Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Crínán von Dunkeld

2013-01-16T14:56:15Z

Theelf29: corrected Bethoc =? Bethóc.

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2012}}
'''Crínán of Dunkeld''' (died 1045) was the [[lay abbot]] of the diocese of [[Dunkeld]], and perhaps the [[Mormaer of Atholl]]. Crínán was progenitor of the [[House of Dunkeld]], the dynasty which would rule Scotland until the later 13th century.

Crinán was married to [[Bethóc]], daughter of King [[Malcolm II of Scotland]] (reigned 1005–1034). As Malcolm II had no son, the strongest hereditary claim to the Scottish throne descended through Bethóc, and Crinán's eldest son [[Donnchad I of Scotland|Donnchad I]] (reigned 1034–1040), became King of Scots. Some sources indicate that Malcolm II designated Duncan as his successor under the rules of [[tanistry]] because there were other possible claimants to the throne.

Crinán's second son, [[Maldred of Allerdale]], held the title of Lord of Cumbria. It is said that from him, the [[Earl of Dunbar|Earls of Dunbar]], for example [[Patrick Dunbar, 9th Earl of Dunbar]], descend in unbroken male line.

Crinán was killed in battle in 1045 at Dunkeld.

Sir [[Iain Moncreiffe]] argued he belonged to a Scottish sept of the Irish [[Cenél Conaill]] royal dynasty.<ref>Sir Iain Moncreiffe of that Ilk, ''The Highland Clans''. Part II. 1982. p. 236</ref>

==Crinán as Lay Abbot of Dunkeld==

The [[monastery]] of [[Columba|Saint Columba]] was founded on the north bank of the [[River Tay]] in the 6th century or early 7th century following the expedition of Columba into the land of the [[Picts]]. Probably originally constructed as a simple group of [[wattle-and-daub|wattle]] huts, the monastery - or at least its church - was rebuilt in the 9th century by [[Kenneth I of Scotland]] (reigned 843–858). [[Caustantín of the Picts]] brought Scotland's share of the relics of Columba from [[Iona]] to [[Dunkeld]] at the same time others were taken to [[Abbey of Kells|Kells]] in [[Ireland]], to protect them from [[Viking]] raids. [[Dunkeld]] became the prime bishopric in eastern [[Scotland]] until supplanted in importance by [[St Andrews]] since the 10th century.

While the title of Hereditary Lay Abbot was a [[feudal]] position that was often exercised in name only, Crinán does seem to have acted as Abbot in charge of the monastery in his time. He was thus a man of high position in both clerical and secular society.

The magnificent semi-ruined [[Dunkeld Cathedral]], built in stages between 1260 and 1501, stands today on the grounds once occupied by the monastery. The Cathedral contains the only surviving remains of the previous monastic society: a course of red stone visible in the east [[choir]] wall that may be re-used from an earlier building, and two stone 9th century-10th century cross-slabs in the Cathedral Museum.

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==External Source==
* {{MLCC |warning=1 |url=http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/SCOTLAND.htm#Crinandied1045 |title-date= |title= Medieval Lands Project on Crinan|date=August 2012}}
* [http://www.electricscotland.com/webclans/cairney/109.htm Clans and Families of Ireland and Scotland]

{{Bishops of Dunkeld}}

{{Persondata
| name = Crinan of Dunkeld
| alternative names =
| short description =
| date of birth =
| place of birth =
| date of death = 1045
| place of death =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Crinan of Dunkeld}}
[[Category:1045 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Perth and Kinross]]
[[Category:House of Dunkeld]]
[[Category:Medieval Gaels]]
[[Category:11th-century Scottish people]]
[[Category:Scottish pre-union military personnel killed in action]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

[[cs:Crínán z Dunkeldu]]
[[fr:Crínán de Dunkeld]]
[[no:Crínán av Dunkeld]]

Pek’in

2011-03-29T01:34:03Z

Theelf29:

{{Distinguish|Pekin}}
:''Buqei'a redirects here. For the Palestinian al-Buqei'a in the Tubas Governate see [[al-Bikai'a]]. Distinguish also the Buqei'a plain, south of [[Qumran]]''
{{Infobox Israel muni
|name=Peki'in
|image=
|imgsize=
|hebname={{Hebrew|פְּקִיעִין}}
|ISO=Pqiˁin
|arname=البقيعة
|meaning=
|founded=1952
|type=lc
|typefrom=
|stdHeb=
|altOffSp=Peqi'in
|altUnoSp=
|district=north
|population=5,200
|popyear=2007
|area_dunam=3565
|mayor=
}}
[[File:Pekiin tablet.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Stone tablet from the synagogue in Peki'in.]]
'''Peki'in''' (alternatively '''Peqi'in''') ({{lang-he-n|פְּקִיעִין}}) or '''Buqei'a''' ({{lang-ar|البقيعة}}), is a locality, [[Local council (Israel)|local council]] in the [[North District (Israel)|Northern District]] of [[Israel]] located eight kilometres east of [[Ma'alot-Tarshiha]] in the Upper [[Galilee]]. The local council in the predominantly [[Druze]] village was established in 1958 and has a population of over 5,200 people (2008 estimate).

==In Antiquity==
There is a tradition{{Who|date=September 2010}} that Peki'in is the location that Rabbi [[Shimon bar Yochai]] used to hide from the Romans. According to the Talmud, Rabbi [[Shimon bar Yochai]] and his son, Rabbi [[Eleazar b. Simeon|Elazar ben Shimon]], hid in a cave from the Romans for 13 years after the collapse of the [[Bar Kochba rebellion]] against Roman rule. According to story, Rabbi Shimon and his son lived off spring water and the fruit of a miraculous [[carob tree]] during their years of hiding, and passed the time by studying torah.<ref>Babylonian Talmud, Shabbat, 33b</ref> There is a tradition{{Who|date=September 2010}} that during this time Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai wrote the [[Zohar]], an important book in the [[Jewish mysticism]].

==Continuous Jewish Presence==
Peki'in is notable in Jewish history because it is an where Druze and [[Jew]]s lived peacefully together for hundreds of years. Peki'in is frequently mentioned in historical sources, specifically in reference to its small Jewish community that has existed there almost continuously since the [[Second Temple]] period. Near the village, there are significant sites for Druze and Jews, including a restored Jewish [[synagogue]] dating back to the Roman Period. The oldest Druze school in the region was established in Peki'in by the [[Russia]]n church at the end of the 19th century.malkin beep beep on the moon.

==Modern Times==
In 1936, [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine|Arab riots]] forced the Jews of Peki'in to leave their homes for safer parts of the country; only a few of them later returned. Up until recently Peki'in had a small Jewish population of approximately 9 families, which lived in close proximity to the ancient [[Peki'in Synagogue]]. However, according to residents of Peki'in, during recent years these Jewish families had suffered abuse from Arab gangs, such as theft and destruction of property and vehicles, and three grenade attacks in the past year.<ref>http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3466197,00.html Stories from Peki'in, Ynet, 2007</ref>. Following riots in October 2007 in which the houses of the Jewish families living in the village were burned down, most of the families left the village. On December 3, 2007 it was reported that most of the last Jewish family had left Peki'in after their car was torched by locals.<ref>http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3478336,00.html Last Jewish Family Leaves Peki'in, Ynetnews, 2007</ref>

[[Peki'in HaHadasha]] was established as a Jewish community in 1955, very close to Old Peki'in.

According to [[Galib Kheir]], head of the town's tourism department, about 60,000 tourists visit Peki'in each year. The tourist trade supports local restaurants and specialty shops. The town also has a hotel and youth hostel.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}

Peki'in was one of settlements hit by [[Katyusha rocket launcher|Katyusha]] [[rocket]]s sent by [[Hezbollah]] on July 14, 2006 during the [[2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict]]. On July 28, 2006 five Katyushas struck Peki'in and one directly hit a home next the yard where a family was preparing for an afternoon wedding. Ten people were lightly wounded and treated for shock.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}

{{Commons category}}
{{North District (Israel)}}

==References==
<references />

{{coords|32|58|27|N|35|19|53|E|display=title}}
[[Category:Local councils in Israel]]
[[Category:Ancient Jewish Roman history]]

[[ar:البقيعة]]
[[cs:Peki'in]]
[[he:פקיעין]]
[[pl:Peki'in]]
[[pt:Peki'in]]
[[ru:Пкиин]]

Lanercost Priory

2009-08-24T15:07:15Z

Theelf29: /* Roman era history */

[[Image:Lanercost Priory 1.jpg|thumb|Lanercost Priory from inside]]
[[Image:Lanercost Priory 2.jpg|thumb|Lanercost Priory from outside]]

'''Lanercost [[Priory]]''' was founded in 1165 [[AD]]<ref>[http://www.britainexpress.com/counties/cumbria/abbeys/index.htm Lanercost Priory]</ref> to house [[Augustinian]] [[Canon (priest)|Canons]]. It is situated at the village of [[Lanercost]], [[Cumbria]], [[England]].

It was subject to raids and wars, since the border with [[Scotland]] was about 15 miles to the north. It suffered a crippling economic burden when [[Edward I of England|Edward I]] was resident there for six months during his last campaign in 1306-7<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/555221 Edward I at Lanercost Priory]</ref> before moving onto [[Carlisle, Cumbria|Carlisle]] and then dying at Burgh-by-Sands immediately before he could enter Scotland. All this was recorded in the [[Lanercost Chronicle]].

Lanercost was dissolved as a [[priory]] in 1538 by [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]]. A small part of its nave was roofed over for use as a parish church, and in the 19th century the whole nave was roofed and divided from the [[crossing (architecture)|crossing]] by a wall to make a larger parish church, which still functions today. In its churchyard is the tomb of [[Thomas Addison]].

==Roman era history==
[[Hadrian's Wall]], the most important Roman monument in [[Great Britain]] is situated about one kilometre north of Lanercost Priory.<ref>[http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.13795 English Heritage site]</ref> The wall, was, unlike common perception, not a major battlefront to prevent invasion, but a barrier to inderdict unwanted immigrants from the north, who, the Romans thought, were a threat to the peacefulness of settled [[Brittania]].<ref>Stephen Johnson (2004) ''Hadrian's Wall'', Sterling Publishing Company, Inc, 128 pages, ISBN 0713488409</ref> The [[River Irthing]] marked an important transition in construction of Hadrian's Wall according to C. Michael Hogan. West of the River Irthing "turf and timber prevailed, while cut stones with limed mortar interstices were used to the east" of the river.<ref>[http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18177 C.Michael Hogan (2007) ''Hadrian's Wall'', ed. Andy Burnham, The Megalithic Portal]</ref> At [[Gilsland]] the [[tributary]] [[Poltross Burn]] flows into the River Irthing. Crossing [[Hadrian's Wall]] at Gilsland, its course as it turns west is lined with sites from [[Roman Britain]], including [[Banna (Birdoswald)|Birdoswald Roman Fort]], at the top of another steep gorge carved by the river from the deep [[till]] overlying the area.

==Architectural notes==

The priory has an unusual medieval stone carving called the Lancercost Cross
with an inscription dating back to 1214. Originally the cross was set just
outside the entrance to the church but today, whilst the stump of the cross
still remains there, the main shaft is housed inside the priory.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.medieval-castle.com/medieval_castle_life/lanercost_priory.htm Lanercost Cross - medieval stone carving history, translation and photographs.]
*[http://www.lanercost.co.uk/ Lanercost website]
{{English heritage cumbria}}

[[Category:English Heritage sites in Cumbria]]
[[Category:Augustinian monasteries in England]]
[[Category:Monasteries in Cumbria]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Cumbria]]
[[Category:1166 establishments]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in the 1160s]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in Cumbria]]
[[Category:Christian monasteries established in the 12th century]]

Lanercost Priory

2009-08-24T15:06:22Z

Theelf29: /* External links */

[[Image:Lanercost Priory 1.jpg|thumb|Lanercost Priory from inside]]
[[Image:Lanercost Priory 2.jpg|thumb|Lanercost Priory from outside]]

'''Lanercost [[Priory]]''' was founded in 1165 [[AD]]<ref>[http://www.britainexpress.com/counties/cumbria/abbeys/index.htm Lanercost Priory]</ref> to house [[Augustinian]] [[Canon (priest)|Canons]]. It is situated at the village of [[Lanercost]], [[Cumbria]], [[England]].

It was subject to raids and wars, since the border with [[Scotland]] was about 15 miles to the north. It suffered a crippling economic burden when [[Edward I of England|Edward I]] was resident there for six months during his last campaign in 1306-7<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/555221 Edward I at Lanercost Priory]</ref> before moving onto [[Carlisle, Cumbria|Carlisle]] and then dying at Burgh-by-Sands immediately before he could enter Scotland. All this was recorded in the [[Lanercost Chronicle]].

Lanercost was dissolved as a [[priory]] in 1538 by [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]]. A small part of its nave was roofed over for use as a parish church, and in the 19th century the whole nave was roofed and divided from the [[crossing (architecture)|crossing]] by a wall to make a larger parish church, which still functions today. In its churchyard is the tomb of [[Thomas Addison]].

==Roman era history==
[[Hadrian's Wall]], the most important Roman monument in [[Great Britain]] is situated about one kilometre north of Lanercost Priory.<ref>[http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.13795 English Heritage site]</ref> The wall, was, unlike common perception, not a major battlefront to prevent invasion, but a barrier to inderdict unwanted immigrants from the north, who, the Romans thought, were a threat to the peacefulness of settled [[Brittania]].<ref>Stephen Johnson (2004) ''Hadrian's Wall'', Sterling Publishing Company, Inc, 128 pages, ISBN 0713488409</ref> The River Irthing marked an important transition in construction of Hadrian's Wall according to C. Michael Hogan. West of the River Irthing "turf and timber prevailed, while cut stones with limed mortar interstices were used to the east" of the river.<ref>[http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18177 C.Michael Hogan (2007) ''Hadrian's Wall'', ed. Andy Burnham, The Megalithic Portal]</ref> At [[Gilsland]] the [[tributary]] [[Poltross Burn]] flows into the River Irthing. Crossing [[Hadrian's Wall]] at Gilsland, its course as it turns west is lined with sites from [[Roman Britain]], including [[Banna (Birdoswald)|Birdoswald Roman Fort]], at the top of another steep gorge carved by the river from the deep [[till]] overlying the area.

==Architectural notes==

The priory has an unusual medieval stone carving called the Lancercost Cross
with an inscription dating back to 1214. Originally the cross was set just
outside the entrance to the church but today, whilst the stump of the cross
still remains there, the main shaft is housed inside the priory.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.medieval-castle.com/medieval_castle_life/lanercost_priory.htm Lanercost Cross - medieval stone carving history, translation and photographs.]
*[http://www.lanercost.co.uk/ Lanercost website]
{{English heritage cumbria}}

[[Category:English Heritage sites in Cumbria]]
[[Category:Augustinian monasteries in England]]
[[Category:Monasteries in Cumbria]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Cumbria]]
[[Category:1166 establishments]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in the 1160s]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in Cumbria]]
[[Category:Christian monasteries established in the 12th century]]

Arktinos von Milet

2009-08-10T13:02:17Z

Theelf29:

'''Arctinus of Miletus''' or '''Arctinus Milesius''' (Ἀρκτῖνος Μιλήσιος) was a [[Cyclic poets|Greek epic poet]] whose reputation is purely legendary, as none of his works survive. Traditionally dated between 775 BC and 741 BC, he was said to have been a pupil of [[Homer]]. [[Phaenias of Eresus]] placed him in the [[7th century BC]] and claimed that he was defeated by [[Lesches|Lesches of Pyrrha]] in competition. One of the "[[cyclic poets]]", Arctinus composed the epics ''[[Aethiopis]]'' and ''[[Sack of Troy]]'', which were contributions to the [[Epic Cycle|Trojan War cycle]], and possibly ''[[Naupactia]]''.

These poems are lost, but an idea of the first two can be obtained from the ''[[Chrestomathy]]'' ascribed (probably wrongly) to [[Proclus]] the [[Neoplatonism|Neo-Platonist]] of the 5th century AD.

The ''[[Aethiopis]]'' (Αἰθιοπίς), in five books, is so called from the Aethiopian [[Memnon]], who became the ally of the [[Troy|Trojans]] after the death of [[Hector]]. According to Proclus, the poem took up the narrative from the close of the ''[[Iliad]]'':

:"The Amazon [[Penthesilea]] arrives to aid the Trojans in war. She is the daughter of Ares and a Thracian by birth. [[Achilles]] kills her while she is fighting at her best, and the Trojans bury her. Achilles kills [[Thersites]], who railed at him and reproached him for loving Penthesileia.”

The ''Aethiopis'' concluded with the death and burial of [[Achilles]] and the dispute between [[Ajax the great|Ajax]] and [[Odysseus]] for his arms.

''The [[Sack of Troy]]'' (''Iliou Persis'') told the stories of the [[Trojan Horse]], [[Sinon]], and [[Laocoön]], the capture of the city, and the departure of the Greeks pursued by the anger of [[Athena]] at the [[rape]] of [[Cassandra]] by [[Ajax the Lesser]]. The ''[[Little Iliad]]'', usually ascribed to [[Lesches]], bridged the gap in the story-line between ''Aethiopis'' and the ''Sack of Troy''.

== Sources ==

*[[Eusebius]], ''Chronicle'' Olympiad 1.2, 5.1.
*[[Clement of Alexandria]], ''Stromata'' 1.131.6.
*''[[Suda]]'' s.lem. Arctinus (Alpha, 3960: Ἀρκτῖνος).

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arctinus of Miletus}}
[[Category:Ancient Greek poets]]
[[Category:Oral epic poets]]
[[Category:Ancient Milesians]]
[[Category:Epic poets]]
[[Category:8th-century BC Greek people]]

[[ca:Arctinos de Milet]]
[[cs:Arktínos z Mílétu]]
[[es:Arctino de Mileto]]
[[eu:Arktino Miletokoa]]
[[fr:Arctinos de Milet]]
[[is:Arktínos]]
[[it:Arctino di Mileto]]
[[hu:Arktinosz]]
[[ru:Арктин Милетский]]
[[uk:Арктін]]

Schlacht von Dupplin Moor

2009-01-17T16:06:05Z

Theelf29:

{{Infobox Military Conflict
|conflict=Battle of Dupplin Moor
|partof=the [[Second War of Scottish Independence]]
|image=
|caption=
|date=[[August 10]]-[[August 11|11]] [[1332]]
|place=Dupplin Moor, [[Scone, Perthshire]]
|result=Decisive Balliol victory
|combatant1=[[Robert I of Scotland|Bruce]] loyalists
|combatant2=[[Edward Balliol|Balliol]] rebels and [[England|English]]
|commander1=[[Domhnall II, Earl of Mar]]†
|commander2=[[Edward Balliol]] Henry Beaumont
|strength1=10 - 15,000 men
|strength2=2000-3000
|casualties1=Unknown but heavy
|casualties2=33
}}
{{Campaignbox Second War of Scottish Independence}}
{{Campaignbox Wars of Scottish Independence}}
'''Battle of Dupplin Moor''' was fought between supporters of the infant [[David II of Scotland|David II]], the son of [[Robert the Bruce]], and rebels supporting the [[House of Balliol|Balliol]] claim in [[1332]]. It was a significant battle of the [[Second War of Scottish Independence]].

==Background==
The death of [[Robert I of Scotland|Robert I]] in [[1329]] left Scotland with a four-year-old king, [[David II of Scotland|David II]] ([[1329]]-[[1371]]). His right to the throne was far from absolute, and in the early 1330s was challenged by [[Edward Balliol]], son of John Balliol, [[John I of Scotland]]. The rebels were known as 'The Disinherited', since they lost their land as a consequence of the [[Battle of Bannockburn]].

In the winter of [[1331]], in response to the urgings of [[Henry Beaumont, 4th Earl of Buchan|Henry Beaumont]], chief among the disinherited, Balliol left his home in France and came to England, where he settled in Standal Manor in Yorkshire. Beaumont then visited Edward III, the young English king. The purpose of the meeting was recorded in the Brut Chronicle: ''So came Sir Henry of Beaumont to Kyng Edward of Engeland and praiede him, in way of charitie, that he wolde grant of his grace unto Sir Edward Balliol that he moste safliche gone bi land from Sandall for to conquere his ritz heritage in Scotland.'' Edward agreed to let him go, but by sea, not land.

By the summer of 1332 all of the preparations for the expedition were complete. The size of the force assembled by Balliol and Beaumont cannot be established with any real accuracy, but the sources all agree that it was fairly modest: the Bridlington Chronicle suggests a figure of 500 [[men-at-arms]] and 1000 foot; Henry Knighton, prone on occasions to wild exaggeration, puts forward a figure of 300 men-at-arms and 3000 foot; while the Lanercost Chronicle, probably the most reliable, suggests a total force in the region of 1500 to 2800. All agree that by far the largest proportion of the footmen were archers, armed with the [[longbow]]. By mid July Balliol's little armada of some 88 ships waited for the right moment to sail. It came with the news that [[Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray]], the guardian of the infant David, had died suddenly on 20 July.

==Battle==
The rebels and their English allies sailed on 31 July from several [[Yorkshire]] ports to [[Kinghorn]] in [[Fife]] to get round the terms of the [[Treaty of Northampton]] that did not permit English forces to cross the Tweed. From Kinghorn they marched to [[Dunfermline]] and then on towards [[Perth, Scotland|Perth]]. On 10 August they camped at Forteviot, just south of the River Earn, a few miles short of their objective. To the north of the river Donald, [[Earl of Mar]], the new regent, had taken up position with a much stronger force on the heights of Dupplin Moor. The disinherited now faced one Scottish army to their front with another commanded by Patrick [[Earl of Dunbar]] fast approaching from the rear.

In view of their predicament it comes as no surprise that morale in Balliol's camp began to sink. According to Thomas Gray, the disinherited lords were so dismayed by the size of Mar's army that they accused Henry Beaumont of having betrayed them with false promises of Scottish support for Balliol. But Beaumont, the most experienced soldier on either side, reacted to this dangerous situation with coolness and precision. It was obvious that they could not wait for Dunbar to link up with Mar. He decided to risk crossing the Earn at night, and launching a surprise attack on the enemy.

On the opposite bank of the river the Scots had a clear view of Balliol's small army. Mar was so confident of his strength and the superiority of his position that he did not even bother to set a watch, and his army settled down on the night of 10 August, relaxed enough to spend much of the time drinking, convinced of an easy victory the following day. At midnight, unobserved by the carousing Scots, Sir Alexander Mowbray led a picked force across a nearby ford shown to him by the sole traitor from the Scottish camp, one Murray of Tullibardine.

After crossing the ford Mowbray climbed up the rising ground towards Gask, where he immediately attacked the slumbering Scottish camp followers, in the mistaken belief that he had encountered Mar's host. He learned his mistake by daybreak on 11 August; but by that time the rest of the army had safely crossed the Earn and taken up a strong defensive position on some high ground at the head of a narrow valley. Mar had been outflanked. Learning of the rapid approach of the main Scots force, Balliol's army was ordered to form a line, with the archers projecting outwards on both flanks and the men-at-arms in the centre, the whole formation resembling a quarter moon. All were dismounted, save for a small group of Germans to the rear. Beaumont now made ready to employ tactics that had been demonstrated in outline at [[Battle of Boroughbridge|Boroughbridge]] ten years before, which in their fully evolved form were to allow the English to dominate the battlefields of Britain and western Europe for the next hundred years.

The Scots were angry that their enemy had been allowed to carry out so simple a manoeuvre under their noses. Lord [[Robert Bruce (bastard)|Robert Bruce]], the illegitimate son of the late king, made no secret of his conviction that Mar's incompetence was evidence of treachery. Mar denied this, and like the [[Earl of Gloucester]] at Bannockburn, resolved to be the first into battle. Lord Robert claimed this honour for himself and both charged off to destruction, followed by their disorganised [[schiltron]]s, all semblance of generalship gone. Bruce and Mar's wild charge was met by great clouds of arrows, which fell in rapid succession on the Scottish flanks. Each bowman was so skilled, and could fire at such speed, that he had several arrows in the air at one time. The badly armoured Scots with their unvizored helmets had no protection against the repeated volleys. Bruce's battalion, pushing through the storm of missiles, was the first to make contact with the enemy centre, forcing Beaumont and the men-at-arms to yield some ground. But the arrow fire was so unrelenting and fierce that his flanks converged towards the middle, as if seeking shelter from a storm. The front units were pushed forward on to Beaumont's spears. Retreat or redeployment was made impossible by the arrival of Mar's schiltron, charging down the narrow glen, and straight into the rear of Lord Robert's men. The crush was so great that many fell never to rise again. The chronicler and historian John Capgrave describes the carnage at Dupplin thus;

''In this battle...more were slain by the Scots themselves than by the English. For rushing forward on each other, each crushed his neighbour, and for every one fallen there fell a second, and then a third fell, and those who were behind pressing forward and hastening to the fight, the whole army became a heap of the slain''.

The bodies of the Scots were piled so high above each other that it is said they reached the height of a spear. The English surrounded the bloody heap, thrusting in their swords and spears, so that no one could be taken out alive. Scots losses were heavy: Mar and Bruce were both killed, as was [[Thomas Randolph, 2nd Earl of Moray]], [[Murdoch III, Earl of Menteith]] and Alexander Fraser, the High [[Chamberlain (office)|Chamberlain]]. Ironically, Sir [[Robert Keith (soldier)|Robert Keith]], who scattered [[Edward II of England|Edward II]]'s archers at Bannockburn, was also among the slain. The exact number of the dead is unknown, but estimates range from a low of 2000 to a high of 13000. English losses were light, amounting to no more than thirty-three knights and men-at-arms. The [[Donnchadh IV, Earl of Fife|Earl of Fife]] tried to lead the survivors of Mar's shattered army on an orderly retreat; but this turned into a rout after Beaumont and others took to horse, charging off in pursuit. Many who escaped the carnage inflicted by the archers were cut down by the cavalry.

[[Dupplin Cross|A stone cross]], now in St. Serf's Church in Dunning, once marked the traditional site of the battle, although there is no strong reason to locate the battle there.

==Outcome==

The Battle of Dupplin Moor was the worst Scottish defeat since the [[Battle of Falkirk]], thirty-four years before, far exceeding the setback at [[Battle of Methven|Methven]]. The losses were heavy, but they could be made good, and Dunbar's army, probably as strong as Mar's, was still in the field. However, the worst casualty of all was the national confidence that had grown from the successive victories of King [[Robert I of Scotland|Robert Bruce]], which had produced an illusory sense of invulnerability. After Dupplin the Scots rarely gained the upper hand against the English in battle. Once again the nation had tasted serious defeat, and the effect it had on morale surely explain's Dunbar's reluctance to engage Balliol's tired little army in battle. In his classic study, The History of War in the Middle Ages, Sir Charles Oman says of Dupplin: ''The Battle of Dupplin forms a turning point in the history of Scottish wars. For the future the English always adopted the order of battle which Balliol and Beaumont had discovered. It was the first in a long series of battles won by a combination of archers and dismounted men-at-arms''.

==Aftermath==
A few weeks after the battle Edward Balliol was crowned king at [[Scone, Scotland|Scone]]. But dangerously isolated in a hostile country he moved his forces south to the old Balliol patrimony in [[Galloway]], the only part of Scotland that showed any kind of support for the new king. In December at [[Battle of Annan|Annan]] he was surprised by a party of Bruce loyalists and chased half-dressed across the English border. Any future attempt to recover his throne would have to be with the open support of the English king.

==References==
* Campbell, T., ''England, Scotland and the Hundred Years War'', in Europe in the Late Middle Ages, ed. J. Hale etc., 1970.
* Nicholson, R., ''Edward III and the Scots'', 1965.
* Oman,, C., ''The Art of War in the Middle Ages'', 1898.
* Ramsay, R., ''The genesis of Lancaster, 1307-1399'', 1913.
* Reid, R. C., ''Edward de Balliol'', in transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Antiquarian and Natural History Society, 3rd series, vol. 35, 1956-7.

==External links==
*[http://members.aol.com/skyelander/dupplin.html article on battle]

[[Category:Battles of the Wars of Scottish Independence|Dupplin Moor]]
[[Category:1332 in Scotland]]

[[fr:Bataille de Dupplin Moor]]
[[pl:Bitwa pod Dupplin Moor]]

Pokarekare Ana

2008-11-23T01:21:55Z

Theelf29: /* Translation */

'''"Pokarekare Ana"''' is a traditional [[New Zealand]] love song, probably communally composed about the time [[World War I]] began in 1914.

East Coast [[Māori]] song-writer [[Paraire Tomoana]], who polished up the song in 1917 and published the words in 1921, wrote that "it emanated from the North of [[Auckland]]" and was popularised by Māori soldiers who were training near [[Auckland]] before embarking for the war in [[Europe]].

There have been numerous claims and counterclaims regarding authorship over the years. Although the matter has never been definitively settled, guardianship of the words and music are held by the family (descendants) of Paraire Tomoana.

The Māori words have remained virtually unaltered over the decades, with only the waters in the first line being localized. For example, some versions refer to [[Rotorua]], a town in the North Island. However, there have been many different English translations.

Originally sung in a subtle 3/4 ([[waltz]]) time, since [[World War II]] it has been heard in a more plodding 4/4 time.

==Popularity==

The song is very popular in New Zealand and is sometimes called the country's unofficial [[national anthem]],{{Fact|date=March 2007}} although it has been adapted to commercial advertising and by sporting groups. Notable examples include:
*"[[Sailing Away (All of Us song)|Sailing Away]]", which promoted New Zealand's 1987 [[America's Cup]] challenge, and featured an ensemble choir of famous New Zealanders recording as 'All Of Us',
*[[Air New Zealand]]'s TV advertisements in 2000.<ref>[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/3/story.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=136222 Mood music to fit the product - 04 May 2000 - NZ Herald: New Zealand Business, Markets, Currency and Personal Finance News]</ref>

New Zealand soldiers taught it to [[Korea]]n children during the [[Korean War]], and it is now much sung in [[South Korea]].{{Fact|date=March 2007}} It was used as the theme song for the 2005 South Korean film ''[[Crying Fist]]''.<ref>[http://www.beyondhollywood.com/?p=998 Crying Fist (2005) Movie Review | BeyondHollywood.com | Asian, Foreign, Horror, and Genre Movie Reviews and News]</ref>

A schoolyard parody, "O curry curry arna, I found a squashed banana", is well known to New Zealand school-children, and was being sung in [[Melbourne]] playgrounds in the mid-1970s.

The tune of "Pokarekare Ana" has been borrowed for an [[Ireland|Irish]] wedding song "A Mhuire Mháthair sé seo mo ghuí".

==Recorded versions==

Dozens of recording artists throughout the world have performed and recorded the song. Internationally known New Zealand opera singers to previously record and perform "Pokarekare Ana" are [[Kiri Te Kanawa|Dame Kiri Te Kanawa]] and [[Malvina Major|Dame Malvina Major]].

Late in 2003 "Pokarekare Ana" featured on the album ''[[Pure (Hayley Westenra album)|Pure]]'', released worldwide by the young New Zealand soprano [[Hayley Westenra]]. ''Pure'' is the fastest selling debut album ever on the [[UK classical chart]]s. Her rendition of "Pokarekare Ana" also prominently appears in the video game ''[[Endless Ocean]]''.

A version of the song features on the self titled album by [[Angelis]], a British classical singing group.

One of the more well-known versions of the song was when it was sung by New Zealand artist [[Prince Tui Teka]].

==Lyrics==
<blockquote>

Pokarekare ana, nga wai o Waiapu 
Whiti atu koe hine, marino ana e 
E hine e, hoki mai ra, ka mate ahau i te aroha e. 
Tuhituhi taku reta, tuku atu taku riingi 
Kia kite to iwi, raruraru ana e. 
E hine e, hoki mai ra, ka mate ahau i te aroha e. 
Whatiwhati taku pene, kua pau aku pepa 
Ko taku aroha, mau tonu ana e. 
E hine e, hoki mai ra, ka mate ahau i te aroha e. 
E kore te aroha, e maroke i te ra 
Makuku tonu i aku roimata e. 
E hine e, hoki mai ra, ka mate ahau i te aroha e. 
</blockquote>

==Translation==

Translation of the first part
from the CD-cover of Hayley Westenra's CD "Pure":

:Stormy are the waters
:Of restless Waiapu
:If you cross them, girl
:They will be calmed

:Oh girl
:Come back to me
:I could die
:Of love for you

:I write you my letter
:I send you my ring
:So your people can see
:How troubled I am

:Oh girl
:Come back to me
:I could die
:Of love for you

:Oh girl
:Come back to me
:I could die
:Of love for you

A homophonous translation into [[Hebrew language#Modern Israeli Hebrew|Hebrew]] was composed in 2007 by [[Ghil'ad Zuckermann]]. In this translation the approximate sounds of the [[Maori language|Maori]] words are retained while [[Hebrew]] words with similar meanings are used. In this translation, however, "Waiapu" is replaced by "Rotorua" (oto rúakh, [[Hebrew]] for "that wind").<ref>[http://www.zuckermann.org/poetry.html Po kar hi li tikrá na "'It's cold here', she will tell me"], homophonous translation of "Pokarekare Ana" into Hebrew.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://folksong.org.nz/pokarekare/index.html Webpage with comprehensive background]
* [http://www.kahungunu.iwi.nz/sections/arts_and_culture/kahungunu_waiata/pokarekareana.htm Lyrics]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20050721032158/www.airnewzealand.co.nz/resources/pokarekare.mp3 MP3 Version of "Pokarekare Ana" used by Air New Zealand]

[[Category:1914 songs]]
[[Category:New Zealand songs]]
[[Category:Māori music]]

[[fr:Pokarekare Ana]]
[[nl:Pokarekare Ana]]
[[pt:Pokarekare Ana]]

Pokarekare Ana

2008-11-23T01:20:41Z

Theelf29: /* Translation */

'''"Pokarekare Ana"''' is a traditional [[New Zealand]] love song, probably communally composed about the time [[World War I]] began in 1914.

East Coast [[Māori]] song-writer [[Paraire Tomoana]], who polished up the song in 1917 and published the words in 1921, wrote that "it emanated from the North of [[Auckland]]" and was popularised by Māori soldiers who were training near [[Auckland]] before embarking for the war in [[Europe]].

There have been numerous claims and counterclaims regarding authorship over the years. Although the matter has never been definitively settled, guardianship of the words and music are held by the family (descendants) of Paraire Tomoana.

The Māori words have remained virtually unaltered over the decades, with only the waters in the first line being localized. For example, some versions refer to [[Rotorua]], a town in the North Island. However, there have been many different English translations.

Originally sung in a subtle 3/4 ([[waltz]]) time, since [[World War II]] it has been heard in a more plodding 4/4 time.

==Popularity==

The song is very popular in New Zealand and is sometimes called the country's unofficial [[national anthem]],{{Fact|date=March 2007}} although it has been adapted to commercial advertising and by sporting groups. Notable examples include:
*"[[Sailing Away (All of Us song)|Sailing Away]]", which promoted New Zealand's 1987 [[America's Cup]] challenge, and featured an ensemble choir of famous New Zealanders recording as 'All Of Us',
*[[Air New Zealand]]'s TV advertisements in 2000.<ref>[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/3/story.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=136222 Mood music to fit the product - 04 May 2000 - NZ Herald: New Zealand Business, Markets, Currency and Personal Finance News]</ref>

New Zealand soldiers taught it to [[Korea]]n children during the [[Korean War]], and it is now much sung in [[South Korea]].{{Fact|date=March 2007}} It was used as the theme song for the 2005 South Korean film ''[[Crying Fist]]''.<ref>[http://www.beyondhollywood.com/?p=998 Crying Fist (2005) Movie Review | BeyondHollywood.com | Asian, Foreign, Horror, and Genre Movie Reviews and News]</ref>

A schoolyard parody, "O curry curry arna, I found a squashed banana", is well known to New Zealand school-children, and was being sung in [[Melbourne]] playgrounds in the mid-1970s.

The tune of "Pokarekare Ana" has been borrowed for an [[Ireland|Irish]] wedding song "A Mhuire Mháthair sé seo mo ghuí".

==Recorded versions==

Dozens of recording artists throughout the world have performed and recorded the song. Internationally known New Zealand opera singers to previously record and perform "Pokarekare Ana" are [[Kiri Te Kanawa|Dame Kiri Te Kanawa]] and [[Malvina Major|Dame Malvina Major]].

Late in 2003 "Pokarekare Ana" featured on the album ''[[Pure (Hayley Westenra album)|Pure]]'', released worldwide by the young New Zealand soprano [[Hayley Westenra]]. ''Pure'' is the fastest selling debut album ever on the [[UK classical chart]]s. Her rendition of "Pokarekare Ana" also prominently appears in the video game ''[[Endless Ocean]]''.

A version of the song features on the self titled album by [[Angelis]], a British classical singing group.

One of the more well-known versions of the song was when it was sung by New Zealand artist [[Prince Tui Teka]].

==Lyrics==
<blockquote>

Pokarekare ana, nga wai o Waiapu 
Whiti atu koe hine, marino ana e 
E hine e, hoki mai ra, ka mate ahau i te aroha e. 
Tuhituhi taku reta, tuku atu taku riingi 
Kia kite to iwi, raruraru ana e. 
E hine e, hoki mai ra, ka mate ahau i te aroha e. 
Whatiwhati taku pene, kua pau aku pepa 
Ko taku aroha, mau tonu ana e. 
E hine e, hoki mai ra, ka mate ahau i te aroha e. 
E kore te aroha, e maroke i te ra 
Makuku tonu i aku roimata e. 
E hine e, hoki mai ra, ka mate ahau i te aroha e. 
</blockquote>

==Translation==

Translation of the first part
from the CD-cover of Hayley Westenra's CD "Pure":

<blockquote>Stormy are the waters
Of restless Waiapu
If you cross them, girl
They will be calmed

Oh girl
Come back to me
I could die
Of love for you

I write you my letter
I send you my ring
So your people can see
How troubled I am

Oh girl
Come back to me
I could die
Of love for you

Oh girl
Come back to me
I could die
Of love for you</blockquote>

A homophonous translation into [[Hebrew language#Modern Israeli Hebrew|Hebrew]] was composed in 2007 by [[Ghil'ad Zuckermann]]. In this translation the approximate sounds of the [[Maori language|Maori]] words are retained while [[Hebrew]] words with similar meanings are used. In this translation, however, "Waiapu" is replaced by "Rotorua" (oto rúakh, [[Hebrew]] for "that wind").<ref>[http://www.zuckermann.org/poetry.html Po kar hi li tikrá na "'It's cold here', she will tell me"], homophonous translation of "Pokarekare Ana" into Hebrew.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://folksong.org.nz/pokarekare/index.html Webpage with comprehensive background]
* [http://www.kahungunu.iwi.nz/sections/arts_and_culture/kahungunu_waiata/pokarekareana.htm Lyrics]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20050721032158/www.airnewzealand.co.nz/resources/pokarekare.mp3 MP3 Version of "Pokarekare Ana" used by Air New Zealand]

[[Category:1914 songs]]
[[Category:New Zealand songs]]
[[Category:Māori music]]

[[fr:Pokarekare Ana]]
[[nl:Pokarekare Ana]]
[[pt:Pokarekare Ana]]

Hiki Yoshikazu

2008-11-12T11:11:36Z

Theelf29:

'''Hiki Yoshikazu''' (比企能員) (died 1203) was a Japanese warrior-noble of the [[Kamakura period]], who was related to the ruling [[Minamoto clan]] through his daughter's marriage. He, and much of the [[Hiki family]], was killed for conspiring to have one of the Minamoto heirs killed, in order for him to gain power.

Originally from [[Musashi province]], Hiki Yoshikazu rose to prominence in the shogunal court as a result of being adopted by [[Minamoto no Yoritomo]]'s nurse.

Hiki's daughter was married to [[Minamoto no Yoriie]], the second shogun of the [[Kamakura shogunate]]. Seriously ill, Yoriie proposed to name both his younger brother [[Minamoto no Sanetomo|Sanetomo]], and his young son (Hiki's grandson) [[Minamoto no Ichiman]] to succeed him; the two would split power, governing separate parts of the country<ref>According to Japanese Wikipedia's "源一幡" (Minamoto no Ichiman) article, the [[Gukanshō]] and the [[Azuma Kagami]] give different versions of the events. This is the Azuma Kagami's version. According to the Gukanshō, when in 1203 Yoriie became seriously ill, the Hōjō clan supported his brother Senman (future third shogun Minamoto no Sanetomo) as a successor, while the the Hiki supported son Ichiman. To avoid power falling into the hands of the Hiki, the Hōjō decided to get rid of the Hiki and their protege. This is the version of events described in the article [[Minamoto no Ichiman]]. According to the same Wikipedia article, the Azuma Kagami claims Ichiman was killed by the Hiki, and not by the Hōjō.</ref>. It seemed natural that Hiki would then be the regent, even if unofficially, to young Ichiman. Thus, he suggested to Yoriie, who would be assassinated shortly afterwards by a separate faction (the [[Hōjō clan]]), that they arrange to have Sanetomo killed. [[Hōjō Masako]], Yoriie's mother and wife of the first shogun Yoritomo, overheard this conversation.

Though Masako may have sought to have Hiki formally accused of treason and executed, the Hōjō, under [[Hōjō Tokimasa]], got to him first. In their schemes to dominate the regency and control the shogunate as a puppet government under their clan, Hōjō warriors assassinated Hiki Yoshikazu, and then attacked the palace of young Ichiman, setting a fire and killing both the young heir and a great number of members of the extended Hiki family.

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}
==References==
*Frederic, Louis (2002). "Japan Encyclopedia." Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
*Sansom, George (1958). 'A History of Japan to 1334'. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.

[[Category:12th century births]]
[[Category:1203 deaths]]
[[Category:Minamoto clan]]

[[ja:比企能員]]

Roud Folk Song Index

2008-09-02T13:20:05Z

Theelf29: /* 1000 to 9999 */

{{ otheruses4|the folk song database|the hamlet on the Isle of Wight|Roud, Isle of Wight}}
The '''Roud Folk Song Index''' is a database of 300,000 references to over 21,600 songs that have been collected from [[oral tradition]] in the [[English language]] from all over the world. It is a combination of the [[Broadside Index]] (printed sources before 1900) and a "field-recording index". It subsumes all the previous well-known printed sources known to [[Francis James Child]] and more recent recorded audio sources from 1900 to 1975. Related songs are grouped under the same Roud number. The more ancient songs tend to occupy low numbers, but songs which are obscure are given higher numbers. This explains why "[[Sheath and Knife]]" (Child 16) is Roud 3960. If a trusted authority gives the name of a song but doesn't give the words, it is assigned Roud number 000. Until early 2006 the index was available only by subscribing to a CD, updated periodically. It can now be found at [[Vaughan Williams Memorial Library]] [http://library.efdss.org Online].

[[Steve Roud]] is the Local Studies Librarian in the London Borough of [[Croydon]]. He was formerly Honorary Librarian of the [[Folklore Society]]. He is the co-author of ''[[A Dictionary of English Folklore]]'' (2005, ISBN 0-19-860766-0). Starting in 1993 he input various fields to a database, listing the source singer (if known), his locality, the date of noting the song, the publisher (book or recorded source), plus other fields. In the past few years the numbers have been widely accepted in academic circles. The Traditional Ballad Index at the [[California State University]] at Fresno includes Roud numbers up to number 5000. In many respects it is more informative than Roud's database, as it contains comments, but it draws on fewer sources. For example Steve Roud shows 22 sources for "[[Hind Etin]]" (Roud 33, Child 41), but the Traditional Ballad Index shows only one source.

For many who encounter folk songs only through modern CDs it comes as a surprise to discover that "[[Brigg Fair]]" (Roud 1083), "[[I'll Tell Me Ma]]" (Roud 2649) and "[[Cuckoo's Nest (ballad)|Cuckoo's Nest]]" (Roud 5407) are all undocumented before 1898. The most modern folk songs were still being discovered in the 1970s in the [[Ozark Mountains]]. [[Max Hunter]]'s [http://www.missouristate.edu/folksong/maxhunter/index.html collection] lists 1,600 such songs, but each minor variant is given a distinct number, making comparisons difficult. [[James Madison Carpenter]]'s collection has 6,200 transcriptions and 1000 recorded cylinders made between 1927 and 1955. The [http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/carpenter/search.html index] gives the title, first line and the name of the source singer. When appropriate, the Child number is given. It is still a largely unexploited resource, with none of the recordings easily available.

There are several other indexes of songs, but probably Roud will eventually include all of them. Dozens of historical tune-books have been indexed, but nobody has yet attempted to bring them all together in one index. They are outside the scope of Roud's work.

==List of folk songs by Roud number==
===Numbers 1 to 100===
* 1. "[[The Gypsy Laddie]]" ([[Child Ballads|Child]] 200)
* 2. "[[Streets of Laredo (song)|The Streets of Laredo]]" ([[George Malcolm Laws|Laws]] B1)
* 3. "[[Garners Gay (song)|Garners Gay]]" ("[[Rue (ballad)|Rue]]", "[[The Sprig of Thyme (song)|The Sprig of Thyme]]")
* 4. "[[Lord Thomas and Fair Annet]]" (Child 73)
* 5. "[[The Three Ravens]]" (Child 26)
* 6. "[[Lamkin]]" (Child 93)
* 7. "[[Sovay|The Female Highwayman]]" or "[[Sovay]]" (Laws N21)
* 8. "[[The Twa Sisters]]" (Child 10)
* 9. "[[The Cruel Mother]]" (Child 20)
* 10. "[[Lord Randal]]" (Child 12)
* 11. "[[The Baffled Knight]]" (Child 112)
* 12. "[[The Elfin Knight]]" (Child 2) (also "[[Scarborough Fair]]")
* 13. "[[The Dowie Dens o Yarrow]]" (Child 214)
* 14. "[[The Daemon Lover]]" ("[[The House Carpenter]]") (Child 243)
* 15. "[[The Cruel Ship's Carpenter]]" ("[[The Gosport Tragedy]]"; "[[Pretty Polly (ballad)|Pretty Polly]]") (Laws P36A/B)
* 16. "[[Frog Went A-Courting]]"
* 17. "[[The Three Butchers (ballad)|The Three Butchers]]" ("[[The Three Butchers (ballad)|Dixon and Johnson]]") (Laws L4)
* 18. "[[The Bramble Briar (ballad)|The Bramble Briar]]" ("[[The Bramble Briar (ballad)|The Merchant's Daughter]]"; "[[The Bramble Briar (ballad)|In Bruton Town]]") (Laws M32)
* 19. "[[Honest Labourer (ballad)|Honest Labourer]]" ("[[Honest Labourer (ballad)|The Jolly Thresher]]", "[[Honest Labourer (ballad)|Poor Man, Poor Man]]", "[[Honest Labourer (ballad)|The Nobleman and the Thresher]]")
* 20. "[[The Fause Knight Upon the Road]]" (Child 3)
* 21. "[[Lady Isabel and the Elf Knight]]" (Child 4)
* 22. "[[Gil Brenton]]" (Child 5)
* 23. "[[Earl Brand]]" (Child 7)
* 24. "[[Erlinton]]" (Child 8)
* 25. "[[The Fair Flower of Northumberland]]" (Child 9)
* 26. "[[The Cruel Brother]]" (Child 11)
* 27. "[[Babylon (ballad)|Babylon]]", or, "[[The Bonnie Banks o Fordie]]" (Child 14)
* 28. "[[Hind Horn]]" (Child 17)
* 29. "[[Sir Lionel]]" (Child 18)
* 30. "[[Willie's Lyke-Wake]]" (Child 25)
* 31. "[[The Trees They Grow So High (folk song)|A-Growing]]" ("He's Young But He's Daily A-Growing") (Laws O35)
* 32. "[[Kempy Kay]]" (Child 33)
* 33. "[[Hind Etin]]" (Child 41)
* 34. "[[The Broomfield Hill]]" (Child 43)
* 35. "[[Tam Lin]]" (Child 39)
* 36. "[[Captain Wedderburn's Courtship]]" (Child 46)
* 37. "[[Proud Lady Margaret]]" (Child 47)
* 38. "[[The Twa Brothers]]" (Child 49)
* 39. "[[The King's Dochter Lady Jean]]" (Child 52)
* 40. "[[Young Beichan]]" (Child 53)
* 41. "[[Sir Patrick Spens]]" (Child 58)
* 42. "[[Fair Annie]]" (Child 62)
* 43. "[[Child Waters]]" (Child 63)
* 44. "[[Fair Janet]]" (Child 64)
* 45. "[[Lady Maisry]]" (Child 65)
* 46. "[[Lord Ingram and Chiel Wyet]]" (Child 66)
* 47. "[[Young Hunting]]" (Child 68)
* 48. "[[Lord Lovel]]" (Child 75)
* 49. "[[The Lass of Roch Royal]]" (Child 76)
* 50. "[[Sweet William's Ghost]]" (Child 77)
* 51. "[[The Unquiet Grave]]" (Child 78)
* 52. "[[Little Musgrave and Lady Barnard]]" (Child 81)
* 53. "[[Child Maurice]]" (Child 83)
* 54. "[[Bonny Barbara Allan]]" (Child 84)
* 55. "[[Prince Robert]]" (Child 87)
* 56. "[[Young Johnstone]]" (Child 88)
* 57. "[[Fause Foodrage]]" (Child 89)
* 58. "[[Jellon Grame]]" (Child 90)
* 59. "[[Fair Mary of Wallington]]" (Child 91)
* 60. "[[A Brisk Young Sailor Courted Me|Brisk Young Sailor (Courted Me)", "The Alehouse", "Died For Love", etc]] (Laws P25)
* 61. "[[The Gay Goshawk]]" (Child 96)
* 62. "[[Brown Robyn]]" (Child 97)
* 63. "[[Johnie Scot]]" (Child 99)
* 64. "[[Willie o Winsbury]]" (Child 100)
* 65. "[[Willie o Douglas Dale]]" (Child 101)
* 66. "[[Tom Potts]]" (Child 109)
* 67. "[[The Knight and the Shepherd's Daughter]]" (Child 110)
* 68. "[[The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)|The Twelve Days of Christmas]]"
* 69. "[[Johnie Cock]]" (Child 114)
* 70. "[[A Gest of Robyn Hode]]" (Child 117)
* 71. "[[Robin Hood Rescuing Three Squires]]" (Child 140)
* 72. "[[Robin Hood and Queen Katherine]]" (Child 145)
* 73. "[[Sir Hugh]]", or, "The Jew's Daughter" (Child 155)
* 74. "[[Queen Eleanor's Confession]]" (Child 156)
* 75. "[[Gude Wallace]]" (Child 157)
* 76. "[[Johnie Armstrong]]" (Child 169)
* 77. "[[The Death of Queen Jane]]" (Child 170)
* 78. "[[Six Dukes Went a-Fishing]]"
* 79. "[[Mary Hamilton]]" (Child 173)
* 80. "[[Captain Car]]", or, "[[Edom o Gordon]]" (Child 178)
* 81. "[[The Laird o Logie]]" (Child 182)
* 82. "[[Jock o the Side]]" (Child 187)
* 83. "[[Archie o Cawfield]]" (Child 188)
* 84. "[[Hughie Grame]]" (Child 191)
* 85. "[[The Lochmaben Harper (ballad)|The Lochmaben Harper]]" or [[The Lochmaben Harper (ballad)|The Blind Harper]] (Child 192)
* 86. ''No record''
* 87. "[[Jamie Douglas]]"; "[[Waly Waly]]"; "[[The Water Is Wide (song)|The Water Is Wide]]"; "When Cockleshells Turn Silver Bells (Child 204)
* 88. "[[Lord Delamere (ballad)|Lord Delamere]]" (Child 207)
* 89. "[[Lord Derwentwater]]" (Child 208)
* 90. "[[Geordie (ballad)|Geordie]]" (Child 209)
* 91. "[[The Mother's Malison]]", or "[[Clyde's Water]]" (Child 216)
* 92. "[[The Broom of Cowdenknows]]" (Child 217)
* 93. "[[Katharine Jaffray]]" (Child 221)
* 94. "[[Lizie Lindsay]]" (Child 226)
* 95. "[[Glasgow Peggy]]" (Child 228)
* 96. "[[The Earl of Errol]]" (Child 231)
* 97. "[[Richie Story]]" (Child 232)
* 98. "[[Andrew Lammie]]" (Child 233)
* 99. "[[The Earl of Aboyne]]" (Child 235)
* 100. "[[Bonny Baby Livingston]]" (Child 222)

===Numbers 101 to 200===
* 101. "[[Glenlogie|Glenlogie" or "Bonnie Jean o' Bethelnie]]" (Child 238)
* 102. "[[Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie]]" (Child 239)
* 103. [[The Rantin Laddie|"The (Bonnie) Rantin' Laddie" or "Lord Aboyne"]] (Child 240)
* 104. "[[Henry Martin (song)|Henry Martin]]" (Child 167 / Child 250)
* 105. [[The Kitchie-Boy|"The Kitchie-Boy", "Bonny Foot-Boy" or "Earl Richard's Daughter"]] (Child 252)
* 106. [[Lord William|"Lord William", "Lord Lundy" or "Sweet William"]] (Child 254)
* 107. [[Burd Isabel and Earl Patrick|"Burd Isabel And (Earl/Sir) Patrick" or "Burd Bell"]] (Child 257)
* 108. [[Broughty Wa's|"Broughty Wa's" or "(Burd) Helen"]] (Child 258)
* 109. [[Lord Thomas and Lady Margaret|"(Lord Thomas and) Lady Margaret" or "Clerk Tamas (and Fair Annie)"]] (Child 260)
* 110. "(John Thomson/The Trooper) and the Turk" or "Earl Richard's Wedding" (Child 266)
* 111. [[The Heir of Linne|"The Heir of Linne"]] (Child 267)
* 112. [[Lady Diamond|"Lady Diamond (and the King's Daughter)", "Lady Daisy" or "Eliza's Bower"]] (Child 269)
* 113. "[[The Lord of Lorn and the Flas Steward|The Lord of Lorn (and the Flas Steward)]]" (Child 271)
* 114. "[[Seven Drunken Nights|Four Nights Drunk]]" (Child 274)
* 115. [[Get Up and Bar the Door|"Get Up and Bar the Door", "John Blunt" or "Old John Jones"]] (Child 275)
* 116. [[The Friar in the Well|"The Friar (in the Well/and the Maid/Well Fitted)"]] (Child 276)
* 117. [[The Wife Wrapt in Wether's Skin|"The Wife Wrapt in Wether's Skin"]], [[Wee Cooper O'Fife|"The (Wee) Cooper of Fife"]], "The Daughter of Peggy-O", "Dan Doo", ''etc.'' (Child 277)
* 118. [[The Jolly Beggar|"The (Jolly/Ragged/Dirty) Beggar", "Davy Faa", "Farmer and Tinker", "Gaberlunyie Man", ''etc.'']] (Child 279)
* 119. [[The Beggar-Laddie|"The Beggar-Laddie", "The Beggar's (Dawtie/Prince)", ''etc.'']] (Child 280)
* 120. "[[The Keach i the Creel]]" (Child 281)
* 121. ''No record''
* 122. [[The Sweet Trinity|"Sweet Trinity", "Golden Vanity", "Bold Trellitee", ''etc'']] (Child 286)
* 123. [[The Young Earl of Essex's Victory over the Emperor of Germany|(The) (Young) (Earl of) Essex('s Victory over the Emperor of Germany)", "Queen Elizabeth's Champion" or "Great Britain's Glory"]] (Child 288)
* 124. [[The Mermaid (ballad)|"The Mermaid", "As I Sailed Out One Friday Night" or "The Cabin Boy"]] (Child 289)
* 125. [[The Wylie Wife of the Hie Toun Hie|"The Wylie Wife of the Hie Toun Hie", "the Flowers of Edinburgh" or "My Lady Ye Shall Be"]] (Child 290)
* 126. [[The Derby Ram (song)|"The Derby Ram" or "As I was Going to Derby"]]
* 127. "The Leaves of Life", "Under the Leaves" or "The Seven Virgins"
* 128. "The Herring Song", "Bolliton Sands" or "The (Jolly) (Old/Red) Herring('s Head)"
* 129. "The Everlasting Circle" or "Down in the Lowlands"
* 130. "[[Three Jolly Rogues]]"
* 131. "[[The Fox (folk song)|The Fox]]"
* 132. "The Beggars Daughter" or "[[The Blind Beggar|The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green]]" etc. (Laws N27)
* 133. [[Green Grow the Rushes, O|"Green Grow The Rushes Oh", "Come and I Will Sing You" or "The Dilly Song" etc.]]
* 134. "The Coasts of (High) Barbary" (Laws K33)
* 135. "Cold Blow And A Rainy Night" or "The Laird o' Windywa's" etc.
* 136. [[King Orfeo|"King Orfeo"]] (Child 19)
* 137. "[[Tam Pierce]]" (Widdicombe Fair)
* 138. "The Dishonest Miller" (Laws Q21)
* 139. "Joan's Ale Was New"
* 140. "The Bold Grenadier", "The Nightingale Song" or "One Morning In May" etc. (Laws P14)
* 141. "Dog And Gun" or "The Golden Glove" (Laws N20)
* 142. "Charming Mary Neal" (Laws M17)
* 143. "The Counting Song", "One Man Went To Mow" etc.
* 144. "[[The Maid Freed from the Gallows]]" (Child 95)
* 145. [[Glasgerion|"Glasgerion" or "Glenkindie"]] (Child 67)
* 146. "No John No"
* 147. [[Clerk Corvill|"Clerk Corvill", "(Giles/George) Collins"]] or [[Lady Alice|"Lady Alice"]] (Child 42 / Child 85)
* 148. "The Banks o' Sweet Dundee" (Laws M25)
* 149. "The Crabfish"
* 150. ''No record''
* 151. "The Lark In The Morning", "The Ploughboy"
* 152. "Early Early In The Spring", "The Trail To Mexico" or "The Sailor Deceived" etc. (Laws M1)
* 153. "The Haymakers' Song"
* 154. "The False Bride" or "The Week Before Easter", etc.
* 155. "Mary Of The (Wild) Moor" (Laws P21)
* 156. "The Betrayed Maiden" or "Betsy (The Waiting Maid)" etc. (Laws M20)
* 157. "[[Banks of the Ohio]]"
* 158. "Billy Taylor" or "(Bold) William Taylor" (Laws N11)
* 159. ''No record''
* 160. "[[The Farmer's Curst Wife]]" (Child 278)
* 161. [[Riddles Wisely Expounded|"Riddles Wisely Expounded", "Lay Bent To The Bonny Broom", "The Devil's Nine Questions" etc.]] (Child 1)
* 162. [[Trooper and Maid|"The Light Dragoon", "The Trooper And The Maid", etc.]] (Child 299)
* 163. "The Jolly Ploughboy", "The Scarlet And The Blue", etc.
* 164. "[[John Barleycorn]]"
* 165. "Adieu My Lovely Nancy", "The Sailor's Farewell", "Swansea Town", etc.
* 166. "[[Polly Vaughn]]" (Laws O36)
* 167. "The Brisk Young Butcher", The Leicester Chambermaid", "Aikey Fair", etc.
* 168. "The Fair Lass Of Islington"
* 169. "The Seasons Of The Year"
* 170. "Once I Had A Sweetheart"
* 171. "Young Ramble Away" or "Brimbledown Fair"
* 172. [[Bonnie Annie|"Bonnie Annie" or "The Banks Of Green Willow"]] (Child 24)
* 173. "[[Strawberry Fair (song)|Strawberry Fair]]"
* 174. "The Cobbler And The Butcher" or "The Cunning Cobbler Done Over"
* 175. "Cruel Was My Father", etc. (Laws P20)
* 176. "The Little Dun Mare"
* 177. ''No record''
* 178. "The Gentleman Soldier", "The Sentry" etc.
* 179. [[The Grey Cock|"The Grey Cock", "Saw You My Father?", "The Cock Is Crowing", etc.]] (Child 248)
* 180. "[[The Brown Girl]]" (Child 295)
* 181. "The Maid on The Shore", "The Mermaid" or "The Sea Captain" (Laws K27)
* 182. "Edwin", "[[Young Edwin in the Lowlands Low]]" (see [http://www.contemplator.com/england/edwin.html Edwin])
* 183. "Marrowbones", "There Was An Old Woman", etc. (Laws Q2)
* 184. "Johnny Sands" (Laws Q3)
* 185. "The Drowned (Lover/Sailor)", "In London Fair City", "Scarborough Banks", etc. (Laws K18)
* 186. "The (Pretty/Jolly/Simple) Ploughboy" (Laws M24)
* 187. "Jemmy And Nancy", "The Yarmouth Tragedy", etc. (Laws M38)
* 188. "The Councillor's Daughter", "The Crafty Lover", "The Lawyer Outwitted" etc. (Laws N26)
* 189. "The Lake Of Coulfin", "Willy Leonard", etc. (Laws Q33)
* 190. "Bold Reynolds"
* 191. "The White Cockade", "Sad Recruit", etc.
* 192. [[Andrew Barton|"Sir Andrew Barton", "Elder Bordee"]] or [[Henry Martin (song)|"Henry Martyn"]] (Child 167 / Child 250)
* 193. "Sweet Lemminy"
* 194. ''No record''
* 195. "Sir Arthur And Sweet Mollee", etc (Laws O14)
* 196. [[The Wife of Usher's Well|"The Wife of Usher's Well", "The Lady Gay", "Three Little Babes", etc.]] (Child 79)
* 197. "[[The Great Silkie of Sule Skerry]]" (Child 113)
* 198. "[[Willie and Lady Maisry]]" (Child 70)
* 199. "[[The Famous Flower of Serving-Men]]" (Child 106)
* 200. [[Edward (ballad)|"Edward", "How Come That Blood on Your Shirt Sleeve", etc.]] (Child 13)

===Subsequent===
{{inc-musong}}

* 201. "[[The False Lover Won Back]]" (Child 218)
* 204. "Maa Bonny Lad"
* 205. "[[The Bonny Hind]]" (Child 50)
* 206. "Rare Willie Drowned in Yarrow" (Child 215)
* 209. "[[Gower Wassail]]"
* 211. "Wa'ney Island Cockfight"
* 218. "Oxford/Worcester City"
* 219. "[[Thomas the Rhymer]]" (Child 37)
* 220. "[[Willie's Lady]]" (Child 6)
* 222. "Thorneymoor Woods"
* 223. "[[The Ballad of Chevy Chase|The Hunting of Cheviot" or "The Ballad of Chevy Chase)]]" (Child 162)
* 224. "[[Captain Ward and the Rainbow]]" (Child 287)
* 229. "Little Gypsy Girl"
* 232. "The Game Of Cards" or "Game of All Fours"
* 233. "The Duke of Marlborough"
* 234. "[[Lizie Wan]]" (Child 51)
* 236. "[[The Cutty Wren]]"
* 237. "[[Bessy Bell and Mary Gray]]" (Child 201)
* 242. "[[Young Allan]]" (Child 245)
* 243. "[[Redesdale and Wise William]]" (Child 246)
* 244. "[[Willie's Fatal Visit]]" (Child 255)
* 245. "[[Alison and Willie]]" (Child 256)
* 246. "[[The Suffolk Miracle]]" (Child 272)
* 247. "[[The Laird o Drum]]" (Child 236)
* 248. "[[King Edward the Fourth and a Tanner of Tamworth]]" (Child 273)
* 249. "[[John Dory (ballad)|John Dory]]" (Child 284)
* 250. "[[John of Hazelgreen]]" (Child 293)
* 251. "[[King Henry Fifth's Conquest of France]]" (Child 164)
* 253. "[[Fair Margaret and Sweet William]] (Child 74)
* 254. "[[Frankie and Johnny (song)|Frankie and Johnny]]"
* 264. [[John Riley (song)|"John(ny) Riley", "The Broken Token" or "A Fair Young Maid All in Her Garden"]] (Laws N42)
* 268. "[[Jack Monroe (song)|Jack Monroe]]"
* 269. "[[Bell Bottom Trousers]]" (Rosemary Lane)
* 277. "[[Seventeen Come Sunday]]"
* 278. "[[The Seven Joys of Mary (carol)|The Seven Joys of Mary]]"
* 285. "[[Old Polina]]"
* 290. "The Three Maidens"
* 293. "[[My Bonny Boy]]"
* 299. "[[The Lincolnshire Poacher]]"
* 302. "[[King John and the Bishop]]" (Child 45)
* 303. "[[The Twa Knights]]" (Child 268)
* 306. "[[The Carnal and the Crane]]" (Child 55)
* 309. "[[Canada-I-O]]"
* 325. "[[South Australia (song)|South Australia]]"
* 332. "[[Robin Hood and the Tanner]]" (Child 126)
* 333. "[[The Bold Pedlar and Robin Hood]]" (Child 132)
* 334. "[[The Bonny Earl of Murray]]" (Child 181)
* 335. "[[The Death of Parcy Reed]]" (Child 193)
* 336. "[[The Fire of Frendraught]]" (Child 196)
* 337. "[[Bothwell Bridge]]" (Child 206)
* 338. "[[Bonnie James Campbell]]" (Child 210)
* 339. "[[The Gardener]]" (Child 219)
* 340. "[[Rob Roy]]" (Child 225)
* 341. "[[Bonny Lizie Baillie]]" (Child 227)
* 342. "[[The Duke of Gordon's Daughter]]" (Child 237)
* 343. "[[The Baron o Leys]]" (Child 241)
* 347. "[[Greenland Whale Fisheries|Greenland Whale Fishery]]"
* 367. "[[Sweet Polly Oliver]]"
* 369. "[[Sam Hall (song)|Sam Hall]]"
* 384. "[[Farewell to Nova Scotia]]"
* 390. "[[Old Dan Tucker]]"
* 397. "[[Reynardine]]"
* 414. "[[On Top of Old Smoky]]"
* 431. "[[Rattlesnake Mountain (song)|Rattlesnake Mountain]]"
* 444. "[[Charles Guiteau (song)|Charles Guiteau]]"
* 452. "[[The Bitter Withy]]"
* 453. "[[The Cherry-Tree Carol]]" (Child 54)
* 456. "[[Skewball]]"
* 475. "All For Me Grog"
* 477. "[[Dives and Lazarus (ballad)|Dives and Lazarus]]" (Child 56)
* 479. "[[Sir Cawline]]" (Child 61)
* 482. "[[Brown Adam]]" (Child 98)
* 483. "[[The Bailiff's Daughter of Islington]]" (Child 105)
* 487. "[[Lady Franklin's Lament]]"/"[[Lady Franklin's Lament|Lord Franklin]]" (Laws K9)
* 490. "[[The Newry Highwayman]]" ("Adieu, Adieu", "The Rambling Boy")
* 494. "[[Cock Robin]]"
* 502. "[[London Bridge Is Falling Down]]"
* 503. "[[Miller of Dee]]"
* 533. "[[Whiskey in the Jar]]"
* 545. "[[The Bonnie Lass o' Fyvie]]" ("Peggy-O")
* 558. "[[Foggy Dew]]"
* 564. "Blackwater Side"
* 567. "[[All Around My Hat (song)|All Around My Hat]]" (Laws P31)
* 592. "[[Lovely Joan]]"
* 634. "The Hills of Mexico" ([[On the Trail of the Buffalo]])
* 664. "[[The Bonny Bunch of Roses]]
* 672. "[[One Night As I Lay On My Bed]]"
* 687. "[[Spanish Ladies]]"
* 711. "[[Silver Dagger (song)|Silver Dagger]]"
* 742. "[[The Grand Old Duke of York]]"
* 745. "[[Old McDonald Had a Farm]]"
* 751. "[[The Old Gray Mare]]"
* 756. "[[Red River Valley (song)|Red River Valley]]"
* 757. "[[Wildwood Flower]]"
* 777. "[[Wreck of the Old 97]]"
* 780. "[[Little Sadie]]"
* 794. "[[The Bonnie House of Airlie]]" (Child 199)
* 795. "[[The Boyne Water]]"
* 816. "[[Blacksmith (song)|The Blacksmith]]"
* 827. "[[Git Along, Little Dogies]]"
* 849. "[[Bewick and Graham]]" (Child 211)
* 866. "[[Seventeen Come Sunday]]"
* 876. "[[Hard, Hard Times]]"
* 880. "[[Fathom the Bowl]]"
* 929. "[[The Holy Ground]]"
* 933. "[[Robin Hood and the Ranger]]" (Child 131)
* 938. "[[The Rare Old Mountain Dew|The Real Old Mountain Dew]]"
* 942. "[[Cotton-Eyed Joe]]"
* 944. "[[The Barley Mow]]"
* 957. "[[Lily of the West]]"
* 975. "[[I'm a Man You Don't Meet Every Day]]"

===1000 to 9999===
* 1009. "[[Finnegan's Wake]]"
* 1040. "[[Green Bushes]]" (Laws P2)
* 1044. "[[Nottamun Town]]"
* 1083. "[[Brigg Fair]]"
* 1088. "[[The Jolly Waggoner]]"
* 1164. "[[Old King Cole]]"
* 1173. "[[The Wild Rover]]"
* 1274. "[[Blue Tail Fly]]"
* 1322. "[[Little John|Robin Hood and Little John]]" (Child 125)
* 1346. "[[Hail Smiling Morn]]"
* 1350. "[[The Twa Magicians]]" (Child 44)
* 1359. "[[Bobby Shafto]]"
* 1380. "[[Oats Peas Beans and Barley Grow]]"
* 1422. "[[My Bonnie Lies over the Ocean]]"
* 1434. "[[Master Kilby]]"
* 1460. "[[Four Loom Weaver]]"
* 1506, 5407. "[[Cuckoo's Next (song)|Cuckoo's Nest]]"
* 1528. "[[The Butcher and the Tailor's Wife]]"
* 1621. "[[Robin Hood and the Curtal Friar]]" (Child 123)
* 1757. "[[Maggie May (traditional song)|Maggie May]]"
* 1759. "[[Rufford Country Park|Rufford Park Poachers]]"
* 1790. "[[Robin Hood's Progress to Nottingham]]" (Child 139)
* 1828. "[[Lukey's Boat]]" (Loakie's boat)
* 2005. "[[Rolling Down to Old Maui]]"
* 2133. "The Doffin Mistress"
* 2146. "[[The Black Velvet Band]]"
* 2274. "[[Sir James the Rose]]" (Child 213)
* 2300. "[[The Road to Dundee]]"
* 2315. "[[Hey, Johnnie Cope, Are Ye Waking Yet?|Johnny Cope]]"
* 2335. "[[The Maid and the Palmer]]" (Child 21)
* 2337. "[[Lambton Worm#The song|Lambton Worm]]"
* 2338. "[[Robin Hood and the Bishop of Hereford]]" (Child 144)
* 2355. "[[Arthur McBride]]"
* 2571. "[[Aiken Drum]]" (Hogg 89)
* 2583. "[[Eppie Morrie]]" (Child 223)
* 2624. "[[Blow the Man Down]]"
* 2640. "[[The Crafty Farmer]]" (Child 283)
* 2649. "[[I'll Tell Me Ma]]"
* 2659. "[[Hard Times Come Again No More]]"
* 2737. "[[The Galway Shawl]]"
* 2742. "[[The Moorlough Shore]]"
* 2768. "[[Rock-a-bye Baby]]"
* 2796. "[[Southern Cross (folk song)|Southern Cross]]"
* 2860. "[[Young Waters]]" (Child 94)
* 2861. "[[The Battle of Harlaw]]" (Child 163)
* 2862. "[[Flodden Field]]" (Child 168)
* 2865. "[[The Wee Wee Man]]" (Child 38)
* 2994. "[[The Wind That Shakes the Barley (song)|The Wind That Shakes the Barley]]"
* 3004. "[[The Parting Glass]]"
* 3012. "[[Rocky Road to Dublin]]"
* 3038. "[[Lillibullero]]"
* 3100. "[[Lang Johnny More]]" (Child 251)
* 3103. "[[Black Is the Color (of My True Love's Hair)]]"
* 3137. "[[Johnny I Hardly Knew Ye]]"
* 3212. "[[Allison Gross]]" (Child 35)
* 3234. "[[Sweet Betsy from Pike]]"
* 3247 "[[The Ballad of Casey Jones]]"
* 3278. "[[The Wearing of the Green]]"
* 3293. "[[The Battle of Otterburn]]" (Child 161)
* 3296. "[[The Outlaw Murray]]" (Child 305)
* 3297. "[[Adam Bell|"Adam Bell", "Clim of the Clough" or "William of Cloudesly]]" (Child 116)
* 3298. "[[Allen A Dale|Robin Hood and Allen A Dale]]" (Child 138)
* 3299. "[[Robin Hood's Death]]" (Child 120)
* 3301. "[[Leesome Brand]]" (Child 15)
* 3322. "[[The Bent Sae Brown]]" (Child 71)
* 3335. "[[Rose Red and the White Lily]]" (Child 103)
* 3336. "[[Prince Heathen]]" (Child 104)
* 3364. "[[Jamis Telfer of the Fair Dodhead]]" (Child 190)
* 3391. "[[Robin Hood and the Beggar, I]]" (Child 133)
* 3392. "[[Robin Hood and the Beggar, II]]" (Child 134)
* 3393. "[[The Duke of Athole's Nurse]]" (Child 212)
* 3433. "[[Skip to My Lou]]"
* 3511. "[[Blaydon Races]]"
* 3550. "[[This Old Man]]"
* 3722. "[[The Whummil Bore]]" (Child 27)
* 3723. "[[The Queen of Elfan's Nourice]]" (Child 40)
* 3753. "[[Three Blind Mice]]"
* 3801. "[[Caledonia (song)|Caledonia]]"
* 3855. "[[Clerk Saunders]]" (Child 69)
* 3856. "[[Jock the Leg and the Merry Merchant]]" (Child 282)
* 3875. "[[Young Peggy]]" (Child 298)
* 3876. "[[The Laird of Wairston]]" (Child 194)
* 3878. "[[The Queen of Scotland]]" (Child 301)
* 3879. "[[The Earl of Mar's Daughter]]" (Child 270)
* 3880. "[[Earl Crawford]]" (Child 229)
* 3881. "[[Charlie MacPherson]]" (Child 234)
* 3882. "[[Brown Robyn's Confession]]" (Child 57)
* 3883. "[[Child Owlet]]" (Child 291)
* 3884. "[[Lady Isabel]]" (Child 261)
* 3885. "[[Bonny Bee Hom]]" (Child 92)
* 3886. "[[The Holy Nunnery]]" (Child 303)
* 3887. "[[The New-Slain Knight]]" (Child 263)
* 3888. "[[The White Fisher]]" (Child 264)
* 3889. "[[The Knight's Ghost]]" (Child 265)
* 3890. "[[Thomas o Yonderdale]]" (Child 253)
* 3902. "[[The Clerk's Twa Sons O Owsenford]]" (Child 72)
* 3904. "[[Blancheflour and Jollyflorice]]" (Child 300)
* 3908. "[[Bonny John Seton]]" (Child 198)
* 3909. "[[Lord Livingstone]]" (Child 262)
* 3910. "[[Willie and the Earl Richard's Daughter]]" (Child 102)
* 3911. "[[Young Benjie]]" (Child 86)
* 3912. "[[Kemp Owyne]]" (Child 34)
* 3914. "[[Young Ronald]]" (Child 304)
* 3915. "[[Auld Matrons]]" (Child 249)
* 3918. "[[James Grant]]" (Child 197)
* 3925. "[[Walter Lesly]]" (Child 296)
* 3928. "[[Dugall Quin]]" (Child 294)
* 3931. "[[The Bonny Lass of Anglesey]]" (Child 220)
* 3935. "[[Young Bearwell]]" (Child 302)
* 3955. "[[Robin Hood and the Bishop]]" (Child 143)
* 3956. "[[Robin Hood and the Newly Revived]]" (Child 128)
* 3957. "[[Robin Hood Rescuing Will Stutly]]" (Child 141)
* 3958. "[[The Noble Fisherman|The Noble Fisherman" or "Robin Hood's Preferment]]" (Child 148)
* 3959. "[[The West Country Damosel's Complaint]]" (Child 292)
* 3960. "[[Sheath and Knife]]" (Child 16)
* 3961. "[[The Boy and the Mantle]]" (Child 29)
* 3962. "[[Burd Ellen and Young Tamlane]]" (Child 28)
* 3963. "[[St. Stephen and Herod]]" (Child 22)
* 3964. "[[Judas (ballad)|Judas]] (Child 23)
* 3965. "[[King Arthur and King Cornwall]]" (Child 30)
* 3966. "[[The Marriage of Sir Gawain]]" (Child 31)
* 3967. "[[King Henry (ballad)|King Henry]]" (Child 32)
* 3968. "[[The Laily Worm and the Machrel of the Sea]]" (Child 36)
* 3969. "[[Sir Aldingar]]" (Child 59)
* 3970. "[[King Estmere]]" (Child 60)
* 3971. "[[Old Robin of Portingale]]" (Child 80)
* 3972. "[[The Bonny Birdy]]" (Child 82)
* 3973. "[[Will Stewart and John]]" (Child 107)
* 3974. "[[Christopher White]]" (Child 108)
* 3975. "[[Crow and Pie]]" (Child 111)
* 3976. "[[Robyn and Gandeleyn]]" (Child 115)
* 3977. "[[Guy of Gisbourne|Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne]]" (Child 118)
* 3978. "[[Robin Hood and the Monk]]" (Child 119)
* 3979. "[[Robin Hood and the Potter]]" (Child 121)
* 3980. "[[Robin Hood and the Butcher]]" (Child 122)
* 3981. "[[The Jolly Pinder of Wakefield]]" (Child 124)
* 3982. "[[Robin Hood and the Tinker]]" (Child 127)
* 3983. "[[Robin Hood and the Prince of Aragon]]" (Child 129)
* 3984. "[[Robin Hood and the Scotchman]]" (Child 130)
* 3985. "[[Robin Hood and the Shepherd]]" (Child 135)
* 3986. "[[Robin Hood's Delight]]" (Child 136)
* 3987. "[[Robin Hood and the Pedlars]]" (Child 137)
* 3988. "[[Little John A Begging]]" (Child 142)
* 3989. "[[Robin Hood's Chase]]" (Child 146)
* 3990. "[[Robin Hood's Golden Prize]]" (Child 147)
* 3991. "[[Robin Hood's Birth, Breeding, Valor and Marriage]]" (Child 149)
* 3992. "[[Maid Marian|Robin Hood and Maid Marian]]" (Child 150)
* 3993. "[[The King's Disguise, and Friendship with Robin Hood]]" (Child 151)
* 3994. "[[Robin Hood and the Golden Arrow]]" (Child 152)
* 3995. "[[Robin Hood and the Valiant Knight]]" (Child 153)
* 3996. "[[A True Tale of Robin Hood]]" (Child 154)
* 3997. "[[Hugh Spencer's Feats in France]]" (Child 158)
* 3998. "[[Durham Ford]]" (Child 159)
* 3999. "[[The Knight of Liddesdale]]" (Child 160)
* 4000. "[[Sir John Butler]]" (Child 165)
* 4001. "[[The Rose of England]]" (Child 166)
* 4002. "[[Thomas Cromwell (ballad)|Thomas Cromwell]]" (Child 171)
* 4003. "[[Musselburgh Field]]" (Child 172)
* 4004. "[[Earl Bothwell]]" (Child 174)
* 4005. "[[The Rising of the North]]" (Child 175)
* 4006. "[[Northumberland Betrayed By Douglas]]" (Child 176)
* 4007. "[[The Earl of Westmoreland]]" (Child 177)
* 4008. "[[Rookhope Ryde]]" (Child 179)
* 4009. "[[King James and Brown]]" (Child 180)
* 4010. "[[Willie MacIntosh]]" (Child 183)
* 4011. "[[The Lads of Wamphray]]" (Child 184)
* 4012. "[[Dick o the Cow]]" (Child 185)
* 4013. "[[Kinmont Willie]]" (Child 186)
* 4014. "[[Hobie Noble]]" (Child 189)
* 4015. "[[Lord Maxwell's Last Goodnight]]" (Child 195)
* 4016. "[[The Battle of Philiphaugh]]" (Child 202)
* 4017. "[[The Baron of Brackley]]" (Child 203)
* 4018. "[[Loudon Hill]]" (Child 205)
* 4019. "[[The Lady of Arngosk]]" (Child 224)
* 4020. "[[The Slaughter of the Laird of Mellerstain]]" (Child 230)
* 4021. "[[The Coble o Cargill]]" (Child 242)
* 4022. "[[James Hatley]]" (Child 244)
* 4023. "[[Lady Elspat]]" (Child 247)
* 4024. "[[Lord Thomas Stuart]]" (Child 259)
* 4025. "[[Earl Rothes]]" (Child 297)
* 4192. "[[Tom Dooley (song)|Tom Dooley]]"
* 4209. "[[Shortnin' Bread]]"
* 4221. "[[Cod Liver Oil (song)|Cod Liver Oil]]"
* 4299. "[[Take This Hammer]]"
* 4427. "[[Feller from Fortune]]"
* 4439. "[[Baa, Baa, Black Sheep (nursery rhyme)|Baa, Baa, Black Sheep]]"
* 4456. "[[Shady Grove (song)|Shady Grove]]"
* 4501. "[[Yankee Doodle]]"
* 4542. "[[The Badger Drive]]"
* 4556. "[[Uncle Sam's Farm]]"
* 4704. "[[Barnacle Bill (song)|Barnacle Bill]]"
* 4746. "[[Old Settler's Song (Acres of Clams)|Old Settler's Song]]"
* 4796. "[[The Sash]]" ("The Hat My Father Wore")
* 4801. "[[Star of the County Down]]"
* 4826. "[[There Was a Crooked Man]]"
* 4833. "[[Johnston's Motor Car]]"
* 4836. "[[Good Ship Venus]]"
* 4837. "[[I Used to Work in Chicago]]"
* 4957. "[[I Wish I Was a Mole In the Ground]]"
* 4998. "[[The Vicar of Bray (song)|The Vicar of Bray]]"
* 5234. "[[Banna Strand (song)|Banna Strand]]"
* 5249. "[[Pop Goes the Weasel]]"
* 5439. "[[Wade in the Water]]"
* 5517. "[[Ye Jacobites by Name]]" (Hogg 34)
* 5701. "[[I Know Where I'm Going (song)|I Know Where I'm Going]]"
* 5723. "[[Darlin' Cory]]"
* 6287. "[[Kate Dalrymple]]"
* 6294. "[[Auld Lang Syne]]"
* 6364 "[[Midnight Special (song)|Midnight Special]]"
* 6487. "[[Little Bo Peep]]"
* 6562. "[[Annan Water]]" (Child 215 App.)
* 6739. "[[The George Aloe and the Sweepstake]]" (Child 285)
* 6740. "[[Young Andrew]]" (Child 48)
* 7052. "[[Dinah, Dinah Show us your Leg|Charming Betsy]]"
* 7501. "[[He's Got the Whole World in His Hands]]"
* 7622. "[[Mary Had a Little Lamb]]"
* 7899. "[[Polly Put the Kettle On]]"
* 7925. "[[Ring a Ring O'Roses]]"
* 7992. "[[Hallelujah, I'm a Bum]]"
* 8136. "[[Éamonn an Chnoic|Éamonn an Chnoic (Ned of the Hill)]]"
* 8187. "[[Braes o' Killiecrankie]]"
* 8194. "[[Lyke-Wake Dirge]]"
* 8460. "[[Over the Hills and Far Away (traditional)]]"
* 9266. "[[Down by the Glenside (The Bold Fenian Men)]]"
* 9634. "[[The Rising of the Moon]]"
* 9435. "[[Leaving of Liverpool]]"
* 9598. "[[The Bonnie Banks o' Loch Lomond]]"
* 9618. "[[Hanging on the Old Barbed Wire]]"
* 9753. "[[Mursheen Durkin]]"

===Over 10,000===
* 10055. "Shorty George" ([[He Was a Friend of Mine]])
* 10056. "[[See See Rider]]"
* 10062. "[[Take a Whiff On Me]]"
* 10075. "[[Gospel Plow]]"
* 10124. "[[The Ballad of Eskimo Nell|Eskimo Nell]]"
* 10259. "[[Do Your Ears Hang Low?|Do Your Balls Hang Low?]]"
* 10266. "[[Jack and Jill (song)|Jack and Jill]]"
* 10493. "[[Hitler Has Only Got One Ball]]"
* 10499. "[[D-Day Dodgers]]"
* 10531. "[[The Goddamned Dutch|Glorious]]" (Drunk Last Night)
* 11284. "[[One, Two, Buckle My Shoe]]"
* 11659. "[[Ain't It a Shame]]"
* 11668. "[[Black Betty]]"
* 11681. "[[Goodnight, Irene]]"
* 11684. "[[Grey Goose (folk song)|Grey Goose]]"
* 11924. "Come By Here" "([[Kumbaya]])"
* 12598. "[[The Monkeys Have No Tails in Zamboanga]]"
* 12675. "[[The Saucy Arethusa]]"
* 12682. "[[Early One Morning]]"
* 12983. "[[Rub-a-dub-dub]]"
* 13026. "[[Humpty Dumpty]]"
* 13027. "[[Little Jack Horner]]"
* 13028. "[[See Saw Margery Daw]]"
* 13190. "[[Oranges and Lemons]]"
* 13191. "[[Sing a Song of Sixpence]]"
* 13711. "[[Wee Willie Winkie]]"
* 13849. "[[Bluebells of Scotland]]"
* 15472. "[[Do Your Ears Hang Low?]]"
* 16898. "[[While Shepherds Watched Their Flocks]]"
* 16932. "[[Molly Malone]]"
* 16962. "[[Kiss Me Goodnight, Sergeant Major]]"
* 17774. "[[The Music Man (song)|The Music Man]]"
* 18669. "[[Good Old Mountain Dew]]"
* 18830. "[[Beam of Oak]]"
* 19019. "[[Coulters Candy]]"
* 19132. "[[There was an Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe]]"
* 19334. "[[Old Mother Hubbard]]"
* 19478. "[[Hey Diddle Diddle]]"
* 19532. "[[Georgie Porgie]]"
* 19536. "[[Lucy Locket]]"
* 19621. "[[Tom, Tom, the Piper's Son]]"
* 19626. "[[Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary]]"
* 19639. "[[Ride a cock horse to Banbury Cross]]"
* 19712. "[[Doctor Foster]]"
* 19777. "[[Simple Simon (nursery rhyme)|Simple Simon]]"
* 19808. "[[On Ilkla Moor Baht 'at]]"
* 20174. "[[In marble halls]]", also "In marble walls"
* 20605. "[[Little Miss Muffet]]"
* 21449. "[[Pay Me My Money Down]]"

==See also==
* [[Child Ballads]]

==External links==
* [http://library.efdss.org Vaughan Williams Memorial Library Online] featuring the complete Roud Folk Song Index
* [http://www.csufresno.edu/folklore/BalladSearch.html The Traditional Ballad Index at California State University, Fresno] featuring the first 5000 entries of the Roud Folk Song Index
* [http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/carpenter/aboutproj.html University of Sheffield] Searchable index of James Madison Carpenter's collection
* [http://maxhunter.missouristate.edu/ Missouri State University] Searchable index of the Max Hunter collection

[[Category:Ballads]]
[[Category:Folk music]]

Mandarintuch

2008-09-02T10:49:55Z

Theelf29: /* Tables */

A '''Mandarin square''' ([[traditional Chinese]]: 補子; [[simplified Chinese]]: 补子; [[pinyin]]: bŭzi; [[Wade-Giles]]: putzŭ), also known as a '''rank badge''', was a large embroidered badge sewn onto the surcoat of an [[Mandarin (bureaucrat)|official]] in [[Imperial China]]. It was embroidered with detailed, colourful animal or bird insignia indicating the rank of the official wearing it.

==Ming Dynasty==
[[Image:Portrait of Jiang Shunfu.jpg|thumb|right|220px|A [[Ming Dynasty]] portrait of the Chinese official Jiang Shunfu (1453–1504). The decoration of two cranes on his chest are a Mandarin square "rank badge" that indicate he was a civil official of the first rank.]]
Mandarin squares were first authorized for wear in [[1391]] by the [[Ming Dynasty]]. The use of squares depicting birds for civil officials and animals for military officials was an outgrowth of the use of similar squares, apparently for decorative use, in the [[Yuan Dynasty]].<ref>Cammann, Schuyler: Birds and Animals as Ming and Ch’ing Badges of Rank", ''Arts of Asia'' (May–June 1991), page 89.</ref> The original court dress regulations of the Ming Dynasty were published in [[1368]], but did not refer to badges as rank insignia.<ref>Cammann, Schuyler: "Development of the Mandarin Square", ''Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies'' Vol VIII, no 2 (1944), pages 75–6.</ref> These badges continued to be used through the remainder of the Ming and the subsequent [[Qing Dynasty]] until the imperial system fell in [[1912]].

Ming nobles and officials wore their rank badges on full-cut red robes with the design stretching from side to side, completely covering the chest and back. This caused the badges to be slightly trapezoidal with the tops narrower than the bottom.<ref>Cammann, Schuyler: "Chinese Mandarin Squares, Brief Catalogue of the Letcher Collection", ''University Museum Bulletin'' Vol 17, No 3 (June 1953), pages 8–9.</ref> The Ming [[statute]]s never refer to the number of birds or animals that should appear on the badges. In the beginning, two or three were used. In a typical example of paired birds, they were shown in flight on a background of bright cloud streamers on a gold background. Others showed one bird on the ground with the second in flight. The addition of flowers produced an idealized naturalism.<ref>Cammann, Schuyler: "Chinese Mandarin Squares, Brief Catalogue of the Letcher Collection", ''University Museum Bulletin'' Vol 17, No 3 (June 1953), page 9.</ref><ref>Cammann, Schuyler: "Development of the Mandarin Square", ''Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies'' Vol VIII, no 2 (1944), page 95.</ref>

==Qing Dynasty==

There was a sharp difference between the Ming and Qing styles of badges: the Qing badges were smaller with a decorative border.<ref>Cammann, Schuyler, "Birds and Animals as Ming and Ch’ing Badges of Rank", ''Arts of Asia'' (May–June 1991), page 90.</ref> And, while the specific birds and animals did not change much throughout their use, the design of the squares underwent an almost continual evolution.<ref>Jackson, Beverley & Hugus, David, ''Ladder to the Clouds'', Berkeley: Ten Speed Press, 1999, Chapter 15, pages 215–289.</ref> According to rank, [[Chinese nobility|Qing-Dynasty nobles]] had their respective official clothes. Princes, including ''Qin Wang'' and ''Jun Wang'', usually wore black robes as opposed to the blue robes in court, and had four circular designs, one on each shoulder, front, and back, as opposed to the usual front-and-back design. Specifically, Princes of the Blood used four front-facing dragons, ''Qin Wang'' had two front-facing and two side-facing dragons, and ''Jun Wang'' had four side-facing ones; all had five claws on each foot. ''Beile'' and ''Beizi'' had a circular design on their official clothing, the former having two front-facing dragons, the latter two side-facing ones; these dragon had only four claws on each foot. National Duke, [[General]], ''Efu'', "Commoner" [[Duke]], [[Marquis]] and [[Count]] had two front-facing, four-clawed dragons on square designs, whereas [[Viscount]] and [[Baron]] had cranes and golden pheasants, as for Mandarins of the First and Second Class.

<gallery>
Image:rankbadge.jpg|3rd Civil Rank (Peacock). Applique. Late 19th century/early 20th century.
Image:Rankbadge2.JPG|5th Military Rank (Bear). Kesi. Circa 1860.
</gallery>

==Tables==

The specific birds and animals used to represent rank varied only slightly from the inception of mandarin squares until the end of the Qing Dynasty. These tables show this evolution.

{| border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0
! Rank!! Civil !! Military
|-----------------------------------------------------------
| 1 || White Crane || [[Qilin]]
|-----------------------------------------------------------
| 2 || [[Golden Pheasant]] || [[Lion]] of India
|-----------------------------------------------------------
| 3 || [[Peacock]] || [[North China Panther]] (''Felis Fontanierii'')
|-----------------------------------------------------------
| 4 || [[Wild Goose]] || [[Tiger]] of [[Manchuria]]
|-----------------------------------------------------------
| 5 || [[Silver Pheasant]] (''Lophura nycthemera'') || [[Asiatic black bear]]
|-----------------------------------------------------------
| 6 || [[Eastern Egret]] (''Egretta alba'') || [[Giant Panda]]
|-----------------------------------------------------------
| 7 || [[Mandarin Duck]] || [[Tiger Cat]]
|-----------------------------------------------------------
| 8 || [[Quail]] || [[Seal (mammal)|Seal]]
|-----------------------------------------------------------
| 9 ||[[Asian Paradise Flycatcher]] (''Terpsiphone paradisi'') || [[Rhinoceros]]
|-----------------------------------------------------------
| etc|| [[Cloud]]s and [[Sun]] || ''none''
|-----------------------------------------------------------
|}

[[Musician]]s used the [[Oriole]].

===Military===

{| border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0
! Rank!! Ming (1391–1526) !! Ming and Qing (1527–1662) !! Late Qing (1662–1911)
|-----------------------------------------------------------
| 1 || Lion || Lion || Qilin (after 1662)
|-------------------------------------------------------------
| 2 || Lion || Lion || Lion
|-----------------------------------------------------------
| 3 ||Tiger or Leopard || Tiger || Leopard (after 1664)
|-----------------------------------------------------------
| 4 ||Tiger or Leopard || Leopard || Tiger (after 1664)
|-----------------------------------------------------------
| 5 ||Bear || Bear || Bear
|-----------------------------------------------------------
| 6 || Panther || Panther || Panther
|-----------------------------------------------------------
| 7 || Panther || Panther || Rhinoceros (after 1759)<ref>Note that the Rhinoceros is depicted as a [[Bovinae|buffalo]], rather than as a [[rhinoceros]]. </ref>
|-----------------------------------------------------------
| 8 || Rhinoceros || Rhinoceros || Rhinoceros
|-----------------------------------------------------------
| 9 ||Rhinoceros || Sea Horse<ref>Note that the Sea Horse is depicted as a horse living under water, rather than as a [[seahorse]]. </ref> || Sea Horse<ref>Jackson, Beverley & Hugus, David, ''Ladder to the Clouds'', Berkeley: Ten Speed Press, 1999, Table 4, page 133; </ref>
|-----------------------------------------------------------
|}

===Civilian===

{| border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0
! Rank!! Ming (1391–1526) !! Ming and Qing (1527–1662) !! Late Qing (1662–1911)
|-----------------------------------------------------------
| 1 || Crane or Golden Pheasant || Crane || Crane
|-------------------------------------------------------------
| 2 || Crane or Golden Pheasant || Golden Pheasant || Golden Pheasant
|-----------------------------------------------------------
| 3 ||Peacock or Wild Goose || Peacock || Peacock
|-----------------------------------------------------------
| 4 ||Peacock or Wild Goose || Wild Goose || Wild Goose
|-----------------------------------------------------------
| 5 ||Silver Pheasant|| Silver Pheasant || Silver Pheasant
|-----------------------------------------------------------
| 6 || Egret or Mandarin Duck || Egret || Egret
|-----------------------------------------------------------
| 7 || Egret or Mandarin Duck || Mandarin Duck || Mandarin Duck
|-----------------------------------------------------------
| 8 || Oriole, Quail or Paradise Flycatcher || Oriole || Quail
|-----------------------------------------------------------
| 9 ||Oriole, Quail or Paradise Flycatcher || Quail || Paradise Flycatcher<ref>Jackson, Beverley & Hugus, David, ''Ladder to the Clouds'', Berkeley: Ten Speed Press, 1999, Table 3, page 133.</ref>
|-----------------------------------------------------------
|}

==See also==
*[[Hanfu]]
*[[Chinese hat knob]]
*[[Byzantine dress]] for the similar "tablion"

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Orders, decorations, and medals of China]]
[[Category:History of Imperial China]]
[[Category:Chinese clothing]]

[[zh:补子]]

Dardische Völker

2008-04-14T11:32:58Z

Theelf29: /* Geographic distribution */

The '''Dards''' are various ethnic groups living in north eastern [[Afghanistan]], Northern [[India]], Northern [[Pakistan]], and [[China]].<ref>An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of China By James Stuart Olson, pg.55</ref> The term '''Dard''' is due to [[Herodotus]] who described a land of the ''Dardikae'' the areas of north eastern [[Afghanistan]].

==Geographic distribution==

The term "Dard" is an outdated one that has been used to describe various groups of often unrelated mountain tribesmen who inhabit a region between [[Badakhshan]] and [[Kashmir]]. Although the [[Dardic languages]] do show similarities they are mostly very distinct from one another. The cultures of the Dardic peoples are also quite varied but they do share similarities due to their common mountainous environment and intertwined history.

The [[Shina language|Shina]] language is spoken, apart from [[Gilgit]], in Punial, Darail, Tangair, [[Astore]] and [[Gurez]] and [[Drass]] in India. It has many dialects, including Gilgiti Shina, Astori Shine, Ponyali Shina, Chilasi Shina and Gurezi Shina. The pronunciation of this language is very different. It is very important to make changes in the script of this language to make it easy.

[[Khowar]] is spoken in [[Chitral]], [[Yasin]], Gupis, Koh-o-ghizar and [[Ishkoman]].

Two non-Dardic languages which are spoken in the region are [[Balti language|Balti]], a [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] language and [[Burushaski language|Burushaski]] a language isolate.

===Dards in Afghanistan===
There are also Dardic groups in north eastern Afghanistan such as the [[Pashai]] and the Kohistanis. The [[Nuristani]]s were previously considered to be Dards but are today classified as a distinct group.

===Dards in India===
Dards also inhabit India, in the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir]]. Shina speaking communities are located to the North of the Kashmir Valley in Gurez District [[Bandipora]] and in [[Drass]] in Kargil District. A further Dardic group known as the [[Brokpa]] reside in a few scattered villages in the [[Ladakh]] district of Jammu and Kashmir and speak a distinct form of Shina. The [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiris]] of the Kashmir valley also speak a Dardic language are also considered to be of Dardic origin. The community of [[Hindu]] [[Brahmans]] dispute this identity whereas the Muslims of Kashmir valley believe ancient Dardic roots are reflected in their language and their culture and distinct appearance.

===Dards in North Pakistan===
The people of Northernmost [[Pakistan]] are mostly Dards, including the people of [[Chitral District|Chitral]], [[Gilgit]], [[Kohistan District, Pakistan|Kohistan]] and upper [[Swat (Pakistan)|Swat]].

===Dards in China===
Dardic groups like the [[Burusho]] of the Hunza valley, are found in small numbers in China. Periodically these groups enter [[China]] often for the purposes of business and trade.<ref>An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of China By James Stuart Olson, pg. 55</ref>

==Religion==
The vast majority of Dardic peoples are Muslims ([[Sunni]], [[Shia]] and [[Ismaili]]) though a tiny percentage practice [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]]. The Dards of [[Dah Hanu]] are nominally [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] but also worship their own Pantheon of gods, while the [[Kashmiri Pandits]] follow a brand of [[Saivaite]] [[Hinduism]] that has remained influential in the region for centuries. They have an [[Indo-European people|Indo-European]] appearance in contrast to the predominantly [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] inhabitants of most of [[Ladakh]]. They live in very primitive conditions even when judged by the standards of [[Ladakh]]. The [[Kalash]] are exceptional in having retained their ancestral [[polytheistic]] religion.

==Origin==
Parpola (1999) identifies "Proto-Dardic" with "Proto-Rigvedic", suggesting that the Dards are the linguistic descendants of the bearers of early [[Rigveda|Rigvedic]] culture ca. [[1700 BC]], pointing to features in certain Dardic dialects that continue peculiarities of [[Vedic Sanskrit|Rigvedic Sanskrit]], such as the gerund in ''-tvī'' (p. 189).

==See also==
*[[Indo-Iranian peoples]]
*[[Indo-Aryans]]
*[[Iranian people]]
*[[Nuristani people]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* [http://www.mockandoneil.com/dard.htm Dards, Dardistan, and Dardic: an Ethnographic, Geographic, and Linguistic Conundrum]
*Asko Parpola, 'The formation of the Aryan branch of Indo-European', in Blench and Spriggs (eds), ''Archaeology and Language III'', London and New York (1999).

==External links==
* [http://www.pugmarks.com/d-india/hanu.htm Dah Hanu: Land of the Dard Survivors in India]

[[Category:Dardic peoples| ]]
[[Category:Indo-Iranian peoples]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pre-Islamic heritage of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Social groups of Jammu and Kashmir]]

Dylan – A Fool Such as I

2008-04-14T00:13:08Z

Theelf29:

{{for|Bob Dylan's 2007 "best of" compilation|Dylan (2007 album)}}

{{Infobox Album 
| Name = Dylan
| Type = studio
| Artist = [[Bob Dylan]]
| Cover = Dylan1973.gif
| Released = [[November 19]], [[1973]]
| Recorded = [[April 24]], [[1969]] – [[June 4]], [[1970]]
| Genre = [[Rock music|Rock]]
| Length = 33:22
| Label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
| Producer = [[Bob Johnston]]
| Reviews =
*[[All Music Guide]] {{rating-5|1}} [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:p7yvad1kv8wo link]
| Last album = ''[[Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid (album)|Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid]]'' (1973)
| This album = '''''Dylan''''' (1973)
| Next album = ''[[Planet Waves]]'' (1974)
}}

'''''Dylan''''' is [[rock music|rock]] musician [[Bob Dylan]]'s 13th [[studio album]], released by [[Columbia Records]] in 1973.

''Dylan'' was compiled and issued with little input from Bob Dylan himself, using outtakes drawn mostly from the ''[[Self Portrait]]'' and ''[[New Morning]]'' recording sessions. It followed the artist's departure from Columbia for [[Asylum Records]], and the much-hyped announcement of his first major tour since [[1966]]. Subsequently, it was seen as a cash-in and even a "[[revenge]]" move by Columbia, diluting the Dylan market just two months before the release of ''[[Planet Waves]]'', and using two outtakes from the odd and much-derided ''Self Portrait'' album. The remaining seven songs are actually ''New Morning'' outtakes.

Although ''Dylan'' received very poor reviews, it managed to hit #17 in the US and become a gold record. Perhaps not surprisingly, it became his first album never to chart in the UK, where his albums generally charted higher than in the US. It is the only non-compilation Dylan album not to be released on [[compact disc|CD]] in the North American market, however it has recently surfaced as a digital download on [[iTunes]].

==Notes==
A different recording of "Spanish is the Loving Tongue" had been issued as the B-side of Dylan's 1971 single "Watching the River Flow".

The album is now available on [[iTunes]] as part of the ''Bob Dylan: The Collection'' catalog download. This album is very rare to find, but it does exist in some stores.

==Track listing==
Tracks 1–7 recorded June 1970 for ''New Morning'' sessions, Tracks 8–9 recorded April 1969 for ''Self Portrait'' sessions.<ref>[http://homepage.mac.com/danielmartin/Dylan/html/albums/1973-Dylan.html DYLAN]</ref>

# "[[Lily of the West]]" (traditional arrangement E. Davies, J. Peterson) – 3:44
# "[[Can't Help Falling in Love]]" ([[George David Weiss|George Weiss]], Hugo Peretti, Luigi Creatore) – 4:17
# "[[Sarah Jane (song)|Sarah Jane]]" (Dylan) – 2:43
# "[[The Ballad of Ira Hayes]]" ([[Peter LaFarge]]) – 5:08
# "[[Mr. Bojangles (song)|Mr. Bojangles]]" ([[Jerry Jeff Walker]]) – 5:31
# "Mary Ann" (traditional) – 2:40
# "[[Big Yellow Taxi]]" ([[Joni Mitchell]]) – 2:12
# "[[A Fool Such as I]]" (Bill Trader; wrongly attributed to James Buford Abner, who wrote a gospel song with the same title) – 2:41
# "[[Spanish Is the Loving Tongue]]" (alternate take) (Charles Badger Clark) – 4:13

== References ==
{{reflist|1}}

{{Bob Dylan}}

[[Category:Bob Dylan albums]]
[[Category:1973 albums]]
[[Category:Columbia Records albums]]

[[es:Dylan (1973)]]
[[sv:Dylan]]

Finnsburg-Fragment

2008-04-02T10:56:47Z

Theelf29: /* See also */

The '''Finnesburg Fragment''' is a fragment of an [[Old English language|Old English]] poem of the type called a ''leoð'', or "[[Lai|lay]]." The existing text is a transcript of a loose manuscript folio that was once kept at [[Lambeth Palace]], the [[London]] residence of the [[Archbishop of Canterbury|Archbishops of Canterbury]]; the manuscript was almost certainly Lambeth Library MS 487. The British scholar [[George Hickes]] made the transcript some time in the late [[17th century]], and published it in an anthology of Anglo-Saxon and other antiquities in [[1705]].<ref>Hickes, ''Linguarum. Veterum Septentrionalium Thesaurus grammatico-criticus et archaeologicus'', vol 2 (Oxford, 1705); this anthology also contained the first reference to the sole manuscript of ''[[Beowulf]]''.</ref> Since then the original manuscript folio has been lost or stolen. One of the difficulties with the text is that other transcriptions Hickes made, which can be compared with their original manuscripts, are often inaccurate; so the text may well require substantial emendation.

==Overview==
The poem describes a probably historical battle in which the Danish prince [[Hnæf]] is attacked at a place called ''Finnsburuh'', "Finn's stronghold"; this was the hall of his brother-in-law [[Finn (Frisian)|Finn]], lord of the [[Frisia]]ns. Apparently, Hnæf has come to spend the winter there. The fragment begins with Hnæf's observation that what he sees outside "is not the dawn in the East, nor is it the flight of a dragon, nor are the gables burning"; what he sees is the torches of approaching attackers. Hnæf and his sixty [[thane]]s hold the doors for five days, without any falling. Then a wounded warrior turns away to talk to his chief (it is not clear on which side) and the fragment ends.

The scholar [[J. R. R. Tolkien]] argues<ref>Tolkien, J. R. R.; Bliss, Alan J. (ed.): ''Finn and Hengest: The Fragment and the Episode'', Houghton Mifflin Company, New York (1983). ISBN 0-395-33193-5</ref> that ''Finnsburuh'' is most likely an error by either Hickes or his printer, since that construction appears nowhere else, and the word should be ''Finnesburh''. It is not clear whether this was the actual name of the hall or only the poet's description of it. Where exactly the hall was, or even whether it was in Frisia, is not known.

Uniquely in the surviving Anglo-Saxon corpus, the fragment contains no Christian references, and the burning of Hnæf is clearly pagan; it is short and about a battle, but the two fragments of the battle-poem ''[[Waldere]]'' manage to be explicitly Christian in hardly more space.

==Beowulf reference==
The fragment is only about fifty lines long; it does not mention Finn's name, or the name of either contending tribe. Fortunately, there is a passage in the [[epic poem]] ''[[Beowulf]]'', in which [[Hrothgar]]'s bard sings a lay on the aftermath of a battle called the ''Freswæl'', the "Frisian Slaughter", which is clearly the same story. The ''Beowulf'' episode is some ninety lines long. The episode is allusive, even for ''Beowulf'', and is clearly intended for an audience that already knows the story.

This '''Finnesburg Episode''' (lines 1068-1159 in ''Beowulf'') describes the mourning of Hildeburh, Hnæf's sister; Hnaef's funeral pyre, on which the body of Finn's son is also burnt; and the pact between Finn and one Hengest, who is a leader among Hnæf's surviving warriors and is mentioned also in the Fragment. The conditions of this are obscure; but Hnæf's men are to stay in Finnesburgh, at least for the winter, and the Frisians are not to taunt them for following the slayer of their lord. In the end, however, Hengest is persuaded that vengeance is more important; Finn is killed, and Hildeburh is "carried off to her people".

More than this can be guessed, but conclusions are disputable. The most puzzling question is the reference to ''ēotenas'', that can be read both as "giants" or as a third tribe, the [[Jutes]]. Some scholars read this as a [[kenning]] for "enemies"; if not, what are they doing, and which side were they on? (Some argue they were on both, thus being each others enemies as well.) Was Finn involved in the attack? Parallels can be drawn showing that revenge could be taken on him even if he was not responsible for an attack by his men. Did Finn's son fight for his father or for his uncle? Was this Hengest the same person as the fifth-century [[Kingdom of Kent|king of Kent]] named [[Hengest]]?

==See also==
*''[[Beowulf]]''. Most standard editions of ''Beowulf'' include the Finnesburg Fragment, with commentary. ''Beowulf'' itself includes a related passage, commonly referred to as the [[Finnesburg Episode]].
*[[Finn and Hengest]]

=References=
<div class="references-small">
<references />
</div>

==External links==
{{wikisourcepar|Beowulf/The Fight at Finnsburh|The Fight at Finnsburh}}

[[Category: Old English poems]]
[[Category: Germanic paganism]]
[[Category: Frisia]]

[[fy:Finnburg Fragmint]]
[[nl:Finnburgfragment]]
[[nn:Finnsborgstriden]]
[[ru:Битва при Финнсбурге]]

River Swale

2008-03-15T01:51:46Z

Theelf29:

{{otheruses2|Swale}}
{{Infobox River
| river_name = River Swale
| image_name = S4200014.JPG
| caption = The River Swale near [[Richmond, North Yorkshire|Richmond]].
| origin = [[Yorkshire Dales]] above [[Great Shunner Fell]].
| mouth = [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]] ([[Humber|River Humber]])
| basin_countries = [[England]]
| length =
| elevation =
| discharge =
| watershed =
}}
The '''River Swale''' is a [[river]] in [[Yorkshire]], [[England]] and a major tributary of the [[River Ure]], which itself becomes the [[River Ouse, Yorkshire|River Ouse]], emptying into the [[North Sea]] via the [[River Humber|Humber Estuary]]. The name ''Swale'' is Anglo-Saxon and means "swilling, fast flowing".

The River Swale is reputed to be the fastest river in England, it is also prone to [[flash flood]]ing, many unsuspecting swimmers have been swept to their deaths over the years due to heavy rainfall in upper [[Swaledale]].

The Swale begins its course high in the [[Yorkshire Dales]] on the border of [[North Yorkshire]] and [[Cumbria]] a few miles south east of [[Kirkby Stephen]] and not far from the source of the [[River Eden, Cumbria|River Eden]], which later reaches [[Carlisle]]. The river is first given its name only a few miles downstream from the source, at the confluence of the Birkdale Beck and the Great Sleddale Beck. After crossing the [[Pennine Way]] near the hamlet of [[Keld, North Yorkshire|Keld]] it cascades over a series of waterfalls including [[Wain Wath Force]] and [[Kisdon Force]], before swinging eastwards at the village of [[Muker]] and carving out the limestone cliffs of picturesque Swaledale, famed for its namesake [[cheese]].

After tumbling over several more [[waterfall]]s, it enters [[Richmond, North Yorkshire|Richmond]] passing its famous [[Richmond Castle|castle]] followed by the racecourse at [[Catterick]]. Turning south through the [[Vale of Mowbray]] it is joined by the [[River Wiske]] from [[Northallerton]] and [[Cod Beck, North Yorkshire|Cod Beck]] from [[Thirsk]] before reaching the Ure just east of [[Boroughbridge]] at a point known as Swale Nab.

==Settlements==

''from source''

*[[Keld, North Yorkshire|Keld]]
*[[Muker]]
*[[Gunnerside]]
*[[Low Row]]
*[[Reeth]]
*[[Grinton]]
*[[Richmond, North Yorkshire|Richmond]]
*[[Brompton-on-Swale]]
*[[Catterick Bridge]]
*[[Catterick]]
*[[Great Langton]]
*[[Little Fencote]]
*[[Morton-on-Swale]]
*[[Gatenby]]
*[[Maunby]]
*[[Pickhill]]
*[[Skipton-on-Swale]]
*[[Catton, North Yorkshire|Catton]]
*[[Baldersby St James]]
*[[Topcliffe, North Yorkshire|Topcliffe]]
*[[Cundall]]
*[[Fawdington]]
*[[Brafferton, North Yorkshire|Brafferton]]
*[[Helperby]]
*[[Myton-on-Swale]]

''A river called [[The Swale]] which separates North [[Kent]] from the [[Isle of Sheppey]] was also historically known as the River Swale.''

{{coor title dms|54|25|50.28|N|2|17|25.79|W|}}

[[Category:Rivers of North Yorkshire|Swale]]
[[Category:Swaledale]]

[[no:Swale (elv)]]

River Ribble

2008-03-13T19:59:41Z

Theelf29:

{{Infobox River | river_name = River Ribble
| image_name = River_Ribble_at_Ribchester.jpg
| caption = The River Ribble at [[Ribchester]]. Photograph by [http://www.flickr.com/people/stubbsuk Stuart Grimshaw]
| origin = Confluence of Gayle Beck and Cam Beck, Selside
| mouth = [[Irish Sea]] at [[Lytham]]
| basin_countries = [[England]]
| length = 121 km (75 miles)
| elevation = 246 m (807 ft)
| discharge =
| watershed = |
}}

The '''River Ribble''' is a river that runs through [[North Yorkshire]] and [[Lancashire]], in the North of [[England]]. The river's [[drainage basin|watershed]] also includes parts of [[Greater Manchester]] around [[Wigan]].

==Geography==
The Ribble begins at the confluence of the ''Gayle Beck'' and ''Cam Beck'' near the famous [[Ribblehead Viaduct|viaduct]] at [[Ribblehead]], in the shadow of the [[Yorkshire three peaks]].

It flows through [[Settle]], [[Clitheroe]] and [[Preston]], before emptying into the [[Irish Sea]] between [[Lytham St. Annes]] and [[Southport]], a length of 75 miles.

The main tributaries of the Ribble are the [[River Hodder|Hodder]] and [[River Calder, Lancashire|Calder]] which join the river near Great Mitton, the [[River Darwen]] which joins at [[Walton-le-Dale]] and the [[River Douglas]] which joins near [[Hesketh Bank]].

The [[Ribble Way]] is a long-distance footpath which follows the river for much of its course. The Ribble marked the northernmost extent of the ancient kingdom of [[Mercia]].<ref>[http://www.merseybasin.org.uk/information.asp?page=1&pagesize=5&confirmed=1&id=0&docid=72. River Ribble Information (pdf file).] Mersey Basin Campaign Official Website. Retrieval Date: [[January 26]], [[2008]].</ref> At the time of the [[Domesday Book]], the river formed the northern boundary of an area of land (known as ''Inter Ripam et Mersham'') that was included in the Domesday information for [[Cheshire]],<ref>Morgan (1978). pp.269c–301c,d.</ref> though it was probably not formally part of the county of Cheshire.<ref>Harris and Thacker (1987). write on page 252: {{quotation|Certainly there were links between Cheshire and south Lancashire before 1000, when Wulfric Spot held lands in both territories. Wulfric's estates remained grouped together after his death, when they were left to his brother Aelfhelm, and indeed there still seems to have been some kind of connexion in 1086, when south Lancashire was surveyed together with Cheshire by the Domesday commissioners. Nevertheless, the two territories do seem to have been distinguished from one another in some way and it is not certain that the shire-moot and the reeves referred to in the south Lancashire section of Domesday were the Cheshire ones.}}</ref><ref>Phillips and Phillips (2002). pp. 26–31.</ref><ref>Crosby, A. (1996). writes on page 31: {{quotation|The Domesday Survey (1086) included south Lancashire with Cheshire for convenience, but the Mersey, the name of which means 'boundary river' is known to have divided the kingdoms of Northumbria and Mercia and there is no doubt that this was the real boundary.}}</ref>

The river is connected to both the [[Leeds and Liverpool Canal]] and the [[Lancaster Canal]] (via the [[Ribble Link]]). The river downstream of Preston was actively dredged when Preston was an active port; this is no longer done and silt from the river is now spreading more widely over the (sand) beaches around [[Lytham|Fairhaven]] and [[St. Annes]].

Its estuary forms part of the [[Ribble and Alt Estuaries]] [[Special Protection Area]] for wildlife.

==Public works==
The River Ribble catchment is covered by the [[Mersey Basin Campaign]], a partnership which was established in [[1985]] to improve water quality and encourage waterside regeneration.

Preston City Council have published controversial plans to build a barrage across the River Ribble, in their 'Riverworks' proposals. The aim of these proposals is to build a water sports park on a section of the Ribble, coupled with over 4000 units of high quality housing and businesses in the river's flood plain. Some local residents are opposing these plans, arguing that they endanger wildlife, increase flood risk to local housing and damage greenbelt areas. These residents have set up the 'Save The Ribble' campaign. Parts of the river are a County Biological Heritage Site.

The Ribble would appear to have been known in [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times as the [[Belisama]],<ref>Hutton, p. 218</ref> possibly giving its name to [[Samlesbury]]. [[Ptolemy]]'s "''Belisama aest.''" seems to represent the estuary of the Ribble.

==History==
The banks of the Ribble have been posited as a possible location for [[King Arthur]]'s tenth battle, on the banks of a river "Tribruit", as alluded to in his [[Historia Brittonum]] by [[Nennius]].<ref>[http://www.mun.ca/mst/heroicage/issues/2/ha2lac.htm Malcor, L.A. (1999). ''Lucius Artorius Castus''] Retrieval Date: [[January 26]], [[2008]].</ref>

==Settlements==
*[[Horton in Ribblesdale]]
*[[Stainforth, North Yorkshire|Stainforth]]
*[[Stackhouse, North yorkshire|Stackhouse]]
*[[Langcliffe]]
*[[Giggleswick]]
*[[Nappa, North Yorkshire|Nappa]]
*[[Settle]]
*[[Halton West]]
*[[Paythorne]]
*[[Sawley, North Yorkshire|Sawley]]
*[[West Bradford, Lancashire|West Bradford]]
*[[Horrocksford]]
*[[Clitheroe]]
*[[Great Mitton]]
*[[Little Town, Lancashire|Little Town]]
*[[Ribchester]]
*[[Samlesbury]]
*[[Walton-le-Dale]]
*[[Preston]]
*[[Penwortham]]
*[[Lytham]]

==Tributaries==
===Estuary to Preston===
====Estuary to Douglas====
*Crossens Pool
**The Sluice
***Middle Drain
***Back Drain
***Ring Ditch
***Boundary Drain
***Tarleton Runner
****Mere Brow
*****School Drain
****Pale Ditch
***Mere Brow Watercourse
***Midge Hall Drain
***Boat House Sluice
****Langley's Brook
***Rufford Boundary Sluice
**Three Pools Waterway
***Fine Jane's Brook
****Holly Brook
****Sandy Brook
****Old Canal
***Boundary Brook
****New Cut Brook
***Sandy Brook
****The Old Pool
****Black Brook
****Drummersdale Drain
*****Brook Cut and Mill Stream
****Bullen's Brook
****Eas Brook
*****Hurlston Brook
*Main Drain
**Liggard Brook
**Wrea Brook
*Hundred End Gutter
*Pool Stream

====River Douglas watershed====
*[[River Douglas]] or River Asland
**Longton Brook
**Centre Drain
**Carr Heys Watercourse
**Tarra Carr Gutter
***Hall Pool
**Dunkirk Dib
**Rakes Brook
**Carr Brook
**Strine Brook
**[[River Yarrow (Lancashire)|River Yarrow]]
***[[River Lostock]]
****Wymott Brook
****Clayton Brook
****Slack Brook
****Whave's Brook
***Spent Brook
***Syd Brook
****Howe Brook
****Pye Brook
***Culbeck Brook
****Chapel Brook
*****Ransnap Brook
*****German Brook
***Hodge Brook
***[[River Chor]]
***Clancutt Brook
****Tanyard Brook
****Whittle Brook
***Eller Brook
****Moss Ditch
***Black Brook
****Tan House Brook
****Warth Brook
*****Brinscall Brook
*****Fill Brook
***Roaring Lum
***Dean Brook
****Hall Brook
****Cote Slack
***Limestone Brook
***Green Withins Brook
**The Sluice
***Mill
***Old Reed Brook
**Main Ditch
**Eller Brook
***Wham Ditch
***Black Brook
***Abbey Brook
****New Park Brook
****Castle Brook
****Sefton Brook
*****Dungeon Brook
*****Dicket's Brook
******Goose Brook
**Mill Ditch
***New Reed Brook
***Bentley Brook
**[[River Tawd]]
***Slate Brook
***Grimshaw Brook
**Middlehurst Brook
**Dock Brook
**Alder Lane Brook
**Sprodley Brook
**Calico Brook
**Lees Brook
**Dean Brook
***Sand Brook
**Ackhurst Brook
**Mill Brook
**Bradshaw Brook
**Close Brook
**Barley Brook
**Smithy Brook
***Poolstock Brook
****Ince Brook
*****Hawkley Brook
*****Reed Brook
******Park Brook
**Clarington Brook
**Bradley Brook
**Bucklow Brook
***Moss Ditch
***Buckow Brook
****Hic-bibi Brook
*****Stars Brook
******Almond Brook
******Tunley Brook
**Pearl Brook
**Arley Brook

====Douglas to Preston====
*[[Freckleton Pool]]
**Dow Brook
***Spen Brook
***Carr Brook
****Wrongway Brook
**Middle Pool
*[[Ribble Link|Savick Brook]]
**Deepdale Brook
**Lady Head Runnel
**Sharoe Brook
***Moss Leach Brook
**Eaves Brook
*Mill Brook
*The Mains Brook

===River Darwen watershed===
*[[River Darwen]]
**Hennel Brook
***Cockshott Brook
**Many Brooks
***Black Brook
****Hatchwood Brook
***Fowler Brook
****Drum Head Brook
*****Gorton Brook
*****Mill Brook
****Bank Head Brook
**Old Darwen
**Beeston Brook
***Quaker Brook
**Hole Brook
***Huntley Brook (North)
***Huntley Brook (South)
**Alum House Brook
***Arley Brook
**Trout Brook
**[[River Roddlesworth]]
***Finnington Brook
***Stockclough Brook
****Whitehalgh Brook
*****Shaw Brook
*****Chapels Brook
*****Sheep Bridge Brook
***Rake Brook
***Calf Hey Brook
***Ferny Bed Springs
**[[River Blakewater]]
***Snig Brook
***Audley Brook
***Little Harwood Brook
****Royshaw Clough
****Seven Acre Brook
***Knuzden Brook
**Scotshaw Brook
***Moss Brook
***Badger Brook
**Higher Croft Brook
***Newfield Brook
**Davy Field Brook
***Flash Brook
***Grimshaw Brook
****Waterside Brook
*****Mean Brook
******Sapling Clough
*****Hoddlesden Moss Brook
******Far Scotland Brook
*****Pickup Bank Brook
******Moss Brook
******Twitchells Brook
**Sunnyhurst Brook
***Stepback Brook
**Bold Venture Brook
***High Lumb Brook
****Livesey Brook
**Kebbs Brook
***Green Lowe Brook
**Bury Fold Brook
***Old Briggs Brook
****Duckshaw Brook
**Grain Brook
***Bent Hall Brook
***Deadman's Clough

===Preston to Whalley===
*Swill Brook
*Bezza Brook
**Wilcock Brook
***Mellor Brook
*Tun Brook
*[[Stydd Brook]]
**Boyce's Brook
***Cowley Brook
***Page Brook
**Duddel Brook
*Starling Brook
*Dean Brook
**Bailey Brook
**Brownslow Brook
*[[Dinckley Brook]]
**Park Brook
***Blockers Brook{{Fact|date=September 2007}}
***Showley Brook
****Knotts Brook
***Tottering Brook
***Zechariah Brook

===River Calder watershed===
*[[River Calder, Lancashire|River Calder]]
**Bushburn Brook
**Dean Brook
**Egg Syke Brook
**Rodger Hey Brook
**[[Sabden Brook]]
***Badger Well Water
***Wood House Brook
***Cock Clough
**Clough Syke Brook
**[[Hyndburn Brook]]
***Harwood Brook
****Causeway Brook
***Norden Brook
***Spaw Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Bottom Syke
***[[River Hyndburn]]
****Church Brook
*****Accrington Brook
******Woodnook Water
*******Warmden Brook
*******Tom Dale Clough
***White Ash Brook
****Wolfenden Syke
****Lottice Brook
***Tinker Brook
****Whams Brook
****Jackhouse Brook
*****Cocker Brook
******White Syke
*****Cocker Lumb
**Syke Side Brook
***Clough Brook
**Simonstone Brook
**Shorten Brook
**Dean Brook
***Huntroyde Brook
**Castle Clough Brook
***Castle Clough
**Green Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Sweet Clough
***Hapton Clough
****Thorny Bank Clough
****Tower Brook
***Habergham Clough
****New Barn Clough
*****Helm Clough
****Micklehurst Clough
*****Long Syke
**Whitaker Clough
***Fir Trees Brook
****West Close Clough
****Acres Brook
**Moor Isles Clough
**Spurn Clough
**[[Pendle Water]]
***Old Laund Clough
***Edge End Brook
***Walverden Water
****Bradley Syke
****Head Beck
*****Dobson Syke
****Catlow Brook
*****Pighole Clough
*****Pathole Beck
*****New Laithe Clough
*****Float Bridge Beck
*****Swains Plat Clough
***[[Colne Water]]
****Swinden Clough
****Wanless Water
*****Slipper Hill Clough
*****Houses Beck Moss
******Moss Houses Beck
****Guy Syke
****Church Clough Brook
****Trawden Brook
*****Beardshaw Beck
*****Round Hole Beck
*****Will Moor Clough
****[[River Laneshaw]]
*****High Laith Beck
******Sykes Beck
******Shawhead Beck
*****Monkroyd Beck
*****Hullown Beck
*****Swamp Syke
*****Laneshaw Brook
******Round Holes Beck
******Cat Stone Clough
****[[Wycoller Beck]]
*****Ratten Clough
*****Smithy Clough
******Deep Clough Beck
******Nan Hole Clough
*****Turnhole Clough
******Butter Leach Clough
******Saucer Hill Clough
***Blacko Water
****Castor Gill
****Claude's Clough
****Admergill Water
*****Wicken Clough
*****Greystone Clough
*****Sandyford Clough
***White Hough Water
****Dimpenley Clough
****Bird Holme Clough
****Barley Water
*****Deep Clough
*****Black Moss Water
******Water Gate
******Warth Beck
****Ogden Clough
*****Boar Clough
*****White Slacks
*****Dry Clough
**Barden Clough
**[[River Brun]]
***[[River Don (Lancashire)|River Don]]
****Walshaw Clough
****Thursden Brook
*****Ell Clough
*****Black Clough
******Hey Stacks Clough
******Tom Groove
***Swinden Water
****Hell Clough
***Hurstwood Brook
****Smallshaw Clough
***Rock Water
****Cant Clough Beck
**Everage Clough
***Hole House Clough
****Buck Clough
**Dick Clough
**Easden Clough
**Black Clough
**Green Clough
***Copy Clough
****Sheddon Clough

===River Hodder watershed===
*[[River Hodder]]
**Cow Ark Brook
***Mill Brook
***Hagg Clough
**[[River Loud]]
***Leagram Brook
****Hill Clough
****Burnslack Brook
***Chipping Brook
**Greystoneley Brook
***Hell Clough
***Dinkling Green Brook
**Withins Clough
**Red Syke
**Fielding Clough
**Langden Brook
***Hareden Brook
****Lane Foot Brook
*****Fog Hill Clough
*****Cherry Gutter
****Crackling Syke
****Dimples Clough
***Losterdale Brook
****[[Trough of Bowland|Trough Brook]]
***Mere Clough Wham
***Bleadale Water
***Stransdale Brook
****Stransdale Gutter
**Robin Clough
**[[River Dunsop]]
***Brennand River
****Round Hill Water
*****Brown Syke
***Whitendale River
****Sandy Gutter
**Black Brook
**Rough Syke
**Grey Gill
**Heaning Brook
**Birkett Brook
***Crimpton Brook
**Foulscales Brook
***Bonstone Brook
***Crag Beck
**Easington Brook
***Sough Clough
***Rye Clough
***Skelshaw Brook
***Langcliff Cross Brook
****Tinklers Brook
*****Anna Land Brook
***Harrop Brook
***Dean Slack Brook
**King Syke
**Dunnow Syke
**Croasdale Brook
***Eller Beck
***Lanshaw Brook
****Davison's Syke
****Clough Beck
****Dunsop Brook
***Hill Wood Syke
***Moor Syke
****Round Hill Syke
***Black Brook
****Hind Slack
**Barn Gill
***Park Beck
***Dugdale Syke
**Phynis Beck
***Wain Hill Syke
**Bottoms Beck
***Hesbert Hall Syke
***Hindley Head Clough
***Thorp Syke
***Dob Dale Beck
****Nursery Beck
*****Brock Clough Beck
****Brown Hills Beck
*****Ash Clough Swamp
**Hasgill Beck
***Cowgill Syke
***Rigg Gill Syke
**Copter Syke
**Hare Clough Beck
**White Syke
**Kearsden Holes
**Red Syke

===Whalley to Paythorne===
*Barrow Brook
*Pig Hill Brook
*Barrow Clough
*[[Pendleton Brook]]
**Mearley Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Worston Brook
****Rad Brook
**Howcroft Brook
*[[Bashall Brook]]
**Hollins Clough
**Cow Hey Brook
***Sandy Ford Brook
**Braddup Clough
**Elm Clough
*Waddington Brook
**Coplow Brook
*Greg Sike
*West Bradford Brook
**Brocklehurst Brook
**Drakehouse Brook
***Porters Brook
****Bradford Brook
*Moor Roads Sike
*West Clough Brook
*Grindleton Brook
*Chatburn Brook
*Smithies Brook
**Swanside Beck
***Stankhill Beck
****Gazegill or Rimington Beck
*****Thistleber Beck
******Eel Beck
*******Widow Hill Beck
*****Skell Banks Syke
*****Howgill Beck
******Whytha Beck
******Collaver Syke
*****Crag Clough
***Dudland Syke
****Cow Gill Beck
**Ings Beck
***Twiston Beck
****Pendle Hill Brook
***Clough Beck
***Gill Beck
*Rathmill Sike
*Hollins Syke
*Skinners Sike
*Sliping Brook
**Hell Syke
**Hill Brook
*[[Skirden Beck]]
**Holden Beck
***Mear Gill
****Fell Brook
*****Bay Gate Brook
*****Far Fields Brook
*****Black Brook
****Holden Beck
*****Threap Green Brook
**Kirk Beck
***Fox Gill Beck
****Gill Bottom Beck
**Bier Beck
***Hungrill Beck
****Higher Syke
*****Bleara Syke
*****Varleys Syke
***Cuddy Syke
**Monubent Beck
***Hen Gill Beck
****Agden Beck
*****Mere Syke
**Grunsagill Beck
***Tosside Beck
****Holden Beck or Moor End Beck
**New Gill Beck
***Bond Beck
****Little Beck
****Sandy Syke
***Walkers Clough
*Fooden Gill
*Park House Beck
*Wheatley Beck
*Ellenthorpe Gill

===Paythorne to source===
*[[Stock Beck]]
**Spittle Syke
**Horton Beck
**Bottom Beck
***Lodge Hill Syke
****Old Park Syke
*****Wedacre Syke
*****Hesketh Rough Syke
**Flush Beck
**Hell Forest Dike
***Turpit Gate Syke
***Hayfield Dike
****Tosber Syke
**Fools Syke
***Ray Gill Water
****Ray Gill
***Horrox Gill
**Crownest Syke
**Gillians Beck
***Moor Side Beck
*East Beck
**Carholme Beck
*Ray Gill
*Ged Beck
*Swinden Gill Beck
**Mallardale Beck
*Mansell Beck
*Pan Beck
**Hellifield Beck
**Gallaber Syke
***Bend Gate Syke
**Kell Well Beck
*Candle Rush Beck
*Deep Dale Syke
*Long Preston Beck
**Bookil Gill Beck
**Scaleber Beck
*Old Field Syke
**Crow Hill Syke
*Wigglesworth Beck
**Tofts Syke
**Rough Syke
*Rathmell Beck
**Hollow Gill Beck
**Rathmell Goit
*Skir Beck
*Mear Beck
*Swaw Beck
**Carr Beck
*Tems Beck
**Huntworth Beck
*Lodge Gill
*Stainforth Beck
**Catrigg Beck
***Cowside Beck
**Tongue Gill
***Fornah Gill
*How Beck
*Blind Beck
*Turn Dub
*Selside Beck
**Gillgarth Beck
*Coppy Gill

===Pre-Ribble===
====Cam Beck====
*'''Cam Beck''' (aka Ling Gill Beck)
**Brow Gill Beck
**Ling Gill Beck
**Labour Gill
**Poverty Gill
**Hard Turf Gill
**Dry Gill
**Little Bank Gill
***Foul Gutter
**Rush Gill
**Lamb Fold Gill
**Little Intake Gill
**Middle Gill
**Tur Gill
**Grainings Gill
**Red Sike
**Pot Close Gill
**Far End Gill
***Cold Keld Gill
====Gayle Beck====
*'''Gayle Beck'''
**Axletree Gill
**Gate Cote Gill
**White Earth Gill
**High Springs
**Lat Gill
**Long Gill
***Mares Gill
***Far Mares Gill
***Shivery Gill
***Jam Sike
**Ouster Gill

== Miscellany ==
*The River Ribble gives its name to the local government borough of [[Ribble Valley]] and the Ribble Valley parliamentary constituency, as well as the Borough of [[South Ribble]]. It also lends its name to [[Ribble Cycles]], a bicycle manufacturer based in [[Preston]], and Ribble Valley Inns.

==References==
===Notes===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*Crosby, A. (1996). ''A History of Cheshire.'' (The Darwen County History Series.) Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Phillimore & Co. Ltd. ISBN 0850339324.
*Harris, B. E., and Thacker, A. T. (1987). ''The Victoria History of the County of Chester. (Volume 1: Physique, Prehistory, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, and Domesday).'' Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0197227619.
*[[Ronald Hutton|Hutton, R.]] (1991) ''The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles'', Oxford : Blackwell, ISBN 0631172882
*Morgan, P. (1978). ''Domesday Book Cheshire: Including Lancashire, Cumbria, and North Wales''. Chichester, Sussex: Phillimore & Co. Ltd. ISBN 0850331404.
*Phillips A. D. M., and Phillips, C. B. (2002), ''A New Historical Atlas of Cheshire''. Chester, UK: Cheshire County Council and Cheshire Community Council Publications Trust. ISBN 0904532461.

==External links==
*[http://www.preston.gov.uk/Category.asp?cat=785 Riverworks]
* http://save-the-ribble.blogspot.com/

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ribble, River}}
[[Category:Rivers of Lancashire]]
[[Category:Rivers of North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Rivers of Ribble Valley]]

[[fr:Ribble]]
[[no:Ribble (elv)]]

River Ribble

2008-03-13T02:31:16Z

Theelf29:

Schlacht bei Brunanburh

2008-03-05T00:33:47Z

Theelf29:

{{Infobox Military Conflict
|conflict=Battle of Brunanburh
|image=
|caption=
|partof=
|date=[[937]]
|place=Unknown: various sites in northern England or southern Scotland suggested.
|result=West Saxon victory
|combatant1=[[Wessex|West Saxons]]
|combatant2=[[Dublin]] [[Vikings]] [[Scotland|Scots]] [[Kingdom of Strathclyde|Strathclyde]]
|commander1=[[Athelstan of England|Athelstan]] [[Edmund I of England|Edmund]]
|commander2=[[Olaf III Guthfrithson]] [[Constantine II of Scotland|Constantine]] [[Owen I of Strathclyde|Owain]]
|strength1=
|strength2=
|casualties1=
|casualties2=
}}

The '''Battle of Brunanburh''' was a [[Wessex|West Saxon]] victory in 937 by the army of King [[Athelstan of England|Athelstan]] and his brother [[Edmund I of England|Edmund]] over the combined armies of [[Olaf III Guthfrithson]], [[Viking]] king of [[Dublin]], [[Constantine II of Scotland|Causantín mac Áeda II]], King of [[Scotland]] and King [[Eógan I of Strathclyde|Owain]] of [[Kingdom of Strathclyde|Strathclyde]] (mention is also made in some sources of Irish and even Welsh mercenaries).

==Background==

King Athelstan had invaded the Kingdom of Strathclyde a few years earlier (933-934 being the most likely years for such an invasion according to contemporary sources). This provoked much anger amongst other rulers across the British Isles (no doubt fearing for their own positions).

==Battle==
Primary sources regarding details of the battle come from the [[Old English language|Anglo-Saxon]] poem of the same name that is in the ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]'', the writings of Anglo-Norman historian [[William of Malmesbury]], the Annals of Tigernach, the ''[[Brut y Tywysogion]]'' and [[Icelandic sagas]] such as the [[Egils saga|Saga of Egill Skallagrimsson]], who fought for [[Athelstan]].

The ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' records the event as follows:

:937:
:Here, King Athelstan, leader of warriors,
:ring-giver of men, and also his brother,
:the aetheling Edmund, struck life-long glory
:in strife around 'Brunanburh'

The battle is considered one of the bloodiest of the period. The battle was the demise of five English (other sources say Irish) kings and seven earls on the Celtic side and numerous Saxon casualties including two of Athelstan's cousins, Alfric and Athelwin, and a prominent Saxon bishop. It is asserted that at one point the West Saxons deployed a cavalry charge, contradicting popular belief that the early English fought in infantry-based armies. Cavalry were still a relatively insignificant part of the Saxon force and may well have been mercenaries from any number of other kingdoms.

==Aftermath==

This poorly recalled battle is actually one of the most important in British history since Athelstan's crushing defeat of the combined Norse-Celtic force facing him irrevocably confirmed England as an Anglo-Saxon kingdom, forcing the Celtic kingdoms to consolidate in the positions they occupy today.

The Battle of Brunanburh still has a great deal of influence in the [[Wiltshire]] town of [[Malmesbury, Wiltshire|Malmesbury]], 200 miles south of any probable site. The townsfolk of Malmesbury fought for King Athelstan, and he granted them 600 hides of land and gave them all freemen status. This status and the organisation formed then exists today, as the Warden and Freemen of Malmesbury, and Athelstan is remembered in their ceremonies. When Athelstan died, his body was transported from [[Gloucester]] to Malmesbury for burial.

==Literature and art==

English [[poet]] [[Alfred Lord Tennyson]] translated the poem from the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' in 1880, publishing it as part of his ''Ballads and Other Poems''. Tennyson's son [[Hallam Tennyson]] published a prose translation of the poem. [[United States|American]] [[composer]] Derek Strykowski used the battle as a basis for ''The Brunanburh Suite'' in 2005. The Argentine writer [[Jorge Luis Borges]] wrote various poems about or mentioning the Saxons and their victory at Brunanburh.

==Battle site==
The location of Brunanburh has not been definitively identified though possible sites in [[Northumberland]] have been suggested as well as [[Bromborough]] on the [[Wirral Peninsula]]<ref>''[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/merseyside/4112301.stm Birthplace of Englishness 'found'.]'' [[BBC News Online]] (URL accessed [[27 August]] [[2006]]).</ref>, Burnswark in southwest [[Scotland]], and [[Tinsley]] Wood near [[Sheffield]]<ref name="mW">[[Michael Wood (historian)|Wood, Michael]] (2001). Tinsley Wood. In ''In Search of England: Journeys into the English past'', pp203–221. Penguin Books Ltd (University of California Press in the United States). ISBN 0-520-23218-6</ref>, [[Yorkshire]]. These are not the only sites suggested, but they are the most commonly accepted. Alistair Campbell analysed all the sources, contemporary and later, and found it impossible to locate the battle.

==External links==
* [http://loki.stockton.edu/~kinsellt/litresources/brun/brun2.html Text of the poem "Battle of Brunanburh", including Anglo-Saxon version, modern English translation, and Tennyson's version]

==References==
<references />
*An Oxford History of England-Volume 2- Anglo Saxon England

[[fr:Bataille de Brunanburh]]
[[no:Slaget ved Brunanburh]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brunanburh 937}}
[[Category:937]]
[[Category:10th century in England]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Anglo-Saxons]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Vikings]]
[[Category:Battles involving Scotland]]

River Ribble

2008-01-27T01:53:59Z

Theelf29: /* History */

River Ribble

2008-01-27T01:48:36Z

Theelf29: /* Barnoldswick to source */

{{Infobox River | river_name = River Ribble
| image_name = River_Ribble_at_Ribchester.jpg
| caption = The River Ribble at [[Ribchester]]. Photograph by [http://www.flickr.com/people/stubbsuk Stuart Grimshaw]
| origin = Confluence of Gayle Beck and Cam Beck, Selside
| mouth = [[Irish Sea]] at [[Lytham]]
| basin_countries = [[England]]
| length = 121 km (75 miles)
| elevation = 246 m (807 ft)
| discharge =
| watershed = |
}}

The '''River Ribble''' is a river that runs through [[North Yorkshire]] and [[Lancashire]], in the North of [[England]]. The river's [[drainage basin|watershed]] also includes parts of [[Greater Manchester]] around [[Wigan]].

==Geography==
The Ribble begins at the confluence of the ''Gayle Beck'' and ''Cam Beck'' near the famous [[Ribblehead Viaduct|viaduct]] at [[Ribblehead]], in the shadow of the [[Yorkshire three peaks]].

It flows through [[Settle]], [[Clitheroe]] and [[Preston]], before emptying into the [[Irish Sea]] between [[Lytham St. Annes]] and [[Southport]], a length of 75 miles.

The main tributaries of the Ribble are the [[River Hodder|Hodder]] and [[River Calder, Lancashire|Calder]] which join the river near Great Mitton, the [[River Darwen]] which joins at [[Walton-le-Dale]] and the [[River Douglas]] which joins near [[Hesketh Bank]].

The [[Ribble Way]] is a long-distance footpath which follows the river for much of its course. The Ribble marked the northernmost extent of the ancient kingdom of [[Mercia]].<ref>[http://www.merseybasin.org.uk/information.asp?page=1&pagesize=5&confirmed=1&id=0&docid=72. River Ribble Information (pdf file).] Mersey Basin Campaign Official Website. Retrieval Date: [[January 26]], [[2008]].</ref> At the time of the [[Domesday Book]], the river formed the northern boundary of an area of land (known as ''Inter Ripam et Mersham'') that was included in the Domesday information for [[Cheshire]],<ref>Morgan (1978). pp.269c–301c,d.</ref> though it was probably not formally part of the county of Cheshire.<ref>Harris and Thacker (1987). write on page 252: {{quotation|Certainly there were links between Cheshire and south Lancashire before 1000, when Wulfric Spot held lands in both territories. Wulfric's estates remained grouped together after his death, when they were left to his brother Aelfhelm, and indeed there still seems to have been some kind of connexion in 1086, when south Lancashire was surveyed together with Cheshire by the Domesday commissioners. Nevertheless, the two territories do seem to have been distinguished from one another in some way and it is not certain that the shire-moot and the reeves referred to in the south Lancashire section of Domesday were the Cheshire ones.}}</ref><ref>Phillips and Phillips (2002). pp. 26–31.</ref><ref>Crosby, A. (1996). writes on page 31: {{quotation|The Domesday Survey (1086) included south Lancashire with Cheshire for convenience, but the Mersey, the name of which means 'boundary river' is known to have divided the kingdoms of Northumbria and Mercia and there is no doubt that this was the real boundary.}}</ref>

The river is connected to both the [[Leeds and Liverpool Canal]] and the [[Lancaster Canal]] (via the [[Ribble Link]]). The river downstream of Preston was actively dredged when Preston was an active port; this is no longer done and silt from the river is now spreading more widely over the (sand) beaches around [[Lytham|Fairhaven]] and [[St. Annes]].

Its estuary forms part of the [[Ribble and Alt Estuaries]] [[Special Protection Area]] for wildlife.

==Public works==
The River Ribble catchment is covered by the [[Mersey Basin Campaign]], a partnership which was established in [[1985]] to improve water quality and encourage waterside regeneration.

Preston City Council have published controversial plans to build a barrage across the River Ribble, in their 'Riverworks' proposals. The aim of these proposals is to build a water sports park on a section of the Ribble, coupled with over 4000 units of high quality housing and businesses in the river's flood plain. Some local residents are opposing these plans, arguing that they endanger wildlife, increase flood risk to local housing and damage greenbelt areas. These residents have set up the 'Save The Ribble' campaign. Parts of the river are a County Biological Heritage Site.

The Ribble would appear to have been known in [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times as the [[Belisama]],<ref>Hutton, p. 218</ref> possibly giving its name to [[Samlesbury]]. [[Ptolemy]]'s "''Belisama aest.''" seems to represent the estuary of the Ribble.

==History==
The banks of the Ribble have been posited as a possible location for [[King Arthur]]'s tenth battle, on the banks of a river "Tribruit", as alluded to in his [[Historia Brittonum]] by [[Nennius]].<ref>[http://www.mun.ca/mst/heroicage/issues/2/ha2lac.htm .] Retrieval Date: [[January 26]], [[2008]].</ref>

==Settlements==
*[[Horton in Ribblesdale]]
*[[Stainforth, North Yorkshire|Stainforth]]
*[[Stackhouse, North yorkshire|Stackhouse]]
*[[Langcliffe]]
*[[Giggleswick]]
*[[Nappa, North Yorkshire|Nappa]]
*[[Settle]]
*[[Halton West]]
*[[Paythorne]]
*[[Sawley, North Yorkshire|Sawley]]
*[[West Bradford, Lancashire|West Bradford]]
*[[Horrocksford]]
*[[Clitheroe]]
*[[Great Mitton]]
*[[Little Town, Lancashire|Little Town]]
*[[Ribchester]]
*[[Samlesbury]]
*[[Walton-le-Dale]]
*[[Preston]]
*[[Penwortham]]
*[[Lytham]]

==Tributaries==
===Estuary to Preston===
====Estuary to Douglas====
*Crossens Pool
**The Sluice
***Middle Drain
***Back Drain
***Ring Ditch
***Boundary Drain
***Tarleton Runner
****Mere Brow
*****School Drain
****Pale Ditch
***Mere Brow Watercourse
***Midge Hall Drain
***Boat House Sluice
****Langley's Brook
***Rufford Boundary Sluice
**Three Pools Waterway
***Fine Jane's Brook
****Holly Brook
****Sandy Brook
****Old Canal
***Boundary Brook
****New Cut Brook
***Sandy Brook
****The Old Pool
****Black Brook
****Drummersdale Drain
*****Brook Cut and Mill Stream
****Bullen's Brook
****Eas Brook
*****Hurlston Brook
*Main Drain
**Liggard Brook
**Wrea Brook
*Hundred End Gutter
*Pool Stream

====River Douglas watershed====
*[[River Douglas]] or River Asland
**Longton Brook
**Centre Drain
**Carr Heys Watercourse
**Tarra Carr Gutter
***Hall Pool
**Dunkirk Dib
**Rakes Brook
**Carr Brook
**Strine Brook
**[[River Yarrow (Lancashire)|River Yarrow]]
***[[River Lostock]]
****Wymott Brook
****Clayton Brook
****Slack Brook
****Whave's Brook
***Spent Brook
***Syd Brook
****Howe Brook
****Pye Brook
***Culbeck Brook
****Chapel Brook
*****Ransnap Brook
*****German Brook
***Hodge Brook
***[[River Chor]]
***Clancutt Brook
****Tanyard Brook
****Whittle Brook
***Eller Brook
****Moss Ditch
***Black Brook
****Tan House Brook
****Warth Brook
*****Brinscall Brook
*****Fill Brook
***Roaring Lum
***Dean Brook
****Hall Brook
****Cote Slack
***Limestone Brook
***Green Withins Brook
**The Sluice
***Mill
***Old Reed Brook
**Main Ditch
**Eller Brook
***Wham Ditch
***Black Brook
***Abbey Brook
****New Park Brook
****Castle Brook
****Sefton Brook
*****Dungeon Brook
*****Dicket's Brook
******Goose Brook
**Mill Ditch
***New Reed Brook
***Bentley Brook
**[[River Tawd]]
***Slate Brook
***Grimshaw Brook
**Middlehurst Brook
**Dock Brook
**Alder Lane Brook
**Sprodley Brook
**Calico Brook
**Lees Brook
**Dean Brook
***Sand Brook
**Ackhurst Brook
**Mill Brook
**Bradshaw Brook
**Close Brook
**Barley Brook
**Smithy Brook
***Poolstock Brook
****Ince Brook
*****Hawkley Brook
*****Reed Brook
******Park Brook
**Clarington Brook
**Bradley Brook
**Bucklow Brook
***Moss Ditch
***Buckow Brook
****Hic-bibi Brook
*****Stars Brook
******Almond Brook
******Tunley Brook
**Pearl Brook
**Arley Brook

====Douglas to Preston====
*[[Freckleton Pool]]
**Dow Brook
***Spen Brook
***Carr Brook
****Wrongway Brook
**Middle Pool
*[[Ribble Link|Savick Brook]]
**Deepdale Brook
**Lady Head Runnel
**Sharoe Brook
***Moss Leach Brook
**Eaves Brook
*Mill Brook
*The Mains Brook

===River Darwen watershed===
*[[River Darwen]]
**Hennel Brook
***Cockshott Brook
**Many Brooks
***Black Brook
****Hatchwood Brook
***Fowler Brook
****Drum Head Brook
*****Gorton Brook
*****Mill Brook
****Bank Head Brook
**Old Darwen
**Beeston Brook
***Quaker Brook
**Hole Brook
***Huntley Brook (North)
***Huntley Brook (South)
**Alum House Brook
***Arley Brook
**Trout Brook
**[[River Roddlesworth]]
***Finnington Brook
***Stockclough Brook
****Whitehalgh Brook
*****Shaw Brook
*****Chapels Brook
*****Sheep Bridge Brook
***Rake Brook
***Calf Hey Brook
***Ferny Bed Springs
**[[River Blakewater]]
***Snig Brook
***Audley Brook
***Little Harwood Brook
****Royshaw Clough
****Seven Acre Brook
***Knuzden Brook
**Scotshaw Brook
***Moss Brook
***Badger Brook
**Higher Croft Brook
***Newfield Brook
**Davy Field Brook
***Flash Brook
***Grimshaw Brook
****Waterside Brook
*****Mean Brook
******Sapling Clough
*****Hoddlesden Moss Brook
******Far Scotland Brook
*****Pickup Bank Brook
******Moss Brook
******Twitchells Brook
**Sunnyhurst Brook
***Stepback Brook
**Bold Venture Brook
***High Lumb Brook
****Livesey Brook
**Kebbs Brook
***Green Lowe Brook
**Bury Fold Brook
***Old Briggs Brook
****Duckshaw Brook
**Grain Brook
***Bent Hall Brook
***Deadman's Clough

===Preston to Whalley===
*Swill Brook
*Bezza Brook
**Wilcock Brook
***Mellor Brook
*Tun Brook
*[[Stydd Brook]]
**Boyce's Brook
***Cowley Brook
***Page Brook
**Duddel Brook
*Starling Brook
*Dean Brook
**Bailey Brook
**Brownslow Brook
*[[Dinckley Brook]]
**Park Brook
***Blockers Brook{{Fact|date=September 2007}}
***Showley Brook
****Knotts Brook
***Tottering Brook
***Zechariah Brook

===River Calder watershed===
*[[River Calder, Lancashire|River Calder]]
**Bushburn Brook
**Dean Brook
**Egg Syke Brook
**Rodger Hey Brook
**[[Sabden Brook]]
***Badger Well Water
***Wood House Brook
***Cock Clough
**Clough Syke Brook
**[[Hyndburn Brook]]
***Harwood Brook
****Causeway Brook
***Norden Brook
***Spaw Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Bottom Syke
***[[River Hyndburn]]
****Church Brook
*****Accrington Brook
******Woodnook Water
*******Warmden Brook
*******Tom Dale Clough
***White Ash Brook
****Wolfenden Syke
****Lottice Brook
***Tinker Brook
****Whams Brook
****Jackhouse Brook
*****Cocker Brook
******White Syke
*****Cocker Lumb
**Syke Side Brook
***Clough Brook
**Simonstone Brook
**Shorten Brook
**Dean Brook
***Huntroyde Brook
**Castle Clough Brook
***Castle Clough
**Green Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Sweet Clough
***Hapton Clough
****Thorny Bank Clough
****Tower Brook
***Habergham Clough
****New Barn Clough
*****Helm Clough
****Micklehurst Clough
*****Long Syke
**Whitaker Clough
***Fir Trees Brook
****West Close Clough
****Acres Brook
**Moor Isles Clough
**Spurn Clough
**[[Pendle Water]]
***Old Laund Clough
***Edge End Brook
***Walverden Water
****Bradley Syke
****Head Beck
*****Dobson Syke
****Catlow Brook
*****Pighole Clough
*****Pathole Beck
*****New Laithe Clough
*****Float Bridge Beck
*****Swains Plat Clough
***[[Colne Water]]
****Swinden Clough
****Wanless Water
*****Slipper Hill Clough
*****Houses Beck Moss
******Moss Houses Beck
****Guy Syke
****Church Clough Brook
****Trawden Brook
*****Beardshaw Beck
*****Round Hole Beck
*****Will Moor Clough
****[[River Laneshaw]]
*****High Laith Beck
******Sykes Beck
******Shawhead Beck
*****Monkroyd Beck
*****Hullown Beck
*****Swamp Syke
*****Laneshaw Brook
******Round Holes Beck
******Cat Stone Clough
****[[Wycoller Beck]]
*****Ratten Clough
*****Smithy Clough
******Deep Clough Beck
******Nan Hole Clough
*****Turnhole Clough
******Butter Leach Clough
******Saucer Hill Clough
***Blacko Water
****Castor Gill
****Claude's Clough
****Admergill Water
*****Wicken Clough
*****Greystone Clough
*****Sandyford Clough
***White Hough Water
****Dimpenley Clough
****Bird Holme Clough
****Barley Water
*****Deep Clough
*****Black Moss Water
******Water Gate
******Warth Beck
****Ogden Clough
*****Boar Clough
*****White Slacks
*****Dry Clough
**Barden Clough
**[[River Brun]]
***[[River Don (Lancashire)|River Don]]
****Walshaw Clough
****Thursden Brook
*****Ell Clough
*****Black Clough
******Hey Stacks Clough
******Tom Groove
***Swinden Water
****Hell Clough
***Hurstwood Brook
****Smallshaw Clough
***Rock Water
****Cant Clough Beck
**Everage Clough
***Hole House Clough
****Buck Clough
**Dick Clough
**Easden Clough
**Black Clough
**Green Clough
***Copy Clough
****Sheddon Clough

===River Hodder watershed===
*[[River Hodder]]
**Cow Ark Brook
***Mill Brook
***Hagg Clough
**[[River Loud]]
***Leagram Brook
****Hill Clough
****Burnslack Brook
***Chipping Brook
**Greystoneley Brook
***Hell Clough
***Dinkling Green Brook
**Withins Clough
**Red Syke
**Fielding Clough
**Langden Brook
***Hareden Brook
****Lane Foot Brook
*****Fog Hill Clough
*****Cherry Gutter
****Crackling Syke
****Dimples Clough
***Losterdale Brook
****[[Trough of Bowland|Trough Brook]]
***Mere Clough Wham
***Bleadale Water
***Stransdale Brook
****Stransdale Gutter
**Robin Clough
**[[River Dunsop]]
***Brennand River
****Round Hill Water
*****Brown Syke
***Whitendale River
****Sandy Gutter
**Black Brook
**Rough Syke
**Grey Gill
**Heaning Brook
**Birkett Brook
***Crimpton Brook
**Foulscales Brook
***Bonstone Brook
***Crag Beck
**Easington Brook
***Sough Clough
***Rye Clough
***Skelshaw Brook
***Langcliff Cross Brook
****Tinklers Brook
*****Anna Land Brook
***Harrop Brook
***Dean Slack Brook
**King Syke
**Dunnow Syke
**Croasdale Brook
***Eller Beck
***Lanshaw Brook
****Davison's Syke
****Clough Beck
****Dunsop Brook
***Hill Wood Syke
***Moor Syke
****Round Hill Syke
***Black Brook
****Hind Slack
**Barn Gill
***Park Beck
***Dugdale Syke
**Phynis Beck
***Wain Hill Syke
**Bottoms Beck
***Hesbert Hall Syke
***Hindley Head Clough
***Thorp Syke
***Dob Dale Beck
****Nursery Beck
*****Brock Clough Beck
****Brown Hills Beck
*****Ash Clough Swamp
**Hasgill Beck
***Cowgill Syke
***Rigg Gill Syke
**Copter Syke
**Hare Clough Beck
**White Syke
**Kearsden Holes
**Red Syke

===Whalley to Paythorne===
*Barrow Brook
*Pig Hill Brook
*Barrow Clough
*[[Pendleton Brook]]
**Mearley Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Worston Brook
****Rad Brook
**Howcroft Brook
*[[Bashall Brook]]
**Hollins Clough
**Cow Hey Brook
***Sandy Ford Brook
**Braddup Clough
**Elm Clough
*Waddington Brook
**Coplow Brook
*Greg Sike
*West Bradford Brook
**Brocklehurst Brook
**Drakehouse Brook
***Porters Brook
****Bradford Brook
*Moor Roads Sike
*West Clough Brook
*Grindleton Brook
*Chatburn Brook
*Smithies Brook
**Swanside Beck
***Stankhill Beck
****Gazegill or Rimington Beck
*****Thistleber Beck
******Eel Beck
*******Widow Hill Beck
*****Skell Banks Syke
*****Howgill Beck
******Whytha Beck
******Collaver Syke
*****Crag Clough
***Dudland Syke
****Cow Gill Beck
**Ings Beck
***Twiston Beck
****Pendle Hill Brook
***Clough Beck
***Gill Beck
*Rathmill Sike
*Hollins Syke
*Skinners Sike
*Sliping Brook
**Hell Syke
**Hill Brook
*[[Skirden Beck]]
**Holden Beck
***Mear Gill
****Fell Brook
*****Bay Gate Brook
*****Far Fields Brook
*****Black Brook
****Holden Beck
*****Threap Green Brook
**Kirk Beck
***Fox Gill Beck
****Gill Bottom Beck
**Bier Beck
***Hungrill Beck
****Higher Syke
*****Bleara Syke
*****Varleys Syke
***Cuddy Syke
**Monubent Beck
***Hen Gill Beck
****Agden Beck
*****Mere Syke
**Grunsagill Beck
***Tosside Beck
****Holden Beck or Moor End Beck
**New Gill Beck
***Bond Beck
****Little Beck
****Sandy Syke
***Walkers Clough
*Fooden Gill
*Park House Beck
*Wheatley Beck
*Ellenthorpe Gill

===Paythorne to source===
*[[Stock Beck]]
**Spittle Syke
**Horton Beck
**Bottom Beck
***Lodge Hill Syke
****Old Park Syke
*****Wedacre Syke
*****Hesketh Rough Syke
**Flush Beck
**Hell Forest Dike
***Turpit Gate Syke
***Hayfield Dike
****Tosber Syke
**Fools Syke
***Ray Gill Water
****Ray Gill
***Horrox Gill
**Crownest Syke
**Gillians Beck
***Moor Side Beck
*East Beck
**Carholme Beck
*Ray Gill
*Ged Beck
*Swinden Gill Beck
**Mallardale Beck
*Mansell Beck
*Pan Beck
**Hellifield Beck
**Gallaber Syke
***Bend Gate Syke
**Kell Well Beck
*Candle Rush Beck
*Deep Dale Syke
*Long Preston Beck
**Bookil Gill Beck
**Scaleber Beck
*Old Field Syke
**Crow Hill Syke
*Wigglesworth Beck
**Tofts Syke
**Rough Syke
*Rathmell Beck
**Hollow Gill Beck
**Rathmell Goit
*Skir Beck
*Mear Beck
*Swaw Beck
**Carr Beck
*Tems Beck
**Huntworth Beck
*Lodge Gill
*Stainforth Beck
**Catrigg Beck
***Cowside Beck
**Tongue Gill
***Fornah Gill
*How Beck
*Blind Beck
*Turn Dub
*Selside Beck
**Gillgarth Beck
*Coppy Gill

===Pre-Ribble===
====Cam Beck====
*'''Cam Beck''' (aka Ling Gill Beck)
**Brow Gill Beck
**Ling Gill Beck
**Labour Gill
**Poverty Gill
**Hard Turf Gill
**Dry Gill
**Little Bank Gill
***Foul Gutter
**Rush Gill
**Lamb Fold Gill
**Little Intake Gill
**Middle Gill
**Tur Gill
**Grainings Gill
**Red Sike
**Pot Close Gill
**Far End Gill
***Cold Keld Gill
====Gayle Beck====
*'''Gayle Beck'''
**Axletree Gill
**Gate Cote Gill
**White Earth Gill
**High Springs
**Lat Gill
**Long Gill
***Mares Gill
***Far Mares Gill
***Shivery Gill
***Jam Sike
**Ouster Gill

== Miscellany ==
*The River Ribble gives its name to the local government borough of [[Ribble Valley]] and the Ribble Valley parliamentary constituency, as well as the Borough of [[South Ribble]]. It also lends its name to [[Ribble Cycles]], a bicycle manufacturer based in [[Preston]], and Ribble Valley Inns.

==References==
===Notes===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*Crosby, A. (1996). ''A History of Cheshire.'' (The Darwen County History Series.) Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Phillimore & Co. Ltd. ISBN 0850339324.
*Harris, B. E., and Thacker, A. T. (1987). ''The Victoria History of the County of Chester. (Volume 1: Physique, Prehistory, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, and Domesday).'' Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0197227619.
*[[Ronald Hutton|Hutton, R.]] (1991) ''The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles'', Oxford : Blackwell, ISBN 0631172882
*Morgan, P. (1978). ''Domesday Book Cheshire: Including Lancashire, Cumbria, and North Wales''. Chichester, Sussex: Phillimore & Co. Ltd. ISBN 0850331404.
*Phillips A. D. M., and Phillips, C. B. (2002), ''A New Historical Atlas of Cheshire''. Chester, UK: Cheshire County Council and Cheshire Community Council Publications Trust. ISBN 0904532461.

==External links==
*[http://www.preston.gov.uk/Category.asp?cat=785 Riverworks]
* http://save-the-ribble.blogspot.com/

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ribble, River}}
[[Category:Rivers of Lancashire]]
[[Category:Rivers of North Yorkshire]]

[[fr:Ribble]]
[[no:Ribble (elv)]]

River Ribble

2008-01-27T01:48:22Z

Theelf29: /* Whalley to Barnoldswick */

{{Infobox River | river_name = River Ribble
| image_name = River_Ribble_at_Ribchester.jpg
| caption = The River Ribble at [[Ribchester]]. Photograph by [http://www.flickr.com/people/stubbsuk Stuart Grimshaw]
| origin = Confluence of Gayle Beck and Cam Beck, Selside
| mouth = [[Irish Sea]] at [[Lytham]]
| basin_countries = [[England]]
| length = 121 km (75 miles)
| elevation = 246 m (807 ft)
| discharge =
| watershed = |
}}

The '''River Ribble''' is a river that runs through [[North Yorkshire]] and [[Lancashire]], in the North of [[England]]. The river's [[drainage basin|watershed]] also includes parts of [[Greater Manchester]] around [[Wigan]].

==Geography==
The Ribble begins at the confluence of the ''Gayle Beck'' and ''Cam Beck'' near the famous [[Ribblehead Viaduct|viaduct]] at [[Ribblehead]], in the shadow of the [[Yorkshire three peaks]].

It flows through [[Settle]], [[Clitheroe]] and [[Preston]], before emptying into the [[Irish Sea]] between [[Lytham St. Annes]] and [[Southport]], a length of 75 miles.

The main tributaries of the Ribble are the [[River Hodder|Hodder]] and [[River Calder, Lancashire|Calder]] which join the river near Great Mitton, the [[River Darwen]] which joins at [[Walton-le-Dale]] and the [[River Douglas]] which joins near [[Hesketh Bank]].

The [[Ribble Way]] is a long-distance footpath which follows the river for much of its course. The Ribble marked the northernmost extent of the ancient kingdom of [[Mercia]].<ref>[http://www.merseybasin.org.uk/information.asp?page=1&pagesize=5&confirmed=1&id=0&docid=72. River Ribble Information (pdf file).] Mersey Basin Campaign Official Website. Retrieval Date: [[January 26]], [[2008]].</ref> At the time of the [[Domesday Book]], the river formed the northern boundary of an area of land (known as ''Inter Ripam et Mersham'') that was included in the Domesday information for [[Cheshire]],<ref>Morgan (1978). pp.269c–301c,d.</ref> though it was probably not formally part of the county of Cheshire.<ref>Harris and Thacker (1987). write on page 252: {{quotation|Certainly there were links between Cheshire and south Lancashire before 1000, when Wulfric Spot held lands in both territories. Wulfric's estates remained grouped together after his death, when they were left to his brother Aelfhelm, and indeed there still seems to have been some kind of connexion in 1086, when south Lancashire was surveyed together with Cheshire by the Domesday commissioners. Nevertheless, the two territories do seem to have been distinguished from one another in some way and it is not certain that the shire-moot and the reeves referred to in the south Lancashire section of Domesday were the Cheshire ones.}}</ref><ref>Phillips and Phillips (2002). pp. 26–31.</ref><ref>Crosby, A. (1996). writes on page 31: {{quotation|The Domesday Survey (1086) included south Lancashire with Cheshire for convenience, but the Mersey, the name of which means 'boundary river' is known to have divided the kingdoms of Northumbria and Mercia and there is no doubt that this was the real boundary.}}</ref>

The river is connected to both the [[Leeds and Liverpool Canal]] and the [[Lancaster Canal]] (via the [[Ribble Link]]). The river downstream of Preston was actively dredged when Preston was an active port; this is no longer done and silt from the river is now spreading more widely over the (sand) beaches around [[Lytham|Fairhaven]] and [[St. Annes]].

Its estuary forms part of the [[Ribble and Alt Estuaries]] [[Special Protection Area]] for wildlife.

==Public works==
The River Ribble catchment is covered by the [[Mersey Basin Campaign]], a partnership which was established in [[1985]] to improve water quality and encourage waterside regeneration.

Preston City Council have published controversial plans to build a barrage across the River Ribble, in their 'Riverworks' proposals. The aim of these proposals is to build a water sports park on a section of the Ribble, coupled with over 4000 units of high quality housing and businesses in the river's flood plain. Some local residents are opposing these plans, arguing that they endanger wildlife, increase flood risk to local housing and damage greenbelt areas. These residents have set up the 'Save The Ribble' campaign. Parts of the river are a County Biological Heritage Site.

The Ribble would appear to have been known in [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times as the [[Belisama]],<ref>Hutton, p. 218</ref> possibly giving its name to [[Samlesbury]]. [[Ptolemy]]'s "''Belisama aest.''" seems to represent the estuary of the Ribble.

==History==
The banks of the Ribble have been posited as a possible location for [[King Arthur]]'s tenth battle, on the banks of a river "Tribruit", as alluded to in his [[Historia Brittonum]] by [[Nennius]].<ref>[http://www.mun.ca/mst/heroicage/issues/2/ha2lac.htm .] Retrieval Date: [[January 26]], [[2008]].</ref>

==Settlements==
*[[Horton in Ribblesdale]]
*[[Stainforth, North Yorkshire|Stainforth]]
*[[Stackhouse, North yorkshire|Stackhouse]]
*[[Langcliffe]]
*[[Giggleswick]]
*[[Nappa, North Yorkshire|Nappa]]
*[[Settle]]
*[[Halton West]]
*[[Paythorne]]
*[[Sawley, North Yorkshire|Sawley]]
*[[West Bradford, Lancashire|West Bradford]]
*[[Horrocksford]]
*[[Clitheroe]]
*[[Great Mitton]]
*[[Little Town, Lancashire|Little Town]]
*[[Ribchester]]
*[[Samlesbury]]
*[[Walton-le-Dale]]
*[[Preston]]
*[[Penwortham]]
*[[Lytham]]

==Tributaries==
===Estuary to Preston===
====Estuary to Douglas====
*Crossens Pool
**The Sluice
***Middle Drain
***Back Drain
***Ring Ditch
***Boundary Drain
***Tarleton Runner
****Mere Brow
*****School Drain
****Pale Ditch
***Mere Brow Watercourse
***Midge Hall Drain
***Boat House Sluice
****Langley's Brook
***Rufford Boundary Sluice
**Three Pools Waterway
***Fine Jane's Brook
****Holly Brook
****Sandy Brook
****Old Canal
***Boundary Brook
****New Cut Brook
***Sandy Brook
****The Old Pool
****Black Brook
****Drummersdale Drain
*****Brook Cut and Mill Stream
****Bullen's Brook
****Eas Brook
*****Hurlston Brook
*Main Drain
**Liggard Brook
**Wrea Brook
*Hundred End Gutter
*Pool Stream

====River Douglas watershed====
*[[River Douglas]] or River Asland
**Longton Brook
**Centre Drain
**Carr Heys Watercourse
**Tarra Carr Gutter
***Hall Pool
**Dunkirk Dib
**Rakes Brook
**Carr Brook
**Strine Brook
**[[River Yarrow (Lancashire)|River Yarrow]]
***[[River Lostock]]
****Wymott Brook
****Clayton Brook
****Slack Brook
****Whave's Brook
***Spent Brook
***Syd Brook
****Howe Brook
****Pye Brook
***Culbeck Brook
****Chapel Brook
*****Ransnap Brook
*****German Brook
***Hodge Brook
***[[River Chor]]
***Clancutt Brook
****Tanyard Brook
****Whittle Brook
***Eller Brook
****Moss Ditch
***Black Brook
****Tan House Brook
****Warth Brook
*****Brinscall Brook
*****Fill Brook
***Roaring Lum
***Dean Brook
****Hall Brook
****Cote Slack
***Limestone Brook
***Green Withins Brook
**The Sluice
***Mill
***Old Reed Brook
**Main Ditch
**Eller Brook
***Wham Ditch
***Black Brook
***Abbey Brook
****New Park Brook
****Castle Brook
****Sefton Brook
*****Dungeon Brook
*****Dicket's Brook
******Goose Brook
**Mill Ditch
***New Reed Brook
***Bentley Brook
**[[River Tawd]]
***Slate Brook
***Grimshaw Brook
**Middlehurst Brook
**Dock Brook
**Alder Lane Brook
**Sprodley Brook
**Calico Brook
**Lees Brook
**Dean Brook
***Sand Brook
**Ackhurst Brook
**Mill Brook
**Bradshaw Brook
**Close Brook
**Barley Brook
**Smithy Brook
***Poolstock Brook
****Ince Brook
*****Hawkley Brook
*****Reed Brook
******Park Brook
**Clarington Brook
**Bradley Brook
**Bucklow Brook
***Moss Ditch
***Buckow Brook
****Hic-bibi Brook
*****Stars Brook
******Almond Brook
******Tunley Brook
**Pearl Brook
**Arley Brook

====Douglas to Preston====
*[[Freckleton Pool]]
**Dow Brook
***Spen Brook
***Carr Brook
****Wrongway Brook
**Middle Pool
*[[Ribble Link|Savick Brook]]
**Deepdale Brook
**Lady Head Runnel
**Sharoe Brook
***Moss Leach Brook
**Eaves Brook
*Mill Brook
*The Mains Brook

===River Darwen watershed===
*[[River Darwen]]
**Hennel Brook
***Cockshott Brook
**Many Brooks
***Black Brook
****Hatchwood Brook
***Fowler Brook
****Drum Head Brook
*****Gorton Brook
*****Mill Brook
****Bank Head Brook
**Old Darwen
**Beeston Brook
***Quaker Brook
**Hole Brook
***Huntley Brook (North)
***Huntley Brook (South)
**Alum House Brook
***Arley Brook
**Trout Brook
**[[River Roddlesworth]]
***Finnington Brook
***Stockclough Brook
****Whitehalgh Brook
*****Shaw Brook
*****Chapels Brook
*****Sheep Bridge Brook
***Rake Brook
***Calf Hey Brook
***Ferny Bed Springs
**[[River Blakewater]]
***Snig Brook
***Audley Brook
***Little Harwood Brook
****Royshaw Clough
****Seven Acre Brook
***Knuzden Brook
**Scotshaw Brook
***Moss Brook
***Badger Brook
**Higher Croft Brook
***Newfield Brook
**Davy Field Brook
***Flash Brook
***Grimshaw Brook
****Waterside Brook
*****Mean Brook
******Sapling Clough
*****Hoddlesden Moss Brook
******Far Scotland Brook
*****Pickup Bank Brook
******Moss Brook
******Twitchells Brook
**Sunnyhurst Brook
***Stepback Brook
**Bold Venture Brook
***High Lumb Brook
****Livesey Brook
**Kebbs Brook
***Green Lowe Brook
**Bury Fold Brook
***Old Briggs Brook
****Duckshaw Brook
**Grain Brook
***Bent Hall Brook
***Deadman's Clough

===Preston to Whalley===
*Swill Brook
*Bezza Brook
**Wilcock Brook
***Mellor Brook
*Tun Brook
*[[Stydd Brook]]
**Boyce's Brook
***Cowley Brook
***Page Brook
**Duddel Brook
*Starling Brook
*Dean Brook
**Bailey Brook
**Brownslow Brook
*[[Dinckley Brook]]
**Park Brook
***Blockers Brook{{Fact|date=September 2007}}
***Showley Brook
****Knotts Brook
***Tottering Brook
***Zechariah Brook

===River Calder watershed===
*[[River Calder, Lancashire|River Calder]]
**Bushburn Brook
**Dean Brook
**Egg Syke Brook
**Rodger Hey Brook
**[[Sabden Brook]]
***Badger Well Water
***Wood House Brook
***Cock Clough
**Clough Syke Brook
**[[Hyndburn Brook]]
***Harwood Brook
****Causeway Brook
***Norden Brook
***Spaw Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Bottom Syke
***[[River Hyndburn]]
****Church Brook
*****Accrington Brook
******Woodnook Water
*******Warmden Brook
*******Tom Dale Clough
***White Ash Brook
****Wolfenden Syke
****Lottice Brook
***Tinker Brook
****Whams Brook
****Jackhouse Brook
*****Cocker Brook
******White Syke
*****Cocker Lumb
**Syke Side Brook
***Clough Brook
**Simonstone Brook
**Shorten Brook
**Dean Brook
***Huntroyde Brook
**Castle Clough Brook
***Castle Clough
**Green Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Sweet Clough
***Hapton Clough
****Thorny Bank Clough
****Tower Brook
***Habergham Clough
****New Barn Clough
*****Helm Clough
****Micklehurst Clough
*****Long Syke
**Whitaker Clough
***Fir Trees Brook
****West Close Clough
****Acres Brook
**Moor Isles Clough
**Spurn Clough
**[[Pendle Water]]
***Old Laund Clough
***Edge End Brook
***Walverden Water
****Bradley Syke
****Head Beck
*****Dobson Syke
****Catlow Brook
*****Pighole Clough
*****Pathole Beck
*****New Laithe Clough
*****Float Bridge Beck
*****Swains Plat Clough
***[[Colne Water]]
****Swinden Clough
****Wanless Water
*****Slipper Hill Clough
*****Houses Beck Moss
******Moss Houses Beck
****Guy Syke
****Church Clough Brook
****Trawden Brook
*****Beardshaw Beck
*****Round Hole Beck
*****Will Moor Clough
****[[River Laneshaw]]
*****High Laith Beck
******Sykes Beck
******Shawhead Beck
*****Monkroyd Beck
*****Hullown Beck
*****Swamp Syke
*****Laneshaw Brook
******Round Holes Beck
******Cat Stone Clough
****[[Wycoller Beck]]
*****Ratten Clough
*****Smithy Clough
******Deep Clough Beck
******Nan Hole Clough
*****Turnhole Clough
******Butter Leach Clough
******Saucer Hill Clough
***Blacko Water
****Castor Gill
****Claude's Clough
****Admergill Water
*****Wicken Clough
*****Greystone Clough
*****Sandyford Clough
***White Hough Water
****Dimpenley Clough
****Bird Holme Clough
****Barley Water
*****Deep Clough
*****Black Moss Water
******Water Gate
******Warth Beck
****Ogden Clough
*****Boar Clough
*****White Slacks
*****Dry Clough
**Barden Clough
**[[River Brun]]
***[[River Don (Lancashire)|River Don]]
****Walshaw Clough
****Thursden Brook
*****Ell Clough
*****Black Clough
******Hey Stacks Clough
******Tom Groove
***Swinden Water
****Hell Clough
***Hurstwood Brook
****Smallshaw Clough
***Rock Water
****Cant Clough Beck
**Everage Clough
***Hole House Clough
****Buck Clough
**Dick Clough
**Easden Clough
**Black Clough
**Green Clough
***Copy Clough
****Sheddon Clough

===River Hodder watershed===
*[[River Hodder]]
**Cow Ark Brook
***Mill Brook
***Hagg Clough
**[[River Loud]]
***Leagram Brook
****Hill Clough
****Burnslack Brook
***Chipping Brook
**Greystoneley Brook
***Hell Clough
***Dinkling Green Brook
**Withins Clough
**Red Syke
**Fielding Clough
**Langden Brook
***Hareden Brook
****Lane Foot Brook
*****Fog Hill Clough
*****Cherry Gutter
****Crackling Syke
****Dimples Clough
***Losterdale Brook
****[[Trough of Bowland|Trough Brook]]
***Mere Clough Wham
***Bleadale Water
***Stransdale Brook
****Stransdale Gutter
**Robin Clough
**[[River Dunsop]]
***Brennand River
****Round Hill Water
*****Brown Syke
***Whitendale River
****Sandy Gutter
**Black Brook
**Rough Syke
**Grey Gill
**Heaning Brook
**Birkett Brook
***Crimpton Brook
**Foulscales Brook
***Bonstone Brook
***Crag Beck
**Easington Brook
***Sough Clough
***Rye Clough
***Skelshaw Brook
***Langcliff Cross Brook
****Tinklers Brook
*****Anna Land Brook
***Harrop Brook
***Dean Slack Brook
**King Syke
**Dunnow Syke
**Croasdale Brook
***Eller Beck
***Lanshaw Brook
****Davison's Syke
****Clough Beck
****Dunsop Brook
***Hill Wood Syke
***Moor Syke
****Round Hill Syke
***Black Brook
****Hind Slack
**Barn Gill
***Park Beck
***Dugdale Syke
**Phynis Beck
***Wain Hill Syke
**Bottoms Beck
***Hesbert Hall Syke
***Hindley Head Clough
***Thorp Syke
***Dob Dale Beck
****Nursery Beck
*****Brock Clough Beck
****Brown Hills Beck
*****Ash Clough Swamp
**Hasgill Beck
***Cowgill Syke
***Rigg Gill Syke
**Copter Syke
**Hare Clough Beck
**White Syke
**Kearsden Holes
**Red Syke

===Whalley to Paythorne===
*Barrow Brook
*Pig Hill Brook
*Barrow Clough
*[[Pendleton Brook]]
**Mearley Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Worston Brook
****Rad Brook
**Howcroft Brook
*[[Bashall Brook]]
**Hollins Clough
**Cow Hey Brook
***Sandy Ford Brook
**Braddup Clough
**Elm Clough
*Waddington Brook
**Coplow Brook
*Greg Sike
*West Bradford Brook
**Brocklehurst Brook
**Drakehouse Brook
***Porters Brook
****Bradford Brook
*Moor Roads Sike
*West Clough Brook
*Grindleton Brook
*Chatburn Brook
*Smithies Brook
**Swanside Beck
***Stankhill Beck
****Gazegill or Rimington Beck
*****Thistleber Beck
******Eel Beck
*******Widow Hill Beck
*****Skell Banks Syke
*****Howgill Beck
******Whytha Beck
******Collaver Syke
*****Crag Clough
***Dudland Syke
****Cow Gill Beck
**Ings Beck
***Twiston Beck
****Pendle Hill Brook
***Clough Beck
***Gill Beck
*Rathmill Sike
*Hollins Syke
*Skinners Sike
*Sliping Brook
**Hell Syke
**Hill Brook
*[[Skirden Beck]]
**Holden Beck
***Mear Gill
****Fell Brook
*****Bay Gate Brook
*****Far Fields Brook
*****Black Brook
****Holden Beck
*****Threap Green Brook
**Kirk Beck
***Fox Gill Beck
****Gill Bottom Beck
**Bier Beck
***Hungrill Beck
****Higher Syke
*****Bleara Syke
*****Varleys Syke
***Cuddy Syke
**Monubent Beck
***Hen Gill Beck
****Agden Beck
*****Mere Syke
**Grunsagill Beck
***Tosside Beck
****Holden Beck or Moor End Beck
**New Gill Beck
***Bond Beck
****Little Beck
****Sandy Syke
***Walkers Clough
*Fooden Gill
*Park House Beck
*Wheatley Beck
*Ellenthorpe Gill

===Barnoldswick to source===
*[[Stock Beck]]
**Spittle Syke
**Horton Beck
**Bottom Beck
***Lodge Hill Syke
****Old Park Syke
*****Wedacre Syke
*****Hesketh Rough Syke
**Flush Beck
**Hell Forest Dike
***Turpit Gate Syke
***Hayfield Dike
****Tosber Syke
**Fools Syke
***Ray Gill Water
****Ray Gill
***Horrox Gill
**Crownest Syke
**Gillians Beck
***Moor Side Beck
*East Beck
**Carholme Beck
*Ray Gill
*Ged Beck
*Swinden Gill Beck
**Mallardale Beck
*Mansell Beck
*Pan Beck
**Hellifield Beck
**Gallaber Syke
***Bend Gate Syke
**Kell Well Beck
*Candle Rush Beck
*Deep Dale Syke
*Long Preston Beck
**Bookil Gill Beck
**Scaleber Beck
*Old Field Syke
**Crow Hill Syke
*Wigglesworth Beck
**Tofts Syke
**Rough Syke
*Rathmell Beck
**Hollow Gill Beck
**Rathmell Goit
*Skir Beck
*Mear Beck
*Swaw Beck
**Carr Beck
*Tems Beck
**Huntworth Beck
*Lodge Gill
*Stainforth Beck
**Catrigg Beck
***Cowside Beck
**Tongue Gill
***Fornah Gill
*How Beck
*Blind Beck
*Turn Dub
*Selside Beck
**Gillgarth Beck
*Coppy Gill

===Pre-Ribble===
====Cam Beck====
*'''Cam Beck''' (aka Ling Gill Beck)
**Brow Gill Beck
**Ling Gill Beck
**Labour Gill
**Poverty Gill
**Hard Turf Gill
**Dry Gill
**Little Bank Gill
***Foul Gutter
**Rush Gill
**Lamb Fold Gill
**Little Intake Gill
**Middle Gill
**Tur Gill
**Grainings Gill
**Red Sike
**Pot Close Gill
**Far End Gill
***Cold Keld Gill
====Gayle Beck====
*'''Gayle Beck'''
**Axletree Gill
**Gate Cote Gill
**White Earth Gill
**High Springs
**Lat Gill
**Long Gill
***Mares Gill
***Far Mares Gill
***Shivery Gill
***Jam Sike
**Ouster Gill

== Miscellany ==
*The River Ribble gives its name to the local government borough of [[Ribble Valley]] and the Ribble Valley parliamentary constituency, as well as the Borough of [[South Ribble]]. It also lends its name to [[Ribble Cycles]], a bicycle manufacturer based in [[Preston]], and Ribble Valley Inns.

==References==
===Notes===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*Crosby, A. (1996). ''A History of Cheshire.'' (The Darwen County History Series.) Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Phillimore & Co. Ltd. ISBN 0850339324.
*Harris, B. E., and Thacker, A. T. (1987). ''The Victoria History of the County of Chester. (Volume 1: Physique, Prehistory, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, and Domesday).'' Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0197227619.
*[[Ronald Hutton|Hutton, R.]] (1991) ''The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles'', Oxford : Blackwell, ISBN 0631172882
*Morgan, P. (1978). ''Domesday Book Cheshire: Including Lancashire, Cumbria, and North Wales''. Chichester, Sussex: Phillimore & Co. Ltd. ISBN 0850331404.
*Phillips A. D. M., and Phillips, C. B. (2002), ''A New Historical Atlas of Cheshire''. Chester, UK: Cheshire County Council and Cheshire Community Council Publications Trust. ISBN 0904532461.

==External links==
*[http://www.preston.gov.uk/Category.asp?cat=785 Riverworks]
* http://save-the-ribble.blogspot.com/

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ribble, River}}
[[Category:Rivers of Lancashire]]
[[Category:Rivers of North Yorkshire]]

[[fr:Ribble]]
[[no:Ribble (elv)]]

Zeno-Karte

2008-01-21T11:48:12Z

Theelf29:

[[Image:Map by nicolo zeno 1558.jpg|thumbnail|right|300px|A reproduction of the Zeno map from a 1793 book]]

The '''Zeno map''' refers to a map of the [[North Atlantic]] first published in [[1558]] in [[Venice]] by Nicolo Zeno, a descendant of a person by the same name, Nicolo Zeno, of the [[Zeno brothers]].

The younger Zeno published the map, along with a series of letters, with the claim that he had discovered them in a storeroom in his family's house in Venice. According to his claim, the map and letters were made around the year [[1400]] and purport to describe a voyage by the Zeno brothers made in the [[1390s]] under the direction of a prince named [[Zichmni]]. The voyage supposedly traversed the North Atlantic and, according to some interpretations, reached [[United states of america|North America]].

Most historians today regard the map and accompanying narrative as a [[hoax]], perpetrated by the younger Zeno to retroactively put forth a claim for Venice as having discovered the New World prior to [[Christopher Columbus]].

The evidence against the authenticity of the map is based largely on the appearance of many non-existent islands in the North Atlantic and off the coast of [[Iceland]]. One of these islands was [[Frisland]].

Independent research also states that since the [[marine chronometer]] was not invented until the mid 1750's, it would've been impossible to determine the [[latitude]] and [[longitude]] of the [[land mass]] shown on the map. Also, suggestions of an [[ancient civilization]] surveying the [[planet]] prior to any recorded [[history]] we have today, have arisen since there seems to be no ice over the area depicted on the map, that leads some to believe that this was done prior to any [[ice age]] or any other [[natural]] occurrence and more so, that this was no[[ hoax]]. Some have even suggested that Frisland is the elusive [[Atlantis]].

Current scholarship regards the map as being based on existing maps of the [[16th century]], in particular:
*The [[Olaus Magnus]] map of the North, the [[Carta marina]]
*The [[Caerte van Oostland]] of [[Cornelis Anthoniszoon]]
*[[Claudius Clavus]]-type maps of the North
<ref>Gray, Johnathan "Dead Men's Secrets" </ref>

== References ==
* Cooper, Robert L. D. (Ed.) ''The Voyages of the Venetian Brothers Nicolo & Antonion Zeno to the Northern Seas in the XIVth Century''. Masonic Publishing Co. 2004. ISBN 0-9544268-2-7.

[[Category:Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact]]
[[Category:Old maps of the world]]
[[Category:Document forgery]]
[[Category:Hoaxes]]
[[Category:1558 works]]

[[fr:Carte Zeno]

[[fr:Carte Zeno]]

Zeno-Karte

2008-01-21T11:47:54Z

Theelf29:

[[Image:Map by nicolo zeno 1558.jpg|thumbnail|right|300px|A reproduction of the Zeno map from a 1793 book]]

The '''Zeno map''' refers to a map of the [[North Atlantic]] first published in [[1558]] in [[Venice]] by Nicolo Zeno, a descendant of a person by the same name, Nicolo Zeno, of the [[Zeno brothers]].

The younger Zeno published the map, along with a series of letters, with the claim that he had discovered them in a storeroom in his family's house in Venice. According to his claim, the map and letters were made around the year [[1400]] and purport to describe a voyage by the Zeno brothers made in the [[1390s]] under the direction of a prince named [[Zichmni]]. The voyage supposedly traversed the North Atlantic and, according to some interpretations, reached [[United states of america|North America]].

Most historians today regard the map and accompanying narrative as a [[hoax]], perpetrated by the younger Zeno to retroactively put forth a claim for Venice as having discovered the New World prior to [[Christopher Columbus]].

The evidence against the authenticity of the map is based largely on the appearance of many non-existent islands in the North Atlantic and off the coast of [[Iceland]]. One of these islands was [[Frisland]].

Independent research also states that since the [[marine chronometer]] was not invented until the mid 1750's, it would've been impossible to determine the [[latitude]] and [[longitude]] of the [[land mass]] shown on the map. Also, suggestions of an [[ancient civilization]] surveying the [[planet]] prior to any recorded [[history]] we have today, have arisen since there seems to be no ice over the area depicted on the map, that leads some to believe that this was done prior to any [[ice age]] or any other [[natural]] occurrence and more so, that this was no[[ hoax]]. Some have even suggested that [[Frisland]] is the elusive [[Atlantis]].

Current scholarship regards the map as being based on existing maps of the [[16th century]], in particular:
*The [[Olaus Magnus]] map of the North, the [[Carta marina]]
*The [[Caerte van Oostland]] of [[Cornelis Anthoniszoon]]
*[[Claudius Clavus]]-type maps of the North
<ref>Gray, Johnathan "Dead Men's Secrets" </ref>

== References ==
* Cooper, Robert L. D. (Ed.) ''The Voyages of the Venetian Brothers Nicolo & Antonion Zeno to the Northern Seas in the XIVth Century''. Masonic Publishing Co. 2004. ISBN 0-9544268-2-7.

[[Category:Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact]]
[[Category:Old maps of the world]]
[[Category:Document forgery]]
[[Category:Hoaxes]]
[[Category:1558 works]]

[[fr:Carte Zeno]

[[fr:Carte Zeno]]

Zeno-Karte

2008-01-21T11:35:56Z

Theelf29:

[[Image:Map by nicolo zeno 1558.jpg|thumbnail|right|300px|A reproduction of the Zeno map from a 1793 book]]

The '''Zeno map''' refers to a map of the [[North Atlantic]] first published in [[1558]] in [[Venice]] by Nicolo Zeno, a descendant of a person by the same name, Nicolo Zeno, of the [[Zeno brothers]].

The younger Zeno published the map, along with a series of letters, with the claim that he had discovered them in a storeroom in his family's house in Venice. According to his claim, the map and letters were made around the year [[1400]] and purport to describe a voyage by the Zeno brothers made in the [[1390s]] under the direction of a prince named [[Zichmni]]. The voyage supposedly traversed the North Atlantic and, according to some interpretations, reached [[United states of america|North America]].

Most historians today regard the map and accompanying narrative as a [[hoax]], perpetrated by the younger Zeno to retroactively put forth a claim for Venice as having discovered the New World prior to [[Christopher Columbus]].

The evidence against the authenticity of the map is based largely on the appearance of many non-existent islands in the North Atlantic and off the coast of [[Iceland]]. One of these islands was [[Frisland]].

Independent research also states that since the [[marine chronometer]] was not invented until the mid 1750's, it would've been impossible to determine the [[latitude]] and [[longitude]] of the [[land mass]] shown on the map. Also, suggestions of an [[ancient civilization]] surveying the [[planet]] prior to any recorded [[history]] we have today, have arisen since there seems to be no ice over the area depicted on the map, that leads some to believe that this was done prior to any [[ice age]] or any other [[natural]] occurrence and more so, that this was no[[ hoax]]. Some have even suggested that [[Frisland]], the [[island]] said to be mythical on the [[zeno map]], to be the elusive [[Atlantis]].

Current scholarship regards the map as being based on existing maps of the [[16th century]], in particular:
*The [[Olaus Magnus]] map of the North, the [[Carta marina]]
*The [[Caerte van Oostland]] of [[Cornelis Anthoniszoon]]
*[[Claudius Clavus]]-type maps of the North
<ref>Gray, Johnathan "Dead Men's Secrets" </ref>

== References ==
* Cooper, Robert L. D. (Ed.) ''The Voyages of the Venetian Brothers Nicolo & Antonion Zeno to the Northern Seas in the XIVth Century''. Masonic Publishing Co. 2004. ISBN 0-9544268-2-7.

[[Category:Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact]]
[[Category:Old maps of the world]]
[[Category:Document forgery]]
[[Category:Hoaxes]]
[[Category:1558 works]]

[[fr:Carte Zeno]

[[fr:Carte Zeno]]

Meritre Hatschepsut

2007-08-11T00:20:05Z

Theelf29:

Queen '''Merytre-Hatshepsut''' (or sometimes '''Hatshepsut-Meryet-Ra''') was the principal wife of [[Pharaoh]] [[Thutmose III]], and mother of [[Pharaoh]] [[Amenhotep II]].<ref>Dodson, A. and D. Hilton 2004. <cite>The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt</cite> London: Thames and Hudson. p.139</ref> Of noble birth, she was the daughter of the Adoratrix Huy, whose statue in the British Museum (EA 1280) shows Huy holding a grandchild and represents the other children of Thutomose III and Merytre-Hatshepsut along the sides of her seated statue. She is not related to [[Hatshepsut|Queen Hatshepsut]], the previous pharaoh of Egypt, though previously was often thought to be her daughter (Hatshepsut's only known child is [[Neferure]]).

Merytre-Hatshepsut was originally meant to be interred in [[KV42]], but was probably interred in [[KV35]], with her son Amenhotep II.

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Ancient Egyptian queen consorts]]
[[Category:Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt]]

{{Ancient-Egypt-stub}}

[[es:Hatshepsut Meritra]]
[[fr:Mérytrê-Hatchepsout]]
[[hu:Meritré-Hatsepszut]]

Georgische Kultur

2007-07-04T13:00:46Z

Theelf29: /* Sport */

[[Image:DC003679.jpg|300px|thumb|A page from a rare 12th century Gelati Gospel depicting the Nativity from the Museum of Fine Arts in Tbilisi.]]

The '''culture of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]''' has evolved over the country's long history, providing it with a unique national culture and a strong literary tradition based on the [[Georgian language]] and alphabet. This has provided a strong sense of national identity that has helped to preserve Georgian distinctiveness despite repeated periods of foreign occupation and attempted assimilation.

== Culture of old Georgia ==

The [[Georgian language|Georgian alphabet]] is traditionally said to have been invented in the [[5th century BC]] and reformed by King [[Parnavaz I of Iberia]] in [[284 BC]], however, most modern scholarship puts the date at some time in the 5th century AD, when the earlist examples can be found.

Georgia's [[medieval]] culture was greatly influenced by [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Orthodox Christianity]] and the [[Georgian Orthodox and Apostolic Church]], which promoted and often sponsored the creation of many works of religious devotion. These included churches and monasteries, works of art such as [[icon]]s, and [[hagiography|hagiographies]] of Georgian saints. As well as this, many secular works of national [[history]], [[mythology]] and hagiograpy were also written.

===Ecclesiastical art===
[[Image:Martvili.jpg|right|thumb|The Icon from Martvili (10th century)]]
Medieval Georgian icons are renowned as being among the finest creations of Orthodox religious art. Notable examples include:

* The Icon of [[886]] from [[Zarzma]]
* The Icon of the [[9th century]] from [[Tsilkani]]
* The famous "Wonderworking Iberian Icon of the Mother of God" ([[10th century]])
* The Icon of the [[10th century]] from [[Okona]]
* The Icon of Our Lady of [[Khakhuli]] of the [[12th century]]
* The Icon of St. George of the [[11th century]] from [[Labechina]]
* The Icon of St.George of the [[11th century]] from [[Nakipari]]
* The Icon of the [[12th century]] from [[Anchiskhati]]
* The Icon of the [[14th century]] from [[Ubisa]]
* The Icon of the [[16th century]] from [[Alaverdi (monastery)|Alaverdi]]

===Ecclesiastical monuments===

Well-known monuments of Georgian Christian [[architecture]] include:

* The Georgian Church in [[Bethlehem]] ([[4th century]])
* The Church of [[Gavazi]] ([[4th century]]) in [[Akhalsopeli]] ([[Kvareli]] district of [[Kakheti]] region)
* [[Akaurta]] Church ([[5th century]]) in [[Bolnisi]] district ([[Kvemo Kartli]] region)
* [[Ikalto]] Monastery complex ([[5th century|5th]]-[[7th century|7th centuries]]) ([[Kakheti]])
[[Image:Jvari.jpg|right|thumb|Jvari Monastery (6th century)]]
* [[Sioni church]] ([[5th century]]) in [[Bolnisi]]
* [[Monastery of Shio Mghvime]] ([[6th century]])
* [[Davidgareja]] Monastery complex ([[6th century|6th]]-[[7th century|7th centuries]])
* [[Jvari|Jvari Monastery]] in [[Mtskheta]] ([[6th century]])
* [[Anchiskhati Church]] ([[6th century]]) in [[Tbilisi]]
* [[Nekresi Monastery Complex]] ([[4th century|4th]]-[[9th century|9th centuries]]) in [[Kakheti]]
* [[Sioni church]] ([[7th century]]) in [[Ateni]]
* [[Bachkovo Monastery|Petritsoni Monastery]] in [[Bulgaria]] ([[11th century]])
* The Georgian Monastery ([[10th century]]) on the [[Black Mountain]] in [[Syria]]
* The Georgian [[Iveron Monastery]] on [[Mount Athos|Athos]] ([[10th century]])
* [[Svetitskhoveli Cathedral]] in [[Mtskheta]] ([[11th century]])
[[Image:Anchisxati.jpg|right|thumb|Anchiskhati Church (6th century)]]
* [[Opiza Monastery]] ([[10th century]]) in [[Tao-Klarjeti]] (now territory of [[Turkey]])
* [[Monastery Doliskana]] ([[10th century]]) in [[Tao-Klarjeti]] (now territory of [[Turkey]])
* [[Monastery Otkhta-Eklesia]] in [[Tao-Klarjeti]] (now territory of [[Turkey]])
* [[Oshki Monastery]] ([[10th century]]) in [[Tao-Klarjeti]] (now territory of [[Turkey]])
* [[Gelati Monastery]] ([[11th century]]) in [[Kutaisi]]
* [[Sioni Cathedral]] ([[11th century]]) in [[Tbilisi]]
* [[Alaverdi (monastery)|Alaverdi church]] ([[11th century]]) in [[Kakheti]]
* [[Monastery Samtavro]] ([[12th century]]) in [[Mtskheta]]
* [[Vardzia Monastery]] ([[12th century]]) in [[Meskheti]]

Well-known Georgian painters were: [[Damiane]] ([[13th century]]), [[Anania]] ([[15th century]]), [[Mamuka Tavakarashvili]] ([[17th century]]), etc.

The works of the famous Georgian goldsmiths, [[Beka Opizari|Beka]] and [[Beshken Opizari]] ([[11th century]]), are an outstanding contribution to world art.

===Literary and other written works===
[[Image:RustaveliManuscript.jpg|right|thumb|The Manuscript of "The Knight in the Panther's Skin" (16th century)]]
Important Georgian literary works of the pre-Christian period are:

* ''[[Amiraniani]]'', ancient Georgian folk epos of the end of the [[2nd millennium BC]]
* ''[[Life of the King Farnavaz]]'' (anon) ([[3rd century BC]])

Notable Georgian written works from the medieval period include:

* The ''[[Life of Saint Nino]]'' ([[4th century]]) (anon)
* The ''[[Life of the King Mirian]]'' by [[Abyatar]] ([[4th century]])
* ''[[The Martyrdom of Queen Shushanik]]'' by [[Iakob Tsurtaveli]] ([[5th century]])
* ''[[Corpus Areopagiticum]]'', a philosophical and theological work attributed by some to [[Peter the Iberian]] ([[5th century]])
* ''[[The Martyrdom of Abo Tbileli]]'' by [[Ioane Sabanisdze]] ([[8th century]])
* The ''[[Life of Grigol Khandzteli]]'' by [[Giorgi Merchule]] ([[10th century]])
* ''[[Ustsoro Karabadini]]'' (''Peerless Karabadini'') [[10th century]]
* ''[[A History of the Georgian Kings]]'' ("''Tskhovreba Kartvelta Mepeta''") by [[Leonti Mroveli]] ([[11th century]])
* ''[[A History of the Royal House of Bagrationi]]'' by [[Sumbat Davitisdze]] ([[11th century]])
* ''[[Tamariani]]'' by [[Ioane Chakhrukhadze]] ([[12th century]])
* ''[[Thou Art a Vineyard|Shen Khar Venakhi]]'' ("''Thou Art a Vineyard''"), the famous Georgian religious hymn by the King [[Demetre I]] [[Bagrationi]] ([[12th century]])
* ''Vepkhistkaosani'' (''[[The Knight in the Panther's Skin]]''), a national [[epic poem]] by [[Shota Rustaveli]] ([[12th century]])
* ''[[Abdulmesiani]]'' by [[Ioane Shavteli]] ([[13th century]])
* ''[[Kartlis Tskhovreba]]'' (''History of Georgia''), a collection of old Georgian chronicles (from ancient times to the [[14th century]])

==Culture of modern Georgia==

During the modern period, from about the [[17th century]] onwards, Georgian culture has been greatly influenced by cultural innovations imported from elsewhere in Europe.

The first Georgian-language printing house was established in the [[1620s]] in [[Italy]] and the first one in Georgia itself was founded in [[1709]] in [[Tbilisi]].

Georgian theatre has a long history; its oldest national form was the "[[Sakhioba]]" (extant from the [[3rd century BC]] to the [[17th century AD]]). The Georgian National Theatre was founded in [[1791]] in [[Tbilisi]], by the writer, dramatist and diplomat [[Giorgi Avalishvili]] ([[1769]]-[[1850]]). Its leading actors were Dimitri Aleksi-Meskhishvili, David Machabeli, David Bagrationi, Dimitri Cholokashvili and others.

The [[State Museum of Georgia]] was founded in [[1845]]. The [[Tbilisi State Theatre of Opera and Ballet]] established a few years later, in [[1851]].

Greatest representatives of Georgian culture of the XIX century were: [[Nikoloz Baratashvili]] (poet), [[Alexander Orbeliani]] (writer), [[Vakhtang Orbeliani]] (poet), [[Dimitri Kipiani]] (writer), [[Grigol Orbeliani]] (poet), [[Ilia Chavchavadze]] (writer and poet), [[Akaki Tsereteli]] (poet), [[Alexander Kazbegi]] (writer), [[Rapiel Eristavi]] (poet), [[Mamia Gurieli]] (poet), [[Iakob Gogebashvili]] (writer), [[Simon Gugunava]] (poet), [[Babo Avalishvili-Kherkheulidze]] (actor), [[Nikoloz Avalishvili]] (actor), [[Nikoloz Aleksi-Meskhishvili]] (actor), [[Romanoz Gvelesiani]] (painter), [[Grigol Maisuradze]] (painter), [[Alexander Beridze]] (painter), [[Ivane Machabeli]] (translator), [[Okropir Bagrationi]] (translator), [[Sardion Aleksi-Meskhishvili]] (translator), [[Kharlampi Savaneli]] (opera singer), [[Pilimon Koridze]] (opera singer), [[Lado Agniashvili]] (folk singer), [[Alioz Mizandari]] (composer), etc.

The first cinema in Georgia was established in Tbilisi on [[November 16]], [[1896]]. The first Georgian cinema documentary ("Journey of Akaki Tsereteli in Racha-Lechkhumi") was shot in [[1912]] by [[Vasil Amashukeli]] ([[1886-1977]]), while the first Georgian feature film ("Kristine") was shot in [[1916]] by [[Alexandre Tsutsunava]] ([[1881]]-[[1955]]).

The [[Tbilisi State Academy of Art]] was founded in [[1917]].

Georgian culture suffered under the rule of the [[Soviet Union]] during the [[20th century]], during which a policy of [[Russification]] was imposed but was strongly resisted by many Georgians. Since the independence of Georgia in [[1991]], a cultural resurgence has taken place, albeit somewhat hampered by the country's economic and political difficulties in the post-Soviet era.

==Famous Georgian cultural figures (XX-XXI centuries):==
===Actors===

* [[David (Dodo) Abashidze]]
* [[Veriko Anjaparidze]]
* [[Spartak Bagashvili]]
* [[Givi Berikashvili]]
* [[Ushangi Chkheidze]]
* [[Ramaz Chkhikvadze]]
* [[Giorgi Gegechkori]]
* [[Akaki Vasadze]]
* [[Iza Gigoshvili]]
* [[Vaso Godziashvili]]
* [[Kakhi Kavsadze]]
* [[Akaki Khorava]]
* [[Zurab Kipshidze]]
* [[Zina Kverenchkhiladze]]
* [[Avtandil Makharadze]]
* [[Erosi Manjgaladze]]
* [[Merab Ninidze]]
* [[Giorgi Sagaradze]]
* [[Guram Sagaradze]]
* [[Karlo Sakandelidze]]
* [[Sesilia Takaishvili]]
* [[Levan Uchaneishvili]]
* [[Bukhuti Zakariadze]]
* [[Sergo Zakariadze]]
* [[Alexandre Zhorzholiani]]
* [[Nato Vachnadze]]
* [[Edisher Maghalashvili]]
* [[Sofiko Chiaureli]]

===Ballet dancers===

* [[Nino Ananiashvili]]
* [[Vakhtang Chabukiani]]
* [[Zurab Kikaleishvili]]
* [[Irma Nioradze]]
* [[Vera Tsignadze]]

===Composers===
* [[Alexi Matchavariani]]
* [[Sulkhan Tsintsadze]]
* [[Dimitri Arakishvili]]
* [[Vazha Azarashvili]]
* [[Shalva Azmaiparashvili]]
* [[Andria Balanchivadze]]
* [[Meliton Balanchivadze]]
* [[Alexandre Basilaia]]
* [[Gia Kancheli]]
* [[Bidzina Kvernadze]]
* [[Sulkhan Nasidze]]
* [[Zakharia Paliashvili]]
* [[Nicko Sulkhanishvili]]
* [[Otar Taktakishvili]]
* [[Nodar Gabunia]]

===Filmmakers===

* [[Tengiz Abuladze]]
* [[Mikheil Chiaureli]]
* [[Revaz Chkheidze]]
* [[Otar Ioseliani]]
* [[Mikheil Kobakhidze]]
* [[Merab Kokochashvili]]
* [[Guram Meliava]]
* [[Kote Mikaberidze]]
* [[Guram Pataraia]]
* [[Eldar Shengelaia]]
* [[Giorgi Shengelaia]]
* [[Alexandre Tsutsunava]]
* [[Nana Mchedlidze]]

===Opera singers===

* [[Petre Amiranashvili]]
* [[Medea Amiranashvili]]
* [[David Andguladze]]
* [[Nodar Andguladze]]
* [[Lado Ataneli]]
* [[Paata Burchuladze]]
* [[David Gamrekeli]]
* [[Makvala Kasrashvili]]
* [[Valerian Kashakashvili]]
* [[Alexandre Khomeriki]]
* [[Badri Maisuradze]]
* [[Vano Sarajishvili]]
* [[Zurab Sotkilava]]
* [[Nino Surguladze]]
* [[Tsisana Tatishvili]]
* [[Maia Tomadze]]

===Painters===

* [[Elene Akhvlediani]]
* [[Shalva Matuashvili]]
* [[Elguja Berdzenishvili]]
* [[Mikheil Bilanishvili]]
* [[Gia Bugadze]]
* [[Giorgi Chogoshvili]]
* [[Dimitri Eristavi]]
* [[Gigo Gabashvili]]
* [[Vakhtang Gabunia]]
* [[Lado Gudiashvili]]
* [[Gia Gugushvili]]
* [[Natela Iankoshvili]]
* [[Edmond Kalandadze]]
* [[David Kakabadze]]
* [[Vladimer Kandelaki]]
* [[Dimitri Khakhutashvili]]
* [[Shalva Kikodze]]
* [[Sergo Kobuladze]]
* [[Keti Matabeli]]
* [[Zurab Nizharadze]]
* [[Niko Pirosmanashvili|Niko Pirosmani]]
* [[Irakli Toidze]]
* [[Mikhail Khvitia]]
* [[Mose Toidze]]
* [[Levan Tsutskiridze]]
* [[Shano]]
* [[Avto Varazi]]
* [[Feliks Varlamishvili]]
* [[Tazo Khutsishvili]]

===Pianists===

* [[Eliso Bolkvadze]]
* [[Alexander Korsantia]]
* [[Medea Paniashvili]]
* [[Alexander Toradze]]
* [[Eliso Virsaladze]]
* [[Inga Kashakashvili]]

===Poets===

* [[Shota Rustaveli]]
* [[Galaktion Tabidze]]
* [[Zviad Gamsakhurdia]]
* [[Alexander Abasheli]]
* [[Irakli Abashidze]]
* [[Rati Amaglobeli]]
* [[Lado Asatiani]]
* [[Valerian Gaprindashvili]]
* [[Terenti Graneli]]
* [[Ioseb Grishashvili]]
* [[Paolo Iashvili]]
* [[Ana Kalandadze]]
* [[Murman Lebanidze]]
* [[Giorgi Leonidze]]
* [[Mukhran Machavariani]]
* [[David Magradze]]
* [[Kote Makashvili]]
* [[Tinatin Mghvdliashvili]]
* [[Kolau Nadiradze]]
* [[Gaga Nakhutsrishvili]]
* [[Vazha-Pshavela]]
* [[Niko Samadashvili]]
* [[Titsian Tabidze]]
* [[Erekle Shvelidze]]
* [[Nikoloz Baratashvili]]

===Sculptors===

* [[Bidzina Avalishvili]]
* [[Merab Berdzenishvili]]
* [[Tengiz Gviniashvili]]
* [[Juna Mikatadze]]
* [[Iakob Nikoladze]]
* [[Giorgi Ochiauri]]
* [[Irakli Ochiauri]]
* [[Vakhtang Oniani]]
* [[George Papashvily]]
* [[Zurab Tsereteli]]
* [[Malkhaz Vardiashvili]]

===Theatre producers===

* [[Alexander (Sandro) Akhmeteli]]
* [[Dodo Antadze]]
* [[Temur Chkheidze]]
* [[David Doiashvili]]
* [[Kote Marjanishvili]]
* [[Robert Sturua]]
* [[Alexander Sumbatashvili-Yuzhin]]
* [[Mikheil Tumanishvili]]
* [[Levan Tsuladze]]
* [[Avtandil (Avto) Varsimashvili]]

===Writers===

* [[Zviad Kliment Lazarashvili]]
* [[Merab Eliozishvili]]
* [[Vladimer (Lado) Alpenidze]]
* [[Vasil Barnovi (Barnaveli)]]
* [[Lasha Bugadze]]
* [[Otar Chiladze]]
* [[Tamaz Chiladze]]
* [[Konstantine Gamsakhurdia]]
* [[Levan Gotua]]
* [[Shalva Dadiani]]
* [[Guram Dochanashvili]]
* [[Mikheil Javakhishvili]]
* [[Maka Jokhadze]]
* [[Otia Ioseliani]]
* [[Jemal Karchkhadze]]
* [[Leo Kiacheli]]
* [[David Kldiashvili]]
* [[Vakhushti Kotetishvili]]
* [[Niko Lordkipanidze]]
* [[Aka Morchiladze]]
* [[George Papashvily]]
* [[Guram Rcheulishvili]]
* [[Grigol Robakidze]]
* [[Nodar Tsuleiskiri]]
* [[David Turashvili]]
* [[Nodar Dumbadze]]
* [[David Kasradze]]
* [[Mzia Chkhetiani]]
* [[Terenti Graneli]]

==Sport==
*[[Zaza Pachulia]] (basketball player for [[Atlanta Hawks]])
*[[Kakha Kaladze]] (soccer player for [[AC Milan]])
:See also [[Rugby union in Georgia]], [[Georgia_national_football_team|Football in Georgia]]

[[Rugby union]] is a popular team sport played in Georgia, rugby union is considered the second most popular sport in Georgia, after football (soccer).

==See also==

* [[History of Georgia (country)|History of Georgia]]
* [[Georgian people]]
* [[Georgian language]]
* [[Georgian Orthodox and Apostolic Church]]
* [[Music of Georgia]]
*[[Dances of Georgia]]
* [[Keipi]]
* [[Architecture of Georgia]]

==External links==
*[http://www.tedsnet.de Georgia History and Culture (in German)]
*[http://georgien.blogspot.com Georgia - South Caucasus (bilingual in German/English)]
*[http://georgianwines.blogspot.com ''From the Cradle of Wine'']

{{Asia in topic|Culture of}}
{{Europe in topic|Culture of}}
[[Category:Georgian culture| ]]

[[bg:Култура на Грузия]]
[[pt:Cultura da Geórgia]]
[[ro:Cultura Georgiei]]

Georgische Kultur

2007-07-04T13:00:13Z

Theelf29: /* Sport */

[[Image:DC003679.jpg|300px|thumb|A page from a rare 12th century Gelati Gospel depicting the Nativity from the Museum of Fine Arts in Tbilisi.]]

The '''culture of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]''' has evolved over the country's long history, providing it with a unique national culture and a strong literary tradition based on the [[Georgian language]] and alphabet. This has provided a strong sense of national identity that has helped to preserve Georgian distinctiveness despite repeated periods of foreign occupation and attempted assimilation.

== Culture of old Georgia ==

The [[Georgian language|Georgian alphabet]] is traditionally said to have been invented in the [[5th century BC]] and reformed by King [[Parnavaz I of Iberia]] in [[284 BC]], however, most modern scholarship puts the date at some time in the 5th century AD, when the earlist examples can be found.

Georgia's [[medieval]] culture was greatly influenced by [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Orthodox Christianity]] and the [[Georgian Orthodox and Apostolic Church]], which promoted and often sponsored the creation of many works of religious devotion. These included churches and monasteries, works of art such as [[icon]]s, and [[hagiography|hagiographies]] of Georgian saints. As well as this, many secular works of national [[history]], [[mythology]] and hagiograpy were also written.

===Ecclesiastical art===
[[Image:Martvili.jpg|right|thumb|The Icon from Martvili (10th century)]]
Medieval Georgian icons are renowned as being among the finest creations of Orthodox religious art. Notable examples include:

* The Icon of [[886]] from [[Zarzma]]
* The Icon of the [[9th century]] from [[Tsilkani]]
* The famous "Wonderworking Iberian Icon of the Mother of God" ([[10th century]])
* The Icon of the [[10th century]] from [[Okona]]
* The Icon of Our Lady of [[Khakhuli]] of the [[12th century]]
* The Icon of St. George of the [[11th century]] from [[Labechina]]
* The Icon of St.George of the [[11th century]] from [[Nakipari]]
* The Icon of the [[12th century]] from [[Anchiskhati]]
* The Icon of the [[14th century]] from [[Ubisa]]
* The Icon of the [[16th century]] from [[Alaverdi (monastery)|Alaverdi]]

===Ecclesiastical monuments===

Well-known monuments of Georgian Christian [[architecture]] include:

* The Georgian Church in [[Bethlehem]] ([[4th century]])
* The Church of [[Gavazi]] ([[4th century]]) in [[Akhalsopeli]] ([[Kvareli]] district of [[Kakheti]] region)
* [[Akaurta]] Church ([[5th century]]) in [[Bolnisi]] district ([[Kvemo Kartli]] region)
* [[Ikalto]] Monastery complex ([[5th century|5th]]-[[7th century|7th centuries]]) ([[Kakheti]])
[[Image:Jvari.jpg|right|thumb|Jvari Monastery (6th century)]]
* [[Sioni church]] ([[5th century]]) in [[Bolnisi]]
* [[Monastery of Shio Mghvime]] ([[6th century]])
* [[Davidgareja]] Monastery complex ([[6th century|6th]]-[[7th century|7th centuries]])
* [[Jvari|Jvari Monastery]] in [[Mtskheta]] ([[6th century]])
* [[Anchiskhati Church]] ([[6th century]]) in [[Tbilisi]]
* [[Nekresi Monastery Complex]] ([[4th century|4th]]-[[9th century|9th centuries]]) in [[Kakheti]]
* [[Sioni church]] ([[7th century]]) in [[Ateni]]
* [[Bachkovo Monastery|Petritsoni Monastery]] in [[Bulgaria]] ([[11th century]])
* The Georgian Monastery ([[10th century]]) on the [[Black Mountain]] in [[Syria]]
* The Georgian [[Iveron Monastery]] on [[Mount Athos|Athos]] ([[10th century]])
* [[Svetitskhoveli Cathedral]] in [[Mtskheta]] ([[11th century]])
[[Image:Anchisxati.jpg|right|thumb|Anchiskhati Church (6th century)]]
* [[Opiza Monastery]] ([[10th century]]) in [[Tao-Klarjeti]] (now territory of [[Turkey]])
* [[Monastery Doliskana]] ([[10th century]]) in [[Tao-Klarjeti]] (now territory of [[Turkey]])
* [[Monastery Otkhta-Eklesia]] in [[Tao-Klarjeti]] (now territory of [[Turkey]])
* [[Oshki Monastery]] ([[10th century]]) in [[Tao-Klarjeti]] (now territory of [[Turkey]])
* [[Gelati Monastery]] ([[11th century]]) in [[Kutaisi]]
* [[Sioni Cathedral]] ([[11th century]]) in [[Tbilisi]]
* [[Alaverdi (monastery)|Alaverdi church]] ([[11th century]]) in [[Kakheti]]
* [[Monastery Samtavro]] ([[12th century]]) in [[Mtskheta]]
* [[Vardzia Monastery]] ([[12th century]]) in [[Meskheti]]

Well-known Georgian painters were: [[Damiane]] ([[13th century]]), [[Anania]] ([[15th century]]), [[Mamuka Tavakarashvili]] ([[17th century]]), etc.

The works of the famous Georgian goldsmiths, [[Beka Opizari|Beka]] and [[Beshken Opizari]] ([[11th century]]), are an outstanding contribution to world art.

===Literary and other written works===
[[Image:RustaveliManuscript.jpg|right|thumb|The Manuscript of "The Knight in the Panther's Skin" (16th century)]]
Important Georgian literary works of the pre-Christian period are:

* ''[[Amiraniani]]'', ancient Georgian folk epos of the end of the [[2nd millennium BC]]
* ''[[Life of the King Farnavaz]]'' (anon) ([[3rd century BC]])

Notable Georgian written works from the medieval period include:

* The ''[[Life of Saint Nino]]'' ([[4th century]]) (anon)
* The ''[[Life of the King Mirian]]'' by [[Abyatar]] ([[4th century]])
* ''[[The Martyrdom of Queen Shushanik]]'' by [[Iakob Tsurtaveli]] ([[5th century]])
* ''[[Corpus Areopagiticum]]'', a philosophical and theological work attributed by some to [[Peter the Iberian]] ([[5th century]])
* ''[[The Martyrdom of Abo Tbileli]]'' by [[Ioane Sabanisdze]] ([[8th century]])
* The ''[[Life of Grigol Khandzteli]]'' by [[Giorgi Merchule]] ([[10th century]])
* ''[[Ustsoro Karabadini]]'' (''Peerless Karabadini'') [[10th century]]
* ''[[A History of the Georgian Kings]]'' ("''Tskhovreba Kartvelta Mepeta''") by [[Leonti Mroveli]] ([[11th century]])
* ''[[A History of the Royal House of Bagrationi]]'' by [[Sumbat Davitisdze]] ([[11th century]])
* ''[[Tamariani]]'' by [[Ioane Chakhrukhadze]] ([[12th century]])
* ''[[Thou Art a Vineyard|Shen Khar Venakhi]]'' ("''Thou Art a Vineyard''"), the famous Georgian religious hymn by the King [[Demetre I]] [[Bagrationi]] ([[12th century]])
* ''Vepkhistkaosani'' (''[[The Knight in the Panther's Skin]]''), a national [[epic poem]] by [[Shota Rustaveli]] ([[12th century]])
* ''[[Abdulmesiani]]'' by [[Ioane Shavteli]] ([[13th century]])
* ''[[Kartlis Tskhovreba]]'' (''History of Georgia''), a collection of old Georgian chronicles (from ancient times to the [[14th century]])

==Culture of modern Georgia==

During the modern period, from about the [[17th century]] onwards, Georgian culture has been greatly influenced by cultural innovations imported from elsewhere in Europe.

The first Georgian-language printing house was established in the [[1620s]] in [[Italy]] and the first one in Georgia itself was founded in [[1709]] in [[Tbilisi]].

Georgian theatre has a long history; its oldest national form was the "[[Sakhioba]]" (extant from the [[3rd century BC]] to the [[17th century AD]]). The Georgian National Theatre was founded in [[1791]] in [[Tbilisi]], by the writer, dramatist and diplomat [[Giorgi Avalishvili]] ([[1769]]-[[1850]]). Its leading actors were Dimitri Aleksi-Meskhishvili, David Machabeli, David Bagrationi, Dimitri Cholokashvili and others.

The [[State Museum of Georgia]] was founded in [[1845]]. The [[Tbilisi State Theatre of Opera and Ballet]] established a few years later, in [[1851]].

Greatest representatives of Georgian culture of the XIX century were: [[Nikoloz Baratashvili]] (poet), [[Alexander Orbeliani]] (writer), [[Vakhtang Orbeliani]] (poet), [[Dimitri Kipiani]] (writer), [[Grigol Orbeliani]] (poet), [[Ilia Chavchavadze]] (writer and poet), [[Akaki Tsereteli]] (poet), [[Alexander Kazbegi]] (writer), [[Rapiel Eristavi]] (poet), [[Mamia Gurieli]] (poet), [[Iakob Gogebashvili]] (writer), [[Simon Gugunava]] (poet), [[Babo Avalishvili-Kherkheulidze]] (actor), [[Nikoloz Avalishvili]] (actor), [[Nikoloz Aleksi-Meskhishvili]] (actor), [[Romanoz Gvelesiani]] (painter), [[Grigol Maisuradze]] (painter), [[Alexander Beridze]] (painter), [[Ivane Machabeli]] (translator), [[Okropir Bagrationi]] (translator), [[Sardion Aleksi-Meskhishvili]] (translator), [[Kharlampi Savaneli]] (opera singer), [[Pilimon Koridze]] (opera singer), [[Lado Agniashvili]] (folk singer), [[Alioz Mizandari]] (composer), etc.

The first cinema in Georgia was established in Tbilisi on [[November 16]], [[1896]]. The first Georgian cinema documentary ("Journey of Akaki Tsereteli in Racha-Lechkhumi") was shot in [[1912]] by [[Vasil Amashukeli]] ([[1886-1977]]), while the first Georgian feature film ("Kristine") was shot in [[1916]] by [[Alexandre Tsutsunava]] ([[1881]]-[[1955]]).

The [[Tbilisi State Academy of Art]] was founded in [[1917]].

Georgian culture suffered under the rule of the [[Soviet Union]] during the [[20th century]], during which a policy of [[Russification]] was imposed but was strongly resisted by many Georgians. Since the independence of Georgia in [[1991]], a cultural resurgence has taken place, albeit somewhat hampered by the country's economic and political difficulties in the post-Soviet era.

==Famous Georgian cultural figures (XX-XXI centuries):==
===Actors===

* [[David (Dodo) Abashidze]]
* [[Veriko Anjaparidze]]
* [[Spartak Bagashvili]]
* [[Givi Berikashvili]]
* [[Ushangi Chkheidze]]
* [[Ramaz Chkhikvadze]]
* [[Giorgi Gegechkori]]
* [[Akaki Vasadze]]
* [[Iza Gigoshvili]]
* [[Vaso Godziashvili]]
* [[Kakhi Kavsadze]]
* [[Akaki Khorava]]
* [[Zurab Kipshidze]]
* [[Zina Kverenchkhiladze]]
* [[Avtandil Makharadze]]
* [[Erosi Manjgaladze]]
* [[Merab Ninidze]]
* [[Giorgi Sagaradze]]
* [[Guram Sagaradze]]
* [[Karlo Sakandelidze]]
* [[Sesilia Takaishvili]]
* [[Levan Uchaneishvili]]
* [[Bukhuti Zakariadze]]
* [[Sergo Zakariadze]]
* [[Alexandre Zhorzholiani]]
* [[Nato Vachnadze]]
* [[Edisher Maghalashvili]]
* [[Sofiko Chiaureli]]

===Ballet dancers===

* [[Nino Ananiashvili]]
* [[Vakhtang Chabukiani]]
* [[Zurab Kikaleishvili]]
* [[Irma Nioradze]]
* [[Vera Tsignadze]]

===Composers===
* [[Alexi Matchavariani]]
* [[Sulkhan Tsintsadze]]
* [[Dimitri Arakishvili]]
* [[Vazha Azarashvili]]
* [[Shalva Azmaiparashvili]]
* [[Andria Balanchivadze]]
* [[Meliton Balanchivadze]]
* [[Alexandre Basilaia]]
* [[Gia Kancheli]]
* [[Bidzina Kvernadze]]
* [[Sulkhan Nasidze]]
* [[Zakharia Paliashvili]]
* [[Nicko Sulkhanishvili]]
* [[Otar Taktakishvili]]
* [[Nodar Gabunia]]

===Filmmakers===

* [[Tengiz Abuladze]]
* [[Mikheil Chiaureli]]
* [[Revaz Chkheidze]]
* [[Otar Ioseliani]]
* [[Mikheil Kobakhidze]]
* [[Merab Kokochashvili]]
* [[Guram Meliava]]
* [[Kote Mikaberidze]]
* [[Guram Pataraia]]
* [[Eldar Shengelaia]]
* [[Giorgi Shengelaia]]
* [[Alexandre Tsutsunava]]
* [[Nana Mchedlidze]]

===Opera singers===

* [[Petre Amiranashvili]]
* [[Medea Amiranashvili]]
* [[David Andguladze]]
* [[Nodar Andguladze]]
* [[Lado Ataneli]]
* [[Paata Burchuladze]]
* [[David Gamrekeli]]
* [[Makvala Kasrashvili]]
* [[Valerian Kashakashvili]]
* [[Alexandre Khomeriki]]
* [[Badri Maisuradze]]
* [[Vano Sarajishvili]]
* [[Zurab Sotkilava]]
* [[Nino Surguladze]]
* [[Tsisana Tatishvili]]
* [[Maia Tomadze]]

===Painters===

* [[Elene Akhvlediani]]
* [[Shalva Matuashvili]]
* [[Elguja Berdzenishvili]]
* [[Mikheil Bilanishvili]]
* [[Gia Bugadze]]
* [[Giorgi Chogoshvili]]
* [[Dimitri Eristavi]]
* [[Gigo Gabashvili]]
* [[Vakhtang Gabunia]]
* [[Lado Gudiashvili]]
* [[Gia Gugushvili]]
* [[Natela Iankoshvili]]
* [[Edmond Kalandadze]]
* [[David Kakabadze]]
* [[Vladimer Kandelaki]]
* [[Dimitri Khakhutashvili]]
* [[Shalva Kikodze]]
* [[Sergo Kobuladze]]
* [[Keti Matabeli]]
* [[Zurab Nizharadze]]
* [[Niko Pirosmanashvili|Niko Pirosmani]]
* [[Irakli Toidze]]
* [[Mikhail Khvitia]]
* [[Mose Toidze]]
* [[Levan Tsutskiridze]]
* [[Shano]]
* [[Avto Varazi]]
* [[Feliks Varlamishvili]]
* [[Tazo Khutsishvili]]

===Pianists===

* [[Eliso Bolkvadze]]
* [[Alexander Korsantia]]
* [[Medea Paniashvili]]
* [[Alexander Toradze]]
* [[Eliso Virsaladze]]
* [[Inga Kashakashvili]]

===Poets===

* [[Shota Rustaveli]]
* [[Galaktion Tabidze]]
* [[Zviad Gamsakhurdia]]
* [[Alexander Abasheli]]
* [[Irakli Abashidze]]
* [[Rati Amaglobeli]]
* [[Lado Asatiani]]
* [[Valerian Gaprindashvili]]
* [[Terenti Graneli]]
* [[Ioseb Grishashvili]]
* [[Paolo Iashvili]]
* [[Ana Kalandadze]]
* [[Murman Lebanidze]]
* [[Giorgi Leonidze]]
* [[Mukhran Machavariani]]
* [[David Magradze]]
* [[Kote Makashvili]]
* [[Tinatin Mghvdliashvili]]
* [[Kolau Nadiradze]]
* [[Gaga Nakhutsrishvili]]
* [[Vazha-Pshavela]]
* [[Niko Samadashvili]]
* [[Titsian Tabidze]]
* [[Erekle Shvelidze]]
* [[Nikoloz Baratashvili]]

===Sculptors===

* [[Bidzina Avalishvili]]
* [[Merab Berdzenishvili]]
* [[Tengiz Gviniashvili]]
* [[Juna Mikatadze]]
* [[Iakob Nikoladze]]
* [[Giorgi Ochiauri]]
* [[Irakli Ochiauri]]
* [[Vakhtang Oniani]]
* [[George Papashvily]]
* [[Zurab Tsereteli]]
* [[Malkhaz Vardiashvili]]

===Theatre producers===

* [[Alexander (Sandro) Akhmeteli]]
* [[Dodo Antadze]]
* [[Temur Chkheidze]]
* [[David Doiashvili]]
* [[Kote Marjanishvili]]
* [[Robert Sturua]]
* [[Alexander Sumbatashvili-Yuzhin]]
* [[Mikheil Tumanishvili]]
* [[Levan Tsuladze]]
* [[Avtandil (Avto) Varsimashvili]]

===Writers===

* [[Zviad Kliment Lazarashvili]]
* [[Merab Eliozishvili]]
* [[Vladimer (Lado) Alpenidze]]
* [[Vasil Barnovi (Barnaveli)]]
* [[Lasha Bugadze]]
* [[Otar Chiladze]]
* [[Tamaz Chiladze]]
* [[Konstantine Gamsakhurdia]]
* [[Levan Gotua]]
* [[Shalva Dadiani]]
* [[Guram Dochanashvili]]
* [[Mikheil Javakhishvili]]
* [[Maka Jokhadze]]
* [[Otia Ioseliani]]
* [[Jemal Karchkhadze]]
* [[Leo Kiacheli]]
* [[David Kldiashvili]]
* [[Vakhushti Kotetishvili]]
* [[Niko Lordkipanidze]]
* [[Aka Morchiladze]]
* [[George Papashvily]]
* [[Guram Rcheulishvili]]
* [[Grigol Robakidze]]
* [[Nodar Tsuleiskiri]]
* [[David Turashvili]]
* [[Nodar Dumbadze]]
* [[David Kasradze]]
* [[Mzia Chkhetiani]]
* [[Terenti Graneli]]

==Sport==
[[Zaza Pachulia]] (basketball player for [[Atlanta Hawks]])
[[Kaha Kaladze]] (soccer player for [[AC Milan]])
:See also [[Rugby union in Georgia]], [[Georgia_national_football_team|Football in Georgia]]

[[Rugby union]] is a popular team sport played in Georgia, rugby union is considered the second most popular sport in Georgia, after football (soccer).

==See also==

* [[History of Georgia (country)|History of Georgia]]
* [[Georgian people]]
* [[Georgian language]]
* [[Georgian Orthodox and Apostolic Church]]
* [[Music of Georgia]]
*[[Dances of Georgia]]
* [[Keipi]]
* [[Architecture of Georgia]]

==External links==
*[http://www.tedsnet.de Georgia History and Culture (in German)]
*[http://georgien.blogspot.com Georgia - South Caucasus (bilingual in German/English)]
*[http://georgianwines.blogspot.com ''From the Cradle of Wine'']

{{Asia in topic|Culture of}}
{{Europe in topic|Culture of}}
[[Category:Georgian culture| ]]

[[bg:Култура на Грузия]]
[[pt:Cultura da Geórgia]]
[[ro:Cultura Georgiei]]

The End (The-Doors-Lied)

2007-04-03T17:50:17Z

Theelf29: /* In film */

{{Song infobox|
| Name = The End
| Cover = TheDoorsTheDoorsalbumcover.jpg
| Artist = [[The Doors]]
| Album = [[The Doors (album)|The Doors]]
| Released = [[January 4]], [[1967]]
| Format = [[Vinyl]]
| Recorded = [[1966]]
| Genre = [[Psychedelic Rock]]
| Length = 11:40
| Label = [[Elektra Records]]
| Writer = [[Jim Morrison]] [[Robby Krieger]] [[Ray Manzarek]] [[John Densmore]]
| Producer = [[The Doors]] [[Paul A. Rothchild]]
| Tracks = # "[[Break on Through (To the Other Side)]]"
# "Soul Kitchen"
# "[[The Crystal Ship]]"
# "[[20th Century Fox#Popular culture references and spoofs|Twentieth Century Fox]]"
# "[[Alabama Song|Alabama Song (Whisky Bar)]]"
# "[[Light My Fire]]"
# "[[Back Door Man]]"
# "I Looked at You"
# "End of the Night"
# "Take It as It Comes"
# "[[The End (The Doors song)|The End]]"

}}
"'''The End'''" is a song by [[The Doors]] from their [[The Doors (album)|self-titled album]]. It was gestated through months of performances at [[Los Angeles]]' [[Whisky a Go Go]]. The band would perform the song to close their last set. It was first released in January 1967.

The End was ranked 328 on [[Rolling Stone|Rolling Stone's]] list of [[The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time]].

== Influences ==
The spoken-word section of the song includes the lines "Father/ Yes son?/ I want to kill you/ Mother, I want to...[[fuck]] you," (with the last two words screamed unintelligibly). This is often considered an homage to [[Sophocles]]' ''[[Oedipus the King]]'', a production of which [[Jim Morrison]] worked on while at [[Florida State University]].

Said Morrison in 1969, "Everytime I hear that song, it means something else to me. It could be goodbye to a kind of childhood." Morrison had also said that the song is an inside trip, and that "kill the father" means destroying everything hierarchical, controlling, and restrictive in one's psyche, while "fuck the mother" means embracing everything that is expansive, flowing, and alive in the psyche. This interpretation of his own lyrics recalls to us Morrison's lifelong passion for freedom. He may have been influenced by the [[Jungian]] concepts of [[individuation]] and [[archetype]]s, and was certainly influenced by [[Friedrich Nietzsche]]'s concept of going beyond the limited types of human beings that have so far existed by loving [[Dionysian]] vitality and life ("the mother") while rejecting [[Apollonian]] systems and traditions ("the father").

The lyrics' reference to "the Blue Bus" has been variously conjectured to refer to either Indian mystic Meher Baba's "Blue Bus" tours of the 1930s, or to Santa Monica's "Big Blue Bus" public bus lines or Fetrow's blue bus which they took many trips in. The link to Meher Baba seems rather unlikely given the dark and nihilistic tone of the song, with its references to insanity, patricide and incest; all very alien to the life and outlook of Meher Baba. A reference to the actual bus line is a somewhat better possibility. But probably the most likely conjecture is that Morrison was referring to the drug numorphan, an opioid substitute for morphine, which in the drug culture at the time was occasionally referred to as "The Blue Bus" (it was available in 10 mg blue tabs). Given Morrison's affinity for drug and alcohol use, and the overall "otherworldly" tenor of the song, this seems a more likely probability. The inspiring image would be that of being together with one's lover in the altered, dreamy state of consciousness induced after taking the opiate-like drug. Similarly, the line "the blue bus is calling us" likely refers to the addictive attraction of mumorphan that develops in abusers of the drug, and "driver where you takin' us" would refer to the altered consciousness and insight experienced through drug experimentation.

== Music ==
[[Robby Krieger]]'s slinky, haunting guitar lines over D drone in DADGAD tuning using the [[harmonic minor]] scale recall Indian [[drone (music)|drone]] and [[raga]]-based music, as has often been noted, and the vital, unpredictable rolling and dramatic crescendoes of [[John Densmore]]'s drums recall Indian [[tabla]] rhythms. The music as a whole, though, does not sound entirely or even particularly "Indian". The sharp, ringing edge of the [[guitar]] recalls the 50s [[rock and roll]] style, while the fingerpicking attack may derive equally from the [[flamenco]] guitar style Krieger had studied as a youth and from alternate-tuned [[folk music|folk]]. [[Ray Manzarek]]'s organ is used sparingly to provide the inconspicuous but essential bass line (I-V-I-V-I-V...) and fills. One may find a strong similarity to [[Chopin]]'s [[Piano_Sonata_No._2_in_B_flat_Minor_(Chopin) | "Funeral March"]] theme and also to Sandy Bull's guitar instrumental "Blend" - but this probably has more to do with the quality of the melodic minor scale than with influence.

Structurally, the song rises to three separate mini-crescendoes separated by slower sections of half-spoken, half-sung lyrics before building to an enormous [[psychedelic]] crescendo right after Jim Morrison sings the "meet me at the back of the blue bus" verse. Previously, the song had been weaving along on its melodies to an encounter with the ruling powers of the mind, the controlling "father" structure and the longed-for "mother", or freedom. The final crescendo represents an attempt to break through to that freedom. Just afterward, "The End" departs on a wistful, post-orgasmic note when Morrison sings, "It hurts to set you free, but you'll never follow me. The end of laughter and soft lies, the end of nights we tried to die." In the context of Morrison's first interpretation quoted above, this lyric and the associated music that softly reiterates themes from the opening may mean that the comfort of childhood will be sacrificed for freedom.

== In film ==
"The End" was famously used as a [[framing device]] for [[Francis Ford Coppola]]'s 1979 film ''[[Apocalypse Now]]'', in which its dark, poetic passage marked the film's descent into the [[Surrealism|surreal]]. The sound of helicopter rotors from the beginning of the film are often included in recordings of the song. However, this version of the song is also incomplete, and the sounds of a jungle replace most of the lyrics in the second half of the song.

This usage has led to other, often satirical usages, ranging from two sequences on ''[[The Simpsons]]'' television series in which the song plays while [[Homer Simpson|Homer]] contemplates suicide and another, [[Kiss Kiss Bang Bangalore]], in which, in an ''Apocalypse Now'' parody, he thinks he is a god, to a [[Saturday Night Live]] sketch in which [[John McCain]] is driven to madness while campaigning for [[George W. Bush]] as a parody of ''Apocalypse Now''.

It was used in the final episode of [[Dennis Miller#The_Dennis_Miller_Show=|The Dennis Miller Show]], during another Apocalypse Now parody sequence, in which Dennis was airlifted by (we are led to believe) a helicopter out of the set.

Director [[Martin Scorsese]] used the song in a sex scene montage in his early Student film [[Who's That Knocking at My Door]].

The song was also used in [[Oliver Stone]]'s 1991 film ''[[The Doors (film)|The Doors]]'', where it plays while the band explored drugs in the desert.

The song was referenced in a [[2006]] episode of ''[[The Venture Bros.]]'' entitled "[[Assassinanny 911]]", in a scene which also parodied the ''Apocalypse Now'' usage.

==References in Culture==
In the [[Phish]] song Weekapaug Groove, [[Trey Anastasio]], the vocalist, starts out by indirectly quoting the Oedipal section of this song, saying, "He walked on down the hall... He said, "Father, I want to kill you... Mother... I want to cook you breakfast.... Then I wanna...I wanna borrow the car.... Then I wanna... Ooooooooooh."

[[fr:The End (musique)]]
[[ja:ジ・エンド (ソング)]]
[[sv:The End (The Doors)]]

1. deild karla

2007-03-29T00:22:59Z

Theelf29: correction: Breiðablik => Breiðablik UBK.

'''1. deild karla''' (E. Men's First Division) is a [[football (soccer)]] league in [[Iceland]]. It is the second division from the top in the [[Football in Iceland|Icelandic football]] division system. The top league is generally called Úrvalsdeildin (E. Premier League), but for commercial purposes it is also named after it's main sponsor, which now is [[Landsbankinn]] bank, so at the moment the league is called [[Landsbankadeild]].

Thus, the system is as follows:

*[[Úrvalsdeild]]
* 1. deild
* [[2. deild]]
* [[3. deild]]

There is also one more, called [[Utandeildin]] (roughly translated Outside League) but it as the name indicates not part of the official league system. Teams get promoted and relegated between the others, but that does not apply to Utandeildin.

In the 2006 season, the following teams will compete in 1. deild karla:

*[[Fram Reykjavík|Fram]] ([[Reykjavík]])
*[[Víkingur Ó.]] ([[Ólafsvík]])
*[[Þróttur R.]] (Reykjavík)
*KA / [[Knattspyrnufélag Akureyrar]] ([[Akureyri]])
*Þór (Akureyri)
*[[Stjarnan]] ([[Garðabær]])
*[[Leiknir R.]] (Reykjavík)
*Fjölnir (Reykjavík)
*HK ([[Kópavogur]])
*[[Haukar]] ([[Hafnarfjörður]])

In 2005, the final order after the 18 rounds played, was:

# [[Breiðablik UBK|Breiðablik]] (Kópavogur) 44 pts
# [[Víkingur R.]] 37 pts
# KA 34 pts
# Fjölnir 22 pts
# Víkingur Ó. 22 pts
# Þór 21 pts
# HK 20 pts
# Haukar 17 pts
# [[Völsungur]] (Húsavík) 16 pts
# KS (Siglufjörður) 13 pts

Breiðablik and Víkingur R. were promoted and will compete in [[Úrvalsdeild]] this season, Völsungur and KS were relegated and will compete in [[2. deild]] this season (actually this winter KS was merged with [[Leiftur]], which is from nearby town [[Ólafsfjörður]]. Leiftur has for the last fews seasons been merged with Dalvík, from nearby town [[Dalvík]], under the name [[Leiftur/Dalvík]], but they went their separate ways last fall).

[[Category:Icelandic football competitions]]
[[Category:Football league systems]]

[[fr:Championnat d'Islande de football D2]]

Aniran

2007-02-21T12:35:50Z

Theelf29:

'''Aniran''' (in [[Pahlavi|Middle-Persian]] انيران ''pronounced An-Iran meaning region non-[[Iran]]''). The terms used in the [[Islamic conquest of Iran| pre-Islamic era]], referring to people living on the fringes of the Iranian plateau. The term is the equivalent to [[Greco-Roman]] term of the ''[[Barbarian]] Land''.

==History==
The earliest reference to this word in an [[Iran|Iranian]] context, however, predates [[Zoroaster]] and is attested in non-Gathic [[Avesta]]; it appears as ''airya'', meaning noble; as ''airya dainhava'' (Yt.8.36, 52) meaning the land of the Aryans; and as ''[[Airyanem Vaejah|airyanam vaeja]]'', the original land of the Aryans. This term, it seems, was adopted in remote antiquity by Iranians as their national identity [2]; hence other peoples were called ''Anairya'' and later ''Aniranian'', meaning non-Aryan, probably a derogatory racial designation.

==The Sasanian Adoption of the name==
We meet this word again in [[Pahlavi literature]], and in many [[Sasanian]] inscriptions, coins, seals and other documents; it is attested in [[Pahlavi]] as ''Ēr'', meaning noble, hero and free; as Iran, Iran; as ''Ērān-Shahr'', meaning the Iranian Empire; as ''[[Airyanem Vaejah|Ērān-vēz]]'', meaning the mythical original land of the [[Aryan]]s; as ''Anēr'', meaning non-Aryan, barbarian; and as ''Aniran'', i.e., barbarity and ignobility.

The term was first appeared on the coins of the [[Ardashir I]], the founder of [[Sasanian]] Empire. Ardeshir’s successors retained the designation thus emphasizing their claim to world dominion and over non-Iranian race.

Some scholars believe that the term was mainly referring to non-[[Persians]] as well as non-[[Zoroastrianism| Zoroastrians]], living in the Empire.

==Aniran in Shahnameh==
In [[Ferdowsi]]'s epic, [[Shahnameh]], the function and suage of the word changes and becomes homeland of Iranian nomadic tribes known as [[Turan]]ians and the [[Oxus]] river is the border between Iran and [[Turan]]. The other name for this region described by Ferdowsi is [[Transoxiana]].

{{CAsia-hist-stub}}

[[Category:History of Iran]]
[[Category:Ancient Iranian provinces]]

River Ribble

2007-02-09T01:37:04Z

Theelf29: /* Settlements */

{{Infobox_river | river_name = River Ribble
| image_name = River_Ribble_at_Ribchester.jpg
| caption = The River Ribble at [[Ribchester]]. Photograph by [http://www.flickr.com/people/stubbsuk Stuart Grimshaw]
| origin = Confluence of Gayle Beck and Cam Beck, Selside
| mouth = [[Irish Sea]] at [[Lytham]]
| basin_countries = [[England]]
| length = 121 km (75 miles)
| elevation = 246 m (807 ft)
| discharge =
| watershed = |
}}

The '''River Ribble''' is a river that runs through [[North Yorkshire]] and [[Lancashire]], in the North of [[England]]. The river's [[watershed]] also includes parts of [[Greater Manchester]] around [[Wigan]].

The Ribble begins at the confluence of the ''Gayle Beck'' and ''Cam Beck'' near the famous [[Ribblehead Viaduct|viaduct]] at [[Ribblehead]], in the shadow of the [[Yorkshire three peaks]].

It flows through [[Settle]], [[Clitheroe]] and [[Preston]], before emptying into the [[Irish Sea]] between [[Lytham St. Annes]] and [[Southport]], a length of 75 miles.

The main tributaries of the Ribble are the [[River Hodder|Hodder]] and [[River Calder, Lancashire|Calder]] which join the river near [[Great Mitton]], the [[River Darwen]] which joins at [[Walton-le-Dale]] and the [[River Douglas]] which joins near [[Hesketh Bank]].

The [[Ribble Way]] is a long-distance footpath which follows the river for much of its course. The Ribble marked the ancient northern boundary of [[Mercia]]{{Fact|date=August 2006}}; and at the time of the [[Domesday Book]] was the northern boundary of [[Cheshire]].

The river is connected to both the [[Leeds and Liverpool Canal]] and the [[Lancaster Canal]] (via the [[Ribble Link]]).

Its estuary forms part of the [[Ribble and Alt Estuaries]] [[Special Protection Area]] for wildlife.

The River Ribble catchment is covered by the [[Mersey Basin Campaign]], a partnership which was established in [[1985]] to improve water quality and encourage waterside regeneration.

Preston City Council have published controversial plans to build a barrage across the River Ribble, in their 'Riverworks' proposals. The aim of these proposals is to build a water sports park on a section of the Ribble, coupled with over 4000 units of high quality housing and businesses in the river's flood plain. Some local residents are opposing these plans, arguing that they endanger wildlife, increase flood risk to local housing and damage greenbelt areas. These residents have set up the 'Save The Ribble' campaign. Parts of the river are a County Biological Heritage Site.

The Ribble would appear to have been known in [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times as the [[Belisama]],<ref>[[Ronald Hutton]] (1991). ''The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles.'' Oxford: Blackwell. p.218</ref> possibly giving its name to [[Samlesbury]]. [[Ptolemy]]'s "''Belisama aest.''" seems to represent the estuary of the Ribble.

The banks of the Ribble have been posited as a possible location for [[King Arthur]]'s tenth battle, on the banks of a river "Tribruit", as alluded to in his [[Historia Brittonum]] by [[Nennius]][http://www.mun.ca/mst/heroicage/issues/2/ha2lac.htm].

==Settlements==
*[[Horton in Ribblesdale]]
*[[Stainforth, North Yorkshire|Stainforth]]
*[[Stackhouse, North yorkshire|Stackhouse]]
*[[Langcliffe]]
*[[Giggleswick]]
*[[Nappa, North Yorkshire|Nappa]]
*[[Settle]]
*[[Halton West]]
*[[Paythorne]]
*[[Sawley, North Yorkshire|Sawley]]
*[[West Bradford, Lancashire|West Bradford]]
*[[Horrocksford]]
*[[Clitheroe]]
*[[Great Mitton]]
*[[Little Town]]
*[[Ribchester]]
*[[Samlesbury]]
*[[Walton-le-Dale]]
*[[Preston]]
*[[Penwortham]]
*[[Lytham]]

==Tributaries==
===Estuary to Preston===
====Estuary to Douglas====
*Crossens Pool
**The Sluice
***Middle Drain
***Back Drain
***Ring Ditch
***Boundary Drain
***Tarleton Runner
****Mere Brow
*****School Drain
****Pale Ditch
***Mere Brow Watercourse
***Midge Hall Drain
***Boat House Sluice
****Langley's Brook
***Rufford Boundary Sluice
**Three Pools Waterway
***Fine Jane's Brook
****Holly Brook
****Sandy Brook
****Old Canal
***Boundary Brook
****New Cut Brook
***Sandy Brook
****The Old Pool
****Black Brook
****Drummersdale Drain
*****Brook Cut and Mill Stream
****Bullen's Brook
****Eas Brook
*****Hurlston Brook
*Main Drain
**Liggard Brook
**Wrea Brook
*Hundred End Gutter
*Pool Stream

====River Douglas watershed====
*[[River Douglas]] or River Asland
**Longton Brook
**Centre Drain
**Carr Heys Watercourse
**Tarra Carr Gutter
***Hall Pool
**Dunkirk Dib
**Rakes Brook
**Carr Brook
**Strine Brook
**[[River Yarrow (Lancashire)|River Yarrow]]
***[[River Lostock]]
****Wymott Brook
****Clayton Brook
****Slack Brook
****Whave's Brook
***Spent Brook
***Syd Brook
****Howe Brook
****Pye Brook
***Culbeck Brook
****Chapel Brook
*****Ransnap Brook
*****German Brook
***Hodge Brook
***[[River Chor]]
***Clancutt Brook
****Tanyard Brook
****Whittle Brook
***Eller Brook
****Moss Ditch
***Black Brook
****Tan House Brook
****Warth Brook
*****Brinscall Brook
*****Fill Brook
***Roaring Lum
***Dean Brook
****Hall Brook
****Cote Slack
***Limestone Brook
***Green Withins Brook
**The Sluice
***Mill
***Old Reed Brook
**Main Ditch
**Eller Brook
***Wham Ditch
***Black Brook
***Abbey Brook
****New Park Brook
****Castle Brook
****Sefton Brook
*****Dungeon Brook
*****Dicket's Brook
******Goose Brook
**Mill Ditch
***New Reed Brook
***Bentley Brook
**[[River Tawd]]
***Slate Brook
***Grimshaw Brook
**Middlehurst Brook
**Dock Brook
**Alder Lane Brook
**Sprodley Brook
**Calico Brook
**Lees Brook
**Dean Brook
***Sand Brook
**Ackhurst Brook
**Mill Brook
**Bradshaw Brook
**Close Brook
**Barley Brook
**Smithy Brook
***Poolstock Brook
****Ince Brook
*****Hawkley Brook
*****Reed Brook
******Park Brook
**Clarington Brook
**Bradley Brook
**Bucklow Brook
***Moss Ditch
***Buckow Brook
****Hic-bibi Brook
*****Stars Brook
******Almond Brook
******Tunley Brook
**Pearl Brook
**Arley Brook

====Douglas to Preston====
*[[Freckleton Pool]]
**Dow Brook
***Spen Brook
***Carr Brook
****Wrongway Brook
**Middle Pool
*[[Ribble Link|Savick Brook]]
**Deepdale Brook
**Lady Head Runnel
**Sharoe Brook
***Moss Leach Brook
**Eaves Brook
*Mill Brook
*The Mains Brook

===River Darwen watershed===
*[[River Darwen]]
**Hennel Brook
***Cockshott Brook
**Mank Brooks
***Black Brook
****Hatchwood Brook
***Fowler Brook
****Drum Head Brook
*****Gorton Brook
*****Mill Brook
****Bank Head Brook
**Old Darwen
**Beeston Brook
***Quaker Brook
**Hole Brook
***Huntley Brook (North)
***Huntley Brook (South)
**Alum House Brook
***Arley Brook
**Trout Brook
**[[River Roddlesworth]]
***Finnington Brook
***Stockclough Brook
****Whitehalgh Brook
*****Shaw Brook
*****Chapels Brook
*****Sheep Bridge Brook
***Rake Brook
***Calf Hey Brook
***Ferny Bed Springs
**[[River Blakewater]]
***Snig Brook
***Audley Brook
***Little Harwood Brook
****Royshaw Clough
****Seven Acre Brook
***Knuzden Brook
**Scotshaw Brook
***Moss Brook
***Badger Brook
**Higher Croft Brook
***Newfield Brook
**Davy Field Brook
***Flash Brook
***Grimshaw Brook
****Waterside Brook
*****Mean Brook
******Sapling Clough
*****Hoddlesden Moss Brook
******Far Scotland Brook
*****Pickup Bank Brook
******Moss Brook
******Twitchells Brook
**Sunnyhurst Brook
***Stepback Brook
**Bold Venture Brook
***High Lumb Brook
****Livesey Brook
**Kebbs Brook
***Green Lowe Brook
**Bury Fold Brook
***Old Briggs Brook
****Duckshaw Brook
**Grain Brook
***Bent Hall Brook
***Deadman's Clough

===Preston to Whalley===
*Swill Brook
*Bezza Brook
**Wilcock Brook
***Mellor Brook
*Tun Brook
*[[Stydd Brook]]
**Boyce's Brook
***Cowley Brook
***Page Brook
**Duddel Brook
*Starling Brook
*Dean Brook
**Bailey Brook
**Brownslow Brook
*[[Dinckley Brook]]
**Park Brook
***Showley Brook
****Knotts Brook
***Tottering Brook
***Zechariah Brook

===River Calder watershed===
*[[River Calder, Lancashire|River Calder]]
**Bushburn Brook
**Dean Brook
**Egg Syke Brook
**Rodger Hey Brook
**[[Sabden Brook]]
***Badger Well Water
***Wood House Brook
***Cock Clough
**Clough Syke Brook
**[[Hyndburn Brook]]
***Harwood Brook
****Causeway Brook
***Norden Brook
***Spaw Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Bottom Syke
***[[River Hyndburn]]
****Church Brook
*****Accrington Brook
******Woodnook Water
*******Warmden Brook
*******Tom Dale Clough
***White Ash Brook
****Wolfenden Syke
****Lottice Brook
***Tinker Brook
****Whams Brook
****Jackhouse Brook
*****Cocker Brook
******White Syke
*****Cocker Lumb
**Syke Side Brook
***Clough Brook
**Simonstone Brook
**Shorten Brook
**Dean Brook
***Huntroyde Brook
**Castle Clough Brook
***Castle Clough
**Green Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Sweet Clough
***Hapton Clough
****Thorny Bank Clough
****Tower Brook
***Habergham Clough
****New Barn Clough
*****Helm Clough
****Micklehurst Clough
*****Long Syke
**Whitaker Clough
***Fir Trees Brook
****West Close Clough
****Acres Brook
**Moor Isles Clough
**Spurn Clough
**[[Pendle Water]]
***Old Laund Clough
***Edge End Brook
***Walverden Water
****Bradley Syke
****Head Beck
*****Dobson Syke
****Catlow Brook
*****Pighole Clough
*****Pathole Beck
*****New Laithe Clough
*****Float Bridge Beck
*****Swains Plat Clough
***[[Colne Water]]
****Swinden Clough
****Wanless Water
*****Slipper Hill Clough
*****Houses Beck Moss
******Moss Houses Beck
****Guy Syke
****Church Clough Brook
****Trawden Brook
*****Beardshaw Beck
*****Round Hole Beck
*****Will Moor Clough
****[[River Laneshaw]]
*****High Laith Beck
******Sykes Beck
******Shawhead Beck
*****Monkroyd Beck
*****Hullown Beck
*****Swamp Syke
*****Laneshaw Brook
******Round Holes Beck
******Cat Stone Clough
****[[Wycoller Beck]]
*****Ratten Clough
*****Smithy Clough
******Deep Clough Beck
******Nan Hole Clough
*****Turnhole Clough
******Butter Leach Clough
******Saucer Hill Clough
***Blacko Water
****Castor Gill
****Claude's Clough
****Admergill Water
*****Wicken Clough
*****Greystone Clough
*****Sandyford Clough
***White Hough Water
****Dimpenley Clough
****Bird Holme Clough
****Barley Water
*****Deep Clough
*****Black Moss Water
******Water Gate
******Warth Beck
****Ogden Clough
*****Boar Clough
*****White Slacks
*****Dry Clough
**Barden Clough
**[[River Brun]]
***[[River Don (Lancashire)|River Don]]
****Walshaw Clough
****Thursden Brook
*****Ell Clough
*****Black Clough
******Hey Stacks Clough
******Tom Groove
***Swinden Water
****Hell Clough
***Hurstwood Brook
****Smallshaw Clough
***Rock Water
****Cant Clough Beck
**Everage Clough
***Hole House Clough
****Buck Clough
**Dick Clough
**Easden Clough
**Black Clough
**Green Clough
***Copy Clough
****Sheddon Clough

===River Hodder watershed===
*[[River Hodder]]
**Cow Ark Brook
***Mill Brook
***Hagg Clough
**[[River Loud]]
***Leagram Brook
****Hill Clough
****Burnslack Brook
***Chipping Brook
**Greystoneley Brook
***Hell Clough
***Dinkling Green Brook
**Withins Clough
**Red Syke
**Fielding Clough
**Langden Brook
***Hareden Brook
****Lane Foot Brook
*****Fog Hill Clough
*****Cherry Gutter
****Crackling Syke
****Dimples Clough
***Losterdale Brook
****[[Trough of Bowland|Trough Brook]]
***Mere Clough Wham
***Bleadale Water
***Stransdale Brook
****Stransdale Gutter
**Robin Clough
**[[River Dunsop]]
***Brennand River
****Round Hill Water
*****Brown Syke
***Whitendale River
****Sandy Gutter
**Black Brook
**Rough Syke
**Grey Gill
**Heaning Brook
**Birkett Brook
***Crimpton Brook
**Foulscales Brook
***Bonstone Brook
***Crag Beck
**Easington Brook
***Sough Clough
***Rye Clough
***Skelshaw Brook
***Langcliff Cross Brook
****Tinklers Brook
*****Anna Land Brook
***Harrop Brook
***Dean Slack Brook
**King Syke
**Dunnow Syke
**Croasdale Brook
***Eller Beck
***Lanshaw Brook
****Davison's Syke
****Clough Beck
****Dunsop Brook
***Hill Wood Syke
***Moor Syke
****Round Hill Syke
***Black Brook
****Hind Slack
**Barn Gill
***Park Beck
***Dugdale Syke
**Phynis Beck
***Wain Hill Syke
**Bottoms Beck
***Hesbert Hall Syke
***Hindley Head Clough
***Thorp Syke
***Dob Dale Beck
****Nursery Beck
*****Brock Clough Beck
****Brown Hills Beck
*****Ash Clough Swamp
**Hasgill Beck
***Cowgill Syke
***Rigg Gill Syke
**Copter Syke
**Hare Clough Beck
**White Syke
**Kearsden Holes
**Red Syke

===Whalley to Barnoldswick===
*Barrow Brook
*Pig Hill Brook
*Barrow Clough
*[[Pendleton Brook]]
**Mearley Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Worston Brook
****Rad Brook
**Howcroft Brook
*[[Bashall Brook]]
**Hollins Clough
**Cow Hey Brook
***Sandy Ford Brook
**Braddup Clough
**Elm Clough
*Waddington Brook
**Coplow Brook
*Greg Sike
*West Bradford Brook
**Brocklehurst Brook
**Drakehouse Brook
***Porters Brook
****Bradford Brook
*Moor Roads Sike
*West Clough Brook
*Grindleton Brook
*Chatburn Brook
*Smithies Brook
**Swanside Beck
***Stankhill Beck
****Gazegill or Rimington Beck
*****Thistleber Beck
******Eel Beck
*******Widow Hill Beck
*****Skell Banks Syke
*****Howgill Beck
******Whytha Beck
******Collaver Syke
*****Crag Clough
***Dudland Syke
****Cow Gill Beck
**Ings Beck
***Twiston Beck
****Pendle Hill Brook
***Clough Beck
***Gill Beck
*Rathmill Sike
*Hollins Syke
*Skinners Sike
*Sliping Brook
**Hell Syke
**Hill Brook
*[[Skirden Beck]]
**Holden Beck
***Mear Gill
****Fell Brook
*****Bay Gate Brook
*****Far Fields Brook
*****Black Brook
****Holden Beck
*****Threap Green Brook
**Kirk Beck
***Fox Gill Beck
****Gill Bottom Beck
**Bier Beck
***Hungrill Beck
****Higher Syke
*****Bleara Syke
*****Varleys Syke
***Cuddy Syke
**Monubent Beck
***Hen Gill Beck
****Agden Beck
*****Mere Syke
**Grunsagill Beck
***Tosside Beck
****Holden Beck or Moor End Beck
**New Gill Beck
***Bond Beck
****Little Beck
****Sandy Syke
***Walkers Clough
*Fooden Gill
*Park House Beck
*Wheatley Beck
*Ellenthorpe Gill

===Barnoldswick to source===
*[[Stock Beck]]
**Spittle Syke
**Horton Beck
**Bottom Beck
***Lodge Hill Syke
****Old Park Syke
*****Wedacre Syke
*****Hesketh Rough Syke
**Flush Beck
**Hell Forest Dike
***Turpit Gate Syke
***Hayfield Dike
****Tosber Syke
**Fools Syke
***Ray Gill Water
****Ray Gill
***Horrox Gill
**Crownest Syke
**Gillians Beck
***Moor Side Beck
*East Beck
**Carholme Beck
*Ray Gill
*Ged Beck
*Swinden Gill Beck
**Mallardale Beck
*Mansell Beck
*Pan Beck
**Hellifield Beck
**Gallaber Syke
***Bend Gate Syke
**Kell Well Beck
*Candle Rush Beck
*Deep Dale Syke
*Long Preston Beck
**Bookil Gill Beck
**Scaleber Beck
*Old Field Syke
**Crow Hill Syke
*Wigglesworth Beck
**Tofts Syke
**Rough Syke
*Rathmell Beck
**Hollow Gill Beck
**Rathmell Goit
*Skir Beck
*Mear Beck
*Swaw Beck
**Carr Beck
*Tems Beck
**Huntworth Beck
*Lodge Gill
*Stainforth Beck
**Catrigg Beck
***Cowside Beck
**Tongue Gill
***Fornah Gill
*How Beck
*Blind Beck
*Turn Dub
*Selside Beck
**Gillgarth Beck
*Coppy Gill

===Pre-Ribble===
====Cam Beck====
*'''Cam Beck''' (aka Ling Gill Beck)
**Brow Gill Beck
**Ling Gill Beck
**Labour Gill
**Poverty Gill
**Hard Turf Gill
**Dry Gill
**Little Bank Gill
***Foul Gutter
**Rush Gill
**Lamb Fold Gill
**Little Intake Gill
**Middle Gill
**Tur Gill
**Grainings Gill
**Red Sike
**Pot Close Gill
**Far End Gill
***Cold Keld Gill
====Gayle Beck====
*'''Gayle Beck'''
**Axletree Gill
**Gate Cote Gill
**White Earth Gill
**High Springs
**Lat Gill
**Long Gill
***Mares Gill
***Far Mares Gill
***Shivery Gill
***Jam Sike
**Ouster Gill

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://members.lycos.co.uk/gdeanict/ribble/ River Ribble - from source to sea]
*[http://www.preston.gov.uk/Category.asp?cat=785 Riverworks]
*[http://save-the-ribble.blogspot.com Save The Ribble]
*[http://www.ribblelink.co.uk Ribble Link Trust Ltd]

[[Category:Rivers in Lancashire|Ribble, River]]
[[Category:Rivers in North Yorkshire|Ribble, River]]
[[Category:Preston]]

[[fr:Ribble]]
[[no:Ribble (elv)]]

River Ribble

2007-02-09T01:36:33Z

Theelf29: correction re: citation needed date.

{{Infobox_river | river_name = River Ribble
| image_name = River_Ribble_at_Ribchester.jpg
| caption = The River Ribble at [[Ribchester]]. Photograph by [http://www.flickr.com/people/stubbsuk Stuart Grimshaw]
| origin = Confluence of Gayle Beck and Cam Beck, Selside
| mouth = [[Irish Sea]] at [[Lytham]]
| basin_countries = [[England]]
| length = 121 km (75 miles)
| elevation = 246 m (807 ft)
| discharge =
| watershed = |
}}

The '''River Ribble''' is a river that runs through [[North Yorkshire]] and [[Lancashire]], in the North of [[England]]. The river's [[watershed]] also includes parts of [[Greater Manchester]] around [[Wigan]].

The Ribble begins at the confluence of the ''Gayle Beck'' and ''Cam Beck'' near the famous [[Ribblehead Viaduct|viaduct]] at [[Ribblehead]], in the shadow of the [[Yorkshire three peaks]].

It flows through [[Settle]], [[Clitheroe]] and [[Preston]], before emptying into the [[Irish Sea]] between [[Lytham St. Annes]] and [[Southport]], a length of 75 miles.

The main tributaries of the Ribble are the [[River Hodder|Hodder]] and [[River Calder, Lancashire|Calder]] which join the river near [[Great Mitton]], the [[River Darwen]] which joins at [[Walton-le-Dale]] and the [[River Douglas]] which joins near [[Hesketh Bank]].

The [[Ribble Way]] is a long-distance footpath which follows the river for much of its course. The Ribble marked the ancient northern boundary of [[Mercia]]{{Fact|date=August 2006}}; and at the time of the [[Domesday Book]] was the northern boundary of [[Cheshire]].

The river is connected to both the [[Leeds and Liverpool Canal]] and the [[Lancaster Canal]] (via the [[Ribble Link]]).

Its estuary forms part of the [[Ribble and Alt Estuaries]] [[Special Protection Area]] for wildlife.

The River Ribble catchment is covered by the [[Mersey Basin Campaign]], a partnership which was established in [[1985]] to improve water quality and encourage waterside regeneration.

Preston City Council have published controversial plans to build a barrage across the River Ribble, in their 'Riverworks' proposals. The aim of these proposals is to build a water sports park on a section of the Ribble, coupled with over 4000 units of high quality housing and businesses in the river's flood plain. Some local residents are opposing these plans, arguing that they endanger wildlife, increase flood risk to local housing and damage greenbelt areas. These residents have set up the 'Save The Ribble' campaign. Parts of the river are a County Biological Heritage Site.

The Ribble would appear to have been known in [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times as the [[Belisama]],<ref>[[Ronald Hutton]] (1991). ''The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles.'' Oxford: Blackwell. p.218</ref> possibly giving its name to [[Samlesbury]]. [[Ptolemy]]'s "''Belisama aest.''" seems to represent the estuary of the Ribble.

The banks of the Ribble have been posited as a possible location for [[King Arthur]]'s tenth battle, on the banks of a river "Tribruit", as alluded to in his [[Historia Brittonum]] by [[Nennius]][http://www.mun.ca/mst/heroicage/issues/2/ha2lac.htm].

==Settlements==
*[[Horton in Ribblesdale]]
*[[Stainforth, North Yorkshire|Stainforth]]
*[[Stackhouse, North yorkshire|Stackhouse]]
*[[Langcliffe]]
*[[Giggleswick]]
*[[Nappa, North Yorkshire|Nappa]]
*[[Settle]]
*[[Halton West]]
*[[Paythorne]]
*[[Sawley, North Yorkshire|Sawley]]
*[[West Bradford, Lancashire|West Bradford]]
*[[Horrocksford]]
*[[Clitheroe]]
*[[Great Mitton]]
*[[Little Town]]
*[[Ribchester]]
*[[Samlesbury]]
*[[Walton-le-Dale]]
*[[Preston]]
*[[Lower Penwortham]]
*[[Higher Penwortham]]
*[[Lytham]]

==Tributaries==
===Estuary to Preston===
====Estuary to Douglas====
*Crossens Pool
**The Sluice
***Middle Drain
***Back Drain
***Ring Ditch
***Boundary Drain
***Tarleton Runner
****Mere Brow
*****School Drain
****Pale Ditch
***Mere Brow Watercourse
***Midge Hall Drain
***Boat House Sluice
****Langley's Brook
***Rufford Boundary Sluice
**Three Pools Waterway
***Fine Jane's Brook
****Holly Brook
****Sandy Brook
****Old Canal
***Boundary Brook
****New Cut Brook
***Sandy Brook
****The Old Pool
****Black Brook
****Drummersdale Drain
*****Brook Cut and Mill Stream
****Bullen's Brook
****Eas Brook
*****Hurlston Brook
*Main Drain
**Liggard Brook
**Wrea Brook
*Hundred End Gutter
*Pool Stream

====River Douglas watershed====
*[[River Douglas]] or River Asland
**Longton Brook
**Centre Drain
**Carr Heys Watercourse
**Tarra Carr Gutter
***Hall Pool
**Dunkirk Dib
**Rakes Brook
**Carr Brook
**Strine Brook
**[[River Yarrow (Lancashire)|River Yarrow]]
***[[River Lostock]]
****Wymott Brook
****Clayton Brook
****Slack Brook
****Whave's Brook
***Spent Brook
***Syd Brook
****Howe Brook
****Pye Brook
***Culbeck Brook
****Chapel Brook
*****Ransnap Brook
*****German Brook
***Hodge Brook
***[[River Chor]]
***Clancutt Brook
****Tanyard Brook
****Whittle Brook
***Eller Brook
****Moss Ditch
***Black Brook
****Tan House Brook
****Warth Brook
*****Brinscall Brook
*****Fill Brook
***Roaring Lum
***Dean Brook
****Hall Brook
****Cote Slack
***Limestone Brook
***Green Withins Brook
**The Sluice
***Mill
***Old Reed Brook
**Main Ditch
**Eller Brook
***Wham Ditch
***Black Brook
***Abbey Brook
****New Park Brook
****Castle Brook
****Sefton Brook
*****Dungeon Brook
*****Dicket's Brook
******Goose Brook
**Mill Ditch
***New Reed Brook
***Bentley Brook
**[[River Tawd]]
***Slate Brook
***Grimshaw Brook
**Middlehurst Brook
**Dock Brook
**Alder Lane Brook
**Sprodley Brook
**Calico Brook
**Lees Brook
**Dean Brook
***Sand Brook
**Ackhurst Brook
**Mill Brook
**Bradshaw Brook
**Close Brook
**Barley Brook
**Smithy Brook
***Poolstock Brook
****Ince Brook
*****Hawkley Brook
*****Reed Brook
******Park Brook
**Clarington Brook
**Bradley Brook
**Bucklow Brook
***Moss Ditch
***Buckow Brook
****Hic-bibi Brook
*****Stars Brook
******Almond Brook
******Tunley Brook
**Pearl Brook
**Arley Brook

====Douglas to Preston====
*[[Freckleton Pool]]
**Dow Brook
***Spen Brook
***Carr Brook
****Wrongway Brook
**Middle Pool
*[[Ribble Link|Savick Brook]]
**Deepdale Brook
**Lady Head Runnel
**Sharoe Brook
***Moss Leach Brook
**Eaves Brook
*Mill Brook
*The Mains Brook

===River Darwen watershed===
*[[River Darwen]]
**Hennel Brook
***Cockshott Brook
**Mank Brooks
***Black Brook
****Hatchwood Brook
***Fowler Brook
****Drum Head Brook
*****Gorton Brook
*****Mill Brook
****Bank Head Brook
**Old Darwen
**Beeston Brook
***Quaker Brook
**Hole Brook
***Huntley Brook (North)
***Huntley Brook (South)
**Alum House Brook
***Arley Brook
**Trout Brook
**[[River Roddlesworth]]
***Finnington Brook
***Stockclough Brook
****Whitehalgh Brook
*****Shaw Brook
*****Chapels Brook
*****Sheep Bridge Brook
***Rake Brook
***Calf Hey Brook
***Ferny Bed Springs
**[[River Blakewater]]
***Snig Brook
***Audley Brook
***Little Harwood Brook
****Royshaw Clough
****Seven Acre Brook
***Knuzden Brook
**Scotshaw Brook
***Moss Brook
***Badger Brook
**Higher Croft Brook
***Newfield Brook
**Davy Field Brook
***Flash Brook
***Grimshaw Brook
****Waterside Brook
*****Mean Brook
******Sapling Clough
*****Hoddlesden Moss Brook
******Far Scotland Brook
*****Pickup Bank Brook
******Moss Brook
******Twitchells Brook
**Sunnyhurst Brook
***Stepback Brook
**Bold Venture Brook
***High Lumb Brook
****Livesey Brook
**Kebbs Brook
***Green Lowe Brook
**Bury Fold Brook
***Old Briggs Brook
****Duckshaw Brook
**Grain Brook
***Bent Hall Brook
***Deadman's Clough

===Preston to Whalley===
*Swill Brook
*Bezza Brook
**Wilcock Brook
***Mellor Brook
*Tun Brook
*[[Stydd Brook]]
**Boyce's Brook
***Cowley Brook
***Page Brook
**Duddel Brook
*Starling Brook
*Dean Brook
**Bailey Brook
**Brownslow Brook
*[[Dinckley Brook]]
**Park Brook
***Showley Brook
****Knotts Brook
***Tottering Brook
***Zechariah Brook

===River Calder watershed===
*[[River Calder, Lancashire|River Calder]]
**Bushburn Brook
**Dean Brook
**Egg Syke Brook
**Rodger Hey Brook
**[[Sabden Brook]]
***Badger Well Water
***Wood House Brook
***Cock Clough
**Clough Syke Brook
**[[Hyndburn Brook]]
***Harwood Brook
****Causeway Brook
***Norden Brook
***Spaw Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Bottom Syke
***[[River Hyndburn]]
****Church Brook
*****Accrington Brook
******Woodnook Water
*******Warmden Brook
*******Tom Dale Clough
***White Ash Brook
****Wolfenden Syke
****Lottice Brook
***Tinker Brook
****Whams Brook
****Jackhouse Brook
*****Cocker Brook
******White Syke
*****Cocker Lumb
**Syke Side Brook
***Clough Brook
**Simonstone Brook
**Shorten Brook
**Dean Brook
***Huntroyde Brook
**Castle Clough Brook
***Castle Clough
**Green Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Sweet Clough
***Hapton Clough
****Thorny Bank Clough
****Tower Brook
***Habergham Clough
****New Barn Clough
*****Helm Clough
****Micklehurst Clough
*****Long Syke
**Whitaker Clough
***Fir Trees Brook
****West Close Clough
****Acres Brook
**Moor Isles Clough
**Spurn Clough
**[[Pendle Water]]
***Old Laund Clough
***Edge End Brook
***Walverden Water
****Bradley Syke
****Head Beck
*****Dobson Syke
****Catlow Brook
*****Pighole Clough
*****Pathole Beck
*****New Laithe Clough
*****Float Bridge Beck
*****Swains Plat Clough
***[[Colne Water]]
****Swinden Clough
****Wanless Water
*****Slipper Hill Clough
*****Houses Beck Moss
******Moss Houses Beck
****Guy Syke
****Church Clough Brook
****Trawden Brook
*****Beardshaw Beck
*****Round Hole Beck
*****Will Moor Clough
****[[River Laneshaw]]
*****High Laith Beck
******Sykes Beck
******Shawhead Beck
*****Monkroyd Beck
*****Hullown Beck
*****Swamp Syke
*****Laneshaw Brook
******Round Holes Beck
******Cat Stone Clough
****[[Wycoller Beck]]
*****Ratten Clough
*****Smithy Clough
******Deep Clough Beck
******Nan Hole Clough
*****Turnhole Clough
******Butter Leach Clough
******Saucer Hill Clough
***Blacko Water
****Castor Gill
****Claude's Clough
****Admergill Water
*****Wicken Clough
*****Greystone Clough
*****Sandyford Clough
***White Hough Water
****Dimpenley Clough
****Bird Holme Clough
****Barley Water
*****Deep Clough
*****Black Moss Water
******Water Gate
******Warth Beck
****Ogden Clough
*****Boar Clough
*****White Slacks
*****Dry Clough
**Barden Clough
**[[River Brun]]
***[[River Don (Lancashire)|River Don]]
****Walshaw Clough
****Thursden Brook
*****Ell Clough
*****Black Clough
******Hey Stacks Clough
******Tom Groove
***Swinden Water
****Hell Clough
***Hurstwood Brook
****Smallshaw Clough
***Rock Water
****Cant Clough Beck
**Everage Clough
***Hole House Clough
****Buck Clough
**Dick Clough
**Easden Clough
**Black Clough
**Green Clough
***Copy Clough
****Sheddon Clough

===River Hodder watershed===
*[[River Hodder]]
**Cow Ark Brook
***Mill Brook
***Hagg Clough
**[[River Loud]]
***Leagram Brook
****Hill Clough
****Burnslack Brook
***Chipping Brook
**Greystoneley Brook
***Hell Clough
***Dinkling Green Brook
**Withins Clough
**Red Syke
**Fielding Clough
**Langden Brook
***Hareden Brook
****Lane Foot Brook
*****Fog Hill Clough
*****Cherry Gutter
****Crackling Syke
****Dimples Clough
***Losterdale Brook
****[[Trough of Bowland|Trough Brook]]
***Mere Clough Wham
***Bleadale Water
***Stransdale Brook
****Stransdale Gutter
**Robin Clough
**[[River Dunsop]]
***Brennand River
****Round Hill Water
*****Brown Syke
***Whitendale River
****Sandy Gutter
**Black Brook
**Rough Syke
**Grey Gill
**Heaning Brook
**Birkett Brook
***Crimpton Brook
**Foulscales Brook
***Bonstone Brook
***Crag Beck
**Easington Brook
***Sough Clough
***Rye Clough
***Skelshaw Brook
***Langcliff Cross Brook
****Tinklers Brook
*****Anna Land Brook
***Harrop Brook
***Dean Slack Brook
**King Syke
**Dunnow Syke
**Croasdale Brook
***Eller Beck
***Lanshaw Brook
****Davison's Syke
****Clough Beck
****Dunsop Brook
***Hill Wood Syke
***Moor Syke
****Round Hill Syke
***Black Brook
****Hind Slack
**Barn Gill
***Park Beck
***Dugdale Syke
**Phynis Beck
***Wain Hill Syke
**Bottoms Beck
***Hesbert Hall Syke
***Hindley Head Clough
***Thorp Syke
***Dob Dale Beck
****Nursery Beck
*****Brock Clough Beck
****Brown Hills Beck
*****Ash Clough Swamp
**Hasgill Beck
***Cowgill Syke
***Rigg Gill Syke
**Copter Syke
**Hare Clough Beck
**White Syke
**Kearsden Holes
**Red Syke

===Whalley to Barnoldswick===
*Barrow Brook
*Pig Hill Brook
*Barrow Clough
*[[Pendleton Brook]]
**Mearley Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Worston Brook
****Rad Brook
**Howcroft Brook
*[[Bashall Brook]]
**Hollins Clough
**Cow Hey Brook
***Sandy Ford Brook
**Braddup Clough
**Elm Clough
*Waddington Brook
**Coplow Brook
*Greg Sike
*West Bradford Brook
**Brocklehurst Brook
**Drakehouse Brook
***Porters Brook
****Bradford Brook
*Moor Roads Sike
*West Clough Brook
*Grindleton Brook
*Chatburn Brook
*Smithies Brook
**Swanside Beck
***Stankhill Beck
****Gazegill or Rimington Beck
*****Thistleber Beck
******Eel Beck
*******Widow Hill Beck
*****Skell Banks Syke
*****Howgill Beck
******Whytha Beck
******Collaver Syke
*****Crag Clough
***Dudland Syke
****Cow Gill Beck
**Ings Beck
***Twiston Beck
****Pendle Hill Brook
***Clough Beck
***Gill Beck
*Rathmill Sike
*Hollins Syke
*Skinners Sike
*Sliping Brook
**Hell Syke
**Hill Brook
*[[Skirden Beck]]
**Holden Beck
***Mear Gill
****Fell Brook
*****Bay Gate Brook
*****Far Fields Brook
*****Black Brook
****Holden Beck
*****Threap Green Brook
**Kirk Beck
***Fox Gill Beck
****Gill Bottom Beck
**Bier Beck
***Hungrill Beck
****Higher Syke
*****Bleara Syke
*****Varleys Syke
***Cuddy Syke
**Monubent Beck
***Hen Gill Beck
****Agden Beck
*****Mere Syke
**Grunsagill Beck
***Tosside Beck
****Holden Beck or Moor End Beck
**New Gill Beck
***Bond Beck
****Little Beck
****Sandy Syke
***Walkers Clough
*Fooden Gill
*Park House Beck
*Wheatley Beck
*Ellenthorpe Gill

===Barnoldswick to source===
*[[Stock Beck]]
**Spittle Syke
**Horton Beck
**Bottom Beck
***Lodge Hill Syke
****Old Park Syke
*****Wedacre Syke
*****Hesketh Rough Syke
**Flush Beck
**Hell Forest Dike
***Turpit Gate Syke
***Hayfield Dike
****Tosber Syke
**Fools Syke
***Ray Gill Water
****Ray Gill
***Horrox Gill
**Crownest Syke
**Gillians Beck
***Moor Side Beck
*East Beck
**Carholme Beck
*Ray Gill
*Ged Beck
*Swinden Gill Beck
**Mallardale Beck
*Mansell Beck
*Pan Beck
**Hellifield Beck
**Gallaber Syke
***Bend Gate Syke
**Kell Well Beck
*Candle Rush Beck
*Deep Dale Syke
*Long Preston Beck
**Bookil Gill Beck
**Scaleber Beck
*Old Field Syke
**Crow Hill Syke
*Wigglesworth Beck
**Tofts Syke
**Rough Syke
*Rathmell Beck
**Hollow Gill Beck
**Rathmell Goit
*Skir Beck
*Mear Beck
*Swaw Beck
**Carr Beck
*Tems Beck
**Huntworth Beck
*Lodge Gill
*Stainforth Beck
**Catrigg Beck
***Cowside Beck
**Tongue Gill
***Fornah Gill
*How Beck
*Blind Beck
*Turn Dub
*Selside Beck
**Gillgarth Beck
*Coppy Gill

===Pre-Ribble===
====Cam Beck====
*'''Cam Beck''' (aka Ling Gill Beck)
**Brow Gill Beck
**Ling Gill Beck
**Labour Gill
**Poverty Gill
**Hard Turf Gill
**Dry Gill
**Little Bank Gill
***Foul Gutter
**Rush Gill
**Lamb Fold Gill
**Little Intake Gill
**Middle Gill
**Tur Gill
**Grainings Gill
**Red Sike
**Pot Close Gill
**Far End Gill
***Cold Keld Gill
====Gayle Beck====
*'''Gayle Beck'''
**Axletree Gill
**Gate Cote Gill
**White Earth Gill
**High Springs
**Lat Gill
**Long Gill
***Mares Gill
***Far Mares Gill
***Shivery Gill
***Jam Sike
**Ouster Gill

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://members.lycos.co.uk/gdeanict/ribble/ River Ribble - from source to sea]
*[http://www.preston.gov.uk/Category.asp?cat=785 Riverworks]
*[http://save-the-ribble.blogspot.com Save The Ribble]
*[http://www.ribblelink.co.uk Ribble Link Trust Ltd]

[[Category:Rivers in Lancashire|Ribble, River]]
[[Category:Rivers in North Yorkshire|Ribble, River]]
[[Category:Preston]]

[[fr:Ribble]]
[[no:Ribble (elv)]]

Folkearth

2007-02-09T01:24:10Z

Theelf29:

'''Folkearth''' is an international music project, created by musicians playing [[folk metal]] and [[Viking metal]]. Starting in [[2004]] the first edition was made with the bands: [[Dol Amroth]] (Greece), [[Ravenclaw]] (Lithuania), [[Forefather]] (Great Britain), [[Eluveitie]] (Switzerland), [[Hrossharsgrani]] (Austria), [[Yggdrasil]], [[Nae`blis]], [[Broken Dagger]] and [[Trymheim]] (Sweden). Around 60 minutes were recorded but the album "A Nordic Poem" is only 40 minutes long.
Members of music bands: [[Van Langen]], [[Thiasos Dionysos]] (Germany), [[Hildr Valkyrie]] (Greece), [[Death Army]] (Italy), [[The Soil Bleeds Black]] and [[Moonroot]] (USA), have joined Folkearth project in the production of the second album.
Currently, more than 30 musicians are working on this project.

== Discography ==

*''[[A Nordic Poem]]'' ([[2004]])
*''[[By the Sword of My Father]]'' ([[2006]])

==External links==

*[http://members.lycos.co.uk/folkearth Folkearth homepage]
*[http://www.metal-archives.com/band.php?id=30998 Current members of the project]
{{music stub}}
[[Category:Pagan metal]]
[[pl:Folkearth]]

River Ribble

2007-02-07T12:57:55Z

Theelf29:

{{Infobox_river | river_name = River Ribble
| image_name = River_Ribble_at_Ribchester.jpg
| caption = The River Ribble at [[Ribchester]]. Photograph by [http://www.flickr.com/people/stubbsuk Stuart Grimshaw]
| origin = Confluence of Gayle Beck and Cam Beck, Selside
| mouth = [[Irish Sea]] at [[Lytham]]
| basin_countries = [[England]]
| length = 121 km (75 miles)
| elevation = 246 m (807 ft)
| discharge =
| watershed = |
}}

The '''River Ribble''' is a river that runs through [[North Yorkshire]] and [[Lancashire]], in the North of [[England]]. The river's [[watershed]] also includes parts of [[Greater Manchester]] around [[Wigan]].

The Ribble begins at the confluence of the ''Gayle Beck'' and ''Cam Beck'' near the famous [[Ribblehead Viaduct|viaduct]] at [[Ribblehead]], in the shadow of the [[Yorkshire three peaks]].

It flows through [[Settle]], [[Clitheroe]] and [[Preston]], before emptying into the [[Irish Sea]] between [[Lytham St. Annes]] and [[Southport]], a length of 75 miles.

The main tributaries of the Ribble are the [[River Hodder|Hodder]] and [[River Calder, Lancashire|Calder]] which join the river near [[Great Mitton]], the [[River Darwen]] which joins at [[Walton-le-Dale]] and the [[River Douglas]] which joins near [[Hesketh Bank]].

The [[Ribble Way]] is a long-distance footpath which follows the river for much of its course. The Ribble marked the ancient northern boundary of [[Mercia]]{{fact}}; and at the time of the [[Domesday Book]] was the northern boundary of [[Cheshire]].

The river is connected to both the [[Leeds and Liverpool Canal]] and the [[Lancaster Canal]] (via the [[Ribble Link]]).

Its estuary forms part of the [[Ribble and Alt Estuaries]] [[Special Protection Area]] for wildlife.

The River Ribble catchment is covered by the [[Mersey Basin Campaign]], a partnership which was established in [[1985]] to improve water quality and encourage waterside regeneration.

Preston City Council have published controversial plans to build a barrage across the River Ribble, in their 'Riverworks' proposals. The aim of these proposals is to build a water sports park on a section of the Ribble, coupled with over 4000 units of high quality housing and businesses in the river's flood plain. Some local residents are opposing these plans, arguing that they endanger wildlife, increase flood risk to local housing and damage greenbelt areas. These residents have set up the 'Save The Ribble' campaign. Parts of the river are a County Biological Heritage Site.

The Ribble would appear to have been known in [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times as the [[Belisama]],<ref>[[Ronald Hutton]] (1991). ''The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles.'' Oxford: Blackwell. p.218</ref> possibly giving its name to [[Samlesbury]]. [[Ptolemy]]'s "''Belisama aest.''" seems to represent the estuary of the Ribble.

The banks of the Ribble have been posited as a possible location for [[King Arthur]]'s tenth battle, on the banks of a river "Tribruit", as alluded to in his [[Historia Brittonum]] by [[Nennius]][http://www.mun.ca/mst/heroicage/issues/2/ha2lac.htm].

==Settlements==
*[[Horton in Ribblesdale]]
*[[Stainforth, North Yorkshire|Stainforth]]
*[[Stackhouse, North yorkshire|Stackhouse]]
*[[Langcliffe]]
*[[Giggleswick]]
*[[Nappa, North Yorkshire|Nappa]]
*[[Settle]]
*[[Halton West]]
*[[Paythorne]]
*[[Sawley, North Yorkshire|Sawley]]
*[[West Bradford, Lancashire|West Bradford]]
*[[Horrocksford]]
*[[Clitheroe]]
*[[Great Mitton]]
*[[Little Town]]
*[[Ribchester]]
*[[Samlesbury]]
*[[Walton-le-Dale]]
*[[Preston]]
*[[Lower Penwortham]]
*[[Higher Penwortham]]
*[[Lytham]]

==Tributaries==
===Estuary to Preston===
====Estuary to Douglas====
*Crossens Pool
**The Sluice
***Middle Drain
***Back Drain
***Ring Ditch
***Boundary Drain
***Tarleton Runner
****Mere Brow
*****School Drain
****Pale Ditch
***Mere Brow Watercourse
***Midge Hall Drain
***Boat House Sluice
****Langley's Brook
***Rufford Boundary Sluice
**Three Pools Waterway
***Fine Jane's Brook
****Holly Brook
****Sandy Brook
****Old Canal
***Boundary Brook
****New Cut Brook
***Sandy Brook
****The Old Pool
****Black Brook
****Drummersdale Drain
*****Brook Cut and Mill Stream
****Bullen's Brook
****Eas Brook
*****Hurlston Brook
*Main Drain
**Liggard Brook
**Wrea Brook
*Hundred End Gutter
*Pool Stream

====River Douglas watershed====
*[[River Douglas]] or River Asland
**Longton Brook
**Centre Drain
**Carr Heys Watercourse
**Tarra Carr Gutter
***Hall Pool
**Dunkirk Dib
**Rakes Brook
**Carr Brook
**Strine Brook
**[[River Yarrow (Lancashire)|River Yarrow]]
***[[River Lostock]]
****Wymott Brook
****Clayton Brook
****Slack Brook
****Whave's Brook
***Spent Brook
***Syd Brook
****Howe Brook
****Pye Brook
***Culbeck Brook
****Chapel Brook
*****Ransnap Brook
*****German Brook
***Hodge Brook
***[[River Chor]]
***Clancutt Brook
****Tanyard Brook
****Whittle Brook
***Eller Brook
****Moss Ditch
***Black Brook
****Tan House Brook
****Warth Brook
*****Brinscall Brook
*****Fill Brook
***Roaring Lum
***Dean Brook
****Hall Brook
****Cote Slack
***Limestone Brook
***Green Withins Brook
**The Sluice
***Mill
***Old Reed Brook
**Main Ditch
**Eller Brook
***Wham Ditch
***Black Brook
***Abbey Brook
****New Park Brook
****Castle Brook
****Sefton Brook
*****Dungeon Brook
*****Dicket's Brook
******Goose Brook
**Mill Ditch
***New Reed Brook
***Bentley Brook
**[[River Tawd]]
***Slate Brook
***Grimshaw Brook
**Middlehurst Brook
**Dock Brook
**Alder Lane Brook
**Sprodley Brook
**Calico Brook
**Lees Brook
**Dean Brook
***Sand Brook
**Ackhurst Brook
**Mill Brook
**Bradshaw Brook
**Close Brook
**Barley Brook
**Smithy Brook
***Poolstock Brook
****Ince Brook
*****Hawkley Brook
*****Reed Brook
******Park Brook
**Clarington Brook
**Bradley Brook
**Bucklow Brook
***Moss Ditch
***Buckow Brook
****Hic-bibi Brook
*****Stars Brook
******Almond Brook
******Tunley Brook
**Pearl Brook
**Arley Brook

====Douglas to Preston====
*[[Freckleton Pool]]
**Dow Brook
***Spen Brook
***Carr Brook
****Wrongway Brook
**Middle Pool
*[[Ribble Link|Savick Brook]]
**Deepdale Brook
**Lady Head Runnel
**Sharoe Brook
***Moss Leach Brook
**Eaves Brook
*Mill Brook
*The Mains Brook

===River Darwen watershed===
*[[River Darwen]]
**Hennel Brook
***Cockshott Brook
**Mank Brooks
***Black Brook
****Hatchwood Brook
***Fowler Brook
****Drum Head Brook
*****Gorton Brook
*****Mill Brook
****Bank Head Brook
**Old Darwen
**Beeston Brook
***Quaker Brook
**Hole Brook
***Huntley Brook (North)
***Huntley Brook (South)
**Alum House Brook
***Arley Brook
**Trout Brook
**[[River Roddlesworth]]
***Finnington Brook
***Stockclough Brook
****Whitehalgh Brook
*****Shaw Brook
*****Chapels Brook
*****Sheep Bridge Brook
***Rake Brook
***Calf Hey Brook
***Ferny Bed Springs
**[[River Blakewater]]
***Snig Brook
***Audley Brook
***Little Harwood Brook
****Royshaw Clough
****Seven Acre Brook
***Knuzden Brook
**Scotshaw Brook
***Moss Brook
***Badger Brook
**Higher Croft Brook
***Newfield Brook
**Davy Field Brook
***Flash Brook
***Grimshaw Brook
****Waterside Brook
*****Mean Brook
******Sapling Clough
*****Hoddlesden Moss Brook
******Far Scotland Brook
*****Pickup Bank Brook
******Moss Brook
******Twitchells Brook
**Sunnyhurst Brook
***Stepback Brook
**Bold Venture Brook
***High Lumb Brook
****Livesey Brook
**Kebbs Brook
***Green Lowe Brook
**Bury Fold Brook
***Old Briggs Brook
****Duckshaw Brook
**Grain Brook
***Bent Hall Brook
***Deadman's Clough

===Preston to Whalley===
*Swill Brook
*Bezza Brook
**Wilcock Brook
***Mellor Brook
*Tun Brook
*[[Stydd Brook]]
**Boyce's Brook
***Cowley Brook
***Page Brook
**Duddel Brook
*Starling Brook
*Dean Brook
**Bailey Brook
**Brownslow Brook
*[[Dinckley Brook]]
**Park Brook
***Showley Brook
****Knotts Brook
***Tottering Brook
***Zechariah Brook

===River Calder watershed===
*[[River Calder, Lancashire|River Calder]]
**Bushburn Brook
**Dean Brook
**Egg Syke Brook
**Rodger Hey Brook
**[[Sabden Brook]]
***Badger Well Water
***Wood House Brook
***Cock Clough
**Clough Syke Brook
**[[Hyndburn Brook]]
***Harwood Brook
****Causeway Brook
***Norden Brook
***Spaw Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Bottom Syke
***[[River Hyndburn]]
****Church Brook
*****Accrington Brook
******Woodnook Water
*******Warmden Brook
*******Tom Dale Clough
***White Ash Brook
****Wolfenden Syke
****Lottice Brook
***Tinker Brook
****Whams Brook
****Jackhouse Brook
*****Cocker Brook
******White Syke
*****Cocker Lumb
**Syke Side Brook
***Clough Brook
**Simonstone Brook
**Shorten Brook
**Dean Brook
***Huntroyde Brook
**Castle Clough Brook
***Castle Clough
**Green Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Sweet Clough
***Hapton Clough
****Thorny Bank Clough
****Tower Brook
***Habergham Clough
****New Barn Clough
*****Helm Clough
****Micklehurst Clough
*****Long Syke
**Whitaker Clough
***Fir Trees Brook
****West Close Clough
****Acres Brook
**Moor Isles Clough
**Spurn Clough
**[[Pendle Water]]
***Old Laund Clough
***Edge End Brook
***Walverden Water
****Bradley Syke
****Head Beck
*****Dobson Syke
****Catlow Brook
*****Pighole Clough
*****Pathole Beck
*****New Laithe Clough
*****Float Bridge Beck
*****Swains Plat Clough
***[[Colne Water]]
****Swinden Clough
****Wanless Water
*****Slipper Hill Clough
*****Houses Beck Moss
******Moss Houses Beck
****Guy Syke
****Church Clough Brook
****Trawden Brook
*****Beardshaw Beck
*****Round Hole Beck
*****Will Moor Clough
****[[River Laneshaw]]
*****High Laith Beck
******Sykes Beck
******Shawhead Beck
*****Monkroyd Beck
*****Hullown Beck
*****Swamp Syke
*****Laneshaw Brook
******Round Holes Beck
******Cat Stone Clough
****[[Wycoller Beck]]
*****Ratten Clough
*****Smithy Clough
******Deep Clough Beck
******Nan Hole Clough
*****Turnhole Clough
******Butter Leach Clough
******Saucer Hill Clough
***Blacko Water
****Castor Gill
****Claude's Clough
****Admergill Water
*****Wicken Clough
*****Greystone Clough
*****Sandyford Clough
***White Hough Water
****Dimpenley Clough
****Bird Holme Clough
****Barley Water
*****Deep Clough
*****Black Moss Water
******Water Gate
******Warth Beck
****Ogden Clough
*****Boar Clough
*****White Slacks
*****Dry Clough
**Barden Clough
**[[River Brun]]
***[[River Don (Lancashire)|River Don]]
****Walshaw Clough
****Thursden Brook
*****Ell Clough
*****Black Clough
******Hey Stacks Clough
******Tom Groove
***Swinden Water
****Hell Clough
***Hurstwood Brook
****Smallshaw Clough
***Rock Water
****Cant Clough Beck
**Everage Clough
***Hole House Clough
****Buck Clough
**Dick Clough
**Easden Clough
**Black Clough
**Green Clough
***Copy Clough
****Sheddon Clough

===River Hodder watershed===
*[[River Hodder]]
**Cow Ark Brook
***Mill Brook
***Hagg Clough
**[[River Loud]]
***Leagram Brook
****Hill Clough
****Burnslack Brook
***Chipping Brook
**Greystoneley Brook
***Hell Clough
***Dinkling Green Brook
**Withins Clough
**Red Syke
**Fielding Clough
**Langden Brook
***Hareden Brook
****Lane Foot Brook
*****Fog Hill Clough
*****Cherry Gutter
****Crackling Syke
****Dimples Clough
***Losterdale Brook
****[[Trough of Bowland|Trough Brook]]
***Mere Clough Wham
***Bleadale Water
***Stransdale Brook
****Stransdale Gutter
**Robin Clough
**[[River Dunsop]]
***Brennand River
****Round Hill Water
*****Brown Syke
***Whitendale River
****Sandy Gutter
**Black Brook
**Rough Syke
**Grey Gill
**Heaning Brook
**Birkett Brook
***Crimpton Brook
**Foulscales Brook
***Bonstone Brook
***Crag Beck
**Easington Brook
***Sough Clough
***Rye Clough
***Skelshaw Brook
***Langcliff Cross Brook
****Tinklers Brook
*****Anna Land Brook
***Harrop Brook
***Dean Slack Brook
**King Syke
**Dunnow Syke
**Croasdale Brook
***Eller Beck
***Lanshaw Brook
****Davison's Syke
****Clough Beck
****Dunsop Brook
***Hill Wood Syke
***Moor Syke
****Round Hill Syke
***Black Brook
****Hind Slack
**Barn Gill
***Park Beck
***Dugdale Syke
**Phynis Beck
***Wain Hill Syke
**Bottoms Beck
***Hesbert Hall Syke
***Hindley Head Clough
***Thorp Syke
***Dob Dale Beck
****Nursery Beck
*****Brock Clough Beck
****Brown Hills Beck
*****Ash Clough Swamp
**Hasgill Beck
***Cowgill Syke
***Rigg Gill Syke
**Copter Syke
**Hare Clough Beck
**White Syke
**Kearsden Holes
**Red Syke

===Whalley to Barnoldswick===
*Barrow Brook
*Pig Hill Brook
*Barrow Clough
*[[Pendleton Brook]]
**Mearley Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Worston Brook
****Rad Brook
**Howcroft Brook
*[[Bashall Brook]]
**Hollins Clough
**Cow Hey Brook
***Sandy Ford Brook
**Braddup Clough
**Elm Clough
*Waddington Brook
**Coplow Brook
*Greg Sike
*West Bradford Brook
**Brocklehurst Brook
**Drakehouse Brook
***Porters Brook
****Bradford Brook
*Moor Roads Sike
*West Clough Brook
*Grindleton Brook
*Chatburn Brook
*Smithies Brook
**Swanside Beck
***Stankhill Beck
****Gazegill or Rimington Beck
*****Thistleber Beck
******Eel Beck
*******Widow Hill Beck
*****Skell Banks Syke
*****Howgill Beck
******Whytha Beck
******Collaver Syke
*****Crag Clough
***Dudland Syke
****Cow Gill Beck
**Ings Beck
***Twiston Beck
****Pendle Hill Brook
***Clough Beck
***Gill Beck
*Rathmill Sike
*Hollins Syke
*Skinners Sike
*Sliping Brook
**Hell Syke
**Hill Brook
*[[Skirden Beck]]
**Holden Beck
***Mear Gill
****Fell Brook
*****Bay Gate Brook
*****Far Fields Brook
*****Black Brook
****Holden Beck
*****Threap Green Brook
**Kirk Beck
***Fox Gill Beck
****Gill Bottom Beck
**Bier Beck
***Hungrill Beck
****Higher Syke
*****Bleara Syke
*****Varleys Syke
***Cuddy Syke
**Monubent Beck
***Hen Gill Beck
****Agden Beck
*****Mere Syke
**Grunsagill Beck
***Tosside Beck
****Holden Beck or Moor End Beck
**New Gill Beck
***Bond Beck
****Little Beck
****Sandy Syke
***Walkers Clough
*Fooden Gill
*Park House Beck
*Wheatley Beck
*Ellenthorpe Gill

===Barnoldswick to source===
*[[Stock Beck]]
**Spittle Syke
**Horton Beck
**Bottom Beck
***Lodge Hill Syke
****Old Park Syke
*****Wedacre Syke
*****Hesketh Rough Syke
**Flush Beck
**Hell Forest Dike
***Turpit Gate Syke
***Hayfield Dike
****Tosber Syke
**Fools Syke
***Ray Gill Water
****Ray Gill
***Horrox Gill
**Crownest Syke
**Gillians Beck
***Moor Side Beck
*East Beck
**Carholme Beck
*Ray Gill
*Ged Beck
*Swinden Gill Beck
**Mallardale Beck
*Mansell Beck
*Pan Beck
**Hellifield Beck
**Gallaber Syke
***Bend Gate Syke
**Kell Well Beck
*Candle Rush Beck
*Deep Dale Syke
*Long Preston Beck
**Bookil Gill Beck
**Scaleber Beck
*Old Field Syke
**Crow Hill Syke
*Wigglesworth Beck
**Tofts Syke
**Rough Syke
*Rathmell Beck
**Hollow Gill Beck
**Rathmell Goit
*Skir Beck
*Mear Beck
*Swaw Beck
**Carr Beck
*Tems Beck
**Huntworth Beck
*Lodge Gill
*Stainforth Beck
**Catrigg Beck
***Cowside Beck
**Tongue Gill
***Fornah Gill
*How Beck
*Blind Beck
*Turn Dub
*Selside Beck
**Gillgarth Beck
*Coppy Gill

===Pre-Ribble===
====Cam Beck====
*'''Cam Beck''' (aka Ling Gill Beck)
**Brow Gill Beck
**Ling Gill Beck
**Labour Gill
**Poverty Gill
**Hard Turf Gill
**Dry Gill
**Little Bank Gill
***Foul Gutter
**Rush Gill
**Lamb Fold Gill
**Little Intake Gill
**Middle Gill
**Tur Gill
**Grainings Gill
**Red Sike
**Pot Close Gill
**Far End Gill
***Cold Keld Gill
====Gayle Beck====
*'''Gayle Beck'''
**Axletree Gill
**Gate Cote Gill
**White Earth Gill
**High Springs
**Lat Gill
**Long Gill
***Mares Gill
***Far Mares Gill
***Shivery Gill
***Jam Sike
**Ouster Gill

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://members.lycos.co.uk/gdeanict/ribble/ River Ribble - from source to sea]
*[http://www.preston.gov.uk/Category.asp?cat=785 Riverworks]
*[http://save-the-ribble.blogspot.com Save The Ribble]
*[http://www.ribblelink.co.uk Ribble Link Trust Ltd]

[[Category:Rivers in Lancashire|Ribble, River]]
[[Category:Rivers in North Yorkshire|Ribble, River]]
[[Category:Preston]]

[[fr:Ribble]]
[[no:Ribble (elv)]]

River Ribble

2007-02-07T12:39:47Z

Theelf29: /* Preston to Whalley */ + Tottering Brook

{{Infobox_river | river_name = River Ribble
| image_name = River_Ribble_at_Ribchester.jpg
| caption = The River Ribble at [[Ribchester]]. Photograph by [http://www.flickr.com/people/stubbsuk Stuart Grimshaw]
| origin = Confluence of Gayle Beck and Cam Beck, Selside
| mouth = [[Irish Sea]] at [[Lytham]]
| basin_countries = [[England]]
| length = 121 km (75 miles)
| elevation = 246 m (807 ft)
| discharge =
| watershed = |
}}

The '''River Ribble''' is a river that runs through [[North Yorkshire]] and [[Lancashire]], in the North of [[England]]. The river's [[watershed]] also includes parts of [[Greater Manchester]] around [[Wigan]].

The Ribble begins at the confluence of the ''Gayle Beck'' and ''Cam Beck'' near the famous [[Ribblehead Viaduct|viaduct]] at [[Ribblehead]], in the shadow of the [[Yorkshire three peaks]].

It flows through [[Settle]], [[Clitheroe]] and [[Preston]], before emptying into the [[Irish Sea]] between [[Lytham St. Annes]] and [[Southport]], a length of 75 miles.

The main tributaries of the Ribble are the [[River Hodder|Hodder]] and [[River Calder, Lancashire|Calder]] which join the river near [[Great Mitton]], the [[River Darwen]] which joins at [[Walton-le-Dale]] and the [[River Douglas]] which joins near [[Hesketh Bank]].

The [[Ribble Way]] is a long-distance footpath which follows the river for much of its course. The Ribble marked the ancient northern boundary of [[Mercia]]{{fact}}; and at the time of the [[Domesday Book]] was the northern boundary of [[Cheshire]].

The river is connected to both the [[Leeds and Liverpool Canal]] and the [[Lancaster Canal]] (via the [[Ribble Link]]).

Its estuary forms part of the [[Ribble and Alt Estuaries]] [[Special Protection Area]] for wildlife.

The River Ribble catchment is covered by the [[Mersey Basin Campaign]], a partnership which was established in [[1985]] to improve water quality and encourage waterside regeneration.

Preston City Council have published controversial plans to build a barrage across the River Ribble, in their 'Riverworks' proposals. The aim of these proposals is to build a water sports park on a section of the Ribble, coupled with over 4000 units of high quality housing and businesses in the river's flood plain. Some local residents are opposing these plans, arguing that they endanger wildlife, increase flood risk to local housing and damage greenbelt areas. These residents have set up the 'Save The Ribble' campaign. Parts of the river are a County Biological Heritage Site.

The Ribble would appear to have been known in [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times as the [[Belisama]],<ref>[[Ronald Hutton]] (1991). ''The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles.'' Oxford: Blackwell. p.218</ref> possibly giving its name to [[Samlesbury]]. [[Ptolemy]]'s "''Belisama aest.''" seems to represent the estuary of the Ribble.

==Settlements==
*[[Horton in Ribblesdale]]
*[[Stainforth, North Yorkshire|Stainforth]]
*[[Stackhouse, North yorkshire|Stackhouse]]
*[[Langcliffe]]
*[[Giggleswick]]
*[[Nappa, North Yorkshire|Nappa]]
*[[Settle]]
*[[Halton West]]
*[[Paythorne]]
*[[Sawley, North Yorkshire|Sawley]]
*[[West Bradford, Lancashire|West Bradford]]
*[[Horrocksford]]
*[[Clitheroe]]
*[[Great Mitton]]
*[[Little Town]]
*[[Ribchester]]
*[[Samlesbury]]
*[[Walton-le-Dale]]
*[[Preston]]
*[[Lower Penwortham]]
*[[Higher Penwortham]]
*[[Lytham]]

==Tributaries==
===Estuary to Preston===
====Estuary to Douglas====
*Crossens Pool
**The Sluice
***Middle Drain
***Back Drain
***Ring Ditch
***Boundary Drain
***Tarleton Runner
****Mere Brow
*****School Drain
****Pale Ditch
***Mere Brow Watercourse
***Midge Hall Drain
***Boat House Sluice
****Langley's Brook
***Rufford Boundary Sluice
**Three Pools Waterway
***Fine Jane's Brook
****Holly Brook
****Sandy Brook
****Old Canal
***Boundary Brook
****New Cut Brook
***Sandy Brook
****The Old Pool
****Black Brook
****Drummersdale Drain
*****Brook Cut and Mill Stream
****Bullen's Brook
****Eas Brook
*****Hurlston Brook
*Main Drain
**Liggard Brook
**Wrea Brook
*Hundred End Gutter
*Pool Stream

====River Douglas watershed====
*[[River Douglas]] or River Asland
**Longton Brook
**Centre Drain
**Carr Heys Watercourse
**Tarra Carr Gutter
***Hall Pool
**Dunkirk Dib
**Rakes Brook
**Carr Brook
**Strine Brook
**[[River Yarrow (Lancashire)|River Yarrow]]
***[[River Lostock]]
****Wymott Brook
****Clayton Brook
****Slack Brook
****Whave's Brook
***Spent Brook
***Syd Brook
****Howe Brook
****Pye Brook
***Culbeck Brook
****Chapel Brook
*****Ransnap Brook
*****German Brook
***Hodge Brook
***[[River Chor]]
***Clancutt Brook
****Tanyard Brook
****Whittle Brook
***Eller Brook
****Moss Ditch
***Black Brook
****Tan House Brook
****Warth Brook
*****Brinscall Brook
*****Fill Brook
***Roaring Lum
***Dean Brook
****Hall Brook
****Cote Slack
***Limestone Brook
***Green Withins Brook
**The Sluice
***Mill
***Old Reed Brook
**Main Ditch
**Eller Brook
***Wham Ditch
***Black Brook
***Abbey Brook
****New Park Brook
****Castle Brook
****Sefton Brook
*****Dungeon Brook
*****Dicket's Brook
******Goose Brook
**Mill Ditch
***New Reed Brook
***Bentley Brook
**[[River Tawd]]
***Slate Brook
***Grimshaw Brook
**Middlehurst Brook
**Dock Brook
**Alder Lane Brook
**Sprodley Brook
**Calico Brook
**Lees Brook
**Dean Brook
***Sand Brook
**Ackhurst Brook
**Mill Brook
**Bradshaw Brook
**Close Brook
**Barley Brook
**Smithy Brook
***Poolstock Brook
****Ince Brook
*****Hawkley Brook
*****Reed Brook
******Park Brook
**Clarington Brook
**Bradley Brook
**Bucklow Brook
***Moss Ditch
***Buckow Brook
****Hic-bibi Brook
*****Stars Brook
******Almond Brook
******Tunley Brook
**Pearl Brook
**Arley Brook

====Douglas to Preston====
*[[Freckleton Pool]]
**Dow Brook
***Spen Brook
***Carr Brook
****Wrongway Brook
**Middle Pool
*[[Ribble Link|Savick Brook]]
**Deepdale Brook
**Lady Head Runnel
**Sharoe Brook
***Moss Leach Brook
**Eaves Brook
*Mill Brook
*The Mains Brook

===River Darwen watershed===
*[[River Darwen]]
**Hennel Brook
***Cockshott Brook
**Mank Brooks
***Black Brook
****Hatchwood Brook
***Fowler Brook
****Drum Head Brook
*****Gorton Brook
*****Mill Brook
****Bank Head Brook
**Old Darwen
**Beeston Brook
***Quaker Brook
**Hole Brook
***Huntley Brook (North)
***Huntley Brook (South)
**Alum House Brook
***Arley Brook
**Trout Brook
**[[River Roddlesworth]]
***Finnington Brook
***Stockclough Brook
****Whitehalgh Brook
*****Shaw Brook
*****Chapels Brook
*****Sheep Bridge Brook
***Rake Brook
***Calf Hey Brook
***Ferny Bed Springs
**[[River Blakewater]]
***Snig Brook
***Audley Brook
***Little Harwood Brook
****Royshaw Clough
****Seven Acre Brook
***Knuzden Brook
**Scotshaw Brook
***Moss Brook
***Badger Brook
**Higher Croft Brook
***Newfield Brook
**Davy Field Brook
***Flash Brook
***Grimshaw Brook
****Waterside Brook
*****Mean Brook
******Sapling Clough
*****Hoddlesden Moss Brook
******Far Scotland Brook
*****Pickup Bank Brook
******Moss Brook
******Twitchells Brook
**Sunnyhurst Brook
***Stepback Brook
**Bold Venture Brook
***High Lumb Brook
****Livesey Brook
**Kebbs Brook
***Green Lowe Brook
**Bury Fold Brook
***Old Briggs Brook
****Duckshaw Brook
**Grain Brook
***Bent Hall Brook
***Deadman's Clough

===Preston to Whalley===
*Swill Brook
*Bezza Brook
**Wilcock Brook
***Mellor Brook
*Tun Brook
*[[Stydd Brook]]
**Boyce's Brook
***Cowley Brook
***Page Brook
**Duddel Brook
*Starling Brook
*Dean Brook
**Bailey Brook
**Brownslow Brook
*[[Dinckley Brook]]
**Park Brook
***Showley Brook
****Knotts Brook
***Tottering Brook
***Zechariah Brook

===River Calder watershed===
*[[River Calder, Lancashire|River Calder]]
**Bushburn Brook
**Dean Brook
**Egg Syke Brook
**Rodger Hey Brook
**[[Sabden Brook]]
***Badger Well Water
***Wood House Brook
***Cock Clough
**Clough Syke Brook
**[[Hyndburn Brook]]
***Harwood Brook
****Causeway Brook
***Norden Brook
***Spaw Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Bottom Syke
***[[River Hyndburn]]
****Church Brook
*****Accrington Brook
******Woodnook Water
*******Warmden Brook
*******Tom Dale Clough
***White Ash Brook
****Wolfenden Syke
****Lottice Brook
***Tinker Brook
****Whams Brook
****Jackhouse Brook
*****Cocker Brook
******White Syke
*****Cocker Lumb
**Syke Side Brook
***Clough Brook
**Simonstone Brook
**Shorten Brook
**Dean Brook
***Huntroyde Brook
**Castle Clough Brook
***Castle Clough
**Green Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Sweet Clough
***Hapton Clough
****Thorny Bank Clough
****Tower Brook
***Habergham Clough
****New Barn Clough
*****Helm Clough
****Micklehurst Clough
*****Long Syke
**Whitaker Clough
***Fir Trees Brook
****West Close Clough
****Acres Brook
**Moor Isles Clough
**Spurn Clough
**[[Pendle Water]]
***Old Laund Clough
***Edge End Brook
***Walverden Water
****Bradley Syke
****Head Beck
*****Dobson Syke
****Catlow Brook
*****Pighole Clough
*****Pathole Beck
*****New Laithe Clough
*****Float Bridge Beck
*****Swains Plat Clough
***[[Colne Water]]
****Swinden Clough
****Wanless Water
*****Slipper Hill Clough
*****Houses Beck Moss
******Moss Houses Beck
****Guy Syke
****Church Clough Brook
****Trawden Brook
*****Beardshaw Beck
*****Round Hole Beck
*****Will Moor Clough
****[[River Laneshaw]]
*****High Laith Beck
******Sykes Beck
******Shawhead Beck
*****Monkroyd Beck
*****Hullown Beck
*****Swamp Syke
*****Laneshaw Brook
******Round Holes Beck
******Cat Stone Clough
****[[Wycoller Beck]]
*****Ratten Clough
*****Smithy Clough
******Deep Clough Beck
******Nan Hole Clough
*****Turnhole Clough
******Butter Leach Clough
******Saucer Hill Clough
***Blacko Water
****Castor Gill
****Claude's Clough
****Admergill Water
*****Wicken Clough
*****Greystone Clough
*****Sandyford Clough
***White Hough Water
****Dimpenley Clough
****Bird Holme Clough
****Barley Water
*****Deep Clough
*****Black Moss Water
******Water Gate
******Warth Beck
****Ogden Clough
*****Boar Clough
*****White Slacks
*****Dry Clough
**Barden Clough
**[[River Brun]]
***[[River Don (Lancashire)|River Don]]
****Walshaw Clough
****Thursden Brook
*****Ell Clough
*****Black Clough
******Hey Stacks Clough
******Tom Groove
***Swinden Water
****Hell Clough
***Hurstwood Brook
****Smallshaw Clough
***Rock Water
****Cant Clough Beck
**Everage Clough
***Hole House Clough
****Buck Clough
**Dick Clough
**Easden Clough
**Black Clough
**Green Clough
***Copy Clough
****Sheddon Clough

===River Hodder watershed===
*[[River Hodder]]
**Cow Ark Brook
***Mill Brook
***Hagg Clough
**[[River Loud]]
***Leagram Brook
****Hill Clough
****Burnslack Brook
***Chipping Brook
**Greystoneley Brook
***Hell Clough
***Dinkling Green Brook
**Withins Clough
**Red Syke
**Fielding Clough
**Langden Brook
***Hareden Brook
****Lane Foot Brook
*****Fog Hill Clough
*****Cherry Gutter
****Crackling Syke
****Dimples Clough
***Losterdale Brook
****[[Trough of Bowland|Trough Brook]]
***Mere Clough Wham
***Bleadale Water
***Stransdale Brook
****Stransdale Gutter
**Robin Clough
**[[River Dunsop]]
***Brennand River
****Round Hill Water
*****Brown Syke
***Whitendale River
****Sandy Gutter
**Black Brook
**Rough Syke
**Grey Gill
**Heaning Brook
**Birkett Brook
***Crimpton Brook
**Foulscales Brook
***Bonstone Brook
***Crag Beck
**Easington Brook
***Sough Clough
***Rye Clough
***Skelshaw Brook
***Langcliff Cross Brook
****Tinklers Brook
*****Anna Land Brook
***Harrop Brook
***Dean Slack Brook
**King Syke
**Dunnow Syke
**Croasdale Brook
***Eller Beck
***Lanshaw Brook
****Davison's Syke
****Clough Beck
****Dunsop Brook
***Hill Wood Syke
***Moor Syke
****Round Hill Syke
***Black Brook
****Hind Slack
**Barn Gill
***Park Beck
***Dugdale Syke
**Phynis Beck
***Wain Hill Syke
**Bottoms Beck
***Hesbert Hall Syke
***Hindley Head Clough
***Thorp Syke
***Dob Dale Beck
****Nursery Beck
*****Brock Clough Beck
****Brown Hills Beck
*****Ash Clough Swamp
**Hasgill Beck
***Cowgill Syke
***Rigg Gill Syke
**Copter Syke
**Hare Clough Beck
**White Syke
**Kearsden Holes
**Red Syke

===Whalley to Barnoldswick===
*Barrow Brook
*Pig Hill Brook
*Barrow Clough
*[[Pendleton Brook]]
**Mearley Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Worston Brook
****Rad Brook
**Howcroft Brook
*[[Bashall Brook]]
**Hollins Clough
**Cow Hey Brook
***Sandy Ford Brook
**Braddup Clough
**Elm Clough
*Waddington Brook
**Coplow Brook
*Greg Sike
*West Bradford Brook
**Brocklehurst Brook
**Drakehouse Brook
***Porters Brook
****Bradford Brook
*Moor Roads Sike
*West Clough Brook
*Grindleton Brook
*Chatburn Brook
*Smithies Brook
**Swanside Beck
***Stankhill Beck
****Gazegill or Rimington Beck
*****Thistleber Beck
******Eel Beck
*******Widow Hill Beck
*****Skell Banks Syke
*****Howgill Beck
******Whytha Beck
******Collaver Syke
*****Crag Clough
***Dudland Syke
****Cow Gill Beck
**Ings Beck
***Twiston Beck
****Pendle Hill Brook
***Clough Beck
***Gill Beck
*Rathmill Sike
*Hollins Syke
*Skinners Sike
*Sliping Brook
**Hell Syke
**Hill Brook
*[[Skirden Beck]]
**Holden Beck
***Mear Gill
****Fell Brook
*****Bay Gate Brook
*****Far Fields Brook
*****Black Brook
****Holden Beck
*****Threap Green Brook
**Kirk Beck
***Fox Gill Beck
****Gill Bottom Beck
**Bier Beck
***Hungrill Beck
****Higher Syke
*****Bleara Syke
*****Varleys Syke
***Cuddy Syke
**Monubent Beck
***Hen Gill Beck
****Agden Beck
*****Mere Syke
**Grunsagill Beck
***Tosside Beck
****Holden Beck or Moor End Beck
**New Gill Beck
***Bond Beck
****Little Beck
****Sandy Syke
***Walkers Clough
*Fooden Gill
*Park House Beck
*Wheatley Beck
*Ellenthorpe Gill

===Barnoldswick to source===
*[[Stock Beck]]
**Spittle Syke
**Horton Beck
**Bottom Beck
***Lodge Hill Syke
****Old Park Syke
*****Wedacre Syke
*****Hesketh Rough Syke
**Flush Beck
**Hell Forest Dike
***Turpit Gate Syke
***Hayfield Dike
****Tosber Syke
**Fools Syke
***Ray Gill Water
****Ray Gill
***Horrox Gill
**Crownest Syke
**Gillians Beck
***Moor Side Beck
*East Beck
**Carholme Beck
*Ray Gill
*Ged Beck
*Swinden Gill Beck
**Mallardale Beck
*Mansell Beck
*Pan Beck
**Hellifield Beck
**Gallaber Syke
***Bend Gate Syke
**Kell Well Beck
*Candle Rush Beck
*Deep Dale Syke
*Long Preston Beck
**Bookil Gill Beck
**Scaleber Beck
*Old Field Syke
**Crow Hill Syke
*Wigglesworth Beck
**Tofts Syke
**Rough Syke
*Rathmell Beck
**Hollow Gill Beck
**Rathmell Goit
*Skir Beck
*Mear Beck
*Swaw Beck
**Carr Beck
*Tems Beck
**Huntworth Beck
*Lodge Gill
*Stainforth Beck
**Catrigg Beck
***Cowside Beck
**Tongue Gill
***Fornah Gill
*How Beck
*Blind Beck
*Turn Dub
*Selside Beck
**Gillgarth Beck
*Coppy Gill

===Pre-Ribble===
====Cam Beck====
*'''Cam Beck''' (aka Ling Gill Beck)
**Brow Gill Beck
**Ling Gill Beck
**Labour Gill
**Poverty Gill
**Hard Turf Gill
**Dry Gill
**Little Bank Gill
***Foul Gutter
**Rush Gill
**Lamb Fold Gill
**Little Intake Gill
**Middle Gill
**Tur Gill
**Grainings Gill
**Red Sike
**Pot Close Gill
**Far End Gill
***Cold Keld Gill
====Gayle Beck====
*'''Gayle Beck'''
**Axletree Gill
**Gate Cote Gill
**White Earth Gill
**High Springs
**Lat Gill
**Long Gill
***Mares Gill
***Far Mares Gill
***Shivery Gill
***Jam Sike
**Ouster Gill

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://members.lycos.co.uk/gdeanict/ribble/ River Ribble - from source to sea]
*[http://www.preston.gov.uk/Category.asp?cat=785 Riverworks]
*[http://save-the-ribble.blogspot.com Save The Ribble]
*[http://www.ribblelink.co.uk Ribble Link Trust Ltd]

[[Category:Rivers in Lancashire|Ribble, River]]
[[Category:Rivers in North Yorkshire|Ribble, River]]
[[Category:Preston]]

[[fr:Ribble]]
[[no:Ribble (elv)]]

River Ribble

2007-02-05T13:37:43Z

Theelf29: /* Estuary to Douglas */ + Crossens Pool tributaries.

{{Infobox_river | river_name = River Ribble
| image_name = River_Ribble_at_Ribchester.jpg
| caption = The River Ribble at [[Ribchester]]. Photograph by [http://www.flickr.com/people/stubbsuk Stuart Grimshaw]
| origin = Confluence of Gayle Beck and Cam Beck, Selside
| mouth = [[Irish Sea]] at [[Lytham]]
| basin_countries = [[England]]
| length = 121 km (75 miles)
| elevation = 246 m (807 ft)
| discharge =
| watershed = |
}}

The '''River Ribble''' is a river that runs through [[North Yorkshire]] and [[Lancashire]], in the North of [[England]]. The river's [[watershed]] also includes parts of [[Greater Manchester]] around [[Wigan]].

The Ribble begins at the confluence of the ''Gayle Beck'' and ''Cam Beck'' near the famous [[Ribblehead Viaduct|viaduct]] at [[Ribblehead]], in the shadow of the [[Yorkshire three peaks]].

It flows through [[Settle]], [[Clitheroe]] and [[Preston]], before emptying into the [[Irish Sea]] between [[Lytham St. Annes]] and [[Southport]], a length of 75 miles.

The main tributaries of the Ribble are the [[River Hodder|Hodder]] and [[River Calder, Lancashire|Calder]] which join the river near [[Great Mitton]], the [[River Darwen]] which joins at [[Walton-le-Dale]] and the [[River Douglas]] which joins near [[Hesketh Bank]].

The [[Ribble Way]] is a long-distance footpath which follows the river for much of its course. The Ribble marked the ancient northern boundary of [[Mercia]]{{fact}}; and at the time of the [[Domesday Book]] was the northern boundary of [[Cheshire]].

The river is connected to both the [[Leeds and Liverpool Canal]] and the [[Lancaster Canal]] (via the [[Ribble Link]]).

Its estuary forms part of the [[Ribble and Alt Estuaries]] [[Special Protection Area]] for wildlife.

The River Ribble catchment is covered by the [[Mersey Basin Campaign]], a partnership which was established in [[1985]] to improve water quality and encourage waterside regeneration.

Preston City Council have published controversial plans to build a barrage across the River Ribble, in their 'Riverworks' proposals. The aim of these proposals is to build a water sports park on a section of the Ribble, coupled with over 4000 units of high quality housing and businesses in the river's flood plain. Some local residents are opposing these plans, arguing that they endanger wildlife, increase flood risk to local housing and damage greenbelt areas. These residents have set up the 'Save The Ribble' campaign. Parts of the river are a County Biological Heritage Site.

The Ribble would appear to have been known in [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times as the [[Belisama]],<ref>[[Ronald Hutton]] (1991). ''The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles.'' Oxford: Blackwell. p.218</ref> possibly giving its name to [[Samlesbury]]. [[Ptolemy]]'s "''Belisama aest.''" seems to represent the estuary of the Ribble.

==Settlements==
*[[Horton in Ribblesdale]]
*[[Stainforth, North Yorkshire|Stainforth]]
*[[Stackhouse, North yorkshire|Stackhouse]]
*[[Langcliffe]]
*[[Giggleswick]]
*[[Nappa, North Yorkshire|Nappa]]
*[[Settle]]
*[[Halton West]]
*[[Paythorne]]
*[[Sawley, North Yorkshire|Sawley]]
*[[West Bradford, Lancashire|West Bradford]]
*[[Horrocksford]]
*[[Clitheroe]]
*[[Great Mitton]]
*[[Little Town]]
*[[Ribchester]]
*[[Samlesbury]]
*[[Walton-le-Dale]]
*[[Preston]]
*[[Lower Penwortham]]
*[[Higher Penwortham]]
*[[Lytham]]

==Tributaries==
===Estuary to Preston===
====Estuary to Douglas====
*Crossens Pool
**The Sluice
***Middle Drain
***Back Drain
***Ring Ditch
***Boundary Drain
***Tarleton Runner
****Mere Brow
*****School Drain
****Pale Ditch
***Mere Brow Watercourse
***Midge Hall Drain
***Boat House Sluice
****Langley's Brook
***Rufford Boundary Sluice
**Three Pools Waterway
***Fine Jane's Brook
****Holly Brook
****Sandy Brook
****Old Canal
***Boundary Brook
****New Cut Brook
***Sandy Brook
****The Old Pool
****Black Brook
****Drummersdale Drain
*****Brook Cut and Mill Stream
****Bullen's Brook
****Eas Brook
*****Hurlston Brook
*Main Drain
**Liggard Brook
**Wrea Brook
*Hundred End Gutter
*Pool Stream

====River Douglas watershed====
*[[River Douglas]] or River Asland
**Longton Brook
**Centre Drain
**Carr Heys Watercourse
**Tarra Carr Gutter
***Hall Pool
**Dunkirk Dib
**Rakes Brook
**Carr Brook
**Strine Brook
**[[River Yarrow (Lancashire)|River Yarrow]]
***[[River Lostock]]
****Wymott Brook
****Clayton Brook
****Slack Brook
****Whave's Brook
***Spent Brook
***Syd Brook
****Howe Brook
****Pye Brook
***Culbeck Brook
****Chapel Brook
*****Ransnap Brook
*****German Brook
***Hodge Brook
***[[River Chor]]
***Clancutt Brook
****Tanyard Brook
****Whittle Brook
***Eller Brook
****Moss Ditch
***Black Brook
****Tan House Brook
****Warth Brook
*****Brinscall Brook
*****Fill Brook
***Roaring Lum
***Dean Brook
****Hall Brook
****Cote Slack
***Limestone Brook
***Green Withins Brook
**The Sluice
***Mill
***Old Reed Brook
**Main Ditch
**Eller Brook
***Wham Ditch
***Black Brook
***Abbey Brook
****New Park Brook
****Castle Brook
****Sefton Brook
*****Dungeon Brook
*****Dicket's Brook
******Goose Brook
**Mill Ditch
***New Reed Brook
***Bentley Brook
**[[River Tawd]]
***Slate Brook
***Grimshaw Brook
**Middlehurst Brook
**Dock Brook
**Alder Lane Brook
**Sprodley Brook
**Calico Brook
**Lees Brook
**Dean Brook
***Sand Brook
**Ackhurst Brook
**Mill Brook
**Bradshaw Brook
**Close Brook
**Barley Brook
**Smithy Brook
***Poolstock Brook
****Ince Brook
*****Hawkley Brook
*****Reed Brook
******Park Brook
**Clarington Brook
**Bradley Brook
**Bucklow Brook
***Moss Ditch
***Buckow Brook
****Hic-bibi Brook
*****Stars Brook
******Almond Brook
******Tunley Brook
**Pearl Brook
**Arley Brook

====Douglas to Preston====
*[[Freckleton Pool]]
**Dow Brook
***Spen Brook
***Carr Brook
****Wrongway Brook
**Middle Pool
*[[Ribble Link|Savick Brook]]
**Deepdale Brook
**Lady Head Runnel
**Sharoe Brook
***Moss Leach Brook
**Eaves Brook
*Mill Brook
*The Mains Brook

===River Darwen watershed===
*[[River Darwen]]
**Hennel Brook
***Cockshott Brook
**Mank Brooks
***Black Brook
****Hatchwood Brook
***Fowler Brook
****Drum Head Brook
*****Gorton Brook
*****Mill Brook
****Bank Head Brook
**Old Darwen
**Beeston Brook
***Quaker Brook
**Hole Brook
***Huntley Brook (North)
***Huntley Brook (South)
**Alum House Brook
***Arley Brook
**Trout Brook
**[[River Roddlesworth]]
***Finnington Brook
***Stockclough Brook
****Whitehalgh Brook
*****Shaw Brook
*****Chapels Brook
*****Sheep Bridge Brook
***Rake Brook
***Calf Hey Brook
***Ferny Bed Springs
**[[River Blakewater]]
***Snig Brook
***Audley Brook
***Little Harwood Brook
****Royshaw Clough
****Seven Acre Brook
***Knuzden Brook
**Scotshaw Brook
***Moss Brook
***Badger Brook
**Higher Croft Brook
***Newfield Brook
**Davy Field Brook
***Flash Brook
***Grimshaw Brook
****Waterside Brook
*****Mean Brook
******Sapling Clough
*****Hoddlesden Moss Brook
******Far Scotland Brook
*****Pickup Bank Brook
******Moss Brook
******Twitchells Brook
**Sunnyhurst Brook
***Stepback Brook
**Bold Venture Brook
***High Lumb Brook
****Livesey Brook
**Kebbs Brook
***Green Lowe Brook
**Bury Fold Brook
***Old Briggs Brook
****Duckshaw Brook
**Grain Brook
***Bent Hall Brook
***Deadman's Clough

===Preston to Whalley===
*Swill Brook
*Bezza Brook
**Wilcock Brook
***Mellor Brook
*Tun Brook
*[[Stydd Brook]]
**Boyce's Brook
***Cowley Brook
***Page Brook
**Duddel Brook
*Starling Brook
*Dean Brook
**Bailey Brook
**Brownslow Brook
*[[Dinckley Brook]]
**Park Brook
***Showley Brook
****Knotts Brook
***Zechariah Brook

===River Calder watershed===
*[[River Calder, Lancashire|River Calder]]
**Bushburn Brook
**Dean Brook
**Egg Syke Brook
**Rodger Hey Brook
**[[Sabden Brook]]
***Badger Well Water
***Wood House Brook
***Cock Clough
**Clough Syke Brook
**[[Hyndburn Brook]]
***Harwood Brook
****Causeway Brook
***Norden Brook
***Spaw Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Bottom Syke
***[[River Hyndburn]]
****Church Brook
*****Accrington Brook
******Woodnook Water
*******Warmden Brook
*******Tom Dale Clough
***White Ash Brook
****Wolfenden Syke
****Lottice Brook
***Tinker Brook
****Whams Brook
****Jackhouse Brook
*****Cocker Brook
******White Syke
*****Cocker Lumb
**Syke Side Brook
***Clough Brook
**Simonstone Brook
**Shorten Brook
**Dean Brook
***Huntroyde Brook
**Castle Clough Brook
***Castle Clough
**Green Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Sweet Clough
***Hapton Clough
****Thorny Bank Clough
****Tower Brook
***Habergham Clough
****New Barn Clough
*****Helm Clough
****Micklehurst Clough
*****Long Syke
**Whitaker Clough
***Fir Trees Brook
****West Close Clough
****Acres Brook
**Moor Isles Clough
**Spurn Clough
**[[Pendle Water]]
***Old Laund Clough
***Edge End Brook
***Walverden Water
****Bradley Syke
****Head Beck
*****Dobson Syke
****Catlow Brook
*****Pighole Clough
*****Pathole Beck
*****New Laithe Clough
*****Float Bridge Beck
*****Swains Plat Clough
***[[Colne Water]]
****Swinden Clough
****Wanless Water
*****Slipper Hill Clough
*****Houses Beck Moss
******Moss Houses Beck
****Guy Syke
****Church Clough Brook
****Trawden Brook
*****Beardshaw Beck
*****Round Hole Beck
*****Will Moor Clough
****[[River Laneshaw]]
*****High Laith Beck
******Sykes Beck
******Shawhead Beck
*****Monkroyd Beck
*****Hullown Beck
*****Swamp Syke
*****Laneshaw Brook
******Round Holes Beck
******Cat Stone Clough
****[[Wycoller Beck]]
*****Ratten Clough
*****Smithy Clough
******Deep Clough Beck
******Nan Hole Clough
*****Turnhole Clough
******Butter Leach Clough
******Saucer Hill Clough
***Blacko Water
****Castor Gill
****Claude's Clough
****Admergill Water
*****Wicken Clough
*****Greystone Clough
*****Sandyford Clough
***White Hough Water
****Dimpenley Clough
****Bird Holme Clough
****Barley Water
*****Deep Clough
*****Black Moss Water
******Water Gate
******Warth Beck
****Ogden Clough
*****Boar Clough
*****White Slacks
*****Dry Clough
**Barden Clough
**[[River Brun]]
***[[River Don (Lancashire)|River Don]]
****Walshaw Clough
****Thursden Brook
*****Ell Clough
*****Black Clough
******Hey Stacks Clough
******Tom Groove
***Swinden Water
****Hell Clough
***Hurstwood Brook
****Smallshaw Clough
***Rock Water
****Cant Clough Beck
**Everage Clough
***Hole House Clough
****Buck Clough
**Dick Clough
**Easden Clough
**Black Clough
**Green Clough
***Copy Clough
****Sheddon Clough

===River Hodder watershed===
*[[River Hodder]]
**Cow Ark Brook
***Mill Brook
***Hagg Clough
**[[River Loud]]
***Leagram Brook
****Hill Clough
****Burnslack Brook
***Chipping Brook
**Greystoneley Brook
***Hell Clough
***Dinkling Green Brook
**Withins Clough
**Red Syke
**Fielding Clough
**Langden Brook
***Hareden Brook
****Lane Foot Brook
*****Fog Hill Clough
*****Cherry Gutter
****Crackling Syke
****Dimples Clough
***Losterdale Brook
****[[Trough of Bowland|Trough Brook]]
***Mere Clough Wham
***Bleadale Water
***Stransdale Brook
****Stransdale Gutter
**Robin Clough
**[[River Dunsop]]
***Brennand River
****Round Hill Water
*****Brown Syke
***Whitendale River
****Sandy Gutter
**Black Brook
**Rough Syke
**Grey Gill
**Heaning Brook
**Birkett Brook
***Crimpton Brook
**Foulscales Brook
***Bonstone Brook
***Crag Beck
**Easington Brook
***Sough Clough
***Rye Clough
***Skelshaw Brook
***Langcliff Cross Brook
****Tinklers Brook
*****Anna Land Brook
***Harrop Brook
***Dean Slack Brook
**King Syke
**Dunnow Syke
**Croasdale Brook
***Eller Beck
***Lanshaw Brook
****Davison's Syke
****Clough Beck
****Dunsop Brook
***Hill Wood Syke
***Moor Syke
****Round Hill Syke
***Black Brook
****Hind Slack
**Barn Gill
***Park Beck
***Dugdale Syke
**Phynis Beck
***Wain Hill Syke
**Bottoms Beck
***Hesbert Hall Syke
***Hindley Head Clough
***Thorp Syke
***Dob Dale Beck
****Nursery Beck
*****Brock Clough Beck
****Brown Hills Beck
*****Ash Clough Swamp
**Hasgill Beck
***Cowgill Syke
***Rigg Gill Syke
**Copter Syke
**Hare Clough Beck
**White Syke
**Kearsden Holes
**Red Syke

===Whalley to Barnoldswick===
*Barrow Brook
*Pig Hill Brook
*Barrow Clough
*[[Pendleton Brook]]
**Mearley Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Worston Brook
****Rad Brook
**Howcroft Brook
*[[Bashall Brook]]
**Hollins Clough
**Cow Hey Brook
***Sandy Ford Brook
**Braddup Clough
**Elm Clough
*Waddington Brook
**Coplow Brook
*Greg Sike
*West Bradford Brook
**Brocklehurst Brook
**Drakehouse Brook
***Porters Brook
****Bradford Brook
*Moor Roads Sike
*West Clough Brook
*Grindleton Brook
*Chatburn Brook
*Smithies Brook
**Swanside Beck
***Stankhill Beck
****Gazegill or Rimington Beck
*****Thistleber Beck
******Eel Beck
*******Widow Hill Beck
*****Skell Banks Syke
*****Howgill Beck
******Whytha Beck
******Collaver Syke
*****Crag Clough
***Dudland Syke
****Cow Gill Beck
**Ings Beck
***Twiston Beck
****Pendle Hill Brook
***Clough Beck
***Gill Beck
*Rathmill Sike
*Hollins Syke
*Skinners Sike
*Sliping Brook
**Hell Syke
**Hill Brook
*[[Skirden Beck]]
**Holden Beck
***Mear Gill
****Fell Brook
*****Bay Gate Brook
*****Far Fields Brook
*****Black Brook
****Holden Beck
*****Threap Green Brook
**Kirk Beck
***Fox Gill Beck
****Gill Bottom Beck
**Bier Beck
***Hungrill Beck
****Higher Syke
*****Bleara Syke
*****Varleys Syke
***Cuddy Syke
**Monubent Beck
***Hen Gill Beck
****Agden Beck
*****Mere Syke
**Grunsagill Beck
***Tosside Beck
****Holden Beck or Moor End Beck
**New Gill Beck
***Bond Beck
****Little Beck
****Sandy Syke
***Walkers Clough
*Fooden Gill
*Park House Beck
*Wheatley Beck
*Ellenthorpe Gill

===Barnoldswick to source===
*[[Stock Beck]]
**Spittle Syke
**Horton Beck
**Bottom Beck
***Lodge Hill Syke
****Old Park Syke
*****Wedacre Syke
*****Hesketh Rough Syke
**Flush Beck
**Hell Forest Dike
***Turpit Gate Syke
***Hayfield Dike
****Tosber Syke
**Fools Syke
***Ray Gill Water
****Ray Gill
***Horrox Gill
**Crownest Syke
**Gillians Beck
***Moor Side Beck
*East Beck
**Carholme Beck
*Ray Gill
*Ged Beck
*Swinden Gill Beck
**Mallardale Beck
*Mansell Beck
*Pan Beck
**Hellifield Beck
**Gallaber Syke
***Bend Gate Syke
**Kell Well Beck
*Candle Rush Beck
*Deep Dale Syke
*Long Preston Beck
**Bookil Gill Beck
**Scaleber Beck
*Old Field Syke
**Crow Hill Syke
*Wigglesworth Beck
**Tofts Syke
**Rough Syke
*Rathmell Beck
**Hollow Gill Beck
**Rathmell Goit
*Skir Beck
*Mear Beck
*Swaw Beck
**Carr Beck
*Tems Beck
**Huntworth Beck
*Lodge Gill
*Stainforth Beck
**Catrigg Beck
***Cowside Beck
**Tongue Gill
***Fornah Gill
*How Beck
*Blind Beck
*Turn Dub
*Selside Beck
**Gillgarth Beck
*Coppy Gill

===Pre-Ribble===
====Cam Beck====
*'''Cam Beck''' (aka Ling Gill Beck)
**Brow Gill Beck
**Ling Gill Beck
**Labour Gill
**Poverty Gill
**Hard Turf Gill
**Dry Gill
**Little Bank Gill
***Foul Gutter
**Rush Gill
**Lamb Fold Gill
**Little Intake Gill
**Middle Gill
**Tur Gill
**Grainings Gill
**Red Sike
**Pot Close Gill
**Far End Gill
***Cold Keld Gill
====Gayle Beck====
*'''Gayle Beck'''
**Axletree Gill
**Gate Cote Gill
**White Earth Gill
**High Springs
**Lat Gill
**Long Gill
***Mares Gill
***Far Mares Gill
***Shivery Gill
***Jam Sike
**Ouster Gill

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://members.lycos.co.uk/gdeanict/ribble/ River Ribble - from source to sea]
*[http://www.preston.gov.uk/Category.asp?cat=785 Riverworks]
*[http://save-the-ribble.blogspot.com Save The Ribble]
*[http://www.ribblelink.co.uk Ribble Link Trust Ltd]

[[Category:Rivers in Lancashire|Ribble, River]]
[[Category:Rivers in North Yorkshire|Ribble, River]]
[[Category:Preston]]

[[fr:Ribble]]
[[no:Ribble (elv)]]

River Ribble

2007-02-04T01:26:36Z

Theelf29: + Savick Brook tributary list.

{{Infobox_river | river_name = River Ribble
| image_name = River_Ribble_at_Ribchester.jpg
| caption = The River Ribble at [[Ribchester]]. Photograph by [http://www.flickr.com/people/stubbsuk Stuart Grimshaw]
| origin = Confluence of Gayle Beck and Cam Beck, Selside
| mouth = [[Irish Sea]] at [[Lytham]]
| basin_countries = [[England]]
| length = 121 km (75 miles)
| elevation = 246 m (807 ft)
| discharge =
| watershed = |
}}

The '''River Ribble''' is a river that runs through [[North Yorkshire]] and [[Lancashire]], in the North of [[England]]. The river's [[watershed]] also includes parts of [[Greater Manchester]] around [[Wigan]].

The Ribble begins at the confluence of the ''Gayle Beck'' and ''Cam Beck'' near the famous [[Ribblehead Viaduct|viaduct]] at [[Ribblehead]], in the shadow of the [[Yorkshire three peaks]].

It flows through [[Settle]], [[Clitheroe]] and [[Preston]], before emptying into the [[Irish Sea]] between [[Lytham St. Annes]] and [[Southport]], a length of 75 miles.

The main tributaries of the Ribble are the [[River Hodder|Hodder]] and [[River Calder, Lancashire|Calder]] which join the river near [[Great Mitton]], the [[River Darwen]] which joins at [[Walton-le-Dale]] and the [[River Douglas]] which joins near [[Hesketh Bank]].

The [[Ribble Way]] is a long-distance footpath which follows the river for much of its course. The Ribble marked the ancient northern boundary of [[Mercia]]{{fact}}; and at the time of the [[Domesday Book]] was the northern boundary of [[Cheshire]].

The river is connected to both the [[Leeds and Liverpool Canal]] and the [[Lancaster Canal]] (via the [[Ribble Link]]).

Its estuary forms part of the [[Ribble and Alt Estuaries]] [[Special Protection Area]] for wildlife.

The River Ribble catchment is covered by the [[Mersey Basin Campaign]], a partnership which was established in [[1985]] to improve water quality and encourage waterside regeneration.

Preston City Council have published controversial plans to build a barrage across the River Ribble, in their 'Riverworks' proposals. The aim of these proposals is to build a water sports park on a section of the Ribble, coupled with over 4000 units of high quality housing and businesses in the river's flood plain. Some local residents are opposing these plans, arguing that they endanger wildlife, increase flood risk to local housing and damage greenbelt areas. These residents have set up the 'Save The Ribble' campaign. Parts of the river are a County Biological Heritage Site.

The Ribble would appear to have been known in [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times as the [[Belisama]],<ref>[[Ronald Hutton]] (1991). ''The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles.'' Oxford: Blackwell. p.218</ref> possibly giving its name to [[Samlesbury]]. [[Ptolemy]]'s "''Belisama aest.''" seems to represent the estuary of the Ribble.

==Settlements==
*[[Horton in Ribblesdale]]
*[[Stainforth, North Yorkshire|Stainforth]]
*[[Stackhouse, North yorkshire|Stackhouse]]
*[[Langcliffe]]
*[[Giggleswick]]
*[[Nappa, North Yorkshire|Nappa]]
*[[Settle]]
*[[Halton West]]
*[[Paythorne]]
*[[Sawley, North Yorkshire|Sawley]]
*[[West Bradford, Lancashire|West Bradford]]
*[[Horrocksford]]
*[[Clitheroe]]
*[[Great Mitton]]
*[[Little Town]]
*[[Ribchester]]
*[[Samlesbury]]
*[[Walton-le-Dale]]
*[[Preston]]
*[[Lower Penwortham]]
*[[Higher Penwortham]]
*[[Lytham]]

==Tributaries==
===Estuary to Preston===
====Estuary to Douglas====
*Crossens Pool
*Main Drain
**Liggard Brook
**Wrea Brook
*Hundred End Gutter
*Pool Stream

====River Douglas watershed====
*[[River Douglas]] or River Asland
**Longton Brook
**Centre Drain
**Carr Heys Watercourse
**Tarra Carr Gutter
***Hall Pool
**Dunkirk Dib
**Rakes Brook
**Carr Brook
**Strine Brook
**[[River Yarrow (Lancashire)|River Yarrow]]
***[[River Lostock]]
****Wymott Brook
****Clayton Brook
****Slack Brook
****Whave's Brook
***Spent Brook
***Syd Brook
****Howe Brook
****Pye Brook
***Culbeck Brook
****Chapel Brook
*****Ransnap Brook
*****German Brook
***Hodge Brook
***[[River Chor]]
***Clancutt Brook
****Tanyard Brook
****Whittle Brook
***Eller Brook
****Moss Ditch
***Black Brook
****Tan House Brook
****Warth Brook
*****Brinscall Brook
*****Fill Brook
***Roaring Lum
***Dean Brook
****Hall Brook
****Cote Slack
***Limestone Brook
***Green Withins Brook
**The Sluice
***Mill
***Old Reed Brook
**Main Ditch
**Eller Brook
***Wham Ditch
***Black Brook
***Abbey Brook
****New Park Brook
****Castle Brook
****Sefton Brook
*****Dungeon Brook
*****Dicket's Brook
******Goose Brook
**Mill Ditch
***New Reed Brook
***Bentley Brook
**[[River Tawd]]
***Slate Brook
***Grimshaw Brook
**Middlehurst Brook
**Dock Brook
**Alder Lane Brook
**Sprodley Brook
**Calico Brook
**Lees Brook
**Dean Brook
***Sand Brook
**Ackhurst Brook
**Mill Brook
**Bradshaw Brook
**Close Brook
**Barley Brook
**Smithy Brook
***Poolstock Brook
****Ince Brook
*****Hawkley Brook
*****Reed Brook
******Park Brook
**Clarington Brook
**Bradley Brook
**Bucklow Brook
***Moss Ditch
***Buckow Brook
****Hic-bibi Brook
*****Stars Brook
******Almond Brook
******Tunley Brook
**Pearl Brook
**Arley Brook

====Douglas to Preston====
*[[Freckleton Pool]]
**Dow Brook
***Spen Brook
***Carr Brook
****Wrongway Brook
**Middle Pool
*[[Ribble Link|Savick Brook]]
**Deepdale Brook
**Lady Head Runnel
**Sharoe Brook
***Moss Leach Brook
**Eaves Brook
*Mill Brook
*The Mains Brook

===River Darwen watershed===
*[[River Darwen]]
**Hennel Brook
***Cockshott Brook
**Mank Brooks
***Black Brook
****Hatchwood Brook
***Fowler Brook
****Drum Head Brook
*****Gorton Brook
*****Mill Brook
****Bank Head Brook
**Old Darwen
**Beeston Brook
***Quaker Brook
**Hole Brook
***Huntley Brook (North)
***Huntley Brook (South)
**Alum House Brook
***Arley Brook
**Trout Brook
**[[River Roddlesworth]]
***Finnington Brook
***Stockclough Brook
****Whitehalgh Brook
*****Shaw Brook
*****Chapels Brook
*****Sheep Bridge Brook
***Rake Brook
***Calf Hey Brook
***Ferny Bed Springs
**[[River Blakewater]]
***Snig Brook
***Audley Brook
***Little Harwood Brook
****Royshaw Clough
****Seven Acre Brook
***Knuzden Brook
**Scotshaw Brook
***Moss Brook
***Badger Brook
**Higher Croft Brook
***Newfield Brook
**Davy Field Brook
***Flash Brook
***Grimshaw Brook
****Waterside Brook
*****Mean Brook
******Sapling Clough
*****Hoddlesden Moss Brook
******Far Scotland Brook
*****Pickup Bank Brook
******Moss Brook
******Twitchells Brook
**Sunnyhurst Brook
***Stepback Brook
**Bold Venture Brook
***High Lumb Brook
****Livesey Brook
**Kebbs Brook
***Green Lowe Brook
**Bury Fold Brook
***Old Briggs Brook
****Duckshaw Brook
**Grain Brook
***Bent Hall Brook
***Deadman's Clough

===Preston to Whalley===
*Swill Brook
*Bezza Brook
**Wilcock Brook
***Mellor Brook
*Tun Brook
*[[Stydd Brook]]
**Boyce's Brook
***Cowley Brook
***Page Brook
**Duddel Brook
*Starling Brook
*Dean Brook
**Bailey Brook
**Brownslow Brook
*[[Dinckley Brook]]
**Park Brook
***Showley Brook
****Knotts Brook
***Zechariah Brook

===River Calder watershed===
*[[River Calder, Lancashire|River Calder]]
**Bushburn Brook
**Dean Brook
**Egg Syke Brook
**Rodger Hey Brook
**[[Sabden Brook]]
***Badger Well Water
***Wood House Brook
***Cock Clough
**Clough Syke Brook
**[[Hyndburn Brook]]
***Harwood Brook
****Causeway Brook
***Norden Brook
***Spaw Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Bottom Syke
***[[River Hyndburn]]
****Church Brook
*****Accrington Brook
******Woodnook Water
*******Warmden Brook
*******Tom Dale Clough
***White Ash Brook
****Wolfenden Syke
****Lottice Brook
***Tinker Brook
****Whams Brook
****Jackhouse Brook
*****Cocker Brook
******White Syke
*****Cocker Lumb
**Syke Side Brook
***Clough Brook
**Simonstone Brook
**Shorten Brook
**Dean Brook
***Huntroyde Brook
**Castle Clough Brook
***Castle Clough
**Green Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Sweet Clough
***Hapton Clough
****Thorny Bank Clough
****Tower Brook
***Habergham Clough
****New Barn Clough
*****Helm Clough
****Micklehurst Clough
*****Long Syke
**Whitaker Clough
***Fir Trees Brook
****West Close Clough
****Acres Brook
**Moor Isles Clough
**Spurn Clough
**[[Pendle Water]]
***Old Laund Clough
***Edge End Brook
***Walverden Water
****Bradley Syke
****Head Beck
*****Dobson Syke
****Catlow Brook
*****Pighole Clough
*****Pathole Beck
*****New Laithe Clough
*****Float Bridge Beck
*****Swains Plat Clough
***[[Colne Water]]
****Swinden Clough
****Wanless Water
*****Slipper Hill Clough
*****Houses Beck Moss
******Moss Houses Beck
****Guy Syke
****Church Clough Brook
****Trawden Brook
*****Beardshaw Beck
*****Round Hole Beck
*****Will Moor Clough
****[[River Laneshaw]]
*****High Laith Beck
******Sykes Beck
******Shawhead Beck
*****Monkroyd Beck
*****Hullown Beck
*****Swamp Syke
*****Laneshaw Brook
******Round Holes Beck
******Cat Stone Clough
****[[Wycoller Beck]]
*****Ratten Clough
*****Smithy Clough
******Deep Clough Beck
******Nan Hole Clough
*****Turnhole Clough
******Butter Leach Clough
******Saucer Hill Clough
***Blacko Water
****Castor Gill
****Claude's Clough
****Admergill Water
*****Wicken Clough
*****Greystone Clough
*****Sandyford Clough
***White Hough Water
****Dimpenley Clough
****Bird Holme Clough
****Barley Water
*****Deep Clough
*****Black Moss Water
******Water Gate
******Warth Beck
****Ogden Clough
*****Boar Clough
*****White Slacks
*****Dry Clough
**Barden Clough
**[[River Brun]]
***[[River Don (Lancashire)|River Don]]
****Walshaw Clough
****Thursden Brook
*****Ell Clough
*****Black Clough
******Hey Stacks Clough
******Tom Groove
***Swinden Water
****Hell Clough
***Hurstwood Brook
****Smallshaw Clough
***Rock Water
****Cant Clough Beck
**Everage Clough
***Hole House Clough
****Buck Clough
**Dick Clough
**Easden Clough
**Black Clough
**Green Clough
***Copy Clough
****Sheddon Clough

===River Hodder watershed===
*[[River Hodder]]
**Cow Ark Brook
***Mill Brook
***Hagg Clough
**[[River Loud]]
***Leagram Brook
****Hill Clough
****Burnslack Brook
***Chipping Brook
**Greystoneley Brook
***Hell Clough
***Dinkling Green Brook
**Withins Clough
**Red Syke
**Fielding Clough
**Langden Brook
***Hareden Brook
****Lane Foot Brook
*****Fog Hill Clough
*****Cherry Gutter
****Crackling Syke
****Dimples Clough
***Losterdale Brook
****[[Trough of Bowland|Trough Brook]]
***Mere Clough Wham
***Bleadale Water
***Stransdale Brook
****Stransdale Gutter
**Robin Clough
**[[River Dunsop]]
***Brennand River
****Round Hill Water
*****Brown Syke
***Whitendale River
****Sandy Gutter
**Black Brook
**Rough Syke
**Grey Gill
**Heaning Brook
**Birkett Brook
***Crimpton Brook
**Foulscales Brook
***Bonstone Brook
***Crag Beck
**Easington Brook
***Sough Clough
***Rye Clough
***Skelshaw Brook
***Langcliff Cross Brook
****Tinklers Brook
*****Anna Land Brook
***Harrop Brook
***Dean Slack Brook
**King Syke
**Dunnow Syke
**Croasdale Brook
***Eller Beck
***Lanshaw Brook
****Davison's Syke
****Clough Beck
****Dunsop Brook
***Hill Wood Syke
***Moor Syke
****Round Hill Syke
***Black Brook
****Hind Slack
**Barn Gill
***Park Beck
***Dugdale Syke
**Phynis Beck
***Wain Hill Syke
**Bottoms Beck
***Hesbert Hall Syke
***Hindley Head Clough
***Thorp Syke
***Dob Dale Beck
****Nursery Beck
*****Brock Clough Beck
****Brown Hills Beck
*****Ash Clough Swamp
**Hasgill Beck
***Cowgill Syke
***Rigg Gill Syke
**Copter Syke
**Hare Clough Beck
**White Syke
**Kearsden Holes
**Red Syke

===Whalley to Barnoldswick===
*Barrow Brook
*Pig Hill Brook
*Barrow Clough
*[[Pendleton Brook]]
**Mearley Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Worston Brook
****Rad Brook
**Howcroft Brook
*[[Bashall Brook]]
**Hollins Clough
**Cow Hey Brook
***Sandy Ford Brook
**Braddup Clough
**Elm Clough
*Waddington Brook
**Coplow Brook
*Greg Sike
*West Bradford Brook
**Brocklehurst Brook
**Drakehouse Brook
***Porters Brook
****Bradford Brook
*Moor Roads Sike
*West Clough Brook
*Grindleton Brook
*Chatburn Brook
*Smithies Brook
**Swanside Beck
***Stankhill Beck
****Gazegill or Rimington Beck
*****Thistleber Beck
******Eel Beck
*******Widow Hill Beck
*****Skell Banks Syke
*****Howgill Beck
******Whytha Beck
******Collaver Syke
*****Crag Clough
***Dudland Syke
****Cow Gill Beck
**Ings Beck
***Twiston Beck
****Pendle Hill Brook
***Clough Beck
***Gill Beck
*Rathmill Sike
*Hollins Syke
*Skinners Sike
*Sliping Brook
**Hell Syke
**Hill Brook
*[[Skirden Beck]]
**Holden Beck
***Mear Gill
****Fell Brook
*****Bay Gate Brook
*****Far Fields Brook
*****Black Brook
****Holden Beck
*****Threap Green Brook
**Kirk Beck
***Fox Gill Beck
****Gill Bottom Beck
**Bier Beck
***Hungrill Beck
****Higher Syke
*****Bleara Syke
*****Varleys Syke
***Cuddy Syke
**Monubent Beck
***Hen Gill Beck
****Agden Beck
*****Mere Syke
**Grunsagill Beck
***Tosside Beck
****Holden Beck or Moor End Beck
**New Gill Beck
***Bond Beck
****Little Beck
****Sandy Syke
***Walkers Clough
*Fooden Gill
*Park House Beck
*Wheatley Beck
*Ellenthorpe Gill

===Barnoldswick to source===
*[[Stock Beck]]
**Spittle Syke
**Horton Beck
**Bottom Beck
***Lodge Hill Syke
****Old Park Syke
*****Wedacre Syke
*****Hesketh Rough Syke
**Flush Beck
**Hell Forest Dike
***Turpit Gate Syke
***Hayfield Dike
****Tosber Syke
**Fools Syke
***Ray Gill Water
****Ray Gill
***Horrox Gill
**Crownest Syke
**Gillians Beck
***Moor Side Beck
*East Beck
**Carholme Beck
*Ray Gill
*Ged Beck
*Swinden Gill Beck
**Mallardale Beck
*Mansell Beck
*Pan Beck
**Hellifield Beck
**Gallaber Syke
***Bend Gate Syke
**Kell Well Beck
*Candle Rush Beck
*Deep Dale Syke
*Long Preston Beck
**Bookil Gill Beck
**Scaleber Beck
*Old Field Syke
**Crow Hill Syke
*Wigglesworth Beck
**Tofts Syke
**Rough Syke
*Rathmell Beck
**Hollow Gill Beck
**Rathmell Goit
*Skir Beck
*Mear Beck
*Swaw Beck
**Carr Beck
*Tems Beck
**Huntworth Beck
*Lodge Gill
*Stainforth Beck
**Catrigg Beck
***Cowside Beck
**Tongue Gill
***Fornah Gill
*How Beck
*Blind Beck
*Turn Dub
*Selside Beck
**Gillgarth Beck
*Coppy Gill

===Pre-Ribble===
====Cam Beck====
*'''Cam Beck''' (aka Ling Gill Beck)
**Brow Gill Beck
**Ling Gill Beck
**Labour Gill
**Poverty Gill
**Hard Turf Gill
**Dry Gill
**Little Bank Gill
***Foul Gutter
**Rush Gill
**Lamb Fold Gill
**Little Intake Gill
**Middle Gill
**Tur Gill
**Grainings Gill
**Red Sike
**Pot Close Gill
**Far End Gill
***Cold Keld Gill
====Gayle Beck====
*'''Gayle Beck'''
**Axletree Gill
**Gate Cote Gill
**White Earth Gill
**High Springs
**Lat Gill
**Long Gill
***Mares Gill
***Far Mares Gill
***Shivery Gill
***Jam Sike
**Ouster Gill

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://members.lycos.co.uk/gdeanict/ribble/ River Ribble - from source to sea]
*[http://www.preston.gov.uk/Category.asp?cat=785 Riverworks]
*[http://save-the-ribble.blogspot.com Save The Ribble]
*[http://www.ribblelink.co.uk Ribble Link Trust Ltd]

[[Category:Rivers in Lancashire|Ribble, River]]
[[Category:Rivers in North Yorkshire|Ribble, River]]
[[Category:Preston]]

[[fr:Ribble]]
[[no:Ribble (elv)]]

River Ribble

2007-02-04T01:03:01Z

Theelf29: /* River Douglas watershed */

{{Infobox_river | river_name = River Ribble
| image_name = River_Ribble_at_Ribchester.jpg
| caption = The River Ribble at [[Ribchester]]. Photograph by [http://www.flickr.com/people/stubbsuk Stuart Grimshaw]
| origin = Confluence of Gayle Beck and Cam Beck, Selside
| mouth = [[Irish Sea]] at [[Lytham]]
| basin_countries = [[England]]
| length = 121 km (75 miles)
| elevation = 246 m (807 ft)
| discharge =
| watershed = |
}}

The '''River Ribble''' is a river that runs through [[North Yorkshire]] and [[Lancashire]], in the North of [[England]].

The Ribble begins at the confluence of the ''Gayle Beck'' and ''Cam Beck'' near the famous [[Ribblehead Viaduct|viaduct]] at [[Ribblehead]], in the shadow of the [[Yorkshire three peaks]].

It flows through [[Settle]], [[Clitheroe]] and [[Preston]], before emptying into the [[Irish Sea]] between [[Lytham St. Annes]] and [[Southport]], a length of 75 miles.

The main tributaries of the Ribble are the [[River Hodder|Hodder]] and [[River Calder, Lancashire|Calder]] which join the river near [[Great Mitton]], the [[River Darwen]] which joins at [[Walton-le-Dale]] and the [[River Douglas]] which joins near [[Hesketh Bank]].

The [[Ribble Way]] is a long-distance footpath which follows the river for much of its course. The Ribble marked the ancient northern boundary of [[Mercia]]{{fact}}; and at the time of the [[Domesday Book]] was the northern boundary of [[Cheshire]].

The river is connected to both the [[Leeds and Liverpool Canal]] and the [[Lancaster Canal]] (via the [[Ribble Link]]).

Its estuary forms part of the [[Ribble and Alt Estuaries]] [[Special Protection Area]] for wildlife.

The River Ribble catchment is covered by the [[Mersey Basin Campaign]], a partnership which was established in [[1985]] to improve water quality and encourage waterside regeneration.

Preston City Council have published controversial plans to build a barrage across the River Ribble, in their 'Riverworks' proposals. The aim of these proposals is to build a water sports park on a section of the Ribble, coupled with over 4000 units of high quality housing and businesses in the river's flood plain. Some local residents are opposing these plans, arguing that they endanger wildlife, increase flood risk to local housing and damage greenbelt areas. These residents have set up the 'Save The Ribble' campaign. Parts of the river are a County Biological Heritage Site.

The Ribble would appear to have been known in [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times as the [[Belisama]],<ref>[[Ronald Hutton]] (1991). ''The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles.'' Oxford: Blackwell. p.218</ref> possibly giving its name to [[Samlesbury]]. [[Ptolemy]]'s "''Belisama aest.''" seems to represent the estuary of the Ribble.

==Settlements==
*[[Horton in Ribblesdale]]
*[[Stainforth, North Yorkshire|Stainforth]]
*[[Stackhouse, North yorkshire|Stackhouse]]
*[[Langcliffe]]
*[[Giggleswick]]
*[[Nappa, North Yorkshire|Nappa]]
*[[Settle]]
*[[Halton West]]
*[[Paythorne]]
*[[Sawley, North Yorkshire|Sawley]]
*[[West Bradford, Lancashire|West Bradford]]
*[[Horrocksford]]
*[[Clitheroe]]
*[[Great Mitton]]
*[[Little Town]]
*[[Ribchester]]
*[[Samlesbury]]
*[[Walton-le-Dale]]
*[[Preston]]
*[[Lower Penwortham]]
*[[Higher Penwortham]]
*[[Lytham]]

==Tributaries==
===Estuary to Preston===
====Estuary to Douglas====
*Crossens Pool
*Main Drain
**Liggard Brook
**Wrea Brook
*Hundred End Gutter
*Pool Stream

====River Douglas watershed====
*[[River Douglas]] or River Asland
**Longton Brook
**Centre Drain
**Carr Heys Watercourse
**Tarra Carr Gutter
***Hall Pool
**Dunkirk Dib
**Rakes Brook
**Carr Brook
**Strine Brook
**[[River Yarrow (Lancashire)|River Yarrow]]
***[[River Lostock]]
****Wymott Brook
****Clayton Brook
****Slack Brook
****Whave's Brook
***Spent Brook
***Syd Brook
****Howe Brook
****Pye Brook
***Culbeck Brook
****Chapel Brook
*****Ransnap Brook
*****German Brook
***Hodge Brook
***[[River Chor]]
***Clancutt Brook
****Tanyard Brook
****Whittle Brook
***Eller Brook
****Moss Ditch
***Black Brook
****Tan House Brook
****Warth Brook
*****Brinscall Brook
*****Fill Brook
***Roaring Lum
***Dean Brook
****Hall Brook
****Cote Slack
***Limestone Brook
***Green Withins Brook
**The Sluice
***Mill
***Old Reed Brook
**Main Ditch
**Eller Brook
***Wham Ditch
***Black Brook
***Abbey Brook
****New Park Brook
****Castle Brook
****Sefton Brook
*****Dungeon Brook
*****Dicket's Brook
******Goose Brook
**Mill Ditch
***New Reed Brook
***Bentley Brook
**[[River Tawd]]
***Slate Brook
***Grimshaw Brook
**Middlehurst Brook
**Dock Brook
**Alder Lane Brook
**Sprodley Brook
**Calico Brook
**Lees Brook
**Dean Brook
***Sand Brook
**Ackhurst Brook
**Mill Brook
**Bradshaw Brook
**Close Brook
**Barley Brook
**Smithy Brook
***Poolstock Brook
****Ince Brook
*****Hawkley Brook
*****Reed Brook
******Park Brook
**Clarington Brook
**Bradley Brook
**Bucklow Brook
***Moss Ditch
***Buckow Brook
****Hic-bibi Brook
*****Stars Brook
******Almond Brook
******Tunley Brook
**Pearl Brook
**Arley Brook

====Douglas to Preston====
*[[Freckleton Pool]]
**Dow Brook
***Spen Brook
***Carr Brook
****Wrongway Brook
**Middle Pool
*[[Ribble Link|Savick Brook]]
*Mill Brook
*The Mains Brook

===River Darwen watershed===
*[[River Darwen]]
**Hennel Brook
***Cockshott Brook
**Mank Brooks
***Black Brook
****Hatchwood Brook
***Fowler Brook
****Drum Head Brook
*****Gorton Brook
*****Mill Brook
****Bank Head Brook
**Old Darwen
**Beeston Brook
***Quaker Brook
**Hole Brook
***Huntley Brook (North)
***Huntley Brook (South)
**Alum House Brook
***Arley Brook
**Trout Brook
**[[River Roddlesworth]]
***Finnington Brook
***Stockclough Brook
****Whitehalgh Brook
*****Shaw Brook
*****Chapels Brook
*****Sheep Bridge Brook
***Rake Brook
***Calf Hey Brook
***Ferny Bed Springs
**[[River Blakewater]]
***Snig Brook
***Audley Brook
***Little Harwood Brook
****Royshaw Clough
****Seven Acre Brook
***Knuzden Brook
**Scotshaw Brook
***Moss Brook
***Badger Brook
**Higher Croft Brook
***Newfield Brook
**Davy Field Brook
***Flash Brook
***Grimshaw Brook
****Waterside Brook
*****Mean Brook
******Sapling Clough
*****Hoddlesden Moss Brook
******Far Scotland Brook
*****Pickup Bank Brook
******Moss Brook
******Twitchells Brook
**Sunnyhurst Brook
***Stepback Brook
**Bold Venture Brook
***High Lumb Brook
****Livesey Brook
**Kebbs Brook
***Green Lowe Brook
**Bury Fold Brook
***Old Briggs Brook
****Duckshaw Brook
**Grain Brook
***Bent Hall Brook
***Deadman's Clough

===Preston to Whalley===
*Swill Brook
*Bezza Brook
**Wilcock Brook
***Mellor Brook
*Tun Brook
*[[Stydd Brook]]
**Boyce's Brook
***Cowley Brook
***Page Brook
**Duddel Brook
*Starling Brook
*Dean Brook
**Bailey Brook
**Brownslow Brook
*[[Dinckley Brook]]
**Park Brook
***Showley Brook
****Knotts Brook
***Zechariah Brook

===River Calder watershed===
*[[River Calder, Lancashire|River Calder]]
**Bushburn Brook
**Dean Brook
**Egg Syke Brook
**Rodger Hey Brook
**[[Sabden Brook]]
***Badger Well Water
***Wood House Brook
***Cock Clough
**Clough Syke Brook
**[[Hyndburn Brook]]
***Harwood Brook
****Causeway Brook
***Norden Brook
***Spaw Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Bottom Syke
***[[River Hyndburn]]
****Church Brook
*****Accrington Brook
******Woodnook Water
*******Warmden Brook
*******Tom Dale Clough
***White Ash Brook
****Wolfenden Syke
****Lottice Brook
***Tinker Brook
****Whams Brook
****Jackhouse Brook
*****Cocker Brook
******White Syke
*****Cocker Lumb
**Syke Side Brook
***Clough Brook
**Simonstone Brook
**Shorten Brook
**Dean Brook
***Huntroyde Brook
**Castle Clough Brook
***Castle Clough
**Green Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Sweet Clough
***Hapton Clough
****Thorny Bank Clough
****Tower Brook
***Habergham Clough
****New Barn Clough
*****Helm Clough
****Micklehurst Clough
*****Long Syke
**Whitaker Clough
***Fir Trees Brook
****West Close Clough
****Acres Brook
**Moor Isles Clough
**Spurn Clough
**[[Pendle Water]]
***Old Laund Clough
***Edge End Brook
***Walverden Water
****Bradley Syke
****Head Beck
*****Dobson Syke
****Catlow Brook
*****Pighole Clough
*****Pathole Beck
*****New Laithe Clough
*****Float Bridge Beck
*****Swains Plat Clough
***[[Colne Water]]
****Swinden Clough
****Wanless Water
*****Slipper Hill Clough
*****Houses Beck Moss
******Moss Houses Beck
****Guy Syke
****Church Clough Brook
****Trawden Brook
*****Beardshaw Beck
*****Round Hole Beck
*****Will Moor Clough
****[[River Laneshaw]]
*****High Laith Beck
******Sykes Beck
******Shawhead Beck
*****Monkroyd Beck
*****Hullown Beck
*****Swamp Syke
*****Laneshaw Brook
******Round Holes Beck
******Cat Stone Clough
****[[Wycoller Beck]]
*****Ratten Clough
*****Smithy Clough
******Deep Clough Beck
******Nan Hole Clough
*****Turnhole Clough
******Butter Leach Clough
******Saucer Hill Clough
***Blacko Water
****Castor Gill
****Claude's Clough
****Admergill Water
*****Wicken Clough
*****Greystone Clough
*****Sandyford Clough
***White Hough Water
****Dimpenley Clough
****Bird Holme Clough
****Barley Water
*****Deep Clough
*****Black Moss Water
******Water Gate
******Warth Beck
****Ogden Clough
*****Boar Clough
*****White Slacks
*****Dry Clough
**Barden Clough
**[[River Brun]]
***[[River Don (Lancashire)|River Don]]
****Walshaw Clough
****Thursden Brook
*****Ell Clough
*****Black Clough
******Hey Stacks Clough
******Tom Groove
***Swinden Water
****Hell Clough
***Hurstwood Brook
****Smallshaw Clough
***Rock Water
****Cant Clough Beck
**Everage Clough
***Hole House Clough
****Buck Clough
**Dick Clough
**Easden Clough
**Black Clough
**Green Clough
***Copy Clough
****Sheddon Clough

===River Hodder watershed===
*[[River Hodder]]
**Cow Ark Brook
***Mill Brook
***Hagg Clough
**[[River Loud]]
***Leagram Brook
****Hill Clough
****Burnslack Brook
***Chipping Brook
**Greystoneley Brook
***Hell Clough
***Dinkling Green Brook
**Withins Clough
**Red Syke
**Fielding Clough
**Langden Brook
***Hareden Brook
****Lane Foot Brook
*****Fog Hill Clough
*****Cherry Gutter
****Crackling Syke
****Dimples Clough
***Losterdale Brook
****[[Trough of Bowland|Trough Brook]]
***Mere Clough Wham
***Bleadale Water
***Stransdale Brook
****Stransdale Gutter
**Robin Clough
**[[River Dunsop]]
***Brennand River
****Round Hill Water
*****Brown Syke
***Whitendale River
****Sandy Gutter
**Black Brook
**Rough Syke
**Grey Gill
**Heaning Brook
**Birkett Brook
***Crimpton Brook
**Foulscales Brook
***Bonstone Brook
***Crag Beck
**Easington Brook
***Sough Clough
***Rye Clough
***Skelshaw Brook
***Langcliff Cross Brook
****Tinklers Brook
*****Anna Land Brook
***Harrop Brook
***Dean Slack Brook
**King Syke
**Dunnow Syke
**Croasdale Brook
***Eller Beck
***Lanshaw Brook
****Davison's Syke
****Clough Beck
****Dunsop Brook
***Hill Wood Syke
***Moor Syke
****Round Hill Syke
***Black Brook
****Hind Slack
**Barn Gill
***Park Beck
***Dugdale Syke
**Phynis Beck
***Wain Hill Syke
**Bottoms Beck
***Hesbert Hall Syke
***Hindley Head Clough
***Thorp Syke
***Dob Dale Beck
****Nursery Beck
*****Brock Clough Beck
****Brown Hills Beck
*****Ash Clough Swamp
**Hasgill Beck
***Cowgill Syke
***Rigg Gill Syke
**Copter Syke
**Hare Clough Beck
**White Syke
**Kearsden Holes
**Red Syke

===Whalley to Barnoldswick===
*Barrow Brook
*Pig Hill Brook
*Barrow Clough
*[[Pendleton Brook]]
**Mearley Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Worston Brook
****Rad Brook
**Howcroft Brook
*[[Bashall Brook]]
**Hollins Clough
**Cow Hey Brook
***Sandy Ford Brook
**Braddup Clough
**Elm Clough
*Waddington Brook
**Coplow Brook
*Greg Sike
*West Bradford Brook
**Brocklehurst Brook
**Drakehouse Brook
***Porters Brook
****Bradford Brook
*Moor Roads Sike
*West Clough Brook
*Grindleton Brook
*Chatburn Brook
*Smithies Brook
**Swanside Beck
***Stankhill Beck
****Gazegill or Rimington Beck
*****Thistleber Beck
******Eel Beck
*******Widow Hill Beck
*****Skell Banks Syke
*****Howgill Beck
******Whytha Beck
******Collaver Syke
*****Crag Clough
***Dudland Syke
****Cow Gill Beck
**Ings Beck
***Twiston Beck
****Pendle Hill Brook
***Clough Beck
***Gill Beck
*Rathmill Sike
*Hollins Syke
*Skinners Sike
*Sliping Brook
**Hell Syke
**Hill Brook
*[[Skirden Beck]]
**Holden Beck
***Mear Gill
****Fell Brook
*****Bay Gate Brook
*****Far Fields Brook
*****Black Brook
****Holden Beck
*****Threap Green Brook
**Kirk Beck
***Fox Gill Beck
****Gill Bottom Beck
**Bier Beck
***Hungrill Beck
****Higher Syke
*****Bleara Syke
*****Varleys Syke
***Cuddy Syke
**Monubent Beck
***Hen Gill Beck
****Agden Beck
*****Mere Syke
**Grunsagill Beck
***Tosside Beck
****Holden Beck or Moor End Beck
**New Gill Beck
***Bond Beck
****Little Beck
****Sandy Syke
***Walkers Clough
*Fooden Gill
*Park House Beck
*Wheatley Beck
*Ellenthorpe Gill

===Barnoldswick to source===
*[[Stock Beck]]
**Spittle Syke
**Horton Beck
**Bottom Beck
***Lodge Hill Syke
****Old Park Syke
*****Wedacre Syke
*****Hesketh Rough Syke
**Flush Beck
**Hell Forest Dike
***Turpit Gate Syke
***Hayfield Dike
****Tosber Syke
**Fools Syke
***Ray Gill Water
****Ray Gill
***Horrox Gill
**Crownest Syke
**Gillians Beck
***Moor Side Beck
*East Beck
**Carholme Beck
*Ray Gill
*Ged Beck
*Swinden Gill Beck
**Mallardale Beck
*Mansell Beck
*Pan Beck
**Hellifield Beck
**Gallaber Syke
***Bend Gate Syke
**Kell Well Beck
*Candle Rush Beck
*Deep Dale Syke
*Long Preston Beck
**Bookil Gill Beck
**Scaleber Beck
*Old Field Syke
**Crow Hill Syke
*Wigglesworth Beck
**Tofts Syke
**Rough Syke
*Rathmell Beck
**Hollow Gill Beck
**Rathmell Goit
*Skir Beck
*Mear Beck
*Swaw Beck
**Carr Beck
*Tems Beck
**Huntworth Beck
*Lodge Gill
*Stainforth Beck
**Catrigg Beck
***Cowside Beck
**Tongue Gill
***Fornah Gill
*How Beck
*Blind Beck
*Turn Dub
*Selside Beck
**Gillgarth Beck
*Coppy Gill

===Pre-Ribble===
====Cam Beck====
*'''Cam Beck''' (aka Ling Gill Beck)
**Brow Gill Beck
**Ling Gill Beck
**Labour Gill
**Poverty Gill
**Hard Turf Gill
**Dry Gill
**Little Bank Gill
***Foul Gutter
**Rush Gill
**Lamb Fold Gill
**Little Intake Gill
**Middle Gill
**Tur Gill
**Grainings Gill
**Red Sike
**Pot Close Gill
**Far End Gill
***Cold Keld Gill
====Gayle Beck====
*'''Gayle Beck'''
**Axletree Gill
**Gate Cote Gill
**White Earth Gill
**High Springs
**Lat Gill
**Long Gill
***Mares Gill
***Far Mares Gill
***Shivery Gill
***Jam Sike
**Ouster Gill

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://members.lycos.co.uk/gdeanict/ribble/ River Ribble - from source to sea]
*[http://www.preston.gov.uk/Category.asp?cat=785 Riverworks]
*[http://save-the-ribble.blogspot.com Save The Ribble]
*[http://www.ribblelink.co.uk Ribble Link Trust Ltd]

[[Category:Rivers in Lancashire|Ribble, River]]
[[Category:Rivers in North Yorkshire|Ribble, River]]
[[Category:Preston]]

[[fr:Ribble]]
[[no:Ribble (elv)]]

River Ribble

2007-02-03T22:16:15Z

Theelf29: /* Estuary to Preston */

{{Infobox_river | river_name = River Ribble
| image_name = River_Ribble_at_Ribchester.jpg
| caption = The River Ribble at [[Ribchester]]. Photograph by [http://www.flickr.com/people/stubbsuk Stuart Grimshaw]
| origin = Confluence of Gayle Beck and Cam Beck, Selside
| mouth = [[Irish Sea]] at [[Lytham]]
| basin_countries = [[England]]
| length = 121 km (75 miles)
| elevation = 246 m (807 ft)
| discharge =
| watershed = |
}}

The '''River Ribble''' is a river that runs through [[North Yorkshire]] and [[Lancashire]], in the North of [[England]].

The Ribble begins at the confluence of the ''Gayle Beck'' and ''Cam Beck'' near the famous [[Ribblehead Viaduct|viaduct]] at [[Ribblehead]], in the shadow of the [[Yorkshire three peaks]].

It flows through [[Settle]], [[Clitheroe]] and [[Preston]], before emptying into the [[Irish Sea]] between [[Lytham St. Annes]] and [[Southport]], a length of 75 miles.

The main tributaries of the Ribble are the [[River Hodder|Hodder]] and [[River Calder, Lancashire|Calder]] which join the river near [[Great Mitton]], the [[River Darwen]] which joins at [[Walton-le-Dale]] and the [[River Douglas]] which joins near [[Hesketh Bank]].

The [[Ribble Way]] is a long-distance footpath which follows the river for much of its course. The Ribble marked the ancient northern boundary of [[Mercia]]{{fact}}; and at the time of the [[Domesday Book]] was the northern boundary of [[Cheshire]].

The river is connected to both the [[Leeds and Liverpool Canal]] and the [[Lancaster Canal]] (via the [[Ribble Link]]).

Its estuary forms part of the [[Ribble and Alt Estuaries]] [[Special Protection Area]] for wildlife.

The River Ribble catchment is covered by the [[Mersey Basin Campaign]], a partnership which was established in [[1985]] to improve water quality and encourage waterside regeneration.

Preston City Council have published controversial plans to build a barrage across the River Ribble, in their 'Riverworks' proposals. The aim of these proposals is to build a water sports park on a section of the Ribble, coupled with over 4000 units of high quality housing and businesses in the river's flood plain. Some local residents are opposing these plans, arguing that they endanger wildlife, increase flood risk to local housing and damage greenbelt areas. These residents have set up the 'Save The Ribble' campaign. Parts of the river are a County Biological Heritage Site.

The Ribble would appear to have been known in [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times as the [[Belisama]],<ref>[[Ronald Hutton]] (1991). ''The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles.'' Oxford: Blackwell. p.218</ref> possibly giving its name to [[Samlesbury]]. [[Ptolemy]]'s "''Belisama aest.''" seems to represent the estuary of the Ribble.

==Settlements==
*[[Horton in Ribblesdale]]
*[[Stainforth, North Yorkshire|Stainforth]]
*[[Stackhouse, North yorkshire|Stackhouse]]
*[[Langcliffe]]
*[[Giggleswick]]
*[[Nappa, North Yorkshire|Nappa]]
*[[Settle]]
*[[Halton West]]
*[[Paythorne]]
*[[Sawley, North Yorkshire|Sawley]]
*[[West Bradford, Lancashire|West Bradford]]
*[[Horrocksford]]
*[[Clitheroe]]
*[[Great Mitton]]
*[[Little Town]]
*[[Ribchester]]
*[[Samlesbury]]
*[[Walton-le-Dale]]
*[[Preston]]
*[[Lower Penwortham]]
*[[Higher Penwortham]]
*[[Lytham]]

==Tributaries==
===Estuary to Preston===
====Estuary to Douglas====
*Crossens Pool
*Main Drain
**Liggard Brook
**Wrea Brook
*Hundred End Gutter
*Pool Stream

====River Douglas watershed====
*[[River Douglas]] or River Asland
**[[River Yarrow]]
***[[River Lostock]]
****Wymott Brook
****Clayton Brook
****Slack Brook
****Whave's Brook
***Syd Brook
***Culbeck Brook
***[[River Chor]]
***Clancutt Brook
***Eller Brook
***[[Black Brook (Chorley)|Black Brook]]
****Fill Brook
***Limestone Brook
***Green Withins Brook
**[[River Tawd]]
***Slate Brook
***Grimshaw Brook

====Douglas to Preston====
*[[Freckleton Pool]]
**Dow Brook
***Spen Brook
***Carr Brook
****Wrongway Brook
**Middle Pool
*[[Ribble Link|Savick Brook]]
*Mill Brook
*The Mains Brook

===River Darwen watershed===
*[[River Darwen]]
**Hennel Brook
***Cockshott Brook
**Mank Brooks
***Black Brook
****Hatchwood Brook
***Fowler Brook
****Drum Head Brook
*****Gorton Brook
*****Mill Brook
****Bank Head Brook
**Old Darwen
**Beeston Brook
***Quaker Brook
**Hole Brook
***Huntley Brook (North)
***Huntley Brook (South)
**Alum House Brook
***Arley Brook
**Trout Brook
**[[River Roddlesworth]]
***Finnington Brook
***Stockclough Brook
****Whitehalgh Brook
*****Shaw Brook
*****Chapels Brook
*****Sheep Bridge Brook
***Rake Brook
***Calf Hey Brook
***Ferny Bed Springs
**[[River Blakewater]]
***Snig Brook
***Audley Brook
***Little Harwood Brook
****Royshaw Clough
****Seven Acre Brook
***Knuzden Brook
**Scotshaw Brook
***Moss Brook
***Badger Brook
**Higher Croft Brook
***Newfield Brook
**Davy Field Brook
***Flash Brook
***Grimshaw Brook
****Waterside Brook
*****Mean Brook
******Sapling Clough
*****Hoddlesden Moss Brook
******Far Scotland Brook
*****Pickup Bank Brook
******Moss Brook
******Twitchells Brook
**Sunnyhurst Brook
***Stepback Brook
**Bold Venture Brook
***High Lumb Brook
****Livesey Brook
**Kebbs Brook
***Green Lowe Brook
**Bury Fold Brook
***Old Briggs Brook
****Duckshaw Brook
**Grain Brook
***Bent Hall Brook
***Deadman's Clough

===Preston to Whalley===
*Swill Brook
*Bezza Brook
**Wilcock Brook
***Mellor Brook
*Tun Brook
*[[Stydd Brook]]
**Boyce's Brook
***Cowley Brook
***Page Brook
**Duddel Brook
*Starling Brook
*Dean Brook
**Bailey Brook
**Brownslow Brook
*[[Dinckley Brook]]
**Park Brook
***Showley Brook
****Knotts Brook
***Zechariah Brook

===River Calder watershed===
*[[River Calder, Lancashire|River Calder]]
**Bushburn Brook
**Dean Brook
**Egg Syke Brook
**Rodger Hey Brook
**[[Sabden Brook]]
***Badger Well Water
***Wood House Brook
***Cock Clough
**Clough Syke Brook
**[[Hyndburn Brook]]
***Harwood Brook
****Causeway Brook
***Norden Brook
***Spaw Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Bottom Syke
***[[River Hyndburn]]
****Church Brook
*****Accrington Brook
******Woodnook Water
*******Warmden Brook
*******Tom Dale Clough
***White Ash Brook
****Wolfenden Syke
****Lottice Brook
***Tinker Brook
****Whams Brook
****Jackhouse Brook
*****Cocker Brook
******White Syke
*****Cocker Lumb
**Syke Side Brook
***Clough Brook
**Simonstone Brook
**Shorten Brook
**Dean Brook
***Huntroyde Brook
**Castle Clough Brook
***Castle Clough
**Green Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Sweet Clough
***Hapton Clough
****Thorny Bank Clough
****Tower Brook
***Habergham Clough
****New Barn Clough
*****Helm Clough
****Micklehurst Clough
*****Long Syke
**Whitaker Clough
***Fir Trees Brook
****West Close Clough
****Acres Brook
**Moor Isles Clough
**Spurn Clough
**[[Pendle Water]]
***Old Laund Clough
***Edge End Brook
***Walverden Water
****Bradley Syke
****Head Beck
*****Dobson Syke
****Catlow Brook
*****Pighole Clough
*****Pathole Beck
*****New Laithe Clough
*****Float Bridge Beck
*****Swains Plat Clough
***[[Colne Water]]
****Swinden Clough
****Wanless Water
*****Slipper Hill Clough
*****Houses Beck Moss
******Moss Houses Beck
****Guy Syke
****Church Clough Brook
****Trawden Brook
*****Beardshaw Beck
*****Round Hole Beck
*****Will Moor Clough
****[[River Laneshaw]]
*****High Laith Beck
******Sykes Beck
******Shawhead Beck
*****Monkroyd Beck
*****Hullown Beck
*****Swamp Syke
*****Laneshaw Brook
******Round Holes Beck
******Cat Stone Clough
****[[Wycoller Beck]]
*****Ratten Clough
*****Smithy Clough
******Deep Clough Beck
******Nan Hole Clough
*****Turnhole Clough
******Butter Leach Clough
******Saucer Hill Clough
***Blacko Water
****Castor Gill
****Claude's Clough
****Admergill Water
*****Wicken Clough
*****Greystone Clough
*****Sandyford Clough
***White Hough Water
****Dimpenley Clough
****Bird Holme Clough
****Barley Water
*****Deep Clough
*****Black Moss Water
******Water Gate
******Warth Beck
****Ogden Clough
*****Boar Clough
*****White Slacks
*****Dry Clough
**Barden Clough
**[[River Brun]]
***[[River Don (Lancashire)|River Don]]
****Walshaw Clough
****Thursden Brook
*****Ell Clough
*****Black Clough
******Hey Stacks Clough
******Tom Groove
***Swinden Water
****Hell Clough
***Hurstwood Brook
****Smallshaw Clough
***Rock Water
****Cant Clough Beck
**Everage Clough
***Hole House Clough
****Buck Clough
**Dick Clough
**Easden Clough
**Black Clough
**Green Clough
***Copy Clough
****Sheddon Clough

===River Hodder watershed===
*[[River Hodder]]
**Cow Ark Brook
***Mill Brook
***Hagg Clough
**[[River Loud]]
***Leagram Brook
****Hill Clough
****Burnslack Brook
***Chipping Brook
**Greystoneley Brook
***Hell Clough
***Dinkling Green Brook
**Withins Clough
**Red Syke
**Fielding Clough
**Langden Brook
***Hareden Brook
****Lane Foot Brook
*****Fog Hill Clough
*****Cherry Gutter
****Crackling Syke
****Dimples Clough
***Losterdale Brook
****[[Trough of Bowland|Trough Brook]]
***Mere Clough Wham
***Bleadale Water
***Stransdale Brook
****Stransdale Gutter
**Robin Clough
**[[River Dunsop]]
***Brennand River
****Round Hill Water
*****Brown Syke
***Whitendale River
****Sandy Gutter
**Black Brook
**Rough Syke
**Grey Gill
**Heaning Brook
**Birkett Brook
***Crimpton Brook
**Foulscales Brook
***Bonstone Brook
***Crag Beck
**Easington Brook
***Sough Clough
***Rye Clough
***Skelshaw Brook
***Langcliff Cross Brook
****Tinklers Brook
*****Anna Land Brook
***Harrop Brook
***Dean Slack Brook
**King Syke
**Dunnow Syke
**Croasdale Brook
***Eller Beck
***Lanshaw Brook
****Davison's Syke
****Clough Beck
****Dunsop Brook
***Hill Wood Syke
***Moor Syke
****Round Hill Syke
***Black Brook
****Hind Slack
**Barn Gill
***Park Beck
***Dugdale Syke
**Phynis Beck
***Wain Hill Syke
**Bottoms Beck
***Hesbert Hall Syke
***Hindley Head Clough
***Thorp Syke
***Dob Dale Beck
****Nursery Beck
*****Brock Clough Beck
****Brown Hills Beck
*****Ash Clough Swamp
**Hasgill Beck
***Cowgill Syke
***Rigg Gill Syke
**Copter Syke
**Hare Clough Beck
**White Syke
**Kearsden Holes
**Red Syke

===Whalley to Barnoldswick===
*Barrow Brook
*Pig Hill Brook
*Barrow Clough
*[[Pendleton Brook]]
**Mearley Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Worston Brook
****Rad Brook
**Howcroft Brook
*[[Bashall Brook]]
**Hollins Clough
**Cow Hey Brook
***Sandy Ford Brook
**Braddup Clough
**Elm Clough
*Waddington Brook
**Coplow Brook
*Greg Sike
*West Bradford Brook
**Brocklehurst Brook
**Drakehouse Brook
***Porters Brook
****Bradford Brook
*Moor Roads Sike
*West Clough Brook
*Grindleton Brook
*Chatburn Brook
*Smithies Brook
**Swanside Beck
***Stankhill Beck
****Gazegill or Rimington Beck
*****Thistleber Beck
******Eel Beck
*******Widow Hill Beck
*****Skell Banks Syke
*****Howgill Beck
******Whytha Beck
******Collaver Syke
*****Crag Clough
***Dudland Syke
****Cow Gill Beck
**Ings Beck
***Twiston Beck
****Pendle Hill Brook
***Clough Beck
***Gill Beck
*Rathmill Sike
*Hollins Syke
*Skinners Sike
*Sliping Brook
**Hell Syke
**Hill Brook
*[[Skirden Beck]]
**Holden Beck
***Mear Gill
****Fell Brook
*****Bay Gate Brook
*****Far Fields Brook
*****Black Brook
****Holden Beck
*****Threap Green Brook
**Kirk Beck
***Fox Gill Beck
****Gill Bottom Beck
**Bier Beck
***Hungrill Beck
****Higher Syke
*****Bleara Syke
*****Varleys Syke
***Cuddy Syke
**Monubent Beck
***Hen Gill Beck
****Agden Beck
*****Mere Syke
**Grunsagill Beck
***Tosside Beck
****Holden Beck or Moor End Beck
**New Gill Beck
***Bond Beck
****Little Beck
****Sandy Syke
***Walkers Clough
*Fooden Gill
*Park House Beck
*Wheatley Beck
*Ellenthorpe Gill

===Barnoldswick to source===
*[[Stock Beck]]
**Spittle Syke
**Horton Beck
**Bottom Beck
***Lodge Hill Syke
****Old Park Syke
*****Wedacre Syke
*****Hesketh Rough Syke
**Flush Beck
**Hell Forest Dike
***Turpit Gate Syke
***Hayfield Dike
****Tosber Syke
**Fools Syke
***Ray Gill Water
****Ray Gill
***Horrox Gill
**Crownest Syke
**Gillians Beck
***Moor Side Beck
*East Beck
**Carholme Beck
*Ray Gill
*Ged Beck
*Swinden Gill Beck
**Mallardale Beck
*Mansell Beck
*Pan Beck
**Hellifield Beck
**Gallaber Syke
***Bend Gate Syke
**Kell Well Beck
*Candle Rush Beck
*Deep Dale Syke
*Long Preston Beck
**Bookil Gill Beck
**Scaleber Beck
*Old Field Syke
**Crow Hill Syke
*Wigglesworth Beck
**Tofts Syke
**Rough Syke
*Rathmell Beck
**Hollow Gill Beck
**Rathmell Goit
*Skir Beck
*Mear Beck
*Swaw Beck
**Carr Beck
*Tems Beck
**Huntworth Beck
*Lodge Gill
*Stainforth Beck
**Catrigg Beck
***Cowside Beck
**Tongue Gill
***Fornah Gill
*How Beck
*Blind Beck
*Turn Dub
*Selside Beck
**Gillgarth Beck
*Coppy Gill

===Pre-Ribble===
====Cam Beck====
*'''Cam Beck''' (aka Ling Gill Beck)
**Brow Gill Beck
**Ling Gill Beck
**Labour Gill
**Poverty Gill
**Hard Turf Gill
**Dry Gill
**Little Bank Gill
***Foul Gutter
**Rush Gill
**Lamb Fold Gill
**Little Intake Gill
**Middle Gill
**Tur Gill
**Grainings Gill
**Red Sike
**Pot Close Gill
**Far End Gill
***Cold Keld Gill
====Gayle Beck====
*'''Gayle Beck'''
**Axletree Gill
**Gate Cote Gill
**White Earth Gill
**High Springs
**Lat Gill
**Long Gill
***Mares Gill
***Far Mares Gill
***Shivery Gill
***Jam Sike
**Ouster Gill

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://members.lycos.co.uk/gdeanict/ribble/ River Ribble - from source to sea]
*[http://www.preston.gov.uk/Category.asp?cat=785 Riverworks]
*[http://save-the-ribble.blogspot.com Save The Ribble]
*[http://www.ribblelink.co.uk Ribble Link Trust Ltd]

[[Category:Rivers in Lancashire|Ribble, River]]
[[Category:Rivers in North Yorkshire|Ribble, River]]
[[Category:Preston]]

[[fr:Ribble]]
[[no:Ribble (elv)]]

River Ribble

2007-02-03T21:08:57Z

Theelf29: /* Estuary to Preston */

{{Infobox_river | river_name = River Ribble
| image_name = River_Ribble_at_Ribchester.jpg
| caption = The River Ribble at [[Ribchester]]. Photograph by [http://www.flickr.com/people/stubbsuk Stuart Grimshaw]
| origin = Confluence of Gayle Beck and Cam Beck, Selside
| mouth = [[Irish Sea]] at [[Lytham]]
| basin_countries = [[England]]
| length = 121 km (75 miles)
| elevation = 246 m (807 ft)
| discharge =
| watershed = |
}}

The '''River Ribble''' is a river that runs through [[North Yorkshire]] and [[Lancashire]], in the North of [[England]].

The Ribble begins at the confluence of the ''Gayle Beck'' and ''Cam Beck'' near the famous [[Ribblehead Viaduct|viaduct]] at [[Ribblehead]], in the shadow of the [[Yorkshire three peaks]].

It flows through [[Settle]], [[Clitheroe]] and [[Preston]], before emptying into the [[Irish Sea]] between [[Lytham St. Annes]] and [[Southport]], a length of 75 miles.

The main tributaries of the Ribble are the [[River Hodder|Hodder]] and [[River Calder, Lancashire|Calder]] which join the river near [[Great Mitton]], the [[River Darwen]] which joins at [[Walton-le-Dale]] and the [[River Douglas]] which joins near [[Hesketh Bank]].

The [[Ribble Way]] is a long-distance footpath which follows the river for much of its course. The Ribble marked the ancient northern boundary of [[Mercia]]{{fact}}; and at the time of the [[Domesday Book]] was the northern boundary of [[Cheshire]].

The river is connected to both the [[Leeds and Liverpool Canal]] and the [[Lancaster Canal]] (via the [[Ribble Link]]).

Its estuary forms part of the [[Ribble and Alt Estuaries]] [[Special Protection Area]] for wildlife.

The River Ribble catchment is covered by the [[Mersey Basin Campaign]], a partnership which was established in [[1985]] to improve water quality and encourage waterside regeneration.

Preston City Council have published controversial plans to build a barrage across the River Ribble, in their 'Riverworks' proposals. The aim of these proposals is to build a water sports park on a section of the Ribble, coupled with over 4000 units of high quality housing and businesses in the river's flood plain. Some local residents are opposing these plans, arguing that they endanger wildlife, increase flood risk to local housing and damage greenbelt areas. These residents have set up the 'Save The Ribble' campaign. Parts of the river are a County Biological Heritage Site.

The Ribble would appear to have been known in [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times as the [[Belisama]],<ref>[[Ronald Hutton]] (1991). ''The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles.'' Oxford: Blackwell. p.218</ref> possibly giving its name to [[Samlesbury]]. [[Ptolemy]]'s "''Belisama aest.''" seems to represent the estuary of the Ribble.

==Settlements==
*[[Horton in Ribblesdale]]
*[[Stainforth, North Yorkshire|Stainforth]]
*[[Stackhouse, North yorkshire|Stackhouse]]
*[[Langcliffe]]
*[[Giggleswick]]
*[[Nappa, North Yorkshire|Nappa]]
*[[Settle]]
*[[Halton West]]
*[[Paythorne]]
*[[Sawley, North Yorkshire|Sawley]]
*[[West Bradford, Lancashire|West Bradford]]
*[[Horrocksford]]
*[[Clitheroe]]
*[[Great Mitton]]
*[[Little Town]]
*[[Ribchester]]
*[[Samlesbury]]
*[[Walton-le-Dale]]
*[[Preston]]
*[[Lower Penwortham]]
*[[Higher Penwortham]]
*[[Lytham]]

==Tributaries==
===Estuary to Preston===
*Crossens Pool
*Main Drain
**Liggard Brook
**Wrea Brook
*Hundred End Gutter
*Pool Stream
*[[River Douglas]] or River Asland
**[[River Yarrow]]
***[[River Lostock]]
****Wymott Brook
****Clayton Brook
****Slack Brook
****Whave's Brook
***Syd Brook
***Culbeck Brook
***[[River Chor]]
***Clancutt Brook
***Eller Brook
***[[Black Brook (Chorley)|Black Brook]]
****Fill Brook
***Limestone Brook
***Green Withins Brook
**[[River Tawd]]
***Slate Brook
***Grimshaw Brook
*[[Freckleton Pool]]
**Dow Brook
***Spen Brook
***Carr Brook
****Wrongway Brook
**Middle Pool
*[[Ribble Link|Savick Brook]]
*Mill Brook
*The Mains Brook

===River Darwen watershed===
*[[River Darwen]]
**Hennel Brook
***Cockshott Brook
**Mank Brooks
***Black Brook
****Hatchwood Brook
***Fowler Brook
****Drum Head Brook
*****Gorton Brook
*****Mill Brook
****Bank Head Brook
**Old Darwen
**Beeston Brook
***Quaker Brook
**Hole Brook
***Huntley Brook (North)
***Huntley Brook (South)
**Alum House Brook
***Arley Brook
**Trout Brook
**[[River Roddlesworth]]
***Finnington Brook
***Stockclough Brook
****Whitehalgh Brook
*****Shaw Brook
*****Chapels Brook
*****Sheep Bridge Brook
***Rake Brook
***Calf Hey Brook
***Ferny Bed Springs
**[[River Blakewater]]
***Snig Brook
***Audley Brook
***Little Harwood Brook
****Royshaw Clough
****Seven Acre Brook
***Knuzden Brook
**Scotshaw Brook
***Moss Brook
***Badger Brook
**Higher Croft Brook
***Newfield Brook
**Davy Field Brook
***Flash Brook
***Grimshaw Brook
****Waterside Brook
*****Mean Brook
******Sapling Clough
*****Hoddlesden Moss Brook
******Far Scotland Brook
*****Pickup Bank Brook
******Moss Brook
******Twitchells Brook
**Sunnyhurst Brook
***Stepback Brook
**Bold Venture Brook
***High Lumb Brook
****Livesey Brook
**Kebbs Brook
***Green Lowe Brook
**Bury Fold Brook
***Old Briggs Brook
****Duckshaw Brook
**Grain Brook
***Bent Hall Brook
***Deadman's Clough

===Preston to Whalley===
*Swill Brook
*Bezza Brook
**Wilcock Brook
***Mellor Brook
*Tun Brook
*[[Stydd Brook]]
**Boyce's Brook
***Cowley Brook
***Page Brook
**Duddel Brook
*Starling Brook
*Dean Brook
**Bailey Brook
**Brownslow Brook
*[[Dinckley Brook]]
**Park Brook
***Showley Brook
****Knotts Brook
***Zechariah Brook

===River Calder watershed===
*[[River Calder, Lancashire|River Calder]]
**Bushburn Brook
**Dean Brook
**Egg Syke Brook
**Rodger Hey Brook
**[[Sabden Brook]]
***Badger Well Water
***Wood House Brook
***Cock Clough
**Clough Syke Brook
**[[Hyndburn Brook]]
***Harwood Brook
****Causeway Brook
***Norden Brook
***Spaw Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Bottom Syke
***[[River Hyndburn]]
****Church Brook
*****Accrington Brook
******Woodnook Water
*******Warmden Brook
*******Tom Dale Clough
***White Ash Brook
****Wolfenden Syke
****Lottice Brook
***Tinker Brook
****Whams Brook
****Jackhouse Brook
*****Cocker Brook
******White Syke
*****Cocker Lumb
**Syke Side Brook
***Clough Brook
**Simonstone Brook
**Shorten Brook
**Dean Brook
***Huntroyde Brook
**Castle Clough Brook
***Castle Clough
**Green Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Sweet Clough
***Hapton Clough
****Thorny Bank Clough
****Tower Brook
***Habergham Clough
****New Barn Clough
*****Helm Clough
****Micklehurst Clough
*****Long Syke
**Whitaker Clough
***Fir Trees Brook
****West Close Clough
****Acres Brook
**Moor Isles Clough
**Spurn Clough
**[[Pendle Water]]
***Old Laund Clough
***Edge End Brook
***Walverden Water
****Bradley Syke
****Head Beck
*****Dobson Syke
****Catlow Brook
*****Pighole Clough
*****Pathole Beck
*****New Laithe Clough
*****Float Bridge Beck
*****Swains Plat Clough
***[[Colne Water]]
****Swinden Clough
****Wanless Water
*****Slipper Hill Clough
*****Houses Beck Moss
******Moss Houses Beck
****Guy Syke
****Church Clough Brook
****Trawden Brook
*****Beardshaw Beck
*****Round Hole Beck
*****Will Moor Clough
****[[River Laneshaw]]
*****High Laith Beck
******Sykes Beck
******Shawhead Beck
*****Monkroyd Beck
*****Hullown Beck
*****Swamp Syke
*****Laneshaw Brook
******Round Holes Beck
******Cat Stone Clough
****[[Wycoller Beck]]
*****Ratten Clough
*****Smithy Clough
******Deep Clough Beck
******Nan Hole Clough
*****Turnhole Clough
******Butter Leach Clough
******Saucer Hill Clough
***Blacko Water
****Castor Gill
****Claude's Clough
****Admergill Water
*****Wicken Clough
*****Greystone Clough
*****Sandyford Clough
***White Hough Water
****Dimpenley Clough
****Bird Holme Clough
****Barley Water
*****Deep Clough
*****Black Moss Water
******Water Gate
******Warth Beck
****Ogden Clough
*****Boar Clough
*****White Slacks
*****Dry Clough
**Barden Clough
**[[River Brun]]
***[[River Don (Lancashire)|River Don]]
****Walshaw Clough
****Thursden Brook
*****Ell Clough
*****Black Clough
******Hey Stacks Clough
******Tom Groove
***Swinden Water
****Hell Clough
***Hurstwood Brook
****Smallshaw Clough
***Rock Water
****Cant Clough Beck
**Everage Clough
***Hole House Clough
****Buck Clough
**Dick Clough
**Easden Clough
**Black Clough
**Green Clough
***Copy Clough
****Sheddon Clough

===River Hodder watershed===
*[[River Hodder]]
**Cow Ark Brook
***Mill Brook
***Hagg Clough
**[[River Loud]]
***Leagram Brook
****Hill Clough
****Burnslack Brook
***Chipping Brook
**Greystoneley Brook
***Hell Clough
***Dinkling Green Brook
**Withins Clough
**Red Syke
**Fielding Clough
**Langden Brook
***Hareden Brook
****Lane Foot Brook
*****Fog Hill Clough
*****Cherry Gutter
****Crackling Syke
****Dimples Clough
***Losterdale Brook
****[[Trough of Bowland|Trough Brook]]
***Mere Clough Wham
***Bleadale Water
***Stransdale Brook
****Stransdale Gutter
**Robin Clough
**[[River Dunsop]]
***Brennand River
****Round Hill Water
*****Brown Syke
***Whitendale River
****Sandy Gutter
**Black Brook
**Rough Syke
**Grey Gill
**Heaning Brook
**Birkett Brook
***Crimpton Brook
**Foulscales Brook
***Bonstone Brook
***Crag Beck
**Easington Brook
***Sough Clough
***Rye Clough
***Skelshaw Brook
***Langcliff Cross Brook
****Tinklers Brook
*****Anna Land Brook
***Harrop Brook
***Dean Slack Brook
**King Syke
**Dunnow Syke
**Croasdale Brook
***Eller Beck
***Lanshaw Brook
****Davison's Syke
****Clough Beck
****Dunsop Brook
***Hill Wood Syke
***Moor Syke
****Round Hill Syke
***Black Brook
****Hind Slack
**Barn Gill
***Park Beck
***Dugdale Syke
**Phynis Beck
***Wain Hill Syke
**Bottoms Beck
***Hesbert Hall Syke
***Hindley Head Clough
***Thorp Syke
***Dob Dale Beck
****Nursery Beck
*****Brock Clough Beck
****Brown Hills Beck
*****Ash Clough Swamp
**Hasgill Beck
***Cowgill Syke
***Rigg Gill Syke
**Copter Syke
**Hare Clough Beck
**White Syke
**Kearsden Holes
**Red Syke

===Whalley to Barnoldswick===
*Barrow Brook
*Pig Hill Brook
*Barrow Clough
*[[Pendleton Brook]]
**Mearley Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Worston Brook
****Rad Brook
**Howcroft Brook
*[[Bashall Brook]]
**Hollins Clough
**Cow Hey Brook
***Sandy Ford Brook
**Braddup Clough
**Elm Clough
*Waddington Brook
**Coplow Brook
*Greg Sike
*West Bradford Brook
**Brocklehurst Brook
**Drakehouse Brook
***Porters Brook
****Bradford Brook
*Moor Roads Sike
*West Clough Brook
*Grindleton Brook
*Chatburn Brook
*Smithies Brook
**Swanside Beck
***Stankhill Beck
****Gazegill or Rimington Beck
*****Thistleber Beck
******Eel Beck
*******Widow Hill Beck
*****Skell Banks Syke
*****Howgill Beck
******Whytha Beck
******Collaver Syke
*****Crag Clough
***Dudland Syke
****Cow Gill Beck
**Ings Beck
***Twiston Beck
****Pendle Hill Brook
***Clough Beck
***Gill Beck
*Rathmill Sike
*Hollins Syke
*Skinners Sike
*Sliping Brook
**Hell Syke
**Hill Brook
*[[Skirden Beck]]
**Holden Beck
***Mear Gill
****Fell Brook
*****Bay Gate Brook
*****Far Fields Brook
*****Black Brook
****Holden Beck
*****Threap Green Brook
**Kirk Beck
***Fox Gill Beck
****Gill Bottom Beck
**Bier Beck
***Hungrill Beck
****Higher Syke
*****Bleara Syke
*****Varleys Syke
***Cuddy Syke
**Monubent Beck
***Hen Gill Beck
****Agden Beck
*****Mere Syke
**Grunsagill Beck
***Tosside Beck
****Holden Beck or Moor End Beck
**New Gill Beck
***Bond Beck
****Little Beck
****Sandy Syke
***Walkers Clough
*Fooden Gill
*Park House Beck
*Wheatley Beck
*Ellenthorpe Gill

===Barnoldswick to source===
*[[Stock Beck]]
**Spittle Syke
**Horton Beck
**Bottom Beck
***Lodge Hill Syke
****Old Park Syke
*****Wedacre Syke
*****Hesketh Rough Syke
**Flush Beck
**Hell Forest Dike
***Turpit Gate Syke
***Hayfield Dike
****Tosber Syke
**Fools Syke
***Ray Gill Water
****Ray Gill
***Horrox Gill
**Crownest Syke
**Gillians Beck
***Moor Side Beck
*East Beck
**Carholme Beck
*Ray Gill
*Ged Beck
*Swinden Gill Beck
**Mallardale Beck
*Mansell Beck
*Pan Beck
**Hellifield Beck
**Gallaber Syke
***Bend Gate Syke
**Kell Well Beck
*Candle Rush Beck
*Deep Dale Syke
*Long Preston Beck
**Bookil Gill Beck
**Scaleber Beck
*Old Field Syke
**Crow Hill Syke
*Wigglesworth Beck
**Tofts Syke
**Rough Syke
*Rathmell Beck
**Hollow Gill Beck
**Rathmell Goit
*Skir Beck
*Mear Beck
*Swaw Beck
**Carr Beck
*Tems Beck
**Huntworth Beck
*Lodge Gill
*Stainforth Beck
**Catrigg Beck
***Cowside Beck
**Tongue Gill
***Fornah Gill
*How Beck
*Blind Beck
*Turn Dub
*Selside Beck
**Gillgarth Beck
*Coppy Gill

===Pre-Ribble===
====Cam Beck====
*'''Cam Beck''' (aka Ling Gill Beck)
**Brow Gill Beck
**Ling Gill Beck
**Labour Gill
**Poverty Gill
**Hard Turf Gill
**Dry Gill
**Little Bank Gill
***Foul Gutter
**Rush Gill
**Lamb Fold Gill
**Little Intake Gill
**Middle Gill
**Tur Gill
**Grainings Gill
**Red Sike
**Pot Close Gill
**Far End Gill
***Cold Keld Gill
====Gayle Beck====
*'''Gayle Beck'''
**Axletree Gill
**Gate Cote Gill
**White Earth Gill
**High Springs
**Lat Gill
**Long Gill
***Mares Gill
***Far Mares Gill
***Shivery Gill
***Jam Sike
**Ouster Gill

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://members.lycos.co.uk/gdeanict/ribble/ River Ribble - from source to sea]
*[http://www.preston.gov.uk/Category.asp?cat=785 Riverworks]
*[http://save-the-ribble.blogspot.com Save The Ribble]
*[http://www.ribblelink.co.uk Ribble Link Trust Ltd]

[[Category:Rivers in Lancashire|Ribble, River]]
[[Category:Rivers in North Yorkshire|Ribble, River]]
[[Category:Preston]]

[[fr:Ribble]]
[[no:Ribble (elv)]]

River Ribble

2007-02-03T21:06:20Z

Theelf29: /* Estuary to Preston */

{{Infobox_river | river_name = River Ribble
| image_name = River_Ribble_at_Ribchester.jpg
| caption = The River Ribble at [[Ribchester]]. Photograph by [http://www.flickr.com/people/stubbsuk Stuart Grimshaw]
| origin = Confluence of Gayle Beck and Cam Beck, Selside
| mouth = [[Irish Sea]] at [[Lytham]]
| basin_countries = [[England]]
| length = 121 km (75 miles)
| elevation = 246 m (807 ft)
| discharge =
| watershed = |
}}

The '''River Ribble''' is a river that runs through [[North Yorkshire]] and [[Lancashire]], in the North of [[England]].

The Ribble begins at the confluence of the ''Gayle Beck'' and ''Cam Beck'' near the famous [[Ribblehead Viaduct|viaduct]] at [[Ribblehead]], in the shadow of the [[Yorkshire three peaks]].

It flows through [[Settle]], [[Clitheroe]] and [[Preston]], before emptying into the [[Irish Sea]] between [[Lytham St. Annes]] and [[Southport]], a length of 75 miles.

The main tributaries of the Ribble are the [[River Hodder|Hodder]] and [[River Calder, Lancashire|Calder]] which join the river near [[Great Mitton]], the [[River Darwen]] which joins at [[Walton-le-Dale]] and the [[River Douglas]] which joins near [[Hesketh Bank]].

The [[Ribble Way]] is a long-distance footpath which follows the river for much of its course. The Ribble marked the ancient northern boundary of [[Mercia]]{{fact}}; and at the time of the [[Domesday Book]] was the northern boundary of [[Cheshire]].

The river is connected to both the [[Leeds and Liverpool Canal]] and the [[Lancaster Canal]] (via the [[Ribble Link]]).

Its estuary forms part of the [[Ribble and Alt Estuaries]] [[Special Protection Area]] for wildlife.

The River Ribble catchment is covered by the [[Mersey Basin Campaign]], a partnership which was established in [[1985]] to improve water quality and encourage waterside regeneration.

Preston City Council have published controversial plans to build a barrage across the River Ribble, in their 'Riverworks' proposals. The aim of these proposals is to build a water sports park on a section of the Ribble, coupled with over 4000 units of high quality housing and businesses in the river's flood plain. Some local residents are opposing these plans, arguing that they endanger wildlife, increase flood risk to local housing and damage greenbelt areas. These residents have set up the 'Save The Ribble' campaign. Parts of the river are a County Biological Heritage Site.

The Ribble would appear to have been known in [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times as the [[Belisama]],<ref>[[Ronald Hutton]] (1991). ''The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles.'' Oxford: Blackwell. p.218</ref> possibly giving its name to [[Samlesbury]]. [[Ptolemy]]'s "''Belisama aest.''" seems to represent the estuary of the Ribble.

==Settlements==
*[[Horton in Ribblesdale]]
*[[Stainforth, North Yorkshire|Stainforth]]
*[[Stackhouse, North yorkshire|Stackhouse]]
*[[Langcliffe]]
*[[Giggleswick]]
*[[Nappa, North Yorkshire|Nappa]]
*[[Settle]]
*[[Halton West]]
*[[Paythorne]]
*[[Sawley, North Yorkshire|Sawley]]
*[[West Bradford, Lancashire|West Bradford]]
*[[Horrocksford]]
*[[Clitheroe]]
*[[Great Mitton]]
*[[Little Town]]
*[[Ribchester]]
*[[Samlesbury]]
*[[Walton-le-Dale]]
*[[Preston]]
*[[Lower Penwortham]]
*[[Higher Penwortham]]
*[[Lytham]]

==Tributaries==
===Estuary to Preston===
*Crossens Pool
*Main Drain
**Liggard Brook
**Wrea Brook
*Hundred End Gutter
*Pool Stream
*[[River Douglas]]
**[[River Yarrow]]
***[[River Lostock]]
****Wymott Brook
****Clayton Brook
****Slack Brook
****Whave's Brook
***Syd Brook
***Culbeck Brook
***[[River Chor]]
***Clancutt Brook
***Eller Brook
***[[Black Brook (Chorley)|Black Brook]]
****Fill Brook
***Limestone Brook
***Green Withins Brook
**[[River Tawd]]
***Slate Brook
***Grimshaw Brook
*[[Freckleton Pool]]
**Dow Brook
***Spen Brook
***Carr Brook
****Wrongway Brook
**Middle Pool
*[[Ribble Link|Savick Brook]]
*Mill Brook
*The Mains Brook

===River Darwen watershed===
*[[River Darwen]]
**Hennel Brook
***Cockshott Brook
**Mank Brooks
***Black Brook
****Hatchwood Brook
***Fowler Brook
****Drum Head Brook
*****Gorton Brook
*****Mill Brook
****Bank Head Brook
**Old Darwen
**Beeston Brook
***Quaker Brook
**Hole Brook
***Huntley Brook (North)
***Huntley Brook (South)
**Alum House Brook
***Arley Brook
**Trout Brook
**[[River Roddlesworth]]
***Finnington Brook
***Stockclough Brook
****Whitehalgh Brook
*****Shaw Brook
*****Chapels Brook
*****Sheep Bridge Brook
***Rake Brook
***Calf Hey Brook
***Ferny Bed Springs
**[[River Blakewater]]
***Snig Brook
***Audley Brook
***Little Harwood Brook
****Royshaw Clough
****Seven Acre Brook
***Knuzden Brook
**Scotshaw Brook
***Moss Brook
***Badger Brook
**Higher Croft Brook
***Newfield Brook
**Davy Field Brook
***Flash Brook
***Grimshaw Brook
****Waterside Brook
*****Mean Brook
******Sapling Clough
*****Hoddlesden Moss Brook
******Far Scotland Brook
*****Pickup Bank Brook
******Moss Brook
******Twitchells Brook
**Sunnyhurst Brook
***Stepback Brook
**Bold Venture Brook
***High Lumb Brook
****Livesey Brook
**Kebbs Brook
***Green Lowe Brook
**Bury Fold Brook
***Old Briggs Brook
****Duckshaw Brook
**Grain Brook
***Bent Hall Brook
***Deadman's Clough

===Preston to Whalley===
*Swill Brook
*Bezza Brook
**Wilcock Brook
***Mellor Brook
*Tun Brook
*[[Stydd Brook]]
**Boyce's Brook
***Cowley Brook
***Page Brook
**Duddel Brook
*Starling Brook
*Dean Brook
**Bailey Brook
**Brownslow Brook
*[[Dinckley Brook]]
**Park Brook
***Showley Brook
****Knotts Brook
***Zechariah Brook

===River Calder watershed===
*[[River Calder, Lancashire|River Calder]]
**Bushburn Brook
**Dean Brook
**Egg Syke Brook
**Rodger Hey Brook
**[[Sabden Brook]]
***Badger Well Water
***Wood House Brook
***Cock Clough
**Clough Syke Brook
**[[Hyndburn Brook]]
***Harwood Brook
****Causeway Brook
***Norden Brook
***Spaw Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Bottom Syke
***[[River Hyndburn]]
****Church Brook
*****Accrington Brook
******Woodnook Water
*******Warmden Brook
*******Tom Dale Clough
***White Ash Brook
****Wolfenden Syke
****Lottice Brook
***Tinker Brook
****Whams Brook
****Jackhouse Brook
*****Cocker Brook
******White Syke
*****Cocker Lumb
**Syke Side Brook
***Clough Brook
**Simonstone Brook
**Shorten Brook
**Dean Brook
***Huntroyde Brook
**Castle Clough Brook
***Castle Clough
**Green Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Sweet Clough
***Hapton Clough
****Thorny Bank Clough
****Tower Brook
***Habergham Clough
****New Barn Clough
*****Helm Clough
****Micklehurst Clough
*****Long Syke
**Whitaker Clough
***Fir Trees Brook
****West Close Clough
****Acres Brook
**Moor Isles Clough
**Spurn Clough
**[[Pendle Water]]
***Old Laund Clough
***Edge End Brook
***Walverden Water
****Bradley Syke
****Head Beck
*****Dobson Syke
****Catlow Brook
*****Pighole Clough
*****Pathole Beck
*****New Laithe Clough
*****Float Bridge Beck
*****Swains Plat Clough
***[[Colne Water]]
****Swinden Clough
****Wanless Water
*****Slipper Hill Clough
*****Houses Beck Moss
******Moss Houses Beck
****Guy Syke
****Church Clough Brook
****Trawden Brook
*****Beardshaw Beck
*****Round Hole Beck
*****Will Moor Clough
****[[River Laneshaw]]
*****High Laith Beck
******Sykes Beck
******Shawhead Beck
*****Monkroyd Beck
*****Hullown Beck
*****Swamp Syke
*****Laneshaw Brook
******Round Holes Beck
******Cat Stone Clough
****[[Wycoller Beck]]
*****Ratten Clough
*****Smithy Clough
******Deep Clough Beck
******Nan Hole Clough
*****Turnhole Clough
******Butter Leach Clough
******Saucer Hill Clough
***Blacko Water
****Castor Gill
****Claude's Clough
****Admergill Water
*****Wicken Clough
*****Greystone Clough
*****Sandyford Clough
***White Hough Water
****Dimpenley Clough
****Bird Holme Clough
****Barley Water
*****Deep Clough
*****Black Moss Water
******Water Gate
******Warth Beck
****Ogden Clough
*****Boar Clough
*****White Slacks
*****Dry Clough
**Barden Clough
**[[River Brun]]
***[[River Don (Lancashire)|River Don]]
****Walshaw Clough
****Thursden Brook
*****Ell Clough
*****Black Clough
******Hey Stacks Clough
******Tom Groove
***Swinden Water
****Hell Clough
***Hurstwood Brook
****Smallshaw Clough
***Rock Water
****Cant Clough Beck
**Everage Clough
***Hole House Clough
****Buck Clough
**Dick Clough
**Easden Clough
**Black Clough
**Green Clough
***Copy Clough
****Sheddon Clough

===River Hodder watershed===
*[[River Hodder]]
**Cow Ark Brook
***Mill Brook
***Hagg Clough
**[[River Loud]]
***Leagram Brook
****Hill Clough
****Burnslack Brook
***Chipping Brook
**Greystoneley Brook
***Hell Clough
***Dinkling Green Brook
**Withins Clough
**Red Syke
**Fielding Clough
**Langden Brook
***Hareden Brook
****Lane Foot Brook
*****Fog Hill Clough
*****Cherry Gutter
****Crackling Syke
****Dimples Clough
***Losterdale Brook
****[[Trough of Bowland|Trough Brook]]
***Mere Clough Wham
***Bleadale Water
***Stransdale Brook
****Stransdale Gutter
**Robin Clough
**[[River Dunsop]]
***Brennand River
****Round Hill Water
*****Brown Syke
***Whitendale River
****Sandy Gutter
**Black Brook
**Rough Syke
**Grey Gill
**Heaning Brook
**Birkett Brook
***Crimpton Brook
**Foulscales Brook
***Bonstone Brook
***Crag Beck
**Easington Brook
***Sough Clough
***Rye Clough
***Skelshaw Brook
***Langcliff Cross Brook
****Tinklers Brook
*****Anna Land Brook
***Harrop Brook
***Dean Slack Brook
**King Syke
**Dunnow Syke
**Croasdale Brook
***Eller Beck
***Lanshaw Brook
****Davison's Syke
****Clough Beck
****Dunsop Brook
***Hill Wood Syke
***Moor Syke
****Round Hill Syke
***Black Brook
****Hind Slack
**Barn Gill
***Park Beck
***Dugdale Syke
**Phynis Beck
***Wain Hill Syke
**Bottoms Beck
***Hesbert Hall Syke
***Hindley Head Clough
***Thorp Syke
***Dob Dale Beck
****Nursery Beck
*****Brock Clough Beck
****Brown Hills Beck
*****Ash Clough Swamp
**Hasgill Beck
***Cowgill Syke
***Rigg Gill Syke
**Copter Syke
**Hare Clough Beck
**White Syke
**Kearsden Holes
**Red Syke

===Whalley to Barnoldswick===
*Barrow Brook
*Pig Hill Brook
*Barrow Clough
*[[Pendleton Brook]]
**Mearley Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Worston Brook
****Rad Brook
**Howcroft Brook
*[[Bashall Brook]]
**Hollins Clough
**Cow Hey Brook
***Sandy Ford Brook
**Braddup Clough
**Elm Clough
*Waddington Brook
**Coplow Brook
*Greg Sike
*West Bradford Brook
**Brocklehurst Brook
**Drakehouse Brook
***Porters Brook
****Bradford Brook
*Moor Roads Sike
*West Clough Brook
*Grindleton Brook
*Chatburn Brook
*Smithies Brook
**Swanside Beck
***Stankhill Beck
****Gazegill or Rimington Beck
*****Thistleber Beck
******Eel Beck
*******Widow Hill Beck
*****Skell Banks Syke
*****Howgill Beck
******Whytha Beck
******Collaver Syke
*****Crag Clough
***Dudland Syke
****Cow Gill Beck
**Ings Beck
***Twiston Beck
****Pendle Hill Brook
***Clough Beck
***Gill Beck
*Rathmill Sike
*Hollins Syke
*Skinners Sike
*Sliping Brook
**Hell Syke
**Hill Brook
*[[Skirden Beck]]
**Holden Beck
***Mear Gill
****Fell Brook
*****Bay Gate Brook
*****Far Fields Brook
*****Black Brook
****Holden Beck
*****Threap Green Brook
**Kirk Beck
***Fox Gill Beck
****Gill Bottom Beck
**Bier Beck
***Hungrill Beck
****Higher Syke
*****Bleara Syke
*****Varleys Syke
***Cuddy Syke
**Monubent Beck
***Hen Gill Beck
****Agden Beck
*****Mere Syke
**Grunsagill Beck
***Tosside Beck
****Holden Beck or Moor End Beck
**New Gill Beck
***Bond Beck
****Little Beck
****Sandy Syke
***Walkers Clough
*Fooden Gill
*Park House Beck
*Wheatley Beck
*Ellenthorpe Gill

===Barnoldswick to source===
*[[Stock Beck]]
**Spittle Syke
**Horton Beck
**Bottom Beck
***Lodge Hill Syke
****Old Park Syke
*****Wedacre Syke
*****Hesketh Rough Syke
**Flush Beck
**Hell Forest Dike
***Turpit Gate Syke
***Hayfield Dike
****Tosber Syke
**Fools Syke
***Ray Gill Water
****Ray Gill
***Horrox Gill
**Crownest Syke
**Gillians Beck
***Moor Side Beck
*East Beck
**Carholme Beck
*Ray Gill
*Ged Beck
*Swinden Gill Beck
**Mallardale Beck
*Mansell Beck
*Pan Beck
**Hellifield Beck
**Gallaber Syke
***Bend Gate Syke
**Kell Well Beck
*Candle Rush Beck
*Deep Dale Syke
*Long Preston Beck
**Bookil Gill Beck
**Scaleber Beck
*Old Field Syke
**Crow Hill Syke
*Wigglesworth Beck
**Tofts Syke
**Rough Syke
*Rathmell Beck
**Hollow Gill Beck
**Rathmell Goit
*Skir Beck
*Mear Beck
*Swaw Beck
**Carr Beck
*Tems Beck
**Huntworth Beck
*Lodge Gill
*Stainforth Beck
**Catrigg Beck
***Cowside Beck
**Tongue Gill
***Fornah Gill
*How Beck
*Blind Beck
*Turn Dub
*Selside Beck
**Gillgarth Beck
*Coppy Gill

===Pre-Ribble===
====Cam Beck====
*'''Cam Beck''' (aka Ling Gill Beck)
**Brow Gill Beck
**Ling Gill Beck
**Labour Gill
**Poverty Gill
**Hard Turf Gill
**Dry Gill
**Little Bank Gill
***Foul Gutter
**Rush Gill
**Lamb Fold Gill
**Little Intake Gill
**Middle Gill
**Tur Gill
**Grainings Gill
**Red Sike
**Pot Close Gill
**Far End Gill
***Cold Keld Gill
====Gayle Beck====
*'''Gayle Beck'''
**Axletree Gill
**Gate Cote Gill
**White Earth Gill
**High Springs
**Lat Gill
**Long Gill
***Mares Gill
***Far Mares Gill
***Shivery Gill
***Jam Sike
**Ouster Gill

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://members.lycos.co.uk/gdeanict/ribble/ River Ribble - from source to sea]
*[http://www.preston.gov.uk/Category.asp?cat=785 Riverworks]
*[http://save-the-ribble.blogspot.com Save The Ribble]
*[http://www.ribblelink.co.uk Ribble Link Trust Ltd]

[[Category:Rivers in Lancashire|Ribble, River]]
[[Category:Rivers in North Yorkshire|Ribble, River]]
[[Category:Preston]]

[[fr:Ribble]]
[[no:Ribble (elv)]]

River Ribble

2007-02-03T02:37:48Z

Theelf29: /* River Hodder watershed */

{{Infobox_river | river_name = River Ribble
| image_name = River_Ribble_at_Ribchester.jpg
| caption = The River Ribble at [[Ribchester]]. Photograph by [http://www.flickr.com/people/stubbsuk Stuart Grimshaw]
| origin = Confluence of Gayle Beck and Cam Beck, Selside
| mouth = [[Irish Sea]] at [[Lytham]]
| basin_countries = [[England]]
| length = 121 km (75 miles)
| elevation = 246 m (807 ft)
| discharge =
| watershed = |
}}

The '''River Ribble''' is a river that runs through [[North Yorkshire]] and [[Lancashire]], in the North of [[England]].

The Ribble begins at the confluence of the ''Gayle Beck'' and ''Cam Beck'' near the famous [[Ribblehead Viaduct|viaduct]] at [[Ribblehead]], in the shadow of the [[Yorkshire three peaks]].

It flows through [[Settle]], [[Clitheroe]] and [[Preston]], before emptying into the [[Irish Sea]] between [[Lytham St. Annes]] and [[Southport]], a length of 75 miles.

The main tributaries of the Ribble are the [[River Hodder|Hodder]] and [[River Calder, Lancashire|Calder]] which join the river near [[Great Mitton]], the [[River Darwen]] which joins at [[Walton-le-Dale]] and the [[River Douglas]] which joins near [[Hesketh Bank]].

The [[Ribble Way]] is a long-distance footpath which follows the river for much of its course. The Ribble marked the ancient northern boundary of [[Mercia]]{{fact}}; and at the time of the [[Domesday Book]] was the northern boundary of [[Cheshire]].

The river is connected to both the [[Leeds and Liverpool Canal]] and the [[Lancaster Canal]] (via the [[Ribble Link]]).

Its estuary forms part of the [[Ribble and Alt Estuaries]] [[Special Protection Area]] for wildlife.

The River Ribble catchment is covered by the [[Mersey Basin Campaign]], a partnership which was established in [[1985]] to improve water quality and encourage waterside regeneration.

Preston City Council have published controversial plans to build a barrage across the River Ribble, in their 'Riverworks' proposals. The aim of these proposals is to build a water sports park on a section of the Ribble, coupled with over 4000 units of high quality housing and businesses in the river's flood plain. Some local residents are opposing these plans, arguing that they endanger wildlife, increase flood risk to local housing and damage greenbelt areas. These residents have set up the 'Save The Ribble' campaign. Parts of the river are a County Biological Heritage Site.

The Ribble would appear to have been known in [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times as the [[Belisama]],<ref>[[Ronald Hutton]] (1991). ''The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles.'' Oxford: Blackwell. p.218</ref> possibly giving its name to [[Samlesbury]]. [[Ptolemy]]'s "''Belisama aest.''" seems to represent the estuary of the Ribble.

==Settlements==
*[[Horton in Ribblesdale]]
*[[Stainforth, North Yorkshire|Stainforth]]
*[[Stackhouse, North yorkshire|Stackhouse]]
*[[Langcliffe]]
*[[Giggleswick]]
*[[Nappa, North Yorkshire|Nappa]]
*[[Settle]]
*[[Halton West]]
*[[Paythorne]]
*[[Sawley, North Yorkshire|Sawley]]
*[[West Bradford, Lancashire|West Bradford]]
*[[Horrocksford]]
*[[Clitheroe]]
*[[Great Mitton]]
*[[Little Town]]
*[[Ribchester]]
*[[Samlesbury]]
*[[Walton-le-Dale]]
*[[Preston]]
*[[Lower Penwortham]]
*[[Higher Penwortham]]
*[[Lytham]]

==Tributaries==
===Estuary to Preston===
*Crossens Pool
*Main Drain
**Liggard Brook
**Wrea Brook
*Hundred End Gutter
*Pool Stream
*[[River Douglas]]
**[[River Yarrow]]
***[[River Lostock]]
****Wymott Brook
****Clayton Brook
****Slack Brook
****Whave's Brook
***Syd Brook
***Culbeck Brook
***[[River Chor]]
***Clancutt Brook
***Eller Brook
***[[Black Brook (Chorley)|Black Brook]]
****Fill Brook
***Limestone Brook
***Green Withins Brook
**[[River Tawd]]
*[[Freckleton Pool]]
**Dow Brook
***Spen Brook
***Carr Brook
****Wrongway Brook
**Middle Pool
*[[Ribble Link|Savick Brook]]
*Mill Brook
*The Mains Brook

===River Darwen watershed===
*[[River Darwen]]
**Hennel Brook
***Cockshott Brook
**Mank Brooks
***Black Brook
****Hatchwood Brook
***Fowler Brook
****Drum Head Brook
*****Gorton Brook
*****Mill Brook
****Bank Head Brook
**Old Darwen
**Beeston Brook
***Quaker Brook
**Hole Brook
***Huntley Brook (North)
***Huntley Brook (South)
**Alum House Brook
***Arley Brook
**Trout Brook
**[[River Roddlesworth]]
***Finnington Brook
***Stockclough Brook
****Whitehalgh Brook
*****Shaw Brook
*****Chapels Brook
*****Sheep Bridge Brook
***Rake Brook
***Calf Hey Brook
***Ferny Bed Springs
**[[River Blakewater]]
***Snig Brook
***Audley Brook
***Little Harwood Brook
****Royshaw Clough
****Seven Acre Brook
***Knuzden Brook
**Scotshaw Brook
***Moss Brook
***Badger Brook
**Higher Croft Brook
***Newfield Brook
**Davy Field Brook
***Flash Brook
***Grimshaw Brook
****Waterside Brook
*****Mean Brook
******Sapling Clough
*****Hoddlesden Moss Brook
******Far Scotland Brook
*****Pickup Bank Brook
******Moss Brook
******Twitchells Brook
**Sunnyhurst Brook
***Stepback Brook
**Bold Venture Brook
***High Lumb Brook
****Livesey Brook
**Kebbs Brook
***Green Lowe Brook
**Bury Fold Brook
***Old Briggs Brook
****Duckshaw Brook
**Grain Brook
***Bent Hall Brook
***Deadman's Clough

===Preston to Whalley===
*Swill Brook
*Bezza Brook
**Wilcock Brook
***Mellor Brook
*Tun Brook
*[[Stydd Brook]]
**Boyce's Brook
***Cowley Brook
***Page Brook
**Duddel Brook
*Starling Brook
*Dean Brook
**Bailey Brook
**Brownslow Brook
*[[Dinckley Brook]]
**Park Brook
***Showley Brook
****Knotts Brook
***Zechariah Brook

===River Calder watershed===
*[[River Calder, Lancashire|River Calder]]
**Bushburn Brook
**Dean Brook
**Egg Syke Brook
**Rodger Hey Brook
**[[Sabden Brook]]
***Badger Well Water
***Wood House Brook
***Cock Clough
**Clough Syke Brook
**[[Hyndburn Brook]]
***Harwood Brook
****Causeway Brook
***Norden Brook
***Spaw Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Bottom Syke
***[[River Hyndburn]]
****Church Brook
*****Accrington Brook
******Woodnook Water
*******Warmden Brook
*******Tom Dale Clough
***White Ash Brook
****Wolfenden Syke
****Lottice Brook
***Tinker Brook
****Whams Brook
****Jackhouse Brook
*****Cocker Brook
******White Syke
*****Cocker Lumb
**Syke Side Brook
***Clough Brook
**Simonstone Brook
**Shorten Brook
**Dean Brook
***Huntroyde Brook
**Castle Clough Brook
***Castle Clough
**Green Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Sweet Clough
***Hapton Clough
****Thorny Bank Clough
****Tower Brook
***Habergham Clough
****New Barn Clough
*****Helm Clough
****Micklehurst Clough
*****Long Syke
**Whitaker Clough
***Fir Trees Brook
****West Close Clough
****Acres Brook
**Moor Isles Clough
**Spurn Clough
**[[Pendle Water]]
***Old Laund Clough
***Edge End Brook
***Walverden Water
****Bradley Syke
****Head Beck
*****Dobson Syke
****Catlow Brook
*****Pighole Clough
*****Pathole Beck
*****New Laithe Clough
*****Float Bridge Beck
*****Swains Plat Clough
***[[Colne Water]]
****Swinden Clough
****Wanless Water
*****Slipper Hill Clough
*****Houses Beck Moss
******Moss Houses Beck
****Guy Syke
****Church Clough Brook
****Trawden Brook
*****Beardshaw Beck
*****Round Hole Beck
*****Will Moor Clough
****[[River Laneshaw]]
*****High Laith Beck
******Sykes Beck
******Shawhead Beck
*****Monkroyd Beck
*****Hullown Beck
*****Swamp Syke
*****Laneshaw Brook
******Round Holes Beck
******Cat Stone Clough
****[[Wycoller Beck]]
*****Ratten Clough
*****Smithy Clough
******Deep Clough Beck
******Nan Hole Clough
*****Turnhole Clough
******Butter Leach Clough
******Saucer Hill Clough
***Blacko Water
****Castor Gill
****Claude's Clough
****Admergill Water
*****Wicken Clough
*****Greystone Clough
*****Sandyford Clough
***White Hough Water
****Dimpenley Clough
****Bird Holme Clough
****Barley Water
*****Deep Clough
*****Black Moss Water
******Water Gate
******Warth Beck
****Ogden Clough
*****Boar Clough
*****White Slacks
*****Dry Clough
**Barden Clough
**[[River Brun]]
***[[River Don (Lancashire)|River Don]]
****Walshaw Clough
****Thursden Brook
*****Ell Clough
*****Black Clough
******Hey Stacks Clough
******Tom Groove
***Swinden Water
****Hell Clough
***Hurstwood Brook
****Smallshaw Clough
***Rock Water
****Cant Clough Beck
**Everage Clough
***Hole House Clough
****Buck Clough
**Dick Clough
**Easden Clough
**Black Clough
**Green Clough
***Copy Clough
****Sheddon Clough

===River Hodder watershed===
*[[River Hodder]]
**Cow Ark Brook
***Mill Brook
***Hagg Clough
**[[River Loud]]
***Leagram Brook
****Hill Clough
****Burnslack Brook
***Chipping Brook
**Greystoneley Brook
***Hell Clough
***Dinkling Green Brook
**Withins Clough
**Red Syke
**Fielding Clough
**Langden Brook
***Hareden Brook
****Lane Foot Brook
*****Fog Hill Clough
*****Cherry Gutter
****Crackling Syke
****Dimples Clough
***Losterdale Brook
****[[Trough of Bowland|Trough Brook]]
***Mere Clough Wham
***Bleadale Water
***Stransdale Brook
****Stransdale Gutter
**Robin Clough
**[[River Dunsop]]
***Brennand River
****Round Hill Water
*****Brown Syke
***Whitendale River
****Sandy Gutter
**Black Brook
**Rough Syke
**Grey Gill
**Heaning Brook
**Birkett Brook
***Crimpton Brook
**Foulscales Brook
***Bonstone Brook
***Crag Beck
**Easington Brook
***Sough Clough
***Rye Clough
***Skelshaw Brook
***Langcliff Cross Brook
****Tinklers Brook
*****Anna Land Brook
***Harrop Brook
***Dean Slack Brook
**King Syke
**Dunnow Syke
**Croasdale Brook
***Eller Beck
***Lanshaw Brook
****Davison's Syke
****Clough Beck
****Dunsop Brook
***Hill Wood Syke
***Moor Syke
****Round Hill Syke
***Black Brook
****Hind Slack
**Barn Gill
***Park Beck
***Dugdale Syke
**Phynis Beck
***Wain Hill Syke
**Bottoms Beck
***Hesbert Hall Syke
***Hindley Head Clough
***Thorp Syke
***Dob Dale Beck
****Nursery Beck
*****Brock Clough Beck
****Brown Hills Beck
*****Ash Clough Swamp
**Hasgill Beck
***Cowgill Syke
***Rigg Gill Syke
**Copter Syke
**Hare Clough Beck
**White Syke
**Kearsden Holes
**Red Syke

===Whalley to Barnoldswick===
*Barrow Brook
*Pig Hill Brook
*Barrow Clough
*[[Pendleton Brook]]
**Mearley Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Worston Brook
****Rad Brook
**Howcroft Brook
*[[Bashall Brook]]
**Hollins Clough
**Cow Hey Brook
***Sandy Ford Brook
**Braddup Clough
**Elm Clough
*Waddington Brook
**Coplow Brook
*Greg Sike
*West Bradford Brook
**Brocklehurst Brook
**Drakehouse Brook
***Porters Brook
****Bradford Brook
*Moor Roads Sike
*West Clough Brook
*Grindleton Brook
*Chatburn Brook
*Smithies Brook
**Swanside Beck
***Stankhill Beck
****Gazegill or Rimington Beck
*****Thistleber Beck
******Eel Beck
*******Widow Hill Beck
*****Skell Banks Syke
*****Howgill Beck
******Whytha Beck
******Collaver Syke
*****Crag Clough
***Dudland Syke
****Cow Gill Beck
**Ings Beck
***Twiston Beck
****Pendle Hill Brook
***Clough Beck
***Gill Beck
*Rathmill Sike
*Hollins Syke
*Skinners Sike
*Sliping Brook
**Hell Syke
**Hill Brook
*[[Skirden Beck]]
**Holden Beck
***Mear Gill
****Fell Brook
*****Bay Gate Brook
*****Far Fields Brook
*****Black Brook
****Holden Beck
*****Threap Green Brook
**Kirk Beck
***Fox Gill Beck
****Gill Bottom Beck
**Bier Beck
***Hungrill Beck
****Higher Syke
*****Bleara Syke
*****Varleys Syke
***Cuddy Syke
**Monubent Beck
***Hen Gill Beck
****Agden Beck
*****Mere Syke
**Grunsagill Beck
***Tosside Beck
****Holden Beck or Moor End Beck
**New Gill Beck
***Bond Beck
****Little Beck
****Sandy Syke
***Walkers Clough
*Fooden Gill
*Park House Beck
*Wheatley Beck
*Ellenthorpe Gill

===Barnoldswick to source===
*[[Stock Beck]]
**Spittle Syke
**Horton Beck
**Bottom Beck
***Lodge Hill Syke
****Old Park Syke
*****Wedacre Syke
*****Hesketh Rough Syke
**Flush Beck
**Hell Forest Dike
***Turpit Gate Syke
***Hayfield Dike
****Tosber Syke
**Fools Syke
***Ray Gill Water
****Ray Gill
***Horrox Gill
**Crownest Syke
**Gillians Beck
***Moor Side Beck
*East Beck
**Carholme Beck
*Ray Gill
*Ged Beck
*Swinden Gill Beck
**Mallardale Beck
*Mansell Beck
*Pan Beck
**Hellifield Beck
**Gallaber Syke
***Bend Gate Syke
**Kell Well Beck
*Candle Rush Beck
*Deep Dale Syke
*Long Preston Beck
**Bookil Gill Beck
**Scaleber Beck
*Old Field Syke
**Crow Hill Syke
*Wigglesworth Beck
**Tofts Syke
**Rough Syke
*Rathmell Beck
**Hollow Gill Beck
**Rathmell Goit
*Skir Beck
*Mear Beck
*Swaw Beck
**Carr Beck
*Tems Beck
**Huntworth Beck
*Lodge Gill
*Stainforth Beck
**Catrigg Beck
***Cowside Beck
**Tongue Gill
***Fornah Gill
*How Beck
*Blind Beck
*Turn Dub
*Selside Beck
**Gillgarth Beck
*Coppy Gill

===Pre-Ribble===
====Cam Beck====
*'''Cam Beck''' (aka Ling Gill Beck)
**Brow Gill Beck
**Ling Gill Beck
**Labour Gill
**Poverty Gill
**Hard Turf Gill
**Dry Gill
**Little Bank Gill
***Foul Gutter
**Rush Gill
**Lamb Fold Gill
**Little Intake Gill
**Middle Gill
**Tur Gill
**Grainings Gill
**Red Sike
**Pot Close Gill
**Far End Gill
***Cold Keld Gill
====Gayle Beck====
*'''Gayle Beck'''
**Axletree Gill
**Gate Cote Gill
**White Earth Gill
**High Springs
**Lat Gill
**Long Gill
***Mares Gill
***Far Mares Gill
***Shivery Gill
***Jam Sike
**Ouster Gill

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://members.lycos.co.uk/gdeanict/ribble/ River Ribble - from source to sea]
*[http://www.preston.gov.uk/Category.asp?cat=785 Riverworks]
*[http://save-the-ribble.blogspot.com Save The Ribble]
*[http://www.ribblelink.co.uk Ribble Link Trust Ltd]

[[Category:Rivers in Lancashire|Ribble, River]]
[[Category:Rivers in North Yorkshire|Ribble, River]]
[[Category:Preston]]

[[fr:Ribble]]
[[no:Ribble (elv)]]

River Ribble

2007-02-03T02:13:49Z

Theelf29: /* River Hodder watershed */

{{Infobox_river | river_name = River Ribble
| image_name = River_Ribble_at_Ribchester.jpg
| caption = The River Ribble at [[Ribchester]]. Photograph by [http://www.flickr.com/people/stubbsuk Stuart Grimshaw]
| origin = Confluence of Gayle Beck and Cam Beck, Selside
| mouth = [[Irish Sea]] at [[Lytham]]
| basin_countries = [[England]]
| length = 121 km (75 miles)
| elevation = 246 m (807 ft)
| discharge =
| watershed = |
}}

The '''River Ribble''' is a river that runs through [[North Yorkshire]] and [[Lancashire]], in the North of [[England]].

The Ribble begins at the confluence of the ''Gayle Beck'' and ''Cam Beck'' near the famous [[Ribblehead Viaduct|viaduct]] at [[Ribblehead]], in the shadow of the [[Yorkshire three peaks]].

It flows through [[Settle]], [[Clitheroe]] and [[Preston]], before emptying into the [[Irish Sea]] between [[Lytham St. Annes]] and [[Southport]], a length of 75 miles.

The main tributaries of the Ribble are the [[River Hodder|Hodder]] and [[River Calder, Lancashire|Calder]] which join the river near [[Great Mitton]], the [[River Darwen]] which joins at [[Walton-le-Dale]] and the [[River Douglas]] which joins near [[Hesketh Bank]].

The [[Ribble Way]] is a long-distance footpath which follows the river for much of its course. The Ribble marked the ancient northern boundary of [[Mercia]]{{fact}}; and at the time of the [[Domesday Book]] was the northern boundary of [[Cheshire]].

The river is connected to both the [[Leeds and Liverpool Canal]] and the [[Lancaster Canal]] (via the [[Ribble Link]]).

Its estuary forms part of the [[Ribble and Alt Estuaries]] [[Special Protection Area]] for wildlife.

The River Ribble catchment is covered by the [[Mersey Basin Campaign]], a partnership which was established in [[1985]] to improve water quality and encourage waterside regeneration.

Preston City Council have published controversial plans to build a barrage across the River Ribble, in their 'Riverworks' proposals. The aim of these proposals is to build a water sports park on a section of the Ribble, coupled with over 4000 units of high quality housing and businesses in the river's flood plain. Some local residents are opposing these plans, arguing that they endanger wildlife, increase flood risk to local housing and damage greenbelt areas. These residents have set up the 'Save The Ribble' campaign. Parts of the river are a County Biological Heritage Site.

The Ribble would appear to have been known in [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times as the [[Belisama]],<ref>[[Ronald Hutton]] (1991). ''The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles.'' Oxford: Blackwell. p.218</ref> possibly giving its name to [[Samlesbury]]. [[Ptolemy]]'s "''Belisama aest.''" seems to represent the estuary of the Ribble.

==Settlements==
*[[Horton in Ribblesdale]]
*[[Stainforth, North Yorkshire|Stainforth]]
*[[Stackhouse, North yorkshire|Stackhouse]]
*[[Langcliffe]]
*[[Giggleswick]]
*[[Nappa, North Yorkshire|Nappa]]
*[[Settle]]
*[[Halton West]]
*[[Paythorne]]
*[[Sawley, North Yorkshire|Sawley]]
*[[West Bradford, Lancashire|West Bradford]]
*[[Horrocksford]]
*[[Clitheroe]]
*[[Great Mitton]]
*[[Little Town]]
*[[Ribchester]]
*[[Samlesbury]]
*[[Walton-le-Dale]]
*[[Preston]]
*[[Lower Penwortham]]
*[[Higher Penwortham]]
*[[Lytham]]

==Tributaries==
===Estuary to Preston===
*Crossens Pool
*Main Drain
**Liggard Brook
**Wrea Brook
*Hundred End Gutter
*Pool Stream
*[[River Douglas]]
**[[River Yarrow]]
***[[River Lostock]]
****Wymott Brook
****Clayton Brook
****Slack Brook
****Whave's Brook
***Syd Brook
***Culbeck Brook
***[[River Chor]]
***Clancutt Brook
***Eller Brook
***[[Black Brook (Chorley)|Black Brook]]
****Fill Brook
***Limestone Brook
***Green Withins Brook
**[[River Tawd]]
*[[Freckleton Pool]]
**Dow Brook
***Spen Brook
***Carr Brook
****Wrongway Brook
**Middle Pool
*[[Ribble Link|Savick Brook]]
*Mill Brook
*The Mains Brook

===River Darwen watershed===
*[[River Darwen]]
**Hennel Brook
***Cockshott Brook
**Mank Brooks
***Black Brook
****Hatchwood Brook
***Fowler Brook
****Drum Head Brook
*****Gorton Brook
*****Mill Brook
****Bank Head Brook
**Old Darwen
**Beeston Brook
***Quaker Brook
**Hole Brook
***Huntley Brook (North)
***Huntley Brook (South)
**Alum House Brook
***Arley Brook
**Trout Brook
**[[River Roddlesworth]]
***Finnington Brook
***Stockclough Brook
****Whitehalgh Brook
*****Shaw Brook
*****Chapels Brook
*****Sheep Bridge Brook
***Rake Brook
***Calf Hey Brook
***Ferny Bed Springs
**[[River Blakewater]]
***Snig Brook
***Audley Brook
***Little Harwood Brook
****Royshaw Clough
****Seven Acre Brook
***Knuzden Brook
**Scotshaw Brook
***Moss Brook
***Badger Brook
**Higher Croft Brook
***Newfield Brook
**Davy Field Brook
***Flash Brook
***Grimshaw Brook
****Waterside Brook
*****Mean Brook
******Sapling Clough
*****Hoddlesden Moss Brook
******Far Scotland Brook
*****Pickup Bank Brook
******Moss Brook
******Twitchells Brook
**Sunnyhurst Brook
***Stepback Brook
**Bold Venture Brook
***High Lumb Brook
****Livesey Brook
**Kebbs Brook
***Green Lowe Brook
**Bury Fold Brook
***Old Briggs Brook
****Duckshaw Brook
**Grain Brook
***Bent Hall Brook
***Deadman's Clough

===Preston to Whalley===
*Swill Brook
*Bezza Brook
**Wilcock Brook
***Mellor Brook
*Tun Brook
*[[Stydd Brook]]
**Boyce's Brook
***Cowley Brook
***Page Brook
**Duddel Brook
*Starling Brook
*Dean Brook
**Bailey Brook
**Brownslow Brook
*[[Dinckley Brook]]
**Park Brook
***Showley Brook
****Knotts Brook
***Zechariah Brook

===River Calder watershed===
*[[River Calder, Lancashire|River Calder]]
**Bushburn Brook
**Dean Brook
**Egg Syke Brook
**Rodger Hey Brook
**[[Sabden Brook]]
***Badger Well Water
***Wood House Brook
***Cock Clough
**Clough Syke Brook
**[[Hyndburn Brook]]
***Harwood Brook
****Causeway Brook
***Norden Brook
***Spaw Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Bottom Syke
***[[River Hyndburn]]
****Church Brook
*****Accrington Brook
******Woodnook Water
*******Warmden Brook
*******Tom Dale Clough
***White Ash Brook
****Wolfenden Syke
****Lottice Brook
***Tinker Brook
****Whams Brook
****Jackhouse Brook
*****Cocker Brook
******White Syke
*****Cocker Lumb
**Syke Side Brook
***Clough Brook
**Simonstone Brook
**Shorten Brook
**Dean Brook
***Huntroyde Brook
**Castle Clough Brook
***Castle Clough
**Green Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Sweet Clough
***Hapton Clough
****Thorny Bank Clough
****Tower Brook
***Habergham Clough
****New Barn Clough
*****Helm Clough
****Micklehurst Clough
*****Long Syke
**Whitaker Clough
***Fir Trees Brook
****West Close Clough
****Acres Brook
**Moor Isles Clough
**Spurn Clough
**[[Pendle Water]]
***Old Laund Clough
***Edge End Brook
***Walverden Water
****Bradley Syke
****Head Beck
*****Dobson Syke
****Catlow Brook
*****Pighole Clough
*****Pathole Beck
*****New Laithe Clough
*****Float Bridge Beck
*****Swains Plat Clough
***[[Colne Water]]
****Swinden Clough
****Wanless Water
*****Slipper Hill Clough
*****Houses Beck Moss
******Moss Houses Beck
****Guy Syke
****Church Clough Brook
****Trawden Brook
*****Beardshaw Beck
*****Round Hole Beck
*****Will Moor Clough
****[[River Laneshaw]]
*****High Laith Beck
******Sykes Beck
******Shawhead Beck
*****Monkroyd Beck
*****Hullown Beck
*****Swamp Syke
*****Laneshaw Brook
******Round Holes Beck
******Cat Stone Clough
****[[Wycoller Beck]]
*****Ratten Clough
*****Smithy Clough
******Deep Clough Beck
******Nan Hole Clough
*****Turnhole Clough
******Butter Leach Clough
******Saucer Hill Clough
***Blacko Water
****Castor Gill
****Claude's Clough
****Admergill Water
*****Wicken Clough
*****Greystone Clough
*****Sandyford Clough
***White Hough Water
****Dimpenley Clough
****Bird Holme Clough
****Barley Water
*****Deep Clough
*****Black Moss Water
******Water Gate
******Warth Beck
****Ogden Clough
*****Boar Clough
*****White Slacks
*****Dry Clough
**Barden Clough
**[[River Brun]]
***[[River Don (Lancashire)|River Don]]
****Walshaw Clough
****Thursden Brook
*****Ell Clough
*****Black Clough
******Hey Stacks Clough
******Tom Groove
***Swinden Water
****Hell Clough
***Hurstwood Brook
****Smallshaw Clough
***Rock Water
****Cant Clough Beck
**Everage Clough
***Hole House Clough
****Buck Clough
**Dick Clough
**Easden Clough
**Black Clough
**Green Clough
***Copy Clough
****Sheddon Clough

===River Hodder watershed===
*[[River Hodder]]
**Cow Ark Brook
***Mill Brook
***Hagg Clough
**[[River Loud]]
***Leagram Brook
****Hill Clough
****Burnslack Brook
***Chipping Brook
**Greystoneley Brook
***Hell Clough
***Dinkling Green Brook
**Withins Clough
**Red Syke
**Fielding Clough
**Langden Brook
***Hareden Brook
****Lane Foot Brook
*****Fog Hill Clough
*****Cherry Gutter
****Crackling Syke
****Dimples Clough
***Losterdale Brook
****[[Trough of Bowland|Trough Brook]]
***Mere Clough Wham
***Bleadale Water
***Stransdale Brook
****Stransdale Gutter
**Robin Clough
**[[River Dunsop]]
***Brennand River
****Round Hill Water
*****Brown Syke
***Whitendale River
****Sandy Gutter
**Black Brook
**Rough Syke
**Grey Gill
**Heaning Brook
**Birkett Brook
***Crimpton Brook
**Foulscales Brook
***Bonstone Brook
***Crag Beck
**Easington Brook
***Sough Clough
***Rye Clough
***Skelshaw Brook
***Langcliff Cross Brook
****Tinklers Brook
***Harrop Brook
***Dean Slack Brook

===Whalley to Barnoldswick===
*Barrow Brook
*Pig Hill Brook
*Barrow Clough
*[[Pendleton Brook]]
**Mearley Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Worston Brook
****Rad Brook
**Howcroft Brook
*[[Bashall Brook]]
**Hollins Clough
**Cow Hey Brook
***Sandy Ford Brook
**Braddup Clough
**Elm Clough
*Waddington Brook
**Coplow Brook
*Greg Sike
*West Bradford Brook
**Brocklehurst Brook
**Drakehouse Brook
***Porters Brook
****Bradford Brook
*Moor Roads Sike
*West Clough Brook
*Grindleton Brook
*Chatburn Brook
*Smithies Brook
**Swanside Beck
***Stankhill Beck
****Gazegill or Rimington Beck
*****Thistleber Beck
******Eel Beck
*******Widow Hill Beck
*****Skell Banks Syke
*****Howgill Beck
******Whytha Beck
******Collaver Syke
*****Crag Clough
***Dudland Syke
****Cow Gill Beck
**Ings Beck
***Twiston Beck
****Pendle Hill Brook
***Clough Beck
***Gill Beck
*Rathmill Sike
*Hollins Syke
*Skinners Sike
*Sliping Brook
**Hell Syke
**Hill Brook
*[[Skirden Beck]]
**Holden Beck
***Mear Gill
****Fell Brook
*****Bay Gate Brook
*****Far Fields Brook
*****Black Brook
****Holden Beck
*****Threap Green Brook
**Kirk Beck
***Fox Gill Beck
****Gill Bottom Beck
**Bier Beck
***Hungrill Beck
****Higher Syke
*****Bleara Syke
*****Varleys Syke
***Cuddy Syke
**Monubent Beck
***Hen Gill Beck
****Agden Beck
*****Mere Syke
**Grunsagill Beck
***Tosside Beck
****Holden Beck or Moor End Beck
**New Gill Beck
***Bond Beck
****Little Beck
****Sandy Syke
***Walkers Clough
*Fooden Gill
*Park House Beck
*Wheatley Beck
*Ellenthorpe Gill

===Barnoldswick to source===
*[[Stock Beck]]
**Spittle Syke
**Horton Beck
**Bottom Beck
***Lodge Hill Syke
****Old Park Syke
*****Wedacre Syke
*****Hesketh Rough Syke
**Flush Beck
**Hell Forest Dike
***Turpit Gate Syke
***Hayfield Dike
****Tosber Syke
**Fools Syke
***Ray Gill Water
****Ray Gill
***Horrox Gill
**Crownest Syke
**Gillians Beck
***Moor Side Beck
*East Beck
**Carholme Beck
*Ray Gill
*Ged Beck
*Swinden Gill Beck
**Mallardale Beck
*Mansell Beck
*Pan Beck
**Hellifield Beck
**Gallaber Syke
***Bend Gate Syke
**Kell Well Beck
*Candle Rush Beck
*Deep Dale Syke
*Long Preston Beck
**Bookil Gill Beck
**Scaleber Beck
*Old Field Syke
**Crow Hill Syke
*Wigglesworth Beck
**Tofts Syke
**Rough Syke
*Rathmell Beck
**Hollow Gill Beck
**Rathmell Goit
*Skir Beck
*Mear Beck
*Swaw Beck
**Carr Beck
*Tems Beck
**Huntworth Beck
*Lodge Gill
*Stainforth Beck
**Catrigg Beck
***Cowside Beck
**Tongue Gill
***Fornah Gill
*How Beck
*Blind Beck
*Turn Dub
*Selside Beck
**Gillgarth Beck
*Coppy Gill

===Pre-Ribble===
====Cam Beck====
*'''Cam Beck''' (aka Ling Gill Beck)
**Brow Gill Beck
**Ling Gill Beck
**Labour Gill
**Poverty Gill
**Hard Turf Gill
**Dry Gill
**Little Bank Gill
***Foul Gutter
**Rush Gill
**Lamb Fold Gill
**Little Intake Gill
**Middle Gill
**Tur Gill
**Grainings Gill
**Red Sike
**Pot Close Gill
**Far End Gill
***Cold Keld Gill
====Gayle Beck====
*'''Gayle Beck'''
**Axletree Gill
**Gate Cote Gill
**White Earth Gill
**High Springs
**Lat Gill
**Long Gill
***Mares Gill
***Far Mares Gill
***Shivery Gill
***Jam Sike
**Ouster Gill

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://members.lycos.co.uk/gdeanict/ribble/ River Ribble - from source to sea]
*[http://www.preston.gov.uk/Category.asp?cat=785 Riverworks]
*[http://save-the-ribble.blogspot.com Save The Ribble]
*[http://www.ribblelink.co.uk Ribble Link Trust Ltd]

[[Category:Rivers in Lancashire|Ribble, River]]
[[Category:Rivers in North Yorkshire|Ribble, River]]
[[Category:Preston]]

[[fr:Ribble]]
[[no:Ribble (elv)]]

River Ribble

2007-02-03T01:40:38Z

Theelf29: /* River Calder watershed */

{{Infobox_river | river_name = River Ribble
| image_name = River_Ribble_at_Ribchester.jpg
| caption = The River Ribble at [[Ribchester]]. Photograph by [http://www.flickr.com/people/stubbsuk Stuart Grimshaw]
| origin = Confluence of Gayle Beck and Cam Beck, Selside
| mouth = [[Irish Sea]] at [[Lytham]]
| basin_countries = [[England]]
| length = 121 km (75 miles)
| elevation = 246 m (807 ft)
| discharge =
| watershed = |
}}

The '''River Ribble''' is a river that runs through [[North Yorkshire]] and [[Lancashire]], in the North of [[England]].

The Ribble begins at the confluence of the ''Gayle Beck'' and ''Cam Beck'' near the famous [[Ribblehead Viaduct|viaduct]] at [[Ribblehead]], in the shadow of the [[Yorkshire three peaks]].

It flows through [[Settle]], [[Clitheroe]] and [[Preston]], before emptying into the [[Irish Sea]] between [[Lytham St. Annes]] and [[Southport]], a length of 75 miles.

The main tributaries of the Ribble are the [[River Hodder|Hodder]] and [[River Calder, Lancashire|Calder]] which join the river near [[Great Mitton]], the [[River Darwen]] which joins at [[Walton-le-Dale]] and the [[River Douglas]] which joins near [[Hesketh Bank]].

The [[Ribble Way]] is a long-distance footpath which follows the river for much of its course. The Ribble marked the ancient northern boundary of [[Mercia]]{{fact}}; and at the time of the [[Domesday Book]] was the northern boundary of [[Cheshire]].

The river is connected to both the [[Leeds and Liverpool Canal]] and the [[Lancaster Canal]] (via the [[Ribble Link]]).

Its estuary forms part of the [[Ribble and Alt Estuaries]] [[Special Protection Area]] for wildlife.

The River Ribble catchment is covered by the [[Mersey Basin Campaign]], a partnership which was established in [[1985]] to improve water quality and encourage waterside regeneration.

Preston City Council have published controversial plans to build a barrage across the River Ribble, in their 'Riverworks' proposals. The aim of these proposals is to build a water sports park on a section of the Ribble, coupled with over 4000 units of high quality housing and businesses in the river's flood plain. Some local residents are opposing these plans, arguing that they endanger wildlife, increase flood risk to local housing and damage greenbelt areas. These residents have set up the 'Save The Ribble' campaign. Parts of the river are a County Biological Heritage Site.

The Ribble would appear to have been known in [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times as the [[Belisama]],<ref>[[Ronald Hutton]] (1991). ''The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles.'' Oxford: Blackwell. p.218</ref> possibly giving its name to [[Samlesbury]]. [[Ptolemy]]'s "''Belisama aest.''" seems to represent the estuary of the Ribble.

==Settlements==
*[[Horton in Ribblesdale]]
*[[Stainforth, North Yorkshire|Stainforth]]
*[[Stackhouse, North yorkshire|Stackhouse]]
*[[Langcliffe]]
*[[Giggleswick]]
*[[Nappa, North Yorkshire|Nappa]]
*[[Settle]]
*[[Halton West]]
*[[Paythorne]]
*[[Sawley, North Yorkshire|Sawley]]
*[[West Bradford, Lancashire|West Bradford]]
*[[Horrocksford]]
*[[Clitheroe]]
*[[Great Mitton]]
*[[Little Town]]
*[[Ribchester]]
*[[Samlesbury]]
*[[Walton-le-Dale]]
*[[Preston]]
*[[Lower Penwortham]]
*[[Higher Penwortham]]
*[[Lytham]]

==Tributaries==
===Estuary to Preston===
*Crossens Pool
*Main Drain
**Liggard Brook
**Wrea Brook
*Hundred End Gutter
*Pool Stream
*[[River Douglas]]
**[[River Yarrow]]
***[[River Lostock]]
****Wymott Brook
****Clayton Brook
****Slack Brook
****Whave's Brook
***Syd Brook
***Culbeck Brook
***[[River Chor]]
***Clancutt Brook
***Eller Brook
***[[Black Brook (Chorley)|Black Brook]]
****Fill Brook
***Limestone Brook
***Green Withins Brook
**[[River Tawd]]
*[[Freckleton Pool]]
**Dow Brook
***Spen Brook
***Carr Brook
****Wrongway Brook
**Middle Pool
*[[Ribble Link|Savick Brook]]
*Mill Brook
*The Mains Brook

===River Darwen watershed===
*[[River Darwen]]
**Hennel Brook
***Cockshott Brook
**Mank Brooks
***Black Brook
****Hatchwood Brook
***Fowler Brook
****Drum Head Brook
*****Gorton Brook
*****Mill Brook
****Bank Head Brook
**Old Darwen
**Beeston Brook
***Quaker Brook
**Hole Brook
***Huntley Brook (North)
***Huntley Brook (South)
**Alum House Brook
***Arley Brook
**Trout Brook
**[[River Roddlesworth]]
***Finnington Brook
***Stockclough Brook
****Whitehalgh Brook
*****Shaw Brook
*****Chapels Brook
*****Sheep Bridge Brook
***Rake Brook
***Calf Hey Brook
***Ferny Bed Springs
**[[River Blakewater]]
***Snig Brook
***Audley Brook
***Little Harwood Brook
****Royshaw Clough
****Seven Acre Brook
***Knuzden Brook
**Scotshaw Brook
***Moss Brook
***Badger Brook
**Higher Croft Brook
***Newfield Brook
**Davy Field Brook
***Flash Brook
***Grimshaw Brook
****Waterside Brook
*****Mean Brook
******Sapling Clough
*****Hoddlesden Moss Brook
******Far Scotland Brook
*****Pickup Bank Brook
******Moss Brook
******Twitchells Brook
**Sunnyhurst Brook
***Stepback Brook
**Bold Venture Brook
***High Lumb Brook
****Livesey Brook
**Kebbs Brook
***Green Lowe Brook
**Bury Fold Brook
***Old Briggs Brook
****Duckshaw Brook
**Grain Brook
***Bent Hall Brook
***Deadman's Clough

===Preston to Whalley===
*Swill Brook
*Bezza Brook
**Wilcock Brook
***Mellor Brook
*Tun Brook
*[[Stydd Brook]]
**Boyce's Brook
***Cowley Brook
***Page Brook
**Duddel Brook
*Starling Brook
*Dean Brook
**Bailey Brook
**Brownslow Brook
*[[Dinckley Brook]]
**Park Brook
***Showley Brook
****Knotts Brook
***Zechariah Brook

===River Calder watershed===
*[[River Calder, Lancashire|River Calder]]
**Bushburn Brook
**Dean Brook
**Egg Syke Brook
**Rodger Hey Brook
**[[Sabden Brook]]
***Badger Well Water
***Wood House Brook
***Cock Clough
**Clough Syke Brook
**[[Hyndburn Brook]]
***Harwood Brook
****Causeway Brook
***Norden Brook
***Spaw Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Bottom Syke
***[[River Hyndburn]]
****Church Brook
*****Accrington Brook
******Woodnook Water
*******Warmden Brook
*******Tom Dale Clough
***White Ash Brook
****Wolfenden Syke
****Lottice Brook
***Tinker Brook
****Whams Brook
****Jackhouse Brook
*****Cocker Brook
******White Syke
*****Cocker Lumb
**Syke Side Brook
***Clough Brook
**Simonstone Brook
**Shorten Brook
**Dean Brook
***Huntroyde Brook
**Castle Clough Brook
***Castle Clough
**Green Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Sweet Clough
***Hapton Clough
****Thorny Bank Clough
****Tower Brook
***Habergham Clough
****New Barn Clough
*****Helm Clough
****Micklehurst Clough
*****Long Syke
**Whitaker Clough
***Fir Trees Brook
****West Close Clough
****Acres Brook
**Moor Isles Clough
**Spurn Clough
**[[Pendle Water]]
***Old Laund Clough
***Edge End Brook
***Walverden Water
****Bradley Syke
****Head Beck
*****Dobson Syke
****Catlow Brook
*****Pighole Clough
*****Pathole Beck
*****New Laithe Clough
*****Float Bridge Beck
*****Swains Plat Clough
***[[Colne Water]]
****Swinden Clough
****Wanless Water
*****Slipper Hill Clough
*****Houses Beck Moss
******Moss Houses Beck
****Guy Syke
****Church Clough Brook
****Trawden Brook
*****Beardshaw Beck
*****Round Hole Beck
*****Will Moor Clough
****[[River Laneshaw]]
*****High Laith Beck
******Sykes Beck
******Shawhead Beck
*****Monkroyd Beck
*****Hullown Beck
*****Swamp Syke
*****Laneshaw Brook
******Round Holes Beck
******Cat Stone Clough
****[[Wycoller Beck]]
*****Ratten Clough
*****Smithy Clough
******Deep Clough Beck
******Nan Hole Clough
*****Turnhole Clough
******Butter Leach Clough
******Saucer Hill Clough
***Blacko Water
****Castor Gill
****Claude's Clough
****Admergill Water
*****Wicken Clough
*****Greystone Clough
*****Sandyford Clough
***White Hough Water
****Dimpenley Clough
****Bird Holme Clough
****Barley Water
*****Deep Clough
*****Black Moss Water
******Water Gate
******Warth Beck
****Ogden Clough
*****Boar Clough
*****White Slacks
*****Dry Clough
**Barden Clough
**[[River Brun]]
***[[River Don (Lancashire)|River Don]]
****Walshaw Clough
****Thursden Brook
*****Ell Clough
*****Black Clough
******Hey Stacks Clough
******Tom Groove
***Swinden Water
****Hell Clough
***Hurstwood Brook
****Smallshaw Clough
***Rock Water
****Cant Clough Beck
**Everage Clough
***Hole House Clough
****Buck Clough
**Dick Clough
**Easden Clough
**Black Clough
**Green Clough
***Copy Clough
****Sheddon Clough

===River Hodder watershed===
*[[River Hodder]]
**[[River Dunsop]]
***Brennand River
***Whitendale River

===Whalley to Barnoldswick===
*Barrow Brook
*Pig Hill Brook
*Barrow Clough
*[[Pendleton Brook]]
**Mearley Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Worston Brook
****Rad Brook
**Howcroft Brook
*[[Bashall Brook]]
**Hollins Clough
**Cow Hey Brook
***Sandy Ford Brook
**Braddup Clough
**Elm Clough
*Waddington Brook
**Coplow Brook
*Greg Sike
*West Bradford Brook
**Brocklehurst Brook
**Drakehouse Brook
***Porters Brook
****Bradford Brook
*Moor Roads Sike
*West Clough Brook
*Grindleton Brook
*Chatburn Brook
*Smithies Brook
**Swanside Beck
***Stankhill Beck
****Gazegill or Rimington Beck
*****Thistleber Beck
******Eel Beck
*******Widow Hill Beck
*****Skell Banks Syke
*****Howgill Beck
******Whytha Beck
******Collaver Syke
*****Crag Clough
***Dudland Syke
****Cow Gill Beck
**Ings Beck
***Twiston Beck
****Pendle Hill Brook
***Clough Beck
***Gill Beck
*Rathmill Sike
*Hollins Syke
*Skinners Sike
*Sliping Brook
**Hell Syke
**Hill Brook
*[[Skirden Beck]]
**Holden Beck
***Mear Gill
****Fell Brook
*****Bay Gate Brook
*****Far Fields Brook
*****Black Brook
****Holden Beck
*****Threap Green Brook
**Kirk Beck
***Fox Gill Beck
****Gill Bottom Beck
**Bier Beck
***Hungrill Beck
****Higher Syke
*****Bleara Syke
*****Varleys Syke
***Cuddy Syke
**Monubent Beck
***Hen Gill Beck
****Agden Beck
*****Mere Syke
**Grunsagill Beck
***Tosside Beck
****Holden Beck or Moor End Beck
**New Gill Beck
***Bond Beck
****Little Beck
****Sandy Syke
***Walkers Clough
*Fooden Gill
*Park House Beck
*Wheatley Beck
*Ellenthorpe Gill

===Barnoldswick to source===
*[[Stock Beck]]
**Spittle Syke
**Horton Beck
**Bottom Beck
***Lodge Hill Syke
****Old Park Syke
*****Wedacre Syke
*****Hesketh Rough Syke
**Flush Beck
**Hell Forest Dike
***Turpit Gate Syke
***Hayfield Dike
****Tosber Syke
**Fools Syke
***Ray Gill Water
****Ray Gill
***Horrox Gill
**Crownest Syke
**Gillians Beck
***Moor Side Beck
*East Beck
**Carholme Beck
*Ray Gill
*Ged Beck
*Swinden Gill Beck
**Mallardale Beck
*Mansell Beck
*Pan Beck
**Hellifield Beck
**Gallaber Syke
***Bend Gate Syke
**Kell Well Beck
*Candle Rush Beck
*Deep Dale Syke
*Long Preston Beck
**Bookil Gill Beck
**Scaleber Beck
*Old Field Syke
**Crow Hill Syke
*Wigglesworth Beck
**Tofts Syke
**Rough Syke
*Rathmell Beck
**Hollow Gill Beck
**Rathmell Goit
*Skir Beck
*Mear Beck
*Swaw Beck
**Carr Beck
*Tems Beck
**Huntworth Beck
*Lodge Gill
*Stainforth Beck
**Catrigg Beck
***Cowside Beck
**Tongue Gill
***Fornah Gill
*How Beck
*Blind Beck
*Turn Dub
*Selside Beck
**Gillgarth Beck
*Coppy Gill

===Pre-Ribble===
====Cam Beck====
*'''Cam Beck''' (aka Ling Gill Beck)
**Brow Gill Beck
**Ling Gill Beck
**Labour Gill
**Poverty Gill
**Hard Turf Gill
**Dry Gill
**Little Bank Gill
***Foul Gutter
**Rush Gill
**Lamb Fold Gill
**Little Intake Gill
**Middle Gill
**Tur Gill
**Grainings Gill
**Red Sike
**Pot Close Gill
**Far End Gill
***Cold Keld Gill
====Gayle Beck====
*'''Gayle Beck'''
**Axletree Gill
**Gate Cote Gill
**White Earth Gill
**High Springs
**Lat Gill
**Long Gill
***Mares Gill
***Far Mares Gill
***Shivery Gill
***Jam Sike
**Ouster Gill

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://members.lycos.co.uk/gdeanict/ribble/ River Ribble - from source to sea]
*[http://www.preston.gov.uk/Category.asp?cat=785 Riverworks]
*[http://save-the-ribble.blogspot.com Save The Ribble]
*[http://www.ribblelink.co.uk Ribble Link Trust Ltd]

[[Category:Rivers in Lancashire|Ribble, River]]
[[Category:Rivers in North Yorkshire|Ribble, River]]
[[Category:Preston]]

[[fr:Ribble]]
[[no:Ribble (elv)]]

River Ribble

2007-02-03T01:02:51Z

Theelf29: /* Tributaries */ added subheadings.

{{Infobox_river | river_name = River Ribble
| image_name = River_Ribble_at_Ribchester.jpg
| caption = The River Ribble at [[Ribchester]]. Photograph by [http://www.flickr.com/people/stubbsuk Stuart Grimshaw]
| origin = Confluence of Gayle Beck and Cam Beck, Selside
| mouth = [[Irish Sea]] at [[Lytham]]
| basin_countries = [[England]]
| length = 121 km (75 miles)
| elevation = 246 m (807 ft)
| discharge =
| watershed = |
}}

The '''River Ribble''' is a river that runs through [[North Yorkshire]] and [[Lancashire]], in the North of [[England]].

The Ribble begins at the confluence of the ''Gayle Beck'' and ''Cam Beck'' near the famous [[Ribblehead Viaduct|viaduct]] at [[Ribblehead]], in the shadow of the [[Yorkshire three peaks]].

It flows through [[Settle]], [[Clitheroe]] and [[Preston]], before emptying into the [[Irish Sea]] between [[Lytham St. Annes]] and [[Southport]], a length of 75 miles.

The main tributaries of the Ribble are the [[River Hodder|Hodder]] and [[River Calder, Lancashire|Calder]] which join the river near [[Great Mitton]], the [[River Darwen]] which joins at [[Walton-le-Dale]] and the [[River Douglas]] which joins near [[Hesketh Bank]].

The [[Ribble Way]] is a long-distance footpath which follows the river for much of its course. The Ribble marked the ancient northern boundary of [[Mercia]]{{fact}}; and at the time of the [[Domesday Book]] was the northern boundary of [[Cheshire]].

The river is connected to both the [[Leeds and Liverpool Canal]] and the [[Lancaster Canal]] (via the [[Ribble Link]]).

Its estuary forms part of the [[Ribble and Alt Estuaries]] [[Special Protection Area]] for wildlife.

The River Ribble catchment is covered by the [[Mersey Basin Campaign]], a partnership which was established in [[1985]] to improve water quality and encourage waterside regeneration.

Preston City Council have published controversial plans to build a barrage across the River Ribble, in their 'Riverworks' proposals. The aim of these proposals is to build a water sports park on a section of the Ribble, coupled with over 4000 units of high quality housing and businesses in the river's flood plain. Some local residents are opposing these plans, arguing that they endanger wildlife, increase flood risk to local housing and damage greenbelt areas. These residents have set up the 'Save The Ribble' campaign. Parts of the river are a County Biological Heritage Site.

The Ribble would appear to have been known in [[Roman Empire|Roman]] times as the [[Belisama]],<ref>[[Ronald Hutton]] (1991). ''The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles.'' Oxford: Blackwell. p.218</ref> possibly giving its name to [[Samlesbury]]. [[Ptolemy]]'s "''Belisama aest.''" seems to represent the estuary of the Ribble.

==Settlements==
*[[Horton in Ribblesdale]]
*[[Stainforth, North Yorkshire|Stainforth]]
*[[Stackhouse, North yorkshire|Stackhouse]]
*[[Langcliffe]]
*[[Giggleswick]]
*[[Nappa, North Yorkshire|Nappa]]
*[[Settle]]
*[[Halton West]]
*[[Paythorne]]
*[[Sawley, North Yorkshire|Sawley]]
*[[West Bradford, Lancashire|West Bradford]]
*[[Horrocksford]]
*[[Clitheroe]]
*[[Great Mitton]]
*[[Little Town]]
*[[Ribchester]]
*[[Samlesbury]]
*[[Walton-le-Dale]]
*[[Preston]]
*[[Lower Penwortham]]
*[[Higher Penwortham]]
*[[Lytham]]

==Tributaries==
===Estuary to Preston===
*Crossens Pool
*Main Drain
**Liggard Brook
**Wrea Brook
*Hundred End Gutter
*Pool Stream
*[[River Douglas]]
**[[River Yarrow]]
***[[River Lostock]]
****Wymott Brook
****Clayton Brook
****Slack Brook
****Whave's Brook
***Syd Brook
***Culbeck Brook
***[[River Chor]]
***Clancutt Brook
***Eller Brook
***[[Black Brook (Chorley)|Black Brook]]
****Fill Brook
***Limestone Brook
***Green Withins Brook
**[[River Tawd]]
*[[Freckleton Pool]]
**Dow Brook
***Spen Brook
***Carr Brook
****Wrongway Brook
**Middle Pool
*[[Ribble Link|Savick Brook]]
*Mill Brook
*The Mains Brook

===River Darwen watershed===
*[[River Darwen]]
**Hennel Brook
***Cockshott Brook
**Mank Brooks
***Black Brook
****Hatchwood Brook
***Fowler Brook
****Drum Head Brook
*****Gorton Brook
*****Mill Brook
****Bank Head Brook
**Old Darwen
**Beeston Brook
***Quaker Brook
**Hole Brook
***Huntley Brook (North)
***Huntley Brook (South)
**Alum House Brook
***Arley Brook
**Trout Brook
**[[River Roddlesworth]]
***Finnington Brook
***Stockclough Brook
****Whitehalgh Brook
*****Shaw Brook
*****Chapels Brook
*****Sheep Bridge Brook
***Rake Brook
***Calf Hey Brook
***Ferny Bed Springs
**[[River Blakewater]]
***Snig Brook
***Audley Brook
***Little Harwood Brook
****Royshaw Clough
****Seven Acre Brook
***Knuzden Brook
**Scotshaw Brook
***Moss Brook
***Badger Brook
**Higher Croft Brook
***Newfield Brook
**Davy Field Brook
***Flash Brook
***Grimshaw Brook
****Waterside Brook
*****Mean Brook
******Sapling Clough
*****Hoddlesden Moss Brook
******Far Scotland Brook
*****Pickup Bank Brook
******Moss Brook
******Twitchells Brook
**Sunnyhurst Brook
***Stepback Brook
**Bold Venture Brook
***High Lumb Brook
****Livesey Brook
**Kebbs Brook
***Green Lowe Brook
**Bury Fold Brook
***Old Briggs Brook
****Duckshaw Brook
**Grain Brook
***Bent Hall Brook
***Deadman's Clough

===Preston to Whalley===
*Swill Brook
*Bezza Brook
**Wilcock Brook
***Mellor Brook
*Tun Brook
*[[Stydd Brook]]
**Boyce's Brook
***Cowley Brook
***Page Brook
**Duddel Brook
*Starling Brook
*Dean Brook
**Bailey Brook
**Brownslow Brook
*[[Dinckley Brook]]
**Park Brook
***Showley Brook
****Knotts Brook
***Zechariah Brook

===River Calder watershed===
*[[River Calder, Lancashire|River Calder]]
**Bushburn Brook
**Dean Brook
**Egg Syke Brook
**Rodger Hey Brook
**[[Sabden Brook]]
***Badger Well Water
***Wood House Brook
***Cock Clough
**Clough Syke Brook
**[[Hyndburn Brook]]
***Harwood Brook
****Causeway Brook
***Norden Brook
***Spaw Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Bottom Syke
***[[River Hyndburn]]
****Church Brook
*****Accrington Brook
******Woodnook Water
*******Warmden Brook
*******Tom Dale Clough
***White Ash Brook
****Wolfenden Syke
****Lottice Brook
***Tinker Brook
****Whams Brook
****Jackhouse Brook
*****Cocker Brook
******White Syke
*****Cocker Lumb
**Syke Side Brook
***Clough Brook
**Simonstone Brook
**Shorten Brook
**Dean Brook
***Huntroyde Brook
**Castle Clough Brook
***Castle Clough
**Green Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Sweet Clough
***Hapton Clough
****Thorny Bank Clough
****Tower Brook
***Habergham Clough
****New Barn Clough
*****Helm Clough
****Micklehurst Clough
*****Long Syke
**Whitaker Clough
***Fir Trees Brook
****West Close Clough
****Acres Brook
**Moor Isles Clough
**Spurn Clough
**[[Pendle Water]]
***Old Laund Clough
***Edge End Brook
***Walverden Water
****Bradley Syke
****Head Beck
*****Dobson Syke
****Catlow Brook
*****Pighole Clough
*****Pathole Beck
*****New Laithe Clough
*****Float Bridge Beck
*****Swains Plat Clough
***[[Colne Water]]
****Swinden Clough
****Wanless Water
*****Slipper Hill Clough
*****Houses Beck Moss
******Moss Houses Beck
****Guy Syke
****Church Clough Brook
****Trawden Brook
*****Beardshaw Beck
*****Round Hole Beck
*****Will Moor Clough
****[[River Laneshaw]]
*****High Laith Beck
******Sykes Beck
******Shawhead Beck
*****Monkroyd Beck
*****Round Beck
*****Laneshaw Brook
****[[Wycoller Beck]]
**[[River Brun]]
***[[River Don (Lancashire)|River Don]]
****Thursden Brook
*****Black Clough
******Hey Stacks Clough
******Tom Groove
***Swinden Water
***Hurstwood Brook
***Rock Water

===River Hodder watershed===
*[[River Hodder]]
**[[River Dunsop]]
***Brennand River
***Whitendale River

===Whalley to Barnoldswick===
*Barrow Brook
*Pig Hill Brook
*Barrow Clough
*[[Pendleton Brook]]
**Mearley Brook
***Shaw Brook
***Worston Brook
****Rad Brook
**Howcroft Brook
*[[Bashall Brook]]
**Hollins Clough
**Cow Hey Brook
***Sandy Ford Brook
**Braddup Clough
**Elm Clough
*Waddington Brook
**Coplow Brook
*Greg Sike
*West Bradford Brook
**Brocklehurst Brook
**Drakehouse Brook
***Porters Brook
****Bradford Brook
*Moor Roads Sike
*West Clough Brook
*Grindleton Brook
*Chatburn Brook
*Smithies Brook
**Swanside Beck
***Stankhill Beck
****Gazegill or Rimington Beck
*****Thistleber Beck
******Eel Beck
*******Widow Hill Beck
*****Skell Banks Syke
*****Howgill Beck
******Whytha Beck
******Collaver Syke
*****Crag Clough
***Dudland Syke
****Cow Gill Beck
**Ings Beck
***Twiston Beck
****Pendle Hill Brook
***Clough Beck
***Gill Beck
*Rathmill Sike
*Hollins Syke
*Skinners Sike
*Sliping Brook
**Hell Syke
**Hill Brook
*[[Skirden Beck]]
**Holden Beck
***Mear Gill
****Fell Brook
*****Bay Gate Brook
*****Far Fields Brook
*****Black Brook
****Holden Beck
*****Threap Green Brook
**Kirk Beck
***Fox Gill Beck
****Gill Bottom Beck
**Bier Beck
***Hungrill Beck
****Higher Syke
*****Bleara Syke
*****Varleys Syke
***Cuddy Syke
**Monubent Beck
***Hen Gill Beck
****Agden Beck
*****Mere Syke
**Grunsagill Beck
***Tosside Beck
****Holden Beck or Moor End Beck
**New Gill Beck
***Bond Beck
****Little Beck
****Sandy Syke
***Walkers Clough
*Fooden Gill
*Park House Beck
*Wheatley Beck
*Ellenthorpe Gill

===Barnoldswick to source===
*[[Stock Beck]]
**Spittle Syke
**Horton Beck
**Bottom Beck
***Lodge Hill Syke
****Old Park Syke
*****Wedacre Syke
*****Hesketh Rough Syke
**Flush Beck
**Hell Forest Dike
***Turpit Gate Syke
***Hayfield Dike
****Tosber Syke
**Fools Syke
***Ray Gill Water
****Ray Gill
***Horrox Gill
**Crownest Syke
**Gillians Beck
***Moor Side Beck
*East Beck
**Carholme Beck
*Ray Gill
*Ged Beck
*Swinden Gill Beck
**Mallardale Beck
*Mansell Beck
*Pan Beck
**Hellifield Beck
**Gallaber Syke
***Bend Gate Syke
**Kell Well Beck
*Candle Rush Beck
*Deep Dale Syke
*Long Preston Beck
**Bookil Gill Beck
**Scaleber Beck
*Old Field Syke
**Crow Hill Syke
*Wigglesworth Beck
**Tofts Syke
**Rough Syke
*Rathmell Beck
**Hollow Gill Beck
**Rathmell Goit
*Skir Beck
*Mear Beck
*Swaw Beck
**Carr Beck
*Tems Beck
**Huntworth Beck
*Lodge Gill
*Stainforth Beck
**Catrigg Beck
***Cowside Beck
**Tongue Gill
***Fornah Gill
*How Beck
*Blind Beck
*Turn Dub
*Selside Beck
**Gillgarth Beck
*Coppy Gill

===Pre-Ribble===
====Cam Beck====
*'''Cam Beck''' (aka Ling Gill Beck)
**Brow Gill Beck
**Ling Gill Beck
**Labour Gill
**Poverty Gill
**Hard Turf Gill
**Dry Gill
**Little Bank Gill
***Foul Gutter
**Rush Gill
**Lamb Fold Gill
**Little Intake Gill
**Middle Gill
**Tur Gill
**Grainings Gill
**Red Sike
**Pot Close Gill
**Far End Gill
***Cold Keld Gill
====Gayle Beck====
*'''Gayle Beck'''
**Axletree Gill
**Gate Cote Gill
**White Earth Gill
**High Springs
**Lat Gill
**Long Gill
***Mares Gill
***Far Mares Gill
***Shivery Gill
***Jam Sike
**Ouster Gill

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://members.lycos.co.uk/gdeanict/ribble/ River Ribble - from source to sea]
*[http://www.preston.gov.uk/Category.asp?cat=785 Riverworks]
*[http://save-the-ribble.blogspot.com Save The Ribble]
*[http://www.ribblelink.co.uk Ribble Link Trust Ltd]

[[Category:Rivers in Lancashire|Ribble, River]]
[[Category:Rivers in North Yorkshire|Ribble, River]]
[[Category:Preston]]

[[fr:Ribble]]
[[no:Ribble (elv)]]

River Ribble

2007-02-03T00:57:50Z

Theelf29: /* Tributaries */ - added some more tributaries in the River Calder system.

River Ribble

2007-02-03T00:02:47Z

Theelf29: /* Tributaries */ + Calder system; Dunsop system.

River Ribble

2007-02-02T23:44:03Z

Theelf29: /* Tributaries */ + sections on Smithies Brook & Stock Beck.

River Ribble

2007-02-02T02:22:04Z

Theelf29: /* Tributaries */ + Skirden Beck tributary system.

River Ribble

2007-02-01T00:27:29Z

Theelf29: /* Tributaries */