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<div>{{Infobox military conflict| conflict = Battle of Vuelta de Obligado<br />
| partof = the [[Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata]]<br />
| image = [[File:Batalla de la Vuelta de Obligado.jpg|300px]]<br />
| caption = The Battle of Vuelta de Obligado, as depicted by Manuel Larravide (1871–1910)<br />
| date = 20 November 1845<br />
| place = [[Paraná River]], along [[San Pedro, Buenos Aires|San Pedro]], [[Buenos Aires Province]], [[Argentina]]<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|33|35|31.56|S|59|48|26.73|W|display=inline,title|type:event}}<br />
| result = Anglo-French [[Pyrrhic victory]]<br />
| combatant1 = {{nowrap|{{flag|Argentine Confederation}}}}<br />
| combatant2 = {{flagicon|France}} [[July Monarchy|Kingdom of France]]<br />{{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}<br />
| commander1 = {{flagicon|Argentine Confederation}} [[Lucio Mansilla]]<br />
| commander2 = {{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} [[François Thomas Tréhouart]]}}<br />{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Samuel Inglefield]]<br />
| strength1 = 2160 men<br />4 coastal batteries<br />1 [[brigantine]]<br />2 gunboats<br />
| strength2 = 11 warships<br />
| casualties1 = 150 killed<br />90 wounded<br />1 brigantine lost<br />21 cannons lost| casualties2 = 28 killed <br />95 wounded <br />Multiple damage to the<br /> warships, forcing emergency repairs.<br />
|<br />
}}<br />
The naval '''Battle of Vuelta de Obligado''' took place on the waters of the [[Paraná River]] on November 20, 1845, between the [[Argentine Confederation]], under the leadership of [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], and a combined Anglo-French fleet.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
During the 1830s and 1840s, the British and French governments were at odds with [[Juan Manuel de Rosas|Rosas]]' leadership of the [[Argentine Confederation]]. Rosas' economic policies of requiring trade to pass through the Buenos Aires custom house - which was his method of imposing his will on the [[Argentine Littoral|Littoral provinces]] - combined with his attempts to incorporate [[Paraguay]] and [[Uruguay]] to the Confederation, were in conflict with French and British economic interests in the region. During his government, Rosas had to face numerous problems with these foreign powers, which in some cases reached levels of open confrontation. These incidents included two naval blockades, the French blockade in 1838, and the Anglo-French of 1845.<ref name = "lewis">{{Citation | last = Lewis | first = Daniel K | title = The history of Argentina | series = The Greenwood histories of the modern nations. Palgrave Essential Histories | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | year = 2003 | pages = 46–47 | ISBN = 1-4039-6254-5}}.</ref><br />
<br />
With the development of steam-powered sailing (which mainly took place in Great Britain, France and the USA) in the third decade of the 19th century, large merchant and military ships became capable of sailing up rivers at a good speed and with a heavy load. This technology allowed the British and French governments to avoid the custom house in [[Buenos Aires]] by sailing directly through the [[Rio de la Plata|La Plata estuary]] and engaging in commerce directly with the [[Entre Ríos Province|Entrerrian]], [[Corrientes Province|Correntine]], Uruguayan and Paraguayan inland cities. This avoided Buenos Airean taxation, guaranteed special rights for the Europeans and allowed them to export their products cheaply.<br />
<br />
Rosas' government tried to stop this practice by declaring the Argentine rivers closed to foreign countries, barring access to Paraguay and other ports in the process. The British and French governments did not acknowledge this declaration and decided to defy Rosas by sailing upstream with a joint fleet, setting the stage for the battle.<ref name="lewis" /><br />
<br />
== Battle ==<br />
[[File:Rotura de cadenas en Obligado.jpg|thumb|right|British and French boats assaulting the chain line at Obligado]]<br />
<br />
The Anglo-French squadron that was sailing through the Paraná river in the first days of November was composed of eleven [[warships]]. <br />
* British<br />
** ''[[HMS Gorgon (1837)|Gorgon]]'',<ref>[http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/18-1900/G/02026.html Naval database: Gorgon, 1837]</ref> paddle (6 guns, Capt. Charles Hotham)<br />
** ''[[HMS Firebrand (1842)|Firebrand]]'',<ref>[http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/18-1900/F/01780.html Naval database: Firebrand, 1842]</ref> paddle (6 guns, Capt. James Hope)<br />
** [[HMS Philomel (1842)|''Philomel'']]<ref>[http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/18-1900/P/03492.html Naval database: Philomel, 1842]</ref> (8 guns, Commander [[Bartholomew Sulivan|Bartholomew James Sulivan]])<br />
** [[HMS Comus (1828)|''Comus'']]<ref>[http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/18-1900/C/01059.html Naval database: Comus, 1832]</ref> (18 guns, Commander [[Edward Augustus Inglefield]] (acting))<br />
** [[HMS Dolphin (1836)|''Dolphin'']]<ref>[http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/18-1900/D/01416.html Nval database: Dolphin, 1836]</ref> (3 guns, Lieut. Reginald Thomas John Levinge)<br />
** ''Fanny'',<ref>[http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/18-1900/F/01735.html Naval database: Fanny, 1845]</ref> schooner (1 gun, Lieut. Astley Cooper Key)<br />
* French<br />
** ''San Martin'' (8 guns, Capt. [[François Thomas Tréhouart]])<br />
** ''Fulton'', paddle (2 guns, Lieut. [[Louis Mazères]] <small>[[:fr:Louis Mazères|(fr)]]</small>)<br />
** ''Expéditive'' (16 guns, Lieut. Miniac)<br />
** ''Pandour'' (10 guns, Lieut. Duparc)<br />
** ''Procida'' (4 guns, Lieut. de la Rivière)<br />
<br />
These ships were among the most advanced military machinery of their time, and at least three — ''Fulton'', [[HMS Firebrand (1842)|HMS ''Firebrand'']] and [[HMS Gorgon (1837)|HMS ''Gorgon'']] — were [[steamboat|steamers]], which initially stayed behind the sailing vessels.{{Sfn | Marley | 1998 | p = 495}} They were partially armoured, and had rapid-fire guns and [[Congreve rocket]]s.{{Sfn | De León | pp = 18–19}}<br />
<br />
The main Argentine fortification was located on a cliff raising between 30 and 180&nbsp;m over the banks at Vuelta de Obligado, where the river is 700 metres wide and a turn makes navigation difficult.<ref>{{Citation | last = Rodríguez | first = Moises Enrique | title = Freedom's Mercenaries: British Volunteers in the War of Independence of Latin America: Southern South America | volume = 2 | publisher = Hamilton Books | year = 2006 | page = 566 | ISBN = 0-7618-3438-9}}.</ref><br />
<br />
The Argentine general [[Lucio Mansilla|Lucio N. Mansilla]] set up three thick metal chains suspended from 24 boats completely across the river, to prevent the advance of the European fleet. This operation was in charge of an Italian immigrant named Filipo Aliberti.{{Sfn | Mansilla | 1994 | p = 175}} Only three of these boats were naval vessels; the rest were requisitioned barges whose owners received a compensation in case of loss.<ref name= "histar">{{Citation | url = http://www.histarmar.com.ar/InfHistorica/Obligado/Obligado5.htm | place = [[Argentina|AR]] | trans_title = The Argentinian ships that participated in the combat of Vuelta de Obligado | publisher = Histarmar | title = Las naves argentinas que participaron del combate de la Vuelta de Obligado | language = Spanish}}</ref> Aliberti was the master of one of the boats, the ''Jacoba'', sunk in the battle. At least 20 boats and barges were lost in the chain barrage at Obligado.<br />
<br />
[[File:Rotas cadenas.JPG|thumb|right|Chain links and ammunition used by the Argentine forces during the battle]]<br />
<br />
On the right shore of the river the Argentines mounted four batteries with 30 cannons, many of them [[bronze]] 8, 10, 12 and 20-[[Pound (mass)#Use in weaponry|pounders]]. These were served by a division of 160 [[gaucho]] soldiers. There were also 2,000 men in trenches under the command of [[Colonel]] [[Ramón Rodríguez (soldier)|Ramón Rodríguez]] <small>[[:es:Ramón Rodríguez (militar)|(es)]]</small>, together with the [[brigantine]] ''Republicano'' <small>[[:es:Republicano (1842)|(es)]]</small> and two small gunboats, ''Restaurador'' and ''Lagos'',<ref name = "victoria" />{{Sfn | Marley | 1998 | p = 495}} with the mission of guarding the [[boom (navigational barrier)|chains across the river]].<ref name= "luche" /> Some sources<ref name="histar"/> increase the Argentine naval power to a third gunboat, the unarmed brigantine ''Vigilante,'' whose artillery had been dismounted and transferred to one of the batteries, eight armed launches and at least five armed barges.<ref name="histar"/><br />
<br />
The combat began at dawn, with intense cannon fire and rocket discharges over the Argentine batteries, which had less accurate and slower loading cannons. From the beginning the Argentines suffered many casualties — 150 dead, 90 wounded. Furthermore, the [[barge]]s that held the chains were burnt down, and the ''Republicano'' was lost, blown up by its own commander when he was unable to defend it any longer. A number of armed launches were also sunk in battle. The gunboats ''Restaurador'' and ''Lagos'' disengaged successfully and withdrew up river, towards Tonelero pass.<ref name="histar" /><ref>{{Citation | publisher = Academia Nacional de la Historia | place = [[Argentina|AR]] | journal = Investigaciones y ensayos | issue = 43 | year = 1993 | page = 119 | language = Spanish}}.</ref> The third gunboat and the armed barges also survived the action, but the dismantled brigantine ''Vigilante'' was scuttled by her crew and the remaining launches were destroyed by the combined fleet on 28 November.<ref name="histar"/><br />
<br />
Shortly after, the French steamer ''Fulton'' sailed through a gap open in the chain's barrier. Disembarked troops overcame the last defenders of the bluff, and 21 cannons fell into hands of the allied forces. The Europeans had won free passage at the cost of 28 dead and 95 wounded. However, the ships suffered severe damage, stranding them at Obligado for 40 days to make emergency repairs.{{Sfn | Marley | 1998 | p = 495}}<ref name = "luche">{{Citation | url = http://www.lucheyvuelve.com.ar/General/batalladeoblig.htm | contribution = Batalla de Obligado | title = Luche y Vuelve | place = [[Argentina|AR]] | language = Spanish}}.</ref><br />
<br />
Meanwhile, 40&nbsp;km to the north, a small Argentine naval force composed of the [[sloop]] ''Chacabuco'', the gunboats ''Carmen'', ''Arroyo Grande'', ''Apremio'' and ''Buena Vista'' kept watch over a secondary branch of the Paraná whose control gives full access to the ports of [[Entre Ríos Province|Entre Ríos]]. Like at Obligado, a double chain held by seven barges was also deployed across the river.<ref name = "victoria">{{Citation | publisher = Ateneo HYV | place = AR | url = http://www.ateneohyv.com.ar/Regional/vueltaobligado.htm | title = Batalla de la Vuelta de Obligado | trans_title = Battle of Vuelta de Obligado | language = Spanish}}</ref> When news of the battle's outcome reached the squadron, the ''Chacabuco'' was scuttled and the reminder of the flotilla took shelter in the port of [[Victoria, Entre Rios|Victoria]].<ref>{{Citation | first1 = Anadón | last1 = Carlos | first2 = Murature María | last2 = del Carmen | trans_title = History of Matanza‐Victoria: from the origins to 1900 | title = Historia de Matanza-Victoria: desde los orígenes hasta 1900 | publisher = Talleres Gráficos Nueva Impresora | year = 1968 | page = 102 | language = Spanish}}</ref><br />
<br />
Only 50 out of 92 merchantmen awaiting at [[Ibicuy Islands]] continued their upriver trip. The rest gave up and returned to Montevideo.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.histarmar.com.ar/InfHistorica/Obligado/Obligado4.htm | title = Después de Obligado | language = Spanish | trans_title = After Obligado | publisher = Histarmar | place = AR}}.</ref> The British and French ships that were able to sail past up river were again attacked on their way back at Paso del Tonelero and at Angostura del Quebracho on 4 June 1846. The combined fleet suffered the loss of six merchant ships during the later engagement.{{Sfn | De León | 2008 | pages = 18–19}} Therefore, the Anglo-French victory did not achieve their economic objectives. It proved to be practically impossible to sail Argentine rivers without the authorisation of Argentine authorities.{{Sfn | Chapman | 1889 | p = 165 | ps =: ‘For nearly four years we kept a squadron there, seldom consisting of less than a dozen ships, to cooperate with the similar force mantained by the French; yet, after all our trouble and lavish expenditure, we concluded a treaty in 1849, which was only a diplomatic avowal of the failure of our intervention’}}<br />
<br />
== Aftermath ==<br />
The battle had a great impact on the continent. [[Chile]] and [[Brazil]] changed their stance (until then they were against Rosas), and supported the Confederation. Even some [[Unitarian Party|Unitarian]] leaders, traditional enemies of the Argentine [[caudillo]], were moved by the events, with General [[Martiniano Chilavert]] offering to join the Confederacy army.<ref name="luche" /><br />
<br />
France and the United Kingdom eventually lifted the blockade and dropped their attempts to bypass Buenos Aires' policies. They acknowledged the Argentine government's legal right over the Paraná and other internal rivers, and its authority to determine who had access to it, in exchange for the withdrawal of Rosas's army from Uruguay.<ref>{{Citation | last = Scheina | first = Robert | title = Latin America's Wars: The age of the caudillo, 1791&ndash;1899 | publisher = Brassey's | year = 2003 | page = 122 | ISBN = 1-57488-450-6}}.</ref><br />
<br />
The Battle of Obligado is remembered in Argentina on 20 November, which was declared a "[[Day of National Sovereignty]]" in 1974,<ref>{{Citation | publisher = [[Argentine National Congress|Congreso de la Nación]] | trans_title = Journal of sessions of the House of Representatives | title = Diario de sesiones de la Cámara de Diputados | page = 3569 | year = 1973}}.</ref> and became a national holiday in 2010.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1321208 | title = Por decreto, el Gobierno incorporó nuevos feriados al calendario | newspaper = La Nación | trans_title = By decree, Government incorporated new holidays in the calendar | language = Spanish | place = AR}}</ref> The French [[Paris Métro]] had a station named after this battle until 1947, when it was renamed ''Argentine'', as a good-will gesture after the visit of [[Eva Perón]] to France.<ref>[http://www.leparisien.fr/paris-75/paris-75016/la-station-argentine-fait-peau-neuve-16-06-2011-1495120.php "La station Argentine fait peau neuve"] [[Le Parisien]], 16 June 2011 {{fr icon}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
* {{Citation | last = Marley | first = David | title = Wars of the Americas: a chronology of armed conflict in the New World, 1492 to the present | publisher = ABC-CLIO | year = 1998 | ISBN = 0-87436-837-5}}.<br />
* {{Citation | last = Mansilla | first = Lucio Victorio | title = Mis memorias y otros escritos | trans_title = My memories and other writings | publisher = Secretaría de Cultura de la Nación; Lugar Editorial | year = 1994 | ISBN = 950-9129-91-7 | language = Spanish}}.<br />
* {{Citation | last = De León | first = Pablo | title = Historia de la Actividad Espacial en la Argentina | trans_title = History of the spatial activity in Argentina | publisher = Lulu | year = 2008 | ISBN = 0-557-01782-3 | language = Spanish}}.<br />
* {{Citation | journal = The Westminster Review | volume = 131 | first = J | last = Chapman | year = 1889}}.<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category|Battle of Vuelta de Obligado}}<br />
*[http://www.pdavis.nl/Uruguay.htm 1845 Anglo-French action in Uruguay] by [[William Laird Clowes|W.L. Clowes]]<br />
*[http://www.pdavis.nl/Uruguay2.htm Henry Norton Sulivan on the 1845 Anglo-French action in Uruguay] (3 parts)<br />
*[http://www.elhistoriador.com.ar/articulos/epoca_de_rosas/la_vuelta_de_obligado.php 20 de noviembre de 1845 - La Vuelta de Obligado]. by [[Felipe Pigna]]<br />
*[http://www.histarmar.com.ar/InfHistorica/Obligado1.htm ''La Vuelta de Obligado'' - Histarmar] {{es}} (''accessed 2016-01-14'')<br />
<br />
{{Argentine Civil War}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Conflicts in 1845|Vuelta de Obligado]]<br />
[[Category:Naval battles involving Argentina|Vuelta de Obligado]]<br />
[[Category:Naval battles involving the United Kingdom|Vuelta de Obligado]]<br />
[[Category:Naval battles involving France|Vuelta de Obligado]]<br />
[[Category:Argentina–United Kingdom relations]]<br />
[[Category:1845 in Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:1845 in France]]<br />
[[Category:1845 in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Juan Manuel de Rosas]]<br />
[[Category:Argentina–France relations]]<br />
[[Category:History of Buenos Aires Province]]</div>Ttocserphttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schlacht_von_Vuelta_de_Obligado&diff=171204452Schlacht von Vuelta de Obligado2016-01-29T10:08:54Z<p>Ttocserp: Undid revision 702180171 by 200.45.9.124 (talk)</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox military conflict|<br />
| conflict = Battle of Vuelta de Obligado<br />
| partof = the [[Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata]]<br />
| image = [[File:Batalla de la Vuelta de Obligado.jpg|300px]]<br />
| caption = The Battle of Vuelta de Obligado, as depicted by Manuel Larravide (1871–1910)<br />
| date = 20 November 1845<br />
| place = [[Paraná River]], along [[San Pedro, Buenos Aires|San Pedro]], [[Buenos Aires Province]], [[Argentina]]<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|33|35|31.56|S|59|48|26.73|W|display=inline,title|type:event}}<br />
| result = Anglo-French [[Pyrrhic victory]], Argentine tactical victory. France and England recognize the sovereignty of Argentina over the River Plate and its tributaries.<br />
| combatant1 = {{nowrap|{{flag|Argentine Confederation}}}}<br />
| combatant2 = {{flagicon|France}} [[July Monarchy|Kingdom of France]]<br />{{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}<br />
| commander1 = {{flagicon|Argentine Confederation}} [[Lucio Mansilla]]<br />
| commander2 = {{nowrap|{{flagicon|France}} [[François Thomas Tréhouart]]}}<br />{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Samuel Inglefield]]<br />
| strength2 = 11 warships<br />
| strength1 = 2160 men<br />4 coastal batteries<br />1 [[brigantine]]<br />2 gunboats<br />
| casualties2 = 28 killed <br />95 wounded <br />Multiple damage to the<br /> warships, forcing emergency repairs.<br />
| casualties1 = 150 killed<br />90 wounded<br />1 brigantine lost<br />21 cannons lost}}<br />
The naval '''Battle of Vuelta de Obligado''' took place on the waters of the [[Paraná River]] on November 20, 1845, between the [[Argentine Confederation]], under the leadership of [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], and a combined Anglo-French fleet.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
During the 1830s and 1840s, the British and French governments were at odds with [[Juan Manuel de Rosas|Rosas]]' leadership of the [[Argentine Confederation]]. Rosas' economic policies of requiring trade to pass through the Buenos Aires custom house -which was his method of imposing his will on the Littoral provinces- combined with his attempts to incorporate [[Paraguay]] and [[Uruguay]] to the Confederation, were in conflict with French and British economic interests in the region. During his government, Rosas had to face numerous problems with these foreign powers, which in some cases reached levels of open confrontation. These incidents included two naval blockades, the French blockade in 1838, and the Anglo-French of 1845.<ref name = "lewis">{{Citation | last = Lewis | first = Daniel K | title = The history of Argentina | series = The Greenwood histories of the modern nations. Palgrave Essential Histories | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | year = 2003 | pages = 46–47 | ISBN = 1-4039-6254-5}}.</ref><br />
<br />
With the development of steam-powered sailing (which mainly took place in Great Britain, France and the USA) in the third decade of the 19th century, large merchant and military ships became capable of sailing up rivers at a good speed and with a heavy load. [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Lord Palmerston]] was the first to propose the use of steamers for commerce along the internal waters of Argentina in 1841.<ref name= "victoria" /> This technology allowed the British and French governments to avoid the custom house in [[Buenos Aires]] by sailing directly through the [[Rio de la Plata|La Plata estuary]] and engaging in commerce directly with the [[Entre Ríos Province|Entrerrian]], [[Corrientes Province|Correntine]], Uruguayan and Paraguayan inland cities. This avoided Buenos Airean taxation, guaranteed special rights for the Europeans and allowed them to export their products cheaply.<br />
<br />
Rosas' government tried to stop this practice by declaring the Argentine rivers closed to foreign countries, barring access to Paraguay and other ports in the process. The British and French governments did not acknowledge this declaration and decided to defy Rosas by sailing upstream with a joint fleet, setting the stage for the battle.<ref name="lewis" /><br />
<br />
== Battle ==<br />
[[File:Rotura de cadenas en Obligado.jpg|thumb|right|British and French boats assaulting the chain line at Obligado]]<br />
<br />
The Anglo-French squadron that was sailing through the Paraná river in the first days of November was composed of eleven [[warships]]. <br />
* British<br />
** ''Gorgon'', paddle (6 guns, Capt. Chas. Hotham)<br />
** ''Firebrand'', paddle (6 guns, Capt. James Hope)<br />
** ''Philomel'' (8 guns, Commander Bartholomew James Sulivan)<br />
** ''Comus'' (18 guns, Commander Edward Augustus Inglefield (acting))<br />
** ''Dolphin'' (3 guns, Lieut. Reginald Thomas John Levinge)<br />
** ''Fanny'', schooner (1 gun, Lieut. Astley Cooper Key)<br />
* French<br />
** ''San Martin'' (8 guns, Capt. François Thomas Tréhouart)<br />
** ''Fulton'', paddle (2 guns, Lieut. Mazères)<br />
** ''Expéditive'' (16 guns, Lieut. Miniac)<br />
** ''Pandour'' (10 guns, Lieut. Duparc)<br />
** ''Procida'' (4 guns, Lieut. de la Rivière)<br />
<br />
These ships were among the most advanced military machinery of their time, and at least three — ''Fulton'', HMS ''Firebrand'' and HMS ''Gorgon'' — were [[steamboat|steamers]], which initially stayed behind the sailing vessels.{{Sfn | Marley | 1998 | p = 495}} They were partially armoured, and had rapid-fire guns and [[Congreve rocket]]s.{{Sfn | De León | pp = 18–19}}<br />
<br />
The main Argentine fortification was located on a cliff raising between 30 and 180&nbsp;m over the banks at Vuelta de Obligado, where the river is 700 metres wide and a turn makes navigation difficult.<ref>{{Citation | last = Rodríguez | first = Moises Enrique | title = Freedom's Mercenaries: British Volunteers in the War of Independence of Latin America: Southern South America | volume = 2 | publisher = Hamilton Books | year = 2006 | page = 566 | ISBN = 0-7618-3438-9}}.</ref><br />
<br />
The Argentine general [[Lucio Mansilla|Lucio N. Mansilla]] set up three thick metal chains suspended from 24 boats completely across the river, to prevent the advance of the European fleet. This operation was in charge of an Italian immigrant named Filipo Aliberti.{{Sfn | Mansilla | 1994 | p = 175}} Only three of these boats were naval vessels; the rest were requisitioned barges whose owners received a compensation in case of loss.<ref name= "histar">{{Citation | url = http://www.histarmar.com.ar/InfHistorica/Obligado/Obligado5.htm | place = [[Argentina|AR]] | trans_title = The Argentinian ships that participated in the combat of Vuelta de Obligado | publisher = Histarmar | title = Las naves argentinas que participaron del combate de la Vuelta de Obligado | language = Spanish}}</ref> Aliberti was the master of one of the boats, the ''Jacoba'', sunk in the battle. At least 20 boats and barges were lost in the chain barrage at Obligado.<br />
<br />
[[File:Rotas cadenas.JPG|thumb|right|Chain links and ammunition used by the Argentine forces during the battle]]<br />
<br />
On the right shore of the river the Argentines mounted four batteries with 30 cannons, many of them [[bronze]] 8, 10, 12 and 20-[[Pound (mass)#Use in weaponry|pounders]]. These were served by a division of 160 [[gaucho]] soldiers. There were also 2,000 men in trenches under the command of [[Colonel]] Ramón Rodríguez, together with the [[brigantine]] ''Republicano'' and two small gunboats, ''Restaurador'' and ''Lagos'',<ref name = "victoria" />{{Sfn | Marley | 1998 | p = 495}} with the mission of guarding the [[boom (navigational barrier)|chains across the river]].<ref name= "luche" /> Some sources<ref name="histar"/> increase the Argentine naval power to a third gunboat, the unarmed brigantine ''Vigilante,'' whose artillery had been dismounted and transferred to one of the batteries, eight armed launches and at least five armed barges.<ref name="histar"/><br />
<br />
The combat began at dawn, with intense cannon fire and rocket discharges over the Argentine batteries, which had less accurate and slower loading cannons. From the beginning the Argentines suffered many casualties — 150 dead, 90 wounded. Furthermore, the [[barge]]s that held the chains were burnt down, and the ''Republicano'' was lost, blown up by its own commander when he was unable to defend it any longer. A number of armed launches were also sunk in battle. The gunboats ''Restaurador'' and ''Lagos'' disengaged successfully and withdrew up river, towards Tonelero pass.<ref name="histar" /><ref>{{Citation | publisher = Academia Nacional de la Historia | place = [[Argentina|AR]] | journal = Investigaciones y ensayos | issue = 43 | year = 1993 | page = 119 | language = Spanish}}.</ref> The third gunboat and the armed barges also survived the action, but the dismantled brigantine ''Vigilante'' was scuttled by her crew and the remaining launches were destroyed by the combined fleet on 28 November.<ref name="histar"/><br />
<br />
Shortly after, the French steamer ''Fulton'' sailed through a gap open in the chain's barrier. Disembarked troops overcame the last defenders of the bluff, and 21 cannons fell into hands of the allied forces. The Europeans had won free passage at the cost of 28 dead and 95 wounded. However, the ships suffered severe damage, stranding them at Obligado for 40 days to make emergency repairs.{{Sfn | Marley | 1998 | p = 495}}<ref name = "luche">{{Citation | url = http://www.lucheyvuelve.com.ar/General/batalladeoblig.htm | contribution = Batalla de Obligado | title = Luche y Vuelve | place = [[Argentina|AR]] | language = Spanish}}.</ref><br />
<br />
Meanwhile, 40&nbsp;km to the north, a small Argentine naval force composed of the [[sloop]] ''Chacabuco'', the gunboats ''Carmen'', ''Arroyo Grande'', ''Apremio'' and ''Buena Vista'' kept watch over a secondary branch of the Paraná whose control gives full access to the ports of [[Entre Ríos Province|Entre Ríos]]. Like at Obligado, a double chain held by seven barges was also deployed across the river.<ref name = "victoria">{{Citation | publisher = Ateneo HYV | place = AR | url = http://www.ateneohyv.com.ar/Regional/vueltaobligado.htm | title = Batalla de la Vuelta de Obligado | trans_title = Battle of Vuelta de Obligado | language = Spanish}}</ref> When news of the battle's outcome reached the squadron, the ''Chacabuco'' was scuttled and the reminder of the flotilla took shelter in the port of [[Victoria, Entre Rios|Victoria]].<ref>{{Citation | first1 = Anadón | last1 = Carlos | first2 = Murature María | last2 = del Carmen | trans_title = History of Matanza‐Victoria: from the origins to 1900 | title = Historia de Matanza-Victoria: desde los orígenes hasta 1900 | publisher = Talleres Gráficos Nueva Impresora | year = 1968 | page = 102 | language = Spanish}}</ref><br />
<br />
Only 50 out of 92 merchantmen awaiting at [[Ibicuy Islands]] continued their upriver trip. The rest gave up and returned to Montevideo.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.histarmar.com.ar/InfHistorica/Obligado/Obligado4.htm | title = Después de Obligado | language = Spanish | trans_title = After Obligado | publisher = Histarmar | place = AR}}.</ref> The British and French ships that were able to sail past up river were again attacked on their way back at Paso del Tonelero and at Angostura del Quebracho on 4 June 1846. The combined fleet suffered the loss of six merchant ships during the later engagement.{{Sfn | De León | 2008 | pages = 18–19}} Therefore, the Anglo-French victory did not achieve their economic objectives. It proved to be practically impossible to sail Argentine rivers without the authorisation of Argentine authorities.{{Sfn | Chapman | 1889 | p = 165 | ps =: ‘For nearly four years we kept a squadron there, seldom consisting of less than a dozen ships, to cooperate with the similar force mantained by the French; yet, after all our trouble and lavish expenditure, we concluded a treaty in 1849, which was only a diplomatic avowal of the failure of our intervention’}}<br />
<br />
== Aftermath ==<br />
The battle had a great impact on the continent. [[Chile]] and [[Brazil]] changed their stance (until then they were against Rosas), and supported the Confederation. Even some [[Unitarian Party|Unitarian]] leaders, traditional enemies of the Argentine [[caudillo]], were moved by the events, with General [[Martiniano Chilavert]] offering to join the Confederacy army.<ref name="luche" /><br />
<br />
France and the United Kingdom eventually lifted the blockade and dropped their attempts to bypass Buenos Aires' policies. They acknowledged the Argentine government's legal right over the Paraná and other internal rivers, and its authority to determine who had access to it, in exchange for the withdrawal of Rosas's army from Uruguay.<ref>{{Citation | last = Scheina | first = Robert | title = Latin America's Wars: The age of the caudillo, 1791&ndash;1899 | publisher = Brassey's | year = 2003 | page = 122 | ISBN = 1-57488-450-6}}.</ref><br />
<br />
The Battle of Obligado is remembered in Argentina on 20 November, which was declared a "[[Day of National Sovereignty]]" in 1974,<ref>{{Citation | publisher = [[Argentine National Congress|Congreso de la Nación]] | trans_title = Journal of sessions of the House of Representatives | title = Diario de sesiones de la Cámara de Diputados | page = 3569 | year = 1973}}.</ref> and became a national holiday in 2010.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1321208 | title = Por decreto, el Gobierno incorporó nuevos feriados al calendario | newspaper = La Nación | trans_title = By decree, Government incorporated new holidays in the calendar | language = Spanish | place = AR}}</ref> The French [[Paris Métro]] had a station named after this battle until 1947, when it was renamed ''Argentine'', as a good-will gesture after the visit of [[Eva Perón]] to France.<ref>[http://www.leparisien.fr/paris-75/paris-75016/la-station-argentine-fait-peau-neuve-16-06-2011-1495120.php "La station Argentine fait peau neuve"] [[Le Parisien]], 16 June 2011 {{fr icon}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
* {{Citation | last = Marley | first = David | title = Wars of the Americas: a chronology of armed conflict in the New World, 1492 to the present | publisher = ABC-CLIO | year = 1998 | ISBN = 0-87436-837-5}}.<br />
* {{Citation | last = Mansilla | first = Lucio Victorio | title = Mis memorias y otros escritos | trans_title = My memories and other writings | publisher = Secretaría de Cultura de la Nación; Lugar Editorial | year = 1994 | ISBN = 950-9129-91-7 | language = Spanish}}.<br />
* {{Citation | last = De León | first = Pablo | title = Historia de la Actividad Espacial en la Argentina | trans_title = History of the spatial activity in Argentina | publisher = Lulu | year = 2008 | ISBN = 0-557-01782-3 | language = Spanish}}.<br />
* {{Citation | journal = The Westminster Review | volume = 131 | first = J | last = Chapman | year = 1889}}.<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category|Battle of Vuelta de Obligado}}<br />
*[http://www.elhistoriador.com.ar/articulos/epoca_de_rosas/la_vuelta_de_obligado.php 20 de noviembre de 1845 - La Vuelta de Obligado]. by [[Felipe Pigna]]<br />
*[http://www.histarmar.com.ar/InfHistorica/Obligado1.htm ''La Vuelta de Obligado'' - Histarmar] {{es}} (''accessed 2016-01-14'')<br />
<br />
{{Argentine Civil War}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Conflicts in 1845]]<br />
[[Category:Naval battles involving Argentina|Vuelta de Obligado]]<br />
[[Category:Naval battles involving the United Kingdom|Vuelta de Obligado]]<br />
[[Category:Naval battles involving France|Vuelta de Obligado]]<br />
[[Category:Argentina–United Kingdom relations]]<br />
[[Category:1845 in Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:1845 in France]]<br />
[[Category:1845 in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Juan Manuel de Rosas]]<br />
[[Category:Argentina–France relations]]</div>Ttocserphttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schlacht_von_Vuelta_de_Obligado&diff=171204421Schlacht von Vuelta de Obligado2014-03-03T19:37:23Z<p>Ttocserp: 1852 aftermath.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox military conflict|<br />
|conflict=Battle of Vuelta de Obligado<br />
|partof=[[Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata]]<br />
|image=[[File:Batalla de la Vuelta de Obligado.jpg|300px]]<br />
|caption=Late 19th century depiction of the battle<br />
|date=20 November 1845<br />
|place=[[Paraná River]], along [[San Pedro, Buenos Aires|San Pedro]], [[Buenos Aires Province]], [[Argentina]]<br />
|coordinates = {{coord|33|35|31.56|S|59|48|26.73|W|display=inline,title|type:event}}<br />
|result= Pyrrhic Anglo-French victory<br />
|combatant1={{flag|Argentine Confederation}}<br />
|combatant2={{flagicon|France}} [[July Monarchy|Kingdom of France]]<br />{{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}<br />
|commander1={{flagicon|Argentine Confederation}} [[Lucio Mansilla]]<br />
|commander2=[[File:Civil and Naval Ensign of France.svg|22px|border]] [[François Thomas Tréhouart]]<br>{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Samuel Inglefield]]<br />
|strength2=11 warships<br />
|strength1=2160 men<br />4 coastal batteries<br />1 [[brigantine]]<br />2 gunboats<br />
|casualties2=20 killed <br />59 wounded <br />Multiple damage to the<br /> warships, forcing emergency repairs.<br />
|casualties1=150 killed<br />90 wounded<br />1 brigantine lost<br />21 cannons lost}}<br />
The naval '''Battle of Vuelta de Obligado''' took place on the waters of the [[Paraná River]] on November 20, 1845, between the [[Argentine Confederation]], under the leadership of [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], and an Anglo-French fleet.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
During the 1830s and 1840s, the British and French governments were at odds with [[Juan Manuel de Rosas|Rosas]]' leadership of the [[Argentine Confederation]]. Rosas' economic policies of requiring trade to pass through the Buenos Aires custom house (which was his method of imposing his will on the Littoral provinces), combined with his attempts to incorporate [[Paraguay]] and [[Uruguay]] to the Confederation, were in conflict with French and British economic interests in the region. During his government, Rosas had to face numerous problems with these foreign powers, which in some cases reached levels of open confrontation. These incidents included two naval blockades, the French blockade in 1838, and the Anglo-French of 1845.<ref name = "lewis">{{Citation | last = Lewis | first = Daniel K | title = The history of Argentina | series = The Greenwood histories of the modern nations. Palgrave Essential Histories | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | year = 2003 | pages = 46–47 | ISBN = 1-4039-6254-5}}.</ref><br />
<br />
With the development of steam-powered sailing (which mainly took place in Great Britain, France and the USA) in the third decade of the 19th century, large merchant and military ships became capable of sailing up rivers at a good speed and with a heavy load. [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Lord Palmerston]] was the first to propose the use of steamers for commerce along the internal waters of Argentina in 1841.<ref name= "victoria" /> This technology allowed the British and French governments to avoid the custom house in [[Buenos Aires]] by sailing directly through the [[Rio de la Plata|La Plata estuary]] and engaging in commerce directly with the Entrerrian, Correntine, Uruguayan and Paraguayan inland cities. This avoided Buenos Airean taxation, guaranteed special rights for the Europeans and allowed them to export their products cheaply.<br />
<br />
Rosas' government tried to stop this practice by declaring the Argentine rivers closed to foreign countries, barring access to Paraguay and other ports in the process. The British and French governments did not acknowledge this declaration and decided to defy Rosas by sailing upstream with a joint fleet, setting the stage for the battle.<ref name="lewis" /><br />
<br />
== The battle ==<br />
[[File:Rotura de cadenas en Obligado.jpg|thumb|right|British and French boats assaulting the chain line at Obligado]]<br />
The Anglo-French squadron that was sailing through the Paraná river in the first days of November was composed of eleven [[warships]]. <br />
* British<br />
** ''Gorgon'', paddle (6 guns, Capt. Chas. Hotham)<br />
** ''Firebrand'', paddle (6 guns, Capt. James Hope)<br />
** ''Philomel'' (8 guns, Commander Bartholomew James Sulivan)<br />
** ''Comus'' (18 guns, Commander Edward Augustus Inglefield (acting))<br />
** ''Dolphin'' (3 guns, Lieut. Reginald Thomas John Levinge)<br />
** ''Fanny'', schooner (1 gun, Lieut. Astley Cooper Key)<br />
* French<br />
** ''San Martin'' (8 guns, Capt. François Thomas Tréhouart)<br />
** ''Fulton'', paddle (2 guns, Lieut. Mazères)<br />
** ''Expéditive'' (16 guns, Lieut. Miniac)<br />
** ''Pandour'' (10 guns, Lieut. Duparc)<br />
** ''Procida'' (4 guns, Lieut. de la Rivière)<br />
<br />
These ships were among the most advanced military machinery of their time, and at least three — ''Fulton'', HMS ''Firebrand'' and HMS ''Gorgon'' — were [[steamboat|steamers]], which initially stayed behind the sailing vessels.{{Sfn | Marley | 1998 | p = 495}} They were partially armoured, and had rapid-fire guns and [[Congreve rocket]]s.{{Sfn | De León | pp = 18–19}}<br />
<br />
The main Argentine fortification was located on a cliff raising between 30 and 180&nbsp;m over the banks at Vuelta de Obligado, where the river is 700 metres wide and a turn makes navigation difficult.<ref>{{Citation | last = Rodríguez | first = Moises Enrique | title = Freedom's Mercenaries: British Volunteers in the War of Independence of Latin America: Southern South America | volume = 2 | publisher = Hamilton Books | year = 2006 | page = 566 | ISBN = 0-7618-3438-9}}.</ref><br />
<br />
The Argentine general [[Lucio Mansilla|Lucio N. Mansilla]] set up three thick metal chains suspended from 24 boats completely across the river, to prevent the advance of the European fleet. This operation was in charge of an Italian immigrant named Filipo Aliberti.{{Sfn | Mansilla | 1994 | p = 175}} Only three of these boats were naval vessels; the rest were requisitioned barges whose owners received a compensation in case of loss.<ref name= "histar">{{Citation | url = http://www.histarmar.com.ar/InfHistorica/Obligado/Obligado5.htm | place = [[Argentina|AR]] | trans_title = The Argentinian ships that participated in the combat of Vuelta de Obligado | publisher = Histarmar | title = Las naves argentinas que participaron del combate de la Vuelta de Obligado | language = Spanish}}</ref> Aliberti was the master of one of the boats, the ''Jacoba'', sunk in the battle. At least 20 boats and barges were lost in the chain barrage at Obligado.<br />
<br />
[[File:Rotas cadenas.JPG|thumb|right|Chain links and ammunition used by the Argentine forces during the battle]]<br />
On the right shore of the river the Argentines mounted four batteries with 30 cannons, many of them [[bronze]] 8, 10, 12 and 20-[[Pound (mass)#Use in weaponry|pounders]]. These were served by a division of 160 [[gaucho]] soldiers. There were also 2,000 men in trenches under the command of [[Colonel]] Ramón Rodríguez, together with the [[brigantine]] ''Republicano'' and two small gunboats, ''Restaurador'' and ''Lagos'',<ref name = "victoria" />{{Sfn | Marley | 1998 | p = 495}} with the mission of guarding the [[boom (navigational barrier)|chains across the river]].<ref name= "luche" /> Some sources<ref name="histar"/> increase the Argentine naval power to a third gunboat, an unarmed brigantine whose artillery had been dismounted and transferred to one of the batteries, eight armed launches and at least five armed barges.<ref name="histar"/><br />
<br />
The combat began at dawn, with intense cannon fire and rocket discharges over the Argentine batteries, which had less accurate and slower loading cannons. From the beginning the Argentines suffered many casualties — 150 dead, 90 wounded. Furthermore, the [[barge]]s that held the chains were burnt down, and the ''Republicano'' was lost, blown up by its own commander when he was unable to defend it any longer. The gunboats ''Restaurador'' and ''Lagos'' disengaged successfully and withdrew up river, toward Tonelero pass.<ref name="histar" /><ref>{{Citation | publisher = Academia Nacional de la Historia | place = [[Argentina|AR]] | journal = Investigaciones y ensayos | issue = 43 | year = 1993 | page = 119 | language = Spanish}}.</ref> The third gunboat and the armed barges also survived the action, but the dismantled brigantine was scuttled by her crew and the launches were destroyed by the combined fleet on 28 November.<ref name="histar"/><br />
<br />
Shortly after, the French steamer ''Fulton'' sailed through a gap open in the chain's barrier. Disembarked troops overcame the last defenders of the bluff, and 21 cannons fell into hands of the allied forces. The Europeans had won free passage at the cost of 28 dead and 95 wounded. However, the ships suffered severe damage, stranding them at Obligado for 40 days to make emergency repairs.{{Sfn | Marley | 1998 | p = 495}}<ref name = "luche">{{Citation | url = http://www.lucheyvuelve.com.ar/General/batalladeoblig.htm | contribution = Batalla de Obligado | title = Luche y Vuelve | place = [[Argentina|AR]] | language = Spanish}}.</ref><br />
<br />
Meanwhile, 40&nbsp;km to the north, a small Argentine naval force composed of the [[sloop]] ''Chacabuco'', the gunboats ''Carmen'', ''Arroyo Grande'', ''Apremio'' and ''Buena Vista'' kept watch over a secondary branch of the Paraná whose control gives full access to the ports of [[Entre Ríos Province|Entre Ríos]]. Like at Obligado, a double chain held by seven barges was also deployed across the river.<ref name = "victoria">{{Citation | publisher = Ateneo HYV | place = AR | url = http://www.ateneohyv.com.ar/Regional/vueltaobligado.htm | title = Batalla de la Vuelta de Obligado | trans_title = Battle of Vuelta de Obligado | language = Spanish}}</ref> When news of the battle's outcome reached the squadron, the ''Chacabuco'' was scuttled and the reminder of the flotilla took shelter in the port of [[Victoria, Entre Rios|Victoria]].<ref>{{Citation | first1 = Anadón | last1 = Carlos | first2 = Murature María | last2 = del Carmen | trans_title = History of Matanza‐Victoria: from the origins to 1900 | title = Historia de Matanza-Victoria: desde los orígenes hasta 1900 | publisher = Talleres Gráficos Nueva Impresora | year = 1968 | page = 102 | language = Spanish}}</ref><br />
<br />
Only 50 out of 92 merchantmen awaiting at [[Ibicuy Islands]] continued their upriver trip. The rest gave up and returned to Montevideo.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.histarmar.com.ar/InfHistorica/Obligado/Obligado4.htm | title = Después de Obligado | language = Spanish | trans_title = After Obligado | publisher = Histarmar | place = AR}}.</ref> The British and French ships that were able to sail past up river were again attacked on their way back at Paso del Tonelero and at Angostura del Quebracho on 4 June 1846. The combined fleet suffered the loss of six merchant ships during the later engagement.{{Sfn | De León | 2008 | pages = 18–19}} Therefore, the Anglo-French victory did not achieve their economic objectives. It proved to be practically impossible to sail Argentine rivers without the authorisation of the Buenos Aires authorities.{{Sfn | Chapman | 1889 | p = 165 | ps =: ‘For nearly four years we kept a squadron there, seldom consisting of less than a dozen ships, to cooperate with the similar force mantained by the French; yet, after all our trouble and lavish expenditure, we concluded a treaty in 1849, which was only a diplomatic avowal of the failure of our intervention’}}<br />
<br />
== The aftermath ==<br />
The battle had a great impact on the continent. [[Chile]] and [[Brazil]] changed their stance (until then they were against Rosas), and supported the Confederation. Even some [[Unitarian Party|Unitarian]] leaders, traditional enemies of the Argentine [[caudillo]], were moved by the events, with General Martiniano Chilavert offering to join the Confederacy army.<ref name="luche" /><br />
<br />
France and the United Kingdom eventually lifted the blockade and dropped their attempts to bypass Buenos Aires' policies. They acknowledged the Argentine government's legal right over the Paraná and other internal rivers, and its authority to determine who had access to it, in exchange for the withdrawal of Rosas's army from Uruguay.<ref>{{Citation | last = Scheina | first = Robert | title = Latin America's Wars: The age of the caudillo, 1791&ndash;1899 | publisher = Brassey's | year = 2003 | page = 122 | ISBN = 1-57488-450-6}}.</ref><br />
<br />
However, the ultimate result was that 7 years later the Province of Entre Ríos under the leadership of [[Urquiza]] and supported by Brazilian and Uruguayan troops overthrew General Rosas at the [[Battle of Caseros]]; Rosas fled to England on a British warship; the free navigation of Argentine rivers was negotiated; and the Argentine Constitution was established.<br />
<br />
The Battle of Obligado is remembered in Argentina on 20 November, which was declared a "[[Day of National Sovereignty]]" in 1974,<ref>{{Citation | publisher = [[Argentine National Congress|Congreso de la Nación]] | trans_title = Journal of sessions of the House of Representatives | title = Diario de sesiones de la Cámara de Diputados | page = 3569 | year = 1973}}.</ref> and became a national holiday in 2010.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1321208 | title = Por decreto, el Gobierno incorporó nuevos feriados al calendario | newspaper = La Nación | trans_title = By decree, Government incorporated new holidays in the calendar | language = Spanish | place = AR}}</ref> The French [[Paris Métro]] had a station named after this battle until 1947, when it was renamed ''Argentine'', as a good-will gesture after the visit of [[Eva Perón]] to France.<ref>[http://www.leparisien.fr/paris-75/paris-75016/la-station-argentine-fait-peau-neuve-16-06-2011-1495120.php "La station Argentine fait peau neuve"] [[Le Parisien]], 16 June 2011 {{fr icon}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
* {{Citation | last = Marley | first = David | title = Wars of the Americas: a chronology of armed conflict in the New World, 1492 to the present | publisher = ABC-CLIO | year = 1998 | ISBN = 0-87436-837-5}}.<br />
* {{Citation | last = Mansilla | first = Lucio Victorio | title = Mis memorias y otros escritos | trans_title = My memories and other writings | publisher = Secretaría de Cultura de la Nación; Lugar Editorial | year = 1994 | ISBN = 950-9129-91-7 | language = Spanish}}.<br />
* {{Citation | last = De León | first = Pablo | title = Historia de la Actividad Espacial en la Argentina | trans_title = History of the spatial activity in Argentina | publisher = Lulu | year = 2008 | ISBN = 0-557-01782-3 | language = Spanish}}.<br />
* {{Citation | journal = The Westminster review | volume = 131 | first = J | last = Chapman | year = 1889}}.<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{commons category}}<br />
* {{Citation | url = http://www.elortiba.org/obligado.html | type = account | title = El ortiba | contribution = Obligado | language = Spanish}}.<br />
* {{Citation | url = http://www.lucheyvuelve.com.ar/General/batalladeoblig.htm | title = Batalla de Obligado | trans_title = Battle of Obligado | place = AR | type = account | title = Luche y Vuelve | language = Spanish}}.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Conflicts in 1845]]<br />
[[Category:Naval battles involving Argentina|Vuelta de Obligado]]<br />
[[Category:Naval battles involving the United Kingdom|Vuelta de Obligado]]<br />
[[Category:Naval battles involving France|Vuelta de Obligado]]<br />
[[Category:Argentina–United Kingdom relations]]<br />
[[Category:1845 in Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:1845 in France]]<br />
[[Category:1845 in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Juan Manuel de Rosas]]<br />
[[Category:Argentina–France relations]]</div>Ttocserphttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schlacht_von_Vuelta_de_Obligado&diff=171204420Schlacht von Vuelta de Obligado2014-03-03T19:26:13Z<p>Ttocserp: Same as last.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox military conflict|<br />
|conflict=Battle of Vuelta de Obligado<br />
|partof=[[Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata]]<br />
|image=[[File:Batalla de la Vuelta de Obligado.jpg|300px]]<br />
|caption=Late 19th century depiction of the battle<br />
|date=20 November 1845<br />
|place=[[Paraná River]], along [[San Pedro, Buenos Aires|San Pedro]], [[Buenos Aires Province]], [[Argentina]]<br />
|coordinates = {{coord|33|35|31.56|S|59|48|26.73|W|display=inline,title|type:event}}<br />
|result= Pyrrhic Anglo-French victory<br />
|combatant1={{flag|Argentine Confederation}}<br />
|combatant2={{flagicon|France}} [[July Monarchy|Kingdom of France]]<br />{{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}<br />
|commander1={{flagicon|Argentine Confederation}} [[Lucio Mansilla]]<br />
|commander2=[[File:Civil and Naval Ensign of France.svg|22px|border]] [[François Thomas Tréhouart]]<br>{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Samuel Inglefield]]<br />
|strength2=11 warships<br />
|strength1=2160 men<br />4 coastal batteries<br />1 [[brigantine]]<br />2 gunboats<br />
|casualties2=20 killed <br />59 wounded <br />Multiple damage to the<br /> warships, forcing emergency repairs.<br />
|casualties1=150 killed<br />90 wounded<br />1 brigantine lost<br />21 cannons lost}}<br />
The naval '''Battle of Vuelta de Obligado''' took place on the waters of the [[Paraná River]] on November 20, 1845, between the [[Argentine Confederation]], under the leadership of [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], and an Anglo-French fleet.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
During the 1830s and 1840s, the British and French governments were at odds with [[Juan Manuel de Rosas|Rosas]]' leadership of the [[Argentine Confederation]]. Rosas' economic policies of requiring trade to pass through the Buenos Aires custom house (which was his method of imposing his will on the Littoral provinces), combined with his attempts to incorporate [[Paraguay]] and [[Uruguay]] to the Confederation, were in conflict with French and British economic interests in the region. During his government, Rosas had to face numerous problems with these foreign powers, which in some cases reached levels of open confrontation. These incidents included two naval blockades, the French blockade in 1838, and the Anglo-French of 1845.<ref name = "lewis">{{Citation | last = Lewis | first = Daniel K | title = The history of Argentina | series = The Greenwood histories of the modern nations. Palgrave Essential Histories | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | year = 2003 | pages = 46–47 | ISBN = 1-4039-6254-5}}.</ref><br />
<br />
With the development of steam-powered sailing (which mainly took place in Great Britain, France and the USA) in the third decade of the 19th century, large merchant and military ships became capable of sailing up rivers at a good speed and with a heavy load. [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Lord Palmerston]] was the first to propose the use of steamers for commerce along the internal waters of Argentina in 1841.<ref name= "victoria" /> This technology allowed the British and French governments to avoid the custom house in [[Buenos Aires]] by sailing directly through the [[Rio de la Plata|La Plata estuary]] and engaging in commerce directly with the Entrerrian, Correntine, Uruguayan and Paraguayan inland cities. This avoided Buenos Airean taxation, guaranteed special rights for the Europeans and allowed them to export their products cheaply.<br />
<br />
Rosas' government tried to stop this practice by declaring the Argentine rivers closed to foreign countries, barring access to Paraguay and other ports in the process. The British and French governments did not acknowledge this declaration and decided to defy Rosas by sailing upstream with a joint fleet, setting the stage for the battle.<ref name="lewis" /><br />
<br />
== The battle ==<br />
[[File:Rotura de cadenas en Obligado.jpg|thumb|right|British and French boats assaulting the chain line at Obligado]]<br />
The Anglo-French squadron that was sailing through the Paraná river in the first days of November was composed of eleven [[warships]]. <br />
* British<br />
** ''Gorgon'', paddle (6 guns, Capt. Chas. Hotham)<br />
** ''Firebrand'', paddle (6 guns, Capt. James Hope)<br />
** ''Philomel'' (8 guns, Commander Bartholomew James Sulivan)<br />
** ''Comus'' (18 guns, Commander Edward Augustus Inglefield (acting))<br />
** ''Dolphin'' (3 guns, Lieut. Reginald Thomas John Levinge)<br />
** ''Fanny'', schooner (1 gun, Lieut. Astley Cooper Key)<br />
* French<br />
** ''San Martin'' (8 guns, Capt. François Thomas Tréhouart)<br />
** ''Fulton'', paddle (2 guns, Lieut. Mazères)<br />
** ''Expéditive'' (16 guns, Lieut. Miniac)<br />
** ''Pandour'' (10 guns, Lieut. Duparc)<br />
** ''Procida'' (4 guns, Lieut. de la Rivière)<br />
<br />
These ships were among the most advanced military machinery of their time, and at least three — ''Fulton'', HMS ''Firebrand'' and HMS ''Gorgon'' — were [[steamboat|steamers]], which initially stayed behind the sailing vessels.{{Sfn | Marley | 1998 | p = 495}} They were partially armoured, and had rapid-fire guns and [[Congreve rocket]]s.{{Sfn | De León | pp = 18–19}}<br />
<br />
The main Argentine fortification was located on a cliff raising between 30 and 180&nbsp;m over the banks at Vuelta de Obligado, where the river is 700 metres wide and a turn makes navigation difficult.<ref>{{Citation | last = Rodríguez | first = Moises Enrique | title = Freedom's Mercenaries: British Volunteers in the War of Independence of Latin America: Southern South America | volume = 2 | publisher = Hamilton Books | year = 2006 | page = 566 | ISBN = 0-7618-3438-9}}.</ref><br />
<br />
The Argentine general [[Lucio Mansilla|Lucio N. Mansilla]] set up three thick metal chains suspended from 24 boats completely across the river, to prevent the advance of the European fleet. This operation was in charge of an Italian immigrant named Filipo Aliberti.{{Sfn | Mansilla | 1994 | p = 175}} Only three of these boats were naval vessels; the rest were requisitioned barges whose owners received a compensation in case of loss.<ref name= "histar">{{Citation | url = http://www.histarmar.com.ar/InfHistorica/Obligado/Obligado5.htm | place = [[Argentina|AR]] | trans_title = The Argentinian ships that participated in the combat of Vuelta de Obligado | publisher = Histarmar | title = Las naves argentinas que participaron del combate de la Vuelta de Obligado | language = Spanish}}</ref> Aliberti was the master of one of the boats, the ''Jacoba'', sunk in the battle. At least 20 boats and barges were lost in the chain barrage at Obligado.<br />
<br />
[[File:Rotas cadenas.JPG|thumb|right|Chain links and ammunition used by the Argentine forces during the battle]]<br />
On the right shore of the river the Argentines mounted four batteries with 30 cannons, many of them [[bronze]] 8, 10, 12 and 20-[[Pound (mass)#Use in weaponry|pounders]]. These were served by a division of 160 [[gaucho]] soldiers. There were also 2,000 men in trenches under the command of [[Colonel]] Ramón Rodríguez, together with the [[brigantine]] ''Republicano'' and two small gunboats, ''Restaurador'' and ''Lagos'',<ref name = "victoria" />{{Sfn | Marley | 1998 | p = 495}} with the mission of guarding the [[boom (navigational barrier)|chains across the river]].<ref name= "luche" /> Some sources<ref name="histar"/> increase the Argentine naval power to a third gunboat, an unarmed brigantine whose artillery had been dismounted and transferred to one of the batteries, eight armed launches and at least five armed barges.<ref name="histar"/><br />
<br />
The combat began at dawn, with intense cannon fire and rocket discharges over the Argentine batteries, which had less accurate and slower loading cannons. From the beginning the Argentines suffered many casualties — 150 dead, 90 wounded. Furthermore, the [[barge]]s that held the chains were burnt down, and the ''Republicano'' was lost, blown up by its own commander when he was unable to defend it any longer. The gunboats ''Restaurador'' and ''Lagos'' disengaged successfully and withdrew up river, toward Tonelero pass.<ref name="histar" /><ref>{{Citation | publisher = Academia Nacional de la Historia | place = [[Argentina|AR]] | journal = Investigaciones y ensayos | issue = 43 | year = 1993 | page = 119 | language = Spanish}}.</ref> The third gunboat and the armed barges also survived the action, but the dismantled brigantine was scuttled by her crew and the launches were destroyed by the combined fleet on 28 November.<ref name="histar"/><br />
<br />
Shortly after, the French steamer ''Fulton'' sailed through a gap open in the chain's barrier. Disembarked troops overcame the last defenders of the bluff, and 21 cannons fell into hands of the allied forces. The Europeans had won free passage at the cost of 28 dead and 95 wounded. However, the ships suffered severe damage, stranding them at Obligado for 40 days to make emergency repairs.{{Sfn | Marley | 1998 | p = 495}}<ref name = "luche">{{Citation | url = http://www.lucheyvuelve.com.ar/General/batalladeoblig.htm | contribution = Batalla de Obligado | title = Luche y Vuelve | place = [[Argentina|AR]] | language = Spanish}}.</ref><br />
<br />
Meanwhile, 40&nbsp;km to the north, a small Argentine naval force composed of the [[sloop]] ''Chacabuco'', the gunboats ''Carmen'', ''Arroyo Grande'', ''Apremio'' and ''Buena Vista'' kept watch over a secondary branch of the Paraná whose control gives full access to the ports of [[Entre Ríos Province|Entre Ríos]]. Like at Obligado, a double chain held by seven barges was also deployed across the river.<ref name = "victoria">{{Citation | publisher = Ateneo HYV | place = AR | url = http://www.ateneohyv.com.ar/Regional/vueltaobligado.htm | title = Batalla de la Vuelta de Obligado | trans_title = Battle of Vuelta de Obligado | language = Spanish}}</ref> When news of the battle's outcome reached the squadron, the ''Chacabuco'' was scuttled and the reminder of the flotilla took shelter in the port of [[Victoria, Entre Rios|Victoria]].<ref>{{Citation | first1 = Anadón | last1 = Carlos | first2 = Murature María | last2 = del Carmen | trans_title = History of Matanza‐Victoria: from the origins to 1900 | title = Historia de Matanza-Victoria: desde los orígenes hasta 1900 | publisher = Talleres Gráficos Nueva Impresora | year = 1968 | page = 102 | language = Spanish}}</ref><br />
<br />
Only 50 out of 92 merchantmen awaiting at [[Ibicuy Islands]] continued their upriver trip. The rest gave up and returned to Montevideo.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.histarmar.com.ar/InfHistorica/Obligado/Obligado4.htm | title = Después de Obligado | language = Spanish | trans_title = After Obligado | publisher = Histarmar | place = AR}}.</ref> The British and French ships that were able to sail past up river were again attacked on their way back at Paso del Tonelero and at Angostura del Quebracho on 4 June 1846. The combined fleet suffered the loss of six merchant ships during the later engagement.{{Sfn | De León | 2008 | pages = 18–19}} Therefore, the Anglo-French victory did not achieve their economic objectives. It proved to be practically impossible to sail Argentine rivers without the authorisation of Argentinian authorities.{{Sfn | Chapman | 1889 | p = 165 | ps =: ‘For nearly four years we kept a squadron there, seldom consisting of less than a dozen ships, to cooperate with the similar force mantained by the French; yet, after all our trouble and lavish expenditure, we concluded a treaty in 1849, which was only a diplomatic avowal of the failure of our intervention’}}<br />
<br />
== The aftermath ==<br />
The battle had a great impact on the continent. [[Chile]] and [[Brazil]] changed their stance (until then they were against Rosas), and supported the Confederation. Even some [[Unitarian Party|Unitarian]] leaders, traditional enemies of the Argentine [[caudillo]], were moved by the events, with General Martiniano Chilavert offering to join the Confederacy army.<ref name="luche" /><br />
<br />
France and the United Kingdom eventually lifted the blockade and dropped their attempts to bypass Buenos Aires' policies. They acknowledged the Argentine government's legal right over the Paraná and other internal rivers, and its authority to determine who had access to it, in exchange for the withdrawal of Rosas's army from Uruguay.<ref>{{Citation | last = Scheina | first = Robert | title = Latin America's Wars: The age of the caudillo, 1791&ndash;1899 | publisher = Brassey's | year = 2003 | page = 122 | ISBN = 1-57488-450-6}}.</ref><br />
<br />
The Battle of Obligado is remembered in Argentina on 20 November, which was declared a "[[Day of National Sovereignty]]" in 1974,<ref>{{Citation | publisher = [[Argentine National Congress|Congreso de la Nación]] | trans_title = Journal of sessions of the House of Representatives | title = Diario de sesiones de la Cámara de Diputados | page = 3569 | year = 1973}}.</ref> and became a national holiday in 2010.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1321208 | title = Por decreto, el Gobierno incorporó nuevos feriados al calendario | newspaper = La Nación | trans_title = By decree, Government incorporated new holidays in the calendar | language = Spanish | place = AR}}</ref> The French [[Paris Métro]] had a station named after this battle until 1947, when it was renamed ''Argentine'', as a good-will gesture after the visit of [[Eva Perón]] to France.<ref>[http://www.leparisien.fr/paris-75/paris-75016/la-station-argentine-fait-peau-neuve-16-06-2011-1495120.php "La station Argentine fait peau neuve"] [[Le Parisien]], 16 June 2011 {{fr icon}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
* {{Citation | last = Marley | first = David | title = Wars of the Americas: a chronology of armed conflict in the New World, 1492 to the present | publisher = ABC-CLIO | year = 1998 | ISBN = 0-87436-837-5}}.<br />
* {{Citation | last = Mansilla | first = Lucio Victorio | title = Mis memorias y otros escritos | trans_title = My memories and other writings | publisher = Secretaría de Cultura de la Nación; Lugar Editorial | year = 1994 | ISBN = 950-9129-91-7 | language = Spanish}}.<br />
* {{Citation | last = De León | first = Pablo | title = Historia de la Actividad Espacial en la Argentina | trans_title = History of the spatial activity in Argentina | publisher = Lulu | year = 2008 | ISBN = 0-557-01782-3 | language = Spanish}}.<br />
* {{Citation | journal = The Westminster review | volume = 131 | first = J | last = Chapman | year = 1889}}.<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{commons category}}<br />
* {{Citation | url = http://www.elortiba.org/obligado.html | type = account | title = El ortiba | contribution = Obligado | language = Spanish}}.<br />
* {{Citation | url = http://www.lucheyvuelve.com.ar/General/batalladeoblig.htm | title = Batalla de Obligado | trans_title = Battle of Obligado | place = AR | type = account | title = Luche y Vuelve | language = Spanish}}.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Conflicts in 1845]]<br />
[[Category:Naval battles involving Argentina|Vuelta de Obligado]]<br />
[[Category:Naval battles involving the United Kingdom|Vuelta de Obligado]]<br />
[[Category:Naval battles involving France|Vuelta de Obligado]]<br />
[[Category:Argentina–United Kingdom relations]]<br />
[[Category:1845 in Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:1845 in France]]<br />
[[Category:1845 in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Juan Manuel de Rosas]]<br />
[[Category:Argentina–France relations]]</div>Ttocserphttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schlacht_von_Vuelta_de_Obligado&diff=171204419Schlacht von Vuelta de Obligado2014-03-03T19:22:23Z<p>Ttocserp: Correcting Rosas' motivation. There was little local industry to speak of.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox military conflict|<br />
|conflict=Battle of Vuelta de Obligado<br />
|partof=[[Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata]]<br />
|image=[[File:Batalla de la Vuelta de Obligado.jpg|300px]]<br />
|caption=Late 19th century depiction of the battle<br />
|date=20 November 1845<br />
|place=[[Paraná River]], along [[San Pedro, Buenos Aires|San Pedro]], [[Buenos Aires Province]], [[Argentina]]<br />
|coordinates = {{coord|33|35|31.56|S|59|48|26.73|W|display=inline,title|type:event}}<br />
|result= Pyrrhic Anglo-French victory<br />
|combatant1={{flag|Argentine Confederation}}<br />
|combatant2={{flagicon|France}} [[July Monarchy|Kingdom of France]]<br />{{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}<br />
|commander1={{flagicon|Argentine Confederation}} [[Lucio Mansilla]]<br />
|commander2=[[File:Civil and Naval Ensign of France.svg|22px|border]] [[François Thomas Tréhouart]]<br>{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Samuel Inglefield]]<br />
|strength2=11 warships<br />
|strength1=2160 men<br />4 coastal batteries<br />1 [[brigantine]]<br />2 gunboats<br />
|casualties2=20 killed <br />59 wounded <br />Multiple damage to the<br /> warships, forcing emergency repairs.<br />
|casualties1=150 killed<br />90 wounded<br />1 brigantine lost<br />21 cannons lost}}<br />
The naval '''Battle of Vuelta de Obligado''' took place on the waters of the [[Paraná River]] on November 20, 1845, between the [[Argentine Confederation]], under the leadership of [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]], and an Anglo-French fleet.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
During the 1830s and 1840s, the British and French governments were at odds with [[Juan Manuel de Rosas|Rosas]]' leadership of the [[Argentine Confederation]]. Rosas' economic policies of requiring trade to pass through the Buenos Aires custom house (which was his method of imposing his will on the Littoral provinces), combined with his attempts to incorporate [[Paraguay]] and [[Uruguay]] to the Confederation, were in conflict with French and British economic interests in the region. During his government, Rosas had to face numerous problems with these foreign powers, which in some cases reached levels of open confrontation. These incidents included two naval blockades, the French blockade in 1838, and the Anglo-French of 1845.<ref name = "lewis">{{Citation | last = Lewis | first = Daniel K | title = The history of Argentina | series = The Greenwood histories of the modern nations. Palgrave Essential Histories | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | year = 2003 | pages = 46–47 | ISBN = 1-4039-6254-5}}.</ref><br />
<br />
With the development of steam-powered sailing (which mainly took place in Great Britain, France and the USA) in the third decade of the 19th century, large merchant and military ships became capable of sailing up rivers at a good speed and with a heavy load. [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Lord Palmerston]] was the first to propose the use of steamers for commerce along the internal waters of Argentina in 1841.<ref name= "victoria" /> This technology allowed the British and French governments to avoid Argentine custom houses in [[Buenos Aires]] by sailing directly through the [[Rio de la Plata|La Plata estuary]] and engaging in commerce directly with the Argentinian inland cities. This avoided taxation, guaranteed special rights for the Europeans and allowed them to export their products cheaply.<br />
<br />
Rosas' government tried to stop this practice by declaring the Argentine rivers closed to foreign countries, barring access to Paraguay and other ports in the process. The British and French governments did not acknowledge this declaration and decided to defy Rosas by sailing upstream with a joint fleet, setting the stage for the battle.<ref name="lewis" /><br />
<br />
== The battle ==<br />
[[File:Rotura de cadenas en Obligado.jpg|thumb|right|British and French boats assaulting the chain line at Obligado]]<br />
The Anglo-French squadron that was sailing through the Paraná river in the first days of November was composed of eleven [[warships]]. <br />
* British<br />
** ''Gorgon'', paddle (6 guns, Capt. Chas. Hotham)<br />
** ''Firebrand'', paddle (6 guns, Capt. James Hope)<br />
** ''Philomel'' (8 guns, Commander Bartholomew James Sulivan)<br />
** ''Comus'' (18 guns, Commander Edward Augustus Inglefield (acting))<br />
** ''Dolphin'' (3 guns, Lieut. Reginald Thomas John Levinge)<br />
** ''Fanny'', schooner (1 gun, Lieut. Astley Cooper Key)<br />
* French<br />
** ''San Martin'' (8 guns, Capt. François Thomas Tréhouart)<br />
** ''Fulton'', paddle (2 guns, Lieut. Mazères)<br />
** ''Expéditive'' (16 guns, Lieut. Miniac)<br />
** ''Pandour'' (10 guns, Lieut. Duparc)<br />
** ''Procida'' (4 guns, Lieut. de la Rivière)<br />
<br />
These ships were among the most advanced military machinery of their time, and at least three — ''Fulton'', HMS ''Firebrand'' and HMS ''Gorgon'' — were [[steamboat|steamers]], which initially stayed behind the sailing vessels.{{Sfn | Marley | 1998 | p = 495}} They were partially armoured, and had rapid-fire guns and [[Congreve rocket]]s.{{Sfn | De León | pp = 18–19}}<br />
<br />
The main Argentine fortification was located on a cliff raising between 30 and 180&nbsp;m over the banks at Vuelta de Obligado, where the river is 700 metres wide and a turn makes navigation difficult.<ref>{{Citation | last = Rodríguez | first = Moises Enrique | title = Freedom's Mercenaries: British Volunteers in the War of Independence of Latin America: Southern South America | volume = 2 | publisher = Hamilton Books | year = 2006 | page = 566 | ISBN = 0-7618-3438-9}}.</ref><br />
<br />
The Argentine general [[Lucio Mansilla|Lucio N. Mansilla]] set up three thick metal chains suspended from 24 boats completely across the river, to prevent the advance of the European fleet. This operation was in charge of an Italian immigrant named Filipo Aliberti.{{Sfn | Mansilla | 1994 | p = 175}} Only three of these boats were naval vessels; the rest were requisitioned barges whose owners received a compensation in case of loss.<ref name= "histar">{{Citation | url = http://www.histarmar.com.ar/InfHistorica/Obligado/Obligado5.htm | place = [[Argentina|AR]] | trans_title = The Argentinian ships that participated in the combat of Vuelta de Obligado | publisher = Histarmar | title = Las naves argentinas que participaron del combate de la Vuelta de Obligado | language = Spanish}}</ref> Aliberti was the master of one of the boats, the ''Jacoba'', sunk in the battle. At least 20 boats and barges were lost in the chain barrage at Obligado.<br />
<br />
[[File:Rotas cadenas.JPG|thumb|right|Chain links and ammunition used by the Argentine forces during the battle]]<br />
On the right shore of the river the Argentines mounted four batteries with 30 cannons, many of them [[bronze]] 8, 10, 12 and 20-[[Pound (mass)#Use in weaponry|pounders]]. These were served by a division of 160 [[gaucho]] soldiers. There were also 2,000 men in trenches under the command of [[Colonel]] Ramón Rodríguez, together with the [[brigantine]] ''Republicano'' and two small gunboats, ''Restaurador'' and ''Lagos'',<ref name = "victoria" />{{Sfn | Marley | 1998 | p = 495}} with the mission of guarding the [[boom (navigational barrier)|chains across the river]].<ref name= "luche" /> Some sources<ref name="histar"/> increase the Argentine naval power to a third gunboat, an unarmed brigantine whose artillery had been dismounted and transferred to one of the batteries, eight armed launches and at least five armed barges.<ref name="histar"/><br />
<br />
The combat began at dawn, with intense cannon fire and rocket discharges over the Argentine batteries, which had less accurate and slower loading cannons. From the beginning the Argentines suffered many casualties — 150 dead, 90 wounded. Furthermore, the [[barge]]s that held the chains were burnt down, and the ''Republicano'' was lost, blown up by its own commander when he was unable to defend it any longer. The gunboats ''Restaurador'' and ''Lagos'' disengaged successfully and withdrew up river, toward Tonelero pass.<ref name="histar" /><ref>{{Citation | publisher = Academia Nacional de la Historia | place = [[Argentina|AR]] | journal = Investigaciones y ensayos | issue = 43 | year = 1993 | page = 119 | language = Spanish}}.</ref> The third gunboat and the armed barges also survived the action, but the dismantled brigantine was scuttled by her crew and the launches were destroyed by the combined fleet on 28 November.<ref name="histar"/><br />
<br />
Shortly after, the French steamer ''Fulton'' sailed through a gap open in the chain's barrier. Disembarked troops overcame the last defenders of the bluff, and 21 cannons fell into hands of the allied forces. The Europeans had won free passage at the cost of 28 dead and 95 wounded. However, the ships suffered severe damage, stranding them at Obligado for 40 days to make emergency repairs.{{Sfn | Marley | 1998 | p = 495}}<ref name = "luche">{{Citation | url = http://www.lucheyvuelve.com.ar/General/batalladeoblig.htm | contribution = Batalla de Obligado | title = Luche y Vuelve | place = [[Argentina|AR]] | language = Spanish}}.</ref><br />
<br />
Meanwhile, 40&nbsp;km to the north, a small Argentine naval force composed of the [[sloop]] ''Chacabuco'', the gunboats ''Carmen'', ''Arroyo Grande'', ''Apremio'' and ''Buena Vista'' kept watch over a secondary branch of the Paraná whose control gives full access to the ports of [[Entre Ríos Province|Entre Ríos]]. Like at Obligado, a double chain held by seven barges was also deployed across the river.<ref name = "victoria">{{Citation | publisher = Ateneo HYV | place = AR | url = http://www.ateneohyv.com.ar/Regional/vueltaobligado.htm | title = Batalla de la Vuelta de Obligado | trans_title = Battle of Vuelta de Obligado | language = Spanish}}</ref> When news of the battle's outcome reached the squadron, the ''Chacabuco'' was scuttled and the reminder of the flotilla took shelter in the port of [[Victoria, Entre Rios|Victoria]].<ref>{{Citation | first1 = Anadón | last1 = Carlos | first2 = Murature María | last2 = del Carmen | trans_title = History of Matanza‐Victoria: from the origins to 1900 | title = Historia de Matanza-Victoria: desde los orígenes hasta 1900 | publisher = Talleres Gráficos Nueva Impresora | year = 1968 | page = 102 | language = Spanish}}</ref><br />
<br />
Only 50 out of 92 merchantmen awaiting at [[Ibicuy Islands]] continued their upriver trip. The rest gave up and returned to Montevideo.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.histarmar.com.ar/InfHistorica/Obligado/Obligado4.htm | title = Después de Obligado | language = Spanish | trans_title = After Obligado | publisher = Histarmar | place = AR}}.</ref> The British and French ships that were able to sail past up river were again attacked on their way back at Paso del Tonelero and at Angostura del Quebracho on 4 June 1846. The combined fleet suffered the loss of six merchant ships during the later engagement.{{Sfn | De León | 2008 | pages = 18–19}} Therefore, the Anglo-French victory did not achieve their economic objectives. It proved to be practically impossible to sail Argentine rivers without the authorisation of Argentinian authorities.{{Sfn | Chapman | 1889 | p = 165 | ps =: ‘For nearly four years we kept a squadron there, seldom consisting of less than a dozen ships, to cooperate with the similar force mantained by the French; yet, after all our trouble and lavish expenditure, we concluded a treaty in 1849, which was only a diplomatic avowal of the failure of our intervention’}}<br />
<br />
== The aftermath ==<br />
The battle had a great impact on the continent. [[Chile]] and [[Brazil]] changed their stance (until then they were against Rosas), and supported the Confederation. Even some [[Unitarian Party|Unitarian]] leaders, traditional enemies of the Argentine [[caudillo]], were moved by the events, with General Martiniano Chilavert offering to join the Confederacy army.<ref name="luche" /><br />
<br />
France and the United Kingdom eventually lifted the blockade and dropped their attempts to bypass Buenos Aires' policies. They acknowledged the Argentine government's legal right over the Paraná and other internal rivers, and its authority to determine who had access to it, in exchange for the withdrawal of Rosas's army from Uruguay.<ref>{{Citation | last = Scheina | first = Robert | title = Latin America's Wars: The age of the caudillo, 1791&ndash;1899 | publisher = Brassey's | year = 2003 | page = 122 | ISBN = 1-57488-450-6}}.</ref><br />
<br />
The Battle of Obligado is remembered in Argentina on 20 November, which was declared a "[[Day of National Sovereignty]]" in 1974,<ref>{{Citation | publisher = [[Argentine National Congress|Congreso de la Nación]] | trans_title = Journal of sessions of the House of Representatives | title = Diario de sesiones de la Cámara de Diputados | page = 3569 | year = 1973}}.</ref> and became a national holiday in 2010.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1321208 | title = Por decreto, el Gobierno incorporó nuevos feriados al calendario | newspaper = La Nación | trans_title = By decree, Government incorporated new holidays in the calendar | language = Spanish | place = AR}}</ref> The French [[Paris Métro]] had a station named after this battle until 1947, when it was renamed ''Argentine'', as a good-will gesture after the visit of [[Eva Perón]] to France.<ref>[http://www.leparisien.fr/paris-75/paris-75016/la-station-argentine-fait-peau-neuve-16-06-2011-1495120.php "La station Argentine fait peau neuve"] [[Le Parisien]], 16 June 2011 {{fr icon}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
* {{Citation | last = Marley | first = David | title = Wars of the Americas: a chronology of armed conflict in the New World, 1492 to the present | publisher = ABC-CLIO | year = 1998 | ISBN = 0-87436-837-5}}.<br />
* {{Citation | last = Mansilla | first = Lucio Victorio | title = Mis memorias y otros escritos | trans_title = My memories and other writings | publisher = Secretaría de Cultura de la Nación; Lugar Editorial | year = 1994 | ISBN = 950-9129-91-7 | language = Spanish}}.<br />
* {{Citation | last = De León | first = Pablo | title = Historia de la Actividad Espacial en la Argentina | trans_title = History of the spatial activity in Argentina | publisher = Lulu | year = 2008 | ISBN = 0-557-01782-3 | language = Spanish}}.<br />
* {{Citation | journal = The Westminster review | volume = 131 | first = J | last = Chapman | year = 1889}}.<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{commons category}}<br />
* {{Citation | url = http://www.elortiba.org/obligado.html | type = account | title = El ortiba | contribution = Obligado | language = Spanish}}.<br />
* {{Citation | url = http://www.lucheyvuelve.com.ar/General/batalladeoblig.htm | title = Batalla de Obligado | trans_title = Battle of Obligado | place = AR | type = account | title = Luche y Vuelve | language = Spanish}}.<br />
<br />
[[Category:Conflicts in 1845]]<br />
[[Category:Naval battles involving Argentina|Vuelta de Obligado]]<br />
[[Category:Naval battles involving the United Kingdom|Vuelta de Obligado]]<br />
[[Category:Naval battles involving France|Vuelta de Obligado]]<br />
[[Category:Argentina–United Kingdom relations]]<br />
[[Category:1845 in Argentina]]<br />
[[Category:1845 in France]]<br />
[[Category:1845 in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Juan Manuel de Rosas]]<br />
[[Category:Argentina–France relations]]</div>Ttocserp