductory arithmetic, such proofs help explain why we have 0.999… = 1 but 0.333… < 0.4. And in introductory algebra, the proofs help explain why the general method of converting between fractions and repeating decimals works. But the proofs shed little light on the fundamental relationship between decimals and the numbers they represent, which underlies the question of how two different decimals can be said to be equal at all.<ref>This argument is found in Peressini and Peressini p.186</ref> William Byers argues that a student who agrees that 0.999… = 1 because of the above proofs, but hasn't resolved the ambiguity, doesn't really understand the equation.<ref>Byers pp.39-41</ref> Fred Richman argues that the first argument "gets its force from the fact that most people have been conditioned to accept the first line without thinking".<ref>Richman pp.396</ref>

Once a representation scheme is defined, it can be used to justify the rules of decimal arithmetic used in the above proofs. Moreover, one can directly demonstrate that the decimals 0.999… and 1.000… both represent the same real number, it is built into the definition. This is done below.

==Analytic proofs{{anchor|Analytic}}==
Since the question of 0.999… does not affect the formal development of mathematics, it can be postponed until one proves the standard theorems of [[real analysis]]. One requirement is to characterize real numbers that can be written in decimal notation, consisting of an optional sign, a finite sequence of any number of digits forming an integer part, a decimal separator, and a sequence of digits forming a fractional part. For the purpose of discussing 0.999…, the integer part can be summarized as ''b''0 and one can neglect negatives, so a decimal expansion has the form
:<math>b_0.b_1b_2b_3b_4b_5\dots</math>

It is vital that the fraction part, unlike the integer part, is not limited to a finite number of digits. This is a [[positional notation]], so for example the 5 in 500 contributes ten times as much as the 5 in 50, and the 5 in 0.05 contributes one tenth as much as the 5 in 0.5.

===Infinite series and sequences===
{{further|[[Decimal representation]]}}

Perhaps the most common development of decimal expansions is to define them as sums of [[infinite series]]. In general:
:<math>b_0 . b_1 b_2 b_3 b_4 \ldots = b_0 + b_1\left({\tfrac{1}{10}}\right) + b_2\left({\tfrac{1}{10}}\right)^2 + b_3\left({\tfrac{1}{10}}\right)^3 + b_4\left({\tfrac{1}{10}}\right)^4 + \cdots .</math>

For 0.999… one can apply the [[convergent series|convergence]] theorem concerning [[geometric series]]:<ref>Rudin p.61, Theorem 3.26; J. Stewart p.706</ref>
:If <math>|r| < 1 \,\!</math> then <math>ar+ar^2+ar^3+\cdots = \frac{ar}{1-r}.</math>

Since 0.999… is such a sum with a common ratio <math>r=\textstyle\frac{1}{10}</math>, the theorem makes short work of the question:
:<math>0.999\ldots = 9\left(\tfrac{1}{10}\right) + 9\left({\tfrac{1}{10}}\right)^2 + 9\left({\tfrac{1}{10}}\right)^3 + \cdots = \frac{9\left({\tfrac{1}{10}}\right)}{1-{\tfrac{1}{10}}} = 1.\,</math>
This proof (actually, that 10 equals 9.999…) appears as early as 1770 in [[Leonhard Euler]]'s ''[[Elements of Algebra]]''.<ref>Euler p.170</ref>

[[Image:base4 333.svg|left|thumb|200px|Limits: The unit interval, including the [[quaternary numeral system|base-4]] fraction sequence (.3, .33, .333, …) converging to 1.]]
The sum of a geometric series is itself a result even older than Euler. A typical 18th-century derivation used a term-by-term manipulation similar to the [[#Digit manipulation|algebraic proof]] given above, and as late as 1811, Bonnycastle's textbook ''An Introduction to Algebra'' uses such an argument for geometric series to justify the same maneuver on 0.999….<ref>Grattan-Guinness p.69; Bonnycastle p.177</ref> A 19th-century reaction against such liberal summation methods resulted in the definition that still dominates today: the sum of a series is ''defined'' to be the limit of the sequence of its partial sums. A corresponding proof of the theorem explicitly computes that sequence; it can be found in any proof-based introduction to calculus or analysis.<ref>For example, J. Stewart p.706, Rudin p.61, Protter and Morrey p.213, Pugh p.180, J.B. Conway p.31</ref>

A [[sequence]] (''x''0, ''x''1, ''x''2, …) has a [[limit of a sequence|limit]] ''x'' if the distance |''x'' − ''x''''n''| becomes arbitrarily small as ''n'' increases. The statement that 0.999… = 1 can itself be interpreted and proven as a limit:<ref>The limit follows, for example, from Rudin p. 57, Theorem 3.20e. For a more direct approach, see also Finney, Weir, Giordano (2001) ''Thomas' Calculus: Early Transcendentals'' 10ed, Addison-Wesley, New York. Section 8.1, example 2(a), example 6(b).</ref>
:<math>0.999\ldots = \lim_{n\to\infty}0.\underbrace{ 99\ldots9 }_{n} = \lim_{n\to\infty}\sum_{k = 1}^n\frac{9}{10^k} = \lim_{n\to\infty}\left(1-\frac{1}{10^n}\right) = 1-\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{1}{10^n} = 1.\,</math>

The last step — that <math>\lim_{n\to\infty} \frac{1}{10^n} = 0</math> — is often justified by the axiom that the real numbers have the [[Archimedean property]]. This limit-based attitude towards 0.999… is often put in more evocative but less precise terms. For example, the 1846 textbook ''The University Arithmetic'' explains, ".999 +, continued to infinity = 1, because every annexation of a 9 brings the value closer to 1"; the 1895 ''Arithmetic for Schools'' says, "…when a large number of 9s is taken, the difference between 1 and .99999… becomes inconceivably small".<ref>Davies p.175; Smith and Harrington p.115</ref> Such [[heuristic]]s are often interpreted by students as implying that 0.999… itself is less than 1.

===Nested intervals and least upper bounds===
{{further|[[Nested intervals]]}}

[[Image:999 Intervals C.svg|right|thumb|250px|Nested intervals: in base 3, 1 = 1.000… = 0.222…]]
The series definition above is a simple way to define the real number named by a decimal expansion. A complementary approach is tailored to the opposite process: for a given real number, define the decimal expansion(s) to name it.

If a real number ''x'' is known to lie in the [[closed interval]] [0, 10] (i.e., it is greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 10), one can imagine dividing that interval into ten pieces that overlap only at their endpoints: [0, 1], [1, 2], [2, 3], and so on up to [9, 10]. The number ''x'' must belong to one of these; if it belongs to [2, 3] then one records the digit "2" and subdivides that interval into [2, 2.1], [2.1, 2.2], …, [2.8, 2.9], [2.9, 3]. Continuing this process yields an infinite sequence of [[nested intervals]], labeled by an infinite sequence of digits ''b''0, ''b''1, ''b''2, ''b''3, …, and one writes
:''x'' = ''b''0.''b''1''b''2''b''3…

In this formalism, the identities 1 = 0.999… and 1 = 1.000… reflect, respectively, the fact that 1 lies in both [0, 1] and [1, 2], so one can choose either subinterval when finding its digits. To ensure that this notation does not abuse the "=" sign, one needs a way to reconstruct a unique real number for each decimal. This can be done with limits, but other constructions continue with the ordering theme.<ref>Beals p.22; I. Stewart p.34</ref>

One straightforward choice is the [[nested intervals theorem]], which guarantees that given a sequence of nested, closed intervals whose lengths become arbitrarily small, the intervals contain exactly one real number in their [[intersection (set theory)|intersection]]. So ''b''0.''b''1''b''2''b''3… is defined to be the unique number contained within all the intervals [''b''0, ''b''0 + 1], [''b''0.''b''1, ''b''0.''b''1 + 0.1], and so on. 0.999… is then the unique real number that lies in all of the intervals [0, 1], [0.9, 1], [0.99, 1], and [0.99…9, 1] for every finite string of 9s. Since 1 is an element of each of these intervals, 0.999… = 1.<ref>Bartle and Sherbert pp.60–62; Pedrick p.29; Sohrab p.46</ref>

The Nested Intervals Theorem is usually founded upon a more fundamental characteristic of the real numbers: the existence of [[least upper bound]]s or ''suprema''. To directly exploit these objects, one may define ''b''0.''b''1''b''2''b''3… to be the least upper bound of the set of approximants {''b''0, ''b''0.''b''1, ''b''0.''b''1''b''2, …}.<ref>Apostol pp.9, 11–12; Beals p.22; Rosenlicht p.27</ref> One can then show that this definition (or the nested intervals definition) is consistent with the subdivision procedure, implying 0.999… = 1 again. Tom Apostol concludes,
<blockquote>
The fact that a real number might have two different decimal representations is merely a reflection of the fact that two different sets of real numbers can have the same supremum.<ref>Apostol p.12</ref>
</blockquote>

==Proofs from the construction of the real numbers{{anchor|Based on the construction of the real numbers}}==
{{further|[[Construction of the real numbers]]}}

Some approaches explicitly define real numbers to be certain [[construction of the real numbers|structures built upon the rational numbers]], using [[axiomatic set theory]]. The [[natural number]]s — 0, 1, 2, 3, and so on — begin with 0 and continue upwards, so that every number has a successor. One can extend the natural numbers with their negatives to give all the [[integer]]s, and to further extend to ratios, giving the [[rational number]]s. These number systems are accompanied by the arithmetic of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. More subtly, they include [[order theory|ordering]], so that one number can be compared to another and found to be less than, greater than, or equal to another number.

The step from rationals to reals is a major extension. There are at least two popular ways to achieve this step, both published in 1872: [[Dedekind cut]]s and [[Cauchy sequence]]s. Proofs that 0.999… = 1 which directly use these constructions are not found in textbooks on real analysis, where the modern trend for the last few decades has been to use an axiomatic analysis. Even when a construction is offered, it is usually applied towards proving the axioms of the real numbers, which then support the above proofs. However, several authors express the idea that starting with a construction is more logically appropriate, and the resulting proofs are more self-contained.<ref>The historical synthesis is claimed by Griffiths and Hilton (p.xiv) in 1970 and again by Pugh (p.10) in 2001; both actually prefer Dedekind cuts to axioms. For the use of cuts in textbooks, see Pugh p.17 or Rudin p.17. For viewpoints on logic, Pugh p.10, Rudin p.ix, or Munkres p.30</ref>

===Dedekind cuts===
{{further|[[Dedekind cut]]}}

In the [[Dedekind cut]] approach, each real number ''x'' is defined as the [[infinite set]] of all rational numbers that are less than ''x''.<ref>Enderton (p.113) qualifies this description: "The idea behind Dedekind cuts is that a real number ''x'' can be named by giving an infinite set of rationals, namely all the rationals less than ''x''. We will in effect define ''x'' to be the set of rationals smaller than ''x''. To avoid circularity in the definition, we must be able to characterize the sets of rationals obtainable in this way…"</ref> In particular, the real number 1 is the set of all rational numbers that are less than 1.<ref>Rudin pp.17–20, Richman p.399, or Enderton p.119. To be precise, Rudin, Richman, and Enderton call this cut 1*, 1−, and 1''R'', respectively; all three identify it with the traditional real number 1. Note that what Rudin and Enderton call a Dedekind cut, Richman calls a "nonprincipal Dedekind cut".</ref> Every positive decimal expansion easily determines a Dedekind cut: the set of rational numbers which are less than some stage of the expansion. So the real number 0.999… is the set of rational numbers ''r'' such that ''r'' < 0, or ''r'' < 0.9, or ''r'' < 0.99, or ''r'' is less than some other number of the form <math>\begin{align}1-\left(\tfrac{1}{10}\right)^n\end{align}</math>.<ref>Richman p.399</ref> Every element of 0.999… is less than 1, so it is an element of the real number 1. Conversely, an element of 1 is a rational number
<math>\begin{align}\tfrac{a}{b}<1\end{align}</math>, which implies <math>\begin{align}\tfrac{a}{b}<1-\left(\tfrac{1}{10}\right)^b\end{align}</math>. Since 0.999… and 1 contain the same rational numbers, they are the same set: 0.999… = 1.

The definition of real numbers as Dedekind cuts was first published by [[Richard Dedekind]] in 1872.<ref name="MacTutor2">{{cite web |url=http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/PrintHT/Real_numbers_2.html |title=History topic: The real numbers: Stevin to Hilbert |author=J J O'Connor and E F Robertson |work=MacTutor History of Mathematics |month=October | year=2005 |accessdate=2006-08-30}}</ref>
The above approach to assigning a real number to each decimal expansion is due to an expository paper titled "Is 0.999 … = 1?" by Fred Richman in ''[[Mathematics Magazine]]'', which is targeted at teachers of collegiate mathematics, especially at the junior/senior level, and their students.<ref>Richman</ref> Richman notes that taking Dedekind cuts in any [[dense subset]] of the rational numbers yields the same results; in particular, he uses [[decimal fraction]]s, for which the proof is more immediate. He also notes that typical the definitions allow <math>\{\ x:x<1\}</math> to be a cut but not <math>\{x: x \le 1\}</math> (or vice versa) "Why do that? Precisely to rule out the existence of distinct numbers 0.9* and 1. [...] So we see that in the traditional definition of the real numbers, the equation 0.9* = 1 is built in at the beginning."<ref>Richman pp.398–399</ref> A further modification of the procedure leads to a different structure where the two are not equal. Although it is consistent, many of the common rules of decimal arithmetic no longer hold, for example the fraction 1/3 has no representation; see "[[#Alternative number systems|Alternative number systems]]" below.

===Cauchy sequences===
{{further|[[Cauchy sequence]]}}

Another approach to constructing the real numbers uses the ordering of rationals less directly. First, the distance between ''x'' and ''y'' is defined as the absolute value |''x'' − ''y''|, where the absolute value |''z''| is defined as the maximum of ''z'' and −''z'', thus never negative. Then the reals are defined to be the sequences of rationals that have the [[Cauchy sequence]] property using this distance. That is, in the sequence (''x''0, ''x''1, ''x''2, …), a mapping from natural numbers to rationals, for any positive rational δ there is an ''N'' such that |''x''''m'' − ''x''''n''| ≤ δ for all ''m'', ''n'' > ''N''. (The distance between terms becomes smaller than any positive rational.)<ref>Griffiths & Hilton §24.2 "Sequences" p.386</ref>

If (''x''''n'') and (''y''''n'') are two Cauchy sequences, then they are defined to be equal as real numbers if the sequence (''x''''n'' − ''y''''n'') has the limit 0. Truncations of the decimal number ''b''0.''b''1''b''2''b''3… generate a sequence of rationals which is Cauchy; this is taken to define the real value of the number.<ref>Griffiths & Hilton pp.388, 393</ref> Thus in this formalism the task is to show that the sequence of rational numbers
:<math>\left(1 - 0, 1 - {9 \over 10}, 1 - {99 \over 100}, \dots\right)
= \left(1, {1 \over 10}, {1 \over 100}, \dots \right)</math>

has the limit 0. Considering the ''n''th term of the sequence, for ''n''=0,1,2,…, it must therefore be shown that
:<math>\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}\frac{1}{10^n} = 0.</math>

This limit is plain;<ref>Griffiths & Hilton pp.395</ref> one possible proof is that for ε = ''a''/''b'' > 0 one can take ''N'' = ''b'' in the definition of the [[limit of a sequence]]. So again 0.999… = 1.

The definition of real numbers as Cauchy sequences was first published separately by [[Eduard Heine]] and [[Georg Cantor]], also in 1872.<ref name="MacTutor2" /> The above approach to decimal expansions, including the proof that 0.999… = 1, closely follows Griffiths & Hilton's 1970 work ''A comprehensive textbook of classical mathematics: A contemporary interpretation''. The book is written specifically to offer a second look at familiar concepts in a contemporary light.<ref>Griffiths & Hilton pp.viii, 395</ref>

==Generalizations==

The result that 0.999… = 1 generalizes readily in two ways. First, every nonzero number with a finite decimal notation (equivalently, endless trailing 0s) has a counterpart with trailing 9s. For example, 0.24999… equals 0.25, exactly as in the special case considered. These numbers are exactly the decimal fractions, and they are [[Dense set|dense]].<ref>Petkovšek p.408</ref>

Second, a comparable theorem applies in each radix or [[base (mathematics)|base]]. For example, in base 2 (the [[binary numeral system]]) 0.111… equals 1, and in base 3 (the [[ternary numeral system]]) 0.222… equals 1. Textbooks of real analysis are likely to skip the example of 0.999… and present one or both of these generalizations from the start.<ref>Protter and Morrey p.503; Bartle and Sherbert p.61</ref>

Alternative representations of 1 also occur in non-integer bases. For example, in the [[golden ratio base]], the two standard representations are 1.000… and 0.101010…, and there are infinitely many more representations that include adjacent 1s. Generally, for [[almost all]] ''q'' between 1 and 2, there are uncountably many base-''q'' expansions of 1. On the other hand, there are still uncountably many ''q'' (including all natural numbers greater than 1) for which there is only one base-''q'' expansion of 1, other than the trivial 1.000…. This result was first obtained by [[Paul Erdős]], Miklos Horváth, and István Joó around 1990. In 1998 Vilmos Komornik and Paola Loreti determined the smallest such base, the [[Komornik–Loreti constant]] ''q'' = 1.787231650…. In this base, 1 = 0.11010011001011010010110011010011…; the digits are given by the [[Thue–Morse sequence]], which does not repeat.<ref>Komornik and Loreti p.636</ref>

A more far-reaching generalization addresses [[non-standard positional numeral systems|the most general positional numeral systems]]. They too have multiple representations, and in some sense the difficulties are even worse. For example:<ref>Kempner p.611; Petkovšek p.409</ref>
*In the [[balanced ternary]] system, 1/2 = 0.111… = 1.111….
*In the reverse [[factorial number system]] (using bases 2,3,4,… for positions ''after'' the decimal point), 1 = 1.000… = 0.1234….

===Impossibility of unique representation===

That all these different number systems suffer from multiple representations for some real numbers can be attributed to a fundamental difference between the real numbers as an ordered set and collections of infinite strings of symbols, ordered [[lexicographic ordering|lexicographically]]. Indeed the following two properties account for the difficulty:

* If an [[interval (mathematics)|interval]] of the [[real number]]s is [[partition of a set|partitioned]] into two non-empty parts ''L'', ''R'', such that every element of ''L'' is (strictly) less than every element of ''R'', then either ''L'' contains a largest element or ''R'' contains a smallest element, but not both.
* The collection of infinite [[string (computer science)|string]]s of symbols taken from any finite "alphabet", lexicographically ordered, can be partitioned into two non-empty parts ''L'', ''R'', such that every element of ''L'' is less than every element of ''R'', while ''L'' contains a largest element ''and'' ''R'' contains a smallest element. Indeed it suffices to take two finite [[prefix (computer science)|prefix]]es (initial substrings) ''p''1, ''p''2 of elements from the collection such that they differ only in their final symbol, for which symbol they have successive values, and take for ''L'' the set of all strings in the collection whose corresponding prefix is at most ''p''1, and for ''R'' the remainder, the strings in the collection whose corresponding prefix is at least ''p''2. Then ''L'' has a largest element, starting with ''p''1 and choosing the largest available symbol in all following positions, while ''R'' has a smallest element obtained by following ''p''2 by smallest symbol in all positions.

The first point follows from basic properties of the real numbers: ''L'' has a [[supremum]] and ''R'' has an [[infimum]], which are easily seen to be equal; being a real number it either lies in ''R'' or in ''L'', but not both since ''L'' and ''R'' are supposed to be [[disjoint sets|disjoint]]. The second point generalizes the 0.999…/1.000… pair obtained for ''p''1 = "0", ''p''2 = "1". In fact one need not use the same alphabet for all positions (so that for instance [[mixed radix]] systems can be included) or consider the full collection of possible strings; the only important points are that at each position a [[finite set]] of symbols (which may even depend on the previous symbols) can be chosen from (this is needed to ensure maximal and minimal choices), and that making a valid choice for any position should result in a valid infinite string (so one should not allow '9' in each position while forbidding an infinite succession of '9's). Under these assumptions, the above argument shows that an [[monotonic|order preserving]] map from the collection of strings to an interval of the real numbers cannot be a [[bijection]]: either some numbers do not correspond to any string, or some of them correspond to more than one string.

Marko Petkovšek has proven that for any positional system that names all the real numbers, the set of reals with multiple representations is always dense. He calls the proof "an instructive exercise in elementary [[point-set topology]]"; it involves viewing sets of positional values as [[Stone space]]s and noticing that their real representations are given by [[continuous function (topology)|continuous functions]].<ref>Petkovšek pp.410–411</ref>

==Applications==
One application of 0.999… as a representation of 1 occurs in elementary [[number theory]]. In 1802, H. Goodwin published an observation on the appearance of 9s in the repeating-decimal representations of fractions whose denominators are certain [[prime number]]s. Examples include:
*1/7 = 0.142857142857… and 142 + 857 = 999.
*1/73 = 0.0136986301369863… and 0136 + 9863 = 9999.
E. Midy proved a general result about such fractions, now called ''[[Midy's theorem]]'', in 1836. The publication was obscure, and it is unclear if his proof directly involved 0.999…, but at least one modern proof by W. G. Leavitt does. If one can prove that a decimal of the form 0.''b''1''b''2''b''3… is a positive integer, then it must be 0.999…, which is then the source of the 9s in the theorem.<ref>Leavitt 1984 p.301</ref> Investigations in this direction can motivate such concepts as [[greatest common divisor]]s, [[modular arithmetic]], [[Fermat prime]]s, [[order (group theory)|order]] of [[group (mathematics)|group]] elements, and [[quadratic reciprocity]].<ref>Lewittes pp.1–3; Leavitt 1967 pp.669,673; Shrader-Frechette pp.96–98</ref>

[[Image:Cantor base 3.svg|right|thumb|Positions of 1/4, 2/3, and 1 in the [[Cantor set]]]]
Returning to real analysis, the base-3 analogue 0.222… = 1 plays a key role in a characterization of one of the simplest [[fractal]]s, the middle-thirds [[Cantor set]]:
*A point in the [[unit interval]] lies in the Cantor set if and only if it can be represented in ternary using only the digits 0 and 2.

The ''n''th digit of the representation reflects the position of the point in the ''n''th stage of the construction. For example, the point ²⁄3 is given the usual representation of 0.2 or 0.2000…, since it lies to the right of the first deletion and to the left of every deletion thereafter. The point 1⁄3 is represented not as 0.1 but as 0.0222…, since it lies to the left of the first deletion and to the right of every deletion thereafter.<ref>Pugh p.97; Alligood, Sauer, and Yorke pp.150–152. Protter and Morrey (p.507) and Pedrick (p.29) assign this description as an exercise.</ref>

Repeating nines also turn up in yet another of Georg Cantor's works. They must be taken into account to construct a valid proof, applying [[Cantor's diagonal argument|his 1891 diagonal argument]] to decimal expansions, of the [[uncountability]] of the unit interval. Such a proof needs to be able to declare certain pairs of real numbers to be different based on their decimal expansions, so one needs to avoid pairs like 0.2 and 0.1999… . A simple method represents all numbers with nonterminating expansions; the opposite method rules out repeating nines.<ref>Maor (p.60) and Mankiewicz (p.151) review the former method; Mankiewicz attributes it to Cantor, but the primary source is unclear. Munkres (p.50) mentions the latter method.</ref> A variant that may be closer to Cantor's original argument actually uses base 2, and by turning base-3 expansions into base-2 expansions, one can prove the uncountability of the Cantor set as well.<ref>Rudin p.50, Pugh p.98</ref>

==Skepticism in education==
Students of mathematics often reject the equality of 0.999… and 1, for reasons ranging from their disparate appearance to deep misgivings over the [[Limit of a sequence|limit]] concept and disagreements over the nature of [[infinitesimal]]s. There are many common contributing factors to the confusion:
*Students are often "mentally committed to the notion that a number can be represented in one and only one way by a decimal." Seeing two manifestly different decimals representing the same number appears to be a [[paradox]], which is amplified by the appearance of the seemingly well-understood number 1.<ref>Bunch p.119; Tall and Schwarzenberger p.6. The last suggestion is due to Burrell (p.28): "Perhaps the most reassuring of all numbers is 1….So it is particularly unsettling when someone tries to pass off 0.9~ as 1."</ref>
*Some students interpret "0.999…" (or similar notation) as a large but finite string of 9s, possibly with a variable, unspecified length. If they accept an infinite string of nines, they may still expect a last 9 "at infinity".<ref>Tall and Schwarzenberger pp.6–7; Tall 2000 p.221</ref>
*Intuition and ambiguous teaching lead students to think of the limit of a sequence as a kind of infinite process rather than a fixed value, since a sequence need not reach its limit. Where students accept the difference between a sequence of numbers and its limit, they might read "0.999…" as meaning the sequence rather than its limit.<ref>Tall and Schwarzenberger p.6; Tall 2000 p.221</ref>

These ideas are mistaken in the context of the standard real numbers, although some may be valid in other number systems, either invented for their general mathematical utility or as instructive [[counterexample]]s to better understand 0.999….

Many of these explanations were found by professor [[David O. Tall]], who has studied characteristics of teaching and cognition that lead to some of the misunderstandings he has encountered in his college students. Interviewing his students to determine why the vast majority initially rejected the equality, he found that "students continued to conceive of 0.999… as a sequence of numbers getting closer and closer to 1 and not a fixed value, because 'you haven’t specified how many places there are' or 'it is the nearest possible decimal below 1'".<ref>Tall 2000 p.221</ref>

Of the elementary proofs, multiplying 0.333… = 1⁄3 by 3 is apparently a successful strategy for convincing reluctant students that 0.999… = 1. Still, when confronted with the conflict between their belief of the first equation and their disbelief of the second, some students either begin to disbelieve the first equation or simply become frustrated.<ref>Tall 1976 pp.10–14</ref> Nor are more sophisticated methods foolproof: students who are fully capable of applying rigorous definitions may still fall back on intuitive images when they are surprised by a result in advanced mathematics, including 0.999…. For example, one real analysis student was able to prove that 0.333… = 1⁄3 using a [[supremum]] definition, but then insisted that 0.999… < 1 based on her earlier understanding of long division.<ref>Pinto and Tall p.5, Edwards and Ward pp.416–417</ref> Others still are able to prove that 1⁄3 = 0.333…, but, upon being confronted by the [[#Fractions|fractional proof]], insist that "logic" supersedes the mathematical calculations.

[[Joseph Mazur]] tells the tale of an otherwise brilliant calculus student of his who "challenged almost everything I said in class but never questioned his calculator," and who had come to believe that nine digits are all one needs to do mathematics, including calculating the square root of 23. The student remained uncomfortable with a limiting argument that 9.99… = 10, calling it a "wildly imagined infinite growing process."<ref>Mazur pp.137–141</ref>

As part of Ed Dubinsky's "[[APOS theory]]" of mathematical learning, Dubinsky and his collaborators (2005) propose that students who conceive of 0.999… as a finite, indeterminate string with an infinitely small distance from 1 have "not yet constructed a complete process conception of the infinite decimal". Other students who have a complete process conception of 0.999… may not yet be able to "encapsulate" that process into an "object conception", like the object conception they have of 1, and so they view the process 0.999… and the object 1 as incompatible. Dubinsky ''et al.'' also link this mental ability of encapsulation to viewing 1⁄3 as a number in its own right and to dealing with the set of natural numbers as a whole.<ref>Dubinsky ''et al.'' 261–262</ref>

==In popular culture==

With the rise of the [[Internet]], debates about 0.999… have escaped the classroom and are commonplace on [[newsgroup]]s and [[message board]]s, including many that nominally have little to do with mathematics. In the newsgroup <tt>[news:sci.math sci.math]</tt>, arguing over 0.999… is a "popular sport", and it is one of the questions answered in its [[FAQ]].<ref>As observed by Richman (p.396). {{cite web |url=http://www.faqs.org/faqs/sci-math-faq/specialnumbers/0.999eq1/ |author=Hans de Vreught | year=1994 | title=sci.math FAQ: Why is 0.9999… = 1? |accessdate=2006-06-29}}</ref> The FAQ briefly covers 1⁄3, multiplication by 10, and limits, and it alludes to Cauchy sequences as well.

A 2003 edition of the general-interest [[newspaper column]] ''[[The Straight Dope]]'' discusses 0.999… via 1⁄3 and limits, saying of misconceptions,
<blockquote>
The lower primate in us still resists, saying: .999~ doesn't really represent a ''number'', then, but a ''process''. To find a number we have to halt the process, at which point the .999~ = 1 thing falls apart.

Nonsense.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.straightdope.com/columns/030711.html |title=An infinite question: Why doesn't .999~ = 1? |date=2003-07-11 |author=[[Cecil Adams]] |work=[[The Straight Dope]] |publisher=[[Chicago Reader]] |accessdate=2006-09-06}}</ref>
</blockquote>

''The Straight Dope'' cites a discussion on its own message board that grew out of an unidentified "other message board … mostly about video games". In the same vein, the question of 0.999… proved such a popular topic in the first seven years of [[Blizzard Entertainment]]'s [[Battle.net]] forums that the company issued a "press release" on [[April Fools' Day]] 2004 that it is 1:
<blockquote>
We are very excited to close the book on this subject once and for all. We've witnessed the heartache and concern over whether .999~ does or does not equal 1, and we're proud that the following proof finally and conclusively addresses the issue for our customers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://us.blizzard.com/en-us/company/press/pressreleases.html?040401 |title=Blizzard Entertainment Announces .999~ (Repeating) = 1 |work=Press Release |publisher=Blizzard Entertainment |date=2004-04-01 |accessdate=2009-11-16}}</ref>
</blockquote>
Two proofs are then offered, based on limits and multiplication by 10.

0.999… features also in mathematical folklore, specifically in the following joke:<ref>Renteln and Dundes, p.27</ref>
<blockquote>
Q: How many mathematicians does it take to screw in a lightbulb?
</blockquote>
<blockquote>
A: 0.999999….
</blockquote>

==In alternative number systems{{anchor|Alternative number systems}}==
Although the real numbers form an extremely useful [[number system]], the decision to interpret the notation "0.999…" as naming a real number is ultimately a convention, and [[Timothy Gowers]] argues in ''Mathematics: A Very Short Introduction'' that the resulting identity 0.999… = 1 is a convention as well:
<blockquote>
However, it is by no means an arbitrary convention, because not adopting it forces one either to invent strange new objects or to abandon some of the familiar rules of arithmetic.<ref>Gowers p.60</ref>
</blockquote>
One can define other number systems using different rules or new objects; in some such number systems, the above proofs would need to be reinterpreted and one might find that, in a given number system, 0.999… and 1 might not be identical. However, many number systems are extensions of — rather than independent alternatives to — the real number system, so 0.999… = 1 continues to hold. Even in such number systems, though, it is worthwhile to examine alternative number systems, not only for how 0.999… behaves (if, indeed, a number expressed as "0.999…" is both meaningful and unambiguous), but also for the behavior of related phenomena. If such phenomena differ from those in the real number system, then at least one of the assumptions built into the system must break down.

===Infinitesimals===
{{main|Infinitesimal}}

Some proofs that 0.999… = 1 rely on the [[Archimedean property]] of the standard real numbers: that there are no nonzero [[infinitesimal]]s. There are mathematically coherent ordered [[algebraic structure]]s, including various alternatives to standard reals, which are non-Archimedean. The meaning of 0.999… depends on which structure we use. For example, the [[dual number]]s include a new infinitesimal element ε, analogous to the imaginary unit ''i'' in the [[complex number]]s except that ε² = 0. The resulting structure is useful in [[automatic differentiation]]. The dual numbers can be given a [[lexicographic order]], in which case the multiples of ε become non-Archimedean elements.<ref>Berz 439–442</ref> Note, however, that, as an extension of the real numbers, the dual numbers still have 0.999…=1. On a related note, while ε exists in dual numbers, so does ε/2, so ε is not "the smallest positive dual number," and, indeed, as in the reals, no such number exists.

[[Non-standard analysis]] provides a number system with a full array of infinitesimals (and their inverses).<ref>For a full treatment of non-standard numbers see for example Robinson's ''Non-standard Analysis''.</ref> A.H. Lightstone developed a decimal expansion for [[hyperreal number]]s in (0, 1)∗.<ref>Lightstone pp.245–247</ref> Lightstone shows how to associate to each number a sequence of digits,
:0.d1d2d3…;…d∞−1d∞d∞+1…,
indexed by the [[hypernatural]] numbers. While he does not directly discuss 0.999…, he shows the real number 1/3 is represented by 0.333…;…333… which is a consequence of the [[transfer principle]]. Multiplying by 3, one obtains analogous facts for expansions with repeating 9s. Lightstone shows that in this system, the expressions "0.333…;…000…" and "0.999…;…000…" do not correspond to any number.

At the same time, the hyperreal number ''u''''H''=0.999…;…999000…, with last digit 9 at infinite [[hypernatural]] rank ''H'', satisfies a strict inequality {{nowrap|''u''''H'' < 1.}} Indeed, the sequence {{nowrap|1=''u''1=0.9,}} {{nowrap|1=''u''2=0.99,}} {{nowrap|1=''u''3=0.999,}} etc. satisfies {{nowrap|1=''u''''n'' = 1 − 10−''n'',}} hence by the transfer principle {{nowrap|1=u''H'' = 1 − 10−''H'' < 1.}} Accordingly, Karin Katz and [[Mikhail Katz]] have proposed an alternative evaluation of "0.999…":
:<math>.\underset{[\mathbb{N}]}{\underbrace{999\ldots}}\; = 1\;-\;\frac{1}{10^{[\mathbb{N}]}}</math>,
where <math>[\mathbb{N}]</math> is an infinite hypernatural given by the sequence {{nowrap|(1, 2, 3, …)}} modulo some [[ultrafilter]].<ref>Katz & Katz 2010</ref> [[Ian Stewart (mathematician)|Ian Stewart]] characterizes this interpretation as an "entirely reasonable" way to rigorously justify the intuition that "there's a little bit missing" from 1 in 0.999….<ref>Stewart 2009, p.175; the full discussion of 0.999… is spread through pp.172-175.</ref> Along with Katz & Katz, Robert Ely also questions the assumption that students' ideas about {{nowrap|0.999… < 1}} are erroneous intuitions about the real numbers, interpreting them rather as nonstandard intuitions that could be valuable in the learning of calculus.<ref>Katz & Katz (2010b)</ref><ref>R. Ely (2010)</ref>

===Hackenbush===
[[Combinatorial game theory]] provides alternative reals as well, with infinite Blue-Red [[Hackenbush]] as one particularly relevant example. In 1974, [[Elwyn Berlekamp]] described a correspondence between [[Hackenbush strings]] and binary expansions of real numbers, motivated by the idea of [[data compression]]. For example, the value of the Hackenbush string LRRLRLRL… is 0.0101012… = 1/3. However, the value of LRLLL… (corresponding to 0.111…2) is infinitesimally less than 1. The difference between the two is the [[surreal number]] 1/ω, where ω is the first [[ordinal number|infinite ordinal]]; the relevant game is LRRRR… or 0.000…2.<ref>Berlekamp, Conway, and Guy (pp.79–80, 307–311) discuss 1 and 1/3 and touch on 1/ω. The game for 0.111…2 follows directly from Berlekamp's Rule, and it is discussed by {{cite web |url=http://www.maths.nott.ac.uk/personal/anw/Research/Hack/ |title=Hackenstrings and the 0.999… ≟ 1 FAQ |author=A. N. Walker |year=1999 |accessdate=2006-06-29}}</ref>

===Breaking subtraction===
Another manner in which the proofs might be undermined is if 1 − 0.999… simply does not exist, because subtraction is not always possible. Mathematical structures with an addition operation but not a subtraction operation include [[commutative]] [[semigroup]]s, [[commutative monoid]]s and [[semiring]]s. Richman considers two such systems, designed so that 0.999… < 1.

First, Richman defines a nonnegative ''decimal number'' to be a literal decimal expansion. He defines the [[lexicographical order]] and an addition operation, noting that 0.999… < 1 simply because 0 < 1 in the ones place, but for any nonterminating ''x'', one has 0.999… + ''x'' = 1 + ''x''. So one peculiarity of the decimal numbers is that addition cannot always be cancelled; another is that no decimal number corresponds to 1⁄3. After defining multiplication, the decimal numbers form a positive, totally ordered, commutative semiring.<ref>Richman pp.397–399</ref>

In the process of defining multiplication, Richman also defines another system he calls "cut ''D''", which is the set of [[Dedekind cut]]s of decimal fractions. Ordinarily this definition leads to the real numbers, but for a decimal fraction ''d'' he allows both the cut (−∞, ''d'' ) and the "principal cut" (−∞, ''d'' ]. The result is that the real numbers are "living uneasily together with" the decimal fractions. Again 0.999… < 1. There are no positive infinitesimals in cut ''D'', but there is "a sort of negative infinitesimal," 0−, which has no decimal expansion. He concludes that 0.999… = 1 + 0−, while the equation "0.999… + ''x'' = 1"
has no solution.<ref>Richman pp.398–400. Rudin (p.23) assigns this alternative construction (but over the rationals) as the last exercise of Chapter 1.</ref>

===''p''-adic numbers===
{{main|p-adic number}}

When asked about 0.999…, novices often believe there should be a "final 9," believing 1 − 0.999… to be a positive number which they write as "0.000…1". Whether or not that makes sense, the intuitive goal is clear: adding a 1 to the last 9 in 0.999… would carry all the 9s into 0s and leave a 1 in the ones place. Among other reasons, this idea fails because there is no "last 9" in 0.999….<ref>Gardiner p.98; Gowers p.60</ref> However, there is a system that contains an infinite string of 9s including a last 9.

[[Image:4adic 333.svg|right|thumb|200px|The 4-adic integers (black points), including the sequence (3, 33, 333, …) converging to −1. The 10-adic analogue is …999 = −1.]]

The [[p-adic number|''p''-adic number]]s are an alternative number system of interest in [[number theory]]. Like the real numbers, the ''p''-adic numbers can be built from the rational numbers via [[Cauchy sequence]]s; the construction uses a different metric in which 0 is closer to ''p'', and much closer to ''pn'', than it is to 1. The ''p''-adic numbers form a [[field (algebra)|field]] for prime ''p'' and a [[ring (mathematics)|ring]] for other ''p'', including 10. So arithmetic can be performed in the ''p''-adics, and there are no infinitesimals.

In the 10-adic numbers, the analogues of decimal expansions run to the left. The 10-adic expansion …999 does have a last 9, and it does not have a first 9. One can add 1 to the ones place, and it leaves behind only 0s after carrying through: 1 + …999 = …000 = 0, and so …999 = −1.<ref name="Fjelstad11">Fjelstad p.11</ref> Another derivation uses a geometric series. The infinite series implied by "…999" does not converge in the real numbers, but it converges in the 10-adics, and so one can re-use the familiar formula:
:<math>\ldots999 = 9 + 9(10) + 9(10)^2 + 9(10)^3 + \cdots = \frac{9}{1-10} = -1.</math><ref>Fjelstad pp.14–15</ref>

(Compare with the series [[#Infinite series and sequences|above]].) A third derivation was invented by a seventh-grader who was doubtful over her teacher's limiting argument that 0.999… = 1 but was inspired to take the multiply-by-10 proof [[#Digit manipulation|above]] in the opposite direction: if ''x'' = …999 then 10''x'' =  …990, so 10''x'' = ''x'' − 9, hence ''x'' = −1 again.<ref name="Fjelstad11" />

As a final extension, since {{nowrap begin}}0.999… = 1{{nowrap end}} (in the reals) and {{nowrap begin}}…999 = −1{{nowrap end}} (in the 10-adics), then by "blind faith and unabashed juggling of symbols"<ref>DeSua p.901</ref> one may add the two equations and arrive at {{nowrap begin}}…999.999… = 0.{{nowrap end}} This equation does not make sense either as a 10-adic expansion or an ordinary decimal expansion, but it turns out to be meaningful and true if one develops a theory of "double-decimals" with eventually repeating left ends to represent a familiar system: the real numbers.<ref>DeSua pp.902–903</ref>

==Related questions==

* [[Zeno's paradoxes]], particularly the paradox of the runner, are reminiscent of the apparent paradox that 0.999… and 1 are equal. The runner paradox can be mathematically modelled and then, like 0.999…, resolved using a geometric series. However, it is not clear if this mathematical treatment addresses the underlying metaphysical issues Zeno was exploring.<ref>Wallace p.51, Maor p.17</ref>
* [[Division by zero]] occurs in some popular discussions of 0.999…, and it also stirs up contention. While most authors choose to define 0.999…, almost all modern treatments leave division by zero undefined, as it can be given no meaning in the standard real numbers. However, division by zero is defined in some other systems, such as [[complex analysis]], where the [[extended complex plane]], i.e. the [[Riemann sphere]], has a "[[point at infinity]]". Here, it makes sense to define 1/0 to be infinity;<ref>See, for example, J.B. Conway's treatment of Möbius transformations, pp.47–57</ref> and, in fact, the results are profound and applicable to many problems in engineering and physics. Some prominent mathematicians argued for such a definition long before either number system was developed.<ref>Maor p.54</ref>
* [[Negative zero]] is another redundant feature of many ways of writing numbers. In number systems, such as the real numbers, where "0" denotes the additive identity and is neither positive nor negative, the usual interpretation of "−0" is that it should denote the additive inverse of 0, which forces −0 = 0.<ref>Munkres p.34, Exercise 1(c)</ref> Nonetheless, some scientific applications use separate positive and negative zeroes, as do some of the most common computer number systems (for example integers stored in the [[sign and magnitude]] or [[one's complement]] formats, or floating point numbers as specified by the [[IEEE floating-point standard]]).<ref>{{cite book |author=Kroemer, Herbert; Kittel, Charles |title=Thermal Physics |edition=2e |publisher=W. H. Freeman |year=1980 |isbn=0-7167-1088-9 |page=462}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/csspec/html/vclrfcsharpspec_4_1_6.asp |title=Floating point types |work=[[Microsoft Developer Network|MSDN]] C# Language Specification |accessdate=2006-08-29}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-1-of-3}}
* [[Decimal representation]]
* [[Infinity]]
* [[Geometric series]]
{{Col-2-of-3}}
* [[Limit (mathematics)]]
* [[Informal mathematics|Naive mathematics]]
* [[Non-standard analysis]]
{{Col-3-of-3}}
* [[Real analysis]]
* [[Series (mathematics)]]
* [[Finitism]]

{{col-end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==References==
{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}}
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*{{cite book |last=Pedrick |first=George |title=A First Course in Analysis |year=1994 |publisher=Springer |isbn=0-387-94108-8}}
*{{cite book |first1=Anthony |last1=Peressini |first2=Dominic |last2=Peressini |editor=Bart van Kerkhove, Jean Paul van Bendegem |chapter=Philosophy of Mathematics and Mathematics Education |title=Perspectives on Mathematical Practices |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-5033-6 |year=2007 |series=Logic, Epistemology, and the Unity of Science |volume=5}}
*{{cite journal |last=Petkovšek |first=Marko |title=Ambiguous Numbers are Dense |journal=[[American Mathematical Monthly]] |volume=97 |number=5 |month=May |year=1990 |pages=408–411 |doi=10.2307/2324393 |issue=5 }}
*{{cite conference |author=Pinto, Márcia and David Tall |title=Following students' development in a traditional university analysis course |booktitle=PME25 |pages=v4: 57–64 |year=2001 |url=http://www.warwick.ac.uk/staff/David.Tall/pdfs/dot2001j-pme25-pinto-tall.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2009-05-03}}
*{{cite book |author=Protter, M.H. and [[Charles B. Morrey, Jr.|C.B. Morrey]] |year=1991 |edition=2e |title=A first course in real analysis |publisher=Springer |isbn=0-387-97437-7}}
*:This book aims to "present a theoretical foundation of analysis that is suitable for students who have completed a standard course in calculus." (p.vii) At the end of Chapter 2, the authors assume as an axiom for the real numbers that bounded, nodecreasing sequences converge, later proving the nested intervals theorem and the least upper bound property. (pp.56–64) Decimal expansions appear in Appendix 3, "Expansions of real numbers in any base". (pp.503–507)
*{{cite book |last=Pugh |first=Charles Chapman |title=Real mathematical analysis |year=2001 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |isbn=0-387-95297-7}}
*:While assuming familiarity with the rational numbers, Pugh introduces [[Dedekind cut]]s as soon as possible, saying of the axiomatic treatment, "This is something of a fraud, considering that the entire structure of analysis is built on the real number system." (p.10) After proving the least upper bound property and some allied facts, cuts are not used in the rest of the book.
*{{cite journal |author=Renteln, Paul and Allan Dundes |year=2005 |month=January |title=Foolproof: A Sampling of Mathematical Folk Humor |journal=[[Notices of the AMS]] |volume=52 |number=1 |pages=24–34 |url=http://www.ams.org/notices/200501/fea-dundes.pdf|doi=|format=PDF|accessdate=2009-05-03}}
*{{cite journal |first=Fred |last=Richman |year=1999 |month=December |title=Is 0.999… = 1? |journal=[[Mathematics Magazine]] |volume=72 |issue=5 |pages=396–400 }} Free HTML preprint: {{cite web |url=http://www.math.fau.edu/Richman/HTML/999.htm |first=Fred|last=Richman|title=Is 0.999… = 1? |date=1999-06-08 |accessdate=2006-08-23}} Note: the journal article contains material and wording not found in the preprint.
*{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Abraham |authorlink=Abraham Robinson |title=Non-standard analysis |year=1996 |edition=Revised |publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-04490-2}}
*{{cite book |last=Rosenlicht |first=Maxwell |year=1985 |title=Introduction to Analysis |publisher=Dover |isbn=0-486-65038-3}} This book gives a "careful rigorous" introduction to real analysis. It gives the axioms of the real numbers and then constructs them (p 27-31) as infinite decimals with 0.999…=1 as part of the definition.
*{{cite book |last=Rudin |first=Walter |authorlink=Walter Rudin |title=Principles of mathematical analysis |edition=3e |year=1976 |origyear=1953 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=0-07-054235-X}}
*:A textbook for an advanced undergraduate course. "Experience has convinced me that it is pedagogically unsound (though logically correct) to start off with the construction of the real numbers from the rational ones. At the beginning, most students simply fail to appreciate the need for doing this. Accordingly, the real number system is introduced as an ordered field with the least-upper-bound property, and a few interesting applications of this property are quickly made. However, Dedekind's construction is not omitted. It is now in an Appendix to Chapter 1, where it may be studied and enjoyed whenever the time is ripe." (p.ix)
*{{cite journal |last=Shrader-Frechette |first=Maurice |title=Complementary Rational Numbers |journal=Mathematics Magazine |volume=51 |number=2 |month=March |year=1978 |pages=90–98 }}
*{{cite book |author=Smith, Charles and Charles Harrington |year=1895 |title=Arithmetic for Schools |publisher=Macmillan |url=http://books.google.com/books?vid=LCCN02029670&pg=PA115}}
*{{cite book |last=Sohrab |first=Houshang |title=Basic Real Analysis |year=2003 |publisher=Birkhäuser |isbn=0-8176-4211-0}}
*{{cite book |last=Stewart |first=Ian |title=The Foundations of Mathematics |year=1977 |publisher=Oxford UP |isbn=0-19-853165-6}}
*{{cite book |last=Stewart |first=Ian |title=Professor Stewart's Hoard of Mathematical Treasures |year=2009 |publisher=Profile Books |isbn=978-1-84668-292-6}}
*{{cite book |last=Stewart |first=James |title=Calculus: Early transcendentals |edition=4e |year=1999 |publisher=Brooks/Cole |isbn=0-534-36298-2}}
*:This book aims to "assist students in discovering calculus" and "to foster conceptual understanding". (p.v) It omits proofs of the foundations of calculus.
*{{cite journal |author=D.O. Tall and R.L.E. Schwarzenberger |title=Conflicts in the Learning of Real Numbers and Limits |journal=Mathematics Teaching |year=1978 |volume=82 |pages=44–49 |url=http://www.warwick.ac.uk/staff/David.Tall/pdfs/dot1978c-with-rolph.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2009-05-03}}
*{{cite journal |last=Tall |first=David |authorlink=David O. Tall |title=Conflicts and Catastrophes in the Learning of Mathematics |journal=Mathematical Education for Teaching |year=1976/7 |volume=2 |number=4 |pages=2–18 |url=http://www.warwick.ac.uk/staff/David.Tall/pdfs/dot1976a-confl-catastrophy.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2009-05-03}}
*{{cite journal |last=Tall |first=David |title=Cognitive Development In Advanced Mathematics Using Technology |journal=Mathematics Education Research Journal |year=2000 |volume=12 |number=3 |pages=210–230 |url=http://www.warwick.ac.uk/staff/David.Tall/pdfs/dot2001b-merj-amt.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2009-05-03}}
*{{cite book|last=von Mangoldt|first=Dr. Hans|authorlink =Hans Carl Friedrich von Mangoldt| title=Einführung in die höhere Mathematik|edition=1st|year=1911|publisher=Verlag von S. Hirzel| location=Leipzig|language=German|chapter=Reihenzahlen}}
*{{cite book |last=Wallace |first=David Foster|authorlink =David Foster Wallace |title=Everything and more: a compact history of infinity |year=2003 |publisher=Norton |isbn=0-393-00338-8}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}}
*{{cite journal |journal=Journal of Statistical Physics |volume=47 |issue=3/4 |year=1987 |title=One-dimensional model of the quasicrystalline alloy |first=S. E. |last=Burkov |doi=10.1007/BF01007518 |pages=409}}
*{{cite journal |title=81.15 A Case of Conflict |first=Bob |last=Burn |journal=The Mathematical Gazette |volume=81 |issue=490 |month=March |year=1997 |pages=109–112 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3618786 |doi=10.2307/3618786}}
*{{cite journal |title=The Age of Newton: An Intensive Interdisciplinary Course |author=J. B. Calvert, E. R. Tuttle, Michael S. Martin, Peter Warren |journal=The History Teacher |volume=14 |issue=2 |month=February |year=1981 |pages=167–190 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/493261 |doi=10.2307/493261}}
*{{cite journal |first1=Younggi |last1=Choi |first2=Jonghoon |last2=Do |title=Equality Involved in 0.999… and (-8)⅓ |journal=For the Learning of Mathematics |volume=25 |issue=3 |month=November |year=2005 |pages=13–15, 36 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/40248503}}
*{{cite journal |title=Rational Approximations to π |author=K. Y. Choong, D. E. Daykin, C. R. Rathbone |journal=Mathematics of Computation |volume=25 |issue=114 |month=April |year=1971 |pages=387–392 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2004936 |doi=10.2307/2004936}}
*{{cite journal |last=Ely |first=Robert |year=2010 |title=Nonstandard student conceptions about infinitesimals |journal=Journal for Research in Mathematics Education |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=117–146}}
*:This article is a field study involving a student who developed a Leibnizian-style theory of infinitesimals to help her understand calculus, and in particular to account for {{nowrap|0.999…}} falling short of 1 by an infinitesimal {{nowrap|0.000…1.}}
*{{cite journal |first1=Karin Usadi |last1=Katz |first2=Mikhail G. |last2=Katz |year=2010b |title=Zooming in on infinitesimal 1 − .9.. in a post-triumvirate era |journal=[[Educational Studies in Mathematics]] |doi=10.1007/s10649-010-9239-4}} See also arXiv:1003.1501.
*{{cite journal |title=Infinite processes in elementary mathematics: How much should we tell the children? |first=Tony |last=Gardiner |journal=The Mathematical Gazette |volume=69 |issue=448 |month=June |year=1985 |pages=77–87 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3616921 |doi=10.2307/3616921}}
*{{cite journal |title=Real Mathematics: One Aspect of the Future of A-Level |first=John |last=Monaghan |journal=The Mathematical Gazette |volume=72 |issue=462 |month=December |year=1988 |pages=276–281 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/3619940 |doi=10.2307/3619940}}
*{{cite journal |first=Malgorzata |last=Przenioslo |title=Images of the limit of function formed in the course of mathematical studies at the university |journal=Educational Studies in Mathematics |volume=55 |issue=1-3 |month=March |year=2004 |doi=10.1023/B:EDUC.0000017667.70982.05 |pages=103–132}}
*{{cite journal |title=Using Self-Similarity to Find Length, Area, and Dimension |first=James T. |last=Sandefur |journal=The American Mathematical Monthly |volume=103 |issue=2 |month=February |year=1996 |pages=107–120 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2975103 |doi=10.2307/2975103}}
*{{cite journal |last=Sierpińska |first=Anna |title=Humanities students and epistemological obstacles related to limits |journal=Educational Studies in Mathematics |volume=18 |issue=4 |year=1987 |month=November |pages=371–396 |url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0013-1954%28198711%2918%3A4%3C371%3AHSAEOR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-%23 |doi=10.1007/BF00240986}}
*{{cite journal |title=Mathematical Beliefs and Conceptual Understanding of the Limit of a Function |first=Jennifer Earles |last=Szydlik |journal=Journal for Research in Mathematics Education |volume=31 |issue=3 |month=May |year=2000 |pages=258–276 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/749807 |doi=10.2307/749807}}
*{{cite journal |first=David O. |last=Tall |title=Dynamic mathematics and the blending of knowledge structures in the calculus |journal=ZDM Mathematics Education |year=2009 |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=481–492 |doi=10.1007/s11858-009-0192-6}}
*{{cite journal |first=David O. |last=Tall |title=Intuitions of infinity |journal=Mathematics in School |month=May |year=1981 |pages=30–33}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Spoken Wikipedia|0.999....ogg|2006-10-19}}
{{commons|0.999...}}
* [http://www.cut-the-knot.org/arithmetic/999999.shtml .999999… = 1?] from [[cut-the-knot]]
* [http://mathforum.org/dr.math/faq/faq.0.9999.html Why does 0.9999… = 1 ?]
* [http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/math99/math99167.htm Ask A Scientist: Repeating Decimals]
* [http://mathcentral.uregina.ca/QQ/database/QQ.09.00/joan2.html Proof of the equality based on arithmetic]
* [http://descmath.com/diag/nines.html Repeating Nines]
* [http://qntm.org/pointnine Point nine recurring equals one]
* [http://www.warwick.ac.uk/staff/David.Tall/themes/limits-infinity.html David Tall's research on mathematics cognition]
* [http://www.dpmms.cam.ac.uk/~wtg10/decimals.html What is so wrong with thinking of real numbers as infinite decimals?]
* [http://us.metamath.org/mpegif/0.999....html Theorem 0.999…] on [[Metamath]]
* [http://www.maths.nottingham.ac.uk/personal/anw/Research/Hack/ Hackenstrings, and the 0.999… ?= 1 FAQ]
* [http://betterexplained.com/articles/a-friendly-chat-about-whether-0-999-1/ A Friendly Chat About Whether 0.999… = 1]

{{featured article}}

[[Category:One]]
[[Category:Mathematics paradoxes]]
[[Category:Real analysis]]
[[Category:Real numbers]]
[[Category:Numeration]]
[[Category:Articles containing proofs]]

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Das Ende (Lost)

2010-05-24T09:31:25Z

TutterMouse: Reverted edits by 189.32.231.103 (talk) to last revision by TutterMouse (HG)

{{pp-semi|small=yes}}
{{Infobox television episode
| Title = The End
| Series = [[Lost (TV Series)|Lost]]
| Season = 6
| Episode = 17 & 18
| Airdate = {{Start date|2010|05|23}} [[United States]] [[Canada]] [[UK]] [[Republic of Ireland ]] 24/5/10
| Writer = [[Damon Lindelof]] & [[Carlton Cuse]]
| Director = [[Jack Bender]]
| Guests = {{MultiCol}}[[Ian Somerhalder]] [[Jeremy Davies]] [[Elizabeth Mitchell]] [[Maggie Grace]] [[Cynthia Watros]] [[Dominic Monaghan]] [[Rebecca Mader]] [[Dylan Minnette]]{{ColBreak}}[[John Terry (actor)|John Terry]] [[L. Scott Caldwell]] [[Sam Anderson]] [[Sonya Walger]] [[François Chau]] [[Fionnula Flanagan]] [[Neil Hopkins]] [[John Pyper-Ferguson]]{{EndMultiCol}}
| Prev = [[What They Died For]]
| Episode list = [[Lost (season 6)|''Lost'' (season 6)]] [[List of Lost episodes|List of ''Lost'' episodes]]
}}
"'''The End'''" is the [[series finale]] of the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] [[television series]] ''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]'', consisting of the 17th and 18th episodes of [[Lost (TV series)|season 6]]. It is also the 120th and 121st episodes overall. The episode aired simultaneously on ABC in the [[United States]], [[CTV Television Network|CTV]] in Canada, [[Fox]] and [[Cuatro (channel)|Cuatro]] in [[Spain]], [[DiziMax]] in [[Turkey]] and [[Sky1]] in the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[Republic of Ireland]] at 9pm [[Pacific Time Zone|Pacific Time]] on May 23, 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Final episode of LOST simultaneously with America |url=http://www.digiturk.com.tr/buhafta/lostfinal2.htm |accessdate=May 23, 2010 |date=May 23, 2010 |author=Digiturk |publisher=digiturk.com.tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sky 1 to simulcast Lost finale |url=http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/5014228.article |accessdate=May 20, 2010 |date=May 23, 2010 |author=Campbell Lisa |publisher=Broadcastnow.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lost: Sky1 To Simulcast The Lost Finale In The UK! May 24th At 5AM |url=http://sky1.sky.com/lost-sky1-to-simulcast-the-lost-finale-in-the-uk |date=May 23, 2010 |publisher=Sky.com}}</ref> Due to the time difference, its initial [[Spain]] simulcast airing will be at 6am (5am in the [[UK]]) [[British Summer Time|BST]]. In Ireland, [[RTÉ Two]] have decided to air it on Monday 24th May at 9pm rather than its usual Thursday night slot in the interest of fans who did not want to be spoiled. <ref>{{Cite web |title=RTÉ to show final of Lost next Monday |url=http://www.rte.ie/arts/2010/0521/lost.html |date=May 21, 2010 |accessdate=May 23, 2010 |publisher=RTE Entertainment.com}}</ref> It was written by co-creator/executive producer [[Damon Lindelof]] and executive producer [[Carlton Cuse]], and directed by executive producer [[Jack Bender]].<ref name="Apr23Sched">{{cite web |url=http://abcmedianet.com/primeschedule/ABCGRIDS_April26_May23.pdf |title=Weekly Primetime Schedule: April 26 - May 23, 2010 |publisher=[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] Medianet |date=April 23, 2010 |accessdate=April 24, 2010}}</ref> Unlike the previous [[season finale]]s, which were two hours long with advertisements, the series finale was be expanded by half an hour; running two and a half hours starting at 9/8c, with a retrospective of the past six seasons running for two hours, starting at 7/6c.<ref name="finaledate">{{Cite episode |title= [[Jimmy Kimmel Live!]] |credits= [[Damon Lindelof|Lindelof, Damon]] and [[Carlton Cuse|Cuse, Carlton]] |network= [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] |airdate= February 2, 2010}}</ref><ref name=3hourfinale>{{cite web |url=http://featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/entertainment_tv/2009/12/lost-season-6-cuse-lindelof-abc.html |title=''Lost'' Photos and Info Found: A Few Thoughts from Cuse and Lindelof on the End of the Island Drama |author=Ryan, Maureen |publisher=''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' |date=December 15, 2009 |accessdate=January 8, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= 'Lost' series finale will expand to two-and-a-half hours. |publisher=EW.com |author=Snierson, Dan |accessdate=2010-05-05 |date=2010-05-23 |url= http://news-briefs.ew.com/2010/05/04/lost-series-finale-will-expand-to-two-and-a-half-hours/}}</ref>

==Plot==
The opening shows alternating scenes between the sideways timeline in 2004 and the original 2007 timeline.

===2007===
Richard and Miles rescue Lapidus from the wreckage of the submarine. Jack confronts the [[Man in Black (Lost)|Man in Black]] and they travel to the heart of the island together with Desmond. Desmond is able to disable the light, making both Jack and the Man in Black mortal. Jack and Kate are able to kill the Man in Black but Jack is mortally wounded in the process. Lapidus, Richard, Sawyer, Kate, Claire, and Miles escape the island on the plane. Hurley takes over for Jack as the protector of the island shortly before Jack goes on a suicide mission to save the island. Desmond is saved by Jack, but Jack cannot save himself. The last thing Jack sees before he dies is the plane leaving the island. Walt's dog Vincent stays by Jack's side as he watches his friends escape from the island. Hurley, in his role as the new protector of the island, decides to help Desmond get home and asks Linus for his help after Linus suggests that Hurley change how things are run so people can come and go from the island now instead of being stuck there.

===2004===
Desmond continues to gather the Islanders who begin to recollect their time on the Island. Each begin to recognize one another and meet up later at a church. Kate instructs Jack to enter through the back, where he encounters his father's coffin. When he touches it all of his memories come back to him. He opens the coffin and discovers it empty. Christian Shephard is standing behind his son and explains to Jack where he is and what it means, saying, "the time you spent with these people was the most important period of your life." The 2004 flash-sideways timeline is revealed to have been an afterlife created by the survivors so they could find one another, independent of the time at which they died, and move on to "[[afterlife|the next phase]]" together. Jack and Christian go out into the church to meet the others. After many handshakes, hugs and kisses, Christian leaves through the front doors of the church and all are bathed in a light.

===Epilogue===
In the closing credits we see various shots of what appears to be the wreckage of Oceanic Flight 815 resting peacefully on the Island beach.

==Production==
[[Damon Lindelof]], producer, reported on his [[Twitter]] page that the finale completed shooting in Hawaii on April 24, 2010, exactly six years after filming was completed on the [[Pilot (Lost)|show's pilot]].<ref>{{Cite web |title = Twitter / Damon Lindelof: We wrapped the Pilot on my birthday. Bender called at 6 AM to say the finale is completed exactly six years later. The circle closes. |accessdate=2010-04-24 |date=2010-05-12 |url = http://twitter.com/DamonLindelof/statuses/12783965531}}</ref> When interviewed about the finale, [[Carlton Cuse]] stated that it had a real, definite resolution instead of "'a snow globe, waking up in bed, it's all been a dream, cut to black' kind of ending", referencing the series finales of ''[[St. Elsewhere]]'', ''[[Newhart#"The Last Newhart"|Newhart]]'', and ''[[Made in America (The Sopranos)|The Sopranos]]'', respectively.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/celebritology/2010/05/talking_lost_with_damon_lindel.html | title=Talking 'Lost' with Damon Lindelof and Carlton Cuse | publisher=Washington Post | date=2010-05-20 | accessdate=2010-05-23}}</ref>

The cast members have expressed satisfaction regarding the finale. [[Daniel Dae Kim]] stated "If you think about how many pieces the writers had to put together in order to make it fall into place, it’s mind-boggling, and they did such a great job... For me it was very satisfying. After I read it, I had to sit for five or 10 minutes, just reflecting and digesting, because it definitely makes an impact."<ref>{{Cite web |title = Lost: Daniel Dae Kim on Twists, Taking It Off and ‘The End' |publisher=TV Watch.com |author=Lopez, Mario |accessdate = 2010-03-31 |date= 2010-05-12 |url = http://tvwatch.people.com/2010/03/31/lost-daniel-dae-kim-on-twists-taking-it-off-and-the-end/#more-26029}}</ref> [[Michael Emerson]] has commented on the finale as well, "I have received the finale by degrees. I read the script without the secret scenes, then I read the secret scenes, then I shot the script and each time I’m thinking about 'what does this mean?' When I first read it, the ending wasn’t clear to me – but since then it’s grown more clear and I have to say, grown more satisfying the more I think about it. I expect a mixture of satisfaction and consternation amongst the viewers when it airs. But once they rewatch it, rethink about it and possibly look at the saga again, gradually they will feel like they have just read a good novel -- but you have to chew on it for a while."<ref>{{Cite web |title = Michael Emerson: Ben's about to form a dangerous new alliance |publisher=New York Post.com |author=Wieselman, Jarret |accessdate = 2010-05-11 |date= 2010-05-12 |url = http://www.nypost.com/p/blogs/popwrap/michael_emerson_84X3K3M1gDq8cgC0s2PxaM}}</ref> [[Nestor Carbonell]] described the finale as being "all about everyone’s resolutions."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguidemagazine.com/kecks-exclusives/how-will-lost-end-5118.html|title=How will Lost End?|publisher=TVGuide.com|author=Keck, William|date=May 20, 2010|accessdate=May 19, 2010}}</ref> Also, [[Henry Ian Cusick]] has said "There are so many walks of life getting together to talk about the show and so many issues to be brought up and that's exactly what the ending will bring up. People will be talking about it for weeks afterwards and that's what the show has always done."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hitfix.com/articles/2010-5-16-nestor-carbonell-and-henry-ian-cusick-tease-the-end-of-lost|title=Nestor Carbonell and Henry Ian Cusick tease the end of Lost.|publisher=Hitfix.com|author=Fienberg, Daniel|date=May 20, 2010|accessdate=May 16, 2010}}</ref>

After the finale, a post-finale special of [[Jimmy Kimmel Live!]], titled ''Jimmy Kimmel Live: Aloha to Lost'', will air at 12:05 a.m, showing three alternate endings. Which in the end turned out to be finale spoofs from ''[[Survivor]]'', ''[[The Sopranos]]'', and ''[[Newhart]]'' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/News/Lost-Series-Finale-1018123.aspx|title=ABC Extends Lost Series Finale by 30 Minutes|publisher=TVGuide.com|author=Stanhope, Kate|date=May 23, 2010|accessdate=May 5, 2010}}</ref> Lindelof and Cuse have stated that they shot only one ending for the finale. All three were spoofs of other classic finales and were produced by Jimmy Kimmel Live!<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lostpedia.wikia.com/index.php?title=Special:Outbound&f=Portal%3AOfficial_Lost_Podcast%2FSeason_6&u=http%3A%2F%2Fll.media.abc.com%2Fpodcast%2Faudio%2Fitunes%2FLOST_616_audio_podcast_86afa0aa-338f-4c33-b030-8c83e06af538_2963901.mp3|title=Executive Producers Damon Lindelof and Carlton Cuse rehash Across the Sea in their final audio podcast before the series finale|publisher=ABC.com}}</ref> An [[ABC network|ABC]] source reported that the DVD and Blu-ray release of season 6 will feature twenty minutes of additional scenes, some of which will have answers to questions, cut from the storyline due to running time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguidemagazine.com/kecks-exclusives/lost-to-continue-in-season-six-dvd-5119.html|title=How will Lost End?|publisher=TVGuide.com|author=Keck, William|date=May 20, 2010|accessdate=May 18, 2010}}</ref>

All former series regulars who appear ([[Ian Somerhalder]], [[Dominic Monaghan]], [[Jeremy Davies]], [[Maggie Grace]], [[Cynthia Watros]], [[Rebecca Mader]] and [[Elizabeth Mitchell]]) are restored in the main cast in this episode. Also, guest stars [[L. Scott Caldwell]], [[Sam Anderson]], [[Fionnula Flanagan]], [[John Terry (actor)|John Terry]], [[Sonya Walger]] and [[François Chau]] are upgraded to the main cast in these final episodes. This is the first time François Chau has ever been credited on the show in any capacity.

== References ==

{{Reflist|2}}

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{{LostEpisodes}}

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[[Category:2010 television episodes]]
[[Category:Television series finales]]

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Das Ende (Lost)

2010-05-24T09:29:22Z

TutterMouse: Reverted edits by 189.32.231.103 (talk) to last revision by Fox (HG)

Das Ende (Lost)

2010-05-24T09:23:36Z

TutterMouse: Reverted edits by 86.179.234.30 (talk) to last revision by Flowerkiller1692 (HG)

{{pp-semi|small=yes}}
{{Infobox television episode
| Title = The End
| Series = [[Lost (TV Series)|Lost]]
| Season = 6
| Episode = 17 & 18
| Airdate = {{Start date|2010|05|23}} [[United States]] [[Canada]] [[UK]] [[Republic of Ireland ]] 24/5/10
| Writer = [[Damon Lindelof]] & [[Carlton Cuse]]
| Director = [[Jack Bender]]
| Guests = {{MultiCol}}[[Ian Somerhalder]] [[Jeremy Davies]] [[Elizabeth Mitchell]] [[Maggie Grace]] [[Cynthia Watros]] [[Dominic Monaghan]] [[Rebecca Mader]] [[Dylan Minnette]]{{ColBreak}}[[John Terry (actor)|John Terry]] [[L. Scott Caldwell]] [[Sam Anderson]] [[Sonya Walger]] [[François Chau]] [[Fionnula Flanagan]] [[Neil Hopkins]] [[John Pyper-Ferguson]]{{EndMultiCol}}
| Prev = [[What They Died For]]
| Episode list = [[Lost (season 6)|''Lost'' (season 6)]] [[List of Lost episodes|List of ''Lost'' episodes]]
}}
"'''The End'''" is the [[series finale]] of the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] [[television series]] ''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]'', consisting of the 17th and 18th episodes of [[Lost (TV series)|season 6]]. It is also the 120th and 121st episodes overall. The episode aired simultaneously on ABC in the [[United States]], [[CTV Television Network|CTV]] in Canada, [[Fox]] and [[Cuatro (channel)|Cuatro]] in [[Spain]], [[DiziMax]] in [[Turkey]] and [[Sky1]] in the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[Republic of Ireland]] at 9pm [[Pacific Time Zone|Pacific Time]] on May 23, 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Final episode of LOST simultaneously with America |url=http://www.digiturk.com.tr/buhafta/lostfinal2.htm |accessdate=May 23, 2010 |date=May 23, 2010 |author=Digiturk |publisher=digiturk.com.tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sky 1 to simulcast Lost finale |url=http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/5014228.article |accessdate=May 20, 2010 |date=May 23, 2010 |author=Campbell Lisa |publisher=Broadcastnow.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lost: Sky1 To Simulcast The Lost Finale In The UK! May 24th At 5AM |url=http://sky1.sky.com/lost-sky1-to-simulcast-the-lost-finale-in-the-uk |date=May 23, 2010 |publisher=Sky.com}}</ref> Due to the time difference, its initial [[Spain]] simulcast airing will be at 6am (5am in the [[UK]]) [[British Summer Time|BST]]. In Ireland, [[RTÉ Two]] have decided to air it on Monday 24th May at 9pm rather than its usual Thursday night slot in the interest of fans who did not want to be spoiled. <ref>{{Cite web |title=RTÉ to show final of Lost next Monday |url=http://www.rte.ie/arts/2010/0521/lost.html |date=May 21, 2010 |accessdate=May 23, 2010 |publisher=RTE Entertainment.com}}</ref> It was written by co-creator/executive producer [[Damon Lindelof]] and executive producer [[Carlton Cuse]], and directed by executive producer [[Jack Bender]].<ref name="Apr23Sched">{{cite web |url=http://abcmedianet.com/primeschedule/ABCGRIDS_April26_May23.pdf |title=Weekly Primetime Schedule: April 26 - May 23, 2010 |publisher=[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] Medianet |date=April 23, 2010 |accessdate=April 24, 2010}}</ref> Unlike the previous [[season finale]]s, which were two hours long with advertisements, the series finale will be expanded by a half-hour; running two-and-a-half hours starting at 9/8c, with a retrospective of the past six seasons running for two hours, starting at 7/6c.<ref name="finaledate">{{Cite episode |title= [[Jimmy Kimmel Live!]] |credits= [[Damon Lindelof|Lindelof, Damon]] and [[Carlton Cuse|Cuse, Carlton]] |network= [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] |airdate= February 2, 2010}}</ref><ref name=3hourfinale>{{cite web |url=http://featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/entertainment_tv/2009/12/lost-season-6-cuse-lindelof-abc.html |title=''Lost'' Photos and Info Found: A Few Thoughts from Cuse and Lindelof on the End of the Island Drama |author=Ryan, Maureen |publisher=''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' |date=December 15, 2009 |accessdate=January 8, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= 'Lost' series finale will expand to two-and-a-half hours. |publisher=EW.com |author=Snierson, Dan |accessdate=2010-05-05 |date=2010-05-23 |url= http://news-briefs.ew.com/2010/05/04/lost-series-finale-will-expand-to-two-and-a-half-hours/}}</ref>

==Plot==
The opening shows alternating scenes between the sideways timeline in 2004 and the original 2007 timeline.

===2007===
Richard and Miles rescue Lapidus from the wreckage of the submarine. Jack confronts the [[Man in Black (Lost)|Man in Black]] and they travel to the heart of the island together with Desmond. Desmond is able to disable the light, making both Jack and the Man in Black mortal. Jack and Kate are able to kill the Man in Black but Jack is mortally wounded in the process. Lapidus, Richard, Sawyer, Kate, Claire, and Miles escape the island on the plane. Hurley takes over for Jack as the protector of the island shortly before Jack goes on a suicide mission to save the island. Desmond is saved by Jack, but Jack cannot save himself. The last thing Jack sees before he dies is the plane leaving the island. Walt's dog Vincent stays by Jack's side as he watches his friends escape from the island. Hurley, in his role as the new protector of the island, decides to help Desmond get home and asks Linus for his help after Linus suggests that Hurley change how things are run so people can come and go from the island now instead of being stuck there.

===2004===
Desmond continues to gather the Islanders who begin to recollect their time on the Island. Each begin to recognize one another and meet up later at a church. Kate instructs Jack to enter through the back, where he encounters his father's coffin. When he touches it all of his memories come back to him. He opens the coffin and discovers it empty. Christian Shephard is standing behind his son and explains to Jack where he is and what it means, saying, "the time you spent with these people was the most important period of your life." The 2004 flash-sideways timeline is revealed to have been an afterlife created by the survivors so they could find one another, independent of the time at which they died, and move on to "[[afterlife|the next phase]]" together. Jack and Christian go out into the church to meet the others. After many handshakes, hugs and kisses, Christian leaves through the front doors of the church and all are bathed in a light.

===Epilogue===
In the closing credits we see various shots of what appears to be the wreckage of Oceanic Flight 815 resting peacefully on the Island beach.

==Production==
[[Damon Lindelof]], producer, reported on his [[Twitter]] page that the finale completed shooting in Hawaii on April 24, 2010, exactly six years after filming was completed on the [[Pilot (Lost)|show's pilot]].<ref>{{Cite web |title = Twitter / Damon Lindelof: We wrapped the Pilot on my birthday. Bender called at 6 AM to say the finale is completed exactly six years later. The circle closes. |accessdate=2010-04-24 |date=2010-05-12 |url = http://twitter.com/DamonLindelof/statuses/12783965531}}</ref> When interviewed about the finale, [[Carlton Cuse]] stated that it had a real, definite resolution instead of "'a snow globe, waking up in bed, it's all been a dream, cut to black' kind of ending", referencing the series finales of ''[[St. Elsewhere]]'', ''[[Newhart#"The Last Newhart"|Newhart]]'', and ''[[Made in America (The Sopranos)|The Sopranos]]'', respectively.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/celebritology/2010/05/talking_lost_with_damon_lindel.html | title=Talking 'Lost' with Damon Lindelof and Carlton Cuse | publisher=Washington Post | date=2010-05-20 | accessdate=2010-05-23}}</ref>

The cast members have expressed satisfaction regarding the finale. [[Daniel Dae Kim]] stated "If you think about how many pieces the writers had to put together in order to make it fall into place, it’s mind-boggling, and they did such a great job... For me it was very satisfying. After I read it, I had to sit for five or 10 minutes, just reflecting and digesting, because it definitely makes an impact."<ref>{{Cite web |title = Lost: Daniel Dae Kim on Twists, Taking It Off and ‘The End' |publisher=TV Watch.com |author=Lopez, Mario |accessdate = 2010-03-31 |date= 2010-05-12 |url = http://tvwatch.people.com/2010/03/31/lost-daniel-dae-kim-on-twists-taking-it-off-and-the-end/#more-26029}}</ref> [[Michael Emerson]] has commented on the finale as well, "I have received the finale by degrees. I read the script without the secret scenes, then I read the secret scenes, then I shot the script and each time I’m thinking about 'what does this mean?' When I first read it, the ending wasn’t clear to me – but since then it’s grown more clear and I have to say, grown more satisfying the more I think about it. I expect a mixture of satisfaction and consternation amongst the viewers when it airs. But once they rewatch it, rethink about it and possibly look at the saga again, gradually they will feel like they have just read a good novel -- but you have to chew on it for a while."<ref>{{Cite web |title = Michael Emerson: Ben's about to form a dangerous new alliance |publisher=New York Post.com |author=Wieselman, Jarret |accessdate = 2010-05-11 |date= 2010-05-12 |url = http://www.nypost.com/p/blogs/popwrap/michael_emerson_84X3K3M1gDq8cgC0s2PxaM}}</ref> [[Nestor Carbonell]] described the finale as being "all about everyone’s resolutions."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguidemagazine.com/kecks-exclusives/how-will-lost-end-5118.html|title=How will Lost End?|publisher=TVGuide.com|author=Keck, William|date=May 20, 2010|accessdate=May 19, 2010}}</ref> Also, [[Henry Ian Cusick]] has said "There are so many walks of life getting together to talk about the show and so many issues to be brought up and that's exactly what the ending will bring up. People will be talking about it for weeks afterwards and that's what the show has always done."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hitfix.com/articles/2010-5-16-nestor-carbonell-and-henry-ian-cusick-tease-the-end-of-lost|title=Nestor Carbonell and Henry Ian Cusick tease the end of Lost.|publisher=Hitfix.com|author=Fienberg, Daniel|date=May 20, 2010|accessdate=May 16, 2010}}</ref>

After the finale, a post-finale special of [[Jimmy Kimmel Live!]], titled ''Jimmy Kimmel Live: Aloha to Lost'', will air at 12:05 a.m, showing three alternate endings. Which in the end turned out to be finale spoofs from ''[[Survivor]]'', ''[[The Sopranos]]'', and ''[[Newhart]]'' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/News/Lost-Series-Finale-1018123.aspx|title=ABC Extends Lost Series Finale by 30 Minutes|publisher=TVGuide.com|author=Stanhope, Kate|date=May 23, 2010|accessdate=May 5, 2010}}</ref> Lindelof and Cuse have stated that they shot only one ending for the finale. All three were spoofs of other classic finales and were produced by Jimmy Kimmel Live!<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lostpedia.wikia.com/index.php?title=Special:Outbound&f=Portal%3AOfficial_Lost_Podcast%2FSeason_6&u=http%3A%2F%2Fll.media.abc.com%2Fpodcast%2Faudio%2Fitunes%2FLOST_616_audio_podcast_86afa0aa-338f-4c33-b030-8c83e06af538_2963901.mp3|title=Executive Producers Damon Lindelof and Carlton Cuse rehash Across the Sea in their final audio podcast before the series finale|publisher=ABC.com}}</ref> An [[ABC network|ABC]] source reported that the DVD and Blu-ray release of season 6 will feature twenty minutes of additional scenes, some of which will have answers to questions, cut from the storyline due to running time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguidemagazine.com/kecks-exclusives/lost-to-continue-in-season-six-dvd-5119.html|title=How will Lost End?|publisher=TVGuide.com|author=Keck, William|date=May 20, 2010|accessdate=May 18, 2010}}</ref>

All former series regulars who appear ([[Ian Somerhalder]], [[Dominic Monaghan]], [[Jeremy Davies]], [[Maggie Grace]], [[Cynthia Watros]], [[Rebecca Mader]] and [[Elizabeth Mitchell]]) are restored in the main cast in this episode. Also, guest stars [[L. Scott Caldwell]], [[Sam Anderson]], [[Fionnula Flanagan]], [[John Terry (actor)|John Terry]], [[Sonya Walger]] and [[François Chau]] are upgraded to the main cast in these final episodes. This is the first time François Chau has ever been credited on the show in any capacity.

== References ==

{{Reflist|2}}

{{LostNav}}
{{LostEpisodes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:End, The}}
[[Category:Lost (TV series) episodes]]
[[Category:2010 television episodes]]
[[Category:Television series finales]]

[[es:The End (Lost)]]
[[ru:The End (Остаться в живых)]]
[[tr:The End (Lost)]]

Mary Daly

2009-05-26T16:02:41Z

TutterMouse: Reverted edits by 207.99.93.18 to last revision by 98.14.122.57 (HG)

{{Infobox Philosopher
| region = Western philosophy
| era = [[20th-century philosophy|20th]] century philosophy
| color = #B0C4DE
| image_name =
| image_size = 200px
| image_caption =
| name = Mary Daly
| birth = {{birth date and age|1928|10|16}}
| death =
| school_tradition = [[Feminist philosophy]]
| main_interests = [[Feminist theology]], [[ontology]], [[metaphysics]]
| notable_ideas =
| influences = [[Paul Tillich]], [[Martin Buber]], [[Thomas Aquinas]]
| influenced =
| signature =
}}'''Mary Daly''' (born October 16, 1928 in [[Schenectady]], [[New York]]) is a [[radical feminism|radical feminist]] [[philosophy|philosopher]] and [[theology|theologian]]. She taught at [[Boston College]], a [[Jesuit]]-run institution, for 33 years. Daly agreed to be retired from Boston College in 1999, after violating university policy by refusing to allow male students in her Women's Studies classroom; she did, however, [[Single-sex education|agree to teach them separately]].{{Fact|date=March 2009}}

==Education==

Before obtaining her two doctorates in [[Doctor of Sacred Theology|sacred theology]] and [[philosophy]] from the [[University of Fribourg]], [[Switzerland]], she received her [[B.A.]] in [[English language|English]] from [[The College of Saint Rose]], her M.A. in English from [[The Catholic University of America]], and a doctorate in religion from [[Saint Mary's College (Indiana)|St. Mary's College]].

==Career==

Daly taught classes at Boston College from 1967 to 1999, including courses in theology, [[feminist ethics]], and [[patriarchy]].

Daly was first threatened with dismissal when, following the publication of her first book, ''The Church and the Second Sex'' (1968), she was issued a [[terminal contract]]. As a result of support from the (then all-male) student body and the general public, however, Daly was ultimately granted tenure.

Daly's refusal to admit male students to some of her classes at Boston College also resulted in disciplinary action. While Daly argued that their presence inhibited class discussion; Boston College responded that her actions were in violation of [[title IX]] of federal law requiring the College to ensure that no person was excluded from an education program on the basis of sex, and of the University's own non-discrimination policy insisting that all courses be open to both male and female students.

In 1998, a [[discrimination]] claim against the college by two male students was backed by the [[Center for Individual Rights]], a conservative advocacy group. Following further reprimand, Daly absented herself from classes rather than admit the male students.<ref>[http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/rvp/pubaf/chronicle/v7/mr4/daly.html Daly's Absence Prompts Cancellations]</ref> Boston College removed her [[tenure]] rights, citing a verbal agreement by Daly to retire. She brought suit against the college disputing violation of her tenure rights and claiming she was forced out against her will, but her request for an [[injunction]] was denied by Middlesex Superior Court Judge Martha Sosman.<ref>[http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/rvp/pubaf/chronicle/v7/my28/daly.html Judge Denies Daly's Bid for Injunction]</ref>

An [[out-of-court settlement]] was reached in which Daly agreed that she had retired from her faculty position.<ref>[http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/rvp/pubaf/chronicle/v9/f15/daly.html Mary Daly Ends Suit, Agrees to Retire]</ref> However, Daly maintains that Boston College wronged her students by depriving her of her right to teach freely to only female students.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,,315338,00.html Unholy row as feminist lecturer bars men | The Guardian | Guardian Unlimited]</ref> She documented her account of the events in the 2006 book ''Amazon Grace: Recalling the Courage to Sin Big''.

Daly recently protested the commencement speech of [[Condoleezza Rice]] at Boston College and continues to speak on campuses around the United States as well as internationally.

==Works==

Daly has published a number of works, and is perhaps best known for her second book, ''Beyond God the Father'' (1973). ''Beyond God the Father'' is the last book in which Daly really considers God a substantive subject. She lays out her systematic theology, following Tillich’s example.<ref name=autogenerated1>Riswold, Caryn D."Two Reformers: Martin Luther and Mary Daly as Political Theologians'', page 33. Wipf and Stock Publishers: Eugene, OR 2007</ref> It is often regarded as a foundational work in feminist theology, ''Beyond God the Father'' is her attempt to explain and overcome [[androcentrism]] in [[Western religion]]. It is notable for its playful writing style and its attempt to rehabilitate "God-talk" for the women's liberation movement by critically building on the writing of existentialist theologians such as [[Paul Tillich]] and [[Martin Buber]]. While the former increasingly characterized her writing, she soon abandoned the latter.

Daly’s ''Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism'' (1978) argues that men throughout history have sought to oppress women. In this book she moves beyond her previous thoughts on the history of patriarchy to the focus on the actual practices that, in her view, perpetuate patriarchy, which she calls a religion.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

Daly’s ''Pure Lust: Elemental Feminist Philosophy'' (1984) and ''Webster’s First New Intergalactic Wickedary of the English Language'' (1987) introduce and explore an alternative language to explain the process of exorcism and ecstasy. In ''Wickedary'' Daly provides definitions as well as chants that she says can be used by women to free themselves from patriarchal oppression. She also explores the labels that she says patriarchal society places on women to prolong what she sees as male domination of society. Daly says it is the role of women to unveil the liberatory nature of labels such as “Hag”, “Witch”, and “Lunatic”.<ref>Ruether, Rosemary Radford. "Women and Redemption", page 219. Augsburg Fortress Publishers: Minneapolis, MN 1998</ref>

Daly's work continues to influence feminism and [[feminist theology]], as well as the developing concept of [[biophilia]] as an alternative and challenge to social necrophilia. She is an [[Ethics of eating meat|ethical vegetarian]] and [[animal rights]] activist. ''Gyn/Ecology'', ''Pure Lust'', and ''Webster's First New Intergalactic Wickedary'' all endorse anti-[[Animal testing|vivisection]] and anti-[[Fur clothing|fur]] positions. Daly is a member of the advisory board of Feminists For Animal Rights.

Daly has created her own theological anthropology based around the context of what it means to be a woman. She has created a dualistic thought-praxis that separates the world into the world of false images that create oppression and the world of communion in true being. She labels these two areas Foreground and Background respectively. Daly considers the Foreground the realm of patriarchy and the Background the realm of the Woman. Daly argues that the Background is under and behind the surface of the false reality of the Foreground. The Foreground, for Daly, is a distortion of true being. The Foreground is the paternalistic society in which she says most people live. It has no real energy, but sucks the “life energy” of women residing in the Background. Daly explains that women can be both in the Foreground and in the Background. In her view, the Foreground creates a world of poisons that contaminate natural life. She calls the male-centered world of the Foreground necrophilic, hating all living things. In contrast, the Background is conceived of as a place where all things that are alive connect. <ref>Ruether, Rosemary Radford. "Women and Redemption", page 218. Augsburg Fortress Publishers: Minneapolis, MN 1998</ref> <ref>Hoagland, Sarah and Frye, Marilyn. "Feminist Interpretations of Mary Daly", page 60. Augsburg Fortress Publishers: Minneapolis, MN 1998</ref>

==Controversy and criticism==

In ''Gyn/Ecology'' Daly claims that the number of people killed as witches during the [[Witch Hunt]] in early modern Europe added up to nine million people, mostly women. This high figure, which has since been called into question<ref name="caputi-sexcrime"/>, caused her to coin the term "Gynocide" and to draw comparisons with the [[Holocaust]]. The most common estimates today range from 200,000 to 500,000 people killed, which would still qualify as "genocide" by most common usages of the word. <ref name="caputi-sexcrime">{{cite book|last=Caputi|first=Jane|title=The Age Of Sex Crime|publisher=Bowling Green State University Popular Press|location=Bowling Green, Ohio|date=1987|pages=96|chapter=4|isbn=0-87972-386-6|language=English}}</ref>

Also in ''Gyn/Ecology,'' Daly asserted her negative view of transsexual people, whom she referred to as "Frankensteinian." She labels transsexualism a "male problem" and claims that post-operative transsexuals exist in a "contrived and artifactual condition."<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=_Vhe2AgQYckC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0#PPA238,M1</ref> Daly was also the dissertation advisor to [[Janice Raymond]], whose dissertation, published in 1979 as The Transsexual Empire, is critical of "[[transsexualism]]." Transsexual activist [[Riki Wilchins]] has accused Daly of being [[Transphobia|transphobic]].

In a personal letter to Daly, published after four months without any reply, [[Audre Lorde]] expressed a fondness for Daly's work, but expressed concern over ''Gyn/Ecology'', citing homogenizing tendencies, and a refusal to acknowledge the "herstory and myth" of non-white women. <ref>Lorde, Audre. ''An Open Letter to Mary Daly'', page 66-71. Crossing Press: Berkeley. 1984</ref> The letter, and Daly's decision not to publicly respond, greatly affected the reception of Daly's work among other feminist theorists, and has been described as a "paradigmatic example of challenges to white feminist theory by feminists of color in the 1980s." <ref>Katherine, Amber L. "'A Too Early Morning': Audre Lorde's 'An Open Letter to Mary Daly' and Daly's Decision Not to Respond in Kind," ''Feminist Interpretations of Mary Daly'', page 267. University of Pennsylvania State Press: University Park, PA. 2000</ref>

Daly advocates research on [[parthenogenesis]], the growth and development of an [[embryo]] or seed without fertilization by a male, and quotes Anne Dellenbaugh's theory that it may become "nothing less than the process of a woman creating her Self."<ref>Daly, Mary. ''Pure Lust: Elemental Feminist Philosophy'', page 114. Beacon Press: Boston. 1984</ref> Daly uses parthenogenesis to discuss the Christian doctrine of the Virgin Birth. Some interpret this as a search for a means of creating a male-free paradise, and in general consider her a [[misandry|misandrist]] who practices discrimination and perpetuates sexism.{{Fact|date=June 2008}}

In an interview with [[What Is Enlightenment? (magazine)|What Is Enlightenment?]] magazine, Daly said, "If life is to survive on this planet, there must be a decontamination of the Earth. I think this will be accompanied by an evolutionary process that will result in a drastic reduction of the population of males."<ref>[http://www.wie.org/j16/daly.asp?page=3 Mary Daly: No Man's Land]</ref>

== Notes ==

{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*''Natural Knowledge of God in the Philosophy of Jacques Maritain''. Officium Libri Catholici, 1966. {{OCLC|2219525}}
*''The Church and the Second Sex''. Harper & Row, 1968. {{OCLC|1218746}}
*''Beyond God the Father: Toward a Philosophy of Women's Liberation''. Beacon Press, 1973. ISBN 0807027685
*''Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism''. Beacon Press, 1978. ISBN 0807015105
*''Pure Lust: Elemental Feminist Philosophy''. Beacon Press, 1984. ISBN 0807015040
*''Websters' First New Intergalactic Wickedary of the English Language, Conjured in Cahoots with Jane Caputi''. (with [[Jane Caputi]] and [[Sudie Rakusin]]). Beacon Press, 1987. ISBN 0807067067
*''Outercourse: The Bedazzling Voyage, Containing Recollections from My Logbook of a Radical Feminist Philosopher''. HarperSanFrancisco, 1992. ISBN 0062501941
*''Quintessence... Realizing the Archaic Future: A Radical Elemental Feminist Manifesto''. Beacon Press, 1998. ISBN 0807067903
*''Amazon Grace: Re-Calling the Courage to Sin Big''. Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. ISBN 1403968535

==External links==
*[http://www.marydaly.net Mary Daly's Official Website]
*[http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/daly_m.html Mary Daly on the GLBTQ encyclopedia].
*http://www.cddc.vt.edu/feminism/Daly.html
*http://cat.nyu.edu/wickedary/dalyinfo.html
*http://www.uua.org/ga/ga01/3032.html . Audio presentation on Daly's reading of her latest work, [[Amazon Grace: A 21st century Radical Feminist Adventure]],cited as of May 5, 2006.
*[http://www.archive.org/details/KDVS_The_Fringe_4-5-06 Interview with Mary Daly on KDVS, April 5 2006]

{{Persondata
|NAME=Daly, Mary
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Feminist theologian
|DATE OF BIRTH=October 16, 1928
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Schenectady]], [[New York]], [[United States]]
|DATE OF DEATH=living
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Daly, Mary}}
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American feminist writers]]
[[Category:American women writers]]
[[Category:Boston College faculty]]
[[Category:Feminist philosophers]]
[[Category:Feminist studies scholars]]
[[Category:Feminist theology]]
[[Category:Gender studies academics]]
[[Category:LGBT feminists]]
[[Category:LGBT writers from the United States]]
[[Category:St. Mary's College (Indiana) alumni]]
[[Category:The Catholic University of America alumni]]
[[Category:Women philosophers]]

[[de:Mary Daly]]
[[el:Μέρι Ντέιλι]]
[[it:Mary Daly]]
[[pl:Mary Daly]]
[[sv:Mary Daly]]

Horsforth

2009-04-13T15:14:44Z

TutterMouse: Reverted edits by 62.172.212.83 to last revision by Skier Dude (HG)

{{Infobox UK place |
|country = England
|official_name = Horsforth
|latitude = 53.83413
|longitude = -1.64288
|population = 21,562 ([[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]])
|metropolitan_borough = [[City of Leeds]]
|metropolitan_county = [[West Yorkshire]]
|region = Yorkshire and the Humber
|constituency_westminster = [[Pudsey (UK Parliament constituency)|Pudsey]]
|constituency_westminster1 = [[Leeds North West (UK Parliament constituency)|Leeds North West]]
|post_town = LEEDS
|postcode_district = LS18
|postcode_area = LS
|dial_code = 0113
|os_grid_reference = SE236376
|static_image = [[Image:Horsforth.jpg|240px|Town Street,Horsforth]]
|static_image_caption = Town Street, Horsforth
}}

'''Horsforth''' is a suburb and village in [[Leeds]], [[West Yorkshire]], [[England]].

Horsforth was considered to have the [[largest village in England|largest population of any village in the United Kingdom]] during the latter part of the nineteenth century. It became part of the City of Leeds metropolitan borough in 1974, and became a town in 1999, although displays all the characteristics of a suburb as it has become physically and economically connected to Leeds, and few characteristics of an independent town.

==History==
[[File:Horsforth Museum.jpg|thumb|left|Horsforth Museum]]
[[File:New Road Side, Horsforth.jpg|thumb|left|New Road Side]]
Horsforth first appeared in the 1086 [[Domesday Book]] (as ''Horseford'', ''Horseforde'', ''Hoseforde'') and its name is from ''[[horse]]'' and ''[[ford (river)|ford]]''. This refers to a river crossing situated somewhere in shallow water along the [[River Aire]], probably used for the transportation of woollen goods to and from [[Pudsey]], [[Shipley, West Yorkshire|Shipley]] and [[Bradford]]. The original ford was situated off Calverley Lane (near the ''Calverley Bridge Zero Waste Sort Site''), but was replaced by a stone footbridge at the turn of the 19th Century.

The three unnamed [[Anglo-Saxons|Saxon]] [[thegns]] that held the land at the conquest gave way to the King and then lesser [[Normans|Norman]] nobles,{{Fact|date=February 2007}} but it was not long after this that most of the village came under the control of [[Kirkstall Abbey]], a nearby [[Cistercian]] house founded in 1152.

After the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries]] in 1539, Horsforth was partitioned and sold off to five families, one of which was the Stanhopes who achieved supremacy and controlled the village for the next three hundred years. The estate record of the Stanhopes are regarded as one of the most extensive and important collections of its kind, complementing the extensive mediaeval record associated with Kirkstall Abbey's activities.

Up until the mid nineteenth century Horsforth was a small agricultural community. It expanded rapidly with the growth of the nearby industrial centre of Leeds. Industrially, Horsforth has a long history of producing high quality stone from its quarries. Not only did it supply [[Kirkstall Abbey]] with building materials and millstones in the medieval period, it provided the stone for [[Scarborough, North Yorkshire|Scarborough]] seafront and sent its prized sandstone from its Golden Bank quarry as far afield as [[Egypt]]. Situated on Horsforth Beck (Oil Mill Beck) were a string of mills serving the textile trade, but a large area of the town still reflects its original function as an agricultural community.

Between 1861 and 1862, there was an outbreak of [[typhoid]] in Horsforth.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=htEDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA406&dq=horsforth&as_brr=1&output=html Epidemiological Society of London, ''Transactions'' (in GoogleBooks)]</ref>

In the late nineteenth century it achieved note as the village with the largest population in England. Railways, turnpike roads, tramways, and the nearby canal made it a focus for almost all forms of public and commercial transport and sealed its fate as a dormitory suburb of Leeds. Despite its large population and extensive commercial activity this role appears to have stopped it achieving independent town status and it remained a village (as Horsforth [[urban district]]) until its inclusion in the [[City of Leeds]] metropolitan district when this was created in 1974. However, in 1999 a [[parish council]] was created for the area, which then exercised its right to declare Horsforth a town.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.leeds.gov.uk/files/Internet2007/2009/6/horsforth caa for full designation-final version.pdf | title=Horsforth Conservation Area Appraisal and Management Plan | publisher=Leeds City Council | page=7 | date=2008-11-10 | accessdate=2009-03-28 }}</ref>

Horsforth Museum<ref>[http://www.ukattraction.com/yorkshire/horsforth-museum.htm Horsforth Museum, Leeds - Yorkshire - UK Attraction]</ref> has collections and displays that aim to illustrate aspects of life set against the backdrop of the changing role of the village.

During [[World War II]] the £241,000 required to build the corvette HMS ''Aubretia'' was raised entirely by the people of Horsforth. In 2000 the then [[President of the United States|US President]] [[Bill Clinton]] acknowledged Horsforth's contribution to the war effort in a letter sent to local MP [[Paul Truswell]]<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/773913.stm Storm over U-boat film, BBC News, 2 June 2000]</ref>. The letter now resides in the museum.

==Location Grid==
 
{{NSEW|[[Yeadon, West Yorkshire|Yeadon]]|[[Hawksworth, West Yorkshire|Hawksworth]]|[[Moor Grange]]|[[Rawdon, West Yorkshire|Rawdon]]|||||}}

==Transport==
===Rail===
[[File:Horsforth station.jpg|thumb|right|[[Horsforth railway station]] looking South towards Leeds]]
[[Horsforth railway station]] is on the [[Harrogate Line|Leeds to Harrogate line]]. The station lies just outside the Horsforth parish boundary, on the [[Cookridge]] side of Moseley beck, but has a Horsforth (LS18) postcode.

Newlay station, which was built as part of the Midland Railway, was renamed ''Newlay & Horsforth'' station in 1889. This station was situated south of the [[River Aire]] and was accessible from Horsforth on Pollard Lane (the road connecting Horsforth to [[Bramley, Leeds|Bramley]]).<ref>[http://www.multimap.com/map/browse.cgi?client=public&X=424000.083541348&Y=436500.93831502&width=700&height=400&gride=424042.083541348&gridn=438498.93831502&srec=0&coordsys=gb&db=freegaz&addr1=&addr2=&addr3=&pc=&advanced=&local=&localinfosel=&kw=&inmap=&table=&ovtype=&keepicon=true&zm=0&scale=10000&up.x=296&up.y=9 Multi Map]</ref> The station, which was on the Airedale Line (Leeds-Shipley-Skipton), was renamed Newlay station in 1961. It closed on [[22 March]] [[1965]], along with other stations on the [[Airedale Line]]: Armley Canal Road, Kirkstall, Calverley & Rodley and [[Apperley Bridge railway station|Apperley Bridge]].

===Bus===
The town is served by [[First Leeds]] bus routes: 
* 9 - [[Seacroft]] to [[Holt Park]] via [[Rothwell, West Yorkshire|Rothwell]] & [[Pudsey]]
* 31, 32 - Horsforth Town Circular
* 33/33A - [[Leeds City Centre]] to [[Guiseley]]/[[Otley]] via [[Kirkstall]], New Road Side, [[Guiseley]] & [[Menston]]
* 50/50a - Horsforth (The Green) to [[Seacroft]] via [[Burley, Leeds|Burley]], Leeds City Centre & [[Harehills]]
* 81/81a - [[Holt Park]]/[[Tinshill]] to [[Pudsey]] via Horsforth
* 82 - Horsforth to Holt Park
* 97 - Leeds City Centre to Guiseley via [[Headingley]], Horsforth & [[Yeadon, West Yorkshire|Yeadon]]
* 731 - Leeds to Otley via Headingley, Horsforth & Yeadon (limited service)
* 757 - Leeds to Otley via New Road Side, [[Leeds Bradford Airport|Leeds/Bradford Airport]] & [[Pool-in-Wharfedale|Pool]].

===Air===
[[Leeds Bradford International Airport]]

==Education ==

[[Leeds Trinity & All Saints]] was previously an independent college but is now an accredited college of the [[University of Leeds]], on Brownberrie Lane, Horsforth. It is known as TASC, or TASC Island, by its students.

Horsforth has a large number of good schools, and is a popular part of Leeds for young families.

The main secondary school is [[Horsforth School]]<ref>[http://www.horsforth.leeds.sch.uk/ Horsforth school official website]</ref>.

The main primary schools in Horsforth are;
*[[West End Lane Primary School]]
*[[St Margaret's Primary School, Horsforth|St Margaret's Primary School]]
*[[Newlaithes Junior School]]
*[[Westbrook Lane Primary School]]
*[[Broadgate Lane Primary School]]
*[[St. Mary's Catholic Primary School]]
*[[Horsforth Featherbank Infant School]] is an [[infant school]] in Horsforth.<ref>[http://www.featherbank.leeds.sch.uk/welcome.asp Homepage]</ref> Featherbank school was opened in January 1911. At the time the school was opened as a [[primary school]] to replace the Grove day school. In 1933 the Infant Department was moved to the Grove Methodist Church, which was located on Stanhope Drive, where it remained until June 1960 when it transferred to the annexe of the school. In 1972, the juniors (7–11 years) at the school were allocated places at the newly built [[Newlaithes Junior School]]. The school then became a pure Infant School (4–7 years) and is how it remains today.<ref>[http://www.featherbank.leeds.sch.uk/keyinfo_detail.asp?Section=3&Ref=13 school history]</ref>

====Independent school====
*[[Froebelian School]] (ages 3–11)

== Architecture ==
Horsforth is notable for having a large percentage of sandstone buildings sourced from local quarries, more than any other part of Leeds. A [[design statement]]<ref>[http://www.leeds.gov.uk/files/pressReleases/2008/month9/inter_A5A958F120E3464B802574C500510B28_PR_1.pdf Horsforth Design Statement Presentation]</ref> is currently being written to help preserve Horsforths character when considering new planning applications.

== Churches ==
The main churches in Horsforth are;
*Lister Hill Baptist Church is a [[Baptist]] church located on Brownberrie Avenue. Lister Hill runs many [[outreach]] ministry events which are open to the community. The church regularly runs an [[alpha course]] for both adults and teenagers, as well as clubs for toddlers, a youth group and many other clubs. The church runs two services every Sunday morning. The worship group usually consists of singers, a [[keyboardist]], [[guitar]]s,a [[bass guitar]] and a [[drum]]mer.<ref>[http://www.listerhill.ik.com/ Lister Hill Baptist Church]</ref>

*Cragg Hill Baptist Church
*Woodside Methodist Church
*St Margaret's Church of England
*St James Woodside Church of England
*St Mary's Roman Catholic Church
*Willow Green Christian Fellowship
*Central Methodist Church
*Grove Methodist church
*Trinity and All Saints (Catholic Institution)
*Verona Fathers - Comboni Missionaries
*Link fellowship
*Horsforth Congregation of Jehovah's witnesses

== Pubs and bars ==
[[File:Black Bull, Horsforth.jpg|thumb|right|The Black Bull on Town Street]]
[[File:Queens Arms, Horsforth.jpg|thumb|right|Queens Arms]]

Horsforth has an ever increasing number of pubs and bars. Longstanding pubs in Horsforth include:

* The Black Bull
* The Bridge
* The Fleece
* The Fox and Hounds (although this is on the [[Cookridge]] side of Moseley Beck)
* The Grey Horse
* The Horsforth Hotel (don't be mislead it is not a hotel)
* The Old Ball (previously called the Old Bull)
* The Old Kings Arms
* The Queens Arms is probably Horsforths oldest Pub
* The Ringway
* The Woodside

Newer bars on Town Street:
* The Sand Bar (previously a Take-away) is a trendy wine bar
* Town Street Tavern (previously an Off-License) serves wide range of traditional ales and is part of the [[Market Town Taverns]] group
* Bar 62 is a sports bar
* Bar 166 is another wine bar type place.
* Medusa Bar (previously Men Clothes Outlet) mainly Tapas restaurant

and on New Road Side:
* Suburban Style Bar
* Kobe (previously Fat Francos) mainly an American-Italian resturant

A regular event in Horsforth is the ''''Horsforth Mile'''' pub crawl. This usually starts off at the Fox and Hounds next to the railway station, although this is regarded by many as being in Cookridge, so an alternative is to begin at The Old Ball, and meander through at least 10 pubs in the town.

== Sports clubs and Facilities ==
*Yarnbury Rugby Club
*Old Ball Cricket Field (Home of [http://horsforth.play-cricket.com/home/home.asp Horsforth Cricket Club])
*Hall Park Cricket Field (Home of Hall Park Cricket Club)
*Horsforth Golf Club
*Old Ball Football Pitches (Home of Horsforth St.Margarets FC)
*Cragg Hill Football Pitches (Home of Horsforth St.Margarets FC)
*The Rec FootballPitch (Home of Horsforth Ringway)
*Horsorth School Astroturf (Owned by [[Horsforth School]])
*Horsforth School Football and Rugby Pitches (Owned by [[Horsforth School]])

==Notable people from Horsforth==
*The [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|Foreign Secretary]] [[David Miliband]] who, although originally from [[London]], attended Horsforth Newlaithes Junior School in the 1970s when his father [[Ralph Miliband]] was a professor at the [[University of Leeds]]<ref>[http://archive.cravenherald.co.uk/2003/11/27/105391.html "Memories for Minister as he visits his old schools", Bradford Telegraph & Argus, 27 November 2003]</ref><ref>[http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/miliband/ralphMiliband.htm Ralph Miliband biography, London School of Economics website]</ref>
*The footballer [[James Milner (footballer)|James Milner]] who attended Horsforth School and currently plays for [[Aston Villa]].
*The actors [[Matthew Lewis (actor)|Matthew Lewis]] ([[Neville Longbottom]] in the [[Harry Potter film series|''Harry Potter'' film series]]), [[Patric Knowles]] and [[Frazer Hines]]
*The keyboard player [[Nick Baines]], from the [[Kaiser Chiefs]]
*The singer [[Marc Almond]]<ref>[http://www.marcalmond.co.uk/manager/profile.htm Profile]</ref>, who was educated at Featherbank Primary School until 1968
*David Oxtoby, artist<ref>[http://www.redfern-gallery.com/pages/artistinfo/120.html David Oxtoby Info from redfern gallery]</ref>
*Actor [[Malcolm McDowell]], famous for his film roles including ''[[If... (film)|If...]]'', ''[[A Clockwork Orange (film)|A Clockwork Orange]]'' and ''[[O Lucky Man!]]''.
*[[Paralympic]] double gold medalist and OBE David Stone<ref>http://www.horsforthtoday.co.uk/sport/Dave-Stone-Horsforth-cyclist-wins.4502213.jp]</ref>
*[[Olympic]] cycling Brone Medallist Jonny Clay<ref>[http://www.horsforthtoday.co.uk/news/Jonny-Clay-Horsforth39s-own-Olympic.4431632.jp Jonny Clay in Horsforth Today]</ref> and Triathelete Keith Brownlee<ref>[http://www.horsforthtoday.co.uk/videoandaudio/Video-Dad-cheers-on-Horsforth39s.4369335.jp Keith Brownlee in Horsforth Today]</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Morrisons, Horsforth, Leeds.jpg|Morrisons in Horsforth
File:Brownberrie Roundabout.jpg|Brownberrie Roundabout
File:LCW Horsforth.jpg|[[Leeds Country Way]] close to Horsforth
</gallery>
More pictures available from the [http://www.flickr.com/groups/667744@N24/| Horsforth LS18 group on flickr]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.horsforthtoday.co.uk Horsforth Today Online Newspaper]
*[https://sites.leedslearning.net/schools/horsforth/Pages/Index.aspx Horsforth school website]
* [http://www.horsforthtoday.co.uk/ YEP Horsforth Today Community Website]
* [http://www.horsforthtowncouncil.co.uk/ Horsforth Town Council website]
* [http://www.horsforth.com/ Horsforth Community website]
* {{cite web | url = http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/YKS/WRY/Guiseley/index.html | title = The Ancient Parish of Guiseley | publisher = [[GENUKI]] | accessdate=2007-10-29}} Horsforth was in this parish
*[http://www.listerhill.ik.com/ Lister Hill Baptist Church site]
{{City of Leeds}}

[[Category:Places in Leeds]]
[[Category:Towns in West Yorkshire]]

[[la:Horsfordia]]
[[simple:Horsforth]]
[[sv:Horsforth]]

Lafayette College

2009-04-13T14:41:49Z

TutterMouse: Reverted edits by 128.180.213.173 to last revision by VolkovBot (HG)

{{Infobox University |
image = [[Image:Seal Lafayette College.jpg|center]] |
name = Lafayette College |
motto = {{lang|la|''Veritas liberabit''}} ([[Latin]] for "The truth shall make you free")<ref name="inauguration">{{cite web | url=http://www.lafayette.edu/community/president/inaug/history.html | title = Inauguration of Daniel Weiss | publisher = Lafayette College | accessdate=2007-04-01}}</ref> |
established = 1826 |
type = [[Private school|Private]] |
endowment = $683 million<ref name="NACUBO">{{cite web | url=http://www.nacubo.org/documents/research/NES2008PublicTable-AllInstitutionsByFY08MarketValue.pdf | title=2008 Endowment Study | publisher=NACUBO | accessdate=2009-01-27}}</ref> |
president = [[Daniel Weiss]] |
city = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Easton, Pennsylvania|Easton]] |
state = [[Pennsylvania|PA]] |
country = [[United States|USA]] |
undergrad = 2,382 (54% male, 46% female) <ref name="ataglance">{{cite web | url=http://www.lafayette.edu/promos/glance/index.html | title=Lafayette at a Glance | publisher=Lafayette College | accessdate=2007-03-27}}</ref> |
faculty = 199 full-time members <ref name="ataglance" />|
campus = [[Suburban]] 110 [[acre]] (0.4 km²) main campus and additional {{convert|230|acre|km2|sing=on}} athletic complex (0.9 km²)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://lafayette.edu/promos/glance/index.html | title=Lafayette at a Glance | publisher=Lafayette College | accessdate=2007-07-07}}</ref>|
free_label = Student Life |
free = 250 groups, clubs, & sports |
colors = [[Maroon (color)|Maroon]] and [[white]] {{color box|#800000}} {{color box|white}} |
mascot = Leopard [[Image:Lafayette college leopard logo.gif|75px]] |
fightsong = "Lafayette Fight Song 1898" |
website = [http://www.lafayette.edu www.lafayette.edu]
}}

'''Lafayette College''' is a [[private school|private]] [[coeducation]]al [[Liberal arts colleges in the United States|liberal arts and engineering college]] located in [[Easton, Pennsylvania|Easton]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[United States|USA]]. The school, founded in 1826 by citizens of Easton, first began holding classes in 1832.<ref name="historyoflaf">{{cite web | url=http://www.lafayette.edu/community/history.html | title = History of Lafayette College | publisher = Lafayette College | accessdate=2007-01-22}}</ref> The founders voted to name the school after [[General Lafayette]], then in a farewell tour of the country, as "a testimony of respect for [his] talents, virtues, and signal services...the great cause of freedom."<ref name="historyoflaf"/> (initially Marquis de Lafayette until June 1790, when he abolished and permanently renounced both the nobility and aristocratic title<ref name=Niles>Niles' Weekly Register, BALTIMORE, June 26,1824; LAFAYETTE (before Lafayette’s arrival in NYC on August 15, 1824; In an 1818, book preface to "Olive Branch", Lafayette’s close friend and protégé, Mathew Carey wrote of Nile's, "the best periodical work ever published in America") '''"I have taken the liberty to strike out "the marquis" and say ''general'' LaFayette: seeing that he himself has disavowed the title, it is to be hoped the republicans of the United States will not offend him by heaping the senseless thing upon him"'''</ref>).

The student body, consisting entirely of [[undergraduate]]s, come from 37 [[U.S. State]]s and 57 countries.<ref name="intdevelop">{{cite web | url=http://ww2.lafayette.edu/~intercultural/admissions.php | title = Intercultural Development | publisher = Lafayette College | accessdate=2008-11-15}}</ref> In its 2009 edition, ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' ranked Lafayette 35th out of all liberal arts colleges in the nation,<ref name="usnews">{{cite web | url=http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/college/rankings/brief/t1libartco_brief.php | title = America's Best Colleges 2007 | publisher = ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' | accessdate=2007-01-22}}</ref> while [[Barron's Educational Series|Barron's]] ranked it among the top 65 "Most Competitive" colleges and universities.<ref name="ataglance"/> Lafayette's endowment is one of the 100 largest in the country, indicating significant wealth, especially for an entirely undergraduate institution.<ref name="endowment">{{cite web | url=http://chronicle.com/premium/stats/endowments/endowment_results.php3?Year=2007&Order=1&State_Type=All_states&limit= | title = The Chronicle - College and University Endowments | publisher = Chronicle of Higher Education | accessdate=2007-05-04}}</ref> Its 23 Division I sports teams participate in the [[Patriot League]], with its football team claiming the league championship from 2004-2006.<ref name="laffootball">{{cite web | url=http://goleopards.cstv.com/sports/m-footbl/lafa-m-footbl-body.html | title = Lafayette College Football | publisher = Lafayette College | accessdate=2007-01-22}}</ref>

==History==
A group of Easton citizens led by James Madison Porter met on [[December 27]], [[1824]] at White's Tavern to explore the possibility of opening a college.<ref name="inauguration"/> The recent visit of the [[General Lafayette]] to [[New York]] prompted the founders to name the school after the [[France|French]] [[military officer]].<ref name="historyoflaf"/> The group also established the 35-member Board of Trustees, a system of governance that has remained at the College since its inception.<ref name="inauguration"/> In need of an education plan, the meeting gave the responsibility to Porter, lawyer Jacob Wagener, and [[Yale]] educated lawyer Joel Jones.<ref name="inauguration"/> The charter gained approval and on [[March 9]], [[1826]], [[Pennsylvania Governor]] [[John Andrew Shulze]]'s signature made the college official.<ref name="inauguration"/>

[[Image:Lafayette-statue.JPG|left|thumb|220px|Bronze statue of the General Lafayette by Daniel Chester French in front of Colton Chapel.]]

The school did not open until six years later when the Rev. [[George Junkin]], a [[Presbyterian]] [[Minister (Christianity)|minister]], took up the charter and moved the all-male Manual Labor Academy of Pennsylvania from Germantown to Easton.<ref name="historyoflaf"/> Classes began on [[May 9]], [[1832]], with the instruction of 43 students on the south bank of the [[Lehigh River]] in a rented farmhouse.<ref name="historyoflaf"/> Students had to earn money to support the program by laboring in the fields and workshops.<ref name="historyoflaf"/> Later that year, Lafayette purchased what is now known as "College Hill" - nine [[acre]]s of elevated land across [[Bushkill Creek]].<ref name="historyoflaf"/> The College's first building was constructed two years later on the current site of South College.<ref name="historyoflaf"/>

Lafayette became affiliated with the [[Presbyterian Church]] in 1854,<ref name="missionstatement">{{cite web | url=http://www.lafayette.edu/academics/mission.html | title = Mission Statement and Accreditation | publisher = Lafayette College | accessdate=}}</ref> although recently the ending of this official relationship has been discussed.<ref name="chaplainposition">{{cite web | url=http://media.www.thelaf.com/media/storage/paper339/news/2004/02/20/News/Chaplain.Position.To.Be.Eliminated.Upon.Millers.Retirement.This.Spring-.shtml?sourcedomain=www.thelaf.com&MIIHost=media.collegepublisher.com | title = Chaplain position to be eliminated upon Miller's retirement this spring | publisher = The Lafayette | accessdate=}}</ref> In 1857, [[Francis March]] became the first professor of [[English studies|English]] at an American college when Lafayette became the first college to implement the program of study.<ref name="historyoflaf"/>

''The Lafayette'', Lafayette's weekly student newspaper, was founded in 1870 and is the oldest college newspaper in Pennsylvania.<ref name="thelafgeninfo">{{cite web | url=http://www.thelaf.com/generalinfo | title = About ''The Lafayette'' | publisher = The Lafayette | accessdate=}}</ref> It is available in both print and online form.

In 1970, the college increased total enrollment after changing from an all-male school to a coeducational institution.<ref name="inauguration"/>

In 2007, the college commemorated the 250th birthday of the General Lafayette through a series of lectures and campus dedications.<ref name="marquis250">{{cite web | url=http://www.lafayette.edu/250/ | title = Marquis de Lafayette at 250 | publisher = Lafayette College | accessdate=2007-09-24}}</ref> Major festivities were held on September 6th 2007, Lafayette's birthday, and were kicked off the night before with a lecture by renowned historian [[David McCullough]].

==Academics==
[[Image:Kirby Hall of Civil Rights library at Lafayette College.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Kirby Library, with its oak-paneled bookcases, cork floor, and elaborate carvings, is located in the Kirby Hall of Civil Rights.]]
Lafayette's student body consists of 2,382 undergraduate students hailing from 37 [[U.S. State]]s and 57 countries. For the class of 2012, the acceptance rate was 37%, with 75% of those accepted ranking in the top 10% of their high school classes.<ref name="classprofile">{{cite web | url=http://www.lafayette.edu/admissions/requirements.html | title = Requirements and Class Profile | publisher = Lafayette College | accessdate=2007-07-07}}</ref> The middle 50% of accepted students have [[SAT]] scores ranging from 600-700 Critical Reading and 640-730 Math, and [[ACT (examination)|ACT]] scores ranging from 27-32.<ref name="classprofile"/> The college has 199 full-time faculty members, giving it an 11:1 student to faculty ratio. This ratio will decrease to 9:1 after the hiring of 35 new faculty members as part of the College's Strategic Planning Initiative.<ref name="ataglance"/>

Lafayette students have been honored in recent years with national and international scholarships,<ref name="scholarships">{{cite web | url=http://www.lafayette.edu/news.php/view/5819 | title = Recent Lafayette Recipients of National and International Scholarships... | publisher = Lafayette College | accessdate=2007-01-23}}</ref> including the most [[Goldwater Scholarship]]s obtained by a liberal arts college over the past six years.<ref name="goldwater">{{cite web | url=http://lafayette.edu/news.php/view/10044/ | title = Jaryd Freedman ’08 Receives Goldwater Scholarship | publisher = Lafayette College | accessdate=2007-03-24}}</ref> For the class of 2012, Lafayette gave financial aid to 66% of the students, with the average package amounting to $26,850 for all students.<ref name="collegecosts">{{cite web | url=http://www.lafayette.edu/admissions/finaid/costs_awards.html| title = College Costs and Financial Aid Awards | publisher = Lafayette College | accessdate=2007-01-23}}</ref> The college also offers merit-based academic scholarships - the Marquis Scholarship, which provides $16,000 per year, and the Trustee Scholarship, which provides $8,000 per year.<ref name="academicscholarships">{{cite web | url=http://www.lafayette.edu/admissions/finaid/scholarships.html | title = Scholarships | publisher = Lafayette College | accessdate=2007-01-23}}</ref> Lafayette's [[financial endowment|endowment]] is more than $780 million, placing it in the top 2% of all colleges and universities in endowment per student,<ref name="inauguration"/> with total assets amounting to more than $1 billion. <ref name="ataglance"/>

[[Image:OldLaf.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Lithograph of Lafayette College, circa 1875.]]

In its 2009 edition, ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' ranked Lafayette 35th out of all liberal arts colleges in the nation,<ref name="usnews"/> with its engineering program ranked 12th out of non-doctoral schools.<ref name="kettering">{{cite web | url=http://www.kettering.edu/visitors/storydetail.jsp?storynum=474 | title = America's Best Colleges 2007 | publisher = Kettering College | accessdate=2007-01-23}}</ref> In ''[[Kiplinger's Personal Finance]]'' magazine, a study of the best valued schools ranked Lafayette 14th among liberal arts colleges. <ref name="kiplingerlist">{{cite web | url=http://content.kiplinger.com/tools/privatecolleges/privatecollege.php?schoollist=lib_arts&sortby=RANK&orderby=flip&states%5B%5D=ALL&myschool%5B%5D=none&outputby=table | title = 50 Best Value Liberal Arts Colleges | publisher = Kiplinger.com | accessdate=2007-05-18}}</ref> ''The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education'' has ranked Lafayette as fifth among the nation’s 50 leading liberal arts colleges and universities in the percentage of full-time African American faculty members, and twelfth for first year black enrollment. <ref name="jbhe">{{cite web | url=http://www.jbhe.com/news_views/57_black_faculty_liberalarts.html | title = Ranking the Nation’s Leading Liberal Arts Colleges on Their Levels of Black Faculty | publisher = jbhe.com | accessdate=2008-01-24}}</ref>

The College offers 45 different Majors across four academic divisions: natural sciences, humanities, engineering, and social sciences. Most departments offer minors, and twelve interdisciplinary minors are also available. A.B. requirements allow students to double major or create a coordinate major in two departments.<ref name="Majors">{{cite web | url=http://www.lafayette.edu/admissions/majors/index.html | title = 46 Majors across 4 Divisions | publisher = Lafayette College | accessdate=2007-08-20}}</ref> Students declare their major during the second semester of their sophomore year.

The Policy Studies program, established in 2006, is an interdisciplinary major that allows students to better understand the design, management, and evaluation of policies and institutions.<ref name="Policy Studies">{{cite web | url=http://www.lafayette.edu/admissions/majors/policy.html | title = Policy Studies | publisher = Lafayette College | accessdate=2007-08-20}}</ref> The Policy Studies Program sponsors student events such as the Election Night Broadcast, where students reported the events of the 2006 mid-term election to the College, and also brings guest speakers to campus. Also new to the College is a Chinese language program which will offer classes on Chinese language and culture. Lafayette's Strategic Planning Initiative is also considering the possibility of introducing additional non-European language programs over time, including Arabic, Hindi, and Swahili.

===Participation in U.S. News Rankings===
During the 2006-2007 academic year, President Daniel Weiss agreed to boycott the controversial Peer Assessment in the ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]'' rankings, which accounts for 25% of a school's overall ranking.<ref name="lafusnews">{{cite web | url=http://www.lafayette.edu/news.php/view/10296/ | title = President Weiss Joins Initiative to Boycott Key Element of U.S. News Rankings Survey | publisher = Lafayette College | accessdate=2007-08-18}}</ref> Lafayette and eleven other colleges, working with Lloyd Thacker of the Education Conservancy, created a petition calling for a boycott of the reputational survey as well as a refusal to use the rankings to promote a college or to indicate its quality.<ref name="petition">{{cite web | url=http://www.educationconservancy.org/presidents_letter.html | title = Presidents' Letter | publisher = The Education Conservancy | accessdate=2007-08-18}}</ref> 63 college and university presidents have signed the letter. Predictably, Lafayette College's ranking fell from #30 in 2007 to #34 in 2008.

==Campus overview==
[[Image:LafayetteCollegeTheQuad.JPG|thumb|left|260px|The Quad, captured here on an overcast day, is at the center of Lafayette's {{convert|110|acre|km2|sing=on}} campus.]]
Pardee Hall, the largest academic building on campus, was devastated by fire twice in the 1800s. One fire began when a science experiment was carelessly left in a lab drawer. The other fire was arson, deliberately set by a professor of moral philosophy and ethics, who reportedly enjoyed watching the building burn from across the [[Delaware River]] in [[Phillipsburg, New Jersey]]. Although Pardee Hall is truly oriented southward, with the gently sloping hill leading to its front entrance, the students refer to this as the "back" of Pardee because the other side (the true back) faces the Quad. During the winter, or after a drenching spring rain, sledding is popular on the hill "behind" Pardee Hall.

Campus legend states that the fifth floor of Pardee Hall is haunted. Believers point to the fact that there is no visible staircase to the fifth floor, yet the windows to a fifth floor can be viewed from outside. The staircase does in fact exist, but behind a locked door on the fourth floor. Professors have gone on record saying that the area is used for storage, and that artifacts from the College's Special Collections are stored there.

Kirby Hall of Civil Rights, the interior of which is constructed of [[travertine]] marble, was rumored to have been the most expensive collegiate building, per square foot, built at its time. The building was designed by the same architectural firm that designed [[New York City]]'s [[Grand Central Terminal]].

[[Image:South College at Lafayette College.jpg|thumb|right|230px|South College is one of Lafayette's largest residence halls, housing approximately 220 students in a coeducational setting.]]

Farinon College Center, the student union, was architecturally inspired by the McKelvy House, a college-owned mansion just off campus. It is located in the original location of the Delta Upsilon fraternity, and the fireplace in the lobby is the original fireplace from the fraternity. While the top floor of Farinon is an "all-you-can-eat" style buffet paid for in blocks from a meal plan, the downstairs is a station-based food court in which students pay itemized fees for food. The dining area for the downstairs area also serves as the stage for comedy acts brought in by the Lafayette Activities Forum, the College's student-run activities committee.

Markle Hall, now the main administrative building, housing the Offices of Admissions and Financial Aid, originally was designated the Hall of Mining Engineering. An online historical survey of campus buildings is maintained by the College's Special Collections.<ref name="specialcollections">{{cite web | url=http://ww2.lafayette.edu/~library/special/CollegeHistory.html | title = Lafayette College Special Collections | publisher = Lafayette College | accessdate=2007-07-23}}</ref>

Gilbert's Cafe, a coffeehouse located on the ground floor of Kirby House, was opened in 1999 to provide a late-night hangout for students. Its name was the subject of a contest, and the winning student selected one of General Lafayette's middle names: Gilbert. In the fall of 2006, a sinkhole was discovered underneath Kirby House, and the much-beloved coffeehouse had to be closed during the spring semester. However, it was reopened for the subsequent fall semester. Gilbert's Cafe is the site of many open mic nights where student bands can perform for their fellow classmates.

Skillman Library underwent an extensive renovation from 2003 to 2005, and the building has won several awards, including the 2006 national honor award for interior architecture from the [[American Institute of Architects]].<ref name="skillmanrenovation">{{cite web | url=http://www.architectureweek.com/2006/0125/design_1-2.html | title = Library Enlightened | publisher = Architecture Week | accessdate=2007-09-24}}</ref>

Also in the fall of 2006, Lafayette signed a deal with [[MTV]] to designate the campus as an MTVu campus. As a result, Lafayette hosted an [[MTVu]] concert in the spring of 2006, as opposed to the regular concert chosen by the student government. In the spring of 2007, [[Third Eye Blind]] was selected to perform in Kirby Gymnasium, followed by the musical artist [[Ben Folds]] in the spring of 2008.

==Athletics==
[[Image:Lafayette college leopard logo.gif|thumb|right|240px|Lafayette College's official athletic logo.]]
Lafayette offers students an array of athletic opportunities, which includes 23 Division I sports, 18 club sports, and over 30 intramural sports.<ref name="Recreation Services">{{cite web | url=http://ww2.lafayette.edu/~recsvcs/kirby_sports_center/index.php | title = Recreation Services | publisher = Lafayette College | accessdate=2007-07-23}}</ref> The football team has made three consecutive appearances in the NCAA Division I-AA football tournament. American football innovations at Lafayette include the first use of the huddle<ref name="huddle">{{cite web | url=http://www.usatoday.com/sports/preps/football/2006-11-21-1a-cover-centenary-game_x.htm | title = Every year fields the game of the century | publisher = USA Today | last=Brady | first=Erik | accessdate=2007-03-22}}</ref> and the invention of the head harness, precursor to the football helmet.<ref name="riddell">{{cite web | url=http://www.home-team-sports.com/riddell_helmets/ | title = Evolution of the Football Helmet | publisher = Riddell | last=Riffenburgh | first=Beau | accessdate=2007-03-22}}</ref> The men's basketball program also has a long history, peaking in the late nineties under the leadership of Fran O'Hanlon, who led the Leopards to back-to-back Patriot League championships and NCAA Tournament appearances in 1999 and 2000. These seasons were documented by [[John Feinstein]] in his book, ''[[The Last Amateurs]]''.

* '''Affiliation:''' [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] [[Division I]], Football: [[Football Championship Subdivision]]
* '''Conference:''' [[Patriot League]]
* '''Team name:''' Leopards
* '''Team colors:''' Maroon and white
* '''Arch rival:''' [[Lehigh University]], [[Bethlehem, Pennsylvania]]
* '''Other rivals:''' [[Bucknell University]], [[Colgate University|Colgate]], [[Princeton University|Princeton]], [[University of Pennsylvania|Penn]]
* '''Facilities:''' [[Fisher Field at Fisher Stadium]] (Football), [[Kirby Sports Center]] (Basketball), Metzgar Fields Athletic Complex
* '''National Football Championships:'''
**Football: 1896 (National Championship Foundation, Parke Davis)
**Football: 1921 (Boand, Parke Davis)
**Football: 1926 (Parke Davis)
* '''Patriot League Championships:'''
**Field Hockey: 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1999, 2002; ECC Champions 1987, 1989
***NCAA Tournament Berths: 1999, 2002
**Baseball: 2007; ECC Champions 1990
***[[College World Series]] participant: 1953, 1954, 1958, 1965
***NCAA Regionals participant: 1990, 2007
**Men's Soccer: 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2005; ECC Champions 1984, 1986, 1987
***NCAA Tournament Berths (non-play-in games): 1995, 1998, 2003, 2005
**Football: 1992, 1994, 2004, 2005, 2006
***NCAA Tournament Berths: 2004, 2005, 2006
**Men's Basketball: 1999, 2000
***[[NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship|NCAA Tournament]] Berths: 1957, 1999, 2000
***[[NIT Tournament]] Berths: 1955, 1956, 1972, 1975, 1980
**Women's Lacrosse: 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002; ECC Champions 1988, 1989
***NCAA Tournament Berths: 1988, 1989, 1991, 2002
* '''National Championship:'''
**[[College Bowl]]: Undefeated Champions, 1962
**Women's Lacrosse: 1980 [[Division II]] USWLA

===The Rivalry===
[[Image:Lafayette2006PLchampsboard.JPG|thumb|245px|right|Lafayette won the 142nd edition of "The Rivalry" against Lehigh University, but lost the most recent contest in 2008.]]
{{main|Lehigh-Lafayette football games (The Rivalry)}}

Lafayette College's athletic program is notable for [[Lehigh-Lafayette football games (The Rivalry)|The Rivalry]] with nearby [[Lehigh University]]. Since 1884, the two football teams have met 144 times, making it the most played rivalry in the history of college football.<ref name="gwinnett">{{cite web | url=http://www.gwinnettdailypost.com/index.php?s=&url_channel_id=36&url_article_id=21935&url_subchannel_id=&change_well_id=2 | title = Lafayette-Lehigh above all others | publisher = Gwinnett Daily Post| last=Reed | first=Howard | accessdate=2007-04-02 | date=2006-11-25}}</ref> It is also the longest running rivalry in college football, with the teams playing at least once every year since 1897.<ref name="gwinnett"/> The Rivalry is considered one of the best in all of college athletics, and ESPNU recently ranked it #8 among the Top Ten College Football Rivalries.<ref name="espnu">{{cite web | url=http://goleopards.cstv.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/101106aaa.html | title = Lafayette-Lehigh Rivalry to be Featured by ESPN | publisher = Lafayette College | accessdate=2007-04-02 | date=2006-10-11}}</ref> The game is sold out long before gameday each year.

Lafayette leads the all-time series 76-63-5. In the latest contest, Lafayette lost to Lehigh on Saturday, November 22, 2008 by a score of 31-15 at Lafayette's Fisher Stadium. Lehigh quarterback J.B. Clark '11 was named MVP of the game.

==Greek Life==
Lafayette has six fraternities and six sororities, all but two of which are located on campus. Approximately 30% of students participate in Greek Life at Lafayette, making it a viable living option. Members of each house commit themselves to various philanthropic ventures throughout the academic year.

[[Alpha Phi Omega]] National Service Fraternity was founded in 1925 at Lafayette College by [[Frank Reed Horton]] in Hogg Hall (formerly Brainerd Hall) but no longer exists on campus.

The Rho Chapter of the [[Delta Kappa Epsilon]] fraternity is the oldest fraternity and the oldest student organization at Lafayette College, having been chartered on October 15, 1855. Among the distinguished members of this chapter are [[Peyton C. March]], U.S. Army Chief of Staff during World War I, and [[William E. Simon]], former U.S. Secretary of the Treasury.

The [[Phi Kappa Psi]] fraternity house was in the ''[[Guinness Book of World Records]]'' for a number of years as the largest free standing structure to undergo transportation. The "Old Grey Barn", as it is often called, is now located along March Field. It underwent a major interior renovation during the 2006-2007 academic year.

Members of the student body have displayed an interest in introducing a historically black Greek organization to campus. Students have met with President Daniel Weiss regarding the matter.

==Engineers Without Borders==

The club was founded in 2003 and is a member of EWB-USA. Members of the club represent many disciplines in engineering and the liberal arts. The club is linked with rural villages in the [[Yoro]] region of [[Honduras]]. EWB's mission is to design and implement projects in these villages that help promote better life. The club has focused its efforts on water treatment systems.

El Convento, which is located in the Yoro district of central Honduras, will be the third sustainable water project EWB-LC students have worked on in the country since 2003 when the club was founded. The group has implemented gravity-fed water systems in neighboring Lagunitas and La Fortuna. In La Fortuna, the group utilized a [[slow sand filter]] in its system. The group’s previous work garnered national media exposure for being one of six national institutions to receive a $75,000 grant from the [[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]].

==WJRH 104.9FM==
[[Image:WJRH-Wallpaper.png|thumb|left|220px|The official logo of Lafayette College's radio station, WJRH 104.9FM.]]
The campus radio station, WJRH 104.9FM, first established licensure with the [[Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC) in 1946, broadcasting under a Class D educational license on 90.5 FM. As [[FM]] frequencies grew in demand, the FCC mandated that stations operating in the frequency range currently provided to WJRH increase their power to serve larger audiences. Since WJRH was only to serve the Lafayette community, it was decided to give the frequency to another facility and relocate to its current home frequency, 104.9.

The station is regularly being upgraded with the latest broadcasting technology. Several additions have included the relaunch of WJRH Broadband (a live [[Windows Media Player]] stream available to Lafayette students) and ''WJRH PC'' (an online database of MP3 [[Podcasts]] of select shows as part of an overall website renovation). WJRH has been housed for over 30 years in its current location, Hogg Hall.

==Alumni==
{{main|List of Lafayette College people}}
[[Image:William E Simon.jpg|right|thumb|William E. Simon, class of 1952, served as the United States Secretary of the Treasury from 1974-1977.]]
Lafayette has produced many prominent businessmen, engineers, politicians, and other notable individuals including [[James McKeen Cattell]], the first psychology professor, Vineyard Vines founder Ian Murray, and Secretary of the Treasury [[William E. Simon]]. David K. McDonogh, of the Class of 1844, is argued by the College to be the first "legalized" slave ever to receive a college degree. In addition, the founders of the 1960s [[pop music|pop]] group [[The Cyrkle]], guitarists Don Danneman and Tom Dawes, were graduates of Lafayette. [[F. Wilbur Gingrich]], Class of 1923, became a well known Greek scholar, and is noted for translating and adapting the work of [[Walter Bauer]]’s Greek-German lexicon ([[Bauer lexicon]]) in collaboration with Dr. William F. Arndt. Dr. [[Leonard Jeffries]], a professor at CCNY, was President of a traditionally Jewish Fraternity while he was a student at Lafayette College. The College has approximately 28,000 registered alumni.

==References==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references/></div>

== External links ==
* [http://www.lafayette.edu/ Lafayette College] - official web site
* [http://goleopards.collegesports.com/ Lafayette College Leopards] - official athletics web site
* [http://www.thelaf.com ''The Lafayette''] - online version of Lafayette's student newspaper
{{coord|40.698|-75.208|region:US_type:edu|display=title}}

{{Colleges and Universities in Pennsylvania}}
{{Patriot_League}}
{{Annapolis Group}}
{{Colleges and universities in the Lehigh Valley}}

[[Category:Lafayette College| ]]
[[Category:Easton, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Eastern Pennsylvania Rugby Union]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1826]]
[[Category:Northampton County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Posse schools]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Pennsylvania]]

[[nl:Lafayette College]]
[[vi:Lafayette College]]

James Laurinaitis

2009-02-25T16:37:46Z

TutterMouse: Reverted edits by 209.174.191.81 to last revision by Clark89 (HG)

{{Infobox NCAA Athlete
|= LightSteelBlue
| fontcolor = Black
| name = James Laurinaitis
| image =
| caption =
| college = [[Ohio State University|Ohio State]]
| conference = [[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]
| sport = [[American football|Football]]
| jersey = 33
| position = [[Linebacker|ILB]]
| class = Senior
| major =
| minor =
| nickname =
| career_start = 2005
| height_ft = 6
| height_in = 3
| weight_lb = 244
| nationality = American
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|12|3}}
| birth_place = Hamel, [[Hennepin County, Minnesota]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| highschool = [[Wayzata High School|Wayzata HS]], [[Plymouth, Minnesota]]
| former_school(s)=
| career_highlights =
| awards = 2006 [[Bronko Nagurski Trophy]] 2007 [[Dick Butkus Award]] 2008 [[Lott Trophy]] [[2006 College Football All-America Team|2006 AP All-American]] [[2007 College Football All-America Team|2007 AP All American]] [[2008 College Football All-America Team|2008 AP All American]] 2008 [[List of Lowe's Senior CLASS Award football winners|Lowe's Senior CLASS Award]]
| honors =
| records =
| championships =
| championship_list =
| bowl_games =
| bowl_list =
| tournaments =
| tournament_list =
}}
'''James Laurinaitis''' (born December 3, 1986 in [[Hamel, Minnesota|Hamel]], [[Hennepin County, Minnesota]]) is an [[American football]] [[linebacker]] for the [[Ohio State Buckeyes]]. Laurinaitis is currently the starting middle linebacker at Ohio State. He was awarded the 2006 [[Bronko Nagurski Trophy|Nagurski Trophy]],<ref>[http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/wire?section=ncf&id=2686463 ESPN - Ohio State's Laurinaitis wins Bronko Nagurski Trophy - College Football]</ref> the 2007 [[Dick Butkus Award|Butkus Award]] for top college linebacker,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.dispatch.com/football/football.php?story=220674 | author=May, Tim | work=[[The Columbus Dispatch]] | title=Laurinaitis named Butkus semifinalist | date=2006-10-19 | accessdate=2006-10-21}}</ref> and named an NCAA All-American in [[2006 College Football All-America Team|2006]], 2007, and 2008.

==High school==
Laurinaitis was touted in the NHL as a 2-3 round pick, but teams didn't draft him because of football. While he was successful in hockey, having been named as team captain as a senior, football was clearly his best sport, as evidenced by his selection as Defensive Mr. Football in [[Minnesota]] in 2004. That season, he helped lead [[Wayzata High School]] to the state championship game in Class 5A with 193 tackles, including 28 for loss and five sacks. He signed with the Buckeyes, becoming Ohio State's first scholarship football player from Minnesota since legendary [[National Football League|NFL]] coach [[Sid Gillman]] in 1930-33.

==Ohio State==
As a true freshman in 2005, he played in all 12 games eventually reaching #2 on the depth chart at strong-side linebacker behind (current [[Dallas Cowboys]] player) [[Bobby Carpenter (football player)|Bobby Carpenter]]. After Carpenter broke a leg on the first play from scrimmage in their [[Michigan-Ohio State rivalry|rivalry game]] against [[Michigan Wolverines football|Michigan]], Laurinaitis played the rest of that game, and also started in their [[Fiesta Bowl]] victory over [[Notre Dame Fighting Irish football|Notre Dame]].
As of the end of the 2006 regular season, Laurinaitis led the team in tackles (115) and interceptions (5), and also had 8.5 tackles for loss and 4.0 sacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ohiostatebuckeyes.cstv.com/sports/m-footbl/stats/2006-2007/teamcume.html#TEAM.DEF |title=Overall Defensive Statistics | publisher=Ohio State Buckeyes Football | date=2006-11-18 | accessdate=2007-01-18}}</ref>

In 2006 Laurinaitis won the Nagurski Award as the nation’s best defensive player. Also in 2006, he was named a finalist for the Butkus and Bednarik awards.
He was named 1st team All Big Ten in addition to being named to the Walter Camp and FWAA All-America Teams.

He was named 2007 Big Ten Preseason Defensive Player of the Year by the Big Ten Media.

Laurinaitis won the Butkus Award for most outstanding linebacker in 2007. He was Also named an All-American by multipule media outlets including; Walter Camp, FWAA, AFCA, Sporting News, AP, Rivals.com He was honored as the Big Ten Defensive Player of the Year.<ref>https://admin.xosn.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=17300&ATCLID=1059421</ref>

==Family==
Both his father and 2 uncles were professional wrestlers. His father, [[Road Warrior Animal|Joe]] wrestled under the name '''Animal''' as one half of the [[tag-team]] [[The Road Warriors]], one of the best tag teams in wrestling history. His uncle [[John Laurinaitis|John]] formerly known as '''Johnny Ace''' is currently Senior Vice President, Talent Relations for [[World Wrestling Entertainment]]. His uncle [[Marcus Laurinaitis|Marcus]], '''The Terminator''', was mainly known as one half of the tag team The Wrecking Crew{{Fact|date=December 2007}}.

James' older brother, Joseph Jr. served in Iraq with the Army and is currently training to become a police officer. His younger sister Jessica graduated from high school in 2008, but played on her high school hockey team.<ref>[http://209.85.165.104/search?hl=en&q=cache:XXJSnT14NfQJ:http://www.wmur.com/entertainment/3278968/detail.html He lives with his wife, Julia, 40, and their two children, James, 16, and Jessica, 14, in suburban Minneapolis. Joseph, 22, his son from a previous marriage, is in the U.S. military, with tours of duty in Kuwait and Iraq under his belt.]</ref>

==Notes and references==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/wire?section=ncf&id=2686463 Ohio State's Laurinaitis wins Bronko Nagurski Trophy] ''College Football News Wire'', December 4, 2006
*[http://www.the-ozone.net/football/2006/Northwestern/depthchart.htm Depth Chart, The-Ozone.net]

{{start box}}
{{succession box | title=[[Bronko Nagurski Trophy|Nagurski Trophy]] Winner | before= [[Elvis Dumervil]] |after= [[Glenn Dorsey]] | years=2006}}
{{succession box | title=[[Butkus Award]] Winner | before= [[Patrick Willis]] |after= [[Aaron Curry (American football)|Aaron Curry]] | years=2007}}
{{succession box | title=[[Lott Trophy]] Winner | before= [[Glenn Dorsey]] |after= Incumbent | years=2008}}
{{end box}}

{{Dick Butkus Award (collegiate)}}
{{Bronko Nagurski Trophy}}
{{Lott Trophy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Laurinaitis, James}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lithuanian-Americans]]
[[Category:American football linebackers]]
[[Category:Ohio State Buckeyes football players]]
[[Category:People from Hennepin County, Minnesota]]

[[lt:James Laurinaitis]]

Buffalo Grove High School

2009-02-23T19:48:49Z

TutterMouse: Reverted edits by 139.67.223.88 to last revision by 24.12.157.93 (HG)

{{Cleanup|date=October 2007}}
{{Infobox Secondary school
| name = Buffalo Grove High School
| logo = [[Image:Bghslogo-new.png]]
| motto = "...and Back those Bison"
| established = [[1973]]
| type = Public secondary
| principal = Carol Burlinski
| associate principal = Robert Hartwig, Mark Schaetzlein, Carol Burlinski
| dean = Craig Kinkaid, Richard Carlson
| faculty = 149 certified staff members<ref>[http://www.dist214.k12.il.us/shared/schools/bghs.php Buffalo Grove High School Profile]</ref>
| students = 2161 (2007 Enrollment)<ref name="BGHS Report card">[http://www.d214.org/shared/info/reportcards/BGHSreport07.pdf BGHS Report card]</ref>
| grades = 9-12
| address = 1100 W. Dundee Road
| city = [[Buffalo Grove]]
| state = [[Illinois]]
| country = [[United States|USA]]
| district = [http://d214.org/ Township Highschool District 214]
| accreditation = North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools
| mascot = The Bison
| colors = Navy Blue, Burnt Orange and White
| yearbook = ''Stampede''
| newspaper = ''The Charger''
| testname = ACT
| testaverage = 23.3<ref name="BGHS Report card"/>
| National_ranking = 1070<ref>[http://www.newsweek.com/id/39380 "Newsweek Best High Schools"]</ref>
| website = [http://bghs.d214.org/ http://bghs.d214.org/]
| picture = [[Image:Buffalo Grove High School (USGS).png|280px]]
}}

'''Buffalo Grove High School''', or '''BG''' is a public [[high school]] located in [[Buffalo Grove, Illinois]], a northwest suburb of [[Chicago]]. It is one of six four-year comprehensive high schools in [[Township High School District 214]], serving portions of the Villages of [[Arlington Heights, Illinois|Arlington Heights]], Buffalo Grove, and [[Wheeling, Illinois|Wheeling]].

==History and recent events==
===The first class===
In 1973, drawing students and staff from [[Wheeling High School|Wheeling]] and [[John Hersey High School]], and fed by Cooper Junior High, Rand Junior High, Saint Mary's Catholic School in [[Buffalo Grove]], nearly half of the students at Thomas Junior High in [[Arlington Heights]], and a smattering of students from Saint Peter's Lutheran School in Arlington Heights, BGHS opened for business with no seniors.

The school's colors were chosen as blue and orange combining Wheeling's blue and gold and Hersey's brown and orange. [[University of Illinois]]'s alma mater was adopted as Buffalo Grove's school song, with slight changes to the wording.

Dr. Clarence M. "Chick" Miller, formerly assistant principal at [[Wheeling High School]], was named the school's first principal. Richard R. "Dick" Schnell--who coined the phrase "Back Those Bison"--formerly at Wheeling as a social science teacher and coach, is named an assistant principal. Norman Patberg, formerly at [[Forest View High School]] in Arlington Heights, is named as the other assistant principal. Paul Mueller, a science teacher from Wheeling, is chosen as Director of Student Activities. Wayne Selvig, from the physical education staff at Wheeling is the first athletic director.

===Notable events===
On [[March 12]]th, [[1976]], President [[Gerald Ford]], running a hard-fought campaign against former California Governor [[Ronald Reagan]], made a March primary appearance in the gymnasium of Buffalo Grove High School. During the 1978-1979 school year, Bison varsity football placed second in the state 5A (then the largest division in Illinois football playoffs) championship game, played at [[Illinois State University]], in [[Normal, Illinois]]. During the 1986-1987 school year, the Bison won the Division 6A [[Illinois High School Association|IHSA]] Football State Championship. Two years later, the Bison were the IHSA Boys [[Soccer]] State Champions, led by future international soccer star [[Brian McBride]]. During the 1999-2000 school year, coach Tom Dineen led the Bison to a Class AA IHSA Girls Basketball [[Championship|State Championship]].

===Additions and Renovations===
In 2003, new classrooms, a foyer, and offices opened as part of a six-million dollar new development. The "circle drive" on the west side of the school was greatly reduced in size to make room for the new classrooms and foyer. The new classrooms included new science labs and special-ed facilities. Additionally, room was made in old storage space on the second floor of the south side of the building for new foreign-language classrooms.

Ending a long stand against stadium lights, on August 27, 2004, the Bison hosted their first Friday night Game under the new lights at Bison Stadium as they hosted Glenbrook South. They were the final team in the Mid-Suburban League to switch from Saturday afternoons to Friday night games. [http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=ADHB&p_theme=adhb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_text_search-0=The%20AND%20sun%20AND%20sets%20AND%20on%20AND%20Saturday%20AND%20football%20AND%20as%20AND%20Buffalo%20AND%20Grove%20AND%20lights%20AND%20up%20AND%20the%20AND%20night&s_dispstring=The%20sun%20sets%20on%20Saturday%20football%20as%20Buffalo%20Grove%20lights%20up%20the%20night%20AND%20date(8/23/2001%20to%208/25/2006)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=8/23/2001%20to%208/25/2006)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no]

In summer 2008, Buffalo Grove renovated their gym with new blue and orange bleachers. [http://www.pioneerlocal.com/buffalogrove/sports/highschools/1013047,bg-clubvball-061908-s1.article] The bleachers read "BGHS".

===Recent events===
In 2005, openly [[gay]] and [[lesbian]] students became the [[homecoming]] king and queen, making news in the local community.[http://www.nbc5.com/education/5126635/detail.html]

On [[June 6]], [[2007]] The boys varsity baseball team qualified for the state tournament for the first time in school history. They eventually lost in the quarter-final round by eight runs to a ranked [[New Trier High School|New Trier]] team. The varsity girls basketball team also made it to state (for the second time in the past two years), however, they lost in the first game.

In the 2007/2008 school year, the school hosted two Exchange Students from [[Germany]] and one Exchange Student from [[Italy]].

In the winter of 2007, senior '''Joshua Golden''' produced a parody of [[NBC]]'s ''[[The Office]]'' to open the school's film festival. Not long after its completion, Golden sent the video to the cast and crew of the ''The Office'', earning him and the rest of the video's cast a trip to the show's set in [[Los Angeles]]. {{Fact|date=September 2008}}

In March 2008, Buffalo Grove's girls basketball team made its third consecutive trip to the state tournament. Leaving with a third place overall finish. It was a 66-50 win over [[Marist High School]].[http://www.pioneerlocal.com/buffalogrove/sports/highschools/828074,bg-bgstatefri-030608-s1.article]

In spring 2008, Buffalo Grove's boy's volleyball team competed in the state tournament championship game against [[Wheaton Warrenville South High School]]. They lost to the Tigers, receiving the runner-up title.[http://www.pioneerlocal.com/buffalogrove/sports/highschools/987978,bg-bgvbfinal-060508-s1.article]

==Academics==
Buffalo Grove High School was a 1999-2000 Blue Ribbon Award for Excellence winner presented by the [[United States Department of Education]].

=== Standardized Test Results ===
In 2008, BGHS failed to meet [[Adequate Yearly Progress]] of the [[No Child Left Behind]] Act because of scores below the minimum target on the [[Prairie State Achievement Examination]] by Hispanics.

In 2008, BGHS had 3 [[National Merit]] Scholarship Finalists, 1 National Merit Semifinalist and 5 National Merit Commended Students<ref>[http://www.dist214.k12.il.us/shared/schools/bghs.php Buffalo Grove High School Profile]</ref>.

Buffalo Grove High School has consistently scored above the District 214, Illinois and National averages on standardized tests.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Class of 2008 ACT Scores<ref>[http://www.d214.org/shared/info/reportcards/BGHSreport07.pdf BGHS Report Card]</ref>
|-
!
! Composite
! English
! Mathematics
! Reading
! Science
|-
! Buffalo Grove
| 24.3
| 24.2
| 25
| 24.8
| 26.9
|-
! District 214
| 23.1
| 23.1
| 23.3
| 22.9
| 22.9
|-
! Illinois
| 20.7
| 20.4
| 20.7
| 20.6
| 20.5
|-
! National
| 21.1
| 20.6
| 21.0
| 21.4
| 20.8
|}

===Post-graduation===
Buffalo Grove High School also maintains an excellent college admissions rate, with over 91% of graduating students going to a 2 or 4 year college as of 2005. The school provides a [http://bghs.d214.org/Student/College_Info/College_Info.html cocurricular program] website to assist with college admissions and a [http://bghs.d214.org/Student/Career_Unit/Careers.html career resources] website for those going straight into the workplace.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Class of 2005 Post-graduation Survey
|-
!Category
!No.
!%
|-
| Attending 4-year College/University
| 309
| 67.2
|-
| Attending 2-year College
| 114
| 24.8
|-
| Entering Labor Market
| 23
| 5.0
|-
| Attending Trade/Technical School
| 8
| 1.7
|-
| Entering Military
| 1
| .2
|-
| Apprenticeship
| 1
| .2
|-
| Other
| 4
| .9
|}

==Athletics==
The Boys' Athletic Director is Kip North and the Girls' AD is Marianne Mendoza.

{|
|- style="vertical-align: top"
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Fall Sports
|-
! Sport
! Coach
|-
| Boys Golf
| Pete Duffer
|-
| Boys Soccer
| Rick Schoffstall
|-
| Football
| Jim Farrell
|-
| Boys Cross Country
| Jamie Klotz
|-
| Girls Golf
| Matt Myers
|-
| Girls Tennis
| Kevin Schrammel
|-
| Girls Volleyball
| Marianne Mendoza
|-
| Girls Swimming
| Tom Mroz
|-
| Girls Cross Country
| Sara Cleveland
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Winter Sports
|-
! Sport
! Coach
|-
| Boys Basketball
| Ryan O'Connor
|-
| Boys Swimming
| Jamie Klotz
|-
| Wrestling
| Dave Durlacher
|-
| Girls Basketball
| Patrick Dudle
|-
| Girls Gymnastics
| Stephanie Schrader
|-
| Bowling
| Jean Tripam
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Spring Sports
|-
! Sport
! Coach
|-
| Baseball
| Jeff Grybash
|-
| Boys Gymnastics
| Chris Stevens
|-
| Boys Tennis
| Kevin Schramml
|-
| Boys Track and Field
| Jamie Klotz
|-
| Boys Volleyball
| Matt Aiello
|-
| Boys Water Polo
| Scott Kopecky
|-
| Badminton
| Chris VanGrondelle
|-
| Softball
| Laura Stock
|-
| Girls Track and Field
| Steve Gibble
|-
| Girls Soccer
| Patrick Dudle
|-
| Girls Water Polo
| Shayna Mortensen
|}
|}

==Clubs and Activities==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Club
! Sponsor(s)
! Assistant(s)
|-
| Art Club
| Mrs. Bale
|
|-
| Band
| Mr. Jacobi
|
|-
| Battle Bots IQ
| Mr. Pichik
| Ms. Cleveland
|-
| Blue Crew
| Apply Within
|
|-
| Breakdance Club
| Ms. Cleveland, Ms. Marshall
|
|-
| Cheerleading
| Ms. Konkel
| Ms. Misius
|-
| Chess Team
| Mr. McCabe
|
|-
| Choir
| Ms. Utley
|
|-
| Debate Team
| Ms. Katzman
|
|-
| Drama
| Fall Play - Ms. Stenzel Spring Play - Ms. Smalley Tech Crew - Mr. Mahlman, Mr. Goldspiel Musical - Ms. Utley Costumes - Ms. Andres Tickets/Publicity - Ms. Ludemann
|
|-
| E.C.C. (Environmental Club)
| Mrs. Grunschel
|
|-
| Expressions
| Ms. Utley
|
|-
| French Honor Society
| Ms. Meyer
|
|-
| FEA (Future Educators of America)
| Ms. Gates
|
|-
| Gay/Straight Alliance
| Ms. Zacharski and Mrs. Hamilton
|
|-
| German Club
| Ms. Santeford
|
|-
| Health Awareness
| Mrs. Wodka
|
|-
|Improv
| Ms. Smalley
|
|-
| Interact
| Mr. Caldera, Mrs. Knudsen
|
|-
| Jazz Band
| Mr. Jacobi
|
|-
| Latino Connections Club
| Ms. Orti
|
|-
| Math Team
| Mr. Huynh
|
|-
| Mentors of Student Talent
| Mrs. Arnold
|
|-
| Multicultural Club
| Ms. Pilarski, Mrs. Knudsen
|
|-
| National Honor Society
| Mr. Taylor
|
|-
| Newspaper (Charger)
| Ms. Kraft
|
|-
| Orchesis
| Ms. Carrison
| Ms. Baima
|-
| Orchestra
| Mrs. Magill
|
|-
| Peer Counseling
| Ms. Fox
|
|-
| P.E.A.C.E.
| Mr. Wardle
|
|-
| Peer Mediation
| Mr. Kincaid
|
|-
| Political Action Committee
| Ms. Haen
|
|-
| Poms
| Ms. Meyer
| Ms. Lewis
|-
| Students Against Destructive Decisions (S.A.D.D.)
| Srt. Miller
|
|-
| Scholastic Bowl
| Mr. Park, Mr. Foecking
|
|-
| Science Olympiad
| Mr. Schram, Mrs. Raucci
|
|-
| Spanish Honor Society
| Mrs. Arnold
|
|-
| Speech and Acting Team
| Ms. Repa
| Mr. Fenstermaker, Ms. Ruzicka, Mr. Vinopal, Ms Weiland, Ms. Romack
|-
| Student Council
| Mr. Shram
| Ms. Alonzo
|-
| Technical Theater Crew
| Mr. Mahlman
|
|-
| Variety Show
| Mr. Clark, Mr. Mahlman
|
|-
| Writing Contests
| Ms. Norman
|
|-
| Yearbook (Stampede)
| Mr. Branham
|
|-
|
|
|
|-
| Senior Class Board '09
| Ms. Allaire
|
|-
| Junior Class Board '10
| Ms. Roti
|
|-
| Sophomore Class Board '11
| Mrs.Wells
|
|-
| Freshman Class Board '12
| Mrs. Kindelin
|
|}

==Notable alumni==
*The first selection in the inaugural [[Major League Soccer|MLS]] draft in 1996, [[Brian McBride]], graduated from Buffalo Grove High School. He has since played in three [[FIFA World Cup]]s for the [[United States men's national soccer team|US men's national soccer team]] and was named [[Most Valuable Player|MVP]] in the 1998 MLS All-star game. He currently plays for the [[Chicago Fire S.C.|Chicago Fire]] of the MLS, after 5 years of playing for [[Fulham Football Club|Fulham]] in England's prestigious [[Premier League]]. He is considered a U.S. soccer legend.

*[[Baltimore Ravens|Baltimore Raven]] [[Tom Zbikowski]] graduated from Buffalo Grove High School with the class of 2003, and started for the Bison for three years. He starred as an [[Option offense|option]] [[quarterback]] and [[strong safety]] for BG. As a standout at the [[University of Notre Dame]], he played safety and [[punt returner|returned punts]] for the Fighting Irish. At ND, he was a two-time 2nd team [[All-American]]. He was drafted 86th overall in the [[2008 NFL Draft]]. [http://espn.go.com/recruiting/bluechipdiaries/index.html]

*[[Don Thorp]] was an All-State [[Defensive Tackle]] at Buffalo Grove as he lead the Bison to the State Championship Game his Junior Year. He accepted a scholarship to play football at the [[University of Illinois]]. He got the Fightin' Illini to the [[Rose Bowl (game)|Rose Bowl]] his senior year and won the [[Big Ten]] [[MVP]], the first defensive player to do so since the great [[Dick Butkus]]. He was drafted in the sixth round by the [[New Orleans Saints]] in the [[1984 NFL Draft]]. In his career, he also spent time on the rosters of the [[Chicago Bears]], [[Indianapolis Colts]], [[Miami Dolphins]], and [[Kansas City Chiefs]]. [http://ww1.footballdb.com/players/thorpdo01]

*Three [[Major League Baseball]] players have graduated from Buffalo Grove High School: [[Mike Marshall (outfielder)|Mike Marshall]], [[Tim Bogar]] and [[Josh Paul]]. [http://www.thebaseballcube.com/high_school/high_school_476.shtml]

*[[NHL]] [[Detroit]] [[Detroit Red Wings|Red Wings]] defenseman [[Brett Lebda]] attended Buffalo Grove High School. He won the [[Stanley Cup]] in 2008.

* Michael Terson, public address announcer for the Chicago Cubs and Chicago Wolves graduated from Buffalo Grove High School with the class of 1988.

* Actress [[Jessy Schram]] graduated from Buffalo Grove High School with the class of 2004.

* 1988 [[Winter Olympic Games|Olympic]] [[Short track speed skating|Short Track Speed Skater]] Brian Arseneau graduated from Buffalo Grove High School with the class of 1983.

*[[The Simpsons]] writer [[Larry Doyle (writer)|Larry Doyle]] graduated from Buffalo Grove High School. In May 2007, he published his first novel, "I Love You, Beth Cooper," set at Buffalo Grove High School. [http://www.larrydoyle.com]

* Ryan Browne, the Man, the Myth, the Legend

*[[Threadless]] Creative Director Jeffrey Kalmikoff graduated from Buffalo Grove High School with the class of 1997.[http://www.callmejeffrey.com]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://bghs.d214.org/ Official Website]
* [http://www.dist214.k12.il.us/shared/schools/bghs.php School profile from the district website]
* [http://local.live.com/default.aspx?v=2&cp=42.141728~-87.981772&style=h&lvl=17&scene=2364791&sp=aN.42.140296_-87.983595_Cafeteria_~aN.42.139723_-87.984379_Library_~aN.42.141299_-87.984346_Fieldhouse_~aN.42.140988_-87.983617_Gym_~aN.42.141211_-87.983327_Pool_~aN.42.139930_-87.982984_Theatre_~aN.42.142198_-87.981267_The%20Basin_~aN.42.140813_-87.984529_The%20Circle%20Drive_ Windows Live Local satellite photo of school campus with labels]
* [http://buffalogrove87.myevent.com Class of 1987 Reunion Website]
{{Mid-Suburban Conference}}

[[Category:High schools in Illinois]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1973]]
[[Category:Buffalo Grove, Illinois]]

Lisa Simpson

2008-11-04T22:09:28Z

TutterMouse: Reverted edits by 156.34.87.171 to last version by Scorpion0422 (HG)

{{Simpsons character
|image=[[Image:Lisa Simpson.png|200px]]
|name=Lisa Simpson
|gender=[[Female]]
|hair= [[Yellow]]
|job=[[Student]]
|relatives='''Parents:''' [[Homer Simpson|Homer]] and [[Marge Simpson|Marge]] '''Siblings:''' [[Bart Simpson|Bart]] and [[Maggie Simpson|Maggie]] '''Grandparents:''' [[Abraham Simpson|Abraham Simpson]], [[Mona Simpson (The Simpsons)|Mona Simpson]] and [[Jacqueline Bouvier (Simpsons)|Jacqueline Bouvier]] (See also [[Simpson family]])
| appearance = "[[Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire]]" (1989)
| ullmanappearance = "[[Good Night (The Simpsons short)|Good Night]]" (1987)
|voiceactor= [[Yeardley Smith]]
}}
'''Lisa Marie Simpson''' is a fictional main character in the animated television series ''[[The Simpsons]]'' and eldest daughter of the [[Simpson family|eponymous family]]. She is voiced by [[Yeardley Smith]] and first appeared on television in ''[[The Tracey Ullman Show]]'' [[The Simpsons shorts|short]] "[[Good Night (The Simpsons short)|Good Night]]" on April 19, 1987. Lisa was created and designed by cartoonist [[Matt Groening]] while he was waiting in the lobby of [[James L. Brooks]]'s office. Groening had been called to pitch a series of shorts based on ''[[Life in Hell]]'' but instead decided to create a new set of characters. He named the character after his younger sister Lisa Groening. After appearing on ''The Tracey Ullman Show'' for three years, the Simpson family got their own series on [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]], which debuted December 17, 1989.

At eight years of age, Lisa is the middle child of the Simpson family and eldest daughter of [[Homer Simpson|Homer]] and [[Marge Simpson|Marge]], younger sister of [[Bart Simpson|Bart]] and elder sister of [[Maggie Simpson|Maggie]]. She is highly intelligent, plays the [[saxophone]], has been a [[vegetarian]] since the [[The Simpsons (season 7)|seventh season]], has been a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] since [[The Simpsons (season 13)|season thirteen]] and supports a number of different causes. She has appeared in other media relating to ''The Simpsons'' – including video games, ''[[The Simpsons Movie]]'', [[The Simpsons Ride]], commercials and comic books – and inspired an entire line of merchandise.

Yeardley Smith originally tried out for the role of Bart, while Bart's voice actor [[Nancy Cartwright]] tried out for Lisa. Cartwright found that the character was not interesting at the time, so instead auditioned for Bart, and Smith's voice was too high for a boy, so she was given the role of Lisa. Because of her unusual pointy hair style, many animators consider Lisa the most difficult character to draw. In ''The Tracey Ullman Show'' shorts, Lisa was more of a "female Bart" and was equally mischievous, but as the series progressed, she became a more emotional and intellectual character.

Lisa is one of the most enduring characters on the series. ''[[TV Guide]]'' ranked her eleventh (tied with Bart) on their list of the "Top 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters of All Time". Yeardley Smith won a [[Primetime Emmy Award]] for [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance|Outstanding Voice-Over Performance]] in 1992. Lisa's environmentalism has been well received; several episodes featuring her have won [[Genesis Awards|Genesis]] and [[Environmental Media Awards]], including a special "Board of Directors Ongoing Commitment Award" in 2001, and [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals|PETA]] included her on their list of the "Most Animal-Friendly TV Characters of All Time". In 2000, Lisa, along with the rest of her family, was awarded a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]].

==Role in ''The Simpsons''==
''The Simpsons'' uses a [[floating timeline]] in which the characters [[Ageless|do not physically age]], and as such the show is generally assumed to be set in the current year. In several episodes, events have been linked to specific time periods, although this timeline has been contradicted in subsequent episodes.<ref name=p78>[[#Turner|Turner]], pp. 78-79</ref> Lisa's year of birth was stated in "[[Lisa's First Word]]" ([[The Simpsons (season 4)|season four]], 1992) as being in 1984 during the [[1984 Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]].<ref name="FirstWord">{{cite episode |title=Lisa's First Word|episodelink=Lisa's First Word|series=The Simpsons |serieslink=The Simpsons |credits=Martin, Jeff; Kirkland, Mark|network=Fox |airdate=1992-12-03 |season=04|number=10}}</ref> The episode "[[That 90's Show]]" ([[The Simpsons (season 19)|season 19]], 2007), however, contradicted much of the established backstory; for example, it was revealed that Homer and Marge were childless in the early 1990s.<ref>{{cite episode |title=That 90's Show|episodelink=That 90's Show|series=The Simpsons |serieslink=The Simpsons |credits=[[Matt Selman|Selman, Matt]]; [[Mark Kirkland|Kirkland, Mark]]|network=Fox |airdate=2008-01-27 |season=19|number=11}}</ref> Lisa has been eight years old since "[[Stark Raving Dad]]". ([[The Simpsons (season 3)|season three]], 1991)<ref>{{cite episode |title=Stark Raving Dad|episodelink=Stark Raving Dad|series=The Simpsons |serieslink=The Simpsons |credits=Jean, Al; Reiss, Mike; [[Rich Moore|Moore, Rich]]|network=Fox |airdate=1991-09-19 |season=03|number=01}}</ref>

Lisa is a great music fan, best evidenced by her proficiency with the saxophone and her relationship with musician [[List of recurring characters in The Simpsons#Bleeding Gums Murphy|Bleeding Gums Murphy]], whom she regards as both a friend and an idol. Murphy was the only one able to pull Lisa out of her depression in "[[Moaning Lisa]]", ([[The Simpsons (season 1)|season one]], 1990)<ref>{{cite episode |title=Moaning Lisa|episodelink=Moaning Lisa|series=The Simpsons |serieslink=The Simpsons |credits=Jean, Al; Reiss, Mike; Archer, Wes|network=Fox |airdate=1990-02-11 |season=01|number=06}}</ref> and she was deeply saddened by his death in "[['Round Springfield]]". ([[The Simpsons (season 6)|season six]], 1995)<ref>{{cite episode |title='Round Springfield|episodelink='Round Springfield|series=The Simpsons |serieslink=The Simpsons |credits=[[Joshua Sternin|Sternin, Joshua]]; [[Jeffrey Ventimilia|Ventimilia, Jeffrey]]; Moore, Steven Dean |network=Fox |airdate=1995-04-30 |season=06|number=22}}</ref> Lisa has had relationships with several boys, including [[Ralph Wiggum]] in "[[I Love Lisa]]", ([[The Simpsons (season 4)|season four]], 1993)<ref>{{cite episode |title=I Love Lisa|episodelink=I Love Lisa|series=The Simpsons |serieslink=The Simpsons |credits=[[Frank Mula|Mula, Frank]]; [[Wes Archer|Archer, Wes]]|network=Fox |airdate=1993-02-11 |season=04|number=15}}</ref> [[Nelson Muntz]] in "[[Lisa's Date with Density]]" ([[The Simpsons (season 8)|season eight]], 1996)<ref name="Density">{{cite episode |title=Lisa's Date with Density|episodelink=Lisa's Date with Density|series=The Simpsons |serieslink=The Simpsons |credits=[[Mike Scully|Scully, Mike]]; [[Susie Dietter|Dietter, Susie]]|network=Fox |airdate=1996-12-15 |season=08|number=07}}</ref> and [[List of one-time characters from The Simpsons#Colin|Colin]] in ''[[The Simpsons Movie]]''. (2007)<ref>{{cite video | people = | title = [[The Simpsons Movie]] | medium = Film| publisher = [[20th Century Fox]] | location = | year2 = 2007 }}</ref> [[Milhouse Van Houten]] also has a crush on her, and on many occasions has dropped none-too-subtle hints about his feelings, but has been unsuccessful at developing a relationship with her.<ref name="Density"/>

Lisa is the intelligent member of the Simpson family, and many episodes of the series focus on her fighting for various causes. Lisa is generally used as the main character in episodes with "a real moral or philosophical point," which according to former writer [[David X. Cohen|David S. Cohen]] is because "you really buy her as caring about it."<ref name=Skepticcom>Cohen, David S.; Groening, Matt; Meyer, George; Michels, Pete; Scully, Mike; Smith; Yeardley. (2005). Commentary for "[[Lisa the Skeptic]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Seventh Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref>

==Character==
===Creation===
[[Matt Groening]] first conceived Lisa and the rest of the Simpson family in 1986 in the lobby of producer [[James L. Brooks]]'s office. Groening had been called in to pitch a series of animated shorts for ''The Tracey Ullman Show'' and had intended to present an adaptation of his ''[[Life in Hell]]'' comic strip. When he realized that animating ''Life in Hell'' would require him to rescind publication rights, Groening decided to go in another direction,<ref name="americasfirstfamily">{{cite video|people=BBC|year=2000|title='The Simpsons': America's First Family (6 minute edit for the season 1 DVD)|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0250735/|format=DVD|location=UK|publisher=20th Century Fox}}</ref> and he hurriedly sketched out his version of a dysfunctional family, naming the characters after members of his own family. Lisa was named after after Groening's younger sister.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/entertainment/2003818762_realsimpsons030.html|title=The real people behind Homer Simpson and family|accessdate=2008-01-19|author=Rose, Joseph|date=2007-08-03|publisher=''[[The Oregonian]]''}}</ref>

Lisa made her debut with the rest of the Simpson family on April 19, 1987 in ''The Tracey Ullman Show'' [[The Simpsons shorts|short]] "[[Good Night (The Simpsons short)|Good Night]]".<ref>[[#Richmond|Richmond]], p. 14</ref> In 1989, the shorts were adapted into ''The Simpsons'', a half-hour series airing on the [[Fox Broadcasting Company]]. Lisa and the Simpson family remained the main characters on this new show.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lacitybeat.com/cms/story/detail/?id=568&IssueNum=32|title='3rd Degree: Harry Shearer'|accessdate=2008-09-21|author=Kuipers, Dean|date=2004-04-15|publisher=''Los Angeles: City Beat''}}</ref>

===Design===
[[Image:Lisasmall2.gif|right|170px|thumb|This image illustrates how to draw Lisa's head and hairline using the "three-three-two arrangement".]]
The entire Simpson family was designed so that they would be recognizable in silhouette.<ref>Groening, Matt; Al Jean, Mike Reiss. (2001). Commentary for "[[There's No Disgrace Like Home]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete First Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> The family was crudely drawn, because Groening had submitted basic sketches to the animators, assuming they would clean them up; instead, they just traced over his drawings.<ref name="americasfirstfamily"/> Lisa's physical features are generally not used in other characters; for example, in the later seasons, no character other than Maggie shares her hairline.<ref>Groening, Matt; Reiss, Mike; Kirkland, Mark. (2002). Commentary for "[[Principal Charming]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Second Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> While designing Lisa, Groening "couldn't be bothered to even think about girls' hair styles".<ref name=THOHV/> At the time, Groening was primarily drawing in black and white and when designing Lisa and Maggie, he "just gave them this kind of spiky starfish hair style, not thinking that they would eventually be drawn in color".<ref>Groening, Matt. (2006). "A Bit From the Animators", illustrated commentary for "[[All Singing, All Dancing]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Ninth Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> To draw Lisa's head and hair, most of the animators use what they refer to as the "three-three-two arrangement". They draw a sphere, with intersecting curving lines (one vertical, one horizontal) in the middle to indicate her eyeline. They take the middle line running vertically and continue the line outside of the sphere to draw one hair point, then two more going towards the back of her head. Afterward, they add three more points in front (in the direction Lisa is facing), then three more behind it.<ref>Archer, Wes; Groening, Matt; Kirkland, Mark. (2005). "A Bit From the Animators", illustrated commentary for "[[Summer of 4 Ft. 2]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Seventh Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> Several animators that have worked on the show, including [[Pete Michels]] and [[David Silverman]], consider Lisa the most difficult character to draw.<ref>Michels, Pete. (2006). "A Bit From the Animators", illustrated commentary for "[[All Singing, All Dancing]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Ninth Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> Silverman explains that it is because "her head is so abstract" due to her hair style.<ref name=THOHV>Silverman, David; Reardon, Jim; Groening, Matt. (2005). Illustrated commentary for "[[Treehouse of Horror V]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Sixth Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref>

===Voice===
While the roles of Homer and Marge were given to [[Dan Castellaneta]] and [[Julie Kavner]] because they were already a part of the ''Tracey Ullman Show'' cast,<ref name="The Age">{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/02/27/1046064146568.html|title=D'oh, you're the voice|accessdate=2007-08-18|date=2003-02-27|author=Lee, Luaine|publisher=''[[The Age]]''}}</ref> the producers decided to hold casting for the roles of Bart and Lisa. [[Nancy Cartwright]] originally auditioned for the role of Lisa. Upon arriving at the audition, however, she discovered that the character was simply described as the "middle child" and did not have much personality.<ref name=Carty>Cartwright, pp. 35–40</ref> Cartwright instead auditioned for the role of Bart believing that the role was better for her.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1017238.stm|title=Bart's voice tells all|accessdate=2007-05-16|date=2000-11-10|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Cartwright recalls "with the brilliant wit of the writers and the wry, in-your-eye, honest-to-a-fault interpretation, Yeardley Smith has made Lisa a bright light of leadership, full of compassion and competence beyond her years. Lisa Simpson is the kind of child we not only want our children to be, but also the kind of child we want ''all'' children to be. But, at the time, on ''The Tracey Ullman Show'', she was just an animated eight-year-old kid who had no personality."<ref name=Carty/>
[[Image:Yeardleysmithcomiccon.jpg|thumb|left|Voice actress [[Yeardley Smith]]]]
[[Yeardley Smith]] had initially been asked to audition for the role of Bart but casting director [[Bonita Pietila]] believed her voice was too high. Smith later recalled "I always sounded too much like a girl, I read two lines as Bart and they said, 'Thanks for coming!'"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1565538/20070725/story.jhtml|title='Simpsons' Trivia, From Swearing Lisa To 'Burns-Sexual' Smithers|accessdate=2007-07-29|date=2008-10-26|author=Larry Carroll|publisher=[[MTV]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=She who laughs last|date=2007-12-08|accessdate=2008-02-09|page=8E|work=[[The Daily Telegraph (Australia)|The Daily Telegraph]]|author=Charles Miranda}}</ref> Smith was given the role of Lisa instead, although she almost turned it down.<ref name="Happy">{{cite news|title=She’s happy as Lisa Simpson, although she’d like more d’oh |date=2004-04-04|accessdate=2008-10-26|work=[[The Spokesman-Review]]|publisher=Associated Press|author=Heidi Vogt}}</ref> In order to perform the voice, Smith lifts her voice up a little.<ref>{{cite news|title=She who laughs last|date=2007-12-08|accessdate=2008-02-09|page=8E|publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph (Australia)|The Daily Telegraph]]|author=Charles Miranda}}</ref> Lisa is the only regular character voiced by Smith, although in some earlier episodes she provided some of Maggie's squeaks and occasional speaking parts.<ref name=com>{{cite video | people=Smith, Yeardley|year=2007|title=Audio commentary for [[The Simpsons Movie]]| medium=DVD||publisher=20th Century Fox}}</ref> Smith has only voiced characters other than Lisa on very rare occasions, with those characters usually being some derivative of Lisa, such as Lisa Bella in "[[Last Tap Dance in Springfield]]" ([[The Simpsons (season 11)|season 11]], 2000) and Lisa, Jr. in "[[Missionary: Impossible]]". ([[The Simpsons (season 11)|season 11]], 2000)<ref>Smith, Yeardley. (2005). Commentary for "[[Missionary: Impossible]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Eleventh Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref>

Despite the fame of her character, Smith is rarely recognized in public, which she does not mind, describing it as "wonderful."<ref>{{cite news|title=Meet the Simpsons|date=2004-05-06|accessdate=2008-10-26|publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph (Australia)|Daily Express]]|author=Peter Sheridan}}</ref> Smith received a [[Primetime Emmy Award]] in 1992 but felt it was not worth anything, saying "there’s part of me that feels it wasn’t even a real Emmy." This is because the Emmy for [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance|Outstanding Voice-Over Performance]] is a [[Creative Arts Emmy Award|Creative Arts]] award and is not voted on by the regular Emmy voters and not handed out during the primetime telecast.<ref name="Happy"/> Smith, however, says "if I had to be associated with one character in fiction, I will always be thrilled that it was Lisa Simpson."<ref name="Happy"/>

Until 1998, Smith was paid $30,000 per episode. During a pay dispute in 1998, Fox threatened to replace the six main voice actors with new actors, going as far as preparing for casting of new voices.<ref name=Glaister/> The dispute was soon resolved, and she received $125,000 per episode until 2004 when the voice actors demanded that they be paid $360,000 an episode.<ref name=Glaister>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/04/02/1080544690429.html|title=Simpsons actors demand bigger share|accessdate=2008-10-26|date=2004-04-03|author=Glaister, Dan|publisher=''The Age''}}</ref> The issue was resolved a month later,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/05/01/entertainment/main615066.shtml|title='Simpsons' Cast Goes Back To Work|accessdate=2008-09-21|date=2004-05-01|publisher=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> and Smith earned $250,000 per episode.<ref>{{cite news|title=Meet the Simpsons|date=2004-05-06|accessdate=2008-10-26|publisher=''[[The Daily Telegraph (Australia)|Daily Express]]''|author=Sheridan, Peter}}</ref> After salary re-negotiations in 2008, the voice actors receive approximately $400,000 per episode.<ref>{{cite news | title = Simpsons cast sign new pay deal | publisher = [[BBC News]] | date = [[2008-06-03]] | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7434296.stm | accessdate=2008-10-26}}</ref>

===Development===
In ''The Tracey Ullman Show'' shorts, Lisa was more of a "female Bart" and was equally mischievous.<ref>Mirkin, David. (2004). Commentary for "[[Boy-Scoutz N the Hood]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Fifth Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> As the series progressed, Lisa began to develop into a more intelligent and more emotional character with "[[Krusty Gets Busted]]" ([[The Simpsons (season 1)|season one]], 1990) being one of the first episodes where her true intelligence is fully shown.<ref name="Reiss">Reiss, Mike. (2001). Commentary for "[[Krusty Gets Busted]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete First Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> Many episodes focusing on Lisa have an emotional nature, the first one being "[[Moaning Lisa]]". ([[The Simpsons (season 1)|season 1]], 1990) The idea for the episode was pitched by [[James L. Brooks]], who had wanted to do an emotional episode where Lisa is sad because the show had done a lot of "jokey episodes".<ref name="Reiss1">Reiss, Mike. (2001). Commentary for "[[Moaning Lisa]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete First Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref>

The episode "[[Lisa the Vegetarian]]" ([[The Simpsons (season 1)|season seven]], 1995) saw Lisa permanently become a [[vegetarian]], making her one of the first primetime television characters to become one.<ref name="PETA"/> The episode was written by David S. Cohen (in his first solo writing credit) who jotted down the idea one day while eating lunch. Then-executive producer [[David Mirkin]], who at that point had recently become a vegetarian, quickly approved the idea. Several of Lisa's experiences in the episode are based on what Mirkin went through when he became a vegetarian. The episode guest stars musician [[Paul McCartney]], who is a vegetarian and [[animal rights]] activist. McCartney's condition for appearing was that Lisa would remain a vegetarian for the rest of the series and would not revert back the next week. The trait stayed and is one of the few permanent character changes made in the show.<ref>Cohen, David S.; Groening, Matt; Mirkin, David. (2005). Commentary for "[[Lisa the Vegetarian]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Seventh Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref>

===Personality===
{{quote box2 |width=30em | bgcolor=transparant |align=left |halign=left |quote=<div style="text-align:left;">[Lisa is] a good soul. I love that she is so compassionate. She is wise beyond her years. She has remarkable optimism, despite the fact that she's disappointed so often.|source=<div style="text-align:right;">—[[Yeardley Smith]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Local actress finds a voice in `Simpsons'|date=1994-11-20|accessdate=2008-10-26|work=[[The Washington Times]]|author=Paul Freeman}}</ref>}}

Lisa is highly intelligent and sees herself as a misfit within the Simpson family due to her intelligence and liberal beliefs. Lisa's knowledge covers a wide range of subjects, from astronomy to medicine, and is notably more concerned with world affairs than her life in Springfield.<ref>{{cite episode |title='Scuse Me While I Miss the Sky|episodelink='Scuse Me While I Miss the Sky|series=The Simpsons |serieslink=The Simpsons |credits=[[Dan Greaney|Greaney, Dan]]; Grazier, Allen; [[Steven Dean Moore|Moore, Steven Dean]]|network=Fox |airdate=1991-09-19 |season=03|number=01}}</ref> Although her rebellion against social normalities is usually depicted as constructive and heroic, Lisa can be self-righteous at times. In "[[Lisa the Vegetarian]]", her increasing sense of moral righteousness regarding her [[vegetarianism]] leads her to disrupt a "meat-based" [[barbecue]] prepared by Homer, an act she comes to rue.<ref>{{cite episode |title=Lisa the Vegetarian|episodelink=Lisa the Vegetarian|series=The Simpsons |serieslink=The Simpsons |credits=Cohen, David X.; Kirkland, Mark|network=Fox |airdate=1995-10-15 |season=07|number=05}}</ref> In "[[Bart Star]]", ([[The Simpsons (season 9)|season nine]], 1997) she triumphantly declares that she, a girl, would like to join the football team. When it is revealed that there are already girls on the team, she expresses distaste for a sport that uses balls made of pig's skin, but is informed that footballs are synthetic and that proceeds of the balls are donated to [[Amnesty International]]. At a loss for words, Lisa runs off visibly upset.<ref>{{cite episode |title=Bart Star|episodelink=Bart Star|series=The Simpsons |serieslink=The Simpsons |credits=Cohen, David X.; Kirkland, Mark|network=Fox |airdate=1997-11-09 |season=09|number=06}}</ref>

She is often embarrassed and disapproving of her eccentric family: of her father's poor parenting skills and buffoonish personality; her mother's stereotyped image and inability to recognize social abnormalities; and her brother's delinquent and low-brow nature. She is also concerned that Maggie may grow up to be like the rest of the family and is seen trying to teach her complex ideas. In the end, however, she is very loyal to her family, most clearly seen in the [[flashforward]] "[[Lisa's Wedding]]", which deals with her concerns with introducing them to her cultured future fiancé.<ref>{{cite episode |title=Lisa's Wedding|episodelink=Lisa's Wedding|series=The Simpsons |serieslink=The Simpsons |credits=[[Greg Daniels|Daniels, Greg]]; Reardon, Jim|network=Fox |airdate=1995-03-19 |season=06|number=19}}</ref> In the episode "[[Mother Simpson]]" ([[The Simpsons (season 7)|season seven]], 1995) she meets her paternal grandmother [[Mona Simpson (The Simpsons)|Mona Simpson]] for the first time.<ref>{{cite episode |title=Mother Simpson|episodelink=Mother Simpson|series=The Simpsons |serieslink=The Simpsons |credits=[[Rich Appel|Appel, Rich]]; Silverman, David|network=Fox |airdate=1995-11-19 |season=07|number=08}}</ref> Mona is also well-read and articulate, and the writers had used the character as a way to explain some of the show's puzzles, such as where Lisa's intelligence came from.<ref>Appel, Rich. (2005). Commentary for "[[Mother Simpson]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Seventh Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref>

In "[[Homer's Enemy]]", ([[The Simpsons (season 8)|season eight]], 1997) it is mentioned that Lisa has an IQ of 156<ref>{{cite episode |title=Homer's Enemy|episodelink=Homer's Enemy|series=The Simpsons |serieslink=The Simpsons |credits=Swartzwelder, John; Reardon, Jim|network=Fox |airdate=1997-05-04 |season=08|number=23}}</ref> and is a member of [[Mensa International|Mensa]] [[Springfield (The Simpsons)|Springfield]].<ref>{{cite episode |title=They Saved Lisa's Brain|episodelink=They Saved Lisa's Brain|series=The Simpsons |serieslink=The Simpsons |credits=Selman, Matt; Michels, Pete|network=Fox |airdate=1999-05-09 |season=10|number=22}}</ref> When unable to attend school due to a [[teacher]]s' [[strike action|strike]] in "[[The PTA Disbands]]", ([[The Simpsons (season 6)|season six]], 1995) she suffered a sort of "school withdrawal", going as far as desperately asking Marge to give her a grade.<ref>{{cite episode |title=The PTA Disbands|episodelink=The PTA Disbands|series=The Simpsons |serieslink=The Simpsons |credits=[[Jennifer Crittenden|Crittenden, Jennifer]]; [[Swinton O. Scott III|Scott III, Swinton O.]]|network=Fox |airdate=1995-04-16 |season=06|number=21}}</ref> Lisa occasionally worries that her family's dull habits will rub off on her, and in "[[Lisa the Simpson]]" she believes that her family's "Simpson gene" will start to make her less intelligent. It is later revealed that the gene is on the [[Y chromosome]] and thus only men are affected.<ref>{{cite episode |title=Lisa the Simpson|episodelink=Lisa the Simpson|series=The Simpsons |serieslink=The Simpsons |credits=[[Ned Goldreyer|Goldreyer, Ned]]; Dietter, Susie|network=Fox |airdate=1998-03-08 |season=09|number=17}}</ref> Lisa also deeply values her [[integrity]], as demonstrated when she cheats on a test about the novel ''[[The Wind in the Willows]]'' to attain her highest grade of A+++, but she later admits her dishonesty to an unreceptive [[Seymour Skinner|Principal Skinner]] and self-grades her test as an F.<ref>{{cite episode |title=Lisa Gets an "A"|episodelink=Lisa Gets an "A"|series=The Simpsons |serieslink=The Simpsons |credits=[[Ian Maxtone-Graham|Maxtone-Graham, Ian]]; [[Bob Anderson (director)|Anderson, Bob]]|network=Fox |airdate=1998-11-22 |season=10|number=07}}</ref> Despite her high intelligence, Lisa does have typical childhood issues, sometimes requiring adult intervention. For example, in "[[Lost Our Lisa]]", she tricks Homer into allowing her to ride the bus alone, only to become hopelessly lost.<ref>{{cite episode |title=Lost Our Lisa|episodelink=Lost Our Lisa|series=The Simpsons |serieslink=The Simpsons |credits=[[Brian Scully|Scully, Briann]]; Michels, Pete|network=Fox |airdate=1998-05-10 |season=09|number=24}}</ref>

Lisa's political convictions are generally socially liberal. She is a [[vegetarianism|vegetarian]], environmentalist and a supporter of the [[Free Tibet movement]].<ref>{{cite episode |title=I'm Spelling as Fast as I Can|episodelink=I'm Spelling as Fast as I Can|series=The Simpsons |serieslink=The Simpsons |credits=[[Kevin Curran|Curran, Kevin]]; [[Nancy Kruse|Kruse, Nancy]]|network=Fox |airdate=2003-02-16 |season=1|number=12}}</ref> While still supportive of the [[Christianity|Christian]] church in which she was raised, Lisa became a practicing [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] following her decision to follow the [[Noble Eightfold Path]].<ref>{{cite episode |title=She of Little Faith|episodelink=She of Little Faith|series=The Simpsons |serieslink=The Simpsons |credits=Freiberger, Bill; Moore, Steven Dean|network=Fox |airdate=2001-12-16 |season=13|number=06}}</ref> She also supports the theory of [[Darwinism]] and [[evolution]], calling Darwin "one of the greatest minds" of all time, as seen in the episode, "[[The Monkey Suit]]". ([[The Simpsons (season 17)|season 17]], 2006)<ref>{{cite episode |title=The Monkey Suit|episodelink=The Monkey Suit|series=The Simpsons |serieslink=The Simpsons |credits=[[J. Stewart Burns|Burns, J. Stewart]]; [[Raymond S. Persi|Persi, Raymond S.]]|network=Fox |airdate=2006-05-14 |season=17|number=21}}</ref> There have been several instances where Lisa has used extreme measures to get her point across, such as throwing paint on [[Krusty the Clown]] for wearing a fur coat.<ref>{{cite episode |title=G.I. (Annoyed Grunt)|episodelink=G.I. (Annoyed Grunt)|series=The Simpsons |serieslink=The Simpsons |credits=[[Daniel Chun|Chun, Daniel]]; Kruse, Nancy|network=Fox |airdate=2006-11-12 |season=18|number=05}}</ref>

==Reception==
[[Image:The Simpsons star.jpg|thumb|200px|right|In 2000, Lisa, along with the rest of the Simpson family, was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.]]
Lisa's environmentalism has been well received. In 2001 Lisa received a special "Board of Directors Ongoing Commitment Award" at the [[Environmental Media Awards]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/spotlight/2001-11-15-simpsons.htm|title= Lisa Simpson animates environmental awards|author=W. Reed Moran|date=2001-11-15|accessdate=2007-10-17|publisher=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> "[[Lisa the Vegetarian]]" won both an Environmental Media Award for "Best Television Episodic Comedy"<ref name="EMAIMDB">{{cite news|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0096697/awards|title=Awards for "The Simpsons"|accessdate=2007-10-17|publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]]}}</ref> and a [[Genesis Awards|Genesis Award]] for "Best Television Comedy Series, Ongoing Commitment".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hsus.org/about_us/offices_and_affiliates/hsus_hollywood_office/the_genesis_awards/genesis_award_winners_and_memorable_moments/1996_genesis_awards.html|title=1995 Genesis Awards|accessdate=2007-10-21|publisher=[[Humane Society of the United States]]}}</ref> Several other episodes that feature Lisa speaking out in favor of animal rights have won Genesis Awards, including "[[Whacking Day]]" in 1994,<ref>{{cite news|title='Free Willy', 'Simpsons' win Genesis Awards|accessdate=2008-10-27|publisher=[[Rocky Mountain News]]|page=56A|date=[[1994-01-30]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hsus.org/about_us/offices_and_affiliates/hsus_hollywood_office/the_genesis_awards/genesis_award_winners_and_memorable_moments/1994_genesis_awards.html|title=1994 Genesis Awards|accessdate=2008-10-27|publisher=Humane Society of the United States}}</ref> "[[Bart Gets an Elephant]]" in 1995,<ref>{{cite news|title=Films, TV Programs praised for treatment of Animal issues|accessdate=2008-10-27|publisher=[[Daily News of Los Angeles]]|page=L9|author=Yardena Arar|date=[[1991-01-19]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hsus.org/about_us/offices_and_affiliates/hsus_hollywood_office/the_genesis_awards/genesis_award_winners_and_memorable_moments/1995_genesis_awards.html|title=1995 Genesis Awards|accessdate=2008-10-27|publisher=Humane Society of the United States}}</ref><ref>Cohen, David X.; Groening, Matt; Kirkland, Mark; Mirkin, David. (2005). Commentary for "[[Lisa the Vegetarian]]", in ''The Simpsons: The Complete Seventh Season'' [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.</ref> and "[[Million Dollar Abie]]", which won the "Sid Caesar Comedy Award" in 2007.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hsus.org/about_us/offices_and_affiliates/hsus_hollywood_office/the_genesis_awards/21st-genesis-awards/the_21st_annual_genesis.html|title=2007 Genesis Awards|accessdate=2007-10-21|publisher=Humane Society of the United States}}</ref> In 2004, animal rights organization [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals|PETA]] included Lisa on their list of the "Most Animal-Friendly TV Characters of All Time".<ref name="PETA">{{cite news|url=http://www.peta.org/mc/NewsItem.asp?id=4375|title=Friends' Phoebe tops PETA's list of most animal-friendly TV characters of all time|accessdate=2008-10-27|date=2004-05-04|publisher=[[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals|PETA]]}}</ref>

Lisa was also listed at number 11 (in the same entry as Bart) in ''[[TV Guide|TV Guide's]]'' "Top 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters of All Time."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/SHOWBIZ/TV/07/30/cartoon.characters/|title=Bugs Bunny tops greatest cartoon characters list|accessdate=2007-08-25|date=2002-07-30|publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Yeardley Smith has won several awards for voicing Lisa, including a [[Primetime Emmy Award]] for "[[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance|Outstanding Voice-Over Performance]]" in 1992 for "[[Lisa the Greek]]".<ref name="Emmys">{{cite web|url=http://www.emmys.org/awards/awardsearch.php |title=Primetime Emmy Awards Advanced Search|publisher=Emmys.org|accessdate=2008-01-18}}</ref> Various episodes in which Lisa is strongly featured have won Emmy Awards for [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program (for Programming Less Than One Hour)|Outstanding Animated Program]], including "[[Homer vs. Lisa and the 8th Commandment]]" in 1991, "[[Lisa's Wedding]]" in 1995 and "[[HOMR]]" in 2001.<ref name="Emmys"/> In 2000, Lisa and the rest of the Simpson family were awarded a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] located at 7021 Hollywood Boulevard.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2008-09-04|url=http://www.tibp.com/cgi-bin/foxweb.dll/wlx/dir/wlxdirectory?cc=WOFAME++++&lcName=The+Simpsons|title=Hollywood Icons |publisher=Hollywood Chamber of Commerce }}</ref>

In Japan, the broadcasters of the series found they were able to turn the apparent viewer dislike of the series around by focusing marketing attention on Lisa. Lisa's well-intended but ill-fated struggles to be a voice of reason and a force of good in her family and city struck a chord with the Japanese.<ref>Turner, p. 327</ref>

==Merchandising==
Lisa has been included in many ''The Simpsons'' publications, toys, and other merchandise. ''[[The Simpsons Library of Wisdom#The Lisa Book|The Lisa Book]]'', about Lisa's personality and attributes, was released in 2006 and is commercially available.<ref>{{Cite book| last =Groening | first =Matt |coauthor=Bill Morrison| title =[[The Simpsons Library of Wisdom#The Lisa Book|The Lisa Book]] | publisher =[[HarperCollins]]| year =2006 | isbn =0060748230}}</ref> Other merchandise includes dolls, [[poster]]s, figurines, [[bobblehead|bobblehead dolls]], [[mug]]s, and clothing such as [[slipper]]s, [[T-shirt]]s, [[baseball cap]]s, and [[boxer shorts]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thesimpsonsshop.resultspage.com/search?SESSID=048852c33e126efae65e0a2e9f957e7d&p=Q&ts=custom&w=Lisa|title=Search Results for Lisa |accessdate=2008-10-27|publisher=The Simpsons Shop}}</ref> Lisa has appeared in commercials for [[Burger King]], [[Butterfinger]], [[C.C. Lemon]] and [[Ramada Inn]].

Lisa has appeared in other media relating to ''The Simpsons''. She has appeared in every one of [[The Simpsons video games|''The Simpsons'' video games]], including ''[[The Simpsons Game]]'', released in 2007.<ref>{{cite news| last =Walk| first =Gary Eng| title =Work of Bart| page =| publisher =''Entertainment Weekly''| date =[[2007-11-05]]| url =http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20158366,00.html| accessdate =2008-09-07}}</ref> Alongside the television series, Lisa regularly appears in issues of [[List of The Simpsons comics#Simpsons Comics|''Simpsons Comics'']], which were first published on November 29, 1993 and are still issued monthly.<ref name="gazette">{{cite web| title = Groening launches Futurama comics| publisher = ''[[The Gazette (Colorado Springs)|The Gazette]]''| date = 2000-11-19| url = http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4191/is_20001119/ai_n9979492|accssdate=2008-09-07}}</ref><ref name="msnbc">{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20070708094751/http://cagle.msnbc.com/hogan/features/simpsons_sundays/simpsons_on_sundays.asp|title=Sundays with the Simpsons|accessdate=2008-09-07|author=Shutt, Craig|publisher=MSNBC}}</ref> Lisa also plays a role in [[The Simpsons Ride]], launched in 2008 at [[Universal Studios Florida]] and [[Universal Studios Hollywood|Hollywood]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://travel.latimes.com/daily-deal-blog/index.php/simpsons-ride-featur-1657/ |title=Simpsons ride features 29 characters, original voices|accessdate=2008-09-07|date=2008-04-09|publisher=''Los Angeles Times''|author=MacDonald, Brady}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
*{{cite book|last=Cartwright |first=Nancy|title=My Life as a 10-Year-Old Boy|year=2000|publisher=[[Hyperion (publisher)|Hyperion]]|location=New York City|id=ISBN 0-7868-8600-5}}
*<cite id=Richmond>{{cite book|last=Richmond |first=Ray|coauthors=Antonia Coffman|title=[[The Simpsons: A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family]] |year=1997 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|location=New York City |id=ISBN 0-00-638898-1}}</cite>
*<cite id=Turner>{{cite book | last=Turner | first=Chris | title=[[Planet Simpson: How a Cartoon Masterpiece Documented an Era and Defined a Generation]] | year=2004 |publisher=[[Random House|Random House Canada]] |location=Toronto| id=ISBN 0-679-31318-4}}</cite>

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | last=Alberti | first=John (ed.) | year=2003 | title=Leaving Springfield: 'The Simpsons' and the Possibility of Oppositional Culture | publisher=[[Wayne State University Press]] | id=ISBN 0-8143-2849-0}}
* {{cite book | last=Brown | first=Alan | coauthors=Chris Logan | year= 2006 | title=[[The Psychology of The Simpsons]] | publisher=[[Benbella Books]]|id=ISBN 1-932100-70-9}}
* {{Cite book| last =Groening | first =Matt |coauthor=Bill Morrison| title =[[The Simpsons Library of Wisdom#The Lisa Book|The Lisa Book]] | publisher =[[HarperCollins]]| year =2006 | isbn =0060748230}}
* {{cite book|last=Groening |first=Matt|title=[[The Simpsons Uncensored Family Album]] |year=1991 |publisher=HarperCollins|id=ISBN 0-06-096582-7}}
* {{cite book | last=Pinsky | first=Mark I | title=The Gospel According to The Simpsons: The Spiritual Life of the World's Most Animated Family| year=2004|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|location=Louisville, Kentucky | id=ISBN 0-664-22419-9}}

==External links==
{{Portal|The Simpsons|Simpsons tv icon.svg}}
{{wikiquote}}
*[http://www.thesimpsons.com/bios/bios_family_lisa.htm Lisa Simpson] at The Simpsons.com
* {{imdb character|0003029}}

{{Simpsons characters}}



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[[Category:The Simpsons characters]]
[[Category:1987 introductions]]
[[Category:Child characters in television]]
[[Category:Fictional jazz musicians]]
[[Category:Vegetarianism]]

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