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John Niemeyer Findlay

2011-08-08T23:40:16Z

Tillander:

{{Infobox person
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|birth_date = 25 November 1903
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|death_date = 27 September 1987
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'''John Niemeyer Findlay''', known as '''J. N. Findlay''', ([[Pretoria]], 25 November 1903–27 September 1987) was a South African [[philosopher]].

==Education and Career==
Findlay studied classics and philosophy, first at the [[University of Pretoria]], after receiving a [[Rhodes scholarship]] to [[Balliol College, Oxford]] for the years 1924-1926, and completed his doctorate in 1933 at [[University of Graz|Graz]], where he studied under [[Ernst Mally]]. He was professor of [[philosophy]] at the [[University of Pretoria]], the [[University of Otago]] in New Zealand, [[Rhodes University|Rhodes University College]], Grahamstown, the [[University of KwaZulu-Natal|University of Natal]], Pietermartizburg, [[Newcastle University|King’s College, Newcastle upon Tyne]], and [[King's College London]]. Following retirement from his chair at London (1966) and a year at the [[University of Texas at Austin]], Findlay continued to teach full-time for more than twenty years, first as Clark Professor of Metaphysics and Moral Philosophy at [[Yale University]] (1967-1972), then as University Professor and Borden Parker Bowne Professor of Philosophy (succeeding [[Peter Bertocci]] in 1975) at [[Boston University]] (1972-1987).<ref>{{cite web
|last = Howard
|first = Alana
|title = Biography
|work = Gifford Lecture Series
|url = http://www.giffordlectures.org/Author.asp?AuthorID=63
|accessdate = 2008-07-10}}</ref><ref>{{citation
|periodical = Owl of Minerva
|title = In Memoriam: John Niemeyer Findlay
|first = Errol
|last = Harris
|author-link = Errol Harris
|volume = 19
|issue = 2
|date = Spring 1988
|pages = 252–253}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.bu.edu/philo/awards/index.html#findlay
|accessdate = 2008-07-10
|title = Awards • Department of Philosophy at Boston University}}</ref>
He was president of the [[Aristotelian Society]] from 1955 to 1956 and president of the [[Metaphysical Society of America]] from 1974 to 1975, as well as a Fellow of both the [[British Academy]] and the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]. He was also an Editorial Advisor of the journal [[Dionysius (journal)|Dionysius]]. A chair for visiting professors at Boston University carries his name, as does a biennial award given for the best book in metaphysics, as judged by the [[Metaphysical Society of America]].

==Rational Mysticism==
At a time when [[scientific materialism]], [[positivism]], [[linguistic analysis]], and [[ordinary language philosophy]] were the core academic ideas, Findlay championed [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenology]], revived [[Hegelianism]], and wrote works that were inspired by [[Buddhism]], [[Plotinus]], and [[Idealism]]. In his books published in the 1960s, including two series of [[Gifford Lectures]], Findlay developed Rational Mysticism. According to this [[mysticism|mystical]] system, "the philosophical perplexities, e.g., concerning universals and particulars, mind and body, knowledge and its objects, the knowledge of other minds,"<ref>{{citation
| last = Findlay
| first = J. N.
| authorlink = John Niemeyer Findlay
| chapter = Preface
| chapter-url = http://www.giffordlectures.org/Browse.asp?PubID=TPTCAV&Volume=0&Issue=0&ArticleID=1
| title = The Transcendence of the Cave
| place = London
| publication-place = New York
| date = 1966
| publication-date = 1967
| publisher = Humanities Press}}</ref> as well as those of free will and determinism, causality and teleology, morality and justice, and the existence of temporal objects, are human experiences of deep [[antinomy|antinomies]] and absurdities about the world. Findlay's conclusion is that these necessitate the postulation of higher spheres, or "latitudes", where objects' individuality, categorical distinctiveness and material constraints are diminishing, lesser in each latitude than in the one below it. On the highest spheres, existence is evaluative and meaningful more than anything else, and Findlay identifies it with the idea of The [[Absolute (philosophy)|Absolute]].<ref>{{citation
| last = Drob
| first = Sanford L
| title = Findlay's Rational Mysticism: An Introduction
| url = http://www.jnfindlay.com/findlay/about/index.html}}</ref> In 2011 Findlay's major work on Plato along with both volumes of his "cave lectures" returned into print courtesy of the Routledge Revivals series [http://routledge-ny.com/books/search/author/john_niemeyer_findlay/].

==Husserl==
Findlay translated into English [[Husserl]]'s ''[[Logische Untersuchungen]]'' (''Logical Investigations''), which he regarded as the author's best work, representing a developmental stage when the idea of [[Bracketing (phenomenology)|phenomenological bracketing]] was not yet taken as the basis of a philosophical system, covering in fact for loose [[subjectivism]]. To Findlay, the work was also one of the peaks of philosophy generally, suggesting superior alternatives both for overly minimalistic or [[Naturalism (philosophy)|naturalistic]] efforts in [[ontology]] and for Ordinary Language treatments of [[consciousness]] and thought.<ref>{{citation
| last = Findlay
| first = J. N.
| authorlink = John Niemeyer Findlay
| chapter = Translator's Introduction (Abridged)
| editor-last = Moran
| editor-first = Dermot
| title = Logical Investigations
| volume = I
| place = New Haven, Connecticut
| publication-place = New York
| date = 1970
| publication-date = 2001
| publisher = Routledge
| isbn = 0-415-24189-8}}</ref><ref>{{citation
| last1 = Ryle
| first1 = Gilbert
| authorlink1 = Gilbert Ryle
| last2 = Findlay
| first2 = J. N.
| authorlink2 = John Niemeyer Findlay
| year = 1961
| title = Symposium: Use, Usage and Meaning
| periodical = Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volumes
| volume = 35
| page = 240
| url = http://www.sfu.ca/~jeffpell/Phil467/RyleUseUsage61.pdf
| accessdate = 2008-06-14
}}</ref> Findlay also wrote addenda to translations of [[Hegel]]'s ''Logic'' and ''[[The Phenomenology of Spirit|Phenomenology of Spirit]]''.

==Ludwig Wittgenstein==
Findlay was first a follower, and then an outspoken critic, of [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]]. He denounced his three theories of meaning, arguing against the idea of Use, prominent in Wittgenstein's later period and in his followers, that it is insufficient for an analysis of meaning without such notions as connotation and denotation, implication, syntax and most originally, pre-existent meanings, in the mind or the external world, that determine linguistic ones, such as Husserl has evoked. Findlay credits Wittgenstein with great formal, aesthetic and literary appeal, and diverting a well-deserved attention to [[Semantics]] and its difficulties.<ref>{{citation
| last1 = Ryle
| first1 = Gilbert
| authorlink1 = Gilbert Ryle
| last2 = Findlay
| first2 = J. N.
| authorlink2 = John Niemeyer Findlay
| year = 1961
| title = Symposium: Use, Usage and Meaning
| periodical = Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volumes
| volume = 35
| pages = 231–242
| url = http://www.sfu.ca/~jeffpell/Phil467/RyleUseUsage61.pdf
| accessdate = 2008-06-14
}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Works==
===Books===
*''Meinong's Theory of Objects'', Oxford University Press, 1933; 2nd ed. as ''Meinong's Theory of Objects and Values'', 1963
*''Hegel: A Re-examination'', London: Allen & Unwin/New York: Macmillan, 1958
*''Values and Intentions'', London: Allen & Unwin, 1961
*''Language, Mind and Value'', London: Allen & Unwin/New York: Humanities Press, 1963
*''The Discipline of the Cave'', London: Allen & Unwin/New York: Humanities Press, 1966 ([[Gifford Lectures]] 1964–1965 [http://www.giffordlectures.org/Browse.asp?PubID=TPDCAV&Volume=0&Issue=0&TOC=True])
*''The Transcendence of the Cave'', London: Allen & Unwin/New York: Humanities Press, 1967 ([[Gifford Lectures]] 1965–1966 [http://www.giffordlectures.org/Browse.asp?PubID=TPTCAV&Volume=0&Issue=0&TOC=True])
*''Axiological Ethics'', London: Macmillan, 1970
*''Ascent to the Absolute'', London: Allen & Unwin/New York: Humanities Press, 1970
*''Psyche and Cerebrum'', Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1972
*''Plato: The Written and Unwritten Doctrines'', London: Routledge and Kegan Paul/New York: Humanities Press, 1974
*''Plato and Platonism'', New York: New York Times Book Co., 1976
*''Kant and the Transcendental Object'', Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981
*''Wittgenstein: A Critique'', London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1984

===Articles===
*"Time: A Treatment of Some Puzzles", ''[[Australasian Journal of Philosophy|Australasian Journal of Psychology and Philosophy]]'', Vol. 19, Issue 13 (December 1941): 216-235.
*"Morality by Conventions", ''[[Mind (journal)|Mind]]'', Vol. 33, No. 210 (1944): 142-169
*"Can God's Existence Be Disproved?", ''[[Mind (journal)|Mind]]'', Vol. 37, No. 226 (1948): 176-183; reprinted with discussion in [[Antony Flew|Flew, A.]] and [[Alasdair MacIntyre|MacIntyre, A. C.]], (eds.), ''New Essays in Philosophical Theology'', New York: Macmillan, 1955 [http://www.ditext.com/findlay/god.html]
*"Linguistic Approach to Psychophysics", ''[[Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society]]'', 1949-1950
*"The Justification of Attitudes", ''[[Mind (journal)|Mind]]'', Vol. 43, No. 250 (1954): 145-161
*"Use, Usage and Meaning", ''[[Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society]]'', Supplementary Volumes, Vol. 35. (1961), pp. 223-242 [http://www.sfu.ca/~jeffpell/Phil467/RyleUseUsage61.pdf]
*"Foreword", in ''Hegel's Logic, Being Part One of The Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences (1830)'', Clarendon Press, 1975. ISBN 978-0-19-824512-4 [http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/help/foreword.htm]
*"Analysis of the Text", in ''Phenomenology of Spirit'', Oxford University Press, 1977: 495-592. ISBN 978-0-19-824597-1 [http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/help/findlay.htm]
*"The Myths of Plato", ''[[Dionysius (journal)|Dionysius]]'', Volume II (1978): 19-34

==Bibliography==
*Robert S. Cohen, Richard M. Martin, and Merold Westphal (eds.), ''Studies in the Philosophy of J.N. Findlay'', Albany NY: State University of New York Press, 1985 (Includes autobiographical note by Findlay and his account of encounters with Wittgenstein). ISBN 978-0-87395-795-3
*Michele Marchetto, ''L'etica impersonale: La teoria dei valori di John Niemeyer Findlay'', Edizioni scientifiche italiane, 1989. ISBN 978-88-7104-138-4; Eng. tr. 1989, ''Impersonal Ethics: John Niemeyer Findlay's Value-theory'', Avebury, 1996. ISBN 978-1-85972-272-5
*Bockja Kim, ''Morality as the End of Philosophy: The Teleological Dialectic of the Good in J.N. Findlay's Philosophy of Religion'', University Press of America, 1999. ISBN 978-0-7618-1490-0

==External links==
*[http://www.jnfindlay.com/ John Niemeyer Findlay] by Dr. Sanford L. Drob
*[http://www.otago.ac.nz/philosophy/history.html Philosophical History: The Otago Department]
*[http://www.giffordlectures.org/Author.asp?AuthorID=63 Gifford Lecture Series - Biography - John Niemeyer Findlay]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Findlay, John Niemeyer}}
{{Persondata
|NAME = Findlay, John Niemeyer
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Findlay, J.N.; Findlay, JN; Findlay, J N; Findlay, J. N.
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = South African Philosopher
|DATE OF BIRTH = November 25, 1903
|PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Pretoria]], [[South Africa]]
|DATE OF DEATH = September 27, 1987
|PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
[[Category:1903 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century philosophers]]

[[Category:Phenomenology]]
[[Category:University of Pretoria faculty]]
[[Category:University of Pretoria alumni]]
[[Category:Academics of King's College London]]
[[Category:University of Otago faculty]]
[[Category:Rhodes University academics]]
[[Category:Academics of Newcastle University]]
[[Category:Yale University faculty]]
[[Category:Boston University faculty]]
[[Category:University of Texas at Austin faculty]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Metaphysical Society of America]]
[[Category:Members of the Editorial Advisory Council of ''Dionysius'']]
[[Category:South African Rhodes scholars]]
[[Category:South African vegetarians]]
[[Category:Western mystics]]
[[Category:South African people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:Gifford Lecturers]]

John Niemeyer Findlay

2011-08-07T20:05:05Z

Tillander:

{{Infobox person
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|birth_date = 25 November 1903
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|death_date = 27 September 1987
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[[University of Graz]]
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'''John Niemeyer Findlay''', known as '''J. N. Findlay''', ([[Pretoria]], 25 November 1903–27 September 1987) was a South African [[philosopher]].

==Education and Career==
Findlay studied classics and philosophy, first at the [[University of Pretoria]], after receiving a [[Rhodes scholarship]] to [[Balliol College, Oxford]] for the years 1924-1926, and completed his doctorate in 1933 at [[University of Graz|Graz]], where he studied under [[Ernst Mally]]. He was professor of [[philosophy]] at the [[University of Pretoria]], the [[University of Otago]] in New Zealand, [[Rhodes University|Rhodes University College]], Grahamstown, the [[University of KwaZulu-Natal|University of Natal]], Pietermartizburg, [[Newcastle University|King’s College, Newcastle upon Tyne]], and [[King's College London]]. Following retirement from his chair at London (1966) and a year at the [[University of Texas at Austin]], Findlay continued to teach full-time for more than twenty years, first as Clark Professor of Metaphysics and Moral Philosophy at [[Yale University]] (1967-1972), then as University Professor and Borden Parker Bowne Professor of Philosophy (succeeding [[Peter Bertocci]] in 1975) at [[Boston University]] (1972-1987).<ref>{{cite web
|last = Howard
|first = Alana
|title = Biography
|work = Gifford Lecture Series
|url = http://www.giffordlectures.org/Author.asp?AuthorID=63
|accessdate = 2008-07-10}}</ref><ref>{{citation
|periodical = Owl of Minerva
|title = In Memoriam: John Niemeyer Findlay
|first = Errol
|last = Harris
|author-link = Errol Harris
|volume = 19
|issue = 2
|date = Spring 1988
|pages = 252–253}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.bu.edu/philo/awards/index.html#findlay
|accessdate = 2008-07-10
|title = Awards • Department of Philosophy at Boston University}}</ref>
He was president of the [[Aristotelian Society]] from 1955 to 1956 and president of the [[Metaphysical Society of America]] from 1974 to 1975, as well as a Fellow of both the [[British Academy]] and the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]. He was also an Editorial Advisor of the journal [[Dionysius (journal)|Dionysius]]. A chair for visiting professors at Boston University carries his name, as does a biennial award given for the best book in metaphysics, as judged by the [[Metaphysical Society of America]].

==Rational Mysticism==
At a time when [[scientific materialism]], [[positivism]], [[linguistic analysis]], and [[ordinary language philosophy]] were the core academic ideas, Findlay championed [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenology]], revived [[Hegelianism]], and wrote works that were inspired by [[Buddhism]], [[Plotinus]], and [[Idealism]]. In his books published in the 1960s, including two series of [[Gifford Lectures]], Findlay developed Rational Mysticism. According to this [[mysticism|mystical]] system, "the philosophical perplexities, e.g., concerning universals and particulars, mind and body, knowledge and its objects, the knowledge of other minds,"<ref>{{citation
| last = Findlay
| first = J. N.
| authorlink = John Niemeyer Findlay
| chapter = Preface
| chapter-url = http://www.giffordlectures.org/Browse.asp?PubID=TPTCAV&Volume=0&Issue=0&ArticleID=1
| title = The Transcendence of the Cave
| place = London
| publication-place = New York
| date = 1966
| publication-date = 1967
| publisher = Humanities Press}}</ref> as well as those of free will and determinism, causality and teleology, morality and justice, and the existence of temporal objects, are human experiences of deep [[antinomy|antinomies]] and absurdities about the world. Findlay's conclusion is that these necessitate the postulation of higher spheres, or "latitudes", where objects' individuality, categorical distinctiveness and material constraints are diminishing, lesser in each latitude than in the one below it. On the highest spheres, existence is evaluative and meaningful more than anything else, and Findlay identifies it with the idea of The [[Absolute (philosophy)|Absolute]].<ref>{{citation
| last = Drob
| first = Sanford L
| title = Findlay's Rational Mysticism: An Introduction
| url = http://www.jnfindlay.com/findlay/about/index.html}}</ref> In 2011 Findlay's major work on Plato along with both volumes of his "cave lectures" returned into print courtesy of the Routledge Revivals series [http://routledge-ny.com/books/search/author/john_niemeyer_findlay/].

==Husserl==
Findlay translated into English [[Husserl]]'s ''[[Logische Untersuchungen]]'' (''Logical Investigations''), which he regarded as the author's best work, representing a developmental stage when the idea of [[Bracketing (phenomenology)|phenomenological bracketing]] was not yet taken as the basis of a philosophical system, covering in fact for loose [[subjectivism]]. To Findlay, the work was also one of the peaks of philosophy generally, suggesting superior alternatives both for overly minimalistic or [[Naturalism (philosophy)|naturalistic]] efforts in [[ontology]] and for Ordinary Language treatments of [[consciousness]] and thought.<ref>{{citation
| last = Findlay
| first = J. N.
| authorlink = John Niemeyer Findlay
| chapter = Translator's Introduction (Abridged)
| editor-last = Moran
| editor-first = Dermot
| title = Logical Investigations
| volume = I
| place = New Haven, Connecticut
| publication-place = New York
| date = 1970
| publication-date = 2001
| publisher = Routledge
| isbn = 0-415-24189-8}}</ref><ref>{{citation
| last1 = Ryle
| first1 = Gilbert
| authorlink1 = Gilbert Ryle
| last2 = Findlay
| first2 = J. N.
| authorlink2 = John Niemeyer Findlay
| year = 1961
| title = Symposium: Use, Usage and Meaning
| periodical = Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volumes
| volume = 35
| page = 240
| url = http://www.sfu.ca/~jeffpell/Phil467/RyleUseUsage61.pdf
| accessdate = 2008-06-14
}}</ref> Findlay also wrote addenda to translations of [[Hegel]]'s ''Logic'' and ''[[The Phenomenology of Spirit|Phenomenology of Spirit]]''.

==Ludwig Wittgenstein==
Findlay was first a follower, and then an outspoken critic, of [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]]. He denounced his three theories of meaning, arguing against the idea of Use, prominent in Wittgenstein's later period and in his followers, that it is insufficient for an analysis of meaning without such notions as connotation and denotation, implication, syntax and most originally, pre-existent meanings, in the mind or the external world, that determine linguistic ones, such as Husserl has evoked. Findlay credits Wittgenstein with great formal, aesthetic and literary appeal, and diverting a well-deserved attention to [[Semantics]] and its difficulties.<ref>{{citation
| last1 = Ryle
| first1 = Gilbert
| authorlink1 = Gilbert Ryle
| last2 = Findlay
| first2 = J. N.
| authorlink2 = John Niemeyer Findlay
| year = 1961
| title = Symposium: Use, Usage and Meaning
| periodical = Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volumes
| volume = 35
| pages = 231–242
| url = http://www.sfu.ca/~jeffpell/Phil467/RyleUseUsage61.pdf
| accessdate = 2008-06-14
}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Works==
===Books===
*''Meinong's Theory of Objects'', Oxford University Press, 1933; 2nd ed. as ''Meinong's Theory of Objects and Values'', 1963
*''Hegel: A Re-examination'', London: Allen & Unwin/New York: Macmillan, 1958
*''Values and Intentions'', London: Allen & Unwin, 1961
*''Language, Mind and Value'', London: Allen & Unwin/New York: Humanities Press, 1963
*''The Discipline of the Cave'', London: Allen & Unwin/New York: Humanities Press, 1966 ([[Gifford Lectures]] 1964–1965 [http://www.giffordlectures.org/Browse.asp?PubID=TPDCAV&Volume=0&Issue=0&TOC=True])
*''The Transcendence of the Cave'', London: Allen & Unwin/New York: Humanities Press, 1967 ([[Gifford Lectures]] 1965–1966 [http://www.giffordlectures.org/Browse.asp?PubID=TPTCAV&Volume=0&Issue=0&TOC=True])
*''Axiological Ethics'', London: Macmillan, 1970
*''Ascent to the Absolute'', London: Allen & Unwin/New York: Humanities Press, 1970
*''Psyche and Cerebrum'', Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1972
*''Plato: The Written and Unwritten Doctrines'', London: Routledge and Kegan Paul/New York: Humanities Press, 1974
*''Plato and Platonism'', New York: New York Times Book Co., 1976
*''Kant and the Transcendental Object'', Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981
*''Wittgenstein: A Critique'', London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1984

===Articles===
*"Time: A Treatment of Some Puzzles", ''[[Australasian Journal of Philosophy|Australasian Journal of Psychology and Philosophy]]'', Vol. 19, Issue 13 (December 1941): 216-235.
*"Morality by Conventions", ''[[Mind (journal)|Mind]]'', Vol. 33, No. 210 (1944): 142-169
*"Can God's Existence Be Disproved?", ''[[Mind (journal)|Mind]]'', Vol. 37, No. 226 (1948): 176-183; reprinted with discussion in [[Antony Flew|Flew, A.]] and [[Alasdair MacIntyre|MacIntyre, A. C.]], (eds.), ''New Essays in Philosophical Theology'', New York: Macmillan, 1955 [http://www.ditext.com/findlay/god.html]
*"Linguistic Approach to Psychophysics", ''[[Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society]]'', 1949-1950
*"The Justification of Attitudes", ''[[Mind (journal)|Mind]]'', Vol. 43, No. 250 (1954): 145-161
*"Use, Usage and Meaning", ''[[Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society]]'', Supplementary Volumes, Vol. 35. (1961), pp. 223-242 [http://www.sfu.ca/~jeffpell/Phil467/RyleUseUsage61.pdf]
*"Foreword", in ''Hegel's Logic, Being Part One of The Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences (1830)'', Clarendon Press, 1975. ISBN 978-0-19-824512-4 [http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/help/foreword.htm]
*"Analysis of the Text", in ''Phenomenology of Spirit'', Oxford University Press, 1977: 495-592. ISBN 978-0-19-824597-1 [http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/help/findlay.htm]
*"The Myths of Plato", ''[[Dionysius (journal)|Dionysius]]'', Volume II (1978): 19-34

==Bibliography==
*Robert S. Cohen, Richard M. Martin, and Merold Westphal (eds.), ''Studies in the Philosophy of J.N. Findlay'', Albany NY: State University of New York Press, 1985 (Includes autobiographical note by Findlay and his account of encounters with Wittgenstein). ISBN 978-0-87395-795-3
*Michele Marchetto, ''L'etica impersonale: La teoria dei valori di John Niemeyer Findlay'', Edizioni scientifiche italiane, 1989. ISBN 978-88-7104-138-4; Eng. tr. 1989, ''Impersonal Ethics: John Niemeyer Findlay's Value-theory'', Avebury, 1996. ISBN 978-1-85972-272-5
*Bockja Kim, ''Morality as the End of Philosophy: The Teleological Dialectic of the Good in J.N. Findlay's Philosophy of Religion'', University Press of America, 1999. ISBN 978-0-7618-1490-0

==External links==
*[http://www.jnfindlay.com/ John Niemeyer Findlay] by Dr. Sanford L. Drob
*[http://www.otago.ac.nz/philosophy/history.html Philosophical History: The Otago Department]
*[http://www.giffordlectures.org/Author.asp?AuthorID=63 Gifford Lecture Series - Biography - John Niemeyer Findlay]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Findlay, John Niemeyer}}
{{Persondata
|NAME = Findlay, John Niemeyer
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Findlay, J.N.; Findlay, JN; Findlay, J N; Findlay, J. N.
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = South African Philosopher
|DATE OF BIRTH = November 25, 1903
|PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Pretoria]], [[South Africa]]
|DATE OF DEATH = September 27, 1987
|PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
[[Category:1903 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century philosophers]]

[[Category:Phenomenology]]
[[Category:University of Pretoria faculty]]
[[Category:University of Pretoria alumni]]
[[Category:Academics of King's College London]]
[[Category:University of Otago faculty]]
[[Category:Rhodes University academics]]
[[Category:Academics of Newcastle University]]
[[Category:Yale University faculty]]
[[Category:Boston University faculty]]
[[Category:University of Texas at Austin faculty]]
[[Category:Members of the Editorial Advisory Council of ''Dionysius'']]
[[Category:South African Rhodes scholars]]
[[Category:South African vegetarians]]
[[Category:Western mystics]]
[[Category:South African people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:Gifford Lecturers]]

John Niemeyer Findlay

2011-08-07T07:42:34Z

Tillander:

{{Infobox person
|name = John Niemeyer Findlay
|image =
|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_name =
|birth_date = 25 November 1903
|birth_place = [[Pretoria]]
|death_date = 27 September 1987
|death_place =
|body_discovered =
|death_cause =
|resting_place =
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'''John Niemeyer Findlay''', known as '''J. N. Findlay''', ([[Pretoria]], 25 November 1903–27 September 1987) was a South African [[philosopher]].

==Education and Career==
Findlay studied classics and philosophy, first at the [[University of Pretoria]], after receiving a [[Rhodes scholarship]] to [[Balliol College, Oxford]] for the years 1924-1926, and completed his doctorate in 1933 at [[University of Graz|Graz]], where he studied under [[Ernst Mally]]. He was professor of [[philosophy]] at the [[University of Pretoria]], the [[University of Otago]] in New Zealand, [[Rhodes University|Rhodes University College]], Grahamstown, the [[University of KwaZulu-Natal|University of Natal]], Pietermartizburg, [[Newcastle University|King’s College, Newcastle upon Tyne]], and [[King's College London]]. Following retirement from his chair at London (1966) and a year at the [[University of Texas at Austin]], Findlay continued to teach full-time for more than twenty years, first as Clark Professor of Metaphysics and Moral Philosophy at [[Yale University]] (1967-1972), then as University Professor and Borden Parker Bowne Professor of Philosophy (succeeding [[Peter Bertocci]] in 1975) at [[Boston University]] (1972-1987).<ref>{{cite web
|last = Howard
|first = Alana
|title = Biography
|work = Gifford Lecture Series
|url = http://www.giffordlectures.org/Author.asp?AuthorID=63
|accessdate = 2008-07-10}}</ref><ref>{{citation
|periodical = Owl of Minerva
|title = In Memoriam: John Niemeyer Findlay
|first = Errol
|last = Harris
|author-link = Errol Harris
|volume = 19
|issue = 2
|date = Spring 1988
|pages = 252–253}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.bu.edu/philo/awards/index.html#findlay
|accessdate = 2008-07-10
|title = Awards • Department of Philosophy at Boston University}}</ref>
He was president of the [[Aristotelian Society]] from 1955 to 1956 and president of the [[Metaphysical Society of America]] from 1974 to 1975, as well as a Fellow of both the [[British Academy]] and the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]. He was also an Editorial Advisor of the journal [[Dionysius (journal)|Dionysius]]. A chair for visiting professors at Boston University carries his name, as does a biennial award given for the best book in metaphysics, as judged by the [[Metaphysical Society of America]].

==Rational Mysticism==
At a time when [[scientific materialism]], [[positivism]], [[linguistic analysis]], and [[ordinary language philosophy]] were the core academic ideas, Findlay championed [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenology]], revived [[Hegelianism]], and wrote works that were inspired by [[Buddhism]], [[Plotinus]], and [[Idealism]]. In his books published in the 1960s, including two series of [[Gifford Lectures]], Findlay developed Rational Mysticism. According to this [[mysticism|mystical]] system, "the philosophical perplexities, e.g., concerning universals and particulars, mind and body, knowledge and its objects, the knowledge of other minds,"<ref>{{citation
| last = Findlay
| first = J. N.
| authorlink = John Niemeyer Findlay
| chapter = Preface
| chapter-url = http://www.giffordlectures.org/Browse.asp?PubID=TPTCAV&Volume=0&Issue=0&ArticleID=1
| title = The Transcendence of the Cave
| place = London
| publication-place = New York
| date = 1966
| publication-date = 1967
| publisher = Humanities Press}}</ref> as well as those of free will and determinism, causality and teleology, morality and justice, and the existence of temporal objects, are human experiences of deep [[antinomy|antinomies]] and absurdities about the world. Findlay's conclusion is that these necessitate the postulation of higher spheres, or "latitudes", where objects' individuality, categorical distinctiveness and material constraints are diminishing, lesser in each latitude than in the one below it. On the highest spheres, existence is evaluative and meaningful more than anything else, and Findlay identifies it with the idea of The [[Absolute (philosophy)|Absolute]].<ref>{{citation
| last = Drob
| first = Sanford L
| title = Findlay's Rational Mysticism: An Introduction
| url = http://www.jnfindlay.com/findlay/about/index.html}}</ref> In 2011 Findlay's major work on Plato along with both volumes of his "cave lectures" returned into print courtesy of the Routledge Revivals series [http://routledge-ny.com/books/search/author/john_niemeyer_findlay/].

==Husserl==
Findlay translated into English [[Husserl]]'s ''[[Logische Untersuchungen]]'' (''Logical Investigations''), which he regarded as the author's best work, representing a developmental stage when the idea of [[Bracketing (phenomenology)|phenomenological bracketing]] was not yet taken as the basis of a philosophical system, covering in fact for loose [[subjectivism]]. To Findlay, the work was also one of the peaks of philosophy generally, suggesting superior alternatives both for overly minimalistic or [[Naturalism (philosophy)|naturalistic]] efforts in [[ontology]] and for Ordinary Language treatments of [[consciousness]] and thought.<ref>{{citation
| last = Findlay
| first = J. N.
| authorlink = John Niemeyer Findlay
| chapter = Translator's Introduction (Abridged)
| editor-last = Moran
| editor-first = Dermot
| title = Logical Investigations
| volume = I
| place = New Haven, Connecticut
| publication-place = New York
| date = 1970
| publication-date = 2001
| publisher = Routledge
| isbn = 0-415-24189-8}}</ref><ref>{{citation
| last1 = Ryle
| first1 = Gilbert
| authorlink1 = Gilbert Ryle
| last2 = Findlay
| first2 = J. N.
| authorlink2 = John Niemeyer Findlay
| year = 1961
| title = Symposium: Use, Usage and Meaning
| periodical = Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volumes
| volume = 35
| page = 240
| url = http://www.sfu.ca/~jeffpell/Phil467/RyleUseUsage61.pdf
| accessdate = 2008-06-14
}}</ref> Findlay also wrote addenda to translations of [[Hegel]]'s ''Logic'' and ''[[The Phenomenology of Spirit|Phenomenology of Spirit]]''.

==Ludwig Wittgenstein==
Findlay was first a follower, and then an outspoken critic, of [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]]. He denounced his three theories of meaning, arguing against the idea of Use, prominent in Wittgenstein's later period and in his followers, that it is insufficient for an analysis of meaning without such notions as connotation and denotation, implication, syntax and most originally, pre-existent meanings, in the mind or the external world, that determine linguistic ones, such as Husserl has evoked. Findlay credits Wittgenstein with great formal, aesthetic and literary appeal, and diverting a well-deserved attention to [[Semantics]] and its difficulties.<ref>{{citation
| last1 = Ryle
| first1 = Gilbert
| authorlink1 = Gilbert Ryle
| last2 = Findlay
| first2 = J. N.
| authorlink2 = John Niemeyer Findlay
| year = 1961
| title = Symposium: Use, Usage and Meaning
| periodical = Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volumes
| volume = 35
| pages = 231–242
| url = http://www.sfu.ca/~jeffpell/Phil467/RyleUseUsage61.pdf
| accessdate = 2008-06-14
}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Works==
===Books===
*''Meinong's Theory of Objects'', Oxford University Press, 1933; 2nd ed. as ''Meinong's Theory of Objects and Values'', 1963
*''Hegel: A Re-examination'', London: Allen & Unwin/New York: Macmillan, 1958
*''Values and Intentions'', London: Allen & Unwin, 1961
*''Language, Mind and Value'', London: Allen & Unwin/New York: Humanities Press, 1963
*''The Discipline of the Cave'', London: Allen & Unwin/New York: Humanities Press, 1966 ([[Gifford Lectures]] 1964–1965 [http://www.giffordlectures.org/Browse.asp?PubID=TPDCAV&Volume=0&Issue=0&TOC=True])
*''The Transcendence of the Cave'', London: Allen & Unwin/New York: Humanities Press, 1967 ([[Gifford Lectures]] 1965–1966 [http://www.giffordlectures.org/Browse.asp?PubID=TPTCAV&Volume=0&Issue=0&TOC=True])
*''Axiological Ethics'', London: Macmillan, 1970
*''Ascent to the Absolute'', London: Allen & Unwin/New York: Humanities Press, 1970
*''Psyche and Cerebrum'', Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1972
*''Plato: The Written and Unwritten Doctrines'', London: Routledge and Kegan Paul/New York: Humanities Press, 1974
*''Plato and Platonism'', New York: New York Times Book Co., 1976
*''Kant and the Transcendental Object'', Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981
*''Wittgenstein: A Critique'', London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1984

===Articles===
*"Time: A Treatment of Some Puzzles", ''[[Australasian Journal of Philosophy|Australasian Journal of Psychology and Philosophy]]'', Vol. 19, Issue 13 (December 1941): 216-235.
*"Morality by Conventions", ''[[Mind (journal)|Mind]]'', Vol. 33, No. 210 (1944): 142-169
*"Can God's Existence Be Disproved?", ''[[Mind (journal)|Mind]]'', Vol. 37, No. 226 (1948): 176-183; reprinted with discussion in [[Antony Flew|Flew, A.]] and [[Alasdair MacIntyre|MacIntyre, A. C.]], (eds.), ''New Essays in Philosophical Theology'', New York: Macmillan, 1955 [http://www.ditext.com/findlay/god.html]
*"Linguistic Approach to Psychophysics", ''[[Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society]]'', 1949-1950
*"The Justification of Attitudes", ''[[Mind (journal)|Mind]]'', Vol. 43, No. 250 (1954): 145-161
*"Use, Usage and Meaning", ''[[Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society]]'', Supplementary Volumes, Vol. 35. (1961), pp. 223-242 [http://www.sfu.ca/~jeffpell/Phil467/RyleUseUsage61.pdf]
*"Foreword", in ''Hegel's Logic, Being Part One of The Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences (1830)'', Clarendon Press, 1975. ISBN 978-0-19-824512-4 [http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/help/foreword.htm]
*"Analysis of the Text", in ''Phenomenology of Spirit'', Oxford University Press, 1977: 495-592. ISBN 978-0-19-824597-1 [http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/help/findlay.htm]
*"The Myths of Plato", ''[[Dionysius (journal)|Dionysius]]'', Volume II (1978): 19-34

==Bibliography==
*Robert S. Cohen, Richard M. Martin, and Merold Westphal (eds.), ''Studies in the Philosophy of J.N. Findlay'', Albany NY: State University of New York Press, 1985 (Includes autobiographical note by Findlay and his account of encounters with Wittgenstein). ISBN 978-0-87395-795-3
*Michele Marchetto, ''L'etica impersonale: La teoria dei valori di John Niemeyer Findlay'', Edizioni scientifiche italiane, 1989. ISBN 978-88-7104-138-4; Eng. tr. 1989, ''Impersonal Ethics: John Niemeyer Findlay's Value-theory'', Avebury, 1996. ISBN 978-1-85972-272-5
*Bockja Kim, ''Morality as the End of Philosophy: The Teleological Dialectic of the Good in J.N. Findlay's Philosophy of Religion'', University Press of America, 1999. ISBN 978-0-7618-1490-0

==External links==
*[http://www.jnfindlay.com/ John Niemeyer Findlay] by Dr. Sanford L. Drob
*[http://www.otago.ac.nz/philosophy/history.html Philosophical History: The Otago Department]
*[http://www.giffordlectures.org/Author.asp?AuthorID=63 Gifford Lecture Series - Biography - John Niemeyer Findlay]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Findlay, John Niemeyer}}
{{Persondata
|NAME = Findlay, John Niemeyer
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Findlay, J.N.; Findlay, JN; Findlay, J N; Findlay, J. N.
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = South African Philosopher
|DATE OF BIRTH = November 25, 1903
|PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Pretoria]], [[South Africa]]
|DATE OF DEATH = September 27, 1987
|PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
[[Category:1903 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century philosophers]]

[[Category:Phenomenology]]
[[Category:University of Pretoria faculty]]
[[Category:University of Pretoria alumni]]
[[Category:Academics of King's College London]]
[[Category:University of Otago faculty]]
[[Category:Rhodes University academics]]
[[Category:Academics of Newcastle University]]
[[Category:Yale University faculty]]
[[Category:Boston University faculty]]
[[Category:University of Texas at Austin faculty]]
[[Category:South African Rhodes scholars]]
[[Category:South African vegetarians]]
[[Category:Western mystics]]
[[Category:South African people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:Gifford Lecturers]]

John Niemeyer Findlay

2011-08-07T07:40:43Z

Tillander:

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'''John Niemeyer Findlay''', known as '''J. N. Findlay''', ([[Pretoria]], 25 November 1903–27 September 1987) was a South African [[philosopher]].

==Education and Career==
Findlay studied classics and philosophy, first at the [[University of Pretoria]], after receiving a [[Rhodes scholarship]] to [[Balliol College, Oxford]] for the years 1924-1926, and completed his doctorate in 1933 at [[University of Graz|Graz]], where he studied under [[Ernst Mally]]. He was professor of [[philosophy]] at the [[University of Pretoria]], the [[University of Otago]] in New Zealand, [[Rhodes University|Rhodes University College]], Grahamstown, the [[University of KwaZulu-Natal|University of Natal]], Pietermartizburg, [[Newcastle University|King’s College, Newcastle upon Tyne]], and [[King's College London]]. Following retirement from his chair at London (1966) and a year at the [[University of Texas at Austin]], Findlay continued to teach full-time for more than twenty years, first as Clark Professor of Metaphysics and Moral Philosophy at [[Yale University]] (1967-1972), then as University Professor and Borden Parker Bowne Professor of Philosophy (succeeding [[Peter Bertocci]] in 1975) at [[Boston University]] (1972-1987).<ref>{{cite web
|last = Howard
|first = Alana
|title = Biography
|work = Gifford Lecture Series
|url = http://www.giffordlectures.org/Author.asp?AuthorID=63
|accessdate = 2008-07-10}}</ref><ref>{{citation
|periodical = Owl of Minerva
|title = In Memoriam: John Niemeyer Findlay
|first = Errol
|last = Harris
|author-link = Errol Harris
|volume = 19
|issue = 2
|date = Spring 1988
|pages = 252–253}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.bu.edu/philo/awards/index.html#findlay
|accessdate = 2008-07-10
|title = Awards • Department of Philosophy at Boston University}}</ref>
He was president of the [[Aristotelian Society]] from 1955 to 1956 and president of the [[Metaphysical Society of America]] from 1974 to 1975, as well as a Fellow of both the [[British Academy]] and the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]. He was also an Editorial Advisor of the journal [[Dionysius (journal)|Dionysius]]. A chair for visiting professors at Boston University carries his name, as does a biennial award given for the best book in metaphysics, as judged by the [[Metaphysical Society of America]].

==Rational Mysticism==
At a time when [[scientific materialism]], [[positivism]], [[linguistic analysis]], and [[ordinary language philosophy]] were the core academic ideas, Findlay championed [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenology]], revived [[Hegelianism]], and wrote works that were inspired by [[Buddhism]], [[Plotinus]], and [[Idealism]]. In his books published in the 1960s, including two series of [[Gifford Lectures]], Findlay developed Rational Mysticism. According to this [[mysticism|mystical]] system, "the philosophical perplexities, e.g., concerning universals and particulars, mind and body, knowledge and its objects, the knowledge of other minds,"<ref>{{citation
| last = Findlay
| first = J. N.
| authorlink = John Niemeyer Findlay
| chapter = Preface
| chapter-url = http://www.giffordlectures.org/Browse.asp?PubID=TPTCAV&Volume=0&Issue=0&ArticleID=1
| title = The Transcendence of the Cave
| place = London
| publication-place = New York
| date = 1966
| publication-date = 1967
| publisher = Humanities Press}}</ref> as well as those of free will and determinism, causality and teleology, morality and justice, and the existence of temporal objects, are human experiences of deep [[antinomy|antinomies]] and absurdities about the world. Findlay's conclusion is that these necessitate the postulation of higher spheres, or "latitudes", where objects' individuality, categorical distinctiveness and material constraints are diminishing, lesser in each latitude than in the one below it. On the highest spheres, existence is evaluative and meaningful more than anything else, and Findlay identifies it with the idea of The [[Absolute (philosophy)|Absolute]].<ref>{{citation
| last = Drob
| first = Sanford L
| title = Findlay's Rational Mysticism: An Introduction
| url = http://www.jnfindlay.com/findlay/about/index.html}}</ref> In 2011 Findlay's major work on Plato along with both volumes of his "cave lectures" returned into print courtesy of the Routledge Revivals series [http://routledge-ny.com/books/search/author/john_niemeyer_findlay/].

==Husserl==
Findlay translated into English [[Husserl]]'s ''[[Logische Untersuchungen]]'' (''Logical Investigations''), which he regarded as the author's best work, representing a developmental stage when the idea of [[Bracketing (phenomenology)|phenomenological bracketing]] was not yet taken as the basis of a philosophical system, covering in fact for loose [[subjectivism]]. To Findlay, the work was also one of the peaks of philosophy generally, suggesting superior alternatives both for overly minimalistic or [[Naturalism (philosophy)|naturalistic]] efforts in [[ontology]] and for Ordinary Language treatments of [[consciousness]] and thought.<ref>{{citation
| last = Findlay
| first = J. N.
| authorlink = John Niemeyer Findlay
| chapter = Translator's Introduction (Abridged)
| editor-last = Moran
| editor-first = Dermot
| title = Logical Investigations
| volume = I
| place = New Haven, Connecticut
| publication-place = New York
| date = 1970
| publication-date = 2001
| publisher = Routledge
| isbn = 0-415-24189-8}}</ref><ref>{{citation
| last1 = Ryle
| first1 = Gilbert
| authorlink1 = Gilbert Ryle
| last2 = Findlay
| first2 = J. N.
| authorlink2 = John Niemeyer Findlay
| year = 1961
| title = Symposium: Use, Usage and Meaning
| periodical = Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volumes
| volume = 35
| page = 240
| url = http://www.sfu.ca/~jeffpell/Phil467/RyleUseUsage61.pdf
| accessdate = 2008-06-14
}}</ref> Findlay also wrote addenda to translations of [[Hegel]]'s ''Logic'' and ''[[The Phenomenology of Spirit|Phenomenology of Spirit]]''.

==Ludwig Wittgenstein==
Findlay was first a follower, and then an outspoken critic, of [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]]. He denounced his three theories of meaning, arguing against the idea of Use, prominent in Wittgenstein's later period and in his followers, that it is insufficient for an analysis of meaning without such notions as connotation and denotation, implication, syntax and most originally, pre-existent meanings, in the mind or the external world, that determine linguistic ones, such as Husserl has evoked. Findlay credits Wittgenstein with great formal, aesthetic and literary appeal, and diverting a well-deserved attention to [[Semantics]] and its difficulties.<ref>{{citation
| last1 = Ryle
| first1 = Gilbert
| authorlink1 = Gilbert Ryle
| last2 = Findlay
| first2 = J. N.
| authorlink2 = John Niemeyer Findlay
| year = 1961
| title = Symposium: Use, Usage and Meaning
| periodical = Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volumes
| volume = 35
| pages = 231–242
| url = http://www.sfu.ca/~jeffpell/Phil467/RyleUseUsage61.pdf
| accessdate = 2008-06-14
}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Works==
===Books===
*''Meinong's Theory of Objects'', Oxford University Press, 1933; 2nd ed. as ''Meinong's Theory of Objects and Values'', 1963
*''Hegel: A Re-examination'', London: Allen & Unwin/New York: Macmillan, 1958
*''Values and Intentions'', London: Allen & Unwin, 1961
*''Language, Mind and Value'', London: Allen & Unwin/New York: Humanities Press, 1963
*''The Discipline of the Cave'', London: Allen & Unwin/New York: Humanities Press, 1966 ([[Gifford Lectures]] 1964–1965 [http://www.giffordlectures.org/Browse.asp?PubID=TPDCAV&Volume=0&Issue=0&TOC=True])
*''The Transcendence of the Cave'', London: Allen & Unwin/New York: Humanities Press, 1967 ([[Gifford Lectures]] 1965–1966 [http://www.giffordlectures.org/Browse.asp?PubID=TPTCAV&Volume=0&Issue=0&TOC=True])
*''Axiological Ethics'', London: Macmillan, 1970
*''Ascent to the Absolute'', London: Allen & Unwin/New York: Humanities Press, 1970
*''Psyche and Cerebrum'', Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1972
*''Plato: The Written and Unwritten Doctrines'', London: Routledge and Kegan Paul/New York: Humanities Press, 1974
*''Plato and Platonism'', New York: New York Times Book Co., 1976
*''Kant and the Transcendental Object'', Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981
*''Wittgenstein: A Critique'', London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1984

===Articles===
*"Time: A Treatment of Some Puzzles", [[Australasian Journal of Philosophy|Australasian Journal of Psychology and Philosophy]], Vol. 19, Issue 13 (December 1941): 216-235.
*"Morality by Conventions", ''[[Mind (journal)|Mind]]'', Vol. 33, No. 210 (1944): 142-169
*"Can God's Existence Be Disproved?", ''[[Mind (journal)|Mind]]'', Vol. 37, No. 226 (1948): 176-183; reprinted with discussion in [[Antony Flew|Flew, A.]] and [[Alasdair MacIntyre|MacIntyre, A. C.]], (eds.), ''New Essays in Philosophical Theology'', New York: Macmillan, 1955 [http://www.ditext.com/findlay/god.html]
*"Linguistic Approach to Psychophysics", ''[[Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society]]'', 1949-1950
*"The Justification of Attitudes", ''[[Mind (journal)|Mind]]'', Vol. 43, No. 250 (1954): 145-161
*"Use, Usage and Meaning", ''[[Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society]]'', Supplementary Volumes, Vol. 35. (1961), pp. 223-242 [http://www.sfu.ca/~jeffpell/Phil467/RyleUseUsage61.pdf]
*"Foreword", in ''Hegel's Logic, Being Part One of The Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences (1830)'', Clarendon Press, 1975. ISBN 978-0-19-824512-4 [http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/help/foreword.htm]
*"Analysis of the Text", in ''Phenomenology of Spirit'', Oxford University Press, 1977: 495-592. ISBN 978-0-19-824597-1 [http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/help/findlay.htm]
*"The Myths of Plato", ''[[Dionysius (journal)|Dionysius]]'', Volume II (1978): 19-34

==Bibliography==
*Robert S. Cohen, Richard M. Martin, and Merold Westphal (eds.), ''Studies in the Philosophy of J.N. Findlay'', Albany NY: State University of New York Press, 1985 (Includes autobiographical note by Findlay and his account of encounters with Wittgenstein). ISBN 978-0-87395-795-3
*Michele Marchetto, ''L'etica impersonale: La teoria dei valori di John Niemeyer Findlay'', Edizioni scientifiche italiane, 1989. ISBN 978-88-7104-138-4; Eng. tr. 1989, ''Impersonal Ethics: John Niemeyer Findlay's Value-theory'', Avebury, 1996. ISBN 978-1-85972-272-5
*Bockja Kim, ''Morality as the End of Philosophy: The Teleological Dialectic of the Good in J.N. Findlay's Philosophy of Religion'', University Press of America, 1999. ISBN 978-0-7618-1490-0

==External links==
*[http://www.jnfindlay.com/ John Niemeyer Findlay] by Dr. Sanford L. Drob
*[http://www.otago.ac.nz/philosophy/history.html Philosophical History: The Otago Department]
*[http://www.giffordlectures.org/Author.asp?AuthorID=63 Gifford Lecture Series - Biography - John Niemeyer Findlay]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Findlay, John Niemeyer}}
{{Persondata
|NAME = Findlay, John Niemeyer
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Findlay, J.N.; Findlay, JN; Findlay, J N; Findlay, J. N.
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = South African Philosopher
|DATE OF BIRTH = November 25, 1903
|PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Pretoria]], [[South Africa]]
|DATE OF DEATH = September 27, 1987
|PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
[[Category:1903 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century philosophers]]

[[Category:Phenomenology]]
[[Category:University of Pretoria faculty]]
[[Category:University of Pretoria alumni]]
[[Category:Academics of King's College London]]
[[Category:University of Otago faculty]]
[[Category:Rhodes University academics]]
[[Category:Academics of Newcastle University]]
[[Category:Yale University faculty]]
[[Category:Boston University faculty]]
[[Category:University of Texas at Austin faculty]]
[[Category:South African Rhodes scholars]]
[[Category:South African vegetarians]]
[[Category:Western mystics]]
[[Category:South African people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:Gifford Lecturers]]

Nick Hanauer

2011-03-02T03:00:17Z

Tillander:

{{Infobox Writer 
|image = Replace this image male.svg 
|imagesize = 150px |
| name = Nick Hanauer
| caption =
| birthname =
| birthdate = 1959
| birthplace = New York, NY
| deathdate =
| deathplace =
| occupation = author, entrepreneur, venture capitalist
| nationality = USA
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = ''The True Patriot''
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives = [[Adrian Hanauer]]
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards =
| signature =
| website = [http://www.truepat.org www.truepat.org] - [http://www.dpcare.org www.dpcare.org] - [http://www.secondave.com www.secondave.com]
}}
'''Nick Hanauer''' is an [[United States|American]] entrepreneur [http://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/stories/2008/03/10/focus1.html?jst=s_cn_hl] and venture capitalist living in [[Seattle, Washington]].

== Business career ==
After earning his Philosophy degree from the [[University of Washington]], Hanauer got his business start at the family-owned Pacific Coast Feather Company, where he continues to serve as Co-chair and CEO.[http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Pacific-Coast-Feather-Company-Company-History.html] In the 1980s he co-founded Museum Quality Framing Company, which has become a large West-Coast franchise. [http://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/stories/1999/11/22/story6.html]

In the 1990s, Hanauer was one of the first investors in Amazon.com (where he served as adviser to the board until 2000). He founded gear.com (which eventually merged with Overstock.com) and Avenue A Media (which in 2007, under the new name aQuantive, was acquired by Microsoft for $6.4 billion). [http://money.cnn.com/2007/05/18/technology/microsoft_aquantive/]

In 2000, Hanauer co-formed the Seattle-based venture capital company, Second Avenue Partners. The company advises and funds early stage companies such as HouseValues [http://blog.seattlepi.com/venture/archives/108283.asp], Qliance,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xconomy.com/seattle/2009/07/07/qliance-raises-4m-to-expand-new-primary-care-model-circumvent-health-insurers/|title=Qliance Raises $4M To Expand New Primary Care Model, Circumvent Health Insurers|last=Timmerman|first=Luke|date=7 July 2009|publisher=Xconomy|accessdate=1 November 2010}}</ref> and Newsvine [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21138371/].

== Civic activism ==

Hanauer is co-founder of [[The True Patriot Network]], a political action tank framed upon the ideas he and [[Eric Liu]] presented in their 2007 book, ''[[The True Patriot]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/books/2004293485_patriot20.html|title=Books | Authors plunge into meaning of "True Patriot"|last=Rahner|first=Mark|date=20 March 2008|publisher=Seattle Times Newspaper|accessdate=1 November 2010}}</ref>

Hanauer is active in the [[Seattle]] community and [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]]’s public education system. He co-founded the League of Education Voters [http://www.educationvoters.org](LEV), a non-partisan political organization dedicated to improving the quality of public education in [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]]. He also serves on the boards of Cascade Land Conservancy, The University of Washington Foundation, The University of Arizona's Mount Lemmon Science Center and the Biosphere2 climate research project.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External Links ==
*[http://www.nick-hanauer.com/ Official website]

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Hanauer, Nick
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1959
| PLACE OF BIRTH =New York, NY
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hanauer, Nick}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Seattle, Washington]]
[[Category:1959 births]]

John Niemeyer Findlay

2010-11-14T06:17:01Z

Tillander:

__NOTOC__
'''John Niemeyer Findlay''', known as '''J. N. Findlay''', ([[Pretoria]], 25 November 1903–27 September 1987) was a South African [[philosopher]].
==Education==
Findlay was educated in Pretoria, received a [[Rhodes scholarship]] to [[Balliol College, Oxford]] for the years 1924-1926, and completed his doctorate in 1933 [[University of Graz|Graz]], where he studied under [[Ernst Mally]]. He was professor of [[philosophy]] at the [[University of Pretoria|Transvaal University College in Pretoria]], the [[University of Otago]] in New Zealand, [[Rhodes University|Rhodes University College]], Grahamstown, the [[University of KwaZulu-Natal|University of Natal]], Pietermartizburg, [[Newcastle University|King’s College, Newcastle upon Tyne]], [[King's College London]], the [[University of Texas at Austin]], [[Yale University]], and [[Boston University]].<ref>{{cite web
|last = Howard
|first = Alana
|title = Biography
|work = Gifford Lecture Series
|url = http://www.giffordlectures.org/Author.asp?AuthorID=63
|accessdate = 2008-07-10}}</ref><ref>{{citation
|periodical = Owl of Minerva
|title = In Memoriam: John Niemeyer Findlay
|first = Errol
|last = Harris
|author-link = Errol Harris
|volume = 19
|issue = 2
|date = Spring 1988
|pages = 252–253}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.bu.edu/philo/awards/index.html#findlay
|accessdate = 2008-07-10
|title = Awards • Department of Philosophy at Boston University}}</ref>
He was president of the [[Aristotelian Society]] from 1955 to 1956. He was also an Editorial Advisor of the journal [[Dionysius (journal)|Dionysius]]. A chair for visiting professors at Boston University carries his name, as well as a biennial award given for the best book in metaphysics, as judged by The Metaphysical Society of America.
==Rational Mysticism==
At a time when [[scientific materialism]], [[positivism]], [[linguistic analysis]], and [[ordinary language philosophy]] were the core academic ideas, Findlay championed [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenology]], revived [[Hegelianism]], and wrote works that were inspired by [[Buddhism]], [[Plotinus]], and [[Idealism]]. In his books published in the 1960s, including two series of [[Gifford Lectures]], Findlay developed Rational Mysticism. According to this [[mysticism|mystical]] system, "the philosophical perplexities, e.g., concerning universals and particulars, mind and body, knowledge and its objects, the knowledge of other minds,"<ref>{{citation
| last = Findlay
| first = J. N.
| authorlink = John Niemeyer Findlay
| chapter = Preface
| chapter-url = http://www.giffordlectures.org/Browse.asp?PubID=TPTCAV&Volume=0&Issue=0&ArticleID=1
| title = The Transcendence of the Cave
| place = London
| publication-place = New York
| date = 1966
| publication-date = 1967
| publisher = Humanities Press}}</ref> as well as those of free will and determinism, causality and teleology, morality and justice, and the existence of temporal objects, are human experiences of deep [[antinomy|antinomies]] and absurdities about the world. Findlay's conclusion is that these necessitate the postulation of higher spheres, or "latitudes", where objects' individuality, categorical distinctiveness and material constraints are diminishing, lesser in each latitude than in the one below it. On the highest spheres, existence is evaluative and meaningful more than anything else, and Findlay identifies it with the idea of The [[Absolute (philosophy)|Absolute]].<ref>{{citation
| last = Drob
| first = Sanford L
| title = Findlay's Rational Mysticism: An Introduction
| url = http://www.jnfindlay.com/findlay/about/index.html}}</ref>
==Husserl==
Findlay translated into English [[Husserl]]'s ''[[Logische Untersuchungen]]'' (''Logical Investigations''), which he regarded as the author's best work, representing a developmental stage when the idea of [[Bracketing (phenomenology)|phenomenological bracketing]] was not yet taken as the basis of a philosophical system, covering in fact for loose [[subjectivism]]. To Findlay, the work was also one of the peaks of philosophy generally, suggesting superior alternatives both for overly minimalistic or [[Naturalism (philosophy)|naturalistic]] efforts in [[ontology]] and for Ordinary Language treatments of [[consciousness]] and thought.<ref>{{citation
| last = Findlay
| first = J. N.
| authorlink = John Niemeyer Findlay
| chapter = Translator's Introduction (Abridged)
| editor-last = Moran
| editor-first = Dermot
| title = Logical Investigations
| volume = I
| place = New Haven, Connecticut
| publication-place = New York
| date = 1970
| publication-date = 2001
| publisher = Routledge
| isbn = 0-415-24189-8}}</ref><ref>{{citation
| last1 = Ryle
| first1 = Gilbert
| authorlink1 = Gilbert Ryle
| last2 = Findlay
| first2 = J. N.
| authorlink2 = John Niemeyer Findlay
| year = 1961
| title = Symposium: Use, Usage and Meaning
| periodical = Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volumes
| volume = 35
| page = 240
| url = http://www.sfu.ca/~jeffpell/Phil467/RyleUseUsage61.pdf
| accessdate = 2008-06-14
}}</ref> Findlay also wrote addenda to translations of [[Hegel]]'s ''Logic'' and ''[[The Phenomenology of Spirit|Phenomenology of Spirit]]''.

==Ludwig Wittgenstein==
Findlay was first a follower, and then an outspoken critic, of [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]]. He denounced his three theories of meaning, arguing against the idea of Use, prominent in Wittgenstein's later period and in his followers, that it is insufficient for an analysis of meaning without such notions as connotation and denotation, implication, syntax and most originally, pre-existent meanings, in the mind or the external world, that determine linguistic ones, such as Husserl has evoked. Findlay credits Wittgenstein with great formal, aesthetic and literary appeal, and diverting a well deserved attention to [[Semantics]] and its difficulties.<ref>{{citation
| last1 = Ryle
| first1 = Gilbert
| authorlink1 = Gilbert Ryle
| last2 = Findlay
| first2 = J. N.
| authorlink2 = John Niemeyer Findlay
| year = 1961
| title = Symposium: Use, Usage and Meaning
| periodical = Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volumes
| volume = 35
| pages = 231–242
| url = http://www.sfu.ca/~jeffpell/Phil467/RyleUseUsage61.pdf
| accessdate = 2008-06-14
}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Works==
===Books===
*''Meinong's Theory of Objects'', Oxford University Press, 1933; 2nd ed. as ''Meinong's Theory of Objects and Values'', 1963
*''Hegel: A Re-examination'', London: Allen & Unwin/New York: Macmillan, 1958
*''Values and Intentions'', London: Allen & Unwin, 1961
*''Language, Mind and Value'', London: Allen & Unwin/New York: Humanities Press, 1963
*''The Discipline of the Cave'', London: Allen & Unwin/New York: Humanities Press, 1966 ([[Gifford Lectures]] 1964–1965 [http://www.giffordlectures.org/Browse.asp?PubID=TPDCAV&Volume=0&Issue=0&TOC=True])
*''The Transcendence of the Cave'', London: Allen & Unwin/New York: Humanities Press, 1967 ([[Gifford Lectures]] 1965–1966 [http://www.giffordlectures.org/Browse.asp?PubID=TPTCAV&Volume=0&Issue=0&TOC=True])
*''Axiological Ethics'', London: Macmillan, 1970
*''Ascent to the Absolute'', London: Allen & Unwin/New York: Humanities Press, 1970
*''Psyche and Cerebrum'', Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1972
*''Plato: The Written and Unwritten Doctrines'', London: Routledge and Kegan Paul/New York: Humanities Press, 1974
*''Plato and Platonism'', New York: New York Times Book Co., 1976
*''Kant and the Transcendental Object'', Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981
*''Wittgenstein: A Critique'', London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1984

===Articles===
*"Time: A Treatment of Some Puzzles", [[Australasian Journal of Philosophy|Australasian Journal of Psychology and Philosophy]], Vol. 19, Issue 13 (December 1941): 216-235.
*"Morality by Conventions", ''[[Mind (journal)|Mind]]'', Vol. 33, No. 210 (1944): 142-169
*"Can God's Existence Be Disproved?", ''[[Mind (journal)|Mind]]'', Vol. 37, No. 226 (1948): 176-183; reprinted with discussion in [[Antony Flew|Flew, A.]] and [[Alasdair MacIntyre|MacIntyre, A. C.]], (eds.), ''New Essays in Philosophical Theology'', New York: Macmillan, 1955 [http://www.ditext.com/findlay/god.html]
*"Linguistic Approach to Psychophysics", ''[[Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society]]'', 1949-1950
*"The Justification of Attitudes", ''[[Mind (journal)|Mind]]'', Vol. 43, No. 250 (1954): 145-161
*"Use, Usage and Meaning", ''[[Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society]]'', Supplementary Volumes, Vol. 35. (1961), pp. 223-242 [http://www.sfu.ca/~jeffpell/Phil467/RyleUseUsage61.pdf]
*"Foreword", in ''Hegel's Logic, Being Part One of The Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences (1830)'', Clarendon Press, 1975. ISBN 978-0-19-824512-4 [http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/help/foreword.htm]
*"Analysis of the Text", in ''Phenomenology of Spirit'', Oxford University Press, 1977: 495-592. ISBN 978-0-19-824597-1 [http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/help/findlay.htm]

==Bibliography==
*Robert S. Cohen, Richard M. Martin, and Merold Westphal (eds.), ''Studies in the Philosophy of J.N. Findlay'', Albany NY: State University of New York Press, 1985 (Includes autobiographical note by Findlay and his account of encounters with Wittgenstein). ISBN 978-0-87395-795-3
*Michele Marchetto, ''L'etica impersonale: La teoria dei valori di John Niemeyer Findlay'', Edizioni scientifiche italiane, 1989. ISBN 978-88-7104-138-4; Eng. tr. 1989, ''Impersonal Ethics: John Niemeyer Findlay's Value-theory'', Avebury, 1996. ISBN 978-1-85972-272-5
*Bockja Kim, ''Morality as the End of Philosophy: The Teleological Dialectic of the Good in J.N. Findlay's Philosophy of Religion'', University Press of America, 1999. ISBN 978-0-7618-1490-0

==External links==
*[http://www.jnfindlay.com/ John Niemeyer Findlay] by Dr. Sanford L. Drob
*[http://www.otago.ac.nz/philosophy/history.html Philosophical History: The Otago Department]
*[http://www.giffordlectures.org/Author.asp?AuthorID=63 Gifford Lecture Series - Biography - John Niemeyer Findlay]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Findlay, John Niemeyer}}
{{Persondata
|NAME = Findlay, John Niemeyer
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Findlay, J.N.; Findlay, JN; Findlay, J N; Findlay, J. N.
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = South African Philosopher
|DATE OF BIRTH = November 25, 1903
|PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Pretoria]], [[South Africa]]
|DATE OF DEATH = September 27, 1987
|PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
[[Category:1903 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century philosophers]]

[[Category:Phenomenology]]
[[Category:Academics of King's College London]]
[[Category:University of Otago faculty]]
[[Category:Rhodes University academics]]
[[Category:Academics of Newcastle University]]
[[Category:Yale University faculty]]
[[Category:Boston University faculty]]
[[Category:University of Texas at Austin faculty]]
[[Category:South African Rhodes scholars]]
[[Category:South African vegetarians]]
[[Category:Western mystics]]
[[Category:University of Pretoria faculty]]