Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Goldbrillenvogel

2012-12-05T18:30:16Z

Tiggerjay: Reverted edits by 208.39.168.238 (talk) to last revision by ClueBot NG (HG)

{{Taxobox
| name = Golden White-eye
| image = Golden White-Eye palm.jpg
| image_alt = Small yellow bird with brownish wings and orange-pink bill and legs perching on a palm tree frond
| status = CR
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN2012>{{IUCN|id=106007515 |title=''Cleptornis marchei'' | assessors=[[BirdLife International]] |version=2012.1 |year=2012 |accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref>
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Bird|Aves]]
| ordo = [[Passerine|Passeriformes]]
| familia = [[White-eye|Zosteropidae]]<ref name ="Slikas" />
| genus = '''''Cleptornis'''''
| genus_authority = [[Émile Oustalet|Oustalet]], 1889
| species = '''''C. marchei'''''
| binomial = ''Cleptornis marchei''
| binomial_authority = ([[Émile Oustalet|Oustalet]], 1889)<ref name ="HBW"/><ref>{{fr icon}} Oustalet, E. (1889). Note sur la faune ornithologique des Res Mariannes. ''Le Naturaliste'' '''3'''(64): 260.</ref>
| synonyms = ''Ptilotis marchei''
}}
The '''Golden White-eye''' (''Cleptornis marchei'') is a species of [[bird]] in the white-eye family [[white-eye|Zosteropidae]]. It is the [[monotypic taxon|only species]] within the genus '''''Cleptornis'''''. The Golden White-eye was once considered to be a [[honeyeater]] in the family Meliphagidae and although it is now known to be a white-eye, its position within that family is still uncertain. The species is restricted to the islands of [[Saipan]] and [[Aguijan]] in the [[Northern Mariana Islands]], where it is [[sympatric]] (shares its range) and competes with the related [[Bridled White-eye]]. The Golden White-eye has golden [[plumage]] and a pale eye-ring. It feeds on insects, fruit, and nectar and forages in pairs or small family groups. The bird is monogamous and lays two eggs in a small cup nest.

Fossil evidence shows the Golden White-eye once also occurred on [[Tinian]] and [[Rota (island)|Rota]] but was [[local extinction|extirpated]] in those locations through the impact of human activities{{fact|date=December 2012}}. Despite its current abundance on Saipan and Aguijan, and the fact that it has among the highest recorded densities for any bird, it is nevertheless considered to be [[critically endangered]]. It is threatened by the [[invasive species|invasive]] [[Brown Tree Snake]], which has recently become [[introduced species|established]] on Saipan, and this predator is expected to cause a rapid decline in the population if not controlled. Efforts are under way to control the snakes and [[captive breeding|breed]] the white-eye in [[zoo]]s.

== Taxonomy ==
The species was once called the '''Golden Honeyeater''' as it was considered to be a [[honeyeater]] (Meliphagidae). It was placed within the genus ''Ptilotis'' by French naturalist [[Émile Oustalet]] when he described the species in 1889 (that genus is now considered defunct and is no longer used).<ref name="Yearbook09">{{cite book| title =Rare Birds Yearbook 2009| publisher =MagDig Media Limited| year =2008| location =England| pages =194–95| isbn =0-9552607-5-9 {{Please check ISBN|reason=Check digit (9) does not correspond to calculated figure.}} }}</ref> It was subsequently moved into the genus ''Cleptornis'', which had been provisionally established by Oustalet in case the species proved to be distinct.<ref name ="HBW"/> Behavioural and morphological characteristics led American ornithologist [[Harold Douglas Pratt, Jr.]], to suggest in 1987 that it was related to the [[white-eye]]s.<ref name = "Pratt">{{cite book | last = Pratt | first = H. Douglas| coauthors = Bruner, Phillip & Berrett, Delwyn | title = The Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific | publisher = [[Princeton University Press]] | year = 1987 | location = Princeton | pages = 286–87 | isbn = 0-691-08402-5 }}</ref> Subsequent studies have supported the idea that this species was a white-eye.<ref name ="Slikas">{{cite journal|title=Phylogenetic relationships of Micronesian white-eyes based on mitochondrial sequence data|journal=Auk|year=2000|first=Beth|last=Slikas|coauthors=Jones, Isaac B.; Derrickson, Scott R. & Robert C. Fleischer|volume=117|issue=2|pages=355–365 | url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3793/is_200004/ai_n8902130/pg_9?tag=artBody;col1|doi=10.1642/0004-8038(2000)117[0355:PROMWE]2.0.CO;2 }}</ref> It is possibly most closely related to the [[Micronesia]]n white-eyes of the genus ''[[Rukia (bird)|Rukia]]'', or the monotypic [[Bonin White-eye]] (''Apalopteron''), another species once placed with the honeyeaters and subsequently moved to the white-eyes.<ref name ="HBW"/> The Golden White-eye has a long 10th [[flight feather|primary]] (one of the flight feathers), unlike other white-eyes where that primary is reduced or absent, which has led to the alternative suggestion that it is [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] (an early offshoot) among the white-eyes.<ref name ="Slikas"/>

Its generic name, ''Cleptornis'', is derived from the [[Ancient Greek]] ''kleptes'', a robber or thief, and ''ornis'', a bird. This does not reference any aspect of the Golden White-eye's behaviour, but the old [[French language|French]] name of the Mariana Islands, ''les Îles des Voleurs'', or Robbers' Islands.<ref>{{cite book | last = Jobling | first = James A. | title = A Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | year = 1991 | location = Oxford | pages = 56 & 140 | isbn = 0-19-854634-3 }}</ref> The [[specific name (zoology)|specific epithet]] ''marchei'' refers to the French explorer and writer [[Antoine-Alfred Marche]], who procured the original specimens.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The avifauna of Micronesia, its origin, evolution and distribution|journal=University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History|year=1951|first=Rollin H. |last=Baker|coauthors=|volume=3|issue=1|page =303|url=http://www.archive.org/details/universityofkans195103univ|format=|accessdate=20 January 2009}}</ref>

== Distribution and habitat ==
[[File:Northern Mariana Islands-CIA WFB Map.png|thumb|alt=Island chain running from north to south. Islands of Saipan and Aguijan to the southern end of the chain|The Golden White-eye is distributed on [[Saipan]] and [[Aguijan]] in the [[Northern Mariana Islands]].]]
The Golden White-eye is [[Endemism|endemic]] to the [[Northern Mariana Islands]] in the western Pacific Ocean, where it currently occurs on the islands of [[Saipan]] and [[Aguijan]]. Within its range, it occupies a variety of [[habitat]]s, both natural and man-made. It is common in native [[forest]]s, particularly [[limestone]] forests, but also occurs in open [[shrubland]] and [[suburb|suburban area]]s. On Saipan, the only habitats it is absent from are the marshes around Lake Susupe and grassy [[savanna]]s.<ref name = "HBW"/>

== Description ==

The Golden White-eye differs from the other white-eyes in having large eyes and an outermost [[flight feather#Primaries|primary wing feather]] that is not reduced (as it is in the other species). It is a large white-eye, 14 cm (5.5 in) long and weighing around 20 [[gram|g]] (0.7 [[ounce|oz]]). The species has bright, unmistakable [[plumage]], with: an orange-yellow head coupled with a pale eye-ring; a yellow-green back, wings, and tail; and golden orange undersides. The bill and legs are also orange. The plumage of both sexes is similar; the males can be told from the females only when examined in the hand, since the males have longer wings than the females. The juveniles have similar plumage, though duller than the adults', with brownish patches on the face and neck and brown-yellow streaks on the breast. Juveniles also have dusky bills and dull legs.<ref name = "HBW">{{Cite book | first = Bas | last = van Balen | editor-last = Josep | editor-first = del Hoyo | editor2-last = Andrew | editor2-first = Elliott | editor3-last = David | editor3-first = Christie | contribution = Family Zosteropidae (White-eyes) | title = [[Handbook of the Birds of the World]]. Volume 13, Penduline-tits to Shrikes | year = 2008 | page = 480 | place = Barcelona | publisher = Lynx Edicions | isbn = 978-84-96553-45-3 }}</ref>

The Golden White-eye makes a variety of [[bird vocalization|calls]]. The song is a long raspy warble, rendered as "séé mé-can you séé mé-I can séé yóú-can you séé mé". The species also makes rasping shorter calls and whistles when in flocks and in flight. Chicks give plaintive whistles when begging for food from adults.<ref name = "HBW"/>

== Behaviour ==
Like other white-eyes, the Golden White-eye is [[Diurnality|diurnal]]. In contrast to the [[Bridled White-eye]], which forages in groups and is not territorial, the Golden White-eye occurs in pairs or small family groups consisting of a breeding pair and fledged young.<ref name = "Craig"/> The Golden White-eye is also [[territory (animal)|territorial]], and pairs will [[bird vocalization|sing]] throughout the day in response to neighbouring pairs. Groups can become aggressive when they encounter one another. The Golden White-eye is also aggressive towards the smaller Bridled White-eye, chasing it away from food and perches and flying through flocks of them in order to disperse them. While it chases other forest [[passerine]]s, it is less aggressive towards them, and in fact the [[Rufous Fantail]] seeks out the Golden White-eye, foraging behind it to snatch insects flushed by the latter species. The Golden White-eye is socially dominant over the Bridled White-eyes and Rufous Fantails, but it is subordinate to the [[Micronesian Myzomela]] and is chased by that species. It is also occasionally chased by the fantails if it approaches their nests too closely.<ref name ="Survey"/>

=== Diet and feeding ===
[[File:Golden white-eye.jpg|thumb||alt=Small yellow bird clings to the side of a bunch of green bananas in a tree| Feeding on bananas]]
The Golden White-eye is a generalist, feeding on fruit, berries, and insects.<ref name = "Craig"/> Nectar forms part of the diet, and, along with the [[Micronesian Myzomela]] and the [[Bridled White-eye]], the Golden White-eye is a pollinator of some trees, albeit not one as important as these other species.<ref>{{cite journal|title=A snake in paradise: Disturbance of plant reproduction following extirpation of bird flower-visitors on Guam |journal=Biological Conservation|year=2008|first=Hanne|last=Mortensen|coauthors=Dupont, Yoko Luise & Jens M. Olesen|volume=141|issue=8|pages=2146–2154 |doi= 10.1016/j.biocon.2008.06.014 |url=|accessdate=}}</ref> Insects may be either [[Gleaning (birds)|gleaned]] from the bark of trees and from leaves, or caught in the air. Certain tree species are preferred as foraging habitat. The common forest tree ''[[Cynometra|Cynometra ramifolia]]'' is the most favoured tree and used more frequently than the equally common ''[[Guamia|Guamia mariannae]]''. There is considerable overlap between this species' foraging range and that of the [[Bridled White-eye]], but the Golden White-eye is more generalised in its diet. Within the forest there is some partitioning of niche, with Bridled White-eyes (and Micronesian Myzomelas) feeding primarily in the [[forest canopy]], and the Golden White-eye feeding in both the canopy and [[understory]] of the forest, as well as a variety of smaller trees and bushes. It shares the understory with the Rufous Fantail, which has a different feeding technique.<ref name = "Craig2001">{{cite journal|doi=10.1676/0043-5643(2001)113[0317:MPASPI]2.0.CO;2|last=Craig|first=Robert J. |coauthors=Beal, Kathleen G. |year=2001|title=Microhabitat partitioning among small passerines in a Pacific island bird community|journal=Wilson Bulletin|volume=113|issue=3|pages=317–326 }}</ref> At a smaller scale additional partitioning occurs. The Golden White-eye shows differences in the preferred microhabitat for obtaining insects, for example, feeding in dead leaves and branches, whereas the Bridled White-eye prefers gleaning insects on live leaves.<ref name = "Craig"/> It is the most generalised of all the extant forest passerines on Saipan. It has been suggested that the versatility in diet and foraging technique is an adaptation to the challenges presented by [[Pacific typhoon|typhoons]], which can dramatically alter the structure of the forest.<ref name = "Craig2001"/>

=== Breeding ===
Breeding occurs throughout the year on Saipan, where the species' nesting behaviour has been studied.<ref name = "breed">{{cite journal|title=Nest sites, clutch size and incubation behavior in the Golden White-Eye|journal=Journal of Field Ornithology|year=1994|first=Colleen|last=Stinson|coauthors=Derek Stinson|volume=65|issue=1|pages=65–69 |url=http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/JFO/v065n01/p0065-p0069.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=20 January 2009}}</ref> The peak breeding period seems to be from March to July.<ref name="Yearbook09 "/> The species is [[monogamy|monogamous]]. The [[Bird nest|nests]] are simple undecorated cups of [[casuarina]] needles, grasses, and vines. These are placed around 2.9 m (between 1.5 and 6.5 m) off the ground in a variety of trees including ''Casuarina'', ''Guamia'', ''Cynometra'', ''[[Leucaena]]'', and ''[[Citrus]]''.<ref name = "breed"/> The nests are [[predation|predated]] by other bird species, specifically [[Micronesian Starling]]s and [[Collared Kingfisher]]s.<ref>{{cite thesis | last = Sachtleben | first = Thalia | year = 2005| title = [http://www.colostate.edu/Dept/coopunit/pdfs/Effects%20of%20Nest%20Predation%20-%20Thalia%20S%201%20.%2053-2967.pdf Predation and nest success of forest birds in native and nonnative habitat on Saipan, Mariana Islands] (PDF)| degree=MSc | pages = 1–95 | publisher = Colorado State University}}</ref> In addition, the [[introduced species|introduced]] [[Lamprolepis smaragdina|green tree skink]] has also been seen predating the nests.<ref name="Yearbook09 "/>

The typical [[clutch (eggs)|clutch size]] is two eggs, 20.3 × 15.1 mm in size, which are pale blueish green with red or brown splotches that are concentrated around the wider end.<ref name = "breed"/> Both sexes share the [[avian incubation|incubation duties]], with each parent incubating for stints of around 25 minutes before being relieved. This species is extremely territorial around the nest, chasing away other birds, including Brindled White-eyes, Rufous Fantails, and other Golden White-eyes.<ref name="Yearbook09 "/> From laying it takes about two weeks for the eggs to hatch. The hatchlings are [[altricial]], in other words naked and helpless. Both parents share the brooding and feeding duties, and take away [[feces|faecal]] sacks to keep the nest clean. The diet of the chicks is almost exclusively composed of insects and caterpillars. Chicks [[fledge]] around 10–14 days after hatching.<ref name = "breed"/> After fledging they may remain with their parents in small groups for some time.<ref name = "Craig">{{cite journal|title=Foraging behavior and microhabitat use of two species of white-eyes (Zosteropidae) on Saipan, Micronesia. |journal=Auk| year=1990|first=Robert|last=Craig|volume=107|issue=3| pages=500–505|url=http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v107n03/p0500-p0505.pdf|format=PDF |accessdate=20 January 2009}}</ref>

== Threats and conservation ==
[[File:GoldenWhiteEye.jpg|thumb|alt= Yellow bird with brown tint on wings and metal ring faces left| Captive breeding is being attempted in some zoos to safeguard the future of this species.]]
The range of the Golden White-eye has contracted considerably since the arrival of humans in the Mariana Islands. [[Fossil]] bones of this species have been found on the nearby islands of [[Tinian]] and [[Rota (island)|Rota]], and it may once have occurred on [[Guam]] and other islands in the Marianas.<ref>{{cite book | last = Steadman | first = David | authorlink = David Steadman | title = Extinction and Biogeography in Tropical Pacific Birds | publisher = University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago | year = 2006 | page = 377 | isbn = 978-0-226-77142-7 }}</ref>

At present the Golden White-eye is very common, and in fact a 1996 study found that their densities on Saipan were among the highest recorded for any bird, up to 2,095 birds/km² (8.47 per acre).<ref name ="Survey">{{cite journal|title=Seasonal population surveys and natural history of a Micronesian bird community |journal= Wilson Bulletin |year=1996|first=Robert |last=Craig| coauthors=|volume=108| issue=2|pages=246–267|format=PDF|url=http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Wilson/v108n02/p0246-p0267.pdf}}</ref> It was believed that Saipan cannot sustain a larger population of this white-eye than it already does.<ref name="Yearbook">{{cite book| title =Rare Birds Yearbook 2008| publisher =MagDig Media Limited| year =2007| location =England| page =218| isbn =978-0-9552607-3-5| author = Hirschfeld, Erik (editor) }}</ref> A 2009 study, which incorporated results from a 2007 survey, found that the species had declined between 1982 and 2007, in common with two other species on Saipan, the Rufous Fantail and the [[Nightingale Reed Warbler]]. All three species are insectivorous and were theorised to have declined due to habitat loss. Nevertheless the species remained relatively abundant, and the current world population is estimated at around 71,997 birds.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Camp|first=Richard J.|coauthors=Pratt, Thane K.; Marshall, Anne P.; Amidon, Fred & Laura L. Williams|year=2009|title=Recent status and trends of the land bird avifauna on Saipan, Mariana Islands, with emphasis on the endangered Nightingale Reed-warbler ''Acrocephalus luscinia''|journal=Bird Conservation International|volume=19|issue=04|pages=323–337 | doi = 10.1017/S0959270909008417 }}</ref>

The species is nonetheless evaluated as [[critically endangered]] by the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]] because the population is expected to undergo a rapid decline.<ref name=IUCN2012/> The primary threat to this species is the [[brown tree snake]],<ref name=IUCN2012/> a native of [[Australia]], [[New Guinea]] and the [[Solomon Islands]], which eliminated all 12 landbird species on nearby Guam after being accidentally [[introduced species|introduced]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Extinction of an island forest avifauna by an introduced snake| journal=Ecology|year=1987|first=Julie|last=Savidge|volume=68|issue=3|pages=660–668 |doi= 10.2307/1938471|publisher=Ecological Society of America|jstor=1938471 }}</ref> The snake recently arrived on Saipan, one of the two islands that compose the range of the Golden White-eye, and which holds the largest population of the species.<ref name=IUCN2012/> The isolation of Aguijan makes the introduction of brown tree snakes there unlikely, but the small population there is vulnerable as the island is only 718 [[hectare|ha]] (1774 acres) in size and a direct hit by a [[tropical cyclone|supertyphoon]] could wipe them out.<ref>{{Cite book| first=Robert | last=Craig| coauthors=| contribution= Conservation of endangered white-eyes (Zosteropidae) in the tropical Pacific | title=22nd International Ornithological Conference| publisher=Bird Conservation Research, Inc| place=Putnam, CT, and Durban, South Africa| pages=1–8| year=1998| url=http://www.birdconservationresearch.org/pdf/pub_1_conserv_wh_eye.pdf | format=PDF}}</ref> Efforts are under way to breed the species [[ex-situ conservation|in captivity]]<ref>{{cite news | first=Jeffrey | last=Bonner | title=Reptilian invasion: Saving Pacific island birds from snakes | year=2008 | url =http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/lifestyle/stories.nsf/travel/story/D121C8812E3E31D1862574B9006CCB82?OpenDocument | work =St. Louis Post-Dispatch | accessdate = 14 November 2008}}</ref> and to control the snakes on Saipan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=7515&m=0 |title=BirdLife Species Factsheet: Golden White-eye |accessdate=15 January 2009 |last=[[BirdLife International]] |year=2008 }}</ref> Six zoos have recently received this species and breeding was expected to begin by 2011.<ref name="Yearbook09 "/> Success came more quickly, and the first captive birds were bred in 2009 in the [[North Carolina Zoo]].<ref>{{cite journal | title = A Feather in Our Cap | journal = Alive: Magazine of the North Carolina Zoological Society | date = Winter 2011 | volume = 63 | url = http://www.nczoo.com/Portals/0/pdfs/alivepdf/ALIVEwinter2011.pdf | first = Debbie | last = Zombeck | format = PDF | page = 5}}</ref> Birds from captive breeding will be introduced on new islands.<ref name="Yearbook09 "/> In addition, [[translocation (wildlife conservation)|translocations]] of 50 birds from Saipan to the island of [[Sarigan]], a predator-free island reserve, are currently being planned by scientists working to save the species.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.memphiszoo.org/can|title=The Conservation Action Network (C.A.N.)|last=Memphis Zoo|year=2009|accessdate=11 December 2009}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{commons category|Cleptornis marchei}}

{{featured article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Golden White-Eye}}
[[Category:Animals described in 1889]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Northern Mariana Islands]]
[[Category:Monotypic bird genera]]
[[Category:Zosteropidae]]

[[es:Cleptornis marchei]]
[[eu:Cleptornis marchei]]
[[fr:Zostérops doré]]
[[nl:Gouden brilvogel]]
[[pt:Cleptornis marchei]]
[[fi:Saipaninmesikko]]
[[sv:Gyllenhonungsfågel]]
[[vi:Cleptornis marchei]]

Goldbrillenvogel

2012-12-05T17:12:36Z

Tiggerjay: Reverted edits by 46.254.248.25 to last version by Another Believer

Georges River

2011-06-19T05:03:53Z

Tiggerjay: Reverted edits by 123.243.79.239 (talk) to last revision by Inas66 (HG)

{{For|the seat in the [[New South Wales Legislative Assembly]]|Electoral district of Georges River}}
{{Refimprove|date=May 2008}}
{{Coord|-33.964|150.981|display=title}}
{{Infobox River
| river_name = Georges River
| image_name = PortHacking-Sydney-Ria.jpg
| caption = The lower reaches of Georges River
| origin = [[Appin, New South Wales|Appin]]
| mouth = [[Botany Bay]]
| basin_countries = [[Australia]]
| length = 96km<ref name="council">[http://www.campbelltown.nsw.gov.au/default.asp?iSubCatID=1448&iNavCatID=1402 Georges River information page, ''Campbelltown City Council'']</ref>
| elevation = 350m<ref name="council"/>
| discharge =
| watershed = 960km2<ref name="council"/>
}}


The '''Georges River''' is a waterway in the state of [[New South Wales]] in [[Australia]]. It rises to the south-west of [[Sydney]] near the coal mining town of [[Appin, New South Wales|Appin]], and then flows north past [[Campbelltown, New South Wales|Campbelltown]], roughly parallelling the Main South Railway. At [[Liverpool, New South Wales|Liverpool]] it then turns east and flows past suburbs such as [[East Hills, New South Wales|East Hills]], [[Lugarno, New South Wales|Lugarno]], [[Bangor, New South Wales|Bangor]] and [[Blakehurst, New South Wales|Blakehurst]], before emptying into [[Botany Bay]] at [[Taren Point]] in the southern suburbs of Sydney.

Major tributaries include [[O'Hares Creek]], [[Bunbury Curran Creek]], [[Cabramatta Creek]], [[Prospect Creek (New South Wales)|Prospect Creek]], [[Salt Pan Creek]] and the [[Woronora River]]. The Georges River is popular for recreational activities such as water skiing and swimming. The banks of the river along the lower reaches are marked by large inlets and indentations overlooked by steep sandstone ridges and scarps, many being home to expensive residential properties.

The Georges River features some artificial lakes in the suburb of [[Chipping Norton, New South Wales|Chipping Norton]], near Liverpool. These lakes, known as the Chipping Norton Lakes, are the result of sand mining and quarrying operations in the twentieth century. The Lakes are now a popular watersports and recreational facility for the residents of the south-western suburbs of [[Sydney]].

Liverpool Weir now forms the uppermost tidal limit and presence of salt water on the Georges River.

==History==

The Georges River was named after King [[George III of the United Kingdom|George III]], by Governor [[Arthur Phillip]].<ref>''The Book of Sydney Suburbs'', Compiled by Frances Pollon, Angus & Robertson Publishers, 1990, Published in Australia ISBN 0-207-14495-8, page 107</ref>

The river was first explored by [[George Bass|Bass]] and [[Matthew Flinders|Flinders]] in 1795 on their first voyage on the Tom Thumb after their arrival in New South Wales. The exploration led to the establishment of [[Bankstown, New South Wales|Bankstown]] .

A dam was constructed by [[David Lennox]] using convict labour at Liverpool in 1836, as a water supply to Liverpool.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Liverpool Weir | publisher = Heritage Branch, New South Wales Department of Planning | url = http://www.heritage.nsw.gov.au/07_subnav_02_2.cfm?itemid=5060394 | accessdate = 24 September 2010 }}</ref>

==The Upper Georges River==
[[Image:Frerres Crossing (1).JPG|thumb|left|alt=The Geroges River at Freres Crossing Campbelltown.|Freres Crossing.]]
The Upper Georges River originates 5 km south-east of Appin within heath habitat of Wollondilly Shire. The river flows north through rugged sandstone gorges until it reaches the urban environment beginning at Glenfield and then travels to the Liverpool Weir where it joins with the estuarine catchment. In total the Upper Georges catchment is approximately 360sqkm and falls across the Wollondilly, Campbelltown and Liverpool local government areas.
 

The bushland adjoing the River is some of the most pristine in Western Sydney. From Appin to Glenfield a large corridor has been protected as part of the Georges River Regional Open Space Corridor.Simmo's Beach Recreation Reserve,<ref>http://www.npansw.org.au/br-macarthur/Activities/macarthur_walks/simmo_beach.shtml</ref> Ingleburn Reserve, Keith Longhurst Reserve,<ref>http://www.npansw.org.au/br-macarthur/Activities/macarthur_walks/basin.shtml</ref> Frere's Crossing Reserve<ref>http://www.npansw.org.au/br-macarthur/Activities/macarthur_walks/Freres_Crossing.shtml</ref> all allow for access to these pristine areas.

In February 2007, Liverpool and Campbelltown City Council were awarded a $2M grant from the NSW Environmental Trust under their Urban Sustainability Initiative <ref>http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/grants/2006USMSummary.htm</ref> The grant was to allow the councils, in conjunction with Wollondilly Shire Council and the Georges River Combined Councils Committee, to develop a Comprehensive Strategic Plan focused on the rehabilitation of the catchment area.<ref>http://www.campbelltown.nsw.gov.au/getfile.asp?fileId=13828&cacheDefeat=0.4095564579588126</ref>

== Crossings ==
[[File:Georges river easthills..jpg|thumb|right|400px|Georges River from East Hills, New South Wales]]
Bridges over the Georges River include from east to west:
* [[Captain Cook Bridge, New South Wales|Captain Cook Bridge]] (connecting [[Sans Souci, New South Wales|Sans Souci]] to [[Taren Point, New South Wales|Taren Point]]), for cars, pedestrians and cyclists.
* [[Tom Uglys Bridge]] (connecting [[Blakehurst, New South Wales|Blakehurst]] to [[Sylvania, New South Wales|Sylvania]]), for cars, pedestrians and cyclists.
* Como rail bridge on the [[Illawarra Line]], connecting [[Oatley, New South Wales]] to [[Como, New South Wales|Como]], for trains, pedestrians and cyclists.
* [[Alfords Point Bridge]] (connecting [[Padstow Heights, New South Wales|Padstow Heights]] to [[Alfords Point, New South Wales|Alfords Point]]), for cars, pedestrians and cyclists.
* East Hills rail bridge, for trains.
* Voyager Point footbridge, for pedestrians and cyclists.
* [[M5 South Western Motorway]] Georges River East Bridge
* Newbridge Rd
* Liverpool footbridge (utilises the footing of the decommissioned railway bridge to Holsworthy).<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.rta.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/index.cgi?action=heritage.show&id=4305035 | publisher = Roads and Traffic Authority, New South Wales | title = Georges River Bridge | accessdate = 20 September 2010 }}</ref>
* Newbridge Rd
* M5 South Western Motorway Georges River West Bridge
* King Falls Bridge <ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.rta.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/index.cgi?action=heritage.show&id=4309611 | title = Kings Falls Bridge over Georges River | publisher = Roads and Traffic Authority, New South Wales }}</ref>

== Fish ==
[[File:Illawong 1.JPG|thumb|Georges River from [[Illawong, New South Wales|Illawong]]]]
The Georges River is a popular area for recreational fishing. Species present in the river include bream, whiting, yellowtail, jewfish and flathead. The river is also host to a number of commercial oyster farms. The upper ends of the Georges River are abundant with Bass during the summer months and during the winter months these bass migrate down to the lower ends of the river towards the salt water to breed. Waste water inflows to the river are carefully managed to maintain the estuarine habitat.

==See also==
*[[Georges River National Park]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Rivers of New South Wales]]
[[Category:Botany Bay]]

[[af:Georges-rivier]]
[[fr:Georges River]]
[[ja:ジョージズ・リバー]]
[[zh:乔治斯河]]

Osu!

2011-06-15T04:20:49Z

Tiggerjay: Reverted edits by 76.27.1.58 (talk) to last revision by ClueBot NG (HG)

{{Infobox VG
|title = osu!
|image = [[Image:Osuungimped.png|250px]]
|developer = Dean "peppy" Herbert
|released = September 16, 2007
|genre = [[Music video game|Music]]|modes = [[Single player]]
|platforms = [[Microsoft Windows]]
|requirements =''
* 1GHz+ Processor
* Recommended 512MB+ RAM
* Microsoft .NET Framework (2.0+, 32bit)
* FFDShow or equivalent video codecs (only for video playback support)
|input = [[Pointing device]]
|modes = Singleplayer, Multiplayer
}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''osu!''}}
'''''osu!''''' is a [[freeware]] [[Rhythm game|rhythm video game]] for [[Microsoft Windows]]. It is written in [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]] implementing the [[.NET Framework]]. Its gameplay is based on commercial titles including ''[[Osu! Tatakae! Ouendan]]'', ''[[Elite Beat Agents]]'' and ''[[Taiko no Tatsujin]]''.

==Gameplay==
Game levels are called beatmaps. In each beatmap, a song will play and different hit elements (hit circles, sliders and spinners) will appear on the play field. Players must use a pointing device to manipulate these elements in time with the playing song's rhythm in order to earn points. While the [[Mouse (computing)|mouse]] is considered the most popular input device, combinations of mouse, [[Tablet PC]], [[graphics tablet]] and [[Keyboard (computing)|keyboard]] can be utilised.

===Objective===
The main objective when playing osu! is simply for players to hit, complete, and clear enough hit circles, sliders and spinners to keep their health bar, which drains at a steady rate throughout the game, above 0 until the song is over. More experienced players will often strive for a more specific and difficult goal, like improving their high score or grade on a particular map, usually by attempting to time their hits better and avoid as many misses as possible to increase combo multipliers.

===Hit circles===
Also sometimes referred to as beats, hit circles are a common object on nearly every beatmap. When a hit circle appears, a ring, called the approach circle, will appear around it and begin to shrink. In order to score points from a hit circle, players must place their cursor over the circle and click the hit button as the approach circle touches the edge of the hit circle.

===Sliders===
Sliders appear as two hit circles with a solid path, called a slider track, between them. Like with hit circles, an approach circle appears at the beginning of a slider track, which must be clicked when the approach circle touches its edge. Unlike hit circles, however, after the start of a slider has been hit, a ball, called the slider ball, will begin to roll along the slider track, and players must continue to hold down the hit button and keep their cursor hovered over or near the slider ball until it has reached the end of the slider. Sometimes a slider end will have an arrow, which means the player will be required to follow the slider ball back to its starting point.

===Spinners===
A spinner is a large circle that takes up most of the play field when it appears. A blue ring like the approach circle of hit circles and sliders will also appear and begin to close on the spinner's centre. Players must hold down the hit button and spin their cursor about the center of the spinner. As players continue to spin, the spinner gauge at either side of the screen begins to fill, and once it has been filled, the player will be notified that the spinner has been cleared. Continued spins after this and until the blue ring reaches the spinner's centre will award bonus points.

===Hits and misses===
Hit circles, sliders, and spinners have different criteria to how they can be hit or missed, and to how points can be gained.

Clicking the hit button at the right time while the cursor is hovered over a hit circle or the start of a slider, or clearing a slider will earn a player points. In the case of hit circles, the points awarded are completely dependent on the timing of the hit. Sliders are generally considered more lenient, and as long as a player doesn't hit the start too early or too late, collects all the slider ticks, and continues to hold the hit button and hover the cursor over the slider ball until it reaches the end, a maximum number of points are earned. The points awarded by a spinner are dependent on the number of spins completed. Additional spins after a spinner has been cleared will further increase the points earned. Successful hits will fill the health gauge a small amount.

No points are earned when an object has been missed. Hitting a hit circle too early or too late, failing to either collect any slider ticks or finish the end of a slider, or failing to fill the spinner gauge an adequate amount will result in a miss being added to a player's score. A miss, or missing a slider tick, will cause the health gauge to drop a small amount.

===Score multiplier===
The current score multiplier shows in the lower corner of the play field. Multipliers of greater than 2 will affect the points gained while playing. The multiplier will go up by one every time a player:
*Hits a hit circle at the correct time
*Hits the start of a slider at the correct time
*Is holding the hit button and hovering the cursor over the slider ball as it rolls over a slider tick
*Successfully holds the hit button and keeps the cursor hovered over the slider ball until it has disappeared at the end of the slider
*Successfully cleared a spinner

A miss, or missing a slider tick, will cause the score multiplier to drop to 0.

==Special game modes==
Osu! features two special game modes that are accessible in the Special selection of the play menu: Taiko and Catch the Beat. Both of these game modes allow a different style of gameplay from the regular play mode.

===Taiko===
The Taiko mode is based on [[Taiko no Tatsujin]], another rhythm game which involves hitting drums to the beat of a music piece. Taiko mode does not require the use of the cursor except for browsing the beatmap list and the pause menu. Instead, only clicking is required, which is done on a keyboard. However, the osu! community has found various ways of supporting a Tatakon or DrumCon controller intended for the [[Taiko no Tatsujin]] PS2 games. Usually, an external script is used to map the controller input to keys on the keyboard. A Playstation to USB Controller bridge is required to adapt the controller for a computer.

When playing the Taiko mode, red and blue beats, as well as long yellow drumrolls (with an appearance similar to a slider) will scroll across the screen - the player gets more points for the more hits they can achieve. In the original [[Taiko no Tatsujin]] games, the red beats are referred to as "dons" and the blue beats "kats". The red beats represent the Taiko (drum) center and the blue beats the rim. Spinners are also present in the Taiko mode. Towards the left of the screen is a stationary circle. A player must hit the key(s) corresponding to each coloured beat when a beat passes under this circle. Key configuration can be reviewed and changed in the Options menu, under Input.

To hit the red beats, players must hit one of the two Taiko inner hit buttons. For blue, a Taiko Outer hit button must be pressed. When a large beat passes under the circle, pressing both corresponding keys will earn players extra points. When a long beat passes under the circle, players should tap to the rhythm in order to earn points. When a spinner appears, they must alternate hitting the inner and outer hit buttons until the number at the bottom reaches 0.

===Catch the Beat===
This mode puts the player in control of a character holding a plate above their head, with the objective of catching fruits falling from the top of the screen.

Regular beats on a map are converted simply to fruit falling straight down. Sliders have one fruit at each end of the slider and a trail of juice drops leading between the ends. Large juice drops are the equivalent of slider ticks, while small drops add extra points to the score (and affect accuracy). Spinners become fruit falling en masse from the top of the screen; the player does not need to catch all of the fruit, although catching more fruit will earn them more points.

==Beatmaps==
The game uses player designed "beatmaps", which are the files containing the actual gameplay data, created using an in-game editor, which allows the user to pick any song they like and create beats for it. Beatmaps for specific songs can then be shared through an in-game uploader directly linked to the main site. Moderators then comments and give feedback to beatmaps. After the author have modified the beatmap according to the tips received, and the moderators are happy with it, they approve it for ranking. Statistics for each quality approved beatmap, known as "ranked" beatmaps, are maintained on the ''osu!'' website. Scores for each ranked beatmap are totaled to determine a player's ranked score, which determines a player's ranking in the community.

If a beatmap is technically unrankable due to some aspects (long length, high maximum score or elevated difficulty), but has been considered fine and playable, the map is marked as "approved", i.e. it does not have "ranked" status although it has been approved for playing, and presents its own score tables as a ranked beatmap does. However, approved beatmaps don't affect the player's ranked score.

As of April 24th, 2010, over 13864 beatmaps have been created, out of which 2910 have attained ranked status. The number of ranked maps gradually increase as the Moderators or Beatmap Approval Team rank newly submitted maps.<ref>[http://osu.ppy.sh/p/beatmaplist Osu! ranked beatmaps list]. Retrieved 2010-04-24.</ref><ref>[http://osu.ppy.sh/p/beatmaplist?&r=4&g=0&la=0 Osu! uploaded beatmap list]. Retrieved 2010-04-24.</ref>

==Multiplayer==
On June 3rd, 2008, multiplayer was added to the public release (b335). Multiplayer consists of a central lobby displaying available rooms, and current online players. Rooms are created with the "New Game" button. A game begins when all players in the room are labeled as "Ready" and the host clicks start. The Multiplayer game is made up of the normal components as a Single Player osu! game, but with the in-game scoreboard displaying the current rankings of the players in the room. All play modes (including Taiko and Catch the Beat) are available in multiplayer mode, as well as a variety of scoring rules, such as osu! Standard Score, where the highest score wins, or osu! Standard Accuracy where hitting the notes perfectly seizes the top spot. Players are also able to play tag co-op where the room works as a team to complete the song as each player is given certain beat clusters to hit, 1 player at a time. As of release b593a, Tag Team mode has been introduced where players are sided on two teams (Red and Blue) and work as one to win.

==Critical reception==
The game has been featured in several magazines and websites.<ref>Orland, Kyle (2007-10-18). [http://pc.joystiq.com/2007/10/18/free-pc-ouendan-eba-emulator-hits-public-beta/ Free PC Ouendan/EBA emulator hits public beta] on [http://pc.joystiq.com/ joystiq]. Retrieved 2010-04-24.</ref><ref>eddie (2007-09-23). [http://www.bemanistyle.com/index.php?news_id=483 'osu!' - Ouendan/Elite Beat Agents simulator] on [http://www.bemanistyle.com/ Bemanistyle]. Retrieved 2010-04-24.</ref><ref>Santos, Elena (2007-10-19). [http://osu.en.softonic.com/ PC clone of the popular Nintendo DS rhythm game] on [[Softonic]]. Retrieved 2010-04-24.</ref> The reception has generally been positive, with the biggest complaint being that playing osu! with the mouse takes a long time to get accustomed to.

==Ports==
As of November 2008, an [[iPhone]]/[[iPod Touch]] Osu! port was announced and was released to the general public on January 2009 via Cydia repositories.<ref>nuudles (2008-11-16). [http://osu.ppy.sh/forum/viewtopic.php?f=47&t=7644 osu! for iPhone and iPod Touch]. Retrieved 2010-04-24.</ref>

==Community==
As of March 28th, 2011, there are over 660,000 registered users, with a total of over 313 million ranked plays. (The most updated figure can be found on the top right of the osu! homepage<ref>[http://osu.ppy.sh/ Osu! Homepage]. Retrieved 2010-04-28</ref>)

==See also==
* [[Beatmania IIDX]]
* [[Frets on Fire]]
* [[StepMania]]

==Notes and references==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official|http://osu.ppy.sh/}}

[[Category:Music video games]]

[[ko:Osu!]]
[[sv:Osu!]]
[[zh:Osu!]]

Take Me Home Tonight (Lied)

2011-06-14T04:59:22Z

Tiggerjay: Reverted edits by 67.184.217.117 (talk) to last revision by 96.225.112.139 (HG)

{{About||the film|Take Me Home Tonight (film)}}
{{Infobox single
| Name = Take Me Home Tonight
| Cover = TakeEddie.jpg
| Artist = [[Eddie Money]]
| Album = [[Can't Hold Back (Eddie Money album)|Can't Hold Back]]
| B-side = "Calm Before the Storm"
| Released = August 16, 1986
| Format = 7" single
| Genre = [[Rock music|Rock]]
| Length = 3:35
| Label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
| Writer = [[Michael Leeson]], Peter Vale, [[Ellie Greenwich]], [[Jeff Barry]], [[Phil Spector]]
| Producer = Josh Gutzwiller/Jacob Dooley
| Last single = "[[Club Michelle]]" (1984)
| This single = "'''Take Me Home Tonight'''" (1986)
| Next single = "[[I Wanna Go Back]]" (1986)
}}
"'''Take Me Home Tonight'''" is a song by [[United States|American]] rock singer [[Eddie Money]], from his album ''[[Can't Hold Back (Eddie Money album)|Can't Hold Back]]'', released in 1986. It was released as a single and reached #4 on the [[Billboard Hot 100]] and #1 on the [[Mainstream Rock Tracks]].

==Characteristics==
The song starts with a synth playing and is then joined by a guitar playing the same notes. This song was recorded in a duet with [[Ronnie Spector]]. The song has Spector singing the chorus from [[The Ronettes]]' hit, "[[Be My Baby]]", (on which Spector sang lead vocals) after Money sings "just like Ronnie sang." The song is credited as being inspired by an unknown person who is called "Garth" by the main band members when questioned about the song, who when they were young was a friend of all of theirs who was constantly looking to sleep over at other people's houses. Other sources say it relates to Producer Jacob Dooley's obsession with convincing the drunkest girl in the bar to take him back to her house for further sessions of drinking, drugs, and debauchery.

==Music video==
The video, shot entirely in black and white, opens with Eddie alone with a metal ladder and a folding chair on an otherwise empty stage. He performs to an absent audience, and Ronnie Spector is seen in a make-up room during cut-aways. Ronnie's face isn't completely revealed until about three-quarters of the way through the video. Interestingly, the two are never together on the stage through the entire video, although they do appear in frame together several times, as Money sings on stage and Spector dances up a walkway leading to the stage. 

==Cover versions==
The song has been covered by several artists, most notably by upcoming singer/songwriter [[J.Roman]], with former [[Soluna]] member Jessica Castellanos. Rock band [[Hinder]] has also recorded a cover of the song; it is available exclusively as a bonus track on the Wal-Mart re-release of their album ''[[Extreme Behavior]]''. There is also a cover out by the band [[LoveSick Radio]]. There is a cover by [[Jamestown Story]] featuring Breanne Duren on his album ''Love vs. Life''.

In addition to this, [[Adam Goren]] of [[Atom And His Package]] used the chorus of "Take Me Home" during the bridge of his song, "Punk Rock Academy".

[[Every Avenue]] and [[Juliet Simms]] covered the song for the compilation ''[[Punk Goes Classic Rock]]'' in 2010.

==Chart positions==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Charts (1986)
!Peak position
|-
|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]
|align="center"|4
|-
|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Mainstream Rock Tracks]]
|align="center"|1
|-
|Canadian ''RPM'' Top Singles
|align="center"|15
|-
|Dutch Singles Chart
|align="center"|43
|}

==External links==
*[http://www.eddiemoney.com Official Eddie Money Website]
*[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003466400 ''Hinder, Eddie Money Heading 'Home' Together'']

[[Category:1986 singles]]
[[Category:Eddie Money songs]]
[[Category:Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks number-one singles]]
[[Category:Songs written by Phil Spector]]
[[Category:Songs written by Ellie Greenwich]]

[[pt:Take Me Home Tonight]]
[[sv:Take Me Home Tonight]]

John King (Journalist)

2011-06-14T04:44:05Z

Tiggerjay: Reverted edits by 173.185.135.75 (talk) to last revision by Flyguy33 (HG)

{{Other persons|John King|John King (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox journalist
|image =[[File:John King (journalist).jpg|150px]]
| name = John King
| caption = John King at Fort Riley, KS on May 8, 2010
| birthname = John King
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|8|30}}
| birth_place = [[Dorchester, Massachusetts]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = [[University of Rhode Island]]
| occupation = Reporter and anchorman
| alias =
| gender = Male
| title =
| family =
| spouse = [[Dana Bash]] (2008-)
| children =
| relatives =
| ethnicity =
| religion = Raised [[Roman Catholic]] 
Converted to [[Judaism]]
| salary =
| networth =
| credits =
| agent =
| URL =
}}

'''John King''' (born August 30, 1963) is an [[United States|American]] [[journalist]] and is the anchor of ''[[John King, USA]]'' which appears weeknights at 7pm/ET on [[CNN]]. He is also the former anchor of ''[[State of the Union with John King]]''. With [[Lou Dobbs]]' sudden resignation from the network on November 12, 2009, King announced that he would take over his time slot on March 22, 2010 with a new show.

== Personal life ==
King was born in [[Dorchester, Massachusetts]]. He attended [[Boston Latin School]], and earned a [[bachelor's degree]] in journalism from the [[University of Rhode Island]]. On May 25, 2008, King married fellow CNN reporter [[Dana Bash]].<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/26/AR2008052602508.html-- Washington Post]</ref> Before marrying Bash, King converted to [[Judaism]], Bash's religion.<ref>http://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/articles/2009/06/05/news/local/doc4a2810a43a633909766495.txt</ref><ref>[http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20172607,00.html Love in the CNN Newsroom]</ref> He is not related to former fellow CNN personality [[Larry King]].

== Career ==
In 1985, King joined the [[Associated Press]] where he began as a writer. In 1991, King was named chief political correspondent and headed the AP's political coverage of the [[U.S. presidential election, 1992|1992]] and [[U.S. presidential election, 1996|1996]] presidential elections. Also in 1991, King won the top reporting prize from the Associated Press Managing Editors' Association for his coverage of the [[Gulf War]] in Kuwait.

In 1997, King joined [[CNN]] where he served as the senior [[White House]] correspondent from 1999 to 2005. In 2005, King was named CNN's chief national correspondent, a position he still holds. He frequently appears on the nightly news programs ''[[The Situation Room]]'' and ''[[Anderson Cooper 360]]'' and sometimes fills in as anchor.

King also uses the [[Multi-Touch Collaboration Wall]], nicknamed the "Magic Wall" or "Magic Map." First used during the [[primary elections|primaries]] of the [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008 presidential campaign]], it allows him to display and manipulate various graphics and maps relating to poll and election results. He and the Multi-Touch Collaboration Wall have both been featured in a ''[[Daily Show]]'' segment.<ref>[http://www.thedailyshow.com/video/index.jhtml?videoId=210855&title=CNN%27s-Magic-Wall-Conspiracy-Thriller-- CNN's Magic Wall Conspiracy Thriller]</ref>

Just prior to the 2009 US presidential inauguration, King began hosting his new talk show ''State of the Union,'' which replaced CNN's ''Late Edition with Wolf Blitzer.'' It was announced on November 12, 2009 that King will host a show in the timeslot formerly occupied by [[Lou Dobbs]] in early 2010.<ref>{{cite news | author=Joyce Eng | title=John King to Replace Lou Dobbs| url=http://www.tvguide.com/News/John-King-Replace-1012002.aspx| work=TVGuide.com}}</ref> On January 31, 2010, King announced that CNN's senior political reporter, [[Candy Crowley]], would replace him as anchor of ''State of the Union''. King began hosting a new show on CNN starting March 22 called ''[[John King, USA]]''.

It has been speculated that on May 1, 2011, John King was in a drunken state when he announced the death of [[Osama bin Laden]]. However, video of this announcement does not reveal an overtly drunk individual, and he was more likely just very tired; he appeared to be fighting off sleep. The breaking news came around 11pm ET on a Sunday, and most journalists were not expecting to be called in to work.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.cnn.com/CNN/anchors_reporters/king.john.html John King] at CNN's website
* {{Twitter|JohnKingCNN|John King}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-media}}
{{s-bef | before = [[Wolf Blitzer]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = [[CNN]] Senior [[White House]] Correspondent | years = 1999 – 2005}}
{{s-aft | after = [[Ed Henry]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{CNN Anchors}}
{{CNNWH}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =King, John
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =August 30, 1963
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Dorchester, Massachusetts]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:King, John}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:American television reporters and correspondents]]
[[Category:Converts to Judaism from Roman Catholicism]]
[[Category:Boston Latin School alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American Jews]]
[[Category:University of Rhode Island alumni]]
[[Category:People from Boston, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:People from Suffolk County, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:CNN people]]

Sutton Foster

2011-05-24T07:09:42Z

Tiggerjay: Reverted edits by 202.67.120.129 (talk) to last revision by 93.103.45.149 (HG)

{{Infobox person
| name = Sutton Foster
| image =
| imagesize = 220px
| caption = Foster at the opening night of ''[[A Life in the Theatre]]''
| birthname =
| birthdate = {{birth date and age|1975|3|18}}
| birthplace = [[Statesboro, Georgia]], U.S.
| spouse =
| occupation = Actress, singer, dancer
| yearsactive = 1990 - present
| website = [http://suttonfoster.com Official website]
}}
'''Sutton Lenore Foster''' (born March 18, 1975) is an [[United States|American]] [[actress]], [[singer]] and [[dancer]]. Foster has received five nominations for the prestigious [[Tony Award]] for her performances in the [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] musicals ''[[Little Women (musical)|Little Women]]'', ''[[The Drowsy Chaperone]]'', ''[[Shrek (musical)|Shrek the Musical]]'' and ''[[Anything Goes]]''. She won once in 2002 for her starring role in ''[[Thoroughly Modern Millie (musical)|Thoroughly Modern Millie]]''.

==Biography==
Foster was born in [[Statesboro, Georgia]] and raised in [[Troy, Michigan]]. At age fifteen, she was a contestant on the television show ''[[Star Search]]'' and also auditioned for the cast of ''[[The Mickey Mouse Club]]''. She left [[Troy High School (Michigan)|Troy High School]] before graduating (she received her diploma via correspondence courses) to join the national tour of ''[[The Will Rogers Follies]]'' directed by [[Tommy Tune]]. She then attended [[Carnegie Mellon University]] for one year, but left to pursue a theatrical career full-time. Her brother is actor [[Hunter Foster]].

Foster's first Broadway role was Sandy Dumbrowski in ''[[Grease (musical)|Grease]]'' in 1996. She then appeared in ''[[The Scarlet Pimpernel (musical)|The Scarlet Pimpernel]]'' and as Star to Be in ''[[Annie (musical)|Annie]]'' in 1997. Foster's next Broadway role was Eponine in ''[[Les Misérables (musical)|Les Misérables]]'' in 2000.

Foster's opportunity was reminiscent of ''[[42nd Street (musical)|42nd Street]]'' when, during rehearsals of the pre-Broadway run of ''[[Thoroughly Modern Millie (musical)|Thoroughly Modern Millie]]'' at the [[La Jolla Playhouse]] in [[San Diego]], she replaced leading lady [[Erin Dilly]].<ref>Ehren, Christine and Jones, Kenneth.[http://www.playbill.com/news/article/55640-No-More-Dilly-Millie-Sutton-Foster-Takes-La-Jolla-Role No More Dilly Millie: Sutton Foster Takes La Jolla Role"] playbill.com, September 25, 2000</ref> Any apprehension about having an unknown playing the lead in a nearly $10 million Broadway production was proven unfounded when she opened at the [[Marquis Theatre]] to many positive reviews. ''The New York Daily News'' reviewer wrote that "newcomer Sutton Foster, who has the pert look, the silver voice and the dazzling legwork to make an extraordinarily winning Millie."<ref>Kissel, Howard. [http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/entertainment/2002/04/19/2002-04-19_you_ll_flip_for_sprightly_fl.html "You'll Flip For Sprightly Flappers Piece"]''New York Daily News'', April 19, 2002</ref> [[Clive Barnes]], reviewing for the ''New York Post'' wrote "Newcomer Sutton Foster's own star turn as Millie is perfectly charming, but as a star she doesn't twinkle, glitter or light up Broadway like a Christmas tree defying a July noon. But she has a good voice and is cutely agreeable."<ref>Barnes, Clive.[http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/nypost/access/114851351.html?dids=114851351:114851351&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Apr+19%2C+2002&author=CLIVE+BARNES&pub=New+York+Post&desc=THOROUGHLY+MUDDLED+'MILLIE'+HITS+THE+BOARDS&pqatl=google Abstract THOROUGHLY MUDDLED 'MILLIE' HITS THE BOARDS"]''New York Post'', google.archive, April 19, 2002</ref> The ''Newsday'' reviewer wrote: "She has a smile that may remind you of Mary Tyler Moore, the gawky comic precision of the young Carol Burnett, the lyricism of a romantic heroine and a smallish but vibrant voice as accurate as it is expressive. As [Millie], another of New York's prototypical small- town girls with big-city dreams, [Sutton Foster] appears unfazed by the burden of a character created onscreen by Julie Andrews. The newcomer takes the big stage with an uninhibited what-the- heck comfort level and the discipline to go with her instincts."<ref>Winer, Linda. [http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/114767316.html?dids=114767316:114767316&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Apr+19%2C+2002&author=Linda+Winer.+STAFF+WRITER&pub=Newsday+(Combined+editions)&desc=She's+Gonna+Make+It+After+All+%2F+Sutton+Foster+breaks+out+in+inspired+'Millie'&pqatl=google "Abstract: She's Gonna Make It After All / Sutton Foster breaks out in inspired 'Millie'"]''Newsday'', google.archive, April 19, 2002</ref> ''[[Time Magazine]]'' wrote: "she's [Sutton Foster] got the full package: girlish gawkiness and Broadway brass, the legs and the lungs. Foster is a big reason the show is just about the cutest thing to hit Broadway since Annie's dimples, with perkily retro songs by Jeanine Tesori and clever staging by director Michael Mayer..."<ref>Zoglin, Richard.[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1002348,00.html#ixzz0ums3ER00 "Kid, You're Gonna Come Back a Star!"]''Time'', April 29, 2002</ref> Foster went on to win the 2002 [[Tony Award for Best Leading Actress in a Musical]],<ref>[http://www.tonyawards.com/p/tonys_search?start=0&year=&award=&lname=&fname=&show=%3Ci%3EThoroughly+Modern+Millie%3C%2Fi%3E "Tony Award, 'Thoroughly Modern Millie', 2002"] tonyawards.com, accessed July 26, 2010</ref> the [[Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Musical]],<ref>[http://www.dramadesk.com/press007.html "Press release, Drama Desk Awards, 2001-2002"] dramadesk.com, May 19, 2002, accessed July 26, 2010</ref> and the [[Outer Critics Circle Award]] for Outstanding Actress in a Musical for her performance.<ref>[http://www.outercritics.org/AwardArchives.aspx?_y=2001-2002 Outer Critics Circle Awards, 2001-2002] outercritics.org, accessed July 26, 2010</ref><ref>Pogrebin, Robin.[http://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/02/arts/theater/03TONY.html "At Tonys, 'Millie' Is Tops, but Its Book and Score Aren't"]''New York Times'', June 2, 2002</ref>

In 2005, Foster starred as Jo March opposite [[Maureen McGovern]] as Marmee in the musical adaptation of the [[Louisa May Alcott]] classic ''[[Little Women (musical)|Little Women]]'', for which she was nominated for her second Tony Award.<ref>Gans, Andrew.[http://www.playbill.com/news/article/92856-2004-2005-Tony-Nominations-Announced-Spamalot-Garners-14-Nominations 2004-2005 "Tony Nominations Announced; Spamalot Garners 14 Nominations"] playbill.com, May 10, 2005</ref>

She returned to the Marquis Theatre in May 2006 in ''[[The Drowsy Chaperone]]'', a [[Parody|spoof]] of 1920s musicals. She played the role of Janet van de Graaff, a famous Broadway starlet who opts to forgo a stage career in favor of married life. Her performance earned her a third Tony nomination.<ref>[http://www.playbill.com/news/article/100236-Just-the-Facts-List-of-2006-Tony-Award-Winners-and-Nominees "Just the Facts: List of 2006 Tony Award Winners and Nominees"] playbill.com, June 11, 2006</ref>

In 2007, Foster appeared on television in ''[[Johnny and the Sprites]]'', a children's musical puppet show,<ref>Kalafatas, Greg
[http://www.playbill.com/news/article/104935-PHOTO-CALL-Sutton-Foster-Guest-Stars-on-Johnny-and-the-Sprites Sutton Foster Guest Stars on 'Johnny and the Sprites'"] playbill.com, January 16, 2007</ref> and in a three-episode [[story arc]] on the [[HBO]] series ''[[Flight of the Conchords (TV series)|Flight of the Conchords]]''.<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1900397/ Listing] imdb.com, accessed July 26, 2010</ref>

Foster starred in Mel Brooks' musical adaptation of his film ''[[Young Frankenstein (musical)|Young Frankenstein]]'' as the German yodeling fraulein Inga from October 2007 to July 2008.<ref>[http://www.playbill.com/news/article/119193.html "Foster's Roll in the Hay in Young Frankenstein Is Over July 6"] ''Playbill''</ref>

She created the role of Princess Fiona in ''[[Shrek (musical)|Shrek the Musical]]'', which opened on Broadway December 14, 2008.<ref>Gans, Andrew.[http://www.playbill.com/news/article/120408.html "Seattle Goes Green: Shrek the Musical Makes World Premiere Aug. 14"] playbill.com, August 14, 2008</ref> For this role Foster won her second [[Outer Critics Circle Award]] for Outstanding Actress in a Musical<ref>Gans, Andrew.[http://www.playbill.com/news/article/129094-Billy+Elliot%2C+Carnage%2C+Ruined+and+Avenger+Are+Outer+Critics+Circle+Award+Winners "Billy Elliot, Carnage, Ruined and Avenger Are Outer Critics Circle Award Winners"] playbill.com, May 11, 2009</ref> and was nominated for her fourth Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical.<ref>Gans, Andrew and Jones, Kenneth.[http://www.playbill.com/news/article/128922-Nominations-for-2009-Tony-Awards-Announced-Billy-Elliot-Earns-15-Nominations "Nominations for 2009 Tony Awards Announced; Billy Elliot Earns 15 Nominations"] playbill.com, May 5, 2009</ref> She played her final performance on January 3, 2010 when the show closed on Broadway.

Foster participated in a reading of a work-in-progress new musical, ''Bonnie and Clyde: A Folktale'', in June 2009. Her brother Hunter is writing the music for this musical.<ref name=ohio>Clawson, Kerry [http://www.ohio.com/entertainment/theater_reviews/83391352.html "Broadway star Sutton Foster coming to Cleveland"] ohio.com, February 2, 2010</ref>

''Wish'', Foster's debut solo album, was released on the [[Ghostlight Records]] label in February 2009. The songs range from jazz to pop to cabaret to Broadway.<ref>Gans, Andrew.[http://www.playbill.com/news/article/126301-Shreks-Sutton-Foster-Releases-Solo-CD-Wish-Feb-17 "Shrek's Sutton Foster Releases Solo CD "Wish" Feb. 17"] playbill.com, February 17, 2009</ref> In 2010, Foster promoted the album with concert performances in [[Boston]], [[New York]], [[Chicago]], the [[Orange County Performing Arts Center]] in [[Orange County, California]], and [[Washington, D.C.]].<ref>[http://suttonfoster.com/concert-tour.htm "Concert tour schedule"] suttonfoster.com</ref>

Foster taught a Spring Semester class at [[New York University]]'s [[Tisch School of the Arts]] Undergraduate Department of Drama, beginning in January 2010, culminating in a cabaret performance at [[Joe's Pub]] in May. She is now on the faculty of NYU's New Studio on Broadway. She also taught a week long master class session at [[Ball State University]] (Muncie, IN) in January 2010.<ref name=ohio/> September 2010, she continued her relationship with [[Ball State University]] by working with students in the classroom, teaching master class sessions, and performing workshops for students of the Department of Theatre and Dance. In the spring of 2012, she will return to Ball State to co-direct ''[[The Drowsy Chaperone]]'' with department Chair, Bill Jenkins.

Foster starred as Nurse Fay Apple in the [[New York City Center]]'s [[Encores!]] production of ''[[Anyone Can Whistle]]'', which played from April 8 to April 11, 2010.<ref>[http://www.playbill.com/news/article/133865-Sutton_Foster_to_Star_in_Encores%21_Anyone_Can_Whistle "Sutton Foster to Star in Encores! 'Anyone Can Whistle'"], playbill.com</ref>

She also guest starred on an episode of ''[[Law & Order SVU]]'', which aired on March 3, 2010.<ref>[http://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Sutton_Foster_20010101 Sutton Foster Guest Stars on 'Law & Order: SVU' March 3]</ref>

Foster made her [[Off-Broadway]] debut in [[Paul Weitz (filmmaker)|Paul Weitz]]'s new comedy, ''Trust'' which began previews July 23, 2010 with an official opening August 12, running through September 12, 2010 at [[Second Stage Theatre]]. The play also starred [[Zach Braff]], [[Bobby Cannavale]], and [[Ari Graynor]].<ref>Gans, Andrew.[http://www.playbill.com/news/article/139970-Braff-Cannavale-Foster-and-Graynor-Cast-in-Second-Stages-Trust Braff, Cannavale, Foster and Graynor Cast in Second Stage's Trust "Braff, Cannavale, Foster and Graynor Cast in Second Stage's 'Trust'"] playbill.com, June 1, 2010</ref>

Foster and [[Seth Rudetsky]] participated in the one night only [[Actors Fund]] benefit concert of ''[[They're Playing Our Song]]'' on August 30, 2010 at the Gerald W. Lynch Theatre, [[John Jay College]], New York. The full cast included Efé, Kaitlyn Davidson, Alex Ellis, Maynard, Matt Loehr, and Jesse Nager, and was directed by Denis Jones.<ref>Hetrick, Adam and Gans, Andrew.[http://www.playbill.com/news/article/142200-Full-Cast-of-Sutton-Foster-Seth-Rudetsky-Theyre-Playing-Our-Song-Announced "Full Cast of Sutton Foster-Seth Rudetsky 'They're Playing Our Song' Announced"] playbill.com, August 18, 2010</ref>

Foster performed at the [[Kennedy Center Honors|33rd Annual Kennedy Center Honors]] in a tribute to [[Jerry Herman]], singing "[[Hello Dolly! (musical)|Before the Parade Passes By]]."<ref>[http://www.playbill.com/multimedia/gallery/2000 Sutton Foster, Matthew Morrison, Chris Rock, Laura Benanti, Carol Channing, The Obamas and More at Kennedy Center Honors]</ref>

She is currently playing Reno Sweeney in the Broadway revival of ''[[Anything Goes]]'', which began performances on March 10, 2011 at the [[Stephen Sondheim Theatre]] and officially opened on April 7, 2011.<ref>[http://www.playbill.com/news/article/149578-Bon-Voyage-Anything-Goes-With-Sutton-Foster-and-Joel-Grey-Opens-on-Broadway "Bon Voyage! Anything Goes, With Sutton Foster and Joel Grey, Opens on Broadway"] playbill.com</ref> For this role Foster has received [[Tony Award]] and [[Drama League Award]] nominations for Best Actress in a Musical and won her third [[Outer Critics Circle Award]] and second [[Drama Desk Award]] for her performance.<ref>[http://www.playbill.com/news/article/150872-War-Horse-Book-of-Mormon-Other-Desert-Cities-The-Kid-Are-Outer-Critics-Circle-Winners War Horse, Book of Mormon, Other Desert Cities, The Kid Are Outer Critics Circle Winners]</ref><ref>[http://www.playbill.com/news/article/151111-Drama-Desk-Awards-Go-to-Book-of-Mormon-Normal-Heart-War-Horse-Sutton-Foster-Norbert-Leo-Butz Drama Desk Awards Go to Book of Mormon, Normal Heart, War Horse, Sutton Foster, Norbert Leo Butz]</ref><ref>[http://broadwayworld.com/article/2011-Tony-Nominations-Announced-THE-BOOK-OF-MORMON-Leads-With-14-20110503 "Tony Nominations Announced"] broadwayworld.com, May 3, 2011</ref>

==Credits==
;Broadway
* ''[[Anything Goes]]'' as Reno Sweeney (2011 — )
* ''[[Shrek the Musical]]'' as Princess Fiona (2008–2010)
* ''[[Young Frankenstein (musical)|Young Frankenstein]]'' as Inga (2007–2008)
* ''[[The Drowsy Chaperone]]'' as Janet Van De Graaff (2006–2007)
* ''[[Little Women (musical)|Little Women]]'' as Jo March (2005)
* ''[[Thoroughly Modern Millie (musical)|Thoroughly Modern Millie]]'' as Millie Dillmount (2002–2004)
* ''[[Les Misérables (musical)|Les Misérables]]'' as Eponine (2000)
* ''[[Annie (musical)|Annie]]'' as Star to Be (1997)
* ''[[The Scarlet Pimpernel (musical)|The Scarlet Pimpernel]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Grease (musical)|Grease]]'' as Sandy Dumbrowski (1996)
;Off-Broadway
* ''Trust'' as Prudence (2010)
;Regional theatre
* ''[[Me and My Girl]]'' (2004)
* ''What the World Needs Now'' (1998)
* ''Dorian'' (2000)
* ''The Three Musketeers''
* ''[[South Pacific (musical)|South Pacific]]''
;Concerts
* ''[[They're Playing Our Song]]'' as Sonia Walsk (August 30, 2010)
* ''[[Anyone Can Whistle]]'' (Encores!) as Nurse Fay Apple (April 8–11, 2010)
* ''[[Funny Girl (musical)|Funny Girl]]'' (Concert) as Fanny Brice (September 23, 2002)
* ''[[Chess (musical)|Chess]]'' (Concert) as Svetlana (September 22, 2003)

;Television
* ''[[Johnny and the Sprites]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Flight of the Conchords (TV series)|Flight of the Conchords]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Law & Order: SVU]]'' (2010)

;Discography
* ''An Evening with Sutton Foster: Live at the Café Carlyle'' (2011)
* ''Wish'' First Solo Album
* ''Shrek The Musical'' Original Cast Recording
* ''Keys — The Music of Scott Alan''
* ''Young Frankenstein'' Original Cast Recording
* ''The Drowsy Chaperone'' Original Cast Recording
* ''Little Women'' Original Cast Recording
* ''The [[Maury Yeston]] Songbook''
* ''Thoroughly Modern Millie'' Original Cast Recording
* ''[[Jule Styne]] in Hollywood''

== Personal life ==
Foster was married to Thoroughly Modern Millie costar Christian Borle but divorced him after his alleged affair with his Legally Blonde the Musical costar Laura Bell Bundy. Foster is currently dating actor [[Bobby Cannavale]].<ref>http://www.broadway.com/shows/motherfker-hat/buzz/156031/bobby-cannavale-crowns-real-life-love-sutton-foster-the-motherfker-with-the-taps/</ref>

==Awards and nominations==

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%" border="2" cellpadding="4" background: #f9f9f9;
|- align="center"
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Year
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Award
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Category
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Nominated Work
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Result
|-
|rowspan=5|2002
|Astaire Award
|Best Actress in a Musical
|rowspan=5|''Thoroughly Modern Millie''
|{{won}}
|-
|Drama Desk Award
|Outstanding Actress in a Musical
|{{won}}
|-
|Drama League Award
|Distinguished Performance
|{{nom}}
|-
|Outer Critics Circle Award
|Outstanding Actress in a Musical
|{{won}}
|-
|Tony Award
|Best Leading Actress in a Musical
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan=4|2005
|Drama Desk Award
|Outstanding Actress in a Musical
|rowspan=4|''Little Women''
|{{nom}}
|-
|Drama League Award
|Distinguished Performance
|{{nom}}
|-
|Outer Critics Circle Award
|Outstanding Actress in a Musical
|{{nom}}
|-
|Tony Award
|Best Leading Actress in a Musical
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=4|2006
|Drama Desk Award
|Outstanding Actress in a Musical
|rowspan=4|''The Drowsy Chaperone''
|{{nom}}
|-
|Drama League Award
|Distinguished Performance
|{{nom}}
|-
|Outer Critics Circle Award
|Outstanding Actress in a Musical
|{{nom}}
|-
|Tony Award
|Best Leading Actress in a Musical
|{{nom}}
|-
|2008
|Drama League Award
|Distinguished Performance
|''Young Frankenstein''
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=4|2009
|Drama Desk Award
|Outstanding Actress in a Musical
|rowspan=4|''Shrek''
|{{nom}}
|-
|Drama League Award
|Distinguished Performance
|{{nom}}
|-
|Outer Critics Circle Award
|Outstanding Actress in a Musical
|{{won}}
|-
|Tony Award
|Best Leading Actress in a Musical
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=5|2011
|Astaire Award
|Best Actress in a Musical
|rowspan=5|''Anything Goes''
|{{won}}
|-
|Drama Desk Award
|Outstanding Actress in a Musical
|{{won}}
|-
|Drama League Award
|Distinguished Performance
|{{nom}}
|-
|Outer Critics Circle Award
|Outstanding Actress in a Musical
|{{won}}
|-
|Tony Award
|Best Leading Actress in a Musical
|{{pen}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.suttonfoster.com Official Website]
* {{IBDB name|70151}}
* {{IMDb name|1900397}}
* [http://www.donshewey.com/theater_articles/sutton_foster.html Article on her role in ''Thoroughly Modern Millie'']
* [http://www.americantheatrewing.org/downstagecenter/detail/sutton_foster Sutton Foster] - ''Downstage Center'' interview at [[American Theatre Wing|American Theatre Wing.org]], May 2005
* [http://www.americantheatrewing.org/seminars/detail/performance_04_03 Performance] - ''Working in the Theatre Seminar'' video at [[American Theatre Wing|American Theatre Wing.org]], April 2003
* [http://www.tonyawards.com/en_US/interactive/video/index.html#f TonyAwards.com Interview with Sutton Foster]
* [http://www.riverfronttimes.com/2010-01-27/culture/sutton-foster-it-girl-of-broadway-musical-theater/ Riverfront Times interview with Sutton Foster about her upbringing]

{{Template group
|title = Awards for Sutton Foster
|list =
{{DramaDesk MusicalOutstandingActress 2001-2025}}
{{TonyAward MusicalLeadActress 2001-2025}}
}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Foster, Sutton
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =March 18, 1975
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Statesboro, Georgia]], [[United States|USA]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Foster, Sutton}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American female singers]]
[[Category:American musical theatre actors]]
[[Category:American stage actors]]
[[Category:Carnegie Mellon University alumni]]
[[Category:Drama Desk Award winners]]
[[Category:People from Troy, Michigan]]
[[Category:Tony Award winners]]
[[Category:People from Bulloch County, Georgia]]
[[Category:Actors from Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Actors from Michigan]]
[[Category:New York University faculty]]

[[fr:Sutton Foster]]

CD-i-Spiele der The-Legend-of-Zelda-Reihe

2008-05-27T01:43:53Z

Tiggerjay: Reverted edits by 66.214.186.134 (talk) to last version by 72.18.170.100

{{Infobox VG
| title = Link: The Faces Of Evil, Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon, and Zelda's Adventure
| image = [[Image:zelda facesofevil box.jpg|250px]] [[Image:zelda wandofgamelon packaging.jpg|250px]] [[Image:Zelda adventure gamecover.jpg|250px]]
| developer = '''[[Animation Magic]]''' (''Link: The Faces of Evil'' and ''Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon'') '''Viridis''' (''Zelda's Adventure'')
| publisher = [[Philips|Philips Media]]
| designer =
| engine =
| released = '''Link: The Faces of Evil'''<ref name="up">{{cite web |url=http://www.1up.com/do/feature?pager.offset=5&cId=3149883 |title=CDi: The Ugly Duckling |first=Danny |last=Cowan |publisher=[[1UP.com]] |date=2006-04-25 |accessdate=2008-04-07}}</ref> {{vgrelease||NA=[[October 10]] [[1993]]|EU=[[1993]]}}'''Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon'''<ref name="up"/> {{vgrelease||NA=[[October 10]] [[1993]]|EU=[[1993]]}}'''Zelda's Adventure'''<ref name="kot">{{cite web |url=http://kotaku.com/gaming/history-is-cool!/this-day-in-gaming-june-5th-265907.php |title=This Day in Gaming, June 5th |first=Mark |last=Wilson |publisher=[[Kotaku]] |date=[[2007-06-05]] |accessdate=2008-04-07}}</ref> {{vgrelease||NA=[[June 5]] [[1994]]|EU=[[1994]]}}
| genre = [[Action-adventure game|Action-adventure]]
| modes = [[Single-player]]
| ratings =
| platforms = [[CD-i]]
| media = 1 [[CD-ROM]]
| requirements =
| input =
}}
'''''Link: The Faces of Evil''''', '''''Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon''''', and '''''Zelda’s Adventure''''' are three [[action-adventure game]]s produced by [[Philips]] for the [[CD-i]] as part of ''[[The Legend of Zelda (series)|The Legend of Zelda]]'' video game series. ''The Faces of Evil'' and ''The Wand of Gamelon'' were developed by [[Animation Magic]] and released on [[October 10]], [[1993]] and ''Zelda's Adventure'' was developed by Viridis and released on [[June 5]], [[1994]].

After [[Nintendo]] decided not to have Philips create a CD add-on to the [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System|Super Nintendo]], Nintendo gave Philips permission to use five Nintendo characters in their games after the CD add-on was released on its own as the CD-i. The games were given little funding or time for completion, and Nintendo provided only cursory input.

The games are considered some of the worst games ever made, due to their poor acting during [[full motion video]] (FMV) cut scenes and their barely functional controls. The Philips CD-i did not sell well and the games became very valuable. Nintendo rarely acknowledges the trilogy's existence, and the games are a source of ridicule by many reviewers.

==Gameplay==
''Faces of Evil'' and ''Wand of Gamelon'' are played using the side-scrolling view introduced in ''[[Zelda II: The Adventure of Link]]'', while ''Adventure'' has a top-down view reminiscent of the original ''[[The Legend of Zelda]]''.<ref name="up"/><ref name="Wired">{{cite web |url=http://blog.wired.com/games/2008/03/gamelife-the--3.html |title=Game|Life The Video, #7: Nintendo and CD-i |last=Kohler |first=Chris |publisher=[[Wired (magazine)]] |date=[[2008-03-24]] |accessdate=2008-04-07}}</ref> All the CD-i ''Zelda'' games begin with an animated [[Full motion video|FMVs]] to illustrate the capabilities of the [[CD-ROM]] format; ''Zelda’s Adventure'' begins with live action video.<ref name="Wired"/>

===''Link: The Faces of Evil''===
[[Image:Zeldafacesofevil2.jpg|left|thumb|200px|A screenshot from ''The Faces of Evil'']]
The player controls [[Link (The Legend of Zelda)|Link]], who must find and defeat Ganon, rescue Princess Zelda, and become the hero of Koridai.<ref name="EvilInstructions">{{cite book |author=[[Animation Magic]] |year=1993 |title=''Link: The Faces of Evil'' Instruction Booklet |publisher=Philips Media |language=English}}</ref> When the player begins this quest, three areas are initially available, accessible through Gwonam's map.<ref name="EvilInstructions"/> The player can access the areas on the map by moving the on-screen cursor over one of the areas and pressing a certain button.<ref name="EvilInstructions"/>

Gwonam, who aids the player in the quest, did not allow time to pack.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Link: The Faces of Evil |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |language=English |level=Opening sequence |quote='''Link:''' Great! I'll grab my stuff! / '''Gwonam:''' There is no time. Your sword is enough.}}</ref> As such, the player is only equipped with a sword and shield at the beginning of the game.<ref name="EvilInstructions"/> The sword is used to attack enemies, fire deadly Power Blasts, and communicate with friendly villagers.<ref name="EvilInstructions"/> Meanwhile, the shield can deflect attacks thrown at the player.<ref name="EvilInstructions"/> The shield is automatically lifted when the player is standing still or crouching.<ref name="EvilInstructions"/> Other helpful tools, such as lamp oil (for lighting a lamp), rope (for climbing), and bombs (which can destroy some obstacles) are available for a price at Morshu's shop in Goronu.<ref name="EvilInstructions"/><ref>{{cite video game |title=Link: The Faces of Evil |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |language=English |level=Goronu Shop |quote='''Morshu the Shopkeeper:''' Lamp oil, rope, bombs. You want it? It's yours, my friend. As long as you have enough rubies.}}</ref> The rubies that Morshu takes as currency can be obtained by defeating enemies.<ref name="EvilInstructions"/> Red rubies have a value of one, while green rubies are worth five, and blue rubies are worth ten.<ref name="EvilInstructions"/> To pick up these gems, the player must strike them with the sword before they disappear.<ref name="EvilInstructions"/> The color of the rubies (rupees in the "Zelda World") is also different from the ones in the other Zelda games, since, normally, green rupees are worth one, blue rupees are worth 5 and red rupees are worth 20.

Link's health is measured in "Life Hearts".<ref name="EvilInstructions"/> The number of Life Hearts the player currently has is shown on the upper-left corner of the screen when Link is walking around the island.<ref name="EvilInstructions"/> Although the player begins the game with only three hearts, there are ways to earn more.<ref name="EvilInstructions"/> Each time Link is injured, he will lose at least one-half of a heart.<ref name="EvilInstructions"/> The first two times Link runs our of Life Hearts, the player will be given the option of continuing from near the point where Link's last heart was lost.<ref name="EvilInstructions"/> When Link loses his hearts for a third time, he will be returned to the map, and the player will have to start the level from the beginning.<ref name="EvilInstructions"/> Returning to the map replenishes Link's Life Hearts and lives, and he will retain any items and rubies he picked up.<ref name="EvilInstructions"/>

===''Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon''===
[[Image:Zeldawandofgamelon2.jpg|left|thumb|200px|A screenshot from ''Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon'']]
The player controls Princess Zelda, who must find and defeat Ganon, rescue King Harkinian and Link, and become the heroine of Gamelon.<ref name="WandInstructions">{{cite book |author=[[Animation Magic]] |year=1993 |title=''Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon'' Instruction Booklet |publisher=Philips Media |language=English}}</ref> When the player begins this quest, three areas are initially available, accessible through Impa's map.<ref name="WandInstructions"/> The player can access the areas on the map by moving the on-screen cursor over one of the areas and pressing a certain button.<ref name="WandInstructions"/>

At the beginning of the game, the player is only equipped with a sword and shield.<ref name="WandInstructions"/> The sword is used to attack enemies, fire deadly Power Blasts, and communicate with friendly villagers.<ref name="WandInstructions"/> Meanwhile, the shield can deflect attacks thrown at the player.<ref name="WandInstructions"/> The shield is automatically lifted when the player is standing still or crouching.<ref name="WandInstructions"/> Other helpful tools, such as lamp oil (for lighting a lamp), rope (for climbing), and bombs (which can destroy some obstacles) are available for a price at the General Shop in Sakado.<ref name="WandInstructions"/><ref>{{cite video game |title=Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |language=English |level=Sakado General Shop |quote='''General Shop Merchant:''' Course I'm on your side, but I still have to sell the stuff. Just pick what you want. I'll handle the rubies.}}</ref> The rubies that the Merchant takes as currency can be obtained by defeating enemies.<ref name="WandInstructions"/> Red rubies have a value of one, while green rubies are worth five, and blue rubies are worth ten.<ref name="WandInstructions"/> To pick up these gems, the player must strike them with the sword before they disappear.<ref name="WandInstructions"/>

Zelda's health is measured in "Life Hearts".<ref name="WandInstructions"/> The number of Life Hearts the player currently has is shown on the upper-left corner of the screen when Zelda is walking around the island.<ref name="WandInstructions"/> Although the player begins the game with only three hearts, there are ways to earn more.<ref name="WandInstructions"/> Each time Zelda is injured, she will lose at least one-half of a heart.<ref name="WandInstructions"/> The first two times Zelda runs out of Life Hearts, the player will be given the option of continuing from near the point where Zelda's last heart was lost.<ref name="WandInstructions"/> When Zelda loses her hearts for a third time, she will be returned to the map, and the player will have to start the level from the beginning.<ref name="WandInstructions"/> Returning to the map replenishes Zelda's Life Hearts and lives, and she will retain any items and rubies she picked up.<ref name="WandInstructions"/>

===''Zelda's Adventure''===
[[Image:Zeldasadventure1.jpg|left|thumb|200px|A screenshot from ''Zelda's Adventure'']]
Unlike the previous two CD-i ''Zelda'' games, which take the [[side-scrolling game|side-scrolling]] view from ''[[Zelda II: The Adventure of Link|Zelda II]]'', ''Zelda's Adventure'' is played with the same top-down view found in ''[[The Legend of Zelda]]''.<ref name="IGNZA">{{cite web |url=http://cheats.ign.com/objects/017/017125.html |title=IGN: Zelda's Adventure |publisher=[[IGN]] |accessdate=2008-04-15}}</ref> Playing as Princess Zelda, the aim is to fight through the Seven Shrines of the Underworld to collect the celestial signs, and bring the land of Tolemac to an Age of Lightness.<ref name="IGNZA"/><ref name="MGZA">{{cite web |url=http://www.mobygames.com/game/zeldas-adventure |title=Zelda's Adventure for CD-i |publisher=[[MobyGames]] |accessdate=2008-04-15}}</ref>

Unlike the other two games, ''Zelda's Adventure'' was created by Viridus, an entirely different company, with a change in style and gameplay.<ref name="IGNZA"/><ref name="MGZA"/> Gameplay is very much like the original ''[[The Legend of Zelda]]'' and ''[[The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past]]'', with an overworld that allows access to individual dungeons.<ref name="MGZA"/><ref name="zeldasadvent">{{cite web |url=http://www.zeldaelements.net/cdiseries_za.shtml#overview |title=Overview: Zelda's Adventure |author=Zelda Elements Staff |publisher=Zelda Elements |date=2008-01-01 |accessdate=2008-04-07}}</ref> The [[Full motion video|FMV]] sequences which explain the plot are [[live action]] instead of animated.<ref name="zeldasadvent">{{cite web |url=http://www.zeldaelements.net/cdiseries_za.shtml#overview |title=Overview: Zelda's Adventure |author=Zelda Elements Staff |publisher=Zelda Elements |date=2008-01-01 |accessdate=2008-04-07}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Plot==
===''Link: The Faces of Evil''===
Link, [[protagonist]] of the series, complains to the king of [[Hyrule]] that he is bored now that the kingdom is safe.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Link: The Faces of Evil |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |language=English |level=Opening sequence |quote='''Link:''' Gee! It sure is boring around here. / '''King Harkinian:''' My boy, this peace is what all true warriors strive for. / '''Link:''' I just wonder what Ganon's up to.}}</ref><ref name="faceevil">{{cite web |url=http://www.zeldaelements.net/cdiseries_foe.shtml |title=Overview: Link: The Faces of Evil |author=Zelda Elements Staff |publisher=Zelda Elements |date=2008-01-01 |accessdate=2008-04-07}}</ref> A wizard named Gwonam visits the King and Link on a [[magic carpet]] and tells them that [[Ganon]] has taken over the far-off island of Koridai,<ref>{{cite video game |title=Link: The Faces of Evil |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |language=English |level=Opening sequence |quote='''Gwonam:''' Your Majesty, Ganon and his minions have seized the island of Koridai.}}</ref> further explaining that only Link can stop him.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Link: The Faces of Evil |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |language=English |level=Opening sequence |quote='''Gwonam:''' It is written: only Link can defeat Ganon.}}</ref> Link is transported to Koridai and shown by the wizard an island with giant stone statues known as the Faces of Evil, which he must explore to find the lost pieces of the [[Triforce]].<ref name="Wired"/><ref>{{cite video game |title=Link: The Faces of Evil |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |language=English |level=Opening sequence |quote='''Link:''' Wow! What're all those heads?! / '''Gwonam:''' These are the Faces of Evil. You must conquer each.}}</ref><ref name="cdioverview"/> During Link's time in Koridai, Princess Zelda is kidnapped by Ganon and is kept in his lair.<ref name="faceevil"/><ref>{{cite video game |title=Link: The Faces of Evil |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |language=English |level=Firestone Lake |quote='''Ganon:''' In the darkest nightmare hour, when not moon nor sun has risen, I take Zelda through my power. I shall keep her in my prison.}}</ref> Later in his journey, Link is sent to Fortress Centrum to retrieve the Treasure of Death for an Ice Queen.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Link: The Faces of Evil |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |language=English |level=Serigon Caves |quote='''Ice Queen:''' Before you face the foul fiend Ganon, you must conquer Fortress Centrum, where the Treasure of Death is hidden. Bring it to me. Begone.}}</ref> At the fortress, Link finds what appears to be a sleeping Zelda. Upon awakening her, however, Zelda transforms into Goronu, a shapeshifting necromancer who works for Ganon. After defeating Gorono, Link retrieves the Crystal of Reflection, which allows his shield to reflect curses.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Link: The Faces of Evil |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |language=English |level=Serigon Caves |quote='''Ice Queen:''' This shield both sword and spear reflects, but cannot stop the vilest curse. This crystal makes the shield reflect, cursing the curser with twice the curse.}}</ref> Link then proceeds to defeat Ganon's minions, which include the rejuvenated Goronu, the anthropomorphic pig Harlequin, the armored pyrokinetic Militron, the three-eyed wolfman Lupay, and the gluttonous cyclops Glutko, from which the Book of Koridai is retrieved. A translator, who can read the Book of Koridai, reveals that the Book itself is enough to defeat Ganon.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Link: The Faces of Evil |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |language=English |level=Nortinka |quote='''Ipo the Reader:''' Listen. Such is the power of the Prince of Darkness that he can kill with a single look. Attacks against Ganon will prove fruitless unless Link attacks with the sacred book.}}</ref> After trekking through Ganon's Lair, Link finally reaches Ganon, who attempts to recruit Link with the promise of great power and the threat of murder,<ref>{{cite video game |title=Link: The Faces of Evil |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |language=English |level=Ganon's Lair |quote='''Ganon:''' Join me, Link, and I will make your face the greatest in Koridai, or else you will ''die!''}}</ref> but Link turns down his offer by imprisoning him in the Book of Koridai.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Link: The Faces of Evil |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |language=English |level=Ganon's Lair |quote='''Ganon:''' No! Not into the pit! ''It burrrns!!''}}</ref> Link awakens Zelda and tells her that he had just defeated Ganon, to which she is skeptical.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Link: The Faces of Evil |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |language=English |level=Ending sequence |quote='''Princess Zelda:''' Why'd you do that? / '''Link:''' I just saved you from Ganon! / '''Princess Zelda:''' You ''did'' not.}}</ref> Gwonam appears and congratulates Link on imprisoning Ganon. He shows Link a recovering Koridai and declares him the island's hero.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Link: The Faces of Evil |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |language=English |level=Ending sequence |quote='''Gwonam:''' Well done, Link! Ganon is once again imprisoned. Come. Look. Already Koridai is returning to harmony. The birds are singing! Isn't it beautiful? / '''Link:''' Golly! / '''Gwonam:''' As it is written, you, Link, are the hero of Koridai!}}</ref>

===''Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon''===
The King of Hyrule announces his plan to aid Duke Onkled of Gamelon when the latter falls under attack by Ganon,<ref name="gamelon">{{cite web | url=http://www.zeldaelements.net/cdiseries_wog.shtml |title=Overview: Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon |author=Zelda Elements Staff |publisher=Zelda Elements |date=[[2008-01-01]] |accessdate=2008-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite video game |title=Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |language=English |level=Opening sequence |quote='''King Harkinian:''' Zelda, Duke Onkled is under attack by the evil forces of Ganon. I'm going to Gamelon to aid him.}}</ref> and orders Zelda to send Link if he doesn't return in a month.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |language=English |level=Opening sequence |quote='''King Harkinian:''' If you don't hear from me in a month, send Link.}}</ref> A month passes without a word from the King,<ref>{{cite video game |title=Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |language=English |level=Opening sequence |quote='''Princess Zelda:''' ''(sighs)'' A whole month gone, and still no word.}}</ref> so Zelda sends Link to find him.<ref name="gamelon"/><ref>{{cite video game |title=Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |language=English |level=Opening sequence |quote='''Princess Zelda:''' Link, go to Gamelon and find my father. / '''Link:''' Great! I can't wait to bomb some Dodongos!}}</ref> When he too goes missing,<ref name="gamelon"/> Zelda ventures off to Gamelon (accompanied by an elderly Impa) to find both Link and the King.<ref name="gamelon"/><ref>{{cite video game |title=Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |language=English |level=Opening sequence |quote='''Princess Zelda:''' Wake up, Impa. We're going to Gamelon. / '''Impa:''' ''(yawning)'' All right, dear. I'll get the Triforce of Wisdom.}}</ref> During Zelda's time in Gamelon, Impa discovers that King Harkinian has been captured, and that Link has engaged in a battle, of which the outcome is unclear.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |language=English |level=Sakado |quote='''Impa:''' Oh, my. Your father has been captured! / '''Princess Zelda:''' What about Link? / '''Impa:''' He's been in a terrible fight! I can't tell what happened!}}</ref> Later on, it is revealed that Duke Onkled betrayed the King.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |language=English |level=Dodomai Palace |quote='''Spaniard:''' Duke Onkled betrayed the King! / '''Princess Zelda:''' I know.}}</ref> Duke Onkled is then blackmailed into revealing the entrance to Reesong Palace, where Ganon has taken residence.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |language=English |level=Dodomai Palace |quote='''Duke Onkled:''' D-Don't hurt me, Zelda! I'll tell you the secret way into Reesong Palace. / '''Princess Zelda:''' You better talk fast. / '''Duke Onkled:''' Go all the way left and move the rug. This key opens the gate.}}</ref> Before travelling there, Zelda goes to the Shrine of Gamelon to obtain the Wand needed to defeat Ganon. At Reesong Palace, Zelda incapacitates Ganon with the Wand, and rescues her father. Back at Hyrule, the King shows no mercy to the begging Duke Onkled and sentences him to community service.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon |developer=Animation Magic |publisher=Philips Media |date=1993 |platform=Philips CD-i |language=English |level=Ending sequence |quote='''Duke Onkled:''' Please! Your omnipotence! Have mercy! / '''King Harkinian:''' After you've scrubbed all the floors in Hyrule, ''then'' we can talk about mercy! Take him away!}}</ref> It is not until Zelda smashes Lady Alma's mirror against the wall that Link arrives to join in the celebrations. The game ends with everyone laughing at Link's general obliviousness.

===''Zelda's Adventure''===
[[Ganon]] has kidnapped Link, and stolen the seven celestial signs, creating an "Age of Darkness" in the kingdom of Tolemac.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Zelda's Adventure |developer=Viridis |publisher=Philips Media |date=1994 |platform=Philips CD-i |language=English |level=Opening sequence |quote='''Gaspra the Astronomer:''' And so it was that Gannon, Lord of Darkness, had taken over Tolemac. He had stolen the treasured celestial signs and captured Link!}}</ref> [[Princess Zelda]] learns from the court [[astrologer]] Gaspra (played by actor Mark Andrade) that she must collect the signs to defeat Ganon and save Link.<ref name="Wired"/><ref name="zeldasadvent">{{cite web |url=http://www.zeldaelements.net/cdiseries_za.shtml#overview |title=Overview: Zelda's Adventure |author=Zelda Elements Staff |publisher=Zelda Elements |date=2008-01-01 |accessdate=2008-04-07}}</ref>

==Development==
[[Image:Zeldawandofgamelon1.jpg|right|thumb|An FMV cinematic from Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon]]
In 1989, [[Nintendo]] signed a deal with [[Sony]] to begin development of a [[CD-ROM]]-based system known as the "Nintendo Playstation" to be an [[add-on]] to the [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System]] that would allow for [[Full motion video|FMV]] and larger games.<ref name="cdioverview">{{cite web |url= http://www.zeldaelements.net/cdiseries.shtml |title=Overview: CDi Series |author=Zelda Elements Staff |publisher=Zelda Elements |date=2008-01-01 |accessdate=2008-04-07}}</ref><ref name="trailers">{{cite web |url=http://www.gametrailers.com/player/14537.html |title=The Legend of Zelda Retrospective Zelda Retrospective Part 3 |author=GameTrailers Staff |publisher=[[GameTrailers]] |date=2006-10-22 |accessdate=2008-04-07}}</ref> However, Nintendo broke the agreement and instead signed with [[Philips]] to make the add-on, which caused [[Sony]] to spin off their add on into its own console called the [[PlayStation]].<ref name="Wired"/><ref name="cdioverview"/><ref name="Dumbest">{{cite web |url=http://archive.gamespy.com/articles/june03/dumbestmoments/index17.shtml |title=Nintendo: From Hero to Zero |author=GameSpy Staff |publisher=[[GameSpy]] |date=2008-01-01 |accessdate=2008-04-07}}</ref> Witnessing the poor reception of the [[Sega Mega-CD]], Nintendo scrapped the idea of making an add-on entirely.<ref name="cdioverview"/><ref name="trailers"/> As part of dissolving the agreement with Phillips, Nintendo gave them the license to use five of their characters, including Link, Princess Zelda, and Ganon, for games on Philips add-on which was made into an individual console called the [[CD-i]] after the partnerships dissolution.<ref name="kot"/><ref name="trailers"/> Contracting out to independent studios, Philips subsequently used the characters to create three games for the "CD-i", with Nintendo taking no part in their development except to give input on the look of the characters.<ref name="faceevil"/><ref name="trailers"/> Philips insisted that all aspects of the CD-i's capabilities, including [[Full motion video|FMV]], should be used.<ref name="gamelon"/> As the system had not been designed as a dedicated video game console, there were several technical limitations, such as an infrared controller that lagged behind the on-screen action.<ref name="gamelon"/> The team that created the first two games consisted of four artists, three programmers and one musician and were given a little over a year to create both games.<ref name="gamelon"/>

''Wand of Gamelon'' and ''Faces of Evil'' were the first Nintendo-licensed games released on the Philips CD-i.<ref name="up"/> The two games were given the relatively low budgets of approximately $600,000 each and it was decided by the [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]-based development team [[Animation Magic]], led by Dale DeSharon, to develop the two games in tandem and have them share the same graphics engine to more efficiently use the budget.<ref name="developer">{{cite web |url=http://hg101.classicgaming.gamespy.com/zeldacdi/zeldacdi.htm |title=Zelda: Wand of Gamelon / Link: Faces of Evil - Phillips CD-I (1993) |first=John |last=Szczepaniak |publisher=[[GameSpy]] |date=2008-01-01 |accessdate=2008-04-07}}</ref> The animated cutscenes were created by a team of six animators from [[Russia]] who were flown to the [[United States]] for the project.<ref name="gamelon"/> Link's [[catch phrase]] "Excuuuuuse Me, Princess!" from the Legend of Zelda television show, currently a commonly used [[in-joke]] among video game players, was included in the CD-i games.<ref name="IGN">{{cite web |author=Michael S. Drucker |url=http://dvd.ign.com/articles/655/655002p1.html |date=2005-09-30 |title=The Legend of Zelda: The Complete Animated Series |publisher=[[IGN]] |accessdate=2008-04-06}}</ref> ''Zelda's Adventure''s backgrounds were created out videos of scenery near [[California State Route 2|Santa Monica Boulevard]] in [[West Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California|West L.A.]], footage of [[Hawaii]] taken from a helicopter, and developers' vacation photos.<ref name="developing">{{cite web |author=Bas |url=http://cdii.blogspot.com/2007/03/zelda-voyeur-and-man-who-worked-on-both.html |date=2007-03-08 |title=Zelda, Voyeur, and a man who worked on both CD-i projects... |publisher=Interactive Dreams |accessdate=2008-04-07}}</ref> This decision took up much of the games RAM usage, causing backgrounds to scroll slowly, and developers were extremely frustrated. Space was so limited that one or two kilobytes of free space was the cause of much argument as to how to utilize it.<ref name="developing"/> The composer for ''Zelda's Adventure'' also played the part of Gaspra in the games cut scenes.<ref name="developing"/> The houses and interiors built for the cut scenes were build as scale models.<ref name="developing"/> Developers have stated they were not influenced by the first two CD-i Zelda games.<ref name="developing"/> ''Zelda's Adventure'' spent two years being tested, longer than it took to develop the game.<ref name="developing"/> Much more music was composed for the game than was used.<ref name="developing"/> Developers had difficulty making sure all the areas of the game had proper background masking.<ref name="developing"/>

==Reception==

The magazine ''[[Electronic Gaming Monthly]]'' considers all three games as some of the [[Video games notable for negative reception|worst video games ever made]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.seanbaby.com/nes/egm06.htm |title=#6: Zelda: Wand of Gamelon (CDI) |last=Reiley |first=Sean |publisher=Seanbaby.com |date=2007-01-01 |accessdate=2008-04-07}}</ref> [[IGN]] referred to the games cutscenes as “infamous” and “cheesy”; other reviewers called them "bizarre" and “an absolute joke”.<ref name="up"/><ref name="trailers"/><ref name="IGN"/> The graphics of ''Zelda's Adventure'' were called "blurry and digitized".<ref name="up"/> The game controls were called by [[Wired (magazine)|''Wired'' magazine]] one of the worst ever encountered, and that the animation on the first two Zelda games was extremely simple and stilted.<ref name="Wired"/> ''Zelda's Adventure'' was called "unplayable" due to its jerky frame rate, unresponsive controls and long load times.<ref name="up"/> Another flaw was that the game could not produce both sound effects and music at the same time.<ref name="up"/> The voice acting, done by local [[American Federation of Television and Radio Artists|AFTRA]] actors, was criticized as misdirected, amateurish, and jarring; ''Zelda's Adventure's'' acting was also criticized as unprofessional.<ref name="up"/><ref name="faceevil"/><ref>{{Citation |first=John |last=Szczepaniak |title=Zelda: 'Wand of Gamelon' & 'Link: Faces of Evil' |periodical=[[Retro Gamer]] |issue=27 |pages=pp. 52–57}}.</ref> The first two games did receive praise for detailed and well-drawn in-game backgrounds and "pretty decent" gameplay, making it them some of the best games on the CD-i, despite weird controls.<ref name="up"/><ref name="developer"/><ref name="gamelon"/> The audio was thought to be "average", and not up to the usual Zelda quality.<ref name="gamelon"/>

[[1UP.com]] called the box art of ''Zelda's Adventure'' one of the 15 worst ever made.<ref>{{cite web |first=Scott |last=Sharkey |url=http://www.1up.com/do/feature?pager.offset=4&cId=3158260 |date=2007-03-30 |title=Hey Covers...You Suck! |publisher=[[1UP.com]] |accessdate=2008-04-07}}</ref> [[Nintendo]] rarely acknowledges the [[CD-i]] games, and claimed in 2006 that if a player owned a [[Game Boy]] and the [[Nintendo GameCube|GameCube]] compilation of Zelda known as ''[[The Legend of Zelda: Collector's Edition]]'' - which does not include the CD-i games - every ''Zelda'' game made could be played.<ref>{{cite web |first=Alex |last=Kidman |url=http://www.cnet.com.au/games/gamecube/0,239029723,219116891,00.htm |date=2004-02-08 |title=Legend Of Zelda Collector's Edition |publisher=[[CNET Networks|CNET.com]] |accessdate=2008-04-07}}</ref> ''Zelda's Adventure'' was released as the Philip's CD-i was ceasing production and is very rare, and is regularly sold for over $100.<ref name="up"/> The video and music elements of the CD-I games have been remixed many times for humorous purposes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dsfanboy.com/2007/10/05/friday-video-you-must-eat-swords/ |title=Friday Video: You must eat swords |last=Fletcher |first=JC |publisher=[[joystiq]] |date=2007-10-05 |accessdate=2008-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.joystiq.com/2006/09/09/awful-cd-i-zelda-games-get-remixed/ |title=Awful CD-i Zelda games get remixed |last=Orland |first=Kyle |publisher=[[joystiq]] |date=2006-09-09 |accessdate=2008-04-07}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote|The Legend of Zelda series|Link: The Faces of Evil, Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon and Zelda's Adventure}}
* {{moby game|id=/link-the-faces-of-evil|name=''Link: The Faces of Evil''}}
* {{moby game|id=/zelda-the-wand-of-gamelon|name=''Zelda: The Wand of Gamelon''}}
* {{imdb_title|id=0934624}}
*{{moby game|id=/zeldas-adventure |name= ''Zelda's Adventure''}}

{{The Legend of Zelda}}

[[Category:CD-i games]]
[[Category:Internet memes]]
[[Category:The Legend of Zelda games]]
[[Category:Video games developed in the United States]]

[[fr:Zelda CD-i]]

Startaufstellung (American Football)

2008-05-27T01:31:35Z

Tiggerjay: Reverted edits by 70.171.193.185 (talk) to last version by 76.91.222.163

{{for|the line of action figures|Starting Lineup (toy line)}}
A '''starting lineup''' in [[sports]] refers to the set of players actively participating in the event when the [[Game#Field games (sports)|game]] begins. The players in the starting lineup are commonly referred to as ''starters'', whereas the others are ''substitutes'' or ''bench players''.

The starters are commonly the best players on the team at their respective positions. Consequently, there is often a bit of [[prestige]] that is associated with being a starter. In both [[baseball]] and [[basketball]], it is common for players' positions to be denoted by a number as well as by a name. In that instance, the associated number is used as well. If a common abbreviation is known, the abbreviation is listed after the associated number.

==Baseball starting lineup==
The starting lineup in [[baseball]] comprises either nine or ten players. In the [[National League]] of [[Major League Baseball]], there are nine players in the starting lineup and all players [[batter (baseball)|bat]]. [[American League]] teams have the option of using a [[designated hitter]] (DH) in place of the [[pitcher]] in the [[Batting order (baseball)|batting order]]. The DH does not play when the team is on defense.
# P - [[Pitcher]]
# C - [[Catcher]]
# 1B - [[First baseman]]
# 2B - [[Second baseman]]
# 3B - [[Third baseman]]
# SS - [[Shortstop]]
# LF - [[Left fielder]]
# CF - [[Center fielder]]
# RF - [[Right Fielder]]
# DH - [[Designated hitter]]

==Basketball starting lineup==

In the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]], two starting players are traditionally announced as Guards, two as Forwards and one as a Center. However, technically the rules merely stipulate that a starting lineup, along with a list of substitutes, must be indicated at least ten minutes before the game. A captain and optionally a co-captain must also be designated. When pre-game [[technical foul]]s are committed, only designated starters can be chosen to shoot any resulting [[free throw]]s. [http://www.nba.com/analysis/rules_3.html?nav=ArticleList]

The various positions are not mentioned anywhere in the official NBA rule book, and most players play more than one position.

The starting lineup on a [[basketball]] team usually comprises five positions and is called the 2-1-2 lineup:
# PG - [[Point guard]]
# SG - [[Shooting guard]]
# SF - [[Small forward]]
# PF - [[Power forward (basketball)|Power forward]]
# C - [[Center (basketball)|Center]]

In American [[college basketball]], a starting lineup is announced for each team before the game. Starting players are designated as either [[Center (basketball)|Centers]], [[Forward (basketball)|Forwards]], or [[Guard (basketball)|Guards.]] A team can name at most one center, but otherwise any combination of positions is allowable, as long as five players are named. Lineups of three guards, one forward, and one center, or of three guards and two forwards, are the most common alternate lineups.

==Ice hockey starting lineup==
In [[ice hockey]], a team starts out with six players on the ice:
*Two [[Defenceman (ice hockey)|defencemen]]
*A [[goaltender]]
*A [[centre (ice hockey)|centre]]
*A [[winger (ice hockey)|left-winger]]
*A [[winger (ice hockey)|right-winger]]

==Association football (soccer) starting lineup==

The most common starting lineup in [[soccer]] is called 4-4-2 and consists of:
*A [[goalkeeper (football)|goalkeeper]]

*Four [[defender (football)|defenders]]:
FB-2 [[defender (football)|fullbacks]]

CB-2 [[defender (football)|centerbacks]]
*Four [[midfielder]]s:
WG-2 [[midfielder (football)|wingers]]

MC-2 [[midfielder (football)|central midfielders]]
*Two [[striker]]s

==Netball starting lineup==

In [[netball]], a team starts with seven players on the court:
# GS - Goal shooter
# GA - Goal attack
# WA - Wing attack
# C - Centre
# WD - Wing defence
# GD - Goal defence
# GK - Goal keeper

==Australian rules football starting lineup==

In [[Australian rules football]], a team starts with eighteen plays on the field:
# F - Three forwards (one full-forward, two forward pockets)
# HF - Three half forwards (one centre-half forward, two half-forward flanks)
# C - Three centres (one centre, two wing-men)
# HB - Three half backs (one centre-half back, two half-back flanks)
# B - Three backs (one full-back, two back pockets)
# Fol - Three followers (one ruck-man, one ruck-rover, one rover)

==American football starting lineup==

In [[American football]], a team starts with 11 players on offense, 11 players on defense, and a [[special teams]] squad of 11 players for punts, kickoffs, and extra point attempts. Very often most of the special teams players are starters or bench players for offense or defense. An example of this is [[Devin Hester]] of the [[Chicago Bears]]. He is their prime [[kick returner]] but also is a [[wide receiver]].

Offense:
# QB -- [[Quarterback]]
# RB -- [[Running back]]
# C -- [[Center (American football)|Center]]
# LG, RG -- Left and right guard on either side of the center
# LT, RT -- Left and right tackles on either end of the five man [[offensive line]]
# TE -- [[Tight end]]
# WR -- [[Wide receiver]] Teams can have up to five receivers on the field so long as there are no more than 11 offensive players.

Defense:
Traditional football defense is the 4-3 (4 defensive linemen plus 3 linebackers) formation. However, the 3-4 (3 defensive linemen plus 4 linebackers) formation is becoming more popular among professional and [[NCAA Division I]] teams.
# DT -- Depending on formation a team may have up to two defensive tackles. If there is only one he is called the Nose Tackle (NT)
# DE -- A team has two defensive ends
# LB -- A team can start three or four [[linebackers]] based on formation
# SS -- [[Strong safety]]
# FS -- [[Free safety]]
# CB -- Teams usually start two cornerbacks

Special Teams:
# K -- [[Placekicker|Kicker]]
# P -- [[Punter (football position)|Punter]]
# PR -- [[Punt returner]]
# KR -- [[Kick returner]]
# LS -- [[Long snapper]]

The [[National Football League]] officially counts how many times each player appears in the starting lineup. This statistic reflects offense and defense only, not special teams. (Every game starts with a kickoff, which would be a special teams play.) A player gets credited with only one start if he should happen to be on both the offensive and defensive starting lineups (as has happened several times in recent years with [[Troy Brown]] of the [[New England Patriots]], who plays both [[wide receiver]] and [[defensive back]].)
In American college football, the official record of the game includes a "Game Participation" chart which shows the starting lineups and the other participants. The starting lineups reflect the two teams' offenses and defenses, not the kickoff teams.

==See also==
* [[Basketball position]]

[[Category:Baseball terminology]]
[[Category:Basketball terminology]]
[[Category:Ice hockey terminology]]
[[Category:Sports terminology]]
[[Category:American football terminology]]

[[fr:Cinq majeur]]

Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show

2008-05-26T08:05:04Z

Tiggerjay: Reverted edits by 58.105.73.148 (talk) to last version by 193.63.129.156

The '''Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show''' is a two-day benched [[conformation show]] that takes place at [[Madison Square Garden]] in [[New York City]] every year. Dog owners from around the world come to show their dogs. Dogs are judged closely by eminent [[American Kennel Club]] (AKC) judges. It is considered by many to be America's most prestigious dog show. The 132nd WKC Dog Show was held February 11-12, 2008, with the 15" Beagle taking Best in Show. After the [[Crufts]] international show held annually in the [[UK]], the Westminster Kennel Club show is considered one of the largest and most prestigious in the world.

== History ==
[[Image:Komondor Westminster Dog Show.jpg|thumb|The 2007 best of breed [[Komondor]] in the Working Group judging]]

The first Westminster show was held in [[1877]]. No other continuously held sporting event in the United States is older except for the [[Kentucky Derby]], which was first held in 1875. The show originated as a show for [[gun dog]]s, primarily [[setter]]s and [[pointer (dog)|pointers]], initiated by a group of hunting men who met regularly at the Westminster Hotel at Irving Place and Sixteenth Street in [[Manhattan]]. They decided to create a [[kennel club]] called the Westminster Kennel Club specifically for the purpose of holding a dog show. The prizes for these first shows included such items as pearl handled pistols, of use to the hunters and terriermen who worked these dogs in the field. Since that time dog shows have drifted away from a focus on working dogs to a focus on the appearance of the dog alone.

The first show took place in May of 1877 at Gilmore's Gardens (the [[New York Hippodrome|Hippodrome]]) on the site now occupied by the New York Life Building, which also contains the AKC headquarters. The first show drew over 1200 dogs and proved so popular that its originally scheduled three days became four. It remained 3 or 4 days until 1941, when it changed to its current two-day format. Gilmore's Gardens at the time was an old [[railroad]] depot, which two years later became the first Madison Square Garden.

Dog breeds listed for the first show include the Long-haired [[St. Bernard (dog)|Saint Bernard]], the [[Canadian Eskimo Dog|Esquimaux Dog]], and the Siberian Bloodhound; most dogs had simple names such as Duke, Rover, Mungo, Nellie, and Rex, compared to today's fancier and longer [[breed registry#registered names|dog name]]s (although among today's ''call names'' there still number many Dukes, Nellies, Rexes and the like).

The advent of Westminster predates the creation of the AKC, so breed standards were still rough and hard to find. The Westminster Kennel Club was the first club admitted to the AKC after AKC's founding in 1884.

In 1905, with an entry of over 1700 dogs, Westminster surpassed even [[Crufts]] to become the largest all-breed dog show in the world.

Television coverage of the event first occurred in 1948, and continues through the present time. Television condenses the showing of more than 2500 dogs in well over 150 breeds in multiple rings over two days into a usually two-hour show, primarily focusing on the [[General Specials]] (featuring winners from each breed competing for the [[title (animal)|title]] ''Best In Group'') and the final ''Best In Show'' (chosen from among the winners of Best In Group).

[[Anne Rogers Clark]] was a fixture at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show since 1941. She was noticed first as a winning handler, then as a judge. Her 22 judging appearances from 1967 to 2005 at Westminster matched the record.

== Requirements for entry ==
In 1884, the AKC began requiring that all dog participants be registered with the AKC. This eliminates hundreds of less-common breeds recognized by other kennel clubs both in the United States and abroad.

Because of the show's popularity and prestige, starting in 1992 the AKC limited entries by requiring that dogs must have already earned their breed Championship before appearing at Westminster. Still, in 2005, 2,581 dogs were entered.

Although not required, most dogs are handled at Westminster by professional dog handlers who earn good fees for being able to bring out a dogs' strengths in the show ring. Although few dogs have won more than once at Westminster, several skilled handlers have managed the feat with different dogs of different breeds.

== Winning breeds ==
[[Image:German Shepherds WKC dogshow.jpg|thumb|Breed judging for [[German Shepherd Dog]]s at the 2007 show]]
As of the 132nd Westminster Show (February 2008), [[Conformation_show#Winning|Best in Show]] has been won by the [[Terrier Group]] 44 out of the 100 times that the prize has been awarded since 1907,<ref>[http://www.westminsterkennelclub.org/history/bisrecords.html WestminsterKennelClub.org - ''Best In Show Awards By Breed (1907-2008)'']</ref> more than twice as many wins as any other group, even though only 27 of the 157 (or 17%) officially [[American Kennel Club#Recognized breeds|recognized AKC]] [[dog breed|breeds]] are terriers. Only one [[Herding Group]] dog, a [[German Shepherd]] named ''[[Champion dog|Ch.]] Covy Tucker Hill's Manhattan'' has won best in show.<ref>[http://www.westminsterkennelclub.org/history/bisrecords.html WestminsterKennelClub.org - ''Best In Show Awards By Group (1907-2008)'']</ref> The 2007 winner of Best in Show was ''Ch. [[Felicity's Diamond Jim]]'', aka "James", an [[English Springer Spaniel]] ([[Sporting Group]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cbs2chicago.com/slideshows/photoalbum_slideshow_043092003/view?slide=0|title=2007 Westminster Kennel Club Slideshow|publisher=cbs2chicago.com|accessdate=2007-02-16}}</ref> and the 2008 Best In Show was a [[Beagle]] ([[Hound Group]]) named ''Ch. [[K-Run's Park Me In First]]'', aka "Uno" - the first time a beagle has won best in show.<ref>[http://www.westminsterkennelclub.org/2008/results/bis/ Westminster 2008 BIS result]</ref>

* [[Terrier Group]]: 44
* [[Sporting Group]]: 18
* [[Working Group (dogs)|Working Group]]: 15
* [[Non-Sporting Group]]: 10
* [[Toy Group]]: 9
* [[Hound Group]]: 4
* [[Herding Group]]: 1

The oldest dog to win Best in Show was a [[Papillon (dog)|Papillon]] named ''Ch. Loteki Supernatural Being'' (aka Kirby), at 8 years of age in 1999. The youngest dog to win was a [[Rough Collie]] named ''Ch. Land Loyalty of Bellhaven'', at 9 months old in 1929.<ref>[http://www.westminsterkennelclub.org/history/bisrecords.html WestminsterKennelClub.org - ''Oldest Dogs To Win Best In Show'']</ref> One dog, a [[Smooth Fox Terrier]] named Ch. ''Warren Remedy'' won best in show three times (1907-1909), and six other dogs have won twice.<ref>[http://www.westminsterkennelclub.org/history/bisrecords.html WestminsterKennelClub.org - ''Multiple Best In Show Wins'']</ref> Dogs (males) have won best in show 65 times to 35 for bitches (females).<ref>[http://www.westminsterkennelclub.org/history/bisrecords.html WestminsterKennelClub.org - ''Best In Show Awards By Sex Of The Dog'']</ref>

===List of previous show winners and breeds===
{{main|List of Best in Show winners of the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show}}
Following is a list of ''WKC Best in Show'' winners for the last 20 years.<ref>[http://www.westminsterkennelclub.org/history/biswinners.html Westminsterkennelclub.org - ''Best In Show Winners'']</ref>
*2008: Ch. ''[[K-Run's Park Me In First]]'' (aka: ''"Uno''" ) - [[Beagle]]
*2007: Ch. ''[[Felicity's Diamond Jim]]'' (aka:''"James"'' ) - [[English Springer Spaniel]]
*2006: Ch. ''Rocky Top's Sundance Kid'' (aka:''"Rufus"'' ) - [[Bull Terrier|Colored Bull Terrier]]
*2005: Ch. ''Kan-Point's VJK Autumn Roses'' (aka:''"Carlee"'' ) - [[German Shorthaired Pointer]]
*2004: Ch. ''Darbydale's All Rise Pouch Cove'' (aka:''"Josh"'' ) - [[Newfoundland (dog)|Newfoundland]]
*2003: Ch. ''Torums Scarf Michael'' (aka:''"Mick"'' ) - [[Kerry Blue Terrier]]
*2002: Ch. ''Surrey Spice Girl'' (aka:''"Spice"'' ) - [[Miniature Poodle]]
*2001: Ch. ''Special Times Just Right'' (aka:''"J.R."'' ) - [[Bichon Frise]]
*2000: Ch. ''Salilyn 'N Erin's Shameless'' (aka:''"Samantha"'' ) - [[English Springer Spaniel]]
*1999: Ch. ''Loteki Supernatural Being'' (aka:''"Kirby"'' ) - [[Papillon (dog)|Papillon]]
*1998: Ch. ''Fairewood Frolic'' (aka:''"Rocki"'' ) - [[Norwich Terrier]]
*1997: Ch. ''Parsifal Di Casa Netzer'' - [[Standard Schnauzer]]
*1996: Ch. ''Clussexx Country Sunrise'' (aka:''"Brady"'' ) - [[Clumber Spaniel]]
*1995: Ch. ''Gaelforce Post Script'' (aka:''"Peggy Sue"'' ) - [[Scottish Terrier]]
*1994: Ch. ''Chidley Willum The Conqueror'' - [[Norwich Terrier]]
*1993: Ch. ''Salilyn's Condor'' - [[English Springer Spaniel]]
*1992: Ch. ''Registry's Lonesome Dove'' (aka:''"Lacey"'' ) - [[Wire Fox Terrier]]
*1991: Ch. ''Whisperwind On A Carousel'' (aka:''"Peter"'' ) - [[Standard Poodle]]
*1990: Ch. ''Wendessa Crown Prince'' - [[Pekingese]]
*1989: Ch. ''Royal Tudor's Wild As The Wind'' (aka:''"Indy"'' ) - [[Doberman Pinscher]]
*1988: Ch. ''Great Elms Prince Charming, II'' - [[Pomeranian (dog)|Pomeranian]]

== Winning and Breeding Concerns ==
Winners are often, although not always, retired, and can command tremendous fees for breeding. As of 2006, only 6 dogs had ever won Westminster twice, and only one dog has ever won three times. Fueling arguments that the AKC focuses only on dogs' appearance and not on their intelligence or suitability for particular work, only one dog who has won Westminster has ever also earned an [[obedience]] championship. Only two dogs have ever won both at Westminster and at [[Crufts]].

The prestige of Westminster is so high that breeds winning [[Best in Show]] can actually become too popular, resulting in overbreeding, often by [[puppy mill]]s or simply inexperienced backyard breeders, in an attempt to meet the increased demand for the breed. A serious decline in the quality of [[American Cocker Spaniel]]s in the [[1940s]] was generally thought to be attributable to the rare double win of a single Cocker Spaniel in 1940 and 1941. The [[Irish Setter]] was another dog that became the darling of the show ring. Critics pointed to the degeneration of the hunting abilities and trainability of this dog as proof that too great a focus on appearance of the coat to the exclusion of other characteristics could be detrimental to the long term health of a breed.

==Trivia==
*In 1984 The Westminster Kennel Club ruled that dogs competing in its shows may not have names longer than seven words. This rule has been challenged more than any other rule in the Club's 129-year history. It should be noted that dogs with names longer than seven words have participated, however.

==Popular Culture==
* [[Triumph, the Insult Comic Dog]] has used the setting of the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show three times in his skits.

== References ==
{{Refimprove|date=May 2007}}
* [http://www.westminsterkennelclub.org/history/histhighlights.html Westminster show history]
* Barnes, Duncan (ed.) (1983). ''The AKC's World of the Pure-Bred Dog''. Nick Lyons Books. ISBN 0-87605-406-8.
<references/>

== External links ==
{{commonscat}}
* [http://www.westminsterdogshow.moonfruit.com/ Westminster Dog Show]
* [http://www.westminsterkennelclub.org/history/bisrecords.html Best in Show by Breed]
* [http://www.westminsterkennelclub.org/history/biswinners.html Best in Show winners 1907-2006]
* [http://www.westminsterkennelclub.org/ Westminster Kennel Club]
* [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/02/0206_040206_westminster.html National Geographic news article about the show]
* [http://www.thepoop.com/westminster/ Westminster Dog Show Info and Photos]
* [http://cbs2chicago.com/slideshows/photoalbum_slideshow_043092003/view?slide=0 2007 Slideshow]

[[Category: Dog shows and showing|Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show]]
[[Category: 1877 establishments|Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show]]
[[Category: USA Network shows|Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show]]

Tasmanisches Buschfeuer von 1967

2008-05-26T07:30:19Z

Tiggerjay: Reverted edits by 149.135.104.76 (talk) to last version by Melburnian

{{Infobox wildfire
|title= 1967 "Black Tuesday" Tasmanian Bushfires
|image=
|caption=
|location= Throughout [[Tasmania]]
|cost= $(AU)101,000,000
|date= [[February 7]], [[1967]]
|source= [[heatwave]], [[back-burning]], [[arson]]
|area burnt= 2,642.7 square kilometres (653,025.4 acres)
|landuse= Mixed, residential and bush
|fatalities= 62 lives
|damage= Over 1293 homes lost
}}
The '''1967 Tasmanian fires''' were an [[Australia]]n [[natural disaster]] which occurred on [[7 February]] [[1967]], an event which became known as the ''Black Tuesday'' bushfires. They were the most deadly [[bushfire]]s that [[Tasmania]] has ever experienced, leaving 62 people dead, 900 injured and over seven thousand homeless.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.examiner.com.au/story.asp?id=383669 |date=7 February 2007 |title=Four decades after Black Tuesday, top firefighter warns ... Repeat of fire horror feared |accessdate=2007-02-13|publisher=The Examiner|last=Price|first=Nic}}</ref>

== Extent of the fires ==
125 separate fire fronts burnt through some 2,642.7 square kilometres (653,025.4 acres) of land in Southern [[Tasmania]] within the space of five hours. Fires raged from near [[Hamilton, Tasmania]] and [[Bothwell, Tasmania]] to the [[D'Entrecasteaux Channel, Tasmania|D'Entrecasteaux Channel]] as well as [[Snug, Tasmania|Snug]]. There was extensive damage to agricultural property near the channel, the [[Derwent Valley]] and the [[Huon Valley]]. Fires also destroyed forest, public infrastructure and properties around [[Mount Wellington (Tasmania)|Mount Wellington]] and many small towns along the [[Derwent]] estuary and east of [[Hobart]].

== Death toll and damage ==

The worst of the fires was the '''Hobart Fire''', which encroached upon the city of [[Hobart]]. In total, the fires claimed 62 lives in a single day. 52 people died in the [[Hobart]] area. Property loss was also extensive with 1293 homes, and over 1700 other buildings destroyed. The fires destroyed 80 bridges, 4800 sections of power lines, 1500 motor vehicles and over 100 other structures. It was estimated that at least 62,000 livestock were destroyed. The total damage amounted to $45,000,000 in 1967 Australian dollar values.<ref>[http://www.brokersclimb.com/insurance-brokers-journal/2006/8/13/the-high-cost-of-natural-disasters-in-australia.html The high cost of natural disasters in Australia]</ref>

== Causes ==
The late winter and early spring of [[1966]] had been wet over southeastern Tasmania, giving a large amount of growth by November. However, in November, Tasmania began its driest eight-month period since 1885, and by the end of January [[1967]] the dryness had dried off the luxuriant growth provided by the early spring rains in the area. Though January was a cool month, hot weather began early in February, so that in the days leading up to [[7 February]], [[1967]], several bushfires were burning uncontrolled in the areas concerned. Some of these fires had been deliberately lit for backburning despite the extremely dry conditions at the time. Reports into the causes of the fire stated that only 22 of the 110 fires were started accidentally.

Shortly before midday on the 7th, a combination of extremely high temperatures, (the maximum was 39 °C (102°F)), very low humidity and very strong winds from the north-west led to disaster.

Interestingly, although this fire was by far the worst in terms of loss of life and property in Tasmanian history, the meteorological conditions are not totally uncommon there. McArthur's report[http://sres.anu.edu.au/associated/fire/IUFRO/CONFLAG/HOBART67/AlanMc67.HTM] on the fire notes that 'very similar conditions have occurred on three or four occasions during the past 70 years'.

== Comparison with other major Australian bushfires ==
If considered in terms of both loss of property and loss of life, in [[1967]] this represented one of the worst disasters to have occurred in [[Australia]]. It is comparable in scale with the [[1939]] [[Black Friday (1939)|Black Friday bushfires]] in [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]] (where the loss of 72 lives was nevertheless spread over several days) and the subsequent [[1983]] [[Ash Wednesday fires|Ash Wednesday bushfires]] in [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]] and [[South Australia]], which claimed 75 lives and razed over 2,000 homes.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Refimprove|date=September 2007}}

==Further reading==
* Chambers, D.M. and Brettingham-Moore, C.G. (1967) ''The bush fire disaster of 7th February, 1967 : report and summary of evidence (excluding appendices)'' ( Solicitor-General (Mr. D. M. Chambers) and the Master and Registrar of the Supreme Court (Mr. C. G. Brettingham-Moore) Office of the Solicitor-General. Hobart,Tasmania.
* Wettenhall, R. L. (1975) ''Bushfire disaster : an Australian community in crisis'' Sydney : Angus & Robertson. ISBN 0207129215

==See also==
*[[List of disasters in Australia by death toll]]
*[[Bushfire]]

{{Bushfires in Australia}}

[[Category:1967 in Australia|Tasmanian fires]]
[[Category:History of Tasmania]]
[[Category:Bushfires in Australia|Tasmanian fires, 1967]]
[[Category:Disasters in Australia]]
[[Category:1967 disasters|Tasmanian fires]]
[[Category:History of Hobart]]

Underbelly – Krieg der Unterwelt

2008-05-26T07:04:17Z

Tiggerjay: Reverted edits by 136.153.2.2 (talk) to last version by Bidgee

{{Infobox Television
|show_name = Underbelly
|image = [[Image:Underbelly Logo.png|250px]]
|caption = ''Underbelly'' logo
|genre = [[Drama]]
|creator =
|developer =
|presenter =
|starring = [[Les Hill]] [[Gyton Grantley]] [[Kat Stewart]] [[Damian Walshe-Howling]] [[Rodger Corser]] [[Caroline Craig]] [[Vince Colosimo]] [[Martin Sacks]]
|voices =
|narrated =
|theme_music_composer =
|opentheme = [[Burkhard Dallwitz]] ''"It's A Jungle Out There"''
|endtheme =
|country = {{AUS}}
|language = [[English Language|English]]
|num_seasons = 1
|num_episodes = 13 
|list_episodes = List of Underbelly episodes
|director =
|producer = [[Greg Haddrick]] Brenda Pam
|executive_producer = Des Monaghan Jo Horsburgh
|runtime = 60 minutes (including commercials)
|network = [[Nine Network]]
|picture_format = [[1080i]] ([[High-definition television|HDTV]])
|audio_format =
|first_run =
|first_aired = [[13 February]] [[2008]]- [[7 May]] [[2008]]
|last_aired =
|website = http://www.underbellytv.com/
|imdb_id = 1119176
|tv_com_id = 75097
}}

'''''Underbelly''''' is an [[Australia]]n television drama series, based on the real events of the [[1995]]–[[2004]] [[Melbourne gangland killings|gangland war]] in [[Melbourne]]. It is a 13-part mini-series, based on the book ''Leadbelly: Inside [[Australia]]'s Underworld'', by [[The Age|''Age'']] journalists [[John Silvester]] and Andrew Rule.<ref name="tvunder"/> ''Underbelly'' began screening on [[13 February]] [[2008]] on the [[Nine Network]] (and affiliates) in all states and territories except [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], due to a court injunction. The series depicts the key players in Melbourne's criminal underworld, including the Moran family and their rival, [[Carl Williams]]. The series is produced by the Australian Film Finance Corporation<ref name=ffc/> in association with Film Victoria,<ref name="vicunder">{{cite web|first=|last=|title=Attachment to a Production|url=http://film.vic.gov.au/www/html/592-attachment-to-a-production.asp|publisher=''Film Victoria''|date=2008-04-30|accessdate=2008-05-11}}</ref> and is filmed primarily in Melbourne, at locations around the city where the real-life events occurred.<ref name="filmunder"/> The [[executive producers]] are Des Monaghan and Jo Horsburgh.<ref name="underbelly cast2"/>

The lead-up to ''Underbelly'' resulted in a heavy marketing campaign which covered [[radio]], [[Printing|print]], [[billboards]] and an increased online presence, including the use of [[social networking]] tools.<ref name="underbelly marketing"/> When the [[CEO]] of the Nine Network, [[David Gyngell]] noted the need to up its online presence, and embrace social networking as a valuable marketing tool,<ref name="nine 2008 launch"/> the [http://www.underbellytv.com/ official website] was launched.

The series was critically acclaimed, being described as "Australia's best ever crime drama"<ref name="dailyrev"/> The opening double episodes, which aired on [[13 February]] attracted 1,326,000 and 1,324,000 viewers nationally,<ref name="episode 1 and 2 ratings"/> minus Victoria. In Victoria alone, the series was expected to attract 800,000 to 1 million viewers.<ref name="underbelly predictions"/> Every episode of the 13-part series was soon made available for download on a range of sites, with the Nine Network saying it was considering legal action.<ref name="Underbelly leaked"/>

The legal DVD of ''Underbelly'' was released on [[May 8]] [[2008]], a day after the final episode was aired on TV. Due to the legal suppression, the release was not able to be distributed through any retail or rental outlets in Victoria or on the internet.<ref name="underbelly dvd"/> The Nine Network has also approved a new series of Underbelly, and though details remain unclear, it is believed to be a [[prequel]].<ref name="undersecond2">{{cite web|first=|last=|title=Nine Network to produce new Underbelly TV crime series|url=http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,23646861-5001021,00.html|publisher=''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''|date=2008-05-05|accessdate=2008-05-10}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
The key players in Melbourne's criminal underworld, including the Moran family and their rival, the maverick [[Carl Williams]], are featured using their real names. The major factions, as presented in the story, are the Morans, including [[Lewis Moran|Lewis]], [[Mark Moran (criminal)|Mark]], and [[Jason Moran]], the "Carlton Crew", which included [[Alphonse Gangitano]], [[Domenic Gatto|Domenic "Mick" Gatto]], his lawyer George Defteros and [[Mario Condello]], "the Russians", led by [[Nik Radev|Nik "The Russian" Radev]], and the Williams family, which included [[Carl Williams]], [[Antonios Mokbel|Tony Mokbel]], [[Andrew Veniamin|Andrew "Benji" Veniamin]] and, at different times, "Mr T" and Dino Dibra. The police investigators, Steve Owen and Jacqui James, are fictional, but based on an amalgam of several officers who worked on the Purana Task Force, which was charged with investigating the gangland war and halting the killing.

According to its marketing, the series "uses the framework of the murderous war between the two gangs, and the bigger moral war between the gangs and the Purana Task Force, to explore a complex array of individual stories and relationships - some touching, some incredible, all breathtaking - it is a mini-series that examines the kaleidoscopic nature of loyalty, love, revenge and pride when the normal and identifiable emotions of human attachment are moved from the context of social decency to social indecency."

==Production==
===Conception===
''Underbelly'' is based on the book ''Leadbelly: Inside [[Australia]]'s Underworld'', by [[The Age|''Age'']] journalists [[John Silvester]] and Andrew Rule.<ref name="tvunder"/> As the Nine Network was interested in creating local and world-class television, they decided to invest in a drama series that told the story of the Melbourne gangland killings. Jo Horsburgh, Nine Network Head of Drama, said that "From the outset Nine has been 100 per cent committed to bringing Underbelly to the small screen." Des Monaghan, executive producer for Screentime, said that "This has to be one of the most exciting and challenging drama projects ever shot in this country." In regards to the writing, Greg Haddrick, Screentime's Head of Drama, said that "The challenge for the writing team is to capture the essential truth of these extraordinary events in a compelling and coherent manner." Greg Haddrick, Peter Gawler and Felicity Packard took writing credits.<ref name="underprod">{{cite web|first=|last=|title=''Underbelly'': 13 part drama based on Leadbelly (John Silvester, Andrew Rule)|url=http://www.throng.com.au/underbelly/underbelly-13-part-drama-based-on-leadbelly-john-silvester-andrew-rule|publisher=''Throng''|date=|accessdate=2008-05-21}}</ref> ''Underbelly'' had a budget of 10.4 million dollars for the first season, with one million dollars going towards each episode.<ref name="under4">{{cite web|first=|last=|title=Underbelly Mini Series - Melbourne Crime - Underworlds - Ganglands|url=http://www.melbournecrime.bizhosting.com/underbelly.tv.htm|publisher=''Melbourne Crime''|date=|accessdate=2008-05-11}}</ref>

===Filming===
''Underbelly'' was filmed in Melbourne, at locations around the city where the real-life events occurred.<ref name="filmunder">{{cite web|first=Fiona|last=Byrne|title=Filming kicks off on gangland feud|url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,21995251-5006022,00.html|publisher=heraldsun.com.au|date=2007-07-01|accessdate=2008-04-26}}</ref> Filming took over 82 days, from [[2 July]] to [[19 October]] [[2007]],<ref name="underbelly cast2"/> with 150 inner urban locations utilised and 450 locations surveyed making the series as close to life as possible.<ref name="tvunder">{{cite web|first=|last=|title=Underbelly|url=http://www.tv3.co.nz/TVShows/Drama/Underbelly/tabid/693/Default.aspx?showid=15009|publisher=tv3.co.nz|date=|accessdate=2008-05-10}}</ref> Parts of the series have been filmed in the [[Essendon, Victoria|Essendon]] area, near many of the houses and schools associated with the 'Underworld'.<ref name="undersecond2">{{cite web|first=Shelley|last=Tustin|title=Underbelly Editorial Review |url=http://sydney.citysearch.com.au/tv/viewContent/1119945820027/1137581823944|publisher=''City Search Sydney''|date=2008-04|accessdate=2008-05-11}}</ref> Many of the Carlton scenes were actually filmed in North Melbourne, primarily around Errol Street. All La Porcetta filming was done at Rubicon Restaurant Errol Street;<ref name="filmingunder">{{cite web|first=David|last=Whitley|title=Prime time: Aussie TV locations|url=http://travelaustralia.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=451070|publisher=ninemsn.com.au|date=2008-04-22|accessdate=2008-05-09}}</ref> and jail visit sequences were filmed in the dressing rooms at the Telstra Dome.<ref name="filmingunder"/>

===DVD release===
The legal ''Underbelly'' DVD was released [[May 8]] [[2008]], a day after the final episode is aired on TV; to be distributed by [[Village Roadshow Limited|Roadshow Entertainment]]. As per the legal suppression, the release will not be able to be distributed through any retail or rental outlets in Victoria or on the internet. Roadshow Entertainment has confirmed that all box sets and point of sale displays will carry a sticker or stamp reminding buyers the series is not for sale, distribution or exhibition in Victoria. The box set will have a recommended retail price of $69.95, with advance orders selling all 60,000 produced boxed sets, and an extra 20,000 now in production to meet demand. Legal experts said Victorians who bought the box set interstate and watched it themselves at home would likely not fall foul of the law, but anyone who showed it more widely could be in charged with contempt.<ref name="underbelly dvd">{{cite web|first=Michelle|last=Pountney|title=Extraordinary security for Underbelly DVD in Victoria|url=http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,23651807-5007132,00.html|publisher=''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''|date=2008-05-06|accessdate=2008-05-06}}</ref>

===Soundtrack===
The [[Underbelly (soundtrack)|Underbelly soundtrack]] was released on [[March 29]] [[2008]], both as a CD and online. It features elements of the score by [[Burkhard Dallwitz]] in addition to the tracks that were featured in the series.<ref name="undercover">[http://www.undercover.com.au/News-Story.aspx?id=4394 Undercover - Banned Underbelly Has An Unbanned Soundtrack]</ref><ref>[http://www.shock.com.au/default.aspx?s=releasedisplay&artistid=10339&releaseid=33520 Undercover - Soundtrack]</ref>

==Cast==
[[Image:UnderbellyCast.jpg|thumb|350px|right|A promotional image of the cast of Channel Nine's ''Underbelly''. From left to right: [[Jason Moran]] ([[Les Hill]]), [[Roberta Kane|Roberta Williams]] ([[Kat Stewart]]), [[Carl Williams]] ([[Gyton Grantley]]), [[Alphonse Gangitano]] ([[Vince Colosimo]]), Danielle McGuire ([[Madeleine West]]) and Steve Owen ([[Rodger Corser]]).]]
The Nine Network claims ''Underbelly'' has the biggest all star cast on Australian TV.<ref name="underbelly cast">{{cite web|first=|last=|title=The Cast|url=http://www.underbellytv.com/the_cast.htm|publisher=[[Ninemsn]]|date=|accessdate=2008-03-10}}</ref> The main cast is as follows:<ref name="underbelly cast2">{{cite web|first=|last=|title=Main Cast|url=http://www.australiantelevision.net/underbelly/index.html|publisher=''australiantelevision.net''|date=|accessdate=2008-05-11}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Actor/Actress
! Character
|-
| [[Rodger Corser]]
| [[Detective]] [[Senior Sergeant]] Steve Owen
|-
| [[Caroline Craig]]
| Senior Detective Jacqui James
|-
| [[Gyton Grantley]]
| [[Carl Williams]]
|-
| [[Kat Stewart]]
| [[Roberta Kane|Roberta Williams]]
|-
| [[Vince Colosimo]]
| [[Alphonse Gangitano]]
|-
| [[Daniel Amalm]]
| [[Dino Dibra]]
|-
| [[Les Hill]]
| [[Jason Moran]]
|-
| Lliam Amor
| Greg Workman
|-
| [[Nathaniel Dean]]
| Sidney Martin
|-
| [[George Kapiniaris]]
| Lawyer
|-
| [[Frankie J. Holden]]
| Garry Butterworth
|-
| [[Martin Sacks]]
| [[Mario Condello]]
|-
| [[Caroline Gillmer]]
| [[Judy Moran]]
|-
| [[Marcus Graham]]
| Lewis Caine
|-
| [[Don Hany]]
| [[Nik Radev]]
|-
| [[Ryan Johnson (actor)|Ryan Johnson]]
| Rocco Arico
|-
| [[Gerard Kennedy (actor)|Gerard Kennedy]]
| [[Graham Kinniburgh]]
|-
| [[Callan Mulvey]]
| [[Mark Moran (criminal)|Mark Moran]]
|-
| [[Damian Walshe-Howling]]
| [[Andrew Veniamin|Andrew "Benji" Veniamin]]
|-
| [[Simon Westaway]]
| [[Domenic Gatto|Mick Gatto]]
|-
| [[Kevin Harrington]]
| [[Lewis Moran]]
|-
| [[Robert Mammone]]
| [[Tony Mokbel]]
|-
| [[Madeleine West]]
| Danielle McGuire
|-
| Lauren Clair
| Tracey Seymour
|-
| [[Alex Dimitriades]]
| Mr T "The Running Man"
|-
| [[Ian Bliss]]
| Mr L
|-
| [[Dan Wyllie]]
| "Mad" Richard Mladenich
|}


==Marketing==
[[Image:Underbelly-melbtram.jpg|thumb|200px|''Underbelly'' advertisement on a Melbourne Tram]]
The lead-up to ''Underbelly'' resulted in a heavy marketing campaign which covered [[radio]], [[Printing|print]], [[billboards]] and an increased online presence, including the use of [[social networking]] tools.<ref name="underbelly marketing">{{cite web|first=David|last=Knox|title=Underbelly site launches|url=http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2008/01/underbelly-site-launches.html|publisher=tvtonight.com.au|date=2008-01-15|accessdate=2008-01-30}}</ref>

When the [[CEO]] of the Nine Network, [[David Gyngell]] noted the need to up its online presence, and embrace social networking as a valuable marketing tool,<ref name="nine 2008 launch">{{cite web|first=David|last=Knox|title=Putting the Heart back into Nine|url=http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2007/11/putting-heart-back-into-nine.html|publisher=tvtonight.com.au|date=2007-11-30|accessdate=2008-01-30}}</ref> the [http://www.underbellytv.com/ official website] was launched. The original website was launched on [[15 January]] [[2008]], with only a 3 minute trailer; while the full site, with all its features, launched on [[1 February]], [[2008]].<ref name="underbelly launch">{{cite web|first=David|last=Knox|title=Launch: Underbelly|url=http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2008/01/launch-underbelly.html|publisher=tvtonight.com.au|date=2008-01-31|accessdate=2008-01-31}}</ref> It was announced that the full first episode would be available for download on the site on [[10 February]], three days before the show premieres on television,<ref name="underbelly online launch">{{cite web|first=David|last=Knox|title=Show Watch: Underbelly|url=http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2008/02/show-watch-underbelly.html|publisher=tvtonight.com.au|date=2008-02-01|accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref> but this option was made unavailable due to the Supreme court suppression case.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2008/02/downloads-key-in-underbelly-case.html|title=Downloads a key in Underbelly case|author=David Knox|publisher=tvtonight.com.au|date=2008-02-09|accessdate=2008-03-10}}</ref> This intention follows a similar strategy used for the launch of ''[[Sea Patrol (TV series)|Sea Patrol]]'' in 2007.<ref name="underbelly online launch"/> The site was "poised to become" the biggest and most detailed website the Nine Network has hosted for a show so far, including features such as behind the scenes footage, profiles, visitor interactivity and the use of social networking tools.<ref name="underbelly marketing"/>

==Reception==
===Critical response===
The first episode of the series was screened privately to media on [[17 January]] [[2008]], prior the media had been treated with extracts and trailers promoting the series.

On [[3 January]] [[2008]], [[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'s critic [[Michael Idato]] declared the series ''"The Blue Murder of its time"'', referring to the critically acclaimed 1995 [[ABC TV]] drama ''[[Blue Murder (mini-series)|Blue Murder]]'', considered by many to be the finest crime drama ever produced in Australia.<ref name="michael idato">{{cite web|first=Michael|last=Idato|title=Pick and mix|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/tv--radio/future-viewing/2008/01/02/1198949880744.html|publisher=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=2008-01-03|accessdate=2008-01-30}}</ref>

In review on his blog on [[17 January]] [[2008]], [[David Knox]], stated that ''Underbelly'' ''"is our own [[The Sopranos|Sopranos]]"'', and awarded it 4½; out of 5 stars. He also commented:

{{cquote|''If there are any criticisms to be found with Underbelly, they are few. One or two shots give away that period Melbourne was actually shot in 2007. And while watching these gangsters thrive on power with ballsy disdain, it was hard not to think of the behaviour of some television executives in recent history. This aside, Underbelly looks set to be one of the highlights of the 2008 television year.''<ref>{{cite web|first=David|last=Knox|title=First Review: Underbelly|url=http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2008/01/first-review-underbelly.html|publisher=tvtonight.com.au|date=2008-01-17|accessdate=2008-01-31}}</ref>}}

A review appeared in the [[Herald Sun]] on [[18 January]] [[2008]], in which critic Paul Anderson quoted:

{{cquote|''"Whether you followed the Melbourne gangland war or not, there's a fair chance you will be blown away by the coming TV series Underbelly. Underbelly is a slick, violent and sexually charged dramatisation backed by a ripping soundtrack."''<ref>{{cite web|first=Paul|last=Anderson|title=The gang's all here in Underbelly|url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,23069427-2862,00.html|publisher=[[Herald Sun]]|date=2008-01-18|accessdate=2008-01-31}}</ref>}}

In an article appearing on [[31 January]] [[2008]], [[The Daily Telegraph]]'s TV editor, Marcus Casey, said of ''Underbelly'' after viewing the first four episodes:

{{cquote|''"If the quality is maintained then, while not perfect, Underbelly should equal, if not better, Australia's best ever crime dramas - the [[Phoenix (TV series)|Phoenix series]] and [[Blue Murder (mini-series)|Blue Murder]]."''<ref name="dailyrev">{{cite web|first=Marcus|last=Casey|title=Butterflies in the Underbelly for gang show on Channel Nine|url=http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,23132962-5006009,00.html|publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=2008-01-31|accessdate=2008-02-01}}</ref>}}

===Family Groups reaction===
On [[11 February]] the Australian Family Association (AFA), was publicly outraged that ''Underbelly'' would be screening at 8:30pm, well within reach of children, after clips of the series were leaked onto the internet.<ref name="AFA outrage">{{cite web|first=|last=|title=Judge New underworld drama Underbelly sparks outrage|url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,23200264-2902,00.html|publisher=[[Herald Sun]]|date=2008-02-12|accessdate=2008-02-12}}</ref> The clips highlighted the use of extreme [[profanities]], and scenes that show a violent bashing, a cold-blooded murder, and a sexual encounter.<ref name="AFA outrage"/>

The Nine Network defended the timeslot and the M classification, saying the clips, leaked from the Network's production department, were indeed from the series, but not all of them made the final cut.<ref name="AFA outrage"/> The Network set its own classification, under the accepted rules of the Australian Commercial Television Code of Conduct.<ref name="AFA outrage"/>

The Australian Family Association threatened to take the matter to Communications Minister [[Stephen Conroy]] if the content of the show was anything near that of an unauthorised promotional clip leaked from Nine's production department.<ref name="AFA outrage"/>

===Ratings===
The opening double episodes, which aired on [[13 February]] attracted 1,326,000 and 1,324,000 viewers nationally,<ref name="episode 1 and 2 ratings">{{cite web|first=David|last=Knox|title=Week 7|url=http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2008/02/week-7.html|publisher=tvtonight.com.au|date=2008-02-14|accessdate=2008-02-14}}</ref> minus Victoria, where a court ban prevented its screening. In Victoria alone, the series was expected to attract 800,000 to 1 million viewers,<ref name="underbelly predictions">{{cite web|first=|last=|title=Channel 9 scramble to replace gaps left by Underbelly|url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,23206544-2902,00.html|publisher=tvtonight.com.au|date=2008-02-13|accessdate=2008-02-14}}</ref> which would have put ''Underbelly'' figures over the 2 million mark. The replacement movie for ''Underbelly'' in Victoria, ''[[The Shawshank Redemption]]'', managed only 271,000 viewers.<ref name="episode 1 and 2 ratings"/>

The third episode, which aired on [[20 February]], managed to hold most of its viewers from its premiere, attracting 1,273,000 viewers nationally (except Victoria),<ref name="episode 3 ratings">{{cite web|first=David|last=Knox|title=Week 8|url=http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2008/02/week-8.html|publisher=tvtonight.com.au|date=2008-02-18|accessdate=2008-02-27}}</ref> a decline of only 50,000 viewers. In Victoria, ''[[CSI: Miami]]'' was broadcast in ''Underbelly's'' place.<ref name="international sales">{{cite web|first=David|last=Knox|title=Underbelly eyes Europe and Canada|url=http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2008/02/underbelly-eyes-europe-and-canada.html|publisher=tvtonight.com.au|date=2008-02-20|accessdate=2008-02-27}}</ref> The fourth episode, which aired on [[27 February]], managed to hold nearly all of its viewers from the previous episode, attracting 1,250,000 viewers nationally (except Victoria),<ref name="episode 4 ratings">{{cite web|first=|last=|title=Leaked copies haven’t hurt Underbelly ratings|url=http://http://www.thewest.com.au/default.aspx?MenuID=24&ContentID=60649|publisher=thewest.com.au|date=2008-02-28|accessdate=2008-03-15}}</ref> a decline of only 23,000 viewers.

Though leaked copies of episodes one through to thirteen became available online, the show continued to attract huge television audiences, according to [[The West Australian]].<ref name="episode 4 ratings"/>

===Prequel===
During the 50th [[TV Week]] [[Logie Awards]], actor [[Les Hill]] stated that a second season of ''Underbelly'' may be broadcast in [[2009]].<ref name="prequel logies">{{cite web|first=|last=|title=Underbelly too?|url=http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2008/05/underbelly-too.html|publisher=TV Tonight|date=2008-05-12|accessdate=2008-05-05}}</ref> Soon after the event, Hill said there could still be life in ''Underbelly'' with a second series being considered. Hill said that he had spoken with Nine chief executive David Gyngell, and that Gyngell had told him to go ahead and announce that there would be a second season. An official spokeswoman for the Nine Network later said that all they had to go by was what Hill said at the Logies, and that no official statement has been announced. Soon after some media reports suggested that the second season could be a [[prequel]].<ref name="undersecond2"/><ref name="prequel logies"/><ref name="undersecond">{{cite web|first=|last=|title=Underbelly TV series may continue|url=http://optuszoo.news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=441473|publisher=Optus Zoo|date=2008-05-05|accessdate=2008-05-05}}</ref> The [[May 7]], [[2008]] episode of ''[[A Current Affair]]'' later reported that an ''Underbelly'' prequel series will go ahead. According to the report, the series will go "back in time, to see how the killers and crooks of today learned their trade before engaging in their own murderous dynasty."<ref>{{cite web|first=|last=|title=Underbelly prequel confirmed by Nine|url=http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2008/05/underbelly-prequel-confirmed-by-nine.html|publisher=TV Tonight|date=2008-07-05|accessdate=2008-08-05}}</ref>

==Legal issues==
===Supreme Court writ threat===
George Defteros, a high-profile lawyer cleared of charges relating to underworld war, disrupted the lead-up to the series' launch, when he threatened the Nine Network with a Supreme Court [[writ]] on [[26 January]] [[2008]]. Defteros, said to be portrayed by George Kapiniaris, engaged a top Melbourne defamation specialist, saying:

{{cquote|''Any attempt to depict me as a lawyer of low impropriety and unethical behaviour will be met with legal proceedings instituted by my lawyers, I regard the depiction of the gangland wars, in particular my role as a lawyer acting for parties, as nothing more than farcical and pure pantomime. We'll be watching it very closely.''<ref name="Defteros writ threat">{{cite web|first=Warner|last=Michael|title=TV drama Underbelly under fire|url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,23110280-2862,00.html|publisher=[[Herald Sun]]|date=2008-01-26|accessdate=2008-02-07}}</ref>}}

Nine Network had subsequently said there would now be no direct reference to Mr Defteros, despite earlier publicity. A spokeswoman for the network said ''"There is no lawyer called Defteros in Underbelly"'' but Defteros said he could still be defamed by implication, noting ''"It's already been advertised as me"''.<ref name="Defteros writ threat"/>

The case was dropped by [[Director of Public Prosecutions]] Paul Coghlan, QC, due to a lack of evidence.<ref name="Defteros writ threat"/>

===Supreme Court Suppression===
[[Image:UnderbellyWebsite.jpg|thumb|right|200px|One of the many pages sporting a "This functionality is not available due to current legal restrictions" notice.]]
The screening of ''Underbelly'' in Victoria was put into jeopardy, after last-minute legal proceedings took place due to the [[Director of Public Prosecutions]], Jeremy Rapke, [[QC]].<ref name="DPP review"/> Rapke secured an urgent viewing of the series, before he decided to seek an injunction stopping its broadcast in Victoria.<ref name="DPP review">{{cite web|first=Mark|last=Buttler|coauthors=Dunn, Mark|title=Underbelly waits for DPP all-clear|url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,23171971-2862,00.html|publisher=[[Herald Sun]]|date=2008-02-07|accessdate=2008-02-07}}</ref><ref name="hearing"/><ref name="DPP">{{cite web|first=David|last=Knox|title=Courts may stop Underbelly airing|url=http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2008/02/courts-may-stop-underbelly-airing.html|publisher=tvtonight.com.au|date=2008-02-07|accessdate=2008-02-07}}</ref> A [[Supreme Court]] judge called prosecutors and defence lawyers together after serious concerns were raised about whether the show could prejudice a jury for the trial this year of a man who has pleaded not guilty to the 2004 gangland killing of [[Lewis Moran]]. Although the accused man is not named in the series, there are concerns the show could hurt his chance of a fair trial.<ref name="hearing">{{cite web|first=|last=|title=Underbelly under Supreme Court scrutiny|url=http://news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=373402|publisher=[[National Nine News]]|date=2008-02-07|accessdate=2008-02-07}}</ref><ref name="DPP review"/>

The Supreme court hearing took place on [[11 February]] [[2008]] - only two days before the series' was due to premiere.<ref name="tapes review"/> The Nine Network was ordered by a [[Director of Public Prosecutions|DPP]] subpoena to hand over tapes of all 13 episodes, as well as outlines and story lines, to the [[Victorian Supreme Court]] by 10am on [[11 February]] [[2008]].<ref name="tapes review">{{cite web|first=|last=|title=Grave doubts over 'Underbelly': court|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/doubts-over-tvs-underbelly-court/2008/02/07/1202234066611.html|publisher=[[The Age]]|date=2008-02-07|accessdate=2008-02-08}}</ref><ref name="court">{{cite web|first=|last=|title=Nine told to hand over Underbelly tapes|url=http://www.livenews.com.au/Articles/2008/02/07/Nine_told_to_hand_over_Underbelly_tapes|publisher=LIVENEWS.com.au|date=2008-02-07|accessdate=2008-02-08}}</ref> The Nine Network, refused to voluntarily hand over the tapes, saying they were incomplete and that the network's lawyers were closely supervising production but the Network was willing to comply with any Court order and took this matter very seriously.<ref name="tapes review"/><ref name="court"/> The network is also adamant that the series makes no assertions about the guilt of the accused killer.<ref name="tapes review"/><ref name="court"/> The court subpoena stated that copies of two completed episodes, along with uncut versions of the other 11 episodes, plus episode outlines and story lines, must be handed to the court by 10am on [[11 February]].<ref name="tapes review"/><ref name="court"/> At the hearing, which took place at the Geelong Supreme Court, the judge, Justice Betty King, gave prosecution and defence lawyers 24 hours to view the series and return to court the following day to decide whether it had the potential to affect the forthcoming trial.<ref name="Underbelly banned 01">{{cite web|first=|last=|title=Underbelly banned in Victoria|url=http://report.mediaspy.org/index.php/blog/2008/02/12/underbelly-banned-in-victoria/|publisher=Media Spy|date=2008-02-12|accessdate=2008-02-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=David|last=Knox|title=24hr wait on Underbelly|url=http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2008/02/24hr-wait-on-underbelly.html|publisher=tvtonight.com.au|date=2008-02-11|accessdate=2008-02-12}}</ref> Justice King issued a [[suppression order]] on [[12 February]] banning the Nine Network from broadcasting the series in the state of [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] and on the [[internet]] indefinitely, until after the murder trial is completed.<ref name="suppression_order">{{cite web|first=|last=|title=Judge bans Underbelly in Victoria|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/judge-bans-underbelly/2008/02/12/1202760255184.html|publisher=[[The Age]]|date=2008-02-12|accessdate=2008-02-12}}</ref> It has also been ordered to remove character profiles from its official website.<ref name="banned">{{cite web|first=Emily|last=Power|title=Judge bans Underbelly TV drama indefinitely|url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,23200376-661,00.html|publisher=[[Herald Sun]]|date=2008-02-12|accessdate=2008-02-12}}</ref> The Nine Network offered to air a heavily edited version in Victoria, but the offer was rejected by Justice King.<ref name="banned"/> It was initially planned that an alternative program, ''Underbelly: A Special Announcement'', was going to air in Victoria instead of the series' premiere, which was to discuss what the series is about.<ref name="banned"/> This idea was scrapped, and the movie, ''[[The Shawshank Redemption]]'', was aired in Victoria instead.<ref>{{cite web|first=David|last=Knox|title=The Underbelly Redemption|url=http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2008/02/underbelly-redemption.html|publisher=tvtonight.com.au|date=2008-02-13|accessdate=2008-02-13}}</ref>

The Nine Network declared their intention to appeal against the decision, and Network lawyers stated that they would exercise all legal options.<ref name="banned"/>

The suppression also affects national audiences receiving transmissions from [[Imparja Television]], a Nine Network affiliate. Imparja is disallowed to supply its interstate audiences with ''Underbelly'', due to its single satellite signal broadcasts into its specific regions, but also transmits into some parts of Victoria, which is covered by the suppression order. Alternative programming will be shown until the restriction is lifted.{{Fact|date=March 2008}}

The appeal began on [[February 29]], [[2008]] in the Victorian Court of Appeal,<ref name="appeal begins">{{cite web|first=David|last=Knox|title=Underbelly appeal begins|url=http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2008/02/underbelly-appeal-begins.html|publisher=tvtonight.com.au|date=2008-02-29|accessdate=2008-03-26}}</ref> where Nine Network lawyers argued that the network should be allowed to broadcast the first three episodes of the series,<ref name="appeal begins"/> saying Justice King had "erred" in her decision to suppress the series,<ref name="appeal begins"/> as she had viewed the unedited versions of the series, and not the final edited cut that was to be shown to audiences.<ref name="appeal begins"/> The network believed the first three episodes, which depicted events from the beginning of the underworld war in 1995, would have no potential to prejudice any part of the trial.<ref name="appeal begins"/> The trial in question is due to begin on [[March 31]], [[2008]].<ref name="appeal judges retire">{{cite web|first=David|last=Knox|title=Judges retire to decide Nine verdict |url=http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2008/03/judges-retire-to-decide-nine-verdict.html|publisher=tvtonight.com.au|date=2008-03-03|accessdate=2008-03-26}}</ref> The judges overseeing the appeal retired to decide their verdict on [[March 3]], [[2008]].<ref name="appeal judges retire"/>

The appeal's verdict was handed down on [[March 26]], [[2008]],<ref name="appeal verdict">{{cite web|first=David|last=Knox|title=Nine loses Underbelly appeal |url=http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2008/03/nine-loses-underbelly-appeal.html|publisher=tvtonight.com.au|date=2008-03-26|accessdate=2008-03-26}}</ref> where the appeal's judges chose to continue a ruling by Justice King that the series is not to be broadcast or distributed in or out of Victoria.<ref name="appeal verdict"/> During the appeal the Nine Network had proposed to screen the first three episodes immediately after any successful appeal,<ref name="appeal verdict"/> and would give the court seven days written notice of its intention to show any further episodes that it believed would not prejudice the murder trial.<ref name="appeal verdict"/> The Court of Appeal had dismissed the network's application to appeal,<ref name="appeal verdict"/> and the network must now continue comply with the suppression order issued by Justice King until the offending trial is complete.<ref name="appeal verdict"/>

===Illegal distribution===
Despite the ban on broadcasting the series in Victoria, Victorians have still been able to access episodes via illegal online distribution. The first episode was made available on torrent sites within 20 minutes of it concluding in [[New South Wales]]. The Nine Network has reportedly obtained the ISP address of the first person to upload the show, and network lawyers were considering legal action. The Australian Federation Against Copyright Theft (AFACT) is currently investigating the matter, and is expected to make a list of recommendations to [[Victoria Police]].<ref name="downloads 2">{{cite news|url=http://news.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=379647|title='Underbelly' pirates could be tracked down|author=Henri Paget|publisher=[[ninemsn]]|date=2008-02-14|accessdate=2008-03-01}}</ref><ref name="downloads">{{cite web|url=http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2008/02/gangland-war-moves-online_15.html|title=The gangland war moves online|author=David Knox|publisher=tvtonight.com.au|date=2008-02-15|accessdate=2008-03-01}}</ref>

Copies of advanced episodes of the series which are yet to air on the Nine Network have become available on the internet. Every episode of the 13-part series is available for download on a range of sites. It was reported that on [[mininova.org]] more than 3,000 users were attempting to download episode seven late on the afternoon of [[27 February]] [[2008]]. The Nine Network said it was considering legal action.<ref name="Underbelly leaked">{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/technology/story/0,25642,23285426-5014239,00.html|title=Advance copies of Underbelly leaked online|author=Katherine Field|publisher=[[News Limited|news.com.au]]|date=2008-02-27|accessdate=2008-02-29}}</ref> The broadcaster is also looking into how copies got into the hands of underworld figures in Victoria, including Roberta Williams, the former wife of gangland kingpin [[Carl Williams]].<ref name="Underbelly leaked"/><ref name="leaks">{{cite web||url=http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2008/02/nine-staff-questioned-over-underbelly.html|title=Nine staff questioned over Underbelly leaks|author=David Knox|publisher=tvtonight.com.au|date=2008-02-22|accessdate=2008-03-01}}</ref>

Unauthorised copies of the entire series were also made available to the public. People were being offered a 4-disc DVD set for [[Australian dollar|AUD]] $10 - $80 in public places such as carparks and building sites. The episodes were commercial-free and came with introductory station countdowns, suggesting a major leak from inside the network's production department.<ref name="pirated DVDs">{{cite web|url=http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2008/02/underbelly-dvds-selling-in-victoria.html|title=Underbelly DVDs selling in Victoria|author= David Knox|publisher=tvtonight.com.au|date=2008-02-21|accessdate=2008-03-01}}</ref> Two network employees had been questioned by the network over the matter, but both denied distributing any copies of the series.<ref name="leaks"/> Similarly, episodes 10 - 13 were clearly production (i.e. pre-broadcast) versions. They feature the production house's title screen, occasional sequences of rough editing, and sub-broadcast quality sound issues such as large variations in levels and absent atmos tracks.

Fears of inside leaks were again aroused, when advance [[screener]] versions of unaired episodes 4-8 were posted online on [[26 February]] [[2008]].<ref name="leaks 2">{{cite web|url=http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2008/02/more-underbelly-leaks.html|title=More Underbelly leaks|author=David Knox|publisher=tvtonight.com.au|date=2008-02-27|accessdate=2008-03-01}}</ref> Screener episodes are generally shown to select audiences, such as sales staff and executives, well in advance to being televised.

Pirated DVD's containing the fist nine episodes of ''Underbelly'' were seized in a raid by police on a business in Melbourne's western suburbs on [[March 11]], [[2008]].<ref name="piracy raid">{{cite web|url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,23356682-661,00.html|title=Underbelly DVDs seized in raids|author=Mark Buttler|publisher=tvtonight.com.au|date=2008-03-11|accessdate=2008-05-16}}</ref> As well as facing serious copyright charges, the 41-year old man arrested with connections with to the piracy set-up, will also risk prosecution for breaching the court suppression order banning broadcast of the program in Victoria.<ref name="piracy raid"/> Along with the ''Underbelly'' DVD's, more than 7000 other pirated DVD's were uncovered, as well as eight printers, and 70 new DVD burners.<ref name="piracy raid"/> The piracy ring contained several members, some of which had been arrested for offences in recent months.<ref name="piracy raid"/>

==International distribution==
The series will also air in [[Scandinavia]], [[Canada]] and [[France]].<ref name=ffc>{{cite web|url=http://www.ffc.gov.au/projects/2007/ffc_content_projects_adult.asp?print=yes|title=Projects 2006/2007 - Adult Television Drama (Underbelly)|publisher=[[Film Finance Corporation Australia Ltd]]|accessdate=2008-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Michael|last=Idato|title=The Age: Networking|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/tv--radio/networking/2008/02/27/1203788419080.html|publisher=theage.com.au|date=2008-02-28|accessdate=2008-02-28}}</ref> The show also began airing in [[New Zealand]] on [[TV3 (New Zealand)|TV3]] on Sunday at 9.30pm. The network pulled the show after three episodes because it was "not performing as expected in the time slot."<ref>{{cite web|title=Aussie gangster show Underbelly pulled|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/4481284a1860.html|date=2008-04-15|publisher=stuff.co.nz|accessdate=2008-05-06}}</ref> However due to a public outcry, TV3 reversed their decision 48 hours later, saying it was "Bowing to the pressure of angry fans."<ref>{{cite web|title=Network flips on Underbelly 'flop'|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/tv--radio/btvb-network-flips-on-underbelly-flop/2008/04/16/1208025281561.html|date=2008-04-17|publisher=theage.com.au|accessdate=2008-04-26}}</ref> TV3 has since rescheduled it to 11:15 on Tuesday evenings{{fact|date=May 2008}}.

==See also==
* [[List of Australian television series]]
* [[Melbourne gangland killings]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.australiantelevision.net/underbelly/index.html ''Underbelly''] at the Australian Television Information Archive
* [http://tviv.org/Underbelly ''Underbelly''] at The TV IV
* [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1119176/ ''underbelly''] on [[IMDB]]

[[Category:Nine Network shows|Underbelly (TV series)]]
[[Category:Australian drama television series]]
[[Category:Australian television miniseries]]
[[Category:2008 Australian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Melbourne gangland killings]]
[[Category:Crime television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Victoria]]
[[Category:Films about organized crime in Australia]]

NBA 2K

2008-05-26T06:43:07Z

Tiggerjay: Reverted edits by 70.105.143.121 (talk) to last version by Tiggerjay

'''''NBA 2K''''' is a [[basketball]] [[video game]] series that was initially exclusive for the [[Sega Dreamcast]] starting in 1999. The series was originally [[video game publisher|published]] by [[Sega]], under the label Sega Sports and developed by [[Visual Concepts]].

==History==
{{Advert|section|date=May 2008}}
Sega had attempted to make two basketball game titles without the team licenses in [[Pat Riley]] basketball in 1991 as well as [[David Robinson (basketball)|David Robinson]] Basketball in 1992. Both titles were quasi-arcade-style, and neither captured the attention of the marketplace. It would be almost a decade before Sega re-entered the basketball video game market, with the ''NBA 2K'' series -- along with the full players' association license. Both the simulation style of play as well as modern 3D graphics would allow Sega to compete head-on with [[EA Sports]] for the first time.

The first four games of the series featured commentary from fictional announcers "Bob Steele" and "Rod West" (voiced by Bay Area sports radio personalities Bob Fitzgerald and Rod Brooks), but since ''NBA 2K3'' the game's announcing team has been something of a revolving door, featuring commentary from the likes of [[Bill Walton]], [[Tom Tolbert]], [[Kevin Frazier]], [[Michelle Tafoya]], and Bob Fitzgerald. The color and play-by-play commentary in ''NBA 2K6'', ''NBA 2K7'', and ''NBA 2K8'' is provided by [[Kenny Smith]] and [[Kevin Harlan]], respectively. [[Craig Sager]] provides sideline reports. Peter Barto is the PA Announcer.

In [[2002]] Sega implemented the American television network, [[ESPN]]'s brand with their Sega Sports video games. The ESPN brand was used for 3 games until ESPN signed a 15-year deal with [[EA Sports]].

In [[2005]] Sega would later sell the ''NBA 2K'' series along with Visual Concepts to [[Take-Two Interactive]]. The series is currently published by [[2K Sports]], a publishing label started by Take-Two.

The PlayStation 3 and the Xbox 360 have superior visual graphics to their counterparts. The next generation consoles also added features that will improve game play and realism. These features are what set the game a part from past basketball games because they add so much depth to the game itself. NBA 2K7 has four bonus features for the next generation systems. Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 capture every player’s unique style of game play, which they call Signature Style. For example, the game captures [[Allen Iverson]]’s “killer” crossover and [[Shawn Marion]]’s unique shooting style. Shot Stick Pro is another feature added to the next-generation consoles. This feature allows you to control the different types of shots you can take at the basket. The shot selection varies from dunks, floaters, fade-ways, and many others. The Isolated Post Play features are captured post play moves that could be used to attack the basket. This feature is a branch from the Shot Stick Control. Isolated Post Play moves are drop steps, hook shots, and many more. These three features make the game real because it adds real moves you would actually see in the NBA. The last feature is the 24/7: Next mode for the next-generation consoles. This feature was originally on all consoles in the past, but now only found on the next-generation models. This certain mode is NBA 2K7’s story mode. In this mode you create your own character and play against NBA’s most elite in the street.

The [[PlayStation 3]] version of ''NBA 2K7'' was the first version to support motion sensing controllers with a [[free throw]] shooting mechanic that has the player move the Sony [[SIXAXIS]] controller in a motion similar to a real free throw shot.<ref>[http://2ksports.com/games/nba2k7/#features NBA 2K7 Playstation 3 Features] www.2ksports.com</ref>

==NBA 2K==
===NBA 2K7===
*Received the [[IGN]] award for Best [[PlayStation 3]] Sports Game of 2006.
*Features [[Shaquille O'Neal]] on the cover.

===NBA 2K8===
*Features a [[Slam Dunk Contest]] & [[Three Point Contest]] mode similar to [[EA Sports]] [[NBA Live]] series.<ref>[http://gametrailers.com/player/22838.html NBA 2K8 Dunk Contest Walkthrough] www.gametrailers.com</ref> (only on next gen version)
*Features [[New Orleans Hornets]] [[guard (basketball)|guard]] [[Chris Paul]] on the cover.
*The PS2 version of the game has a minor glitch in "The Association" game mode. The game MAY freeze up if any team is up by 1-3 points in any quarter.

===NBA 2K9===
*Due for a October<ref>[http://xbox360.ign.com/objects/954/954501.html IGN.com</ref>, 2008 release.<ref>[http://palgn.com.au/article.php?id=8472&sid=d8b20c1a4adef4917ff6b2ccf2ec4d0b&title=Manhunt+2+dropped+from+Take+Two+release+schedule Manhunt 2 dropped from Take Two release schedule - Nintendo Wii News - Australia's PAL Gaming Network]</ref>
*Cover athlete to be announced June 5 during Game One of NBA Finals
<ref>[http://www.operationsports.com/newspost.php?id=250054 NBA 2K9 Cover Athlete Announcement] Operation Sports</ref>

==Games in the Franchise==
{|class="wikitable"
!width="200"| Title
!Year
!width="150"| Publisher
!width="200"| Cover
!width="300"| Platforms
!width="300"| Innovation
|-
|''NBA 2K'' || 1999 || Sega Sports || [[Allen Iverson]] || [[Sega Dreamcast]] ||
|-
|''[[NBA 2K1]]'' || 2000 || Sega Sports || [[Allen Iverson]] || Sega Dreamcast || Network mode for internet play
|-
|''[[NBA 2K2]]'' || 2001 || Sega Sports || [[Allen Iverson]] || Sega Dreamcast, [[PlayStation 2]], [[Xbox]], [[Nintendo GameCube|GameCube]] ||
|-
|''[[NBA 2K3]]'' || 2002 || Sega Sports || [[Allen Iverson]] || PlayStation 2, Xbox, GameCube ||
|-
|''[[ESPN NBA Basketball]]'' || 2003 || Sega Sports || [[Allen Iverson]] || PlayStation 2, Xbox || NBA player face scans, 24/7 mode, Isomotion
|-
|''[[ESPN NBA 2K5]]'' || 2004 || Sega Sports || [[Ben Wallace]] || PlayStation 2, Xbox || The Association mode
|-
|''[[NBA 2K6]]'' || 2005 || [[2K Sports]] || [[Shaquille O'Neal]] || PlayStation 2, Xbox, [[Xbox 360]] ||Shot Stick Controls
|-
|''[[NBA 2K7]]'' || 2006 || [[2K Sports]] || [[Shaquille O'Neal]] || PlayStation 2, [[PlayStation 3]], Xbox, Xbox 360 || Signature animations
|-
|''[[NBA 2K8]]'' || 2007|| [[2K Sports]] || [[Chris Paul]] || PlayStation 2, [[PlayStation 3]], Xbox 360 || Signature animations, Blacktop Mode
|-
|''[[NBA 2K9]]'' || 2008|| [[2K Sports]] || [[Paul Shirley]] || [[Playstation 3]], [[Xbox 360]] [Playstaytion 2]|| TBA

|}

== Notes ==
* Every game has featured the [[2K Sports]] development team that made the game as an unlockable basketball team.
* [[Shaquille O'Neal]] and [[Allen Iverson]] are the only players to appear on the edition of the game in consecutive years and [[Allen Iverson]] has appeared on the cover the most times.
* [[Sonic the Hedgehog (character)|Sonic the Hedgehog]] is an available create-a-team logo in some earlier versions of the game, acting as a reference to Sega, a company that merged with 2K.
* NBA 2K and 2K1 for the [[Dreamcast]] became [[Sega All Stars]] titles. Due to the console's short lifespan in North America, few other Dreamcast games became Sega All Stars.
* Each of the games has Legends Teams from each decade 60's, 70's 80' and 90's but the game does not feature [[Michael Jordan]] as a legend on any NBA2k except NBA 2k3.

==External links==
*[http://www.rocketxl.com/nba2k8 NBA 2K8 Media-player widget]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:National Basketball Association video games]]
[[Category:Dreamcast games]]
[[Category:GameCube games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 2 games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 3 games]]
[[Category:Video game franchises]]
[[Category:Xbox games]]
[[Category:Xbox 360 games]]

[[ca:NBA 2K]]
[[it:NBA 2K7]]

NBA 2K

2008-05-26T06:42:45Z

Tiggerjay: Reverted edits by 70.105.143.121 (talk) to last version by ClueBot

Xan Fielding

2008-05-08T19:00:18Z

Tiggerjay: Reverted edits by 161.97.160.159 (talk) to last version by Kernel Saunters

'''Xan Fielding''', born '''Alexander Wallace Fielding''' ([[26 November]] [[1918]] - [[19 August]] [[1991]]), was a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[writer]] and [[translator]]. He was notable for his English translations of ''[[Planet of the Apes]]'' and ''[[The Bridge on the River Kwai]]''.

A British [[SOE]] (Special Operations Executive) agent in [[World War II]], Fielding was captured in [[France]] by the [[Gestapo]] together with [[Francis Cammaerts]] and a French officer, [[Christian Sorensen]], while travelling from [[Apt, Vaucluse|Apt]] to [[Seyes]]. The three men were, however, soon freed and thus saved from imminent execution by the remarkable intercession of the [[Poland|Polish]] SOE agent, [[Krystyna Skarbek]].

Fielding later married "[[Magouche]]," widow of [[Armenia]]n artist [[Arshile Gorky]].
Fielding had previously been married to [[Daphne Vivian Fielding|Lady Daphne]], a most unusual [[Great Britain|British]] aristocrat — (pretty crazy with the LSD scene) and was great friends with the poet and novelist, [[Lawrence Durrell]].

==Works==

*''The Stronghold: an Account of the Four Seasons in the White Mountains of Crete'' (1953).
*''Hide and Seek'' (1954)—wartime memoirs.
*''Corsair Country'' (1959).
*''Money Spinner: Monte Carlo and Its Fabled Casino'' (1977).
*''Best of Friends: the Brenan-Partridge Letters'' (editor, 1986).
*''One Man in His Time - The life of Lieutenant-Colonel [[Neil McLean (politician)|N.L.D. ('Billy') McLean]], DSO'' (1990).
*''Aeolus Displayed'' (1991).
*''Images of Spain'' (1991).
*''Hideous Disguise'' (1994).

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fielding, Xan}}
[[Category:British non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:British translators]]
[[Category:British spies]]
[[Category:World War II spies]]
[[Category:Special Operations Executive personnel]]
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]

{{UK-nonfiction-writer-stub}}

[[fr:Xan Fielding]]

Hillbilly

2008-04-24T23:14:54Z

Tiggerjay: fix link

{{Refimprove|date=May 2007}}
'''Hillbilly''' is a pejorative term referring to people who dwell in remote, [[rural]], mountainous areas usually of the United States. Because of its strongly stereotypical connotations, the term is frequently considered [[derogatory]] and is highly offensive to those of Appalachian heritage.

==History==

The term "Hill-Billies" is first encountered in documents from 17th century Ireland. [[Roman Catholic]] King [[James II of England|James II]] landed at Kinsale in Ireland in 1689 and began to raise a Catholic army in an attempt to regain the British throne. Protestant King [[William III of England|William III]], [[Prince of Orange]], led an English counterforce into Ireland and defeated James II at the [[Battle of the Boyne]] in 1690. A significant portion of William III's army was composed of [[Protestants]] of Scottish descent (Planters) who had settled in Ulster in northern Ireland. The southern Irish Catholic supporters of James II referred to these northern Protestant supporters of King William as "Hill-Billies"{{Fact|date=February 2007}} and "Billy Boys" — Billy being an abbreviation of William.

It is believed that the term "hillbilly" in the United States was conferred during the early 18th century by the occupying [[United Kingdom|British]] soldiers as a carry over from the Irish term, in referring to [[Scots-Irish American|Scots-Irish]] immigrants of mainly [[Presbyterian]] origin, dwelling in the frontier areas of the [[Appalachian Mountains]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}} These Protestant Irish colonists brought their cultural traditions with them when they immigrated. Many of their stories, songs, and ballads dealt with the history of their [[Ulster]] and [[Scottish Lowlands|Lowland Scot]] homelands, especially relating the tale of the [[Protestant]] King [[William III of England|William III]], [[Prince of Orange]].

Yet another explanation for the term comes from the European immigrants to the United States who settled in the Appalachian Mountains. Many of these immigrants were of Germanic origin and were named [[Wilhelm]] with the short form [[Willy]], a common Germanic name during that time. Those Wilhelms, who went by Bill or Billy, living in the Appalachian Mountains became known as "hillbillies," i.e., Bills who lived in the hills.

Alternatively, it is also speculated that the term emerged as a derogatory nickname given by the coastal plain-dwelling Anglo-Saxon Southerners to the hill-dwelling settlers of Eastern [[Tennessee]], Western [[Virginia]] (including modern [[West Virginia]]), and Eastern [[Kentucky]], many of whom were ambivalent to the Confederacy during the [[American Civil War]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

The use of the word was probably most apt (and relatively inoffensive) during the period between the [[Manifest Destiny|western expansion]] of the early-to-mid [[nineteenth century]] and the post-[[World War II|war]] period of the 1940s. The advent of the [[interstate highway]] system and [[television]] brought many previously isolated communities into mainstream [[United States]] culture in the 1950s and 1960s. The [[Internet]] continues this integration, but many communities with relatively traditional lifestyles remain throughout the region.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

Historically, there were conflicts between the mountain-dwelling "hillbillies" and the planters who lived on the coastal plains. During the [[American Civil War]], many residents of western Virginia were pro-Union in that they generally did not own slaves and resented the political dominance of planters who did. The image of the Unionist mountaineer in [[West Virginia]] is misleading, however, as the mountainous counties of central, southern, and eastern [[West Virginia]] all voted for the Ordinance of Secession on May 23, 1861.<ref>Curry, "A House Divided", county votes pgs. 141-47</ref> A total war was waged against the mountaineers in much of [[West Virginia]], whose residents were deemed "savages" by Union military authorities. Braxton and Webster counties were particularly targeted by Gen. [[George Crook]].<ref>Kenneth W. Noe essay "Exterminating Savages" pg. 116 in "The Civil War in Appalachia, Collected Essays"</ref> "Braxton and Webster are the haunts of the worst Rebel Bushwhackers in the country," wrote Lt. Col. [[Rutherford B. Hayes]].<ref>Curry, "A House Divided," pg. 75</ref> After the war, the Wheeling government carved two new counties out of Secessionist counties and named them after Lincoln and Grant.

==Common modern use==
{{Original research|section|date=February 2008}}
{{POV|section|date=February 2008}}
[[Image:HillbillyHotDogs.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Hillbilly Hot Dogs, a roadside [[hot dog stand]] located near [[Huntington, West Virginia]].]]
The term hillbilly is commonly used in urban and suburban areas, the Chicago area as an example, in what could be more practically referenced as "urban hillbillies." One can view this particular distinction under the basis of technological evolution, as living out the traditional stereotypical Appalachian existence made popular by folklore and media has become less plausible.

Examples of such are present throughout popular culture and televised media.
* One example of this was the various hillbilly innuendos on the syndicated television show ''[[Married… with Children]]'', which was set in Chicago and dealt regularly with Peggy Bundy's hillbilly upbringing in rural Wisconsin<ref>Wikipedia[[Married... without Children#Season_1:_1987|"List of Married With Children Episodes"]]21 Feb 2008</ref>.
* Nickelodeon's syndicated cartoon program ''[[Hey Arnold!]]'' places a hillbilly residence inside of a sprawling metropolitan city<ref>Hey-Arnold.com[http://www.hey-arnold.com/Arnold/cast_sti.html "Stinky Peterson (and family)"] </ref>.
* The town of Baileyville featured "The Baileyville Hillbillies" in their 2007 sesquicentennial parade<ref>Baileyville, Illinois[[Baileyville, Illinois|"Baileyville, Illinois"]]22 Jan 2008</ref>

==Music==
[[Country music]] was originally called "hillbilly music," even by its fans. The term, coined in 1925 by country pianist [[Al Hopkins]],<ref name=Sanjek>David Sanjek, "All the Memories Money Can Buy: Marketing Authenticity and Manufacturing Authorship", p. 155–172 in Eric Weisbard, ed., ''This is Pop'', Harvard University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-674-01321-2 (cloth), ISBN 0-674-01344-1 (paper). p. 156–157.</ref> persisted until the 1950s.

Now, the older name is deemed offensive (and inappropriate) and is hardly ever used. However, the term "hillbilly music" is now sometimes used to describe [[old-time music]]. An early tune that contained the word "hillbilly" was "Hillbilly Boogie" by the [[Delmore Brothers]] in 1946. Earlier, in the 1920s, there were records by a band called the Beverly Hillbillies. In 1927, the [[Gennett Records|Gennett]] studios in [[Richmond, Indiana]], made a recording of black fiddler Jim Booker with other instrumentalists; their recordings were labeled "made for Hillbilly" in the Gennett files, and were marketed to a white audience. Also during the 1920s, an old-time music band known as the Hill Billies featuring Al Hopkins and Fiddlin' Charlie Bowman, achieved acclaim as recording artists for Columbia Records. By the late forties, radio stations broadcast music described as "hillbilly," originally to describe fiddlers and string bands, but was then used to describe the traditional music of the people of the Appalachian Mountains. The people who actually sang these songs and lived in the Appalachian Mountains never used these terms to describe their own music.

Popular songs whose style bore characteristics of both "hillbilly" and [[African American]] music were referred to, in the late 1940s and early 1950s as [[Old-time music|hillbilly boogie]], and in the mid-1950s as "[[rockabilly]]." [[Elvis Presley]] was a prominent player of the latter genre. When the Country Music Association was founded in 1958, the term "hillbilly music" gradually fell out of use. However, the term "rockabilly" is alive and well.[http://www.rockabillyhall.com/]

Later, the music industry merged hillbilly music, [[Western Swing]], and [[Western music (North America)|Cowboy music]], to form the current category C&W, [[Country and Western]].

The famous [[bluegrass music|bluegrass]] fiddler [[Vassar Clements]] described his style of music as "hillbilly jazz."

In [[Poland]] a hillbilly was reference to the people who live in the mountainous south of Poland in the part once occupied by the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]].

[[Billy Hill and the Hillbillies]] are a musical/variety group at [[Disneyland Park (Anaheim)]] in [[Anaheim, California]].

==In fiction & popular culture==
{{fictioncruft}}
Hillbillies have often been characterized as naïve or ignorant [[hick]]s.
*The hillbilly lifestyle of [[the Ozarks]] was gently parodied in the comic strip [[Li'l Abner]], which inspired a [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] musical and movie by the same name.
*Another comic strip, [[Snuffy Smith]] offers a less gentle hillbilly family parody, featuring a lazy father, a hard-working church-attending mother, and a simple son "Jughaid" who wears a pan for a hat.
*[[Ma and Pa Kettle]] were very popular characters in comedic movies of the 1940s and 1950s.
*[[Hard Haid Moe]] in Disney's comics.
*In the 1960s American [[Situation comedy|sitcom]] ''[[The Beverly Hillbillies]]'', the Clampett family were supposed to have come from the hills near a fictional hamlet in Arkansas known as Bugtussle. While Granny was from "across the river" in Tennessee, Jed and his family were from Arkansas as noted to the references of Tulsa and Joplin being close by.
*Festus, a prominent character on the TV series ''[[Gunsmoke]]'', belonged to a hillbilly clan.
*[[Fuzzy Lumpkins]], a villain from the ''[[Powerpuff Girls]]'' TV show, is a hillbilly.
*An episode of ''[[The Dukes of Hazzard]]'' saw Bo and Luke rescuing Daisy from being forced to marry into a family of [[sociopath]]ic hillbillies.
*A recurring character on ''[[The Simpsons]]'', [[Cletus Spuckler]] (aka the "Slack-Jawed [[Yokel]]") and his family are stereotypical hillbillies.
*In the [[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWF]], a character known as [[Hillbilly Jim]] was made to portray a large man with a huge beard and wearing overalls back in the [[1980]]s as a frequent tag team partner of [[Hulk Hogan]].
*The 1960s American [[Situation comedy|sitcom]] ''[[The Andy Griffith Show]]'' has two contrasting stereotypes of recurring hillbilly characters: The ignorant but kindly, impoverished but generous Darling family, portrayed by bluegrass band [[The Dillards]] and [[Denver Pyle]]; and the belligerent, paranoid, frankly violent buffoon, [[Ernest T. Bass]], portrayed by [[Howard Morris]].
*In 1970, the author James Dickey published the [[novel]] ''[[Deliverance]]'', a story about four men going for a canoe-trip on a river in the mountains of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]. They encounter several sociopathic hillbillies and are subsequently attacked, captured, tortured, and raped by them. (Based on a real canoe trip in which he was actually helped by friendly mountaineers.)
*On [[Nickelodeon (TV channel)|Nickelodeon]]'s ''[[The Amanda Show]]'', starring [[Amanda Bynes]], a recurring skit titled "Hillbilly Moment" would be featured. Amanda Bynes and [[Drake Bell]] would appear as stereotypical hillbillies and behave accordingly.
* A popular television comedy-variety show "[[Hee Haw]]" starred several well-known country singers and regularly lampooned the stereotypical hillbilly lifestyle.
* [[Rob Zombie]]'s [[1998 in music|1998]] album, [[Hellbilly Deluxe]], ''Hellbilly'' is a direct derivative of Hillbilly.
* In the popular late-night comedy show ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'', hillbillies are portrayed in the skit ''Appalachian Emergency Room'', with injuries only associable with the common media representation of hillbillies.
* The Arkansas Chuggabug, driven by Luke & Blubber Bear — hillbillies in a wooden buggy driven by a coal-fired range in [[Wacky Races]] is an American animated television series from [[Hanna-Barbera]] Productions.
*[[The Hillbilly Bears]] another animated television series produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions, played on a social stereotype of the "hillbilly," with a gun-toting, mumbling father who was always "feudin'" with the neighbors.
* The [[Adult Swim]] show, [[Squidbillies]], focuses on a family of hillbilly/redneck squids and their stereotypical misadventures.
* In the 2006 Disney/Pixar hit film, [[Cars (film)|Cars]] and [[Cars (video game)|the video game of the same name]], there is hillbilly tow-truck named [[Mater]].
* In the [[Nickelodeon (TV channel)|Nickelodeon]] animated show [[Avatar: The Last Airbender]], the episode "[[The Swamp (Avatar: The Last Airbender episode)|The Swamp]]" features a tribe of swamp-dwelling waterbenders that speak and behave like stereotypical hillbillies.
*[[Lum and Abner]] was a popular radio show about two stereotypical hillbillies that ran from 1931 to 1954.
*In [[Thomas and Friends]], there is a hillbilly tank engine named Billy.
* In the animated series [[King of the Hill]], [[Hank Hill]]'s neighbor [[Kahn Souphanousinphone]] often refers to Hank and the other Arlen, Texas locals as hillbillies.
* In the film [[October Sky]], about a group of young West Virginia amateur rocketry enthusiasts, the characters refer to themselves as 'hillbillies'.

==See also==
* [[List of ethnic slurs]]
* [[Oxycodone#Recreational use|Hillbilly heroin]]
* [[Redneck]]
* [[White cracker]]
* [[White trash]]
* [[Poor White]]
* [[Trailer trash]]
* [[Yokel]]
* [[Cletus Spuckler]]
* [[Mountain men]]
* [[Daniel Baker College]]: College Mascot
* [[Hillbilly armor]]
* [[Verona High School (New Jersey)]] Sports Teams known as The Hillbillys

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* ''Hillbilly, A Cultural History of an American Icon'', by Anthony Harkins
* ''Hillbillyland: What the Movies Did to the Mountains & What the Mountains Did to the Movies'', by J.W. Williamson
* [http://www.baltimorepsychobilly.com/ Baltimore Psychobilly] - Internet radio show featuring hillbilly music

[[Category:Pejorative terms for people]]
[[Category:Social groups]]
[[Category:Appalachian culture]]
[[Category:Stereotypes]]
[[Category:Irish American history]]
[[Category:Regional nicknames]]

[[da:Hillbilly]]
[[es:Hillbilly]]
[[fr:Hillbilly]]
[[nl:Hillbilly]]
[[fi:Hillbilly]]
[[sv:Hillbilly]]

Increase Mather

2007-09-27T01:15:43Z

Tiggerjay: Reverted edits by 24.237.200.110 to last version by Barticus88

{{Infobox Person
| name = Increase Mather
| image = Increase_Mather.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Increase Mather in 1688, when he was in [[London]]. Portrait by John van der Spriett
| birth_date = {{birth date|1639|6|21|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Dorchester, Massachusetts]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1723|8|23|1639|6|21|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Boston, Massachusetts]]
| occupation = [[Minister (religion)|Minister]]
| spouse = Maria Cotton and Ann Cotton
}}

The [[Reverend]] '''Increase Mather''' ([[June 21]] [[1639]] – [[August 23]] [[1723]]) was a major figure in the early history of the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] and [[Province of Massachusetts Bay]] (now the [[United States state|Federal state]] of [[Massachusetts]]). He was a [[Puritanism|Puritan]] [[Minister (religion)|minister]] who was involved with the government of the colony, the administration of [[Harvard College]], and most notoriously, the [[Salem witch trials]]. He was the father of the influential [[Cotton Mather]].

==Biography==
===Early life===
Mather was born in [[Dorchester, Massachusetts]]<ref name="colombia">{{cite web | title = Mather, Increase. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05. | publisher = Bartleby.com | url = http://www.bartelby.net/65/ma/Mather-I.html | accessdate = 2006-10-12}}</ref> on [[June 21]], [[1639]] to Rev. [[Richard Mather]] and Kathrine Holt Mather<ref name="harv">{{cite web | title = Mather, Increase, 1639-1723. Papers of Increase Mather: an inventory | publisher = Harvard University | url = http://oasis.harvard.edu:10080/oasis/deliver/~hua28004 | accessdate = 2006-10-12 }}</ref> following their participation in the [[Great Migration]] from England due to [[nonconformity]] with the [[Church of England]].<ref name="dorch">{{cite web | title = Dorchester Atheneum: Richard Mather | author = Dorchester Atheneum | url = http://www.dorchesteratheneum.org/page.php?id=70 | accessdate = 2006-10-12 }}</ref> He was the youngest of six<ref name="bio">{{cite book | title = The Twentieth Century Biographical Dictionary of Notable Americans | publisher = The Biographical Society | location = Boston | date = 1904 | volume = VII | accessdate = 2006-12-17 }} — The relevant excerpt can be seen here: http://members.tripod.com/clipclop/LM/mather/richard.html (Warning: Ads)</ref> brothers: Samuel, Nathaniel, Eleazar, Joseph, Timothy.<ref name="bio" />

His parents were highly religious<ref name="hd">{{cite web | title = A Brief Biographical Sketch of the Reverend Increase Mather | author = Andrew Mitchell | format = [[Microsoft Word]] (.DOC) | url = http://www.hillsdale.edu/Academics/downloads/andrewmitchellincreasebio_1.doc | accessdate = 2006-10-12 }}</ref>, and three of his brothers (Samuel, Nathaniel and Eleazar) also became ministers<ref name="1911rm">{{cite web | title = Richard Mather - LoveToKnow1911 | publisher = Encyclopedia Britannica | url = http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Richard_Mather | accessdate = 2006-10-12 }}</ref>.

====Education====
In 1651 Mather was admitted to Harvard where he roomed with and studied under [[John Norton]].<ref name="hd" /><ref name="harv" /> When he graduated (1656) with a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]]<ref name="harv" />, he began to train for the [[Christian ministry|ministry]] and gave his first sermon on his eighteenth birthday<ref name="ref1911">{{cite web | title = Increase Mather - LoveToKnow1911 | publisher = Encyclopedia Britannica | url = http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Increase_Mather | accessdate = 2006-10-12}}</ref>. He quickly left Massachusetts and went to [[Ireland]], where he studied at [[Trinity College, Dublin|Trinity College]] in [[Dublin]] for a [[Master of Arts (postgraduate)|M.A.]].<ref name="hd" /> He graduated with it in [[1659]]<ref name="colombia" /> and spent the next 3 years as a [[chaplain]] attached to a garrison in the [[Channel Islands]]<ref name="hd" />.

Harvard was to later award him the first [[honorary degree]] in the [[New World]], a [[Doctor of Sacred Theology|S.T.D.]], in [[1692]]<ref name="harv" />.

===Establishing himself in Massachusetts===
In [[1661]], with the advent of the [[English Restoration]] and resurgence of [[Anglicanism]], Increase returned to Massachusetts, where he married Maria Cotton.<ref name="hd" /> She was his stepsister<ref name="hd" /> by virtue of his father's marriage to Sarah Hankredge, the widow of [[John Cotton (puritan)|John Cotton]] and mother of Maria.<ref name="ref1911" /> She gave birth to [[Cotton Mather]] in February.<ref name="hd" />

He published in 1676 [http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libraryscience/31/ ''A Brief History of the Warr with the Indians in New-England''], a contemporary account of [[King Philip's War]].

He was [[ordination|ordained]] as minister of the [[Old North Church]] (the original Old North meetinghouse), whose congregation included many of the [[upper class]] and governing class,<ref name="hd" /> on [[May 27]] [[1664]]. He held this post until he died.<ref name="colombia" /> By virtue of his position he quickly became one of the most influential people in the colony, both religiously and politically.<ref name="hd" />

====Harvard====
In [[June 11]], [[1685]] he became the Acting President of [[Harvard University]] (then Harvard College) and steadily advanced: A little over a year later on [[July 23]] [[1686]] he was appointed the [[Rector]]. On [[June 27]], [[1692]] he became the [[President of Harvard University|President of Harvard]], a position which he held until [[September 6]], [[1701]].<ref name="harv" />

He was rarely present on campus or in the town,<ref name="colombia" /> especially during his term of Rector as he was out of the Colony for all but two years of his term in that office.<ref name="harv" /> Despite his absences he did make some changes: reimplementation of [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] instruction, replacement of classical Roman authors with [[Bible|Biblical]] and Christian authors in [[ethics]] classes, enactment of requirements that students attend classes regularly, live and eat on campus and that seniors not [[hazing|haze]] other students.<ref name="harv" />

===Involvement in politics===
While politics and Puritan religion were closely related during Increase's life time, his first direct involvement with politics occurred as a result of [[James II of England]]'s manipulation of the New England governments. In [[1686]] James revoked the [[Charter of Massachusetts]] in the process of creating the [[responsible government|unresponsible]] [[Dominion of New England]].<ref name="colombia" />.

The Dominion was headed by [[Edmund Andros]], who not only disliked puritanism and was [[arrogance|haughty]]<ref name="harv" />, but ruled as a near absolute dictator: [[Town meeting]]s were outlawed, leaving the Dominion without consent of the government was outlawed, marriage was removed from the clergy and the [[Old South Church]] was temporarily appropriated for [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] services.<ref name="ish">{{cite web | title = Interactive State House | work = Governors of Massachusetts | publisher = [[Commonwealth of Massachusetts]] | url = http://www.mass.gov/statehouse/massgovs/eandros.htm | accessdate = 2006-12-14 }}</ref> Also disliked by the Puritan [[status quo]] was the [[1687]] [[Declaration of Indulgence]], prohibiting discrimination against [[Roman Catholicism|Catholics]].<ref name="hd" /> When Mather successfully roused opposition to the charter revokation, he was nearly framed for [[treason]]. He then traveled to [[London]] (eluding spies out to catch him) to petition the King.<ref name="ref1911" />

While engaged in petitioning he published pieces to build popular support for his positions, such as ''A Narrative of the Miseries of New-England, By Reason of an [[dictatorship|Arbitrary Government]] Erected there Under Sir Edmund Andros'' (1688) and ''A Brief Relation for the Confirmation of Charter Privileges'' (1691).<ref name="ref1911" />

While there he attempted to get the old charter restored<ref name="colombia" /> and a royal charter for Harvard<ref name="harv" />; however, he abandoned that course and changed his petitions to a new charter not lacking any of the rights previously granted.<ref name="harv" /> Following the [[Glorious Revolution]] and subsequent overthrow of Andros, a new charter was granted to the colony.<ref name="harv" /> The 1692 charter was a major departure from its predecessor, granting sweeping [[home rule]], establishing an elective [[legislature]], enfranchising all [[fee simple|freeholders]] (previously only men admitted to a congregation could vote), and uniting the Massachusetts Bay Colony and [[Plymouth Colony]].<ref name="harv" /> Following Andros' deposition and arrest<ref name="ish" />, he had [[William Phips]] appointed as Royal Governor and they returned to Massachusetts, arriving on [[May 14]] 1692.<ref name="UMKC">{{cite web | title = Biography of Increase Mather | url = http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/salem/ASA_INC.HTM | accessdate = 2006-10-12 }}</ref>

Following his return, the administration of Harvard grew increasingly insistent that he reside nearer to the institution. Not wanting to leave his Second Church, he didn't, eventually resigning the Presidency.<ref name="harv" />.

===Involvement in the Salem witch trials===
As an influential member of the community, Increase was involved in the notorious witch hysteria of [[Salem, Massachusetts]]. As the court of [[oyer and terminer]] was beginning to hear cases of suspected witchcraft, Increase published "The Return of Several Ministers Consulted", which urged moderation in the use and credence of "[[spectral evidence]]".<ref name="va">{{cite web | title = Salem Witch Trials: Increase Mather | author = Mathew Madden | url = http://www.iath.virginia.edu/salem/people/i_mather.html | accessdate = 2006-10-12 }}</ref> In June and July 1692 as the trials and executions began to increase, Increase made a number of sermons interpreted as a plea to cool the heated atmosphere.<ref name="va" /> In September he published ''Cases of Conscience Concerning Evil Spirits Personating Men, Witchcrafts, infallible Proofs of Guilt in such as are accused with that Crime'' (more commonly known as just "Cases of conscience concerning evil spirits"), which defended the judges and trials, but strongly denounced the spectral evidence used by them. It contained his famous version of [[Blackstone's formulation]], that "It were better that Ten Suspected Witches should escape, than that one Innocent Person should be Condemned". Afterwards, his reputation was not improved by his involvement and association with the trials, nor by his subsequent refusal to denounce them. His refusal to repudiate was likely because of his longtime frienship with the judges involved.<ref name="UMKC" /> He was also [[slander and libel|defamed]]<ref name="UMKC" /> by Robert Calef in his harshly critical ''More Wonders of the Invisible World''<ref name="va-rc">{{cite web | title = MORE WONDERS of the INVISIBLE WORLD | publisher = University of Virginia | url = http://etext.virginia.edu/salem/witchcraft/speccol/calef/calef.html | accessdate = 2006-12-09 }}</ref> (referred to as ''More Wonders of the Spiritual World'' by the [[Encyclopedia Britannica Eleventh Edition]]<ref name="ref1911" />).

===Later life and death===
Following Maria's death in August 1714, he remarried.<ref name="hd" /> On [[September 27]] [[1722]] he [[loss of consciousness|fainted]] and was bedridden thereafter.<ref name="hd" /> In August of 1723 he suffered [[bladder failure]]<ref name="hd" /> and died three weeks later on [[August 23]], [[1723]] in [[Boston]].<ref name="mhs">{{cite web | title = MHS Increase Mather Papers, 1659-1721 Guide to the Microfilm Edition | publisher = The [[Massachusetts Historical Society]] | url = http://www.masshist.org/findingaids/doc.cfm?fa=fa0239 | 2006-10-21 }}</ref>

==Beliefs==
Throughout his life Mather was a staunch Puritan, opposing anything openly contradictory to, mutually exclusive with, or potentially "distracting" from his religious beliefs. He supported suppression of [[intoxication]], unnecessary effort on Sundays and [[Sumptuary law|ostentatious clothing]]. He was initially opposed to the [[Half-Way Covenant]] but later supported it.<ref name="ref1911" /> He firmly believed in the direct appearance of God's disfavor in everyday life, e.g. the weather, political situations, attacks by "Indians", fires and floods, etc.<ref name="UMKC" /><ref name="ref1911" />

He was strenuous in attempting to keep people to his idea of morality,<ref name="harv" /> making strong use of [[jeremiad]]s to try and prevent indifference and especially to try and get government officials to enforce public morality.<ref name="hd" />

During his tenure at Harvard he regularly stamped out any relaxation of Puritan strictness, such as [[latitudinarianism]], which had flourished during his overseas absence.<ref name="harv" />

Following his acceptance of the Covenant, [[Solomon Stoddard]] and others attempted to further liberalize Puritanism by [[baptism]] of children who had nonmember parents<ref name="harv" /> and admittance of all but the openly immoral to services.<ref name="ref1911" /> To try and stop this, he had a [[synod]] called in an attempt to outlaw similar measures. A declaration was adopted, but never made binding.<ref name="ref1911" /> Following this, reform-minded members were sent to the body and it took on a less conservative tone, bitterly disappointing Mather.<ref name="hd" />

==Given name==
The stated reason for his [[first name]] was "...the never-to-be-forgotten [[wikt:increase|increase]], of every sort, wherewith God favoured the country about the time of his nativity."<ref name="ref1911" />

== Works ==
Among his more than 125 published works, the following are most notable:
* ''The Mystery of Israel’s Salvation'' (1669)
* ''The Life and Death of That Reverend Man of God, Mr. Richard Mather'' (1670)
* ''Wo to Drunkards: Two sermons Testifying against the Sin of Drunkenness'' (1673)
* ''The Day of Trouble Is Near'' (1674)
* ''A Discourse concerning the Subject of Baptisme'' (1675)
* ''The Wicked Mans Portion'' (1675)
* ''A Brief History of the Warr With the Indians in New-England'' (1676) [http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libraryscience/31/ Online text]
* ''An Earnest Exhortation To the Inhabitants of New-England'' (1676) [http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/etas/31/ Online text]
* ''A Relation of the Troubles which Have Hapned in New-England by Reason of the Indians There from the Year 1614 to the Year 1675'' (1677)
* ''A Discourse concerning the Danger of Apostasy'' (1679)
* ''The Divine Right of Infant-Baptisme Asserted and Proved from Scripture and Antiquity'' (1680)
* ''A Confession of Faith Owned and Consented unto by the Elders and Messengers of the Churches Assembled at Boston'' (1680)
* ''Heavens Alarm to the World'' (1681)
* ''Diatriba de signo Filii Hominis, et de secundo Messiæadventu; ubi de modo futuræ judæorum conversionis; nec non de signis novissimi diei, disseritur'' (1682)
* ''Kometographia, or, A Discourse concerning Comets'' (1683)
* ''An Essay for the Recording of Illustrious Providences'' (1684)
* ''An Arrow against Profane and Promiscuous Dancing Drawn out of the Quiver of Scriptures'' (1684)
* ''The Mystery of Christ Opened and Applyed in Several Sermons concerning the Person, Office, and Glory of Jesus Christ'' (1686)
* ''De successu evangelij apud Indos in Novâ-Angliâ epistola'' (1688)
* ''A Narrative of the Miseries of New-England, by Reason of an Arbitrary Government Erected There under Sir Edmond Andross'' (1688)
* ''Cases of Conscience Concerning Evil Spirits Personating Men'' (1693)
* ''A Further Account of the Tryals of the New-England Witches'' (1693)
* ''Angelographia, or, A Discourse concerning the Nature and Power of the Holy Angels'' (1696)
* ''The Order of the Gospel, Professed and Practised by the Churches of Christ in New-England'' (1700)
* ''The Blessed Hope, and the Glorious Appearing of the Great God our Saviour, Jesus Christ'' (1701)
* ''Ichabod: or, The Glory Departing'' (1702)
* ''Soul-saving Gospel Truths'' (1703)
* ''A Discourse concerning Earthquakes'' (1706)
* ''A Dissertation concerning the Future Conversion of the Jewish Nation'' (1709)
* ''Meditations on the Glory of the Heavenly World'' (1711)
* ''A Disquisition concerning Ecclesiastical Councils'' (1716)

== Works About ==
* Kenneth B. Murdock. ''Increase Mather: The Foremost American Puritan.'' Cambridge, Mass., 1925.
* Thomas James Holmes. ''Increase Mather: a Bibliography of his Works.'' Cleveland, 1931.
* Robert Middlekauf. ''The Mathers: Three Generations of Puritan Intellectuals, 1596-1728.'' New York, 1971.
* Mason I. Lowance. ''Increase Mather.'' New York, 1974.

==References==
<div class="references-small"><references /></div>

==See also==
*[[Salem witch trials]]
*[[List of unusual personal names]]

{{start box}}
{{s-aca}}
{{succession box
| before = [[John Rogers (Harvard)|John Rogers]]
| title = [[President of Harvard University|President of Harvard College]]
| years = 1685–1686, ''acting''1686–1692, '''[[Rector]]''' 1692–1701
| after = [[Samuel Willard]], ''acting''
}}
{{s-ecc}}
{{succession box
| before = [[John Mayo]]
| title = [[Old North Church]]
| years = 1673–1723
| after = [[Cotton Mather]]
}}
{{end box}}

{{salem}}



{{Persondata
| NAME = Increase Mather
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Increaſe Mather
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Puritan minister
| DATE OF BIRTH = [[June 21]] [[1639]]
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Dorchester, Massachusetts]]
| DATE OF DEATH = [[August 23]], [[1723]]
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Boston, Massachusetts]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mather, Increase}}
[[Category:1639 births]]
[[Category:1723 deaths]]
[[Category:Massachusetts colonial people]]
[[Category:Presidents of Harvard University]]
[[Category:American colonial people]]
[[Category:American theologians]]
[[Category:Calvinist ministers and theologians]]
[[Category:Religious history of the United States]]
[[Category:English Americans]]
[[Category:American sermon writers]]
[[Category:People of the Salem witch trials]]

[[fr:Increase Mather]]
[[sv:Increase Mather]]

Hillbilly

2007-09-26T06:34:46Z

Tiggerjay: Reverted edits by Lock88 to last version by Into The Fray

{{refimprove|date=May 2007}}
'''Hillbilly''' is a term, often considered pejorative but sometimes endearing, referring to people who dwell in remote, [[rural]], mountainous areas. Usage of the term "hillbilly" generally differs from other terms referring to rural people in the United States in that it can be used for mountain dwelling people anywhere but is generally not used to refer to rural people in non-mountainous areas. While terms like [[redneck]], [[hick]], and [[White Cracker|cracker]] often connote rejection of, or resistance to, assimilation into the dominant culture, theoretically hillbillies are merely isolated from the dominant culture. Because of its strongly stereotypical connotations, the term is frequently considered [[derogatory]] depending on the context in which it is used or the attitude of the user.

==History==

The term "Hill-Billies" is first encountered in documents from 17th century Ireland. [[Roman Catholic]] King [[James II of England|James II]] landed at Kinsale in Ireland in 1689 and began to raise a Catholic army in an attempt to regain the British throne. Protestant King [[William III of England|William III]], [[Prince of Orange]], led an English counterforce into Ireland and defeated James II at the [[Battle of the Boyne]] in 1690. A significant portion of William III's army was composed of [[Protestants]] of Scottish descent (Planters) who had settled in Ulster in northern Ireland. The southern Irish Catholic supporters of James II referred to these northern Protestant supporters of King William as "Hill-Billies"{{Fact|date=February 2007}} and "Billy Boys"--Billy being an abbreviation of William. It is believed that the term "hillbilly" in the United States was conferred during the early 18th century by the occupying [[United Kingdom|British]] soldiers as a carry over from the Irish term, in referring to [[Scotch-Irish American|Scotch-Irish]] immigrants of mainly [[Presbyterian]] origin, dwelling in the frontier areas of the [[Appalachian Mountains]]{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. These Protestant Irish colonists brought their cultural traditions with them when they immigrated. Many of their stories, songs and ballads dealt with the history of their [[Ulster]] and [[Scottish Lowlands|Lowland Scot]] homelands, especially relating the tale of the [[Protestant]] King [[William III of England|William III]], [[Prince of Orange]].

Yet another explanation for the term comes from the European immigrants to the United States who settled in the Appalachian Mountains. Many of these immigrants were of Germanic origin and were named William, a common Germanic name during that time. Those Williams, who went by Bill or Billy, living in the Appalachian Mountains became known as "hillbillies," i.e., Bills who lived in the hills.

Alternatively, it is also speculated that the term emerged as a derogatory nickname given by the coastal plain-dwelling Anglo-Saxon Southerners for the hill-dwelling settlers of Eastern [[Tennessee]], Western [[Virginia]] (including modern [[West Virginia]]), northern [[Arkansas]] and Eastern [[Kentucky]], many of whom were ambivalent to the Confederacy during the [[American Civil War]]{{Fact|date=February 2007}}.

The use of the word was probably most apt (and relatively inoffensive) during the period between the [[Manifest Destiny|western expansion]] of the early-to-mid [[nineteenth century]] and the post-[[World War II|war]] period of the 1940s. The advent of the [[interstate highway]] system and [[television]] brought many previously isolated communities into mainstream [[United States]] culture in the 1950s and 1960s. The [[Internet]] continues this integration but many communities with relatively traditional lifestyles remain throughout the region.
Strangely enough, early editions of Websters Dictionary include a definition of hillbilly as "a Michigan Farmer."

Historically, there were conflicts between the mountain-dwelling "hillbillies" and the planters who lived on the coastal plains. During the [[American Civil War]], many residents of western Virginia were pro-Union in that they generally did not own slaves and resented the political dominance of planters who did. The image of the Unionist mountaineer in [[West Virginia]] is misleading, however, as the mountainous counties of central, southern and eastern [[West Virginia]] all voted for the Ordinance of Secession on May 23, 1861. <ref>Curry, "A House Divided", county votes pgs. 141-47</ref> A total war was waged against the mountaineers in much of [[West Virginia]], whose residents were deemed "savages" by Union military authorities. Braxton and Webster counties were particularly targeted by Gen. [[George Crook]], who referred to them as "the heart of Africa."<ref>Kenneth W. Noe essay "Exterminating Savages" pg. 116 in "The Civil War in Appalachia, Collected Essays"</ref> After the war, the Wheeling government carved two new counties out of Secessionist counties and named them after Lincoln and Grant.

==Music==
[[Country music]] was originally called "hillbilly music," even by its fans. The term, coined in 1925 by country pianist [[Al Hopkins]]<ref name=Sanjek>David Sanjek, "All the Memories Money Can Buy: Marketing Authenticity and Manufacturing Authorship", p. 155–172 in Eric Weisbard, ed., ''This is Pop'', Harvard University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-674-01321-2 (cloth), ISBN 0-674-01344-1 (paper). p. 156–157.</ref>, persisted until the 1950s. Now, the older name is deemed offensive (and inappropriate) and is hardly ever used. However, the term "hillbilly music" is now sometimes used to describe [[old-time music]]. An early tune that contained the word "hillbilly" was "Hillbilly Boogie" by the Delmore Brothers in 1946. Much earlier, in the 1920s, there were records by a band called the Beverly Hillbillies. In 1927, the [[Gennett Records|Gennett]] studios in [[Richmond, Indiana]], made a recording of black fiddler Jim Booker with other instrumentalists; their recordings were labeled "made for Hillbilly" in the Gennett files, and were marketed to a white audience. Also during the 1920s, an old-time music band known as the Hill Billies featuring Al Hopkins and Fiddlin' Charlie Bowman, achieved acclaim as recording artists for Columbia Records. By the late forties, radio stations broadcast music described as "hillbilly," originally to describe fiddlers and string bands, but was then used to describe the traditional music of the people of the Appalachian Mountains. The people who actually sang these songs and lived in the Appalachian Mountains never used these terms to describe their own music. Popular songs whose style bore characteristics of both "hillbilly" and [[African American]] music were referred to, in the late 1940s and early 1950s as [[Old-time music|hillbilly boogie]], and in the mid-1950s as "[[rockabilly]]." [[Elvis Presley]] was a prominent member of the latter genre. When the Country Music Association was founded in 1958, the term "hillbilly music" gradually fell out of use. However, the term "rockabilly" is alive and well. [http://www.rockabillyhall.com/]. Later, the musical genre "Country," formerly known as hillbilly, was merged with the genre "Western," formerly knows as [[Western Swing]], and the result was the current category C&W, [[Country and Western]]. The two should not be confused, as Country is centered in [[Nashville]], and Western is represented by [[Austin, Texas]].

The famous [[bluegrass music|bluegrass]] fiddler [[Vassar Clements]] described his style of music as "hillbilly jazz".

In [[Poland]] a hillbilly was reference to the people who live in the mountainous south of Poland in the part once occupied by the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]].

==Modern usage==
[[Image:HillbillyHotDogs.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Hillbilly Hot Dogs, a roadside [[hot dog stand]] located near [[Huntington, West Virginia]].]]
Today, in urban areas, "hillbilly" has increasingly insulting connotations--especially as rural people are increasingly marginalized.

To the people of the Appalachian Mountains, the term "hillbilly" is complex. It can be both embraced as a reference to heritage and hegemonic resistance, and/or seen to carry a negative connotation that has been greatly emphasized by how Hollywood movies and films portray the "hillbilly" as impoverished, ill-educated, toothless, shoeless, unstylish, inbred, etc. While such stereotyping is generally offensive, socio-economic realities have left much of the Appalachian region impoverished, although the economy has been steadily improving since the 1990s.

Since the mid 1970s the Appalachian town of [[Pikeville, Kentucky]] has been home to the annual Hillbilly Days Festival. The large festival, which raises money for the Shriner's Hospitals for Children, pokes fun at the local Hillbilly stereotype and celebrates Appalachian culture and art. The festival is the second largest festival in the state of Kentucky, often drawing nearly 100,000 people.

The mascot of [[Verona High School (New Jersey)|Verona High School]], in [[Verona, New Jersey|Verona, New Jersey]] is a hillbilly, and subsequently call themselves "The Hillbillies". The etymology of the mascot is more directed towards the fact the school rests on the second [[Watchung Mountain]], to result in ''hill''billies



==In fiction==
Hillbillies have often been characterized as naïve or ignorant [[hick]]s.
*The hillbilly lifestyle of the [[Ozarks]] was gently parodied in the comic strip [[Li'l Abner]], which inspired a [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] musical and movie by the same name.
*Another comic strip, [[Snuffy Smith]] offers a less gentle hillbilly family parody, featuring a lazy father, a hard-working church-attending mother, and a simple son "Jughaid" who wears a pan for a hat.
*[[Ma and Pa Kettle]] were very popular characters in comedic movies of the 1940s and 1950s.
*[[Hard Haid Moe]] in Disney's comics
*In the 1960s American [[Situation comedy|sitcom]] ''[[The Beverly Hillbillies]]'', the Clampett family were supposed to have come from the hills near a fictionalized hamlet in Arkansas known as Bugtussle. While Granny was from "across the river" in Tennessee, Jed and his family were from Arkansas as noted to the references of Tulsa and Joplin being close by.
*Festus, a prominent character on the TV series ''[[Gunsmoke]]'', belonged to a hillbilly clan.
*An episode of ''[[The Dukes of Hazzard]]'' saw Bo and Luke rescuing Daisy from being forced to marry into a family of [[sociopath]]ic hillbillies.
*A recurring character on ''[[The Simpsons]]'', [[Cletus Spuckler]] (aka the "Slack-Jawed [[Yokel]]") and his family are stereotypical hillbillies.
*In the [[World Wrestling Entertainment|WWF]], a character known as [[Hillbilly Jim]] was made to portray a large man with a huge beard and wearing overalls back in the [[1980]]s as a frequent tag team partner of [[Hulk Hogan]].
*The 1960s American [[Situation comedy|sitcom]] ''[[The Andy Griffith Show]]'' has two contrasting stereotypes of recurring hillbilly characters: The ignorant but kindly, impoverished but generous Darling family, portrayed by bluegrass band [[The Dillards]] and [[Denver Pyle]]; and the belligerent, paranoid, frankly violent buffoon, [[Ernest T. Bass]], portrayed by [[Howard Morris]].
*In 1970, the author James Dickey published the [[novel]] ''[[Deliverance]]'', a story about four men going for a canoe-trip on a river in the mountains of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]. They encounter several sociopathic hillbillies and are subsequently attacked, captured, tortured, and raped by them. (Based on a real canoe trip in which he was actually helped by friendly mountaineers.)
*On [[Nickelodeon (TV channel)|Nickelodeon]]'s ''[[The Amanda Show]]'', starring [[Amanda Bynes]], a recurring skit titled "Hillbilly Moment" would be featured. Amanda Bynes and [[Drake Bell]] would appear as stereotypical hillbillies and behave accordingly.
* A popular television comedy-variety show "[[Hee Haw]]" starred several well-known country singers and regularly lampooned the stereotypical hillbilly lifestyle.
* [[Rob Zombie]]'s [[1998 in music|1998]] album, [[Hellbilly Deluxe]], ''Hellbilly'' is a direct derivative of Hillbilly.
* In the popular late-night comedy show ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'', hillbillies are portrayed in the skit ''Appalachian Emergency Room'', with injuries only associable with the common media representation of hillbillies.
* The Arkansas Chuggabug, driven by Luke & Blubber Bear - hillbillies in a wooden buggy driven by a coal-fired range in [[Wacky Races]] is an American animated television series from [[Hanna-Barbera]] Productions.
* The [[Adult Swim]] show, [[Squidbillies]], focuses on a family of hillbilly/redneck squids and their stereotypical misadventures.
* In the 2006 Disney/Pixar hit film, [[Cars (film)|Cars]] and [[Cars (video game)|the video game of the same name]] , there is hillbilly tow-truck named [[Mater]].
* In the [[Nickelodeon (TV channel)|Nickelodeon]] animated show [[Avatar: The Last Airbender]], the episode "[[The Swamp (Avatar: The Last Airbender episode)|The Swamp]]" features a tribe of swamp-dwelling waterbenders which speak and behave like stereotypical hillbillies.
*[[Lum and Abner]] was a popular radio show about two stereotypical hillbillies that ran from 1931 to 1954.
*In [[Thomas and Friends]], there is a hillbilly tank engine named Billy.

==See also==
* [[List of ethnic slurs]]
* [[Hick]]
* [[Oxycodone#Recreational use|Hillbilly heroin]]
* [[Redneck]]
* [[White cracker]]
* [[White trash]]
* [[Poor White]]
* [[Trailer trash]]
* [[Yokel]]
* [[Cletus Spuckler]]
* [[Mountain men]]
* [[Daniel Baker College]]: College Mascot
* [[Hillbilly armor]]
* [[Verona High School (New Jersey)]] Sports Teams known as The Hillbillys

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* ''Hillbilly, A Cultural History of an American Icon'', by Anthony Harkins
* ''Hillbillyland: What the Movies Did to the Mountains & What the Mountains Did to the Movies'', by J.W. Williamson

[[Category:Pejorative terms for people]]
[[Category:Social groups]]
[[Category:Appalachian culture]]
[[Category:Stereotypes]]
[[Category:Irish American history]]
[[Category:Regional nicknames]]

[[da:Hillbilly]]
[[es:Hillbilly]]
[[fr:Hillbilly]]
[[nl:Hillbilly]]
[[fi:Hillbilly]]
[[sv:Hillbilly]]

The Foursquare Church

2007-09-19T06:55:08Z

Tiggerjay: Reverted good faith edits by 63.3.15.1; Rv error, agf. using TW

[[Image:Foursquare.jpg|right|175px|International Church of the Foursquare Gospel logo]]
The '''International Church of the Foursquare Gospel''' is an [[Evangelism|evangelical]] [[Pentecostal]] [[Christian]] denomination.

==Background==
{{christianity}}
[[Image:Jackhayford.jpg|left|thumb|175px|Dr. Jack Hayford, president of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel]]
[[Aimee Semple McPherson]] (1890-1944), a controversial female evangelist, founded the Foursquare Church in [[1927]]. Los Angeles was her center of operations, and [[Angelus Temple]], seating 5,300 people, was opened there in [[1923]]. McPherson was an outright celebrity participating in publicity events such as parades every Sunday through the streets of L.A., along with the mayor and movie stars, directly to Angelus Temple. She built the temple, and [[L. I. F. E. Bible College]] next door to it, on the northwest corner of the land that she owned in the middle of the city.

Her son, Rolf K. McPherson, became president and leader of the church after her death in [[1944]]. Although he may not have had the same charisma his mother possessed, the denomination under his leadership grew from around 400 churches when his leadership began, to 10,000+ after his departure.

Pastor [[Jack W. Hayford]], founder of The Church on the Way in [[Van Nuys, California]], and Living Way Ministries, is perhaps the best-known Foursquare minister in the [[21st century]] and is currently the denomination's president.

Pastor [[Ron Mehl]], senior pastor of the [[Beaverton Foursquare Church]] from 1973 until his death in 2003, was one of a handful of pastors, including Pastor Hayford, that the church credits with setting a pattern of explosive growth for the Foursquare denomination.<ref> [http://www.foursquare.org/landing_pages/10,3.html History: 1944-Present], Foursquare Church website. Retrieved [[August 30]] [[2007]].</ref>

In 2006, [[independent film]]maker [[Richard Rossi]] released his movie ''[[Aimee Semple McPherson movie|Aimee Semple McPherson]]''. Like McPherson herself, the film was surrounded by [[controversy]]. Although magazines like ''[[Christianity Today]]'', ''[[Charisma (magazine)|Charisma]]'', and ''Ministries Today'' were positive, the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel released a press statement stating they do not endorse the film.

The church has not been without [[controversy]] in recent years: former President [[Paul Risser]] was forced to resign in 2004 after losing millions of the church's funds in a pyramid scheme. Prior to Risser, President John Holland was also removed from office in a move that was shrouded in secrecy.

==Church doctrine==
[[Image:Angelus Temple.jpg|right|thumb|225px|[[Angelus Temple]], built by [[Aimee Semple McPherson]] and dedicated [[January 1]], [[1923]]. The temple is opposite Echo Park, near downtown [[Los Angeles, California]].]]
The Foursquare Church believes in the following: <ref>[http://www.foursquare.org/landing_pages/4,3.html ICFG Doctine]</ref>
*The [[Bible]] as the inspired word of [[God]]
*The [[Trinity]]
*The atoning death of Christ for sinners
*Salvation through the grace of God by Faith Alone in the Lord Jesus Christ
*The necessity of sincere repentance and acceptance of Christ
*The new birth ([[Sanctification]])
*The daily growth through power, prayer, love and service
*[[Baptism]] by immersion
*The memorial of [[The Lord's Supper]] as church ordinances
*The [[baptism of the Holy Spirit]] with evidence of [[Speaking In Tongues]]
*The [[Spiritual gift|Gifts]] and [[Fruits of the Spirit]]
*Divine healing
*The imminent return of Jesus Christ
*Final judgment
*[[Evangelism]]
*[[Tithing]] and Offerings

==Status==

As of [[2000]], the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel, commonly referred to as the Foursquare Church, had grown to 1,844 churches with 218,981 members[[#Footnote|¹]] in the [[United States]]. Worldwide membership is over 3.5 million in almost 30,000 churches in 123 countries. The 2006 Foursquare Church Annual Report reflected a loss of membership in the USA for 2005, which was listed at 260,644. Corporate headquarters are maintained in [[Los Angeles, California]]. In the United States, the church is divided into districts and local congregations affiliate with the district in their area. A General Supervisor oversees the national office and district supervisors. Glenn C. Burris, Jr., currently ([[2004]]) serves as General Supervisor. [[Jack W. Hayford]] has been the president of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel since October 1, 2004. A number of educational institutions are affiliated with the Foursquare Church. Among these are [[Life Pacific College]], formerly "L. I. F. E. Bible College", in [[San Dimas, California]], and [[Pacific Life Bible College]] in [[Surrey, British Columbia]].

==Affiliations==
Together with the [[Assemblies of God]], the [[Church of God]], the [[Open Bible Standard Churches]], the [[International Pentecostal Holiness Church|Pentecostal Holiness Church]], and others, the Foursquare Church formed the "Pentecostal Fellowship of North America" in [[1948]] in [[Des Moines, Iowa]]. In [[1994]], the Fellowship reorganized as the [[Pentecostal/Charismatic Churches of North America]] after reconciliation with African Americans, particularly the constituency of the [[Church of God in Christ]].

==See also==
* [[New Apostolic Reformation]]
* [[Pentecostalism]]

==External links==



*[http://www.foursquare.org/ International Church of the Foursquare Gospel] - official Web Site

==References==
*''Encyclopedia of American Religions'', J. Gordon Melton, editor
*''Handbook of Denominations in the United States'', by Frank S. Mead, Samuel S. Hill, and Craig D. Atwood
*''Religious Congregations & Membership in the United States (2000)'', Glenmary Research Center
*''The Vine and the Branches: A History of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel'', by Nathaniel M. Van Cleave
*''The Foursquare Church Annual Report 2006'', by Foursquare Gospel Publications
{{Reflist}}

==Footnote==
# ''Religious Congregations & Membership in the United States (2000)''

[[Category:International Church of the Foursquare Gospel]]
[[Category:Pentecostal denominations]]
[[Category:Charismatic and Pentecostal Christianity]]
[[Category:Pentecostalism]]
[[Category:Protestantism]]
[[Category:Organizations based in the United_States]]

[[es:Iglesia Internacional del Evangelio Cuadrangular]]
[[nl:Church of the Four Square Gospel]]
[[ja:国際フォースクエア伝道教会]]
[[no:International Church of the Foursquare Gospel]]
[[pt:Igreja do Evangelho Quadrangular]]

Army of God

2007-09-05T06:36:59Z

Tiggerjay: cleanup

The '''Army of God (AOG)''' is a "[[pro-life]]" [[terrorist]] organization<ref>http://www.tkb.org/Category.jsp?catID=1&contentType=1&sortBy=0&sortOrder=0&pageIndex=7</ref> which holds that their activity is lawful and theologically justified: using force to end [[abortion]] in the [[United States]].

==Positions==
AOG supports the Second Defensive Action Statement, as produced by the [[Defenders of the Defenders of Life]], which reads:<ref> {{cite web | title= The Second Defensive Action Statement | url=http://www.armyofgod.com/defense2.html | accessdate=2007-05-14}} </ref>
* ''We the undersigned, declare the justice of taking all Godly action necessary, including the use of force, to defend innocent human life (born and unborn). We proclaim that whatever force is legitimate to defend the life of a born child is legitimate to defend the life of an unborn child.''
* ''We declare and affirm that if in fact [[Paul Jennings Hill|Paul Hill]] did kill or wound abortionist John Britton, and accomplices James Barrett and Mrs. Barrett, his actions are morally justified if they were necessary for the purpose of defending innocent human life. Under these conditions, Paul Hill should be acquitted of all charges against him.''

Hill was head of a precursor organization called [[Defensive Action]], which issued signed statements to members of Congress in the early 1990s expressing similar sentiments about "killing the killers".

The Army of God has promoted an annual White Rose Banquet in [[Washington D.C.]] from 1991 through at least 2003 (8th annual), for supporters of the Defensive Action Statement.<ref> {{cite web | title= The Order of the White Rose | url=http://www.armyofgod.com/wrbmikebray.html | accessdate=2007-05-14}} </ref>

In 2000, [[HBO]] produced a documentary on the Army Of God entitled '''Soldiers In The Army Of God'''.<ref> {{cite web | title= Soldiers In The Army Of God | url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0259587/ | accessdate=2007-05-14}} </ref>

==Associated individuals==
[[Image:Rev. Donald Spitz.jpg|right|thumb|frame|Rev. Donald Spitz]]
The Army of God practices [[leaderless resistance]], but several individuals have publicly associated themselves with the group:
* [[Eric Rudolph]] who detonated bombs at abortion clinics, gay bars, and the [[Centennial Olympic Park bombing|1996 Olympic Games]] in [[Atlanta, GA]].<ref> {{cite web | year=2002 | title=Army of God letters support accused bomber Eric Rudolph | work=CNN | url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/03/18/army.god.letters/index.html | accessdate=2006-11-21}} </ref> He was the first to announce the then unknown "Army of God".
* [[Clayton Waagner]]
* Rev. [[Michael Bray]], is considered the "chaplain of the Army of God".
* Rev. [[Donald Spitz]] (head of Pro-Life Virginia and keeper of the AOG web site).

Others loosely affiliated with, or in some support of, the "AOG" include:
* [[Neal Horsley]] occasional spokesman for AOG
* [[Stephen Jordi]], convicted of plotting clinic attacks.
* [[John Brockhoeft]]
* [[David Trosch|Father David Trosch]]
* [http://missionariestothepre-borniowa.com Dan Holman] (Missionaries to the Preborn - Iowa)
* [[Barry Kilbane]]
* [http://alaweb.com/~savbabys/lokey1.html Bob Lokey]
* [[Gary McCullough]] (founder of "Prisoners of Christ")
* [http://missionairiestopreborn.com Matthew Trewhella] (Missionaries to the Preborn - Wisconsin)
* [[Chuck Spingola]] of Unashamed & Associates, Newark OH
* [http://streetpreach.com Drew Heiss]
* [[Troy Newman]] (current head of Operation Rescue)
* [http://www.mttu.com Stephen Wetzel] (Missionaries to the Unborn)

==See also==
* [[Dogma]]
* [[Domestic terrorism in the United States]]
* [[Nuremberg Files]]
* [[Terrorism]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
* [http://www.armyofgod.com Army of God] official website (''Warning: Graphic images'')
* [http://www.prochoice.org/about_abortion/violence/army_god.html History of the Army of God]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Army of God, The}}
[[Category:Abortion-related violence in the United States]]
[[Category:Organizations based in the United States]]
[[Category:Pro-life organizations in the United States]]
[[Category:Religiously motivated violence in the United States]]
[[Category:Terrorism in the United States]]

[[nl:Army of God]]

Cola-Mentos-Fontäne

2007-08-09T05:14:37Z

Tiggerjay: Reverted edits by 67.174.197.92 to last version by Philip Trueman

[[Image:Diet Coke Mentos.jpg|thumb|right|A handful of [[Mentos]] in a two liter [[Diet Coke]] bottle produces an eruption.]]
A '''Mentos eruption''' (also known as a '''Mentos and Diet Coke geyser, soda geyser''' or just '''Diet Coke and Mentos''') is a reaction between [[Mentos]] candy and [[cola]]. The experiment involves dropping several Mentos candies (usually 5–8) into a bottle of [[diet cola]], resulting in an eruption occurring because of rapidly expanding [[carbon dioxide]] bubbles on the surface of the Mentos. Producing the reaction has become a popular science experiment and an [[Internet phenomenon]], with videos of Mentos eruptions and even Mentos performance art pieces being posted on sites like [[Google Video]] and [[YouTube]].
==History==
{{Contradict-other|Mentos}}

The experiment was popularized by Eepybird.com, which promoted a video in which two men re-created the fountain display seen in front of the [[Bellagio (hotel and casino)|Bellagio]] in Las Vegas, NV using a timed series of Mentos geysers. Later Eepybird videos featured "self-actuating" Mentos geysers linked together to form a [[Domino Rally]]-style effect.

The biggest soda geyser recorded is 34 feet (10.4 meters) as accomplished by the television show ''[[Mythbusters]]'' through use of a nozzle.

The World Record for a Mentos Eruption was set Tuesday, July 10 at [[Circle R Ranch]] in [[Flower Mound, Texas]] during a special event for Books Are Fun, the world's leading display marketer of books and gifts headquartered in Skokie, Illinois. [[Guinness World Records]] certified the record-setting effort, set off inside the Circle R Ranch Rodeo Arena when 850 independent sales representatives from Books Are Fun simultaneously dropped Mentos into 850 two-liter bottles of Diet Pepsi. The New World Record – 791 Mentos Eruptions – beat the former record set on May 24, 2007 in Cincinnati, Ohio when 504 Mentos-and-Coke geysers were set off reaching over 29 feet with the use of a nozzle.

== Explanation==
[[Image:Image-Mentos-Diet Coke-Geyser2.jpg|thumb|right|185px|The geyser produced can be several yards high.]]
While there are various theories being debated as to the exact scientific explanation of the phenomenon, many scientists claim that it is a physical reaction and not a chemical one.<ref name=senese>{{cite web | author =[[Fred Senese|Senese, Fred]] | url = http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/consumer/faq/mentos.shtml | title = Why do Mentos mints foam when you drop them into soda pop?, ''General Chemistry Online'', Frostburg State University | accessdate = 2007-04-24 }}</ref> Water molecules strongly attract each other, linking together to form a tight connection around each bubble of carbon dioxide gas in the soda. To form a new bubble, water molecules must push away from one another. It takes extra energy to break this [[surface tension]]. So, in other words, water resists the expansion of bubbles in the soda. The Mint-Flavored Mentos have tiny air holes that compress the carbon dioxide from the diet coke, causing an eruption to occur.

When Mentos are dropped into soda, the [[gellan gum]] and [[gum arabic]] of the candy dissolves and breaks the surface tension. This disturbs the water connection, so that it takes less work to expand and form new bubbles. Each Mentos candy has thousands of tiny pores all over its surface. These tiny pores function as [[nucleation]] sites, perfect places for carbon dioxide bubbles to form. As soon as the Mentos enter the soda, bubbles form all over their surface. They quickly sink to the bottom, causing carbon dioxide to be released by the carbonated liquid with which they come into contact along the way. The sudden increase in pressure pushes all of the liquid up and out of the bottle.

The reaction was the subject of an [[August 9]], [[2006]] episode of ''[[MythBusters]]'', a television program on the [[Discovery Channel]]<ref>http://www.tv.com/mythbusters/diet-coke-and-mentos/episode/822481/summary.html</ref>. They concluded that the [[caffeine]], [[potassium benzoate]], [[aspartame]], and CO2 gas contained in the Diet Coke and the [[gelatin]] and [[gum arabic]] ingredients of the Mentos all contribute to the geyser effect<ref name=OHare>{{cite news | first = Kate | last = O'Hare | url = http://www.zap2it.com/tv/news/zap-mythbustersmentos,0,4325641.story | title = The 'MythBusters' Take on the Mentos/Diet Coke Craze | accessdate = 2007-01-21 }}</ref>. In addition, the MythBusters theorized that the physical structure of the Mentos is the most significant cause of the eruption. When flavored Mentos with a smooth waxy coating were tested in [[carbonated water]], no reaction occurred, whereas standard Mentos added to carbonated water formed a small geyser, by their claim, affirming the [[nucleation]]-site theory. Of course a wax coating would render just about anything inert in this experiment; wax-coated sodium would have given the same reaction. This was further supported when [[rock salt]] was used as an effective substitute for Mentos.<ref name=OHare>{{cite news | first = Kate | last = O'Hare | url = http://www.zap2it.com/tv/news/zap-mythbustersmentos,0,4325641.story | title = The 'MythBusters' Take on the Mentos/Diet Coke Craze | accessdate = 2007-01-21 }}</ref>

== Variations ==
The experiment can be done in reverse, forming a '''Mentos rocket'''. Typically a two liter bottle is used, with the cap replaced after dropping several Mentos in. The bottle is then shaken up and thrown on the ground, cap-down. If the bottle hits the ground hard enough to let the pressure break the cap off, the bottle will launch like a rocket anywhere from 5 to 100 feet in the air.

Anyone attempting to put the cap back on to a bottle after the Mentos has been added should be very careful. The amount of pressure created by this reaction is enough to rupture the sides of the bottle, creating an explosion rather than an eruption or rocket (See [[dry ice bomb]]).

One way to improve height of a Mentos reaction with Diet Coke is by freezing the Mentos. [[Gum arabic]], like water, expands when it freezes, which allows the reaction to happen at a quicker rate, because the Mentos become more porous. Rock salt can also be used to produce a reaction of great height, because of the ions in the salt. A nozzle on the bottle is also effective for increasing the height of the reaction. When using Mentos, the Mint variety is the best choice, because they have a matte finish (better for reaction), whereas the finish on the fruit Mentos is a gloss finish.

== Urban legends ==
In November, 2006, the [[Urban Legends Reference Pages]] examined the rumors of people dying from eating Mentos and drinking cola. Their research found that while eating Mentos and drinking cola can result in people regurgitating the foamy result (as evidenced by numerous online videos), no actual news accounts exist of anyone dying from it. However, eating Mentos and drinking Diet Cola in a short timeframe is not an advisable course of action.<ref name = "Snopes">[http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/mentos.asp Urban Legends Reference Pages: Mentos and Coke Death]</ref> Mythbusters have proven that drinking diet coke and eating mentos does not do anything. {{Fact|date=July 2007}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Dry ice bomb]]
*[[Chlorine bomb]]
*[[Nucleation]]

==Further reading==
* [http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/HS/Journal/Issues/2006/Apr/clicSubscriber/V83N04/p577.pdf John E. Baur, Melinda B. Baur, The Ultrasonic Soda Fountain: A Dramatic Demonstration of Gas Solubility in Aqueous Solutions, Journal of Chemical Education, vol 83 no 4, April 2006, pp577–580]

== External links ==
*[http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=mentos+diet+coke&search=Search Various Videos of the "Mentos Eruption"] at [[YouTube]]
*[http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistryhowtoguide/ht/mentos.htm About.com Chemistry page with instructions]
*[http://www.eepybird.com/ Eepybird, official site]
*[http://cocamentos.free.fr/ Cocamentos, official european site, soon available in english]
*[http://www.cokerocketbros.com Coke Rocket Bros] videos of experiments with Coke and Mentos

*[http://www.flickr.com/groups/mentos/ Planet Mentos - Mentos eruption pics on flickr]
*[http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/consumer/faq/mentos.shtml Mentos Reaction Explained]

[[Category:Chemistry experiments]]
[[Category:Internet memes]]
[[Category:YouTube videos]]

[[fr:Effet coca-mentos]]
[[he:התפרצות כתוצאה מהתגרענות]]

The Foursquare Church

2007-07-26T16:12:33Z

Tiggerjay: add warn link

[[Image:Foursquare.jpg|right|175px|International Church of the Foursquare Gospel logo]]
The '''International Church of the Foursquare Gospel''' is an [[Evangelism|evangelical]] [[Pentecostal]] [[Christian]] denomination.

==Background==
{{christianity}}
[[Image:Jackhayford.jpg|left|thumb|175px|Dr. Jack Hayford, president of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel]]
[[Aimee Semple McPherson]] (1890-1944), a controversial female evangelist, founded the Foursquare Church in [[1927]]. Los Angeles was her center of operations, and [[Angelus Temple]], seating 5,300 people, was opened there in [[1923]]. McPherson was an outright celebrity participating in publicity events such as parades every Sunday through the streets of L.A., along with the mayor and movie stars, directly to Angelus Temple. She built the temple, and [[L. I. F. E. Bible College]] next door to it, on the northwest corner of the land that she owned in the middle of the city.

Her son, Rolf K. McPherson, became president and leader of the church after her death in [[1944]]. Although he may not have had the same charisma his mother possessed, the denomination under his leadership grew from around 400 churches when his leadership began, to 10,000+ after his departure.

Pastor [[Jack W. Hayford]], founder of The Church on the Way in [[Van Nuys, California]], and Living Way Ministries, is perhaps the best-known Foursquare minister in the [[21st century]] and is currently the denomination's president.

In 2006, [[independent film]]maker [[Richard Rossi]] released his movie ''[[Aimee Semple McPherson movie|Aimee Semple McPherson]]''. Like McPherson herself, the film was surrounded by [[controversy]]. Although magazines like ''[[Christianity Today]]'', ''[[Charisma (magazine)|Charisma]]'', and ''Ministries Today'' were positive, the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel released a press statement stating they do not endorse the film.

The church has not been without [[controversy]] in recent years: former President [[Paul Risser]] was forced to resign in 2004 after losing millions of the church's funds in a pyramid scheme. Prior to Risser, President John Holland was also removed from office in a move that was shrouded in secrecy.

==Church doctrine==
[[Image:Angelus Temple.jpg|right|thumb|225px|[[Angelus Temple]], built by [[Aimee Semple McPherson]] and dedicated [[January 1]], [[1923]]. The temple is opposite Echo Park, near downtown [[Los Angeles, California]].]]
The Foursquare Church believes in the following: <ref>[http://www.foursquare.org/landing_pages/4,3.html ICFG Doctine]</ref>
*The [[Bible]] as the inspired word of [[God]]
*The [[Trinity]]
*The atoning death of Christ for sinners
*Salvation through the grace of God by Faith Alone in the Lord Jesus Christ
*The necessity of sincere repentance and acceptance of Christ
*The new birth ([[Sanctification]])
*The daily growth through power, prayer, love and service
*[[Baptism]] by immersion
*The memorial of [[The Lord's Supper]] as church ordinances
*The [[baptism of the Holy Spirit]] with evidence of [[Speaking In Tongues]]
*The [[Spiritual gift|Gifts]] and [[Fruits of the Spirit]]
*Divine healing
*The imminent return of Jesus Christ
*Final judgment
*[[Evangelism]]
*[[Tithing]] and Offerings

==Status==

As of [[2000]], the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel, commonly referred to as the Foursquare Church, had grown to 1,844 churches with 218,981 members[[#Footnote|¹]] in the [[United States]]. Worldwide membership is over 3.5 million in almost 30,000 churches in 123 countries. The 2006 Foursquare Church Annual Report reflected a loss of membership in the USA for 2005, which was listed at 260,644. Corporate headquarters are maintained in [[Los Angeles, California]]. In the United States, the church is divided into districts and local congregations affiliate with the district in their area. A General Supervisor oversees the national office and district supervisors. Glenn C. Burris, Jr., currently ([[2004]]) serves as General Supervisor. [[Jack W. Hayford]] has been the president of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel since October 1, 2004. A number of educational institutions are affiliated with the Foursquare Church. Among these are [[Life Pacific College]], formerly "L. I. F. E. Bible College", in [[San Dimas, California]], and [[Pacific Life Bible College]] in [[Surrey, British Columbia]].

==Affiliations==
Together with the [[Assemblies of God]], the [[Church of God]], the [[Open Bible Standard Churches]], the [[International Pentecostal Holiness Church|Pentecostal Holiness Church]], and others, the Foursquare Church formed the "Pentecostal Fellowship of North America" in [[1948]] in [[Des Moines, Iowa]]. In [[1994]], the Fellowship reorganized as the [[Pentecostal/Charismatic Churches of North America]] after reconciliation with African Americans, particularly the constituency of the [[Church of God in Christ]].

==See also==
* [[New Apostolic Reformation]]
* [[Pentecostalism]]

==External links==



*[http://www.foursquare.org/ International Church of the Foursquare Gospel] - official Web Site

==References==
*''Encyclopedia of American Religions'', J. Gordon Melton, editor
*''Handbook of Denominations in the United States'', by Frank S. Mead, Samuel S. Hill, and Craig D. Atwood
*''Religious Congregations & Membership in the United States (2000)'', Glenmary Research Center
*''The Vine and the Branches: A History of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel'', by Nathaniel M. Van Cleave
*''The Foursquare Church Annual Report 2006'', by Foursquare Gospel Publications
{{Reflist}}

==Footnote==
# ''Religious Congregations & Membership in the United States (2000)''

[[Category:International Church of the Foursquare Gospel]]
[[Category:Pentecostal denominations]]
[[Category:Charismatic and Pentecostal Christianity]]
[[Category:Pentecostalism]]
[[Category:Protestantism]]
[[Category:Organizations based in the United_States]]

[[es:Iglesia Internacional del Evangelio Cuadrangular]]
[[nl:Church of the Four Square Gospel]]
[[ja:国際フォースクエア伝道教会]]
[[no:International Church of the Foursquare Gospel]]
[[pt:Igreja do Evangelho Quadrangular]]

Captive Portal

2007-07-26T15:53:05Z

Tiggerjay: Reverted good faith edits by 84.229.182.247; Wp not a directory, link to non-existant article. using TW

The '''captive portal''' technique forces an [[HTTP]] client on a network to see a special web page (usually for [[authentication]] purposes) before surfing the [[Internet]] normally. '''Captive portal''' turns a [[Web browser]] into a secure authentication device.<ref name=portal>[http://wiki.personaltelco.net/index.cgi/CaptivePortal CaptivePortal]</ref> This is done by intercepting all [[packet]]s, regardless of address or port, until the user opens a browser and tries to access the Internet. At that time the browser is redirected to a web page which may require authentication and/or [[Payment gateway|payment]], or simply display an acceptable use policy and require the user to agree. Captive portals are often employed at most [[Wi-Fi]] [[Hotspot (Wi-Fi)|hotspots]], and it can be used to control wired access (e.g. apartment houses, hotel rooms, business centers, "open" [[Ethernet]] jacks) as well.

Since the [[Logging (computer security)|login page]] itself must be presented to the client, either that login page is locally stored in the [[Gateway (computer networking)|gateway]], or the [[web server]] hosting that page must be "[[whitelist]]ed" via a [[walled garden (media)|walled garden]] to bypass the authentication process. Depending on the feature set of the gateway, multiple web servers can be whitelisted (say for [[iframe]]s or [[HTML element#Links and anchors|links]] within the login page). In addition to whitelisting the [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]]s of web hosts, some gateways can whitelist [[TCP ports]]. The [[MAC address]] of attached clients can also be set to bypass the login process.

==Implementation==

There is more than one way to implement a captive portal.

===Redirection by HTTP===

If an unauthenticated client requests a website, [[DNS]] is queried by the browser and the appropriate IP resolved as usual. The browser then sends an [[HTTP]] request to that [[IP address]]. This request, however, is intercepted by a [[firewall]] and forwarded to a redirect server. This redirect server responds with a regular HTTP response which contains [[List_of_HTTP_status_codes#3xx_Redirection|HTTP status code 302]] to redirect the client to the Captive Portal. To the client, this process is totally transparent. The client assumes that the website actually responded to the initial request and sent the redirect.

===IP Redirect===

Client traffic can also be redirected using IP redirect on the layer 3 level. This not recommended as the content served to the client does not match the URL

===Redirection by DNS===

When a client requests a website, [[DNS]] is queried by the browser.
The firewall will make sure that only the DNS provided by DHCP can be used
by unauthenticated clients (or, alternatively, it will forward all DNS requests
by unauthenticated clients to that DNS server).
This DNS server will return the IP address of the Captive Portal as a result
of all DNS lookups.

Some naive implementations don't block outgoing DNS requests by unauthenticated
clients. Instead, the DHCP server uses as a DNS server a server that returns
the IP address of the Captive Portal to unauthenticated clients. These
implementations are very easy to bypass: a user simply needs to configure his
computer to use an external DNS. This is why it is important to implement a firewall that ensures no inside clients can specify or use an outside DNS server.

==Software Captive Portals==
* [[ChilliSpot]] - linksys firmware (open source)
* [[FON]] - commercial AP/router based solution
* [[WiFiDog Captive Portal|WiFiDog Captive Portal Suite]] - small C based kernel solution (embeddable)
* [[Wilmagate]] - C++ based and is executable both in Linux and Windows/Cygwin environments
* [[pfSense]] - [[FreeBSD]] 6.1 based firewall software derived from [[m0n0wall]]

Captive portals are gaining increasing use on free open wireless networks where instead of authenticating users, they often display a message from the provider along with the terms of use. Although the legal standing is still unclear (especially in the USA) common thinking is that by forcing users to click through a page that displays terms of use and explicitly releases the provider from any liability, any potential problems are mitigated. They also allow enforcement of payment structures.

==Limitations==
Most of these implementations merely require users to pass an [[Secure Sockets Layer|SSL]] encrypted login page, after which their [[Internet Protocol|IP]] and [[MAC address]] are allowed to pass through the [[Gateway (computer networking)|gateway]]. This has been shown to be exploitable with a simple [[packet sniffer]]. Once the IP and MAC addresses of other connecting computers are found to be authenticated, any machine can spoof the MAC address and IP of the authenticated target, and be allowed a route through the gateway. For this reason some captive portal solutions created extended authentication mechanisms to limit the risk for usurpation.

Platforms that have [[Wi-Fi]] and a [[TCP/IP stack]] but do not have a web browser that supports [[HTTPS]] cannot use many captive portals. Such platforms include the [[Nintendo DS]] running a game that uses [[Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection]]. Non browser authentication is possible using [[WISPr]], an [[XML]]-based authentication protocol for this purpose, or MAC-based authentication or authentications based on other protocols.

There also exists the option of the platform vendor entering into a service contract with the operator of a large number of captive portal hotspots to allow free or discounted access to the platform vendor's servers via the hotspot's [[Walled garden (media)|walled garden]], such as the deal between Nintendo and [[Wayport, Inc.|Wayport]]. For example, [[Voice over IP|VoIP]] [[Session Initiation Protocol|SIP]] ports could be allowed to bypass the gateway to allow phones to work.

== See also ==
* [[HTTP proxy]]
* [[Service oriented provisining|Service Oriented Provisioning]]

== References ==
<references/>
[[Category:Authentication methods]]

[[es:Portal cautivo]]
[[it:Captive portal]]
[[pt:Captive portal]]

Army of God

2007-07-24T17:36:27Z

Tiggerjay: Reverted to revision 145969945 by Ckatz; Links to user pages not permitted. using TW

The '''Army of God (AOG)''' is a [[pro-life]] terrorist organization which holds that it is lawful and theologically justified to use force to end [[abortion]] in the [[United States]].

==Positions==
AOG supports the Second Defensive Action Statement, as produced by the [[Defenders of the Defenders of Life]], which reads:<ref> {{cite web | title= The Second Defensive Action Statement | url=http://www.armyofgod.com/defense2.html | accessdate=2007-05-14}} </ref>
* ''We the undersigned, declare the justice of taking all Godly action necessary, including the use of force, to defend innocent human life (born and unborn). We proclaim that whatever force is legitimate to defend the life of a born child is legitimate to defend the life of an unborn child.''
* ''We declare and affirm that if in fact [[Paul Jennings Hill|Paul Hill]] did kill or wound abortionist John Britton, and accomplices James Barrett and Mrs. Barrett, his actions are morally justified if they were necessary for the purpose of defending innocent human life. Under these conditions, Paul Hill should be acquitted of all charges against him.''

Hill was head of a precursor organization called [[Defensive Action]], which issued signed statements to members of Congress in the early 1990's expressing similar sentiments about "killing the killers".

The Army of God has promoted an annual White Rose Banquet in [[Washington D.C.]] from 1991 through at least 2003 (8th annual), for supporters of the Defensive Action Statement.<ref> {{cite web | title= The Order of the White Rose | url=http://www.armyofgod.com/wrbmikebray.html | accessdate=2007-05-14}} </ref>

In 2000 [[HBO]] produced a documentary on the Army Of God entitled '''Soldiers In The Army Of God'''.<ref> {{cite web | title= Soldiers In The Army Of God | url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0259587/ | accessdate=2007-05-14}} </ref>

==Associated individuals==
[[Image:Rev. Donald Spitz.jpg|right|thumb|frame|Rev. Donald Spitz]]
The Army of God practices [[leaderless resistance]], but several individuals have publicly associated themselves with the group:

* [[Eric Rudolph]] who detonated bombs at abortion clinics, gay bars, and the [[Centennial Olympic Park bombing|1996 Olympic Games]] in [[Atlanta, GA]].<ref> {{cite web | year=2002 | title=Army of God letters support accused bomber Eric Rudolph | work=CNN | url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/03/18/army.god.letters/index.html | accessdate=2006-11-21}} </ref> He was the first to announce the then unknown "Army of God".
* [[Clayton Waagner]]
* Rev. [[Michael Bray]], is considered the "chaplain of the Army of God".
* Rev. [[Donald Spitz]] (head of Pro-Life Virginia and keeper of the AOG web site).

Others loosely affiliated with, or in some support of, the "AOG" include:

* [[Neal Horsley]] occasional spokesman for AOG
* [[Stephen Jordi]], convicted of plotting clinic attacks.
* [[John Brockhoeft]]
* [[David Trosch|Father David Trosch]]
* [http://missionariestothepre-borniowa.com Dan Holman] (Missionaries to the Preborn - Iowa)
* [[Barry Kilbane]]
* [http://alaweb.com/~savbabys/lokey1.html Bob Lokey]
* [[Gary McCullough]] (founder of "Prisoners of Christ")
* [http://missionairiestopreborn.com Matthew Trewhella] (Missionaries to the Preborn - Wisconsin)
* [[Chuck Spingola]] of Unashamed & Associates, Newark OH
* [http://streetpreach.com Drew Heiss]
* [[Troy Newman]] (current head of Operation Rescue)
* [http://www.mttu.com Stephen Wetzel] (Missionaries to the Unborn)

==See also==
* [[Dogma]]
* [[Domestic terrorism in the United States]]
* [[Nuremberg Files]]
* [[Terrorism]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
{{commons}}
* [http://www.armyofgod.com Army of God] official website (''Warning: Graphic images'')
* [http://www.prochoice.org/about_abortion/violence/army_god.html History of the Army of God]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Army of God, The}}
[[Category:Abortion-related violence in the United States]]
[[Category:Organizations based in the United States]]
[[Category:Pro-life organizations in the United States]]
[[Category:Religiously motivated violence in the United States]]
[[Category:Terrorism in the United States]]

[[nl:Army of God]]

The Foursquare Church

2007-07-16T16:57:19Z

Tiggerjay: Reverted to revision 144518622 by 69.61.228.10; WP is not a directory. using TW

[[Image:Foursquare.jpg|right|175px|International Church of the Foursquare Gospel logo]]
The '''International Church of the Foursquare Gospel''' is an [[Evangelism|evangelical]] [[Pentecostal]] [[Christian]] denomination.

==Background==
{{christianity}}
[[Image:Jackhayford.jpg|left|thumb|175px|Dr. Jack Hayford, president of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel]]
[[Aimee Semple McPherson]] (1890-1944), a controversial female evangelist, founded the Foursquare Church in [[1927]]. Los Angeles was her center of operations, and [[Angelus Temple]], seating 5,300 people, was opened there in [[1923]]. McPherson was an outright celebrity participating in publicity events such as parades every Sunday through the streets of L.A., along with the mayor and movie stars, directly to Angelus Temple. She built the temple, and [[L. I. F. E. Bible College]] next door to it, on the northwest corner of the land that she owned in the middle of the city.

Her son, Rolf K. McPherson, became president and leader of the church after her death in [[1944]]. Although he may not have had the same charisma his mother possessed, the denomination under his leadership grew from around 400 churches when his leadership began, to 10,000+ after his departure.

Pastor [[Jack W. Hayford]], founder of The Church on the Way in [[Van Nuys, California]], and Living Way Ministries, is perhaps the best-known Foursquare minister in the [[21st century]] and is currently the denomination's president.

In 2006, [[independent film]]maker [[Richard Rossi]] released his movie ''[[Aimee Semple McPherson movie|Aimee Semple McPherson]]''. Like McPherson herself, the film was surrounded by [[controversy]]. Although magazines like ''[[Christianity Today]]'', ''[[Charisma (magazine)|Charisma]]'', and ''Ministries Today'' were positive, the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel released a press statement stating they do not endorse the film.

The church has not been without [[controversy]] in recent years: former President [[Paul Risser]] was forced to resign in 2004 after losing millions of the church's funds in a pyramid scheme. Prior to Risser, President John Holland was also removed from office in a move that was shrouded in secrecy.

==Church doctrine==
[[Image:Angelus Temple.jpg|thumb|right|225px|[[Angelus Temple]], built by [[Aimee Semple McPherson]] and dedicated [[January 1]], [[1923]]. The temple is opposite Echo Park, near downtown [[Los Angeles, California]].]]
The Foursquare Church believes in the following: <ref>[http://www.foursquare.org/landing_pages/4,3.html ICFG Doctine]</ref>
*The [[Bible]] as the inspired word of [[God]]
*The [[Trinity]]
*The atoning death of Christ for sinners
*Salvation through the grace of God by Faith Alone in the Lord Jesus Christ
*The necessity of sincere repentance and acceptance of Christ
*The new birth ([[Sanctification]])
*The daily growth through power, prayer, love and service
*[[Baptism]] by immersion
*The memorial of [[The Lord's Supper]] as church ordinances
*The [[baptism of the Holy Spirit]] with evidence of [[Speaking In Tongues]]
*The [[Spiritual gift|Gifts]] and [[Fruits of the Spirit]]
*Divine healing
*The imminent return of Jesus Christ
*Final judgment
*[[Evangelism]]
*[[Tithing]] and Offerings

==Status==

As of [[2000]], the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel, commonly referred to as the Foursquare Church, had grown to 1,844 churches with 218,981 members[[#Footnote|¹]] in the [[United States]]. Worldwide membership is over 3.5 million in almost 30,000 churches in 123 countries. The 2006 Foursquare Church Annual Report reflected a loss of membership in the USA for 2005, which was listed at 260,644. Corporate headquarters are maintained in [[Los Angeles, California]]. In the United States, the church is divided into districts and local congregations affiliate with the district in their area. A General Supervisor oversees the national office and district supervisors. Glenn C. Burris, Jr., currently ([[2004]]) serves as General Supervisor. [[Jack W. Hayford]] has been the president of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel since October 1, 2004. A number of educational institutions are affiliated with the Foursquare Church. Among these are [[Life Pacific College]], formerly "L. I. F. E. Bible College", in [[San Dimas, California]], and [[Pacific Life Bible College]] in [[Surrey, British Columbia]].

==Affiliations==
Together with the [[Assemblies of God]], the [[Church of God]], the [[Open Bible Standard Churches]], the [[International Pentecostal Holiness Church|Pentecostal Holiness Church]], and others, the Foursquare Church formed the "Pentecostal Fellowship of North America" in [[1948]] in [[Des Moines, Iowa]]. In [[1994]], the Fellowship reorganized as the [[Pentecostal/Charismatic Churches of North America]] after reconciliation with African Americans, particularly the constituency of the [[Church of God in Christ]].

==See also==
* [[New Apostolic Reformation]]
* [[Pentecostalism]]

==External links==
*[http://www.foursquare.org/ International Church of the Foursquare Gospel] - official Web Site

==References==
*''Encyclopedia of American Religions'', J. Gordon Melton, editor
*''Handbook of Denominations in the United States'', by Frank S. Mead, Samuel S. Hill, and Craig D. Atwood
*''Religious Congregations & Membership in the United States (2000)'', Glenmary Research Center
*''The Vine and the Branches: A History of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel'', by Nathaniel M. Van Cleave
*''The Foursquare Church Annual Report 2006'', by Foursquare Gospel Publications
{{Reflist}}

==Footnote==
# ''Religious Congregations & Membership in the United States (2000)''

[[Category:International Church of the Foursquare Gospel]]
[[Category:Pentecostal denominations]]
[[Category:Charismatic and Pentecostal Christianity]]
[[Category:Pentecostalism]]
[[Category:Protestantism]]
[[Category:Organizations based in the United_States]]

[[es:Iglesia Internacional del Evangelio Cuadrangular]]
[[nl:Church of the Four Square Gospel]]
[[ja:国際フォースクエア伝道教会]]
[[no:International Church of the Foursquare Gospel]]
[[pt:Igreja do Evangelho Quadrangular]]

Captive Portal

2007-07-15T06:06:30Z

Tiggerjay: Reverted good faith edits by 210.184.231.65; Links to WP pages only please. using TW

The '''captive portal''' technique forces an [[HTTP]] client on a network to see a special web page (usually for [[authentication]] purposes) before surfing the [[Internet]] normally. '''Captive portal''' turns a [[Web browser]] into a secure authentication device.<ref name=portal>[http://wiki.personaltelco.net/index.cgi/CaptivePortal CaptivePortal]</ref> This is done by intercepting all [[packet]]s, regardless of address or port, until the user opens a browser and tries to access the Internet. At that time the browser is redirected to a web page which may require authentication and/or [[Payment gateway|payment]], or simply display an acceptable use policy and require the user to agree. Captive portals are often employed at most [[Wi-Fi]] [[Hotspot (Wi-Fi)|hotspots]], and it can be used to control wired access (e.g. apartment houses, hotel rooms, business centers, "open" [[Ethernet]] jacks) as well.

Since the [[Logging (computer security)|login page]] itself must be presented to the client, either that login page is locally stored in the [[Gateway (computer networking)|gateway]], or the [[web server]] hosting that page must be "[[whitelist]]ed" via a [[walled garden (media)|walled garden]] to bypass the authentication process. Depending on the feature set of the gateway, multiple web servers can be whitelisted (say for [[iframe]]s or [[HTML element#Links and anchors|links]] within the login page). In addition to whitelisting the [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]]s of web hosts, some gateways can whitelist [[TCP ports]]. The [[MAC address]] of attached clients can also be set to bypass the login process.

==Implementation==

There is more than one way to implement a captive portal.

===Redirection by HTTP===

If an unauthenticated client requests a website, [[DNS]] is queried by the browser and the appropriate IP resolved as usual. The browser then sends an [[HTTP]] request to that [[IP address]]. This request, however, is intercepted by a [[firewall]] and forwarded to a redirect server. This redirect server responds with a regular HTTP response which contains [[List_of_HTTP_status_codes#3xx_Redirection|HTTP status code 302]] to redirect the client to the Captive Portal. To the client, this process is totally transparent. The client assumes that the website actually responded to the initial request and sent the redirect.

===IP Redirect===

Client traffic can also be redirected using IP redirect on the layer 3 level. This not recommended as the content served to the client does not match the URL

===Redirection by DNS===

When a client requests a website, [[DNS]] is queried by the browser.
The firewall will make sure that only the DNS provided by DHCP can be used
by unauthenticated clients (or, alternatively, it will forward all DNS requests
by unauthenticated clients to that DNS server).
This DNS server will return the IP address of the Captive Portal as a result
of all DNS lookups.

Some naive implementations don't block outgoing DNS requests by unauthenticated
clients. Instead, the DHCP server uses as a DNS server a server that returns
the IP address of the Captive Portal to unauthenticated clients. These
implementations are very easy to bypass: a user simply needs to configure his
computer to use an external DNS. This is why it is important to implement a firewall that ensures no inside clients can specify or use an outside DNS server.

==Software Captive Portals==
* [[ChilliSpot]] - linksys firmware (open source)
* [[FON]] - commercial AP/router based solution
* [[WiFiDog Captive Portal|WiFiDog Captive Portal Suite]] - small C based kernel solution (embeddable)
* [[Wilmagate]] - C++ based and is executable both in Linux and Windows/Cygwin environments
* [[pfSense]] - [[FreeBSD]] 6.1 based firewall software derived from [[m0n0wall]]
* [http://www.hotspotsystem.com/ HotSpot System] - Free and commercial router/firmware based solutions
Captive portals are gaining increasing use on free open wireless networks where instead of authenticating users, they often display a message from the provider along with the terms of use. Although the legal standing is still unclear (especially in the USA) common thinking is that by forcing users to click through a page that displays terms of use and explicitly releases the provider from any liability, any potential problems are mitigated. They also allow enforcement of payment structures.

==Limitations==
Most of these implementations merely require users to pass an [[Secure Sockets Layer|SSL]] encrypted login page, after which their [[Internet Protocol|IP]] and [[MAC address]] are allowed to pass through the [[Gateway (computer networking)|gateway]]. This has been shown to be exploitable with a simple [[packet sniffer]]. Once the IP and MAC addresses of other connecting computers are found to be authenticated, any machine can spoof the MAC address and IP of the authenticated target, and be allowed a route through the gateway. For this reason some captive portal solutions created extended authentication mechanisms to limit the risk for usurpation.

Platforms that have [[Wi-Fi]] and a [[TCP/IP stack]] but do not have a web browser that supports [[HTTPS]] cannot use many captive portals. Such platforms include the [[Nintendo DS]] running a game that uses [[Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection]]. Non browser authentication is possible using [[WISPr]], an [[XML]]-based authentication protocol for this purpose, or MAC-based authentication or authentications based on other protocols.

There also exists the option of the platform vendor entering into a service contract with the operator of a large number of captive portal hotspots to allow free or discounted access to the platform vendor's servers via the hotspot's [[Walled garden (media)|walled garden]], such as the deal between Nintendo and [[Wayport, Inc.|Wayport]]. For example, [[Voice over IP|VoIP]] [[Session Initiation Protocol|SIP]] ports could be allowed to bypass the gateway to allow phones to work.

== See also ==
* [[HTTP proxy]]
* [[Service oriented provisining|Service Oriented Provisioning]]

== References ==
<references/>
[[Category:Authentication methods]]

[[es:Portal cautivo]]
[[it:Captive portal]]
[[pt:Captive portal]]

The Foursquare Church

2007-07-09T18:26:29Z

Tiggerjay: /* References */

[[Image:Foursquare.jpg|right|175px|International Church of the Foursquare Gospel logo]]
The '''International Church of the Foursquare Gospel''' is an [[Evangelism|evangelical]] [[Pentecostal]] [[Christian]] denomination.

==Background==
{{christianity}}
[[Image:Jackhayford.jpg|left|thumb|175px|Dr. Jack Hayford, president of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel]]
[[Aimee Semple McPherson]] (1890-1944), a controversial female evangelist, founded the Foursquare Church in [[1927]]. Los Angeles was her center of operations, and [[Angelus Temple]], seating 5,300 people, was opened there in [[1923]]. McPherson was an outright celebrity participating in publicity events such as parades every Sunday through the streets of L.A., along with the mayor and movie stars, directly to Angelus Temple. She built the temple, and [[L. I. F. E. Bible College]] next door to it, on the northwest corner of the land that she owned in the middle of the city.

Her son, Rolf K. McPherson, became president and leader of the church after her death in [[1944]]. Although he may not have had the same charisma his mother possessed, the denomination under his leadership grew from around 400 churches when his leadership began, to 10,000+ after his departure.

Pastor [[Jack W. Hayford]], founder of The Church on the Way in [[Van Nuys, California]], and Living Way Ministries, is perhaps the best-known Foursquare minister in the [[21st century]] and is currently the denomination's president.

In 2006, [[independent film]]maker [[Richard Rossi]] released his movie ''[[Aimee Semple McPherson movie|Aimee Semple McPherson]]''. Like McPherson herself, the film was surrounded by [[controversy]]. Although magazines like ''[[Christianity Today]]'', ''[[Charisma (magazine)|Charisma]]'', and ''Ministries Today'' were positive, the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel released a press statement stating they do not endorse the film.

The church has not been without [[controversy]] in recent years: former President [[Paul Risser]] was forced to resign in 2004 after losing millions of the church's funds in a pyramid scheme. Prior to Risser, President John Holland was also removed from office in a move that was shrouded in secrecy.

==Church doctrine==
[[Image:Angelus Temple.jpg|thumb|right|225px|[[Angelus Temple]], built by [[Aimee Semple McPherson]] and dedicated [[January 1]], [[1923]]. The temple is opposite Echo Park, near downtown [[Los Angeles, California]].]]
The Foursquare Church believes in the following: <ref>[http://www.foursquare.org/landing_pages/4,3.html ICFG Doctine]</ref>
*The [[Bible]] as the inspired word of [[God]]
*The [[Trinity]]
*The atoning death of Christ for sinners
*Salvation through the grace of God by Faith Alone in the Lord Jesus Christ
*The necessity of sincere repentance and acceptance of Christ
*The new birth ([[Sanctification]])
*The daily growth through power, prayer, love and service
*[[Baptism]] by immersion
*The memorial of [[The Lord's Supper]] as church ordinances
*The [[baptism of the Holy Spirit]] with evidence of [[Speaking In Tongues]]
*The [[Spiritual gift|Gifts]] and [[Fruits of the Spirit]]
*Divine healing
*The imminent return of Jesus Christ
*Final judgment
*[[Evangelism]]
*[[Tithing]] and Offerings

==Status==

As of [[2000]], the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel, commonly referred to as the Foursquare Church, had grown to 1,844 churches with 218,981 members[[#Footnote|¹]] in the [[United States]]. Worldwide membership is over 3.5 million in almost 30,000 churches in 123 countries. The 2006 Foursquare Church Annual Report reflected a loss of membership in the USA for 2005, which was listed at 260,644. Corporate headquarters are maintained in [[Los Angeles, California]]. In the United States, the church is divided into districts and local congregations affiliate with the district in their area. A General Supervisor oversees the national office and district supervisors. Glenn C. Burris, Jr., currently ([[2004]]) serves as General Supervisor. [[Jack W. Hayford]] has been the president of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel since October 1, 2004. A number of educational institutions are affiliated with the Foursquare Church. Among these are [[Life Pacific College]], formerly "L. I. F. E. Bible College", in [[San Dimas, California]], and [[Pacific Life Bible College]] in [[Surrey, British Columbia]].

==Affiliations==
Together with the [[Assemblies of God]], the [[Church of God]], the [[Open Bible Standard Churches]], the [[International Pentecostal Holiness Church|Pentecostal Holiness Church]], and others, the Foursquare Church formed the "Pentecostal Fellowship of North America" in [[1948]] in [[Des Moines, Iowa]]. In [[1994]], the Fellowship reorganized as the [[Pentecostal/Charismatic Churches of North America]] after reconciliation with African Americans, particularly the constituency of the [[Church of God in Christ]].

==See also==
* [[New Apostolic Reformation]]
* [[Pentecostalism]]

==External links==
*[http://www.foursquare.org/ International Church of the Foursquare Gospel] - official Web Site

==References==
*''Encyclopedia of American Religions'', J. Gordon Melton, editor
*''Handbook of Denominations in the United States'', by Frank S. Mead, Samuel S. Hill, and Craig D. Atwood
*''Religious Congregations & Membership in the United States (2000)'', Glenmary Research Center
*''The Vine and the Branches: A History of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel'', by Nathaniel M. Van Cleave
*''The Foursquare Church Annual Report 2006'', by Foursquare Gospel Publications
{{Reflist}}

==Footnote==
# ''Religious Congregations & Membership in the United States (2000)''

[[Category:International Church of the Foursquare Gospel]]
[[Category:Pentecostal denominations]]
[[Category:Charismatic and Pentecostal Christianity]]
[[Category:Pentecostalism]]
[[Category:Protestantism]]
[[Category:Organizations based in the United_States]]

[[es:Iglesia Internacional del Evangelio Cuadrangular]]
[[nl:Church of the Four Square Gospel]]
[[ja:国際フォースクエア伝道教会]]
[[no:International Church of the Foursquare Gospel]]
[[pt:Igreja do Evangelho Quadrangular]]

The Foursquare Church

2007-07-09T18:25:41Z

Tiggerjay: /* Church doctrine */ ++ content & ref

[[Image:Foursquare.jpg|right|175px|International Church of the Foursquare Gospel logo]]
The '''International Church of the Foursquare Gospel''' is an [[Evangelism|evangelical]] [[Pentecostal]] [[Christian]] denomination.

==Background==
{{christianity}}
[[Image:Jackhayford.jpg|left|thumb|175px|Dr. Jack Hayford, president of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel]]
[[Aimee Semple McPherson]] (1890-1944), a controversial female evangelist, founded the Foursquare Church in [[1927]]. Los Angeles was her center of operations, and [[Angelus Temple]], seating 5,300 people, was opened there in [[1923]]. McPherson was an outright celebrity participating in publicity events such as parades every Sunday through the streets of L.A., along with the mayor and movie stars, directly to Angelus Temple. She built the temple, and [[L. I. F. E. Bible College]] next door to it, on the northwest corner of the land that she owned in the middle of the city.

Her son, Rolf K. McPherson, became president and leader of the church after her death in [[1944]]. Although he may not have had the same charisma his mother possessed, the denomination under his leadership grew from around 400 churches when his leadership began, to 10,000+ after his departure.

Pastor [[Jack W. Hayford]], founder of The Church on the Way in [[Van Nuys, California]], and Living Way Ministries, is perhaps the best-known Foursquare minister in the [[21st century]] and is currently the denomination's president.

In 2006, [[independent film]]maker [[Richard Rossi]] released his movie ''[[Aimee Semple McPherson movie|Aimee Semple McPherson]]''. Like McPherson herself, the film was surrounded by [[controversy]]. Although magazines like ''[[Christianity Today]]'', ''[[Charisma (magazine)|Charisma]]'', and ''Ministries Today'' were positive, the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel released a press statement stating they do not endorse the film.

The church has not been without [[controversy]] in recent years: former President [[Paul Risser]] was forced to resign in 2004 after losing millions of the church's funds in a pyramid scheme. Prior to Risser, President John Holland was also removed from office in a move that was shrouded in secrecy.

==Church doctrine==
[[Image:Angelus Temple.jpg|thumb|right|225px|[[Angelus Temple]], built by [[Aimee Semple McPherson]] and dedicated [[January 1]], [[1923]]. The temple is opposite Echo Park, near downtown [[Los Angeles, California]].]]
The Foursquare Church believes in the following: <ref>[http://www.foursquare.org/landing_pages/4,3.html ICFG Doctine]</ref>
*The [[Bible]] as the inspired word of [[God]]
*The [[Trinity]]
*The atoning death of Christ for sinners
*Salvation through the grace of God by Faith Alone in the Lord Jesus Christ
*The necessity of sincere repentance and acceptance of Christ
*The new birth ([[Sanctification]])
*The daily growth through power, prayer, love and service
*[[Baptism]] by immersion
*The memorial of [[The Lord's Supper]] as church ordinances
*The [[baptism of the Holy Spirit]] with evidence of [[Speaking In Tongues]]
*The [[Spiritual gift|Gifts]] and [[Fruits of the Spirit]]
*Divine healing
*The imminent return of Jesus Christ
*Final judgment
*[[Evangelism]]
*[[Tithing]] and Offerings

==Status==

As of [[2000]], the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel, commonly referred to as the Foursquare Church, had grown to 1,844 churches with 218,981 members[[#Footnote|¹]] in the [[United States]]. Worldwide membership is over 3.5 million in almost 30,000 churches in 123 countries. The 2006 Foursquare Church Annual Report reflected a loss of membership in the USA for 2005, which was listed at 260,644. Corporate headquarters are maintained in [[Los Angeles, California]]. In the United States, the church is divided into districts and local congregations affiliate with the district in their area. A General Supervisor oversees the national office and district supervisors. Glenn C. Burris, Jr., currently ([[2004]]) serves as General Supervisor. [[Jack W. Hayford]] has been the president of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel since October 1, 2004. A number of educational institutions are affiliated with the Foursquare Church. Among these are [[Life Pacific College]], formerly "L. I. F. E. Bible College", in [[San Dimas, California]], and [[Pacific Life Bible College]] in [[Surrey, British Columbia]].

==Affiliations==
Together with the [[Assemblies of God]], the [[Church of God]], the [[Open Bible Standard Churches]], the [[International Pentecostal Holiness Church|Pentecostal Holiness Church]], and others, the Foursquare Church formed the "Pentecostal Fellowship of North America" in [[1948]] in [[Des Moines, Iowa]]. In [[1994]], the Fellowship reorganized as the [[Pentecostal/Charismatic Churches of North America]] after reconciliation with African Americans, particularly the constituency of the [[Church of God in Christ]].

==See also==
* [[New Apostolic Reformation]]
* [[Pentecostalism]]

==External links==
*[http://www.foursquare.org/ International Church of the Foursquare Gospel] - official Web Site

==References==
*''Encyclopedia of American Religions'', J. Gordon Melton, editor
*''Handbook of Denominations in the United States'', by Frank S. Mead, Samuel S. Hill, and Craig D. Atwood
*''Religious Congregations & Membership in the United States (2000)'', Glenmary Research Center
*''The Vine and the Branches: A History of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel'', by Nathaniel M. Van Cleave
*''The Foursquare Church Annual Report 2006'', by Foursquare Gospel Publications

==Footnote==
# ''Religious Congregations & Membership in the United States (2000)''

[[Category:International Church of the Foursquare Gospel]]
[[Category:Pentecostal denominations]]
[[Category:Charismatic and Pentecostal Christianity]]
[[Category:Pentecostalism]]
[[Category:Protestantism]]
[[Category:Organizations based in the United_States]]

[[es:Iglesia Internacional del Evangelio Cuadrangular]]
[[nl:Church of the Four Square Gospel]]
[[ja:国際フォースクエア伝道教会]]
[[no:International Church of the Foursquare Gospel]]
[[pt:Igreja do Evangelho Quadrangular]]

The Foursquare Church

2007-06-29T00:34:25Z

Tiggerjay: Reverted good faith edits by 68.120.81.103; Agf. using TW

[[Image:Foursquare.jpg|right|175px|International Church of the Foursquare Gospel logo]]
The '''International Church of the Foursquare Gospel''' is an [[Evangelism|evangelical]] [[Pentecostal]] [[Christian]] denomination.

==Background==
{{christianity}}
[[Image:Jackhayford.jpg|left|thumb|175px|Dr. Jack Hayford, president of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel]]
[[Aimee Semple McPherson]] (1890-1944), a controversial female evangelist, founded the Foursquare Church in [[1927]]. Los Angeles was her center of operations, and [[Angelus Temple]], seating 5,300 people, was opened there in [[1923]]. McPherson was an outright celebrity participating in publicity events such as parades every Sunday through the streets of L.A., along with the mayor and movie stars, directly to Angelus Temple. She built the temple, and [[L. I. F. E. Bible College]] next door to it, on the northwest corner of the land that she owned in the middle of the city.

Her son, Rolf K. McPherson, became president and leader of the church after her death in [[1944]]. Although he may not have had the same charisma his mother possessed, the denomination under his leadership grew from around 400 churches when his leadership began, to 10,000+ after his departure.

Pastor [[Jack W. Hayford]], founder of The Church on the Way in [[Van Nuys, California]], and Living Way Ministries, is perhaps the best-known Foursquare minister in the [[21st century]] and is currently the denomination's president.

In 2006, [[independent film]]maker [[Richard Rossi]] released his movie ''[[Aimee Semple McPherson movie|Aimee Semple McPherson]]''. Like McPherson herself, the film was surrounded by [[controversy]]. Although magazines like ''[[Christianity Today]]'', ''[[Charisma (magazine)|Charisma]]'', and ''Ministries Today'' were positive, the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel released a press statement stating they do not endorse the film.

The church has not been without [[controversy]] in recent years: former President [[Paul Risser]] was forced to resign in 2004 after losing millions of the church's funds in a pyramid scheme. Prior to Risser, President John Holland was also removed from office in a move that was shrouded in secrecy.

==Church doctrine==
[[Image:Angelus Temple.jpg|thumb|right|225px|[[Angelus Temple]], built by [[Aimee Semple McPherson]] and dedicated [[January 1]], [[1923]]. The temple is opposite Echo Park, near downtown [[Los Angeles, California]].]]
The Foursquare Church believes in the following:
*The [[Bible]] as the inspired word of [[God]]
*The [[Trinity]]
*The atoning death of Christ for sinners
*Salvation through the grace of God by Faith Alone in the Lord Jesus Christ
*The necessity of repentance
*The new birth ([[Sanctification]])
*[[Baptism]] by immersion
*The memorial of [[The Lord's Supper]] as church ordinances
*The baptism of the [[Holy Spirit]] with evidence of [[Speaking In Tongues]]
*Divine healing
*The imminent return of Jesus Christ
*Final judgment

==Status==

As of [[2000]], the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel, commonly referred to as the Foursquare Church, had grown to 1844 churches with 218,981 members[[#Footnote|¹]] in the [[United States]]. Worldwide membership is over 3.5 million in almost 30,000 churches in 123 countries. The 2006 Foursquare Church Annual Report reflected a loss of membership in the USA for 2005, which was listed at 260,644. Corporate headquarters are maintained in [[Los Angeles, California]]. In the United States, the church is divided into districts and local congregations affiliate with the district in their area. A General Supervisor oversees the national office and district supervisors. Glenn C. Burris, Jr., currently ([[2004]]) serves as General Supervisor. [[Jack W. Hayford]] has been the president of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel since October 1, 2004. A number of educational institutions are affiliated with the Foursquare Church. Among these are [[Life Pacific College]], formerly "L. I. F. E. Bible College", in [[San Dimas, California]], and [[Pacific Life Bible College]] in [[Surrey, British Columbia]].

==Affiliations==
Together with the [[Assemblies of God]], the [[Church of God]], the [[Open Bible Standard Churches]], the [[International Pentecostal Holiness Church|Pentecostal Holiness Church]], and others, the Foursquare Church formed the "Pentecostal Fellowship of North America" in [[1948]] in [[Des Moines, Iowa]]. In [[1994]], the Fellowship reorganized as the [[Pentecostal/Charismatic Churches of North America]] after reconciliation with African Americans, particularly the constituency of the [[Church of God in Christ]].

==See also==
* [[New Apostolic Reformation]]
* [[Pentecostalism]]

==External links==
*[http://www.foursquare.org/ International Church of the Foursquare Gospel] - official Web Site

==References==
*''Encyclopedia of American Religions'', J. Gordon Melton, editor
*''Handbook of Denominations in the United States'', by Frank S. Mead, Samuel S. Hill, and Craig D. Atwood
*''Religious Congregations & Membership in the United States (2000)'', Glenmary Research Center
*''The Vine and the Branches: A History of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel'', by Nathaniel M. Van Cleave
*''The Foursquare Church Annual Report 2006'', by Foursquare Gospel Publications

==Footnote==
# ''Religious Congregations & Membership in the United States (2000)''

[[Category:International Church of the Foursquare Gospel]]
[[Category:Pentecostal denominations]]
[[Category:Charismatic and Pentecostal Christianity]]
[[Category:Pentecostalism]]
[[Category:Protestantism]]
[[Category:Organizations based in the United_States]]

[[es:Iglesia Internacional del Evangelio Cuadrangular]]
[[nl:Church of the Four Square Gospel]]
[[ja:国際フォースクエア伝道教会]]
[[no:International Church of the Foursquare Gospel]]
[[pt:Igreja do Evangelho Quadrangular]]

The Foursquare Church

2007-06-26T20:46:28Z

Tiggerjay: /* External links */ wikipedia is not a directory

[[Image:Foursquare.jpg|right|175px|International Church of the Foursquare Gospel logo]]
The '''International Church of the Foursquare Gospel''' is an [[Evangelism|evangelical]] [[Pentecostal]] [[Christian]] denomination.

==Background==
{{christianity}}
[[Image:Jackhayford.jpg|left|thumb|175px|Dr. Jack Hayford, president of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel]]
[[Aimee Semple McPherson]] (1890-1944), a controversial female evangelist, founded the Foursquare Church in [[1927]]. Los Angeles was her center of operations, and [[Angelus Temple]], seating 5,300 people, was opened there in [[1923]]. McPherson was an outright celebrity participating in publicity events such as parades every Sunday through the streets of L.A., along with the mayor and movie stars, directly to Angelus Temple. She built the temple, and [[L. I. F. E. Bible College]] next door to it, on the northwest corner of the land that she owned in the middle of the city.

Her son, Rolf K. McPherson, became president and leader of the church after her death in [[1944]]. Although he may not have had the same charisma his mother possessed, the denomination under his leadership grew from around 400 churches when his leadership began, to 10,000+ after his departure.

Pastor [[Jack W. Hayford]], founder of The Church on the Way in [[Van Nuys, California]], and Living Way Ministries, is perhaps the best-known Foursquare minister in the [[21st century]] and is currently the denomination's president.

In 2006, [[independent film]]maker [[Richard Rossi]] released his movie ''[[Aimee Semple McPherson movie|Aimee Semple McPherson]]''. Like McPherson herself, the film was surrounded by [[controversy]]. Although magazines like ''[[Christianity Today]]'', ''[[Charisma (magazine)|Charisma]]'', and ''Ministries Today'' were positive, the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel released a press statement stating they do not endorse the film.

The church has not been without [[controversy]] in recent years: former President [[Paul Risser]] was forced to resign in 2004 after losing millions of the church's funds in a pyramid scheme. Prior to Risser, President John Holland was also removed from office in a move that was shrouded in secrecy.

==Church doctrine==
[[Image:Angelus Temple.jpg|thumb|right|225px|[[Angelus Temple]], built by [[Aimee Semple McPherson]] and dedicated [[January 1]], [[1923]]. The temple is opposite Echo Park, near downtown [[Los Angeles, California]].]]
The Foursquare Church believes in the following:
*The [[Bible]] as the inspired word of [[God]]
*The [[Trinity]]
*The atoning death of Christ for sinners
*Salvation through the grace of God by Faith Alone in the Lord Jesus Christ
*The necessity of repentance
*The new birth ([[Sanctification]])
*[[Baptism]] by immersion
*The memorial of [[The Lord's Supper]] as church ordinances
*The baptism of the [[Holy Spirit]] with evidence of [[Speaking In Tongues]]
*Divine healing
*The imminent return of Jesus Christ
*Final judgment

==Status==

As of [[2000]], the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel, commonly referred to as the Foursquare Church, had grown to 1844 churches with 218,981 members[[#Footnote|¹]] in the [[United States]]. Worldwide membership is over 3.5 million in almost 30,000 churches in 123 countries. The 2006 Foursquare Church Annual Report reflected a loss of membership in the USA for 2005, which was listed at 260,644. Corporate headquarters are maintained in [[Los Angeles, California]]. In the United States, the church is divided into districts and local congregations affiliate with the district in their area. A General Supervisor oversees the national office and district supervisors. Glenn C. Burris, Jr., currently ([[2004]]) serves as General Supervisor. [[Jack W. Hayford]] has been the president of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel since October 1, 2004. A number of educational institutions are affiliated with the Foursquare Church. Among these are [[Life Pacific College]], formerly "L. I. F. E. Bible College", in [[San Dimas, California]], and [[Pacific Life Bible College]] in [[Surrey, British Columbia]].

==Affiliations==
Together with the [[Assemblies of God]], the [[Church of God]], the [[Open Bible Standard Churches]], the [[International Pentecostal Holiness Church|Pentecostal Holiness Church]], and others, the Foursquare Church formed the "Pentecostal Fellowship of North America" in [[1948]] in [[Des Moines, Iowa]]. In [[1994]], the Fellowship reorganized as the [[Pentecostal/Charismatic Churches of North America]] after reconciliation with African Americans, particularly the constituency of the [[Church of God in Christ]].

==See also==
* [[New Apostolic Reformation]]
* [[Pentecostalism]]

==External links==
*[http://www.foursquare.org/ International Church of the Foursquare Gospel] - official Web Site

==References==
*''Encyclopedia of American Religions'', J. Gordon Melton, editor
*''Handbook of Denominations in the United States'', by Frank S. Mead, Samuel S. Hill, and Craig D. Atwood
*''Religious Congregations & Membership in the United States (2000)'', Glenmary Research Center
*''The Vine and the Branches: A History of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel'', by Nathaniel M. Van Cleave
*''The Foursquare Church Annual Report 2006'', by Foursquare Gospel Publications

==Footnote==
# ''Religious Congregations & Membership in the United States (2000)''

[[Category:International Church of the Foursquare Gospel]]
[[Category:Pentecostal denominations]]
[[Category:Charismatic and Pentecostal Christianity]]
[[Category:Pentecostalism]]
[[Category:Protestantism]]
[[Category:Organizations based in the United_States]]

[[es:Iglesia Internacional del Evangelio Cuadrangular]]
[[nl:Church of the Four Square Gospel]]
[[ja:国際フォースクエア伝道教会]]
[[no:International Church of the Foursquare Gospel]]
[[pt:Igreja do Evangelho Quadrangular]]