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Meutereien von Spithead und Nore

2012-07-22T09:00:07Z

TimBray: /* Spithead */ rm districting wikilink

{{Use British English|date=May 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}
[[Image:Delegates in council or beggars on horseback.jpg|thumb|''The Delegates in Council, or beggars on horseback'', contemporary caricature]]
The '''Spithead and Nore mutinies''' were two major [[mutiny|mutinies]] by sailors of the [[Royal Navy]] in 1797. There were also discontent and minor incidents on ships in other locations in the same year. They were not violent insurrections, being more in the nature of strikes, demanding better pay and conditions. The mutinies were potentially dangerous for [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]], because at the time the country was at [[French Revolutionary Wars|war with Revolutionary France]]. There were also concerns among some members of the British ruling class that the mutinies might be the trigger to a wider uprising similar to the French Revolution.

==Spithead==
The mutiny at [[Spithead]] (an [[anchor]]age near [[Portsmouth]]) lasted from 16 April – 15 May 1797. Sailors on 16 ships in the [[Channel Fleet]], commanded by Admiral [[Alexander Hood, 1st Viscount Bridport|Lord Bridport]], protested against the living conditions aboard [[Royal Navy]] vessels and demanded a pay raise.

Seamen's pay rates had been established in 1658, and because of the stability of wages and prices, they were still reasonable as recently as the 1756–1763 [[Seven Years' War]]; however, high inflation during the last decades of the 18th century had then severely eroded the real value of the pay. At the same time, the practice of [[Copper sheathing|coppering]] the submerged part of [[Hull (watercraft)|hulls]], which had started in 1761, meant that British warships no longer had to return to port frequently to have their hulls scraped, and the additional time at sea significantly altered the rhythm and difficulty of seamen's work. The Royal Navy had not made adjustments for any of these changes, and was slow to understand their effects on its crews. Finally, the new wartime [[Quota System (Royal Navy)|quota system]] meant that crews had many landsmen from inshore [pressed men] who did not mix well with the career seamen (volunteers), leading to discontented ships' companies.

The mutineers were led by elected delegates and tried to negotiate with the [[Admiralty]] for two weeks, focusing their demands on better pay, the abolition of the 14-ounce "purser's pound" (the ship's purser was allowed to keep two ounces of every true pound—16 ounces—of meat as a [[wikt:perquisite|perquisite]]), and the removal of a handful of unpopular officers; neither flogging nor impressment was mentioned in the mutineers' demands. The mutineers maintained regular naval routine and discipline aboard their ships (mostly with their regular officers), allowed some ships to leave for convoy escort duty or patrols, and promised to suspend the mutiny and go to sea immediately if French ships were spotted heading for English shores.

Because of mistrust, especially over pardons for the mutineers, the negotiations broke down, and minor incidents broke out, with several unpopular officers sent to shore and others treated with signs of deliberate disrespect. When the situation calmed, Admiral [[Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe|Lord Howe]] intervened to negotiate an agreement that saw a [[Pardon#Pardons and clemency in the United Kingdom|Royal pardon]] for all crews, reassignment of some of the unpopular officers, a pay raise and abolition of the purser's pound. As a direct result of the mutinies at Spithead and The Nore, many of the worst abuses prevalent in the Royal Navy up until this time, such as bad food, brutal discipline, and the withholding of pay, were remedied.<ref>{{cite book|last=The [[Columbia Encyclopedia]]|first=Sixth Edition|title=Article: Mutiny|year=2009|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst;jsessionid=46B0FDDA47213A9530CDAEFBC0F27563.inst3_1a?a=o&d=117034782}}</ref> Afterward, the mutiny was to become nicknamed the "breeze at Spithead".{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}

The leader of the mutiny remained anonymous even after its resolution. Rumours during the time placed [[Valentine Joyce]] as the mastermind. Joyce was a quartermaster's mate aboard Lord Bridport's {{HMS|Royal George|1788|2}}.<ref>Roberts 2006</ref>

==The Nore==
[[Image:Richard Parker about to be hanged.JPG|270px|right|thumb|Richard Parker about to be hanged for mutiny. Image from the [[Newgate Calendar]].]]

{{unreferenced section|date=October 2009}}

Inspired by the example of their comrades at Spithead, the sailors at the [[Nore]] (an anchorage in the [[Thames Estuary]]) also mutinied, beginning on 12 May, when the crew of {{HMS|Sandwich|1759|2}} seized control of the ship. Several other ships in the same location followed this example, though others slipped away and continued to slip away during the mutiny, despite gunfire from the ships that remained (who attempted to use force to hold the mutiny together). The mutineers had been unable to organise easily because the ships were scattered along the Nore (and were not all part of a unified fleet, as at Spithead), but they quickly elected delegates for each ship. [[Richard Parker (British sailor)|Richard Parker]] was elected "President of the Delegates of the Fleet" due to his obvious intelligence, education and empathy with the suffering of the sailors. Parker was a former [[master's mate]] who was disrated and court-martialed in December 1793, and reenlisted in the Navy as a seaman in early 1797.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} Demands were formulated and on 20 May, a list of eight demands was presented to Admiral Buckner, which mainly involved pardons, increased pay and modification of the [[Articles of War]],<ref name=Napoleonguide>{{cite web|title=Demands of the Nore Mutineers|url=http://www.napoleonguide.com/navy-nore-articles.htm|work=Royal Navy Mutinies at the Nore and Spithead|publisher=Napoleonguide.com|accessdate=6 June 2012}}</ref> eventually expanding to a demand that the King dissolve Parliament and make immediate peace with France. These demands infuriated the Admiralty, which offered nothing except a pardon (and the concessions already made at Spithead) in return for an immediate return to duty.

The mutineers expanded their initial grievances into the beginnings of a social revolution and [[blockade]]d London{{sfn|Gill|1913|p=182}}, preventing merchant vessels from entering the port, and the principals made plans to sail their ships to France, alienating the regular English sailors and losing more and more ships as the mutiny progressed. On 5 June Parker issued an order that merchant ships be allowed to pass the blockade, and only Royal Navy [[Victualler|victualling]] (i.e., supply) ships should be detained; the ostensible reason provided in the order was that "...the release of the merchant vessels would create a favourable impression on shore.", although this decision may actually have been perhaps more due to the complexities involved in such a wide undertaking as interdicting all the merchant traffic on the busy [[Thames]].{{sfn|Gill|1913|p=184}} After the successful resolution of the Spithead mutiny, the government and the Admiralty were not minded to make further concessions, particularly as they felt some leaders of the Nore mutiny had political aims beyond improving pay and living conditions.

The mutineers were denied food, and when Parker hoisted the signal for the ships to sail to France,{{Contradict-inline|article=Richard Parker (sailor)|date=June 2012}} all of the remaining ships refused to follow; eventually, most ships slipped their anchors and deserted (some under fire from the mutineers), and the mutiny failed. Parker was quickly convicted of [[treason]] and [[piracy]] and [[Hanging|hanged]] from the [[yardarm]] of ''Sandwich'', the vessel where the mutiny had started. In the reprisals which followed, a total of 29 leaders were hanged, while others were sentenced to [[flogging]], imprisonment or [[Penal transportation|transportation]] to Australia. The vast majority of men involved in the mutiny, however, were not punished at all.

After the Nore mutiny, Royal Navy vessels no longer rang five [[Ship's bell|bells]] on the last [[dog watch]], as that had been the signal to begin the mutiny.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.museumstuff.com/learn/topics/Nore_mutiny::sub::The_Nore |title=Nore Mutiny |accessdate=12 September 2011 |publisher=Museum of Learning}}</ref>

==Other mutinies and discontent in 1797==
In September 1797, the crew of the {{HMS|Hermione|1782|2}} mutinied in the [[West Indies]], killing almost all the officers in revenge for a number of grievances including the throwing into the sea of the bodies of three men who had been killed in falling from the rigging in a desperate scramble to avoid [[flogging]] for being last man down on deck.<ref name="Tracy294">{{cite book|last=Tracy| title=Who's who in Nelson's Navy|page=294}}</ref>

On 27 December, the crew of {{HMS|Marie Antoinette|1793|2}} murdered their officers and took their ship into a French port in the West Indies.<ref name="WLC548">The Royal Navy. A History from the Earliest Times to 1900, William Clowes, Volume 4, p. 548</ref>

Other mutinies took place off the coast of Ireland and at the [[Cape of Good Hope]] and spread to the fleet under Admiral [[John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent|Jervis]] off the coast of Spain.

==In the arts==
*[[Herman Melville]]'s novel ''[[Billy Budd (novel)|Billy Budd]]'', and the [[Billy Budd (opera)|opera]] based on it by [[Benjamin Britten]], are set immediately after the main mutinies.
*[[The Men They Couldn't Hang]], an English folk-punk group, commemorated the executed leaders of the mutiny in the ballad "The Colours" (1988).
*''Mutiny'' by [[Julian Stockwin]] is a fictional account of the Nore mutiny.
*The movie ''[[H.M.S. Defiant]]'' is a fictional account of a similar mutiny at sea at this time.
*The father of the protagonist of [[Frederick Marryat]]'s ''[[The King's Own]]'' was hanged for his part in the Nore mutiny.
*Much of the Dewey Lambdin novel ''A King's Captain'' is set during the Nore Mutiny as seen by the protagonist, [[Alan Lewrie]].

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
"The Floating Republic – An account of the Mutinies at Spithead and The Nore in 1797", by G.E. Manwaring and Bonamy Dobrée published by Frank Cass & Co. 1935 is a history of these mutinies.

==See also==

*[[Royal Indian Navy Mutiny]]
*[[Chilean naval mutiny of 1931]]
*[[Kronstadt rebellion]]
*[[Wilhelmshaven mutiny]]
*[[HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën (1909)#Mutiny in the Indies]]
*[[Invergordon Mutiny]]
*[[Revolt of the Lash]]

==References==
*"''The Floating Republic''" – Dobree and Manwaring (1935) ISBN 0-09-173154-2
*''The Great Mutiny'' – James Dugan (1965)
*{{cite book|last=Gill|first=Conrad|title=The Naval Mutinies of 1797|year=1913|location=Manchester, U.K.|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=unspecified|pages=445|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Tx68AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA253&dq=The+naval+mutinies+of+1797&hl=en&sa=X&ei=eajOT_6ODsOxgwezrtS6CQ&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20naval%20mutinies%20of%201797&f=false}}
*"''A Sense of the World: How a Blind Man Became History's Greatest Traveler''" – Roberts (2006) ISBN 0-00-716106-9
*''A Brief History of Mutiny'' — Richard Woodman (2005) ISBN 0-7867-1567-7
*{{cite book|first=Nicholas|last=Tracy|title=Who's who in Nelson's Navy: 200 Naval Heroes|year=2006 |publisher=Chatham Publishing|location=London|isbn=1-86176-244-5}}
*"''Born in Exeter''" a biography Chapter on Richard Parker – By The Historical Society of Hele's School Exeter (1950) Publisher A. Wheaton & Company Ltd Exeter
* ''The Thames, England's River'', Jonathan Schneer, published by Abacus

==External links==
*[http://www.nmm.ac.uk/server/show/conWebDoc.585/viewPage/1 Research guide B8: The Spithead and Nore mutinies of 1797] (from the [[National Maritime Museum]])

[[Category:History of the Royal Navy]]
[[Category:Naval mutinies]]
[[Category:1797 in Great Britain]]
[[Category:1797 in military history]]

[[fr:Mutinerie de Spithead]]
[[ja:スピットヘッドとノアの反乱]]
[[no:Spithead og Nore-mytteriene]]
[[ru:Мятежи в Спитхеде и Норе]]

Caversham Lock

2006-01-10T06:20:44Z

TimBray: style

[[Image:Caversham lock looking downstream.jpg|thumb|right|Caversham Lock]]
[[Image:Caversham lock and weir.jpg|thumb|right|Caversham Lock and Weir]]
'''Caversham Lock''' is a [[Canal lock|lock]] and [[weir]] situated on the [[River Thames]] in [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]], [[Berkshire]], [[England]]. Caversham Lock includes a somewhat larger than normal lock island, also known as '''De Bohun Island''', separating the lock from the weir.

The lock, weir and island is owned and managed by the [[Environment Agency]]. Besides a typical lock-keeper's house, the island until recently contained a boat yard and boat house used by the Environment Agency's river patrol and maintenance services. At the time of writing (December 1, 2004), controversial proposals to redevelop the island and some adjoining land as a hotel are under discussion.

A public access exists across the lock gates, lock island and weir, forming a pedestrian route from the centre of Reading to the ''Lower Caversham'' area of the cross-river suburb of [[Caversham, Berkshire|Caversham]].

== See also ==
*[[Locks on the River Thames]]
*[[Crossings of the River Thames]]
*[[Islands in the River Thames]]

{{Start box}}
{{River bridge start|River=[[River Thames]]}}
{{River bridge line|upstream=[[Reading Bridge]]|downstream=[[Sonning Bridge]]|location=SU718740}}
{{River lock start|River=[[River Thames]]}}
{{River lock line|upstream=[[Mapledurham Lock]]|downstream=[[Sonning Lock]]|location=SU718740}}
{{End box}}

[[Category:Islands in the River Thames]]
[[Category:Locks of Berkshire]]
[[Category:Reading, Berkshire]]
{{UK-struct-stub}}

Fort Vermilion

2005-11-05T05:47:10Z

TimBray:

{{Canadian City|
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'''Fort Vermilion''' is a hamlet in Northern Alberta, on the banks of the mighty [[Peace River]]. Established in 1788, it is the oldest European settlement in Alberta. Its name is suggested by the reddish-coloured ochre found in nearby riverbanks.

==Geography and Location==

Fort Vermilion is situated at 58º 23' N 115º 59' W, 78km southeast of High Level and 661km northwest of [[Edmonton,_Alberta|Edmonton]].

Fort Vermilion

2005-11-05T05:45:36Z

TimBray:

{{Canadian City|
Reference Name=Hamlet of {{PAGENAME}}|
Header Format=None|
Motto=|
Latitude Longitude=58º 23' N <br> 115º 59' W|
Elevation=|
Time zone=MST|
Postal Code=|
Population description=|
Population=1,326|
Population Density=|
Area=|
City Mayor=|
Governing Body=|
website=|
Census Year=2001|
Extra references=|
}}

'''Fort Vermilion''' is a hamlet in Northern Alberta, on the banks of the mighty [[Peace River]]. Established in 1788, it is the oldest European settlement in Alberta.

==Geography and Location==

Fort Vermilion is situated at 58º 23' N 115º 59' W, 78km southeast of High Level and 661km northwest of [[Edmonton,_Alberta|Edmonton]].

Fort Vermilion

2005-11-05T05:42:02Z

TimBray:

Fort Vermilion

2005-11-05T05:40:17Z

TimBray:

{{Canadian City|
Reference Name=Hamlet of {{PAGENAME}}|
Header Format=None|
Latitude Longitude=58º 23' N <br> 115º 59' W|
Elevation=|
Time zone=MST|
Postal Code=|
Population description=|
Population=1,326|
Population Density=|
Area=|
City Mayor=|
Governing Body=|
website=|
Census Year=2001|
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}}

Fort Vermilion

2005-11-05T05:39:57Z

TimBray:

{{Canadian City|
Reference Name=Hamlet of {{PAGENAME}}|
Header Format=None|

Latitude Longitude=58º 23' N <br> 115º 59' W|
Elevation=|
Time zone=MST|
Postal Code=|
Population description=|
Population=1,326|
Population Density=|
Area=|
City Mayor=|
Governing Body=|
website=|
Census Year=2001|
Extra references=|
}}

Fort Vermilion

2005-11-05T05:38:59Z

TimBray: