Scutoid

2018-08-03T13:15:44Z

Toolnut:

[[File:Prism, frustum, prismatoid and scutoid.svg|thumb|alt=Alt text|A scutoid compared with a [[Prism|prism]], [[Frustum|frustum]], and [[Prismatoid|prismatoid]]]]
A '''scutoid''' is a [[geometric solid]] between two parallel surfaces. The boundary of each of the surfaces (and of all the other parallel surfaces between them) is a [[polygon]], and the vertices of the two end polygons are joined by either a curve or a Y-shaped connection. Scutoids present at least one vertex between these two planes. Scutoids are not necessarily convex, and lateral faces are not necessarily planar, so several scutoids can pack together to fill all the space between the two parallel surfaces.<ref name="natcomm2018">{{Cite journal |last=Gómez-Gálvez |first=Pedro |last2=Vicente-Munuera |first2=Pablo |last3=Tagua |first3=Antonio |last4=Forja |first4=Cristina |last5=Castro |first5=Ana M. |last6=Letrán |first6=Marta |last7=Valencia-Expósito |first7=Andrea |last8=Grima |first8=Clara |last9=Bermúdez-Gallardo |first9=Marina |date=2018-07-27 |title=Scutoids are a geometrical solution to three-dimensional packing of epithelia |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-05376-1.epdf |journal=Nature Communications |language=En |volume=9 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-05376-1 |issn=2041-1723}} </ref><ref name="burdick">{{Cite web |url=https://www.newyorker.com/elements/lab-notes/we-are-all-scutoids-a-brand-new-shape-explained |title=We Are All Scutoids: A Brand-New Shape, Explained |last=Burdick |first=Alan |date=July 30, 2018 |website=The New Yorker |language=en-US |access-date=2018-08-03}}</ref>

==Naming==

The object was first described in ''[[Nature Communications]]'' in July 2018, and the name ''scutoid'' was coined because of its resemblance to the shape of the [[Notum|scutum]] and [[Scutellum (insect anatomy)|scutellum]] in some insects, such as beetles in the [[Cetoniidae]] subfamily.<ref name="natcomm2018" /> Clara Grima has stated that while working on the project, the shape was called an ''escutoid'' after the name of the biology group leader Luis M. Escudero.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2_NZ1ql8B8Y|title=THE SCUTOID: did scientists discover a new shape?|last=Parker|first=Matt|date=|website=YouTube: standupmaths|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

== Appearance in nature ==
{{Quote
|text=The shape, however odd, is a building block of multicellular organisms; complex life might never have emerged on Earth without it.
|author=Alan Burdick |title=''We Are All Scutoids: A Brand New Shape, Explained''|source=<ref name="burdick" />
}}

[[File:Protaetia-cuprea-ignicollis-IZE-257.jpg|thumb|A beetle with a scutoid-esque notch, for whom the object was named.]]
[[Epithelium|Epithelial]] cells adopt the "scutoidal shape" under certain circumstances.<ref name="natcomm2018" /> In epithelia, cells can 3D-pack as scutoids, facilitating tissue curvature. This is fundamental to shape the organs during development.<ref name="natcomm2018" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gizmodo.com/the-scutoid-is-geometrys-newest-shape-and-it-could-be-1827924643|title=The 'Scutoid' Is Geometry's Newest Shape, and It Could Be All Over Your Body|last=Boddy|first=Jessica|date=|work=Gizmodo|access-date=2018-07-29|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newsweek.com/scutoid-scientists-discover-entirely-new-shape-and-its-been-hiding-inside-1045097|title=Scientists have discovered a brand-new three-dimensional shape|date=2018-07-27|work=Newsweek|access-date=2018-07-29|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Prism]]
* [[Frustum]]
* [[Prismatoid]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2_NZ1ql8B8Y THE SCUTOID: did scientists discover a new shape?] Matt Parker

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[[Category:Prismatoid polyhedra]]
[[Category:Space-filling polyhedra]]
[[Category:Volume]]
[[Category:Zonohedra]]
[[Category:Epithelium]]

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Scutoid