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Commonwealth (Bundesstaaten der Vereinigten Staaten)

2010-09-14T01:12:35Z

Thedofc: /* Commonwealth of Massachusetts */

{{About|U.S. states that are styled as "Commonwealths"|usage relating to U.S. insular areas|Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)|other uses|Commonwealth}}
[[Image:Map of USA Commonwealths.svg|thumb|300px|U.S. commonwealth states in red]]

Four of the constituent [[U.S. state|states]] of the [[United States]] officially designate themselves '''Commonwealths''': [[Kentucky]],<ref>Third Constitution of Kentucky (1850), Article 2, Section 1 ''ff.'' Other portions of the same Constitution refer to the "State of Kentucky".</ref> [[Massachusetts]],<ref>Constitution of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Preamble.</ref> [[Pennsylvania]],<ref>Constitution of Pennsylvania, Preamble.</ref> and [[Virginia]].<ref>Constitution of Virginia (1971), Article IV, Section 1.</ref> This designation, which has no constitutional impact, emphasizes that they have a "government based on the common consent of the people"<ref>''See'' "Commonwealth", ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'', Sixth Edition, 2001-07.</ref> as opposed to one legitimized through their earlier [[British colonization of the Americas|Royal Colony]] status that was derived from the King of [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]]. The word ''commonwealth'' in this context refers to the common "wealth" or welfare of the public<ref>''The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language'', Fourth Edition, 2000.</ref> and is an older term for "[[republic]]" (''cf.'' the 17th century [[Commonwealth of England]]).

==Commonwealth of Kentucky==
[[Image:Flag of Kentucky.svg|thumb|[[Flag of Kentucky]]]]

On September 28, 1785, the residents of [[Kentucky County]] began petitioning the [[Virginia|Commonwealth of Virginia]] legislature for [[U.S. state|statehood]]. They wished the County to be recognized as a "free and independent state, to be known by the name of the ''Commonwealth'' of [[Kentucky]]." On June 1, 1792, [[Kentucky County]] officially became a state. The [[Kentucky Constitution|Constitution]] was changed as to the style for "all process and mandates" to "Commonwealth of Kentucky" in 1850; prior to that change "State of Kentucky" was used.<ref>[http://www.kdla.ky.gov/resources/KYCommonwealth.htm Kentucky as a Commonwealth - Kentucky Department for Libraries and Archives]</ref>

Kentucky is the only state outside of the [[Thirteen Colonies|first thirteen]] that uses "Commonwealth" in its name.
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==Commonwealth of Massachusetts==
[[Image:Flag of Massachusetts.svg|thumb|[[Flag of Massachusetts]]]]
[[Massachusetts]] is officially named "The Commonwealth of Massachusetts" by its [[Massachusetts Constitution|constitution]]. The name "''State of Massachusetts Bay''" was used in all acts and resolves up to 1780 and the first draft of the constitution. The current name can be traced to the second draft of the state constitution, which was written by [[John Adams]] and ratified in 1780.<ref>[http://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/cismaf/mf1a.htm CIS: State Symbols]</ref>

In Massachusetts, the term ''State'' is occasionally used in an official manner, but usually in a [[Compound (linguistics)|compound structure]] rather than as a stand-alone noun. This is evident in the name of the agency "[[Massachusetts State Police]],"the [[Massachusetts State House]], and in "[[Bridgewater State Hospital]]".

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==Commonwealth of Pennsylvania==
[[Image:Flag of Pennsylvania.svg|thumb|[[Flag of Pennsylvania]]]]
The [[Seal of Pennsylvania]] does not use the term, but legal processes are in the name of the Commonwealth and it is a traditional official designation used in referring to the state. In 1776, [[Pennsylvania]]'s first state constitution referred to it as both "Commonwealth" and "State", a pattern of usage that was perpetuated in the constitutions of 1790, 1838, 1874 and 1968.<ref>[http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/bah/pahist/symbols.asp?secid=31 PHMC: Pennsylvania History]</ref>

A detailed history describing the origins of Pennsylvania's government, including its designation as a commonwealth from colonial times, is available from the Secretary of the Commonwealth's office.<ref>[http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_486669_0_0_18/history_of_dos_rendell_admin.pdf History of the Secretary of the Commonwealth, Department of State, and Great Seal of the Commonwealth]</ref>
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==Commonwealth of Virginia==
[[Image:Flag of Virginia.svg|thumb|[[Flag of Virginia]]]]

The name "Commonwealth of Virginia" dates back to its independence from the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]]. [[Virginia]]'s first [[Constitution of Virginia|constitution]] (adopted on June 29, 1776) directed that "Commissions and Grants shall run, In the Name of the commonwealth of Virginia, and bear test by the Governor with the Seal of the Commonwealth annexed." The [[Secretary of the Commonwealth of Virginia|Secretary of the Commonwealth]] still issues commissions in this manner. Among other references, the constitution furthermore dictated that criminal indictments were to conclude "against the peace and dignity of the Commonwealth." Additionally, the official title of the elected local [[prosecutor]] in each of Virginia's political subdivisions is the "[[Commonwealth's Attorney]]," as opposed to [[State's Attorney]] in other States or the more standard [[District Attorney]].

In Virginia, the term ''State'' is occasionally used in an official manner, but usually in a [[Compound (linguistics)|compound structure]] rather than as a stand-alone noun. This is evident in the name of the agency "[[Virginia State Corporation Commission]]" and in "[[Virginia State Police]]".
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==See also==
* [[Secretary of the Commonwealth]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Commonwealth (U.S. State)}}
[[Category:Subdivisions of the United States]]
[[Category:Forms of government]]
[[Category:Government of Kentucky]]
[[Category:Government of Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Government of Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Government of Virginia]]

[[es:Commonwealth (Estados Unidos)]]
[[fr:Commonwealth (États-Unis)]]
[[it:Commonwealth (Stati Uniti d'America)]]
[[nl:Commonwealth (Verenigde Staten)]]
[[ja:コモンウェルス (米国州)]]
[[ro:Commonwealth (Statele Unite)]]

Mary White Ovington

2010-03-16T03:22:44Z

Thedofc:

[[Image:mary white ovington.gif|thumb|185px|Mary White Ovington]]
'''Mary White Ovington''' (April 11, 1865 – July 15, 1951) was a [[suffragette]], [[Socialism|socialist]], [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]], [[journalist]], and co-founder of the [[NAACP]].<ref>Ralph Luker, ''Black and White Sat Down Together: The Reminiscences of an NAACP Founder.'' New York: The Feminist Press at CUNY, 1996. Hardcover: ISBN 1-558-61099-5.</ref>

==Biography==
Mary White Ovington was born April 11, 1865 in [[Brooklyn, New York]]. Her parents, members of the [[Unitarian Church]] were supporters of [[women's rights]] and had been involved in [[anti-slavery]] movement. Educated at [[Packer Collegiate Institute]] and [[Radcliffe College]], Ovington became involved in the campaign for civil rights in 1890 after hearing [[Frederick Douglass]] speak in a Brooklyn church.

In 1895 she helped found the [[Greenpoint Settlement]] in Brooklyn. Appointed head of the project the following year, Ovington remained until 1904 when she was appointed fellow of the [[Greenwich House Committee on Social Investigations]]. Over the next five years she studied employment and housing problems in black [[Manhattan]]. During her investigations she met [[William Du Bois]], from [[Harvard University]] and was introduced to the founding members of the [[Niagara Movement]].

Influenced by the ideas of [[William Morris]], Ovington joined the [[United States Socialist Party|Socialist Party]] in 1905, where she met people such as [[Daniel De Leon]], [[Asa Philip Randolph]], [[Floyd Dell]], [[Max Eastman]] and [[Jack London]], who argued that racial problems were as much a matter of class as of race. She wrote for radical journals and newspapers such as ''[[The Masses]]'', ''[[New York Evening Post]]'' and the ''[[The Call (newspaper)|New York Call]]''. She also worked with [[Ray Stannard Baker]] and influenced the content of his book, ''[[Following the Color Line]],'' published in 1908.

On September 3, 1908 she read an article written by [[Socialism|socialist]] [[William English Walling]] entitled "''Race War in the North''" in ''The Independent''. Walling described a massive [[Mass racial violence in the United States|race riot]] directed at [[African-American|black]] residents in the hometown of [[Abraham Lincoln]], [[Springfield Race Riot of 1908|Springfield, Illinois]] that led to seven deaths, 40 homes and 24 businesses destroyed, and 107 indictments against rioters. Walling ended the article by calling for a powerful body of citizens to come to the aid of blacks. Ovington responded to the article by writing Walling and meeting at his apartment in [[New York City]] along with [[social worker]] Dr. [[Henry Moskowitz]]. The group decided to launch a campaign by issuing a "call" for a national conference on the civil and political [[rights]] of [[African-American]]s on the centennial of Lincoln’s birthday, February 12, 1909.

Many people responded to the “call” that eventually led to the formation of the [[National Negro Committee]] that held its first meeting in New York on May 31 and June 1, 1909. By May, 1910 the National Negro Committee and attendants, at its second conference, organized a permanent body known as the [[National Association for the Advancement of Colored People]] (NAACP) where Ovington was appointed as its executive secretary. Early members included [[Josephine Ruffin]], [[Mary Talbert]], [[Mary Church Terrell]], [[Inez Milholland]], [[Jane Addams]], [[George Henry White]], [[William Du Bois]], [[Charles Edward Russell]], [[John Dewey]], [[Charles Darrow]], [[Lincoln Steffens]], [[Ray Stannard Baker]], [[Fanny Garrison Villard]], [[Oswald Garrison Villard]] and [[Ida Wells-Barnett]].

The following year Ovington attended the [[Universal Races Congress]] in [[London]]. Ovington remained active in the struggle for [[women's suffrage]] and as a [[pacifist]] opposed [[USA|America]]'s involvement in the [[World War I|First World War]]. During the war Ovington supported [[Asa Philip Randolph]] and his magazine, ''[[The Messenger]]'', which campaigned for black civil rights.

After the war, Ovington served the [[National Association for the Advancement of Colored People]] as board member, executive secretary and chairman. The NAACP fought a long legal battle against [[racial segregation|segregation]] and [[racial discrimination]] in housing, education, employment, voting and transportation. They appealed to the [[United States Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] to rule that several laws passed by [[U.S. southern states|southern states]] were unconstitutional and won three important judgments between 1915-1923 concerning voting rights and housing.

The NAACP was criticised by some members of the [[African American]] community. [[Booker T. Washington]] opposed the group because it proposed an outspoken condemnation of racist policies in contrast to his policy of quiet diplomacy behind the scenes. Members of the organization were physically attacked by white racists. [[John R. Shillady]], executive secretary of the NAACP, was badly beaten up when he visited [[Austin, Texas]] in 1919.

Ovington wrote several books and articles, including a study of black [[Manhattan]], ''[[Half a Man]]'' (1911); ''[[Status of the Negro in the United States]]'' (1913); ''[[Socialism and the Feminist Movement]]'' (1914); an anthology for black children, ''[[The Upward Path]]'' (1919); biographical sketches of prominent African Americans, ''[[Portraits in Color]]'' (1927); an autobiography, ''[[Reminiscences]]'' (1932); and a history of the [[NAACP]], ''[[The Walls Came Tumbling Down]]'' (1947).

Ovington retired as a board member of the [[National Association for the Advancement of Colored People]] in 1947, ending 38 years of service with the organization. She died on July 15, 1951.

Mary White Ovington I.S.30 Middle School in Brooklyn, New York was named after Mary White Ovington.

== Works ==
* ''Half a Man. The Status of the Negro in New York'' (foreword by [[Franz Boas]]), 1911. Various reprints.
* ''Status of the Negro in the United States'', 1913.
* ''Socialism and the Feminist Movement'', 1914
* ''The Upwarth Path'' (an anthology), 1919
* ''The Shadow'', 1920.
* ''The Awakening'' (a play), 1923
* ''Portraits in Color'', 1927.
* ''Reminiscences, or Going Back 40 Years'', published in the ''Baltimore Afro-American'', from September 17, 1932 to February 25, 1933.
* ''The Walls Came Tumbling Down'', 1947.
* ''Black and White Sat Down Together'', 1995.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{NAACP}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ovington, Mary White}}
[[Category:1865 births]]
[[Category:1951 deaths]]
[[Category:American pacifists]]
[[Category:African Americans' rights activists]]
[[Category:American women's rights activists]]
[[Category:People from Brooklyn]]
[[Category:National Association for the Advancement of Colored People]]
[[Category:Radcliffe College alumni]]

[[es:Mary White Ovington]]

March for Life (Washington, D.C.)

2010-02-12T22:16:42Z

Thedofc: The first source does not exist, and the latter does not relate to the statement. I deleted the statement also because even if the sources existed, the urls were from biased sites.

[[Image:March for life 2007.JPG|thumb|300px|View of the 2007 Pro-life March. January 22, 2007.]]

'''March for Life''' is an annual [[pro-life]] rally protesting [[abortion]], held in [[Washington D.C.]] on the anniversary of the decision in the [[Supreme Court of the United States|United States Supreme Court]] case [[Roe v. Wade]]. Many marchers also protest the use of [[euthanasia]]. The rally is organized by the March for Life Education and Defense Fund. The overall goal of the march is to overturn the [[Roe v. Wade]] decision.<ref name="support"> Janofsky, Michael. [http://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/23/us/words-of-support-from-bush-at-anti-abortion-rally.html?scp=6&sq=”March for Life”&st=cse “Words of Support from Bush at Anti-Abortion Rally”]. The New York Times. January, 23, 2004. Retrieved November 9, 2009.</ref> The 37th occurrence of the March for Life occurred on January 22, 2010. Organizers estimated 250,000 attendees at the 2010 march.<ref>[http://www.catholicherald.com/local_news/detail.html?sub_id=12239 Raising their voices for the unborn | Arlington Catholic Herald]</ref> EWTN, the global Catholic television network, broadcasts from the march live every year.

==History==
The first March for Life was held on January 22, 1974 on the West Steps of the [[U.S. Capitol|Capitol]], with an estimated 20,000 supporters in attendance.<ref>[http://www.marchforlife.org/content/view/13/26/]. ''Official Website of the March for Life.''</ref> The nomination of Judge [[Samuel A. Alito]] to the Supreme Court caused a major positive shift during the 33rd Annual March for Life in 2006 because of the expectation that Alito would "win [[United States Senate|Senate]] approval and join a majority in overturning [[Roe v. Wade|Roe]]."<ref name="end"> Janofsky, Michael. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/23/politics/23cnd-abortion.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=%22March%20for%20Life%22&st=cse “Abortion Opponents Rally, Saying the End of Roe is Near”]. The New York Times. January 23, 2006. Retrieved November 9, 2009.</ref> The excitement surrounding this expectation became the ultimate message of the 2006 rally.

The threat of the Freedom Choice Act, a [[legislative bill]] that would protect women's right 'to begin, prevent or continue pregnancy' served as a key rallying point during the 2009 March for Life because anti-abortionists worried that the legislation would eliminate certain abortion restrictions like parental notification for minors.<ref name="court"> Drost, Michael. [http://www.lexisnexis.com.libproxy.lib.unc.edu/us/lnacademic/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T7829277905&format=GNBFI&sort=RELEVANCE&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T7829277912&cisb=22_T7829277911&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=8176&docNo=2 “Pro-life activists march on court; Call on Obama to ‘save lives’ by opposing pro-choice bills”].The Washington Times, D.C. Area Section, A18. January 23, 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2009.</ref>

Around the time of the 35th Annual March for Life in 2008, a [[Guttmacher Institute]] report was released, which revealed that the number of abortions performed in the [[United States]] dropped to 1.2 million in 2005. This is the lowest level of abortions since 1976. Although this seemed like a victory, many march participants stressed that the figures were not a large enough decline. Many marchers said they would not stop protesting until abortions were illegal.<ref name="youthful"> Montes, Sue Anne Pressley. [http://www.lexisnexis.com.libproxy.lib.unc.edu/us/lnacademic/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T7829277905&format=GNBFI&sort=RELEVANCE&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T7829277912&cisb=22_T7829277911&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=8075&docNo=9 “A Youthful Throng Marches Against Abortion”]. The Washington Post, Section A03. January 23, 2008. Retrieved November 9, 2009.</ref>

Phrases on signs have included “We Choose Life,” “End Abortion Now,” “Your Mom Chose Life,”<ref name="court" /> “Give Life, Don’t Take It,” “Defend Life,”<ref name= "youthful" /> “Women Deserve Better Than Abortion,” “Michigan Loves Our Pro-Life President,” “Respect Life, Diocese of Pittsburgh,”<ref name="distance"> Toner, Robin [http://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/23/us/at-a-distance-bush-joins-abortion-protest.html?scp=3&sq=%22March%20for%20Life%22&st=cse “At a Distance, Bush Joins Abortion Protest”]. The New York Times. January 23, 2003. Retrieved November 22, 2009.</ref> “Abortion Kills,”<ref name="joyover"> Rimer, Sara. [http://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/24/us/abortion-foes-rally-in-joy-over-gop-surge.html?scp=5&sq=violence%20at%20the%20march%20for%20life&st=cse “Abortion Foes Rally in Joy Over G.O.P. Surge”]. The New York Times. January 24, 1995. Retrieved November 22, 2009.</ref> “Stop Unborn Child Abuse” and “Equal Rights for Unborn Women”.<ref name="reagan"> Toner, Robin [http://www.nytimes.com/1987/01/23/us/rally-against-abortion-hears-pledge-of-support-by-reagan.html?scp=2&sq=%22march%20for%20life%20dinner%22&st=cse “Rally Against Abortion Hears Pledge of Support by Reagan”]. The New York Times. January 23, 1987. Retrieved November 22, 2009.</ref> Others compared abortions to “[[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]’s [[the Holocaust|Holocaust]].” <ref name="end" />.

At the march, abortion opponents have been known to carry and display photos of aborted fetuses. Many sing and chant phrases such as “Pro-choice, that’s a lie, babies never choose to die!”<ref name="distance" />

==Itinerary==
The March for Life proceedings begin around noon.<ref name="court" /> They typically consist of a rally at the [[National Mall]] near Fourth Street. It is followed by a march which travels down [[Constitution Avenue]] NW, turns right at First Street and then ends on the steps of the [[Supreme Court of the United States]], where another rally is held. Many protesters start the day by delivering roses and lobbying their [[United States House of Representatives|Congressmen]].<ref name="reagan" />

==Attendance==
Approximately 5,000 participated in the 14th annual march in 1987, despite a snowstorm.<ref name="reagan" />

Since 2003, March for Life has brought in approximately 200,000 attendants every year.<ref name="media"> Harper, Jennifer. [http://www.lexisnexis.com.libproxy.lib.unc.edu/us/lnacademic/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T7829277905&format=GNBFI&sort=RELEVANCE&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T7829277912&cisb=22_T7829277911&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=8176&docNo=6 “Pro-life rally yearns for media spotlight; Post-inaugural streets empty”]. The Washington Times, Section A01. January 22, 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2009.</ref>

Many teenagers and college students attend the march each year, typically traveling with church/youth groups. [[Washington Post]] columnist Robert McCartney estimated that about half of the marchers are under age 30.<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/23/AR2010012302400.html Young activists adding fuel to antiabortion side]</ref>

Attendants at the 22nd Annual March for Life in 1995 included representatives from the [[Pro-Life Alliance of Gays and Lesbians]] and Indiana Blacks for Life.<ref name="joyover" />

Attendants at the 35th Annual March for Life in 2008 included members of the [[Jesuit College Preparatory School of Dallas]] and members of the [[Knights of Columbus]].<ref name="youthful" />

Attendants at the 36th Annual March for Life in 2009 included about 50 students from Michigan Students for Life, 300 members of the [[Archdiocese of New Orleans]]<ref name="court" /> and about 16,000 Catholic college students. In addition, the entire student body of [[Magdalen College]] in New Hampshire attended.<ref name="media" /> There were approximately 250,000 people in attendance.<ref name="court" />

==Notable speakers==
Notable former speakers at the March for Life include [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[George W. Bush]], Pro-Life Speaker Molly Kelly, [[Alveda King]], niece of [[Martin Luther King Jr.]], several members of the United States Congress and Senate, and the parents of [[Terri Schiavo]]. There are also many members of the Silent No More organization, which is made up of women who regret their abortions.

George W. Bush was out of town during six consecutive marches (2000-2006) during his tenure. However, he spoke via telephone line amplified by loudspeakers. In 2004, he thanked participants for their “devotion to such a noble cause” from Roswell, New Mexico. During his telephone addresses, he tended to speak broadly of opposing abortion as opposed to offering any specific efforts being made to overturn the Roe v. Wade decision.<ref name="support" />

[[Ronald Reagan]] was also known to deliver telephone addresses to the march crowds. At the 14th annual march in 1987, he vowed to help “end this national tragedy." Senator [[Jesse Helms]], of [[North Carolina]], also spoke at the 14th annual rally. He called abortion an “American holocaust." <ref name="reagan" />

At the 30th annual march in 2003, speakers included Representative [[Christopher H. Smith]], Republican of New Jersey, and [[Randall Terry]], the founder of [[Operation Rescue]]. In his speech, Terry targeted the youth in the audience, calling them to “fight for all you’re worth." <ref name="distance" />

At the 31st annual march in 2004, 15 lawmakers, all Republican, spoke. Many of them stressed the importance of backing and voting for only candidates whose platform supported antiabortion in the November elections. Among the lawmakers who spoke were Representatives [[Todd Tiahrt]], of Kansas, and [[Patrick J. Toomey]], of Pennsylvania. Tiahrt, who also spoke at the 30th annual march, urged marchers to “help pro-lifers in your state;” Toomey supported these remarks, saying to vote for pro-life candidates in order to reclaim the Senate and, in turn, the courts. <ref name="support" />

At the 33rd annual march in 2006, Representative [[Steve Chabot]], an Ohio Republican and prominent pro-life advocate in the [[United States Senate]], spoke to the masses on overturning [[Roe v. Wade]]. He stressed that the killing of millions of babies should be “sufficient justification for overruling that awful case." [[Nellie Gray]] also spoke of ‘feminist abortionists,’ foreseeing that the United States would hold them accountable for their actions in trials equivalent to the Nuremberg Trials.<ref name="end" />

At the 36th annual march in 2009, approximately 20 Congressmen spoke. They talked about the “challenges [[pro-life]] advocates face under the Obama administration." Specific speakers at the 36th annual included Representative F. James Sensenbrenner Jr., Wisconsin Republican and former chairman of the [[House Judiciary Committee]], and [[Nellie Gray]], March for Life founder.<ref name="court" />

President Obama was asked by Gray to speak at the 36th annual march, but he did not attend. Instead, he released a statement supporting abortion rights. He said that abortion represents a broad principle: “government should not intrude on our most private family matters."<ref name="court" />

==Media attention==
March for Life has received relatively little media attention over the years. The typical coverage consists of a “story with a tiny little comment from one individual marcher,” Gray has said. The 36th annual march in 2009, which brought in very little media coverage, was just two days after Obama’s [[inauguration]], which brought in swarms of media representatives. Gray would like the media’s coverage to focus on the movement’s principles of life and the fact that thousands of people travel across the country to talk to Congress despite frigid January temperatures.<ref name="media" />

To counter the media coverage issue, one of the March for Life’s supporters, the [[Family Research Council]], organized a “Blogs for Life” conference in [[Washington, D.C]]. The main goal of the conference was to “bring pro-life bloggers together to talk over strategies” for securing more effective media coverage and advancing anti-abortion issues. Such strategies include securing media coverage through legislative means or by tapping into new media outlets.<ref name="media" />

==Associated events==
Various pro-life organizations will often hold events before and after the March. Such events include a Luau for Life at [[Georgetown University]] and a candlelight [[vigil]] at the Supreme Court.<ref name="youthful" /> In addition, the March for Life host a dinner each year. In 1987, the dinner honored John Cardinal O’Connor of New York for his strong leadership regarding abortion issues.<ref name="reagan" />

===Roman Catholic events===
Preceding the March for Life, there are several [[Mass (liturgy)|Masses]]; two of which are celebrated at the [[Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception]] as well as the [[Verizon Center]] in [[Chinatown, Washington, D.C.|Chinatown]]. The Catholic Archdiocese of Washington hosts a Youth Rally and Mass every year at the Verizon Center, attended by approximately 20,000 young people,<ref>Archdiocese of Washington. (January 22, 2007). "[http://www.adw.org/news/news.asp?ID=422&Year=2007 Archbishop Wuerl's Homily at Jan. 22 Pro-Life Mass]" ''Archdiocese of Washington.'' Retrieved January 23, 2007.</ref> where a message from the Pope is relayed. In 2009, [[apostolic nuncio]] to the United States, [[Archbishop]] Pietro Sambri read [[Pope Benedict XVI]]’s message, which told attendants that he was “deeply grateful” for the youth’s “outstanding annual witness for the gospel of life."<ref name="court" /> In 2008, the Pope’s message thanked attendants for “promoting respect for the dignity and inalienable rights of every human being.”<ref name="youthful" />

===Democrats for Life pre-march breakfast===
In 2006 Civil Rights Leader [[Alveda King|Dr. Alveda King]], the niece of Rev. [[Martin Luther King]], spoke at the [[Democrats for Life of America]] pre-March breakfast. She praised their [[Pregnant Women Support Act]] saying abortion "might be decriminalized, but it can also be unthinkable."

===Students for Life conference===
[[Students for Life of America]], the largest association of pro-life groups or clubs on college campuses, holds an annual conference for pro-life youth on the week of the march, generally the Saturday after the 22nd. Attendance at the conference has exploded in recent years; Kristan Hawkins, the president of SFLA, announced at the 2010 conference that attendance has gone from about 400 in 2007 to over 1,200 in 2010.

===Virtual March for Life===
In 2010, [[Americans United for Life]] launched an online virtual March. Pro-lifers unable to attend the event in person could create avatars of themselves and take part in a virtual demonstration on a Google Maps version of the Washington Mall.<ref>Washington Post, 23 January 2010 [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/22/AR2010012203525.html?hpid=topnews]</ref> The online event attracted 75,000 participants.<ref>Zenit news agency, 22 January 2010 [http://www.zenit.org/article-28128?l=english]</ref>

==Controversy with PLAGAL==
In 2002, Miss Nellie Gray, the President and permit holder for the annual March for Life, denied a permit to [[Pro-Life Alliance of Gays and Lesbians]] and ordered its members to be arrested rather than participate in the twenty-ninth annual march. <ref>Chiorazzi, Anthony. "[http://www.bustedhalo.com/GayProudandPro-LifePart1.htm Gay, Proud and Pro-Life]." ''Busted Halo.'' Retrieved January 18, 2007.</ref> PLAGAL has been allowed to participate in marches since 2003. <ref>Doig, Will. (January 30, 2003). "[http://www.metroweekly.com/gauge/?ak=317 The Fetal Position]." ''Metro Weekly.'' Retrieved January 18, 2007.</ref>

==Photographs==
<gallery heights="150" perrow="5">
Image:Rally at MCI Center.JPG|Youth Rally and [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] at [[Verizon Center]] (2006)
Image:DFLA March.jpg|[[Democrats for Life of America]] (2006)
Image:2008march-for-life-dc-eric-martin-ALLdotORG.JPG|Marching protesters (2008)
Image:Rabbis at 2008 March for Life.jpg|Pro-life [[Rabbi]]s (2008)
Image:The march 2008.jpg|2008 - Protesters with signs (2008)
Image:MaterDei.jpg|[[Latin Mass]] enthusiasts from [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Harrisburg]] (2009)
Image:10-Commandments.jpg|Protester with [[Ten Commandments]] (2009)
Image:VerizCenterMass09.JPG|Youth Rally and [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]] at [[Verizon Center]] (2009)
Image:Bridgettine-nuns.jpg|[[Bridgettines|Bridgettine]] nuns (2009)
Image:Marchforlife2009alldotorg.JPG|Marching protesters (2009)
Image:AntiObamaBiden.jpg|Signs criticizing [[Joseph Biden]] and prompting [[Barack Obama]]
Image:CrucifiedInfantJesus.jpg|Protester with [[Infant Jesus]] on [[crucifix]] (2009)
Image:CapMarchForLife.JPG|Protesters at [[United States Capitol|Capitol Building]] (2009)
Image:ObamaHater.jpg|Protester compares [[Barack Obama]] to [[Adolf Hitler]] (2009)
Image:DominicanFriars.jpg|[[Dominican Order|Dominican Friars]] (2009)
Image:2009March4Life.jpg|Banners of the [[American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family, and Property]] (TFP) (2009)
Image:LadyCarryingCross.jpg|Protester carrying a large cross (2009)
Image:No FOCA.jpg|Signs opposing [[Freedom of Choice Act]] (2009)
Image:PersonhoodSupremeCourt.JPG|Personhood Now! Banner at Supreme Court (2010)
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons|Category:March for Life (Pro-life movement)|March for Life}}
* [http://www2.marchforlife.org Official Website of the March for Life]
* [http://www.all.org American Life League]
* [http://www.standtrue.com Stand True Ministries]
* [http://www.rockforlife.org Rock For Life]
* [http://news.webshots.com/slideshow/557309939BJpgOQ Photos 34th Annual March for Life 2007 in Washington DC]

[[Category:Pro-life movement]]
[[Category:Protest marches in Washington, D.C.]]

[[fr:Marche pour la vie (Washington, DC)]]
[[ja:いのちの行進]]