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CFNY-FM

2009-07-07T20:56:20Z

Timc: Shaw Direct

{{Infobox Radio station
| image = [[Image:CFNY-FM.png]]|
| name = CFNY-FM|
| airdate = 1960 |
| frequency = 102.1 [[Megahertz|MHz]] ([[FM radio|FM]]) |
| city = [[Brampton, Ontario|Brampton]], [[Ontario]]
| area = [[Greater Toronto Area]]|
| format = [[modern rock]] |
| owner = [[Corus Entertainment]] |
| power = 35,000 [[watt]]s |
| erp = 100,000 [[watt]]s |
| branding = "102.1 The Edge" |
| sister_stations = [[CFMJ]], [[CILQ-FM|CILQ]]
| slogan = |
| class = |
| website = [http://www.edge.ca/ 102.1 The Edge] |
| callsign_meaning = |
}}
'''CFNY-FM''' is a [[Canada|Canadian]] [[radio station]], broadcasting at 102.1 [[FM radio|FM]]. While the station's official [[city of license]] is [[Brampton]], [[Ontario]],<ref>{{cite press release
| url=http://www.crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2006/db2006-394.htm
| title=Broadcasting Decision CRTC 2006-394
| publisher=[[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission]]
| date=2006-08-23
| accessdate=2007-03-13
}}</ref> the studios are located at 228 [[Yonge Street (Toronto)|Yonge Street]] in downtown [[Toronto]], and the transmitter is in the [[CN Tower]]. The station targets the entire [[Greater Toronto Area]]. As of December 2007, the station holds a 3.8% share<ref>The percentage of people 12 and older tuned to the station</ref> of its [[media market|market area]].<ref name="BBM2007">{{cite press release
| title=Top-Line Radio Statistics - Toronto CTRL S4 2007
| publisher=[[Bureau of Broadcast Measurement|BBM Canada]]
| url=http://www.bbm.ca/en/BBM_Canada_S4_2007_Top-line_Radio_Report_final.pdf
| format=PDF
| date=2007-12-03
| accessdate=2008-01-06
}}</ref>

For some time in the 1980s, the station was free-format.{{Fact|date=June 2009}} This rarely translated into profits, however, and after being sold and re-sold several times to larger and larger media companies, the station now plays a conventional [[modern rock]] format with the branding '''102.1 The Edge'''. The radio station is currently owned by [[Corus Entertainment]].

The station's current program director is Ross Winters, who succeeded [[Alan Cross]] in September 2008 after Cross transferred to Corus' interactive media division, Splice Media.

==History==
CFNY originally started operating in 1961, as an [[FM radio|FM]] rebroadcast of an [[AM radio|AM]] station, [[CIAO (AM)|CHIC]]. When two brothers named Leslie and Harry Allen Jr bought the station in the seventies, they started playing album rock music in the evenings, while simulcasting the AM programming during the day. The nearby [[Humber College]] provided a steady stream of young employees, who were encouraged to play their own selections. Eventually, the owners decided to give the station a brand of its own, creating CFNY in 1977.

Prior to CFNY, the call letters were CHIC-FM, with a transmitter power of 857 watts ERP mono, just enough to just cover the town of Brampton. Up to around 1975, the CHIC AM control room operator spun LPs from the third turntable in AM master control. Nonstop full play of each side of the LP was the norm - with just a break by the AM operator for ID and to flip the LP over. The music was picked by the AM operator prior to their shift. Any type of music was picked from the library randomly. This was the beginning of CFNY. Listeners loved it and at times requested more of the same, which was obliged. Sometimes missed by the operator, the LP would finish and listeners would call in to complain of the dead air.

In 1976, a new FM studio was built just up the road from the old studio in Brampton on a very limited budget. Engineers Mike Hargrave Pawson and Steve Martak built the new studio and a new transmitter site in Georgetown to increase the coverage from 857 watts to 100 kW ERP.

In July 1977, CHIC-FM officially became CFNY-FM. The phrases "Canada's First New Youth" and "Canada Fucks New York" have been cited as [[backronym]]s for the call sign. Anyone working there at the time was fired, and a whole new team was brought in. David Pritchard, CFNY's first program director, previously a late night DJ at [[CHUM-FM]], gave the station a little more structure and hosted specialty programs of reggae and blues music, and a nationally syndicated (and popular) Beatles show. Unfortunately, conflicts between Pritchard and the Allens led them to fire him for refusing to, as he put it, turn the station into a conduit for "shallow hit-oriented Pablum". [[David Marsden]], who had started as an announcer, became program director of CFNY in 1978.

===The Spirit of Radio===

Things started to change when David Marsden became program director. The station started to sound like a "slick" version of a college radio station. At the time, alternative was still very new, but it was also in 1978 that [[New Wave music|New Wave]] and [[punk rock]] took off and soon the station became known as one of the few commercial stations which played alternative music. Canadian punk act [[Forgotten Rebels]] paid homage to CFNY in the liner notes of their 1979 album ''In Love with the System''.

Fans started referring to it as the ''Spirit of Radio'', which was used as their catchphrase for some time and also inspired the [[Rush (band)|Rush]] song "[[The Spirit of Radio]]"<ref>[http://www.spiritofradio.ca/index.asp]</ref>. Fans were loyal but few and with a measly 857 watts of power, broadcast from a house in [[Brampton, Ontario|Brampton]] - a suburban city northwest of Toronto - the problems of attracting new listeners were many. In 1979, the original owners were involved in an unrelated court action and forced to sell the station. The new owners started the process of moving the antennae to the [[CN Tower]] in 1983.

With the Canadian economy in [[recession]] and interest rates high, the new owners sold the station to media conglomerate [[Selkirk Communications]]. At first, Selkirk did not change the format and completed the move to the CN Tower. By 1985, the station had reached new heights of popularity, capturing over 5.4% of the Toronto area listeners and becoming internationally famous for its music mix. For a brief period, it was also available on satellite across North America, although this also led to the introduction of more "popular" music.

The station was particularly well respected for introducing new acts which other stations wouldn't play because they were too 'small' in the early 1980s; Canadian artists such as [[Martha and the Muffins]], [[Rough Trade (band)|Rough Trade]], [[Blue Rodeo]], [[Jane Siberry]], [[Singing Fools]], [[54-40]], [[Skinny Puppy]] and [[Spoons (band)|Spoons]] were among the acts championed by CFNY. CFNY also created Canada's first independent music awards, the [[U-Knows]] (a pun on Canada's mainstream [[Juno Award]]s). In 1986, the station held a listener contest to rename the awards, which were re-dubbed the [[CASBY Award]]s, for "Canadian Artists Selected By You"<ref>Among the nominees for "Best Independent Group" were Ottawa's politically oriented Singing Fools[http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Pop_Encyclopedia/S/Singing_Fools.html] whose 1986 mini-LP "Call Me Lucky" gained regular airplay on CFNY, including the songs "Fly By Night" http://ca.youtube.com/watch?v=cWlamNDGSyY and "For the Love of God (Jihad)http://ca.youtube.com/watch?v=UGHvqTvVliQ</ref>.

In 1988, the station turned its first profit. However, this was not enough for Selkirk, which sought higher ratings.

===Format change and listener rebellion===

Late that year, the station switched to a mostly [[top 40]] format, leaving its alternative format for weekends and late night. At first, there was a listener rebellion. Their phone-in show at noon was an all-request hour and invariably the requests were for alternative songs. However, the management soon put a stop to this, telling DJs to refuse such calls and only select requests from the top 40. Soon, most of the staff resigned or were fired.

Loyal listeners soon began signing petitions and filed an intervention with the [[Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission]] (CRTC) opposing the station's 1989 licence renewal. Radio analyst reports suggested that 100,000 new listeners had been gained by the change. However, this hid the fact that the market share dropped considerably, to 4.3%.

===Evolution to [[modern rock]]===

In 1989, Selkirk was acquired by [[Maclean-Hunter]], which was committed to returning the station to an alternative format. Instead of reviving the old free-form programming, however, Maclean-Hunter tweaked the station's programming to create a more conventional [[modern rock]] station. In the early 1990s, the station again became an important outlet for new Canadian music, with acts such as [[Barenaked Ladies]], [[The Lowest of the Low]], [[Rheostatics]], and [[Sloan (band)|Sloan]] counting CFNY as their first major radio supporter. However, with alternative rock being the decade's dominant genre, CFNY did not sound as distinctive compared to other radio stations as it had in the 1980s, so it never fully regained its former level of influence and respect.

The change also masked, rather than solving, morale problems at the station — in 1992, DJ Dani Elwell resigned from the station by reading her résumé over the air.<ref>[http://www.spiritofradio.ca/Sounds.asp?SearchText=Ellwell]</ref>

When Maclean-Hunter was purchased by [[Rogers Communications]] in 1994, CFNY was one of the stations sold off by Rogers to [[Shaw Communications]], which in turn spun its radio holdings off to [[Corus Entertainment]], CFNY's current owner, in 1999.

In the mid-1990s, the station dropped its old branding, becoming ''102.1 The Edge''. Later it became ''Edge 102'' before reverting to ''102.1 The Edge''. "The Edge" was a common brand name for alternative and modern rock radio stations during the 1990s, and was created by a U.S. consulting firm named [[Jacobs Media]]. Although CFNY remained the station's official call sign, it was not mentioned on-air for many years. In August 2005, however, the station began airing some new identification breaks which used both the CFNY calls and the Edge branding. (Canadian radio stations are officially required to mention their call letters once an hour, although this rule has not been heavily enforced by the CRTC in recent years.)

CFNY is available nationwide in Canada on the [[Bell TV]] satellite TV system, channel 955; [[Shaw Direct]] channel 866; and via [[Rogers Cable|Rogers Digital Cable]] on channel 929 in the GTA and 954 in other areas of Ontario.

In 2001, a spin-off television channel was created and modelled after 102.1 The Edge. [[Edge TV]] was a [[digital cable]] [[specialty channel]] own by The Edge's parent company Corus Entertainment. The channel was taken off the air in 2003 due to insufficient distribution.

==International reach==

102.1 The Edge has long been an international station, as its signal is strong enough that, like many other Toronto radio stations, it is widely available in two of the top fifty media markets in North America. Its signal from Toronto beams from the [[CN Tower]] throughout the [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]]-[[Niagara Falls, New York|Niagara Falls]] [[New York State|NY]] market, in addition to Toronto. CFNY pulls a share of between 0.6% and 1.1% in the Arbitron radio rating in Buffalo.{{Fact|date=June 2009}}

In addition, the station broadcasts [[streaming audio]] over the Internet.

The Edge is also available on [[Bell TV]] as part of the music channel package. The station also appears in the music mix of a number of cable distributions systems around the country. This gives the station not only a regional coverage, but a number of listeners over all of Canada.

As a result of these factors, CFNY frequently promotes itself as one of the most listened-to radio stations in the world — the station did, in fact, rank tenth in a 2002 [[Arbitron]] survey of the world's most listened-to Internet radio streams.<ref>[http://www.arbitron.com/NEWSROOM/archive/03_12_02.htm Arbitron Press Release]</ref>

==''The Dean Blundell Show''==
{{Refimprove|section|date=June 2009}}
The Dean Blundell Show is a morning radio show consisting of hosts Dean Blundell, Jason Barr and Todd Shapiro discussing ongoing news and events in a cynical fashion. They are the longest running morning show in Toronto.

===Controversies===
[[Jackass (TV series)|''Jackass'']] co-stars [[Steve-O]] and [[Chris Pontius]] were guests on the show on [[March 26]], [[2004]], in order to promote their "Don't Try This at Home" tour, leading to the "suspension" of Blundell, Barr and Shapiro for the following day. Many people{{Who|date=June 2009}} believe that Blundell should have been fired from the station for letting things escalate. During the interview, Pontius and Steve-O used multiple expletives on the air. Steve-O also proceeded to urinate on the floor and perform a stunt called "Unwrapping the Mummy", all in front of a live studio audience.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thefreeradical.ca/The_Edge_Jackass.htm
|title=Edge's Blundell back on air today
|publisher=[[Toronto Sun]]
|date=2004-03-30
|first=John
|last=Kryk
}}</ref>

===Recurring guests===
{{Original research|section|date=June 2009}}
* Members of the [[Conservative Party of Canada]] are frequently interviewed.
* "Lesbian Lu" visits every Tuesday to talk about her experiences as a homosexual woman.
* Sex therapist [[Dr. Laura Zilney]]; every Wednesday morning.
* "Gay Jeff" - a gay friend of Todd Shapiro – every Thursday morning; though occasionally on other days as well. Jeff and the hosts discuss topics related to the gay community; however, these discussions usually lead to the hosts questioning Jeff about his sexual exploits or opinions and perceptions as a gay man.
* "Psychic Nikki" is in on Friday mornings and discusses her [[psychic]] visions regarding celebrities, the show's hosts and callers. Todd, Dean and Jason often playfully joke about her predictions.
* Adrian

===Past recurring guests===
* The "Blind [[Film criticism|Movie Reviewer]]", [[Derek Welsman]], appeared most Thursday mornings. [[Blindness|Legally blind]] (he has stated he can see about 10–12%), Welsman, who was also an [[advertising|commercial]] producer for the radio station, talked about a movie he had "seen" recently, from the perspective of a blind person. Each movie reviewed was assigned a score of one to five "[[star (classification)|blurries]]", and each review ended with Welsman's [[catch phrase]], "and that's the way I see it!" Derek moved on to Astral Radio Toronto in November 2007. His last review for the Edge was Thursday, November 8, 2007. He ended the segment by returning to his home planet of Myopia with his commanding alien officers, [[Ray Charles]] and the blind girl from the Lionel Ritchie "Hello" music video.
* [[Gino Empry]] was a recurring guest until early 2006 when he got so upset that he used profanities on the air, forcing the morning show to end their on-air relationship with him. Empry often fought with Todd and then made up. {{Fact|date=May 2009}}
* Eduardo, a frequent caller who would demand free offerings and get extremely upset when Dean, Jason and Todd made it difficult for him to do so. Often resorting to hanging up on the morning show, the three would call him back many times, until full arguments would break out. Eduardo gave up on the Dean Blundell show and now often calls an easy listening station. {{Fact|date=May 2009}}
* Frank the Video Store Guy called in to the show and had a stereotypical Indian accent very similar to Apu from the [[Simpsons]]
* Josey Vogels; A "sexpert" who left the show to concentrate on publishing books in late 2008.
* "Spencer The Cripple” usually talked with the guys on Monday mornings - to talk about his experiences in life. Usually, the segment led to the subjects of bowel movements, his diet and sexual dysfunction. He was fired in March, 2009.

===Contests===
More so than any other of the regular shows on the station, the ''Dean Blundell Show'' regularly runs a variety of contests, which often lead to much larger prizes than the other shows' contests. Contests have included:
* The "Moderately Paid Employee Program" in which the winner, Adwoa Nsiah Yeboah, was awarded a position at the station as its traffic reporter.
* "The Mister Man-Boobs Contest".
* "The Cougar Hunt"; "The Edge Ultimate Ugly Contest" and the "Buns of Steel Contest"
* A series of Wheels, loosely following the [[7 Deadly Sins]]. Each of these "Wheel" contests consists of a series of random challenges (oft-repeated challenges involving stunts done in front of the live tapings of ''[[Breakfast Television]]''; getting onto other radio stations to promote the show/contest and marketing the radio station) - determined by the spin of a wheel, which skewed either to a certain number of selected Inside Edge members, or as an open challenge to all listeners. The winners of these challenges are given one or more spaces on the final spin of the wheel, where the person landed on wins a giant prize. To date, there have been Wheels of Greed, Sloth, Envy, Gluttony, and most recently, Pride.
* The "$50,000 Gong" - loosely based on ''[[The Gong Show]]'' - in which listeners come to the Edge studios and present their talent (either by demonstrating something sufficiently impressive or sufficiently disgusting) to the on-air personalities; whom hit a [[gong]] if they don't like it. The listeners who don't get "gonged" qualify for the final round, where one listener will be awarded $50,000. On October 27, the Edge announced that James McAndrew was the winner, with his "fart on command" talent.
* The "Edge Youtube Challenge", in which listeners post videos on [[YouTube]]. The videos must include the Edge logo and "102.1 The Edge" in the video title. Four prizes of $1000.00 and 1 grand prize of $5000.00 are to be rewarded.

The show also has a number of recurring games, with smaller prizes. These include:
* Stump The Show, where callers try to stump the hosts with a question. Due to a convoluted series of rules (including not being able to say "um", "uh" or "no"), this game is generally won by the show, rather than a caller (in which case no prize is awarded).
* "Wha' Happen?"; in which callers try to impress the hosts with strange stories of problems in their lives. Blundell, Barr and Shapiro tend to prefer stories dealing with flatulence, sexual mishaps and the like.
* "What's Wrong With You?"; a similar call-in contest to "Wha' Happen?", except listeners share interesting and often disgusting, crude or sexual stories about what's wrong with them or their family.
* "The Very Next Prize"; Dean and the guys name a list of prizes to a caller. After one of the prizes the caller says "STOP" and receives the very next prize. If the caller is unlucky he will get the NOTHING slot. This contest was inspired from an incident in February 2008 where a woman accidentally called for a contest on another radio station called "Press Your Luck." Dean offered her a number of prizes in the first envelope including a trip for 2 to the Barbados, and when she said stop, he went to "the very next prize", which was a slice of Havarti cheese.

==Other on-air personalities==
===Alan Cross===
{{main|Alan Cross}}
Alan Cross started at CFNY in October 1986 doing the overnight show. He held the position of [[program director]] for the station from 2004 to 2008. He continues to host the ''[[The Ongoing History of New Music]]'', which runs Sundays at 8:00 p.m. and is rebroadcast Mondays at 11:00 PM. As well, he creates a daily, minute-long segment of the ''Ongoing History'', that is played sporadically during the day's commercial breaks (as well as via a [[podcast]]); upwards of 5,000 segments have been produced.<ref>{{cite episode
| title = 500th Show
| series = The Ongoing History of New Music
| serieslink = The Ongoing History of New Music
| credits = Alan Cross (writer/host), Rob Johnston (producer)
| station = CFNY-FM
| city = Toronto
| transcripturl = http://www.edge.ca/station/ongoing_history_of_new_music.cfm?rem=21235&pge=1&arc=2
}}</ref>

===Dave "Bookie" Bookman===
[[Image:Bookie.jpg|thumb|right|Dave "Bookie" Bookman]]
Dave Bookman currently works the "afternoon drive" timeslot, from 2:00 p.m until 7:00 p.m, though he joined the radio station in 1991 (and is one of only two on-air personalities from that time that are still at the radio station), as a street reporter for their no longer existent ''Live in Toronto'' show. Bookman often talks about his love of [[sport]]s, [[soap opera]]s and [[independent music]], and also often has interviews with various [[musical artist|artist]]s, [[sports commentator]]s and [[movie reviewer]]s. As well, he is often given brand new music to premiere, or concerts to announce on his show.

Bookman currently runs two regular contests:
*"Bookie's College of Musical Knowledge", a trivia game involving three categories (generally about or related to music, but occasionally about other subject matters, most notably ''[[The Simpsons]]''), three answers and three contestants. The first contestant picks the category, and gets a question and three [[multiple choice]] answers to choose from. If answered wrongly, the question is posed to the second, and then the third, contestant. Before getting answers, Bookman always inquires as to where the contestant is calling from, and recommends a nearby place to visit, if he knows of one.
*"Tums Up or Tums Down" is a new contest, which began on [[12 July]], [[2006]]. Two players relay something they feel passionately for or against, giving it a rating of "[[Thumbs up|Tums up]]" or "[[Thumbs down|Tums down]]" accordingly. Bookman, and two others (usually his producer Adam Ricard, and another station staffer, John "JD" Davies) then vote, by "[[secret ballot]]" – they each write down their choice, and then reveal them to the other judges – on which player's answer was best, with the majority vote getter being the winner. On the off-chance that there's a tie (very occasionally a judge will abstain), a coin has been flipped to select the winner. The contest is not currently sponsored by the [[antacid]] company; rather, the phrase is just used as [[wordplay]].

Bookman also hosts ''Bookie's Free Nu Music Nite'', Tuesday nights at the [[Horseshoe Tavern]], and the ''Indy Hour'' program, an hour dedicated to independent music programming, Sunday nights at 8:00 p.m. Bookman is himself a former musician, who formed the band [[The Bookmen]] with [[Tim Mech]] in the early 1990s.

===Josie Dye===
Josie Dye generally is on-air from 10:00 a.m. until 2:00 p.m. Her show consists mostly of music, interspersed with stories that Dye either finds in the news or relates from her own personal experience. "The Nooner", an hour-long [[All Request]] period between noon and 1:00 p.m., also takes place during Dye's show, to which she often assigns an arbitrary theme (previous themes have included gay music to correspond with Toronto's [[Pride Week]], cover songs, and live sessions, which she has stated is her favourite theme). She also runs a small survey every day in order to pick the last song played on The Nooner, which is generally between two choices, and relate to the theme, if there is one for that day. In early 2009, The Nooner segment changed to The 90's Nooner, in which all songs played and requested must have been released during the 1990s. Josie plays several games with the listening audience during The 90's Nooner (including 90's Trivia).

Dye runs two regular contests:
*"Guess this Edge Artist", in which she gives a series of three or four bizarre clues pointing towards a [[musician]] or [[music group|group]], whose music is played on the radio station. In order to win, players must call in (other forms of entry, such as email, are not accepted) with the correct answer.
*"90's Trivia", a contest that takes place daily during the Nooner. A wheel is spun and lands on a particular category (some include TV, music, etc.) and the answer for that category keeps with the "90s" theme (e.g. if it is movies, then the answer has to do with a move from the 90s). Two callers are on the line, and one is given first crack at guessing the answer she alludes to through the clue that she provides, if unsuccessful, the other gets a chance. If neither of the two are successful, she gives successive clues at which point if someone knows the answer they must say their name to "buzz in" and give what they think is the correct answer.

Josie Dye also hosts the ''live-to-air'' broadcast from Republik nightclub, Friday nights from 2:00 a.m. until 5:00 a.m.

===Darryl Spring===
Darryl Spring started at CFNY in June 2005 and hosts some overnight shows along with Saturday Evenings (Countdown to Club 102 at the Phoenix). Darryl also has some interactive contests like the Edge Artist Showdown and the Album Title Challenge. On occasion he'll fill in for club DJ Craig G. Spring, along with Edge DJ Shawarma used to host a live-to-air show Saturday Nights around 2am.

===Darrin Pfeiffer===
[[Darrin Pfeiffer]], the drummer for the [[United States|American]] [[pop punk]] band [[Goldfinger (band)|Goldfinger]], joined CFNY in 2005 after moving to Toronto with his Canadian-born wife Vicky Montgomery. He currently hosts the overnight slot on Sundays. Darrin was born in the suburbs of nearby Buffalo, NY (in Akron), where CFNY broadcasts very clearly and enjoys a small but cult following among alt-rock fans of the WNY region.

===Adwoa Nsiah-Yeboah===
Adwoa Nsiah-Yeboah, winner of the "Edge Moderately Paid Employee" contest in February 2005, reports on traffic during the morning and drive home time slots.

===Adam Ricard===
Adam Ricard hosts overnight and weekend shifts at 102.1 the edge.

===George Stroumboulopoulos===
[[George Stroumboulopoulos]] originally started at CFNY as a street reporter for the now defunct ''Live in Toronto'' radio show. After the demise of the show, George left CFNY for the national exposure of [[MuchMusic]], and eventually ended up at CBC hosting [[The Hour]].
George returned to CFNY to host the nationally syndicated ''Strombo Show'' from 5pm to 8pm on Sundays. The ''Strombo Show'' is a combination of music, celebrity guests, and calls from listeners<ref name="thestromboshow.ca">{{cite web|title=The Strombo Show website|publisher=[http://thestromboshow.ca]|url=http://www.thestromboshow.ca/index.cfm}}</ref>.

===LoriAnn Villani===
LoriAnn Villani currently hosts the overnight show from 12am-5:30am Tuesday through Thursday. She can also be seen and heard at the Phoenix every Saturday night and the Velvet Underground on Sunday, taking over for the departed Martin Streek.

===Past personalities===
{|width=80%
|valign="top" align="left" width=33%|
*[[Steve Anthony]]
*[[Carlos Benevides]]
*[[Mary Ellen Beninger]]
*[[Don Berns]]
*[[Neil Morrison (DJ)|Brother Bill]]
*[[Ron Bruchal]]
*[[Kevin Brauch]]
*[[Lee Carter (radio)|Lee Carter]]
*[[Reggie Cecchini]]
*[[Nick Charles (DJ)|Nick Charles]]
*[[Rick Charles]]
*[[Daddy Cool (DJ)|Daddy Cool]]
*[[Sandra Crawford]]
*[[Pete Cugno]]
*[[Jim Duff (DJ)|Jim Duff]]
*[[Dan Duran (broadcaster)|Dan Duran]]
*Danger
*[[Scott Eagleson]]
*[[Dani Elwell]]
*[[Alan Ericson]]
*[[Brandon Davis]]
|valign="top" width=33%|
*Phil Evans
*[[Norah Fountain]]
*[[Pete Fowler (DJ)|Pete Fowler]]
*[[Artie Funkhouser]]
*[[Lana Gay]]
*Peter Goodwin
*[[Pete Griffin]]
*[[Ivar Hamilton]]
*[[Mike Hanafin]]
*[[Hal Harbour]]
*[[Howard Glassman|Humble Howard]]
*[[David Hight]]
*[[Beverly Hills (radio host)|Beverly Hills]]
*[[Danielle Holke]]
*[[Josh Holliday]]
*[[Kim Hughes (radio)|Kim Hughes]]
*[[Liz Janik]]
*[["Live" Earl Jive]]
*[["Deadly" Hedley Jones]]
*John Jones
*[[Benjamin Kowalewicz]]
*Kneale Mann
|valign="top" width=33%|
*[[David Marsden]]
*[[Brad McNally]]
*[[Kevin O'Leary (DJ)|Kevin O'Leary]]
*[[Fred Patterson]]
*[[Maie Pauts]]
*[[Sandra Plagakis]]
*David Pritchard
*[[Skip Prokop]]
*[[Jim Reid (DJ)|Jim Reid]]
*[[David Haydu|Geets Romo]]
*[[Reiner Schwarz]]
*[[James Scott (DJ)|James Scott]]
*[[Chris Sheppard (DJ)|Chris Sheppard]]
*[[Martin Streek|Martin Streek]]
*Barry Taylor
*[[Tina Trigiani]]
*[[Skot Turner]]
*[[Eddy Valiquette]]
*[[Craig Venn]]
*[[Erella Vent]]
*[[Visnja]]
*[[Ted Woloshyn]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==See also==
* [[List of radio stations in Ontario]]
* [[Edgefest]]

==External links==
* [http://www.edge.ca/ 102.1 The Edge]
* [http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listings_and_histories/radio/histories.php?id=397&historyID=179 CFNY history at Canadian Communications Foundation]
* [http://www.spiritofradio.ca/ spiritofradio.ca, a CFNY historical fan page]
* [http://www.martinstreek.com/ martinstreek.com, a site by an Edge DJ]
* {{RecnetCanada|CFNY-FM}}

{{Toronto FM}}
{{Corus Entertainment}}
{{Brampton, Ontario}}

[[Category:Radio stations in Peel Region, Ontario|FNY]]
[[Category:Corus Entertainment radio stations|FNY]]
[[Category:Modern rock radio stations in Canada|FNY]]
[[Category:Media in Brampton]]

Sam Simon

2009-02-26T18:14:37Z

Timc: dab

{{Infobox Actor
| name = Sam Simon
| image = Sam Simon.jpg
| caption = Simon at the 2008 [[World Series of Poker]].
| birthname = Sam Simon
| birthdate = 1955
| birthplace = [[United States]]
| deathdate =
| deathplace =
| othername =
| occupation = Producer, writer, boxing manager, poker player
| yearsactive = 1981-present
| spouse = [[Jennifer Tilly]] (1984-1991)
| emmyawards = '''Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Program'''<br>1989 ''[[The Tracey Ullman Show]]''<br>'''Outstanding Writing in a Variety or Music Program'''<br>1990 ''The Tracey Ullman Show''<br>'''Outstanding Animated Program'''<br> 1990, 1991 ''[[The Simpsons]]''
}}

'''Sam Simon''' (born c. 1955) is an [[United States of America|American]] [[television producer]] and [[Screenwriter|writer]], most notable as one of the original developers of ''[[The Simpsons]]'', along with [[Matt Groening]] and [[James L. Brooks]]. He is perhaps best known for his creation of many ''Simpsons'' characters, including [[Bouvier family#Jacqueline Bouvier|Jacqueline Bouvier]].

He has also written for television with ''[[Taxi (TV series)|Taxi]]'', ''[[Cheers]]'', ''[[The Tracey Ullman Show]]'', ''[[The George Carlin Show]]'', and ''[[The Drew Carey Show]]''. He wrote [[The Bitter Half]], a single-episode [[sitcom]] for [[Howard Stern]]’s [[Howard 101]] channel on [[Sirius Satellite Radio]], that aired [[October 25]], [[2006]].

He was married to [[Jennifer Tilly]] from 1984 to 1991.

Sam Simon is the current manager of heavyweight boxer [[Lamon Brewster]], the former [[World Boxing Organization]] heavyweight champion, and was also named 2004 World Boxing Manager of the Year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.samsimonfoundation.com/foundteam2.html |work=Sam Simon Foundation |title=Sam Simon's profile}}</ref>

Sam Simon also competed in the 2007 [[World Series of Poker]], where he finished 329th for a $39,445 payday.<ref>{{cite web |work=World Series of Poker |title=Official Tournament Coverage and Results |url=http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/players/playerProfile.asp?playerID=9703}}</ref> He also was a contestant on the 1970s revival of ''[[Tic Tac Dough]].''

Sam Simon was the subject of a segment on ''[[60 Minutes]]'', about how he now spends his time running a foundation for dogs. He makes over 10 million dollars a year from ''The Simpsons'', though he hasn't worked on the show since 1993.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/03/02/60minutes/main2532044_page2.shtml|title=Meet Sam Simon, The Dog Nut|work=CBS News|author=Daniel Schorn|date=July 15, 2007|quote=He estimates he makes well over $10 million a year from a show he hasn’t worked on since 1993}}</ref>

Since "[[Treehouse of Horror IV]]", Sam Simon has the word "Stockbroker" between his first and last name, and kept it for the rest of the Treehouse of Horror series.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{imdb name|0800376}}
* [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/03/02/60minutes/main2532044.shtml ''60 Minutes'' interview with Sam Simon]
* [http://www.samsimonfoundation.org Sam Simon's Foundation for animal welfare]

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| title=(with [[James L. Brooks]] and [[Matt Groening]])<br>[[The Simpsons]] [[Show runner]]
| before=none
| after=[[Al Jean]] & [[Mike Reiss]]
| years=1989 – 1991}}
{{end box}}

{{Simpsons writers}}
{{EmmyAward ComedyVarietyMusicWriting 1975-2000}}

{{Lifetime|1955|LIVING|Simon, Sam}}
[[Category:American poker players]]
[[Category:American television writers]]
[[Category:American television producers]]
[[Category:American boxing managers]]

{{US-tv-writer-stub}}
{{US-tv-producer-stub}}
{{Simpsons-stub}}

[[cs:Sam Simon]]
[[es:Sam Simon]]
[[fr:Sam Simon]]
[[is:Sam Simon]]
[[ja:サム・サイモン]]
[[no:Sam Simon]]
[[pt:Sam Simon]]
[[simple:Sam Simon]]
[[sr:Сем Сајмон]]
[[fi:Sam Simon]]
[[sv:Sam Simon]]
[[zh:萨姆·西蒙]]

Sam Simon

2009-02-26T18:00:48Z

Timc: italics

{{Infobox Actor
| name = Sam Simon
| image = Sam Simon.jpg
| caption = Simon at the 2008 [[World Series of Poker]].
| birthname = Sam Simon
| birthdate = 1955
| birthplace = [[United States]]
| deathdate =
| deathplace =
| othername =
| occupation = Producer, writer, boxing manager, poker player
| yearsactive = 1981-present
| spouse = [[Jennifer Tilly]] (1984-1991)
| emmyawards = '''Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Program'''<br>1989 ''[[The Tracey Ullman Show]]''<br>'''Outstanding Writing in a Variety or Music Program'''<br>1990 ''The Tracey Ullman Show''<br>'''Outstanding Animated Program'''<br> 1990, 1991 ''[[The Simpsons]]''
}}

'''Sam Simon''' (born c. 1955) is an [[United States of America|American]] [[television producer]] and [[Screenwriter|writer]], most notable as one of the original developers of ''[[The Simpsons]]'', along with [[Matt Groening]] and [[James L. Brooks]]. He is perhaps best known for his creation of many ''Simpsons'' characters, including [[Bouvier family#Jacqueline Bouvier|Jacqueline Bouvier]].

He has also written for television with ''[[Taxi]]'', ''[[Cheers]]'', ''[[The Tracey Ullman Show]]'', ''[[The George Carlin Show]]'', and ''[[The Drew Carey Show]]''. He wrote [[The Bitter Half]], a single-episode [[sitcom]] for [[Howard Stern]]’s [[Howard 101]] channel on [[Sirius Satellite Radio]], that aired [[October 25]], [[2006]].

He was married to [[Jennifer Tilly]] from 1984 to 1991.

Sam Simon is the current manager of heavyweight boxer [[Lamon Brewster]], the former [[World Boxing Organization]] heavyweight champion, and was also named 2004 World Boxing Manager of the Year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.samsimonfoundation.com/foundteam2.html |work=Sam Simon Foundation |title=Sam Simon's profile}}</ref>

Sam Simon also competed in the 2007 [[World Series of Poker]], where he finished 329th for a $39,445 payday.<ref>{{cite web |work=World Series of Poker |title=Official Tournament Coverage and Results |url=http://www.worldseriesofpoker.com/players/playerProfile.asp?playerID=9703}}</ref> He also was a contestant on the 1970s revival of ''[[Tic Tac Dough]].''

Sam Simon was the subject of a segment on ''[[60 Minutes]]'', about how he now spends his time running a foundation for dogs. He makes over 10 million dollars a year from ''The Simpsons'', though he hasn't worked on the show since 1993.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/03/02/60minutes/main2532044_page2.shtml|title=Meet Sam Simon, The Dog Nut|work=CBS News|author=Daniel Schorn|date=July 15, 2007|quote=He estimates he makes well over $10 million a year from a show he hasn’t worked on since 1993}}</ref>

Since "[[Treehouse of Horror IV]]", Sam Simon has the word "Stockbroker" between his first and last name, and kept it for the rest of the Treehouse of Horror series.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{imdb name|0800376}}
* [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/03/02/60minutes/main2532044.shtml ''60 Minutes'' interview with Sam Simon]
* [http://www.samsimonfoundation.org Sam Simon's Foundation for animal welfare]

{{start box}}
{{succession box
| title=(with [[James L. Brooks]] and [[Matt Groening]])<br>[[The Simpsons]] [[Show runner]]
| before=none
| after=[[Al Jean]] & [[Mike Reiss]]
| years=1989 – 1991}}
{{end box}}

{{Simpsons writers}}
{{EmmyAward ComedyVarietyMusicWriting 1975-2000}}

{{Lifetime|1955|LIVING|Simon, Sam}}
[[Category:American poker players]]
[[Category:American television writers]]
[[Category:American television producers]]
[[Category:American boxing managers]]

{{US-tv-writer-stub}}
{{US-tv-producer-stub}}
{{Simpsons-stub}}

[[cs:Sam Simon]]
[[es:Sam Simon]]
[[fr:Sam Simon]]
[[is:Sam Simon]]
[[ja:サム・サイモン]]
[[no:Sam Simon]]
[[pt:Sam Simon]]
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[[sr:Сем Сајмон]]
[[fi:Sam Simon]]
[[sv:Sam Simon]]
[[zh:萨姆·西蒙]]

Richard Nixons Besuch in China 1972

2008-08-21T18:34:01Z

Timc: plural

{{other uses|Nixon in China}}
[[Image:Nixon Mao 1972-02-29.png|thumb|200px|Richard Nixon meets with [[Mao Zedong]] in 1972.]]
[[Image:ZhouNixonBanquet.gif|thumb|200px|Richard Nixon and [[Zhou Enlai]] speaking at a banquet]]
[[Image: Mrs. Nixon in China.jpg|right|200px|thumb|[[Pat Nixon]] in the People's Republic of China]]

The '''1972 Nixon visit to China''' was the first step in formally normalizing relations between the [[United States]] and the [[People's Republic of China]]. It also marked the first time a [[President of the United States|U.S. president]] had visited the PRC, which considered the United States one of its biggest enemies. From [[February 21]] to [[February 28]], [[1972]], [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Richard Nixon]] traveled to [[Beijing]], [[Hangzhou]] and [[Shanghai]].

==Meeting==
===The U.S. at the People's Republic of China===
In July 1971, U.S. President Nixon's [[National Security Advisor (United States)|National Security Advisor]] [[Henry Kissinger]] had secretly visited Beijing during a trip to [[Pakistan]], and laid the groundwork for Nixon's visit to China. Almost as soon as the American president arrived in the Chinese capital he was summoned for a meeting with [[Mao Zedong|Chairman Mao]] who, unknown to the Americans, had been ill nine days earlier but was at that point feeling strong enough to meet Nixon. [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[William P. Rogers]] was excluded from this meeting and the only other American present was [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]] staffer (and later [[United States Ambassador to China|U.S. Ambassador to China]]) [[Winston Lord]]. To avoid embarrassing Rogers, Lord was cropped out of all the official photographs of the meeting.<ref>Kissinger ''Years of Upheaval'' p. 65</ref>

Nixon held many meetings with Chinese Premier [[Zhou Enlai]] during the trip, which included visits to the [[Great Wall of China|Great Wall]], [[Hangzhou]], and [[Shanghai]]. At the conclusion of his trip, the [[United States]] and the PRC Governments issued the [[Shanghai Communiqué]], a statement of their foreign policy views and a document that was to prove to remain the basis of Sino-American bilateral relations for many years. In the communiqué, both nations pledged to work toward the full normalization of diplomatic relations. The U.S. acknowledged the notion that all Chinese on both sides of the [[Taiwan Strait]] maintain that [[One China policy|there is only one China]] and that Taiwan is part of China. Nixon and the U.S. government reaffirmed their interests in a peaceful settlement of the Taiwan question agreed by the Chinese themselves. The statement enabled the U.S. and PRC to temporarily set aside the "crucial question obstructing the normalization of relations"<ref>[http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/ziliao/3602/3604/t18006.htm Nixon's China's Visit and "Sino-U.S. Joint Communiqué"]</ref> concerning the [[political status of Taiwan]] and to open trade and other contacts. However, the United States continued to maintain official relations with the government of the [[Republic of China]] in Taiwan until 1979 when the U.S. broke off relations with the Republic of China and established full diplomatic relations with the P.R.C.{{Fact|date=December 2007}}

===Hong Kong and Macau===
In March 1972 one of the PRC's first acts was to demand that [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]] be removed from the [[United Nations]]' list of the world's remaining colonies.<ref name="Pepper">Pepper, Suzanne. Keeping Democracy at Bay: Hong Kong and the Challenge of Chinese Political Reform. [2007] (2007). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0742508773</ref> According to the PRC, Hong Kong was awaiting "independence" and that China can assert its "sovereign right" over both Hong Kong and [[Macau]]. It was declaring them to be under foreign occupation.<ref name="Pepper" /> However, the handover was not until 1997 and 1999 respectively some 25+ years later for the official [[Transfer of the sovereignty of Hong Kong|Hong Kong handover]] and [[Transfer of the sovereignty of Macau|Macau handover]].

== Media and Culture ==
* [[John Adams (composer)|John Adams]] wrote his [[opera]] [[Nixon in China (opera)|Nixon in China]] about Nixon's historic visit to China
*[[Max Frankel]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' received the [[Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting]] for his coverage of the event.
*In the motion picture ''[[Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country]]'', [[Spock]] repeats a [[Vulcan (Star Trek)|Vulcan]] proverb, "Only Nixon could go to China," as an allegory for an opportunity for [[James T. Kirk]] to open up relations with The [[Klingon Empire]].

== References ==
<div class="references-small">
<references/>
</div>

== Further Reading ==
*Burr, William (1999) ''The Kissinger Transcripts'', New Press
*[[Margaret MacMillan|MacMillan, Margaret]] (2007) ''Nixon & Mao: The Week that Changed the World'', Random House
*Mann, James (1999)''About Face'', Knopf
*Nixon, Richard (1978) ''RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon'', Grosset & Dunlap
*Tyler, Patrick (1999) ''A Great Wall'', Public Affairs
* {{cite book
| last = Dallek
| first = Robert
| authorlink = Robert Dallek
| title = Nixon and Kissinger : partners in power
| publisher = [[HarperCollins]]
| location = New York
| date = 2007
| pages =
| doi =
| isbn = 0060722304 }}
* {{cite book
| last = Drew
| first = Elizabeth
| authorlink = Elizabeth Drew
| title = Richard M. Nixon
| publisher = [[Times Books]]
| location = New York
| date = 2007
| pages =
| doi =
| isbn = 0805069631 }}

== See also ==
*[[Ping Pong Diplomacy]]
*[[Sino-American relations]]
*[[Nixon in China (opera)]]
*[[Nixon in China (phrase)]]

== External links ==
*[http://www.cfr.org/publication/12686/nixon_in_china_audio.html?breadcrumb=%2Fpublication%2Fby_type%2Faudio Webcast: Nixon in China] Council on Foreign Relations
*[http://www.chizeng.com/nixon/ Interactive, Educational Site on Nixon's Legendary 1972 Visit to China]

{{Cold War}}

[[Category:1972 in the United States|Nixon]]
[[Category:Richard Nixon]]
[[Category:China–United States relations]]
[[Category:Diplomatic conferences|Nixon visit to China]]
[[Category:1972 in China|Nixon]]

[[hr:Nixonov posjet Kini 1972.]]
[[he:ביקור ניקסון בסין, 1972]]
[[ja:ニクソン大統領の中国訪問]]
[[tr:Nixon'ın Çin Ziyareti]]
[[vi:Chuyến thăm Trung Hoa của Richard Nixon]]
[[zh:1972年尼克松访华]]

Canada Revenue Agency

2008-04-27T01:36:12Z

Timc: wikilink

[[Image:Cheque.jpg|thumb|250px|Example of a cheque from the Canada Revenue Agency]]
The '''Canada Revenue Agency (CRA)''' administers:

* [[tax law]]s for the Government of [[Canada]] and for most provinces and territories;
* [[international trade]] legislation; and
* various social and economic benefit and incentive programs delivered through the tax system.
* the registration of charities in Canada
* the [[Scientific Research and Experimental Development Tax Credit Program]]

The Canada Revenue Agency was previously known as the '''Canada Customs and Revenue Agency''' (CCRA) until a federal government reorganization in December 2003 when it was decided to split the organization's customs and revenue responsibilities into separate organizations. Since then, [[Canada Border Services Agency]] is part of the [[Public Safety Canada]] portfolio to handle customs responsibilities.

The CCRA was short-lived, having been created in a November 1999 reorganization of the federal government where it had been known for many years under its statutory name the '''Department of National Revenue'''. It was also referred to as '''Revenue Canada''' under the [[Federal Identity Program]] of the Treasury Board of Canada. To this day, most Canadians have continued to refer to the agency as "Revenue Canada" through its CCRA and CRA official designation periods.

==See also==
*[[Taxation in Canada]]
*[[EFILE]]
*[[NETFILE]]
*[[Canada Border Services Agency]]

==External links==
*[http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/ Canada Revenue Agency]

{{Government Departments of Canada}}
[[Category:Canadian federal departments and agencies|Revenue Agency]]
[[Category:Taxation in Canada|Revenue Agency]]

Ben Stein

2008-04-21T13:47:21Z

Timc: change link

{{Infobox actor
|name = Ben Stein
|image = Ben_Stein.jpg
|imagesize = 200px
|birthname = Benjamin Jeremy Stein
|birthdate = {{birth date and age|1944|11|25}}
|location = [[Washington, D.C.]], [[United States]]
|deathdate =
|deathplace =
|othername =
|homepage = http://www.benstein.com
|academyawards =
|emmyawards =
|spouse = [[Alexandra Denman]] (1968 - 1974; 1977 - present)
}}
'''Benjamin Jeremy Stein''' (born [[November 25]] [[1944]]) is an [[United States|American]] writer and commentator, [[Emmy Award]]-winning [[actor]], [[comedian]], and [[game show host]]. He was also a [[lawyer]], [[law]] [[professor]], and [[White House]] [[speechwriter]]. In recent years he has become an outspoken advocate for the [[Creationism|creationist]] [[Intelligent design movement]]. He is the son of noted economist and writer [[Herbert Stein]].<ref name=imdbbio>[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0825401/bio IMDB: Ben Stein bio]</ref> His sister, Rachel, is also a writer.

==Biography==
===Early years===
Stein was born in [[Washington, D.C.]], the son of Mildred ([[married and maiden names|née]] Fishman), a homemaker, and Herb Stein, a writer, economist, and presidential adviser.<ref name="filmr"/> He was raised [[Jew]]ish and grew up in the Woodside Forest neighborhood of [[Silver Spring, Maryland]]. Stein graduated from [[Montgomery Blair High School]] in [[1961]] along with classmate [[journalist]] [[Carl Bernstein]]; actress [[Goldie Hawn]] (class of 1963) was two years behind. Actor [[Sylvester Stallone]] was a schoolmate at [[Montgomery Hills Junior High School]]. He went on to major in [[economics]] at [[Columbia University|Columbia University's]] [[Columbia College of Columbia University|Columbia College]], where he was a member of [[Alpha Delta Phi]] fraternity and the [[Philolexian Society]]. After graduating with honors from Columbia in 1966, Stein went to [[Yale Law School]], where he was a classmate of [[Hillary Clinton]], and from which he graduated as the class [[valedictorian]] in 1970.

===Legal and academic career===
Stein was first a [[poverty]] lawyer in [[New Haven, Connecticut]], and [[Washington, D.C.]] before becoming a [[trial (law)|trial]] lawyer for the [[Federal Trade Commission]].<ref name=jdjournal>JD Journal: "[http://www.jdjournal.com/articles/jdjben-stein.php Winning Thoughts from Ben Stein]"</ref>

Stein's first teaching stint was as an adjunct [[professor]], teaching political and social content of mass culture at [[American University]] in Washington, D.C., and then at [[University of California, Santa Cruz]]. He also held classes on political and [[civil rights]] from the [[United States Constitution]] at UC Santa Cruz. At [[Pepperdine University]] in [[Southern California]], Stein taught [[libel]] law and [[United States securities law]] and its ethical aspects. He was a professor of law at Pepperdine University Law School, from about 1990 to [[1997]].<ref name=bshome>Ben Stein's [http://www.benstein.com/bio.html official biography]</ref>

In addition, Stein is very interested in [[American Civil War]] history, and is a strong supporter of the [[Civil War Preservation Trust]].

===Writing career===
A frequent writer, Stein has authored books on several topics, including [[economics]]. He writes a regular column in the conservative magazine ''[[The American Spectator]]''. He has also written for numerous publications including ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', ''[[The New York Times]]'', ''[[New York Magazine]]'', ''[[Penthouse (magazine)|Penthouse]]'', ''Los Angeles Magazine'' and ''[[Barron's Magazine]]'', where his discussion of the [[Michael Milken]] [[Drexel Burnham Lambert]] [[junk bond]] situation, as well as the ethical dimensions of [[management buyouts]], attracted heavy US national attention in the [[1980s]] and [[1990s]]. He currently writes a regular column for the Sunday New York Times Business Section and for Yahoo! Finance online.

===Political career===
Stein began his political career as a speechwriter and lawyer for President [[Richard Nixon]], and later for President [[Gerald Ford]]. Stein was one of many public figures speculated to have been [[Deep Throat]]. As far back as [[May 3]], [[1976]], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine had speculated on the possibility of Stein being [[Deep Throat]].

Stein responded over the years by not only denying he was [[Deep Throat]], but by going further and accusing journalist [[Bob Woodward]] of falsifying the famous secret source. In the May 14–21, 1998, edition of the ''[[Philadelphia City Paper]]'' Stein is quoted saying, "Oh, I don't think there was a Deep Throat. That was a fake. I think there were several different sources and some they just made up".<ref>Interview by Brian Howard: "[http://www.citypaper.net/articles/051498/20q.benstein.shtm 20 Questions: Ben Stein]" ''Philadelphia City Paper'' May, 1998</ref> After [[W. Mark Felt|Mark Felt]]'s identity as [[Deep Throat]] was revealed, Stein stated that [[Richard Nixon]] would have prevented the rise to power of the [[Khmer Rouge]] if he had not been forced to resign. For his actions leading to that resignation, Stein said: <blockquote>If there is such a thing as kharma, if there is such a thing as justice in this life or the next, [[Mark Felt]] has bought himself the worst future of any man on this earth. And [[Bob Woodward]] is right behind him, with [[Ben Bradlee]] bringing up the rear. Out of their smug arrogance and contempt, they hatched the worst nightmare imaginable: genocide.<ref>Stein, Ben: "[http://www.spectator.org/dsp_article.asp?art_id=8242 Deep Throat and Genocide]", "The American Spectator", June 1, 2005</ref></blockquote>

Some have called Stein a "Nixon apologist" due to his fervent defense of Nixon's legacy. As recently as 2005, in the American Spectator, Stein said "Nixon was a peacemaker. He was a lying, conniving, covering-up peacemaker. He was not a lying, conniving drug addict like JFK, a lying, conniving war-starter like LBJ, a lying, conniving seducer like Clinton—a lying, conniving peacemaker."<ref>http://www.spectator.org/dsp_article.asp?art_id=8242 Deep Throat and Genocide</ref>

Stein is a [[pro-life]] activist and was given a Pro-Life Award in 2003 by the [[National Right to Life Committee|National Right to Life Educational Trust Fund]].<ref>Richard Kimble, "[http://www.nrlc.org/news/2003/NRL05/tenth_annual_proudly_pro.htm Tenth Annual Proudly Pro-Life Awards Dinner Provides a Powerful Testimony for Life]"</ref> In 2007, Stein chastised the police and the GOP leadership for their response to the [[Larry Craig]] [[Larry craig#June 2007 airport arrest and guilty plea|scandal]]. Stein said that Craig's sexuality should be a non-issue: "A party that believes in individual rights should be rallying to his defense, not making him walk the plank".<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/09/02/sunday/main3228091.shtml Ben Stein Says Craig Was Lynched Twice] CBS News</ref>

===Career in the media===
{{cquote2|I've said to my wife repeatedly, I just want on my gravestone, 'He loved dogs' and 'Bueller, Bueller.'|Stein on the impact of ''Ferris Bueller's Day Off'' on his life.<ref>Stein, Ben: "[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/01/09/AR2006010900642.html 'Bueller, Bueller' Edition Almost Saves 'Ferris']", "The Washington Post", January 10, 2006</ref>}}
Despite his prominence as a commentator on politics and economics, Stein is perhaps best known for his career in the entertainment industry, which began as a [[entertainment industry|Hollywood]] [[consultant]] before he moved into acting. His film career was launched by his performance as the monotonic [[economics]] teacher in the 1986 movie ''[[Ferris Bueller's Day Off]]''. In one scene, he gives an unscripted economics lecture, relying on his own economic expertise. He decided to just run with it when the director told him to try to be as boring as possible in this scene. The only scripted lines are those in which he calls attendance, indelibly phrasing the oft-repeated monotone line: "Bueller?...Bueller?"

Stein excelled at playing these similarly bland and unemotional characters and was subsequently typecast into many roles. He had a recurring role in the TV series ''[[The Wonder Years]]'' and played himself in ''[[Dave (film)|Dave]]''.

He also appeared in several [[television commercials]], most notably for Murine Clear Eyes throughout the [[1990s]] and [[2000s]] ''("The difference is clear...Dry Eyes? Clear Eyes.")''—many ads spoof movies of the day, such as one where Stein is a painter (a play on ''[[The Da Vinci Code (movie)|The Da Vinci Code]]''). Stein's [[deadpan]], monotone deliveries stand in stark contrast to the more typical enthusiasm of commercial personalities. Before this, he appeared for a [[Godfather's Pizza]] ad in 1987 and as a bland science teacher in a 1990 ad for [[Keebler Company|Keebler]] Sprinkle Cookies.

In 1997 Stein was given his own [[game show]] by [[Comedy Central]] titled ''[[Win Ben Stein's Money]]'' along with co-host [[Jimmy Kimmel]] (replaced by [[Nancy Pimental]] and later by [[Sal Iacono]]). True to its name, the money that contestants won on the show was subtracted from the $5000 Stein earned (in addition to his salary). The show won seven [[Emmy]] awards before ending its run in 2003.

In 1999, during the height of ''Win Ben Stein's Money'''s popularity, Comedy Central gave Stein another show, a [[talk show]] with celebrity guests entitled ''Turn Ben Stein On''. One of the mainstays of the show was Stein's dog, Puppy Wuppy, who had free run of the set.

Other movies and TV shows in which Ben Stein has appeared include:
*''[[Seinfeld]]''
*''[[Full House]]''
*''[[Casper Meets Wendy]]''
*''[[The Mask (film)|The Mask]]'' and its sequel, ''[[Son of the Mask]]'' as well as the TV show, ''[[The Mask: The Animated Series]]''
*''[[Earthworm Jim (TV series)]]'', the animated TV series
*''[[Star Search]]''
*''[[MacGyver]]''
*''[[Richie Rich]]''
*''[[Game Show Moments Gone Bananas]]''
*''[[Cavuto on Business]]''
*''[[The O'Reilly Factor]]''
*''[[CBS News Sunday Morning]]''
*''[[Planes, Trains and Automobiles]]''
*''[[Family Guy]]''
*''[[Fairly Odd Parents]]''
*''[[Duckman]]''
*''[[Married...With Children]]''
*''[[Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed]]'' <ref>[http://www.premisemedia.com/EXPELLED-PressRelease_08-22-07.pdf ''Expelled'' Press Release]</ref>

Among Stein's voice roles include [[The Pixies (The Fairly OddParents)|The Pixies]] on the [[animated series]] ''[[The Fairly OddParents]]'', [[The Emperor's New School|Mr. Purutu]] on the animated Series ''[[The Emperor's New School]]'', Professor Wisenstein in ''[[Bruno the Kid]]'', and [[Pip]] on ''[[Animaniacs]]''. Stein also voiced a psychiatrist, again named after himself, in the USA TV series [[Duckman]]; he also appeared in the sitcom Married with Children as a receptionist in the animal afterlife. He also once made a [[cameo appearance]] in the [[comic book]] [[Young Justice]]; as Ali Ben Styn. Another [[cameo appearance]] was in the [[Family Guy]] episode ''[[When You Wish Upon a Weinstein]]''. The episode was the show's most controversial ever because of its seemingly [[anti-Semitic]] plot, despite Stein and the writer, as well as [[Alex Borstein]], the lead actress and writer of the show, being [[Jewish]].
In addition, Stein has written for the television industry. He is noted for his outlines for the TV movie ''Murder in Mississippi'' and for the lengthy ABC miniseries ''[[Amerika (TV miniseries)|Amerika]]''. He has also contributed to the creation of the well-liked TV [[comedy]] ''[[Fernwood 2-Night]]''.

On May 14, 2006, during an appearance on the [[Fox News]] program [[Your World with Neil Cavuto]], Stein called for a tax increase of 3.5% for wealthy Americans, to be earmarked for soldiers and military initiatives. Indeed, Stein wrote an editorial for ''[[The New York Times]]'' critical of those who would rather make money in the world of finance than fight terrorism.<ref>Stein, Ben: "[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/20/business/yourmoney/20every.html?ex=1313726400&en=59d2227ed9dfee59&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss Looking for the Will Beyond the Battlefield]", "New York Times", August 20, 2006</ref>

Stein is noted for his investment advice. Stein recognized that there was something fishy going on with the accounting at [[MCI Worldcom]] and shorted the stock. He is now a featured writer at Yahoo! Finance.<ref>[http://finance.yahoo.com/columnist/archives/headline/yourlife/2006/1 Ben Stein - Expert Financial Advice Columns on Yahoo! Personal Finance]</ref>

Ben Stein has a show on VH1 called ''[[America's Most Smartest Model]]'',<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1055400/ "America's Most Smartest Model" (2007)]</ref> in which he is the host. The show aims to find the smartest among fourteen models through a series of challenges.<ref>[http://www.realityblurred.com/realitytv/archives/future_shows/2007_Jun_21_vh1_thursdays reality blurred + VH1 plans America's Most Smartest Model, The Salt-N-Pepa Show, Danny Bonaduce's Child Star, and Click!]</ref> Ben Stein was a special guest at the VH1 party in Malibu, celebrating the launch of his new show.<ref>[http://www.tvgasm.com/newsgasm/news/newsgasm/where-was-i-when-this-happened.php TVgasm Archives]</ref>

===Views on evolution===
Stein has publicly denounced the [[theory of evolution]], which he and other intelligent design advocates term "[[Darwinism#Other_uses|Darwinism]]", declaring it to be "a painful, bloody chapter in the history of ideologies", "the most compelling argument yet for Imperialism", and the inspiration for the [[Holocaust]].<ref>"Better Than We Deserve," American Spectator 2007 Dec.</ref><ref>{{cite news | first=John | last=Rennie | coauthors= | title=Ben Stein's Expelled: No Integrity Displayed | date= | publisher= | url =http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=ben-steins-expelled-review-john-rennie | work =Scientific American | pages = | accessdate = 2008-04-12 | language = }}</ref> Stein does not say belief in the theory of evolution alone leads to genocide, but that it is a necessary component.<ref>"Ben Stein's Diary #60: From Boston To Berlin," American Spectator 2007 Sep., [https://www.spectator.org/digspec_mag_Sept07.asp]</ref> He co-wrote and stars in the film, ''[[Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed]]'', which links evolution to Nazi Germany and the Holocaust and portrays advocates of intelligent design as victims of discrimination by the [[scientific community]], which has widely rejected [[intelligent design]] as pseudoscience.<ref>National Science Teachers Association, a professional association of 55,000 science teachers and administrators in a 2005 press release: "We stand with the nation's leading scientific organizations and scientists, including Dr. John Marburger, the president's top science advisor, in stating that intelligent design is not science. ...It is simply not fair to present pseudoscience to students in the science classroom."[http://www.nsta.org/pressroom&news_story_ID=50794 National Science Teachers Association Disappointed About Intelligent Design Comments Made by President Bush] National Science Teachers Association Press Release [[August 3]] [[2005]].<br />• "for most members of the mainstream scientific community, ID is not a scientific theory, but a creationist pseudoscience." [http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/~hsr/fall2005/mu.pdf Trojan Horse or Legitimate Science: Deconstructing the Debate over Intelligent Design] David Mu. Harvard Science Review, Volume 19, Issue 1, Fall 2005..<br />• "Creationists are repackaging their message as the pseudoscience of intelligent design theory." [http://www.aaas.org/spp/sfrl/per/per26.pdf Professional Ethics Report] American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2001.</ref>

===Personal life===
Stein is married to entertainment lawyer Alexandra Denman,<ref name=imdbbio /> whom he once divorced and later remarried. He resides with Denman and son Tom in [[Los Angeles, California]]. Stein lives part-time in [[Malibu, California]]. Stein also has a summer home in [[Sandpoint, Idaho]].

==Books authored==
Stein's book titles to date (7 fiction, 20 nonfiction) include:

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! ISBN
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[1978 in literature|1978]]
|-
|''On the Brink: A Novel''
|ISBN 0-345-27650-7
|-
|[[1979 in literature|1979]]
|''The View from Sunset Boulevard: America as brought to you by the people who make television''
|
|-
|[[1982 in literature|1982]]
|''Ludes''
|
|-
|[[1985 in literature|1985]]
|''Financial Passages''
|
|-
|[[1986 in literature|1986]]
|''Her Only Sin''
|ISBN 0-312-90636-6
|-
|[[1988 in literature|1988]]
|''Hollywood Days, Hollywood Nights: the Diary of a Mad Screenwriter''
|
|-
|[[1992 in literature|1992]]
|''A License to Steal: the Untold Story of Michael Milken and the Conspiracy to Bilk the Nation''
|ISBN 0671742728
|-
|[[2002 in literature|2002]]
|''How to Ruin Your Life''
|ISBN 1-56170-974-3
|-
|[[2003 in literature|2003]]
|''How to Ruin Your Love Life''
|ISBN 1-4019-0240-5
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[2004 in literature|2004]]
|''How to Ruin Your Financial Life''
|ISBN 1-4019-0241-3
|-
|''Can America Survive? The Rage of the Left, the Truth, and What to Do About It''
|ISBN 1-4019-0333-9
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[2005 in literature|2005]]
|''Yes, You Can Be a Successful Income Investor: Reaching for Yield in Today's Market''
|ISBN 1-4019-0319-3
|-
|''Yes, You Can Still Retire Comfortably: The Baby-Boom Retirement Crisis and how to Beat It''
|ISBN 1-4019-0318-5
|-
|[[2006 in literature|2006]]
|''How Successful People Win: Using "Bunkhouse Logic" to Get What You Want in Life''
|ISBN 1-56170-975-1
|-
|[[2007 in literature|2007]]
|''The Real Stars: In Today's America, Who Are the True Heroes?''
|ISBN 1-40191-144-7
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
*{{imdb name|id=0825401|name=Ben Stein}}
*[http://www.nrlc.org/news/2003/NRL05/tenth_annual_proudly_pro.htm Ben Stein's remarks upon being awarded one of the NRLC's Proudly Pro-Life Awards]
*[http://expelledthemovie.com/ Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed movie starring Ben Stein], see also [[Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed]]
*[http://expelledexposed.com/ Expelled Exposed]
*[[q:Ben Stein| Ben Stein quotes]]
*[http://finance.yahoo.com/expert/archive/yourlife/ben-stein/1 Ben Stein's column on Yahoo! Finance]
*[http://www.spectator.org/dsp_article.asp?art_id=10117 Out of Disproportion (editorial)]
*[http://fora.tv/2008/01/24/Ben_Stein_on_How_Not_to_Ruin_Your_Life Video of Ben Stein speaking at The Commonwealth Club of California]
*[http://www.richarddawkins.net/article,2400,Expelled-Overview,Josh-Timonen-RichardDawkinsnet Expelled Overview by Josh Timonen, RichardDawkins.net]

{{start box}}
{{s-awards}}
{{succession box |before = [[Pat Sajak]] |title = [[Daytime Emmy Awards|Daytime Emmy Award]] for Outstanding Game Show Host |years = 1999<br>with [[Jimmy Kimmel]] |after = [[Bob Barker]] and [[Tom Bergeron]]}}
{{end box}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stein, Ben}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:American comedians]]
[[Category:American federal lawyers]]
[[Category:American film actors]]
[[Category:American game show hosts]]
[[Category:American Jews]]
[[Category:American lawyers]]
[[Category:American speechwriters]]
[[Category:American television actors]]
[[Category:American television personalities]]
[[Category:American University faculty and staff]]
[[Category:California writers]]
[[Category:Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:Connecticut lawyers]]
[[Category:Daytime Emmy Award winners]]
[[Category:Game show hosts]]
[[Category:Intelligent design advocates]]
[[Category:Jewish actors]]
[[Category:Jewish American writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Maryland writers]]
[[Category:People from Beverly Hills, California]]
[[Category:People from Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:University of California, Santa Cruz faculty]]
[[Category:Watergate figures]]
[[Category:Washington, D.C. actors]]
[[Category:Washington, D.C. lawyers]]
[[Category:Washington, D.C. writers]]
[[Category:Yale Law School alumni]]

[[fr:Ben Stein]]
[[simple:Ben Stein]]

Sea Islands

2008-01-08T19:00:06Z

Timc: James Island

[[Image:seaislandmap.png|right|300px|The Sea Islands]]
The '''Sea Islands''' are a chain of tidal and [[barrier island]]s on the [[Atlantic Ocean]] coast of the [[United States]]. They number over 100, and are located between the mouths of the [[Santee River|Santee]] and [[St. Johns River]]s along the coast of the [[U.S. state]]s of [[South Carolina]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], and [[Florida]]. They are noted historically for their distinct [[Gullah]]/Geechee Creole-type culture and language and currently for rapid resort, recreational, and residential development.

During the [[American Civil War]], the Union Navy occupied the islands early in the war. The whites had fled to the mainland while the blacks stayed, largely running their own lives. This changed after President [[Abraham Lincoln]] signed the [[Emancipation Proclamation]]. When the proclamation went into effect, naval officers read it to them and told them they were free.

They were also struck by the [[Sea Islands Hurricane]] in 1893.

==Major Sea Islands==
===South Carolina===
====Sea Islands in [[Charleston County, South Carolina]]====
*Bear Island
*Bull Island
*[[Daniel Island]]
*[[Dewees Island]]
*[[Edisto Island]]
*[[Folly Beach, South Carolina|Folly Island]]
*[[Isle of Palms, South Carolina|Isle of Palms]]
*[[James Island (South Carolina)|James Island]]
*[[Johns Island, South Carolina|Johns Island]]
*[[Kiawah Island, South Carolina|Kiawah Island]]
*[[Morris Island]]
*[[Seabrook Island, South Carolina|Seabrook Island]]
*[[Sullivan's Island, South Carolina|Sullivans Island]]
*[[Wadmalaw Island, South Carolina|Wadmalaw Island]]

====Sea Islands in [[Beaufort County, South Carolina]]====
*Cane Island
*Cat Island
*Coosaw Island
*Dataw Island
*Daufuskie Island
*Distant Island
*[[Fripp Island|Fripp Island]]
*Gibbes Island
*[[Hilton Head Island]]
*[[Hunting Island]]
*Lady's Island
*Morgan Island
*Parris Island
*Port Royal Island - From the 1600s until the War Between the States, Port Royal Island was the geographical area for St. Helena Parish and the town of Beaufort, the cultural center for the wealthy planters in the area.
*[http://www.uscb.edu/a/Academics/Undergraduate/Research/Pritchards_Island/ Pritchards Island]
*[[Saint Helena Island|St. Helena Island]]
*St. Phillips Island

===Georgia===
[[The Golden Isles of Georgia]]
*[[Cumberland Island]]
*[[Jekyll Island|Jekyll Island]]
*[[Little St. Simons, Georgia|Little St. Simons Island]]
*[[Ossabaw Island]]
*[[St. Catherines Island]]
*[[St. Simons, Georgia|St. Simons Island]]
*[[Sapelo Island|Sapelo Island]]
*[[Sea Island, Georgia|Sea Island]]
*[[Tybee_Island_%28Georgia%29|Tybee Island]]
*[[Wassaw Island]]

===Florida===
*[[Amelia Island]] and [[Fernandina Beach]]

==External links==
*[http://www.bcgov.net/bftlib/sea.htm Sea Islands: Erosion Remnant Islands and Barrier Islands -- Beaufort County Library]

{{South Carolina}}
{{Georgia}}
{{Florida}}

[[Category:Islands of Florida]]
[[Category:Islands of Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Islands of South Carolina]]
[[Category:South Carolina in the American Civil War]]

[[es:Sea Islands]]

Sears Canada

2007-12-09T01:28:34Z

Timc: Sears Holdings owns 70% of Sears Canada

{{unreferenced|date=January 2007}}

{{Infobox_Company |
company_name = Sears Canada Inc. |
company_logo =[[Image:SearsCan logo1934x750.jpg|185px]] |
company_type = [[Public company|Public]] ({{tsx|SCC}}) (54.3% of common stock owned by [[Sears Holdings Corporation]])|
foundation = [[1952]] (joint venture of [[Simpson's]] and [[Sears Holdings Corporation|Sears]]) |
location = [[Toronto, Ontario]] |
industry = [[Retail]] |
products = Clothing, footwear, bedding, furniture, jewelry, beauty products, appliances, housewares, tools, and electronics. |
homepage = http://www.sears.ca/ |
}}

[[Image:Chinook Centre 12.jpg|right|thumb||A Sears store at [[Chinook Centre]] in [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]]]]

'''Sears Canada Inc.''' {{TSX|SCC}} (more commonly referred to as "Sears") is a [[retailer]], headquartered in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], that operates in all provinces and territories across [[Canada]] with a network of 188 corporate stores, 180 dealer stores, 67 home improvement showrooms, 112 Sears Travel offices and a nationwide home maintenance, repair, and installation network. Sears also has a general merchandise catalogue with over 2,200 catalogue merchandise pickup locations. There is a Sears location within a 10-minute drive of 93% of Canadians. About 50,000 associates are employed throughout the company.

[[As of 2007]], [[Sears Holdings Corporation]] of the United States owns 70% of Sears Canada common shares<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stocks.us.reuters.com/stocks/fullDescription.asp?rpc=66&symbol=SHLD.O|title=Sears Holdings Corp (SHLD.O) Full Description|accessdate=2007-12-09|publisher=Reuters}}</ref>; the remainder of the shares are publicly traded. As of March 31, 2005, the majority ownership stake was officially transferred to [[Sears Holdings Corporation]] (Nasdaq: [http://quotes.nasdaq.com/asp/SummaryQuote.asp?symbol=SHLD&selected=SHLD SHLD]). Sears Holdings is attempting to buy back the outstanding shares of Sears Canada.

On September 26, 2007, Sears Canada announced the sale of its Jarvis Street headquarters to the [[Ontario|Province of Ontario]]. The company will relocate its offices to surplus space at its [[flagship]] store in the [[Toronto Eaton Centre]].

==Corporate history==
===Simpsons-Sears===
Sears Canada began its operations as Simpsons-Sears Limited, a catalogue retailer, in 1952. The company was formed as a joint-venture between the [[Simpson's|Robert Simpson Company]] (Simpson's), an existing Canadian department store retailer, and [[Sears, Roebuck and Company]] of the United States. The purpose of the joint-venture was to take over the existing Simpson's catalogue operations, and to build new stores in markets that were not already served by existing Simpson's stores.

[[Image:1953 Simpsons-Sears logo.png|thumb|left|''Simpson-Sears Corporate Logo circa 1953'']]

In 1973-1974, Simpsons-Sears opened its first stores in metropolitan areas already served by Simpson's (although in suburban areas well away from the downtown Simpson's stores). So as to avoid confusing customers, these new stores were opened under the '''Sears''' banner.

===Hudson's Bay acquisition of Simpson's===
The [[Hudson's Bay Company]] acquired [[Simpson's]] in 1978. Because of federal competition laws, the Hudson's Bay Company was required to divest itself of its interest in Simpsons-Sears, and the chain was formally renamed Sears Canada (though some Sears stores continued to informally carry the hyphenated name into the 1980s). As part of the split, Sears and Simpson's were not allowed to build stores within 20 miles of each other for 20 years. This left Sears Canada with no stores in the downtown areas of major cities until this agreement expired. The Hudson Bay Company eventually converted all Simpson's store to [[The Bay]] banner by [[1991]], and the Simpson's name has disappeared from Canada's retail landscape.

===Sears Whole Home and Sears.ca===
In 1995, Sears Canada opened '''Sears Whole Home''' furniture stores located in power centres, and renamed them '''Sears Furniture and Appliances''' stores in 1999, to reflect the addition of major appliances. In 2003, Sears Canada again renamed their Furniture and Appliances store to '''Sears Home''' stores. This change was intended to reflect their broader appeal for customers seeking a one stop experience for re-making their home decor. The stores' product line was expanded to include Home Installed Products and Services such as floor coverings, customer drapery, and other installed home related products in many locations.

In 1998, Sears Canada's website, ''www.sears.ca'' became an active channel, allowing customers to order from a selection of over 500 products. By 2001, the website became Canada's most popular retail internet destination with over a million orders placed that year.

[[Image:Searspacificcentre.JPG|right|thumb||Interior of [[Pacific Centre]] store, a former "eatons" location.]]

===Eatons===
In 1999, Sears Canada acquired [[Eaton's|The T. Eaton Company Limited]]. With this acquisition, Sears Canada acquired some of the assets and the trademark name of the bankrupt chain. For the first time in its history, Sears Canada held the leases to a number of prime downtown locations in Toronto (Eaton Centre and Yorkdale Mall), Vancouver (Pacific Centre), Victoria, Winnipeg, Ottawa, Calgary(all former Eaton's stores). Sears had intended to obtain the former downtown Montreal store, although it lost out to the incumbent [[Complexe Les Ailes (Montreal)|Les Ailes de la Mode]].

Sears relaunched '''eatons''' (with the lowercase "e" logo) in November 2000 as a seven-store upscale mini-brand, with locations in Vancouver, Victoria, Calgary, Winnipeg, Toronto and Ottawa. This operation was unsuccessful, however, and Sears converted the eatons stores to the Sears brand in 2002. Many said that the eatons stores were too upscale and/or too thinly scattered across the country for the mini-chain to have ever been profitable and worthwhile. The retail environment has changed with more of the population shopping at [[Big-box store|big box outlets]] and/or speciality stores squeezing out the middle market which is the base of the traditional department store.[http://www.lib.uwo.ca/business/Eatons.html]

===New Chairman and Sears Card===
In August 26, 2004, Sears Canada Chairman and CEO [[Mark A. Cohen]]'s contract was terminated and he was replaced by [[Brent Hollister]]. Cohen, was formerly President of Softlines and Chief Marketing Officer of the US parent Sears.

In 2005, '''Sears Card''' financial services was outsourced to [[JPMorgan Chase & Co.|JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.]] with Sears receiving $3 billion CDN for the sale, while Sears points system was retained by the retailer. Sears also paid a special dividend upon the completion of the transaction. CEO [[Brent Hollister]] said that the move would allow Sears to refocus on its retail operations; as the chain had been lately relied heavily on its financial services division.

==Privatization==
In January 2006, Sears Holdings Inc, the parent company and majority shareholder of Sears Canada Inc. made a bid to purchase the remaining shares to take the company private. Sears Canada CEO Brent Hollister and the board opposed the move.

Pertaining to the ongoing attempt of privatization on behalf of its parent company, Sears Holdings Limited; a recent ruling by the [[Ontario Securities Commission]], made in August 2006, has stalled progess on this front.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/story/business/national/2006/08/08/sears-tues.html?ref=rss |title=OSC stalls Sears buyout |date=2006-08-08 |publisher=CBC News |accessdate=2007-01-06}}</ref> While the ruling does not dispel the future possibility of the privatization of Sears Canada, it does pose a significant obstacle by ruling three major shareholding blocks ineligible to vote as the blocs were given extraodinary privileges by Sears Holdings Limited.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20060809.wr-sears09/BNStory/Business |title=Sears Holdings smacked by OSC ruling |date=2006-09-08 |accessdate=2006-01-06 |last=McFarland |first=Janet |coauthors=Strauss, Marina |publisher=Globe and Mail Update}}</ref>

On [[November 14]], [[2006]] Sears Holdings' move to privatize Sears Canada at a bid of $17.97/share fell through by voting amongst the minority shareholder groups. Currently Sears Holdings owns 70% of the total shares of Sears Canada Inc. and there are no statements indicating a new higher bid would be made in the future by Sears Holdings.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.canada.com/topics/finance/story.html?id=21fcf299-ef17-451e-9b83-5aa4300bdd47&k=43534 |title=Shareholders block privatization of Sears Canada |last=Shaw |first=Hollie |date=2006-11-15 |accessdate=2007-01-06 |publisher=Financial Post}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of department stores#Canada|List of Canadian department stores]]
* [[Sears Mexico]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sears.ca Sears Canada]

{{Sears Holdings Corporation}}

[[Category:Department stores of Canada]]
[[Category:S&P/TSX Composite Index]]
[[Category:Sears Holdings Corporation]]

Ed Bradley

2007-07-16T20:03:28Z

Timc: trivia template

{{Infobox Biography
|subject_name=Ed Bradley
|image_name=Ed_Bradley.jpg
|image_caption=
|date_of_birth=[[June 22]], [[1941]]
|place_of_birth={{flagicon|USA}} [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[United States|USA]]
|date_of_death={{death date and age|2006|11|9|1941|6|22}}
|place_of_death={{flagicon|USA}} [[New York City|New York]], [[New York]], [[United States|USA]]
}}

'''Edward Rudolph Bradley, Jr.''' ([[June 22]], [[1941]] – [[November 9]], [[2006]]) was a highly-respected [[United States|American]] [[journalist]], best known for 26 years of award-winning work on the [[CBS News]] television magazine ''[[60 Minutes]]''. During his earlier career he also covered the [[fall of Saigon]], was the first black television correspondent to cover the [[White House]], and anchored his own news broadcast, "CBS Sunday Night with Ed Bradley."<ref>"Remembering Ed Bradley", ''60 Minutes'', November 12, 2006</ref> He was the recipient of multiple awards, including 19 [[Emmy Award]]s, and a Lifetime Achievement Award by the [[National Association of Black Journalists]].

==Early life==
Bradley was born in [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], the only child to an [[African American]] father and mother. His parents divorced when he was two, after which he was raised by his mother Gladys, who worked two jobs to make ends meet. Bradley, who was referred to with the childhood name of "Butch Bradley" was able to see his father, who was in the vending machine business and owned a restaurant in Detroit, in the summertime. When he was 9, his mother enrolled him in an all-black Catholic boarding school, which had been set up to keep poor children "off the streets." He attended St. [[Thomas More]] High School in Philadelphia, and then another historically black school, Cheyney State College (now [[Cheyney University of Pennsylvania]]) in [[Cheyney, Pennsylvania]], graduating in 1964 with a degree in Education. His first job was teaching sixth grade at the William B. Mann Elementary School in Philadelphia's [[Wynnefield]] community. While he was teaching, he moonlighted at the old [[WDAS-FM|WDAS]] studios on Edgley Drive in [[Philadelphia]]'s [[Fairmount Park]], working for free and later, for minimum wage. He programmed music, read news, and covered basketball games.

==Career==
His introduction to news reporting came at [[WDAS]] during the [[riots]] in [[Philadelphia]] in the 1960s. In 1967, he landed a full-time job at the [[CBS]]-owned [[New York]] radio station [[WCBS]]. In 1971, he moved to [[Paris|Paris, France]]. Initially living off his savings, he eventually ran out of money, and began working as a [[stringer]] for [[CBS News]], covering the [[Paris Peace Talks]]. In 1972, he volunteered to be transferred to [[Saigon]] to cover the [[Vietnam War]], as well as spending time in [[Phnom Penh]] covering the war in [[Cambodia]]. It was there that he was injured by a [[mortar (weapon)|mortar]] round, receiving [[shrapnel]] wounds to his back and arm.

In 1974, he moved to [[Washington, D.C.]], and was promoted to covering the [[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] campaign in 1976. He then became CBS News' [[White House]] correspondent (the first black White House television correspondent) until 1978, when he was invited to move to "CBS Reports", where he served as principal correspondent until 1981. In that year, [[Walter Cronkite]] departed as anchor of the ''[[CBS Evening News]]'', and was replaced by the ''[[60 Minutes]]'' correspondent [[Dan Rather]], leaving an opening on the program which was filled by Bradley.

Over the course of his 26 years on ''60 Minutes'', he did over 500 stories, covering nearly every possible type of news, from "heavy" segments on war, politics, poverty and corruption, to lighter biographical pieces, or stories on sports, music, and cuisine. Among others, he interviewed [[Lawrence Olivier]], [[Timothy McVeigh]], [[Michael Jackson]], [[Mick Jagger]], the 92-year-old [[George Burns]], and [[Michael Jordan]], as well as conducting the first television interview of [[Bob Dylan]] in 20 years. Some of his quirkier moments included playing [[blackjack]] with the blind [[Ray Charles]], interviewing a Soviet general in a Russian sauna, and having a practical joke played on him by [[Muhammad Ali]]. Bradley's favorite segment on ''60 Minutes'' was when as a 42-year-old correspondent, he interviewed the 64-year-old singer [[Lena Horne]]. He said, "If I arrived at the [[Pearly gates]] and [[Saint Peter]] said, 'What have you done to deserve entry?' I'd just say, 'Did you see my Lena Horne story??'"

On the show, Bradley was known for his sense of style, and was the first (and thus far, the only) male correspondent to regularly wear an [[earring]] on the air. He had his left ear [[pierced]] in 1986 and says he was inspired to do it after receiving encouragement from [[Liza Minnelli]] following an interview with the actress.

==Personal life==
He never had children, but was married to [[Haiti]]-born artist [[Patricia Blanchet]], who he had met at a museum where she was working as a tour guide. Despite the age difference, he pursued her, and they dated for ten years before marrying in a private ceremony in [[Woody Creek, Colorado]], where they had a home. Bradley also maintained homes in [[East Hampton, New York]], and [[New York City|New York City, New York]].

[[Image:Ed_Bradley_2.jpg|220px|left|thumb|Ed Bradley in the [[Khyber Pass]], from a picture that he kept in his office. He said that he was thinking, "Would you believe this, little Butch Bradley from West Philly, standing in the Khyber? Alexander the Great came through here! ... It was wonderful. That made it worth everything."]]
Bradley was known for loving all kinds of music, but was especially a [[jazz music]] enthusiast. He hosted the [[Peabody Award]]-winning ''[[Jazz at Lincoln Center]]'' on [[National Public Radio]] for over a decade until just before his death. A big fan of the Neville brothers, Bradley performed on stage with the bunch, and was known as 'the fifth Neville brother'.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0611/09/lkl.01.html | title=[[Larry King Live]] | work=[[CNN]] |
date=November 9, 2006 | accessdate=2006-11-12}}</ref>

In the company of his longtime friend [[Jimmy Buffett]], Bradley died on [[November 9]], [[2006]] at [[Mount Sinai Hospital, New York|Mount Sinai Hospital]] in [[Manhattan]] of complications from [[leukemia]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/11/09/health/webmd/main2170023.shtml | title=CBS' Ed Bradley Dies of Leukemia | work=[[CBS]] | author=Miranda Hitti | date=2006-11-09 | accessdate = 2007-03-06}}</ref> He was sixty-five.

Bradley was honored in 2007 with a traditional jazz funeral procession at the New Orleans Jazzfest, which he was a large supporter of. The parade, which took place on the first day of the six day festival, circled the fairgrounds and included two brass bands.

Columnist [[Clarence Page]] wrote:
<blockquote>
{{cquote|''When he was growing up in a working-class neighborhood in Philadelphia, his folks told him he could be anything he wanted to be. He took them up on it. ... Even in those days before the doors of opportunity were fully opened to black Americans, Mr. Bradley challenged the system. He worked hard and prepared himself. He opened himself to the world and dared the world to turn him away. He wanted to be a lot and he succeeded. Thanks to examples like his, the rest of us know that we can succeed, too.''<ref>http://www.washtimes.com/commentary/20061113-094938-4886r.htm</ref>}}
</blockquote>

==Awards==
* The [[Emmy Award]] 19 times
* [[Peabody Award]] for his [[HIV/AIDS in Africa|African AIDS]] report, "Death By Denial"
* [[Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award]]
* [[Paul White (journalist)|Paul White]] Award from the [[Radio and Television News Directors Association]]
* [[George Polk Award]] for Foreign Television (1979)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=2641304&page=1 | title=Legendary '60 Minutes' Correspondent Ed Bradley Has Died | work=[[ABC News]] | date=November 9, 2006 | accessdate=2006-11-09}}</ref>
* In 2005, the [[National Association of Black Journalists]] awarded Bradley, who was one the first African Americans to break into network television news, with their Lifetime Achievement Award.<ref name=NYT>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/09/business/media/10bradleycnd.html?ex=1178686800&en=0c58f7919c9becd8&ei=5087&excamp=GGBUedbradley "Ed Bradley, Veteran CBS Newsman, Dies"],''[[New York Times]]'', November 9, 2006</ref>
* 2007, Bradley posthumously won the 66th annual George Foster Peabody award for his examination of the Duke University rape case.[http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070404/ap_en_tv/tv_peabody_awards]

==Trivia==
{{trivia}}
* Bradley was a season subscriber to the [[New York Knicks]] for over 20 years. On [[November 13]], [[2006]] they honored him with a moment of silence.
* He had a long list of notable friends, including [[Hunter S. Thompson]] and [[Wynton Marsalis]]. On the ''60 Minutes'' program after Bradley's death, Marsalis closed the show with a solo trumpet performance, playing some of the music that Bradley loved best.
* Bradley would often perform onstage, under the name "Teddy," with his longtime friend [[Jimmy Buffett]]. Bradley was of limited musical ability and did not have an extensive repertoire, but would usually draw smiles by singing the 1951 classic by [[Billy Ward and the Dominoes]], "[[Sixty Minute Man]]."<ref name=NYT/>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/1998/07/08/60minutes/main13501.shtml CBS News Biography]
*{{imdb name|id=0103211|name=Ed Bradley}}
* [http://www.rtndf.org/asfi/awards/bradley.shtml Interview by John Sears for ''Communicator,'' August 2000]
*[http://www.washtimes.com/commentary/20061113-094938-4886r.htm Remembering Ed Bradley] - Clarence Page - November 14, 2006

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article.php?id=1073 Ed Bradley: Journalist and Jazzman]
*[http://video.google.com/videosearch?q=%22archive+of+american+television+interview+with+ed+bradley%22 Archive of American Television Interview with Ed Bradley in May 12, 2000 on Google Video]
* [http://people.monstersandcritics.com/article_1220213.php/Ed_Bradley_remembered_on_CNNs_Larry_King Tribute to Ed Bradley by CNN's Larry King]
* [http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2006/11/ed_bradley_reporter_restless_r.html Pulitzer Prize-winning syndicated columnist Clarence Page on Ed Bradley (11/13/2006)]

{{Template:60MinutesCorrespondents}}
{{Template:VietnamCorr}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bradley, Ed}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:American television journalists]]
[[Category:American radio personalities]]
[[Category:American journalists]]
[[Category:War correspondents]]
[[Category:People from Philadelphia]]
[[Category:American Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Leukemia deaths]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]

[[da:Ed Bradley]]
[[es:Ed Bradley]]
[[no:Ed Bradley]]
[[pl:Ed Bradley]]
[[pt:Ed Bradley]]
[[sv:Ed Bradley]]

Anorak (Slang)

2007-06-06T03:36:16Z

Timc: spelling

An [[anorak]] is a jacket or coat typically used to be resistant against rain. Similar to a rain coat but shorter, made of man-made fabrics and used for more general use than a rain coat. This coat or jacket is typically used by employees that spend alot of time outside or door-to-door for example Gas Meter Readers, etc.

In [[United Kingdom|Britain]], people who wear anoraks in their social life are often stereotyped as [trainspotters] or persons with unimaginatively and dull pastimes/hobbies. The below article deals with this subject:

[[slang]], an '''anorak''' is a person, typically a man, who has unfathomable interest in arcane, detailed information regarded as boring by the rest of the population - and who feels compelled to spout said detailed information to anyone within earshot.

(The closest American slang is [[nerd]] which is applied to bookish students. Anorak is not generally applied to students; and the anorak is more of a trivia freak than a overly-studious worker. A [[geek]] is a person typically expert at, and intensely focussed on, technical equipment, particularly computers; again this is not really an anorak - the anorak offers us overly-detailed discussion and arcane trivia on "hobbyist" topics.)

The word can be qualified by the area in which the person takes an excessive interest; a "timetabling anorak" would be someone who finds the process of timetabling classes fascinating.
[[Image:snorkel_parka.jpg|thumb|The ubiquitous nylon snorkel parka became synonymous with "anoraks" in the UK in the 1980s - no train spotter would go without one.]]

Some classic anoraks are: classic car anoraks, hi-fi anoraks, and World War II aircraft anoraks. British outdoor pursuits such as birdwatching also qualify.

Younger people suggest that the word has come to mean a blend of the nerd cultures and is especially used to refer to the more obsessive science fiction fans.
Here are two likely origins of the term:

*The best known explanation is the use of [[anorak]]s (a type of rain jacket) by [[train spotting|train spotters]], a prototype group for unfathomable interest in detailed trivia.
*Another explanation is that the usage derives from the weatherproof upper clothing worn by enthusiasts of [[offshore radio]] who would, despite their lack of familiarity with maritime life, sometimes travel from British ports in small boats to visit the ships from which their outcast 'heroes' broadcast during the [[1967]]–[[1976|76]] period. The collective impression of their brightly coloured garments in the coastal murk of the [[North Sea]] was presumably memorable to the crews of those 'pirate ships' who had restricted contact with the mainland due to the [[Marine Broadcasting Offences Act]] and the visits might have had an important morale-boosting role, although the wearers of the garments might often have regretted the discomfort of those sea-tossed journeys. In rough weather, the anoraks were far more visible than their distressed wearers, hence, they were identified by the style of their outer garments. The term was, reportedly, coined by Andy Archer, a [[disc jockey]] of the period. The usage became generalised to mean an obsessive enthusiast of any outdoor activity and later to mean an enthusiast of other unfashionable activities.

"Anorak" can also mean a supporter or fan of the English band [[Marillion]].

==See also==
* [[Otaku]]
* [[Minor Discworld concepts#Anorankh|Anorankh]]''
* [[Roy Cropper]]

==External links==
* [http://www.cracksman.connectfree.co.uk/ Anorak website]
* [http://www.progwereld.org/cd-recensies/marillion15.htm Website in Dutch about Anoraks - devotees to Marillion]
* [http://anoraks.uk.net/ Anoraks 4wd Club]

[[Category:Subcultures]]
[[Category:Slang expressions]]
[[Category:Pejorative terms for people]]

[[nl:Anorak (radio)]]

Topfreedom

2007-04-21T04:35:33Z

Timc: /* Topfree in North America */

{{Unreferenced|date=April 2007}}

[[Image:Girls by the pool.jpg|thumb|right|A group of young women wearing [[monokini]]s.]]
[[Image:Protest.jpg|thumb|right|A woman bares her breasts at an anti-war [[demonstration]] in [[San Francisco]] on [[March 20]], [[2003]].]]
[[Image:CSD 2006 Cologne BDSM 09.jpg|thumb|right|Members of the [[Christopher Street Day]] demonstration - [[ColognePride 2006]].]]
'''Topfreedom''' is a [[social movement]] which seeks to accord women the right to go [[toplessness|topless]] in public should they so choose, where men have the equivalent right. Examples of [[public space]]s which might be covered include [[beach]]es, [[swimming pool]]s and [[park]]s. The reasons cited include keeping nursing mothers from having to find a hidden place for [[breastfeeding]], allowing women to [[sun tanning|sun tan]], comfort in places such as pools and beaches, and [[sex equality]] issues.

In [[North America]], where resistance to topless nudity of women is greater than in mainland [[Europe]] or [[Australia]], a small '''topfree equality''' movement has grown up. In February [[2005]] in [[California]], attorney Liana Johnsson contended that under [[Megan's Law]], women convicted of [[indecent exposure]] (for [[breastfeeding]] or [[sun tanning|sunbathing]]) could find themselves listed as [[sex offender]]s alongside [[rape|rapists]] and [[Sexual abuse#Child sexual abuse|child molesters]]. The term "topfree" is used as an alternative to "topless", which may carry negative connotations. Some women prefer the term "shirtfree rights".

==Cultural arguments==
Western culture generally tends to oppose public female toplessness because of the idea that females breasts are sexual organs, and thus [[decency|indecent]]. In contrast, the male chest is not commonly considered to be sexual.

Biologically there is no particular connection between mammary glands and copulation, but it is inarguable that most heterosexual men find breasts sexually arousing and some zoologists (notably [[Desmond Morris]]) believe that through human evolution, female breasts have acquired secondary sexual characteristics as a counterpart of the buttocks in other primates. For more information, see [[breast]].

Some courts in North America have ruled that mammary glands are nurturing organs, not sexual organs; this is important because it is generally the public display of sexual organs which is legally restricted.

==Topfree in North America==
Some places in North America have topfree equality by law, although whether such equality is practiced varies. These include:
*Some provinces of [[Canada]] including
**[[British Columbia]]
**[[Manitoba]]
**[[Ontario]]<ref name="QueenvsJacobs">Province of Ontario Court of Appeal. Judgment C12668, The Queen vs. Gwen Jacob (1996)</ref> (where equality has been tested and upheld several times)
**All of Canada, in theory, because sex equality is an amendment to the [[Constitution of Canada|Canadian Constitution]]. The Supreme Court could, however, overturn the precedents set in BC and Ontario.

*Some states of the [[United States]], including
**[[Hawaii]]
**[[Maine]] (ex.<ref>[http://www.stater.kent.edu/stories_old/98fall/110698/n2a.html http://www.stater.kent.edu/stories_old/98fall/110698/n2a.html] ''Stater.kent.edu'' </ref><ref>[http://www.seacoastonline.com/2002news/1_31odd.htm http://www.seacoastonline.com/2002news/1_31odd.htm] ''Seacoastonline.com'' </ref>)
**[[New York]] (and more generally, within the jurisdiction of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2nd US Federal Circuit]])
**[[Ohio]]
**[[Texas]]

*Some cities and localities of the [[United States]], including
**[[Boulder, Colorado]]
**[[Eugene, Oregon]]
***[[Oregon Country Fair]]
**[[South Beach]], [[Miami Beach, Florida]]
***[[Fantasy Fest]]
**[[Washington, D.C.]]

Note that even in some of the areas where topfree is in fact legal, local police may still arrest those practicing it for [[disorderly conduct]] or similar charges.

==Topfree in other countries==
In some European countries and Australia, it is well-established that females may go topfree at places like beaches, parks and open air swimming pools. This may be by law (''permitted'') or may be by common consent, with the law simply not being applied (''tolerated''). In other areas, such as [[Islamic world|Islamic countries]], it is considered highly offensive for women to go topfree in almost any context.

==Topfree Equal Rights Association (TERA)==
The '''Topfree Equal Rights Association (TERA)''',<ref>[http://www.tera.ca http://www.tera.ca] ''Tera.ca'' </ref> is a Canadian organisation that exists to help women who have legal troubles exercising their rights to go 'topfree' where men are also able to. Their website states that they cover both Canada and the United States.

The organisation also aims to inform and educate the public about topfreedom. They also campaign to change laws about topfreedom that exist in most North American [[jurisdiction]]s, which they see as [[sexism|sex discrimination]].

==See also==
*[[Toplessness]]
**[[Barechested]]
*[[Clothes free movement]]
*[[Nudity]]
*[[Public nudity]]
*[[Monokini]]
*[[Equalism]]
*[[Sexism]]
*[[Taboo]]

===Organizations===
*[[Naturist Action Committee]] (NAC)
*[[Topfree equality#Topfree Equal Rights Association .28TERA.29|Topfree Equal Rights Association]] (TERA)
*[[Clothes free organizations]]
*[[World Naked Bike Ride]]

===People===
*[[Judy Williams]]: NAC board member, chief advisor of TERA, chair of Wreck Beach Preservation Society (WBPS) in Vancouver, BC
*[[Gwen Jacob]]: test case for topfreedom who won in Ontario, Canada.<ref name="QueenvsJacobs"/>
*[[Linda Meyer]]: test case for topfreedom for British Columbia. On [[June 8]], [[2000]], she won in court against Maple Ridge, BC. She had been arrested at the District of Maple Ridge's indoor public swimming pool. That was after she had provoked arrests for many years, and had gone to jail, in order to win in court and thereby stop official harassment for her topfree public activities.
*[[Paul Rapoport]]: topfree activist, writer, editor of ''Going Natural'', a publication of FCN.
*[[Sue Richards (artist)|Sue Richards]]: Publisher of the topfree, breast health calendar Breast of Canada.
*[[Morley Schloss]]: NAC board member, topfree activist.
*[[Nikki Craft]]: [[feminist]], past shirtfree rights activist, now disaffiliated from the movement.

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.savecalifornia.com/getpluggedin/latimes_12205.php Woman Promotes the Right to Go Topless] - Originally an LA Times, January 2005 article

*[http://www.tera.ca/ Topfree Equal Rights Association]
*[http://www.007b.com/topfreedom.php What is topfreedom? article]
*[http://www.courts.gov.bc.ca/jdb%2Dtxt/sc/00/09/s00%2D0902.htm Maple Ridge v. Meyer 2000 BCSC 902]
*[http://topfreedom.org/ Topfreedom.org is A place to share your Travel experiences about topfreedom.]
*[http://www.contra.org/lifestyles/naturist/topfree7.html New York State Court of Appeals Decision overturning the convictions of Rochester, NY's "Topfree 7"]

[[Category:Breast]]
[[Category:Civil disobedience]]
[[Category:Nudity]]
[[Category:Sexism]]
[[Category:Social movements]]

Environment and Climate Change Canada

2007-04-17T20:43:16Z

Timc: established

{{Infobox Canadian government departments
|department=Environment
|french=Environnement
|logo=FIP Environment Canada.PNG
|current_minister=John Baird
|established=1971
|responsibilities=Meteorological Service of Canada

Canadian Wildlife Service

Parks Canada

Canadian Ice Service

Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency

Water Survey of Canada

National Water Research Institute
|employees=N/A
|website=http://www.ec.gc.ca
}}
'''Environment Canada (EC)''' is the [[Ministry (government department)|department]] of the [[Government of Canada]] with responsibility for coordinating environmental policies and programs as well as preserving and enhancing the natural environment and conservation of wildlife. Environment Canada is the lead department within the federal government when it comes to cleaning up hazardous waste and [[oil spill]]s. The department is also responsible for [[meteorology]] as well as research and education on [[climate change]], as well as international environmental issues (e.g., Canada-USA air issues).

Responsibility for environmental management in [[Canada]] is a shared responsibility between the federal government and provincial/territorial governments. For example, provincial governments have primary authority for permitting industrial waste discharges (e.g., to the air) while the federal government is responsible for the management of toxic substances in the country (e.g. [[benzene]]).

Environment Canada is currently (2005-present) undergoing a structural transformation to centralize authority and decision-making, and to standardize policy implementation.

[[John Baird]] is the current [[Minister of the Environment (Canada)|Minister of the Environment]] (2007-).

The Environment Canada's Weatheroffice website www.weatheroffice.ec.gc.ca has been moved to [http://www.weatheroffice.gc.ca www.weatheroffice.gc.ca]

==Division==

Environment Canada is divided into [http://www.msc-smc.ec.gc.ca/media/annual_report/2001-02/images/regions_e.jpg geographic regions]:

* National Capital Region
* [[Ontario]] Region
* [[Quebec]] Region
* Pacific-[[Yukon]] Region ([[British_Columbia|BC]] and [[Yukon]])
* Prairie-Northern Region ([[Nunavut]], [[Northwest_Territories|NWT]] and [[Canadian_prairies|Prairies]])
* [[Atlantic_Canada|Atlantic]] Region

The department has several organizations which carry out specific tasks:

* [[Meteorological Service of Canada]] (for [[weather forecasting]])
* [[Canadian Wildlife Service]]
* [[Parks Canada]] which manages the [[Canadian National Parks]] system.
* Canadian Ice Service
* Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency
* [[Water Survey of Canada]]
* National Water Research Institute
* [[Weatheradio Canada]], a national system of emergency weather broadcast transmitters

==Related legislation==
*[[Canada National Parks Act]]
*Canada Water Act
*Canada Wildlife Act
*[[Canadian Environmental Protection Act]] (1999)
*[[Department of the Environment Act (Canada)|Department of the Environment Act]]
*Environment Week Act, Canadian
*International River Improvements Act
*Lac Seul Conservation Act
*Lake of the Woods Control Board Act
*Manganese-Based Fuel Additives Act
*Migratory Birds Convention Act
*National Wildlife Week Act
*Species at Risk Act (2002)
*Weather Modification Information Act
*Wild Animal and Plant Protection and Regulation of International and Inter-provincial Trade Act

==External links==

*[http://www.ec.gc.ca Environment Canada]
*[http://www.weatheroffice.gc.ca Meteorological Service of Canada]
*[http://www.pc.gc.ca Parks Canada]
*[http://www.ec.gc.ca/introec/orgs_e.htm Select programs and services of Environment Canada]
*[http://www.ec.gc.ca/EnviroRegs/ENG/Default.cfm Related acts and regulations]

{{Template:Government Departments of Canada}}

[[Category:Canadian federal departments and agencies]]
[[Category:Environment Canada]]
[[Category:Meteorological institutions and stations]]
[[Category:Environment ministries]]
[[Category:Regulators of biotechnology products]]
[[es:Environment Canada]]
[[fr:Environnement Canada]]

Sven Erik Kristiansen

2007-03-21T15:02:11Z

Timc: Reverted edits by Timc (talk) to last version by MrMaGGotFuck

'''Sven Erik Kristiansen''' ([[Feb 19]], [[1967]]) is a [[Norway|Norwegian]] musician. He is best known as the former vocalist in the [[black metal]] band [[Mayhem (band)|Mayhem]] under the stage name '''Maniac'''. He joined the band in 1986 after the departure of the bands original vocalist Messiah (Eirik Nordheim). He was in the band until his departure in 1988. He was replaced by Dead ([[Per Yngve Ohlin]]).

When Hellhammer ([[Jan Axel Blomberg]]) decided to revive Mayhem in 1995 after the deaths of both Euronymous ([[Øystein Aarseth]]) and Dead, he invited Maniac to return as the band's vocalist.

Maniac was in the band until 2004 when he was forced to leave. He suffered from acute [[stage fright]] and [[alcohol]] problems.

He is now a member of the [[hardcore punk]] band [[Bomberos (music group)|Bomberos]].

==References==
*[http://www.moonfrost.net/mayhem/members/maniac.htm Maniac info at Mayhem's Official website]

[[Category:Living people|Kristiansen, Sven Erik]]
[[Category:Mayhem musicians|Kristiansen, Sven Erik]]
[[Category:Norwegian heavy metal musicians|Kristiansen, Sven Erik]]
[[Category:Heavy metal singers|Kristiansen, Sven Erik]]

{{template:mayhem (band)}}

[[id:Sven Erik Kristiansen]]

[[Image:maniacinaction.jpg]]

2004-10-05T03:34:50Z

Timc: /* Security */

[[Canada]] and the [[United States]] of America share the longest common border among any two countries which is not militarized or actively patrolled. The terrestrial boundary (including small portions of maritime boundaries on the Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic coasts as well as the Great Lakes) is 8,891 km long, including 2,477 km shared with Alaska.

==History==

Officially known as the '''International Boundary''', the present border originated with the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]] in [[1783]], which ended the war between [[Great Britain]] and the separating colonies which would form the United States. The [[Jay Treaty]] of [[1794]] created the '''International Boundary Commission''', which was charged with surveying and mapping the boundary. Disputes over the interpretation of boundary demarcation led to the [[Aroostook War]] and the ensuing [[Webster-Ashburton Treaty]] in [[1842]] which better defined the boundary between [[Maine]] and [[New Brunswick]] and the [[Province of Canada]]. Westward expansion of both British North America and the United States saw the boundary extended west from the [[Lake of the Woods]] and to the [[Rocky Mountains]] under the [[Convention of 1818]]. U.S. President [[James Knox Polk]]'s expansionist desires for the northern boundary of the U.S. to be 54°40' north (related to the southern boundary of [[Russia]]'s [[Alaska]] Territory), and Great Britain's claim that the border should follow the [[Columbia River]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]], led to the [[Oregon Treaty]] in [[1846]], which established the [[49th parallel]] as the boundary through the Rockies. In [[1903]] a joint Great Britain-Canada-U.S.tribunal established the boundary with Alaska. In [[1925]] the International Boundary Commission was made a permanent organization responsible for surveying and mapping the boundary, maintaining boundary monuments (and buoys where applicable), as well as keeping the boundary clear of brush and vegetation for 6 [[metres]] (20 [[Foot (unit of length)|feet]]) on each side of the line.

==Security==

Commonly referred to as the world's ''longest undefended border'', the Canada-U.S. border is actually defended, but by law enforcement and not military personnel. The relative low level of security measures stands in stark contrast to that of the Mexico-U.S. border (1/3 as long as the Canada-U.S. border), which is actively patrolled by U.S. customs and immigration personnel to prevent Mexican citizens from illegally entering the United States.

It should be noted that since the [[September 11, 2001 attacks|September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks]] in the United States, border security along the International Boundary with Canada has been dramatically (and often covertly) improved by both nations in both populated and rural areas alike. Both nations are also actively involved in detailed and extensive tactical and strategic intelligence sharing. These arrangements are reportedly some of the best examples of international law-enforcement cooperation in the world.

American and Canadian citizens owning property adjacent to the border are required to report construction of any physical border crossing on their land to their respective governments, and this is enforced by the International Boundary Commission. Where required, fences or vehicle blockades are used. All persons crossing the border are required to report to the respective customs and immigration agencies in each country. In remote areas where staffed border crossings are not available, there are hidden [[sensor]]s on roads and also scattered in wooded areas near crossing points and on many trails and railways, but there are not enough border personnel on either side to verify and stop coordinated incursions.

Parts of the International Boundary cross through mountainous terrain or heavily forested areas, but significant portions also cross remote prairie farmland and the [[Great Lakes (North America)|Great Lakes]] and [[Saint Lawrence River]], in addition to the maritime components of the boundary at the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]], [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]], and [[Arctic Ocean|Arctic]] oceans. The actual number of U.S. and Canadian border security personnel is not known but estimated to be less than 1,000 in total, largely clustered near major crossing points. In comparison, there are in excess of 7,000 U.S. border security personnel on the Mexico-U.S. border alone.

In past years Canadian officials have complained of [[cigarette]] and [[firearm]]s smuggling from the United States while U.S. officials have complained of [[narcotics|drug]] smuggling from Canada. Human smuggling into both countries, but primarily from Canada into the U.S., has been an ongoing problem for border security and law enforcement personnel.

==Remaining Boundary Disputes==
* [[Machias Seal Island]] ([[Maine]]/[[New Brunswick]])
* [[Strait of Juan de Fuca]] ([[Washington]]/[[British Columbia]])
* [[Dixon Entrance]] ([[Alaska]]/[[British Columbia]])
* [[Beaufort Sea]] ([[Alaska]]/[[Yukon]])

== 'Other' Border Crossings (Airports, Seaports) ==

The U.S. maintains immigration officials in certain major Canadian airports (called "pre-clearance facilities") to expedite airline travel by allowing flights from those airports to land in a U.S. airport without having to go through the international arrivals. Similar arrangements exist at major Canadian seaports which handle sealed direct import shipments into the United States. Canada also maintains equivalent personnel at selected U.S. airports and seaports.

Several ocean-based ferry services operate between the provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia to the state of Maine, as well as between the province of British Columbia and the state of Washington. There are also several ferry services in the Great Lakes operating between the province of Ontario and the states of Michigan, New York, and Ohio.

==External links==
* [http://www.internationalboundarycommission.org International Boundary Commission]

[[Category:Canada and the United States]]