https://de.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=TkbrettWikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]2025-06-05T15:16:27ZBenutzerbeiträgeMediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.3https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ber%C3%BChrt-gef%C3%BChrt-Regel&diff=203784895Berührt-geführt-Regel2018-11-12T18:56:21Z<p>Tkbrett: fixed ref errors</p>
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<div>[[File:USMC-120210-M-TR039-003.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Touching a piece can incur consequences in [[Chess competition rules|competitive chess]], but not usually {{chessgloss|friendly game|informal play}}.]]<br />
<br />
The '''touch-move rule''' in [[chess]] specifies that, if a player deliberately touches a piece<ref>In the context of the [[rules of chess]], the term "piece" refers to all [[Chess piece|six piece types]], including [[Pawn (chess)|pawns]].</ref> on the [[chessboard|board]] when it is his turn to move, then he must move or capture that piece if it is legal to do so. If it is the player's piece that was touched, it must be moved if he has a legal move. If the opponent's piece was touched, it must be captured if it can be captured with a legal move. This is a [[rules of chess|rule of chess]] that is enforced in all games played in formal {{chessgloss|over-the-board}} competitions. The player claiming a touch-move violation must do so before making a move.<br />
<br />
A player who wants to adjust a piece on its square without being required to move it can announce the French ''j’adoube'' ("I adjust") before touching the piece {{harvcol|Hooper|Whyld|1992|p=425}}. While ''j'adoube'' is internationally understood, a local language equivalent such as "adjusting" is usually acceptable. A player may not touch the pieces on the board during the opponent's turn.<br />
<br />
There is [[rules of chess#Act of moving the pieces|a separate rule]] that a player who lets go of a piece after making a legal move cannot retract the move.<br />
{{AN chess|pos=toc}}<br />
<br />
==Details==<br />
If a player having the move deliberately touches one of their pieces, he must move it if it can be legally moved. So long as the hand has not left the piece on a new square, the latter can be placed on any accessible square. Accidentally touching a piece, e.g. brushing against it while reaching for another piece, does not count as a deliberate touch.<br />
<br />
If a player touches a hostile piece, then he must capture it if the piece can be captured. If a player touches one of his pieces and an opponent's piece, he must make that capture if it is a legal move. Otherwise, he is required to move or capture the first of the pieces that they touched. If it cannot be determined whether he touched his own piece or the opponent's piece first, it is assumed that he touched his own piece first. If a player touches more than one piece, he must move or capture the first piece that can be legally moved or captured. An exception to that is an attempted illegal [[castling]]; in that case the [[King (chess)|king]] must be moved if possible, but otherwise there is no requirement to move the [[Rook (chess)|rook]].<br />
<br />
When castling, the king must be the first piece touched. If the player touches his rook at the same time as touching the king, he must castle with that rook if it is legal to do so. If the player completes a two-square king move without touching a rook, the player must move the correct rook accordingly if castling on that side is legal. Otherwise, the move must be withdrawn and another king move made.<br />
<br />
When a [[Pawn (chess)|pawn]] is moved to its eighth {{chessgloss|rank}}, once the player takes his hand off the pawn, a different move of the pawn can no longer be substituted. However, the move is not complete until the [[Promotion (chess)|promoted]] piece is released on that square {{harvcol|Just|Burg|2003|pp=20–23}}.<br />
<br />
===Examples===<br />
{{Chess diagram small<br />
|tleft<br />
|Fischer vs. Donner, 1966<br />
| | |rd| | | |kd| <br />
| | | | | |pd|pd|pd<br />
|pd| | | | | | | <br />
| | | | | |qd| | <br />
| | |bl|pl| | | | <br />
|bd| | | | | |pl| <br />
|pl| |rl| | |pl| |pl<br />
| | | | | |ql|kl| <br />
|Black just moved 29...Qg5–f5.<br />
}}<br />
In the diagram, from a game between future [[World Chess Champion|world champion]] [[Bobby Fischer]] and [[Jan Hein Donner]], [[White and Black in chess|White]] had a probably winning advantage; [[White and Black in chess|Black]] had just moved 29...Qg5–f5 and White fell for a [[Swindle (chess)|swindle]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1044239 |title=Fischer vs. Donner, Santa Monica 1966 |website=[[Chessgames.com]] }}</ref> Fischer touched his [[Bishop (chess)|bishop]], intending to move 30.Bd3, which seems like a natural move, but then realized that Black could play 30...Rxc2, and after 31.Bxf5 Rc1 32.Qxc1 Bxc1, the game would be a [[draw (chess)|draw]], because of the [[opposite-coloured bishops endgame]]. After touching the bishop, he realized that 30.Bd3 was a bad move, but since he was obligated to move the bishop, and other bishop moves were even worse, after several seconds he played 30.Bd3. The [[Queen (chess)|queens]] and rooks were exchanged (as above) and a [[draw by agreement]] was reached after the 34th move. Had Fischer won the game, he would have tied with [[Boris Spassky]] for first place in the 1966 [[Piatigorsky Cup]] tournament {{harvcol|Kashdan|1968|pp=49–50}}.<br />
<br />
{{Chess diagram small<br />
|tright<br />
|Unzicker vs. Fischer, 1960<br />
|rd| |bd| | |rd|kd| <br />
| | |qd| |bd|pd|pd|pd<br />
|pd| |pd|pd|pd|nd| | <br />
| | | | | | |bl| <br />
| | | | |pl|pl| | <br />
| | |nl|bl| | |ql| <br />
|pl|pl|pl| | | |pl|pl<br />
| | |kl|rl| | | |rl<br />
|Fischer now touched his h-pawn, compelling him to play 12...h6?? or 12...h5??<br />
}}<br />
The touch-move rule produced an even more disastrous result for Fischer in his game as Black against [[Wolfgang Unzicker]] at Buenos Aires 1960.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1044529 |title=Unzicker vs. Fischer, Buenos Aires 1960 |website=[[Chessgames.com]] }}</ref> In the position diagrammed, Fischer touched his h-pawn, intending to play 12...h6. He then realized that White could simply play 13.Bxh6, since 13...gxh6 would be illegal due to the [[pin (chess)|pin]] on the g-{{chessgloss|file}} by White's queen. Having touched his h-pawn, the touch-move rule required Fischer to play either 12...h6{{chesspunc|??}} or 12...h5??, an almost equally bad move that fatally weakens Black's {{chessgloss|kingside}}. Fischer accordingly played 12...h5?? and [[resign (chess)|resigned]] just ten moves later&mdash;his shortest loss ever in a serious game {{harvcol|Mednis|1997|pp=110–11}}.<br />
{{clear}}<br />
<br />
{{Chess diagram small<br />
|tleft<br />
|Karpov vs. Chernin, 1992<br />
| | | | |ql| | | <br />
| |rd|kd| | |kl| | <br />
| | | | | | | | <br />
| | | | | | |rl|pd<br />
| | | | |pl| |pd| <br />
| | | | | | | | <br />
| | | | | | | | <br />
| | | | | | | | <br />
|Black moved 53...Kd6+, White touched his queen.<br />
}}<br />
In this position in a [[fast chess|rapid]] game between former world champion [[Anatoly Karpov]] and [[Alexander Chernin]] in Tilburg in 1992,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1069010 |title=Karpov vs. Chernin, Tilburg 1992 |website=[[Chessgames.com]] }}</ref> White had just [[promotion (chess)|promoted]] a pawn to a queen on the e8-square. Black made the [[discovered check]] 53...Kd6+. Karpov, with very little time remaining, did not see that he was in [[check (chess)|check]] and played the illegal move 54.Qe6+. The arbiter required Karpov to play a legal move with his queen instead (since he touched it), and he selected 54.Qe7+?? (54.Qd7+ Rxd7+ 55.Kg6 would still have drawn {{harvcol|Fox|James|1993|p=198}}). After 54...Rxe7+, Karpov lost the game {{harvcol|McDonald|2002|pp=224–25}}. <br />
{{clear}}<br />
<br />
{{Chess diagram small<br />
|tright<br />
|Tarrasch vs. Alapin, 1889<br />
|rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd| |rd<br />
|pd|pd|pd| | |pd|pd|pd<br />
| | | |pd| | | | <br />
| | | | | | | | <br />
| | | | |nd| | | <br />
| | | |pl| |nl| | <br />
|pl|pl|pl| | |pl|pl|pl<br />
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl| |rl<br />
|Black touched his king's bishop, mistakenly thinking White had played 5.d2–d4.<br />
}}<br />
In the 1889 game between [[Siegbert Tarrasch]] and [[Semyon Alapin]] at Breslau,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1242980 |title=Tarrasch vs. Alapin, Breslau 1889 |website=[[Chessgames.com]] }}</ref> Alapin was expecting 5.d4, the normal move after 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nxe5 d6 4.Nf3 Nxe4 in [[Petrov's Defence]]. But by the time he looked at the position he had already touched his {{chessgloss|king's bishop}}, intending 5...Be7 in reply to 5.d4, not noticing that White actually played 5.d3 attacking his knight. Now compelled to move the bishop, he would lose the knight without compensation, so resigned immediately {{harvcol|Chernev|Reinfeld|1949|p=111}}.<br />
{{clear}}<br />
<br />
==Adjusting pieces==<br />
If a player wishes to adjust the pieces on their squares without being required to move or capture the piece, the player can announce ''j’adoube'' {{IPA-fr|ʒaˈdub|}}, ({{lang-fr|I adjust}}), or words to that effect in other languages. ''J’adoube'' is internationally recognised by chess players as announcing the intent to make incidental contact with their pieces.<br />
<br />
The phrase is used to give warning from a player to their opponent that the player is about to touch a piece on the board, typically to centralise it on its square, without the intent of making a move with it. Although this French term is customary, it is not obligatory; other similar indications may be used.<ref name="adjust">[https://www.fide.com/component/handbook/?id=124&view=article FIDE Laws of Chess] Article 4.2</ref> A player may adjust a piece in this way only when it is his turn to move.<ref>[https://www.fide.com/component/handbook/?id=124&view=article FIDE Laws of Chess] Article 12.6 and 4.2</ref><br />
<br />
===Example of misuse===<br />
There have been occasions in chess history when a player has uttered ''j’adoube'' after making a losing move in order to retract it, thus attempting to avoid the touch-move rule. Such behaviour is regarded as cheating (see [[cheating in chess]]). The Yugoslav [[Grandmaster (chess)|grandmaster]] [[Milan Matulović]] was nicknamed "J’adoubovic" after such an incident {{harvcol|Hooper|Whyld|1992|pp=185,252}} {{harvcol|Lombardy|Daniels|1975|p=104}}.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
{{Chess diagram small<br />
|tright<br />
|Lindermann vs. Echtermeyer, 1893<br />
|rd|nd|bd| |kd|bd|nd|rd<br />
|pd|pd|pd| |pd|pd|pd|pd<br />
| | | | | | | | <br />
| | | |qd| | | | <br />
| | | | | | | | <br />
| | | | | | | | <br />
|pl|pl|pl|pl| |pl|pl|pl<br />
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl<br />
|White, having made an illegal move, was compelled to play instead 3.Ke2?? here, allowing 3...Qe4{{chessAN|#}}.<br />
}}<br />
The touch-move rule has existed for centuries. In the Middle Ages strict rules were considered necessary because chess was played for stakes. [[Luis Ramirez de Lucena]] gave the rule in his 1497 book ''Arte de Axdres'' {{harvcol|Sunnucks|1970|p=462}}. [[Benjamin Franklin]] referred to it in his 1786 essay ''[[The morals of chess]]'' {{harvcol|Truzzi|1974|p=14}}.<ref>Franklin wrote in his essay, first published in the ''Columbian Magazine'' in [[Philadelphia]], that one of the "laws of the game" was that "if you touch a piece, you must move it somewhere; if you set it down, you must let it stand."</ref> At one time the rule also required the player who played an illegal move to move his king. In the first half of the nineteenth century, Rule XIII of the London Chess Club provided: <blockquote>If a player make a false move, ''i.e.'', play a Piece or Pawn to any square to which it cannot legally be moved, his adversary has the choice of three penalties; viz., 1st, of compelling him to let the Piece or Pawn remain on the square to which he played it; 2nd, to move correctly to another square; 3rd, to replace the Piece or Pawn and move his King. {{harvcol|Staunton|1848|p=37}} {{harvcol|Marache|1866|p=24}}</blockquote> While this rule existed, it occasionally led to [[tragicomedy|tragicomedies]] such as in the 1893 game between Lindermann and Echtermeyer, at [[Kiel]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1242985 |title=Lindemann vs. Echtermeyer, Kiel 1893 |website=[[Chessgames.com]] }}</ref> In that game, after 1.e4 d5 2.exd5 Qxd5 White, probably intending the usual 3.Nc3, instead placed his {{chessgloss|queen's bishop}} on c3. Since that move was illegal, White was compelled to instead move his king. After the forced 3.Ke2??, Black gave [[checkmate]] with 3...Qe4# {{harvcol|Chernev|1974|p=119}}.<br />
<br />
In England, the 1862 laws of the [[British Chess Association]] rejected the above rule. The Association's Law VII provided instead that if a player made an illegal move, "he must, at the choice of the opponent, and according to the case, either move his own man legally, capture the man legally, or move any other man legally moveable." {{harvcol|Gossip|Lipschütz|1902|p=31}} {{harvcol|Steinitz|1889|p=xxi}}.<ref>Steinitz, unlike Gossip and Lipschütz, did not give a specific date for the Laws of Chess that he set forth, but wrote, "We approve in the main of the Code of Laws of the British Chess Association, which has been adopted in many Chess Congresses." Steinitz, p. xx.</ref> The German [[chess master]] [[Siegbert Tarrasch]] wrote in ''The Game of Chess'' (originally published in 1931 as ''Das Schachspiel'') that the former rule requiring a player who made an illegal move to move his king had only been changed a few years earlier {{harvcol|Tarrasch|1938|p=37}}.<ref>Tarrasch wrote, "If a player makes a move not permitted by the rules of the game or if he touches either an enemy man which cannot be taken or one of his own which cannot be moved then until recently there was a rule that as a penalty he must move his King (but not castle). ... This rule was altered a few years ago&mdash;and rightly so." Tarrasch, p. 37.</ref><br />
{{clear}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Rules of chess]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*{{cite book<br />
|last=Chernev|first=Irving|authorlink=Irving Chernev<br />
|last2=Reinfeld|first2=Fred|authorlink2=Fred Reinfeld<br />
|title=The Fireside Book of Chess<br />
|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]<br />
|year=1949<br />
|isbn= 978-0-671-21221-6<br />
|ref=harv}}<br />
*{{cite book<br />
|last=Chernev|first=Irving<br />
|authorlink=Irving Chernev<br />
|year=1974<br />
|title=Wonders and Curiosities of Chess<br />
|publisher=Dover<br />
|isbn= 0-486-23007-4<br />
|ref=harv}}<br />
*{{Citation<br />
|last1=Fox|first1=Mike<br />
|last2=James |first2=Richard<br />
|title=The Even More Complete Chess Addict<br />
|publisher=Faber and Faber<br />
|year=1993<br />
|isbn= 0-571-17040-4<br />
}}<br />
*{{cite book<br />
|last=Gossip|first=G. H. D.|authorlink=George H. D. Gossip<br />
|last2=Lipschütz|first2=S.|authorlink2=S. Lipschütz<br />
|year=1902<br />
|title=The Chess-Player's Manual<br />
|publisher=David McKay<br />
|id=<br />
|ref=harv}}<br />
* {{cite book<br />
|last=Hooper | first=David | authorlink=David Vincent Hooper<br />
|last2=Whyld | first2=Kenneth | authorlink2=Kenneth Whyld<br />
|title=[[The Oxford Companion to Chess]]<br />
|year=1992 <br />
|edition=2nd<br />
|contribution=touch and move law<br />
|publisher=Oxford University Press<br />
|isbn=0-19-280049-3<br />
|ref=harv}}<br />
*{{cite book<br />
|last=Just|first=Tim<br />
|last2=Burg|first2=Daniel B.<br />
|year=2003<br />
|title=U.S. Chess Federation's Official Rules of Chess<br />
|edition=5th<br />
|publisher=McKay<br />
|isbn= 0-8129-3559-4<br />
|ref=harv}}<br />
*{{cite book <br />
|editor-last=Kashdan <br />
|editor-first=Isaac <br />
|editor-link=Isaac Kashdan <br />
|year=1968 <br />
|title=Second Piatigorsky Cup <br />
|publisher=Dover (1977 reprint) <br />
|isbn=0-486-23572-6<br />
|ref=harv}}<br />
*{{cite book<br />
|last=Lombardy | first=William | authorlink=William Lombardy<br />
|last2=Daniels | first2=David<br />
|year=1975<br />
|title=Chess Panorama<br />
|publisher=Stein and Day<br />
|isbn=0-8128-2316-8<br />
|ref=harv}}<br />
*{{cite book<br />
|last=Marache|first=Napoleon|authorlink=Napoleon Marache<br />
|year=1866<br />
|title=Marache's Manual of Chess<br />
|edition=<br />
|publisher=Dick & Fitzgerald<br />
|ref=harv}}<br />
*{{cite book<br />
|last=McDonald|first=Neil|authorlink=Neil McDonald (chess player)<br />
|year=2002<br />
|title=Concise Chess Endings<br />
|publisher=[[Everyman Chess]]<br />
|isbn= 978-1-85744-313-4<br />
|ref=harv}}<br />
*{{cite book<br />
|last=Mednis|first=Edmar<br />
|author-link=Edmar Mednis<br />
|year=1997<br />
|title=How to Beat Bobby Fischer<br />
|edition=2nd<br />
|publisher=Dover<br />
|isbn= 0-486-29844-2<br />
|ref=harv}}<br />
*{{cite book<br />
|last=Schiller|first=Eric|authorlink=Eric Schiller<br />
|year=2003<br />
|title=Official Rules of Chess<br />
|edition=2nd<br />
|publisher=Cardoza<br />
|isbn= 978-1-58042-092-1 }}<br />
*{{cite book<br />
|last=Staunton|first=Howard|authorlink=Howard Staunton<br />
|year=1848<br />
|title=The Chess-Player's Handbook<br />
|edition=2nd<br />
|publisher=Henry C. Bohn<br />
|ref=harv}}<br />
*{{cite book<br />
|last=Steinitz|first=Wilhelm|authorlink=Wilhelm Steinitz<br />
|year=1889<br />
|title=Modern Chess Instructor<br />
|edition=<br />
|publisher=Edition Olms AG (1990 reprint)<br />
|isbn= 3-283-00111-1<br />
|ref=harv}}<br />
* {{cite book <br />
|last=Sunnucks | first=Anne |authorlink=Anne Sunnucks<br />
|year=1970 <br />
|title=The Encyclopaedia of Chess<br />
|publisher=St. Martins Press<br />
|contribution=touch and move, the rule<br />
|isbn=978-0-7091-4697-1<br />
|ref=harv}} <!-- ISBN is for the second edition --><br />
*{{cite book<br />
|last=Tarrasch|first=Siegbert|authorlink=Siegbert Tarrasch<br />
|year=1938<br />
|title=The Game of Chess<br />
|edition=<br />
|publisher=David McKay<br />
|ref=harv}}<br />
*{{cite book<br />
|editor-last=Truzzi<br />
|editor-first=Marcello<br />
|editor-link=Marcello Truzzi<br />
|year=1974<br />
|title=Chess in Literature<br />
|edition=<br />
|publisher=Avon<br />
|isbn= 0-380-00164-0<br />
|ref=harv}}<br />
<br />
{{chess}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chess rules]]</div>Tkbretthttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rohrbomben-Fall_in_den_USA_2018&diff=182207366Rohrbomben-Fall in den USA 20182018-10-26T04:52:12Z<p>Tkbrett: fixed dashes using a script</p>
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<div>{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Current event}}<br />
{{Infobox civilian attack<br />
| title = October 2018 United States bombing attempts<br />
| partof = <br />
| image = Suspicious-package-exterior-oct-2018.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = FBI photo of one of the envelopes that contained explosives.<ref>{{Cite press release|url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/press-releases/statement-on-the-fbis-investigation-of-suspicious-packages|title=Statement on the FBI’s Investigation of Suspicious Packages|publisher=Federal Bureau of Investigation|language=en-us|access-date=October 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025005530/https://www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/press-releases/statement-on-the-fbis-investigation-of-suspicious-packages|archive-date=October 25, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br />
| map =<br />
| location = United States<br />
| target = Prominent Donald Trump critics<ref name="RashbaumFeurerOct25">William K. Rashbaum, Alan Feuer & Adam Goldman, [https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/25/nyregion/bomb-explosive-device.html Pipe Bombs Investigation Turns Toward Florida as More Trump Critics Are Targeted], ''New York Times'' (October 25, 2018).</ref><ref> Cleve R. Wootson Jr. & Alex Horton, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2018/10/25/bomb-timeline-list-people-targeted-with-packages-devices/ Bomb timeline: What we know about the 10 devices sent to prominent Democrats, Trump critics], ''Washington Post'' (October 25, 2018).</ref><br />
| coordinates = <br />
| date = October 22, 2018 – present<br />
| time = <br />
| timezone = <br />
| type = Attempted [[mail bomb]]ings<br />
| fatalities =0<br />
| injuries =0<br />
| victims = <br />
| perpetrators= Unknown<br />
| assailants = <br />
| perp = <br />
| weapons = [[Pipe bomb]]s<br />
| numparts = <!-- or | numpart = --><br />
| dfens = <!-- or | dfen = --><br />
| motive =<br />
| inquiry = <br />
| coroner = <br />
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| litigation = <br />
| website =<br />
| module =<br />
}}<br />
{{Location map+ | USA | width=450 | caption=[[File:Red pog.svg|10px]] – Suspicious packages were intercepted in the following U.S. cities: [[Bedford (town), New York|Bedford, New York]]; [[Chappaqua, New York]]; Los Angeles; [[New Castle, Delaware]]; New York City; [[Sunrise, Florida]]; Washington, D.C.; and [[Wilmington, Delaware]] | relief=yes | places=<br />
{{Location map~ | USA | mark=Red pog.svg | lat=41.1333 | long=-73.3954 }}<br />
{{Location map~ | USA | mark=Red pog.svg | lat=41.0932 | long=-73.4620 }}<br />
{{Location map~ | USA | mark=Red pog.svg | lat=38.5417 | long=-77.0059 }}<br />
{{Location map~ | USA | mark=Red pog.svg | lat=40.4246 | long=-74.0021 }}<br />
{{Location map~ | USA | mark=Red pog.svg | lat=33.5539 | long=-118.1638 }}<br />
{{Location map~ | USA | mark=Red pog.svg | lat=26.0425 | long=-80.2046 }}<br />
{{Location map~ | USA | mark=Red pog.svg | lat=39.3943 | long=-75.3359 }}<br />
{{Location map~ | USA | mark=Red pog.svg | lat=39.4445 | long=-75.3248 }}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
In late October 2018, at least ten packages containing [[pipe bomb]]s were [[Mail bomb|mailed]] to several prominent [[Donald Trump]] critics in the [[United States]], including various [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] politicians ([[Hillary Clinton]], [[Barack Obama]], [[Joe Biden]], [[Eric Holder]], [[Debbie Wasserman Schultz]], [[Maxine Waters]]), actor [[Robert De Niro]], billionaire investor [[George Soros]], and former CIA Director [[John O. Brennan]].<ref name="RashbaumFeurerOct25"/> <br />
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The first bomb was placed in the mailbox at [[George Soros]]'s home in [[Bedford (town), New York|Beford, New York]].<ref name="RashbaumFeurerOct25"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/22/us/suspicious-package-george-soros/index.html|title=Explosive device found near home of billionaire investor George Soros|last=Murray|first=Kelly|publisher=[[CNN]]|access-date=October 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024004441/https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/22/us/suspicious-package-george-soros/index.html|archive-date=October 24, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Later the same day, the [[United States Secret Service]] intercepted bombs addressed to [[Barack Obama]] and [[Hillary Clinton]].<ref name="RashbaumFeurerOct25"/> [[CNN]] received one addressed to former CIA Director [[John O. Brennan]] at its New York City studios in [[Time Warner Center]], which was evacuated.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2018/10/24/suspicious-packages-delivered-clintons-obamas-cnn-what-we-know/1749205002/|title=Suspicious packages sent to Clintons, Obamas, CNN: What we know so far|work=USA TODAY|access-date=October 24, 2018|language=en|author=Marina Pitofsky|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024161609/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2018/10/24/suspicious-packages-delivered-clintons-obamas-cnn-what-we-know/1749205002/|archive-date=October 24, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="RashbaumFeurerOct25"/><br />
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A similar device was sent to former U.S. Attorney General [[Eric Holder]], which had the wrong address, was instead delivered to the Florida office of U.S. Representative [[Debbie Wasserman Schultz]], whose name and address was on the return labels of all of the packages.<ref name=ABC>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/suspicious-package-found-clintons-home-north-york-city/story?id=58713254|title=Explosive devices sent to Clinton, Obama, other Democrats, and CNN|date=October 24, 2018|publisher=[[ABC News]]|language=en|access-date=October 24, 2018|author1=Josh Margolin|author2=Bill Hutchinson|author3=Aaron Katersky|author4=Meghan Keneally|author5=Jack Date|author6=Tara Palmieri|author7=Mike Levine|author8=Pierre Thomas|author9=Julia Jacobo|author10=Karma Allen|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024152425/https://abcnews.go.com/US/suspicious-package-found-clintons-home-north-york-city/story?id=58713254|archive-date=October 24, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref> U.S. Representative [[Maxine Waters]] was targeted with two packages intercepted by authorities, one in Washington, D.C. by the [[United States Capitol Police]],<ref name="Investigating">[https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/24/feds-investigating-suspicious-package-near-clintons-new-york-home-nbc.html "2018 explosive device incidents"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024181302/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/24/feds-investigating-suspicious-package-near-clintons-new-york-home-nbc.html |date=October 24, 2018 }}. [[CNBC]]. Accessed October 24, 2018.</ref> and another in Los Angeles by the [[Los Angeles Police Department]] (LAPD) and [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives]] (ATF).<ref name=latimes/><br />
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The [[New York City Police Department]] removed a package found in [[Tribeca]] at an office used by actor [[Robert De Niro]].<ref name=deniro>[https://www.nbcnewyork.com/investigations/Pipe-Bombs-Clinton-Obama-Soros-Waters-CNN-Time-Warner-Holder-Brennan-498490732.html Similar Package Sent to Top Democrats Sent to Robert De Niro's NYC Home: Sources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025145054/https://www.nbcnewyork.com/investigations/Pipe-Bombs-Clinton-Obama-Soros-Waters-CNN-Time-Warner-Holder-Brennan-498490732.html |date=October 25, 2018 }} ''NBC New York'', October 25, 2018</ref> The [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) removed two packages found at postal facilities in [[Delaware]], addressed to former Vice President [[Joe Biden]].<ref name="delaware">{{Cite news|url=https://news.vice.com/en_us/article/xw9bxd/two-new-pipe-bombs-said-to-target-joe-biden|title=Two new pipe bombs said to target Joe Biden|date=October 25, 2018|work=[[Vice News]]|accessdate=October 25, 2018|author=Emma Ockerman}}</ref><br />
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Nobody has yet been injured in the attempted attacks, which prompted an investigation by the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] and other federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies.<ref name="RashbaumFeurerOct25"/><br />
None of the devices exploded outside of a controlled setting.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2018/10/25/suspicious-packages-new-york/1759734002/|title=More bomb-like devices found, 1 near Robert De Niro's offices in NYC and 2 addressed to Joe Biden in Delaware|last=Rice|first=Doyle|date=October 25, 2018|work=USA TODAY|access-date=October 25, 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025163431/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2018/10/25/suspicious-packages-new-york/1759734002/|archive-date=October 25, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The FBI is treating the investigation as [[domestic terrorism]].<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/25/politics/bombs-investigation/index.html The manhunt: FBI treating serial bomber as domestic terrorism] CNN, October 25, 2018</ref><br />
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== Incidents ==<br />
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===October 22–23===<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| align = right<br />
| footer = The first discovered device was targeted against [[George Soros]] (left), followed by multiple other devices targeted against high-profile [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] politicians and public figures such as [[Hillary Clinton]] (center) and [[Barack Obama]] (right).<br />
| image1 = George Soros 47th Munich Security Conference 2011 crop.jpg<br />
| width1 = 110<br />
| image2 = Hillary Clinton official Secretary of State portrait crop.jpg<br />
| width2 = 110<br />
| image3 = President Barack Obama (cropped).jpg<br />
| width3 = 110<br />
}}<br />
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A device was found in the mailbox at the home of [[George Soros]] in [[Bedford (town), New York|Bedford, New York]], on October 22.<ref>{{cite news |title=Explosive device found in Soros post box |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45949737 |accessdate=October 24, 2018 |work=BBC News |date=October 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024001020/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45949737 |archive-date=October 24, 2018 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref> A device addressed to [[Hillary Clinton]] was discovered the following evening, before it reached her home in [[Chappaqua, New York]].<ref name=cnn/><br />
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===October 24===<br />
A device addressed to former President [[Barack Obama]] was intercepted by [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] during a mail screening in [[Washington, D.C.]] on October 24.<ref name=cnn/> Additionally, a package containing an explosive and a suspicious powder was found in CNN's mail room in the [[Time Warner Center]] in [[New York City]], addressed to former CIA Director [[John O. Brennan]] (misspelled as "Brenan").<ref name=cnnpackage/> CNN reported that law enforcement said the package was delivered by courier.<ref name=cnn>[https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/24/politics/bill-clinton-hillary-clinton-chappaqua/index.html 'Act of terror': Bombs sent to CNN, Clintons, Obamas, Holder] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024201500/https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/24/politics/bill-clinton-hillary-clinton-chappaqua/index.html |date=October 24, 2018 }} CNN, October 24, 2018</ref> Brennan has served as a senior national security and intelligence analyst for [[MSNBC]] and [[NBC News]] since February 2018, but has appeared on CNN in the past.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thewrap.com/ex-cia-chief-john-brennan-signs-as-msnbc-nbc-as-contributor/|title=Ex-CIA Chief John Brennan Signs as MSNBC/NBC as Contributor|date=February 2, 2018|publisher=TheWrap|access-date=February 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204054809/https://www.thewrap.com/ex-cia-chief-john-brennan-signs-as-msnbc-nbc-as-contributor/|archive-date=February 4, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The bomb alarm went off during ''[[CNN Newsroom]]'' with [[Poppy Harlow]] and [[Jim Sciutto]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vs87ARqHnio|title=Watch CNN Anchors Report On Their Own Office Being Evacuated Over Pipe Bomb – NBC News|accessdate=2018-10-25|author=NBC News|publisher=www.nbc.com|date=2018-10-24}}</ref> They left the building and together with their colleague [[Kate Bolduan]] and Athena Jones and kept reporting via [[skype]] over a [[cellphone]] line.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpj.org/2018/10/cnn-mail-bomb-is-latest-case-of-attacks-and-threat.php|title=CNN mail bomb is latest case of attacks and threats against US news rooms|date=2018-10-24|accessdate=2018-10-25|publisher=www.cpj.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/KateBolduan/status/1055190600901910531|title=Twitter post by Bolduan|accessdate=2018-10-25|author=Kate Bolduan|date=2018-10-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/10/24/18019236/pipe-bomb-removal-nypd-nyc-obama-clinton-cnn|title=How police use a ‘total containment vessel’ to haul away explosive devices|accessdate=2018-10-25|publisher=www.theverge.com|author=Andrew J. Hawkins|date=2018-10-24}}</ref><br />
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A suspicious package addressed to U.S. Representative [[Maxine Waters]] was intercepted by [[United States Capitol Police]].<ref name="cnn" /> A package addressed to former U.S. Attorney General [[Eric Holder]] with the wrong address and returned to the purported sender, U.S. Representative [[Debbie Wasserman Schultz]].<ref name="cnn" /> A second package addressed to Waters led to the evacuation of a U.S. Postal Service facility in South Central Los Angeles.<ref name=latimes>[http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-waters-la-mail-20181024-story.html Package addressed to Rep. Maxine Waters prompts evacuation of South L.A. mail facility] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025012242/http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-waters-la-mail-20181024-story.html |date=October 25, 2018 }} ''Los Angeles Times'', October 24, 2018</ref><br />
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===October 25===<br />
In the early morning hours of October 25, a package was found in [[Tribeca]], New York City, addressed to actor [[Robert De Niro]] via his company [[TriBeCa Productions]].<ref name=deniro/><br />
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Authorities also found a package in [[New Castle, Delaware]], addressed to former Vice President [[Joe Biden]] (whose full name, Joseph Robinette Biden Jr., was used). It was returned to the post office due to insufficient postage.<ref name=delaware/> A second package meant for Biden, this one with a wrong address, was found at a facility in [[Wilmington, Delaware]].<ref name=delaware/><br />
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The [[Miami-Dade Police Department]] and federal authorities believe several of the packages went through a mail processing and distribution center in [[Opa-locka, Florida]] and are currently searching the facility with a bomb squad and K-9 unit.<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/clintons-obama-suspicious-packages/index.html Bomb squad called to assist in package investigation at Florida mail facility] CNN, October 25, 2018</ref><br />
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== Devices and envelopes ==<br />
{{external media<br />
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|video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DoDIaZE0KHo, Officials Give an Update on Columbus Circle Explosive Device, CBS New York (October 24)]<br />
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The devices are believed to be [[pipe bomb]]s. [[New York City Police Commissioner]] [[James P. O'Neill]] has stated that law enforcement also found an envelope [[Anthrax hoax|containing white powder]] in the package sent to CNN.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45969100|title='Explosives' sent to Clintons and Obama|date=October 24, 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=October 24, 2018|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024150059/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45969100|archive-date=October 24, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref> A law enforcement official told reporters that the devices sent to Clinton and Obama were similar in design to the one that was sent to Soros.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-explosive-devices-20181024-story.html|title=Potential explosive devices sent to Obama, Hillary Clinton, former CIA chief John Brennan and former Atty. Gen. Holder – Los Angeles Times|author1=Noah Bierman|author2=Del Quentin Wilber|author3=Richard Winton|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=October 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024173015/http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-explosive-devices-20181024-story.html|archive-date=October 24, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref> [[John Miller (police official)|John Miller]], the [[New York City Police Department]]'s Head of Intelligence and Counter-terrorism, stated that all the confirmed bombs appeared to come from the same person or persons.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-obama-clinton-bomb-explosive-device-20181024-story.html|title=Crude pipe bombs sent to Obama, Clintons in attacks aimed at prominent Democrats; CNN also targeted|author1=Michael Balsamo|author2=Eric Tucker|author3=Colleen Long|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|access-date=October 24, 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024173440/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-obama-clinton-bomb-explosive-device-20181024-story.html|archive-date=October 24, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br />
The device was adorned with a [[novelty item]] parody [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIL]] flag with the inscription "Get 'Er Done", a catchphrase of standup comedian [[Larry the Cable Guy]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Collins |first1=Ben |title=Explosive device sent to CNN featured parody ISIS flag, 'Get Er Done' inscription |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/explosive-device-sent-cnn-featured-parody-isis-flag-get-er-n924166 |accessdate=October 25, 2018 |agency=NBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025012234/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/explosive-device-sent-cnn-featured-parody-isis-flag-get-er-n924166 |archive-date=October 25, 2018 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref><br />
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According to ''[[The New York Times]]'', the device sent to [[George Soros]]'s house was constructed from a length of pipe about {{convert|6|in|spell=in}} long filled with explosive powder, and was proactively detonated by [[Bomb disposal|bomb squad]] technicians.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/10/24/18018256/explosive-device-bomb-clinton-obama-cnn-soros|title=Someone sent explosive devices to the Clintons and Obamas. Here’s what we know.|last=Coaston|first=Jane|date=October 24, 2018|work=Vox|access-date=October 24, 2018}}</ref> Authorities reported that the devices recovered October 24 were packed with shards of glass.<ref name=":2" /> According to the [[Associated Press]], a law enforcement official says tests have determined that the powder found inside an envelope delivered to CNN along with a pipe bomb was harmless.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hays |first1=Tom |title=The Latest: 2 suspicious packages addressed to Rep. Waters |url=https://www.apnews.com/5c93ac06309c4ce88e8cd5023f89feca |accessdate=October 25, 2018 |agency=Associated Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024235524/https://www.apnews.com/5c93ac06309c4ce88e8cd5023f89feca |archive-date=October 24, 2018 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref><br />
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The envelopes were labeled with the return address of the office of [[Debbie Wasserman Schultz]] in [[Sunrise, Florida]]. All contained the same spelling errors (Schultz was misspelled "Shultz" and Florida was misspelled "Florids").<ref name=ABC/> All of the packages were sent in yellow manila envelopes lined with bubble wrap and given a printed label and six [[Forever stamp]]s.<ref name=":1" /> Photographs of the package delivered to the CNN mail room were posted to Twitter by [[Jim Sciutto]] and [[Jim Acosta]].<ref name="cnnpackage">{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/jimsciutto/status/1055148005970665472|title=Jim Sciutto (@jimsciutto) {{!}} Twitter|website=twitter.com|language=en|access-date=October 24, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jim Acosta on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/Acosta/status/1055147149158219778 |website=Twitter |accessdate=October 24, 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024184445/https://twitter.com/Acosta/status/1055147149158219778 |archive-date=October 24, 2018 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref><br />
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== Investigation ==<br />
The [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI), [[United States Secret Service]], the [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives]] (ATF), [[New York City Police Department]], [[Los Angeles Police Department]], and other law enforcement agencies are investigating the mailing of the devices and the intent of the sender.<ref name=ABC/><br />
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Several of the mail bombs were sent to the [[FBI Laboratory]] in [[Quantico, Virginia]], for inspection.<ref name="RashbaumFeurerOct25"/><br />
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Images of envelopes taken by the [[U.S. Postal Service]]'s [[Mail Isolation Control and Tracking]] system have been examined as part of the investigation.<ref name="RashbaumFeurerOct25"/><br />
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==Reactions==<br />
=== Political ===<br />
[[File:President Trump Condemns Mailing of Explosive Devices to Democrats.webm|thumb|right|200px|'President Trump Condemns Mailing of Explosive Devices to Democrats'. From a speech made at the White House on October 24. Video from [[Voice of America]].]]<br />
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{{tweet |text=A very big part of the Anger we see today in our society is caused by the purposely false and inaccurate reporting of the Mainstream Media that I refer to as Fake News. It has gotten so bad and hateful that it is beyond description. Mainstream Media must clean up its act, FAST! |name=Donald J. Trump |username=realDonaldTrump |id=1055418269270716418 |date=25 October 2018}}<br />
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Hillary Clinton and [[Chelsea Clinton]] both thanked the Secret Service for intercepting the package; Hillary Clinton said "Every day we are grateful for their commitment, and obviously never more than today, but it is a troubling time isn't it? And its a time of deep divisions, and we have to do everything we can to bring our country together."<ref name = react>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/clinton-reacts-suspicious-packages-home-obamas/story?id=58717386|title=John Brennan, Hillary Clinton react to suspicious packages addressed to them and others|date=October 25, 2018|publisher=[[ABC News]]|language=en|access-date=October 25, 2018|author1=Cheyenne Haslett|author2=Erica Y King|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024232044/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/clinton-reacts-suspicious-packages-home-obamas/story?id=58717386|archive-date=October 24, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref> John Brennan pointed directly to Trump's rhetoric, saying that Trump "fuels these feelings and sentiments that now are bleeding over into potential acts of violence... Unfortunately, I think Donald Trump, too often, has helped to incite some of these feelings of anger, if not violence, when he points to acts of violence or also talks about, you know, swinging at somebody from the press or the media."<ref name = react/> Several sources pointed out that some of the targets of the mailings, such as Clinton and Waters, are people that Trump routinely attacks at his campaign rallies – his "favorite punching bags".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/mail-attacks-trump-rhetoric_us_5bd09d8ce4b0d38b587f12e2|title=All The Targets In This Week’s Mail Attacks Have Been Trump’s Worst Enemies|last=Campbell|first=Andy|date=October 24, 2018|work=Huffington Post|accessdate=26 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://people.com/politics/donald-trump-insulted-targets-pipe-bombs/|title=All the Times Donald Trump Has Insulted the Targets of Attempted Pipe Bomb Attacks|last=Pasquini|first=Maria|date=October 25, 2018|work=People|accessdate=26 October 2018}}</ref> New York Mayor [[Bill de Blasio]] described the packages as "an act of terror" and stated that all politicians must stop encouraging attacks on media.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/oct/24/clinton-bomb-reports-delivery-home-new-york-hillary-bill-latest|title=Suspected bombs sent to prominent Trump critics 'an act of terror'|last=Swaine|first=Jon|date=October 24, 2018|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=October 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024170832/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/oct/24/clinton-bomb-reports-delivery-home-new-york-hillary-bill-latest|archive-date=October 24, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref> [[Joe Biden]] said of the attempts, "we’ve got to turn off this hate machine."<ref>[https://globalnews.ca/video/4597365/joe-biden-says-weve-got-to-turn-off-this-hate-machine-in-reaction-to-pipe-bombs Joe Biden says ‘we’ve got to turn off this hate machine’ in reaction to pipe bombs] Global News, October 25, 2018</ref><br />
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President [[Donald Trump]] held a midterm campaign rally in [[Mosinee, Wisconsin]], on October 24, during the height of the incident. He said of the bombings: {{Quote|My highest duty, as you know, as President, is to keep America safe. That's what we talk about. That's what we do. The federal government is conducting an aggressive investigation and we will find those responsible and we will bring them to justice. Hopefully very quickly. Any acts or threats of political violence are an attack on our democracy, itself. No nation can succeed that tolerates violence or the threat of violence as a method of political intimidation, coercion, or control. We all know that. Such conduct must be fiercely opposed and firmly prosecuted. We want all sides to come together in peace and harmony. We can do it. We can do it. We can do it. It will happen.<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/trump-rally-wisconsin-october-2018/index.html Follow President Trump's rally in Wisconsin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025003759/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/trump-rally-wisconsin-october-2018/index.html |date=October 25, 2018 }} CNN, October 24, 2018</ref>}}<br />
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The next day, Trump claimed on Twitter that the [[mainstream media]] were largely responsible for anger present in American society.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stracqualursi |first1=Veronica |last2=Stark |first2=Liz |title=Trump claims media to blame for 'anger' after bombs sent to CNN, Dems |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/25/politics/trump-blames-media-for-anger-after-attacks/index.html |accessdate=October 25, 2018 |work=CNN |date=October 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025134525/https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/25/politics/trump-blames-media-for-anger-after-attacks/index.html |archive-date=October 25, 2018 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref> His comments were echoed by [[White House Press Secretary]] [[Sarah Huckabee Sanders]], who said that Trump had urged the public to come together and had sent a very clear, strong unmistakable message that acts or threats of political violence had no standing in the U.S. Sanders then attacked statements by the CNN President, claiming that he "chose to attack and divide".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newsweek.com/sarah-sanders-scolds-cnn-president-jeff-zucker-you-chose-attack-and-divide-1186827|title=Sarah Huckabee Sanders hits back at CNN boss saying "You chose to attack and divide"|last=Cole|first=Brendan|date=2018-10-25|work=Newsweek|access-date=2018-10-25|language=en}}</ref><br />
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=== Media ===<br />
NBC pointed to an October 18 rally in which Trump praised the physical attack on reporter [[Ben Jacobs (journalist)|Ben Jacobs]] committed by Republican Congressman [[Greg Gianforte]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Todd |first1=Chuck |last2=Murray |first2=Mark |last3=Dann |first3=Carrie |title=After pipe bombs were sent to Democrats, Trump preaches civility. But he doesn't practice it. |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/first-read/trump-preaches-civility-after-bomb-scares-he-doesn-t-practice-n924301 |accessdate=October 25, 2018 |work=NBC |date=October 25, 2018}}</ref><br />
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CNN President [[Jeff Zucker]] said about the mailings, "There is a total and complete lack of understanding at the White House about the seriousness of their continued attacks on the media. The president, and especially the White House press secretary, should understand their words matter. Thus far, they have shown no comprehension of that."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cnn-president-jeff-zucker-blasts-trump-white-house-cnn-bomb-scare-1154778|title=CNN President Jeff Zucker Blasts Trump White House After Bomb Threat: "Words Matter"|last=Barr|first=Jeremy|date=October 24, 2018|work=The Hollywood Reporter|access-date=October 25, 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024231818/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cnn-president-jeff-zucker-blasts-trump-white-house-cnn-bomb-scare-1154778|archive-date=October 24, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref> <br />
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Conservative commentators such as Kurt Schlicter and conspiracy theorist [[Alex Jones]] quickly issued social media posts and articles through ''[[InfoWars|Infowars]],'' to assert their belief that the incidents were [[false flag]]s and a "super convenient turn of events" and a potential "political stunt". Many of the comments were quickly deleted as more information was received about the case.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2018/10/right-wing-commentators-have-already-decided-the-explosive-packages-are-a-false-flag/|title=Right-wing commentators have already decided the explosive packages are a false flag|last=Spinelli|first=Dan|date=October 24, 2018|work=Mother Jones|access-date=October 25, 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025000649/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2018/10/right-wing-commentators-have-already-decided-the-explosive-packages-are-a-false-flag/|archive-date=October 25, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Others, such as commentator [[Rush Limbaugh]], protested the idea that Republicans were behind the packages, claiming that "Republicans just don't do this kind of thing. Even though every event, like [[Mass shootings in the United States|mass shootings]], remember, every mass shooting there is, the Democrats in the media try to make everybody think right off the bat that some [[Tea Party movement|tea partier]] did it, or some talk radio fan did it, or some [[Fox News]] viewer did it. Turns out, it's never, ever the case." Limbaugh instead raised unsubstantiated claims that the perpetrator might have been a "Democrat operative...attempting to create the appearance that there are mobs everywhere."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/media/412969-limbaugh-on-bomb-threats-to-democrats-republicans-just-dont-do-this-kind-of|title=Limbaugh on bomb threats to Democrats: 'Republicans just don't do this kind of thing'|last=Wise|first=Justin|date=October 24, 2018|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|access-date=October 25, 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024200917/https://thehill.com/homenews/media/412969-limbaugh-on-bomb-threats-to-democrats-republicans-just-dont-do-this-kind-of|archive-date=October 24, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|Terrorism|United States}}<br />
* [[1919 United States anarchist bombings]]<br />
* [[2001 anthrax attacks]]<br />
* [[Assassination threats against Barack Obama]]<br />
* [[List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots#Bill Clinton|Assassination threats against Bill Clinton]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
[[Category:2018 in American politics]]<br />
[[Category:2018 crimes in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:2018 in New York City]]<br />
[[Category:Barack Obama]]<br />
[[Category:CNN]]<br />
[[Category:Current events from October 2018]]<br />
[[Category:Democratic Party (United States)]]<br />
[[Category:Failed terrorist attempts in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:George Soros]]<br />
[[Category:Hillary Clinton]]<br />
[[Category:October 2018 crimes]]<br />
[[Category:October 2018 events in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Presidency of Donald Trump]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorism in 2018]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorism in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorist incidents involving postal systems]]</div>Tkbretthttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rohrbomben-Fall_in_den_USA_2018&diff=182207287Rohrbomben-Fall in den USA 20182018-10-25T23:16:15Z<p>Tkbrett: (autoed)</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Current event}}<br />
{{Infobox civilian attack<br />
| title = October 2018 United States bombing attempts<br />
| partof = <br />
| image = Suspicious-package-exterior-oct-2018.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = FBI photo of one of the envelopes that contained explosives (with addressee information obscured).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/press-releases/statement-on-the-fbis-investigation-of-suspicious-packages|title=Statement on the FBI’s Investigation of Suspicious Packages|website=Federal Bureau of Investigation|language=en-us|access-date=October 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025005530/https://www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/press-releases/statement-on-the-fbis-investigation-of-suspicious-packages|archive-date=October 25, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br />
| map =<br />
| location = United States<br />
| target = [[Modern liberalism in the United States|Liberal]] politicians and public figures<br />
| coordinates = <br />
| date = October 22, 2018 – present<br />
| time = <br />
| timezone = <br />
| type = Attempted bombings<br />
| fatalities =0<br />
| injuries =0<br />
| victims = <br />
| perpetrators= Unknown<br />
| assailants = <br />
| perp = <br />
| weapons = Mailed pipe bombs<br />
| numparts = <!-- or | numpart = --><br />
| dfens = <!-- or | dfen = --><br />
| motive =<br />
| inquiry = <br />
| coroner = <br />
| accused = <br />
| convicted = <br />
| verdict = <br />
| convictions = <br />
| charges = <br />
| litigation = <br />
| website =<br />
| module =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
In late October 2018, packages containing [[pipe bomb]]s were sent to several [[United States|American]] [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] politicians and public figures, including [[Hillary Clinton]], [[Barack Obama]] and [[Joe Biden]]. [[CNN]] received one addressed to former CIA Director [[John O. Brennan]] at its New York City studios in [[Time Warner Center]], which was evacuated.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2018/10/24/suspicious-packages-delivered-clintons-obamas-cnn-what-we-know/1749205002/|title=Suspicious packages sent to Clintons, Obamas, CNN: What we know so far|work=USA TODAY|access-date=October 24, 2018|language=en|author=Marina Pitofsky|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024161609/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2018/10/24/suspicious-packages-delivered-clintons-obamas-cnn-what-we-know/1749205002/|archive-date=October 24, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2018/10/24/bomb-sent-bill-hillary-clintons-home-new-york-city-suburb/|title=Suspected bombs sent to Obama, Clinton and CNN offices, officials say|date=October 24, 2018|work=[[The Washington Post]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024151102/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2018/10/24/bomb-sent-bill-hillary-clintons-home-new-york-city-suburb/|archive-date=October 24, 2018|dead-url=no|access-date=October 24, 2018|author1=Devlin Barrett|author2=Mark Berman|author3=Cleve R. Wootson, Jr.|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="cbs">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/live-news/suspicious-packages-pipe-bomb-clinton-obama-cnn-nyc-wasserman-schultz-office-live-updates/|title=More suspicious packages found as investigators search for sender|date=October 25, 2018|work=[[CBS News]]|access-date=October 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024192413/https://www.cbsnews.com/live-news/suspicious-packages-pipe-bomb-clinton-obama-cnn-nyc-wasserman-schultz-office-live-updates/|archive-date=October 24, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
A similar device was placed in the mailbox at the home of billionaire investor [[George Soros]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/22/us/suspicious-package-george-soros/index.html|title=Explosive device found near home of billionaire investor George Soros|last=Murray|first=Kelly|publisher=[[CNN]]|access-date=October 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024004441/https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/22/us/suspicious-package-george-soros/index.html|archive-date=October 24, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref> One device sent to former U.S. Attorney General [[Eric Holder]], which had the wrong address, was instead delivered to the Florida office of U.S. Representative [[Debbie Wasserman Schultz]], whose name and address was on the return labels of all of the packages.<ref name=ABC>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/suspicious-package-found-clintons-home-north-york-city/story?id=58713254|title=Explosive devices sent to Clinton, Obama, other Democrats, and CNN|date=October 24, 2018|publisher=[[ABC News]]|language=en|access-date=October 24, 2018|author1=Josh Margolin|author2=Bill Hutchinson|author3=Aaron Katersky|author4=Meghan Keneally|author5=Jack Date|author6=Tara Palmieri|author7=Mike Levine|author8=Pierre Thomas|author9=Julia Jacobo|author10=Karma Allen|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024152425/https://abcnews.go.com/US/suspicious-package-found-clintons-home-north-york-city/story?id=58713254|archive-date=October 24, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="cbs" /> U.S. Representative [[Maxine Waters]] was targeted with two packages intercepted by authorities, one in Washington, D.C. by the [[United States Capitol Police]],<ref name="Investigating">[https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/24/feds-investigating-suspicious-package-near-clintons-new-york-home-nbc.html "2018 explosive device incidents"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024181302/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/24/feds-investigating-suspicious-package-near-clintons-new-york-home-nbc.html |date=October 24, 2018 }}. [[CNBC]]. Accessed October 24, 2018.</ref> and another in Los Angeles by the [[Los Angeles Police Department]] and [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives]].<ref name=latimes/><br />
<br />
The [[New York City Police Department]] was investigating a package found in [[Tribeca]] at an office owned by actor [[Robert De Niro]].<ref name=deniro>[https://www.nbcnewyork.com/investigations/Pipe-Bombs-Clinton-Obama-Soros-Waters-CNN-Time-Warner-Holder-Brennan-498490732.html Similar Package Sent to Top Democrats Sent to Robert De Niro's NYC Home: Sources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025145054/https://www.nbcnewyork.com/investigations/Pipe-Bombs-Clinton-Obama-Soros-Waters-CNN-Time-Warner-Holder-Brennan-498490732.html |date=October 25, 2018 }} ''NBC New York'', October 25, 2018</ref> The [[FBI]] was investigating two packages found at postal facilities in [[Delaware]], addressed to former Vice President [[Joe Biden]].<ref name="delaware">{{Cite news|url=https://news.vice.com/en_us/article/xw9bxd/two-new-pipe-bombs-said-to-target-joe-biden|title=Two new pipe bombs said to target Joe Biden|date=October 25, 2018|work=[[Vice News]]|accessdate=October 25, 2018|author=Emma Ockerman}}</ref><br />
<br />
None of the devices discovered caused injuries or exploded outside of a controlled setting.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2018/10/25/suspicious-packages-new-york/1759734002/|title=More bomb-like devices found, 1 near Robert De Niro's offices in NYC and 2 addressed to Joe Biden in Delaware|last=Rice|first=Doyle|date=October 25, 2018|work=USA TODAY|access-date=October 25, 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025163431/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2018/10/25/suspicious-packages-new-york/1759734002/|archive-date=October 25, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Incidents ==<br />
<br />
===October 22–23===<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| align = right<br />
| footer = The first discovered device was targeted against [[George Soros]] (left), followed by multiple other devices targeted against high-profile [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] politicians and public figures such as [[Hillary Clinton]] (center) and [[Barack Obama]] (right).<br />
| image1 = George Soros 47th Munich Security Conference 2011 crop.jpg<br />
| width1 = 110<br />
| image2 = Hillary Clinton official Secretary of State portrait crop.jpg<br />
| width2 = 110<br />
| image3 = President Barack Obama (cropped).jpg<br />
| width3 = 110<br />
}}<br />
<br />
A device was found in the mailbox at the home of [[George Soros]] in [[Bedford (town), New York|Bedford, New York]], on October 22.<ref>{{cite news |title=Explosive device found in Soros post box |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45949737 |accessdate=October 24, 2018 |work=BBC News |date=October 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024001020/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45949737 |archive-date=October 24, 2018 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref> A device addressed to [[Hillary Clinton]] was discovered the following evening, before it reached her home in [[Chappaqua, New York]].<ref name=cnn/><br />
<br />
===October 24===<br />
A device addressed to former President [[Barack Obama]] was intercepted by [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] during a mail screening in [[Washington, D.C.]] on October 24.<ref name=cnn/> Additionally, a package containing an explosive and a suspicious powder was found in CNN's mail room in the [[Time Warner Center]] in [[New York City]], addressed to former CIA Director [[John O. Brennan]] (misspelled as "Brenan").<ref name=cnnpackage/> CNN reported that law enforcement said the package was delivered by courier.<ref name=cnn>[https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/24/politics/bill-clinton-hillary-clinton-chappaqua/index.html 'Act of terror': Bombs sent to CNN, Clintons, Obamas, Holder] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024201500/https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/24/politics/bill-clinton-hillary-clinton-chappaqua/index.html |date=October 24, 2018 }} CNN, October 24, 2018</ref> Brennan has served as a senior national security and intelligence analyst for [[MSNBC]] and [[NBC News]] since February 2018, but has appeared on CNN in the past.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thewrap.com/ex-cia-chief-john-brennan-signs-as-msnbc-nbc-as-contributor/|title=Ex-CIA Chief John Brennan Signs as MSNBC/NBC as Contributor|date=February 2, 2018|publisher=TheWrap|access-date=February 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204054809/https://www.thewrap.com/ex-cia-chief-john-brennan-signs-as-msnbc-nbc-as-contributor/|archive-date=February 4, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
A suspicious package addressed to U.S. Representative [[Maxine Waters]] was intercepted by [[United States Capitol Police]].<ref name="cnn" /> A package addressed to former U.S. Attorney General [[Eric Holder]] with the wrong address and returned to the purported sender, U.S. Representative [[Debbie Wasserman Schultz]].<ref name="cnn" /> A second package addressed to Waters led to the evacuation of a U.S. Postal Service facility in South Central Los Angeles.<ref name=latimes>[http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-waters-la-mail-20181024-story.html Package addressed to Rep. Maxine Waters prompts evacuation of South L.A. mail facility] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025012242/http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-waters-la-mail-20181024-story.html |date=October 25, 2018 }} ''Los Angeles Times'', October 24, 2018</ref><br />
<br />
===October 25===<br />
In the early morning hours of October 25, a package was found in [[Tribeca]] addressed to actor [[Robert De Niro]] via his company [[TriBeCa Productions]].<ref name=deniro/><br />
<br />
Authorities also found a package in [[New Castle, Delaware]], addressed to former Vice President [[Joe Biden]] (whose full name, Joseph Robinette Biden Jr., was used). It was returned to the post office due to insufficient postage.<ref name=delaware/> A second, identical package meant for Biden, this one with a wrong address, was found at a facility in [[Wilmington, Delaware]].<ref name=delaware/><br />
<br />
== Devices and envelopes ==<br />
{{external media<br />
|float=right<br />
|video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DoDIaZE0KHo, Officials Give an Update on Columbus Circle Explosive Device, CBS New York (October 24)]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The devices are believed to be [[pipe bomb]]s. [[New York City Police Commissioner]] [[James P. O'Neill]] has stated that law enforcement also found an envelope [[Anthrax hoax|containing white powder]] in the package sent to CNN.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45969100|title='Explosives' sent to Clintons and Obama|date=October 24, 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=October 24, 2018|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024150059/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45969100|archive-date=October 24, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref> A law enforcement official told reporters that the devices sent to Clinton and Obama were similar in design to the one that was sent to Soros.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-explosive-devices-20181024-story.html|title=Potential explosive devices sent to Obama, Hillary Clinton, former CIA chief John Brennan and former Atty. Gen. Holder – Los Angeles Times|author1=Noah Bierman|author2=Del Quentin Wilber|author3=Richard Winton|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=October 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024173015/http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-explosive-devices-20181024-story.html|archive-date=October 24, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref> [[John Miller (police official)|John Miller]], the [[New York City Police Department]]'s Head of Intelligence and Counter-terrorism, stated that all the confirmed bombs appeared to come from the same person or persons.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-obama-clinton-bomb-explosive-device-20181024-story.html|title=Crude pipe bombs sent to Obama, Clintons in attacks aimed at prominent Democrats; CNN also targeted|author1=Michael Balsamo|author2=Eric Tucker|author3=Colleen Long|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|access-date=October 24, 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024173440/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-obama-clinton-bomb-explosive-device-20181024-story.html|archive-date=October 24, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
According to ''[[The New York Times]]'', the device sent to Soros's house was constructed from a length of pipe about {{convert|6|in|spell=in}} long filled with explosive powder, and was proactively detonated by [[Bomb disposal|bomb squad]] technicians.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/10/24/18018256/explosive-device-bomb-clinton-obama-cnn-soros|title=Someone sent explosive devices to the Clintons and Obamas. Here’s what we know.|last=Coaston|first=Jane|date=October 24, 2018|work=Vox|access-date=October 24, 2018}}</ref> Authorities reported that the devices recovered October 24 were packed with shards of glass.<ref name=":2" /> According to the [[Associated Press]], a law enforcement official says tests have determined that the powder found inside an envelope delivered to CNN along with a pipe bomb was harmless.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hays |first1=Tom |title=The Latest: 2 suspicious packages addressed to Rep. Waters |url=https://www.apnews.com/5c93ac06309c4ce88e8cd5023f89feca |accessdate=October 25, 2018 |agency=Associated Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024235524/https://www.apnews.com/5c93ac06309c4ce88e8cd5023f89feca |archive-date=October 24, 2018 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref><br />
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The envelopes were labeled with the return address of the office of U.S. Representative [[Debbie Wasserman Schultz]] in [[Sunrise, Florida]]. All contained the same spelling errors (Schultz was misspelled "Shultz" and Florida was misspelled "Florids").<ref name=ABC/> All of the packages were sent in yellow manila envelopes lined with bubble wrap and given a printed label and six [[Forever stamp]]s.<ref name=":1" /> Photographs of the package delivered to the CNN mail room were posted to Twitter by [[Jim Sciutto]] and [[Jim Acosta]].<ref name="cnnpackage">{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/jimsciutto/status/1055148005970665472|title=Jim Sciutto (@jimsciutto) {{!}} Twitter|website=twitter.com|language=en|access-date=October 24, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jim Acosta on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/Acosta/status/1055147149158219778 |website=Twitter |accessdate=October 24, 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024184445/https://twitter.com/Acosta/status/1055147149158219778 |archive-date=October 24, 2018 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The device was adorned with a parody [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIL]] flag with the inscription "Get 'Er Done", a catchphrase of standup comedian [[Larry the Cable Guy]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Collins |first1=Ben |title=Explosive device sent to CNN featured parody ISIS flag, 'Get Er Done' inscription |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/explosive-device-sent-cnn-featured-parody-isis-flag-get-er-n924166 |accessdate=October 25, 2018 |agency=NBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025012234/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/explosive-device-sent-cnn-featured-parody-isis-flag-get-er-n924166 |archive-date=October 25, 2018 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Investigation ==<br />
The [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI), [[United States Secret Service]], the [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives]] (ATF), New York City Police Department, [[Los Angeles Police Department]], and other law enforcement agencies are investigating the mailing of the devices and the intent of the sender.<ref name=ABC/><br />
<br />
==Reactions==<br />
=== Political ===<br />
[[File:President Trump Condemns Mailing of Explosive Devices to Democrats.webm|thumb|right|200px|'President Trump Condemns Mailing of Explosive Devices to Democrats'. From a speech made at the White House on October 24. Video from [[Voice of America]].]]<br />
<br />
{{tweet |text=A very big part of the Anger we see today in our society is caused by the purposely false and inaccurate reporting of the Mainstream Media that I refer to as Fake News. It has gotten so bad and hateful that it is beyond description. Mainstream Media must clean up its act, FAST! |name=Donald J. Trump |username=realDonaldTrump |id=1055418269270716418 |date=25 October 2018}}<br />
<br />
Hillary and [[Chelsea Clinton]] responded to the incident, as did [[Mike Pence]], [[Ivanka Trump]], and [[Mitch McConnell]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/clinton-reacts-suspicious-packages-home-obamas/story?id=58717386|title=John Brennan, Hillary Clinton react to suspicious packages addressed to them and others|date=October 25, 2018|publisher=[[ABC News]]|language=en|access-date=October 25, 2018|author1=Cheyenne Haslett|author2=Erica Y King|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024232044/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/clinton-reacts-suspicious-packages-home-obamas/story?id=58717386|archive-date=October 24, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref> New York Mayor [[Bill de Blasio]] described the packages as "an act of terror" and stated that all politicians must stop encouraging attacks on media.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/oct/24/clinton-bomb-reports-delivery-home-new-york-hillary-bill-latest|title=Suspected bombs sent to prominent Trump critics 'an act of terror'|last=Swaine|first=Jon|date=October 24, 2018|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=October 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024170832/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/oct/24/clinton-bomb-reports-delivery-home-new-york-hillary-bill-latest|archive-date=October 24, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
White House Press Secretary [[Sarah Huckabee Sanders]] said, "We condemn the attempted violent attacks recently made against President Obama, President Clinton, Secretary Clinton, and other public figures. These terrorizing acts are despicable, and anyone responsible will be held accountable to the fullest extent of the law. The United States Secret Service and other law enforcement agencies are investigating and will take all appropriate actions to protect anyone threatened by these cowards."<ref name=Investigating/><br />
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President [[Donald Trump]] held a midterm campaign rally in [[Mosinee, Wisconsin]], on October 24, during the height of the incident. He said of the bombings: {{Quote|My highest duty, as you know, as President, is to keep America safe. That's what we talk about. That's what we do. The federal government is conducting an aggressive investigation and we will find those responsible and we will bring them to justice. Hopefully very quickly. Any acts or threats of political violence are an attack on our democracy, itself. No nation can succeed that tolerates violence or the threat of violence as a method of political intimidation, coercion, or control. We all know that. Such conduct must be fiercely opposed and firmly prosecuted. We want all sides to come together in peace and harmony. We can do it. We can do it. We can do it. It will happen.<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/trump-rally-wisconsin-october-2018/index.html Follow President Trump's rally in Wisconsin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025003759/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/trump-rally-wisconsin-october-2018/index.html |date=October 25, 2018 }} CNN, October 24, 2018</ref>}}<br />
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The next day, Trump claimed the [[mainstream media]] were largely responsible for anger present in American society.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stracqualursi |first1=Veronica |last2=Stark |first2=Liz |title=Trump claims media to blame for 'anger' after bombs sent to CNN, Dems |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/25/politics/trump-blames-media-for-anger-after-attacks/index.html |accessdate=October 25, 2018 |work=CNN |date=October 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025134525/https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/25/politics/trump-blames-media-for-anger-after-attacks/index.html |archive-date=October 25, 2018 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref> His comments were backed by Sarah Huckabee Sanders, who said that Trump had urged the public to come together and had sent a very clear, strong unmistakable message that acts or threats of political violence had no standing in the U.S. Sanders then attacked statements by the CNN President, claiming that they "chose to attack and divide".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newsweek.com/sarah-sanders-scolds-cnn-president-jeff-zucker-you-chose-attack-and-divide-1186827|title=Sarah Huckabee Sanders hits back at CNN boss saying "You chose to attack and divide"|last=Cole|first=Brendan|date=2018-10-25|work=Newsweek|access-date=2018-10-25|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Media ===<br />
NBC pointed to an October 18 rally in which Trump praised the violent attack against reporter [[Ben Jacobs (journalist)|Ben Jacobs]] committed by Republican Congressman [[Greg Gianforte]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Todd |first1=Chuck |last2=Murray |first2=Mark |last3=Dann |first3=Carrie |title=After pipe bombs were sent to Democrats, Trump preaches civility. But he doesn't practice it. |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/first-read/trump-preaches-civility-after-bomb-scares-he-doesn-t-practice-n924301 |accessdate=October 25, 2018 |work=NBC |date=October 25, 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
CNN President [[Jeff Zucker]] said about the mailings, "There is a total and complete lack of understanding at the White House about the seriousness of their continued attacks on the media. The president, and especially the White House press secretary, should understand their words matter. Thus far, they have shown no comprehension of that."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cnn-president-jeff-zucker-blasts-trump-white-house-cnn-bomb-scare-1154778|title=CNN President Jeff Zucker Blasts Trump White House After Bomb Threat: "Words Matter"|last=Barr|first=Jeremy|date=October 24, 2018|work=The Hollywood Reporter|access-date=October 25, 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024231818/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cnn-president-jeff-zucker-blasts-trump-white-house-cnn-bomb-scare-1154778|archive-date=October 24, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The bomb alarm went off during the [[CNN Newsroom]] show with [[Poppy Harlow]] and [[Jim Sciutto]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vs87ARqHnio|title=Watch CNN Anchors Report On Their Own Office Being Evacuated Over Pipe Bomb - NBC News|accessdate=2018-10-25|author=NBC News|publisher=www.nbc.com|date=2018-10-24}}</ref> They left the building and together with their colleague [[Kate Bolduan]] and Athena Jones kept reporting via [[skype]] over a [[cellphone]] line.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpj.org/2018/10/cnn-mail-bomb-is-latest-case-of-attacks-and-threat.php|title=CNN mail bomb is latest case of attacks and threats against US news rooms|date=2018-10-24|accessdate=2018-10-25|publisher=www.cpj.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/KateBolduan/status/1055190600901910531|title=Twitter post by Bolduan|accessdate=2018-10-25|author=Kate Bolduan|date=2018-10-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/10/24/18019236/pipe-bomb-removal-nypd-nyc-obama-clinton-cnn|title=How police use a ‘total containment vessel’ to haul away explosive devices|accessdate=2018-10-25|publisher=www.theverge.com|author=Andrew J. Hawkins|date=2018-10-24}}</ref><br />
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Conservative commentators such as Kurt Schlicter and [[Alex Jones]] quickly issued social media posts and articles through ''[[InfoWars|Infowars]],'' to assert their belief that the incidents were [[false flag]]s and a "super convenient turn of events" and a potential "political stunt". Many of the comments were quickly deleted as more information was received about the case.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2018/10/right-wing-commentators-have-already-decided-the-explosive-packages-are-a-false-flag/|title=Right-wing commentators have already decided the explosive packages are a false flag|last=Spinelli|first=Dan|date=October 24, 2018|work=Mother Jones|access-date=October 25, 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025000649/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2018/10/right-wing-commentators-have-already-decided-the-explosive-packages-are-a-false-flag/|archive-date=October 25, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Others such as commentator [[Rush Limbaugh]], protested the idea that Republicans were behind the packages stating, "Even though every event, like [[Mass shootings in the United States|mass shootings]], remember, every mass shooting there is, the Democrats in the media try to make everybody think right off the bat that some [[Tea Party movement|tea partier]] did it, or some talk radio fan did it, or some [[Fox News]] viewer did it. Turns out, it's never, ever the case." Limbaugh, instead raised unsubstantiated claims that the perpetrator was a "Democrat operative...attempting to create the appearance that there are mobs everywhere."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/media/412969-limbaugh-on-bomb-threats-to-democrats-republicans-just-dont-do-this-kind-of|title=Limbaugh on bomb threats to Democrats: 'Republicans just don't do this kind of thing'|last=Wise|first=Justin|date=October 24, 2018|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|access-date=October 25, 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024200917/https://thehill.com/homenews/media/412969-limbaugh-on-bomb-threats-to-democrats-republicans-just-dont-do-this-kind-of|archive-date=October 24, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|Terrorism|United States}}<br />
* [[1919 United States anarchist bombings]]<br />
* [[2001 anthrax attacks]]<br />
* [[Assassination threats against Barack Obama]]<br />
* [[List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots#Bill Clinton|Assassination threats against Bill Clinton]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
[[Category:2018 in American politics]]<br />
[[Category:2018 crimes in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:2018 in New York City]]<br />
[[Category:Barack Obama]]<br />
[[Category:CNN]]<br />
[[Category:Current events from October 2018]]<br />
[[Category:Democratic Party (United States)]]<br />
[[Category:Failed terrorist attempts in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:George Soros]]<br />
[[Category:Hillary Clinton]]<br />
[[Category:October 2018 crimes]]<br />
[[Category:October 2018 events in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorism in 2018]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorism in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorist incidents involving postal systems]]<br />
[[Category:Presidency of Donald Trump]]</div>Tkbretthttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rohrbomben-Fall_in_den_USA_2018&diff=182207285Rohrbomben-Fall in den USA 20182018-10-25T23:13:07Z<p>Tkbrett: /* Political */ Template:Tweet rather than a simple Quote</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Current event}}<br />
{{Infobox civilian attack<br />
| title = October 2018 United States bombing attempts<br />
| partof = <br />
| image = Suspicious-package-exterior-oct-2018.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = FBI photo of one of the envelopes that contained explosives (with addressee information obscured).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/press-releases/statement-on-the-fbis-investigation-of-suspicious-packages|title=Statement on the FBI’s Investigation of Suspicious Packages|website=Federal Bureau of Investigation|language=en-us|access-date=October 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025005530/https://www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/press-releases/statement-on-the-fbis-investigation-of-suspicious-packages|archive-date=October 25, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br />
| map =<br />
| location = United States<br />
| target = [[Modern liberalism in the United States|Liberal]] politicians and public figures<br />
| coordinates = <br />
| date = October 22, 2018 – present<br />
| time = <br />
| timezone = <br />
| type = Attempted bombings<br />
| fatalities =0<br />
| injuries =0<br />
| victims = <br />
| perpetrators= Unknown<br />
| assailants = <br />
| perp = <br />
| weapons = Mailed pipe bombs<br />
| numparts = <!-- or | numpart = --><br />
| dfens = <!-- or | dfen = --><br />
| motive =<br />
| inquiry = <br />
| coroner = <br />
| accused = <br />
| convicted = <br />
| verdict = <br />
| convictions = <br />
| charges = <br />
| litigation = <br />
| website =<br />
| module =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
In late October 2018, packages containing [[pipe bomb]]s were sent to several [[United States|American]] [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] politicians and public figures, including [[Hillary Clinton]], [[Barack Obama]] and [[Joe Biden]]. [[CNN]] received one addressed to former CIA Director [[John O. Brennan]] at its New York City studios in [[Time Warner Center]], which was evacuated.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2018/10/24/suspicious-packages-delivered-clintons-obamas-cnn-what-we-know/1749205002/|title=Suspicious packages sent to Clintons, Obamas, CNN: What we know so far|work=USA TODAY|access-date=October 24, 2018|language=en|author=Marina Pitofsky|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024161609/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2018/10/24/suspicious-packages-delivered-clintons-obamas-cnn-what-we-know/1749205002/|archive-date=October 24, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2018/10/24/bomb-sent-bill-hillary-clintons-home-new-york-city-suburb/|title=Suspected bombs sent to Obama, Clinton and CNN offices, officials say|date=October 24, 2018|work=[[The Washington Post]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024151102/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2018/10/24/bomb-sent-bill-hillary-clintons-home-new-york-city-suburb/|archive-date=October 24, 2018|dead-url=no|access-date=October 24, 2018|author1=Devlin Barrett|author2=Mark Berman|author3=Cleve R. Wootson, Jr.|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="cbs">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/live-news/suspicious-packages-pipe-bomb-clinton-obama-cnn-nyc-wasserman-schultz-office-live-updates/|title=More suspicious packages found as investigators search for sender|date=October 25, 2018|work=[[CBS News]]|access-date=October 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024192413/https://www.cbsnews.com/live-news/suspicious-packages-pipe-bomb-clinton-obama-cnn-nyc-wasserman-schultz-office-live-updates/|archive-date=October 24, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
A similar device was placed in the mailbox at the home of billionaire investor [[George Soros]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/22/us/suspicious-package-george-soros/index.html|title=Explosive device found near home of billionaire investor George Soros|last=Murray|first=Kelly|publisher=[[CNN]]|access-date=October 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024004441/https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/22/us/suspicious-package-george-soros/index.html|archive-date=October 24, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref> One device sent to former U.S. Attorney General [[Eric Holder]], which had the wrong address, was instead delivered to the Florida office of U.S. Representative [[Debbie Wasserman Schultz]], whose name and address was on the return labels of all of the packages.<ref name=ABC>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/suspicious-package-found-clintons-home-north-york-city/story?id=58713254|title=Explosive devices sent to Clinton, Obama, other Democrats, and CNN|date=October 24, 2018|publisher=[[ABC News]]|language=en|access-date=October 24, 2018|author1=Josh Margolin|author2=Bill Hutchinson|author3=Aaron Katersky|author4=Meghan Keneally|author5=Jack Date|author6=Tara Palmieri|author7=Mike Levine|author8=Pierre Thomas|author9=Julia Jacobo|author10=Karma Allen|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024152425/https://abcnews.go.com/US/suspicious-package-found-clintons-home-north-york-city/story?id=58713254|archive-date=October 24, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="cbs" /> U.S. Representative [[Maxine Waters]] was targeted with two packages intercepted by authorities, one in Washington, D.C. by the [[United States Capitol Police]],<ref name="Investigating">[https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/24/feds-investigating-suspicious-package-near-clintons-new-york-home-nbc.html "2018 explosive device incidents"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024181302/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/24/feds-investigating-suspicious-package-near-clintons-new-york-home-nbc.html |date=October 24, 2018 }}. [[CNBC]]. Accessed October 24, 2018.</ref> and another in Los Angeles by the [[Los Angeles Police Department]] and [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives]].<ref name=latimes/><br />
<br />
The [[New York City Police Department]] was investigating a package found in [[Tribeca]] at an office owned by actor [[Robert De Niro]].<ref name=deniro>[https://www.nbcnewyork.com/investigations/Pipe-Bombs-Clinton-Obama-Soros-Waters-CNN-Time-Warner-Holder-Brennan-498490732.html Similar Package Sent to Top Democrats Sent to Robert De Niro's NYC Home: Sources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025145054/https://www.nbcnewyork.com/investigations/Pipe-Bombs-Clinton-Obama-Soros-Waters-CNN-Time-Warner-Holder-Brennan-498490732.html |date=October 25, 2018 }} ''NBC New York'', October 25, 2018</ref> The [[FBI]] was investigating two packages found at postal facilities in [[Delaware]], addressed to former Vice President [[Joe Biden]].<ref name="delaware">{{Cite news|url=https://news.vice.com/en_us/article/xw9bxd/two-new-pipe-bombs-said-to-target-joe-biden|title=Two new pipe bombs said to target Joe Biden|date=October 25, 2018|work=[[Vice News]]|accessdate=October 25, 2018|author=Emma Ockerman}}</ref><br />
<br />
None of the devices discovered caused injuries or exploded outside of a controlled setting.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2018/10/25/suspicious-packages-new-york/1759734002/|title=More bomb-like devices found, 1 near Robert De Niro's offices in NYC and 2 addressed to Joe Biden in Delaware|last=Rice|first=Doyle|date=October 25, 2018|work=USA TODAY|access-date=October 25, 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025163431/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2018/10/25/suspicious-packages-new-york/1759734002/|archive-date=October 25, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Incidents ==<br />
<br />
===October 22–23===<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| align = right<br />
| footer = The first discovered device was targeted against [[George Soros]] (left), followed by multiple other devices targeted against high-profile [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] politicians and public figures such as [[Hillary Clinton]] (center) and [[Barack Obama]] (right).<br />
| image1 = George Soros 47th Munich Security Conference 2011 crop.jpg<br />
| width1 = 110<br />
| image2 = Hillary Clinton official Secretary of State portrait crop.jpg<br />
| width2 = 110<br />
| image3 = President Barack Obama (cropped).jpg<br />
| width3 = 110<br />
}}<br />
<br />
A device was found in the mailbox at the home of [[George Soros]] in [[Bedford (town), New York|Bedford, New York]], on October 22.<ref>{{cite news |title=Explosive device found in Soros post box |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45949737 |accessdate=October 24, 2018 |work=BBC News |date=October 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024001020/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45949737 |archive-date=October 24, 2018 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref> A device addressed to [[Hillary Clinton]] was discovered the following evening, before it reached her home in [[Chappaqua, New York]].<ref name=cnn/><br />
<br />
===October 24===<br />
A device addressed to former President [[Barack Obama]] was intercepted by [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] during a mail screening in [[Washington, D.C.]] on October 24.<ref name=cnn/> Additionally, a package containing an explosive and a suspicious powder was found in CNN's mail room in the [[Time Warner Center]] in [[New York City]], addressed to former CIA Director [[John O. Brennan]] (misspelled as "Brenan").<ref name=cnnpackage/> CNN reported that law enforcement said the package was delivered by courier.<ref name=cnn>[https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/24/politics/bill-clinton-hillary-clinton-chappaqua/index.html 'Act of terror': Bombs sent to CNN, Clintons, Obamas, Holder] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024201500/https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/24/politics/bill-clinton-hillary-clinton-chappaqua/index.html |date=October 24, 2018 }} CNN, October 24, 2018</ref> Brennan has served as a senior national security and intelligence analyst for [[MSNBC]] and [[NBC News]] since February 2018, but has appeared on CNN in the past.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thewrap.com/ex-cia-chief-john-brennan-signs-as-msnbc-nbc-as-contributor/|title=Ex-CIA Chief John Brennan Signs as MSNBC/NBC as Contributor|date=February 2, 2018|publisher=TheWrap|access-date=February 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204054809/https://www.thewrap.com/ex-cia-chief-john-brennan-signs-as-msnbc-nbc-as-contributor/|archive-date=February 4, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
A suspicious package addressed to U.S. Representative [[Maxine Waters]] was intercepted by [[United States Capitol Police]].<ref name="cnn" /> A package addressed to former U.S. Attorney General [[Eric Holder]] with the wrong address and returned to the purported sender, U.S. Representative [[Debbie Wasserman Schultz]].<ref name="cnn" /> A second package addressed to Waters led to the evacuation of a U.S. Postal Service facility in South Central Los Angeles.<ref name=latimes>[http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-waters-la-mail-20181024-story.html Package addressed to Rep. Maxine Waters prompts evacuation of South L.A. mail facility] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025012242/http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-waters-la-mail-20181024-story.html |date=October 25, 2018 }} ''Los Angeles Times'', October 24, 2018</ref><br />
<br />
===October 25===<br />
In the early morning hours of October 25, a package was found in [[Tribeca]] addressed to actor [[Robert De Niro]] via his company [[TriBeCa Productions]].<ref name=deniro/><br />
<br />
Authorities also found a package in [[New Castle, Delaware]], addressed to former Vice President [[Joe Biden]] (whose full name, Joseph Robinette Biden Jr., was used). It was returned to the post office due to insufficient postage.<ref name=delaware/> A second, identical package meant for Biden, this one with a wrong address, was found at a facility in [[Wilmington, Delaware]].<ref name=delaware/><br />
<br />
== Devices and envelopes ==<br />
{{external media<br />
|float=right<br />
|video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DoDIaZE0KHo, Officials Give an Update on Columbus Circle Explosive Device, CBS New York (October 24)]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The devices are believed to be [[pipe bomb]]s. [[New York City Police Commissioner]] [[James P. O'Neill]] has stated that law enforcement also found an envelope [[Anthrax hoax|containing white powder]] in the package sent to CNN.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45969100|title='Explosives' sent to Clintons and Obama|date=October 24, 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=October 24, 2018|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024150059/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45969100|archive-date=October 24, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref> A law enforcement official told reporters that the devices sent to Clinton and Obama were similar in design to the one that was sent to Soros.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-explosive-devices-20181024-story.html|title=Potential explosive devices sent to Obama, Hillary Clinton, former CIA chief John Brennan and former Atty. Gen. Holder – Los Angeles Times|author1=Noah Bierman|author2=Del Quentin Wilber|author3=Richard Winton|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=October 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024173015/http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-explosive-devices-20181024-story.html|archive-date=October 24, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref> [[John Miller (police official)|John Miller]], the [[New York City Police Department]]'s Head of Intelligence and Counter-terrorism, stated that all the confirmed bombs appeared to come from the same person or persons.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-obama-clinton-bomb-explosive-device-20181024-story.html|title=Crude pipe bombs sent to Obama, Clintons in attacks aimed at prominent Democrats; CNN also targeted|author1=Michael Balsamo|author2=Eric Tucker|author3=Colleen Long|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|access-date=October 24, 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024173440/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-obama-clinton-bomb-explosive-device-20181024-story.html|archive-date=October 24, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
According to ''[[The New York Times]]'', the device sent to Soros's house was constructed from a length of pipe about {{convert|6|in|spell=in}} long filled with explosive powder, and was proactively detonated by [[Bomb disposal|bomb squad]] technicians.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/10/24/18018256/explosive-device-bomb-clinton-obama-cnn-soros|title=Someone sent explosive devices to the Clintons and Obamas. Here’s what we know.|last=Coaston|first=Jane|date=October 24, 2018|work=Vox|access-date=October 24, 2018}}</ref> Authorities reported that the devices recovered October 24 were packed with shards of glass.<ref name=":2" /> According to the [[Associated Press]], a law enforcement official says tests have determined that the powder found inside an envelope delivered to CNN along with a pipe bomb was harmless.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hays |first1=Tom |title=The Latest: 2 suspicious packages addressed to Rep. Waters |url=https://www.apnews.com/5c93ac06309c4ce88e8cd5023f89feca |accessdate=October 25, 2018 |agency=Associated Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024235524/https://www.apnews.com/5c93ac06309c4ce88e8cd5023f89feca |archive-date=October 24, 2018 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref><br />
<br />
The envelopes were labeled with the return address of the office of U.S. Representative [[Debbie Wasserman Schultz]] in [[Sunrise, Florida]]. All contained the same spelling errors (Schultz was misspelled "Shultz" and Florida was misspelled "Florids").<ref name=ABC/> All of the packages were sent in yellow manila envelopes lined with bubble wrap and given a printed label and six [[Forever stamp]]s.<ref name=":1" /> Photographs of the package delivered to the CNN mail room were posted to Twitter by [[Jim Sciutto]] and [[Jim Acosta]].<ref name="cnnpackage">{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/jimsciutto/status/1055148005970665472|title=Jim Sciutto (@jimsciutto) {{!}} Twitter|website=twitter.com|language=en|access-date=October 24, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jim Acosta on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/Acosta/status/1055147149158219778 |website=Twitter |accessdate=October 24, 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024184445/https://twitter.com/Acosta/status/1055147149158219778 |archive-date=October 24, 2018 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref> The device was adorned with a parody [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIL]] flag with the inscription "Get 'Er Done", a catchphrase of standup comedian [[Larry the Cable Guy]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Collins |first1=Ben |title=Explosive device sent to CNN featured parody ISIS flag, 'Get Er Done' inscription |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/explosive-device-sent-cnn-featured-parody-isis-flag-get-er-n924166 |accessdate=October 25, 2018 |agency=NBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025012234/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/explosive-device-sent-cnn-featured-parody-isis-flag-get-er-n924166 |archive-date=October 25, 2018 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Investigation ==<br />
The [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI), [[United States Secret Service]], the [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives]] (ATF), New York City Police Department, [[Los Angeles Police Department]], and other law enforcement agencies are investigating the mailing of the devices and the intent of the sender.<ref name=ABC/><br />
<br />
==Reactions==<br />
=== Political ===<br />
[[File:President Trump Condemns Mailing of Explosive Devices to Democrats.webm|thumb|right|200px|'President Trump Condemns Mailing of Explosive Devices to Democrats'. From a speech made at the White House on October 24. Video from [[Voice of America]].]]<br />
<br />
{{tweet |text=A very big part of the Anger we see today in our society is caused by the purposely false and inaccurate reporting of the Mainstream Media that I refer to as Fake News. It has gotten so bad and hateful that it is beyond description. Mainstream Media must clean up its act, FAST! |name=Donald J. Trump |username=realDonaldTrump |id=1055418269270716418 |date=25 October 2018}}<br />
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Hillary and [[Chelsea Clinton]] responded to the incident, as did [[Mike Pence]], [[Ivanka Trump]], and [[Mitch McConnell]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/clinton-reacts-suspicious-packages-home-obamas/story?id=58717386|title=John Brennan, Hillary Clinton react to suspicious packages addressed to them and others|date=October 25, 2018|publisher=[[ABC News]]|language=en|access-date=October 25, 2018|author1=Cheyenne Haslett|author2=Erica Y King|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024232044/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/clinton-reacts-suspicious-packages-home-obamas/story?id=58717386|archive-date=October 24, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref> New York Mayor [[Bill de Blasio]] described the packages as "an act of terror" and stated that all politicians must stop encouraging attacks on media.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/oct/24/clinton-bomb-reports-delivery-home-new-york-hillary-bill-latest|title=Suspected bombs sent to prominent Trump critics 'an act of terror'|last=Swaine|first=Jon|date=October 24, 2018|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=October 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024170832/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/oct/24/clinton-bomb-reports-delivery-home-new-york-hillary-bill-latest|archive-date=October 24, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br />
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White House Press Secretary [[Sarah Huckabee Sanders]] said, "We condemn the attempted violent attacks recently made against President Obama, President Clinton, Secretary Clinton, and other public figures. These terrorizing acts are despicable, and anyone responsible will be held accountable to the fullest extent of the law. The United States Secret Service and other law enforcement agencies are investigating and will take all appropriate actions to protect anyone threatened by these cowards."<ref name=Investigating/><br />
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President [[Donald Trump]] held a midterm campaign rally in [[Mosinee, Wisconsin]], on October 24, during the height of the incident. He said of the bombings: {{Quote|My highest duty, as you know, as President, is to keep America safe. That's what we talk about. That's what we do. The federal government is conducting an aggressive investigation and we will find those responsible and we will bring them to justice. Hopefully very quickly. Any acts or threats of political violence are an attack on our democracy, itself. No nation can succeed that tolerates violence or the threat of violence as a method of political intimidation, coercion, or control. We all know that. Such conduct must be fiercely opposed and firmly prosecuted. We want all sides to come together in peace and harmony. We can do it. We can do it. We can do it. It will happen.<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/trump-rally-wisconsin-october-2018/index.html Follow President Trump's rally in Wisconsin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025003759/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/trump-rally-wisconsin-october-2018/index.html |date=October 25, 2018 }} CNN, October 24, 2018</ref>}}<br />
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The next day, Trump claimed the [[mainstream media]] were largely responsible for anger present in American society.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stracqualursi |first1=Veronica |last2=Stark |first2=Liz |title=Trump claims media to blame for 'anger' after bombs sent to CNN, Dems |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/25/politics/trump-blames-media-for-anger-after-attacks/index.html |accessdate=October 25, 2018 |work=CNN |date=October 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025134525/https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/25/politics/trump-blames-media-for-anger-after-attacks/index.html |archive-date=October 25, 2018 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}</ref> His comments were backed by Sarah Huckabee Sanders, who said that Trump had urged the public to come together and had sent a very clear, strong unmistakable message that acts or threats of political violence had no standing in the U.S. Sanders then attacked statements by the CNN President, claiming that they "chose to attack and divide".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newsweek.com/sarah-sanders-scolds-cnn-president-jeff-zucker-you-chose-attack-and-divide-1186827|title=Sarah Huckabee Sanders hits back at CNN boss saying "You chose to attack and divide"|last=Cole|first=Brendan|date=2018-10-25|work=Newsweek|access-date=2018-10-25|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Media ===<br />
NBC pointed to an October 18 rally in which Trump praised the violent attack against reporter [[Ben Jacobs (journalist)|Ben Jacobs]] committed by Republican Congressman [[Greg Gianforte]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Todd |first1=Chuck |last2=Murray |first2=Mark |last3=Dann |first3=Carrie |title=After pipe bombs were sent to Democrats, Trump preaches civility. But he doesn't practice it. |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/first-read/trump-preaches-civility-after-bomb-scares-he-doesn-t-practice-n924301 |accessdate=October 25, 2018 |work=NBC |date=October 25, 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
CNN President [[Jeff Zucker]] said about the mailings, "There is a total and complete lack of understanding at the White House about the seriousness of their continued attacks on the media. The president, and especially the White House press secretary, should understand their words matter. Thus far, they have shown no comprehension of that."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cnn-president-jeff-zucker-blasts-trump-white-house-cnn-bomb-scare-1154778|title=CNN President Jeff Zucker Blasts Trump White House After Bomb Threat: "Words Matter"|last=Barr|first=Jeremy|date=October 24, 2018|work=The Hollywood Reporter|access-date=October 25, 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024231818/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cnn-president-jeff-zucker-blasts-trump-white-house-cnn-bomb-scare-1154778|archive-date=October 24, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The bomb alarm went off during the [[CNN Newsroom]] show with [[Poppy Harlow]] and [[Jim Sciutto]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vs87ARqHnio|title=Watch CNN Anchors Report On Their Own Office Being Evacuated Over Pipe Bomb | NBC News|accessdate=2018-10-25|publisher=www.nbc.com|date=2018-10-24}}</ref> They left the building and together with their colleague [[Kate Bolduan]] and Athena Jones kept reporting via [[skype]] over a [[cellphone]] line.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpj.org/2018/10/cnn-mail-bomb-is-latest-case-of-attacks-and-threat.php|title=CNN mail bomb is latest case of attacks and threats against US news rooms|date=2018-10-24|accessdate=2018-10-25|publisher=www.cpj.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/KateBolduan/status/1055190600901910531|title=Twitter post by Bolduan|accessdate=2018-10-25|author=Kate Bolduan|date=2018-10-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/10/24/18019236/pipe-bomb-removal-nypd-nyc-obama-clinton-cnn|title=How police use a ‘total containment vessel’ to haul away explosive devices|accessdate=2018-10-25|publisher=www.theverge.com|author=Andrew J. Hawkins|date=2018-10-24}}</ref><br />
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Conservative commentators such as Kurt Schlicter and [[Alex Jones]] quickly issued social media posts and articles through ''[[InfoWars|Infowars]],'' to assert their belief that the incidents were [[False flag|false flags]] and a "super convenient turn of events" and a potential "political stunt". Many of the comments were quickly deleted as more information was received about the case.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2018/10/right-wing-commentators-have-already-decided-the-explosive-packages-are-a-false-flag/|title=Right-wing commentators have already decided the explosive packages are a false flag|last=Spinelli|first=Dan|date=October 24, 2018|work=Mother Jones|access-date=October 25, 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025000649/https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2018/10/right-wing-commentators-have-already-decided-the-explosive-packages-are-a-false-flag/|archive-date=October 25, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Others such as commentator [[Rush Limbaugh]], protested the idea that Republicans were behind the packages stating, "Even though every event, like [[Mass shootings in the United States|mass shootings]], remember, every mass shooting there is, the Democrats in the media try to make everybody think right off the bat that some [[Tea Party movement|tea partier]] did it, or some talk radio fan did it, or some [[Fox News]] viewer did it. Turns out, it's never, ever the case." Limbaugh, instead raised unsubstantiated claims that the perpetrator was a "Democrat operative...attempting to create the appearance that there are mobs everywhere."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/media/412969-limbaugh-on-bomb-threats-to-democrats-republicans-just-dont-do-this-kind-of|title=Limbaugh on bomb threats to Democrats: 'Republicans just don't do this kind of thing'|last=Wise|first=Justin|date=October 24, 2018|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|access-date=October 25, 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024200917/https://thehill.com/homenews/media/412969-limbaugh-on-bomb-threats-to-democrats-republicans-just-dont-do-this-kind-of|archive-date=October 24, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|Terrorism|United States}}<br />
* [[1919 United States anarchist bombings]]<br />
* [[2001 anthrax attacks]]<br />
* [[Assassination threats against Barack Obama]]<br />
* [[List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots#Bill Clinton|Assassination threats against Bill Clinton]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
[[Category:2018 in American politics]]<br />
[[Category:2018 crimes in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:2018 in New York City]]<br />
[[Category:Barack Obama]]<br />
[[Category:CNN]]<br />
[[Category:Current events from October 2018]]<br />
[[Category:Democratic Party (United States)]]<br />
[[Category:Failed terrorist attempts in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:George Soros]]<br />
[[Category:Hillary Clinton]]<br />
[[Category:October 2018 crimes]]<br />
[[Category:October 2018 events in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorism in 2018]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorism in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorist incidents involving postal systems]]<br />
[[Category:Presidency of Donald Trump]]</div>Tkbretthttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rohrbomben-Fall_in_den_USA_2018&diff=182207226Rohrbomben-Fall in den USA 20182018-10-25T15:56:22Z<p>Tkbrett: /* Political */ Included Trump tweet in Template:Tweet; reworded quotation into sentence</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Current event}}<br />
{{Infobox civilian attack<br />
| title = October 2018 United States bombing attempts<br />
| partof = <br />
| image = Suspicious-package-exterior-oct-2018.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = FBI photo of one of the envelopes that contained explosives (with addressee information obscured).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/press-releases/statement-on-the-fbis-investigation-of-suspicious-packages|title=Statement on the FBI’s Investigation of Suspicious Packages|website=Federal Bureau of Investigation|language=en-us|access-date=October 25, 2018}}</ref><br />
| map =<br />
| location = United States<br />
| target = [[Modern liberalism in the United States|Liberal]] politicians and public figures<br />
| coordinates = <br />
| date = {{start date|2018|10|22}} — {{end date|2018|10|25}}<br />
| time = <br />
| timezone = <br />
| type = Attempted bombings<br />
| fatalities =0<br />
| injuries =0<br />
| victims = <br />
| perpetrators= <br />
| assailants = <br />
| perp = <br />
| weapons = Mailed pipe bombs<br />
| numparts = <!-- or | numpart = --><br />
| dfens = <!-- or | dfen = --><br />
| motive =<br />
| inquiry = <br />
| coroner = <br />
| accused = <br />
| convicted = <br />
| verdict = <br />
| convictions = <br />
| charges = <br />
| litigation = <br />
| website =<br />
| module =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
In late October 2018, packages containing [[pipe bomb]]s were sent to several [[United States|American]] [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] politicians and public figures, including [[Hillary Clinton]], [[Barack Obama]] and [[Joe Biden]]. [[CNN]] received one addressed to former CIA Director [[John O. Brennan]] at its New York City studios in [[Time Warner Center]], which was evacuated.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2018/10/24/suspicious-packages-delivered-clintons-obamas-cnn-what-we-know/1749205002/|title=Suspicious packages sent to Clintons, Obamas, CNN: What we know so far|work=USA TODAY|access-date=October 24, 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2018/10/24/bomb-sent-bill-hillary-clintons-home-new-york-city-suburb/|title=Suspected bombs sent to Obama, Clinton and CNN offices, officials say|last=|first=|date=|work=[[The Washington Post]]|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=October 24, 2018}}</ref><ref name="cbs">[https://www.cbsnews.com/live-news/suspicious-packages-pipe-bomb-clinton-obama-cnn-nyc-wasserman-schultz-office-live-updates/ Suspicious packages sent to Clinton, Obama, CNN prompt massive response] ''CBS News'', October 24, 2018</ref><br />
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A similar device was sent to the home of billionaire investor [[George Soros]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/22/us/suspicious-package-george-soros/index.html|title=Explosive device found near home of billionaire investor George Soros|last=Murray|first=Kelly|publisher=[[CNN]]|access-date=October 24, 2018}}</ref> One device sent to former U.S. Attorney General [[Eric Holder]], which had the wrong address, was instead delivered to the Florida office of U.S. Representative [[Debbie Wasserman Schultz]], whose name and address was on the return labels of all of the packages.<ref name=":0"/><ref name="cbs" /> U.S. Representative [[Maxine Waters]] was targeted with two packages intercepted by authorities, one in Washington, D.C. by U.S. Capitol Police,<ref name="Investigating">[https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/24/feds-investigating-suspicious-package-near-clintons-new-york-home-nbc.html "2018 explosive device incidents"]. [[CNBC]]. Accessed October 24, 2018.</ref> and another in Los Angeles by the [[Los Angeles Police Department]] and [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives]].<ref name=latimes/><br />
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The [[New York City Police Department]] was investigating a package found in [[Tribeca]] at an office owned by actor [[Robert De Niro]].<ref name=deniro>[https://www.nbcnewyork.com/investigations/Pipe-Bombs-Clinton-Obama-Soros-Waters-CNN-Time-Warner-Holder-Brennan-498490732.html Similar Package Sent to Top Democrats Sent to Robert De Niro's NYC Home: Sources] ''NBC New York'', October 25, 2018</ref> <br />
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The FBI was investigating two packages found at a postal facilities in [[ Delaware]], addressed to former Vice President [[Joe Biden]].<ref name=delaware>[https://news.vice.com/en_us/article/xw9bxd/two-new-pipe-bombs-said-to-target-joe-biden Two new pipe bombs said to target Joe Biden] ''Vice'', October 25, 2018</ref><br />
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== Incidents ==<br />
<br />
===October 22–23===<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| align = right<br />
| footer = The first discovered device was targeted against [[George Soros]] (left), followed by multiple other devices targeted against high-profile [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] politicians and public figures such as [[Hillary Clinton]] (center) and [[Barack Obama]] (right).<br />
| image1 = George Soros 47th Munich Security Conference 2011 crop.jpg<br />
| width1 = 110<br />
| image2 = Hillary Clinton official Secretary of State portrait crop.jpg<br />
| width2 = 110<br />
| image3 = President Barack Obama (cropped).jpg<br />
| width3 = 110<br />
}}<br />
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On October 22, a device was found in the mailbox at the home of [[George Soros]] in [[Bedford (town), New York|Bedford, New York]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Explosive device found in Soros post box |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45949737 |accessdate=October 24, 2018 |work=BBC News |date=October 23, 2018}}</ref> A device addressed to [[Hillary Clinton]] was discovered the following evening, before it reached her home in [[Chappaqua, New York]].<ref name=cnn/><br />
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===October 24===<br />
On October 24, a device addressed to former President [[Barack Obama]] was intercepted by [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] during a mail screening in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name=cnn/> Additionally, a package containing an explosive and suspicious powder was found in CNN's mail room in the [[Time Warner Center]] in [[New York City]], addressed to former CIA Director [[John O. Brennan]] (misspelled as "Brenan").<ref name=cnnpackage/> CNN reported that law enforcement said the package was delivered by courier.<ref name=cnn>[https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/24/politics/bill-clinton-hillary-clinton-chappaqua/index.html 'Act of terror': Bombs sent to CNN, Clintons, Obamas, Holder] CNN, October 24, 2018</ref> Brennan serves as a senior national security and intelligence analyst for [[MSNBC]] and [[NBC News]], and has appeared on CNN.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thewrap.com/ex-cia-chief-john-brennan-signs-as-msnbc-nbc-as-contributor/|title=Ex-CIA Chief John Brennan Signs as MSNBC/NBC as Contributor|date=February 2, 2018|publisher=TheWrap|access-date=February 4, 2018}}</ref><br />
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A suspicious package addressed to U.S. Representative [[Maxine Waters]] was intercepted by [[United States Capitol Police]],<ref name="cnn" /> and a suspicious package addressed to former U.S. Attorney General [[Eric Holder]] was intercepted with the wrong address and returned to the purported sender, also Debbie Wasserman Schultz.<ref name="cnn" /> A second package addressed to Waters led to the evacuation of a U.S. Postal Service facility in South Central Los Angeles.<ref name=latimes>[http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-waters-la-mail-20181024-story.html Package addressed to Rep. Maxine Waters prompts evacuation of South L.A. mail facility] ''Los Angeles Times'', October 24, 2018</ref><br />
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===October 25===<br />
In the early morning hours of October 25, a package was found in [[Tribeca]] addressed to actor [[Robert De Niro]] via his company [[Tribeca Productions]].<ref name=deniro/><br />
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Authorities also found a package in [[New Castle, Delaware]] addressed to former Vice President [[Joe Biden]] (whose full name, Joseph Robinette Biden Jr., was used). It was returned to the post office due to insufficient postage.<ref name=delaware/> A second, identical package to Biden, this one with a wrong address, was found at a facility in [[Wilmington, Delaware]].<ref name=delaware/><br />
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== Devices and envelopes ==<br />
{{external media<br />
|float=right<br />
|video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DoDIaZE0KHo, Officials Give an Update on Columbus Circle Explosive Device, CBS New York (October 24)]<br />
}}<br />
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The devices are believed to be [[pipe bomb]]s. New York Police Commissioner [[James P. O'Neill]] has stated that law enforcement also found an envelope containing white powder in the package sent to CNN.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45969100|title='Explosives' sent to Clintons and Obama|date=October 24, 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=October 24, 2018|language=en-GB}}</ref> A law enforcement official told reporters that the devices sent to Clinton and Obama were similar in design to the one that was sent to Soros.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-explosive-devices-20181024-story.html|title=Potential explosive devices sent to Obama, Hillary Clinton, former CIA chief John Brennan and former Atty. Gen. Holder – Los Angeles Times|last=Winton|first=Noah Bierman, Del Quentin Wilber, Richard|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=October 24, 2018}}</ref> [[John Miller (police official)|John Miller]], the New York Police Department's Head of Intelligence and Counter-terrorism, stated that all the confirmed bombs appeared to come from the same person or persons.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-obama-clinton-bomb-explosive-device-20181024-story.html|title=Crude pipe bombs sent to Obama, Clintons in attacks aimed at prominent Democrats; CNN also targeted|last=Long|first=Michael Balsamo, Eric Tucker and Colleen|work=chicagotribune.com|access-date=October 24, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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According to ''[[The New York Times]]'', the device sent to Soros's house was constructed from a length of pipe about six inches long filled with explosive powder, and was proactively detonated by [[Bomb disposal|bomb squad]] technicians.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/10/24/18018256/explosive-device-bomb-clinton-obama-cnn-soros|title=Someone sent explosive devices to the Clintons and Obamas. Here’s what we know.|last=Coaston|first=Jane|date=October 24, 2018|work=Vox|access-date=October 24, 2018}}</ref><br />
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According to the [[Associated Press]], a law enforcement official says tests have determined that the powder found inside an envelope delivered to CNN along with a pipe bomb was harmless.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hays |first1=Tom |title=The Latest: 2 suspicious packages addressed to Rep. Waters |url=https://www.apnews.com/5c93ac06309c4ce88e8cd5023f89feca |accessdate=October 25, 2018 |agency=Associated Press}}</ref><br />
<br />
The envelopes were labeled with the return address of the office of U.S. Representative [[Debbie Wasserman Schultz]] in [[Sunrise, Florida]]. All contained the same spelling errors (Schultz was misspelled "Shultz" and Florida was misspelled "Florids").<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/suspicious-package-found-clintons-home-north-york-city/story?id=58713254|title=Explosive devices sent to Clinton, Obama, other Democrats, and CNN|date=October 24, 2018|publisher=[[ABC News]]|language=en|access-date=October 24, 2018}}</ref> All of the packages were sent in yellow manila envelopes lined with bubble wrap and given a printed label and six [[Forever stamp|"Forever" stamps]].<ref name=":1" /> Photographs of the package delivered to the CNN mail room were posted to Twitter by [[Jim Sciutto]] and [[Jim Acosta]].<ref name="cnnpackage">{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/jimsciutto/status/1055148005970665472|title=Jim Sciutto (@jimsciutto) {{!}} Twitter|website=twitter.com|language=en|access-date=October 24, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jim Acosta on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/Acosta/status/1055147149158219778 |website=Twitter |accessdate=October 24, 2018 |language=en}}</ref> The device was adorned with a parody [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIL]] flag with the inscription "Get 'Er Done", a catchphrase of standup comedian [[Larry the Cable Guy]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Collins |first1=Ben |title=Explosive device sent to CNN featured parody ISIS flag, 'Get Er Done' inscription |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/explosive-device-sent-cnn-featured-parody-isis-flag-get-er-n924166 |accessdate=October 25, 2018 |agency=NBC News}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Investigation ==<br />
The [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI), [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives]] (ATF) agents, the New York Police Department, Los Angeles Police Department, and other local law enforcement agencies are investigating the mailing of the devices and the intent of the sender.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Reactions==<br />
<br />
=== Political ===<br />
[[File:President Trump Condemns Mailing of Explosive Devices to Democrats.webm|thumb|right|200px|'President Trump Condemns Mailing of Explosive Devices to Democrats'. From a speech made at the White House on October 24. Video from [[Voice of America]].]]<br />
<br />
{{tweet |text=A very big part of the Anger we see today in our society is caused by the purposely false and inaccurate reporting of the Mainstream Media that I refer to as Fake News. It has gotten so bad and hateful that it is beyond description. Mainstream Media must clean up its act, FAST! |name=Donald J. Trump |username=realDonaldTrump |id=1055418269270716418 |date=25 October 2018}}<br />
<br />
Hillary and [[Chelsea Clinton]] responded to the incident, as did [[Mike Pence]], [[Ivanka Trump]], and [[Mitch McConnell]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/clinton-reacts-suspicious-packages-home-obamas/story?id=58717386|title=Clinton reacts to explosive devices sent to her home, Obamas|date=October 24, 2018|publisher=[[ABC News]]|language=en|access-date=October 24, 2018}}</ref> New York Mayor [[Bill de Blasio]] described the packages as "an act of terror" and stated that all politicians must stop encouraging attacks on media.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/oct/24/clinton-bomb-reports-delivery-home-new-york-hillary-bill-latest|title=Suspected bombs sent to prominent Trump critics 'an act of terror'|last=Swaine|first=Jon|date=October 24, 2018|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=October 24, 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
White House Press Secretary [[Sarah Huckabee Sanders]] said, "We condemn the attempted violent attacks recently made against President Obama, President Clinton, Secretary Clinton, and other public figures. These terrorizing acts are despicable, and anyone responsible will be held accountable to the fullest extent of the law. The United States Secret Service and other law enforcement agencies are investigating and will take all appropriate actions to protect anyone threatened by these cowards."<ref name=Investigating/><br />
<br />
President [[Donald Trump]] held a midterm campaign rally in [[Mosinee, Wisconsin]], on October 24, during the height of the incident. He said of the bombings: {{Quote|My highest duty, as you know, as President, is to keep America safe. That's what we talk about. That's what we do. The federal government is conducting an aggressive investigation and we will find those responsible and we will bring them to justice. Hopefully very quickly. Any acts or threats of political violence are an attack on our democracy, itself. No nation can succeed that tolerates violence or the threat of violence as a method of political intimidation, coercion, or control. We all know that. Such conduct must be fiercely opposed and firmly prosecuted. We want all sides to come together in peace and harmony. We can do it. We can do it. We can do it. It will happen.<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/trump-rally-wisconsin-october-2018/index.html Follow President Trump's rally in Wisconsin] CNN, October 24, 2018</ref>}}<br />
<br />
The next day, Trump tweeted that the mainstream media were largely responsible for the anger present in American society.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stracqualursi |first1=Veronica |last2=Stark |first2=Liz |title=Trump claims media to blame for 'anger' after bombs sent to CNN, Dems |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/25/politics/trump-blames-media-for-anger-after-attacks/index.html |accessdate=October 25, 2018 |work=CNN |date=October 25, 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Media ===<br />
CNN President [[Jeff Zucker]] said about the mailings, "There is a total and complete lack of understanding at the White House about the seriousness of their continued attacks on the media. The president, and especially the White House press secretary, should understand their words matter. Thus far, they have shown no comprehension of that."<ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cnn-president-jeff-zucker-blasts-trump-white-house-cnn-bomb-scare-1154778 CNN President Jeff Zucker Blasts Trump White House After Bomb Threat: "Words Matter"] ''The Hollywood Reporter'', October 24, 2018</ref><br />
<br />
Conservative commentators such as Kurt Schlicter and [[Alex Jones]] quickly issued social media posts and articles through ''[[InfoWars|Infowars]],'' to assert their belief that the incidents were false flags and a "super convenient turn of events" and a potential "political stunt". Many of the comments were quickly deleted as more information was received about the case.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2018/10/right-wing-commentators-have-already-decided-the-explosive-packages-are-a-false-flag/|title=Right-wing commentators have already decided the explosive packages are a false flag|last=Spinelli|first=Dan|date=October 24, 2018|work=Mother Jones|access-date=2018-10-25|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|Terrorism|United States}}<br />
* [[1919 United States anarchist bombings]]<br />
* [[2001 anthrax attacks]]<br />
* [[Assassination threats against Barack Obama]]<br />
* [[List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots#Bill Clinton|Assassination threats against Bill Clinton]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
[[Category:2018 in American politics]]<br />
[[Category:2018 crimes in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:2018 in New York City]]<br />
[[Category:Barack Obama]]<br />
[[Category:CNN]]<br />
[[Category:Current events from October 2018]]<br />
[[Category:Democratic Party (United States)]]<br />
[[Category:Failed terrorist attempts in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:George Soros]]<br />
[[Category:Hillary Clinton]]<br />
[[Category:October 2018 crimes]]<br />
[[Category:October 2018 events in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorism in 2018]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorism in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorist incidents involving postal systems]]</div>Tkbretthttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rohrbomben-Fall_in_den_USA_2018&diff=182207132Rohrbomben-Fall in den USA 20182018-10-25T04:30:30Z<p>Tkbrett: fixed dashes using a script</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Current event}}<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| align = right<br />
| footer = The first discovered device was targeted against [[George Soros]] (left), followed by multiple other devices targeted against high-profile politicians such as [[Hillary Clinton]] (center) and [[Barack Obama]] (right).<br />
| image1 = George Soros 47th Munich Security Conference 2011 crop.jpg<br />
| width1 = 110<br />
| image2 = Hillary Clinton official Secretary of State portrait crop.jpg<br />
| width2 = 110<br />
| image3 = President Barack Obama.jpg<br />
| width3 = 110<br />
}}<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| align = right<br />
| footer = Suspicious packages were also sent to, from left to right, [[John O. Brennan]], [[Maxine Waters]], [[Eric Holder]], and [[Joe Biden]].<br />
| image1 = John Brennan CIA official portrait.jpg<br />
| width1 = 110<br />
| image2 = Congresswoman Waters official photo.jpg<br />
| width2 = 92<br />
| image3 = Eric Holder official portrait.jpg<br />
| width3 = 110<br />
| width4 = 110<br />
| image4 = Official portrait of Vice President Joe Biden.jpg<br />
}}<br />
<br />
In late October 2018, suspicious packages were sent to several [[United States|American]] [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] politicians, including [[Hillary Clinton]] and [[Barack Obama]]. [[CNN]] received one addressed to former CIA Director [[John O. Brennan]] at the [[Time Warner Center]] in New York City, which was evacuated.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2018/10/24/suspicious-packages-delivered-clintons-obamas-cnn-what-we-know/1749205002/|title=Suspicious packages sent to Clintons, Obamas, CNN: What we know so far|work=USA TODAY|access-date=October 24, 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2018/10/24/bomb-sent-bill-hillary-clintons-home-new-york-city-suburb/|title=Suspected bombs sent to Obama, Clinton and CNN offices, officials say|last=|first=|date=|work=[[The Washington Post]]|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=October 24, 2018}}</ref> The [[New York City Police Department]] (NYPD) said the device sent to CNN appears to be a crude [[pipe bomb]].<ref name="cbs">[https://www.cbsnews.com/live-news/suspicious-packages-pipe-bomb-clinton-obama-cnn-nyc-wasserman-schultz-office-live-updates/ Suspicious packages sent to Clinton, Obama, CNN prompt massive response] ''CBS News'', October 24, 2018</ref><br />
<br />
A similar device was sent to the home of billionaire investor [[George Soros]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/22/us/suspicious-package-george-soros/index.html|title=Explosive device found near home of billionaire investor George Soros|last=Murray|first=Kelly|publisher=[[CNN]]|access-date=October 24, 2018}}</ref> One device sent to former U.S. Attorney General [[Eric Holder]], which had the wrong address, was returned to the Florida office of U.S. Representative [[Debbie Wasserman Schultz]], whose name and address was on the return label of all of the packages.<ref name=":0"/><ref name="cbs" /> A pair of packages addressed to U.S. Representative [[Maxine Waters]] were intercepted by authorities, one in Washington, D.C. by U.S. Capitol Police,<ref name="Investigating">[https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/24/feds-investigating-suspicious-package-near-clintons-new-york-home-nbc.html "2018 explosive device incidents"]. [[CNBC]]. Accessed October 24, 2018.</ref> and another in Los Angeles by the [[Los Angeles Police Department]] and [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives]].<ref name=latimes/><br />
<br />
Authorities are also attempting to locate a suspicious package sent to [[Joe Biden]] that was marked return to sender due to a bad address.<ref>[https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/authorities-searching-for-package-addressed-to-joe-biden-amid-bomb-scare Authorities searching for package addressed to Joe Biden amid bomb scare] ''Washington Examiner'', October 24, 2018</ref><br />
<br />
== Incidents ==<br />
===October 22–23===<br />
[[File:Time Warner Center May 2010.JPG|thumb|right|upright|One package was sent to the [[Time Warner Center]] (pictured in 2010), addressed to [[John O. Brennan]].]]<br />
<br />
On October 22, a device was found in the mailbox at the home of [[George Soros]] in [[Bedford (town), New York|Bedford, New York]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Explosive device found in Soros post box |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45949737 |accessdate=October 24, 2018 |work=BBC News |date=October 23, 2018}}</ref> A device addressed to [[Hillary Clinton]] was discovered the following evening, before it reached her home in [[Chappaqua, New York]].<ref name=cnn/><br />
<br />
===October 24===<br />
On October 24, a device addressed to former President [[Barack Obama]] was intercepted by [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] during a mail screening in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name=cnn/> Additionally, a package containing an explosive and suspicious powder was found in CNN's mail room in the [[Time Warner Center]], [[New York City]], addressed to former CIA Director [[John O. Brennan]] (misspelled as "Brenan") with the return address "from [U.S. Representative] [[Debbie Wasserman Schultz]]" (misspelled as Shultz), with Florida misspelled as "Florids".<ref name=cnnpackage/> CNN reported that law enforcement said the package was delivered by courier.<ref name=cnn>[https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/24/politics/bill-clinton-hillary-clinton-chappaqua/index.html 'Act of terror': Bombs sent to CNN, Clintons, Obamas, Holder] CNN, October 24, 2018</ref> Brennan serves as a senior national security and intelligence analyst for [[MSNBC]] and [[NBC News]], and has appeared on CNN.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thewrap.com/ex-cia-chief-john-brennan-signs-as-msnbc-nbc-as-contributor/|title=Ex-CIA Chief John Brennan Signs as MSNBC/NBC as Contributor|date=February 2, 2018|publisher=TheWrap|access-date=February 4, 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
A suspicious package addressed to U.S. Representative [[Maxine Waters]] was intercepted by [[United States Capitol Police]],<ref name="cnn" /> and a suspicious package addressed to former U.S. Attorney General [[Eric Holder]] was intercepted with the wrong address and returned to the purported sender, also Wasserman Schultz.<ref name="cnn" /> A second package addressed to Waters led to the evacuation of a U.S. Postal Service facility in South Central Los Angeles.<ref name=latimes>[http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-waters-la-mail-20181024-story.html Package addressed to Rep. Maxine Waters prompts evacuation of South L.A. mail facility] ''Los Angeles Times'', October 24, 2018</ref><br />
<br />
== Devices and envelopes ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Suspicious-package-exterior-oct-2018.jpg|thumb|left|thumb|FBI photo of one of the envelopes that contained explosives (with addressee information obscured).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/press-releases/statement-on-the-fbis-investigation-of-suspicious-packages|title=Statement on the FBI’s Investigation of Suspicious Packages|website=Federal Bureau of Investigation|language=en-us|access-date=October 25, 2018}}</ref>]]<br />
<br />
{{external media<br />
|float=right<br />
|video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DoDIaZE0KHo, Officials Give an Update on Columbus Circle Explosive Device, CBS New York (October 24)]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Debbie Wasserman Schultz official photo.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The packages had the name and address of U.S. Rep. [[Debbie Wasserman Schultz]] on the return label. The package meant for [[Eric Holder]] was "returned" to her Florida office due to a wrong address.]]<br />
<br />
The devices are believed to be [[pipe bomb]]s. New York Police Commissioner [[James P. O'Neill]] has stated that law enforcement also found an envelope containing white powder in the package sent to CNN.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45969100|title='Explosives' sent to Clintons and Obama|date=October 24, 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=October 24, 2018|language=en-GB}}</ref> A law enforcement official told reporters that the devices sent to Clinton and Obama were similar in design to the one that was sent to Soros.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-explosive-devices-20181024-story.html|title=Potential explosive devices sent to Obama, Hillary Clinton, former CIA chief John Brennan and former Atty. Gen. Holder – Los Angeles Times|last=Winton|first=Noah Bierman, Del Quentin Wilber, Richard|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=October 24, 2018}}</ref> New York Police Department Head of Intelligence and Counter terrorism, [[John Miller (police official)|John Miller]], stated that all the confirmed bombs appeared to come from the same person or persons.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-obama-clinton-bomb-explosive-device-20181024-story.html|title=Crude pipe bombs sent to Obama, Clintons in attacks aimed at prominent Democrats; CNN also targeted|last=Long|first=Michael Balsamo, Eric Tucker and Colleen|work=chicagotribune.com|access-date=October 24, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
According to ''[[The New York Times]]'', the device sent to Soros's house was constructed from a length of pipe about six inches long filled with explosive powder, and was proactively detonated by [[Bomb disposal|bomb squad]] technicians.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/10/24/18018256/explosive-device-bomb-clinton-obama-cnn-soros|title=Someone sent explosive devices to the Clintons and Obamas. Here’s what we know.|last=Coaston|first=Jane|date=October 24, 2018|work=Vox|access-date=October 24, 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
According to the ''[[Associated Press]]'', a law enforcement official says tests have determined that the powder found inside an envelope delivered to CNN along with a pipe bomb was harmless.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hays |first1=Tom |title=The Latest: 2 suspicious packages addressed to Rep. Waters |url=https://www.apnews.com/5c93ac06309c4ce88e8cd5023f89feca |accessdate=October 25, 2018 |agency=Associated Press}}</ref><br />
<br />
The envelopes were labeled with the return address of Wasserman Schultz in Florida.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/suspicious-package-found-clintons-home-north-york-city/story?id=58713254|title=Explosive devices sent to Clinton, Obama, other Democrats, and CNN|date=October 24, 2018|publisher=[[ABC News]]|language=en|access-date=October 24, 2018}}</ref> All of the packages were sent in yellow manila envelopes lined with bubble wrap and given a printed label and six [[Forever stamp|"Forever" stamps]].<ref name=":1" /> Photographs of the package delivered to the CNN mail room were posted to Twitter by [[Jim Sciutto]] and [[Jim Acosta]].<ref name="cnnpackage">{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/jimsciutto/status/1055148005970665472|title=Jim Sciutto (@jimsciutto) {{!}} Twitter|website=twitter.com|language=en|access-date=October 24, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jim Acosta on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/Acosta/status/1055147149158219778 |website=Twitter |accessdate=October 24, 2018 |language=en}}</ref> The device was adorned with a parody [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIL]] flag with the inscription "Get 'Er Done", a catchphrase of standup comedian [[Larry the Cable Guy]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Collins |first1=Ben |title=Explosive device sent to CNN featured parody ISIS flag, 'Get Er Done' inscription |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/explosive-device-sent-cnn-featured-parody-isis-flag-get-er-n924166 |accessdate=October 25, 2018 |agency=NBC News}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Investigation ==<br />
The [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI), [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives]] (ATF) agents, the New York Police Department, Los Angeles Police Department, and other local law enforcement agencies are investigating the mailing of the devices and the intent of the sender.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Reactions==<br />
<br />
=== Political ===<br />
Hillary and [[Chelsea Clinton]] responded to the incident, as did [[Mike Pence]], [[Ivanka Trump]], and [[Mitch McConnell]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/clinton-reacts-suspicious-packages-home-obamas/story?id=58717386|title=Clinton reacts to explosive devices sent to her home, Obamas|date=October 24, 2018|publisher=[[ABC News]]|language=en|access-date=October 24, 2018}}</ref> New York Mayor [[Bill de Blasio]] described the packages as "an act of terror" and stated that all politicians must stop encouraging attacks on media.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/oct/24/clinton-bomb-reports-delivery-home-new-york-hillary-bill-latest|title=Suspected bombs sent to prominent Trump critics 'an act of terror'|last=Swaine|first=Jon|date=October 24, 2018|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=October 24, 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
White House Press Secretary [[Sarah Huckabee Sanders]] said, "We condemn the attempted violent attacks recently made against President Obama, President Clinton, Secretary Clinton, and other public figures. These terrorizing acts are despicable, and anyone responsible will be held accountable to the fullest extent of the law. The United States Secret Service and other law enforcement agencies are investigating and will take all appropriate actions to protect anyone threatened by these cowards."<ref name=Investigating/><br />
<br />
[[File:President Trump Condemns Mailing of Explosive Devices to Democrats.webm|thumb|right|200px|'President Trump Condemns Mailing of Explosive Devices to Democrats'. From a speech made at the White House on October 24. Video from [[Voice of America]].]]<br />
At a rally in [[Mosinee, Wisconsin]], on October 24, President Trump said of the bombings: {{Quote|My highest duty, as you know, as President, is to keep America safe. That's what we talk about. That's what we do. The federal government is conducting an aggressive investigation and we will find those responsible and we will bring them to justice. Hopefully very quickly. Any acts or threats of political violence are an attack on our democracy, itself. No nation can succeed that tolerates violence or the threat of violence as a method of political intimidation, coercion, or control. We all know that. Such conduct must be fiercely opposed and firmly prosecuted. We want all sides to come together in peace and harmony. We can do it. We can do it. We can do it. It will happen.<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/trump-rally-wisconsin-october-2018/index.html Follow President Trump's rally in Wisconsin] CNN, October 24, 2018</ref>}}<br />
<br />
=== Media ===<br />
CNN President [[Jeff Zucker]] said about the mailings, "There is a total and complete lack of understanding at the White House about the seriousness of their continued attacks on the media. The president, and especially the White House press secretary, should understand their words matter. Thus far, they have shown no comprehension of that."<ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cnn-president-jeff-zucker-blasts-trump-white-house-cnn-bomb-scare-1154778 CNN President Jeff Zucker Blasts Trump White House After Bomb Threat: "Words Matter"] ''The Hollywood Reporter'', October 24, 2018</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|Terrorism|United States}}<br />
* [[Assassination threats against Barack Obama]]<br />
* [[List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots#Bill Clinton|Assassination threats against Bill Clinton]]<br />
* [[Austin serial bombings]]<br />
* [[Luke Helder]]<br />
* [[Ted Kaczynski]]<br />
* [[2001 anthrax attacks]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2018 in American politics]]<br />
[[Category:2018 crimes in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:2018 in New York City]]<br />
[[Category:Barack Obama]]<br />
[[Category:CNN]]<br />
[[Category:Current events from October 2018]]<br />
[[Category:Democratic Party (United States)]]<br />
[[Category:Failed terrorist attempts in New York City]]<br />
[[Category:Hillary Clinton]]<br />
[[Category:George Soros]]<br />
[[Category:October 2018 crimes]]<br />
[[Category:October 2018 events in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorism in 2018]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorism in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorist incidents involving postal systems]]</div>Tkbretthttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rohrbomben-Fall_in_den_USA_2018&diff=182207114Rohrbomben-Fall in den USA 20182018-10-25T02:48:02Z<p>Tkbrett: /* Devices and envelopes */ Moved envelope image up; reworded tag; removed pixel sizing as per WP:MOS</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Current event}}<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| align = right<br />
| footer = The first discovered device was targeted against [[George Soros]] (left), followed by multiple other devices targeted against high-profile politicians such as [[Hillary Clinton]] (center) and [[Barack Obama]] (right).<br />
| image1 = George Soros 47th Munich Security Conference 2011 crop.jpg<br />
| width1 = 110<br />
| image2 = Hillary Clinton official Secretary of State portrait crop.jpg<br />
| width2 = 110<br />
| image3 = President Barack Obama.jpg<br />
| width3 = 110<br />
}}<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| align = right<br />
| footer = Suspicious packages were also sent to, from left to right, [[John O. Brennan]], [[Maxine Waters]], [[Eric Holder]], and [[Joe Biden]].<br />
| image1 = John Brennan CIA official portrait.jpg<br />
| width1 = 110<br />
| image2 = Congresswoman Waters official photo.jpg<br />
| width2 = 92<br />
| image3 = Eric Holder official portrait.jpg<br />
| width3 = 110<br />
| width4 = 110<br />
| image4 = Official portrait of Vice President Joe Biden.jpg<br />
}}<br />
<br />
In late October 2018, suspicious packages were sent to several [[United States|American]] [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] politicians, including [[Hillary Clinton]] and [[Barack Obama]]. [[CNN]] received one addressed to former CIA Director [[John O. Brennan]] at the [[Time Warner Center]] in New York City, which was evacuated.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2018/10/24/suspicious-packages-delivered-clintons-obamas-cnn-what-we-know/1749205002/|title=Suspicious packages sent to Clintons, Obamas, CNN: What we know so far|work=USA TODAY|access-date=2018-10-24|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2018/10/24/bomb-sent-bill-hillary-clintons-home-new-york-city-suburb/|title=Suspected bombs sent to Obama, Clinton and CNN offices, officials say|last=|first=|date=|work=[[The Washington Post]]|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-10-24}}</ref> The [[New York City Police Department]] (NYPD) said the device sent to CNN appears to be a crude [[pipe bomb]].<ref name="cbs">[https://www.cbsnews.com/live-news/suspicious-packages-pipe-bomb-clinton-obama-cnn-nyc-wasserman-schultz-office-live-updates/ Suspicious packages sent to Clinton, Obama, CNN prompt massive response] ''CBS News'', October 24, 2018</ref><br />
<br />
A similar device was sent to the home of billionaire investor [[George Soros]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/22/us/suspicious-package-george-soros/index.html|title=Explosive device found near home of billionaire investor George Soros|last=Murray|first=Kelly|publisher=[[CNN]]|access-date=2018-10-24}}</ref> One device sent to former U.S. Attorney General [[Eric Holder]], which had the wrong address, was returned to the Florida office of U.S. Representative [[Debbie Wasserman Schultz]], whose name and address was on the return label of all of the packages.<ref name=":0"/><ref name="cbs" /> A pair of packages addressed to U.S. Representative [[Maxine Waters]] were intercepted by authorities, one in Washington DC by U.S. Capitol Police<ref name="Investigating">[https://www.cnbc.com/2018/10/24/feds-investigating-suspicious-package-near-clintons-new-york-home-nbc.html "2018 explosive device incidents"]. [[CNBC]]. Accessed October 24, 2018.</ref> and another in Los Angeles by the [[Los Angeles Police Department]] and [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives]].<ref name=latimes/><br />
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Authorities are also attempting to locate a suspicious package sent to [[Joe Biden]] that was marked return to sender due to a bad address.<ref>[https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/authorities-searching-for-package-addressed-to-joe-biden-amid-bomb-scare Authorities searching for package addressed to Joe Biden amid bomb scare] ''Washington Examiner'', October 24, 2018</ref><br />
<br />
== Incidents ==<br />
===October 22–23===<br />
[[File:Time Warner Center May 2010.JPG|thumb|right|upright|One package was sent to the [[Time Warner Center]] (pictured in 2010), addressed to [[John O. Brennan]].]]<br />
<br />
On October 22, a device was found in the mailbox at the home of [[George Soros]] in [[Bedford (town), New York|Bedford, New York]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Explosive device found in Soros post box |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45949737 |accessdate=24 October 2018 |work=BBC News |date=23 October 2018}}</ref> A device addressed to [[Hillary Clinton]] was discovered the following evening, before it reached her home in [[Chappaqua, New York]].<ref name=cnn/><br />
<br />
===October 24===<br />
On October 24, a device addressed to former President [[Barack Obama]] was intercepted by [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] during a mail screening in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name=cnn/> Additionally, a package containing an explosive and suspicious powder was found in CNN's mail room in the [[Time Warner Center]], [[New York City]], addressed to former CIA Director [[John O. Brennan]] (misspelled as "Brenan") with the return address "from [U.S. Representative] [[Debbie Wasserman Schultz]]" (misspelled as Shultz), with Florida misspelled as "Florids".<ref name=cnnpackage/> CNN reported that law enforcement said the package was delivered by courier.<ref name=cnn>[https://www.cnn.com/2018/10/24/politics/bill-clinton-hillary-clinton-chappaqua/index.html 'Act of terror': Bombs sent to CNN, Clintons, Obamas, Holder] CNN, October 24, 2018</ref> Brennan serves as a senior national security and intelligence analyst for [[MSNBC]] and [[NBC News]], and has appeared on CNN.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thewrap.com/ex-cia-chief-john-brennan-signs-as-msnbc-nbc-as-contributor/|title=Ex-CIA Chief John Brennan Signs as MSNBC/NBC as Contributor|date=February 2, 2018|publisher=TheWrap|access-date=February 4, 2018}}</ref><br />
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A suspicious package addressed to U.S. Representative [[Maxine Waters]] was intercepted by [[United States Capitol Police]],<ref name="cnn" /> and a suspicious package addressed to former U.S. Attorney General [[Eric Holder]] was intercepted with the wrong address and returned to the purported sender, also Wasserman Schultz.<ref name="cnn" /> A second package addressed to Waters led to the evacuation of a U.S. Postal Service facility in South Central Los Angeles.<ref name=latimes>[http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-waters-la-mail-20181024-story.html Package addressed to Rep. Maxine Waters prompts evacuation of South L.A. mail facility] ''Los Angeles Times'', October 24, 2018</ref><br />
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== Devices and envelopes ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Suspicious-package-exterior-oct-2018.jpg|thumb|left|thumb|FBI photo of one of the envelopes that contained explosives (with addressee information obscured).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/press-releases/statement-on-the-fbis-investigation-of-suspicious-packages|title=Statement on the FBI’s Investigation of Suspicious Packages|website=Federal Bureau of Investigation|language=en-us|access-date=2018-10-25}}</ref>]]<br />
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{{external media<br />
|float=right<br />
|video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DoDIaZE0KHo, Officials Give an Update on Columbus Circle Explosive Device, CBS New York (October 24)]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Debbie Wasserman Schultz official photo.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The packages had the name and address of U.S. Rep. [[Debbie Wasserman Schultz]] on the return label. The package meant for [[Eric Holder]] was "returned" to her Florida office due to a wrong address.]]<br />
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The devices are believed to be [[pipe bomb]]s. New York Police Commissioner [[James P. O'Neill]] has stated that law enforcement also found an envelope containing white powder in the package sent to CNN.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45969100|title='Explosives' sent to Clintons and Obama|date=2018-10-24|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-10-24|language=en-GB}}</ref> A law enforcement official told reporters that the devices sent to Clinton and Obama were similar in design to the one that was sent to Soros.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-explosive-devices-20181024-story.html|title=Potential explosive devices sent to Obama, Hillary Clinton, former CIA chief John Brennan and former Atty. Gen. Holder - Los Angeles Times|last=Winton|first=Noah Bierman, Del Quentin Wilber, Richard|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=2018-10-24}}</ref> New York Police Department Head of Intelligence and Counter terrorism, [[John Miller (police official)|John Miller]], stated that all the confirmed bombs appeared to come from the same person or persons.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-obama-clinton-bomb-explosive-device-20181024-story.html|title=Crude pipe bombs sent to Obama, Clintons in attacks aimed at prominent Democrats; CNN also targeted|last=Long|first=Michael Balsamo, Eric Tucker and Colleen|work=chicagotribune.com|access-date=2018-10-24|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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According to ''[[The New York Times]]'', the device sent to Soros's house was constructed from a length of pipe about six inches long filled with explosive powder, and was proactively detonated by [[Bomb disposal|bomb squad]] technicians.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/10/24/18018256/explosive-device-bomb-clinton-obama-cnn-soros|title=Someone sent explosive devices to the Clintons and Obamas. Here’s what we know.|last=Coaston|first=Jane|date=October 24, 2018|work=Vox|access-date=2018-10-24}}</ref><br />
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The envelopes were labeled with the return address of Wasserman Schultz in Florida.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/suspicious-package-found-clintons-home-north-york-city/story?id=58713254|title=Explosive devices sent to Clinton, Obama, other Democrats, and CNN|date=2018-10-24|publisher=[[ABC News]]|language=en|access-date=2018-10-24}}</ref> All of the packages were sent in yellow manila envelopes lined with bubble wrap and given a printed label and six [[Forever stamp|"Forever" stamps]].<ref name=":1" /> Photographs of the package delivered to the CNN mail room were posted to Twitter by [[Jim Sciutto]] and [[Jim Acosta]].<ref name="cnnpackage">{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/jimsciutto/status/1055148005970665472|title=Jim Sciutto (@jimsciutto) {{!}} Twitter|website=twitter.com|language=en|access-date=2018-10-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jim Acosta on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/Acosta/status/1055147149158219778 |website=Twitter |accessdate=24 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref> The device was adorned with a parody [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIL]] flag with the inscription "Get 'Er Done", a catchphrase of standup comedian [[Larry the Cable Guy]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Collins |first1=Ben |title=Explosive device sent to CNN featured parody ISIS flag, 'Get Er Done' inscription |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/explosive-device-sent-cnn-featured-parody-isis-flag-get-er-n924166 |accessdate=25 October 2018 |agency=NBC News}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Investigation ==<br />
The [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI), [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives]] (ATF) agents, the New York Police Department, and other local law enforcement agencies are investigating the mailing of the devices and the intent of the sender.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Reactions==<br />
<br />
=== Political ===<br />
Hillary and [[Chelsea Clinton]] responded to the incident, as did [[Mike Pence]], [[Ivanka Trump]], and [[Mitch McConnell]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/clinton-reacts-suspicious-packages-home-obamas/story?id=58717386|title=Clinton reacts to explosive devices sent to her home, Obamas|date=2018-10-24|publisher=[[ABC News]]|language=en|access-date=2018-10-24}}</ref> New York Mayor [[Bill de Blasio]] described the packages as "an act of terror" and stated that all politicians must stop encouraging attacks on media.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/oct/24/clinton-bomb-reports-delivery-home-new-york-hillary-bill-latest|title=Suspected bombs sent to prominent Trump critics 'an act of terror'|last=Swaine|first=Jon|date=2018-10-24|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-10-24}}</ref><br />
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White House Press Secretary [[Sarah Huckabee Sanders]] said, "We condemn the attempted violent attacks recently made against President Obama, President Clinton, Secretary Clinton, and other public figures. These terrorizing acts are despicable, and anyone responsible will be held accountable to the fullest extent of the law. The United States Secret Service and other law enforcement agencies are investigating and will take all appropriate actions to protect anyone threatened by these cowards."<ref name=Investigating/><br />
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At a rally in [[Mosinee, Wisconsin]] on October 24, President Trump said of the bombings: {{Quote|My highest duty, as you know, as President, is to keep America safe. That's what we talk about. That's what we do. The federal government is conducting an aggressive investigation and we will find those responsible and we will bring them to justice. Hopefully very quickly. Any acts or threats of political violence are an attack on our democracy, itself. No nation can succeed that tolerates violence or the threat of violence as a method of political intimidation, coercion, or control. We all know that. Such conduct must be fiercely opposed and firmly prosecuted. We want all sides to come together in peace and harmony. We can do it. We can do it. We can do it. It will happen.<ref>[https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/trump-rally-wisconsin-october-2018/index.html Follow President Trump's rally in Wisconsin] CNN, October 24, 2018</ref>}}<br />
<br />
=== Media ===<br />
CNN President [[Jeff Zucker]] said about the mailings, "There is a total and complete lack of understanding at the White House about the seriousness of their continued attacks on the media. The president, and especially the White House press secretary, should understand their words matter. Thus far, they have shown no comprehension of that."<ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cnn-president-jeff-zucker-blasts-trump-white-house-cnn-bomb-scare-1154778 CNN President Jeff Zucker Blasts Trump White House After Bomb Threat: "Words Matter"] ''The Hollywood Reporter'', October 24, 2018</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|Terrorism|United States}}<br />
* [[Assassination threats against Barack Obama]]<br />
* [[Austin serial bombings]]<br />
* [[Luke Helder]]<br />
* [[Ted Kaczynski]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2018 in American politics]]<br />
[[Category:2018 crimes in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:2018 in New York City]]<br />
[[Category:Barack Obama]]<br />
[[Category:CNN]]<br />
[[Category:Current events from October 2018]]<br />
[[Category:Failed terrorist attempts in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Hillary Clinton]]<br />
[[Category:George Soros]]<br />
[[Category:October 2018 crimes]]<br />
[[Category:October 2018 events in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorism in 2018]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorism in the United States]]</div>Tkbretthttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Ogonowski&diff=180497276John Ogonowski2018-07-20T03:19:30Z<p>Tkbrett: no source for cause of death within body of article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox person<br />
| name = John Ogonowski<br />
| image = 12.6.11JohnOgonowskiPanelN-74ByLuigiNovi1.jpg<br />
| image_caption = Ogonowski's name is located on Panel N-74 of the [[National September 11 Memorial]]’s North Pool, along with those of other passengers of [[American Airlines Flight 11]]<br />
| birth_name = John Alexander Ogonowski<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|mf=yes|1951|2|24}}<br />
| nationality = [[United States|American]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|mf=yes|2001|9|11|1951|2|24}}<br />
| death_place = On board [[American Airlines Flight 11]]<br />
| birth_place = [[Lowell, Massachusetts|Lowell]], [[Massachusetts]], U.S.<ref name="Grave"/><br />
| residence = [[Dracut, Massachusetts]], U.S.<br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| occupation = Pilot<br />
| spouse = Margaret<br />
| children = Laura Ogonowski, Caroline Ogonowski, Mary Catherine Ogonowski<br />
}} <br />
'''John Alexander Ogonowski''' (February 24, 1951 – September 11, 2001) was an American [[aviator|pilot]] and an agricultural activist. He was [[homicide|murdered]] by [[terrorists]] while piloting [[American Airlines Flight 11]], which was subsequently hijacked and flown into the North Tower of the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] as part of the [[September 11 attacks]]. <br />
<br />
A resident of [[Dracut, Massachusetts]], Ogonowski was a leading [[advocate]] on behalf of [[farming]] in Massachusetts, particularly in aiding immigrant farmers from [[Cambodia]],<ref name=FoxNews>{{Cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,301526,00.html|title=Niki Tsongas Backs Away From Supporter's Attack on Opponent With Notable Family History|publisher=[[Fox News]]|date=2007-10-13|accessdate=2010-03-10|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606043042/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,301526,00.html|archivedate=2010-06-06|df=}}</ref> whom he assisted as part of the New Entry Sustainable Farming Project.<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
John Alexander Ogonowski was born February 24, 1951 in [[Lowell, Massachusetts]], where he was raised.<ref name=Legacy.com>[http://www.legacy.com/sept11/story.aspx?personid=91729 "John Ogonowski, of Dracut, pilot for American Airlines"]. Remember September 11, 2001. Retrieved June 23, 2018.</ref><<ref name="Grave">[https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/52320308 "Capt John Alexander Ogonowski"]. [[Find a Grave]]. Retrieved June 23, 2018.</ref> He attended St. Stanislaus School, [[Lowell Catholic High School|Keith Academy]] in Lowell. He attended [[Lowell Technological Institute]] (now the [[University of Massachusetts Lowell]]), where he was a member of the [[Pi Lambda Phi]] fraternity.<ref name=Legacy.com/><ref name=PLPDirectory>2010 Pi Lambda Phi Membership Directory</ref> He graduated in 1972 with a bachelor of science degree in [[Nuclear Engineering]].<br />
<br />
Ogonowski was a pilot in the [[U. S. Air Force]] during the [[Vietnam War]], assigned to the Air Force base in [[Charleston, South Carolina]], and ferry equipment to Asia and sometimes transporting the bodies of fallen in [[C-141 Starlifter|C-141 transport aircraft]]. He retired from the military with the rank of captain.<ref name=Legacy.com/><ref name=nyt>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/03/national/portraits/POG-03OGONOWSKI.html?pagewanted=1 |title=John Ogonowski: Captain on the Farm |newspaper=[[New York Times]] |date=2001-12-03 |accessdate=2010-03-10 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309094701/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/03/national/portraits/POG-03OGONOWSKI.html?pagewanted=1 |archivedate=March 9, 2014 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Ogonowski became a commercial pilot in 1978. For 23 years, he flew airplanes for [[American Airlines]], and was a member of the Allied Pilot Association.<ref name=Legacy.com/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/news/packages/underattack/globe_stories/0916/Reliving_the_morning_of_death+.shtml|title=Reliving the morning of death|author=Mitchell Zuckoff|date=2001-09-16|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]|accessdate=2010-03-10}}</ref> During the course of his commercial piloting career, he met Margaret, a flight attendant<ref name=Legacy.com/><ref name=post/> who went by the nickname "Peggy",<ref>Perry, David (September 11, 2006). [http://www.lowellsun.com/front/ci_4319822 "For pilot's widow, life goes on. ‘It has to.'"]. ''[[The Lowell Sun]]''.</ref> whom he later married.<ref name=Legacy.com/><ref name=post/><br />
<br />
Ognonoski was also an avid farmer, who secured 150 acres of farmland on Marsh Hill Road in Dracut through the federal Agriculture Preservation Restriction program. He raised hay, corn, pumpkins, blueberries, and peaches.<ref name=Legacy.com/> He was also a leading advocate for farming in Massachusetts, particularly in aiding immigrant farmers from [[Cambodia]].<ref name=FoxNews/><br />
<br />
===September 11 attacks===<br />
Ogonowski was killed on [[September 11, 2001]], while at the controls during the hijacking of [[American Airlines Flight 11]]. Following his [[murder]], his airplane was crashed into the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]].<ref name=post>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2001/09/12/AR2005033108361.html|title=At Logan Airport, Nobody Saw Plane's Sharp Turn South|authors=Hanna Rosin and Pamela Ferdinand|date=2001-09-12|publisher=''[[Washington Post]]''|accessdate=2010-03-10}}</ref> <br />
<br />
==Legacy==<br />
Ogonowski was survived by his wife Margaret and daughters Laura, Caroline, and Mary Catherine.<ref name=post/> His younger brother, [[Jim Ogonowski]], who is also an agricultural activist, made an unsuccessful run for the [[United States House of Representatives]] in 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.eagletribune.com/punews/local_story_290093848|title=Tsongas wins tight race|authors=Edward Mason and Crystal Bozek|date=2007-10-17|5=|publisher=[[Eagle Tribune]]|accessdate=2010-03-10|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130121211023/http://www.eagletribune.com/punews/local_story_290093848|archivedate=2013-01-21|df=}}</ref><br />
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A remote controlled model aircraft flying field in nearby [[Tewksbury, Massachusetts]], has been dedicated to Captain Ogonowski.<ref>[http://www.495thsquadron.org/Fields.htm Captain John A. Ogonowski Memorial Model Flying Field" (Pinnacle Street) - Tewksbury, Massachusetts] at The 495th R/C Squadron </ref> The University of Massachusetts Lowell, Ogonowski was posthumously presented an [[honorary doctorate]] at the 2003 commencement ceremony at [[Tsongas Arena]].<ref name=PLPDirectory/><br />
<br />
The USAID Farmer to Farmer program was renamed the "John Ogonowski and Doug Bereuter FTF Program" as part of the 2008 Farm Bill.<ref>[https://www.usaid.gov/what-we-do/agriculture-and-food-security/supporting-agricultural-capacity-development/john-ogonowski The John Ogonowski and Doug Bereuter Farmer-to-Farmer Program] US Agency for International Development</ref><br />
<br />
At the [[National 9/11 Memorial]], Ogonowski is memorialized at the North Pool, on Panel N-74 adjacent to the name of Kathleen A. Nicosia, a friend and flight attendant also killed on board [[American Airlines Flight 11]] that day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://names.911memorial.org/#lang=en_US&page=person&id=4382|title=North Pool: Panel N-74 - John A. Ogonowski|publisher=[[National September 11 Memorial & Museum]]|accessdate=December 11, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727095710/http://names.911memorial.org/#lang=en_US&page=person&id=4382|archivedate=July 27, 2013|df=}}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
*[http://www.legacy.com/Sept11/Story.aspx?Page=Story&PersonID=91729 Captain John Ogonowski] at Legacy.com<br />
* {{Find a Grave|52320308|John Alexander Ogonowski}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ogonowski, John}}<br />
[[Category:1951 births]]<br />
[[Category:2001 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Victims of the September 11 attacks]]<br />
[[Category:American people of Polish descent]]<br />
[[Category:Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:University of Massachusetts Lowell alumni]]<br />
[[Category:American terrorism victims]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorism deaths in New York (state)]]<br />
[[Category:United States Air Force officers]]<br />
[[Category:American military personnel of the Vietnam War]]<br />
[[Category:People from Dracut, Massachusetts]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths by stabbing in New York (state)]]<br />
[[Category:People murdered in New York (state)]]<br />
[[Category:Commercial aviators]]</div>Tkbretthttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Ogonowski&diff=180497269John Ogonowski2018-03-12T22:50:53Z<p>Tkbrett: Undid revision 830109012; this was previously removed; refer to the talk page of American 11 for more discussion</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox person<br />
| name = John Ogonowski<br />
| image = 12.6.11JohnOgonowskiPanelN-74ByLuigiNovi1.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_caption = Ogonowski's name is located on Panel N-74 of the [[National September 11 Memorial]]’s North Pool, along with those of other passengers of [[American Airlines Flight 11]]<br />
| birth_name = John Alexander Ogonowski<ref name="Grave">https://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=52320308</ref><br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|mf=yes|1951|2|24}}<br />
| nationality = [[United States|American]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|mf=yes|2001|9|11|1951|2|24}}<br />
| death_place = On board [[American Airlines Flight 11]]<br />
| death_cause = Stabbed by [[Al-Qaeda]] terrorists<br />
| birth_place = [[Dracut]], [[Massachusetts]], U.S.<ref name="Grave"/><br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| occupation = Pilot<br />
| relatives = <br />
| religion = <br />
}} <br />
'''John Alexander Ogonowski'''<ref name="Grave"/> (February 24, 1951<ref name="Grave"/> – September 11, 2001) was an American [[aviator|pilot]] and an agricultural activist. A resident of [[Dracut, Massachusetts]], Ogonowski was a leading [[advocate]] on behalf of [[farming]] in Massachusetts, particularly in aiding immigrant farmers from [[Cambodia]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,301526,00.html|title=Niki Tsongas Backs Away From Supporter's Attack on Opponent With Notable Family History|publisher=[[Fox News]]|date=2007-10-13|accessdate=2010-03-10|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606043042/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,301526,00.html|archivedate=2010-06-06|df=}}</ref> whom he assisted as part of the [[New Entry Sustainable Farming Project]]. He was [[homicide|murdered]] by [[terrorists]] while piloting [[American Airlines Flight 11]], which was subsequently hijacked and flown into the North Tower of the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] as part of the [[September 11, 2001 attacks|9/11 attacks]].<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
Ogonowski went to secondary school at [[Lowell Catholic High School|Keith Academy]], Lowell, Massachusetts. He attended [[Lowell Technological Institute]] (now the [[University of Massachusetts Lowell]]), where he was a member of the [[Pi Lambda Phi]] fraternity.<ref name=Legacy.com>[http://www.legacy.com/sept11/story.aspx?personid=91729 "John Ogonowski, of Dracut, pilot for American Airlines"]. Remember September 11, 2001. September 16, 2001.</ref><ref name=PLPDirectory>2010 Pi Lambda Phi Membership Directory</ref> He graduated in 1972 with a bachelor of science degree in [[Nuclear Engineering]].<br />
<br />
Ogonowski was a pilot in the [[U. S. Air Force]] during the [[Vietnam War]], assigned to the Air Force base in [[Charleston, South Carolina]], and ferry equipment to Asia and sometimes transporting the bodies of fallen in [[C-141 Starlifter|C-141 transport aircraft]]. He retired from the military with the rank of captain.<ref name=Legacy.com/><ref name=nyt>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/03/national/portraits/POG-03OGONOWSKI.html?pagewanted=1 |title=John Ogonowski: Captain on the Farm |newspaper=[[New York Times]] |date=2001-12-03 |accessdate=2010-03-10 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309094701/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/03/national/portraits/POG-03OGONOWSKI.html?pagewanted=1 |archivedate=March 9, 2014 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Ogonowski became a commercial pilot in 1978. For 23 years, he flew airplanes for [[American Airlines]], and was a member of the Allied Pilot Association.<ref name=Legacy.com/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/news/packages/underattack/globe_stories/0916/Reliving_the_morning_of_death+.shtml|title=Reliving the morning of death|author=Mitchell Zuckoff|date=2001-09-16|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]|accessdate=2010-03-10}}</ref> During the course of his commercial piloting career, he met Margaret, a flight attendant<ref name=Legacy.com/><ref name=post/> who went by the nickname "Peggy",<ref>Perry, David (September 11, 2006). [http://www.lowellsun.com/front/ci_4319822 "For pilot's widow, life goes on. ‘It has to.'"]. ''[[The Lowell Sun]]''.</ref> whom he later married.<ref name=Legacy.com/><ref name=post/><br />
<br />
===September 11 attacks===<br />
Ogonowski was killed on [[September 11, 2001]], while at the controls during the hijacking of [[American Airlines Flight 11]]. Following his [[murder]], his airplane was crashed into the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]].<ref name=post>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2001/09/12/AR2005033108361.html|title=At Logan Airport, Nobody Saw Plane's Sharp Turn South|authors=Hanna Rosin and Pamela Ferdinand|date=2001-09-12|publisher=''[[Washington Post]]''|accessdate=2010-03-10}}</ref> It is believed that he was stabbed to death in order for the hijacker pilot [[Mohamed Atta]] to take control of the plane and crash it into the North Tower of the World Trade Center.<br />
<br />
==Legacy==<br />
Ogonowski was survived by his wife Margaret and daughters Laura, Caroline, and Mary Catherine.<ref name=post/> His younger brother, [[Jim Ogonowski]], who is also an agricultural activist, made an unsuccessful run for the [[United States House of Representatives]] in 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.eagletribune.com/punews/local_story_290093848|title=Tsongas wins tight race|authors=Edward Mason and Crystal Bozek|date=2007-10-17|5=|publisher=[[Eagle Tribune]]|accessdate=2010-03-10|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130121211023/http://www.eagletribune.com/punews/local_story_290093848|archivedate=2013-01-21|df=}}</ref><br />
<br />
A remote controlled model aircraft flying field in nearby [[Tewksbury, Massachusetts]], has been dedicated to Captain Ogonowski.<ref>[http://www.495thsquadron.org/Fields.htm Captain John A. Ogonowski Memorial Model Flying Field" (Pinnacle Street) - Tewksbury, Massachusetts] at The 495th R/C Squadron </ref> The University of Massachusetts Lowell, Ogonowski was posthumously presented an [[honorary doctorate]] at the 2003 commencement ceremony at [[Tsongas Arena]].<ref name=PLPDirectory/><br />
<br />
The USAID Farmer to Farmer program was renamed the "John Ogonowski and Doug Bereuter FTF Program" as part of the 2008 Farm Bill.<ref>[https://www.usaid.gov/what-we-do/agriculture-and-food-security/supporting-agricultural-capacity-development/john-ogonowski The John Ogonowski and Doug Bereuter Farmer-to-Farmer Program] US Agency for International Development</ref><br />
<br />
At the [[National 9/11 Memorial]], Ogonowski is memorialized at the North Pool, on Panel N-74 adjacent to the name of Kathleen A. Nicosia, a friend and flight attendant also killed on board [[American Airlines Flight 11]] that day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://names.911memorial.org/#lang=en_US&page=person&id=4382|title=North Pool: Panel N-74 - John A. Ogonowski|publisher=[[National September 11 Memorial & Museum]]|accessdate=December 11, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727095710/http://names.911memorial.org/#lang=en_US&page=person&id=4382|archivedate=July 27, 2013|df=}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
*[http://www.legacy.com/Sept11/Story.aspx?Page=Story&PersonID=91729 Captain John Ogonowski] at Legacy.com<br />
* {{Find a Grave|52320308|John Alexander Ogonowski}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ogonowski, John}}<br />
[[Category:1951 births]]<br />
[[Category:2001 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Victims of the September 11 attacks]]<br />
[[Category:American people of Polish descent]]<br />
[[Category:Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:University of Massachusetts Lowell alumni]]<br />
[[Category:American terrorism victims]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorism deaths in New York (state)]]<br />
[[Category:United States Air Force officers]]<br />
[[Category:American military personnel of the Vietnam War]]<br />
[[Category:People from Dracut, Massachusetts]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths by stabbing in New York (state)]]<br />
[[Category:People murdered in New York (state)]]<br />
[[Category:Commercial aviators]]</div>Tkbretthttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer:Kurator71/Das_H%C3%B6llentor&diff=196005682Benutzer:Kurator71/Das Höllentor2018-02-22T04:07:26Z<p>Tkbrett: Move quote into a quote box</p>
<hr />
<div>{{about|the Rodin sculpture|other uses|Gates of Hell (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{italic title}}<br />
[[File:La puerta del Infierno .jpg|thumb|right|''The Gates of Hell'', Museo Soumaya, Mexico City]]<br />
'''''The Gates of Hell''''' ({{lang-fr|'''La Porte de l'Enfer'''}}) is a monumental sculptural group work by French artist [[Auguste Rodin]] that depicts a scene from the ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]'', the first section of [[Dante Alighieri]]'s ''[[Divine Comedy]]''. It stands at 6&nbsp;metres high, 4&nbsp;metres wide and 1&nbsp;metre deep ({{convert|6|*|4|*|1|m|ft|disp=output only}}) and contains 180 figures. The figures range from {{convert|15|cm|in|0}} high up to more than one metre (3&nbsp;ft). Several of the figures were also cast independently by Rodin.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The sculpture was commissioned by the Directorate of Fine Arts in 1880 and was meant to be delivered in 1885.<br />
Rodin would continue to work on and off on this project for 37 years, until his death in 1917.<br />
<br />
The Directorate asked for an inviting entrance to a planned Decorative Arts Museum with the theme being left to Rodin's selection. Even before this commission, Rodin had developed sketches of some of Dante's characters based on his admiration of [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]]'s ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Elsen|first1=Albert E.|title=Rodin|date=1963|publisher=Museum of Modern Art|location=New York|page=35}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Decorative Arts Museum was never built. Rodin worked on this project on the ground floor of the Hôtel Biron. Near the end of his life, Rodin donated sculptures, drawings and reproduction rights to the French government. In 1919, two years after his death, The Hôtel Biron became the Musée Rodin housing a cast of ''The Gates of Hell'' and related works.<br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
{{Quote box<br />
|quote =<poem>Through me the way into the suffering city,<br />
Through me the way to the eternal pain,<br />
Through me the way that runs among the lost.<br />
Justice urged on my high artificer;<br />
My Maker was Divine authority,<br />
The highest Wisdom, and the primal Love.<br />
Before me nothing but eternal things<br />
Were made, and I endure eternally.<br />
'''Abandon every hope, who enter here.'''</poem><br />
|author = [[Dante]]<br />
|source = ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]'', 3.1-9<br />
|width = 25%<br />
|bgcolor= #c6dbf7<br />
|align = right<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Rodin conceived that people would walk toward the work, perhaps up a flight of stairs, and be overwhelmed frontally by the massive gates, contemplating the experience of hell that Dante describes in his ''Inferno''. Rodin thought particularly of Dante's warning over the entrance of the Inferno, "Abandon every hope, who enter here."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fisher|first1=Paul Zelanski, Mary Pat|title=The Art of Seeing|date=2011|publisher=Prentice Hall|location=Upper Saddle River, NJ|isbn=978-0-205-74834-1|pages=73-4|edition=8th}}</ref><br />
<br />
A work of the scope of ''The Gates of Hell'' had not been attempted before, but inspiration came from [[Lorenzo Ghiberti]]'s ''[[Florence Baptistry#Baptistry doors|Gates of Paradise]]'' at the [[Battistero di San Giovanni (Florence)|Baptistery of St. John]], [[Florence]]; the 15th century bronze doors depict figures from the [[Old Testament]].<br />
Another source of inspiration was medieval cathedrals; some of those combine both high and low [[relief]].<br />
Rodin was also inspired by Michelangelo's fresco ''[[The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)|The Last Judgment]]'', Delacroix's painting ''[[The Barque of Dante]]'', Balzac's collection ''[[La Comédie humaine]]'' and Baudelaire's poems ''[[Les Fleurs du mal]]''.<ref>[http://enfer.musee-rodin.fr/fr/figure/au-sujet-de-loeuvre Musée Rodin, La Porte de l'Enfer] (French)</ref><ref>[http://www.musee-rodin.fr/en/collections/archives/les-fleurs-du-mal-flowers-evil Musée Rodin]</ref><br />
<br />
In an article by Serge Basset printed in ''Le Matin'' in 1890, Rodin said: "For a whole year I lived with Dante, with him alone, drawing the circles of his inferno. At the end of this year, I realized that while my drawing rendered my vision of Dante, they had become too remote from reality. So I started all over again, working from nature, with my models."{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}<br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<br />
<gallery caption="Variations of ''The Gates of Hell''" mode="packed" heights="300px"><br />
Zürich - Kunsthaus - Rodin's Höllentor IMG 7384 ShiftN.jpg|The Kunsthaus Zürich in [[Zurich]].<br />
Porte de l'enfer Musée d'Orsay 01.jpg|[[Musée d'Orsay]] in [[Paris]].<br />
Rodin's The Gates of Hell - panoramio.jpg|[[The National Museum of Western Art]] in [[Ueno Park]], [[Tokyo]].<br />
The Gates of Hell Philadelphia.jpg|The [[Rodin Museum]] in [[Philadelphia]].<br />
Rodin gates.JPG|The [[Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts]] at [[Stanford University]].<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Outstanding figures==<br />
[[File:Le penseur de la Porte de lEnfer (musée Rodin) (4528252054).jpg|thumb|right|''The Thinker'' in the ''Gates'' at the Musée Rodin]]<br />
[[File:Porte de l'enfer (Chute).JPG|thumb|right|Detail, upper left-hand door]]<br />
The original sculptures were enlarged and became works of art of their own.<br />
<br />
* ''[[The Thinker]]'' (''Le Penseur''), also called ''The Poet'', is located above the door panels. One interpretation suggests that it might represent Dante looking down to the characters in the Inferno. Another interpretation is that the ''Thinker'' is Rodin himself meditating about his composition. Others believe that the figure may be Adam, contemplating the destruction brought upon mankind because of his sin.<br />
* ''[[The Kiss (Rodin sculpture)|The Kiss]]'' (''Le Baiser'') was originally in ''The Gate'' along with other figures of Paolo and [[Francesca da Rimini]]. Rodin wanted to represent their initial joy as well as their final damnation. He removed the figure that became known as ''[[The Kiss (Rodin sculpture)|The Kiss]]'' because it seemed to conflict with the other suffering figures.<br />
* ''Ugolino and His Children'' (''Ugolin et ses enfants'') depicts [[Ugolino della Gherardesca]], who according to the story, ate the corpses of his children after they died by starvation (Dante, ''[[Divine Comedy#Inferno|Inferno]]'', Canto XXXIII). The Ugolino group was cast as a separate bronze in 1882.<br />
* ''The Three Shades'' (''Les Trois Ombres'') was originally 98&nbsp;cm high. The over-life size group was initially made of three independent figures in 1899. Later on, Rodin replaced one hand in the figures to fuse them together, in the same form as the smaller version. The figures originally pointed to the phrase "Lasciate ogne speranza, voi ch'intrate" ("Abandon all hope, ye who enter here") from Canto III of the ''[[Divine Comedy#Inferno|Inferno]]''.<ref>{{cite book | author=Le Normand-Romain, Antoinette | title=Rodin:The Gates of Hell | location=Paris | publisher=[[Musée Rodin]] | year=1999 | isbn=2-901428-69-X}}</ref><br />
* ''Fleeting Love'' (''Fugit Amor'') is located on the right door pane, it is one of several figures of lovers that represent Paolo and [[Francesca da Rimini]]. The male figure is also called ''The Prodigal''.<br />
* ''[[Francesca da Rimini|Paolo and Francesca]]'' is shown on the left door pane. Paolo tries to reach Francesca, who seems to slip away.<br />
* ''[[Meditation (sculpture)|Meditation]]'' appears on the rightmost part of the [[tympanum (architecture)|tympanum]], shown as an enlarged figure in 1896.<br />
* ''The Old Courtesan'' is a bronze cast from 1910 of an aged, naked female body. The sculpture is also called ''She Who Was Once the Helmet-Maker's Beautiful Wife'' (''Celle qui fut la belle heaulmière''). This title is taken from a poem by [[François Villon]].<br />
* ''[[Caryatid|Fallen Caryatid Carrying her Stone]]'' is based on the figure at the top of the left pilaster. Around 1881 Rodin enlarged her and gave her a stone.<ref>[http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/207511 Fallen Caryatid Carrying Her Stone at the Met]</ref><br />
* ''I Am Beautiful'' (''Je suis belle''), cast in 1882, is among the second set of figures on the extreme right portion of the door.<br />
* ''[[Eternal Springtime]]'' (''L'Éternel printemps'') was cast in 1884. It exists in several separate versions, both in marble and in bronze.<br />
* ''Adam and Eve''. Rodin asked the directorate for additional funds for the independent sculptures of ''Adam'' and ''Eve'' that were meant to frame ''The Gates of Hell''. However, Rodin found he could not get Eve's figure right. Consequently, several figures of Eve were made, none of which were used, and all of them were later sold.<br />
<br />
== Locations ==<br />
{{external media | width = 210px | align = right<br />
| headerimage=[[File:Porte de l'Enfer (Ugolin).JPG|210px]]<br />
| video1 =[http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/rodins-the-gates-of-hell.html Rodin's ''The Gates of Hell''], [[Smarthistory]]<ref name="smarth A">{{cite web | title =Rodin's The Gates of Hell | work = | publisher =[[Smarthistory]] at [[Khan Academy]] | date = | url =http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/rodins-the-gates-of-hell.html | accessdate =March 13, 2013 }}</ref><br />
| video2 =[http://www.canal-educatif.fr/en/videos/art/2/rodin/gates-of-hell.html ''The Gates of Hell, The story of a damned artwork'' ], [[Canal Educatif]]<ref name="CED B">{{cite web | title =''The Gates of Hell'', The story of a damned artwork | work = | publisher =[[Canal Educatif]] | date = | url =http://www.canal-educatif.fr/en/videos/art/2/rodin/gates-of-hell.html | accessdate =March 13, 2013 }}</ref> }}<br />
<br />
The plaster original was restored in 1917 and is displayed at the [[Musée d'Orsay]] in [[Paris]].<ref name="smarth A"/> A series of plaster casts illustrating the development of the work is on view at the [[Musée Rodin]] in [[Meudon]]. Also in 1917, a model was used to make the original three bronze casts: <br />
* The [[Musée Rodin]], [[Paris]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.musee-rodin.fr/en/collections/sculptures/gates-hell | title=The Gates of Hell | publisher=Musée Rodin | accessdate=January 27, 2012}}</ref><br />
* The [[Rodin Museum]], [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]].<br />
* The [[The National Museum of Western Art|National Museum of Western Art]] in [[Ueno Park]], [[Tokyo]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://collection.nmwa.go.jp/en/S.1959-0045.html | title=The Gates of Hell | publisher=The National Museum of Western Art | accessdate=January 27, 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
Subsequent bronzes have been distributed by the Musée Rodin to a number of locations, including:<br />
* The [[Kunsthaus Zürich]], [[Zurich]]<br />
* The [[Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts]] at [[Stanford University]]<br />
* The Plateau, [[Seoul]], [[Korea]]<br />
* [[Museo Soumaya]], [[Mexico City]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Dante and his Divine Comedy in popular culture#Sculpture|Dante and his ''Divine Comedy'' in popular culture]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
*{{cite book|last1=Chevillot|first1=Catherine|last2=Marraud|first2=Hélène|last3=Pinet|first3=Hélène|last4=[[John Adamson (publisher)|Adamson, John]] (transl.)|first4= |title=Rodin: The Laboratory of Creation|date=November 2014|publisher=Éditions Faton|location=Dijon|isbn=9782878442007}}<br />
*{{cite book|last1=Le Normand-Romain|first1=Antoinette|title=Rodin|date=September 2014|publisher=Abbeville|location=New York|isbn=9780789212078}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category|La Porte de l'enfer|''The Gates of Hell''}}<br />
*''[http://enfer.musee-rodin.fr La Porte de l'Enfer]'', a tool for exploring ''The Gates of Hell'' by the Musée Rodin<br />
*''[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/99556 Rodin: The B. Gerald Cantor Collection]'', a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on ''The Gates of Hell''<br />
* [[Octave Mirbeau]], [https://www.scribd.com/doc/8406162/Octave-Mirbeau-Auguste-Rodin « Auguste Rodin »].<br />
* [http://cantorcollection.stanford.edu/Obj1619?sid=2300&x=31839''The Gates of Hell''], [[Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts]] at [[Stanford University]], Object Number 1985.86, bronze cast No. 5.<br />
<br />
{{Auguste Rodin|state=expanded}}<br />
{{Divine Comedy navbox}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|France}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gates of Hell, The}}<br />
[[Category:Sculptures by Auguste Rodin]]<br />
[[Category:Gates]]<br />
[[Category:Collections of the Musée d'Orsay]]<br />
[[Category:1917 sculptures]]<br />
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in France]]<br />
[[Category:Dante Alighieri]]<br />
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in Japan]]<br />
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Individual doors]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Adam and Eve]]<br />
[[Category:Adaptations of works by Dante Alighieri]]</div>Tkbretthttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer:Kurator71/Das_H%C3%B6llentor&diff=196005681Benutzer:Kurator71/Das Höllentor2018-02-21T22:08:40Z<p>Tkbrett: /* Variations */ Variations -> Gallery</p>
<hr />
<div>{{about|the Rodin sculpture|other uses|Gates of Hell (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{italic title}}<br />
[[File:La puerta del Infierno .jpg|thumb|right|''The Gates of Hell'', Museo Soumaya, Mexico City]]<br />
'''''The Gates of Hell''''' ({{lang-fr|'''La Porte de l'Enfer'''}}) is a monumental sculptural group work by French artist [[Auguste Rodin]] that depicts a scene from the ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]'', the first section of [[Dante Alighieri]]'s ''[[Divine Comedy]]''. It stands at 6&nbsp;metres high, 4&nbsp;metres wide and 1&nbsp;metre deep ({{convert|6|*|4|*|1|m|ft|disp=output only}}) and contains 180 figures. The figures range from {{convert|15|cm|in|0}} high up to more than one metre (3&nbsp;ft). Several of the figures were also cast independently by Rodin.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The sculpture was commissioned by the Directorate of Fine Arts in 1880 and was meant to be delivered in 1885.<br />
Rodin would continue to work on and off on this project for 37 years, until his death in 1917.<br />
<br />
The Directorate asked for an inviting entrance to a planned Decorative Arts Museum with the theme being left to Rodin's selection. Even before this commission, Rodin had developed sketches of some of Dante's characters based on his admiration of [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]]'s ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Elsen|first1=Albert E.|title=Rodin|date=1963|publisher=Museum of Modern Art|location=New York|page=35}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Decorative Arts Museum was never built. Rodin worked on this project on the ground floor of the Hôtel Biron. Near the end of his life, Rodin donated sculptures, drawings and reproduction rights to the French government. In 1919, two years after his death, The Hôtel Biron became the Musée Rodin housing a cast of ''The Gates of Hell'' and related works.<br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
<br />
Rodin conceived that people would walk toward the work, perhaps up a flight of stairs, and be overwhelmed frontally by the massive gates, contemplating the experience of hell that Dante describes in his ''Inferno''. Rodin thought particularly of Dante's warning over the entrance of the Inferno, "Abandon every hope, who enter here."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fisher|first1=Paul Zelanski, Mary Pat|title=The Art of Seeing|date=2011|publisher=Prentice Hall|location=Upper Saddle River, NJ|isbn=978-0-205-74834-1|pages=73-4|edition=8th}}</ref><br />
<br />
A work of the scope of ''The Gates of Hell'' had not been attempted before, but inspiration came from [[Lorenzo Ghiberti]]'s ''[[Florence Baptistry#Baptistry doors|Gates of Paradise]]'' at the [[Battistero di San Giovanni (Florence)|Baptistery of St. John]], [[Florence]]; the 15th century bronze doors depict figures from the [[Old Testament]].<br />
Another source of inspiration was medieval cathedrals; some of those combine both high and low [[relief]].<br />
Rodin was also inspired by Michelangelo's fresco ''[[The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)|The Last Judgment]]'', Delacroix's painting ''[[The Barque of Dante]]'', Balzac's collection ''[[La Comédie humaine]]'' and Baudelaire's poems ''[[Les Fleurs du mal]]''.<ref>[http://enfer.musee-rodin.fr/fr/figure/au-sujet-de-loeuvre Musée Rodin, La Porte de l'Enfer] (French)</ref><ref>[http://www.musee-rodin.fr/en/collections/archives/les-fleurs-du-mal-flowers-evil Musée Rodin]</ref><br />
<br />
In an article by Serge Basset printed in ''Le Matin'' in 1890, Rodin said: "For a whole year I lived with Dante, with him alone, drawing the circles of his inferno. At the end of this year, I realized that while my drawing rendered my vision of Dante, they had become too remote from reality. So I started all over again, working from nature, with my models."{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}<br />
<br />
{{cquote|<poem>Through me the way into the suffering city,<br />
Through me the way to the eternal pain,<br />
Through me the way that runs among the lost.<br />
Justice urged on my high artificer;<br />
My Maker was Divine authority,<br />
The highest Wisdom, and the primal Love.<br />
Before me nothing but eternal things<br />
Were made, and I endure eternally.<br />
'''Abandon every hope, who enter here.'''</poem><br />
|author = [[Dante]]<br />
|source = ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]'', 3.1-9}}<br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<br />
<gallery caption="Variations of ''The Gates of Hell''" mode="packed" heights="300px"><br />
Zürich - Kunsthaus - Rodin's Höllentor IMG 7384 ShiftN.jpg|The Kunsthaus Zürich in [[Zurich]].<br />
Porte de l'enfer Musée d'Orsay 01.jpg|[[Musée d'Orsay]] in [[Paris]].<br />
Rodin's The Gates of Hell - panoramio.jpg|[[The National Museum of Western Art]] in [[Ueno Park]], [[Tokyo]].<br />
The Gates of Hell Philadelphia.jpg|The [[Rodin Museum]] in [[Philadelphia]].<br />
Rodin gates.JPG|The [[Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts]] at [[Stanford University]].<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Outstanding figures==<br />
[[File:Le penseur de la Porte de lEnfer (musée Rodin) (4528252054).jpg|thumb|right|''The Thinker'' in the ''Gates'' at the Musée Rodin]]<br />
[[File:Porte de l'enfer (Chute).JPG|thumb|right|Detail, upper left-hand door]]<br />
The original sculptures were enlarged and became works of art of their own.<br />
<br />
* ''[[The Thinker]]'' (''Le Penseur''), also called ''The Poet'', is located above the door panels. One interpretation suggests that it might represent Dante looking down to the characters in the Inferno. Another interpretation is that the ''Thinker'' is Rodin himself meditating about his composition. Others believe that the figure may be Adam, contemplating the destruction brought upon mankind because of his sin.<br />
* ''[[The Kiss (Rodin sculpture)|The Kiss]]'' (''Le Baiser'') was originally in ''The Gate'' along with other figures of Paolo and [[Francesca da Rimini]]. Rodin wanted to represent their initial joy as well as their final damnation. He removed the figure that became known as ''[[The Kiss (Rodin sculpture)|The Kiss]]'' because it seemed to conflict with the other suffering figures.<br />
* ''Ugolino and His Children'' (''Ugolin et ses enfants'') depicts [[Ugolino della Gherardesca]], who according to the story, ate the corpses of his children after they died by starvation (Dante, ''[[Divine Comedy#Inferno|Inferno]]'', Canto XXXIII). The Ugolino group was cast as a separate bronze in 1882.<br />
* ''The Three Shades'' (''Les Trois Ombres'') was originally 98&nbsp;cm high. The over-life size group was initially made of three independent figures in 1899. Later on, Rodin replaced one hand in the figures to fuse them together, in the same form as the smaller version. The figures originally pointed to the phrase "Lasciate ogne speranza, voi ch'intrate" ("Abandon all hope, ye who enter here") from Canto III of the ''[[Divine Comedy#Inferno|Inferno]]''.<ref>{{cite book | author=Le Normand-Romain, Antoinette | title=Rodin:The Gates of Hell | location=Paris | publisher=[[Musée Rodin]] | year=1999 | isbn=2-901428-69-X}}</ref><br />
* ''Fleeting Love'' (''Fugit Amor'') is located on the right door pane, it is one of several figures of lovers that represent Paolo and [[Francesca da Rimini]]. The male figure is also called ''The Prodigal''.<br />
* ''[[Francesca da Rimini|Paolo and Francesca]]'' is shown on the left door pane. Paolo tries to reach Francesca, who seems to slip away.<br />
* ''[[Meditation (sculpture)|Meditation]]'' appears on the rightmost part of the [[tympanum (architecture)|tympanum]], shown as an enlarged figure in 1896.<br />
* ''The Old Courtesan'' is a bronze cast from 1910 of an aged, naked female body. The sculpture is also called ''She Who Was Once the Helmet-Maker's Beautiful Wife'' (''Celle qui fut la belle heaulmière''). This title is taken from a poem by [[François Villon]].<br />
* ''[[Caryatid|Fallen Caryatid Carrying her Stone]]'' is based on the figure at the top of the left pilaster. Around 1881 Rodin enlarged her and gave her a stone.<ref>[http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/207511 Fallen Caryatid Carrying Her Stone at the Met]</ref><br />
* ''I Am Beautiful'' (''Je suis belle''), cast in 1882, is among the second set of figures on the extreme right portion of the door.<br />
* ''[[Eternal Springtime]]'' (''L'Éternel printemps'') was cast in 1884. It exists in several separate versions, both in marble and in bronze.<br />
* ''Adam and Eve''. Rodin asked the directorate for additional funds for the independent sculptures of ''Adam'' and ''Eve'' that were meant to frame ''The Gates of Hell''. However, Rodin found he could not get Eve's figure right. Consequently, several figures of Eve were made, none of which were used, and all of them were later sold.<br />
<br />
== Locations ==<br />
{{external media | width = 210px | align = right<br />
| headerimage=[[File:Porte de l'Enfer (Ugolin).JPG|210px]]<br />
| video1 =[http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/rodins-the-gates-of-hell.html Rodin's ''The Gates of Hell''], [[Smarthistory]]<ref name="smarth A">{{cite web | title =Rodin's The Gates of Hell | work = | publisher =[[Smarthistory]] at [[Khan Academy]] | date = | url =http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/rodins-the-gates-of-hell.html | accessdate =March 13, 2013 }}</ref><br />
| video2 =[http://www.canal-educatif.fr/en/videos/art/2/rodin/gates-of-hell.html ''The Gates of Hell, The story of a damned artwork'' ], [[Canal Educatif]]<ref name="CED B">{{cite web | title =''The Gates of Hell'', The story of a damned artwork | work = | publisher =[[Canal Educatif]] | date = | url =http://www.canal-educatif.fr/en/videos/art/2/rodin/gates-of-hell.html | accessdate =March 13, 2013 }}</ref> }}<br />
<br />
The plaster original was restored in 1917 and is displayed at the [[Musée d'Orsay]] in [[Paris]].<ref name="smarth A"/> A series of plaster casts illustrating the development of the work is on view at the [[Musée Rodin]] in [[Meudon]]. Also in 1917, a model was used to make the original three bronze casts: <br />
* The [[Musée Rodin]], [[Paris]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.musee-rodin.fr/en/collections/sculptures/gates-hell | title=The Gates of Hell | publisher=Musée Rodin | accessdate=January 27, 2012}}</ref><br />
* The [[Rodin Museum]], [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]].<br />
* The [[The National Museum of Western Art|National Museum of Western Art]] in [[Ueno Park]], [[Tokyo]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://collection.nmwa.go.jp/en/S.1959-0045.html | title=The Gates of Hell | publisher=The National Museum of Western Art | accessdate=January 27, 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
Subsequent bronzes have been distributed by the Musée Rodin to a number of locations, including:<br />
* The [[Kunsthaus Zürich]], [[Zurich]]<br />
* The [[Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts]] at [[Stanford University]]<br />
* The Plateau, [[Seoul]], [[Korea]]<br />
* [[Museo Soumaya]], [[Mexico City]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Dante and his Divine Comedy in popular culture#Sculpture|Dante and his ''Divine Comedy'' in popular culture]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
*{{cite book|last1=Chevillot|first1=Catherine|last2=Marraud|first2=Hélène|last3=Pinet|first3=Hélène|last4=[[John Adamson (publisher)|Adamson, John]] (transl.)|first4= |title=Rodin: The Laboratory of Creation|date=November 2014|publisher=Éditions Faton|location=Dijon|isbn=9782878442007}}<br />
*{{cite book|last1=Le Normand-Romain|first1=Antoinette|title=Rodin|date=September 2014|publisher=Abbeville|location=New York|isbn=9780789212078}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category|La Porte de l'enfer|''The Gates of Hell''}}<br />
*''[http://enfer.musee-rodin.fr La Porte de l'Enfer]'', a tool for exploring ''The Gates of Hell'' by the Musée Rodin<br />
*''[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/99556 Rodin: The B. Gerald Cantor Collection]'', a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on ''The Gates of Hell''<br />
* [[Octave Mirbeau]], [https://www.scribd.com/doc/8406162/Octave-Mirbeau-Auguste-Rodin « Auguste Rodin »].<br />
* [http://cantorcollection.stanford.edu/Obj1619?sid=2300&x=31839''The Gates of Hell''], [[Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts]] at [[Stanford University]], Object Number 1985.86, bronze cast No. 5.<br />
<br />
{{Auguste Rodin|state=expanded}}<br />
{{Divine Comedy navbox}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|France}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gates of Hell, The}}<br />
[[Category:Sculptures by Auguste Rodin]]<br />
[[Category:Gates]]<br />
[[Category:Collections of the Musée d'Orsay]]<br />
[[Category:1917 sculptures]]<br />
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in France]]<br />
[[Category:Dante Alighieri]]<br />
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in Japan]]<br />
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Individual doors]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Adam and Eve]]<br />
[[Category:Adaptations of works by Dante Alighieri]]</div>Tkbretthttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer:Kurator71/Das_H%C3%B6llentor&diff=196005680Benutzer:Kurator71/Das Höllentor2018-02-21T21:30:06Z<p>Tkbrett: /* Variations */ typo</p>
<hr />
<div>{{about|the Rodin sculpture|other uses|Gates of Hell (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{italic title}}<br />
[[File:La puerta del Infierno .jpg|thumb|right|''The Gates of Hell'', Museo Soumaya, Mexico City]]<br />
'''''The Gates of Hell''''' ({{lang-fr|'''La Porte de l'Enfer'''}}) is a monumental sculptural group work by French artist [[Auguste Rodin]] that depicts a scene from the ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]'', the first section of [[Dante Alighieri]]'s ''[[Divine Comedy]]''. It stands at 6&nbsp;metres high, 4&nbsp;metres wide and 1&nbsp;metre deep ({{convert|6|*|4|*|1|m|ft|disp=output only}}) and contains 180 figures. The figures range from {{convert|15|cm|in|0}} high up to more than one metre (3&nbsp;ft). Several of the figures were also cast independently by Rodin.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The sculpture was commissioned by the Directorate of Fine Arts in 1880 and was meant to be delivered in 1885.<br />
Rodin would continue to work on and off on this project for 37 years, until his death in 1917.<br />
<br />
The Directorate asked for an inviting entrance to a planned Decorative Arts Museum with the theme being left to Rodin's selection. Even before this commission, Rodin had developed sketches of some of Dante's characters based on his admiration of [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]]'s ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Elsen|first1=Albert E.|title=Rodin|date=1963|publisher=Museum of Modern Art|location=New York|page=35}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Decorative Arts Museum was never built. Rodin worked on this project on the ground floor of the Hôtel Biron. Near the end of his life, Rodin donated sculptures, drawings and reproduction rights to the French government. In 1919, two years after his death, The Hôtel Biron became the Musée Rodin housing a cast of ''The Gates of Hell'' and related works.<br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
<br />
Rodin conceived that people would walk toward the work, perhaps up a flight of stairs, and be overwhelmed frontally by the massive gates, contemplating the experience of hell that Dante describes in his ''Inferno''. Rodin thought particularly of Dante's warning over the entrance of the Inferno, "Abandon every hope, who enter here."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fisher|first1=Paul Zelanski, Mary Pat|title=The Art of Seeing|date=2011|publisher=Prentice Hall|location=Upper Saddle River, NJ|isbn=978-0-205-74834-1|pages=73-4|edition=8th}}</ref><br />
<br />
A work of the scope of ''The Gates of Hell'' had not been attempted before, but inspiration came from [[Lorenzo Ghiberti]]'s ''[[Florence Baptistry#Baptistry doors|Gates of Paradise]]'' at the [[Battistero di San Giovanni (Florence)|Baptistery of St. John]], [[Florence]]; the 15th century bronze doors depict figures from the [[Old Testament]].<br />
Another source of inspiration was medieval cathedrals; some of those combine both high and low [[relief]].<br />
Rodin was also inspired by Michelangelo's fresco ''[[The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)|The Last Judgment]]'', Delacroix's painting ''[[The Barque of Dante]]'', Balzac's collection ''[[La Comédie humaine]]'' and Baudelaire's poems ''[[Les Fleurs du mal]]''.<ref>[http://enfer.musee-rodin.fr/fr/figure/au-sujet-de-loeuvre Musée Rodin, La Porte de l'Enfer] (French)</ref><ref>[http://www.musee-rodin.fr/en/collections/archives/les-fleurs-du-mal-flowers-evil Musée Rodin]</ref><br />
<br />
In an article by Serge Basset printed in ''Le Matin'' in 1890, Rodin said: "For a whole year I lived with Dante, with him alone, drawing the circles of his inferno. At the end of this year, I realized that while my drawing rendered my vision of Dante, they had become too remote from reality. So I started all over again, working from nature, with my models."{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}<br />
<br />
{{cquote|<poem>Through me the way into the suffering city,<br />
Through me the way to the eternal pain,<br />
Through me the way that runs among the lost.<br />
Justice urged on my high artificer;<br />
My Maker was Divine authority,<br />
The highest Wisdom, and the primal Love.<br />
Before me nothing but eternal things<br />
Were made, and I endure eternally.<br />
'''Abandon every hope, who enter here.'''</poem><br />
|author = [[Dante]]<br />
|source = ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]'', 3.1-9}}<br />
<br />
==Variations==<br />
<br />
<gallery caption="Variations of ''The Gates of Hell''" mode="packed" heights="300px"><br />
Zürich - Kunsthaus - Rodin's Höllentor IMG 7384 ShiftN.jpg|The Kunsthaus Zürich in [[Zurich]].<br />
Porte de l'enfer Musée d'Orsay 01.jpg|[[Musée d'Orsay]] in [[Paris]].<br />
Rodin's The Gates of Hell - panoramio.jpg|[[The National Museum of Western Art]] in [[Ueno Park]], [[Tokyo]].<br />
The Gates of Hell Philadelphia.jpg|The [[Rodin Museum]] in [[Philadelphia]].<br />
Rodin gates.JPG|The [[Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts]] at [[Stanford University]].<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Outstanding figures==<br />
[[File:Le penseur de la Porte de lEnfer (musée Rodin) (4528252054).jpg|thumb|right|''The Thinker'' in the ''Gates'' at the Musée Rodin]]<br />
[[File:Porte de l'enfer (Chute).JPG|thumb|right|Detail, upper left-hand door]]<br />
The original sculptures were enlarged and became works of art of their own.<br />
<br />
* ''[[The Thinker]]'' (''Le Penseur''), also called ''The Poet'', is located above the door panels. One interpretation suggests that it might represent Dante looking down to the characters in the Inferno. Another interpretation is that the ''Thinker'' is Rodin himself meditating about his composition. Others believe that the figure may be Adam, contemplating the destruction brought upon mankind because of his sin.<br />
* ''[[The Kiss (Rodin sculpture)|The Kiss]]'' (''Le Baiser'') was originally in ''The Gate'' along with other figures of Paolo and [[Francesca da Rimini]]. Rodin wanted to represent their initial joy as well as their final damnation. He removed the figure that became known as ''[[The Kiss (Rodin sculpture)|The Kiss]]'' because it seemed to conflict with the other suffering figures.<br />
* ''Ugolino and His Children'' (''Ugolin et ses enfants'') depicts [[Ugolino della Gherardesca]], who according to the story, ate the corpses of his children after they died by starvation (Dante, ''[[Divine Comedy#Inferno|Inferno]]'', Canto XXXIII). The Ugolino group was cast as a separate bronze in 1882.<br />
* ''The Three Shades'' (''Les Trois Ombres'') was originally 98&nbsp;cm high. The over-life size group was initially made of three independent figures in 1899. Later on, Rodin replaced one hand in the figures to fuse them together, in the same form as the smaller version. The figures originally pointed to the phrase "Lasciate ogne speranza, voi ch'intrate" ("Abandon all hope, ye who enter here") from Canto III of the ''[[Divine Comedy#Inferno|Inferno]]''.<ref>{{cite book | author=Le Normand-Romain, Antoinette | title=Rodin:The Gates of Hell | location=Paris | publisher=[[Musée Rodin]] | year=1999 | isbn=2-901428-69-X}}</ref><br />
* ''Fleeting Love'' (''Fugit Amor'') is located on the right door pane, it is one of several figures of lovers that represent Paolo and [[Francesca da Rimini]]. The male figure is also called ''The Prodigal''.<br />
* ''[[Francesca da Rimini|Paolo and Francesca]]'' is shown on the left door pane. Paolo tries to reach Francesca, who seems to slip away.<br />
* ''[[Meditation (sculpture)|Meditation]]'' appears on the rightmost part of the [[tympanum (architecture)|tympanum]], shown as an enlarged figure in 1896.<br />
* ''The Old Courtesan'' is a bronze cast from 1910 of an aged, naked female body. The sculpture is also called ''She Who Was Once the Helmet-Maker's Beautiful Wife'' (''Celle qui fut la belle heaulmière''). This title is taken from a poem by [[François Villon]].<br />
* ''[[Caryatid|Fallen Caryatid Carrying her Stone]]'' is based on the figure at the top of the left pilaster. Around 1881 Rodin enlarged her and gave her a stone.<ref>[http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/207511 Fallen Caryatid Carrying Her Stone at the Met]</ref><br />
* ''I Am Beautiful'' (''Je suis belle''), cast in 1882, is among the second set of figures on the extreme right portion of the door.<br />
* ''[[Eternal Springtime]]'' (''L'Éternel printemps'') was cast in 1884. It exists in several separate versions, both in marble and in bronze.<br />
* ''Adam and Eve''. Rodin asked the directorate for additional funds for the independent sculptures of ''Adam'' and ''Eve'' that were meant to frame ''The Gates of Hell''. However, Rodin found he could not get Eve's figure right. Consequently, several figures of Eve were made, none of which were used, and all of them were later sold.<br />
<br />
== Locations ==<br />
{{external media | width = 210px | align = right<br />
| headerimage=[[File:Porte de l'Enfer (Ugolin).JPG|210px]]<br />
| video1 =[http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/rodins-the-gates-of-hell.html Rodin's ''The Gates of Hell''], [[Smarthistory]]<ref name="smarth A">{{cite web | title =Rodin's The Gates of Hell | work = | publisher =[[Smarthistory]] at [[Khan Academy]] | date = | url =http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/rodins-the-gates-of-hell.html | accessdate =March 13, 2013 }}</ref><br />
| video2 =[http://www.canal-educatif.fr/en/videos/art/2/rodin/gates-of-hell.html ''The Gates of Hell, The story of a damned artwork'' ], [[Canal Educatif]]<ref name="CED B">{{cite web | title =''The Gates of Hell'', The story of a damned artwork | work = | publisher =[[Canal Educatif]] | date = | url =http://www.canal-educatif.fr/en/videos/art/2/rodin/gates-of-hell.html | accessdate =March 13, 2013 }}</ref> }}<br />
<br />
The plaster original was restored in 1917 and is displayed at the [[Musée d'Orsay]] in [[Paris]].<ref name="smarth A"/> A series of plaster casts illustrating the development of the work is on view at the [[Musée Rodin]] in [[Meudon]]. Also in 1917, a model was used to make the original three bronze casts: <br />
* The [[Musée Rodin]], [[Paris]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.musee-rodin.fr/en/collections/sculptures/gates-hell | title=The Gates of Hell | publisher=Musée Rodin | accessdate=January 27, 2012}}</ref><br />
* The [[Rodin Museum]], [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]].<br />
* The [[The National Museum of Western Art|National Museum of Western Art]] in [[Ueno Park]], [[Tokyo]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://collection.nmwa.go.jp/en/S.1959-0045.html | title=The Gates of Hell | publisher=The National Museum of Western Art | accessdate=January 27, 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
Subsequent bronzes have been distributed by the Musée Rodin to a number of locations, including:<br />
* The [[Kunsthaus Zürich]], [[Zurich]]<br />
* The [[Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts]] at [[Stanford University]]<br />
* The Plateau, [[Seoul]], [[Korea]]<br />
* [[Museo Soumaya]], [[Mexico City]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Dante and his Divine Comedy in popular culture#Sculpture|Dante and his ''Divine Comedy'' in popular culture]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
*{{cite book|last1=Chevillot|first1=Catherine|last2=Marraud|first2=Hélène|last3=Pinet|first3=Hélène|last4=[[John Adamson (publisher)|Adamson, John]] (transl.)|first4= |title=Rodin: The Laboratory of Creation|date=November 2014|publisher=Éditions Faton|location=Dijon|isbn=9782878442007}}<br />
*{{cite book|last1=Le Normand-Romain|first1=Antoinette|title=Rodin|date=September 2014|publisher=Abbeville|location=New York|isbn=9780789212078}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category|La Porte de l'enfer|''The Gates of Hell''}}<br />
*''[http://enfer.musee-rodin.fr La Porte de l'Enfer]'', a tool for exploring ''The Gates of Hell'' by the Musée Rodin<br />
*''[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/99556 Rodin: The B. Gerald Cantor Collection]'', a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on ''The Gates of Hell''<br />
* [[Octave Mirbeau]], [https://www.scribd.com/doc/8406162/Octave-Mirbeau-Auguste-Rodin « Auguste Rodin »].<br />
* [http://cantorcollection.stanford.edu/Obj1619?sid=2300&x=31839''The Gates of Hell''], [[Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts]] at [[Stanford University]], Object Number 1985.86, bronze cast No. 5.<br />
<br />
{{Auguste Rodin|state=expanded}}<br />
{{Divine Comedy navbox}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|France}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gates of Hell, The}}<br />
[[Category:Sculptures by Auguste Rodin]]<br />
[[Category:Gates]]<br />
[[Category:Collections of the Musée d'Orsay]]<br />
[[Category:1917 sculptures]]<br />
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in France]]<br />
[[Category:Dante Alighieri]]<br />
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in Japan]]<br />
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Individual doors]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Adam and Eve]]<br />
[[Category:Adaptations of works by Dante Alighieri]]</div>Tkbretthttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer:Kurator71/Das_H%C3%B6llentor&diff=196005679Benutzer:Kurator71/Das Höllentor2018-02-21T21:29:37Z<p>Tkbrett: /* Variations */ included more images</p>
<hr />
<div>{{about|the Rodin sculpture|other uses|Gates of Hell (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{italic title}}<br />
[[File:La puerta del Infierno .jpg|thumb|right|''The Gates of Hell'', Museo Soumaya, Mexico City]]<br />
'''''The Gates of Hell''''' ({{lang-fr|'''La Porte de l'Enfer'''}}) is a monumental sculptural group work by French artist [[Auguste Rodin]] that depicts a scene from the ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]'', the first section of [[Dante Alighieri]]'s ''[[Divine Comedy]]''. It stands at 6&nbsp;metres high, 4&nbsp;metres wide and 1&nbsp;metre deep ({{convert|6|*|4|*|1|m|ft|disp=output only}}) and contains 180 figures. The figures range from {{convert|15|cm|in|0}} high up to more than one metre (3&nbsp;ft). Several of the figures were also cast independently by Rodin.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The sculpture was commissioned by the Directorate of Fine Arts in 1880 and was meant to be delivered in 1885.<br />
Rodin would continue to work on and off on this project for 37 years, until his death in 1917.<br />
<br />
The Directorate asked for an inviting entrance to a planned Decorative Arts Museum with the theme being left to Rodin's selection. Even before this commission, Rodin had developed sketches of some of Dante's characters based on his admiration of [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]]'s ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Elsen|first1=Albert E.|title=Rodin|date=1963|publisher=Museum of Modern Art|location=New York|page=35}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Decorative Arts Museum was never built. Rodin worked on this project on the ground floor of the Hôtel Biron. Near the end of his life, Rodin donated sculptures, drawings and reproduction rights to the French government. In 1919, two years after his death, The Hôtel Biron became the Musée Rodin housing a cast of ''The Gates of Hell'' and related works.<br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
<br />
Rodin conceived that people would walk toward the work, perhaps up a flight of stairs, and be overwhelmed frontally by the massive gates, contemplating the experience of hell that Dante describes in his ''Inferno''. Rodin thought particularly of Dante's warning over the entrance of the Inferno, "Abandon every hope, who enter here."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fisher|first1=Paul Zelanski, Mary Pat|title=The Art of Seeing|date=2011|publisher=Prentice Hall|location=Upper Saddle River, NJ|isbn=978-0-205-74834-1|pages=73-4|edition=8th}}</ref><br />
<br />
A work of the scope of ''The Gates of Hell'' had not been attempted before, but inspiration came from [[Lorenzo Ghiberti]]'s ''[[Florence Baptistry#Baptistry doors|Gates of Paradise]]'' at the [[Battistero di San Giovanni (Florence)|Baptistery of St. John]], [[Florence]]; the 15th century bronze doors depict figures from the [[Old Testament]].<br />
Another source of inspiration was medieval cathedrals; some of those combine both high and low [[relief]].<br />
Rodin was also inspired by Michelangelo's fresco ''[[The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)|The Last Judgment]]'', Delacroix's painting ''[[The Barque of Dante]]'', Balzac's collection ''[[La Comédie humaine]]'' and Baudelaire's poems ''[[Les Fleurs du mal]]''.<ref>[http://enfer.musee-rodin.fr/fr/figure/au-sujet-de-loeuvre Musée Rodin, La Porte de l'Enfer] (French)</ref><ref>[http://www.musee-rodin.fr/en/collections/archives/les-fleurs-du-mal-flowers-evil Musée Rodin]</ref><br />
<br />
In an article by Serge Basset printed in ''Le Matin'' in 1890, Rodin said: "For a whole year I lived with Dante, with him alone, drawing the circles of his inferno. At the end of this year, I realized that while my drawing rendered my vision of Dante, they had become too remote from reality. So I started all over again, working from nature, with my models."{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}<br />
<br />
{{cquote|<poem>Through me the way into the suffering city,<br />
Through me the way to the eternal pain,<br />
Through me the way that runs among the lost.<br />
Justice urged on my high artificer;<br />
My Maker was Divine authority,<br />
The highest Wisdom, and the primal Love.<br />
Before me nothing but eternal things<br />
Were made, and I endure eternally.<br />
'''Abandon every hope, who enter here.'''</poem><br />
|author = [[Dante]]<br />
|source = ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]'', 3.1-9}}<br />
<br />
==Variations==<br />
<br />
<gallery caption="Variations of ''The Gates of Hell''" mode="packed" heights="300px"><br />
Zürich - Kunsthaus - Rodin's Höllentor IMG 7384 ShiftN.jpg|The Kunsthaus Zürich in [[Zurich]].<br />
Porte de l'enfer Musée d'Orsay 01.jpg|[[Musée d'Orsay]] in [[Paris]].<br />
Rodin's The Gates of Hell - panoramio.jpg|[[The National Museum of Western Art]] in [[Ueno Park]], [[Tokyo]].<br />
The Gates of Hell Philadelphia.jpg|The [[Rodin Museum]], [[Philadelphia]].<br />
Rodin gates.JPG|The [[Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts]] at [[Stanford University]].<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Outstanding figures==<br />
[[File:Le penseur de la Porte de lEnfer (musée Rodin) (4528252054).jpg|thumb|right|''The Thinker'' in the ''Gates'' at the Musée Rodin]]<br />
[[File:Porte de l'enfer (Chute).JPG|thumb|right|Detail, upper left-hand door]]<br />
The original sculptures were enlarged and became works of art of their own.<br />
<br />
* ''[[The Thinker]]'' (''Le Penseur''), also called ''The Poet'', is located above the door panels. One interpretation suggests that it might represent Dante looking down to the characters in the Inferno. Another interpretation is that the ''Thinker'' is Rodin himself meditating about his composition. Others believe that the figure may be Adam, contemplating the destruction brought upon mankind because of his sin.<br />
* ''[[The Kiss (Rodin sculpture)|The Kiss]]'' (''Le Baiser'') was originally in ''The Gate'' along with other figures of Paolo and [[Francesca da Rimini]]. Rodin wanted to represent their initial joy as well as their final damnation. He removed the figure that became known as ''[[The Kiss (Rodin sculpture)|The Kiss]]'' because it seemed to conflict with the other suffering figures.<br />
* ''Ugolino and His Children'' (''Ugolin et ses enfants'') depicts [[Ugolino della Gherardesca]], who according to the story, ate the corpses of his children after they died by starvation (Dante, ''[[Divine Comedy#Inferno|Inferno]]'', Canto XXXIII). The Ugolino group was cast as a separate bronze in 1882.<br />
* ''The Three Shades'' (''Les Trois Ombres'') was originally 98&nbsp;cm high. The over-life size group was initially made of three independent figures in 1899. Later on, Rodin replaced one hand in the figures to fuse them together, in the same form as the smaller version. The figures originally pointed to the phrase "Lasciate ogne speranza, voi ch'intrate" ("Abandon all hope, ye who enter here") from Canto III of the ''[[Divine Comedy#Inferno|Inferno]]''.<ref>{{cite book | author=Le Normand-Romain, Antoinette | title=Rodin:The Gates of Hell | location=Paris | publisher=[[Musée Rodin]] | year=1999 | isbn=2-901428-69-X}}</ref><br />
* ''Fleeting Love'' (''Fugit Amor'') is located on the right door pane, it is one of several figures of lovers that represent Paolo and [[Francesca da Rimini]]. The male figure is also called ''The Prodigal''.<br />
* ''[[Francesca da Rimini|Paolo and Francesca]]'' is shown on the left door pane. Paolo tries to reach Francesca, who seems to slip away.<br />
* ''[[Meditation (sculpture)|Meditation]]'' appears on the rightmost part of the [[tympanum (architecture)|tympanum]], shown as an enlarged figure in 1896.<br />
* ''The Old Courtesan'' is a bronze cast from 1910 of an aged, naked female body. The sculpture is also called ''She Who Was Once the Helmet-Maker's Beautiful Wife'' (''Celle qui fut la belle heaulmière''). This title is taken from a poem by [[François Villon]].<br />
* ''[[Caryatid|Fallen Caryatid Carrying her Stone]]'' is based on the figure at the top of the left pilaster. Around 1881 Rodin enlarged her and gave her a stone.<ref>[http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/207511 Fallen Caryatid Carrying Her Stone at the Met]</ref><br />
* ''I Am Beautiful'' (''Je suis belle''), cast in 1882, is among the second set of figures on the extreme right portion of the door.<br />
* ''[[Eternal Springtime]]'' (''L'Éternel printemps'') was cast in 1884. It exists in several separate versions, both in marble and in bronze.<br />
* ''Adam and Eve''. Rodin asked the directorate for additional funds for the independent sculptures of ''Adam'' and ''Eve'' that were meant to frame ''The Gates of Hell''. However, Rodin found he could not get Eve's figure right. Consequently, several figures of Eve were made, none of which were used, and all of them were later sold.<br />
<br />
== Locations ==<br />
{{external media | width = 210px | align = right<br />
| headerimage=[[File:Porte de l'Enfer (Ugolin).JPG|210px]]<br />
| video1 =[http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/rodins-the-gates-of-hell.html Rodin's ''The Gates of Hell''], [[Smarthistory]]<ref name="smarth A">{{cite web | title =Rodin's The Gates of Hell | work = | publisher =[[Smarthistory]] at [[Khan Academy]] | date = | url =http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/rodins-the-gates-of-hell.html | accessdate =March 13, 2013 }}</ref><br />
| video2 =[http://www.canal-educatif.fr/en/videos/art/2/rodin/gates-of-hell.html ''The Gates of Hell, The story of a damned artwork'' ], [[Canal Educatif]]<ref name="CED B">{{cite web | title =''The Gates of Hell'', The story of a damned artwork | work = | publisher =[[Canal Educatif]] | date = | url =http://www.canal-educatif.fr/en/videos/art/2/rodin/gates-of-hell.html | accessdate =March 13, 2013 }}</ref> }}<br />
<br />
The plaster original was restored in 1917 and is displayed at the [[Musée d'Orsay]] in [[Paris]].<ref name="smarth A"/> A series of plaster casts illustrating the development of the work is on view at the [[Musée Rodin]] in [[Meudon]]. Also in 1917, a model was used to make the original three bronze casts: <br />
* The [[Musée Rodin]], [[Paris]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.musee-rodin.fr/en/collections/sculptures/gates-hell | title=The Gates of Hell | publisher=Musée Rodin | accessdate=January 27, 2012}}</ref><br />
* The [[Rodin Museum]], [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]].<br />
* The [[The National Museum of Western Art|National Museum of Western Art]] in [[Ueno Park]], [[Tokyo]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://collection.nmwa.go.jp/en/S.1959-0045.html | title=The Gates of Hell | publisher=The National Museum of Western Art | accessdate=January 27, 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
Subsequent bronzes have been distributed by the Musée Rodin to a number of locations, including:<br />
* The [[Kunsthaus Zürich]], [[Zurich]]<br />
* The [[Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts]] at [[Stanford University]]<br />
* The Plateau, [[Seoul]], [[Korea]]<br />
* [[Museo Soumaya]], [[Mexico City]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Dante and his Divine Comedy in popular culture#Sculpture|Dante and his ''Divine Comedy'' in popular culture]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
*{{cite book|last1=Chevillot|first1=Catherine|last2=Marraud|first2=Hélène|last3=Pinet|first3=Hélène|last4=[[John Adamson (publisher)|Adamson, John]] (transl.)|first4= |title=Rodin: The Laboratory of Creation|date=November 2014|publisher=Éditions Faton|location=Dijon|isbn=9782878442007}}<br />
*{{cite book|last1=Le Normand-Romain|first1=Antoinette|title=Rodin|date=September 2014|publisher=Abbeville|location=New York|isbn=9780789212078}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category|La Porte de l'enfer|''The Gates of Hell''}}<br />
*''[http://enfer.musee-rodin.fr La Porte de l'Enfer]'', a tool for exploring ''The Gates of Hell'' by the Musée Rodin<br />
*''[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/99556 Rodin: The B. Gerald Cantor Collection]'', a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on ''The Gates of Hell''<br />
* [[Octave Mirbeau]], [https://www.scribd.com/doc/8406162/Octave-Mirbeau-Auguste-Rodin « Auguste Rodin »].<br />
* [http://cantorcollection.stanford.edu/Obj1619?sid=2300&x=31839''The Gates of Hell''], [[Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts]] at [[Stanford University]], Object Number 1985.86, bronze cast No. 5.<br />
<br />
{{Auguste Rodin|state=expanded}}<br />
{{Divine Comedy navbox}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|France}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gates of Hell, The}}<br />
[[Category:Sculptures by Auguste Rodin]]<br />
[[Category:Gates]]<br />
[[Category:Collections of the Musée d'Orsay]]<br />
[[Category:1917 sculptures]]<br />
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in France]]<br />
[[Category:Dante Alighieri]]<br />
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in Japan]]<br />
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Individual doors]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Adam and Eve]]<br />
[[Category:Adaptations of works by Dante Alighieri]]</div>Tkbretthttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer:Kurator71/Das_H%C3%B6llentor&diff=196005678Benutzer:Kurator71/Das Höllentor2018-02-21T21:25:12Z<p>Tkbrett: Inspiration for ''The Gates of Hell'' -> Inspiration</p>
<hr />
<div>{{about|the Rodin sculpture|other uses|Gates of Hell (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{italic title}}<br />
[[File:La puerta del Infierno .jpg|thumb|right|''The Gates of Hell'', Museo Soumaya, Mexico City]]<br />
'''''The Gates of Hell''''' ({{lang-fr|'''La Porte de l'Enfer'''}}) is a monumental sculptural group work by French artist [[Auguste Rodin]] that depicts a scene from the ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]'', the first section of [[Dante Alighieri]]'s ''[[Divine Comedy]]''. It stands at 6&nbsp;metres high, 4&nbsp;metres wide and 1&nbsp;metre deep ({{convert|6|*|4|*|1|m|ft|disp=output only}}) and contains 180 figures. The figures range from {{convert|15|cm|in|0}} high up to more than one metre (3&nbsp;ft). Several of the figures were also cast independently by Rodin.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The sculpture was commissioned by the Directorate of Fine Arts in 1880 and was meant to be delivered in 1885.<br />
Rodin would continue to work on and off on this project for 37 years, until his death in 1917.<br />
<br />
The Directorate asked for an inviting entrance to a planned Decorative Arts Museum with the theme being left to Rodin's selection. Even before this commission, Rodin had developed sketches of some of Dante's characters based on his admiration of [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]]'s ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Elsen|first1=Albert E.|title=Rodin|date=1963|publisher=Museum of Modern Art|location=New York|page=35}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Decorative Arts Museum was never built. Rodin worked on this project on the ground floor of the Hôtel Biron. Near the end of his life, Rodin donated sculptures, drawings and reproduction rights to the French government. In 1919, two years after his death, The Hôtel Biron became the Musée Rodin housing a cast of ''The Gates of Hell'' and related works.<br />
<br />
==Inspiration==<br />
<br />
Rodin conceived that people would walk toward the work, perhaps up a flight of stairs, and be overwhelmed frontally by the massive gates, contemplating the experience of hell that Dante describes in his ''Inferno''. Rodin thought particularly of Dante's warning over the entrance of the Inferno, "Abandon every hope, who enter here."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fisher|first1=Paul Zelanski, Mary Pat|title=The Art of Seeing|date=2011|publisher=Prentice Hall|location=Upper Saddle River, NJ|isbn=978-0-205-74834-1|pages=73-4|edition=8th}}</ref><br />
<br />
A work of the scope of ''The Gates of Hell'' had not been attempted before, but inspiration came from [[Lorenzo Ghiberti]]'s ''[[Florence Baptistry#Baptistry doors|Gates of Paradise]]'' at the [[Battistero di San Giovanni (Florence)|Baptistery of St. John]], [[Florence]]; the 15th century bronze doors depict figures from the [[Old Testament]].<br />
Another source of inspiration was medieval cathedrals; some of those combine both high and low [[relief]].<br />
Rodin was also inspired by Michelangelo's fresco ''[[The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)|The Last Judgment]]'', Delacroix's painting ''[[The Barque of Dante]]'', Balzac's collection ''[[La Comédie humaine]]'' and Baudelaire's poems ''[[Les Fleurs du mal]]''.<ref>[http://enfer.musee-rodin.fr/fr/figure/au-sujet-de-loeuvre Musée Rodin, La Porte de l'Enfer] (French)</ref><ref>[http://www.musee-rodin.fr/en/collections/archives/les-fleurs-du-mal-flowers-evil Musée Rodin]</ref><br />
<br />
In an article by Serge Basset printed in ''Le Matin'' in 1890, Rodin said: "For a whole year I lived with Dante, with him alone, drawing the circles of his inferno. At the end of this year, I realized that while my drawing rendered my vision of Dante, they had become too remote from reality. So I started all over again, working from nature, with my models."{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}<br />
<br />
{{cquote|<poem>Through me the way into the suffering city,<br />
Through me the way to the eternal pain,<br />
Through me the way that runs among the lost.<br />
Justice urged on my high artificer;<br />
My Maker was Divine authority,<br />
The highest Wisdom, and the primal Love.<br />
Before me nothing but eternal things<br />
Were made, and I endure eternally.<br />
'''Abandon every hope, who enter here.'''</poem><br />
|author = [[Dante]]<br />
|source = ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]'', 3.1-9}}<br />
<br />
==Variations==<br />
<br />
<gallery caption="Variations of ''The Gates of Hell''" mode="packed" heights="300px"><br />
Zürich - Kunsthaus - Rodin's Höllentor IMG 7384 ShiftN.jpg|''The Gates of Hell'', The Kunsthaus Zürich, Zurich.<br />
Porte de l'enfer Musée d'Orsay 01.jpg|''The Gates of Hell'', [[Musée d'Orsay]], Paris.<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Outstanding figures==<br />
[[File:Le penseur de la Porte de lEnfer (musée Rodin) (4528252054).jpg|thumb|right|''The Thinker'' in the ''Gates'' at the Musée Rodin]]<br />
[[File:Porte de l'enfer (Chute).JPG|thumb|right|Detail, upper left-hand door]]<br />
The original sculptures were enlarged and became works of art of their own.<br />
<br />
* ''[[The Thinker]]'' (''Le Penseur''), also called ''The Poet'', is located above the door panels. One interpretation suggests that it might represent Dante looking down to the characters in the Inferno. Another interpretation is that the ''Thinker'' is Rodin himself meditating about his composition. Others believe that the figure may be Adam, contemplating the destruction brought upon mankind because of his sin.<br />
* ''[[The Kiss (Rodin sculpture)|The Kiss]]'' (''Le Baiser'') was originally in ''The Gate'' along with other figures of Paolo and [[Francesca da Rimini]]. Rodin wanted to represent their initial joy as well as their final damnation. He removed the figure that became known as ''[[The Kiss (Rodin sculpture)|The Kiss]]'' because it seemed to conflict with the other suffering figures.<br />
* ''Ugolino and His Children'' (''Ugolin et ses enfants'') depicts [[Ugolino della Gherardesca]], who according to the story, ate the corpses of his children after they died by starvation (Dante, ''[[Divine Comedy#Inferno|Inferno]]'', Canto XXXIII). The Ugolino group was cast as a separate bronze in 1882.<br />
* ''The Three Shades'' (''Les Trois Ombres'') was originally 98&nbsp;cm high. The over-life size group was initially made of three independent figures in 1899. Later on, Rodin replaced one hand in the figures to fuse them together, in the same form as the smaller version. The figures originally pointed to the phrase "Lasciate ogne speranza, voi ch'intrate" ("Abandon all hope, ye who enter here") from Canto III of the ''[[Divine Comedy#Inferno|Inferno]]''.<ref>{{cite book | author=Le Normand-Romain, Antoinette | title=Rodin:The Gates of Hell | location=Paris | publisher=[[Musée Rodin]] | year=1999 | isbn=2-901428-69-X}}</ref><br />
* ''Fleeting Love'' (''Fugit Amor'') is located on the right door pane, it is one of several figures of lovers that represent Paolo and [[Francesca da Rimini]]. The male figure is also called ''The Prodigal''.<br />
* ''[[Francesca da Rimini|Paolo and Francesca]]'' is shown on the left door pane. Paolo tries to reach Francesca, who seems to slip away.<br />
* ''[[Meditation (sculpture)|Meditation]]'' appears on the rightmost part of the [[tympanum (architecture)|tympanum]], shown as an enlarged figure in 1896.<br />
* ''The Old Courtesan'' is a bronze cast from 1910 of an aged, naked female body. The sculpture is also called ''She Who Was Once the Helmet-Maker's Beautiful Wife'' (''Celle qui fut la belle heaulmière''). This title is taken from a poem by [[François Villon]].<br />
* ''[[Caryatid|Fallen Caryatid Carrying her Stone]]'' is based on the figure at the top of the left pilaster. Around 1881 Rodin enlarged her and gave her a stone.<ref>[http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/207511 Fallen Caryatid Carrying Her Stone at the Met]</ref><br />
* ''I Am Beautiful'' (''Je suis belle''), cast in 1882, is among the second set of figures on the extreme right portion of the door.<br />
* ''[[Eternal Springtime]]'' (''L'Éternel printemps'') was cast in 1884. It exists in several separate versions, both in marble and in bronze.<br />
* ''Adam and Eve''. Rodin asked the directorate for additional funds for the independent sculptures of ''Adam'' and ''Eve'' that were meant to frame ''The Gates of Hell''. However, Rodin found he could not get Eve's figure right. Consequently, several figures of Eve were made, none of which were used, and all of them were later sold.<br />
<br />
== Locations ==<br />
{{external media | width = 210px | align = right<br />
| headerimage=[[File:Porte de l'Enfer (Ugolin).JPG|210px]]<br />
| video1 =[http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/rodins-the-gates-of-hell.html Rodin's ''The Gates of Hell''], [[Smarthistory]]<ref name="smarth A">{{cite web | title =Rodin's The Gates of Hell | work = | publisher =[[Smarthistory]] at [[Khan Academy]] | date = | url =http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/rodins-the-gates-of-hell.html | accessdate =March 13, 2013 }}</ref><br />
| video2 =[http://www.canal-educatif.fr/en/videos/art/2/rodin/gates-of-hell.html ''The Gates of Hell, The story of a damned artwork'' ], [[Canal Educatif]]<ref name="CED B">{{cite web | title =''The Gates of Hell'', The story of a damned artwork | work = | publisher =[[Canal Educatif]] | date = | url =http://www.canal-educatif.fr/en/videos/art/2/rodin/gates-of-hell.html | accessdate =March 13, 2013 }}</ref> }}<br />
<br />
The plaster original was restored in 1917 and is displayed at the [[Musée d'Orsay]] in [[Paris]].<ref name="smarth A"/> A series of plaster casts illustrating the development of the work is on view at the [[Musée Rodin]] in [[Meudon]]. Also in 1917, a model was used to make the original three bronze casts: <br />
* The [[Musée Rodin]], [[Paris]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.musee-rodin.fr/en/collections/sculptures/gates-hell | title=The Gates of Hell | publisher=Musée Rodin | accessdate=January 27, 2012}}</ref><br />
* The [[Rodin Museum]], [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]].<br />
* The [[The National Museum of Western Art|National Museum of Western Art]] in [[Ueno Park]], [[Tokyo]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://collection.nmwa.go.jp/en/S.1959-0045.html | title=The Gates of Hell | publisher=The National Museum of Western Art | accessdate=January 27, 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
Subsequent bronzes have been distributed by the Musée Rodin to a number of locations, including:<br />
* The [[Kunsthaus Zürich]], [[Zurich]]<br />
* The [[Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts]] at [[Stanford University]]<br />
* The Plateau, [[Seoul]], [[Korea]]<br />
* [[Museo Soumaya]], [[Mexico City]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Dante and his Divine Comedy in popular culture#Sculpture|Dante and his ''Divine Comedy'' in popular culture]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
*{{cite book|last1=Chevillot|first1=Catherine|last2=Marraud|first2=Hélène|last3=Pinet|first3=Hélène|last4=[[John Adamson (publisher)|Adamson, John]] (transl.)|first4= |title=Rodin: The Laboratory of Creation|date=November 2014|publisher=Éditions Faton|location=Dijon|isbn=9782878442007}}<br />
*{{cite book|last1=Le Normand-Romain|first1=Antoinette|title=Rodin|date=September 2014|publisher=Abbeville|location=New York|isbn=9780789212078}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category|La Porte de l'enfer|''The Gates of Hell''}}<br />
*''[http://enfer.musee-rodin.fr La Porte de l'Enfer]'', a tool for exploring ''The Gates of Hell'' by the Musée Rodin<br />
*''[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/99556 Rodin: The B. Gerald Cantor Collection]'', a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on ''The Gates of Hell''<br />
* [[Octave Mirbeau]], [https://www.scribd.com/doc/8406162/Octave-Mirbeau-Auguste-Rodin « Auguste Rodin »].<br />
* [http://cantorcollection.stanford.edu/Obj1619?sid=2300&x=31839''The Gates of Hell''], [[Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts]] at [[Stanford University]], Object Number 1985.86, bronze cast No. 5.<br />
<br />
{{Auguste Rodin|state=expanded}}<br />
{{Divine Comedy navbox}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|France}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gates of Hell, The}}<br />
[[Category:Sculptures by Auguste Rodin]]<br />
[[Category:Gates]]<br />
[[Category:Collections of the Musée d'Orsay]]<br />
[[Category:1917 sculptures]]<br />
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in France]]<br />
[[Category:Dante Alighieri]]<br />
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in Japan]]<br />
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Individual doors]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Adam and Eve]]<br />
[[Category:Adaptations of works by Dante Alighieri]]</div>Tkbretthttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer:Kurator71/Das_H%C3%B6llentor&diff=196005677Benutzer:Kurator71/Das Höllentor2018-02-21T21:23:27Z<p>Tkbrett: the page was very cluttered so I organized the different sculpture variations into their own section</p>
<hr />
<div>{{about|the Rodin sculpture|other uses|Gates of Hell (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{italic title}}<br />
[[File:La puerta del Infierno .jpg|thumb|right|''The Gates of Hell'', Museo Soumaya, Mexico City]]<br />
'''''The Gates of Hell''''' ({{lang-fr|'''La Porte de l'Enfer'''}}) is a monumental sculptural group work by French artist [[Auguste Rodin]] that depicts a scene from the ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]'', the first section of [[Dante Alighieri]]'s ''[[Divine Comedy]]''. It stands at 6&nbsp;metres high, 4&nbsp;metres wide and 1&nbsp;metre deep ({{convert|6|*|4|*|1|m|ft|disp=output only}}) and contains 180 figures. The figures range from {{convert|15|cm|in|0}} high up to more than one metre (3&nbsp;ft). Several of the figures were also cast independently by Rodin.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The sculpture was commissioned by the Directorate of Fine Arts in 1880 and was meant to be delivered in 1885.<br />
Rodin would continue to work on and off on this project for 37 years, until his death in 1917.<br />
<br />
The Directorate asked for an inviting entrance to a planned Decorative Arts Museum with the theme being left to Rodin's selection. Even before this commission, Rodin had developed sketches of some of Dante's characters based on his admiration of [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]]'s ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Elsen|first1=Albert E.|title=Rodin|date=1963|publisher=Museum of Modern Art|location=New York|page=35}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Decorative Arts Museum was never built. Rodin worked on this project on the ground floor of the Hôtel Biron. Near the end of his life, Rodin donated sculptures, drawings and reproduction rights to the French government. In 1919, two years after his death, The Hôtel Biron became the Musée Rodin housing a cast of ''The Gates of Hell'' and related works.<br />
<br />
==Inspiration for ''The Gates of Hell''==<br />
<br />
Rodin conceived that people would walk toward the work, perhaps up a flight of stairs, and be overwhelmed frontally by the massive gates, contemplating the experience of hell that Dante describes in his ''Inferno''. Rodin thought particularly of Dante's warning over the entrance of the Inferno, "Abandon every hope, who enter here."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fisher|first1=Paul Zelanski, Mary Pat|title=The Art of Seeing|date=2011|publisher=Prentice Hall|location=Upper Saddle River, NJ|isbn=978-0-205-74834-1|pages=73-4|edition=8th}}</ref><br />
<br />
A work of the scope of ''The Gates of Hell'' had not been attempted before, but inspiration came from [[Lorenzo Ghiberti]]'s ''[[Florence Baptistry#Baptistry doors|Gates of Paradise]]'' at the [[Battistero di San Giovanni (Florence)|Baptistery of St. John]], [[Florence]]; the 15th century bronze doors depict figures from the [[Old Testament]].<br />
Another source of inspiration was medieval cathedrals; some of those combine both high and low [[relief]].<br />
Rodin was also inspired by Michelangelo's fresco ''[[The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)|The Last Judgment]]'', Delacroix's painting ''[[The Barque of Dante]]'', Balzac's collection ''[[La Comédie humaine]]'' and Baudelaire's poems ''[[Les Fleurs du mal]]''.<ref>[http://enfer.musee-rodin.fr/fr/figure/au-sujet-de-loeuvre Musée Rodin, La Porte de l'Enfer] (French)</ref><ref>[http://www.musee-rodin.fr/en/collections/archives/les-fleurs-du-mal-flowers-evil Musée Rodin]</ref><br />
<br />
In an article by Serge Basset printed in ''Le Matin'' in 1890, Rodin said: "For a whole year I lived with Dante, with him alone, drawing the circles of his inferno. At the end of this year, I realized that while my drawing rendered my vision of Dante, they had become too remote from reality. So I started all over again, working from nature, with my models."{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}<br />
<br />
{{cquote|<poem>Through me the way into the suffering city,<br />
Through me the way to the eternal pain,<br />
Through me the way that runs among the lost.<br />
Justice urged on my high artificer;<br />
My Maker was Divine authority,<br />
The highest Wisdom, and the primal Love.<br />
Before me nothing but eternal things<br />
Were made, and I endure eternally.<br />
'''Abandon every hope, who enter here.'''</poem><br />
|author = [[Dante]]<br />
|source = ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]'', 3.1-9}}<br />
<br />
==Variations==<br />
<br />
<gallery caption="Variations of ''The Gates of Hell''" mode="packed" heights="300px"><br />
Zürich - Kunsthaus - Rodin's Höllentor IMG 7384 ShiftN.jpg|''The Gates of Hell'', The Kunsthaus Zürich, Zurich.<br />
Porte de l'enfer Musée d'Orsay 01.jpg|''The Gates of Hell'', [[Musée d'Orsay]], Paris.<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==Outstanding figures==<br />
[[File:Le penseur de la Porte de lEnfer (musée Rodin) (4528252054).jpg|thumb|right|''The Thinker'' in the ''Gates'' at the Musée Rodin]]<br />
[[File:Porte de l'enfer (Chute).JPG|thumb|right|Detail, upper left-hand door]]<br />
The original sculptures were enlarged and became works of art of their own.<br />
<br />
* ''[[The Thinker]]'' (''Le Penseur''), also called ''The Poet'', is located above the door panels. One interpretation suggests that it might represent Dante looking down to the characters in the Inferno. Another interpretation is that the ''Thinker'' is Rodin himself meditating about his composition. Others believe that the figure may be Adam, contemplating the destruction brought upon mankind because of his sin.<br />
* ''[[The Kiss (Rodin sculpture)|The Kiss]]'' (''Le Baiser'') was originally in ''The Gate'' along with other figures of Paolo and [[Francesca da Rimini]]. Rodin wanted to represent their initial joy as well as their final damnation. He removed the figure that became known as ''[[The Kiss (Rodin sculpture)|The Kiss]]'' because it seemed to conflict with the other suffering figures.<br />
* ''Ugolino and His Children'' (''Ugolin et ses enfants'') depicts [[Ugolino della Gherardesca]], who according to the story, ate the corpses of his children after they died by starvation (Dante, ''[[Divine Comedy#Inferno|Inferno]]'', Canto XXXIII). The Ugolino group was cast as a separate bronze in 1882.<br />
* ''The Three Shades'' (''Les Trois Ombres'') was originally 98&nbsp;cm high. The over-life size group was initially made of three independent figures in 1899. Later on, Rodin replaced one hand in the figures to fuse them together, in the same form as the smaller version. The figures originally pointed to the phrase "Lasciate ogne speranza, voi ch'intrate" ("Abandon all hope, ye who enter here") from Canto III of the ''[[Divine Comedy#Inferno|Inferno]]''.<ref>{{cite book | author=Le Normand-Romain, Antoinette | title=Rodin:The Gates of Hell | location=Paris | publisher=[[Musée Rodin]] | year=1999 | isbn=2-901428-69-X}}</ref><br />
* ''Fleeting Love'' (''Fugit Amor'') is located on the right door pane, it is one of several figures of lovers that represent Paolo and [[Francesca da Rimini]]. The male figure is also called ''The Prodigal''.<br />
* ''[[Francesca da Rimini|Paolo and Francesca]]'' is shown on the left door pane. Paolo tries to reach Francesca, who seems to slip away.<br />
* ''[[Meditation (sculpture)|Meditation]]'' appears on the rightmost part of the [[tympanum (architecture)|tympanum]], shown as an enlarged figure in 1896.<br />
* ''The Old Courtesan'' is a bronze cast from 1910 of an aged, naked female body. The sculpture is also called ''She Who Was Once the Helmet-Maker's Beautiful Wife'' (''Celle qui fut la belle heaulmière''). This title is taken from a poem by [[François Villon]].<br />
* ''[[Caryatid|Fallen Caryatid Carrying her Stone]]'' is based on the figure at the top of the left pilaster. Around 1881 Rodin enlarged her and gave her a stone.<ref>[http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/207511 Fallen Caryatid Carrying Her Stone at the Met]</ref><br />
* ''I Am Beautiful'' (''Je suis belle''), cast in 1882, is among the second set of figures on the extreme right portion of the door.<br />
* ''[[Eternal Springtime]]'' (''L'Éternel printemps'') was cast in 1884. It exists in several separate versions, both in marble and in bronze.<br />
* ''Adam and Eve''. Rodin asked the directorate for additional funds for the independent sculptures of ''Adam'' and ''Eve'' that were meant to frame ''The Gates of Hell''. However, Rodin found he could not get Eve's figure right. Consequently, several figures of Eve were made, none of which were used, and all of them were later sold.<br />
<br />
== Locations ==<br />
{{external media | width = 210px | align = right<br />
| headerimage=[[File:Porte de l'Enfer (Ugolin).JPG|210px]]<br />
| video1 =[http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/rodins-the-gates-of-hell.html Rodin's ''The Gates of Hell''], [[Smarthistory]]<ref name="smarth A">{{cite web | title =Rodin's The Gates of Hell | work = | publisher =[[Smarthistory]] at [[Khan Academy]] | date = | url =http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/rodins-the-gates-of-hell.html | accessdate =March 13, 2013 }}</ref><br />
| video2 =[http://www.canal-educatif.fr/en/videos/art/2/rodin/gates-of-hell.html ''The Gates of Hell, The story of a damned artwork'' ], [[Canal Educatif]]<ref name="CED B">{{cite web | title =''The Gates of Hell'', The story of a damned artwork | work = | publisher =[[Canal Educatif]] | date = | url =http://www.canal-educatif.fr/en/videos/art/2/rodin/gates-of-hell.html | accessdate =March 13, 2013 }}</ref> }}<br />
<br />
The plaster original was restored in 1917 and is displayed at the [[Musée d'Orsay]] in [[Paris]].<ref name="smarth A"/> A series of plaster casts illustrating the development of the work is on view at the [[Musée Rodin]] in [[Meudon]]. Also in 1917, a model was used to make the original three bronze casts: <br />
* The [[Musée Rodin]], [[Paris]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.musee-rodin.fr/en/collections/sculptures/gates-hell | title=The Gates of Hell | publisher=Musée Rodin | accessdate=January 27, 2012}}</ref><br />
* The [[Rodin Museum]], [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]].<br />
* The [[The National Museum of Western Art|National Museum of Western Art]] in [[Ueno Park]], [[Tokyo]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://collection.nmwa.go.jp/en/S.1959-0045.html | title=The Gates of Hell | publisher=The National Museum of Western Art | accessdate=January 27, 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
Subsequent bronzes have been distributed by the Musée Rodin to a number of locations, including:<br />
* The [[Kunsthaus Zürich]], [[Zurich]]<br />
* The [[Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts]] at [[Stanford University]]<br />
* The Plateau, [[Seoul]], [[Korea]]<br />
* [[Museo Soumaya]], [[Mexico City]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Dante and his Divine Comedy in popular culture#Sculpture|Dante and his ''Divine Comedy'' in popular culture]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
*{{cite book|last1=Chevillot|first1=Catherine|last2=Marraud|first2=Hélène|last3=Pinet|first3=Hélène|last4=[[John Adamson (publisher)|Adamson, John]] (transl.)|first4= |title=Rodin: The Laboratory of Creation|date=November 2014|publisher=Éditions Faton|location=Dijon|isbn=9782878442007}}<br />
*{{cite book|last1=Le Normand-Romain|first1=Antoinette|title=Rodin|date=September 2014|publisher=Abbeville|location=New York|isbn=9780789212078}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category|La Porte de l'enfer|''The Gates of Hell''}}<br />
*''[http://enfer.musee-rodin.fr La Porte de l'Enfer]'', a tool for exploring ''The Gates of Hell'' by the Musée Rodin<br />
*''[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/99556 Rodin: The B. Gerald Cantor Collection]'', a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on ''The Gates of Hell''<br />
* [[Octave Mirbeau]], [https://www.scribd.com/doc/8406162/Octave-Mirbeau-Auguste-Rodin « Auguste Rodin »].<br />
* [http://cantorcollection.stanford.edu/Obj1619?sid=2300&x=31839''The Gates of Hell''], [[Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts]] at [[Stanford University]], Object Number 1985.86, bronze cast No. 5.<br />
<br />
{{Auguste Rodin|state=expanded}}<br />
{{Divine Comedy navbox}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|France}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gates of Hell, The}}<br />
[[Category:Sculptures by Auguste Rodin]]<br />
[[Category:Gates]]<br />
[[Category:Collections of the Musée d'Orsay]]<br />
[[Category:1917 sculptures]]<br />
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in France]]<br />
[[Category:Dante Alighieri]]<br />
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in Japan]]<br />
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Individual doors]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Adam and Eve]]<br />
[[Category:Adaptations of works by Dante Alighieri]]</div>Tkbretthttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer:Kurator71/Das_H%C3%B6llentor&diff=196005676Benutzer:Kurator71/Das Höllentor2018-01-16T18:17:08Z<p>Tkbrett: /* Inspiration for The Gates of Hell */ changed quotebox width</p>
<hr />
<div>{{about|the Rodin sculpture|other uses|Gates of Hell (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{italic title}}<br />
[[File:La puerta del Infierno .jpg|thumb|right|''The Gates of Hell'', Museo Soumaya, Mexico City]]<br />
[[File:Zürich - Kunsthaus - Rodin's Höllentor IMG 7384 ShiftN.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''The Gates of Hell'', The Kunsthaus Zürich, Zurich.]]<br />
<br />
'''''The Gates of Hell''''' ({{lang-fr|'''La Porte de l'Enfer'''}}) is a monumental sculptural group work by French artist [[Auguste Rodin]] that depicts a scene from the ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]'', the first section of [[Dante Alighieri]]'s ''[[Divine Comedy]]''. It stands at 6&nbsp;metres high, 4&nbsp;metres wide and 1&nbsp;metre deep ({{convert|6|*|4|*|1|m|ft|disp=output only}}) and contains 180 figures. The figures range from {{convert|15|cm|in|0}} high up to more than one metre (3&nbsp;ft). Several of the figures were also cast independently by Rodin.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[File:Porte de l'enfer Musée d'Orsay 01.jpg|thumb|left|250px|''The Gates of Hell'' - [[Musée d'Orsay]].]]<br />
The sculpture was commissioned by the Directorate of Fine Arts in 1880 and was meant to be delivered in 1885.<br />
Rodin would continue to work on and off on this project for 37 years, until his death in 1917.<br />
<br />
The Directorate asked for an inviting entrance to a planned Decorative Arts Museum with the theme being left to Rodin's selection. Even before this commission, Rodin had developed sketches of some of Dante's characters based on his admiration of [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]]'s ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Elsen|first1=Albert E.|title=Rodin|date=1963|publisher=Museum of Modern Art|location=New York|page=35}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Decorative Arts Museum was never built. Rodin worked on this project on the ground floor of the Hôtel Biron. Near the end of his life, Rodin donated sculptures, drawings and reproduction rights to the French government. In 1919, two years after his death, The Hôtel Biron became the Musée Rodin housing a cast of ''The Gates of Hell'' and related works.<br />
<br />
==Inspiration for ''The Gates of Hell''==<br />
Rodin conceived that people would walk toward the work, perhaps up a flight of stairs, and be overwhelmed frontally by the massive gates, contemplating the experience of hell that Dante describes in his ''Inferno''. Rodin thought particularly of Dante's warning over the entrance of the Inferno, "Abandon every hope, who enter here."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fisher|first1=Paul Zelanski, Mary Pat|title=The Art of Seeing|date=2011|publisher=Prentice Hall|location=Upper Saddle River, NJ|isbn=978-0-205-74834-1|pages=73-4|edition=8th}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Quote box<br />
|quote = Through me the way into the suffering city,<br />
:Through me the way to the eternal pain,<br />
:Through me the way that runs among the lost.<br />
:Justice urged on my high artificer;<br />
:My Maker was Divine authority,<br />
:The highest Wisdom, and the primal Love.<br />
:Before me nothing but eternal things<br />
:Were made, and I endure eternally.<br />
:'''Abandon every hope, who enter here.'''<br />
|author = [[Dante]]<br />
|source = ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]'', 3.1-9<br />
|width = 21%<br />
|align = right<br />
}}<br />
<br />
A work of the scope of ''The Gates of Hell'' had not been attempted before, but inspiration came from [[Lorenzo Ghiberti]]'s ''[[Florence Baptistry#Baptistry doors|Gates of Paradise]]'' at the [[Battistero di San Giovanni (Florence)|Baptistery of St. John]], [[Florence]]; the 15th century bronze doors depict figures from the [[Old Testament]].<br />
Another source of inspiration was medieval cathedrals; some of those combine both high and low [[relief]].<br />
Rodin was also inspired by Michelangelo's fresco ''[[The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)|The Last Judgment]]'', Delacroix's painting ''[[The Barque of Dante]]'', Balzac's collection ''[[La Comédie humaine]]'' and Baudelaire's poems ''[[Les Fleurs du mal]]''.<ref>[http://enfer.musee-rodin.fr/fr/figure/au-sujet-de-loeuvre Musée Rodin, La Porte de l'Enfer] (French)</ref><ref>[http://www.musee-rodin.fr/en/collections/archives/les-fleurs-du-mal-flowers-evil Musée Rodin]</ref><br />
<br />
In an article by Serge Basset printed in ''Le Matin'' in 1890, Rodin said: "For a whole year I lived with Dante, with him alone, drawing the circles of his inferno. At the end of this year, I realized that while my drawing rendered my vision of Dante, they had become too remote from reality. So I started all over again, working from nature, with my models."{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}<br />
<br />
==Outstanding figures==<br />
[[File:Le penseur de la Porte de lEnfer (musée Rodin) (4528252054).jpg|thumb|right|''The Thinker'' in the ''Gates'' at the Musée Rodin]]<br />
[[File:Porte de l'enfer (Chute).JPG|thumb|right|Detail, upper left-hand door]]<br />
The original sculptures were enlarged and became works of art of their own.<br />
<br />
* ''[[The Thinker]]'' (''Le Penseur''), also called ''The Poet'', is located above the door panels. One interpretation suggests that it might represent Dante looking down to the characters in the Inferno. Another interpretation is that the ''Thinker'' is Rodin himself meditating about his composition. Others believe that the figure may be Adam, contemplating the destruction brought upon mankind because of his sin.<br />
* ''[[The Kiss (Rodin sculpture)|The Kiss]]'' (''Le Baiser'') was originally in ''The Gate'' along with other figures of Paolo and [[Francesca da Rimini]]. Rodin wanted to represent their initial joy as well as their final damnation. He removed the figure that became known as ''[[The Kiss (Rodin sculpture)|The Kiss]]'' because it seemed to conflict with the other suffering figures.<br />
* ''Ugolino and His Children'' (''Ugolin et ses enfants'') depicts [[Ugolino della Gherardesca]], who according to the story, ate the corpses of his children after they died by starvation (Dante, ''[[Divine Comedy#Inferno|Inferno]]'', Canto XXXIII). The Ugolino group was cast as a separate bronze in 1882.<br />
* ''The Three Shades'' (''Les Trois Ombres'') was originally 98&nbsp;cm high. The over-life size group was initially made of three independent figures in 1899. Later on, Rodin replaced one hand in the figures to fuse them together, in the same form as the smaller version. The figures originally pointed to the phrase "Lasciate ogne speranza, voi ch'intrate" ("Abandon all hope, ye who enter here") from Canto III of the ''[[Divine Comedy#Inferno|Inferno]]''.<ref>{{cite book | author=Le Normand-Romain, Antoinette | title=Rodin:The Gates of Hell | location=Paris | publisher=[[Musée Rodin]] | year=1999 | isbn=2-901428-69-X}}</ref><br />
* ''Fleeting Love'' (''Fugit Amor'') is located on the right door pane, it is one of several figures of lovers that represent Paolo and [[Francesca da Rimini]]. The male figure is also called ''The Prodigal''.<br />
* ''[[Francesca da Rimini|Paolo and Francesca]]'' is shown on the left door pane. Paolo tries to reach Francesca, who seems to slip away.<br />
* ''[[Meditation (sculpture)|Meditation]]'' appears on the rightmost part of the [[tympanum (architecture)|tympanum]], shown as an enlarged figure in 1896.<br />
* ''The Old Courtesan'' is a bronze cast from 1910 of an aged, naked female body. The sculpture is also called ''She Who Was Once the Helmet-Maker's Beautiful Wife'' (''Celle qui fut la belle heaulmière''). This title is taken from a poem by [[François Villon]].<br />
* ''[[Caryatid|Fallen Caryatid Carrying her Stone]]'' is based on the figure at the top of the left pilaster. Around 1881 Rodin enlarged her and gave her a stone.<ref>[http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/207511 Fallen Caryatid Carrying Her Stone at the Met]</ref><br />
* ''I Am Beautiful'' (''Je suis belle''), cast in 1882, is among the second set of figures on the extreme right portion of the door.<br />
* ''[[Eternal Springtime]]'' (''L'Éternel printemps'') was cast in 1884. It exists in several separate versions, both in marble and in bronze.<br />
* ''Adam and Eve''. Rodin asked the directorate for additional funds for the independent sculptures of ''Adam'' and ''Eve'' that were meant to frame ''The Gates of Hell''. However, Rodin found he could not get Eve's figure right. Consequently, several figures of Eve were made, none of which were used, and all of them were later sold.<br />
<br />
== Locations ==<br />
{{external media | width = 210px | align = right<br />
| headerimage=[[File:Porte de l'Enfer (Ugolin).JPG|210px]]<br />
| video1 =[http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/rodins-the-gates-of-hell.html Rodin's ''The Gates of Hell''], [[Smarthistory]]<ref name="smarth A">{{cite web | title =Rodin's The Gates of Hell | work = | publisher =[[Smarthistory]] at [[Khan Academy]] | date = | url =http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/rodins-the-gates-of-hell.html | accessdate =March 13, 2013 }}</ref><br />
| video2 =[http://www.canal-educatif.fr/en/videos/art/2/rodin/gates-of-hell.html ''The Gates of Hell, The story of a damned artwork'' ], [[Canal Educatif]]<ref name="CED B">{{cite web | title =''The Gates of Hell'', The story of a damned artwork | work = | publisher =[[Canal Educatif]] | date = | url =http://www.canal-educatif.fr/en/videos/art/2/rodin/gates-of-hell.html | accessdate =March 13, 2013 }}</ref> }}<br />
<br />
The plaster original was restored in 1917 and is displayed at the [[Musée d'Orsay]] in [[Paris]].<ref name="smarth A"/> A series of plaster casts illustrating the development of the work is on view at the [[Musée Rodin]] in [[Meudon]]. Also in 1917, a model was used to make the original three bronze casts: <br />
* The [[Musée Rodin]], [[Paris]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.musee-rodin.fr/en/collections/sculptures/gates-hell | title=The Gates of Hell | publisher=Musée Rodin | accessdate=January 27, 2012}}</ref><br />
* The [[Rodin Museum]], [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]].<br />
* The [[The National Museum of Western Art|National Museum of Western Art]] in [[Ueno Park]], [[Tokyo]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://collection.nmwa.go.jp/en/S.1959-0045.html | title=The Gates of Hell | publisher=The National Museum of Western Art | accessdate=January 27, 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
Subsequent bronzes have been distributed by the Musée Rodin to a number of locations, including:<br />
* The [[Kunsthaus Zürich]], [[Zurich]]<br />
* The [[Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts]] at [[Stanford University]]<br />
* The Plateau, [[Seoul]], [[Korea]]<br />
* [[Museo Soumaya]], [[Mexico City]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Dante and his Divine Comedy in popular culture#Sculpture|Dante and his ''Divine Comedy'' in popular culture]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
*{{cite book|last1=Chevillot|first1=Catherine|last2=Marraud|first2=Hélène|last3=Pinet|first3=Hélène|last4=[[John Adamson (publisher)|Adamson, John]] (transl.)|first4= |title=Rodin: The Laboratory of Creation|date=November 2014|publisher=Éditions Faton|location=Dijon|isbn=9782878442007}}<br />
*{{cite book|last1=Le Normand-Romain|first1=Antoinette|title=Rodin|date=September 2014|publisher=Abbeville|location=New York|isbn=9780789212078}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category|La Porte de l'enfer|''The Gates of Hell''}}<br />
*''[http://enfer.musee-rodin.fr La Porte de l'Enfer]'', a tool for exploring ''The Gates of Hell'' by the Musée Rodin<br />
*''[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/99556 Rodin: The B. Gerald Cantor Collection]'', a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on ''The Gates of Hell''<br />
* [[Octave Mirbeau]], [https://www.scribd.com/doc/8406162/Octave-Mirbeau-Auguste-Rodin « Auguste Rodin »].<br />
* [http://cantorcollection.stanford.edu/Obj1619?sid=2300&x=31839''The Gates of Hell''], [[Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts]] at [[Stanford University]], Object Number 1985.86, bronze cast No. 5.<br />
<br />
{{Auguste Rodin|state=expanded}}<br />
{{Divine Comedy navbox}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|France}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gates of Hell, The}}<br />
[[Category:Sculptures by Auguste Rodin]]<br />
[[Category:Gates]]<br />
[[Category:Collections of the Musée d'Orsay]]<br />
[[Category:1917 sculptures]]<br />
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in France]]<br />
[[Category:Dante Alighieri]]<br />
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in Japan]]<br />
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Individual doors]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Adam and Eve]]<br />
[[Category:Adaptations of works by Dante Alighieri]]</div>Tkbretthttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer:Kurator71/Das_H%C3%B6llentor&diff=196005675Benutzer:Kurator71/Das Höllentor2018-01-16T18:16:34Z<p>Tkbrett: /* Inspiration for The Gates of Hell */ fixed link</p>
<hr />
<div>{{about|the Rodin sculpture|other uses|Gates of Hell (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{italic title}}<br />
[[File:La puerta del Infierno .jpg|thumb|right|''The Gates of Hell'', Museo Soumaya, Mexico City]]<br />
[[File:Zürich - Kunsthaus - Rodin's Höllentor IMG 7384 ShiftN.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''The Gates of Hell'', The Kunsthaus Zürich, Zurich.]]<br />
<br />
'''''The Gates of Hell''''' ({{lang-fr|'''La Porte de l'Enfer'''}}) is a monumental sculptural group work by French artist [[Auguste Rodin]] that depicts a scene from the ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]'', the first section of [[Dante Alighieri]]'s ''[[Divine Comedy]]''. It stands at 6&nbsp;metres high, 4&nbsp;metres wide and 1&nbsp;metre deep ({{convert|6|*|4|*|1|m|ft|disp=output only}}) and contains 180 figures. The figures range from {{convert|15|cm|in|0}} high up to more than one metre (3&nbsp;ft). Several of the figures were also cast independently by Rodin.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[File:Porte de l'enfer Musée d'Orsay 01.jpg|thumb|left|250px|''The Gates of Hell'' - [[Musée d'Orsay]].]]<br />
The sculpture was commissioned by the Directorate of Fine Arts in 1880 and was meant to be delivered in 1885.<br />
Rodin would continue to work on and off on this project for 37 years, until his death in 1917.<br />
<br />
The Directorate asked for an inviting entrance to a planned Decorative Arts Museum with the theme being left to Rodin's selection. Even before this commission, Rodin had developed sketches of some of Dante's characters based on his admiration of [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]]'s ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Elsen|first1=Albert E.|title=Rodin|date=1963|publisher=Museum of Modern Art|location=New York|page=35}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Decorative Arts Museum was never built. Rodin worked on this project on the ground floor of the Hôtel Biron. Near the end of his life, Rodin donated sculptures, drawings and reproduction rights to the French government. In 1919, two years after his death, The Hôtel Biron became the Musée Rodin housing a cast of ''The Gates of Hell'' and related works.<br />
<br />
==Inspiration for ''The Gates of Hell''==<br />
Rodin conceived that people would walk toward the work, perhaps up a flight of stairs, and be overwhelmed frontally by the massive gates, contemplating the experience of hell that Dante describes in his ''Inferno''. Rodin thought particularly of Dante's warning over the entrance of the Inferno, "Abandon every hope, who enter here."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fisher|first1=Paul Zelanski, Mary Pat|title=The Art of Seeing|date=2011|publisher=Prentice Hall|location=Upper Saddle River, NJ|isbn=978-0-205-74834-1|pages=73-4|edition=8th}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Quote box<br />
|quote = Through me the way into the suffering city,<br />
:Through me the way to the eternal pain,<br />
:Through me the way that runs among the lost.<br />
:Justice urged on my high artificer;<br />
:My Maker was Divine authority,<br />
:The highest Wisdom, and the primal Love.<br />
:Before me nothing but eternal things<br />
:Were made, and I endure eternally.<br />
:'''Abandon every hope, who enter here.'''<br />
|author = [[Dante]]<br />
|source = ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]'', 3.1-9<br />
|width = 25%<br />
|align = right<br />
}}<br />
<br />
A work of the scope of ''The Gates of Hell'' had not been attempted before, but inspiration came from [[Lorenzo Ghiberti]]'s ''[[Florence Baptistry#Baptistry doors|Gates of Paradise]]'' at the [[Battistero di San Giovanni (Florence)|Baptistery of St. John]], [[Florence]]; the 15th century bronze doors depict figures from the [[Old Testament]].<br />
Another source of inspiration was medieval cathedrals; some of those combine both high and low [[relief]].<br />
Rodin was also inspired by Michelangelo's fresco ''[[The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)|The Last Judgment]]'', Delacroix's painting ''[[The Barque of Dante]]'', Balzac's collection ''[[La Comédie humaine]]'' and Baudelaire's poems ''[[Les Fleurs du mal]]''.<ref>[http://enfer.musee-rodin.fr/fr/figure/au-sujet-de-loeuvre Musée Rodin, La Porte de l'Enfer] (French)</ref><ref>[http://www.musee-rodin.fr/en/collections/archives/les-fleurs-du-mal-flowers-evil Musée Rodin]</ref><br />
<br />
In an article by Serge Basset printed in ''Le Matin'' in 1890, Rodin said: "For a whole year I lived with Dante, with him alone, drawing the circles of his inferno. At the end of this year, I realized that while my drawing rendered my vision of Dante, they had become too remote from reality. So I started all over again, working from nature, with my models."{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}<br />
<br />
==Outstanding figures==<br />
[[File:Le penseur de la Porte de lEnfer (musée Rodin) (4528252054).jpg|thumb|right|''The Thinker'' in the ''Gates'' at the Musée Rodin]]<br />
[[File:Porte de l'enfer (Chute).JPG|thumb|right|Detail, upper left-hand door]]<br />
The original sculptures were enlarged and became works of art of their own.<br />
<br />
* ''[[The Thinker]]'' (''Le Penseur''), also called ''The Poet'', is located above the door panels. One interpretation suggests that it might represent Dante looking down to the characters in the Inferno. Another interpretation is that the ''Thinker'' is Rodin himself meditating about his composition. Others believe that the figure may be Adam, contemplating the destruction brought upon mankind because of his sin.<br />
* ''[[The Kiss (Rodin sculpture)|The Kiss]]'' (''Le Baiser'') was originally in ''The Gate'' along with other figures of Paolo and [[Francesca da Rimini]]. Rodin wanted to represent their initial joy as well as their final damnation. He removed the figure that became known as ''[[The Kiss (Rodin sculpture)|The Kiss]]'' because it seemed to conflict with the other suffering figures.<br />
* ''Ugolino and His Children'' (''Ugolin et ses enfants'') depicts [[Ugolino della Gherardesca]], who according to the story, ate the corpses of his children after they died by starvation (Dante, ''[[Divine Comedy#Inferno|Inferno]]'', Canto XXXIII). The Ugolino group was cast as a separate bronze in 1882.<br />
* ''The Three Shades'' (''Les Trois Ombres'') was originally 98&nbsp;cm high. The over-life size group was initially made of three independent figures in 1899. Later on, Rodin replaced one hand in the figures to fuse them together, in the same form as the smaller version. The figures originally pointed to the phrase "Lasciate ogne speranza, voi ch'intrate" ("Abandon all hope, ye who enter here") from Canto III of the ''[[Divine Comedy#Inferno|Inferno]]''.<ref>{{cite book | author=Le Normand-Romain, Antoinette | title=Rodin:The Gates of Hell | location=Paris | publisher=[[Musée Rodin]] | year=1999 | isbn=2-901428-69-X}}</ref><br />
* ''Fleeting Love'' (''Fugit Amor'') is located on the right door pane, it is one of several figures of lovers that represent Paolo and [[Francesca da Rimini]]. The male figure is also called ''The Prodigal''.<br />
* ''[[Francesca da Rimini|Paolo and Francesca]]'' is shown on the left door pane. Paolo tries to reach Francesca, who seems to slip away.<br />
* ''[[Meditation (sculpture)|Meditation]]'' appears on the rightmost part of the [[tympanum (architecture)|tympanum]], shown as an enlarged figure in 1896.<br />
* ''The Old Courtesan'' is a bronze cast from 1910 of an aged, naked female body. The sculpture is also called ''She Who Was Once the Helmet-Maker's Beautiful Wife'' (''Celle qui fut la belle heaulmière''). This title is taken from a poem by [[François Villon]].<br />
* ''[[Caryatid|Fallen Caryatid Carrying her Stone]]'' is based on the figure at the top of the left pilaster. Around 1881 Rodin enlarged her and gave her a stone.<ref>[http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/207511 Fallen Caryatid Carrying Her Stone at the Met]</ref><br />
* ''I Am Beautiful'' (''Je suis belle''), cast in 1882, is among the second set of figures on the extreme right portion of the door.<br />
* ''[[Eternal Springtime]]'' (''L'Éternel printemps'') was cast in 1884. It exists in several separate versions, both in marble and in bronze.<br />
* ''Adam and Eve''. Rodin asked the directorate for additional funds for the independent sculptures of ''Adam'' and ''Eve'' that were meant to frame ''The Gates of Hell''. However, Rodin found he could not get Eve's figure right. Consequently, several figures of Eve were made, none of which were used, and all of them were later sold.<br />
<br />
== Locations ==<br />
{{external media | width = 210px | align = right<br />
| headerimage=[[File:Porte de l'Enfer (Ugolin).JPG|210px]]<br />
| video1 =[http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/rodins-the-gates-of-hell.html Rodin's ''The Gates of Hell''], [[Smarthistory]]<ref name="smarth A">{{cite web | title =Rodin's The Gates of Hell | work = | publisher =[[Smarthistory]] at [[Khan Academy]] | date = | url =http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/rodins-the-gates-of-hell.html | accessdate =March 13, 2013 }}</ref><br />
| video2 =[http://www.canal-educatif.fr/en/videos/art/2/rodin/gates-of-hell.html ''The Gates of Hell, The story of a damned artwork'' ], [[Canal Educatif]]<ref name="CED B">{{cite web | title =''The Gates of Hell'', The story of a damned artwork | work = | publisher =[[Canal Educatif]] | date = | url =http://www.canal-educatif.fr/en/videos/art/2/rodin/gates-of-hell.html | accessdate =March 13, 2013 }}</ref> }}<br />
<br />
The plaster original was restored in 1917 and is displayed at the [[Musée d'Orsay]] in [[Paris]].<ref name="smarth A"/> A series of plaster casts illustrating the development of the work is on view at the [[Musée Rodin]] in [[Meudon]]. Also in 1917, a model was used to make the original three bronze casts: <br />
* The [[Musée Rodin]], [[Paris]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.musee-rodin.fr/en/collections/sculptures/gates-hell | title=The Gates of Hell | publisher=Musée Rodin | accessdate=January 27, 2012}}</ref><br />
* The [[Rodin Museum]], [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]].<br />
* The [[The National Museum of Western Art|National Museum of Western Art]] in [[Ueno Park]], [[Tokyo]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://collection.nmwa.go.jp/en/S.1959-0045.html | title=The Gates of Hell | publisher=The National Museum of Western Art | accessdate=January 27, 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
Subsequent bronzes have been distributed by the Musée Rodin to a number of locations, including:<br />
* The [[Kunsthaus Zürich]], [[Zurich]]<br />
* The [[Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts]] at [[Stanford University]]<br />
* The Plateau, [[Seoul]], [[Korea]]<br />
* [[Museo Soumaya]], [[Mexico City]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Dante and his Divine Comedy in popular culture#Sculpture|Dante and his ''Divine Comedy'' in popular culture]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
*{{cite book|last1=Chevillot|first1=Catherine|last2=Marraud|first2=Hélène|last3=Pinet|first3=Hélène|last4=[[John Adamson (publisher)|Adamson, John]] (transl.)|first4= |title=Rodin: The Laboratory of Creation|date=November 2014|publisher=Éditions Faton|location=Dijon|isbn=9782878442007}}<br />
*{{cite book|last1=Le Normand-Romain|first1=Antoinette|title=Rodin|date=September 2014|publisher=Abbeville|location=New York|isbn=9780789212078}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category|La Porte de l'enfer|''The Gates of Hell''}}<br />
*''[http://enfer.musee-rodin.fr La Porte de l'Enfer]'', a tool for exploring ''The Gates of Hell'' by the Musée Rodin<br />
*''[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/99556 Rodin: The B. Gerald Cantor Collection]'', a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on ''The Gates of Hell''<br />
* [[Octave Mirbeau]], [https://www.scribd.com/doc/8406162/Octave-Mirbeau-Auguste-Rodin « Auguste Rodin »].<br />
* [http://cantorcollection.stanford.edu/Obj1619?sid=2300&x=31839''The Gates of Hell''], [[Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts]] at [[Stanford University]], Object Number 1985.86, bronze cast No. 5.<br />
<br />
{{Auguste Rodin|state=expanded}}<br />
{{Divine Comedy navbox}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|France}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gates of Hell, The}}<br />
[[Category:Sculptures by Auguste Rodin]]<br />
[[Category:Gates]]<br />
[[Category:Collections of the Musée d'Orsay]]<br />
[[Category:1917 sculptures]]<br />
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in France]]<br />
[[Category:Dante Alighieri]]<br />
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in Japan]]<br />
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Individual doors]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Adam and Eve]]<br />
[[Category:Adaptations of works by Dante Alighieri]]</div>Tkbretthttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer:Kurator71/Das_H%C3%B6llentor&diff=196005672Benutzer:Kurator71/Das Höllentor2018-01-16T17:44:16Z<p>Tkbrett: /* Inspiration for The Gates of Hell */ fixed citation</p>
<hr />
<div>{{about|the Rodin sculpture|other uses|Gates of Hell (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{italic title}}<br />
[[File:La puerta del Infierno .jpg|thumb|right|''The Gates of Hell'', Museo Soumaya, Mexico City]]<br />
[[File:Zürich - Kunsthaus - Rodin's Höllentor IMG 7384 ShiftN.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''The Gates of Hell'', The Kunsthaus Zürich, Zurich.]]<br />
<br />
'''''The Gates of Hell''''' ({{lang-fr|'''La Porte de l'Enfer'''}}) is a monumental sculptural group work by French artist [[Auguste Rodin]] that depicts a scene from the ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]'', the first section of [[Dante Alighieri]]'s ''[[Divine Comedy]]''. It stands at 6&nbsp;metres high, 4&nbsp;metres wide and 1&nbsp;metre deep ({{convert|6|*|4|*|1|m|ft|disp=output only}}) and contains 180 figures. The figures range from {{convert|15|cm|in|0}} high up to more than one metre (3&nbsp;ft). Several of the figures were also cast independently by Rodin.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[File:Porte de l'enfer Musée d'Orsay 01.jpg|thumb|left|250px|''The Gates of Hell'' - [[Musée d'Orsay]].]]<br />
The sculpture was commissioned by the Directorate of Fine Arts in 1880 and was meant to be delivered in 1885.<br />
Rodin would continue to work on and off on this project for 37 years, until his death in 1917.<br />
<br />
The Directorate asked for an inviting entrance to a planned Decorative Arts Museum with the theme being left to Rodin's selection. Even before this commission, Rodin had developed sketches of some of Dante's characters based on his admiration of [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]]'s ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Elsen|first1=Albert E.|title=Rodin|date=1963|publisher=Museum of Modern Art|location=New York|page=35}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Decorative Arts Museum was never built. Rodin worked on this project on the ground floor of the Hôtel Biron. Near the end of his life, Rodin donated sculptures, drawings and reproduction rights to the French government. In 1919, two years after his death, The Hôtel Biron became the Musée Rodin housing a cast of ''The Gates of Hell'' and related works.<br />
<br />
==Inspiration for ''The Gates of Hell''==<br />
Rodin conceived that people would walk toward the work, perhaps up a flight of stairs, and be overwhelmed frontally by the massive gates, contemplating the experience of hell that Dante describes in his ''Inferno''. Rodin thought particularly of Dante's warning over the entrance of the Inferno, "Abandon every hope, who enter here."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fisher|first1=Paul Zelanski, Mary Pat|title=The Art of Seeing|date=2011|publisher=Prentice Hall|location=Upper Saddle River, NJ|isbn=978-0-205-74834-1|pages=73-4|edition=8th}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Quote box<br />
|quote = Through me the way into the suffering city,<br />
:Through me the way to the eternal pain,<br />
:Through me the way that runs among the lost.<br />
:Justice urged on my high artificer;<br />
:My Maker was Divine authority,<br />
:The highest Wisdom, and the primal Love.<br />
:Before me nothing but eternal things<br />
:Were made, and I endure eternally.<br />
:'''Abandon every hope, who enter here.'''<br />
|author = [[Dante]]<br />
|source = ''[[Inferno]]'', 3.1-9<br />
|width = 25%<br />
|align = right<br />
}}<br />
<br />
A work of the scope of ''The Gates of Hell'' had not been attempted before, but inspiration came from [[Lorenzo Ghiberti]]'s ''[[Florence Baptistry#Baptistry doors|Gates of Paradise]]'' at the [[Battistero di San Giovanni (Florence)|Baptistery of St. John]], [[Florence]]; the 15th century bronze doors depict figures from the [[Old Testament]].<br />
Another source of inspiration was medieval cathedrals; some of those combine both high and low [[relief]].<br />
Rodin was also inspired by Michelangelo's fresco ''[[The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)|The Last Judgment]]'', Delacroix's painting ''[[The Barque of Dante]]'', Balzac's collection ''[[La Comédie humaine]]'' and Baudelaire's poems ''[[Les Fleurs du mal]]''.<ref>[http://enfer.musee-rodin.fr/fr/figure/au-sujet-de-loeuvre Musée Rodin, La Porte de l'Enfer] (French)</ref><ref>[http://www.musee-rodin.fr/en/collections/archives/les-fleurs-du-mal-flowers-evil Musée Rodin]</ref><br />
<br />
In an article by Serge Basset printed in ''Le Matin'' in 1890, Rodin said: "For a whole year I lived with Dante, with him alone, drawing the circles of his inferno. At the end of this year, I realized that while my drawing rendered my vision of Dante, they had become too remote from reality. So I started all over again, working from nature, with my models."{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}<br />
<br />
==Outstanding figures==<br />
[[File:Le penseur de la Porte de lEnfer (musée Rodin) (4528252054).jpg|thumb|right|''The Thinker'' in the ''Gates'' at the Musée Rodin]]<br />
[[File:Porte de l'enfer (Chute).JPG|thumb|right|Detail, upper left-hand door]]<br />
The original sculptures were enlarged and became works of art of their own.<br />
<br />
* ''[[The Thinker]]'' (''Le Penseur''), also called ''The Poet'', is located above the door panels. One interpretation suggests that it might represent Dante looking down to the characters in the Inferno. Another interpretation is that the ''Thinker'' is Rodin himself meditating about his composition. Others believe that the figure may be Adam, contemplating the destruction brought upon mankind because of his sin.<br />
* ''[[The Kiss (Rodin sculpture)|The Kiss]]'' (''Le Baiser'') was originally in ''The Gate'' along with other figures of Paolo and [[Francesca da Rimini]]. Rodin wanted to represent their initial joy as well as their final damnation. He removed the figure that became known as ''[[The Kiss (Rodin sculpture)|The Kiss]]'' because it seemed to conflict with the other suffering figures.<br />
* ''Ugolino and His Children'' (''Ugolin et ses enfants'') depicts [[Ugolino della Gherardesca]], who according to the story, ate the corpses of his children after they died by starvation (Dante, ''[[Divine Comedy#Inferno|Inferno]]'', Canto XXXIII). The Ugolino group was cast as a separate bronze in 1882.<br />
* ''The Three Shades'' (''Les Trois Ombres'') was originally 98&nbsp;cm high. The over-life size group was initially made of three independent figures in 1899. Later on, Rodin replaced one hand in the figures to fuse them together, in the same form as the smaller version. The figures originally pointed to the phrase "Lasciate ogne speranza, voi ch'intrate" ("Abandon all hope, ye who enter here") from Canto III of the ''[[Divine Comedy#Inferno|Inferno]]''.<ref>{{cite book | author=Le Normand-Romain, Antoinette | title=Rodin:The Gates of Hell | location=Paris | publisher=[[Musée Rodin]] | year=1999 | isbn=2-901428-69-X}}</ref><br />
* ''Fleeting Love'' (''Fugit Amor'') is located on the right door pane, it is one of several figures of lovers that represent Paolo and [[Francesca da Rimini]]. The male figure is also called ''The Prodigal''.<br />
* ''[[Francesca da Rimini|Paolo and Francesca]]'' is shown on the left door pane. Paolo tries to reach Francesca, who seems to slip away.<br />
* ''[[Meditation (sculpture)|Meditation]]'' appears on the rightmost part of the [[tympanum (architecture)|tympanum]], shown as an enlarged figure in 1896.<br />
* ''The Old Courtesan'' is a bronze cast from 1910 of an aged, naked female body. The sculpture is also called ''She Who Was Once the Helmet-Maker's Beautiful Wife'' (''Celle qui fut la belle heaulmière''). This title is taken from a poem by [[François Villon]].<br />
* ''[[Caryatid|Fallen Caryatid Carrying her Stone]]'' is based on the figure at the top of the left pilaster. Around 1881 Rodin enlarged her and gave her a stone.<ref>[http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/207511 Fallen Caryatid Carrying Her Stone at the Met]</ref><br />
* ''I Am Beautiful'' (''Je suis belle''), cast in 1882, is among the second set of figures on the extreme right portion of the door.<br />
* ''[[Eternal Springtime]]'' (''L'Éternel printemps'') was cast in 1884. It exists in several separate versions, both in marble and in bronze.<br />
* ''Adam and Eve''. Rodin asked the directorate for additional funds for the independent sculptures of ''Adam'' and ''Eve'' that were meant to frame ''The Gates of Hell''. However, Rodin found he could not get Eve's figure right. Consequently, several figures of Eve were made, none of which were used, and all of them were later sold.<br />
<br />
== Locations ==<br />
{{external media | width = 210px | align = right<br />
| headerimage=[[File:Porte de l'Enfer (Ugolin).JPG|210px]]<br />
| video1 =[http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/rodins-the-gates-of-hell.html Rodin's ''The Gates of Hell''], [[Smarthistory]]<ref name="smarth A">{{cite web | title =Rodin's The Gates of Hell | work = | publisher =[[Smarthistory]] at [[Khan Academy]] | date = | url =http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/rodins-the-gates-of-hell.html | accessdate =March 13, 2013 }}</ref><br />
| video2 =[http://www.canal-educatif.fr/en/videos/art/2/rodin/gates-of-hell.html ''The Gates of Hell, The story of a damned artwork'' ], [[Canal Educatif]]<ref name="CED B">{{cite web | title =''The Gates of Hell'', The story of a damned artwork | work = | publisher =[[Canal Educatif]] | date = | url =http://www.canal-educatif.fr/en/videos/art/2/rodin/gates-of-hell.html | accessdate =March 13, 2013 }}</ref> }}<br />
<br />
The plaster original was restored in 1917 and is displayed at the [[Musée d'Orsay]] in [[Paris]].<ref name="smarth A"/> A series of plaster casts illustrating the development of the work is on view at the [[Musée Rodin]] in [[Meudon]]. Also in 1917, a model was used to make the original three bronze casts: <br />
* The [[Musée Rodin]], [[Paris]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.musee-rodin.fr/en/collections/sculptures/gates-hell | title=The Gates of Hell | publisher=Musée Rodin | accessdate=January 27, 2012}}</ref><br />
* The [[Rodin Museum]], [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]].<br />
* The [[The National Museum of Western Art|National Museum of Western Art]] in [[Ueno Park]], [[Tokyo]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://collection.nmwa.go.jp/en/S.1959-0045.html | title=The Gates of Hell | publisher=The National Museum of Western Art | accessdate=January 27, 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
Subsequent bronzes have been distributed by the Musée Rodin to a number of locations, including:<br />
* The [[Kunsthaus Zürich]], [[Zurich]]<br />
* The [[Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts]] at [[Stanford University]]<br />
* The Plateau, [[Seoul]], [[Korea]]<br />
* [[Museo Soumaya]], [[Mexico City]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Dante and his Divine Comedy in popular culture#Sculpture|Dante and his ''Divine Comedy'' in popular culture]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
*{{cite book|last1=Chevillot|first1=Catherine|last2=Marraud|first2=Hélène|last3=Pinet|first3=Hélène|last4=[[John Adamson (publisher)|Adamson, John]] (transl.)|first4= |title=Rodin: The Laboratory of Creation|date=November 2014|publisher=Éditions Faton|location=Dijon|isbn=9782878442007}}<br />
*{{cite book|last1=Le Normand-Romain|first1=Antoinette|title=Rodin|date=September 2014|publisher=Abbeville|location=New York|isbn=9780789212078}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category|La Porte de l'enfer|''The Gates of Hell''}}<br />
*''[http://enfer.musee-rodin.fr La Porte de l'Enfer]'', a tool for exploring ''The Gates of Hell'' by the Musée Rodin<br />
*''[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/99556 Rodin: The B. Gerald Cantor Collection]'', a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on ''The Gates of Hell''<br />
* [[Octave Mirbeau]], [https://www.scribd.com/doc/8406162/Octave-Mirbeau-Auguste-Rodin « Auguste Rodin »].<br />
* [http://cantorcollection.stanford.edu/Obj1619?sid=2300&x=31839''The Gates of Hell''], [[Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts]] at [[Stanford University]], Object Number 1985.86, bronze cast No. 5.<br />
<br />
{{Auguste Rodin|state=expanded}}<br />
{{Divine Comedy navbox}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|France}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gates of Hell, The}}<br />
[[Category:Sculptures by Auguste Rodin]]<br />
[[Category:Gates]]<br />
[[Category:Collections of the Musée d'Orsay]]<br />
[[Category:1917 sculptures]]<br />
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in France]]<br />
[[Category:Dante Alighieri]]<br />
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in Japan]]<br />
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Individual doors]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Adam and Eve]]<br />
[[Category:Adaptations of works by Dante Alighieri]]</div>Tkbretthttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer:Kurator71/Das_H%C3%B6llentor&diff=196005671Benutzer:Kurator71/Das Höllentor2018-01-16T17:42:35Z<p>Tkbrett: /* Inspiration for The Gates of Hell */ Included inspiration from Dante; included Dante quotation; added citation</p>
<hr />
<div>{{about|the Rodin sculpture|other uses|Gates of Hell (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{italic title}}<br />
[[File:La puerta del Infierno .jpg|thumb|right|''The Gates of Hell'', Museo Soumaya, Mexico City]]<br />
[[File:Zürich - Kunsthaus - Rodin's Höllentor IMG 7384 ShiftN.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''The Gates of Hell'', The Kunsthaus Zürich, Zurich.]]<br />
<br />
'''''The Gates of Hell''''' ({{lang-fr|'''La Porte de l'Enfer'''}}) is a monumental sculptural group work by French artist [[Auguste Rodin]] that depicts a scene from the ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]'', the first section of [[Dante Alighieri]]'s ''[[Divine Comedy]]''. It stands at 6&nbsp;metres high, 4&nbsp;metres wide and 1&nbsp;metre deep ({{convert|6|*|4|*|1|m|ft|disp=output only}}) and contains 180 figures. The figures range from {{convert|15|cm|in|0}} high up to more than one metre (3&nbsp;ft). Several of the figures were also cast independently by Rodin.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[File:Porte de l'enfer Musée d'Orsay 01.jpg|thumb|left|250px|''The Gates of Hell'' - [[Musée d'Orsay]].]]<br />
The sculpture was commissioned by the Directorate of Fine Arts in 1880 and was meant to be delivered in 1885.<br />
Rodin would continue to work on and off on this project for 37 years, until his death in 1917.<br />
<br />
The Directorate asked for an inviting entrance to a planned Decorative Arts Museum with the theme being left to Rodin's selection. Even before this commission, Rodin had developed sketches of some of Dante's characters based on his admiration of [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]]'s ''[[Inferno (Dante)|Inferno]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Elsen|first1=Albert E.|title=Rodin|date=1963|publisher=Museum of Modern Art|location=New York|page=35}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Decorative Arts Museum was never built. Rodin worked on this project on the ground floor of the Hôtel Biron. Near the end of his life, Rodin donated sculptures, drawings and reproduction rights to the French government. In 1919, two years after his death, The Hôtel Biron became the Musée Rodin housing a cast of ''The Gates of Hell'' and related works.<br />
<br />
==Inspiration for ''The Gates of Hell''==<br />
Rodin conceived that people would walk toward the work, perhaps up a flight of stairs, and be overwhelmed frontally by the massive gates, contemplating the experience of hell that Dante describes in his ''Inferno''. Rodin thought particularly of Dante's warning over the entrance of the Inferno, "Abandon every hope, who enter here."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fisher|first1=Paul Zelanski, Mary Pat|title=The Art of Seeing|date=2011|publisher=Prentice Hall|location=Upper Saddle River, NJ|isbn=978-0-205-74834-1|pages=73-4|edition=8th ed.}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Quote box<br />
|quote = Through me the way into the suffering city,<br />
:Through me the way to the eternal pain,<br />
:Through me the way that runs among the lost.<br />
:Justice urged on my high artificer;<br />
:My Maker was Divine authority,<br />
:The highest Wisdom, and the primal Love.<br />
:Before me nothing but eternal things<br />
:Were made, and I endure eternally.<br />
:'''Abandon every hope, who enter here.'''<br />
|author = [[Dante]]<br />
|source = ''[[Inferno]]'', 3.1-9<br />
|width = 25%<br />
|align = right<br />
}}<br />
<br />
A work of the scope of ''The Gates of Hell'' had not been attempted before, but inspiration came from [[Lorenzo Ghiberti]]'s ''[[Florence Baptistry#Baptistry doors|Gates of Paradise]]'' at the [[Battistero di San Giovanni (Florence)|Baptistery of St. John]], [[Florence]]; the 15th century bronze doors depict figures from the [[Old Testament]].<br />
Another source of inspiration was medieval cathedrals; some of those combine both high and low [[relief]].<br />
Rodin was also inspired by Michelangelo's fresco ''[[The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)|The Last Judgment]]'', Delacroix's painting ''[[The Barque of Dante]]'', Balzac's collection ''[[La Comédie humaine]]'' and Baudelaire's poems ''[[Les Fleurs du mal]]''.<ref>[http://enfer.musee-rodin.fr/fr/figure/au-sujet-de-loeuvre Musée Rodin, La Porte de l'Enfer] (French)</ref><ref>[http://www.musee-rodin.fr/en/collections/archives/les-fleurs-du-mal-flowers-evil Musée Rodin]</ref><br />
<br />
In an article by Serge Basset printed in ''Le Matin'' in 1890, Rodin said: "For a whole year I lived with Dante, with him alone, drawing the circles of his inferno. At the end of this year, I realized that while my drawing rendered my vision of Dante, they had become too remote from reality. So I started all over again, working from nature, with my models."{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}<br />
<br />
==Outstanding figures==<br />
[[File:Le penseur de la Porte de lEnfer (musée Rodin) (4528252054).jpg|thumb|right|''The Thinker'' in the ''Gates'' at the Musée Rodin]]<br />
[[File:Porte de l'enfer (Chute).JPG|thumb|right|Detail, upper left-hand door]]<br />
The original sculptures were enlarged and became works of art of their own.<br />
<br />
* ''[[The Thinker]]'' (''Le Penseur''), also called ''The Poet'', is located above the door panels. One interpretation suggests that it might represent Dante looking down to the characters in the Inferno. Another interpretation is that the ''Thinker'' is Rodin himself meditating about his composition. Others believe that the figure may be Adam, contemplating the destruction brought upon mankind because of his sin.<br />
* ''[[The Kiss (Rodin sculpture)|The Kiss]]'' (''Le Baiser'') was originally in ''The Gate'' along with other figures of Paolo and [[Francesca da Rimini]]. Rodin wanted to represent their initial joy as well as their final damnation. He removed the figure that became known as ''[[The Kiss (Rodin sculpture)|The Kiss]]'' because it seemed to conflict with the other suffering figures.<br />
* ''Ugolino and His Children'' (''Ugolin et ses enfants'') depicts [[Ugolino della Gherardesca]], who according to the story, ate the corpses of his children after they died by starvation (Dante, ''[[Divine Comedy#Inferno|Inferno]]'', Canto XXXIII). The Ugolino group was cast as a separate bronze in 1882.<br />
* ''The Three Shades'' (''Les Trois Ombres'') was originally 98&nbsp;cm high. The over-life size group was initially made of three independent figures in 1899. Later on, Rodin replaced one hand in the figures to fuse them together, in the same form as the smaller version. The figures originally pointed to the phrase "Lasciate ogne speranza, voi ch'intrate" ("Abandon all hope, ye who enter here") from Canto III of the ''[[Divine Comedy#Inferno|Inferno]]''.<ref>{{cite book | author=Le Normand-Romain, Antoinette | title=Rodin:The Gates of Hell | location=Paris | publisher=[[Musée Rodin]] | year=1999 | isbn=2-901428-69-X}}</ref><br />
* ''Fleeting Love'' (''Fugit Amor'') is located on the right door pane, it is one of several figures of lovers that represent Paolo and [[Francesca da Rimini]]. The male figure is also called ''The Prodigal''.<br />
* ''[[Francesca da Rimini|Paolo and Francesca]]'' is shown on the left door pane. Paolo tries to reach Francesca, who seems to slip away.<br />
* ''[[Meditation (sculpture)|Meditation]]'' appears on the rightmost part of the [[tympanum (architecture)|tympanum]], shown as an enlarged figure in 1896.<br />
* ''The Old Courtesan'' is a bronze cast from 1910 of an aged, naked female body. The sculpture is also called ''She Who Was Once the Helmet-Maker's Beautiful Wife'' (''Celle qui fut la belle heaulmière''). This title is taken from a poem by [[François Villon]].<br />
* ''[[Caryatid|Fallen Caryatid Carrying her Stone]]'' is based on the figure at the top of the left pilaster. Around 1881 Rodin enlarged her and gave her a stone.<ref>[http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/207511 Fallen Caryatid Carrying Her Stone at the Met]</ref><br />
* ''I Am Beautiful'' (''Je suis belle''), cast in 1882, is among the second set of figures on the extreme right portion of the door.<br />
* ''[[Eternal Springtime]]'' (''L'Éternel printemps'') was cast in 1884. It exists in several separate versions, both in marble and in bronze.<br />
* ''Adam and Eve''. Rodin asked the directorate for additional funds for the independent sculptures of ''Adam'' and ''Eve'' that were meant to frame ''The Gates of Hell''. However, Rodin found he could not get Eve's figure right. Consequently, several figures of Eve were made, none of which were used, and all of them were later sold.<br />
<br />
== Locations ==<br />
{{external media | width = 210px | align = right<br />
| headerimage=[[File:Porte de l'Enfer (Ugolin).JPG|210px]]<br />
| video1 =[http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/rodins-the-gates-of-hell.html Rodin's ''The Gates of Hell''], [[Smarthistory]]<ref name="smarth A">{{cite web | title =Rodin's The Gates of Hell | work = | publisher =[[Smarthistory]] at [[Khan Academy]] | date = | url =http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/rodins-the-gates-of-hell.html | accessdate =March 13, 2013 }}</ref><br />
| video2 =[http://www.canal-educatif.fr/en/videos/art/2/rodin/gates-of-hell.html ''The Gates of Hell, The story of a damned artwork'' ], [[Canal Educatif]]<ref name="CED B">{{cite web | title =''The Gates of Hell'', The story of a damned artwork | work = | publisher =[[Canal Educatif]] | date = | url =http://www.canal-educatif.fr/en/videos/art/2/rodin/gates-of-hell.html | accessdate =March 13, 2013 }}</ref> }}<br />
<br />
The plaster original was restored in 1917 and is displayed at the [[Musée d'Orsay]] in [[Paris]].<ref name="smarth A"/> A series of plaster casts illustrating the development of the work is on view at the [[Musée Rodin]] in [[Meudon]]. Also in 1917, a model was used to make the original three bronze casts: <br />
* The [[Musée Rodin]], [[Paris]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.musee-rodin.fr/en/collections/sculptures/gates-hell | title=The Gates of Hell | publisher=Musée Rodin | accessdate=January 27, 2012}}</ref><br />
* The [[Rodin Museum]], [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]].<br />
* The [[The National Museum of Western Art|National Museum of Western Art]] in [[Ueno Park]], [[Tokyo]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://collection.nmwa.go.jp/en/S.1959-0045.html | title=The Gates of Hell | publisher=The National Museum of Western Art | accessdate=January 27, 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
Subsequent bronzes have been distributed by the Musée Rodin to a number of locations, including:<br />
* The [[Kunsthaus Zürich]], [[Zurich]]<br />
* The [[Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts]] at [[Stanford University]]<br />
* The Plateau, [[Seoul]], [[Korea]]<br />
* [[Museo Soumaya]], [[Mexico City]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Dante and his Divine Comedy in popular culture#Sculpture|Dante and his ''Divine Comedy'' in popular culture]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
*{{cite book|last1=Chevillot|first1=Catherine|last2=Marraud|first2=Hélène|last3=Pinet|first3=Hélène|last4=[[John Adamson (publisher)|Adamson, John]] (transl.)|first4= |title=Rodin: The Laboratory of Creation|date=November 2014|publisher=Éditions Faton|location=Dijon|isbn=9782878442007}}<br />
*{{cite book|last1=Le Normand-Romain|first1=Antoinette|title=Rodin|date=September 2014|publisher=Abbeville|location=New York|isbn=9780789212078}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category|La Porte de l'enfer|''The Gates of Hell''}}<br />
*''[http://enfer.musee-rodin.fr La Porte de l'Enfer]'', a tool for exploring ''The Gates of Hell'' by the Musée Rodin<br />
*''[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/99556 Rodin: The B. Gerald Cantor Collection]'', a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on ''The Gates of Hell''<br />
* [[Octave Mirbeau]], [https://www.scribd.com/doc/8406162/Octave-Mirbeau-Auguste-Rodin « Auguste Rodin »].<br />
* [http://cantorcollection.stanford.edu/Obj1619?sid=2300&x=31839''The Gates of Hell''], [[Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts]] at [[Stanford University]], Object Number 1985.86, bronze cast No. 5.<br />
<br />
{{Auguste Rodin|state=expanded}}<br />
{{Divine Comedy navbox}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|France}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gates of Hell, The}}<br />
[[Category:Sculptures by Auguste Rodin]]<br />
[[Category:Gates]]<br />
[[Category:Collections of the Musée d'Orsay]]<br />
[[Category:1917 sculptures]]<br />
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in France]]<br />
[[Category:Dante Alighieri]]<br />
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in Japan]]<br />
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Bronze sculptures in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Individual doors]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Adam and Eve]]<br />
[[Category:Adaptations of works by Dante Alighieri]]</div>Tkbretthttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Ogonowski&diff=180497266John Ogonowski2018-01-04T06:50:32Z<p>Tkbrett: Put multiple instances of the same citation into one</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox person<br />
| name = John Ogonowski<br />
| image = 12.6.11JohnOgonowskiPanelN-74ByLuigiNovi1.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_caption = Ogonowski's name is located on Panel N-74 of the [[National September 11 Memorial]]’s North Pool, along with those of other passengers of [[American Airlines Flight 11]]<br />
| birth_name = John Alexander Ogonowski<ref name="Grave">https://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=52320308</ref><br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|mf=yes|1951|2|24}}<br />
| nationality = [[United States|American]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|mf=yes|2001|9|11|1951|2|24}}<br />
| death_place = On board [[American Airlines Flight 11]]<br />
| death_cause = Stabbed by [[Al-Qaeda]] terrorists<br />
| birth_place = [[Dracut]], [[Massachusetts]], US<ref name="Grave"/><br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| occupation = Pilot<br />
| relatives = <br />
| religion = <br />
}} <br />
'''John Alexander Ogonowski'''<ref name="Grave"/> (February 24, 1951<ref name="Grave"/> – September 11, 2001) was an American [[aviator|pilot]] and an agricultural activist. A resident of [[Dracut, Massachusetts]], Ogonowski was a leading [[advocate]] on behalf of [[farming]] in Massachusetts, particularly in aiding immigrant farmers from [[Cambodia]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,301526,00.html|title=Niki Tsongas Backs Away From Supporter's Attack on Opponent With Notable Family History|publisher=[[Fox News]]|date=2007-10-13|accessdate=2010-03-10|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606043042/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,301526,00.html|archivedate=2010-06-06|df=}}</ref> whom he assisted as part of the [[New Entry Sustainable Farming Project]]. He was [[homicide|murdered]] by [[terrorists]] while piloting [[American Airlines Flight 11]], which was subsequently hijacked and flown into the North Tower of the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] as part of the [[September 11, 2001 attacks|9/11 attacks]].<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
Ogonowski went to secondary school at [[Lowell Catholic High School|Keith Academy]], Lowell, Massachusetts. He attended [[Lowell Technological Institute]] (now the [[University of Massachusetts Lowell]]), where he was a member of the [[Pi Lambda Phi]] fraternity.<ref name=Legacy.com>[http://www.legacy.com/sept11/story.aspx?personid=91729 "John Ogonowski, of Dracut, pilot for American Airlines"]. Remember September 11, 2001. September 16, 2001.</ref><ref name=PLPDirectory>2010 Pi Lambda Phi Membership Directory</ref> He graduated in 1972 with a bachelor of science degree in [[Nuclear Engineering]].<br />
<br />
Ogonowski was a pilot in the [[U. S. Air Force]] during the [[Vietnam War]], assigned to the Air Force base in [[Charleston, South Carolina]], and ferry equipment to Asia and sometimes transporting the bodies of fallen in [[C-141 Starlifter|C-141 transport aircraft]]. He retired from the military with the rank of captain.<ref name=Legacy.com/><ref name=nyt>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/03/national/portraits/POG-03OGONOWSKI.html?pagewanted=1 |title=John Ogonowski: Captain on the Farm |newspaper=[[New York Times]] |date=2001-12-03 |accessdate=2010-03-10 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309094701/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/03/national/portraits/POG-03OGONOWSKI.html?pagewanted=1 |archivedate=March 9, 2014 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Ogonowski became a commercial pilot in 1978. For 23 years, he flew airplanes for [[American Airlines]], and was a member of the Allied Pilot Association.<ref name=Legacy.com/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/news/packages/underattack/globe_stories/0916/Reliving_the_morning_of_death+.shtml|title=Reliving the morning of death|author=Mitchell Zuckoff|date=2001-09-16|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]|accessdate=2010-03-10}}</ref> During the course of his commercial piloting career, he met Margaret, a flight attendant<ref name=Legacy.com/><ref name=post/> who went by the nickname "Peggy",<ref>Perry, David (September 11, 2006). [http://www.lowellsun.com/front/ci_4319822 "For pilot's widow, life goes on. ‘It has to.'"]. ''[[The Lowell Sun]]''.</ref> whom he later married.<ref name=Legacy.com/><ref name=post/><br />
<br />
===September 11 attacks===<br />
Ogonowski was killed on [[September 11, 2001]], while at the controls during the hijacking of [[American Airlines Flight 11]]. Following his [[murder]], his airplane was crashed into the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]].<ref name=post>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2001/09/12/AR2005033108361.html|title=At Logan Airport, Nobody Saw Plane's Sharp Turn South|authors=Hanna Rosin and Pamela Ferdinand|date=2001-09-12|publisher=''[[Washington Post]]''|accessdate=2010-03-10}}</ref> It is believed that he was stabbed to death in order for the hijacker pilot [[Mohamed Atta]] to take control of the plane and crash it into the North Tower of the World Trade Center.<br />
<br />
==Legacy==<br />
Ogonowski was survived by his wife Margaret and daughters Laura, Caroline, and Mary Catherine.<ref name=post/> His younger brother, [[Jim Ogonowski]], who is also an agricultural activist, made an unsuccessful run for the [[United States House of Representatives]] in 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.eagletribune.com/punews/local_story_290093848|title=Tsongas wins tight race|authors=Edward Mason and Crystal Bozek|date=2007-10-17|5=|publisher=[[Eagle Tribune]]|accessdate=2010-03-10|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130121211023/http://www.eagletribune.com/punews/local_story_290093848|archivedate=2013-01-21|df=}}</ref><br />
<br />
A remote controlled model aircraft flying field in nearby [[Tewksbury, Massachusetts]], has been dedicated to Captain Ogonowski.<ref>[http://www.495thsquadron.org/Fields.htm Captain John A. Ogonowski Memorial Model Flying Field" (Pinnacle Street) - Tewksbury, Massachusetts] at The 495th R/C Squadron </ref> The University of Massachusetts Lowell, Ogonowski was posthumously presented an [[honorary doctorate]] at the 2003 commencement ceremony at [[Tsongas Arena]].<ref name=PLPDirectory/><br />
<br />
The USAID Farmer to Farmer program was renamed the "John Ogonowski and Doug Bereuter FTF Program" as part of the 2008 Farm Bill.<ref>[https://www.usaid.gov/what-we-do/agriculture-and-food-security/supporting-agricultural-capacity-development/john-ogonowski The John Ogonowski and Doug Bereuter Farmer-to-Farmer Program] US Agency for International Development</ref><br />
<br />
At the [[National 9/11 Memorial]], Ogonowski is memorialized at the North Pool, on Panel N-74 adjacent to the name of Kathleen A. Nicosia, a friend and flight attendant also killed on board [[American Airlines Flight 11]] that day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://names.911memorial.org/#lang=en_US&page=person&id=4382|title=North Pool: Panel N-74 - John A. Ogonowski|publisher=[[National September 11 Memorial & Museum]]|accessdate=December 11, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727095710/http://names.911memorial.org/#lang=en_US&page=person&id=4382|archivedate=July 27, 2013|df=}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
*[http://www.legacy.com/Sept11/Story.aspx?Page=Story&PersonID=91729 Captain John Ogonowski] at Legacy.com<br />
* {{Find a Grave|52320308|John Alexander Ogonowski}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ogonowski, John}}<br />
[[Category:1951 births]]<br />
[[Category:2001 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Victims of the September 11 attacks]]<br />
[[Category:American people of Polish descent]]<br />
[[Category:Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:University of Massachusetts Lowell alumni]]<br />
[[Category:American terrorism victims]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorism deaths in New York (state)]]<br />
[[Category:United States Air Force officers]]<br />
[[Category:American military personnel of the Vietnam War]]<br />
[[Category:People from Dracut, Massachusetts]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths by stabbing in New York (state)]]<br />
[[Category:People murdered in New York (state)]]<br />
[[Category:Commercial aviators]]</div>Tkbretthttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Ogonowski&diff=180497265John Ogonowski2018-01-04T04:01:52Z<p>Tkbrett: /* September 11 attacks */ Removed sentence that improperly describes how aircraft radios work; "...Ogonowski managed to engage the aircraft's radio system to allow air traffic control to listen to the terrorists' conversations in the aircraft's cabin."</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox person<br />
| name = John Ogonowski<br />
| image = 12.6.11JohnOgonowskiPanelN-74ByLuigiNovi1.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_caption = Ogonowski's name is located on Panel N-74 of the [[National September 11 Memorial]]’s North Pool, along with those of other passengers of [[American Airlines Flight 11]]<br />
| birth_name = John Alexander Ogonowski<ref>https://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=52320308</ref><br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|mf=yes|1951|2|24}}<br />
| nationality = [[United States|American]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|mf=yes|2001|9|11|1951|2|24}}<br />
| death_place = On board [[American Airlines Flight 11]]<br />
| death_cause = Stabbed by [[Al-Qaeda]] terrorists<br />
| birth_place = [[Dracut]], [[Massachusetts]], US<ref>https://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=52320308</ref><br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| occupation = Pilot<br />
| relatives = <br />
| religion = <br />
}} <br />
'''John Alexander Ogonowski'''<ref>https://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=52320308</ref> (February 24, 1951<ref>https://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=52320308</ref> – September 11, 2001) was an American [[aviator|pilot]] and an agricultural activist. A resident of [[Dracut, Massachusetts]], Ogonowski was a leading [[advocate]] on behalf of [[farming]] in Massachusetts, particularly in aiding immigrant farmers from [[Cambodia]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,301526,00.html|title=Niki Tsongas Backs Away From Supporter's Attack on Opponent With Notable Family History|publisher=[[Fox News]]|date=2007-10-13|accessdate=2010-03-10|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606043042/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,301526,00.html|archivedate=2010-06-06|df=}}</ref> whom he assisted as part of the [[New Entry Sustainable Farming Project]]. He was [[homicide|murdered]] by [[terrorists]] while piloting [[American Airlines Flight 11]], which was subsequently hijacked and flown into the North Tower of the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] as part of the [[September 11, 2001 attacks|9/11 attacks]].<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
Ogonowski went to secondary school at [[Lowell Catholic High School|Keith Academy]], Lowell, Massachusetts. He attended [[Lowell Technological Institute]] (now the [[University of Massachusetts Lowell]]), where he was a member of the [[Pi Lambda Phi]] fraternity.<ref name=Legacy.com>[http://www.legacy.com/sept11/story.aspx?personid=91729 "John Ogonowski, of Dracut, pilot for American Airlines"]. Remember September 11, 2001. September 16, 2001.</ref><ref name=PLPDirectory>2010 Pi Lambda Phi Membership Directory</ref> He graduated in 1972 with a bachelor of science degree in [[Nuclear Engineering]].<br />
<br />
Ogonowski was a pilot in the [[U. S. Air Force]] during the [[Vietnam War]], assigned to the Air Force base in [[Charleston, South Carolina]], and ferry equipment to Asia and sometimes transporting the bodies of fallen in [[C-141 Starlifter|C-141 transport aircraft]]. He retired from the military with the rank of captain.<ref name=Legacy.com/><ref name=nyt>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/03/national/portraits/POG-03OGONOWSKI.html?pagewanted=1 |title=John Ogonowski: Captain on the Farm |newspaper=[[New York Times]] |date=2001-12-03 |accessdate=2010-03-10 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309094701/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/03/national/portraits/POG-03OGONOWSKI.html?pagewanted=1 |archivedate=March 9, 2014 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Ogonowski became a commercial pilot in 1978. For 23 years, he flew airplanes for [[American Airlines]], and was a member of the Allied Pilot Association.<ref name=Legacy.com/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/news/packages/underattack/globe_stories/0916/Reliving_the_morning_of_death+.shtml|title=Reliving the morning of death|author=Mitchell Zuckoff|date=2001-09-16|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]|accessdate=2010-03-10}}</ref> During the course of his commercial piloting career, he met Margaret, a flight attendant<ref name=Legacy.com/><ref name=post/> who went by the nickname "Peggy",<ref>Perry, David (September 11, 2006). [http://www.lowellsun.com/front/ci_4319822 "For pilot's widow, life goes on. ‘It has to.'"]. ''[[The Lowell Sun]]''.</ref> whom he later married.<ref name=Legacy.com/><ref name=post/><br />
<br />
===September 11 attacks===<br />
Ogonowski was killed on [[September 11, 2001]], while at the controls during the hijacking of [[American Airlines Flight 11]]. Following his [[murder]], his airplane was crashed into the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]].<ref name=post>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2001/09/12/AR2005033108361.html|title=At Logan Airport, Nobody Saw Plane's Sharp Turn South|authors=Hanna Rosin and Pamela Ferdinand|date=2001-09-12|publisher=''[[Washington Post]]''|accessdate=2010-03-10}}</ref> It is believed that he was stabbed to death in order for the hijacker pilot [[Mohamed Atta]] to take control of the plane and crash it into the North Tower of the World Trade Center.<br />
<br />
==Legacy==<br />
Ogonowski was survived by his wife Margaret and daughters Laura, Caroline, and Mary Catherine.<ref name=post/> His younger brother, [[Jim Ogonowski]], who is also an agricultural activist, made an unsuccessful run for the [[United States House of Representatives]] in 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.eagletribune.com/punews/local_story_290093848|title=Tsongas wins tight race|authors=Edward Mason and Crystal Bozek|date=2007-10-17|5=|publisher=[[Eagle Tribune]]|accessdate=2010-03-10|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130121211023/http://www.eagletribune.com/punews/local_story_290093848|archivedate=2013-01-21|df=}}</ref><br />
<br />
A remote controlled model aircraft flying field in nearby [[Tewksbury, Massachusetts]], has been dedicated to Captain Ogonowski.<ref>[http://www.495thsquadron.org/Fields.htm Captain John A. Ogonowski Memorial Model Flying Field" (Pinnacle Street) - Tewksbury, Massachusetts] at The 495th R/C Squadron </ref> The University of Massachusetts Lowell, Ogonowski was posthumously presented an [[honorary doctorate]] at the 2003 commencement ceremony at [[Tsongas Arena]].<ref name=PLPDirectory/><br />
<br />
The USAID Farmer to Farmer program was renamed the "John Ogonowski and Doug Bereuter FTF Program" as part of the 2008 Farm Bill.<ref>[https://www.usaid.gov/what-we-do/agriculture-and-food-security/supporting-agricultural-capacity-development/john-ogonowski The John Ogonowski and Doug Bereuter Farmer-to-Farmer Program] US Agency for International Development</ref><br />
<br />
At the [[National 9/11 Memorial]], Ogonowski is memorialized at the North Pool, on Panel N-74 adjacent to the name of Kathleen A. Nicosia, a friend and flight attendant also killed on board [[American Airlines Flight 11]] that day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://names.911memorial.org/#lang=en_US&page=person&id=4382|title=North Pool: Panel N-74 - John A. Ogonowski|publisher=[[National September 11 Memorial & Museum]]|accessdate=December 11, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727095710/http://names.911memorial.org/#lang=en_US&page=person&id=4382|archivedate=July 27, 2013|df=}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
*[http://www.legacy.com/Sept11/Story.aspx?Page=Story&PersonID=91729 Captain John Ogonowski] at Legacy.com<br />
* {{Find a Grave|52320308|John Alexander Ogonowski}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ogonowski, John}}<br />
[[Category:1951 births]]<br />
[[Category:2001 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Victims of the September 11 attacks]]<br />
[[Category:American people of Polish descent]]<br />
[[Category:Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:University of Massachusetts Lowell alumni]]<br />
[[Category:American terrorism victims]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorism deaths in New York (state)]]<br />
[[Category:United States Air Force officers]]<br />
[[Category:American military personnel of the Vietnam War]]<br />
[[Category:People from Dracut, Massachusetts]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths by stabbing in New York (state)]]<br />
[[Category:People murdered in New York (state)]]<br />
[[Category:Commercial aviators]]</div>Tkbretthttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Ogonowski&diff=180497262John Ogonowski2017-12-27T04:51:32Z<p>Tkbrett: Removed sentence that improperly describes how aircraft radios work; "...Ogonowski managed to engage the aircraft's radio system to allow air traffic control to listen to the terrorists' conversations in the aircraft's cabin."</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox person<br />
| name = John Ogonowski<br />
| image = 12.6.11JohnOgonowskiPanelN-74ByLuigiNovi1.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_caption = Ogonowski's name is located on Panel N-74 of the [[National September 11 Memorial]]’s North Pool, along with those of other passengers of [[American Airlines Flight 11]]<br />
| birth_name = John Alexander Ogonowski<ref>https://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=52320308</ref><br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|mf=yes|1951|2|24}}<br />
| nationality = [[United States|American]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|mf=yes|2001|9|11|1951|2|24}}<br />
| death_place = On board [[American Airlines Flight 11]]<br />
| death_cause = Stabbed by [[Al-Qaeda]] terrorists<br />
| birth_place = [[Dracut]], [[Massachusetts]], US<ref>https://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=52320308</ref><br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| occupation = Pilot<br />
| relatives = <br />
| religion = <br />
}} <br />
'''John Alexander Ogonowski'''<ref>https://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=52320308</ref> (February 24, 1951<ref>https://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=52320308</ref> – September 11, 2001) was an American [[aviator|pilot]] and an agricultural activist. A resident of [[Dracut, Massachusetts]], Ogonowski was a leading [[advocate]] on behalf of [[farming]] in Massachusetts, particularly in aiding immigrant farmers from [[Cambodia]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,301526,00.html|title=Niki Tsongas Backs Away From Supporter's Attack on Opponent With Notable Family History|publisher=[[Fox News]]|date=2007-10-13|accessdate=2010-03-10|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606043042/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,301526,00.html|archivedate=2010-06-06|df=}}</ref> whom he assisted as part of the [[New Entry Sustainable Farming Project]]. He was [[homicide|murdered]] by [[terrorists]] while piloting [[American Airlines Flight 11]], which was subsequently hijacked and flown into the North Tower of the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] as part of the [[September 11, 2001 attacks|9/11 attacks]].<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
Ogonowski went to secondary school at [[Lowell Catholic High School|Keith Academy]], Lowell, Massachusetts. He attended [[Lowell Technological Institute]] (now the [[University of Massachusetts Lowell]]), where he was a member of the [[Pi Lambda Phi]] fraternity.<ref name=Legacy.com>[http://www.legacy.com/sept11/story.aspx?personid=91729 "John Ogonowski, of Dracut, pilot for American Airlines"]. Remember September 11, 2001. September 16, 2001.</ref><ref name=PLPDirectory>2010 Pi Lambda Phi Membership Directory</ref> He graduated in 1972 with a bachelor of science degree in [[Nuclear Engineering]].<br />
<br />
Ogonowski was a pilot in the [[U. S. Air Force]] during the [[Vietnam War]], assigned to the Air Force base in [[Charleston, South Carolina]], and ferry equipment to Asia and sometimes transporting the bodies of fallen in [[C-141 Starlifter|C-141 transport aircraft]]. He retired from the military with the rank of captain.<ref name=Legacy.com/><ref name=nyt>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/03/national/portraits/POG-03OGONOWSKI.html?pagewanted=1 |title=John Ogonowski: Captain on the Farm |newspaper=[[New York Times]] |date=2001-12-03 |accessdate=2010-03-10 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309094701/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/03/national/portraits/POG-03OGONOWSKI.html?pagewanted=1 |archivedate=March 9, 2014 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Ogonowski became a commercial pilot in 1978. For 23 years, he flew airplanes for [[American Airlines]], and was a member of the Allied Pilot Association.<ref name=Legacy.com/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/news/packages/underattack/globe_stories/0916/Reliving_the_morning_of_death+.shtml|title=Reliving the morning of death|author=Mitchell Zuckoff|date=2001-09-16|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]|accessdate=2010-03-10}}</ref> During the course of his commercial piloting career, he met Margaret, a flight attendant<ref name=Legacy.com/><ref name=post/> who went by the nickname "Peggy",<ref>Perry, David (September 11, 2006). [http://www.lowellsun.com/front/ci_4319822 "For pilot's widow, life goes on. ‘It has to.'"]. ''[[The Lowell Sun]]''.</ref> whom he later married.<ref name=Legacy.com/><ref name=post/><br />
<br />
===September 11 attacks===<br />
Ogonowski was killed on [[September 11, 2001]], while at the controls during the hijacking of [[American Airlines Flight 11]]. Following his [[murder]], his airplane was crashed into the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]].<ref name=post>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2001/09/12/AR2005033108361.html|title=At Logan Airport, Nobody Saw Plane's Sharp Turn South|authors=Hanna Rosin and Pamela Ferdinand|date=2001-09-12|publisher=''[[Washington Post]]''|accessdate=2010-03-10}}</ref> It is believed that he was stabbed to death in order for the hijacker pilot [[Mohamed Atta]] to take control of the plane and crash it into the North Tower of the World Trade Center.<br />
<br />
==Legacy==<br />
Ogonowski was survived by his wife Margaret and daughters Laura, Caroline, and Mary Catherine.<ref name=post/> His younger brother, [[Jim Ogonowski]], who is also an agricultural activist, made an unsuccessful run for the [[United States House of Representatives]] in 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.eagletribune.com/punews/local_story_290093848|title=Tsongas wins tight race|authors=Edward Mason and Crystal Bozek|date=2007-10-17|5=|publisher=[[Eagle Tribune]]|accessdate=2010-03-10|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130121211023/http://www.eagletribune.com/punews/local_story_290093848|archivedate=2013-01-21|df=}}</ref><br />
<br />
A remote controlled model aircraft flying field in nearby [[Tewksbury, Massachusetts]], has been dedicated to Captain Ogonowski.<ref>[http://www.495thsquadron.org/Fields.htm Captain John A. Ogonowski Memorial Model Flying Field" (Pinnacle Street) - Tewksbury, Massachusetts] at The 495th R/C Squadron </ref> The University of Massachusetts Lowell, Ogonowski was posthumously presented an [[honorary doctorate]] at the 2003 commencement ceremony at [[Tsongas Arena]].<ref name=PLPDirectory/><br />
<br />
The USAID Farmer to Farmer program was renamed the "John Ogonowski and Doug Bereuter FTF Program" as part of the 2008 Farm Bill.<ref>[https://www.usaid.gov/what-we-do/agriculture-and-food-security/supporting-agricultural-capacity-development/john-ogonowski The John Ogonowski and Doug Bereuter Farmer-to-Farmer Program] US Agency for International Development</ref><br />
<br />
At the [[National 9/11 Memorial]], Ogonowski is memorialized at the North Pool, on Panel N-74 adjacent to the name of Kathleen A. Nicosia, a friend and flight attendant also killed on board [[American Airlines Flight 11]] that day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://names.911memorial.org/#lang=en_US&page=person&id=4382|title=North Pool: Panel N-74 - John A. Ogonowski|publisher=[[National September 11 Memorial & Museum]]|accessdate=December 11, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727095710/http://names.911memorial.org/#lang=en_US&page=person&id=4382|archivedate=July 27, 2013|df=}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
*[http://www.legacy.com/Sept11/Story.aspx?Page=Story&PersonID=91729 Captain John Ogonowski] at Legacy.com<br />
* {{Find a Grave|52320308|John Alexander Ogonowski}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ogonowski, John}}<br />
[[Category:1951 births]]<br />
[[Category:2001 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Victims of the September 11 attacks]]<br />
[[Category:American people of Polish descent]]<br />
[[Category:Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:University of Massachusetts Lowell alumni]]<br />
[[Category:American terrorism victims]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorism deaths in New York (state)]]<br />
[[Category:United States Air Force officers]]<br />
[[Category:American military personnel of the Vietnam War]]<br />
[[Category:People from Dracut, Massachusetts]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths by stabbing in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:People murdered in New York (state)]]<br />
[[Category:Commercial aviators]]</div>Tkbrett