Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Ziryab

2018-11-18T05:39:39Z

TheRedBox: Reverted 1 edit by 151.241.166.126 (talk) to last revision by Mervat. (TW)

{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Ziryab
|image = File:Monumento a Ziryab 002.JPG
|caption = Monument of Ziryab represented as a [[Common blackbird|blackbird]] in [[Córdoba, Spain]]
| honorific_suffix =
| native_name = "زرياب"<br/>أبو الحسن علي بن نافي
| native_name_lang = [[Arabic]]
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = Abu l-Hasan 'Ali Ibn Nafi
| birth_place = [[Mosul]], [[Abbasid Caliphate]]
| death_date = 857
| death_place = [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]], [[Emirate of Córdoba]]
| occupation = [[Linguistics|linguist]], [[geographer]], [[poet]], [[chemist]], [[musician]], [[astronomer]], [[Gastronomy|gastronomist]]
}}
'''Abu l-Hasan 'Ali Ibn Nafi{{'}}''' or '''Ziryab''' (789–857;<ref name="Gill">{{cite book|last=Gill|first=John|title=Andalucia: A Cultural History|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-537610-4|page=81|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGY2fSXko5kC&pg=PA81}}</ref> {{lang-ar|أبو الحسن علي ابن نافع, زریاب|rtl=yes}}) was a [[singer]], [[oud]] player, [[composer]], [[Islamic poetry|poet]], and teacher who lived and worked in [[Iraq]], [[Northern Africa]], and [[Al-Andalus|Andalusia]] of the medieval Islamic period. He was also known as a [[polymath]], with knowledge in [[astronomy]], [[geography]], [[meteorology]], [[botanics]], [[cosmetics]], [[culinary art]] and [[fashion]]. His nickname Ziryab comes from the Persian word for jay-bird زرياب,<ref>[http://www.almaany.com/ar/dict/ar-en/%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8/ definition of زرياب]. almaany.com</ref> pronounced "Ziryab"; he is also known as {{lang|es|Pájaro Negro}} (blackbird) in [[Spanish language|Spanish]].<ref name="Gill" /> He was active at the [[Umayyad]] court of [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]] in [[Al-Andalus|Islamic Iberia]]. He first achieved notoriety at the [[Abbasid]] court in [[Baghdad]], Iraq, his birthplace, as a performer and student of the great [[Persian people|Persian]] musician and composer, [[Ishaq al-Mawsili]]. The Mawsili family was originally from the city of [[Kufa]], Iraq.

Ziryab was a gifted pupil of Ishaq al-Mawsili, where Ziryab got his first lessons. He left Baghdad during the reign of the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun and moved to Córdoba in southern [[Iberian Peninsula]], where he was accepted as court [[musician]] in the court of [[Abd ar-Rahman II]] of the [[Umayyad]] Dynasty.

==Ethnic origin==
Ziryab's career flourished in [[Al-Andalus]]. According to the ''[[Encyclopedia of Islam]]'', he was born around 175 AH/790 CE into a family of [[mawali]] of the caliph [[al-Mahdi]].<ref name="brill">{{cite web|last1=H.G.|first1=Farmer,|last2=E.|first2=Neubauer,|title=ZIRYĀB|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_8172|website=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|publisher=Brill|accessdate=27 March 2017|language=en|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_sim_8172}}</ref> His ethnic origin is disputed, different sources list him as either [[Africa]]n,<ref name="Cambridge Scholars Publishing">{{cite book|last1=Grajter|first1=Małgorzata|title=The Orient in Music - Music of the Orient|date=2018|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=9781527510265|url=https://books.google.com.sa/books?id=IvlVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA44&dq=Ziryab+ethnic+black&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiOpbOHgpTbAhVBuRQKHTObArwQ6AEIVDAJ#v=snippet&q=Zaryab%20%22freed%20African%22&f=false|language=en}}</ref> [[Arab]],<ref name="Cambridge Scholars Publishing"/> [[Kurds|Kurdish]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sardar|first1=Ziauddin|last2=Yassin-Kassab|first2=Robin|title=Critical Muslim 06: Reclaiming Al-Andalus|date=2013|publisher=Hurst|isbn=9781849043830|url=https://books.google.com.sa/books?id=0X71AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA105&dq=Ziryab+kurdish&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjR0-v6hZTbAhWDzRQKHZd8C6sQ6AEIVzAJ#v=onepage&q=Ziryab%20kurdish&f=false|language=en}}</ref> or [[Persian people|Persian]].<ref>https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ziryab, “Ziryāb
PERSIAN MUSICIAN”</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=xVMJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT208&lpg=PT208&dq=ziryab+persian+a+history+of+medieval+spain&source=bl&ots=2V5BzK33DQ&sig=DAU70FT-JD14g38a8MvoCBwSs7o&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7wrqwi9naAhWEtRQKHbiuAqUQ6AEwDnoECAEQAQ#v=onepage&q=ziryab%20persian%20a%20history%20of%20medieval%20spain&f=false|title=A History of Medieval Spain|last=O'Callaghan|first=Joseph F.|date=2013-04-15|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=9780801468711|language=en|quote="The most influential courtier was the musician Ziryab, a Persian, who had held high position in the court at Baghdad”}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Monroe |first=James T. |title=Hispano-Arabic poetry: a student anthology |publisher=Gorgias Press LLC |date=Jan 30, 2004 |quote=Modernism had been brought from the court of Harun ar-Rashid by Ziryab, the Persian singer who became an arbiter ...}}</ref>

The word ''Ziryab'' is translated as 'Blackbird'. Ziryab was well known for his black skin color and versatile tongue, which inspired his nickname.<ref name="brill" />

==Historical context/early life==
As the Islamic armies conquered more and more territories, their musical culture spread with them, as far as western China in the east and Iberia in the west. After their 8th century conquest of nearly all of [[Hispania]], which they renamed [[Al-Andalus]], the Muslims were a small minority for quite some time, greatly outnumbered by the majority Christians and a smaller community of Jews, who had their own styles of music. With their arrival, the Muslims and Arabs introduced new styles of music, and the main cities of Iberia soon became well known centers for music within the Islamic world.<ref name=Marin/> During the 8th and 9th centuries, many musicians and artists from across the Islamic world flocked to Iberia. While many were talented, Ziryab surpassed them all.<ref name=Menocal/>

Ziryab was most likely born in Baghdad{{Citation needed|date=March 2014}}, though Arab sources<ref>[[:ar:زرياب]]{{Better source|date=January 2017|reason=[[WP:CIRCULAR]]}}</ref> say he was born in Mosul and was trained in the art of music from a young age. During that time, Baghdad was an important center of music in the Muslim world. The sources all agree that the accomplished and talented musician Ishaq al-Mawsili was Ziryab's teacher. There is some debate about how he arrived in al-Andalus, but he may have offended his patron or some powerful figure with his musical talent.<ref name=Constable>{{Citation|title=Medieval Iberia|editor=Constable, Olivia Remie|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|location=Philadelphia|date=1997}}</ref>

One account recorded by [[Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari|al-Maqqari]] says that Ziryab inspired the jealousy of his mentor by giving an impressive performance for the caliph Harun al-Rashid (d. 809), with the result that al-Mawsili told him to leave the city.<ref name=Marin/><ref name=Menocal>{{Citation|title=The Literature of Al-Andalus|editor=Menocal, María Rosa|editor2=Raymond P. Scheindlin|editor3=Michael Anthony Sells|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=2000}}</ref> Earlier, more reliable sources indicate that he outlived both Harun and his son al-Amin and left after al-Amin's death in 813.<ref name="Davila?">{{Citation|title=Fixing a Misbegotten Biography: Ziryab in the Mediterranean World|author=Davila, Carl|publisher=Al-Masaq: Islam in the Medieval Mediterranean|number=2|volume=21|date=2009}}</ref>

Ziryab left [[Baghdad]] during the reign of al-Ma'mun some time after the year 813. He then traveled first to ([[Syria]]), then to Ifriqiya ([[Tunisia]]), where he lived at the [[Aghlabid]] court of [[Ziyadat Allah]] (ruled 816–837). Ziryab fell out with Ziyadat Allah but was invited to [[Al-Andalus]] by the Umayyad prince, [[Al-Hakam I]] (ruled 796–822). He found on arrival in 822 that the prince had died, but the prince's son, [[Abd ar-Rahman II]], renewed his father's invitation.<ref name="Davila?"/> Ziryab settled in [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]] he was honored a monthly salary of 200 [[Gold]] [[Dinars]], he soon became even more celebrated as the court's aficionado of food, fashion, singing and music. He introduced standards of excellence in all these fields as well as setting new norms for elegant and noble manners. Ziryab became such a prominent cultural figure, and was given a huge salary from Abd al Rahman II.<ref name=Menocal/> He was an intimate companion of the prince and established a school of music that trained singers and musicians which influenced musical performance for at least two generations after him.

Al-Maqqari states in his ''Nafh al-Tib'' (Fragrant Breeze): "There never was, either before or after him (Ziryab), a man of his profession who was more generally beloved and admired".

===Music===
Ziryab is said to have improved the [[Oud]] (or [[Laúd]]) by adding a fifth pair of strings, and using an eagle's beak or quill instead of a wooden pick. Ziryab also dyed the four strings a color to symbolize the Aristotelian humors, and the fifth string to represent the soul.<ref name=Marin/> He is said to have created a unique and influential style of musical performance, and written songs that were performed in Iberia for generations. He was a great influence on Spanish music, and is considered the founder of the [[Andalusian classical music|Andalusian music]] traditions of North Africa.

Ziryab's Baghdadi musical style became very popular in the court of Abd al-Rahman II.<ref name=Constable/> Ziryab also became the example of how a courtier, a person who attended aristocratic courts, should act. According to Ibn Hayyan, in common with erudite men of his time he was well versed in many areas of classical study such as astronomy, history, and geography.

According to al-Tifashi, Ziryab appears to have popularized an early song-sequence, which may have been a precursor to the nawba (originally simply a performer's "turn" to perform for the prince), or [[Andalusi nubah|Nuba]], which is known today as the classical Arabic music of North Africa, though the connections are tenuous at best.

Abd al-Rahman II was a great patron of the arts and Ziryab was given a great deal of freedom. He established one of the first schools of [[music]] in Córdoba. This school incorporated both male and female students, who were very popular amongst the aristocracy of the time.<ref name="Davila?"/> According to Ibn Hayyan, Ziryab developed various tests for them. If a student didn't have a large vocal capacity, for instance, he would put pieces of wood in their jaw to force them to hold their mouth open. Or he would tie a sash tightly around the waist in order to make them breathe in a particular way, and he would test incoming students by having them sing as loudly and as long a note as they possibly could to see whether they had lung capacity.

===Family===
According to the main source, Ibn Hayyan, Ziryab had eight sons and two daughters. Five of the sons and both daughters became musicians of some prominence.<ref name=Menocal/> These children kept their father's music school alive, but the female slave singers he trained also were regarded as reliable sources for his repertoire in the following generation.<ref name="Davila?"/>

===Fashion and hygiene===
Ziryab started a vogue by changing clothes according to the weather and season.<ref name=Menocal/> He suggested different clothing for mornings, afternoons and evenings. Henri Terrasse, a French historian of North Africa, commented that legend attributes winter and summer clothing styles and "the luxurious dress of the Orient" found in Morocco today to Ziryab, but argues that "Without a doubt, a lone man could not achieve this transformation. It is rather a development which shook the Muslim world in general ..."<ref>Terrasse, H. (1958) 'Islam d'Espagne' une rencontre de l'Orient et de l'Occident", Librairie Plon, Paris, pp. 52–53.</ref>

He created a new type of deodorant to get rid of bad odors<ref name=Menocal/> and also promoted morning and evening baths and emphasized the maintenance of personal hygiene. Ziryab is thought to have invented an early [[toothpaste]], which he popularized throughout [[Al-Andalus|Islamic Iberia]].<ref name=Sertima/> The exact ingredients of this toothpaste are not currently known,<ref name=Lebling>{{citation|last=Lebling Jr.|first=Robert W.|title=Flight of the Blackbird|journal=[[Saudi Aramco World]]|date=July–August 2003|pages=24–33|url=http://www.islamicspain.tv/Arts-and-Science/flight_of_the_blackbird.htm|accessdate=28 January 2008}}</ref> but it was reported to have been both "functional and pleasant to taste.".<ref name=Sertima>{{citation|last=van Sertima| first=Ivan| authorlink=Ivan van Sertima |date=1992|title=The Golden Age of the Moor|page=267|publisher=[[Transaction Publishers]]|isbn=1-56000-581-5}}</ref>

According to Al-Maqqari before the arrival of Ziryab, all the people of al-Andalus, in the Cordoban court, wore their long hair parted in the middle and hung down loose down to the shoulders, men and women; Ziryab had his hair cut with bangs down to his eyebrows and straight across his forehead, "new short hairstyles leaving the neck, ears and eyebrows free,".<ref name=Marin>Salma Khadra Jayyusi and Manuela Marin (1994), ''The Legacy of Muslim Spain'', p. 117, Brill Publishers, {{ISBN|90-04-09599-3}}</ref> He popularized [[shaving]] among men and set new [[haircut]] trends. Royalty used to wash their hair with rose water, but Ziryab introduced the use of salt and fragrant oils to improve the hair's condition.<ref name=Lebling/>

Ziryab is alleged by some<ref name=Lebling/> to have opened beauty parlors for women of the Cordoban elite. However, this is not supported by the early sources.

===Cuisine===
He was an arbiter of culinary fashion and taste, who also "revolutionized the local cuisine" by introducing new fruit and vegetables such as [[asparagus]], and by introducing the three-course meal served on leathern tablecloths, insisting that meals should be served in three separate courses consisting of [[soup]], the [[main course]], and [[dessert]].<ref name="ZDF">{{cite AV media |people=Susanne Utzt, Sahar Eslah, Martin Carazo Mendez, Christian Twente |date=2016-10-30 |title=Große Völker 2: Die Araber |trans-title=Great peoples 2: The Arabs |medium=Video documentary |language=German |url=https://www.zdf.de/dokumentation/terra-x/grosse-voelker-die-araber-100.html |access-date=2017-01-13 |time=24:05 min |location=Germany |publisher=Terra X via [[ZDF]]}}</ref> He also introduced the use of [[crystal]] as a container for drinks, which was more effective than metal. This claim is supported by accounts of him cutting large crystal [[Chalice (cup)|goblets]].<ref name=Marin/> Prior to his time, food was served plainly on platters on bare tables, as was the case with the Romans.

==Legacy==
Ziryab revolutionized the court at Córdoba and made it the stylistic capital of its time. Whether introducing new clothes, styles, foods, hygiene products, or music, Ziryab changed al-Andalusian culture forever. The musical contributions of Ziryab alone are staggering, laying the early groundwork for classic Spanish music. Ziryab transcended music and style and became a revolutionary cultural figure in 8th and 9th century Iberia.

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
*Titus Burckhardt, "Die Maurische Kultur in Spanien.
*[http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200407/flight.of.the.blackbird-.compilation..htm Flight of the Blackbird] Robert W. Lebling Jr., ''Saudi Aramco World'' July/August 2003.

==Other sources==
* Encyclopedia of Islam
* al-Muqtabis by Ibn Hayyan
* The [[Muqaddima]] of [[Ibn Khaldoun]], [http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter5/Ch_5_31.htm Chapter V, part 31, "The craft of singing."]
* Ta'rikh fath al-Andalus by Ibn al-Qutiyya
* al-'Iqd al-farid by [[Ibn Abd Rabbih|Ibn 'Abd Rabbih]]
* Ta'rikh Baghdad by Ibn Tayfur
* Kitab al-Aghani by Abu l-Faraj al-Isfahani
* Tawq al-hamama by Ibn Hazm
* Jawdhat al-Muqtabis by [[Al-Humaydī]]
* Mughrib fi hula l-Maghrib by [[Ibn Said al-Maghribi|Ibn Sa'id]]

==Further reading==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071224132346/http://www.fravahr.org/spip.php?article118 Zaryâb] Article at Fravahr.org
* Titus Burckhardt, "Die Maurische Kultur in Spanien''.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071026075659/http://www.newrozfilms.com/ziryab.htm Newroz films article]
* [http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?TaxonomyTypeID=13&TaxonomySubTypeID=-1&TaxonomyThirdLevelID=-1&ArticleID=374 MuslimHeritage.com article.]
* [http://www.elijahwald.com/afrarch.html African music pieces, by Elijah Wald]
* [http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200304/flight.of.the.blackbird.htm Flight of the Blackbird], Saudi Aramco World
* [http://lostislamichistory.com/the-cultural-icon-of-al-andalus/ The Cultural Icon of al-Andalus] at Lost Islamic History

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2010}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ziryab}}
[[Category:789 births]]
[[Category:857 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Mosul]]
[[Category:9th-century Al-Andalus people]]
[[Category:History of chemistry|Islam]]
[[Category:Travelers]]
[[Category:Geographers of medieval Islam]]
[[Category:Linguists]]
[[Category:Musicians of medieval Islam]]

Chinesisch-pakistanische Beziehungen

2018-11-18T05:19:24Z

TheRedBox: Reverted 1 edit by 182.77.11.23 (talk) to last revision by GreenC bot. (TW)

{{Infobox bilateral relations|China–Pakistan
| party1 = Pakistan
| party2 = China
| map = Pakistan China Locator.svg
| filetype = 250px
| envoytitle1 = [[Ambassador]]
| envoy1 = Masood Khalid
| envoytitle2 = [[Ambassador]]
| envoy2 = Sun Weidong
| mission1 = [[Beijing|Pakistani Embassy, Beijing]]
| mission2 = [[Islamabad|Chinese Embassy, Islamabad]]
}}

'''China–Pakistan relations''' began in 1950 when Pakistan was among the first countries to enter into official diplomatic relations with the [[Republic of China]] (on [[Taiwan]]) and recognize the [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC) regime on Mainland China. Since then, both countries have placed considerable importance on the maintenance of an extremely close and supportive [[Special relationship (international relations)|special relationship]]<ref name="bbcnews">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13418957|title= Pakistani PM hails China as his country's 'best friend'|work=BBC News|accessdate=17 May 2011|date=17 May 2011}}</ref><ref name="nyt">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/13/world/asia/13pstan.html|title= Pakistan President to Visit China, a Valued Ally|work=New York Times|accessdate=12 October 2008|first=Salman|last=Masood|date=13 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-11/14/content_732562.htm|title=China-Pakistan relations|accessdate=14 November 2006|work=China Daily}}</ref> and the two countries have regularly exchanged high-level visits resulting in a variety of agreements. The PRC has provided economic, military, and technical assistance to Pakistan, and each country considers the other a close strategic ally.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2011-05-17/world/china.pakistan.friend_1_minister-yousuf-raza-gilani-chinese-president-hu-jintao-pakistani-counterpart?_s=PM:WORLD|title=Pakistan cements China ties amid tension with U.S|date=17 May 2011|accessdate=12 July 2011|work=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90883/7384378.html|title=China, Pakistan joined in bonds of brotherhood|accessdate=18 May 2011|work=People's Daily}}</ref>

Bilateral relations have evolved from an initial Chinese policy of neutrality to a partnership with a smaller but militarily powerful Pakistan. Diplomatic relations were established in 1950, boundary issues resolved in 1963, military assistance began in 1966, a strategic alliance was formed in 1972, and economic co-operation began in 1979. China has become Pakistan's largest supplier of arms and its third-largest trading partner.<ref>{{cite web|agency=Reuters |url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/05/21/pakistan-says-wants-china-to-build-naval-base.html |title=Pakistan wants China to build it a naval base |publisher=Dawn.com |date=21 May 2011 |accessdate=13 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://thecommongood.net/2011/05/china-to-fast-track-jets-for-pakistan/ |title=China to Fast-Track Jets for Pakistan |publisher=Thecommongood.net |accessdate=13 May 2012}}</ref> China has given Pakistan a loan of [[United States dollar|US$]]60 million which was later made a grant after [[East Pakistan]] broke away. Recently, both nations have decided to cooperate in improving [[Pakistan's civil nuclear power sector]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10340642 |title=China says Pakistan nuclear deal 'peaceful' |publisher=BBC |date=17 June 2010 |accessdate=13 May 2012}}</ref>

Maintaining close relations with China is a central part of [[Pakistan's foreign policy]]. In 1986, President [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] visited China to improve diplomatic relations, and Pakistan was one of only two countries, alongside Cuba, to offer crucial support to the PRC after the [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989]]. China and Pakistan also share close military relations, with China supplying a range of modern armaments to the Pakistani defence forces. China supports Pakistan's stance on [[Kashmir]], while Pakistan supports China on the issues of [[East Turkestan independence movement|Xinjiang]], [[Tibetan independence movement|Tibet]], and [[Taiwan independence|Taiwan]]. Military cooperation has deepened, with joint projects producing armaments ranging from [[fighter jet]]s to guided missile frigates.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1320868|title=China, Pakistan agree to further increase military cooperation|last=Dawn.com|date=2017-03-16|work=DAWN.COM|access-date=2017-11-17|language=en-US}}</ref>

Chinese cooperation with Pakistan has reached economic high points, with substantial Chinese investment in Pakistani infrastructural expansion including the Pakistani deep-water port at [[Gwadar]]. Both countries have an ongoing [[free trade]] agreement.

According to China's custom statistics the bilateral trade volume for the calendar year 2017 crossed the [[United States dollar|US$]]20 billion mark for the first time. In 2017 China's exports to Pakistan grew by 5.9% to reach $18.25 billion whereas Pakistan's exports to China fell by 4.1% to $1.83 billion.<ref>http://info.hktdc.com/hktdc_offices/mi/ccs/index_static_type/ExportsbyCountryofOriginFinalDestinationex.htm</ref> <ref>http://info.hktdc.com/hktdc_offices/mi/ccs/index_static_type/ImportsbyCountryofOriginFinalDestinationim.htm</ref>

Pakistan has served as China's main bridge to the [[Islamic world]], and also played an important role in bridging the communication gap between the PRC and the West by facilitating [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Richard Nixon]]'s [[Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China|historic 1972 visit]] to China. The relations between Pakistan and China have been described by Pakistan's ambassador to China as "higher than the mountains, deeper than the oceans, stronger than steel, dearer than eyesight, sweeter than honey, and so on."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/18682839|title=Sweet as can be?|publisher=The Economist|accessdate=12 February 2013|date=14 May 2011}}</ref> According to [[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]], Pakistan is China's biggest arms buyer, counting for nearly 47% of Chinese arms exports.<ref>[http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=475 Trends in international arms transfers, 2013 Siemon T. Wezeman and Pieter D. Wezeman]</ref> According to a 2014 BBC World Service Poll, 75% of [[Pakistanis]] view China's influence positively with only 15% expressing a negative view. In the Asia-Pacific region, [[Chinese people]] hold the third most positive opinions of Pakistan's influence in the world, behind Indonesia and Pakistan itself.<ref>http://www.globescan.com/images/images/pressreleases/bbc2014_country_ratings/2014_country_rating_poll_bbc_globescan.pdf</ref>

==Overview==
[[File:Passu Gojal hunza pakistan.jpg|thumb|left|alt=JF-17 Thunder.|[[Karakoram Highway]] connects the two states, it is also sometimes referred to as the Eighth Wonder of the World.]]

Pakistan has a long and strong relationship with China. The long-standing ties between the two countries have been mutually beneficial. A close identity of views and mutual interests remain the centre-point of bilateral ties. Since the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]], Pakistan has supported China on most issues of importance to the latter, especially those related to the question of China's sovereignty like [[Taiwan]], [[Xinjiang]], and [[Tibet]] and other sensitive issues such as [[human rights]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/coe21/publish/no16_1_ses/11_rahman.pdf |title=Eager Eyes Fixed on Eurasia Russia and Its Neighbors in Crisis Russia and Its Neighbors in Crisis, Edited by IWASHITA Akihiro, Slavic Research Center, p 212 |format=PDF |accessdate=13 May 2012}}</ref>

The Chinese leadership has acknowledged Pakistan's steadfast support on key issues. Pakistan helped China in reestablishing formal ties with the West, where they helped make possible the [[1972 Nixon visit to China]].{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} Pakistan has collaborated with China in extensive military and economic projects, seeing China as a counterweight to [[India]] and the United States. Pakistan has also served as a conduit for China's influence in the Muslim world.

China also has a consistent record of supporting Pakistan in regional issues. Pakistan's military depends heavily on [[Equipment Development Department of the Central Military Commission|Chinese armaments]], and joint projects of both economic and militaristic importance are ongoing. China has supplied equipment to support Pakistan's nuclear program.

==Relations prior to the founding of the modern states of Pakistan and the PRC==
Buddhist monks from the area of what is now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region of Pakistan were involved in the [[Silk Road transmission of Buddhism]] to [[Han dynasty]] China. The Han dynasty's [[Protectorate of the Western Regions]] bordered the [[Kushan Empire]]. [[Faxian]] travelled in what is now modern-day Pakistan.

During World War II, the [[Hui Muslim]] [[imam]] Da Pusheng ({{zh|c=[[w:zh:达浦生|达浦生]]}}) toured the Middle East and South Asia to confront Japanese propagandists in Muslim countries and denounce their invasion to the Islamic world.<ref name="Luo1995">{{cite book|author=Zhufeng Luo|title=Religion Under Socialism in China|url=https://books.google.com/?id=cEfiZlUpI5oC&pg=PA50&lpg=PA50&dq=da+pusheng+1938#v=onepage&q=da%20pusheng%201938&f=false|date=January 1991|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-87332-609-4|pages=50–}}</ref> Misinformation on the war was spread in the Islamic Middle Eastern nations by Japanese agents. In response, at the World Islamic Congress in Hejaz, Imam Du openly confronted fake Muslim Japanese agents and exposed them as non-Muslims. Japan's history of imperialism was explained by Du to his fellow Muslims. [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the future founder of Pakistan, met with Imam Du. The [[Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War|Chinese Muslim's anti-Japanese war effort]] received a pledge of support from Jinnah.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.88dict.com/archives/485094/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-08-24 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20140613193920/http://www.88dict.com/archives/485094/ |archivedate=13 June 2014 |df=dmy-all }} {{cite web |url=http://archive |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-08-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712160429/http://archive/ |archivedate=12 July 2013 |df=dmy }}. is/jDCDc</ref> The Hindu leaders [[Rabindranath Tagore|Tagore]] and [[Mohandas Gandhi|Gandhi]] and Muslim Jinnah both discussed the war with the Chinese Muslim delegation under Ma Fuliang while in Turkey President [[İsmet İnönü]] also met the delegation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.huizu360.com/huizu/news_view.asp?tid=5&id=19276 |title=Archived copy |access-date=24 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919050140/http://www.huizu360.com/huizu/news_view.asp?tid=5&id=19276 |archive-date=19 September 2016 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Gandhi and Jinnah met with the Hui Ma Fuliang and his delegation as they denounced Japan.<ref>http://www.xzbu.com/7/view-1606508.htm</ref>

==Diplomatic relations==
[[File:Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy and Zhou Enlai signing the Treaty of Friendship Between China and Pakistan in Beijing.jpg|thumb|right|Pakistani Prime Minister [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]] and Chinese Premier [[Zhou Enlai]] signing the Treaty of Friendship Between China and Pakistan in Beijing in 1956.]]
Diplomatic relations between Pakistan and China were established on 21 May 1951, shortly after the [[Republic Of China]] lost power in [[Mainland China|the Mainland]] in 1949.<ref>[http://202.83.164.26/wps/portal/Mocul/!ut/p/c0/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os_hQN68AZ3dnIwML82BTAyNXTz9jE0NfQwNfA_2CbEdFAA2MC_Y!/?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/MoculCL/ministry/highlights/iap-pakchina-01 Pakistan and China Relations]{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> While initially ambivalent towards the idea of a Communist country on its borders, Pakistan hoped that China would serve as a counterweight to Indian influence. [[India]] had recognized China a year before, and Indian Prime Minister Nehru also hoped for closer relations with the Chinese. In 1956, Pakistani Prime Minister [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]] and Chinese Premier [[Zhou Enlai]] signing the Treaty of Friendship Between China and Pakistan, marking closer bilateral ties.

With escalating border tensions leading to the [[1962 Sino-Indian war]], China and Pakistan aligned with each other in a joint effort to counter India and the Soviet Union as both have border disputes with India. One year after China's border war with India, Pakistan ceded the [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]] to China to end border disputes and improve diplomatic relations.

Since then, an informal alliance that initially consisted of joint Indian opposition{{clarify|date=June 2013}} has grown into a lasting relationship that has benefited both nations on the diplomatic, economic and military frontiers. Along with diplomatic support, Pakistan served as a conduit for China to open up to the West. China has in turn provided extensive economic aid and political support to Pakistan.

[[File:Kashmir map big.jpg|thumb|200px|Disputed territory ceded to China in 1963.]]

[[File:Ambassador Hilaly receiving US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in Rawalpindi on 8 July 1971.jpg|thumb|left|alt=JF-17 Thunder.|[[Henry Kissinger]] was on a secret mission to China facilitated by the [[Government of Pakistan]], a fact known to very few people including [[Agha Hilaly|Ambassador Hilaly]].]]

Since the two sides established their "all-weather diplomatic relations", there have been frequent exchanges between the two countries' leadership and peoples. For example, former Chinese Premier [[Zhou Enlai]] received warm welcomes in all of his four visits to Pakistan. When Zhou died in 1976, then-Pakistani Ambassador to China rushed to the [[Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] at 8 in the morning without appointment. Upon arriving at the ministry, the ambassador cried due to his grief in front of Chinese diplomats. In 2004, a road in Pakistani capital [[Islamabad]] leading to the Diplomatic Enclave was named "Zhou Enlai Road". It is the first road in Pakistan that is named after foreign leaders. On 27 May 1976, then Chinese leader [[Mao Zedong]], aged 83, received his last foreign guest Pakistani president [[Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]] despite his illness.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://politics.people.com.cn/n/2015/0417/c1001-26863311.html |title=中国与巴基斯坦高层交往的5则小故事 |publisher=[[People's Daily China]] |date=17 April 2015 |accessdate=18 April 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Eight Pakistan Air Force JF-17s escort Air China Boeing 747-400.jpg|thumb|right|The presidential plane of PRC President [[Xi Jinping]] escorted by eight JF-17s upon entering Pakistani airspace on a two-day official visit (2015).]]

On 22 May 2013, Chinese Premier [[Li Keqiang]]'s airplane was escorted by six JF-17 Thunder jets, jointly developed by the two countries, as it entered Pakistani airspace.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-22650591 |title=China media: Li Keqiang's Pakistan visit |publisher=BBC |date=24 May 2013 |accessdate=18 April 2015}}</ref> The premier was also received by both Pakistani president and prime minister upon his arrival at the airport. On 20 April 2015, Chinese President [[Xi Jinping]] visited Pakistan as his first foreign visit of the year, also the first by a Chinese president in 9 years. Before his arrival, he published an article praising the friendship on Pakistani newspapers like ''[[Daily Jang]]''. The Chinese president compared visiting Pakistan with visiting his brother's home.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://politics.people.com.cn/n/2015/0420/c1001-26873284.html |title=解读：习近平为何说访巴就像到自己兄弟家中探访？ |publisher=People's Daily China |date=20 April 2015 |accessdate=20 April 2015}}</ref> Like previous visit by Premier Li, the airplane was escorted by 8 JF-17 Thunder jets. Xi was given a grand welcome upon his arrival at Noor Khan airbase, a 21-gun salute and guard of honour was presented to him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1177109/chinese-presidents-visit-to-usher-in-new-era-of-development-pm |title=Chinese president's visit to usher in new era of development: PM |publisher=[[DAWN News]] |date=20 April 2015 |accessdate=20 April 2015}}</ref>

{{quote|text=When I was young, I heard many touching stories about Pakistan and the friendship between our two countries. To name just a few, I learned that the Pakistani people were working hard to build their beautiful country, and that Pakistan opened an air corridor for China to reach out to the world and supported China in restoring its lawful seat in the United Nations. The stories have left me with a deep impression. I look forward to my upcoming state visit to Pakistan.|sign=[[Xi Jinping]], [[President of the People's Republic of China]] before his 2015 visit to Pakistan|source=<ref>[http://thediplomat.com/2015/04/xi-jinping-on-pakistan-i-feel-as-if-i-am-going-to-visit-the-home-of-my-own-brother/ Xi Jinping on Pakistan: 'I Feel as if I Am Going to Visit the Home of my Own Brother']</ref>}}

Pakistan's military initially depended almost entirely on American armaments and aid, which was increased during the covert U.S. support of Islamic militants in the [[Soviet–Afghan War]]. America under US President [[Richard Nixon]] supported Pakistan in the 1971 [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].<ref name="Shalom">Shalom, Stephen R., [http://coat.ncf.ca/our_magazine/links/issue47/articles/a07.htm The Men Behind Yahya in the Indo-Pak War of 1971]</ref> However, the period following the Soviet withdrawal and the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] led indirectly to the increasing realignment of America with the previously pro-Soviet India. The [[Pressler Amendment]] in 1990 suspended all American military assistance and any new economic aid amidst concerns that Pakistan was attempting to develop a nuclear weapon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=larry_pressler_1 |title=Larry Pressler |publisher=Historycommons.org |date=29 March 1993 |accessdate=13 May 2012}}</ref> Given the support that Pakistan had given them during the War in Afghanistan, many Pakistanis saw this as a betrayal that sold out Pakistani interests in favour of India. This belief was further strengthened as India had developed a nuclear weapon without significant American opposition, and Pakistan felt obligated to do the same. Consequently, the primarily geopolitical alliance between Pakistan and China has since 1990 branched out into military and economic cooperation, due to Pakistan's belief that America's influence and support in the region should be counterbalanced by the Chinese.

With the U.S.-led [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|war in Afghanistan]], there is a general sentiment in Pakistan to adopt a foreign policy which favours China over the United States.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/pakistan/2010/pakistan-100619-irna03.htm Global Security] and [http://pakobserver.net/201009/28/detailnews.asp?id=54483 Pakistan Foreign Policy Makers Urged to tie strongly with China compared to US]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Washington has been accused deserting Pakistan in favour of a policy that favours stronger relations with India, while Pakistan sees China as a more reliable ally over the long term.<ref name="articles.cnn.com">{{Cite news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2011-05-17/world/china.pakistan.friend_1_minister-yousuf-raza-gilani-chinese-president-hu-jintao-pakistani-counterpart?_s=PM:WORLD|title=Pakistan cements China ties amid tension with U.S|date=17 May 2011|accessdate=12 July 2011|publisher=CNN}}</ref>

Since the [[September 11 attacks]], Pakistan has increased the scope of Chinese influence and support by agreeing to a number of military projects, combined with extensive economic support and investment from the Chinese.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}

==Military relations==
[[File:Pakistan Air Force Chengdu JF-17 Gu.jpg|thumb|left|alt=JF-17 Thunder.|The [[JF-17 Thunder]] is a joint Pakistan-China project.]]
There are strong military ties between China and Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/pakistan/2010/pakistan-100619-irna03.htm|title=Pakistan enjoys strong defense ties with China|date=19 June 2010|accessdate=30 December 2010|publisher=[[Islamic Republic News Agency|IRNA – Islamic Republic News Agency]]|first=IRNA|last=Islamic Republic News Agency}}</ref> This alliance between two neighbouring Asian nations is significant geopolitically. The strong military ties primarily aim to counter regional [[India]]n and [[United States|American]] influence, and was also to repel [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] influence in the area. In recent years this relationship has strengthened through ongoing military projects and agreements between Pakistan and China.

Since 1962, China has been a steady source of military equipment to the [[Pakistani Army]], helping establish ammunition factories, providing technological assistance and modernising existing facilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/10070/chinapakistan_relations.html|title=China-Pakistan Relations|work=Backgrounder|publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]|date=6 July 2010|accessdate=16 July 2010|first1=Jamal|last1=Afridi|first2=Jayshree|last2=Bajoria|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720031849/http://www.cfr.org/publication/10070/chinapakistan_relations.html|archive-date=20 July 2010|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
[[File:Pakistan airforce K8.jpg|framepx200|right|thumb|[[Hongdu JL-8]] is co-produced by both Pakistan and China.]]

Most recently, the Chinese [[Chengdu J-10]]B fighter was compared to its closest American counterpart, the [[Lockheed Martin F-16]]C Block 52/60, the most advanced F-16, for orders on either aircraft for the [[Pakistan Air Force]], resulting in the wins of the Chinese [[Chengdu J-10]]B. Accordingly, the [[Chengdu J-10]]B had more advanced technology such as its radar and OLS targeting system, and its new generation stealthy features, such as its DSI intake gave it an edge over the [[Lockheed Martin F-16]].

China and Pakistan are involved in several projects to enhance military and weaponry systems, which include the joint development of the [[JF-17 Thunder]] fighter aircraft,<ref name="scmp">{{cite news |title=China-Pakistan military ties set to get even closer as ‘iron brothers’ eye new alliance |url=http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2127106/china-pakistan-military-ties-set-get-even-closer-iron |date=January 7, 2018 |access-date=January 8, 2018 |first=Catherine |last=Wong |publisher=''[[South China Morning Post]]''}}</ref> [[K-8 Karakorum]] advance [[training aircraft]], a tailor made training aircraft for the [[Pakistan Air Force]] based on the Chinese domestic [[Hongdu L-15]], [[space technology]], [[Airborne Early Warning and Control|AWACS]] systems, [[Al-Khalid tank]]s, which China granted license production and tailor made modifications based on the initial Chinese Type 90 and/or MBT-2000. The Chinese has designed tailor made advanced weapons for Pakistan, making it a strong military power in the Asian region. The armies have a schedule for organising joint military exercises.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/mbt-2000.htm|title=Al Khalid MBT-2000 / Type 2000 Main Battle Tank|publisher=GlobalSecurity.org|accessdate=16 July 2010}}</ref>

China is the largest investor in Pakistan's [[Gwadar]] Deep Sea Port, which is strategically located at the mouth of the [[Strait of Hormuz]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianresearch.org/articles/2528.html|title=Gwadar: China's Naval Outpost on the Indian Ocean|first=Tarique|last=Niazi|date=28 February 2005|accessdate=16 July 2010|publisher=Association for Asian Research}}</ref> It is viewed warily by both America and India as a possible launchpad for the Chinese Navy, giving them the ability to launch submarines and warships in the Indian Ocean. China has recently pledged to invest nearly 43 billion US dollars.

China's leadership appreciated Pakistan's fight against terrorism with a special mention of eliminating [[al-Qaeda]], [[Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan]] (TTP) and the [[East Turkistan Islamic Movement]] (ETIM), added the ISPR statement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1320868|title=China, Pakistan agree to further increase military cooperation|last=|first=|date=March 16, 2017|website=DAWN News|access-date=}}</ref> In 2008, Pakistan had purchased military equipment from China for an improved quality of defence arsenal and force to fight the constant attack from foreign militants.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.zeenews.com/news439060.html|title=China offers Pakistan military aid to fight terrorism|date=26 April 2008|accessdate=16 July 2010|publisher=[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee News Ltd]]}}</ref> This relationship still continues nine years later when Pakistan Army imported Chinese-built Low to Medium Altitude Air Defence System (LOMADS) LY-80 for its air defence system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1320053/army-inducts-chinese-built-air-defence-system-to-its-arsenal|title=Army inducts Chinese-built air defence system to its arsenal|last=|first=|date=March 12, 2017|website=DAWN News|access-date=}}</ref>

{{Quote box
|quote = If you love China, love Pakistan too.
|source = [[Li Keqiang]], [[Premier of the People's Republic of China]]<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-22650591 China media: Li Keqiang's Pakistan visit]</ref>
|width = 25%
|align = left
}}
In the past, China has played a major role in the development of Pakistan's nuclear infrastructure, especially when increasingly stringent export controls in [[Western countries]] made it difficult for Pakistan to acquire plutonium and uranium enriching equipment from elsewhere such as the Chinese help in building the [[Khushab]] reactor, which plays a key role in Pakistan's production of plutonium. A subsidiary of the [[China National Nuclear Corporation]] contributed in Pakistan's efforts to expand its uranium enrichment capabilities by providing 5,000 custom made ring magnets, which are a key component of the bearings that facilitate the high-speed rotation of centrifuges. China has also provided technical and material support in the completion of the [[Chashma Nuclear Power Complex]] and plutonium reprocessing facility, which was built in the mid-1990s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/pakistan/nuke/|title=Pakistan Nuclear Weapons: A Brief History of Pakistan's Nuclear Program|date=11 December 2002|accessdate=16 July 2010|work=Strategic Security Project|publisher=[[Federation of American Scientists]]}}</ref> China has become increasing concerned about al-Qaeda linked [[Terrorism in Pakistan|terrorism originating in Pakistan]] and sought help to set up military bases on Pakistani soil to deal with the problem.<ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/china-seeks-military-bases-in-paks-restive-tribal-region/articleshow/10497288.cms "China seeks military bases in Pak's restive tribal region."] ''PTI'', 26 October 2011.</ref>

On January 26, 2015, Chinese Foreign Minister [[Wang Yi (politician)|Wang Yi]] during a conclusion of a two-day visit of [[Raheel Sharif]] to [[Beijing]] called Pakistan China's "irreplaceable, all-weather friend". Sharif also met [[Yu Zhengsheng]], [[Meng Jianzhu]] and [[Xu Qiliang]].<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/827836/coas-visit-chinese-foreign-minister-terms-pakistan-chinas-irreplaceable-friend/ Pakistan an 'irreplaceable' friend, Chinese foreign minister tells army chief]</ref> On April 19, 2015, China concluded sale of eight conventional [[submarines]] worth $5bn, the biggest arms sale by China in its history.<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/world/xi-jinpings-sale-of-submarines-to-pakistan-raises-risk-of-indian-ocean-nuclear-clash-20150418-1mnt6i.html Xi Jinping's sale of submarines to Pakistan raises risk of Indian Ocean nuclear clash]</ref> The vessels are supplied by the China Shipbuilding Trading Company, and financed to Pakistan at a low [[interest rate]].<ref name="scmp"/>

===Counterterrorism===

China, Pakistan and Afghanistan have coordinated to increase regional stability.<ref name="scmp"/> Foreign Minister Wang Yi has said that China intends to use [[Xinjiang]] as a base of economic development for the region, increasing security and facilitating trade.<ref name="scmp"/>

==Economic relations==
{{See also|China–Pakistan Free Trade Agreement}}
Pakistan has been one of China’s major trade partners.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/95442/IPCS-Special-Report-30.pdf|title=China-Pakistan Economic Relations|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref>

Recently though, economic trade between Pakistan and China is increasing, and a free trade agreement has been signed. Military and technological transactions continue to dominate the economic relationship between the two nations, and China has pledged to increase their investment in Pakistan's economy and infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/688389/top-ten-trading-partners |title=Top ten trading partners |publisher=Dawn |date=15 January 2012}}</ref>

In 2011 China Kingho Group cancelled a $19 billion mining deal because of security concerns.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/8799596/US-finds-new-friend-in-Uzbekistan-after-Pakistan-fallout.html "US finds new friend in Uzbekistan after Pakistan fallout."] ''Telegraph Media Group Limited'', 30 September 2011.</ref>

On 26 April, ''[[China Mobile]]'' announced $1 billion of investment in [[Pakistan]] in telecommunication infrastructure and training of its officials within a period of three years.<ref>[http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/04/24/city/karachi/china-mobile-to-invest-1b-in-pakistan/ China Mobile to invest $ 1b in Pakistan]</ref> The announcement came a day after China Mobile subsidy [[Zong Pakistan|Zong]] emerged as the highest bidder in the 3G auction, claiming a 10 MHz [[3G mobile|3G]]-band licence, qualifying for the [[4G mobile|4G]] licence.<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/699257/spectrum-auction-live-updates/ Next-generation licence: Govt raises over $1.1 billion in spectrum auction]</ref>

On 22 April 2015, According to ''[[China Daily]]'', China released its first overseas investment project under the [[Belt and Road Initiative]] for developing a hydropower station near [[Jhelum]].<ref>[http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2015-04/22/content_20508778.htm Silk Road Fund makes first investment]</ref>

The biggest development off late to open up the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) has changed the situation completely as China has carved an enormous plan for economic growth and development in Pakistan as pointed out below in the next section.

===China–Pakistan Economic Corridor===
{{main|China–Pakistan Economic Corridor}}
[[File:Gwadar Port.jpg|framepx200|right|thumb|Gwadar Port.]]
The CPEC will connect Pakistan with China and the Central Asian countries with highway connecting [[Kashgar]] to [[Khunjerab Pass|Khunjerab]] and [[Gwadar]].<ref>http://tribune.com.pk/story/591372/boosting-trade-pak-china-economic-corridor-plan-gets-premiers-go-ahead/</ref> [[Gwadar Port]] in southern Pakistan will serve as the trade nerve centre for China, as most of its trade especially that of oil will be done through the port, which is operated by the China Overseas Port Holding Company, a state-owned Chinese company.<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/589268/pak-china-ties-gawadar-port-one-part-of-a-larger-plan/ Pak-China ties: Gawadar port one part of a larger plan]</ref> Currently, sixty per cent of China's oil must be transported by ship from the [[Persian Gulf]] to the only commercial port in China, Shanghai, a distance of more than 16,000 kilometres. The journey takes two to three months, during which time the ships are vulnerable to pirates, bad weather, political rivals and other risks. Using Gwadar Port instead would reduce the distance and possibly the cost.

The plan seeks to build on a market presence already established by Chinese enterprises, Haier in household appliances, ChinaMobile and [[Huawei]] in telecommunications and China Metallurgical Group Corporation (MCC) in mining and minerals. In other cases, such as textiles and garments, cement and building materials, fertiliser and agricultural technologies (among others) it calls for building the infrastructure and a supporting policy environment to facilitate fresh entry. According to the plan, a key element in this is the creation of industrial parks, or special economic zones, would be done with the provision of water, perfect infrastructure, sufficient supply of energy and the capacity of self-service power.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1333101|title=Exclusive: CPEC master plan revealed|last=Husain|first=Khurram|date=2017-05-14|work=Dawn|access-date=2017-11-03|language=en-US}}</ref>

But the main thrust of the plan actually lies in agriculture, contrary to the image of CPEC as a massive industrial and transport undertaking, involving power plants and highways. The plan acquires its greatest specificity, and lays out the largest number of projects and plans for their facilitation, in agriculture. For agriculture, the plan outlines an engagement that runs from one end of the supply chain all the way to the other. From provision of seeds and other inputs, like fertiliser, credit and pesticides, Chinese enterprises will also operate their own farms, processing facilities for fruits and vegetables and grain. Logistics companies will operate a large storage and transportation system for agrarian produce, as stated by the plan in ''[[Dawn (Pakistan)|Dawn]]''.<ref name=":1" />

The other common investment is expected in information and technology, a full system of monitoring and surveillance will be built in cities from Peshawar to Karachi, with 24 hour video recordings on roads and busy marketplaces for law and order. A national fibre-optic [[Internet backbone|backbone]] will be built for the country not only for internet traffic, but also terrestrial distribution of [[terrestrial television|broadcast TV]], which will cooperate with Chinese media in the "dissemination of Chinese cultures".<ref name=":1" />

==Views==
{{externalvideo|video1=[http://money.cnn.com/2015/04/20/news/economy/pakistan-china-aid-infrastucture/ Pakistan lands $46 billion investment from China.]}}
The support that China and Pakistan give each other is considered significant in global diplomacy, and has been compared to [[Israel–United States relations]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Thalif Deen |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/features/2010/10/20101028135728235512.html |title=China: 'Pakistan is our Israel' – Features |publisher=Al Jazeera English |accessdate=13 May 2012}}</ref> According to a Pew survey of Pakistani public opinion in 2010, 84 per cent of respondents said they had a favourable view of China and 16 per cent had a favourable view of the United States.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2010/12/13/us-pakistan-china-idUSTRE6BC12D20101213 | work=Reuters | title=Pakistan-China ties to be strengthened in Wen visit | date=13 December 2010}}</ref> Similarly, the Chinese state-run media has portrayed Pakistan in a favourable light in regional issues. In 2013, this figure increased to 90% of Pakistanis having a favourable view of China.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://afpak.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/03/25/could_pakistan_bridge_the_us_china_divide?wp_login_redirect=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730041023/http://afpak.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/03/25/could_pakistan_bridge_the_us_china_divide?wp_login_redirect=0 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2013-07-30 |title=Could Pakistan bridge the U.S.-China divide? - by Ziad Haider | The AfPak Channel |publisher=Afpak.foreignpolicy.com |date=2013-03-25 |accessdate=2013-05-23 }}</ref>

Pakistan and China have long praised the close ties the two countries have with each other. Pakistani President [[Pervez Musharraf]] referred to China as Pakistan's "time-tested and all-weather friend", while in return Chinese president [[Hu Jintao]] has referred to Pakistan as "a good friend and partner".<ref name="cbsnews.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/04/16/world/main4018992.shtml | work=CBS | title=Olympic Torch Hits China-Friendly Pakistan | date=11 February 2009}}</ref> Some observers have noted these statements as occurring after Pakistani relations with the United States or India have become strained, such as after [[murder of Osama bin Laden|Osama Bin Laden was killed]] by American forces without Pakistan's prior permission.<ref name="articles.cnn.com"/>

In July 2013 the [[Pew Research Center]], as part of their Global Attitudes Project, declared Pakistan to have the most positive view of China in the world. According to the research, 81% of Pakistanis responded favourably to China. On the other hand, only 11% of Pakistanis had a favourable view of the United States, the lowest in the world.<ref>http://www.pewglobal.org/database/indicator/33/country/166/</ref><ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/579055/pakistanis-increasingly-view-china-as-postive-over-us/ Pakistanis increasingly view China as positive over US]</ref>

{{Quote box
|quote = Pakistan, with its strategic position, natural resources and warm-water ports, has long been an ally of Beijing. The Chinese see the south Asian state, the closest they have to a friend both in south Asia and in the Islamic world, as important to the security and development of their western, predominantly Muslim provinces, and as a useful aide in efforts to counter the influence of India. In recent years, links have grown closer.
|source = ''[[The Guardian]]''<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/mar/22/china-pakistan Pakistan kept sweet by China's money – and shared strategic interests]</ref>
|width = 70%
|align = center
}}

A common quotation referred to Pak-China Friendship is, "A Friendship Higher than the Heights of Himalayas and deeper than the depths of Arabian Sea".

The author of the book ''[[The China-Pakistan Axis: Asia's New Geopolitics]]'' concludes the book by connecting the bilateral relationship to broader themes in Chinese foreign policy. According to the author, on the one hand, Pakistan is both a Chinese pawn (against India) and platform for power projection, but there are limits to this approach. For instance, as Small notes, "Beijing's counterterrorism strategy has been essentially parasitic on the United States being a more important target for transnational militant groups than China. It's unclear how long that can last."<ref>[http://www.lowyinterpreter.org/post/2015/01/21/Book-review-China-Pakistan-Axis-Asias-New-Geopolitics-andrew-small.aspx Book review: The China-Pakistan Axis]</ref>

{{Quote box
|quote = if there were recriminations they were not made public. Indeed China's ties with Pakistan, which were established during Mao's rule and are based on shared hostility towards India, thrive on many common interests. A long history of secret deals between their two armies--overrides the problems with Islamic extremism.
|source = Andrew Small, the author of ''[[The China-Pakistan Axis: Asia's New Geopolitics]]''<ref>[http://www.businessinsider.com/china-and-pakistan-are-geopolitical-friends-2015-1 China And Pakistan Are Geopolitical Friends]</ref>
|width = 70%
|align = center
}}

==Issues==

The [[East Turkestan Islamic Movement|ETIM]] is an Afghanistan-based terrorist organisation and has also attacked Pakistan on several occasions. There is a deep sense in both the security officials in Pakistan and China that India over the years have used such terrorist networks to disrupt Chinese development efforts in the region. Both China and Pakistan believe that India could also use such terrorist networks to sabotage the CPEC project between China and Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://waziristanhills.com/Taliban/MilitantOrganizations/EastTurkistanIslamicMovementETIM/tabid/141/language/en-GB/Default.aspx |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-12-30 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628070537/http://waziristanhills.com/Taliban/MilitantOrganizations/EastTurkistanIslamicMovementETIM/tabid/141/language/en-GB/Default.aspx |archivedate=28 June 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> As these militants are labelled as terrorists from the Chinese province of [[Xinjiang]], Pakistan and China strongly believe that India's intelligence services are behind such notorious terrorist organisations based in Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Politics/03-Jun-2009/Hu-Jintao-urges-Zardari-to-crush-ETIM-extremists |title=Hu Jintao urges Zardari to crush ETIM extremists |publisher=The Nation |date=3 June 2009 |accessdate=13 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318083152/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/politics/03-Jun-2009/Hu-Jintao-urges-Zardari-to-crush-ETIM-extremists |archive-date=18 March 2013 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2010/12/13/us-pakistan-china-idUSTRE6BC12D20101213?pageNumber=2 | work=Reuters | title=Pakistan-China ties to be strengthened in Wen visit | date=13 December 2010}}</ref>

==Timeline==
[[File:Pakistan embassy Beijing.jpg|framepx200|right|thumb|Pakistan embassy in [[Beijing]], China.]]
[[File:PRC Towers and PNSC Building Karachi.jpg|framepx200|right|thumb|People Republic of China '''PRC''' Tower in Karachi (left) has offices of many Chinese corporations.]]
Important events:
: '''1950''' – Pakistan becomes the third non-communist country, and first Muslim one, to recognize the People's Republic of China.
: '''1951''' – Beijing and [[Karachi]] establish diplomatic relations.
: '''1956''' – Pakistani Prime Minister [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]] and Chinese Premier [[Zhou Enlai]] signing the Treaty of Friendship Between China and Pakistan in Beijing.
: '''1963''' – Pakistan cedes the Trans-Karakoram Tract to China, ending border disputes.
: '''1970''' – Pakistan helps the U.S. arrange the [[1972 Nixon visit to China]].
: '''1978''' – The [[Karakoram Highway]] linking the mountainous [[Northern Pakistan]] with Western China officially opens.
: '''1980'''s – China and the U.S. provide support through Pakistan to the [[Afghan mujahideen#Afghanistan|Afghan guerillas]] fighting [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] forces.
: '''1986''' – China and Pakistan reach a comprehensive nuclear co-operation agreement.
: '''1996''' – Chinese President [[Jiang Zemin]] pays a state visit to Pakistan.
: '''1999''' – A 300-megawatt nuclear power plant, built with Chinese help in [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab province]], is completed.
: '''2001''' – A joint-ventured Chinese-Pakistani tank, the [[MBT-2000]] (Al-Khalid) MBT is completed.
: '''2002''' – The building of the [[Gwadar]] deep sea port begins, with China as the primary investor.
: '''2003''' – Pakistan and China signed a $110 million contract for the construction of a housing project on Multan Road in Lahore<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/2004/12/16/top5.htm|title=China, Pakistan sign 7 accords in vital sectors: •Oil, gas exploration •high-level trade •Gwadar port improvement|author=Khan, Bahzad Alam|date=16 December 2004|accessdate=16 July 2010|publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref>
: '''2007''' – The [[People's Republic of China|Sino-]]Pakistani joint-ventured [[multirole]] [[fighter aircraft]] – the [[JF-17 Thunder]] (FC-1 Fierce Dragon) is formally rolled out.
:'''2008''' – Pakistan welcomes the Chinese Olympic Torch in an Islamabad sports stadium, under heavy guard amidst security concerns.<ref name="cbsnews.com"/>
:'''2008''' – China and Pakistan sign a free trade agreement.
:'''2008''' – Pakistan and China to build a railway through the [[Karakoram Highway]], in order to link China's rail network to [[Gwadar Port]].
:'''2008''' – The [[F-22P]] frigate, comes into service with the [[Pakistani Navy]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/brothers-in-arms-china-gives-warship-to-pak/98275-2.html|title=Brothers in 'arms'? China gives warship to Pak|date=31 July 2009|accessdate=16 July 2010|work=[[Press Trust of India]]|publisher=[[CNN-IBN|IBN Live]]}}</ref>
:'''2009''' – The [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] arrest several suspected [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]] terrorists seeking refuge in Pakistan.
:'''2010''' – Pakistan and China conduct a joint anti-terrorism drill.
:'''2010''' – China donates $260 million in dollars to flood-struck Pakistan and sends 4 military rescue helicopters to assist in rescue operations.
:'''2010''' – [[Wen Jiabao]] visits Pakistan. More than 30 billion dollars worth of deals were signed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://dailytimespakistan.com/china-pm-inaugurates-pak-china-friendship-centre/|title=Gilani, Jiabao inaugurate Pak-China Friendship Centre|date=18 December 2010|accessdate=30 December 2010|publisher=[[Associated Press of Pakistan|APP]]|first=APP|last=Express}}</ref>
:'''2011''' – Pakistan is expected to buy air-to-air SD 10 missiles from China for its 250 JF 17 thunder fighter fleet
:'''2013''' – Management of [[Gwadar Port]] is handed over to state-run Chinese Overseas Port Holdings after previously being managed by Singapore's PSA International,<ref>[http://dawn.com/2013/02/07/decision-to-hand-over-gwadar-port-to-china-worries-india/ "Decision to hand over Gwadar port to China worries India"], ''[[Dawn (newspaper)]]'', 7 February 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.</ref> and it becomes a matter of ''great concern'' for India.<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/503373/india-concerned-over-china-running-gwadar-port/ "India 'concerned' over China running Gwadar port"], ''[[The Express Tribune]]'', 6 February 2013. Retrieved on 13 February 2013.</ref>
:'''2013''' – Chinese Premier Li Keqiang visits Pakistan. Trade between China and Pakistan hit a 12-month figure of $12 billion for the first time in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/article-101959-Chinese-PM-begins-Pakistan-visit |title=Chinese PM begins Pakistan visit |publisher=Thenews.com.pk |date=2013-05-16 |accessdate=2013-05-23}}</ref>
:'''2013''' – On 5 July 2013, Pakistan and China approved the '''Pak-China Economic corridor''' which will link Pakistan’s [[Gwadar Port]] on the [[Arabian Sea]] and Kashghar in [[Xinjiang]] in northwest China. The [[US dollar|$]]18 billion project will also includes the construction of a 200km-long tunnel.<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/572857/china-pakistan-friendship-sweeter-than-honey-nawaz/ Development projects: Nawaz signs $18 bn tunnel deal with China]</ref><ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/591372/boosting-trade-pak-china-economic-corridor-plan-gets-premiers-go-ahead/ Boosting trade: Pak-China economic corridor plan gets premier’s go-ahead]</ref>
:'''2013''' – On 24 December 2013, China announced a commitment $6.5 billion to finance the construction of a major nuclear power project in [[Karachi]], the project which will have two reactors with a capacity of 1,100 megawatts each.<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/649908/china-commits-6-5-billion-for-nuclear-project-in-pakistan/ China commits $6.5 billion for nuclear project in Pakistan- The Express Tribune]</ref>
:'''2014''' – Chinese Premier announced investment of $31.5 billion in Pakistan mainly in countries energy, infrastructure and port expansion for [[Gwadar]]. According to ''[[The Express Tribune]]'' initially projects worth $15–20 billion will be started which include Lahore-Karachi motorway, Gwadar Port expansion and energy sector projects will be launched in [[Gadani]] and six coal projects near [[Thar coalfield]]. The newspaper further claimed that the government has also handed over to Pakistan Army the task of providing fool-proof security to Chinese officials in [[Balochistan, Pakistan]] in a bid to address [[Beijing]]’s concerns and execute the investment plan in the province, which will get 38% of the funds.<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/683281/balochistan-to-receive-big-slice-of-chinese-funds/ Balochistan to receive big slice of Chinese funds]</ref>
:'''2014''' – On 22 May 2014, The governments of Pakistan and China on Thursday signed an agreement to start a metro train project in Lahore, Express News reported. The 27.1 kilometres long track – named Orange Line – will be built at the cost of $1.27 billion.<ref>[http://tribune.com.pk/story/711614/pakistan-china-sign-lahore-metro-train-agreement/ Pakistan, China sign Lahore metro train agreement]</ref>
:'''2014''' – On 8 November 2014, Pakistan and China signed 19 agreements particularly relating to [[China–Pakistan Economic Corridor]], China pledged a total investment worth of $42 billion. While Pakistan pledged to help China in its fight concerning the [[Xinjiang conflict]].<ref>[http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2014/11/08/national/pakistan-wins-42b-chinese-investment/ Pakistan wins $42b Chinese investment]</ref>
:'''2015''' – On 20 April 2015, Chinese President Xi Jinping, accompanied by the First Lady and a delegation of high-level officials and businessmen, visits Pakistan. It is the first visit to Pakistan by a Chinese president after a gap of 9 years and the first foreign trip of Xi in 2015. 51 Memorandums of Understanding are signed, including the plan of "Pakistan China Economic Corridor".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1177109/economic-corridor-in-focus-as-pakistan-china-sign-51-mous |title=Economic corridor in focus as Pakistan, China sign 51 MoUs |publisher=DAWN News |date=20 April 2015 |accessdate=20 April 2015}}</ref>
:'''2015''' – Pakistan began circulating the [[Pakistani rupee|Rs.]]{{nbsp}}20 coin with the [[Flag of Pakistan|Pakistan]] and [[Flag of the People's Republic of China|China flags]] to commemorate the countries' lasting friendship.

==See also==
{{Portal|China|Pakistan|International relations}}
* [[Pakistan Embassy College Beijing]]
* [[Hong Kong–Pakistan relations]]

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last1=Small|first1=Andrew|title=The China-Pakistan Axis: Asia's New Geopolitics|date=2015|publisher=Hurst|location=London|isbn=1849043418|pages=288|edition=1|url=http://www.andrewsmall.org}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Cardenal|first1=Juan Pablo|authorlink1=Juan Pablo Cardenal|last2=Araújo|first2=Heriberto|authorlink2=Heriberto Araújo |title=La silenciosa conquista china |location=Barcelona|publisher=Crítica|year=2011|url=https://books.google.com/?id=jQ2fvBVpQpYC |pages=247ff|isbn=9788498922578|language=es}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://blogs.reuters.com/india-expertzone/2012/01/20/the-limits-of-the-pakistan-china-alliance/ The limits of the Pakistan-China alliance]
*[https://www.youtube.com/v/Ogqj5UZiWEs&list=UURPwLKbd4S960c7hkYVNahQ&index=1&feature=plcp China hints at ally Pakistan's hand in Xinjiang unrest]
*[http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-02-12/news/31052205_1_china-pakistan-relationship-countries-trade-and-business-relationship Ahmed Rashid on the Sino-Pakistani relationship]
*[http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/coe21/publish/no16_1_ses/11_rahman.pdf Eager Eyes Fixed on Eurasia Russia and Its Neighbors in Crisis Russia and Its Neighbors in Crisis, Edited by IWASHITA Akihiro, Slavic Research Center]
*[https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSISL9262520061124 CHRONOLOGY-Main events in Chinese-Pakistani relations]
*[http://www.hindustantimes.com/audio-news-video/AV-World/Pakistan-trained-militants-pose-a-threat-to-Xinjiang/Article2-841360.aspx Xinjiang-Pakistan]

{{China–Pakistan relations}}
{{Foreign relations of China}}
{{Foreign relations of Pakistan}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2012}}

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[[Category:China–Pakistan relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of China|Pakistan]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Pakistan]]