Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

BIBFRAME

2017-04-30T16:45:25Z

Triptropic: /* Related initiatives */ added RDA, corrected typos, inserted IFLA

'''BIBFRAME''' (Bibliographic Framework) is a [[data model]] for bibliographic description. BIBFRAME was designed to replace the [[MARC standards]], and to use [[linked data]] principles to make [[Bibliographic database|bibliographic data]] more useful both within and outside the library community.<ref name=web-of-data>{{cite report|last=Miller|first=Eric|title=Bibliographic Framework as a Web of Data: Linked Data Model and Supporting Services|url=http://www.loc.gov/bibframe/pdf/marcld-report-11-21-2012.pdf|publisher=Library of Congress|accessdate=28 May 2014|author2=Uche Ogbuji |author3=Victoria Mueller |author4=Kathy MacDougall |date=21 November 2012}}</ref>

==History==
The MARC Standards, which BIBFRAME seeks to replace, were developed by [[Henriette Avram]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Schudel|first=Matt|title=Henriette Avram, 'Mother of MARC,' Dies|url=http://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/0605/avram.html|publisher=Library of Congress|accessdate=June 22, 2013}}</ref> at the US [[Library of Congress]] during the 1960s. By 1971, MARC formats had become the national standard for dissemination of [[Bibliographic database|bibliographic data]] in the United States, and the international standard by 1973.

In a provocatively titled 2002 article, library technologist [[Roy Tennant]] argued that "MARC Must Die", noting that the standard was old; used only within the library community; and designed to be a display, rather than a storage or retrieval format.<ref name="tennant">{{cite journal|last=Tennant|first=Roy|title=MARC Must Die|journal=Library Journal|volume=127|issue=17|pages=26–27|url = http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2002/10/ljarchives/marc-must-die/}}</ref> A 2008 report from the Library of Congress wrote that MARC is "based on forty-year old techniques for data management and is out of step with programming styles of today."<ref name=on-the-record>{{cite report|title=On the Record|publisher=The Library of Congress Working Group on the Future of Bibliographic Control|url=http://www.loc.gov/bibliographic-future/news/lcwg-ontherecord-jan08-final.pdf|date=9 January 2008}}</ref>

In 2012, the Library of Congress announced that it had contracted with Zepheira, a data management company, to develop a linked data alternative to MARC.<ref name=zepheira-release>{{cite web|title=The Library of Congress Announces Modeling Initiative|url=http://www.loc.gov/bibframe/news/bibframe-052212.html|work=BIBFRAME|publisher=Library of Congress|accessdate=28 May 2014}}</ref> Later that year, the library announced a new model called MARC Resources (MARCR).<ref name=mccallum>{{cite web|last=McCallum|first=Sally|title=Bibliographic Framework Initiative Approach for MARC Data as Linked Data|url=http://igelu.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/IGeLU-sally-McCallum.pptx|work=7th Annual IGeLU Conference|accessdate=30 May 2014|date=13 September 2012}}</ref> That November, the library released a more complete draft of the model, renamed BIBFRAME.<ref name=web-of-data /> {{refn|group=nb|For a detailed history of discontent with the MARC standards between Tennant's 2002 article and the 2012 announcement of BIBFRAME, see {{cite journal|last=Kroeger|first=Angela|title=The Road to BIBFRAME: The Evolution of the Idea of Bibliographic Transition into a Post-MARC Future|journal=Cataloging & Classification Quarterly|volume=51|issue=8|pages=873–890|doi=10.1080/01639374.2013.823584}}}}

The Library of Congress released version 2.0 of BIBFRAME in 2016.<ref name="overview20">{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/bibframe/docs/bibframe2-model.html|title=Overview of the BIBFRAME 2.0 Model|last=|first=|date=21 Apr 2016|website=Library of Congress|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=6 July 2016}}</ref>

==Design==
[[File:Bibframe2-model.jpg|thumb|Illustration of BIBFRAME 2.0 model, with three core levels of abstraction (in blue)—Work, Instance, Item—and three related classes (in orange)—Agent, Subject, Event.]]
BIBFRAME is expressed in [[Resource Description Framework|RDF]] and based on three categories of abstraction (work, instance, item), with three additional classes (agent, subject, event) that relate to the core categories.<ref name=overview20 /> While the ''work'' entity in BIBFRAME is roughly analogous to the ''work'' entity in [[International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions|IFLA's]] [[Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records]] (FRBR) entity relationship model, BIBFRAME's ''instance'' entity is a conflation of the FRBR ''expression'' and ''manifestation'' entities. This represents an apparent break with FRBR and the FRBR-based [[Resource Description and Access]] (RDA) cataloging code.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mitchell|first=Erik|title=Three Case Studies in Linked Open Data|journal=Library Technology Reports|volume=49|issue=5|pages=26–43|accessdate=28 May 2014}}</ref> However, the original BIBFRAME model argues that the new model "can reflect the FRBR relationships in terms of a graph rather than as hierarchical relationships, after applying a reductionist technique."<ref name=web-of-data /> Since both FRBR and BIBFRAME have been expressed in RDF, interoperability between the two models is technically possible.<ref>{{cite conference |title=Highlights of Library Data Models in the Era of Linked Open Data|last1=Zapounidou|first1=Sofia|last2=Sfakakis|first2=Michalis|last3=Papatheodorou|first3=Christos|date=November 19–22, 2013|publisher=Springer|booktitle=Metadata and Semantics Research|isbn=9783319034362|pages=396–407|conferenceurl=http://mtsr2013.teithe.gr/|conference=Metadata and Semantics Research Conference, Thessaloniki, Greece|editor1=Emmanouel Garoufallou|editor2=Jane Greenberg}}</ref>

===Specific formats===
While the BIBFRAME model currently includes a ''serial'' entity, there are still a number of issues to be addressed before the model can be used for [[Periodical literature|serials]] cataloging.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Fallgren|first=Nancy|author2=Lauruhn, Michael |author3=Reynolds, Regina Romano |author4= Kaplan, Laurie |title=The Missing Link: The Evolving Current State of Linked Data for Serials|journal=The Serials Librarian|date=2 May 2014|volume=66|issue=1-4|pages=123–138|doi=10.1080/0361526X.2014.879690}}</ref> BIBFRAME lacks several serials-related data fields available in MARC.<ref>{{cite web|last1=kiegel|title=MARC 008 for continuing resources|url=https://github.com/lcnetdev/marc2bibframe/issues/169|website=GitHub|accessdate=22 April 2015|ref=github165}}</ref>

A 2014 report was very positive on BIBFRAME's suitability for describing audio and video resources. However, the report also expressed some concern about the high-level ''Work'' entity, which is unsuitable for modeling certain audio resources.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Van Malssen |first1=Kara |title=BIBFRAME AV Modeling Study: Defining a Flexible Model for Description of Audiovisual Resources |url=http://www.loc.gov/bibframe/pdf/bibframe-avmodelingstudy-may15-2014.pdf |publisher=Library of Congress |accessdate=1 August 2014 |ref=van-malssen |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810111936/http://www.loc.gov/bibframe/pdf/bibframe-avmodelingstudy-may15-2014.pdf |archivedate=10 August 2014 |df= }}</ref>

==Implementations==
* Colorado College's Tutt Library has created several experimental apps using BIBFRAME.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nelson|first=Jeremy|title=Building a Library App Portfolio with Redis and Django|journal=code4lib|date=2013|issue=19|url=http://journal.code4lib.org/articles/7349|accessdate=30 May 2014}}</ref>
* 14 other research libraries are testing the model.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.loc.gov/bibframe/implementation/register.html|title=BIBFRAME Implementation Register|accessdate=6 July 2016}}</ref>

==Related initiatives and standards==
* [[Resource Description and Access|RDA]], [[Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records|FRBR]], [[FRBRoo]], [[Functional Requirements for Authority Data|FRAD]], and [[FRSAD]] are available in RDF in the Open Metadata Registry, a [[Metadata registry#Examples of public metadata registries|metadata registry]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://metadataregistry.org|title=Open Metadata Registry|last=|first=|date=|website=Open Metadata Registry: supporting metadata interoperability|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-04-30}}</ref>
* Schema Bib Extend project, a W3C-sponsored community group has worked to extend [[Schema.org]] to make it suitable for bibliographic description.<ref>{{cite web|last=Godby|first=Carol Jean|title=The Relationship between BIBFRAME and OCLC’s Linked-Data Model of Bibliographic Description: A Working Paper|url=http://oclc.org/content/dam/research/publications/library/2013/2013-05.pdf|accessdate=30 May 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Europeana]]
* [[Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records]] (FRBR)
* [[Functional Requirements for Authority Data]] (FRAD)
* [[FRSAD|Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Data]] (FRSAD)
* [[International Standard Bibliographic Description]] (ISBD)
* [[Linked data]]
* [[Open Library]]
* [[Resource Description and Access]]
* [[Schema.org]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.loc.gov/bibframe/ Official Website]
* [http://id.loc.gov/ontologies/bibframe Current BIBFRAME vocabularies]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bibliography file formats]]
[[Category:Library automation]]
[[Category:Library cataloging and classification]]
[[Category:Library of Congress]]
[[Category:Metadata publishing]]
[[Category:Metadata standards]]
[[Category:Semantic Web]]

Bud Webster

2016-03-20T23:45:37Z

Triptropic: tidied text

{{Infobox writer 
| name = '''Bud Webster'''
| honorific_prefix =
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Clarence Howard Webster
| birth_date = {{birth date |1952|07|27}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|2016|02|13|1952|07|27}}
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation =
| language =
| nationality =
| ethnicity =
| citizenship = American
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre = science-fiction, fantasy
| subject = 
| movement =
| notableworks = 
| spouse = Mary Horton
| partner = 
| children =
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| years_active =
| module =
| website =
| portaldisp = 
}}

'''Clarence Howard "Bud" Webster''' (July 27, 1952 – February 13, 2016) was an American [[science fiction]] and [[fantasy]] writer who is also known for his essays on both the history of science fiction and sf/fantasy [[anthology|anthologies]] as well. He is perhaps best known for the ''Bubba Pritchert'' series, which have won two Analytical Laboratory readers' awards from ''[[Analog Science Fiction and Fact]]'' magazine. Farewell Blues was featured on the cover of the January/February 2015 issue of ''[[The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction]].'' Webster is also known for his survey of [[Groff Conklin|Groff Conklin's]] contribution to science fiction in ''41 Above the Rest: An Index and Checklist for the Anthologies of Groff Conklin''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sfwa.org/2016/02/in-memoriam-2/|title=In Memoriam: Clarence Howard "Bud" Webster - SFWA|work=SFWA}}</ref>

Webster was a contributing editor and columnist for the [[Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America]] ''Bulletin'' and published a collection of those columns titled ''Anthropology 101: Reflections, Inspections and Dissections of SF Anthologies'' through Merry Blacksmith Press. His ''Bulletin'' column, "Anthropology 101", examines the history of science fiction and fantasy through classic anthologies and anthologists, frequently pairing books by different editors but also presenting two or more books by the same anthologist. The column has included multi-installment pieces on [[Frederik Pohl]], [[Robert Silverberg]], [[Harry Harrison (writer)|Harry Harrison]] and more recently, [[Terry Carr]]. In addition, he has co-wrote three ''Bulletin'' articles with Dr. [[Jerry Pournelle]]. He was also a frequent contributor to the "Curiosity" page of ''[[The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction]]''. He was the poetry editor and columnist for ''[[Helix SF]]'', an online speculative fiction quarterly. After ''Helix SF'' ceased publication, he took his column, "Past Masters", to ''Jim Baen's Universe'', and when that closed, to [[Eric Flint]]'s ''[[Grantville Gazette]]''. The "Past Masters" columns are retrospective appraisals of so-called "classic" science fiction and fantasy authors, and include extensive bibliographies. Some of the authors covered in the "Past Masters" series include [[Zenna Henderson]], [[Fredric Brown]], [[Edgar Pangborn]], and [[Murray Leinster]].

Webster was poetry editor at ''[[Black Gate (magazine)|Black Gate]]'', a print fantasy magazine, for which he also wrote a column about little-known authors titled "Who?!" The only one of the columns appeared in ''Black Gate'' 15 and discussed author [[Tom Reamy]].

In 2007, the [[Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America]] (SFWA) appointed Webster Estates Liaison, placing him in charge of their Estates Project, which makes it possible for publishers to contact the agents or individuals who represent the literary estates of deceased science-fiction and fantasy writers so that material by those authors can be reprinted. The Estates database currently contains information on more than 450 sf/fantasy authors.

In March 2012, SFWA announced that Webster would be given their [[Service to SFWA Award]] at the [[Nebula Award]]s banquet in May for his work on the SFWA Estates Project.<ref name="2012-sfwa-award">{{cite web|url=http://sfscope.com/2012/03/2012-service-to-sfwa-award-goe.html|title=2012 Service to SFWA Award goes to Clarence Howard 'Bud' Webster|author=[[Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America]]|publisher=SFScope|date=March 28, 2012}}</ref>

In June 2013, [[Merry Blacksmith Press]] published a collection of Webster's essays about science fiction and fantasy authors and books titled ''Past Masters and Other Bookish Natterings'', including articles on [[Clifford D. Simak]]. [[R. A. Lafferty]], [[Judith Merril]] and others. This volume also includes short-short essays originally published in [[The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction]] as part of their "Curiosities" column, as well as three articles co-written with [[Jerry Pournelle]].

Webster was also a collector of science fiction books, and is the author of ''The Joy of Booking: Webster's Guide to Buying and Selling Used SF and Fantasy Books''.

==Personal life==

Webster was born in [[Roanoke, Virginia]] to Edna Urquhart Webster and Clarence H. Webster. He attended Crystal Spring Elementary, Woodrow Wilson Junior High and Patrick Henry high schools. In 1970 he graduated from Hermitage High School in [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]]. He studied music at [[Virginia Commonwealth University]], majoring in composition. He was active in the Richmond music scene in the 1970s and 1980s performing in several bands, writing music reviews for various free newspapers, working a [[disc jockey]] on local radio, and managing a used record store. Raised a Baptist, he subsequently devolved into an antagonostic. At the time of his death, he was living in Richmond, Virginia, with his long-time companion, Mary Horton; whom he married May 26 2013.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{isfdb name|id=12066|name=Bud Webster}}
*[http://www.bookthink.com/0025/25web.htm Book Think: Interview with Bud Webster about ''41 Above the Rest: An Index and Checklist for the Anthologies of Groff Conklin'']
*[http://www.bookthink.com/0025/25bib.htm Book Think: "A Bibliographer's Job Is Never Done" by Bud Webster]
* [http://www.sfwa.org/bulletin/ SFWA Bulletin]
* [http://www.philsp.com/articles/webster_index.html Original "Past Masters" columns from HELIX SF and JIM BAEN'S UNIVERSE] now at Galactic Central
* [http://www.merryblacksmith.com/bookpages/anthopology.html Anthropology 101: Reflections, Inspections and Dissections of SF Anthologies] from Merry Blacksmith Press.
*[http://www.sfwa.org/member-links/estate/ SFWA Estate Project] at SFWA.org
*[http://www.sfwa.org/2012/03/2012-service-to-sfwa-award-goes-to-clarence-howard-bud-webster/ Official Announcement] of the 2012 Service to SFWA Award
*[http://www.merryblacksmith.com/?page_id=783 Past Masters and Other Bookish Natterings] from Merry Blacksmith Press
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Webster, Bud}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:American essayists]]
[[Category:American male writers]]
[[Category:American science fiction writers]]
[[Category:American short story writers]]
[[Category:People from Richmond, Virginia]]
[[Category:People from Roanoke, Virginia]]
[[Category:Virginia Commonwealth University alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from Virginia]]
[[Category:American male novelists]]
[[Category:Male essayists]]
[[Category:American male short story writers]]

Bass Rock Castle

2016-01-23T22:29:05Z

Triptropic: tidied wikilink

{{other uses|Bass Rock (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2014}}

{{Infobox Scottish island
|latitude=56.08
|longitude=-2.64
|location_map=Scotland East Lothian
|caption=Bass Rock shown within East Lothian
|GridReference=NT602873
|celtic name=
|norse name=
|meaning of name=Uncertain
|area= {{convert|3|ha|acres|0}}
|area rank=
|highest elevation= {{convert|107|m|ft|0}}
|Population=0
|population rank=
|main settlement=
|island group=[[Islands of the Forth]]
|local authority=[[East Lothian]]
|references=<ref>{{citation| publisher=General Register Office for Scotland| date=28 November 2003| url=http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications-and-data/occpapers/occasional-paper-10.html| title=Occasional Paper No 10: Statistics for Inhabited Islands| accessdate=9 July 2007| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20070525015452/http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications-and-data/occpapers/occasional-paper-10.html| archivedate= 25 May 2007 | deadurl= no}}</ref><ref name=Smith>{{Haswell-Smith}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk| title=Get-a-Map| publisher=[[Ordnance Survey]]| accessdate=13 May 2008}}</ref><ref name=Scotgaz>{{cite web| url=http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst3875.html | title=Bass Rock| publisher=[[Gazetteer for Scotland]]| accessdate=29 September 2007}}</ref>
}}

[[File:BassRockNB.JPG|thumb|The Bass Rock viewed from [[North Berwick]]]]
'''The Bass Rock''', or simply '''the Bass''',<ref>M'Crie, Miller, Anderson, Fleming & Balfour (1847). ''The Bass Rock.'' Edinburgh</ref> {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|æ|s}}, is an island in the outer part of the [[Firth of Forth]] in the east of Scotland. Approximately {{convert|2|km}} offshore, and {{convert|5|km}} north-east of [[North Berwick]], it is a steep-sided volcanic rock, {{convert|107|m}} at its highest point, and is home to a large colony of [[gannet]]s. The rock is currently uninhabited, but historically has been settled by an early Christian hermit, and later was the site of an important castle, which after the [[Commonwealth of England|Commonwealth period]] was used as a prison. The island is in the ownership of [[Sir Hew Hamilton-Dalrymple, 10th Baronet|Sir Hew Hamilton-Dalrymple]], whose family acquired it in 1706, and before that belonged to the Lauder family for almost six centuries. The [[Bass Rock Lighthouse]] was constructed on the rock in 1902, and the remains of an ancient chapel survive.

The Bass Rock features in many works of fiction, including [[Robert Louis Stevenson|Robert Louis Stevenson's]] ''[[Catriona (novel)|Catriona]]'' and ''The Lion is Rampant'' by the [[List of Scottish novelists|Scottish novelist]] [[Ross Laidlaw]].

==Geography and geology==
[[File:Bass Rock OS map.png|right|thumb|Map of Bass Rock]]
The island is a [[volcanic plug]] of [[Phonolite|phonolitic]] [[trachyte]] rock of [[Carboniferous]] ([[Dinantian]]) age.<ref>Read, W. A. et al. (2002) ''Carboniferous'', page 294 in Trewin, N. H. (2002) ''The Geology of Scotland'', 4th edition, London, The Geological Society.</ref> The rock was first recognised as an [[intrusion|igneous intrusion]] by [[James Hutton]], while [[Hugh Miller]] visited in 1847 and wrote about the rock's geology in his book ''Edinburgh and its Neighbourhood, Geological and Historical: with The Geology of the Bass Rock''.<ref name=Scotgaz/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hughmiller.org/bibliography_g.asp |title=Bibliography |accessdate=29 September 2007 |work=Discover Hugh Miller}}</ref>
{{Gallery
|title=Views of Bass Rock
|width=180
|height=140
|lines=2
|align=center
|File:Bass Rock from courtyard at Tantallon.jpg|Bass Rock, view from Tantallon courtyard
|File:Viewpoint indicator.jpg|Bass Rock relative to [[North Berwick]], from [[North Berwick Law]]
|File:Craigleith.jpg|[[Craigleith]] with Bass Rock behind
|File:Bass Rock from south east.jpg|View from the South East
}}
The Bass Rock stands over 100 m high in the Firth of Forth Islands [[Special Protection Area]] which covers some, but not all of the islands in the inner and outer Firth. The Bass Rock is a [[Site of Special Scientific Interest]] in its own right, due to its [[gannet]] colony. It is sometimes called "the [[Ailsa Craig]] of the East".<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.leithhistory.co.uk/2007/11/29/the-bass-rock/| title=The Bass Rock| publisher=History of Leith| accessdate=20 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ourscotland.co.uk/forthislands/| title=Islands in the Firth of Forth| publisher=Scotland from the Roadside| accessdate=20 October 2009}}</ref> It is of a similar geological form to nearby [[North Berwick Law]], a hill on the mainland.<ref name=Scotgaz/> There are a couple of related volcanic formations within nearby [[Edinburgh]], namely [[Arthur's Seat]] and [[Castle Rock, Edinburgh|Castle Rock]].

Much of the island is surrounded by steep cliffs and rocks, with a slope facing south south west which inclines at a steep angle.

The Bass does not occupy the skyline of the Firth quite as much as its equivalent in the Clyde, Ailsa Craig, but it can be seen from much of southern and eastern [[Fife]], most of East Lothian, and high points in the Lothians and Borders, such as [[Arthur's Seat]], and the [[Lammermuir]].

===Surrounding islands===
The Bass is one of a small string of islands off part of the [[East Lothian]] coast, which are some of the [[Islands of the Forth]]. To the west are [[Craigleith]], and [[The Lamb (island)|the Lamb]], [[Fidra]] and finally to the west of Fidra, the low-lying island of [[Eyebroughy]]. These are also mainly the result of volcanic activity.

To the north-east can be seen the [[Isle of May]] off the coast of the [[East Neuk]] of Fife.

==History==
The island was a retreat for early Christian [[hermits]]; St [[Baldred of Tyninghame|Baldred]] is said to have lived there in 600 AD.

===The Lauder family===
The earliest recorded proprietors are the [[Lauder]] of the Bass family, from whom Sir [[Harry Lauder]] is descended.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lauder|first=Sir Harry|title=Roamin' in the Gloamin'|year=1928|publisher=J B Lippincott Company|location=London|isbn=978-1-4179-1791-4|page=26}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=M'Crie|first=Thomas|title=The Bass Rock: Its Civil and Ecclesiastic History|year=1847|publisher=John Greig and Son|location=Edinburgh|author2=Anderson, James|author3= Miller, Hugh|author4= Fleming, John|author5= Balfour, John Hutton|page=12}}</ref> According to legend, the island is said to have been a gift from King [[Máel Coluim III of Scotland|Malcolm III of Scotland]]. The crest on their heraldic arms is, appropriately, a gannet standing upon a rock.<ref>Lauder-Frost, Gregory, F.S.A.,Scot., 'Lauder Arms', in ''The Double Tressure'', Heraldry Society of Scotland, no.29, 2007,pps:20-30,ISSN 0-141-237-X</ref>

The family had from an early date a castle on the island. Sir Robert de Lawedre is mentioned by [[Blind Harry]] in ''[[The Actes and Deidis of the Illustre and Vallyeant Campioun Schir William Wallace]]'' as a compatriot of [[William Wallace]], and [[Alexander Nisbet]] recorded his tombstone in 1718, in the floor of the old kirk in [[North Berwick]]: "here lies Sir Robert de Lawedre, great laird of the Bass, who died May 1311". Five years later his son received that part of the island which until then had been retained by The Church because it contained the holy cell of Saint [[Baldred of Tyninghame|Baldred]]. A century on [[Andrew of Wyntoun|Wyntown]]'s ''Cronykil'' relates: "In 1406 King [[Robert III of Scotland|Robert III]], apprehensive of danger to his son James (afterwards [[James I of Scotland|James I]]) from the Duke of Albany, placed the youthful prince in the safe-custody of Sir Robert Lauder in his secure castle on the Bass prior to an embarkation for safer parts on the continent." Subsequently, says [[Patrick Fraser Tytler|Tytler]], "Sir Robert Lauder of the Bass was one of the few people whom King James I admitted to his confidence." In 1424 Sir Robert Lauder of the Bass, with 18 men, had a safe-conduct with a host of other noblemen, as a hostage for James I at [[Durham, England|Durham]]. J J Reid also mentions that "in 1424 when King James I returned from his long captivity in England, he at once consigned to the castle of the Bass, Walter Stewart, the eldest son of [[Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany]], his cousin. The person who received the payments for the prisoner's support was Sir Robert Lauder", whom Tytler further describes as "a firm friend of the King".

===Hector Boece===
[[File:TantalonBassRock.JPG|thumb|left|Tantallon Castle, with the Bass in the background]]
[[File:Tantallon Castle 3.jpg|thumb|left|The north range, seen from the gatehouse]]
[[Hector Boece]] offers the following description (original spelling):

:"''ane wounderful crag, risand within the sea, with so narrow and strait hals [passage] that na schip nor boit bot allanerlie at ane part of it. This crag is callet the Bas; unwinnabil by ingine [ingenuity] of man. In it are coves, als profitable for defence of men as [if] thay were biggit be crafty industry. Every thing that is in that crag is ful of admiration and wounder.''"<ref>Bellenden's Boece, vol i p 37</ref>

===Royal visits===
In 1497 King [[James IV of Scotland|James IV]] visited the Bass and stayed in the castle with a later Sir [[Robert Lauder of the Bass]] (d.bef Feb 1508). The boatmen who conveyed the King from [[Dunbar]] were paid 14 shillings. [[George Lauder of the Bass]] entertained King [[James VI of Scotland]] when he visited the Bass in 1581; the king was so enamoured that he offered to buy the island, a proposition which did not commend itself to George Lauder. The King appears to have accepted the situation with good grace. George was a Privy Counsellor - described as the King's "familiar councillor" - and tutor to the young [[Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales|Prince Henry]].

===Famous prisoners===
During the 15th century [[James I of Scotland|James I]] consigned several of his political enemies, including [[Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl|Walter Stewart]]<ref name="Seaton"/> to the Bass. In this period, many members of the [[Clan MacKay]] ended up here, including, Neil Bhass MacKay (Niall "Bhas" MacAoidh), who gained his epithet from being imprisoned there as a fourteen-year-old in 1428. He was kept there as a hostage, after his father, Aonghas Dubh (Angus Dhu) of [[Strathnaver]] in [[Sutherland]] was released, as security. According to one Website

:"'' Following the murder of King James at [[Perth, Scotland|Perth]] in 1437 Neil escaped from the Bass and was proclaimed 8th Chief of the Clan Mackay.''"<ref name="Seaton"/>

===Cromwellian invasion and after===
[[File:The Bass.jpg|thumb|The Bass in the 17th century]]
After almost 600 years, the Lauders lost the Bass during [[Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms#Third Civil War|Cromwell's invasion]], and the castle subsequently (in 1671) became a notorious [[gaol]] to which for many decades religious and political prisoners, especially [[Covenanter]]s such as [[Alexander Peden|Prophet Peden]], were sent. [[John Blackadder (preacher)|John Blackadder]], one of the Covenanting martyrs, died on the Bass in 1686 and is buried at North Berwick, where a [[United Free Church]] was named after him.

[[Charles Maitland, 3rd Earl of Lauderdale]] held the Bass for [[James II of England|James VII]] for a brief period after the Scottish parliament declared his abdication. The fortress was destroyed by the government in 1701, and on 31 July 1706 the President of the Court of Session, [[Hew Dalrymple, Lord North Berwick]], acquired the Bass by charter (ratified by Parliament in March 1707), for a purely nominal sum, and the island has been ever since in the uninterrupted possession of the Dalrymple family.<ref>{{cite book|last=M'Crie|first=Thomas|title=The Bass Rock: Its Civil and Ecclesiastic History|year=1847|publisher=John Greig and Son|location=Edinburgh|author2=Anderson, James|author3= Miller, Hugh|author4= Fleming, John|author5= Balfour, John Hutton|page= 46}}</ref>

==Description==

===Castle===
Not far above the landing-place the slope is crossed by a [[Curtain wall (fortification)|curtain wall]], which naturally follows the lie of the ground, having sundry projections and round [[bastions]] where a rocky projection offers a suitable foundation. The [[parapet]]s are [[Battlements|battlemented]], with the usual walk along the top of the walls. Another curtain wall at right-angles runs down to the sea close to the landing-place, ending in a ruined round tower, whose vaulted base has poorly splayed and apparently rather unskillfully constructed [[embrasure]]s. The entrance passes through this outwork wall close to where it joins the other.

[[File:Bass Rock Castle Lighthouse 1.jpg|left|thumb|The remains of the castle today, and the lighthouse.]]

The main defences are entered a little farther on in the same line, through a projecting two-story building which has some fireplaces with very simple and late mouldings. The buildings are of the local [[basalt]], and the masonry is rough rubble; there are, as is so frequently the case, no very clear indications for dating the different parts, which were in all probability erected at different times.

A little beyond the entrance there is a tower that formed a simple bastion and to which has been added a gabled chamber in the 17th century, which, though of restricted dimensions, must have been comfortable enough, with blue Dutch tiles round its moulded fireplace, now very much decayed.

===Well and chapel===
During the 16th and 17th centuries there was sufficient grass present for 100 sheep to graze. The [[freshwater]] [[Water well|well]] was right at the top of the island, where today the [[foghorn]] is situated.

Half-way up the island stands the ruin of St Baldred's Chapel, which is sited upon a cell or cave in which this Scottish Saint spent some time. Although the Lauders held most of the Bass Rock, this part of it had remained in the ownership of The Church until 1316 when it was granted to the family. The chapel appears to have been rebuilt by the Lauder family several times. A [[papal bull]] dated 6 May 1493, refers to the [[parish church]] of the Bass, or the Chapel of St Baldred, being ''noviter erecta'' (newly established) at that time. On the 5 January 1542 we find [[John Lauder]], son of Sir [[Robert Lauder of the Bass]], Knt., as "the Cardinal's Secretary" representing Cardinal [[David Beaton]] at a reconsecration of the restored and ancient St Baldred's chapel on the Bass. In 1576 it is recorded that the church on the Bass, and that at [[Auldhame]] on the mainland, required no readers, doubtless something to do with the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]].

==Wildlife==
[[File:Morus-Bassanus Bass Rock.jpg|thumb|left|Northern gannets circling above the Bass]]
The island plays host to more than 150,000 gannets and is the largest single rock gannetry in the world,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.seabird.org/page.php?level1_id=21&level2_id=82&fullstory=100#100| title=Bass Rock announced as the world's largest Northern gannet colony| publisher=[[Scottish Seabird Centre]]| accessdate=16 February 2015}}</ref> described famously by naturalists as "one of the wildlife wonders of the world" (often credited to Sir David Attenborough).<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/is-the-bass-rock-a-wonder-of-the-world-i-m-sure-it-is-says-sir-david-attenborough-1-816593| title=Is the Bass Rock a wonder of the world? I'm sure it is says Sir David Attenborough| publisher=[[The Scotsman]]| accessdate=16 February 2015}}</ref> When viewed from the mainland, large regions of the surface appear white due to the sheer number of birds (and their droppings, which give off 152,000 kg of [[ammonia]] per year, equivalent to the achievements of 10 million [[broiler]]s).<ref>Blackall, T.D. (2007) "Ammonia emissions from seabird colonies" ''Geophys. Res. Lett.'' '''34''', L10801</ref> In fact the scientific name for the [[northern gannet]], ''Sula bassana'' or ''Morus bassanus'', derives its name from the rock. It was known traditionally in Scots as a "solan goose". In common with other gannetries, such as [[St Kilda, Scotland|St Kilda]], the birds were harvested for their eggs and the flesh of their young chicks, which were considered delicacies. It is estimated that in 1850 almost 2,000 birds were harvested from the rock. Other bird species that frequent the rock include [[common guillemot|guillemot]], [[razorbill]], [[great cormorant|cormorant]], [[Atlantic puffin|puffin]], [[common eider|eider duck]] and numerous [[gulls]].<ref name=NLB>{{cite web| url=http://www.nlb.org.uk/ourlights/history/bassrock.htm| title=Bass Rock Lighthouse| publisher=[[Northern Lighthouse Board]]| accessdate=9 May 2008| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080502155018/http://www.nlb.org.uk/ourlights/history/bassrock.htm| archivedate= 2 May 2008 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

The natural history of the rock was written about almost five hundred years ago in [[John Mair]]'s ''De Gestis Scotorum'' ("The deeds of the Scots") published in 1521.<ref>Hull, Robin (2007) ''Scottish Mammals''. Edinburgh. Birlinn. p. 29.</ref> Today, the [[Scottish Seabird Centre]] at North Berwick has solar powered cameras located on the island which beam back live close up images of the seabirds to large screens on the mainland, just over a mile away. The images are sharp enough for visitors at the Scottish Seabird Centre to read the ID rings on birds' feet.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.seabird.org/webcams.asp| title=Webcams| publisher=Scottish Seabird Centre| accessdate=20 October 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20091018051845/http://www.seabird.org/webcams.asp| archivedate= 18 October 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> The Seabird Centre has 10 cameras located on the islands of the Forth and also broadcasts the images live on the internet.<ref name=SSC>{{cite web| url=http://www.seabird.org/| title=Welcome to the Scottish Seabird Centre| publisher=Scottish Seabird Centre| accessdate=16 February 2015}}</ref> The Centre also has exclusive landing rights to the island from the owner Sir Hew Hamilton-Dalrymple and operates a limited number of photographic boat trips to the islands throughout the year, weather permitting.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.seabird.org/visitor-information.asp| title=Visitor Information| publisher=Scottish Seabird Centre| accessdate=20 October 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20091120173938/http://www.seabird.org/visitor-information.asp| archivedate= 20 November 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

==Plants==
The soil is fertile and supports a wide variety of plants. These include the [[Lavatera arborea|Bass mallow]] which is otherwise only found on a few other islands, including [[Ailsa Craig]] and [[Steep Holm]].

==Cultural references==
[[File:Bass Rock Lighthouse Caves.jpg|left|thumb|Caves in the Bass Rock]]
Due to its imposing nature, prison and connection with Scottish history, the Bass has been featured in several fictional works.

===Robert Louis Stevenson and ''Catriona''===
[[Robert Louis Stevenson]] had at least one strong connection with the Bass, as his cousin, [[David Alan Stevenson|David Stevenson]], designed the lighthouse there. Amongst his earliest memories were holidays in [[North Berwick]].<ref name="Seaton">{{cite web| url=http://www.northberwick.org.uk/bass.html| author=Seaton, Douglas| title=The Bass Rock| publisher=North Berwick and District Business Association| accessdate=20 October 2009}}</ref> He often stayed at [[Auldhame & Scoughall|Scoughall Farm]], whence the Bass can be seen,<ref name="Seaton"/> and local lore is credited as the inspiration for his short story ''The Wreckers''.<ref name="Seaton"/>

''[[Catriona (novel)|Catriona]]'' is [[Robert Louis Stevenson|Stevenson's]] 1893 sequel to ''[[Kidnapped (novel)|Kidnapped]]''. Both [[novels]] are set in the aftermath of the [[Jacobite Risings]], in the mid-18th century. The first part of ''Catriona'' recounts the attempts of the hero - David Balfour - to gain justice for James Stewart - James of the Glens - who has been arrested and charged with complicity in the [[Appin Murder]]. David makes a statement to a lawyer, and goes on to meet [[William Grant, Lord Prestongrange|Lord Prestongrange]] - the [[Lord Advocate]] - to press the case for James' innocence. However his attempts fail as he is once again kidnapped and confined on the Bass Rock, until the trial is over, and James condemned to death.

The book begins with a dedication to Charles Baxter, a friend of Stevenson, written in his home in [[Western Samoa]] and says:

:''There should be left in our native city some seed of the elect; some long-legged, hot-headed youth must repeat to-day our dreams and wanderings of so many years ago; he will relish the pleasure, which should have been ours, to follow among named streets and numbered houses the country walks of David Balfour, to identify [[Dean Village|Dean]], and Silvermills, and [[Broughton, Edinburgh|Broughton]], and Hope Park, and Pilrig, and poor old Lochend - if it still be standing, and the Figgate Whins [the area near [[Portobello, Edinburgh|Portobello]]] - if there be any of them left; or to push (on a long holiday) so far afield as [[Gullane|Gillane]] or the Bass. So, perhaps, his eye shall be opened to behold the series of the generations, and he shall weigh with surprise his momentous and nugatory gift of life.''

[[File:Dunbar-John Muir beach.JPG|thumb|right|View towards Belhaven Bay (John Muir Country Park) from [[Dunbar]] with [[North Berwick Law]] and Bass Rock in the distance.]]Chapter XIV is entitled simply, ''The Bass'', and gives a long description of the island, which is described as "just the one crag of rock, as everybody knows, but great enough to carve a city from."

:''" "It was an unco place by night, unco by day; and there were unco sounds; of the calling of the solans [gannets], and the plash [splash] of the sea, and the rock echoes that hung continually in our ears. It was chiefly so in moderate weather. When the waves were anyway great they roared about the rock like thunder and the drums of armies, dreadful, but merry to hear, and it was in the calm days when a man could daunt himself with listening; so many still, hollow noises haunted and reverberated in the porches of the rock.''"

===Bruce Marshall and ''Father Malachy's Miracle''===
Scottish writer [[Bruce Marshall]] used Bass Rock as the miraculous destination of the "Garden of Eden", a dance hall of dubious reputation in ''[[Father Malachy's Miracle]]'' a 1938 novel.

During an argument with a [[Protestant]] [[Minister (Christianity)|minister]], Father Malachy claims that God could miraculously remove the "Garden of Eden." The Protestant scoffs and Father Malachy inadvertently predicts that God will indeed remove the "Garden of Eden" on a specific date.

The date comes and the building and all people inside vanish and reappear on Bass Rock. This apparent [[miracle]] draws the attention of the media, politicians and scientists, all trying to find rational explanations. The [[Catholic Church]] is reluctant to officially recognize this occurrence as a miracle, both fearing a loss of control in matters of faith, or a loss of face if the disappearance of the "Garden of Eden" would turn out to be a fabrication.

The novel was the basis for the [[Germans|German]] film ''[[Das Wunder des Malachias]]'' a 1961 black-and-white film directed by [[Bernhard Wicki]] and starring [[Horst Bollmann]]. The film did not specify Bass Rock as the destination of the offending dance hall.

===James Robertson and ''The Fanatic''===
The Bass Rock is a key location in ''[[The Fanatic (novel)]]'' by Scottish author [[James Robertson (novelist)|James Robertson]]. The novel tells the story of a tourist guide in modern-day Edinburgh who becomes obsessed with two characters from Edinburgh's past: Major Thomas Weir, a presbyterian who was eventually executed for incest, bestiality and witchcraft; and James Mitchell, a Covenanter who attempted to assassinate the [[James Sharp (bishop)|Archbishop of St Andrews]]. Mitchel was tortured, imprisoned on the Bass Rock and eventually also executed.

===Music===
A [[pibroch]] was written by Iain Dall MacAoidh (MacKay), commemorating Neil Bhass' imprisonment and escape from the island, entitled ''The Unjust Incarceration". '<ref name="Seaton" /><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.pibroch.com/services.html| title=Peter Kapp Bagpiper| publisher=| accessdate=20 October 2009}}</ref>

===Cinema===
The Bass Rock appears as background in one song sequence of the 1998 [[Bollywood]] movie ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/wealth-of-fans-to-locate-1-623013 |title=Wealth of fans to locate |work=[[The Scotsman]] |date=28 September 2002 |accessdate=27 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/culture/film/ticket-tout-fears-over-bollywood-star-1-849939 |title=Ticket tout fears over Bollywood star |work=[[The Scotsman]] |date=8 August 2002 |accessdate=27 December 2015}}</ref>

==Proverb==
An old saying has the following:

:"''Ding doun [[Tantallon Castle|Tantallon]],—
::''Mak a brig to the Bass."<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.electricscotland.com/history/Edinburgh/chap28.htm| title=Tantallon and the Bass| publisher=Electric Scotland| accessdate=20 October 2009}}</ref>

This meant to do something impossible.

==See also==
*[[List of places in East Lothian]]
*[[Canty Bay]]

==References==
* ''The History of Scotland'', by [[Patrick Fraser Tytler]], Edinburgh, 1866, vol.III, pps:187 -190.
* ''The Bass - Early notices'' by John J. Reid, in ''Proceedings of the [[Society of Antiquaries of Scotland]]'', 1885.
* ''Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland 1357 - 1509'', edited by Joseph Bain, F.S.A.,(Scot), Edinburgh, 1888, vol. iv, number 942, 3 February 1424.
* ''The Bass Rock and its Story'' by [[Louis Auguste Barbé|Louis A. Barbé]], Glasgow & Edinburgh: William Hodge & Co, 1904.
* ''North Berwick, Gullane, Aberlady and East Linton District'', by R.P.Phillimore, North Berwick, 1913, p. 40.
* ''The Berwick and Lothian Coasts'' by Ian C. Hannah, London & Leipzig, 1913.
* ''The Bass Rock in History'' in Transactions of the East Lothian Antiquarian & Field Naturalists' Society, 1948, vol.5, p. 55.
* ''The Lauders of the Bass'' by G. M. S. Lauder-Frost, F.S.A.,(Scot), in ''East Lothian Life'', Autumn 1996, issue 22, {{ISSN|1361-7818}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|33em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bass Rock}}
{{Americana Poster}}
* [http://jirislama.com/index.php/en/photoblog/trips-and-pictures/146-bass Bass Rock Gannetry – wildlife wonder of the world]
* [http://www.northberwick.org.uk/bass.html History of the island]{{dead link|date=July 2013}}
* [http://www.nlb.org.uk/ourlights/history/bassrock.htm NLB History of Bass Rock Lighthouse]
* [http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst3875.html Article from The Gazetteer for Scotland]
* [http://www.seabird.org/home.asp Webcams at Scottish Seabird Centre Website]{{dead link|date=July 2013}}
* [http://digital.nls.uk/slezer/engraving.cfm?sl=56 Bass Rock from the East in 1693] by [[John Slezer]] at National Library of Scotland
* {{Cite Nuttall|wstitle=Bass Rock |short=x}}

{{Islands of the Forth}}
{{Prisons in Scotland}}

{{coord|56.0769|N|2.6410|W|type:landmark_region:GB|display=title}}

[[Category:Islands of the Forth]]
[[Category:Landforms of East Lothian]]
[[Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Mid and East Lothian]]
[[Category:Castles in East Lothian]]
[[Category:History of East Lothian]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in East Lothian]]
[[Category:Volcanic plugs of Scotland]]
[[Category:Carboniferous volcanoes]]
[[Category:Seabird colonies]]
[[Category:Defunct prisons in Scotland]]

Bass Rock Castle

2016-01-23T22:27:05Z

Triptropic: /* External links */ replaced dead link #1Lib1Ref

{{other uses|Bass Rock (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2014}}

{{Infobox Scottish island
|latitude=56.08
|longitude=-2.64
|location_map=Scotland East Lothian
|caption=Bass Rock shown within East Lothian
|GridReference=NT602873
|celtic name=
|norse name=
|meaning of name=Uncertain
|area= {{convert|3|ha|acres|0}}
|area rank=
|highest elevation= {{convert|107|m|ft|0}}
|Population=0
|population rank=
|main settlement=
|island group=[[Islands of the Forth]]
|local authority=[[East Lothian]]
|references=<ref>{{citation| publisher=General Register Office for Scotland| date=28 November 2003| url=http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications-and-data/occpapers/occasional-paper-10.html| title=Occasional Paper No 10: Statistics for Inhabited Islands| accessdate=9 July 2007| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20070525015452/http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications-and-data/occpapers/occasional-paper-10.html| archivedate= 25 May 2007 | deadurl= no}}</ref><ref name=Smith>{{Haswell-Smith}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk| title=Get-a-Map| publisher=[[Ordnance Survey]]| accessdate=13 May 2008}}</ref><ref name=Scotgaz>{{cite web| url=http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst3875.html | title=Bass Rock| publisher=[[Gazetteer for Scotland]]| accessdate=29 September 2007}}</ref>
}}

[[File:BassRockNB.JPG|thumb|The Bass Rock viewed from [[North Berwick]]]]
'''The Bass Rock''', or simply '''the Bass''',<ref>M'Crie, Miller, Anderson, Fleming & Balfour (1847). ''The Bass Rock.'' Edinburgh</ref> {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|æ|s}}, is an island in the outer part of the [[Firth of Forth]] in the east of Scotland. Approximately {{convert|2|km}} offshore, and {{convert|5|km}} north-east of [[North Berwick]], it is a steep-sided volcanic rock, {{convert|107|m}} at its highest point, and is home to a large colony of [[gannet]]s. The rock is currently uninhabited, but historically has been settled by an early Christian hermit, and later was the site of an important castle, which after the [[Commonwealth of England|Commonwealth period]] was used as a prison. The island is in the ownership of [[Sir Hew Hamilton-Dalrymple, 10th Baronet|Sir Hew Hamilton-Dalrymple]], whose family acquired it in 1706, and before that belonged to the Lauder family for almost six centuries. The [[Bass Rock Lighthouse]] was constructed on the rock in 1902, and the remains of an ancient chapel survive.

The Bass Rock features in many works of fiction, including [[Robert Louis Stevenson]]'s ''[[Catriona (novel)|Catriona]]'' and ''The Lion is Rampant'' by the present-day [[List of Scottish novelists|Scottish novelist]] [[Ross Laidlaw]].

==Geography and geology==
[[File:Bass Rock OS map.png|right|thumb|Map of Bass Rock]]
The island is a [[volcanic plug]] of [[Phonolite|phonolitic]] [[trachyte]] rock of [[Carboniferous]] ([[Dinantian]]) age.<ref>Read, W. A. et al. (2002) ''Carboniferous'', page 294 in Trewin, N. H. (2002) ''The Geology of Scotland'', 4th edition, London, The Geological Society.</ref> The rock was first recognised as an [[intrusion|igneous intrusion]] by [[James Hutton]], while [[Hugh Miller]] visited in 1847 and wrote about the rock's geology in his book ''Edinburgh and its Neighbourhood, Geological and Historical: with The Geology of the Bass Rock''.<ref name=Scotgaz/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hughmiller.org/bibliography_g.asp |title=Bibliography |accessdate=29 September 2007 |work=Discover Hugh Miller}}</ref>
{{Gallery
|title=Views of Bass Rock
|width=180
|height=140
|lines=2
|align=center
|File:Bass Rock from courtyard at Tantallon.jpg|Bass Rock, view from Tantallon courtyard
|File:Viewpoint indicator.jpg|Bass Rock relative to [[North Berwick]], from [[North Berwick Law]]
|File:Craigleith.jpg|[[Craigleith]] with Bass Rock behind
|File:Bass Rock from south east.jpg|View from the South East
}}
The Bass Rock stands over 100 m high in the Firth of Forth Islands [[Special Protection Area]] which covers some, but not all of the islands in the inner and outer Firth. The Bass Rock is a [[Site of Special Scientific Interest]] in its own right, due to its [[gannet]] colony. It is sometimes called "the [[Ailsa Craig]] of the East".<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.leithhistory.co.uk/2007/11/29/the-bass-rock/| title=The Bass Rock| publisher=History of Leith| accessdate=20 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ourscotland.co.uk/forthislands/| title=Islands in the Firth of Forth| publisher=Scotland from the Roadside| accessdate=20 October 2009}}</ref> It is of a similar geological form to nearby [[North Berwick Law]], a hill on the mainland.<ref name=Scotgaz/> There are a couple of related volcanic formations within nearby [[Edinburgh]], namely [[Arthur's Seat]] and [[Castle Rock, Edinburgh|Castle Rock]].

Much of the island is surrounded by steep cliffs and rocks, with a slope facing south south west which inclines at a steep angle.

The Bass does not occupy the skyline of the Firth quite as much as its equivalent in the Clyde, Ailsa Craig, but it can be seen from much of southern and eastern [[Fife]], most of East Lothian, and high points in the Lothians and Borders, such as [[Arthur's Seat]], and the [[Lammermuir]].

===Surrounding islands===
The Bass is one of a small string of islands off part of the [[East Lothian]] coast, which are some of the [[Islands of the Forth]]. To the west are [[Craigleith]], and [[The Lamb (island)|the Lamb]], [[Fidra]] and finally to the west of Fidra, the low-lying island of [[Eyebroughy]]. These are also mainly the result of volcanic activity.

To the north-east can be seen the [[Isle of May]] off the coast of the [[East Neuk]] of Fife.

==History==
The island was a retreat for early Christian [[hermits]]; St [[Baldred of Tyninghame|Baldred]] is said to have lived there in 600 AD.

===The Lauder family===
The earliest recorded proprietors are the [[Lauder]] of the Bass family, from whom Sir [[Harry Lauder]] is descended.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lauder|first=Sir Harry|title=Roamin' in the Gloamin'|year=1928|publisher=J B Lippincott Company|location=London|isbn=978-1-4179-1791-4|page=26}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=M'Crie|first=Thomas|title=The Bass Rock: Its Civil and Ecclesiastic History|year=1847|publisher=John Greig and Son|location=Edinburgh|author2=Anderson, James|author3= Miller, Hugh|author4= Fleming, John|author5= Balfour, John Hutton|page=12}}</ref> According to legend, the island is said to have been a gift from King [[Máel Coluim III of Scotland|Malcolm III of Scotland]]. The crest on their heraldic arms is, appropriately, a gannet standing upon a rock.<ref>Lauder-Frost, Gregory, F.S.A.,Scot., 'Lauder Arms', in ''The Double Tressure'', Heraldry Society of Scotland, no.29, 2007,pps:20-30,ISSN 0-141-237-X</ref>

The family had from an early date a castle on the island. Sir Robert de Lawedre is mentioned by [[Blind Harry]] in ''[[The Actes and Deidis of the Illustre and Vallyeant Campioun Schir William Wallace]]'' as a compatriot of [[William Wallace]], and [[Alexander Nisbet]] recorded his tombstone in 1718, in the floor of the old kirk in [[North Berwick]]: "here lies Sir Robert de Lawedre, great laird of the Bass, who died May 1311". Five years later his son received that part of the island which until then had been retained by The Church because it contained the holy cell of Saint [[Baldred of Tyninghame|Baldred]]. A century on [[Andrew of Wyntoun|Wyntown]]'s ''Cronykil'' relates: "In 1406 King [[Robert III of Scotland|Robert III]], apprehensive of danger to his son James (afterwards [[James I of Scotland|James I]]) from the Duke of Albany, placed the youthful prince in the safe-custody of Sir Robert Lauder in his secure castle on the Bass prior to an embarkation for safer parts on the continent." Subsequently, says [[Patrick Fraser Tytler|Tytler]], "Sir Robert Lauder of the Bass was one of the few people whom King James I admitted to his confidence." In 1424 Sir Robert Lauder of the Bass, with 18 men, had a safe-conduct with a host of other noblemen, as a hostage for James I at [[Durham, England|Durham]]. J J Reid also mentions that "in 1424 when King James I returned from his long captivity in England, he at once consigned to the castle of the Bass, Walter Stewart, the eldest son of [[Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany]], his cousin. The person who received the payments for the prisoner's support was Sir Robert Lauder", whom Tytler further describes as "a firm friend of the King".

===Hector Boece===
[[File:TantalonBassRock.JPG|thumb|left|Tantallon Castle, with the Bass in the background]]
[[File:Tantallon Castle 3.jpg|thumb|left|The north range, seen from the gatehouse]]
[[Hector Boece]] offers the following description (original spelling):

:"''ane wounderful crag, risand within the sea, with so narrow and strait hals [passage] that na schip nor boit bot allanerlie at ane part of it. This crag is callet the Bas; unwinnabil by ingine [ingenuity] of man. In it are coves, als profitable for defence of men as [if] thay were biggit be crafty industry. Every thing that is in that crag is ful of admiration and wounder.''"<ref>Bellenden's Boece, vol i p 37</ref>

===Royal visits===
In 1497 King [[James IV of Scotland|James IV]] visited the Bass and stayed in the castle with a later Sir [[Robert Lauder of the Bass]] (d.bef Feb 1508). The boatmen who conveyed the King from [[Dunbar]] were paid 14 shillings. [[George Lauder of the Bass]] entertained King [[James VI of Scotland]] when he visited the Bass in 1581; the king was so enamoured that he offered to buy the island, a proposition which did not commend itself to George Lauder. The King appears to have accepted the situation with good grace. George was a Privy Counsellor - described as the King's "familiar councillor" - and tutor to the young [[Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales|Prince Henry]].

===Famous prisoners===
During the 15th century [[James I of Scotland|James I]] consigned several of his political enemies, including [[Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl|Walter Stewart]]<ref name="Seaton"/> to the Bass. In this period, many members of the [[Clan MacKay]] ended up here, including, Neil Bhass MacKay (Niall "Bhas" MacAoidh), who gained his epithet from being imprisoned there as a fourteen-year-old in 1428. He was kept there as a hostage, after his father, Aonghas Dubh (Angus Dhu) of [[Strathnaver]] in [[Sutherland]] was released, as security. According to one Website

:"'' Following the murder of King James at [[Perth, Scotland|Perth]] in 1437 Neil escaped from the Bass and was proclaimed 8th Chief of the Clan Mackay.''"<ref name="Seaton"/>

===Cromwellian invasion and after===
[[File:The Bass.jpg|thumb|The Bass in the 17th century]]
After almost 600 years, the Lauders lost the Bass during [[Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms#Third Civil War|Cromwell's invasion]], and the castle subsequently (in 1671) became a notorious [[gaol]] to which for many decades religious and political prisoners, especially [[Covenanter]]s such as [[Alexander Peden|Prophet Peden]], were sent. [[John Blackadder (preacher)|John Blackadder]], one of the Covenanting martyrs, died on the Bass in 1686 and is buried at North Berwick, where a [[United Free Church]] was named after him.

[[Charles Maitland, 3rd Earl of Lauderdale]] held the Bass for [[James II of England|James VII]] for a brief period after the Scottish parliament declared his abdication. The fortress was destroyed by the government in 1701, and on 31 July 1706 the President of the Court of Session, [[Hew Dalrymple, Lord North Berwick]], acquired the Bass by charter (ratified by Parliament in March 1707), for a purely nominal sum, and the island has been ever since in the uninterrupted possession of the Dalrymple family.<ref>{{cite book|last=M'Crie|first=Thomas|title=The Bass Rock: Its Civil and Ecclesiastic History|year=1847|publisher=John Greig and Son|location=Edinburgh|author2=Anderson, James|author3= Miller, Hugh|author4= Fleming, John|author5= Balfour, John Hutton|page= 46}}</ref>

==Description==

===Castle===
Not far above the landing-place the slope is crossed by a [[Curtain wall (fortification)|curtain wall]], which naturally follows the lie of the ground, having sundry projections and round [[bastions]] where a rocky projection offers a suitable foundation. The [[parapet]]s are [[Battlements|battlemented]], with the usual walk along the top of the walls. Another curtain wall at right-angles runs down to the sea close to the landing-place, ending in a ruined round tower, whose vaulted base has poorly splayed and apparently rather unskillfully constructed [[embrasure]]s. The entrance passes through this outwork wall close to where it joins the other.

[[File:Bass Rock Castle Lighthouse 1.jpg|left|thumb|The remains of the castle today, and the lighthouse.]]

The main defences are entered a little farther on in the same line, through a projecting two-story building which has some fireplaces with very simple and late mouldings. The buildings are of the local [[basalt]], and the masonry is rough rubble; there are, as is so frequently the case, no very clear indications for dating the different parts, which were in all probability erected at different times.

A little beyond the entrance there is a tower that formed a simple bastion and to which has been added a gabled chamber in the 17th century, which, though of restricted dimensions, must have been comfortable enough, with blue Dutch tiles round its moulded fireplace, now very much decayed.

===Well and chapel===
During the 16th and 17th centuries there was sufficient grass present for 100 sheep to graze. The [[freshwater]] [[Water well|well]] was right at the top of the island, where today the [[foghorn]] is situated.

Half-way up the island stands the ruin of St Baldred's Chapel, which is sited upon a cell or cave in which this Scottish Saint spent some time. Although the Lauders held most of the Bass Rock, this part of it had remained in the ownership of The Church until 1316 when it was granted to the family. The chapel appears to have been rebuilt by the Lauder family several times. A [[papal bull]] dated 6 May 1493, refers to the [[parish church]] of the Bass, or the Chapel of St Baldred, being ''noviter erecta'' (newly established) at that time. On the 5 January 1542 we find [[John Lauder]], son of Sir [[Robert Lauder of the Bass]], Knt., as "the Cardinal's Secretary" representing Cardinal [[David Beaton]] at a reconsecration of the restored and ancient St Baldred's chapel on the Bass. In 1576 it is recorded that the church on the Bass, and that at [[Auldhame]] on the mainland, required no readers, doubtless something to do with the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]].

==Wildlife==
[[File:Morus-Bassanus Bass Rock.jpg|thumb|left|Northern gannets circling above the Bass]]
The island plays host to more than 150,000 gannets and is the largest single rock gannetry in the world,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.seabird.org/page.php?level1_id=21&level2_id=82&fullstory=100#100| title=Bass Rock announced as the world's largest Northern gannet colony| publisher=[[Scottish Seabird Centre]]| accessdate=16 February 2015}}</ref> described famously by naturalists as "one of the wildlife wonders of the world" (often credited to Sir David Attenborough).<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/is-the-bass-rock-a-wonder-of-the-world-i-m-sure-it-is-says-sir-david-attenborough-1-816593| title=Is the Bass Rock a wonder of the world? I'm sure it is says Sir David Attenborough| publisher=[[The Scotsman]]| accessdate=16 February 2015}}</ref> When viewed from the mainland, large regions of the surface appear white due to the sheer number of birds (and their droppings, which give off 152,000 kg of [[ammonia]] per year, equivalent to the achievements of 10 million [[broiler]]s).<ref>Blackall, T.D. (2007) "Ammonia emissions from seabird colonies" ''Geophys. Res. Lett.'' '''34''', L10801</ref> In fact the scientific name for the [[northern gannet]], ''Sula bassana'' or ''Morus bassanus'', derives its name from the rock. It was known traditionally in Scots as a "solan goose". In common with other gannetries, such as [[St Kilda, Scotland|St Kilda]], the birds were harvested for their eggs and the flesh of their young chicks, which were considered delicacies. It is estimated that in 1850 almost 2,000 birds were harvested from the rock. Other bird species that frequent the rock include [[common guillemot|guillemot]], [[razorbill]], [[great cormorant|cormorant]], [[Atlantic puffin|puffin]], [[common eider|eider duck]] and numerous [[gulls]].<ref name=NLB>{{cite web| url=http://www.nlb.org.uk/ourlights/history/bassrock.htm| title=Bass Rock Lighthouse| publisher=[[Northern Lighthouse Board]]| accessdate=9 May 2008| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080502155018/http://www.nlb.org.uk/ourlights/history/bassrock.htm| archivedate= 2 May 2008 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

The natural history of the rock was written about almost five hundred years ago in [[John Mair]]'s ''De Gestis Scotorum'' ("The deeds of the Scots") published in 1521.<ref>Hull, Robin (2007) ''Scottish Mammals''. Edinburgh. Birlinn. p. 29.</ref> Today, the [[Scottish Seabird Centre]] at North Berwick has solar powered cameras located on the island which beam back live close up images of the seabirds to large screens on the mainland, just over a mile away. The images are sharp enough for visitors at the Scottish Seabird Centre to read the ID rings on birds' feet.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.seabird.org/webcams.asp| title=Webcams| publisher=Scottish Seabird Centre| accessdate=20 October 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20091018051845/http://www.seabird.org/webcams.asp| archivedate= 18 October 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> The Seabird Centre has 10 cameras located on the islands of the Forth and also broadcasts the images live on the internet.<ref name=SSC>{{cite web| url=http://www.seabird.org/| title=Welcome to the Scottish Seabird Centre| publisher=Scottish Seabird Centre| accessdate=16 February 2015}}</ref> The Centre also has exclusive landing rights to the island from the owner Sir Hew Hamilton-Dalrymple and operates a limited number of photographic boat trips to the islands throughout the year, weather permitting.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.seabird.org/visitor-information.asp| title=Visitor Information| publisher=Scottish Seabird Centre| accessdate=20 October 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20091120173938/http://www.seabird.org/visitor-information.asp| archivedate= 20 November 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

==Plants==
The soil is fertile and supports a wide variety of plants. These include the [[Lavatera arborea|Bass mallow]] which is otherwise only found on a few other islands, including [[Ailsa Craig]] and [[Steep Holm]].

==Cultural references==
[[File:Bass Rock Lighthouse Caves.jpg|left|thumb|Caves in the Bass Rock]]
Due to its imposing nature, prison and connection with Scottish history, the Bass has been featured in several fictional works.

===Robert Louis Stevenson and ''Catriona''===
[[Robert Louis Stevenson]] had at least one strong connection with the Bass, as his cousin, [[David Alan Stevenson|David Stevenson]], designed the lighthouse there. Amongst his earliest memories were holidays in [[North Berwick]].<ref name="Seaton">{{cite web| url=http://www.northberwick.org.uk/bass.html| author=Seaton, Douglas| title=The Bass Rock| publisher=North Berwick and District Business Association| accessdate=20 October 2009}}</ref> He often stayed at [[Auldhame & Scoughall|Scoughall Farm]], whence the Bass can be seen,<ref name="Seaton"/> and local lore is credited as the inspiration for his short story ''The Wreckers''.<ref name="Seaton"/>

''[[Catriona (novel)|Catriona]]'' is [[Robert Louis Stevenson|Stevenson's]] 1893 sequel to ''[[Kidnapped (novel)|Kidnapped]]''. Both [[novels]] are set in the aftermath of the [[Jacobite Risings]], in the mid-18th century. The first part of ''Catriona'' recounts the attempts of the hero - David Balfour - to gain justice for James Stewart - James of the Glens - who has been arrested and charged with complicity in the [[Appin Murder]]. David makes a statement to a lawyer, and goes on to meet [[William Grant, Lord Prestongrange|Lord Prestongrange]] - the [[Lord Advocate]] - to press the case for James' innocence. However his attempts fail as he is once again kidnapped and confined on the Bass Rock, until the trial is over, and James condemned to death.

The book begins with a dedication to Charles Baxter, a friend of Stevenson, written in his home in [[Western Samoa]] and says:

:''There should be left in our native city some seed of the elect; some long-legged, hot-headed youth must repeat to-day our dreams and wanderings of so many years ago; he will relish the pleasure, which should have been ours, to follow among named streets and numbered houses the country walks of David Balfour, to identify [[Dean Village|Dean]], and Silvermills, and [[Broughton, Edinburgh|Broughton]], and Hope Park, and Pilrig, and poor old Lochend - if it still be standing, and the Figgate Whins [the area near [[Portobello, Edinburgh|Portobello]]] - if there be any of them left; or to push (on a long holiday) so far afield as [[Gullane|Gillane]] or the Bass. So, perhaps, his eye shall be opened to behold the series of the generations, and he shall weigh with surprise his momentous and nugatory gift of life.''

[[File:Dunbar-John Muir beach.JPG|thumb|right|View towards Belhaven Bay (John Muir Country Park) from [[Dunbar]] with [[North Berwick Law]] and Bass Rock in the distance.]]Chapter XIV is entitled simply, ''The Bass'', and gives a long description of the island, which is described as "just the one crag of rock, as everybody knows, but great enough to carve a city from."

:''" "It was an unco place by night, unco by day; and there were unco sounds; of the calling of the solans [gannets], and the plash [splash] of the sea, and the rock echoes that hung continually in our ears. It was chiefly so in moderate weather. When the waves were anyway great they roared about the rock like thunder and the drums of armies, dreadful, but merry to hear, and it was in the calm days when a man could daunt himself with listening; so many still, hollow noises haunted and reverberated in the porches of the rock.''"

===Bruce Marshall and ''Father Malachy's Miracle''===
Scottish writer [[Bruce Marshall]] used Bass Rock as the miraculous destination of the "Garden of Eden", a dance hall of dubious reputation in ''[[Father Malachy's Miracle]]'' a 1938 novel.

During an argument with a [[Protestant]] [[Minister (Christianity)|minister]], Father Malachy claims that God could miraculously remove the "Garden of Eden." The Protestant scoffs and Father Malachy inadvertently predicts that God will indeed remove the "Garden of Eden" on a specific date.

The date comes and the building and all people inside vanish and reappear on Bass Rock. This apparent [[miracle]] draws the attention of the media, politicians and scientists, all trying to find rational explanations. The [[Catholic Church]] is reluctant to officially recognize this occurrence as a miracle, both fearing a loss of control in matters of faith, or a loss of face if the disappearance of the "Garden of Eden" would turn out to be a fabrication.

The novel was the basis for the [[Germans|German]] film ''[[Das Wunder des Malachias]]'' a 1961 black-and-white film directed by [[Bernhard Wicki]] and starring [[Horst Bollmann]]. The film did not specify Bass Rock as the destination of the offending dance hall.

===James Robertson and ''The Fanatic''===
The Bass Rock is a key location in ''[[The Fanatic (novel)]]'' by Scottish author [[James Robertson (novelist)|James Robertson]]. The novel tells the story of a tourist guide in modern-day Edinburgh who becomes obsessed with two characters from Edinburgh's past: Major Thomas Weir, a presbyterian who was eventually executed for incest, bestiality and witchcraft; and James Mitchell, a Covenanter who attempted to assassinate the [[James Sharp (bishop)|Archbishop of St Andrews]]. Mitchel was tortured, imprisoned on the Bass Rock and eventually also executed.

===Music===
A [[pibroch]] was written by Iain Dall MacAoidh (MacKay), commemorating Neil Bhass' imprisonment and escape from the island, entitled ''The Unjust Incarceration". '<ref name="Seaton" /><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.pibroch.com/services.html| title=Peter Kapp Bagpiper| publisher=| accessdate=20 October 2009}}</ref>

===Cinema===
The Bass Rock appears as background in one song sequence of the 1998 [[Bollywood]] movie ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/wealth-of-fans-to-locate-1-623013 |title=Wealth of fans to locate |work=[[The Scotsman]] |date=28 September 2002 |accessdate=27 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/culture/film/ticket-tout-fears-over-bollywood-star-1-849939 |title=Ticket tout fears over Bollywood star |work=[[The Scotsman]] |date=8 August 2002 |accessdate=27 December 2015}}</ref>

==Proverb==
An old saying has the following:

:"''Ding doun [[Tantallon Castle|Tantallon]],—
::''Mak a brig to the Bass."<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.electricscotland.com/history/Edinburgh/chap28.htm| title=Tantallon and the Bass| publisher=Electric Scotland| accessdate=20 October 2009}}</ref>

This meant to do something impossible.

==See also==
*[[List of places in East Lothian]]
*[[Canty Bay]]

==References==
* ''The History of Scotland'', by [[Patrick Fraser Tytler]], Edinburgh, 1866, vol.III, pps:187 -190.
* ''The Bass - Early notices'' by John J. Reid, in ''Proceedings of the [[Society of Antiquaries of Scotland]]'', 1885.
* ''Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland 1357 - 1509'', edited by Joseph Bain, F.S.A.,(Scot), Edinburgh, 1888, vol. iv, number 942, 3 February 1424.
* ''The Bass Rock and its Story'' by [[Louis Auguste Barbé|Louis A. Barbé]], Glasgow & Edinburgh: William Hodge & Co, 1904.
* ''North Berwick, Gullane, Aberlady and East Linton District'', by R.P.Phillimore, North Berwick, 1913, p. 40.
* ''The Berwick and Lothian Coasts'' by Ian C. Hannah, London & Leipzig, 1913.
* ''The Bass Rock in History'' in Transactions of the East Lothian Antiquarian & Field Naturalists' Society, 1948, vol.5, p. 55.
* ''The Lauders of the Bass'' by G. M. S. Lauder-Frost, F.S.A.,(Scot), in ''East Lothian Life'', Autumn 1996, issue 22, {{ISSN|1361-7818}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|33em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bass Rock}}
{{Americana Poster}}
* [http://jirislama.com/index.php/en/photoblog/trips-and-pictures/146-bass Bass Rock Gannetry – wildlife wonder of the world]
* [http://www.northberwick.org.uk/bass.html History of the island]{{dead link|date=July 2013}}
* [http://www.nlb.org.uk/ourlights/history/bassrock.htm NLB History of Bass Rock Lighthouse]
* [http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst3875.html Article from The Gazetteer for Scotland]
* [http://www.seabird.org/home.asp Webcams at Scottish Seabird Centre Website]{{dead link|date=July 2013}}
* [http://digital.nls.uk/slezer/engraving.cfm?sl=56 Bass Rock from the East in 1693] by [[John Slezer]] at National Library of Scotland
* {{Cite Nuttall|wstitle=Bass Rock |short=x}}

{{Islands of the Forth}}
{{Prisons in Scotland}}

{{coord|56.0769|N|2.6410|W|type:landmark_region:GB|display=title}}

[[Category:Islands of the Forth]]
[[Category:Landforms of East Lothian]]
[[Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Mid and East Lothian]]
[[Category:Castles in East Lothian]]
[[Category:History of East Lothian]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in East Lothian]]
[[Category:Volcanic plugs of Scotland]]
[[Category:Carboniferous volcanoes]]
[[Category:Seabird colonies]]
[[Category:Defunct prisons in Scotland]]

Gordon Castle

2014-08-16T18:01:44Z

Triptropic: updated NLS references

[[File:Gordon Castle.jpg|thumb|Gordon Castle]]
'''Gordon Castle''' is located in [[Gight]], near [[Fochabers]] in [[Moray]], Scotland. Historically known as the Bog-of-Gight, it was the principal seat of the [[Dukes of Gordon]]. Following 18th-century redevelopment, it became one of the largest [[country house]]s ever built in Scotland, although much has since been demolished.

==History==
[[File:Scotia_Depicta_-_Gordon_Castle_-Plate-.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Engraving of the castle by [[James Fittler]] in Scotia Depicta published 1804]]
The original castle was built by [[George Gordon, 2nd Earl of Huntly]] in the 1470s and enlarged by his grandson.

[[John Adam (architect)]] was commissioned with the French architect [[Abraham Roumieu]] to redesign the castle in 1764 but this did not come to fruition. Eventually the commission fell to the lesser-known Edinburgh architect, John Baxter, who rebuilt it in 1769 for [[Alexander Gordon, 4th Duke of Gordon]]. The central four storey block incorporated a six-storey medieval tower called the Bog-of-Gight, and was flanked by a pair of two-storey wings. The main facade was 568 feet (173 metres) long. Most of the castle has been demolished, but the Bog-of-Gight and one of the wings—now a detached medium sized country house in its own right—survive.

==External links==
*[http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurehistory5160.html A description of Gordon Castle published in the 1880s]
*[http://digital.nls.uk/745822644 Engraving of Gordon Castle] by [[James Fittler]] in the digitised copy of [http://digital.nls.uk/scotia-depicta/ Scotia Depicta, or the antiquities, castles, public buildings, noblemen and gentlemen's seats, cities, towns and picturesque scenery of Scotland], 1804 at [[National Library of Scotland]]
*[http://www.houseofgordonva.com/GordonCastle.html Gordon Castle at House of Gordon, Virginia]
*[http://www.oddquine.co.uk/oddsnends/osabellie.htm Profile of the Parish of Bellie, with information about the castle and estate] - probably dates from the late 18th century
*[http://www.flickr.com/search/?q=Gordon+Castle Flickr images tagged Gordon Castle] - not all of these are actually of this building

{{coord|57.62135|N|3.08918|W|source:placeopedia|display=title}}

[[Category:Castles in Moray]]
[[Category:Country houses in Moray]]

[[Category:Category A listed buildings in Moray]]
[[Category:Listed castles in Scotland]]
[[Category:Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes]]

{{Scotland-castle-stub}}

Balgonie Castle

2014-08-15T06:35:30Z

Triptropic: updated NLS references

{{refimprove|date=July 2011}}
{{infobox military structure
|image = [[Image:BalgonieCastle04.jpg|300px]]
|caption = Balgonie Castle seen from the south west, with the original tower house on the left
|map_type = Scotland Fife
|map_caption = Location within Fife
|location = [[Milton of Balgonie]], [[Fife]], [[Scotland]] GB {{gbmapping|NO313007}}
|built = 1360s with later additions
|builder = Sibbald family Sir Robert Lundie [[Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven|Sir Alexander Leslie]]
|latitude = 56.19394
|longitude = -3.10866
}}

'''Balgonie Castle''' is located on the south bank of the [[River Leven, Fife|River Leven]] near [[Milton of Balgonie]], {{convert|3.5|km}} east of [[Glenrothes]], [[Fife]], [[Scotland]]. The keep dates from the 14th century, and the remaining structures were added piecemeal until the 18th century. The keep has been recently restored, although other parts of the castle are roofless ruins.

==History==
The lands of Balgonie were held by the Sibbalds from at least 1246. Probably in the 1360s, the Sibbalds built a barmkin, or fortified courtyard, with a [[tower house]] at the north-west corner. The lands and the castle were left to a daughter, who married Sir [[Robert Lundie]], who extended the castle in 1496, following his appointment as [[Lord High Treasurer of Scotland]]. Sir Robert built a two-storey range of buildings to the east of the keep, enlarging the accommodation with a long hall and a [[solar (room)|solar]]. This range incorporated an earlier corner tower and the 14th-century chapel. [[James IV of Scotland|James IV]] visited Balgonie on 20 August 1496, and gave 18 shillings to the masons as a gift.<ref>''Accounts Lord High Treasurer of Scotland'', vol.1 (1877), 290.</ref>

[[Image:BalgonieCastle05.jpg|thumb|The west elevation of the tower house or keep]]

In 1627 the castle was sold to the Boswells, who sold it on in 1635 to Sir [[Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven|Alexander Leslie]], a Scottish soldier who had fought for the Swedish army during the [[Thirty Years' War]] (1618-1648), rising to the rank of [[Field Marshal]], and who led the [[Covenanter]]s during the Scottish [[Bishops Wars]]. Leslie was created [[Lord Balgonie]] and [[Earl of Leven]] in 1641, and finally retired in 1654. He carried out further improvement of his home, adding a two-storey building at the south-east corner of the courtyard.

[[File:Scotia_Depicta_-_Balgonie_Castle_-Plate-.jpg|thumb|left| Etching of the castle by [[James Fittler]] from Scotia Depicta, published 1804]]

The initials FSAL and DAR, for Field Marshal Sir Alexander Leslie, and his wife Dame Agnes Renton, were found inscribed within the south-east block, suggesting that this was built prior to Leslie's elevation to the peerage. He also rebuilt the late 15th century north range with an extra storey, and laid out a park around the castle, remnants of which remain.

The next additions were carried out by [[John Leslie, 1st Duke of Rothes|John Leslie, 7th Earl of Rothes]], who disputed the earldom of Leven with [[David Melville, 3rd Earl of Leven|David Melville]] following the death of the second earl in 1664. Lord Rothes, with the aid of [[John Mylne (1611-1667)|John Mylne junior]], the king's master mason, built a grand stair linking the keep and north range, where previously a wooden bridge stood. On his death in 1681 David Melville inherited Balgonie, along with the earldom of Leven. He too added a range of buildings in 1706, this time a three-storey section linking the north range with the south-east block. The work was completed by master mason Gilbert Smith.

[[Rob Roy MacGregor]] captured Balgonie Castle during a raid in 1716, although the castle was soon returned to the Melvilles. [[David Melville, 6th Earl of Leven]] made minor improvements in the 1720s, including the insertion of [[sash window]]s. Further buildings were also added within the courtyard.

[[Image:BalgonieCastle02.jpg|thumb|The roofless east range]]
In 1824 the castle was sold to [[James Balfour (died 1845)|James Balfour]] of [[Whittingehame]], father of [[James Maitland Balfour]], and grandfather of [[Arthur Balfour]], who served as British Prime Minister from 1902-1905. He was unable to arrest the decay which was advancing, and in the mid nineteenth century the roofs were removed to avoid paying tax on the property. Much vandalism occurred in the 1960s, and it was not until 1971 that restoration of the castle, then owned by David Maxwell, began. Work continued through the 1970s and 1980s, aided by European funding as part of European Architectural Heritage Year, in 1975. The keep and chapel have now been fully restored, and the castle is once again lived in by its current owner and laird, Raymond Morris, and his family. The castle is open to the public, and the restored chapel and great hall can be hired for events such as weddings. The current owners have expressed their intent to continue the restoration of the entire building.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://balgoniecastle.co.uk/history.htm |title=History - Balgonie Castle, Fife |publisher=The Laird of Balgonie |accessdate=25 October 2013}}</ref>

==The castle==
[[Image:Balgonieplan.png|thumb|Plan of Balgonie Castle with approximate dates of construction]]
The castle is still entered via the 15th century gatehouse. This is semi-ruinous above ground level, but a guardroom and prison can be seen within. The gate opens onto a courtyard, containing a well, around which the buildings are arranged.

The ground and first floors of the keep are vaulted, the first floor containing the hall, which unusually had no great fireplace. This would originally have been entered via a moveable timber stair, prior to the construction of the present stone stair. Above the hall are two further floors, each with a fireplace and connected by a turnpike stair. The keep is topped by a pitched roof with crow stepped gables. Outside, the parapet walk and cannon spouts are of 17th-century origin, and contemporary with the enlarged windows. Some of the smaller trefoil-headed original windows survive.

In the basement of the north range is the vaulted chapel, although the remainder of the range, and the east buildings, are roofless. Walls and chimney stacks remain. The remains of earlier buildings within the courtyard were uncovered during excavations in 1978. It appears that these were demolished in the early 17th century to allow rebuilding.<ref>Reported in the NMRS Archaeology Notes for the site [http://lmid1.rcahms.gov.uk/pls/portal/newcanmore.details_gis?inumlink=31389].</ref>

Beyond the castle walls, the extensive boundary walls of the deer park survive, although damaged in parts. Large mature trees remain from the 17th century landscaping.

==Hauntings==
Several hauntings have been reported within the castle. One spectre, nicknamed 'Green Jeanie', is said to be the ghost of one of the Lundie occupants. A 17th-century soldier, a dog, and a hooded man have also been claimed to be seen. A skeleton was found in the floor of the great hall, during works in 1912.<ref>Hauntings are described in Coventry, 2001.</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://heritage.scotsman.com/spookystories/Moat-haunted.2814420.jp |title=Moat haunted - News - Scotsman.com |publisher=heritage.scotsman.com |date=2006-09-29 |accessdate=2012-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.fifetoday.co.uk/news/local-headlines/beware_the_witching_hour_1_148947 |title=Beware the witching hour - Local Headlines |publisher=Fife Today |date=2007-10-30 |accessdate=2012-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/heritage/scotland-s-specters-haunted-castles-part-1-1-2280035 |title=Scotland’s specters: Haunted castles, part 1 - Heritage |publisher=Scotsman.com |date= |accessdate=2012-05-07}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of places in Fife]]

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Coventry, Martin ''The Castles of Scotland (3rd Edition)'', Goblinshead, 2001
*Gifford, John ''The Buildings of Scotland: Fife'', Penguin, 1988
*Lindsay, Maurice ''The Castles of Scotland'', Constable & Co. 1986
*Pride, G L ''The Kingdom of Fife: An Illustrated Architectural Guide'', [[Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland|RIAS]], 1990

*[[Historic Scotland]] Listed Building Report [http://data.historic-scotland.gov.uk/pls/htmldb/f?p=2200:15:0::::BUILDING:16664]
*[[National Monuments Record of Scotland]] Site Reference NO30SW 4.00 [http://lmid1.rcahms.gov.uk/pls/portal/newcanmore.details_gis?inumlink=31389]

==External links==
{{commons}}
*[http://www.balgonie-castle.com/ Balgonie Castle website]
*[http://digital.nls.uk/74582244 Engraving of Balgonie Castle] by [[James Fittler]] in the digitised copy of Scotia Depicta, or the antiquities, castles, public buildings, noblemen and gentlemen's seats, cities, towns and picturesque scenery of Scotland, 1804 at [[National Library of Scotland]]


[[Category:Castles in Fife]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Fife]]
[[Category:Category A listed buildings in Fife]]
[[Category:Listed castles in Scotland]]
[[Category:Scheduled Ancient Monuments in Scotland]]
[[Category:Reportedly haunted locations in Scotland]]
[[Category:Clan Leslie]]

Elcho Castle

2014-08-15T06:33:54Z

Triptropic:

[[Image:Elcho_castle.jpg|thumb|right|270px|The front of Elcho Castle]]
[[File:Scotia_Depicta_-_Elcho_Castle_-Plate-.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Engraving of Elcho Castle by [[James Fittler]] in Scotia Depicta published 1804]]

'''Elcho Castle''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛ|l|.|x|ə|ʊ|ˌ|k|ɑː|s|l}}) is located a short distance above the south bank of the [[River Tay]] approximately four miles south-east of [[Perth, Scotland]]. It consists of a Z-plan [[tower house]], with fragments of a surrounding wall with corner towers. The Castle was built on the site of an older structure about 1560, and is one of the best surviving examples of its date in [[Scotland]]. A large portion of the Castle is accessible, although floors in some rooms have fallen, and much of the building can be walked through. The wall-walk is accessible at two points.

The property is still owned by the family of the original builders, the Wemyss family (the style of the heir to the [[Earl of Wemyss]] is Lord Elcho), though it has not been inhabited for some 200 years. It has nevertheless been kept in good repair - one of the earliest examples in Scotland of a building being preserved purely for its historical interest. It is managed by [[Historic Scotland]] and is open to visitors throughout the summer. There is an entrance charge.

An apple- and pear-tree orchard adjoining the Castle has been replanted in recent years, and a 16th-century 'beehive' doo'cot ([[Scots Language|Scots]] for dovecot) survives nearby.

==External links==
{{Commons cat|Elcho Castle}}
*{{historic-scotland-link|132}}
*[http://digital.nls.uk/74582384 Engraving of Elcho castle] by [[James Fittler]] in the digitised copy of [http://digital.nls.uk/scotia-depicta/ Scotia Depicta, or the antiquities, castles, public buildings, noblemen and gentlemen's seats, cities, towns and picturesque scenery of Scotland], 1804 at [[National Library of Scotland]]

{{coord|56|22|18.90|N|3|21|22.92|W|region:GB-STG_type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:Castles in Perth and Kinross]]
[[Category:Category A listed buildings in Perth and Kinross]]

[[Category:Listed castles in Scotland]]
[[Category:Historic house museums in Perth and Kinross]]

{{Scotland-castle-stub}}

Drummond Castle (Burg)

2014-08-15T06:30:37Z

Triptropic: updated NLS references

[[Image:Drummond Castle & Gardens.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Drummond Castle and gardens.]]
[[Image:Drummond castle edit.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The mansion.]]

'''Drummond Castle''' is located in [[Perthshire]], [[Scotland]]. The castle is known for its gardens, described by [[Historic Scotland]] as "the best example of formal terraced gardens in Scotland."<ref name=garden>{{cite web |url=http://data.historic-scotland.gov.uk/pls/htmldb/f?p=2400:15:0::::GARDEN:GDL00144 |title=Drummond Castle |work=An Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland |publisher=Historic Scotland}}</ref> It is situated in [[Muthill]] parish, {{convert|4|km}} south of [[Crieff]]. The castle comprises a [[Tower houses in Britain and Ireland|tower house]] built in the late 15th century, and a 17th-century mansion, both of which were rebuilt in [[Victorian era|Victorian]] times. The gardens date to the 1630s, although they too were restructured in the 19th century. The formal gardens are protected as a category A [[listed building]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hsewsf.sedsh.gov.uk/hslive/hsstart?P_HBNUM=19883 |title=Drummond Castle, Formal Garden: Listed Building Report |publisher=Historic Scotland}}</ref> and are including on the [[Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland]].<ref name=garden/> The tower house and mansion are both category B listed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hsewsf.sedsh.gov.uk/hslive/hsstart?P_HBNUM=18078 |title=Drummond Castle, Keep: Listed Building Report |publisher=Historic Scotland}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://hsewsf.sedsh.gov.uk/hslive/hsstart?P_HBNUM=18042 |title=Drummond Castle, Mansion: Listed Building Report |publisher=Historic Scotland}}</ref>

==History==
The lands of Drummond were the property of the [[Clan Drummond|Drummond]] family from the 14th century, and the original tower house was built over several years by John Drummond, 1st [[Earl of Perth|Lord Drummond of Cargill]], from about 1490. In 1605 the 4th Lord Drummond was created [[Earl of Perth]], and added to the castle. [[John Drummond, 2nd Earl of Perth]], laid out the first terraced garden around the castle in the 1630s.<ref name=gardenhistory>{{cite web |url=http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/index/heritage/gardens/gardenssearchmoreinfo.htm?s=drummond+castle&r=&bool=0&PageID=2416&more_info=Site |title=Drummond Castle: Site history |work=An Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland |publisher=Historic Scotland}}</ref>

The castle was sacked by the army of [[Oliver Cromwell]] in 1653, during the [[Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms|Wars of the Three Kingdoms]].<ref name=gardenhistory/> [[James Drummond, 4th Earl of Perth]] was [[Lord Chancellor of Scotland]] under [[James II of England|King James VII]]. He began the mansion house in 1689, before being imprisoned following the deposition of King James by [[William III of England|William of Orange]]. He later fled to the exiled [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] court in France. The Drummonds continued to support the Jacobite cause in the [[Jacobite Risings|uprisings]] of 1715 and 1745. The family retained control of the estate until 1750 when the Drummond properties were declared forfeit and seized by the state. The estate was managed by the Commissioners for Forfeited Estates until 1784, when it was sold to Captain [[James Drummond, 1st Baron Perth|James Drummond]]. He began a number of improvements that were continued by his daughter Sarah and her husband [[Peter Drummond-Burrell, 22nd Baron Willoughby de Eresby]] (1782–1865). These included the formal gardens and terraces in the 1830s. [[Queen Victoria]] visited the gardens in 1842.<ref name=gardenhistory/>

[[File:Scotia Depicta - Drummond Castle -Plate-.jpg|thumb|left|Etching of Drummond Castle from [[James Fittler|James Fittler's]] Scotia Depicta, publish 1804]]

Drummond Castle passed to [[Clementina Drummond-Willoughby, 24th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby]] (1809–1888), and then to her son, [[Gilbert Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 1st Earl of Ancaster]] (1830–1910). The upper stories of the tower house were rebuilt and heightened in pseudo-medieval style in 1842–53. The mansion was renovated in 1878, to designs by George Turnbull Ewing. The [[James Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 3rd Earl of Ancaster|3rd Earl of Ancaster]] and his wife, Nancy Astor, replanted the gardens in the 1950s.<ref name=gardenhistory/> The castle is now the seat of the [[Jane Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 28th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby|28th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby]].

==Description==
The castle is set on part of a prominent spine of rock known as the Gask Ridge, a geographical feature that stretches several kilometres across [[Perthshire]], but is particularly prominent and steep-sided at the site of the castle. The tower house, or [[keep]], is no longer used as a dwelling. It is adjoined by a later, but better preserved, gatehouse (built 1629–30). Stretching between the tower house and the edge of the ridge, it was originally intended to control access to the courtyard behind, which has a fine view over the formal gardens. To the south of the castle on its rocky outcrop are the formal gardens.

The buildings and gardens of Drummond Castle featured as backdrops in the 1995 film ''[[Rob Roy (1995 film)|Rob Roy]]''.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons-inline|Category:Drummond Castle|Drummond Castle}}
*[http://www.drummondcastlegardens.co.uk/ Drummond Castle Gardens website]
*[http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurehistory4875.html Gazetteer for Scotland]
*[http://www.flickr.com/search/?q=Drummond%20Castle&w=all Flickr images tagged Drummond Castle]
*[http://digital.nls.uk/74582348 Engraving of Drummond castle] by [[James Fittler]] in the digitised copy of [http://digital.nls.uk/scotia-depicta/ Scotia Depicta, or the antiquities, castles, public buildings, noblemen and gentlemen's seats, cities, towns and picturesque scenery of Scotland], 1804 at [[National Library of Scotland]]

{{coord|56|20|26.78|N|3|52|10.23|W|display=title}}

[[Category:Castles in Perth and Kinross]]
[[Category:Scottish baronial architecture]]
[[Category:Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes]]
[[Category:Category A listed buildings in Perth and Kinross]]
[[Category:Listed castles in Scotland]]
[[Category:Gardens in Perth and Kinross]]

Inverness Castle

2014-08-09T08:12:50Z

Triptropic: /* History of Inverness Castle */ added historic image

[[File:Inverness Castle, Scotland - Diliff.jpg|right|thumb|320px|Inverness Castle]]
'''Inverness Castle''' ([[Scottish Gaelic]]: Caisteal Inbhir Nis) sits on a cliff overlooking the [[River Ness]], in [[Inverness]], [[Scotland]]. The red sandstone structure evident today was built in 1836 by architect [[William Burn]]. It is built on the site of an 11th-century defensive structure. Today, it houses Inverness [[Sheriff Court]]. There has been a castle at this site for many centuries. The castle itself is not open to the public but the grounds are.

==History of Inverness Castle==
===Early history===
[[Image:Inverness Castle 2.jpg|right|thumb|Inverness Castle]]
A succession of castles has stood on this site since 1057.

The castle is said to have been built by [[Máel Coluim III of Scotland]], after he had razed to the ground the castle in which [[Macbeth of Scotland]] according to much later tradition, murdered Máel Coluim's father [[Donnchad I of Scotland]], and which stood on a hill around 1 km to the north-east.

The first Inverness Castle was partially destroyed by King [[Robert I of Scotland]] and a replacement castle was sacked in the 15th century by the [[Clan Donald]] during the [[Siege of Inverness (1429)]]. The castle was occupied during the [[Raid on Ross]] in 1491.

===Mary, Queen of Scots===
[[File:Jacobite_broadside_-_Castle_of_Inverness..jpg|thumb|300px|Historic view of Inverness Castle]]
In 1548 another castle with tower was completed by [[George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly]] (1514–1562). He was constable of the castle until 1562. The castle was later taken by the Clan Munro and Clan Fraser who supported [[Mary Queen of Scots]] during the [[Siege of Inverness (1562)]]. [[Robert Mor Munro, 15th Baron of Foulis]], chief of the [[Clan Munro]] was a staunch supporter and faithful friend of Mary Queen of Scots and he consequently was treated favourably by her son James VI.

[[George Buchanan]] states, that when the unfortunate princess went to Inverness in 1562 and found the gates of the castle shut against her; "as soon as they heard of their sovereign's danger, a great number of the most eminent Scots poured in around her, especially the Frasers and Munros, who were esteemed the most valiant of the clans inhabiting those countries in the north". These two clans took Inverness Castle for the Queen, which had refused her admission. The Queen later hanged the governor, a Gordon who had refused entry.<ref>[http://www.electricscotland.com/webclans/m/munro2.html Clan MUNRO]</ref>

George Buchanan's original writings state:<ref>[[George Buchanan]]'s (1506–1582), History of Scotland, completed in 1579, first published in 1582.</ref>
{{cquote|''Audito Principis periculo magna Priscorun Scotorum multitudo partim excita partim sua spoute afferit, imprimis Fraserie et Munoroii hominum fortissimorum in illis gentibus familiae.}}

Which translates in English as:

{{cquote|''That as soon as they heard of their Sovereign's danger a great number of the ancient Scots poured in around her, especially the Frasers and Munros, which were esteemed the most valiant families inhabiting those countries.}}

==Other sieges of Inverness Castle==
{{Main|Siege of Inverness}}

There were later sieges of Inverness in [[Siege of Inverness (1649)|1649]], [[Siege of Inverness (1650)|1650]], [[Siege of Inverness (1715)|1715]] and [[Siege of Inverness (1746)|1746]].

==Reconstruction==
The current Inverness Castle was built in 1836 on the site of the original one. To improve the more recent castle, a gas, light, and water system was installed.

==£50 notes==

An illustration of the castle has featured on the reverse side of [[Banknotes of the pound sterling|£50 notes]] issued by the [[Royal Bank of Scotland]], which were introduced in 2005.<ref name="scotbanks">{{cite web|url=http://www.scotbanks.org.uk/banknotes_current_royal_bank_of_scotland.php|title=Current Banknotes : Royal Bank of Scotland|publisher=The Committee of Scottish Clearing Bankers|accessdate=2008-10-17}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Siege of Inverness]]
*[[Sonnencroft]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.castleuk.net/castle_lists_scotland/26/invernesscastle.htm Inverness Castle]
*[http://www.ambaile.org.uk/en/item/item_photograph.jsp?item_id=4228 History of Inverness Castle at Am Balie]
*[http://www.castles.org/Chatelaine/INVERNES.HTM Inverness Castle, Scotland]
*[http://www.360travelguide.com/360VirtualTour.asp?iCode=inv01 Panoramic virtual tour of castle, gardens & view]

{{coord|57.47631|N|4.22550|W|type:landmark_region:GB|display=title}}

[[Category:Castles in Highland (council area)]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Inverness]]
[[Category:Category A listed buildings in Highland (council area)]]
[[Category:Listed castles in Scotland]]

Lauriston Castle (Edinburgh)

2014-07-28T18:11:56Z

Triptropic: added historic image

{{for|the castle in Aberdeenshire|Lauriston Castle, Aberdeenshire}}

{{Infobox Military Structure
|name=Lauriston Castle
|location=[[Edinburgh]], Scotland {{gbmappingsmall|NT2021676093}}
|coordinates=
|image=[[Image:LauristonCastleSouth.jpg|250px]]
|caption= Lauriston Castle from the south
|type=[[L-plan]] [[tower house]] with a Jacobean range
|built=c. 1590
|builder=probably Archibald Napier, 7th Laird of Merchiston
|materials=Stone
|used=16th century to 21st century
|condition=
|ownership=the city of [[Edinburgh]]
|open_to_public=Yes
|controlledby=
}}

'''Lauriston Castle''' is a 16th-century [[tower house]] with 19th-century extensions overlooking the [[Firth of Forth]], in [[Edinburgh]], Scotland. It lies on Cramond Road South, between [[Cramond]] and [[Davidson's Mains]]. The substantial grounds, Lauriston Castle Gardens, operate as a local park.

==History==

A Lauriston Castle stood on this site in medieval times but was almost totally destroyed in the [[Burning of Edinburgh (1544)|raids on Edinburgh in 1544]] by the [[Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset|earl of Hertford]].<ref>''Buildings of Scotland: Edinburgh'' by Gifford McWilliam and Walker</ref>

A tower house was re-built around 1590 by Sir [[Archibald Napier (landowner)|Archibald Napier]] of [[Merchiston]], father of [[John Napier]], for his younger son, also named Archibald. Later, it was the home of [[John Law (economist)|John Law]] (1671–1729), the economist, Right Hon. [[Andrew Rutherfurd, Lord Rutherfurd|Andrew Lord Rutherfurd]] (1791–1854), and [[Thomas Macknight Crawfurd of Cartsburn and Lauriston Castle, 8th Baron of Cartsburn]] from 1871 to 1902. In 1827, [[Thomas Allan]], a banker and mineralogist, commissioned [[William Burn]] (1789–1870) to extend the house in the [[Jacobean architecture|Jacobean style]].
[[File:Scotia_Depicta_-_Laureston_Castle_-Plate-.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Engraving of the castle by [[James Fittler]] in Scotia Depicta, published 1804]]
William Robert Reid, proprietor of [[Morison & Co.]], an Edinburgh cabinetmaking business, acquired Lauriston Castle in 1902, installed modern plumbing and electricity, and he and his wife Margaret filled the house with a collection of fine furniture and artwork. The Reids, being childless, left their home to Scotland on the condition that it should be preserved unchanged. The [[City of Edinburgh]] has administered the house since Mrs Reid's death in 1926, which today offers a glimpse of [[Edwardian era|Edwardian]] life in a Scottish [[country house]].

In 1905, during one of its numerous refurbishments, a stone carving of an [[Astrology|astrological]] [[horoscope]] was installed in the outer wall, on the southwest corner. The horoscope was reputedly done by John Napier for his brother. It can be seen in some pictures on the front wall, beneath the left-most stair tower, near the ground.

==Design==
[[Image:Lauriston Castle 1775.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Lauriston Castle as it appeared in 1775, before the 1827 addition by William Burn.]]
Lauriston Castle was originally a four-storey, stone [[L-plan castle|L plan]] tower house, with a circular stair tower, with two storey angle turrets complete with gun loops. A Jacobean range was added in 1827, to convert it to a country manor. This was designed by the prominent architect [[William Burn]].

The majority of the interior is Edwardian.

==Gardens==
The gardens at Lauriston include a notable [[Japanese garden]] of one hectare. The garden, built by [[Takashi Sawano]], and dedicated as the Edinburgh-[[Kyoto]] Friendship Garden, opened in August 2002.<ref>"Public Japanese Gardens: UK and Ireland Survey". ''Journal of Japanese Gardening'' No. 35, September/October 2003. [http://www.rothteien.com/topics/uk-survey.htm] accessed 16 October 2006.</ref>

At the back of the castle there are beautiful views of the Firth of Forth, which are enjoyed by members of the Edinburgh Croquet Club on the three croquet lawns laid out on the castle grounds between 1950 and 1955.

To the east the gardens include some excellent mature examples of monkey puzzle trees ([[Araucaria araucana]]).

The site is also famed for its [[bluebell wood]].

==Ghost==
Lauriston Castle, like so many other Scottish castles, is reputedly haunted. It is said that the sound of ghostly footsteps can be heard.<ref>[http://www.thesupernaturalworld.co.uk/index.php?act=main&code=01&type=00&topic_id=1264 "Looking for ghosts? Try the usual haunts"] ''The Supernatural World''</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.information-britain.co.uk/showPlace.cfm?Place_ID=740 Description of Lauriston with photo]
*[http://www.edinburghmuseums.org.uk/Venues/Lauriston-Castle Lauriston Castle official website]
*[http://www.edinburghcroquetclub.com Edinburgh Croquet Club]
*[http://www.edinburghspotlight.com/2010/05/review-edinburgh-kyoto-friendship-garden-2/ Friendship Garden]
* [http://digital.nls.uk/74582390 Engraving of Lauriston Castle] by [[James Fittler]] in the digitised copy of [http://digital.nls.uk/scotia-depicta/ Scotia Depicta, or the antiquities, castles, public buildings, noblemen and gentlemen's seats, cities, towns and picturesque scenery of Scotland], 1804 at [[National Library of Scotland]]

{{commons|Lauriston Castle}}

{{coord|55.97118|-3.27988|type:landmark_region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(NT2021676093)|display=title}}

[[Category:Castles in City of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Houses in Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Clan Napier]]
[[Category:Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes]]
[[Category:Category A listed buildings in Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Listed castles in Scotland]]
[[Category:Japanese gardens]]
[[Category:Gardens in Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Parks and commons in Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Historic house museums in Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Reportedly haunted locations in Edinburgh]]

Gordon Castle

2014-07-28T18:01:22Z

Triptropic: /* History */ changed location of image

[[File:Gordon Castle.jpg|thumb|Gordon Castle]]
'''Gordon Castle''' is located in [[Gight]], near [[Fochabers]] in [[Moray]], Scotland. Historically known as the Bog-of-Gight, it was the principal seat of the [[Dukes of Gordon]]. Following 18th-century redevelopment, it became one of the largest [[country house]]s ever built in Scotland, although much has since been demolished.

==History==
[[File:Scotia_Depicta_-_Gordon_Castle_-Plate-.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Engraving of the castle by [[James Fittler]] in Scotia Depicta published 1804]]
The original castle was built by [[George Gordon, 2nd Earl of Huntly]] in the 1470s and enlarged by his grandson.

[[John Adam (architect)]] was commissioned with the French architect [[Abraham Roumieu]] to redesign the castle in 1764 but this did not come to fruition. Eventually the commission fell to the lesser-known Edinburgh architect, John Baxter, who rebuilt it in 1769 for [[Alexander Gordon, 4th Duke of Gordon]]. The central four storey block incorporated a six-storey medieval tower called the Bog-of-Gight, and was flanked by a pair of two-storey wings. The main facade was 568 feet (173 metres) long. Most of the castle has been demolished, but the Bog-of-Gight and one of the wings—now a detached medium sized country house in its own right—survive.

==External links==
*[http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurehistory5160.html A description of Gordon Castle published in the 1880s]
*[http://digital.nls.uk/scotia-depicta/pageturner.cfm?id=74582264 Engraving of Gordon Castle] by [[James Fittler]] in the digitised copy of [http://digital.nls.uk/scotia-depicta/ Scotia Depicta, or the antiquities, castles, public buildings, noblemen and gentlemen's seats, cities, towns and picturesque scenery of Scotland], 1804 at [[National Library of Scotland]]
*[http://www.houseofgordonva.com/GordonCastle.html Gordon Castle at House of Gordon, Virginia]
*[http://www.oddquine.co.uk/oddsnends/osabellie.htm Profile of the Parish of Bellie, with information about the castle and estate] - probably dates from the late 18th century
*[http://www.flickr.com/search/?q=Gordon+Castle Flickr images tagged Gordon Castle] - not all of these are actually of this building

{{coord|57.62135|N|3.08918|W|source:placeopedia|display=title}}

[[Category:Castles in Moray]]
[[Category:Country houses in Moray]]

[[Category:Category A listed buildings in Moray]]
[[Category:Listed castles in Scotland]]
[[Category:Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes]]

{{Scotland-castle-stub}}

Gordon Castle

2014-07-28T18:00:22Z

Triptropic: /* History */ historic image added

[[File:Gordon Castle.jpg|thumb|Gordon Castle]]
'''Gordon Castle''' is located in [[Gight]], near [[Fochabers]] in [[Moray]], Scotland. Historically known as the Bog-of-Gight, it was the principal seat of the [[Dukes of Gordon]]. Following 18th-century redevelopment, it became one of the largest [[country house]]s ever built in Scotland, although much has since been demolished.

==History==
[[File:Scotia_Depicta_-_Gordon_Castle_-Plate-.jpg|thumb|300px|Engraving of the castle by [[James Fittler]] in Scotia Depicta published 1804]]
The original castle was built by [[George Gordon, 2nd Earl of Huntly]] in the 1470s and enlarged by his grandson.

[[John Adam (architect)]] was commissioned with the French architect [[Abraham Roumieu]] to redesign the castle in 1764 but this did not come to fruition. Eventually the commission fell to the lesser-known Edinburgh architect, John Baxter, who rebuilt it in 1769 for [[Alexander Gordon, 4th Duke of Gordon]]. The central four storey block incorporated a six-storey medieval tower called the Bog-of-Gight, and was flanked by a pair of two-storey wings. The main facade was 568 feet (173 metres) long. Most of the castle has been demolished, but the Bog-of-Gight and one of the wings—now a detached medium sized country house in its own right—survive.

==External links==
*[http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurehistory5160.html A description of Gordon Castle published in the 1880s]
*[http://digital.nls.uk/scotia-depicta/pageturner.cfm?id=74582264 Engraving of Gordon Castle] by [[James Fittler]] in the digitised copy of [http://digital.nls.uk/scotia-depicta/ Scotia Depicta, or the antiquities, castles, public buildings, noblemen and gentlemen's seats, cities, towns and picturesque scenery of Scotland], 1804 at [[National Library of Scotland]]
*[http://www.houseofgordonva.com/GordonCastle.html Gordon Castle at House of Gordon, Virginia]
*[http://www.oddquine.co.uk/oddsnends/osabellie.htm Profile of the Parish of Bellie, with information about the castle and estate] - probably dates from the late 18th century
*[http://www.flickr.com/search/?q=Gordon+Castle Flickr images tagged Gordon Castle] - not all of these are actually of this building

{{coord|57.62135|N|3.08918|W|source:placeopedia|display=title}}

[[Category:Castles in Moray]]
[[Category:Country houses in Moray]]

[[Category:Category A listed buildings in Moray]]
[[Category:Listed castles in Scotland]]
[[Category:Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes]]

{{Scotland-castle-stub}}

Elcho Castle

2014-07-27T13:55:01Z

Triptropic: /* top */ added historic image

[[Image:Elcho_castle.jpg|thumb|right|270px|The front of Elcho Castle]]
[[File:Scotia_Depicta_-_Elcho_Castle_-Plate-.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Engraving of Elcho Castle by [[James Fittler]] in Scotia Depicta published 1804]]

'''Elcho Castle''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛ|l|.|x|ə|ʊ|ˌ|k|ɑː|s|l}}) is located a short distance above the south bank of the [[River Tay]] approximately four miles south-east of [[Perth, Scotland]]. It consists of a Z-plan [[tower house]], with fragments of a surrounding wall with corner towers. The Castle was built on the site of an older structure about 1560, and is one of the best surviving examples of its date in [[Scotland]]. A large portion of the Castle is accessible, although floors in some rooms have fallen, and much of the building can be walked through. The wall-walk is accessible at two points.

The property is still owned by the family of the original builders, the Wemyss family (the style of the heir to the [[Earl of Wemyss]] is Lord Elcho), though it has not been inhabited for some 200 years. It has nevertheless been kept in good repair - one of the earliest examples in Scotland of a building being preserved purely for its historical interest. It is managed by [[Historic Scotland]] and is open to visitors throughout the summer. There is an entrance charge.

An apple- and pear-tree orchard adjoining the Castle has been replanted in recent years, and a 16th-century 'beehive' doo'cot ([[Scots Language|Scots]] for dovecot) survives nearby.

==External links==
{{Commons cat|Elcho Castle}}
*{{historic-scotland-link|132}}
*[http://digital.nls.uk/scotia-depicta/pageturner.cfm?id=74582384 Engraving of Elcho castle] by [[James Fittler]] in the digitised copy of [http://digital.nls.uk/scotia-depicta/ Scotia Depicta, or the antiquities, castles, public buildings, noblemen and gentlemen's seats, cities, towns and picturesque scenery of Scotland], 1804 at [[National Library of Scotland]]

{{coord|56|22|18.90|N|3|21|22.92|W|region:GB-STG_type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:Castles in Perth and Kinross]]
[[Category:Category A listed buildings in Perth and Kinross]]

[[Category:Listed castles in Scotland]]
[[Category:Historic house museums in Perth and Kinross]]

{{Scotland-castle-stub}}

Eglinton Castle

2014-07-27T13:53:00Z

Triptropic: /* The castle */ added historic image

{{Infobox Military Structure
|name= Eglinton Castle
|location= Kilwinning, [[North Ayrshire]], [[Scotland]] UK {{gbmapping|}}
|coordinates=
|image=[[Image:Eglinton castle, Ayrshire, Scotland.jpg|200px]]
|caption= Eglinton Castle in the 1920s
|map_type = UK Scotland
|map_relief= 1
|map_caption = Shown within Scotland
|latitude=55.641778
|longitude=-4.671639
|map_size=150
|type=
|built= 19th century
|builder= 12th Earl of Eglinton
|controlledby=[[Clan Montgomery|Montgomery clan]]
|materials= Sandstone
|height= 70 feet
|used= Until 20th century
|condition= Stabilised Ruins
|ownership= North Ayrshire Council
|open_to_public= Eglinton Country Park
}}

'''Eglinton Castle''' was a large Gothic castellated mansion in [[Kilwinning]], [[North Ayrshire]], [[Scotland]].

==History==

===The castle===
[[Image:Eglintoncastle1876.jpg|thumb|200px|left|The Tournament Bridge and castle in 1876<ref name="Dobie">Dobie, James (1876). ''Pont's Cuninghame'' Pub. John Tweed.</ref>]]
[[Image:Eglinton castle (old).jpg|thumb|190px|right|Eglintoune castle from the south, prior to the rebuild of 1805]]
The ancient seat of the [[Earl of Eglinton|Earls of Eglinton]], it is located just south of the town of [[Kilwinning]]. Built between 1797 and 1802 in Gothic [[castellated]] style dominated by a central {{convert|100|ft|m|adj=on}} large round [[keep]] and four {{convert|70|ft|m|adj=on}} outer towers, it was second only to [[Culzean Castle]] in appearance and grandeur. The foundation stone of the new Eglinton Castle in Kilwinning was laid in 1797, the 12th Earl of Eglinton, was proud to have the ceremony performed by Alexander Hamilton of [[Kerelaw House|Grange]], grandfather of the American Hero [[Alexander Hamilton]].<ref>[http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.kilwinning.org/eglintoncastle/450posteric.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.kilwinning.org/eglintoncastle/default.htm&usg=__mIQHTNpIt-5W7ywc3whs7VG1lEU=&h=153&w=450&sz=21&hl=en&start=39&um=1&tbnid=QO0c96naJtfSFM:&tbnh=43&tbnw=127&prev=/images%3Fq%3DEarl%2Bof%2BEglinton%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26channel%3Ds%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-GB:official%26sa%3DN%26start%3D20%26um%3D1 Kilwinning Heritage]</ref>
[[Image:Aitken map of fergushill.jpg|left|thumb|Aitken's 1823 map showing the position of the castle and other details]]
[[Image:Ainslie's Eglinton in 1790.JPG|thumb|200px|John Ainslie's 1790 map showing formal pleasure or possibly kitchen gardens on the opposite side of the Lugton Water to the castle]]
Eglinton was the most notable post-Adam Georgian castle in Ayrshire.<ref name="Sanderson">Sanderson, Maragaret H. B. (1993), ''Robert Adam in Ayrshire''. Ayr Arch Nat Hist Soc. Monograph No. 11. p. 18.</ref> Amongst many items of interest, the castle contained a chair built from the oak timbers of [[Alloway]] kirk and the back of the chair was inlaid with a brass plaque which bore the whole of Burns' poem ''Tam o' Shanter''.<ref name ="Alloway">Aikman, J. & Gordon, W. (1839) An Account of the Tournament at Eglinton. Pub. Hugh Paton, Carver & Gilder. Edinburgh. M.DCCC.XXXIX.</ref> This was sold at an auction in 1925.<ref name="Dowells2">Dowells Ltd. ''Catalogue of the Superior Furnishings, French Furniture, etc.'' Tuesday, 1 December 1925, and four following days.</ref> The previous Eglington castle (sic) was described circa 1563–1566 as a ''fare castell, but noo strength againsts any power.''<ref name="Arch Ayr Wigton">''Military Report on the Districts of Carrick, Kyle & Cunningham.'' Archaeological & Historical Collections relating to Ayr & Wigton. 1884. Vol. IV. Pub. Ayr & Wigton Arch Assoc. p. 23.</ref> An escape tunnel is said to run from the old castle to the area of the rockery on the castle lawns. The appearance of the old waterfall may have inspired this story as it looks like a sealed doorway.<ref name="Barr">Barr, Allison (2008), Five Roads / Corsehillhead resident.</ref> The total acreage of the Earl of Eglinton's holdings was 34,716 Scots Acres (1 Scots acre = 1.5 English Acres) in 1788.<ref name="NAS">National Archives of Scotland. RHP35796/1-5.</ref> This included Little Cumbrae, and lands at Southannan and Eaglesham (Polnoon).

The original castle of Eglinton may have been near Kidsneuk, Bogside (NS 309 409) where a substantial earth mound or motte stands and excavated pottery was found tentatively dating the site to the thirteenth century.<ref>Simpson, Anne Turner and Stevenson, Sylvia (1980), Historic Irvine the archaeological implications of development. Scottish Burgh Survey. Dept. Archaeology, Univ Glasgow. p. 23.</ref>

The Montgomerys first holdings were the Barony of [[Eaglesham]] and its [[Polnoon Castle|Castle of Polnoon]].
[[File:Scotia_Depicta_-_Eglinton_Castle_-Plate-.jpg|300px|thumb|Etching of Eglinton Castle by [[James Fittler]] in Scotia Depicta published 1804]]
In 1691 the 'Hearth Tax for Ayrshire' records show 25 hearths in use, the highest number for a single dwelling in Ayrshire. It is noted that the earl had not paid the tax. The earl's house in Kilwinning, Easter Chambers or the old abbot's dwelling, had 15 hearths. Thirty-seven other dwellings were listed within the barony of Eglinton.<ref name="Urquhart, Page 92">Urquhart, Page 92</ref>

The stables were built from stones taken from the Easter Chambers of Kilwinning Abbey; being the Abbots lodgings and later that of the Earls of Eglinton. In 1784, over a period of four months, the building was demolished and the stones were taken to Eglinton.<ref>Service, Page 140</ref>

The construction of the new castle was not universally accepted as beneficial; Fullarton records that "The hoary grandeur of the old fortalice lay deeply buried amid the dense groves of immemorial growth which closely invested and obscured it; no innovating projects of improvement, nor change of any kind, had ever been permitted to disturb the sanctity of its seclusion, or to ruffle the feelings even of the most fastiduous worshipper of things as they are, or, more properly perhaps, chance to be".<ref>Fullarton, Page 85</ref> The castle is said to have had a moat.<ref>Anstruther, Page 27</ref>

====Covenating times====
In the 1640s [[Alasdair Mac Colla]] had been sent by [[James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose|Montrose]] to suppress support for the Covenanting cause. He plundered the Ayrshire countryside for some days and then demanded financial penalties. Neil Montgomery of [[Corsehill|Lainshaw]] negotiated a 4,000 merks penalty for the Eglinton Estates; three tenants having already been killed, with some deer and sheep also taken from the park.<ref>Stevenson, David (1994). Highland Warrior. Alasdair MacColla and the Civil Wars. Edinburgh: The Saltire Society. ISBN 0-85411-059-3. p. 205.</ref>

====Ley tunnels====
Persistent rumours exist of a [[Ley tunnel]] which is said to run from Kilwinning Abbey, under the 'Bean Yaird', below the 'Easter Chaumers' and the 'Leddy firs', and then underneath the Garnock and on to Eglinton Castle. No evidence exists for it, although it may be related to the underground burial vault of the Montgomeries which does exist under the old abbey.<ref>Service, page 48.</ref> A ley or an escape tunnel is also said to run from the castle to exit at the old waterfall near the rockery. It is reported that a tunnel ran from the castle to near the existing Castle Bridge. This tunnel was stone lined and tall enough for a man to walk through. This is likely to have been the main drain from the castle.

===The Pleasure gardens===

[[Sir William Brereton, 1st Baronet|Sir William Brereton]] in 1636 describes the landscape on his journey south from Glasgow as "a barren and poor country", but the earls had clearly enhanced Eglinton for he comments that the land at Irvine was "dainty, pleasant, level, champaign country."<ref>Brereton</ref>
[[File:Eglinton Temple, Kilwinning, Scotland.jpg|right|thumb|200px|A Temple which the Countess of Eglinton had proposed for the Belvidere Hill.]]

The grounds of the castle were described in one record of the 1840s as follows:

''Its princely gates soon presented themselves and we thought we should easily find our way to Irvine through the park. It was a rich treat to wander in these extensive grounds. We soon made way through a handsome avenue to the gardens. The hot-houses for fruits and flowers are on a magnificent scale, and on reaching the parterre we were delighted with the elegance which pervaded it. A glassy river with a silvery cascade came gliding gently through these fairy regions, as though conscious of the luxuriant paradise which it was watering. Nor was the classic taste wanting, nor horticultural skill, to render this a region of enchantment. Two elegant cast-iron bridges, vases, statues, a sun-dial; these pretty combinations from the world of art could not fail to please the beholder. Leaving these luxurious regions we again wandered among thick woods, and occasionally obtained glimpses of the proud castle, peering over the trees. At length we found our way to a seat beneath some noble weepers of the ash tribe, and here we had a fine view of the castle, towering majestically over the dense foliage.''
[[File:Map of Dunduff castle & roads.jpg|thumb|200px|A map of Ayrshire by William Aiton, 1811]]
''Among our wanderings we passed an enormous quadrangular building, resembling some of our London hospitals. It forms the stables, and it is quite detached, at some distance from the Castle. We mistook our way, owing to the many devious paths, and wandered deeper and deeper into the recesses of this extensive domain. In passing through one long avenue, which was so dark that we were unable to see our steps; myriads of rooks took flight at our approach, and the air was quite blackened with them. At one time, we found ourselves walking alongside of the preserves, at another we were wandering in the deer park, and startling the early slumbers of these pretty creatures. At length we reached a gate, which we fully expected would lead into the high road to Irvine: but, to our great consternation, we found it was the point from which several roads diverged, each, apparently, leading into a thick forest, and it was evident that we had much space yet to traverse ere we could be clear of the extensive grounds of Eglintoun.''<ref>Phipps, pages 61–63.</ref>

Service quotes a verse pertaining to the Eglinton Woods:
{| cellpadding=10 border="0" align=center
|-
| bgcolor=#f4f4f4|

The Guid Wee Green Folk

Doon by the Lugton, 
In Eglinton Woods, 
In blue-bell and foxglove, 
In the faulded up buds, 
It's there whaur they bide, 
It's there whaur they troke, 
It's there whaur they hide - 
The guid wee green folk. <ref>Service, Page 181</ref>
|}

A mention in Badderley's 'Through Guide' circa 1890 indicates that the Eglinton Castle grounds were open to the public on Saturdays.<ref>Newsletter (1989), Page 8</ref>

====Notable trees====
The 'Fauna, Flora and Geology of the Clyde Area'<ref>Scott Elliot, G. F., Laurie, M. and Murdoch, J. B. (1901). Glasgow: British Association. pages 131–147.</ref> lists the notable Clyde Area trees at Eglinton in 1901, showing that the estate at the time had one of the foremost collection of significant trees in southern Scotland. Tree removal for sale as timber was one of the first acts of the new owners of the estate when it was sold in the late 1940s, however many had already been removed in 1925 by Neill of Prestwick and Howie of Dunlop, both being timber merchants.<ref>Eglinton Archives, Eglinton Country Park.</ref>

The significant trees were:- Holly (6' 10'' girth); Sycamore (13' 2'' girth – Deer Park); Field Maple (6' 5'' girth); Horse Chestnut (11' 4'' girth); Gean (girth 11' girth – Bullock Park); Hawthorn (8' 3'' girth); Fraxinus heterophylla (4' 6'' girth – Lady Jane's Cottage); Elm (12' 7' girth – castle); Hornbeam (14' girth – between Castle & Mains); Holly Oak (5' 2'' girth – gardens); Sweet Chestnut (16' girth – Bullock Park); Beech (18' 3'' girth – Old Wood); Cut-leaved Beech (8' 11'' girth); Larch (8' 9'' girth); Cedar of Lebanon (9' 11'' girth – Bullock Park); Scots Pine (11' girth – between Castle and Mains).

===The Eglinton Tournament===
Eglinton is best remembered for the lavish, if ill-fated [[Eglinton Tournament]], a [[medieval]]-style [[tournament]] organised in 1839 by the [[Archibald Montgomerie, 13th Earl of Eglinton|13th Earl]]. The expense and extent of the preparations became news across Scotland, and the railway line was even opened in advance of its official opening to ferry guests to Eglinton. Although high summer, in typical Scottish style torrential rain washed the proceedings out, despite the participants, in full period dress, gamely attempting to participate in events such as [[jousting]]. Amongst the participants was the future [[Napoleon III of France]] of whom a story is recorded, namely that upon throwing a stone into the Lugton Water a bell shape came to the surface and remained there for some time. He saw this as a good omen for his future.<ref>Ker, Page 318</ref>
[[Image:Eglintoune castle west view.jpg|thumb|190px|left|Eglintoune castle from the west, prior to the rebuild of 1805.]]

===The demise of the castle===
[[Image:Robertsonscunn2.jpg|thumb|200px|Robertson's map of the 1820s showing a lochan at Eglinton Castle.]]
The immense cost of upkeep, the poor condition of the castle and death duties took their toll on the family finances; the castle was abandoned in 1925. De-roofed in 1926, the lead being removed and sold,<ref name="ReferenceA">Eglinton Archive, Eglinton Country Park</ref> after a house contents sale in December 1925, and progressively ruinous, the building finally came to an undignified end during the [[Second World War]] when it was seriously damaged during [[British Army|army]] training held there. The army also partly destroyed the iron bridge running to the old walled gardens.
[[File:Earls of Eglinton and Winton, the Setons.JPG|left|thumb|upright|Stone commemorating the Setons becoming Earls of Eglinton]]
The 1925 house sale by Dowell's Limited, included 1,960 items auctioned, raising £7,004 19s 6d. The auction catalogue provides an interesting insight into the feelings of the family at this sad time, with much of the Montgomerie history sold off, such as the 13th Earl's suit of armour from the tournament, the panel from the door of the murdered 10th Earl's coach and many paintings of the family and the castle, including a portrait of that great beauty, Susanna Kennedy, Countess of Eglinton.<ref name="Dowells2"/> The family moved to [[Skelmorlie Castle]] near [[Largs]] in 1925.

Architects drawings from March 1930 survive for plans to adapt the stable buildings as a residence for the Earl of Eglinton and Winton.<ref name="Eglinton Archive">Eglinton Archive</ref>

Substantial remains of the castle survived WW2, however the buildings were rationalised in 1973 and only one main tower was kept, together with some outer wall, foundations and parts of the castle wings.<ref>Campbell, Page 177</ref>

Eglinton castle is said by one of the gardeners to have had a room which was never opened. In about 1925 a young man from Kilwinning decided to take some of the panelling from a room in the castle as it was all being allowed to rot in the rain anyway, the roof had been removed. He went the castle to take away as much as he could carry, however one of the last pieces he selected left exposed the skeletal hand of a woman. The whole skeleton was later removed by a student doctor, but for fear of prosecution the matter was never reported to the police.<ref>Montgomeries of Eglinton, page 98.</ref>

==Eglinton family micro-history==
[[File:Sophia, Countess of Eglinton, Memorial.JPG|right|thumb|200px|Memorial to Lady Sophia Montgomerie, wife of the 14th Earl]]
[[File:Ice House, Eglinton, Ayrshire.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Stocking the Eglinton ice house]]
In 1583 Lady Anne Montgomery brought her husband, Lord Semple, a dowry of 6000 merks, a considerable sum.<ref>Chambers, Robert (1885). ''Domestic Annals of Scotland''. Edinburgh: W & R Chambers. p. 236.</ref>

Lady Frances Montgomerie was buried at Hollyrood Abbey in Edinburgh on 11 May 1797. She was the daughter of Archibald, 12th Earl of Eglinton.<ref name="Daniel">Daniel, page 199.</ref>

At the coronation of Charles I at Holyrood the Earl of Eglinton had the honour of bearing the king's spurs.<ref name="Daniel">Daniel, page 111.</ref>

Glasgow University's Eglinton Arts Fellowship was established in 1862 by subscription to commemorate the public services of Archibald William, 13th Earl of Eglinton, Rector of the University 1852–54.<ref>[http://senate.gla.ac.uk/awards/prizes/prizeterms.pdf Glasgow University Art's Fellowship.]</ref>

At the christening of King James IV the Earl of Eglinton had the honour of carrying the salt.<ref>Chambers, Robert (1885). ''Domestic Annals of Scotland''. Edinburgh: W & R Chambers.</ref>

The potato was first heard of in Scotland in 1701; it was not popular at first. In 1733 it is however recorded as being eaten at supper by the Earl of Eglinton.<ref>Chambers, Robert (1885). ''Domestic Annals of Scotland''. Edinburgh: W & R Chambers. p. 404.</ref>

[[Huchoun]] ("little Hugh") or Huchown is a poet conjectured to have been writing sometime in the 14th century. Some academics, following the Scottish antiquarian George Neilson (1858–1923), have identified him with Hugh of Eglington, and advanced his authorship of several other significant pieces of verse.

[[Viva Seton Montgomerie]] records that a gipsy put a curse on the Montgomerie family that for three generations the property would not go from father to son.<ref>Montgomerie, Page 2</ref>

The origin of the family crest is unclear, however a link may exist with the popular biblical story of an [[Holofernes]], an Assyrian general of Nebuchadnezzar. The general laid siege to Bethulia, and the city almost surrendered. It was saved by Judith, a beautiful Hebrew widow who entered Holofernes's camp, seduced, and then beheaded Holofernes while he was drunk. She returned to Bethulia with Holofernes head, and the Hebrews subsequently defeated the enemy. Judith is considered as a symbol of liberty, virtue, and victory of the weak over the strong in a just cause.

===Eglinton Country Park===

{{main|Eglinton Country Park}}

In the 1970s plans were made to open the extensive grounds (988 acres) around the ruins to the public, and to that end what remained of the structure was made safe by demolishing all but a wing facade and a single tower. Eglinton Country Park is now fully established with free entry and is one of the most popular visitor attractions in Ayrshire.

Eglinton Estate was in disrepair until Robert Clement Wilson purchased the grounds and built a meat canning factory in what was the old stable block. He also restored the grounds to their former splendour at his own expense. The canning factory, which supplied all the major multiples{{clarify|date=December 2011}}, closed following the BSE crises in 1996.

In 1963 [[Ian Anstruther]] wrote an entertaining account of the 1839 tournament entitled ''The Knight and the Umbrella''.

;Views of Eglinton Castle in 2007
<gallery>
Image:Eglintoncastle1.JPG|The remaining tower from the Lugton Water ford side
Image:Eglintoncastle4.JPG|The ruins from the Tournament Bridge side
Image:Eglintoncastle5.JPG|The tower and the remaining side wall
Image:Montgomerycrest1.JPG|The Montgomerie family crest on the castle ruins
Image:Eglintontournamentbridge.JPG|Eglinton Tournament Bridge
Image:EflintonOfficescrest.JPG|The Montgomerie family crest on the offices/stables/coach house
Image:Eglintonoffices.JPG|The offices, coach house and old stables
</gallery>

==The castle and estate prior to the establishment of the country park==

===The intact castle – exterior===
<gallery>
File:Eglinton Castle 1811 001.jpg|Eglinton Castle, north side, 1811
Image:Eglinton 1802.JPG|Eglinton castle in 1802
File:Eglinton Castle by J Fleming.jpg|Eglinton Castle circa 1830
Image:Eglinton castle, Ayrshire, Scotland.jpg|The castle and gardens
Image:Eglinton castle Ayrshire 1880.jpg|Eglinton circa 1880
File:Eglinton Castle in 1930s.jpg|The Castle circa 1900
Image:Eglinton Castle, Irvine, circa 1870.jpg|The castle circa 1870, with deer grazing in the foreground
File:Eglinton Castle, Irvine, 1906.jpg|Eglinton Castle in 1906
Image:Eglinton Castle Irvine.jpg|The castle in its prime
Image:Eglinton Castle from the Deerpark.jpg|The castle from the deerpark in the 19th century
Image:Eglinton castle (old) colour.jpg|Eglinton castle
Image:Eglinton castle 1910.jpg|The castle in 1910<ref name="Harvey">Harvey, William (1910), ''Picturesque Ayrshire.'' Pub. Valentine & sons, Dundee, etc. Facing p. 110.</ref>
File:Eglinton Castle Bridge in 1811.jpg|Eglinton Castle bridge in 1811
Image:Eglinton Castle, Irvine, circa 1840.jpg|The castle and bridge. Three arches and a lake are illustrated.
</gallery>
William Aiton relates in 1811 that near the end of each June each year the Earl of Eglinton held three days of races at Bogside, following which he always gave a grand ball and supper at Eglinton Castle.<ref>Aiton, Page 575</ref>
<gallery>
Image:Eglinton tournament bridge in 1843.jpg|Eglinton castle and bridge. This shows three arches and other differences compared with the surviving bridge.<ref name="Leighton">Leighton, John M. (1850). ''Strath Clutha or the Beauties of the Clyde''. Pub. Joseph Swan Engraver. Glasgow. Facing p. 229.</ref>
Image:Eglinton Castle & Tournament Bridge 1884.jpg|The castle and bridge in 1884
Image:Eglintoncastle1876.jpg|The Tournament Bridge and castle in 1876
Image:Eglintontournamentbridge.JPG|The Tournament Bridge over the Lugton Water in 2007
Image:Eglinton tournament and bridge.jpg|The procession crossing the Tournament Bridge in 1839
File:Eglinton Game Larders.jpg|The old Game Larders
File:Eglinton Livery Button.jpg|thumb|A livery button from a servants uniform
</gallery>
<gallery>
File:Eglinton Kennels (Laigh Moncur).jpg|Eglinton Kennels and the hunt
Image:Eglinton Hunt at Eglinton castle.jpg|The Eglinton Hunt outside the castle
</gallery>

===The castle interior===
<gallery>
Image:Eglinton castle interior1.jpg|The Inner Hall circa 1860
Image:Eglinton castle interior 3.jpg|An interior view from the 1860s
Image:Eglinton castle interior 5.jpg|The library and the Eglinton Trophy
Image:Eglinton castle interior 6.jpg|An interior view of the castle, circa 1860
Image:Eglinton castle interior 7.jpg|An interior view of the castle's central tower, circa 1860
Image:Eglinton Castle interior view.jpg|An interior view
</gallery>

===Castle ruins===
<gallery>
Image:Eglinton Castle ruins, Ayrshire.jpg|<Center>The castle ruins in the 1950s
Image:Eglinton castle ruins.jpg|<center>The ruins of Eglinton castle in 1965
Image:Eglinton castle ruins 1965.jpg|<center>Detail of the castle ruins
Image:Eglinton castle & driveway 1965.jpg|<center>Castle ruins and driveway in 1965
</gallery>

===Estate features===

====Lady Susanna's Cottage====
[[Susanna Montgomery, Countess of Eglinton|Lady Susanna Montgomerie]], wife of the 9th Earl of Eglinton, was a renowned society beauty and her husband built for her at Kidsneuk a copy of the [[Hameau de la Reine]] 'cottage orné' that [[Marie Antoinette]] had famously possessed at [[Château de Versailles|Versailles]]. This building, now a golf clubhouse, was thatched until 1920s and is built of whin with steeply pitched roof sections and many gables.<ref>Close (2012), Page 391</ref>

====Dower houses====
The tradition was that a dowager countess would move out of the Earl's ancestral seat and move to a lesser dwelling. The [[Susanna Montgomery, Countess of Eglinton|Lady Susanna]], wife of the 9th Earl, moved to Kilmaurs House and then to Auchans Castle for instance. Over the centuries Seagate Castle, the Garden or Easter Chambers in Kilwinning,<ref name="Fullarton, Page 21">Fullarton, Page 21</ref> [[Kilmaurs Place|Kilmaurs House]], [[Auchans Castle, Ayrshire|Auchans Castle]] and Redburn House were some of the dower houses used.

====The Rackets Hall====
[[File:Rackets Hall, Eglinton Castle, Ayrshire, Scotland.jpg|right|thumb|200px|The Rackets Hall built by the 13th Earl.]]
Eglinton has a 'Racket Hall' which was built shortly after 1839, the first recorded match being in 1846. The court floor is of large granite slabs, now hidden by the wooden floor. It is the very first covered racquet court, built before the court size was standardised and is now the oldest surviving court in the World, as well as being the oldest indoor sports building in Scotland.<ref name="Archive">Eglinton Country Park archive</ref> In 1860 the earl employed a rackets professional, John Mitchell and Patrick Devitt replaced him. Mitchell owned a pub in Bristol with its own rackets court and this was named the "Eglinton Arms", having been the "Sea Horse" previously.<ref>Ashford, P. K. (1994). Eglinton Archive, Eglinton Country Park</ref>

====Captain Moreton's Eglinton Castle croquet====
A croquet lawn existed on the northern terrace, between the castle and the Lugton Water, also the old site of the marquee for the tournament banquet. The 13th Earl developed a variation on croquet named 'Captain Moreton's Eglinton Castle Croquet', which had small bells on the hoops 'to ring the changes' and two tunnels for the ball to pass through. Several incomplete sets of this form of croquet are known to exist. It is not known why the earl named it thus.<ref>Eglinton Archive, Eglinton Country Park - falconer</ref>
{{Clear}}

====Lady Ha'====
The Montgomerie family are said to have had a pre-reformation chapel in the Weirston - Lady Ha' area dedicated to Saint Issyn. A 'Ladiehall' dwelling still existed in 1691, occupied by John and James Weir. Two other 'Weir' families also lived on the estate.<ref name="Urquhart, Page 92"/>

;Views of the estate
<gallery>
Image:Stanecastle gate at Eglinton.jpg|Stanecastle gate circa 1860
File:Redburn Gate, Eglinton Castle, Irvine, 1906.jpg|Redburn Gate circa 1903
File:Redburn Gate - Eglinton Estate.jpg|Redburn gate circa 1910
File:Redburn Gate, Eglinton, 1890s.jpg|Nannies with a donkey cart at the Redburn Gate
File:The Redburn Gate at Eglinton, Irvine.jpg|Redburn Gate
File:The Stanecastle Gate masonary.jpg|Unusual masonry at the Stanecastle Gate
File:Long Drive at Higgins looking towards Stanecastle.JPG|Long Drive near Stanecastle Gate in 2009
Image:Eglinton Lady Jane's cottage.jpg|Lady Jane's cottage ornee. A ruin by 1928.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
File:Lady Jane's Cottage Ornee at Eglinton Castle.jpg|Lady Jane's cottage in the snow. Circa 1904
Image:Lady Jane's thatched cottage.jpg|A later view of the cottage
Image:Lady janes cottage 2.jpg|Lady Jane's in the 1880s (hand-tinted photograph)
Image:Eglinton castle, Lugton Water, Ayrshire, Scotland.jpg|The Lugton Water and one of the two [[gazebo]]s
</gallery>

In 1811 Aiton records that Galloway Cattle were kept at Eglinton and one stot yielded 52 stones of beef and 14.5 stones of tallow in Ayrshire weights, being 78 stones and 21.75 stones in English weights.<ref>Aiton, William (1811). ''General View of The Agriculture of the County of Ayr; observations on the means of its improvement; drawn up for the consideration of the Board of Agriculture, and Internal Improvements, with Beautiful Engravings''. Glasgow. p. 418</ref>

<gallery>
File:Lugton Water at Eglinton in 1906.jpg|The Lugton in the snows. Circa 1906.
Image:Eglinton Castle grounds.jpg|The Pleasure Gardens from one of the castle towers
File:Tournament bridge Eglinton 2.jpg|The Tournament Bridge in the 1960s
Image:Eglinton Castle tennis court, Ayrshire.jpg|The tennis court in the 1920s
</gallery>
<gallery>
File:Croquet, Eglinton Castle, 1890.jpg|Croquet on the North Terrace in the 1890s
Image:Eglinton castle offices and stables.jpg|The old estate offices and stables
File:Eglinton Offices and Stables.jpg|A view from the south of the estate offices and stables
File:Doocot at Eglinton Castle.JPG|Gothic cross on the doocot.
</gallery>
Oddly the Eglinton coat of arms restored and displayed in the Stables Courtyard have the armorial bearings as a mirror image of the standard Eglinton representation.
<gallery>
Image:Curling at Eglinton castle, Ayrshire, Scotland.jpg|Curling at the Eglinton Flushes in 1860
Image:Cricket practice at Eglinton in 1890.jpg|Practice in the nets at Eglinton circa 1890
Image:Weirston House, Eglinton Estate, Ayrshire in the 1920s.jpg|Weirston House, home of the estate factor
File:Eglinton -carved Coat of Arms.JPG|Coat of Arms from the 1790s Eglinton Castle.
File:Eglinton Montgomerie coat of Arms.JPG|1790s Coat of arms restored
File:Eglinton Loft, Kilwinning Church.JPG|The Eglinton Loft in the Abbey church.
</gallery>

==The people of the estate==
In the early 1900s the records show that Mr Priest was the Head Gardener, Mr Muir the Head Groom, Mr Brooks the Coachman, Mr Pirie the Gamekeeper, and Mr Robert Burns was the estate blacksmith.<ref name="Eglinton Archive"/>
<gallery>
File:Earl of Eglinton at the Races.jpg|The Earl and Countess of Eglinton at the races
File:H.S.M.Young Eglinton Factor.jpg|H.S.M. Young, the Eglinton Estate Factor.
File:J Young, Eglinton Factor.JPG|Factor Young. His salary was £300 a year in 1929.
File:H.S.M.Young Eglinton Factor 1935.jpg|Mr. Young at Weirston in the year of his retirement - 1935.
File:Commisioner Vernon.JPG|Commissioner Vernon, Eglinton estates.
File:David Mure, Chamberlain, Eglinton.JPG|David Mure's memorial. He was the Earl's Chamberlain.
</gallery>

===Derelict estate features===
<gallery>
Image:Courtyard restoration.jpg|The courtyard undergoing initial restoration
Image:Eglinton visitor centre prior to renovation.jpg|The old stables prior to conversion into the Tournament cafe
Image:Visitor centre 1980.jpg|The stables prior to redevelopment into the visitor centre
Image:Eglinton doocot before restoration.jpg|The [[Dovecote|doocot]] prior to restoration – Stanecastle facing end. The council had kept vehicles in it.
</gallery>
<gallery>
Image:Eglinton castle doocot 1965.jpg|The doocot – the Kilwinning facing end
Image:Stanecastle gate at Eglinton 1965.jpg|Stanecastle gate 1965
Image:Stucco stone from footbridge.JPG|A stone with recessed markings from the ornate footbridge.
Image:Gazebo near Stables bridge ECP.JPG|The ruins of one of the two listed gazebos
Image:Gazebo by Weir ECP.JPG|Ruins of the gazebo or temple by the Lugton wear or cascade
Image:Weir Gazebo internally.JPG|The interior of the gazebo by the wear
</gallery>
A single span iron bridge once crossed the Lugton Water at the kitchen or walled garden. This bridge was removed at some tiome after WWII and only the ornate vermiculate ashlar masonry abutments survive.
<gallery
Image:Kitchen garden's wall.JPG|A part of the kitchen garden wall
Image:Eglinton upper waterfall.JPG|The old Wilson's waterfall – upper area
</gallery>
Clement Wilson installed a waterfall feature near the castle which worked by recycling water. The old header tank and pump are on the other side of the driveway in the Belvedere Woods. This waterfall looks like an entrance to a secret tunnel and a local legend to this effect has developed.
<gallery>
Image:Eglinton waterfall.JPG|The old Wilson's waterfall.
Image:Diamond Bridge restoration.jpg|The Diamond Bridge undergoing restoration
Image:Eglinton Curling ponds.JPG|The old curling ponds off Weirstone Drive
Image:Eglinton old Curling ponds.JPG|Another view of the old curling ponds
</gallery>

====The 1930s bridge collapse and repair work====
<gallery>
File:Tournament bridge one.jpg|A view across the damaged bridge
Image:Tournament Bridge collapse, Eglinton Estate, Ayrshire.jpg|A view showing the partial collapse of the bridge
File:Tournament bridge Eglinton collapse 2.jpg|The bridge with temporary supports
Image:Tournament Bridge, Eglinton Estate, Ayrshire in the 1930s.jpg|Repair work underway, showing the shuttering for the concrete
Image:Tournament Bridge repaired, Eglinton, Ayrshire.jpg|The repaired bridge. Note the simple wooden handrail and the remaining exposed iron arch.
Image:Tournament Bridge repaired, Eglinton Estate, Ayrshire.jpg|A view of the whole of the repaired bridge. Note the army personnel, children fishing, etc.
</gallery>

====The Earls of Eglinton====
<gallery>
Image:Hugh Montgomerie 12th Earl of Eglinton.jpg|Hugh Montgomerie 12th Earl of Eglinton circa 1780 Oil on canvas by [[John Singleton Copley]]
Image:13 Earl Eglinton Ayr.JPG|A statue to the 13th Earl in Wellington Square gardens, Ayr
File:15th Earl of Eglinton at Eglinton Castle.jpg|The 15th Earl of Eglinton at Eglinton Castle
File:Archibald Montgomerie 16 Earl of Eglinton.JPG|The 16th Earl, Archibald William
File:Archibald William Alexander, Lord Montgomerie 1921.jpg|Lord Montgomerie (17th Earl) in 1921 from a painting presented by the tenantry of Eglinton estates
Image:Lord of the Tournament & his esquires & retainers.JPG|The Lord of the Tournament (Earl of Eglinton) and his esquires and retainers crossing the bridge<ref name="Hodgson">''The Eglinton Tournament.'' London: Hodgson & Graves. 1840. p. 6.</ref>
File:1769 Murder of 10th Earl of Eglinton.JPG|A panel from the coach in which the 10th Earl travelled during the Mungo Campbell incident. Sold at the auction in 1925.
File:10th Earl of Eglinton, 1769 carriage panel.JPG|Outside facing portion of the 1769 carriage panel
Image:The Eglinton Mausoleum at Kilwinning Cemetery.JPG|The Montgomerie family mausoleum at Kilwinning cemetery
File:Earl of Eglinton signature.jpg|The signature of the Earl of Eglinton in 1642
Image:Montgomerie family crest.jpg|The Montgomerie family crest. An [[anchor]] is often used as a symbol for 'hope' or 'fresh start'.
File:Bronwen Peers-Williams and her sisters.JPG|Bronwen Peers-Williams (wife of the Hon Seton Montgomerie) and her sisters.
</gallery>

==Estate microhistory==

===Lady Egidia===
The "Egidia" was one of the largest, if not the largest wooden vessels ever built in Scotland. She measured 219 feet long, extreme breadth 37 feet, depth 22 feet, registered tonnage 1,235, builders measurements 1,461 tons. Lady Egidia was the daughter of the Earl of Eglinton. The Earl launched her at Ardrossan in 1860.<ref>[http://www.theshipslist.com/accounts/ladyegidia.html The Ships List] Retrieved: 2011-07-03</ref>

===The Pavilion===
In the early 1900s, the Earl of Eglinton and Winton had a summer residence called the Pavilion at 1 South Crescent Road, Ardrossan. It was built at the beginning of the previous century. In the 1920s the Pavilion, two lodges, stables and walled garden in 3.4 acres of ground were sold to the Roman Catholic Church on 30 January 1924 for £4500. The pavilion was demolished and the present day church and manse built on the site.<ref>[http://www.saintpeterinchains.net/ St Peter in Chains] Retrieved: 2010-11-18</ref>

===White or Chillingham Cattle===
In 1759 the Earl of Eglinton formed a herd of the ancient breed of White or [[Chillingham Cattle]] at [[Ardrossan]], probably using stock from the [[Cadzow Castle|Cadzow herd]]. The numbers dropped and in 1820 the remaining animals were dispersed. All the animals in this herd were hornless.<ref>Turner, Page 239</ref>

===The Garden or Easter Chambers===
After the destruction of the main buildings at [[Kilwinning Abbey]] the Garden or Easter Chambers within the boundary walls of the old abbey, previously the dwelling of the abbot were used by the new owners, the Earls of Eglinton, as a dower house and family dwelling. Lady Mary Montgomerie lived here after the death of the her husband in the 17th century and her son may have remained here until he succeeded to the Earldom. The building, which stood to the south of the abbey, was eventually demolished in 1784 and the stones used in building projects at the castle, particularly the stable offices.<ref name="Fullarton, Page 21"/> The 1691 Hearth Tax records show that this substantial building had 15 hearths.<ref name="Urquhart, Page 92"/>

===Daft Will Speirs===
A well known Ayrshire eccentric, Will had been a high spirited youth, punished by being hung over the edge of a bridge over the River Garnock whilst it was in flood, resulting in a form of nervous breakdown which left him as a likeable character, accepted by most and a regular visitor to many a laird or earl's estates. Will died at Corsehillmuir whilst going from Bannoch to Moncur, falling into an old mine shaft whilst trying to rescue a collie dog.<ref>Service, Pages 42 - 43</ref>

===The Buffalo Park===
An area below the old Mains Farm was known as the 'Buffalo Park' and this may relate to the 11th Earl having been involved in the British army's subdugation of the [[Cherokee]] Indians in North America.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

===The Irish Giant===
John Service relates an Ayrshire legend that an Irish Giant came to mock the warlock Laird of Auchenskeith who lived near [[Dalry, Ayrshire|Dalry]] and the laird chased him across to Eglinton where the giant went to crush him with a great beech tree. The laird pierced him through the arm bones with his sword and the giants hand remained attached to the tree for centuries. It could be seen from a distance of about a mile - from Kilwinning, between Dykehead and the Redburn.<ref>Service, page 105</ref>

===Vagrants and the unemployed===
In 1662 the Earl was given the rights to the manual labour of all the vagrants and temporarily unemployed in Renfrewshire, Ayrshire and Galloway. These individuals were taken to [[Montgomerieston]] at the Citadel of Ayr where the Earl had a wool factory. The parishes had to support them whilst there and the Earl only had to provide food and clothing. The rights lasted for 15 years for the vagrants and five years for the unemployed.<ref>Lauchland, Page 27</ref>

===The National Covenant===
A painting by W. Hole RSA of the 1638 ''Signing of the National Covenant in Greyfriars Churchyard'' features the Earl of Eglinton in the crowd, just prior to his putting his signature to the document.

===Lady Jane's Cottage===
A similar style of cottage existed at Kidsneuk and on the [[Crosbie Castle and the Fullarton estate|Fullarton estate]] in [[Troon]] as a lodge house near the Crosbie Kirk ruins.<ref>[http://www.scran.ac.uk/000-000-115-409-C Heather House, Troon. Accessed: 2009-12-11]</ref> Lilliput Lane has produced a model of Lady Jane's cottage.<ref>[http://www.jrsaville.co.uk/ll_Scotland_NV.htm Lilliput Lane - Scottish models. Accessed: 2009-12-11]</ref> An ash of the species Fraxinus heterophylla of 4' 6'' girth – once grew at Lady Jane's Cottage.

===Cigarette Cards===
The castle and bridge were featured in the series on castles, abbeys and houses by Salmon & Gluckstein Ltd.

===Annick School===
The Earl of Eglinton built a large schoolroom and a house for the teacher at Annick near [[Lands of Doura|Doura]]; he also provided a garden and a playground.<ref>Shaw, Page 27</ref> The building ceased to be a school and was used as a cafe for a few years before being adapted to become private accommodation.

===Hare Coursing===
The Ardrossan Hare Coursing Club used to pursue hares on Ardrossan Hill in the 1840s and would then return to Eglinton Castle for refreshments provided by the 13th Earl. This bloodsport finally became illegal in Scotland in 2002.

===Religion===
In the 1622 persecution the minister of Irvine, Mr David Duckson, was banished, however the earl had him returned to his charge. Anne, Countess of Eglinton, daughter of [[Alexander Livingstone, 1st Earl of Linlithgow]], was very religious, and Eglinton was a safe haven for persecuted ministers. She took an interest in the [[Stewarton|Stewarton Revival]] and invited some of the adherents to meet the earl and the castle.<ref>Buchan, Page 19</ref>

In the nineteenth century the Montgomerie's of Eglinton were supporters of the Scottish Episcopalian church and the Rev W. S. Wilson travelled to the castle on Sunday afternoons to conduct services. The earl granted a piece of land in Ardrossan with a nominal feu duty to the church and his countess laid the church foundation stone on 30 November 1874; it opened in 1875 and consecrated in 1882 by Bishop Wilson.<ref>Shaw, 128</ref>

===Farms===
Aiton in 1811 records that nearly all the farms on the extensive estates of the 10th Earl of Eglinton were ''elegant, commodious, and substantial.''<ref>Aiton, Page 118</ref>

===Montgomerystown===
Ayr citadel, later called the Fort, was constructed by Oliver Cromwell in 1652 with stones taken from the Earl's castle at Ardrossan. It occupied an area of about 12 acres, on a hexagonal ground plan, with bastions at the angles, and enclosed the church of St John the Baptist, converted by Cromwell into an armoury and guard-room. After Cromwell's time it was dismantled and the ground it occupied, together with its buildings, presented to the Earl of Eglinton as compensation for losses sustained during the Great Rebellion. Renamed Montgomerystown, it was created a burgh of regality, and became the seat of a considerable trade, including a family owned brewery. In 1726 it was purchased by four merchants from the town, and circa 1870, most of it covered with high quality housing.<ref>[http://www.scottish-places.info/towns/townhistory478.html Gazeteer for Scotland] Retrieved: 2011-02-18</ref>

===Early automobile accident===
In 1911, a motor van belonging to the American Steam Laundry Company, Kilmarnock, while proceeding along the country road between Burnhouse and East Middleton on its way towards Lugton, through the steering gear going wrong, was overturned in a ditch. All 4 occupants were thrown out and two of them were seriously injured. Lord Eglinton was passing in his car at the time and had the injured parties taken to Beith in his car. The injured parties were treated for head and body injuries after which they were driven to Lugton and entrained for Kilmarnock.<ref>[http://www.beith.org/2010/06/30/june-1911/ Early automobile accident]</ref>

===Rozelle===
Archibald Hamilton, a younger son of John Hamilton of Sundrum, married Lady Jane Montgomerie of Coilsfield (his cousin), daughter of the 12th Earl of Eglinton and doting aunt to the 13th Earl of Eglinton. The 13th earl gave the couple a life-rent interest in the mansion house of Rozelle. The estate of Rozelle (formerly Rosel) had been part of the lands of the Barony of Alloway. The future estate was purchased by Robert Hamilton of Bourtreehill, his uncle, a former Jamaica merchant who named it after a Jamaican property and also built the mansion house (1760). Archibald Hamilton rebuilt the house in the 1830s to designs by the architect David Bryce and in 1837 he purchased the Rozelle estate.<ref>[http://195.153.34.9/catalogue/person.aspx?code=NA22601&st=1& SCRAN] Retrieved: 2011-08-21</ref>

==See also==
{{refbegin|2}}
*[[Eglinton Country Park]]
*[[Eglinton Tournament of 1839]]
*[[Eglinton Tournament Bridge]]
*[[Robert Burns and the Eglinton Estate]]
*[[Eglinton Avenue]]
*[[Drukken Steps]]
*[[Lands of Lainshaw]]
*[[Lands of Doura]]
*[[Susanna Montgomery, Countess of Eglinton]]
*[[Seagate Castle]]
*[[Barony and Castle of Corsehill]]
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://www.scran.ac.uk/database/results.php?offset=1&no_results=12&scache=5yuowx1fks&searchdb=scran&sortby=&sortorder=ASC&field=&searchterm=%2Beglinton%20%2Bcastle SCRAN site with photographs.]
*[http://www.wintonhouse.co.uk/index.php Winton Estate] Earls of Winton
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OxSJcF3IUVU A Narrated YouTube video on Lady Jane's Cottage]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qhMJQD13nkM A Model of Lady Jane's Cottage on YouTube]

==References==
;Notes
{{Reflist|3}}

;Sources
{{refbegin|2}}
# Aiton, William (1811). ''General View of The Agriculture of the County of Ayr; observations on the means of its improvement; drawn up for the consideration of the Board of Agriculture, and Internal Improvements, with Beautiful Engravings''. Glasgow.
# Anstruther, Ian (1986). ''The Knight and the Umbrella.'' Gloucester: Alan Sutton. ISBN 0-86299-302-4.
# Brereton, Sir William. ''Travels in Holland, The United Provinces, England, Scotland, and Ireland.'' edit. Edward Hawkins, The Chetham Society 1844.
# Buchan, Peter (1840). ''The Eglinton Tournament and Gentlemen Unmasked''. London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co.
# Campbell, Thorbjørn (2003). ''Ayrshire. A Historical Guide''. Edinburgh: Birlinn. ISBN 1-84158-267-0.
# Clan Montgomery Society of North America. Newsletter. Summer 1989. V. IX. No. 2.
# Close, Rob and Riches, Anne (2012). ''Ayrshire and Arran, The Buildings of Scotland''. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-14170-2.
# Fullarton, John (1864). ''Historical Memoir of the family of Eglinton and Winton''. Ardrossan: Arthur Guthrie.
# Ker, Rev William Lee (1900). ''Kilwinning''. Kilwinning: A. W. Cross.
# Lauchland, John (2000). ''A History of Kilbirnie Auld Kirk''. The Friends of the Auld Kirk Heritage Group.
# Montgomerie, Viva Seton (1954). ''My Scrapbook of Memories''. Privately produced.
# Phipps, Elvira Anna (1841). ''Memorials of Clutha or Pencillings on the Clyde''. London: C. Armand.
# Service, John (1913). ''The Memorables of Robin Cummell''. Paisley: Alexander Gardner.
# Service, John (1890). ''Thir Notandums, being the literary recreations of the Laird Canticarl of Mongrynen''. Edinburgh: Y. J. Pentland.
# Shaw, James Edward (1953). ''Ayrshire 1745-1950. A Social and Industrial History of the County''. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd.
# Swinney, Sarah Abigail (2009). ''Knights of the quill: The Arts of the Eglinton Tournament''. Texas: Baylor University.
# Turner, Robert (1889). ''The Cadzow Herd of White Cattle''. Proceedings and Transactions of the Natural History Society of Glasgow. V.2.
# Urquhart, Robert H. et al. (1998). ''The Hearth Tax for Ayrshire 1691''. Ayrshire Records Series V.1. Ayr: Ayr Fed Hist Soc ISBN 0-9532055-0-9.
{{refend}}
{{commons category|Eglinton Castle}}
{{commons category|Eglinton Country Park (Scotland)}}

[[Category:Houses in North Ayrshire]]
[[Category:Castles in North Ayrshire]]
[[Category:History of North Ayrshire]]
[[Category:Landscape design history]]
[[Category:Architectural history]]
[[Category:Gothic Revival architecture in Scotland]]
[[Category:Category C listed buildings in North Ayrshire]]
[[Category:Listed castles in Scotland]]
[[Category:Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes]]
[[Category:Demolished buildings and structures in Scotland]]
[[Category:Kilwinning]]

Drummond Castle (Burg)

2014-07-27T12:50:36Z

Triptropic: /* History */ added image from Scotia Depicta

[[Image:Drummond Castle & Gardens.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Drummond Castle and gardens.]]
[[Image:Drummond castle edit.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The mansion.]]

'''Drummond Castle''' is located in [[Perthshire]], [[Scotland]]. The castle is known for its gardens, described by [[Historic Scotland]] as "the best example of formal terraced gardens in Scotland."<ref name=garden>{{cite web |url=http://data.historic-scotland.gov.uk/pls/htmldb/f?p=2400:15:0::::GARDEN:GDL00144 |title=Drummond Castle |work=An Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland |publisher=Historic Scotland}}</ref> It is situated in [[Muthill]] parish, {{convert|4|km}} south of [[Crieff]]. The castle comprises a [[Tower houses in Britain and Ireland|tower house]] built in the late 15th century, and a 17th-century mansion, both of which were rebuilt in [[Victorian era|Victorian]] times. The gardens date to the 1630s, although they too were restructured in the 19th century. The formal gardens are protected as a category A [[listed building]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hsewsf.sedsh.gov.uk/hslive/hsstart?P_HBNUM=19883 |title=Drummond Castle, Formal Garden: Listed Building Report |publisher=Historic Scotland}}</ref> and are including on the [[Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland]].<ref name=garden/> The tower house and mansion are both category B listed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hsewsf.sedsh.gov.uk/hslive/hsstart?P_HBNUM=18078 |title=Drummond Castle, Keep: Listed Building Report |publisher=Historic Scotland}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://hsewsf.sedsh.gov.uk/hslive/hsstart?P_HBNUM=18042 |title=Drummond Castle, Mansion: Listed Building Report |publisher=Historic Scotland}}</ref>

==History==
The lands of Drummond were the property of the [[Clan Drummond|Drummond]] family from the 14th century, and the original tower house was built over several years by John Drummond, 1st [[Earl of Perth|Lord Drummond of Cargill]], from about 1490. In 1605 the 4th Lord Drummond was created [[Earl of Perth]], and added to the castle. [[John Drummond, 2nd Earl of Perth]], laid out the first terraced garden around the castle in the 1630s.<ref name=gardenhistory>{{cite web |url=http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/index/heritage/gardens/gardenssearchmoreinfo.htm?s=drummond+castle&r=&bool=0&PageID=2416&more_info=Site |title=Drummond Castle: Site history |work=An Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland |publisher=Historic Scotland}}</ref>

The castle was sacked by the army of [[Oliver Cromwell]] in 1653, during the [[Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms|Wars of the Three Kingdoms]].<ref name=gardenhistory/> [[James Drummond, 4th Earl of Perth]] was [[Lord Chancellor of Scotland]] under [[James II of England|King James VII]]. He began the mansion house in 1689, before being imprisoned following the deposition of King James by [[William III of England|William of Orange]]. He later fled to the exiled [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] court in France. The Drummonds continued to support the Jacobite cause in the [[Jacobite Risings|uprisings]] of 1715 and 1745. The family retained control of the estate until 1750 when the Drummond properties were declared forfeit and seized by the state. The estate was managed by the Commissioners for Forfeited Estates until 1784, when it was sold to Captain [[James Drummond, 1st Baron Perth|James Drummond]]. He began a number of improvements that were continued by his daughter Sarah and her husband [[Peter Drummond-Burrell, 22nd Baron Willoughby de Eresby]] (1782–1865). These included the formal gardens and terraces in the 1830s. [[Queen Victoria]] visited the gardens in 1842.<ref name=gardenhistory/>

[[File:Scotia Depicta - Drummond Castle -Plate-.jpg|thumb|left|Etching of Drummond Castle from [[James Fittler|James Fittler's]] Scotia Depicta, publish 1804]]

Drummond Castle passed to [[Clementina Drummond-Willoughby, 24th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby]] (1809–1888), and then to her son, [[Gilbert Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 1st Earl of Ancaster]] (1830–1910). The upper stories of the tower house were rebuilt and heightened in pseudo-medieval style in 1842–53. The mansion was renovated in 1878, to designs by George Turnbull Ewing. The [[James Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 3rd Earl of Ancaster|3rd Earl of Ancaster]] and his wife, Nancy Astor, replanted the gardens in the 1950s.<ref name=gardenhistory/> The castle is now the seat of the [[Jane Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 28th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby|28th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby]].

==Description==
The castle is set on part of a prominent spine of rock known as the Gask Ridge, a geographical feature that stretches several kilometres across [[Perthshire]], but is particularly prominent and steep-sided at the site of the castle. The tower house, or [[keep]], is no longer used as a dwelling. It is adjoined by a later, but better preserved, gatehouse (built 1629–30). Stretching between the tower house and the edge of the ridge, it was originally intended to control access to the courtyard behind, which has a fine view over the formal gardens. To the south of the castle on its rocky outcrop are the formal gardens.

The buildings and gardens of Drummond Castle featured as backdrops in the 1995 film ''[[Rob Roy (1995 film)|Rob Roy]]''.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons-inline|Category:Drummond Castle|Drummond Castle}}
*[http://www.drummondcastlegardens.co.uk/ Drummond Castle Gardens website]
*[http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurehistory4875.html Gazetteer for Scotland]
*[http://www.flickr.com/search/?q=Drummond%20Castle&w=all Flickr images tagged Drummond Castle]
*[http://digital.nls.uk/scotia-depicta/pageturner.cfm?id=74582348 Engraving of Drummond castle] by [[James Fittler]] in the digitised copy of [http://digital.nls.uk/scotia-depicta/ Scotia Depicta, or the antiquities, castles, public buildings, noblemen and gentlemen's seats, cities, towns and picturesque scenery of Scotland], 1804 at [[National Library of Scotland]]

{{coord|56|20|26.78|N|3|52|10.23|W|display=title}}

[[Category:Castles in Perth and Kinross]]
[[Category:Scottish baronial architecture]]
[[Category:Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes]]
[[Category:Category A listed buildings in Perth and Kinross]]
[[Category:Listed castles in Scotland]]
[[Category:Gardens in Perth and Kinross]]

Balgonie Castle

2014-07-27T12:22:24Z

Triptropic: /* History */ added image from Scotia Depicta

{{refimprove|date=July 2011}}
{{infobox military structure
|image = [[Image:BalgonieCastle04.jpg|300px]]
|caption = Balgonie Castle seen from the south west, with the original tower house on the left
|map_type = Scotland Fife
|map_caption = Location within Fife
|location = [[Milton of Balgonie]], [[Fife]], [[Scotland]] GB {{gbmapping|NO313007}}
|built = 1360s with later additions
|builder = Sibbald family Sir Robert Lundie [[Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven|Sir Alexander Leslie]]
|latitude = 56.19394
|longitude = -3.10866
}}

'''Balgonie Castle''' is located on the south bank of the [[River Leven, Fife|River Leven]] near [[Milton of Balgonie]], {{convert|3.5|km}} east of [[Glenrothes]], [[Fife]], [[Scotland]]. The keep dates from the 14th century, and the remaining structures were added piecemeal until the 18th century. The keep has been recently restored, although other parts of the castle are roofless ruins.

==History==
The lands of Balgonie were held by the Sibbalds from at least 1246. Probably in the 1360s, the Sibbalds built a barmkin, or fortified courtyard, with a [[tower house]] at the north-west corner. The lands and the castle were left to a daughter, who married Sir [[Robert Lundie]], who extended the castle in 1496, following his appointment as [[Lord High Treasurer of Scotland]]. Sir Robert built a two-storey range of buildings to the east of the keep, enlarging the accommodation with a long hall and a [[solar (room)|solar]]. This range incorporated an earlier corner tower and the 14th-century chapel. [[James IV of Scotland|James IV]] visited Balgonie on 20 August 1496, and gave 18 shillings to the masons as a gift.<ref>''Accounts Lord High Treasurer of Scotland'', vol.1 (1877), 290.</ref>

[[Image:BalgonieCastle05.jpg|thumb|The west elevation of the tower house or keep]]

In 1627 the castle was sold to the Boswells, who sold it on in 1635 to Sir [[Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven|Alexander Leslie]], a Scottish soldier who had fought for the Swedish army during the [[Thirty Years' War]] (1618-1648), rising to the rank of [[Field Marshal]], and who led the [[Covenanter]]s during the Scottish [[Bishops Wars]]. Leslie was created [[Lord Balgonie]] and [[Earl of Leven]] in 1641, and finally retired in 1654. He carried out further improvement of his home, adding a two-storey building at the south-east corner of the courtyard.

[[File:Scotia_Depicta_-_Balgonie_Castle_-Plate-.jpg|thumb|left| Etching of the castle by [[James Fittler]] from Scotia Depicta, published 1804]]

The initials FSAL and DAR, for Field Marshal Sir Alexander Leslie, and his wife Dame Agnes Renton, were found inscribed within the south-east block, suggesting that this was built prior to Leslie's elevation to the peerage. He also rebuilt the late 15th century north range with an extra storey, and laid out a park around the castle, remnants of which remain.

The next additions were carried out by [[John Leslie, 1st Duke of Rothes|John Leslie, 7th Earl of Rothes]], who disputed the earldom of Leven with [[David Melville, 3rd Earl of Leven|David Melville]] following the death of the second earl in 1664. Lord Rothes, with the aid of [[John Mylne (1611-1667)|John Mylne junior]], the king's master mason, built a grand stair linking the keep and north range, where previously a wooden bridge stood. On his death in 1681 David Melville inherited Balgonie, along with the earldom of Leven. He too added a range of buildings in 1706, this time a three-storey section linking the north range with the south-east block. The work was completed by master mason Gilbert Smith.

[[Rob Roy MacGregor]] captured Balgonie Castle during a raid in 1716, although the castle was soon returned to the Melvilles. [[David Melville, 6th Earl of Leven]] made minor improvements in the 1720s, including the insertion of [[sash window]]s. Further buildings were also added within the courtyard.

[[Image:BalgonieCastle02.jpg|thumb|The roofless east range]]
In 1824 the castle was sold to [[James Balfour (died 1845)|James Balfour]] of [[Whittingehame]], father of [[James Maitland Balfour]], and grandfather of [[Arthur Balfour]], who served as British Prime Minister from 1902-1905. He was unable to arrest the decay which was advancing, and in the mid nineteenth century the roofs were removed to avoid paying tax on the property. Much vandalism occurred in the 1960s, and it was not until 1971 that restoration of the castle, then owned by David Maxwell, began. Work continued through the 1970s and 1980s, aided by European funding as part of European Architectural Heritage Year, in 1975. The keep and chapel have now been fully restored, and the castle is once again lived in by its current owner and laird, Raymond Morris, and his family. The castle is open to the public, and the restored chapel and great hall can be hired for events such as weddings. The current owners have expressed their intent to continue the restoration of the entire building.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://balgoniecastle.co.uk/history.htm |title=History - Balgonie Castle, Fife |publisher=The Laird of Balgonie |accessdate=25 October 2013}}</ref>

==The castle==
[[Image:Balgonieplan.png|thumb|Plan of Balgonie Castle with approximate dates of construction]]
The castle is still entered via the 15th century gatehouse. This is semi-ruinous above ground level, but a guardroom and prison can be seen within. The gate opens onto a courtyard, containing a well, around which the buildings are arranged.

The ground and first floors of the keep are vaulted, the first floor containing the hall, which unusually had no great fireplace. This would originally have been entered via a moveable timber stair, prior to the construction of the present stone stair. Above the hall are two further floors, each with a fireplace and connected by a turnpike stair. The keep is topped by a pitched roof with crow stepped gables. Outside, the parapet walk and cannon spouts are of 17th-century origin, and contemporary with the enlarged windows. Some of the smaller trefoil-headed original windows survive.

In the basement of the north range is the vaulted chapel, although the remainder of the range, and the east buildings, are roofless. Walls and chimney stacks remain. The remains of earlier buildings within the courtyard were uncovered during excavations in 1978. It appears that these were demolished in the early 17th century to allow rebuilding.<ref>Reported in the NMRS Archaeology Notes for the site [http://lmid1.rcahms.gov.uk/pls/portal/newcanmore.details_gis?inumlink=31389].</ref>

Beyond the castle walls, the extensive boundary walls of the deer park survive, although damaged in parts. Large mature trees remain from the 17th century landscaping.

==Hauntings==
Several hauntings have been reported within the castle. One spectre, nicknamed 'Green Jeanie', is said to be the ghost of one of the Lundie occupants. A 17th-century soldier, a dog, and a hooded man have also been claimed to be seen. A skeleton was found in the floor of the great hall, during works in 1912.<ref>Hauntings are described in Coventry, 2001.</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://heritage.scotsman.com/spookystories/Moat-haunted.2814420.jp |title=Moat haunted - News - Scotsman.com |publisher=heritage.scotsman.com |date=2006-09-29 |accessdate=2012-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.fifetoday.co.uk/news/local-headlines/beware_the_witching_hour_1_148947 |title=Beware the witching hour - Local Headlines |publisher=Fife Today |date=2007-10-30 |accessdate=2012-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/heritage/scotland-s-specters-haunted-castles-part-1-1-2280035 |title=Scotland’s specters: Haunted castles, part 1 - Heritage |publisher=Scotsman.com |date= |accessdate=2012-05-07}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of places in Fife]]

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Coventry, Martin ''The Castles of Scotland (3rd Edition)'', Goblinshead, 2001
*Gifford, John ''The Buildings of Scotland: Fife'', Penguin, 1988
*Lindsay, Maurice ''The Castles of Scotland'', Constable & Co. 1986
*Pride, G L ''The Kingdom of Fife: An Illustrated Architectural Guide'', [[Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland|RIAS]], 1990

*[[Historic Scotland]] Listed Building Report [http://data.historic-scotland.gov.uk/pls/htmldb/f?p=2200:15:0::::BUILDING:16664]
*[[National Monuments Record of Scotland]] Site Reference NO30SW 4.00 [http://lmid1.rcahms.gov.uk/pls/portal/newcanmore.details_gis?inumlink=31389]

==External links==
{{commons}}
*[http://www.balgonie-castle.com/ Balgonie Castle website]
*[http://digital.nls.uk/scotia-depicta/pageturner.cfm?id=74582244 Engraving of Balgonie Castle] by [[James Fittler]] in the digitised copy of Scotia Depicta, or the antiquities, castles, public buildings, noblemen and gentlemen's seats, cities, towns and picturesque scenery of Scotland, 1804 at [[National Library of Scotland]]


[[Category:Castles in Fife]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Fife]]
[[Category:Category A listed buildings in Fife]]
[[Category:Listed castles in Scotland]]
[[Category:Scheduled Ancient Monuments in Scotland]]
[[Category:Reportedly haunted locations in Scotland]]
[[Category:Clan Leslie]]

Culross Palace

2014-03-24T22:41:28Z

Triptropic: /* External links */ added link to engraving

[[Image:Culross Palace.jpg|thumb|250px|Culross Palace courtyard.]]

'''Culross Palace''' is a late 16th - early 17th century merchant's house in [[Culross]], [[Fife]], [[Scotland]].

The palace, or "Great Lodging", was constructed between 1597<ref name="statlist">{{cite web|title =Listed Building Report |date=1972-01-12|publisher=Historic Scotland| url =http://hsewsf.sedsh.gov.uk/hslive/hsstart?P_HBNUM=23983 | accessdate = 2008-10-17 }}</ref> and 1611 by Sir [[George Bruce of Carnock|George Bruce]], the [[Laird]] of Carnock. Bruce was a successful merchant who had a flourishing trade with other [[Firth of Forth|Forth]] ports, the [[Low Countries]] and the [[Baltic countries]]. He had interests in [[coal mining]] and [[salt]] production, and is credited with sinking the world's first coal mine to extend under the [[sea]].

Many of the materials used in the construction of the palace were obtained during the course of Bruce's foreign trade. Baltic [[pine]], red [[pantiles]], and [[Netherlands|Dutch]] floor tiles and glass were all used. The exterior boasts the use of [[crow-step]]ped gables, including a statue of a [[veil]]ed woman posing on the [[gable]] step. The palace features fine interiors, with decorative mural and [[Scottish Renaissance painted ceilings|ceiling painting]], 17th and 18th century furniture and a fine collection of [[Staffordshire]] and Scottish [[pottery]].

Although never a [[royal residence]], [[James I of England|James VI]] visited the Palace in 1617. The palace is now in the care of the [[National Trust for Scotland]] who have restored a model 17th-century garden, complete with raised beds, a covered walkway and crushed shell paths. The herbs, vegetables and fruit trees planted in the garden are those that would have been found in the early 17th century.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.nts.org.uk/Property/22/ Culross Palace] - official site at National Trust for Scotland
* [http://digital.nls.uk/slezer/engraving.cfm?sl=69 Engraving of Culross Palace in 1693] by [[John Slezer]] at National Library of Scotland
{{coord|56.0556|-3.6311|type:landmark_region:GB|display=title}}

[[Category:Houses completed in 1611]]
[[Category:Castles in Fife]]
[[Category:Category A listed buildings in Fife]]
[[Category:Houses in Fife]]
[[Category:Scheduled Ancient Monuments in Scotland]]
[[Category:Historic house museums in Fife]]
[[Category:Gardens in Fife]]
[[Category:National Trust for Scotland properties]]
[[Category:Listed houses in Scotland]]
[[Category:Listed palaces in Scotland]]
[[Category:Palaces in Fife]]

Bass Rock Castle

2014-03-24T22:35:14Z

Triptropic: /* External links */ added link to engraving

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2014}}
{{other uses|Bass Rock (disambiguation)}}

{{Infobox Scottish island
|latitude=56.08
|longitude=-2.64
|location_map=Scotland East Lothian
|caption=Bass Rock shown within East Lothian
|GridReference=NT602873
|celtic name=
|norse name=
|meaning of name=Uncertain
|area= {{convert|3|ha|acres|0}}
|area rank=
|highest elevation= {{convert|107|m|ft|0}}
|Population=0
|population rank=
|main settlement=
|island group=[[Islands of the Forth]]
|local authority=[[East Lothian]]
|references=<ref>{{citation| publisher=General Register Office for Scotland| date=28 November 2003| url=http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications-and-data/occpapers/occasional-paper-10.html| title=Occasional Paper No 10: Statistics for Inhabited Islands| accessdate=9 July 2007| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20070525015452/http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications-and-data/occpapers/occasional-paper-10.html| archivedate= 25 May 2007 | deadurl= no}}</ref><ref name=Smith>{{Haswell-Smith}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk| title=Get-a-Map| publisher=[[Ordnance Survey]]| accessdate=13 May 2008}}</ref><ref name=Scotgaz>{{cite web| url=http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst3875.html | title=Bass Rock| publisher=[[Gazetteer for Scotland]]| accessdate=29 September 2007}}</ref>
}}

[[File:Bass Rock from courtyard at Tantallon.jpg|thumb|Bass Rock, view from Tantallon courtyard]]
'''The Bass Rock''', or simply '''the Bass''',<ref>M'Crie, Miller, Anderson, Fleming & Balfour (1847). ''The Bass Rock.'' Edinburgh</ref> {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|æ|s}}, is an island in the outer part of the [[Firth of Forth]] in the east of Scotland. It is approximately {{convert|2|km}} offshore, and {{convert|5|km}} north-east of [[North Berwick]]. It is a steep-sided volcanic rock, {{convert|107|m}} at its highest point, and is home to a large colony of [[gannet]]s. The rock is currently uninhabited, but historically has been settled by an early Christian hermit, and later was the site of an important castle, which was, after the [[Commonwealth of England|Commonwealth]], used as a prison. The island was in the ownership of the Lauder family for almost six centuries, and now belongs to [[Sir Hew Hamilton-Dalrymple, 10th Baronet|Sir Hew Hamilton-Dalrymple]]. The [[Bass Rock Lighthouse]] was constructed on the rock in 1902, and the remains of a chapel are located there. The Bass Rock features in numerous works of fiction, including [[Robert Louis Stevenson]]'s ''[[Catriona (novel)|Catriona]]'' and ''The Lion is Rampant'' by contemporary Scottish novelist [[Ross Laidlaw]].

==Geography and geology==
[[File:Bass Rock OS map.png|right|thumb|Map of Bass Rock]]
The island is a [[volcanic plug]] of [[Phonolite|phonolitic]] [[trachyte]] rock of [[Carboniferous]] ([[Dinantian]]) age.<ref>Read, W. A. et al. (2002) ''Carboniferous'', page 294 in Trewin, N. H. (2002) ''The Geology of Scotland'', 4th edition, London, The Geological Society.</ref> The rock was first recognised as an [[intrusion|igneous intrusion]] by [[James Hutton]], while [[Hugh Miller]] visited in 1847 and wrote about the Rock's geology in his book ''Edinburgh and its Neighbourhood, Geological and Historical: with The Geology of the Bass Rock''.<ref name=Scotgaz/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hughmiller.org/bibliography_g.asp |title=Bibliography |accessdate=29 September 2007 |work=Discover Hugh Miller}}</ref>
{{Gallery
|title=Views of Bass Rock
|width=180
|height=140
|lines=2
|align=center
|File:BassRockNB.JPG|The Bass Rock from [[North Berwick]].
|File:Viewpoint indicator.jpg|Bass Rock relative to [[North Berwick]], from [[North Berwick Law]].
|File:Craigleith.jpg|[[Craigleith]] with Bass Rock behind
}}
The Bass Rock stands over 100 m high in the Firth of Forth Islands [[Special Protection Area]] which covers some, but not all of the islands in the inner and outer Firth. The Bass Rock is a [[Site of Special Scientific Interest]] in its own right, due to its [[gannet]] colony. It is sometimes called "the [[Ailsa Craig]] of the East".<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.leithhistory.co.uk/2007/11/29/the-bass-rock/| title=The Bass Rock| publisher=History of Leith| accessdate=20 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ourscotland.co.uk/forthislands/| title=Islands in the Firth of Forth| publisher=Scotland from the Roadside| accessdate=20 October 2009}}</ref> It is of a similar geological form to nearby [[North Berwick Law]], a hill on the mainland.<ref name=Scotgaz/> There are a couple of related volcanic formations within nearby [[Edinburgh]], namely [[Arthur's Seat]] and [[Castle Rock, Edinburgh|Castle Rock]].

Much of the island is surrounded by steep cliffs and rocks, with a slope facing south south west which inclines at a steep angle.

The Bass does not occupy the skyline of the Firth quite as much as its equivalent in the Clyde, Ailsa Craig, but it can be seen from much of southern and eastern [[Fife]], most of East Lothian, and high points in the Lothians and Borders, such as [[Arthur's Seat]], and the [[Lammermuir]].

===Surrounding islands===
The Bass is one of a small string of islands off part of the [[East Lothian]] coast, which in turn are considered some of the [[Islands of the Forth]]. To the west are [[Craigleith]], and [[The Lamb (island)|the Lamb]], [[Fidra]] and finally to the west of Fidra, the low lying island of [[Eyebroughy]]. These are also mainly the result of volcanic activity.

To the north-east, the [[Isle of May]] on the coast of the [[East Neuk]] of Fife, can be seen.

==History==
The island was a retreat for early Christian [[hermits]]; St [[Baldred of Tyninghame|Baldred]] is said to have lived there in 600 A.D.

===The Lauder family===
The earliest recorded proprietors are the [[Lauder]] of the Bass family, from whom Sir [[Harry Lauder]] is descended.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lauder|first=Sir Harry|title=Roamin' in the Gloamin'|year=1928|publisher=J B Lippincott Company|location=London|isbn=978-1-4179-1791-4|page=26}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=M'Crie|first=Thomas|title=The Bass Rock: Its Civil and Ecclesiastic History|year=1847|publisher=John Greig and Son|location=Edinburgh|author2=Anderson, James|author3= Miller, Hugh|author4= Fleming, John|author5= Balfour, John Hutton|page=12}}</ref> According to legend, the island is said to have been a gift from King [[Máel Coluim III of Scotland|Malcolm III of Scotland]]. The crest on their heraldic arms is, appropriately, a Gannet standing upon a rock.<ref>Lauder-Frost, Gregory, F.S.A.,Scot., 'Lauder Arms', in ''The Double Tressure'', Heraldry Society of Scotland, no.29, 2007,pps:20-30,ISSN 0-141-237-X</ref>

The family had from an early date a castle on the island. Sir Robert de Lawedre is mentioned by [[Blind Harry]] in ''[[The Actes and Deidis of the Illustre and Vallyeant Campioun Schir William Wallace]]'' as a compatriot of [[William Wallace]], and [[Alexander Nisbet]] recorded his tombstone in 1718, in the floor of the old kirk in [[North Berwick]]: "here lies Sir Robert de Lawedre, great laird of the Bass, who died May 1311". Five years later his son received that part of the island which until then had been retained by The Church because it contained the holy cell of Saint [[Baldred of Tyninghame|Baldred]]. A century on [[Andrew of Wyntoun|Wyntown]]'s ''Cronykil'' relates: "In 1406 King [[Robert III of Scotland|Robert III]], apprehensive of danger to his son James (afterwards [[James I of Scotland|James I]]) from the Duke of Albany, placed the youthful prince in the safe-custody of Sir Robert Lauder in his secure castle on the Bass prior to an embarkation for safer parts on the continent." Subsequently, says [[Patrick Fraser Tytler|Tytler]], "Sir Robert Lauder of the Bass was one of the few people whom King James I admitted to his confidence." In 1424 Sir Robert Lauder of the Bass, with 18 men, had a safe-conduct with a host of other noblemen, as a hostage for James I at [[Durham]]. J J Reid also mentions that "in 1424 when King James I returned from his long captivity in England, he at once consigned to the castle of the Bass, Walter Stewart, the eldest son of [[Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany]], his cousin. The person who received the payments for the prisoner's support was Sir Robert Lauder", whom Tytler further describes as "a firm friend of the King".

===Hector Boece===
[[File:TantalonBassRock.JPG|thumb|left|Tantallon Castle, with the Bass in the background]]
[[File:Tantallon Castle 3.jpg|thumb|left|The north range, seen from the gatehouse]]
[[Hector Boece]] offers the following description (original spelling):

:"''ane wounderful crag, risand within the sea, with so narrow and strait hals [passage] that na schip nor boit bot allanerlie at ane part of it. This crag is callet the Bas; unwinnabil by ingine [ingenuity] of man. In it are coves, als profitable for defence of men as [if] thay were biggit be crafty industry. Every thing that is in that crag is ful of admiration and wounder.''"<ref>Bellenden's Boece, vol i p 37</ref>

===Royal visits===
In 1497 King [[James IV of Scotland|James IV]] visited the Bass and stayed in the castle with a later Sir [[Robert Lauder of the Bass]] (d.bef Feb 1508). The boatmen who conveyed the King from [[Dunbar]] were paid 14 shillings. [[George Lauder of the Bass]] entertained King [[James VI of Scotland]] when he visited the Bass in 1581 and was so enamoured that he offered to buy the island, a proposition which did not commend itself to George Lauder. The King appears to have accepted the situation with good grace. George was a Privy Counsellor - described as the King's "familiar councillor" - and tutor to the young [[Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales|Prince Henry]].

===Famous prisoners===
During the 15th century [[James I of Scotland|James I]] consigned several of his political enemies, including [[Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl|Walter Stewart]]<ref name="Seaton"/> to the Bass. In this period, many members of the [[Clan MacKay]] ended up here, including, Neil Bhass MacKay (Niall "Bhas" MacAoidh), who gained his epithet from being imprisoned there as a fourteen year old in 1428. He was kept there as a hostage, after his father, Aonghas Dubh (Angus Dhu) of [[Strathnaver]] in [[Sutherland]] was released, as security. According to one Website

:"'' Following the murder of King James at [[Perth, Scotland|Perth]] in 1437 Neil escaped from the Bass and was proclaimed 8th Chief of the Clan Mackay.''"<ref name="Seaton"/>

===Cromwellian invasion and after===
[[Image:The Bass.jpg|thumb|The Bass in the 17th century]]
After almost 600 years, the Lauders lost the Bass during [[Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms#Third Civil War|Cromwell's invasion]], and the castle subsequently (in 1671) became a notorious [[gaol]] to which for many decades religious and political prisoners, especially [[Covenanter]]s such as [[Alexander Peden|Prophet Peden]], were sent. [[John Blackadder (preacher)|John Blackadder]], one of the Covenanting martyrs, died on the Bass in 1686 and is buried at North Berwick, where a [[United Free Church]] was named after him.

[[Charles Maitland, 3rd Earl of Lauderdale]] held the Bass for [[James II of England|James VII]] for a brief period after the Scottish parliament declared his abdication. The fortress was destroyed by the government in 1701, and on 31 July 1706 the President of the Court of Session, [[Hew Dalrymple, Lord North Berwick]], acquired the Bass by charter (ratified by Parliament in March 1707), for a purely nominal sum, and the island has been ever since in the uninterrupted possession of the Dalrymple family.<ref>{{cite book|last=M'Crie|first=Thomas|title=The Bass Rock: Its Civil and Ecclesiastic History|year=1847|publisher=John Greig and Son|location=Edinburgh|author2=Anderson, James|author3= Miller, Hugh|author4= Fleming, John|author5= Balfour, John Hutton|page= 46}}</ref>

==Description==

===Castle===
Not far above the landing-place the slope is crossed by a [[Curtain wall (fortification)|curtain wall]], which naturally follows the lie of the ground, having sundry projections and round [[bastions]] where a rocky projection offers a suitable foundation. The [[parapet]]s are [[Battlements|battlemented]], with the usual walk along the top of the walls. Another curtain wall at right-angles runs down to the sea close to the landing-place, ending in a ruined round tower, whose vaulted base has poorly splayed and apparently rather unskillfully constructed [[embrasure]]s. The entrance passes through this outwork wall close to where it joins the other.

[[Image:Bass Rock Castle Lighthouse 1.jpg|left|thumb|The remains of the castle today, and the lighthouse.]]

The main defences are entered a little farther on in the same line, through a projecting two-story building which has some fireplaces with very simple and late mouldings. The buildings are of the local [[basalt]], and the masonry is rough rubble; there are, as is so frequently the case, no very clear indications for dating the different parts, which were in all probability erected at different times.

A little beyond the entrance there is a tower that formed a simple bastion and to which has been added a gabled chamber in the 17th century, which, though of restricted dimensions, must have been comfortable enough, with blue Dutch tiles round its moulded fireplace, now very much decayed.

===Well and chapel===
During the 16th and 17th centuries there was sufficient grass present for 100 sheep to graze. The [[freshwater]] [[Water well|well]] was right at the top of the island, where today the [[foghorn]] is situated.

Half-way up the island stands the ruin of St Baldred's Chapel, which is sited upon a cell or cave in which this Scottish Saint spent some time. Although the Lauders held most of the Bass Rock, this part of it had remained in the ownership of The Church until 1316 when it was granted to the family. The chapel appears to have been rebuilt by the Lauder family several times. A [[Papal Bull]] dated 6 May 1493, refers to the [[Parish Church]] of the Bass, or the Chapel of St Baldred, being "noviter erecta" at that time. On the 5 January 1542 we find [[John Lauder]], son of Sir [[Robert Lauder of The Bass]], Knt., as "the Cardinal's Secretary" representing Cardinal [[David Beaton]] at a reconsecration of the restored and ancient St. Baldred's chapel on the Bass. In 1576 it is recorded that the Church on the Bass, and that at [[Auldhame]] (on the mainland), required no readers, doubtless something to do with the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]].

==Wildlife==
[[Image:Morus-Bassanus Bass Rock.jpg|thumb|left|Northern gannets circling above the Bass]]
The island plays host to more than 150,000 Gannets and is the largest single rock gannetry in the world, described famously by Sir David Attenborough as "one of the wildlife wonders of the world".<ref name=SSC>{{cite web| url=http://www.seabird.org/home.asp| title=Welcome to the Scottish Seabird Centre| publisher=[[Scottish Seabird Centre]]| accessdate=13 May 2008| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080515221825/http://www.seabird.org/home.asp| archivedate= 15 May 2008 | deadurl= no}}{{dead link|date=July 2013}}</ref> When viewed from the mainland, large regions of the surface appear white due to the sheer number of birds (and their droppings, which give off 152,000 kg of [[ammonia]] per year, equivalent to the achievements of 10 million [[broiler]]s).<ref>Blackall, T.D. (2007) "Ammonia emissions from seabird colonies" ''Geophys. Res. Lett.'' '''34''', L10801</ref> In fact the scientific name for the [[Northern Gannet]], ''Sula bassana'' or ''Morus bassanus'', derives its name from the rock. It was known traditionally in Scots as a 'Solan Goose'. In common with other gannetries, such as [[St Kilda, Scotland|St Kilda]], the birds were harvested for their eggs and the flesh of their young chicks, which were considered delicacies. It is estimated that in 1850 almost 2,000 birds were harvested from the rock. Other bird species that frequent the rock include [[Common Guillemot|Guillemot]], [[Razorbill]], [[Great Cormorant|Cormorant]], [[Atlantic Puffin|Puffin]], [[Common Eider|Eider Duck]] and numerous [[gulls]].<ref name=NLB>{{cite web| url=http://www.nlb.org.uk/ourlights/history/bassrock.htm| title=Bass Rock Lighthouse| publisher=[[Northern Lighthouse Board]]| accessdate=9 May 2008| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080502155018/http://www.nlb.org.uk/ourlights/history/bassrock.htm| archivedate= 2 May 2008 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

The natural history of the rock was written about almost five hundred years ago in [[John Mair]]'s ''De Gestis Scotorum'' ("The deeds of the Scots") published in 1521.<ref>Hull, Robin (2007) ''Scottish Mammals''. Edinburgh. Birlinn. p. 29.</ref> Today, the [[Scottish Seabird Centre]] at North Berwick has solar powered cameras located on the island which beam back live close up images of the seabirds to large screens on the mainland, just over a mile away. The images are sharp enough for visitors at the Scottish Seabird Centre to read the ID rings on birds' feet.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.seabird.org/webcams.asp| title=Webcams| publisher=[[Scottish Seabird Centre]]| accessdate=20 October 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20091018051845/http://www.seabird.org/webcams.asp| archivedate= 18 October 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> The Seabird Centre has 10 cameras located on the islands of the Forth and also broadcasts the images live on the internet.<ref name=SSC/> The Centre also has exclusive landing rights to the island from the owner Sir Hew Hamilton-Dalrymple and operates a limited number of photographic boat trips to the islands throughout the year, weather permitting.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.seabird.org/visitor-information.asp| title=Visitor Information| publisher=[[Scottish Seabird Centre]]| accessdate=20 October 2009| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20091120173938/http://www.seabird.org/visitor-information.asp| archivedate= 20 November 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

==Plants==
The soil is fertile and supports a wide variety of plants. These include the [[Lavatera arborea|Bass mallow]] which is otherwise only found on a few other islands, including [[Ailsa Craig]] and [[Steep Holm]].

==Cultural references==
[[Image:Bass Rock Lighthouse Caves.jpg|left|thumb|Caves in the Bass Rock]]
Due to its imposing nature, prison and connection with Scottish history, the Bass has been featured in several fictional works.

===Robert Louis Stevenson and ''Catriona''===
[[Robert Louis Stevenson]] had at least one strong connection with the Bass, as his cousin, [[David Alan Stevenson|David Stevenson]], designed the lighthouse there. Amongst his earliest memories were holidays in [[North Berwick]].<ref name="Seaton">{{cite web| url=http://www.north-berwick.co.uk/bassRock.asp| author=Seaton, Douglas| title=The Bass Rock| publisher=North Berwick and District Business Association| accessdate=20 October 2009}}{{dead link|date=July 2013}}</ref> He often stayed at [[Auldhame & Scoughall|Scoughall Farm]], whence the Bass can be seen,<ref name="Seaton"/> and local lore is credited as the inspiration for his short story ''The Wreckers''.<ref name="Seaton"/>

''[[Catriona (novel)|Catriona]]'' is [[Robert Louis Stevenson|Stevenson's]] 1893 sequel to ''[[Kidnapped (novel)|Kidnapped]]''. Both [[novels]] are set in the aftermath of the [[Jacobite Risings]], in the mid-18th century. The first part of the ''Catriona'' recounts the attempts of the hero - David Balfour - to gain justice for James Stewart - James of the Glens - who has been arrested and charged with complicity in the [[Appin Murder]]. David makes a statement to a lawyer, and goes on to meet [[William Grant, Lord Prestongrange|Lord Prestongrange]] - the [[Lord Advocate]] - to press the case for James' innocence. However his attempts fail as he is once again kidnapped and confined on the Bass Rock, until the trial is over, and James condemned to death.

The book begins with a dedication to Charles Baxter, a friend of Stevenson, written in his home in [[Western Samoa]] and says:

:''There should be left in our native city some seed of the elect; some long-legged, hot-headed youth must repeat to-day our dreams and wanderings of so many years ago; he will relish the pleasure, which should have been ours, to follow among named streets and numbered houses the country walks of David Balfour, to identify [[Dean Village|Dean]], and Silvermills, and [[Broughton, Edinburgh|Broughton]], and Hope Park, and Pilrig, and poor old Lochend - if it still be standing, and the Figgate Whins [the area near [[Portobello, Edinburgh|Portobello]]] - if there be any of them left; or to push (on a long holiday) so far afield as [[Gullane|Gillane]] or the Bass. So, perhaps, his eye shall be opened to behold the series of the generations, and he shall weigh with surprise his momentous and nugatory gift of life.''

[[Image:Dunbar-John Muir beach.JPG|thumb|right|View towards Belhaven Bay (John Muir Country Park) from [[Dunbar]] with [[North Berwick Law]] and Bass Rock in the distance.]]Chapter XIV is entitled simply, ''The Bass'', and gives a long description of the island, which is described as "just the one crag of rock, as everybody knows, but great enough to carve a city from."

:''" "It was an unco place by night, unco by day; and there were unco sounds; of the calling of the solans [gannets], and the plash [splash] of the sea, and the rock echoes that hung continually in our ears. It was chiefly so in moderate weather. When the waves were anyway great they roared about the rock like thunder and the drums of armies, dreadful, but merry to hear, and it was in the calm days when a man could daunt himself with listening; so many still, hollow noises haunted and reverberated in the porches of the rock.''"

===Bruce Marshall and ''Father Malachy's Miracle''===
Scottish writer [[Bruce Marshall]] used Bass Rock as the miraculous destination of the "Garden of Eden", a dance hall of dubious reputation in ''[[Father Malachy's Miracle]]'' a 1938 novel.

During an argument with a [[Protestant]] [[Minister (Christianity)|minister]], Father Malachy, claims that God could miraculously remove the "Garden of Eden." The Protestant scoffs and Father Malachy inadvertently predicts that God will indeed remove the "Garden of Eden" on a specific date.

The date comes and the building and all people inside vanish and reappear on Bass Rock. This apparent [[miracle]] draws the attention of the media, politicians and scientists, all trying to find rational explanations. The [[Catholic Church]] is reluctant to officially recognize this occurrence as a miracle, both fearing a loss of control in matters of faith, or a loss of face if the disappearance of the "Garden of Eden" would turn out to be a fabrication.

The novel was the basis for the [[Germans|German]] film ''[[Das Wunder des Malachias]]'' a 1961 black-and-white film directed by [[Bernhard Wicki]] and starring [[Horst Bollmann]]. The film did not specify Bass Rock as the destination of the offending dance hall.

===James Robertson and ''The Fanatic''===
The Bass Rock is a key location in ''[[The Fanatic (novel)]]'' by Scottish author [[James Robertson (novelist)|James Robertson]]. The novel tells the story of a tourist guide in modern day Edinburgh who becomes obsessed with two characters from Edinburgh's past: Major Thomas Weir, a presbyterian who was eventually executed for incest, bestiality and witchcraft; and James Mitchel, a Covenanter who attempted to assassinate the [[Archbishop of St Andrews]]. Mitchel was tortured, imprisoned on the Bass Rock and eventually also executed.

===Music===
A [[pibroch]] was written by Iain Dall MacAoidh (MacKay), commemorating Neil Bhass' imprisonment and escape from the island, entitled ''The Unjust Incarceration". '<ref name="Seaton" /><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.pibroch.com/services.html| title=Peter Kapp Bagpiper| publisher=| accessdate=20 October 2009}}</ref>

==Proverb==
An old saying has the following:

:"''Ding doun [[Tantallon Castle|Tantallon]],—
::''Mak a brig to the Bass."<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.electricscotland.com/history/Edinburgh/chap28.htm| title=Tantallon and the Bass| publisher=Electric Scotland| accessdate=20 October 2009}}</ref>

This meant to do something impossible.

==See also==
*[[List of places in East Lothian]]
*[[Canty Bay]]

==References==
* ''The History of Scotland'', by [[Patrick Fraser Tytler]], Edinburgh, 1866, vol.III, pps:187 -190.)
* ''The Bass - Early notices'' by John J. Reid, in ''Proceedings of the [[Society of Antiquaries of Scotland]]'', 1885.
* ''Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland 1357 - 1509'', edited by Joseph Bain, F.S.A.,(Scot), Edinburgh, 1888, vol. iv, number 942, 3 February 1424.
* ''The Bass Rock and its Story'' by [[Louis Auguste Barbé|Louis A. Barbé]], Glasgow & Edinburgh: William Hodge & Co, 1904.
* ''North Berwick, Gullane, Aberlady and East Linton District'', by R.P.Phillimore, North Berwick, 1913, p. 40.
* ''The Berwick and Lothian Coasts'' by Ian C. Hannah, London & Leipzig, 1913.
* ''The Bass Rock in History'' in Transactions of the East Lothian Antiquarian & Field Naturalists' Society, 1948, vol.5, p. 55.
* ''The Lauders of the Bass'' by G. M. S. Lauder-Frost, F.S.A.,(Scot), in ''East Lothian Life'', Autumn 1996, issue 22, {{ISSN|1361-7818}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|33em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Americana Poster}}
* [http://jirislama.com/index.php/en/photoblog/trips-and-pictures/146-bass Bass Rock Gannetry – wildlife wonder of the world]
* [http://www.north-berwick.co.uk/bassRock.asp History of the island]{{dead link|date=July 2013}}
* [http://www.nlb.org.uk/ourlights/history/bassrock.htm NLB History of Bass Rock Lighthouse]
* [http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst3875.html Article from The Gazetteer for Scotland]
* [http://www.seabird.org/home.asp Webcams at Scottish Seabird Centre Website]{{dead link|date=July 2013}}
* [http://www.seabird.org/assets/a%20bass%20day%20in%20the%20life%20of%20maggie.doc A Bass Day in the Lif
* [http://digital.nls.uk/slezer/engraving.cfm?sl=56 Bass Rock from the East in 1693] by [[John Slezer]] at National Library of Scotland
e of Maggie]{{dead link|date=July 2013}}
* {{Cite Nuttall|Bass Rock}}

{{Islands of the Forth}}
{{Prisons in Scotland}}

[[Category:Islands of the Forth]]
[[Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Mid and East Lothian]]
[[Category:Castles in East Lothian]]
[[Category:History of East Lothian]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in East Lothian]]
[[Category:Volcanic plugs of Scotland]]
[[Category:Carboniferous volcanoes]]
[[Category:Seabird colonies]]
[[Category:Defunct prisons in Scotland]]

Lauriston Castle (Edinburgh)

2014-03-20T23:25:29Z

Triptropic: /* External links */ added link to digitised engraving

{{for|the castle in Aberdeenshire|Lauriston Castle, Aberdeenshire}}

{{Infobox Military Structure
|name=Lauriston Castle
|location=[[Edinburgh]], Scotland {{gbmappingsmall|NT2021676093}}
|coordinates=
|image=[[Image:LauristonCastleSouth.jpg|250px]]
|caption= Lauriston Castle from the south
|type=[[L-plan]] [[tower house]] with a Jacobean range
|built=c. 1590
|builder=probably Archibald Napier, 7th Laird of Merchiston
|materials=Stone
|used=16th century to 21st century
|condition=
|ownership=the city of [[Edinburgh]]
|open_to_public=Yes
|controlledby=
}}

'''Lauriston Castle''' is a 16th-century [[tower house]] with 19th-century extensions overlooking the [[Firth of Forth]], in [[Edinburgh]], Scotland. It lies on Cramond Road South, between [[Cramond]] and [[Davidson's Mains]]. The substantial grounds, Lauriston Castle Gardens, operate as a local park.

==History==

A Lauriston Castle stood on this site in medieval times but was almost totally destroyed in the [[Burning of Edinburgh (1544)|raids on Edinburgh in 1544]] by the [[Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset|earl of Hertford]].<ref>''Buildings of Scotland: Edinburgh'' by Gifford McWilliam and Walker</ref>

A tower house was re-built around 1590 by Sir [[Archibald Napier (landowner)|Archibald Napier]] of [[Merchiston]], father of [[John Napier]], for his younger son, also named Archibald. Later, it was the home of [[John Law (economist)|John Law]] (1671–1729), the economist, Right Hon. [[Andrew Rutherfurd, Lord Rutherfurd|Andrew Lord Rutherfurd]] (1791–1854), and [[Thomas Macknight Crawfurd of Cartsburn and Lauriston Castle, 8th Baron of Cartsburn]] from 1871 to 1902. In 1827, [[Thomas Allan]], a banker and mineralogist, commissioned [[William Burn]] (1789–1870) to extend the house in the [[Jacobean architecture|Jacobean style]].

William Robert Reid, proprietor of [[Morison & Co.]], an Edinburgh cabinetmaking business, acquired Lauriston Castle in 1902, installed modern plumbing and electricity, and he and his wife Margaret filled the house with a collection of fine furniture and artwork. The Reids, being childless, left their home to Scotland on the condition that it should be preserved unchanged. The [[City of Edinburgh]] has administered the house since Mrs Reid's death in 1926, which today offers a glimpse of [[Edwardian era|Edwardian]] life in a Scottish [[country house]].

In 1905, during one of its numerous refurbishments, a stone carving of an [[Astrology|astrological]] [[horoscope]] was installed in the outer wall, on the southwest corner. The horoscope was reputedly done by John Napier for his brother. It can be seen in some pictures on the front wall, beneath the left-most stair tower, near the ground.

==Design==
[[Image:Lauriston Castle 1775.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Lauriston Castle as it appeared in 1775, before the 1827 addition by William Burn.]]
Lauriston Castle was originally a four-storey, stone [[L-plan castle|L plan]] tower house, with a circular stair tower, with two storey angle turrets complete with gun loops. A Jacobean range was added in 1827, to convert it to a country manor. This was designed by the prominent architect [[William Burn]].

The majority of the interior is Edwardian.

==Gardens==
The gardens at Lauriston include a notable [[Japanese garden]] of one hectare. The garden, built by [[Takashi Sawano]], and dedicated as the Edinburgh-[[Kyoto]] Friendship Garden, opened in August 2002.<ref>"Public Japanese Gardens: UK and Ireland Survey". ''Journal of Japanese Gardening'' No. 35, September/October 2003. [http://www.rothteien.com/topics/uk-survey.htm] accessed 16 October 2006.</ref>

At the back of the castle there are beautiful views of the Firth of Forth, which are enjoyed by members of the Edinburgh Croquet Club on the three croquet lawns laid out on the castle grounds between 1950 and 1955.

To the east the gardens include some excellent mature examples of monkey puzzle trees ([[Araucaria araucana]]).

The site is also famed for its [[bluebell wood]].

==Ghost==
Lauriston Castle, like so many other Scottish castles, is reputedly haunted. It is said that the sound of ghostly footsteps can be heard.<ref>[http://www.thesupernaturalworld.co.uk/index.php?act=main&code=01&type=00&topic_id=1264 "Looking for ghosts? Try the usual haunts"] ''The Supernatural World''</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.information-britain.co.uk/showPlace.cfm?Place_ID=740 Description of Lauriston with photo]
*[http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/Leisure/Museums_and_galleries/Services/Lauriston/CEC_lauriston_castle_and_grounds Lauriston Castle official website]
*[http://www.edinburghcroquetclub.com Edinburgh Croquet Club]
*[http://www.edinburghspotlight.com/2010/05/review-edinburgh-kyoto-friendship-garden-2/ Friendship Garden]
* [http://digital.nls.uk/74582390 Engraving of Lauriston Castle] by [[James Fittler]] in the digitised copy of [http://digital.nls.uk/scotia-depicta/ Scotia Depicta, or the antiquities, castles, public buildings, noblemen and gentlemen's seats, cities, towns and picturesque scenery of Scotland], 1804 at [[National Library of Scotland]]

{{commons|Lauriston Castle}}

{{coord|55.97118|-3.27988|type:landmark_region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(NT2021676093)|display=title}}

[[Category:Castles in City of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Houses in Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Clan Napier]]
[[Category:Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes]]
[[Category:Category A listed buildings in Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Listed castles in Scotland]]
[[Category:Japanese gardens]]
[[Category:Gardens in Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Parks and commons in Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Historic house museums in Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Reportedly haunted locations in Scotland]]

Theatre Royal (Edinburgh)

2013-11-30T23:28:26Z

Triptropic: /* External links */ added link to playbills from the theatre

[[File:Theatre Royal, Edinburgh.jpg|thumb|300px|The Theatre building on Princes Street opened 1769 and before it was rebuilt in 1830.]]
Four theatre buildings in [[Edinburgh]] have borne the name '''Theatre Royal, Edinburgh''', though the final three were all rebuildings of the second. The first was the Theatre Royal, Shakespeare Square, at the east end of [[Princes Street]].<ref>{{coord|55.953|-3.190|display=inline|region:GB_scale:10000}}</ref> This was opened 9 December 1769 by actor manager [[David Ross]], and was at its peak from 1815 to 1850, being rebuilt in 1830. However, it was demolished in 1859 and the royal patent and title transferred to the Queen's Theatre and Operetta House on an earlier Circus (previously the Adelphi Theatre), which burned down and was rebuilt in 1865, 1875, and 1884, each time retaining the patent and the same site.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://digital.nls.uk/playbills/ Playbills of the Theatre Royal, Edinburgh] from [[National Library of Scotland]]
* [http://www.arthurlloyd.co.uk/Edinburgh/TheatreRoyal.htm Arthur Lloyd]
*[http://www.laughingaudience.co.uk/theatre-royal-edinburgh.html Paul Iles and The Laughing Audience playbill collection]
*[http://www.nls.uk/playbills/history.html Edinburgh's Theatre Royal – a history]
{{Scottish Theatres}}
{{Theatre-struct-stub}}

[[Category:Theatres in Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Former theatres in Scotland]]
[[Category:1769 establishments in Scotland]]

Elcho Castle

2013-11-17T16:46:52Z

Triptropic: /* External links */ added link to 1804 engraving of castle

[[Image:Elcho_castle.jpg|thumb|right|270px|The front of Elcho Castle]]

'''Elcho Castle''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛ|l|.|x|ə|ʊ|ˌ|k|ɑː|s|l}}) is located a short distance above the south bank of the [[River Tay]] approximately four miles south-east of [[Perth, Scotland]]. It consists of a Z-plan [[tower house]], with fragments of a surrounding wall with corner towers. The Castle was built on the site of an older structure about 1560, and is one of the best surviving examples of its date in [[Scotland]]. A large portion of the Castle is accessible, although floors in some rooms have fallen, and much of the building can be walked through. The wall-walk is accessible at two points.

The property is still owned by the family of the original builders, the Wemyss family (the style of the heir to the [[Earl of Wemyss]] is Lord Elcho), though it has not been inhabited for some 200 years. It has nevertheless been kept in good repair - one of the earliest examples in Scotland of a building being preserved purely for its historical interest. It is managed by [[Historic Scotland]] and is open to visitors throughout the summer. There is an entrance charge.

An apple- and pear-tree orchard adjoining the Castle has been replanted in recent years, and a 16th-century 'beehive' doo'cot ([[Scots Language|Scots]] for dovecot) survives nearby.

==External links==
{{Commons cat|Elcho Castle}}
*{{historic-scotland-link|132}}
*[http://digital.nls.uk/scotia-depicta/pageturner.cfm?id=74582384 Engraving of Elcho castle] by [[James Fittler]] in the digitised copy of [http://digital.nls.uk/scotia-depicta/ Scotia Depicta, or the antiquities, castles, public buildings, noblemen and gentlemen's seats, cities, towns and picturesque scenery of Scotland], 1804 at [[National Library of Scotland]]

{{coord|56|22|18.90|N|3|21|22.92|W|region:GB-STG_type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:Castles in Perth and Kinross]]
[[Category:Category A listed buildings in Perth and Kinross]]

[[Category:Listed castles in Scotland]]
[[Category:Historic house museums in Perth and Kinross]]

{{Scotland-castle-stub}}

Drummond Castle (Burg)

2013-11-17T16:24:52Z

Triptropic: /* External links */ added link to 1804 engraving of castle

[[Image:Drummond Castle & Gardens.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Drummond Castle and gardens.]]
[[Image:Drummond castle edit.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The mansion.]]

'''Drummond Castle''' is located in [[Perthshire]], [[Scotland]]. The castle is known for its gardens, described by [[Historic Scotland]] as "the best example of formal terraced gardens in Scotland."<ref name=garden>{{cite web |url=http://data.historic-scotland.gov.uk/pls/htmldb/f?p=2400:15:0::::GARDEN:GDL00144 |title=Drummond Castle |work=An Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland |publisher=Historic Scotland}}</ref> It is situated in [[Muthill]] parish, {{convert|4|km}} south of [[Crieff]]. The castle comprises a [[Tower houses in Britain and Ireland|tower house]] built in the late 15th century, and a 17th-century mansion, both of which were rebuilt in [[Victorian era|Victorian]] times. The gardens date to the 1630s, although they too were restructured in the 19th century. The formal gardens are protected as a category A [[listed building]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hsewsf.sedsh.gov.uk/hslive/hsstart?P_HBNUM=19883 |title=Drummond Castle, Formal Garden: Listed Building Report |publisher=Historic Scotland}}</ref> and are including on the [[Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland]].<ref name=garden/> The tower house and mansion are both category B listed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hsewsf.sedsh.gov.uk/hslive/hsstart?P_HBNUM=18078 |title=Drummond Castle, Keep: Listed Building Report |publisher=Historic Scotland}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://hsewsf.sedsh.gov.uk/hslive/hsstart?P_HBNUM=18042 |title=Drummond Castle, Mansion: Listed Building Report |publisher=Historic Scotland}}</ref>

==History==
The lands of Drummond were the property of the [[Clan Drummond|Drummond]] family from the 14th century, and the original tower house was built over several years by John Drummond, 1st [[Earl of Perth|Lord Drummond of Cargill]], from about 1490. In 1605 the 4th Lord Drummond was created [[Earl of Perth]], and added to the castle. [[John Drummond, 2nd Earl of Perth]], laid out the first terraced garden around the castle in the 1630s.<ref name=gardenhistory>{{cite web |url=http://www.historic-scotland.gov.uk/index/heritage/gardens/gardenssearchmoreinfo.htm?s=drummond+castle&r=&bool=0&PageID=2416&more_info=Site |title=Drummond Castle: Site history |work=An Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland |publisher=Historic Scotland}}</ref>

The castle was sacked by the army of [[Oliver Cromwell]] in 1653, during the [[Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms|Wars of the Three Kingdoms]].<ref name=gardenhistory/> [[James Drummond, 4th Earl of Perth]] was [[Lord Chancellor of Scotland]] under [[James II of England|King James VII]]. He began the mansion house in 1689, before being imprisoned following the deposition of King James by [[William III of England|William of Orange]]. He later fled to the exiled [[Jacobitism|Jacobite]] court in France. The Drummonds continued to support the Jacobite cause in the [[Jacobite Risings|uprisings]] of 1715 and 1745. The family retained control of the estate until 1750 when the Drummond properties were declared forfeit and seized by the state. The estate was managed by the Commissioners for Forfeited Estates until 1784, when it was sold to Captain [[James Drummond, 1st Baron Perth|James Drummond]]. He began a number of improvements that were continued by his daughter Sarah and her husband [[Peter Drummond-Burrell, 22nd Baron Willoughby de Eresby]] (1782–1865). These included the formal gardens and terraces in the 1830s. [[Queen Victoria]] visited the gardens in 1842.<ref name=gardenhistory/>

Drummond Castle passed to [[Clementina Drummond-Willoughby, 24th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby]] (1809–1888), and then to her son, [[Gilbert Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 1st Earl of Ancaster]] (1830–1910). The upper stories of the tower house were rebuilt and heightened in pseudo-medieval style in 1842–53. The mansion was renovated in 1878, to designs by George Turnbull Ewing. The [[James Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 3rd Earl of Ancaster|3rd Earl of Ancaster]] and his wife, Nancy Astor, replanted the gardens in the 1950s.<ref name=gardenhistory/> The castle is now the seat of the [[Jane Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 28th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby|28th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby]].

==Description==
The castle is set on part of a prominent spine of rock known as the Gask Ridge, a geographical feature that stretches several kilometres across [[Perthshire]], but is particularly prominent and steep-sided at the site of the castle. The tower house, or [[keep]], is no longer used as a dwelling. It is adjoined by a later, but better preserved, gatehouse (built 1629–30). Stretching between the tower house and the edge of the ridge, it was originally intended to control access to the courtyard behind, which has a fine view over the formal gardens. To the south of the castle on its rocky outcrop are the formal gardens.

The buildings and gardens of Drummond Castle featured as backdrops in the 1995 film ''[[Rob Roy (1995 film)|Rob Roy]]''.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons-inline|Category:Drummond Castle|Drummond Castle}}
*[http://www.drummondcastlegardens.co.uk/ Drummond Castle Gardens website]
*[http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurehistory4875.html Gazetteer for Scotland]
*[http://www.flickr.com/search/?q=Drummond%20Castle&w=all Flickr images tagged Drummond Castle]
*[http://digital.nls.uk/scotia-depicta/pageturner.cfm?id=74582348 Engraving of Drummond castle] by [[James Fittler]] in the digitised copy of [http://digital.nls.uk/scotia-depicta/ Scotia Depicta, or the antiquities, castles, public buildings, noblemen and gentlemen's seats, cities, towns and picturesque scenery of Scotland], 1804 at [[National Library of Scotland]]

{{coord|56|20|26.78|N|3|52|10.23|W|display=title}}

[[Category:Castles in Perth and Kinross]]
[[Category:Scottish baronial architecture]]
[[Category:Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes]]
[[Category:Category A listed buildings in Perth and Kinross]]
[[Category:Category B listed buildings in Scotland]]

[[Category:Listed castles in Scotland]]
[[Category:Gardens in Perth and Kinross]]

Darnaway Castle

2013-11-16T18:11:10Z

Triptropic: /* External links */ added external link to engraving of Tarnaway Castle

[[File:Darnaway Castle - geograph.org.uk - 13190.jpg|thumb|Darnaway Castle]]
'''Darnaway Castle''', also known as '''Tarnaway Castle''' <ref>{{cite book |last1=Fittler |first1=James |last2=Nattes |first2=John Claude |date=1804 |title=Scotia Depicta, or the antiquities, castles, public buildings, noblemen and gentlemen's seats, cities, towns and picturesque scenery of Scotland |page=25|url=http://digital.nls.uk/scotia-depicta/ |location=London, Edinburgh |publisher= |isbn= |accessdate=16 November 2013}}</ref>, is located in Darnaway Forest, {{convert|3|mi}} southwest of [[Forres]] in [[Moray]], Scotland. This was [[Clan Cumming|Comyn]] land, given to [[Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray|Thomas Randolph]] along with the [[Earl of Moray|Earldom of Moray]] by [[Robert I of Scotland|King Robert I]]. The castle has remained the seat of the Earls of Moray ever since. Rebuilt in 1810, it retains the old banqueting hall, capable of accommodating 1,000 men.

==Randolphs and Douglases==
Sir Thomas Randolph probably built the first castle. [[John Randolph, 3rd Earl of Moray|John, 3rd Earl]], died at the [[Battle of Neville's Cross]] in 1346 without male heirs, and the earldom went to Patrick Dunbar, who was the husband of one of John's daughters. The male line of the Dunbars failed around 1430, and the earldom went to the [[Clan Douglas|Douglases]]. When [[Archibald Douglas, Earl of Moray]] died in battle on May 1, 1455, fighting with his brothers against [[James III of Scotland|King James III]], who had decided to curb the power wielded by the Douglases, the Moray title and estates were forfeited along with various other Douglas possessions. It now passed to the [[Clan Murray|Murrays]], and then to the [[Clan Stuart|Stewarts]], with whose descendants it remains.

==Medieval great hall==
The banqueting hall is the only remaining portion of the castle that was erected in 1450 by [[Archibald Douglas, Earl of Moray]], and retains its 15th-century [[hammerbeam roof]], making it one of only two medieval halls in Scotland with its original roof, "a specimen almost unique in Scotland."<ref>[[MacGibbon and Ross]], ''The Castellated and Domestic Architecture of Scotland''.</ref> The hall was already notable in 1562 when an English observer described it as, "verie fayer and large builded."<ref>''Calendar of State Papers Scotland'', vol. 1 (1898), 655, Thomas Randolph to Cecil 30 Sept. 1562.</ref> The hall was re-roofed with "spune thak", [[Shake (shingle)|wooden shingles or shakes]] hewn by a carpenter, in November 1501 at the command of [[James IV of Scotland]]. James kept his mistress [[Janet Kennedy]] at Darnaway.<ref>''Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Treasurer of Scotland'', vol.2 (1900), pp. xxi, 47, 294</ref>

==Randolph's leap==
To the south of the castle, where the [[River Findhorn]] rushes through a gorge, Randolph's Leap commemorates the sort of long-jumping usually associated with [[Rob Roy MacGregor]]. It was probably not attempted by Earl Randolph, but by his quarry, Alastair Comyn of nearby Dunphail. Darnaway Estate has a visitor centre and acres of hardwood forests. The castle is still occupied.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

*''Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland'' (2000)
*Coventry, Martin (2008) ''Castles of the Clans''.
*[[Sir Herbert Maxwell, 7th Baronet|Maxwell, Herbert]] (1902) ''History of the House of Douglas''.

== External links ==
* [http://www.douglashistory.co.uk/history/Places/darnaway_castle.htm The Douglas Archives - Darnaway Castle]
* [http://digital.nls.uk/scotia-depicta/pageturner.cfm?id=74582280 Engraving of Tarnaway Castle] by [[James Fittler]] in the digitised copy of [http://digital.nls.uk/scotia-depicta/ Scotia Depicta, or the antiquities, castles, public buildings, noblemen and gentlemen's seats, cities, towns and picturesque scenery of Scotland], 1804 at [[National Library of Scotland]]

{{coord|57.5743|-3.6828|type:landmark_region:GB|display=title}}

[[Category:Castles in Moray]]
[[Category:Country houses in Moray]]
[[Category:Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes]]

{{scotland-castle-stub}}

Darnaway Castle

2013-11-16T18:09:18Z

Triptropic: oops typo

[[File:Darnaway Castle - geograph.org.uk - 13190.jpg|thumb|Darnaway Castle]]
'''Darnaway Castle''', also known as '''Tarnaway Castle''' <ref>{{cite book |last1=Fittler |first1=James |last2=Nattes |first2=John Claude |date=1804 |title=Scotia Depicta, or the antiquities, castles, public buildings, noblemen and gentlemen's seats, cities, towns and picturesque scenery of Scotland |page=25|url=http://digital.nls.uk/scotia-depicta/ |location=London, Edinburgh |publisher= |isbn= |accessdate=16 November 2013}}</ref>, is located in Darnaway Forest, {{convert|3|mi}} southwest of [[Forres]] in [[Moray]], Scotland. This was [[Clan Cumming|Comyn]] land, given to [[Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray|Thomas Randolph]] along with the [[Earl of Moray|Earldom of Moray]] by [[Robert I of Scotland|King Robert I]]. The castle has remained the seat of the Earls of Moray ever since. Rebuilt in 1810, it retains the old banqueting hall, capable of accommodating 1,000 men.

==Randolphs and Douglases==
Sir Thomas Randolph probably built the first castle. [[John Randolph, 3rd Earl of Moray|John, 3rd Earl]], died at the [[Battle of Neville's Cross]] in 1346 without male heirs, and the earldom went to Patrick Dunbar, who was the husband of one of John's daughters. The male line of the Dunbars failed around 1430, and the earldom went to the [[Clan Douglas|Douglases]]. When [[Archibald Douglas, Earl of Moray]] died in battle on May 1, 1455, fighting with his brothers against [[James III of Scotland|King James III]], who had decided to curb the power wielded by the Douglases, the Moray title and estates were forfeited along with various other Douglas possessions. It now passed to the [[Clan Murray|Murrays]], and then to the [[Clan Stuart|Stewarts]], with whose descendants it remains.

==Medieval great hall==
The banqueting hall is the only remaining portion of the castle that was erected in 1450 by [[Archibald Douglas, Earl of Moray]], and retains its 15th-century [[hammerbeam roof]], making it one of only two medieval halls in Scotland with its original roof, "a specimen almost unique in Scotland."<ref>[[MacGibbon and Ross]], ''The Castellated and Domestic Architecture of Scotland''.</ref> The hall was already notable in 1562 when an English observer described it as, "verie fayer and large builded."<ref>''Calendar of State Papers Scotland'', vol. 1 (1898), 655, Thomas Randolph to Cecil 30 Sept. 1562.</ref> The hall was re-roofed with "spune thak", [[Shake (shingle)|wooden shingles or shakes]] hewn by a carpenter, in November 1501 at the command of [[James IV of Scotland]]. James kept his mistress [[Janet Kennedy]] at Darnaway.<ref>''Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Treasurer of Scotland'', vol.2 (1900), pp. xxi, 47, 294</ref>

==Randolph's leap==
To the south of the castle, where the [[River Findhorn]] rushes through a gorge, Randolph's Leap commemorates the sort of long-jumping usually associated with [[Rob Roy MacGregor]]. It was probably not attempted by Earl Randolph, but by his quarry, Alastair Comyn of nearby Dunphail. Darnaway Estate has a visitor centre and acres of hardwood forests. The castle is still occupied.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

*''Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland'' (2000)
*Coventry, Martin (2008) ''Castles of the Clans''.
*[[Sir Herbert Maxwell, 7th Baronet|Maxwell, Herbert]] (1902) ''History of the House of Douglas''.

== External links ==
* [http://www.douglashistory.co.uk/history/Places/darnaway_castle.htm The Douglas Archives - Darnaway Castle]

{{coord|57.5743|-3.6828|type:landmark_region:GB|display=title}}

[[Category:Castles in Moray]]
[[Category:Country houses in Moray]]
[[Category:Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes]]

{{scotland-castle-stub}}

Darnaway Castle

2013-11-16T18:08:40Z

Triptropic: added information about it being known as tarnaway castle

[[File:Darnaway Castle - geograph.org.uk - 13190.jpg|thumb|Darnaway Castle]]
'''Darnaway Castle''', also known as '''Tarnaway Castle''' <ref>{{cite book |last1=Fittler |first1=James |last2=Nattes |first2=John Claude |date=1804 |title=Scotia Depicta, or the antiquities, castles, public buildings, noblemen and gentlemen's seats, cities, towns and picturesque scenery of Scotland |page=page 25|url=http://digital.nls.uk/scotia-depicta/ |location=London, Edinburgh |publisher= |isbn= |accessdate=16 November 2013}}</ref>, is located in Darnaway Forest, {{convert|3|mi}} southwest of [[Forres]] in [[Moray]], Scotland. This was [[Clan Cumming|Comyn]] land, given to [[Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray|Thomas Randolph]] along with the [[Earl of Moray|Earldom of Moray]] by [[Robert I of Scotland|King Robert I]]. The castle has remained the seat of the Earls of Moray ever since. Rebuilt in 1810, it retains the old banqueting hall, capable of accommodating 1,000 men.

==Randolphs and Douglases==
Sir Thomas Randolph probably built the first castle. [[John Randolph, 3rd Earl of Moray|John, 3rd Earl]], died at the [[Battle of Neville's Cross]] in 1346 without male heirs, and the earldom went to Patrick Dunbar, who was the husband of one of John's daughters. The male line of the Dunbars failed around 1430, and the earldom went to the [[Clan Douglas|Douglases]]. When [[Archibald Douglas, Earl of Moray]] died in battle on May 1, 1455, fighting with his brothers against [[James III of Scotland|King James III]], who had decided to curb the power wielded by the Douglases, the Moray title and estates were forfeited along with various other Douglas possessions. It now passed to the [[Clan Murray|Murrays]], and then to the [[Clan Stuart|Stewarts]], with whose descendants it remains.

==Medieval great hall==
The banqueting hall is the only remaining portion of the castle that was erected in 1450 by [[Archibald Douglas, Earl of Moray]], and retains its 15th-century [[hammerbeam roof]], making it one of only two medieval halls in Scotland with its original roof, "a specimen almost unique in Scotland."<ref>[[MacGibbon and Ross]], ''The Castellated and Domestic Architecture of Scotland''.</ref> The hall was already notable in 1562 when an English observer described it as, "verie fayer and large builded."<ref>''Calendar of State Papers Scotland'', vol. 1 (1898), 655, Thomas Randolph to Cecil 30 Sept. 1562.</ref> The hall was re-roofed with "spune thak", [[Shake (shingle)|wooden shingles or shakes]] hewn by a carpenter, in November 1501 at the command of [[James IV of Scotland]]. James kept his mistress [[Janet Kennedy]] at Darnaway.<ref>''Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Treasurer of Scotland'', vol.2 (1900), pp. xxi, 47, 294</ref>

==Randolph's leap==
To the south of the castle, where the [[River Findhorn]] rushes through a gorge, Randolph's Leap commemorates the sort of long-jumping usually associated with [[Rob Roy MacGregor]]. It was probably not attempted by Earl Randolph, but by his quarry, Alastair Comyn of nearby Dunphail. Darnaway Estate has a visitor centre and acres of hardwood forests. The castle is still occupied.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

*''Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland'' (2000)
*Coventry, Martin (2008) ''Castles of the Clans''.
*[[Sir Herbert Maxwell, 7th Baronet|Maxwell, Herbert]] (1902) ''History of the House of Douglas''.

== External links ==
* [http://www.douglashistory.co.uk/history/Places/darnaway_castle.htm The Douglas Archives - Darnaway Castle]

{{coord|57.5743|-3.6828|type:landmark_region:GB|display=title}}

[[Category:Castles in Moray]]
[[Category:Country houses in Moray]]
[[Category:Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes]]

{{scotland-castle-stub}}

Gordon Castle

2013-11-16T17:55:31Z

Triptropic: /* External links */

[[File:Gordon Castle.jpg|thumb|Gordon Castle]]
'''Gordon Castle''' is located in [[Gight]], near [[Fochabers]] in [[Moray]], Scotland. Historically known as the Bog-of-Gight, it was the principal seat of the [[Dukes of Gordon]]. Following 18th-century redevelopment, it became one of the largest [[country house]]s ever built in Scotland, although much has since been demolished.

==History==
The original castle was built by [[George Gordon, 2nd Earl of Huntly]] in the 1470s and enlarged by his grandson.

[[John Adam (architect)]] was commissioned with the French architect [[Abraham Roumieu]] to redesign the castle in 1764 but this did not come to fruition. Eventually the commission fell to the lesser-known Edinburgh architect, John Baxter, who rebuilt it in 1769 for [[Alexander Gordon, 4th Duke of Gordon]]. The central four storey block incorporated a six-storey medieval tower called the Bog-of-Gight, and was flanked by a pair of two-storey wings. The main facade was 568 feet (173 metres) long. Most of the castle has been demolished, but the Bog-of-Gight and one of the wings—now a detached medium sized country house in its own right—survive.

==External links==
*[http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurehistory5160.html A description of Gordon Castle published in the 1880s]
*[http://digital.nls.uk/scotia-depicta/pageturner.cfm?id=74582264 Engraving of Gordon Castle] by [[James Fittler]] in the digitised copy of [http://digital.nls.uk/scotia-depicta/ Scotia Depicta, or the antiquities, castles, public buildings, noblemen and gentlemen's seats, cities, towns and picturesque scenery of Scotland], 1804 at [[National Library of Scotland]]
*[http://www.houseofgordonva.com/GordonCastle.html Gordon Castle at House of Gordon, Virginia]
*[http://www.oddquine.co.uk/oddsnends/osabellie.htm Profile of the Parish of Bellie, with information about the castle and estate] - probably dates from the late 18th century
*[http://www.flickr.com/search/?q=Gordon+Castle Flickr images tagged Gordon Castle] - not all of these are actually of this building

{{coord|57.62135|N|3.08918|W|source:placeopedia|display=title}}

[[Category:Castles in Moray]]

[[Category:Country houses in Moray]]

[[Category:Category A listed buildings in Scotland]]
[[Category:Listed buildings in Moray]]
[[Category:Listed castles in Scotland]]
[[Category:Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes]]

{{Scotland-castle-stub}}

Gordon Castle

2013-11-16T17:53:20Z

Triptropic: added linked to Scotia Depicta book of engravings

[[File:Gordon Castle.jpg|thumb|Gordon Castle]]
'''Gordon Castle''' is located in [[Gight]], near [[Fochabers]] in [[Moray]], Scotland. Historically known as the Bog-of-Gight, it was the principal seat of the [[Dukes of Gordon]]. Following 18th-century redevelopment, it became one of the largest [[country house]]s ever built in Scotland, although much has since been demolished.

==History==
The original castle was built by [[George Gordon, 2nd Earl of Huntly]] in the 1470s and enlarged by his grandson.

[[John Adam (architect)]] was commissioned with the French architect [[Abraham Roumieu]] to redesign the castle in 1764 but this did not come to fruition. Eventually the commission fell to the lesser-known Edinburgh architect, John Baxter, who rebuilt it in 1769 for [[Alexander Gordon, 4th Duke of Gordon]]. The central four storey block incorporated a six-storey medieval tower called the Bog-of-Gight, and was flanked by a pair of two-storey wings. The main facade was 568 feet (173 metres) long. Most of the castle has been demolished, but the Bog-of-Gight and one of the wings—now a detached medium sized country house in its own right—survive.

==External links==
*[http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurehistory5160.html A description of Gordon Castle published in the 1880s]
*[http://digital.nls.uk/scotia-depicta/pageturner.cfm?id=74582264 Engraving of Gordon Castle] by [[James Fittler]] in the digitised copy of Scotia Depicta, or the antiquities, castles, public buildings, noblemen and gentlemen's seats, cities, towns and picturesque scenery of Scotland, 1804 at [[National Library of Scotland]]
*[http://www.houseofgordonva.com/GordonCastle.html Gordon Castle at House of Gordon, Virginia]
*[http://www.oddquine.co.uk/oddsnends/osabellie.htm Profile of the Parish of Bellie, with information about the castle and estate] - probably dates from the late 18th century
*[http://www.flickr.com/search/?q=Gordon+Castle Flickr images tagged Gordon Castle] - not all of these are actually of this building

{{coord|57.62135|N|3.08918|W|source:placeopedia|display=title}}

[[Category:Castles in Moray]]

[[Category:Country houses in Moray]]

[[Category:Category A listed buildings in Scotland]]
[[Category:Listed buildings in Moray]]
[[Category:Listed castles in Scotland]]
[[Category:Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes]]

{{Scotland-castle-stub}}

Balgonie Castle

2013-11-16T17:32:54Z

Triptropic: /* External links */ added external link to engraving of Balgonie Castle

{{refimprove|date=July 2011}}
{{infobox military structure
|image = [[Image:BalgonieCastle04.jpg|300px]]
|caption = Balgonie Castle seen from the south west, with the original tower house on the left
|map_type = Scotland Fife
|map_caption = Location within Fife
|location = [[Milton of Balgonie]], [[Fife]], [[Scotland]] GB {{gbmapping|NO313007}}
|built = 1360s with later additions
|builder = Sibbald family Sir Robert Lundie [[Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven|Sir Alexander Leslie]]
|latitude = 56.19394
|longitude = -3.10866
}}

'''Balgonie Castle''' is located on the south bank of the [[River Leven, Fife|River Leven]] near [[Milton of Balgonie]], {{convert|3.5|km}} east of [[Glenrothes]], [[Fife]], [[Scotland]]. The keep dates from the 14th century, and the remaining structures were added piecemeal until the 18th century. The keep has been recently restored, although other parts of the castle are roofless ruins.

==History==
The lands of Balgonie were held by the Sibbalds from at least 1246. Probably in the 1360s, the Sibbalds built a barmkin, or fortified courtyard, with a [[tower house]] at the north-west corner. The lands and the castle were left to a daughter, who married Sir [[Robert Lundie]], who extended the castle in 1496, following his appointment as [[Lord High Treasurer of Scotland]]. Sir Robert built a two-storey range of buildings to the east of the keep, enlarging the accommodation with a long hall and a [[solar (room)|solar]]. This range incorporated an earlier corner tower and the 14th-century chapel. [[James IV of Scotland|James IV]] visited Balgonie on 20 August 1496, and gave 18 shillings to the masons as a gift.<ref>''Accounts Lord High Treasurer of Scotland'', vol.1 (1877), 290.</ref>

[[Image:BalgonieCastle05.jpg|thumb|The west elevation of the tower house or keep]]

In 1627 the castle was sold to the Boswells, who sold it on in 1635 to Sir [[Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven|Alexander Leslie]], a Scottish soldier who had fought for the Swedish army during the [[Thirty Years' War]] (1618-1648), rising to the rank of [[Field Marshal]], and who led the [[Covenanter]]s during the Scottish [[Bishops Wars]]. Leslie was created [[Lord Balgonie]] and [[Earl of Leven]] in 1641, and finally retired in 1654. He carried out further improvement of his home, adding a two-storey building at the south-east corner of the courtyard. The initials FSAL and DAR, for Field Marshal Sir Alexander Leslie, and his wife Dame Agnes Renton, were found inscribed within the south-east block, suggesting that this was built prior to Leslie's elevation to the peerage. He also rebuilt the late 15th century north range with an extra storey, and laid out a park around the castle, remnants of which remain.

The next additions were carried out by [[John Leslie, 1st Duke of Rothes|John Leslie, 7th Earl of Rothes]], who disputed the earldom of Leven with [[David Melville, 3rd Earl of Leven|David Melville]] following the death of the second earl in 1664. Lord Rothes, with the aid of [[John Mylne (1611-1667)|John Mylne junior]], the king's master mason, built a grand stair linking the keep and north range, where previously a wooden bridge stood. On his death in 1681 David Melville inherited Balgonie, along with the earldom of Leven. He too added a range of buildings in 1706, this time a three-storey section linking the north range with the south-east block. The work was completed by master mason Gilbert Smith.

[[Rob Roy MacGregor]] captured Balgonie Castle during a raid in 1716, although the castle was soon returned to the Melvilles. [[David Melville, 6th Earl of Leven]] made minor improvements in the 1720s, including the insertion of [[sash window]]s. Further buildings were also added within the courtyard.

[[Image:BalgonieCastle02.jpg|thumb|The roofless east range]]
In 1824 the castle was sold to James Balfour of [[Whittingehame]], father of [[James Maitland Balfour]], and grandfather of [[Arthur Balfour]], who served as British Prime Minister from 1902-1905. He was unable to arrest the decay which was advancing, and in the mid nineteenth century the roofs were removed to avoid paying tax on the property. Much vandalism occurred in the 1960s, and it was not until 1971 that restoration of the castle, then owned by David Maxwell, began. Work continued through the 1970s and 1980s, aided by European funding as part of European Architectural Heritage Year, in 1975. The keep and chapel have now been fully restored, and the castle is once again lived in by its current owner and laird, Raymond Morris, and his family. The castle is open to the public, and the restored chapel and great hall can be hired for events such as weddings. The current owners have expressed their intent to continue the restoration of the entire building.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://balgoniecastle.co.uk/history.htm |title=History - Balgonie Castle, Fife |publisher=The Laird of Balgonie |accessdate=25 October 2013}}</ref>

==The castle==
[[Image:Balgonieplan.png|thumb|Plan of Balgonie Castle with approximate dates of construction]]
The castle is still entered via the 15th century gatehouse. This is semi-ruinous above ground level, but a guardroom and prison can be seen within. The gate opens onto a courtyard, containing a well, around which the buildings are arranged.

The ground and first floors of the keep are vaulted, the first floor containing the hall, which unusually had no great fireplace. This would originally have been entered via a moveable timber stair, prior to the construction of the present stone stair. Above the hall are two further floors, each with a fireplace and connected by a turnpike stair. The keep is topped by a pitched roof with crow stepped gables. Outside, the parapet walk and cannon spouts are of 17th-century origin, and contemporary with the enlarged windows. Some of the smaller trefoil-headed original windows survive.

In the basement of the north range is the vaulted chapel, although the remainder of the range, and the east buildings, are roofless. Walls and chimney stacks remain. The remains of earlier buildings within the courtyard were uncovered during excavations in 1978. It appears that these were demolished in the early 17th century to allow rebuilding.<ref>Reported in the NMRS Archaeology Notes for the site [http://lmid1.rcahms.gov.uk/pls/portal/newcanmore.details_gis?inumlink=31389].</ref>

Beyond the castle walls, the extensive boundary walls of the deer park survive, although damaged in parts. Large mature trees remain from the 17th century landscaping.

==Hauntings==
Several hauntings have been reported within the castle. One spectre, nicknamed 'Green Jeanie', is said to be the ghost of one of the Lundie occupants. A 17th-century soldier, a dog, and a hooded man have also been claimed to be seen. A skeleton was found in the floor of the great hall, during works in 1912.<ref>Hauntings are described in Coventry, 2001.</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://heritage.scotsman.com/spookystories/Moat-haunted.2814420.jp |title=Moat haunted - News - Scotsman.com |publisher=heritage.scotsman.com |date=2006-09-29 |accessdate=2012-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.fifetoday.co.uk/news/local-headlines/beware_the_witching_hour_1_148947 |title=Beware the witching hour - Local Headlines |publisher=Fife Today |date=2007-10-30 |accessdate=2012-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/heritage/scotland-s-specters-haunted-castles-part-1-1-2280035 |title=Scotland’s specters: Haunted castles, part 1 - Heritage |publisher=Scotsman.com |date= |accessdate=2012-05-07}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of places in Fife]]

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Coventry, Martin ''The Castles of Scotland (3rd Edition)'', Goblinshead, 2001
*Gifford, John ''The Buildings of Scotland: Fife'', Penguin, 1988
*Lindsay, Maurice ''The Castles of Scotland'', Constable & Co. 1986
*Pride, G L ''The Kingdom of Fife: An Illustrated Architectural Guide'', [[Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland|RIAS]], 1990

*[[Historic Scotland]] Listed Building Report [http://hsewsf.sedsh.gov.uk/hslive/portal.hsstart?P_HBNUM=16664]
*[[National Monuments Record of Scotland]] Site Reference NO30SW 4.00 [http://lmid1.rcahms.gov.uk/pls/portal/newcanmore.details_gis?inumlink=31389]

==External links==
{{commons}}
*[http://www.balgonie-castle.com/ Balgonie Castle website]
*[http://digital.nls.uk/scotia-depicta/pageturner.cfm?id=74582244 Engraving of Balgonie Castle] by [[James Fittler]] in the digitised copy of Scotia Depicta, or the antiquities, castles, public buildings, noblemen and gentlemen's seats, cities, towns and picturesque scenery of Scotland, 1804 at [[National Library of Scotland]]


[[Category:Castles in Fife]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Fife]]
[[Category:Category A listed buildings in Fife]]
[[Category:Listed castles in Scotland]]
[[Category:Scheduled Ancient Monuments in Scotland]]
[[Category:Reportedly haunted locations in Scotland]]
[[Category:Clan Leslie]]