Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Frank Trentmann

2015-05-18T21:16:23Z

TexasAndroid: Add long comment to move down the Short Pages list.

{{TempUndelete}}

{{Short pages monitor}}

IdleAir

2013-02-19T16:51:11Z

TexasAndroid: Decline G7 CSD. Not the original creator. Please follow the directions at WP:RFD for further attempts to delete this.

#REDIRECT [[IdleAire]]

Temco D-16

2012-07-25T14:02:57Z

TexasAndroid: TexasAndroid moved page Temco D-16 Twin Navion to Temco D-16: Requested move

{|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin
|name=Temco D-16
|image=File:Riley-Temco (Ryan) D-16 Twin Navion.jpg
|caption=Temco D-16A
}}{{Infobox Aircraft Type
|type=Business & touring aircraft
|manufacturer=[[Temco Aircraft]]
|designer=
|first flight=1952
|introduced=1953
|retired=
|status=
|primary user=
|more users=
|produced=1953-1957
|number built=110
|developed from=[[Ryan Navion]]
|variants with their own articles=
}}
|}
The '''Temco D-16''' is a 1950s twin engine civil aircraft from the [[United States]]. It was produced by conversion of a [[Ryan Navion]] to replace its single engine with two wing-mounted engines. It is commonly known as the '''Twin Navion''', although that name is also often applied to a later similar conversion, the [[Camair 480]].

==Background==
The project began in 1951 as a requirement by Charles Daubenberger for an inexpensive replacement for the corporate Ryan Navion operated by his Dauby Equipment Company, to achieve better reliability while crossing high mountain ranges. He commissioned Roger Keeney of the Acme Aircraft Company to provide a solution, that evolved into a twin engine conversion of a Navion.<ref name=twinnavion>[http://www.twinnavion.com/ twinnavion.com]</ref>

==Design and development==
With encouragement from Lycoming, the 125hp [[Lycoming O-290]] four-cylinder engine was selected for the project. Design changes from the basic Navion structure included strengthened wing spars, that supported engine mounts and other components from [[Piper PA-18 Super Cub]], plus new engine nacelles, a faired nose section that replaced the existing engine and cowling, and a new vertical tail and rudder based on the existing horizontal stabilizer. During testing in 1952, the aircraft was initially named the X-16 Bi-Navion. On 10 November 1952, it was granted certification by the [[Civil Aeronautics Administration]] (CAA), after which it was renamed as the D-16 Twin Navion.<ref name=twinnavion/><ref name=rws2001>Simpson 2001</ref>

A second aircraft was converted for Jack Riley, who specified 140hp engines, and he purchased the production rights from Dauby. Riley Aircraft then started production of the Riley D-16 Twin Navion, that standardized the design with 150hp [[Lycoming O-320]] engines and other improvements. In March 1953, after 19 conversions had been carried out, Riley subcontracted production to [[Temco Aircraft]]. Temco then purchased the sole production rights, and produced a further 46 conversions under the name Temco D-16. In September 1954, the design was upgraded to include 170hp [[Lycoming O-340]] engines plus increased fuel capacity in wingtip tanks, officially named Temco D-16A but typically marketed as the ''Riley 55'' for the 1955 model year.<ref name=twinnavion/><ref name=rws2001/><ref name=rws1995>Simpson 1995</ref><ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1954/1954%20-%200342.html Flight, 5 February 1954, p. 166]</ref><ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/FlightPDFArchive/1955/1955%20-%200052.PDF Flight, 14 January 1955, p. 52]</ref>

==Operational history==
In 1957, after 45 conversions to D-16A specification, production ceased in the face of competition from more cost-effective new-build types such as the [[Piper PA-23 Apache]]. Many of the D-16 models were upgraded to D-16A standards. In 2012, about 52 Temco D-16 and D-16A models remain on the US civil aircraft register, and at least three are preserved in museum collections.<ref name=twinnavion/><ref name=rws1995>Simpson 1995</ref><ref name=rws2001>Simpson 2001</ref><ref>Ogden 2007</ref>

==Specifications (D-16) ==
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=Simpson 2001 and FAA Spec 2A1<ref name=rws2001/><ref>FAA Specification 2A1</ref>
|prime units?=imp
|genhide=
|crew=one
|capacity=three passengers
|length m=8.28
|length ft=27
|length in=2
|length note=
|span m=10.16
|span ft=33
|span in=4
|span note=
|height m=2.9
|height ft=9
|height in=6
|height note=
|wing area sqm=16.56
|wing area sqft=178.3
|wing area note=
|airfoil=
|empty weight kg=1,043
|empty weight lb=2,300
|empty weight note=
|gross weight kg=
|gross weight lb=
|gross weight note=
|max takeoff weight kg=1,519
|max takeoff weight lb=3,350
|max takeoff weight note=
|fuel capacity=59.5 US gal
|more general=
|eng1 number=2
|eng1 name=[[Lycoming O-320]]
|eng1 type=air-cooled [[flat-four]]
|eng1 kw=111.8
|eng1 hp=150
|eng1 note=
|power original=
|thrust original=
|more power=
|prop blade number=2
|prop name=
|prop dia m=
|prop dia ft=
|prop dia in=
|prop note=
|perfhide=
|max speed kmh=290
|max speed mph=180
|max speed kts=157
|max speed note=
|cruise speed kmh=274
|cruise speed mph=170
|cruise speed kts=148
|cruise speed note=
|stall speed kmh=
|stall speed mph=
|stall speed kts=
|stall speed note=
|never exceed speed kmh=
|never exceed speed mph=190
|never exceed speed kts=165
|never exceed speed note=
|minimum control speed kmh=
|minimum control speed mph=
|minimum control speed kts=
|minimum control speed note=
|range km=1,120
|range miles=700
|range nmi=609
|range note=
|ferry range km=
|ferry range miles=
|ferry range nmi=
|ferry range note=
|endurance=
|ceiling m=6,096
|ceiling ft=20,000
|ceiling note=
|climb rate ms=7.1
|climb rate ftmin=1,400
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude=
|lift to drag=
|wing loading kg/m2
|wing loading lb/sqft=
|wing loading note=
|power/mass=
|thrust/weight=
|more performance=
|avionics=
}}

==See also==
{{aircontent
|related=
*[[Ryan Navion]]
|similar aircraft=
|lists=
|see also=
}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*[http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/e0d402a92678a395862577ae006922c7/$FILE/2A1%20Rev%205.pdf FAA Specification 2A1 Rev 5]
*Ogden, Bob. 2007. ''Aviation Museums and Collections of North America''. Air-Britain ISBN 0-85130-385-4
*Simpson, R. W. 1995. ''Airlife's General Aviation''. Airlife Publishing ISBN 1-85310-577-5
*Simpson, Rod. 2001. ''Airlife's World Aircraft''. Airlife Publishing ISBN 1-84037-115-3

==External links==
{{Commons category|Temco D-16}}

{{aviation lists}}

[[Category:Temco aircraft]]
[[Category:United States civil utility aircraft 1950–1959]]

Gervais Street Bridge

2012-07-20T18:14:30Z

TexasAndroid: Added {{notability}}, {{uncategorized}} and {{unreferenced}} tags to article (TW)

{{notability|date=July 2012}}
{{unreferenced|date=July 2012}}
'''Gervais Street Bridge'''
Locale- [[Columbia, South Carolina]]
Carries- Gervais Street
Crosses- [[Congaree River]]
[[File:000.jpg]]

{{uncategorized|date=July 2012}}

Asa Brigham

2012-07-16T13:57:48Z

TexasAndroid: added Category:People from Victoria, Texas‎ using HotCat

{{Infobox person
|name = Asa Brigham
|image =
|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_name =
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1788|8|31|df=yes}}
|birth_place = [[Marlborough, Massachusetts]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1844|7|3|1788|8|31|df=yes}}
|death_place = [[Washington, Texas]]
|residence = [[Lunenburg, Massachusetts]] [[Alexandria, Louisiana]] [[Victoria, Texas]] [[Austin, Texas]]
|nationality = [[English people|American]]
|ethnicity =
|citizenship = American
|other_names =
|known_for = signer of [[Texas Declaration of Independence]]; Treasurer of Texas
|education =
|alma_mater =
|employer =
|occupation = tailor, merchant, Texas politician
|years_active = 1810–1844
|home_town =
|salary =
|networth =
|height =
|weight =
|title =
|term =
|predecessor =
|successor =
|party =
|opponents =
|boards =
|religion =
|spouse = Elizabeth Swift Babcock (m. 1810) Ann Johnson Mather (m. 1839).
|partner =
|children = John Brigham Benjamin Brigham
|parents = Lewis Brigham and Mary (Rice) Brigham
|relations =
|callsign =
|signature =
|website =
|footnotes =
|box_width =
}}
'''Asa Brigham''' (31 August 1788 – 3 July 1844) was a [[Texas]] politician and businessman and signer of the [[Texas Declaration of Independence]] (1836), declaring independence from [[Mexico]]. He served as Texas Treasurer and mayor of [[Austin, Texas|Austin]].

== Biography ==
Asa Brigham was born in [[Marlborough, Massachusetts]], on 31 August 1788 to Lewis Brigham and Mary Rice Brigham. Marriage banns for Brigham and Elizabeth Swift Babcock were published 9 Dec 1810 at [[Watertown, Massachusetts]]. He resided at [[Lunenburg, Massachusetts]], from 1810 to 1816 and was employed as a tailor.<ref>Charles Hudson, History of the town of Marlborough, Middlesex County, Massachusetts (Boston, MA: T R Marvin & Son, 1862), p. 342.</ref> He immigrated in 1816 to [[Alexandria, Louisiana]], after suffering a fire and loss of his business.<ref>Josiah H Temple, A Genealogical Register of Framingham Families including All Who Took Up Residence in Town Before AD 1860 (Framingham, MA: The Town of Framingham, 1887), p. 484. </ref> By the time he arrived in [[Texas]] from [[Louisiana]] in April 1830, he was married and had two sons, Samuel and Benjamin, and a married daughter, Adeliza Lewis Brigham. In December of the same year he was elected as ''síndico procurador'' in the precinct of [[Victoria, Texas|Victoria]] and a year later elected ''comisario'' for the same precinct. Also in 1831, Brigham was appointed to the [[Brazoria County, Texas|Brazoria]] district Board of Health.

At the time, there was increasing discontent in Texas with the policies of the [[Mexico|Mexican]] government, particularly the ban on [[slavery]] and the disarmament/expulsion of American immigrants. On June 20, 1832, Brigham joined a number of Texan politicians in signing a convention which indicated their willingness to engage in military actions to ensure the independence of Texas. On October 6 of the same year he was elected treasurer of the Brazoria district.

After 1832 he kept a [[ferry]] at Brazoria, and, in partnership with his son-in-law, ran a [[mercantile]] business. He became a stockholder in the [[San Saba Colonization Company]] and was a receiver of stock for the [[Brazos and Galveston Railroad]]. He bought land at Hall's Bayou in [[Brazoria County, Texas|Brazoria County]] and in the counties of [[Galveston County, Texas|Galveston]] and [[Bastrop County, Texas|Bastrop]], where he grew [[sugar]], [[cotton]] and [[maize|corn]] in addition to raising [[cattle]]. At this time, Brigham owned a number of slaves, but later in his life he was to sign numerous petitions against slavery.

By 1833, his wife, son-in-law and one of his daughters had died. In 1835 he was elected Brazoria ''[[alcalde]]'' and was one of the four representatives of Brazoria who attended the convention at [[Washington-on-the-Brazos]] in 1836, where he signed the [[Texas Declaration of Independence]].

Since Brigham had been influential in the founding of a [[Masonic Lodge]] in Brazoria, he served as a charter member of the [[Grand Lodge of Texas | Masonic Grand Lodge of Texas]] in [[Houston]] on December 20, 1837. He was appointed auditor of the [[Republic of Texas]] by [[David G. Burnet]] and named Texas's first treasurer by President [[Sam Houston]] in December 1836. He was re-appointed as treasurer by [[Mirabeau B. Lamar]] in January 1839, but left the treasury in April the next year. He was charged with using state funds for private purposes during his time as treasurer but later cleared. He was re-appointed treasurer again in December 1841, and in 1842 became the fourth [[mayor]] of [[Austin, Texas|Austin]].

He married his second wife, Ann Johnson Mather, on July 8, 1839. Brigham died July 3, 1844 in [[Washington, Texas]], and was buried there. Texas built a monument to him there in 1936, and his remains were later moved to [[Washington-on-the-Brazos, Texas | Washington-on-the-Brazos State Historical Park]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/BB/fbr49.html | title= Asa Brigham Biography | publisher= Handbook of Texas Online | accessdate= 26 Jul 2009}}</ref>

==Genealogy==
Asa Brigham was a descendant of [[Edmund Rice (1638) | Edmund Rice]], an English immigrant to the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]], as follows:<ref>Edmund Rice (1638) Association, 2007. Descendants of Edmund Rice: The First Nine Generations.</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.edmund-rice.org/era5gens/ |title=Edmund Rice Six-Generation Database Online |publisher= Edmund Rice (1638) Association, Inc. |accessdate= 26-July-2009}}</ref>

* '''Asa Brigham,''' son of
:* Mary Rice (8 Apr 1767 – 15 Jun 1797), daughter of
:* Benjamin Rice (4 Jan 1740 – 23 Apr 1811), son of
:* Deacon Andrew Rice (18 Jan 1703 – 15 Jan 1775), son of
::* Joshua Rice (19 Apr 1661 – 23 Jun 1734), son of
::* Samuel Rice (12 Nov 1634 – 25 Feb 1684), son of
:::*[[Edmund Rice (1638)|Edmund Rice]] (1594 – 3 May 1663)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/BB/fbr49.html Asa Brigham] from [http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/index.html The Handbook of Texas Online]
* [http://tides.sfasu.edu/AN18/SHHI_27.php?culture=2&chrono=5&index=0 Payment For the Protection of the Frontier May 19, 1843] from [http://tides.sfasu.edu/ Texas Tides]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Brigham, Asa
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 31 August 1788
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Marlborough, Massachusetts]]
| DATE OF DEATH = 3 July 1844
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Washington, Texas]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Brigham, Asa}}
[[Category:1788 births]]
[[Category:1844 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Austin, Texas‎]]
[[Category:People of the Texas Revolution]]
[[Category:People from Marlborough, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:People from Victoria, Texas‎]]

Asa Brigham

2012-07-16T13:57:31Z

TexasAndroid: removed Category:People from Texas; added Category:People from Austin, Texas‎ using HotCat

Mordfall James Byrd junior

2012-07-16T13:48:56Z

TexasAndroid: removed Category:People from Texas; added Category:People from Jasper County, Texas‎ using HotCat

{{Infobox person
| name = James Byrd, Jr.
| image =JamesByrdJr..jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|5|2}}
| birth_place = [[Beaumont, Texas]], United States
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1998|06|07|1949|05|2}}
| death_place = [[Jasper, Texas]], United States
| occupation =
}}
'''James Byrd, Jr.''' (May 2, 1949 – June 7, 1998) was an [[African-American]] who was [[murder]]ed by three white men, asserted to be [[White supremacy | white supremacists]], in [[Jasper, Texas]], on June 7, 1998. Shawn Berry, Lawrence Brewer, and John King dragged Byrd behind a [[pick-up truck]] along an [[asphalt]] road.
Byrd, who remained conscious throughout most of the ordeal, was killed when his body hit the edge of a [[culvert]], severing his right arm and head. The murderers drove on for another mile before dumping his torso in front of an African-American cemetery in Jasper.<ref name ="dragging">{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/US/9807/06/dragging.death.02/|title=3 whites indicted in dragging death of black man in Texas|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=1998-07-06|accessdate=2010-07-24}}</ref> Byrd's lynching-by-dragging gave impetus to passage of a Texas hate crimes law. It later led to the [[Federal government of the United States|federal]] October 22, 2009 [[Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act]], commonly known as the [[Matthew Shepard]] Act. President [[Barack Obama]] signed the bill into law on October 28, 2009.<ref>[http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2009/10/620000629/1 Obama signs hate-crimes law rooted in crimes of 1998 ([[USA TODAY]], Oct 28, 2009)]</ref>

Lawrence Brewer was executed by lethal injection for this crime by the state of Texas on September 21, 2011.<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-504083_162-20110188-504083.html White supremacist Lawrence Russell Brewer executed for dragging death ([[CBS News]], September 22, 2011)]</ref> King remains on Texas' death row while appeals are pending, <ref>"[http://168.51.178.33/webapp/TDCJ/InmateDetails.jsp?sidnumber=04684561 King, John William]." [[Texas Department of Criminal Justice]]. Retrieved on January 5, 2010.</ref><ref>"[http://www.tdcj.state.tx.us/stat/kingjohn.htm King, John William]." [[Texas Department of Criminal Justice]]. Retrieved on August 25, 2010.</ref><ref name="keysDidPrison"/> while Berry was sentenced to life imprisonment.

==Victim==
James Byrd, Jr. was born in [[Beaumont, Texas]], one of nine children, to Stella (1925 – October 7, 2010) and James Byrd, Sr. (born 1924).<ref name=KFDM>[http://www.kfdm.com/articles/pain-39700-dies-praised.html Mother of James Byrd, Jr. dies] (October 7, 2010)</ref>

===Family===
Ross Byrd, the only son of James Byrd, has been involved with Murder Victims' Families for Reconciliation, an organization that opposes capital punishment. He has campaigned to spare the lives of those who murdered his father and appears briefly in the documentary ''Deadline'' about the death penalty in Illinois.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jeralyn|title=Families of Murder Victims Opposed to Capital Punishment|url=http://www.talkleft.com/story/2002/07/05/175/14540|work=The Politics of Crime|publisher=TalkLeft.com|accessdate=27 August 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/05/07/60II/main552832.shtml Killing Time - [[Dan Rather]] interviews Renee and Ross Byrd]</ref>

==Murder==
On June 7, 1998, Byrd, age 49, accepted a ride from Shawn Berry (age 24), Lawrence Brewer (age 31) and John King (age 23). Berry, who was driving, was acquainted with Byrd from around town. Instead of taking Byrd home, the three men took Byrd to a remote county road out of town, beat him severely, urinated on him and chained him by his ankles to their pickup truck before dragging him for three miles. Brewer later claimed that Byrd's throat had been slashed by Berry before he was dragged. However, forensic evidence suggests that Byrd had been attempting to keep his head up while being dragged, and an [[autopsy]] suggested that Byrd was alive during much of the dragging. Byrd died after his right arm and head were severed after his body hit a [[culvert]]. His body had caught the culvert on the side of the road, resulting in Byrd's decapitation.<ref name="ClosingArguments">"[http://www.cnn.com/US/9902/22/dragging.death.03/ Closing arguments today in Texas dragging-death trial]," [[CNN]], February 22, 1999.</ref> Byrd's brain and skull were found intact, further suggesting he maintained consciousness while being dragged. <ref>{{cite book|last=Robinson|first=Paul|title=Criminal Law, Case Studies & Controversies|year=2008|publisher=Wolters Kluwer|location=New York|pages=204}}</ref>

Berry, Brewer and King dumped their victim's mutilated remains in front of an African-American church on Huff Creek Road; the three men then went to a barbecue. Along the area where Byrd was dragged, authorities found a wrench with "Berry" written on it. They also found a lighter that was inscribed with "Possum", which was King's prison [[nickname]].<ref>"[http://web.archive.org/web/20051227000441/http://www.texasobserver.org/showArticle.asp?ArticleID=275 Justice in Jasper]," ''[[Texas Observer]]'', September 17, 1999.</ref> The following morning, Byrd's limbs were found scattered across a seldom-used road. The police found 81 places that were littered with Byrd's remains. State law enforcement officials, along with Jasper's [[District Attorney]], determined that since Brewer and King were well-known [[white supremacists]], the murder was a [[hate crime]]. They decided to call upon the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] less than 24 hours after the discovery of Byrd's remains.{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}}

King had several racist [[tattoo]]s: a black man hanging from a tree, [[Nazism|Nazi]] symbols, the words "[[Aryan race|Aryan]] Pride," and the patch for a gang of white supremacist inmates known as the [[Prison gang#In the United States|Confederate Knights of America]].<ref>"[http://www.cnn.com/US/9902/16/dragging.death.04/index.html Texas sheriff 'knew somebody was murdered because he was black']," CNN, February 16, 1999.</ref> In a jailhouse letter to Brewer that was intercepted by jail officials, King expressed pride in the crime and said he realized in committing the murder he might have to die. "Regardless of the outcome of this, we have made history. Death before dishonor. [[Sieg Heil]]!" King wrote.<ref name="ClosingArguments" /> An officer investigating the case also testified that witnesses said King had referenced ''[[The Turner Diaries]]'' after beating Byrd.<ref>[http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/jasper1.html The officer's account of the initial stages of the investigation through an affidavit filed in Jasper County, Texas on June 9, 1998.]</ref>

Berry, Brewer and King were tried and convicted for Byrd's murder. Brewer and King received the [[Capital punishment|death penalty]], while Berry was sentenced to [[Life imprisonment|life in prison]].

Brewer was executed by lethal injection on September 21, 2011 <ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-504083_162-20110188-504083.html White supremacist Lawrence Russell Brewer executed for dragging death ([[CBS News]], September 22, 2011)]</ref> while King remains on Texas' death row.<ref>"[http://168.51.178.33/webapp/TDCJ/InmateDetails.jsp?sidnumber=04684561 King, John William]." [[Texas Department of Criminal Justice]]. Retrieved on January 5, 2010.</ref><ref>"[http://www.tdcj.state.tx.us/stat/kingjohn.htm King, John William]." [[Texas Department of Criminal Justice]]. Retrieved on August 25, 2010.</ref><ref name="keysDidPrison"/>

==Perpetrators==
[[File:PolunskyUnitWestLivingstonTX.jpg|thumb|The perpetrators were held at the [[Allan B. Polunsky Unit]]]]
===Shawn Allen Berry===
The driver of the truck, Berry was the most difficult to convict of the three defendants because there was a lack of evidence to suggest that he was a racist. {{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} Berry had also claimed that Brewer and King were entirely responsible for the crime. Brewer, however, testified that Berry had cut Byrd's throat before he was tied to the truck. The jury decided that there was little evidence to support this claim.<ref name="Texas NAACP">{{cite web |title=Texas NAACP| url=http://www.texasnaacp.org/jasper.htm | accessdate=June 19, 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070430140528/http://www.texasnaacp.org/jasper.htm  |archivedate = April 30, 2007}}</ref> As a result, Berry was spared the death penalty and was sentenced to life in prison. Berry, [[Texas Department of Criminal Justice|TDCJ]]#00894758, is in the [[Ramsey Unit]] in [[Brazoria County, Texas]],<ref name="keysDidPrison">Keys, Perryn. "[http://www.beaumontenterprise.com/news/jasper__the_road_back__did_prison_time_turn_man_into_one_of_byrd_s_killers__06-30-2008_13_18_38.html?showFullArticle=y JASPER: THE ROAD BACK: Did prison time turn man into one of Byrd's killers?]" ''[[Beaumont Enterprise]]''. June 9, 2008. Retrieved on July 23, 2010.</ref> and his parole eligibility date is June 7, 2038.<ref>"[http://168.51.178.33/webapp/TDCJ/index2.htm Berry, Shawn Allen]." [[Texas Department of Criminal Justice]]. Retrieved on January 5, 2010.</ref> As of 2003 Berry is in protective custody; he spends 23 hours per day in an {{convert|8|ft|m|adj=on}} by {{convert|6|ft|m|adj=on}} cell, with one hour for exercise. Berry married a woman named Christie Marcontell by proxy.<ref>King, Joyce. ''Hate Crime: The Story of a Dragging in Jasper, Texas''. [[Random House, Inc.]], 2002. [http://books.google.com/books?id=dhH1GOJCrmkC&pg=PA207&lpg=PA207&dq=%22Shawn+Allen+Berry+is+at+the+Ramsey%22&source=bl&ots=4hdi_kbdSy&sig=mgjNcuQdCljQofrLdOrzhpdg8OI&hl=en&ei=LinSTN7gEoWBlAePt_S2Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Shawn%20Allen%20Berry%20is%20at%20the%20Ramsey%22&f=false 207]. Retrieved from [[Google Books]] on November 3, 2010. ISBN 0-375-42132-7, ISBN 978-0-375-42132-7.</ref> Marcontell was Berry's girlfriend at the time of the murder. The two have a child together.

===Lawrence Russell Brewer===
Brewer was a white supremacist who, prior to Byrd's murder, had served a prison sentence for drug possession and burglary. He was paroled in 1991. After violating his parole conditions in 1994, Brewer was returned to prison. According to his court testimony, he joined a white supremacist gang with King in prison in order to safeguard himself from other inmates.<ref name="Court TV Online">{{cite web | title=Court TV Online| url=http://www.courttv.com/archive/trials/brewer/092199_pm_ctv.html| accessdate=June 19, 2007}}</ref> Brewer and King became friends in the [[Beto Unit]] prison.<ref name="keysDidPrison"/> A psychiatrist testified that Brewer did not appear repentant for his crimes. Brewer was ultimately convicted and [[death penalty|sentenced to death]].<ref>"[http://168.51.178.33/webapp/TDCJ/InmateDetails.jsp?sidnumber=03897953 Brewer, Lawrence Russell]." [[Texas Department of Criminal Justice]]. Retrieved on January 5, 2010.</ref> Brewer, TDCJ#999327,<ref>"[http://www.tdcj.state.tx.us/stat/brewerlawrence.htm Brewer, Lawrence Russell]." [[Texas Department of Criminal Justice]]. Retrieved on August 25, 2010.</ref> was on death row at the [[Polunsky Unit]].<ref name="keysDidPrison"/> Brewer was executed in the [[Huntsville Unit]] on September 21, 2011.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lawrence Russell Brewer executed in 1998 dragging death |author=Heather Nolan and Jessica Lipscomb |url=http://www.beaumontenterprise.com/news/article/Lawrence-Russell-Brewer-executed-in-1998-dragging-2182092.php |newspaper=Beaumont Enterprise |date=September 22, 2011 |accessdate=September 22, 2011}}</ref> The day before his execution, Brewer told [[KHOU (TV)|KHOU 11 News]] in [[Houston]]: "As far as any regrets, no, I have no regrets. No, I'd do it all over again, to tell you the truth."<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/21/troy-davis-and-lawrence-b_n_974293.html Troy Davis And Lawrence Brewer, A Tale Of Two Executions]</ref>

====Last meal practice ended in Texas====
Before his execution Brewer ordered a large meal that included two [[chicken fried steak]]s, a triple-meat bacon cheeseburger, a large bowl of fried [[okra]], a pound of barbecue, three fajitas, a meat lover's pizza, a pint of ice cream, and a slab of peanut butter fudge with lots of crushed peanuts. However he did not eat any of it and the meal was discarded, prompting Texas prison officials to end the 87-year-old tradition<ref>[http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/local_news/article/Last-meal-tradition-for-death-row-inmates-2184368.php Last-meal requests off death row menu]</ref> of giving [[Last meal|last meals]] to condemned inmates.<ref>[http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Last-meal-requests-come-to-an-end-on-Texas-death-2184484.php Last meal requests come to an end on Texas death row (''[[San Antonio Express-News]]'', September 23, 2011)]</ref><ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/23/us/texas-death-row-kitchen-cooks-its-last-last-meal.html Texas Death Row Kitchen Cooks Its Last ‘Last Meal’ (''[[New York Times]]'', September 22, 2011)]</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-15040658 Last meal: What's the point of this death row ritual?], Daniel Nasaw, BBC News Magazine, 26 September 2011. Retrieved 2011-09-26.</ref>

===John William King===
King was accused of beating Byrd with a bat and then dragging him behind a [[pickup truck|truck]] until he died. King had previously claimed that he had been [[prison rape|gang-raped]] in prison by black inmates.<ref name="Prison Fellowship">{{cite web | title=Justice Fellowship| work="Prison Rape - It's No Joke" | url=http://www.justicefellowship.org/article.asp?ID=2695 | accessdate=February 9, 2007}}</ref> Although he had no previous record of racism, King had joined a white supremacist prison gang, allegedly for self-protection.<ref>Nolan, Pat: [http://www.justicefellowship.org/key-issues/issues-in-criminal-justice-reform/issue-1/pf-commentary-prison-rape/12780-prison-rape-its-no-joke "Prison Rape - It's No Joke"] Washington Post, June 25, 2009</ref> As a child he was diagnosed as manic-depressive. He was found guilty and sentenced to death for his role in Byrd's kidnapping and murder.<ref>"[http://168.51.178.33/webapp/TDCJ/InmateDetails.jsp?sidnumber=04684561 King, John William]." [[Texas Department of Criminal Justice]]. Retrieved on January 5, 2010.</ref> King, TDCJ#999295,<ref>"[http://www.tdcj.state.tx.us/stat/kingjohn.htm King, John William]." [[Texas Department of Criminal Justice]]. Retrieved on August 25, 2010.</ref> is on death row at the Polunsky Unit.<ref name="keysDidPrison"/>

==Reactions to the murder==
Numerous aspects of the Byrd murder echo [[lynching in the United States|lynching tradition]]s. These include [[mutilation]] or [[decapitation]] and revelry, such as a barbecue or a picnic, during or after.

Byrd's murder was strongly condemned by [[Jesse Jackson]] and the [[Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change|Martin Luther King Center]] as an act of vicious [[racism]] and focused national attention on the prevalence of [[White supremacy|white supremacist]] [[prison gang]]s.

The victim's family created the James Byrd Foundation for Racial Healing after his death. In 1999 [[Chantal Akerman]], inspired by the literary works of [[William Faulkner]], set out to make a film about the beauty of the American South. However, after arriving on location (in Jasper, Texas) and learning of the brutal racist murder, she changed her focus. Akerman made ''Sud'' (French for "South") a meditation on the events surrounding the crime and the history of racial violence in the United States. In 2003, a movie about the crime, titled ''[[Jasper, Texas (film)|Jasper, Texas]]'', was produced and aired on [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]]. The same year, a documentary named ''Two Towns of Jasper'', made by filmmakers Marco Williams and Whitney Dow, premiered on [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]'s P.O.V. series.<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/pov/ PBS.org]</ref>

Basketball star [[Dennis Rodman]] paid for funeral expenses and gave Byrd's family $25,000. Fight promoter Don King gave Byrd's children $100,000 to be put towards their education expenses. <ref>{{cite book|last=Robinson|first=Paul|title=Criminal Law, Case Studies & Controversies|year=2008|publisher=Wolters Kluwer|location=New York|isbn=978-0-7335-6927-0{{Please check ISBN|reason=Check digit (0) does not correspond to calculated figure.}}|pages=1176}}</ref>

While at radio station [[WIAD|WARW]] in Washington, D.C., DJ [[The Greaseman|Doug Tracht]] (also known as "The Greaseman") made a derogatory comment about James Byrd after playing [[Lauryn Hill]]'s song "[[Doo Wop (That Thing)]]".<ref>"The Reliable Source" Annie Groer, Ann Gerhart. ''[[The Washington Post]]''. Washington, D.C.: March 18, 1999. pg. C.03</ref> The February 1999 incident proved catastrophic to Tracht's radio career, igniting protests from black and white listeners alike. He was quickly fired from WARW and lost his position as a volunteer deputy sheriff in [[Falls Church]], [[Virginia]].

In May 2004 two white teenagers were arrested and charged with criminal mischief for desecrating James Byrd Jr.'s grave with racial slurs and profanities.<ref>[http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/State-briefs-White-teens-charged-in-grave-1977172.php White teens charged in grave desecration ([[Houston Chronicle]], May 12, 2004)]</ref>

===Impact on US politics===
Some advocacy groups, such as the [[NAACP]] National Voter Fund, made an issue of this case during [[George W Bush]]'s presidential campaign in 2000. They accused Bush of implicit racism since, as governor of Texas, he opposed [[hate crime]] legislation. Also, citing a prior commitment, Bush could not appear at Byrd's funeral. Because two of the three murderers were sentenced to death and the third to life in prison (all charged with and convicted of capital murder, the highest felony level in Texas) Governor Bush maintained that 'we don't need ''tougher'' laws'. The 77th Texas Legislature passed the James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Act. With the signature of [[Governor of Texas|Governor]] [[Rick Perry]] who inherited the balance of Bush's unexpired term, the act became Texas state law in 2001.<ref>{{cite news |title= Texas governor signs into law hate-crimes bill |agency= [[Associated Press]] |newspaper= The Deseret News |date= May 11, 2001 |page= A2}}</ref> In 2009, the [[Matthew Shepard Act|Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act]] expanded the [[Hate crimes in the United States#Federal prosecution of hate crimes|1969 United States federal hate-crime law]] to include crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived [[gender]], [[sexual orientation]], [[gender identity]], or [[disability]].<ref>[http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/10/28/obama-signs-billion-defense-policy/ Obama Signs Defense Policy Bill That Includes 'Hate Crime' Legislation]</ref>

===Musical tributes===
In 2010, Alabama musician [[Matthew Mayfield]] penned, recorded, and released a song in Byrd's honor. The tune, titled "Still Alive," is the fourth track on Mayfield's EP ''You're Not Home''. "Still Alive" clearly related a stark bitterness towards racism and equated such hate crimes to genocide.

"Tell Me Why" by Will Smith featuring Mary J. Blige mentions Byrd on Will Smith's fourth album, [[Lost and Found (Will Smith album)| Lost and Found]]

"The Ballad of James Byrd" is another tribute to Byrd, written and performed by Southern Californian musician Ross Durand.

"The New Hell" by death metal band [[The Famine]] mentions Byrd on their album ''[[The Architects of Guilt]]'' (2011).

"Jasper", by [[Confrontation Camp]], is the fifth track on the album ''[[Objects in the Mirror Are Closer Than They Appear (Confrontation Camp album)|Objects in the Mirror Are Closer Than They Appear]]'' (2000).

"100 Miles" by Rollins Band is a b-side track from their album "Get Some Go Again." The song's lyrics are written in the first person about a vigilante who takes the lives of Byrd's killers. (2000)

"Guitar Drag" by sound artist [[Christian Marclay]] is a video- and sound-installation about the murdering of James Byrd (2000).

==See also==
{{Portal|Texas}}
* [[Dragging death]]
* [[Lynching]]

{{clear}}
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* King, Joyce. ''Hate Crime: The Story of a Dragging in Jasper, Texas.'' Pantheon, 2002.
* Temple-Raston, Dina. ''A Death in Texas: A Story of Race, Murder, and a Small Town's Struggle for Redemption.'' Henry Holt and Co., January 6, 2002.
* Ainslie, Ricardo. ''Long Dark Road: Bill King and Murder in Jasper, Texas.'' [[University of Texas]] Press, 2004.

==External links==
* [http://www.lizardproductions.com/RememberHisName.html Remember His Name - From Hate To Healing: The Long Road Home] documentary in production by Lizard Productions
* [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=7105192 James Byrd, Jr.] at Find A Grave
* [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0335185 ''Jasper, Texas''] - television movie
* [http://capmag.com/article.asp?ID=1464 Politically Correct Murder and Media Bias] by [[Larry Elder]] - compares media coverage of the Byrd case to the murder of [[Ken Tillery]]
* [http://www.gwu.edu/~action/ads2/adnaacp.html NAACP National Voter Fund - Campaign ads 2000]
* [http://www.matthewmayfield.com/album/yourenothome.html Listen to "Still Alive" by Matthew Mayfield]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Byrd Jr., James
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = May 2, 1949
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Jasper, Texas]] [[U.S.A]]
| DATE OF DEATH = June 7, 1998
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Jasper, Texas]] [[United States|U.S.A.]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Byrd Jr., James}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:1998 murders in the United States]]
[[Category:African-American history of Texas]]
[[Category:American murder victims]]
[[Category:Hate crimes]]
[[Category:Murdered African-American people]]
[[Category:Murders]]
[[Category:People from Jasper County, Texas‎]]
[[Category:People murdered in Texas]]
[[Category:Racially motivated violence against African Americans]]
[[Category:Homicides by motor vehicle]]
[[Category:1998 in Texas]]

[[fr:Affaire James Byrd, Jr.]]
[[ru:Бёрд, Джеймс]]
[[fi:James Byrd, Jr]]

Dave Days

2012-07-16T13:34:41Z

TexasAndroid: removed Category:People from Pennsylvania; added Category:People from Chester County, Pennsylvania using HotCat

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Dave Days
| image = Dave Days by Gage Skidmore.jpg
| birth_name =
| background = solo_singer
| birth_date = {{Birth based on age as of date|20|2011|10|2}}
| origin = Downingtown, Pennsylvania
| occupation = Singer-songwriter, musician
| instrument = Vocals, Guitar
| genre = [[Rock music|Rock]], comedy
| label = (Unsigned)
| website = {{URL|http://www.davedays.com|Official website}}
| years_active = 2007–present
}}

'''Dave Days''' is a musician, entertainer and [[YouTube]] personality from [[Downingtown, Pennsylvania]], currently living in [[Los Angeles]], California. He is best known for his YouTube channel featuring pop-punk covers and parodies of popular songs, as well as original songs. {{Asof|2012|7}}, Days' ''davedays'' YouTube channel has 1.4 million subscribers and has had more than 300 million views.

==Career==
In [[middle school]], Days started playing in bands. He taught himself how to use audio and video production equipment, and while attending [[Downingtown High School|Downingtown High School East]], Days became interested in YouTube. He created his ''davedays'' YouTube channel on August 25, 2007, which debuted with the release of ''[[Chocolate Rain]] (Pop-Punk Parody)'', and followed with a series of other videos parodying popular YouTube videos and performers. Days quickly attracted enough of an audience to become a YouTube partner (earning income from advertisements) and, after just over a year, had over 200,000 subscribers and over 50 million views. One month after finishing high school, Days moved to Los Angeles to pursue music, and continued to release YouTube videos.<ref name=levy/><ref name=philly/><ref name=youtube/><ref name=forbes_2012_04/><ref name=lastfm/>

Several of Days' songs and videos from 2008–10 focused on [[Miley Cyrus]], which led to her making a cameo appearance in Days' 2010 video ''Miley Cyrus – My Last Song for Miley (Dave Days)''.<ref name=youtube/><ref name=accesshollywood/> By early 2010, Days was the most-subscribed musician on YouTube.<ref name=wired/>

His 2011 YouTube videos ''Next to You'' and ''Who Says'' placed in ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''{{'}}s uncharted top 10,<ref name=billboard_blistein/><ref name=billboard_bylin/> and his send-up of [[Katy Perry]] in a parody of ''[[Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)|Last Friday Night]]'' garnered attention.<ref name=popcrush/> In October 2011, Days was again the most-subscribed musician on YouTube, with 1.5 million subscribers.<ref name=philly/>

On September 11, 2011, Days performed "What Does It Take" on [[Disney Channel]]'s ''[[So Random]]''.<ref name=fanlala/><ref name=disneydreaming/>

{{Asof|2012|7}}, Days has released over 100 videos, which have had over 300 million combined views.<ref name=youtube/>

In 2012 he is a DigiTour headliner.<ref name=digitour/>

Days does his music and video production himself.<ref name=forbes_2012_04/><ref name=forbes_2012_03/>

==Selected discography==
*The Dave Days Show (2009)
*Imma Be Down With Fireflies Baby (2010)
*Dinner and a Movie (2010)
*We're Just Kids (2012)

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=accesshollywood>{{cite web|title=Miley Explains Dave Days YouTube Cameo|url=http://watch.accesshollywood.com/video/twitter-fan-question:-miley-explains-dave-days-youtube-cameo/1312875594001|publisher=Access Hollywood}}</ref>
<ref name=billboard_blistein>{{cite web|last=Blistein|first=Jon|title=Uncharted Territory: Dave Days Taps Inner-Bieber, T. Mills Keeps His Shoes On|url=http://www.billboard.com/column/uncharted-territory/uncharted-territory-dave-days-taps-inner-1005289222.story#/column/uncharted-territory/uncharted-territory-dave-days-taps-inner-1005289222.story|publisher=Billboard}}</ref>
<ref name=billboard_bylin>{{cite web|last=Bylin|first=Kyle|title=Uncharted Territory: Dave Days Breaks Top 10, Colette Carr Returns|url=http://www.billboard.com/column/uncharted-territory/uncharted-territory-dave-days-breaks-top-1005226992.story#/column/uncharted-territory/uncharted-territory-dave-days-breaks-top-1005226992.story|publisher=Billboard}}</ref>
<ref name=disneydreaming>{{cite web|title=Dave Days Performs "What Does It Take" On "So Random" September 18, 2011|url=http://www.disneydreaming.com/2011/09/14/dave-days-performs-what-does-it-take-on-so-random-september-18-2011/|publisher=Disney Dreaming}}</ref>
<ref name=fanlala>{{cite web|title=Dave Days to Perform on an All-New So Random!|url=http://www.fanlala.com/news/dave-days-perform-all-new-so-random|publisher=FanLaLa}}</ref>
<ref name=forbes_2012_04>{{cite web|last=Knapp|first=Alex|title=Indie Musician Dave Days Talks About Life As A YouTube Star|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2012/04/04/indie-musician-dave-days-talks-about-life-as-a-youtube-star/|publisher=Forbes}}</ref>
<ref name=forbes_2012_03>{{cite web|last=Shaughnessy|first=Haydn|title=How To Build a YouTube Audience and Forge a Creative Career|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/haydnshaughnessy/2012/03/15/creatives-how-to-build-a-youtube-audience-and-forge-a-new-career/2/|publisher=Forbes}}</ref>
<ref name=popcrush>{{cite web|last=Maher|first=Cristin|title=YOUTUBE STAR DAVE DAYS TAKES ON KATY PERRY WITH ‘LAST FRIDAY NIGHT’ PARODY|url=http://popcrush.com/youtube-dave-days-katy-perry-last-friday-night-parody/|publisher=PopCrush}}</ref>
<ref name=youtube>{{cite web|title=Dave Days - YouTube|url=http://youtube.com/davedays}}</ref>
<ref name=wired>{{cite web|title=5 Secrets of YouTube’s Success|url=http://www.wired.com/magazine/2010/03/ff_youtube_5secrets/4/}}</ref>
<ref name=digitour>{{cite web|title=DigiTour 2012 Headliners|url=http://thedigitour.com/index.php/digitour-2012-headliners/}}</ref>
<ref name=philly>{{cite web|title=So you want to get rich making Web videos? Ask these three locals|url=http://articles.philly.com/2011-10-02/news/30235397_1_youtube-channel-post-videos-youtube-partner}}</ref>
<ref name=lastfm>{{cite web|title=Dave Days|url=http://www.last.fm/music/Dave+Days}}</ref>
<ref name=levy>{{cite book|title=15 Minutes of Fame: Becoming a Star in the YouTube Revolution|url=http://books.google.com/?id=miiHt_7MDLoC&pg=PT353&dq=%22dave+days%22+youtube#v=onepage&q=%22dave%20days%22%20youtube&f=false|isbn=9781592577651|author1=Levy|first1=Frederick|date=2008-06-03}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
* {{URL|http://www.davedays.com|Official website}}
* {{URL|http://www.youtube.com/user/davedays|Youtube channel}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Dave Days
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Singer-songwriter, musician
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Days, Dave}}
[[Category:1990s births]]
[[Category:Articles created via the Article Wizard]]
[[Category:American Internet personalities]]
[[Category:American musicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Chester County, Pennsylvania]]
[[fr:Dave Days]]
[[it:Dave Days]]

Mianus River State Park

2012-06-12T18:55:18Z

TexasAndroid: removed Category:Stamford, Connecticut; added Category:Geography of Stamford, Connecticut using HotCat

'''Treetops''', the former estate of torch singer and actress [[Libby Holman]], is part of the [[Mianus River]] Park, which is overseen by the [[Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection]] as the '''Mianus River State Park'''. Treetops is located just south of the Mianus River Park and straddles the border of [[Stamford, Connecticut|Stamford]] and [[Greenwich, Connecticut|Greenwich]].

In 2001, a successful effort was made by local citizens to save the estate, from development. As a result, 94 acres of pristine grounds were preserved as a [[state park]], with a further 11 acres around the Treetops mansion covered by a [[conservation easement]].<ref>http://www.friendsofmianusriverpark.org/treetopspark/history_of_treetops.htm</ref> Many rooms in Holman's mansion have been restored by its current owners. These include the studio of Holman's third husband [[Louis Schanker]], a renowned abstract artist.<ref>{{cite web|title=Friends of the Mianus River Park: History of Treetops State Park|url=http://sites.google.com/site/mianusriverpark/treetops-state-park|accessdate=21 June 2011}}</ref><ref>http://www.treetopscms.org/LouisSchanker.htm</ref>

In 2006, Treetops Chamber Music Society’s annual concert series made Louis Schanker's studio its home.<ref>Friends of Mianus River State Park: [https://sites.google.com/site/mianusriverpark/treetops-state-park Harry Day, "Libby Holman, the SLCT and the Treetops Legacy," Spring 2009], accessed January 7, 2011</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.treetopscms.org/ Treetops Chamber Music Society]
*[http://www.friendsofmianusriverpark.org/ Friends of Mianus River Park website, including history of Treetops State Park]
*[http://www.ct.gov/dep/cwp/view.asp?a=2716&q=445284&depNav_GID=1650#MianusRiver Mianus River State Park] - CT DEP

{{coord|41.0796|-73.5818|region:US-CT|display=title}}

[[Category:Connecticut state parks]]
[[Category:Parks in Fairfield County, Connecticut]]
[[Category:Geography of Stamford, Connecticut]]
[[Category:Greenwich, Connecticut]]

{{Connecticut-protected-area-stub}}

Figuren aus Gingers Welt

2012-05-23T21:08:10Z

TexasAndroid: removed Category:Animated characters; added Category:Animated television characters by series‎ using HotCat

Throughout the various episodes in '''''[[As Told By Ginger]]''''', a number of recurring '''characters''' appear. Prominent characters are listed here.

==The Foutleys==
===Ginger Foutley===

Ginger Foutley (voiced by [[Melissa Disney]]) is an average 12 year-old [[middle school|junior high school]] girl. She was not considered "popular" until [[List of As Told by Ginger characters#Courtney Gripling|Courtney Gripling]] (Liz Georges), the stereotypical "[[school diva]]", decided to befriend her. Through Ginger, Courtney is able to view how the world works outside of the popular clique. However, Courtney's "right-hand woman", [[List of As Told by Ginger Characters#Miranda Killgallen|Miranda Killgallen]] ([[Cree Summer]]), becomes increasingly jealous of Courtney and Ginger's relationship, and stops at nothing to relegate Ginger to her previous role of [[geek]]. Aside from Courtney, Ginger has a group of loyal friends ([[List of As Told by Ginger characters#Dodie Bishop|Dodie Bishop]], voiced by [[Aspen Miller]], and [[List of As Told by Ginger characters#Macie Lightfoot|Macie Lightfoot]], voiced by [[Jackie Harris]]), who are nearly always ready to back her up.

At home, Ginger's mother Lois ([[Laraine Newman]]), single mom and nurse, attempts to give Ginger advice for the majority of her situations, but, as Ginger is often too embarrassed to listen to her mother's reasoning, she ends up learning from her own mistakes much of the time. Ginger's younger brother, [[Primary school|fourth-grader]] [[List of As Told by Ginger characters#Carl Foutley|Carl]] ([[Jeannie Elias]]), often attempts to use Ginger as a "[[Human subject research|guinea pig]]" for his experiments and twisted schemes. However, he has tried this so much that Ginger can usually tell that he is up to something, and refuses to comply. Early on in the series, Ginger did not know much about her father, who left the family shortly after Carl was born. In ''Hello Stranger'' she invited him to her poetry reading at school. Although he did not respond to the invitation, Ginger was convinced he would show anyway, and thus, was devastated when he didn't. In ''An "Even-Steven" Holiday Special'' (the title of which refers to Ginger being torn between how to celebrate [[Christmas]] and [[Hanukkah|Chanukah]] at the same time after learning that she is one-quarter [[Jews|Jewish]]), Jonas returns to the family briefly after seeing Carl playing [[Santa Claus]] on the street. Though never having officially found his way back into the family, Jonas became more of an installation in the show, appearing at various intervals to give Ginger fatherly advice.

Ginger is portrayed as excelling academically. A self-described "science geek", and frequent "[[wiktionary:kiss-up|kiss-up]]" to her [[chemistry]] teacher, Mr. Celia, Ginger is also a very talented writer, particularly gifted at writing [[poetry]]. In ''The "A" Ticket'', her crush, Ian Richton, was paired up with her as a lab partner, but used her to get an A so he could stay on the soccer team, much to Ginger's chagrin. Ginger is a favorite of her English teacher, Ms. Zorski, due to her talent for writing. Ginger once wrote a poem entitled "And Then She Was Gone" (in the episode ''And She Was Gone''), to Ms. Zorski's concern, who subsequently sent Ginger to the school counselor. Her talent for writing is expounded on in the [[List_of_As_Told_by_Ginger_episodes#Season_3:_2003-2006|series finale]], when we are shown that Ginger has become a successful author later in life.

Ginger's love life was not terribly successful throughout the course of the show. Initially, she harbored a crush on Ian Richton, which presumably ended when she discovered he was only using her to get an A in science. Another notable relationship that Ginger has had is with Sasha, a boy she met at camp. She left camp on good terms with Sasha, but when she visited him at his school in ''Ginger's Solo'', he tells her he has a girlfriend. Her relationship with good friend and neighbor [[List of As Told by Ginger characters#Darren Patterson|Darren Patterson]] ([[Kenny Blank]]) was incredibly tumultuous and underwent much change during the series. In ''Dare I, Darren?'' Ginger began to look at Darren in a more romantic light following Miranda's suggestion that they (Ginger and Darren) would make a good couple. Later on, in the episode ''Never Can Say Goodbye'', she develops a physical attraction to Darren after he gets his [[orthodontia|headgear]] removed. Despite attempts to deny these newfound feelings, Ginger becomes incredibly jealous when Darren and Miranda begin to date. Finally, in [[List_of_As_Told_by_Ginger_episodes#Season_3:_2003-2006|''Foutley's On Ice (Part 3)'']], Ginger and Darren become an official couple. However, when they reach [[high school]], Darren soon takes interest in a cheerleader named Simone. Darren then cheats on Ginger, leaving her heartbroken. She then develops acute appendicits and has to go to the hospital. She then finds comfort in a new friend, Orion. She and Orion never have an official relationship, but more of a flirtatious friendship. However, in the series finale, [[List_of_As_Told_by_Ginger_episodes#Season_3:_2003-2006|''The Wedding Frame (Part 3)'']], Ginger "takes the leap" and is shown with Orion at her mother's wedding.

However, at the end of the episode, when Ginger's future is shown, she not only is wearing a wedding (or perhaps engagement ring), but is shown with Darren, who is holding a baby that looks rather like Ginger. Ginger, Carl, their parents, and Dave are [[White people|caucasian]].

===Carl Foutley===
Ginger's younger brother is Carl Foutley, 9 years old. ([[Jeannie Elias]]). He is in the fourth grade in the first season. He and his sidekick, [[List of As Told by Ginger Characters#Robert Joseph "Hoodsey" Bishop|"Hoodsey" Bishop]] ([[Tress MacNeille]]), come up with their schemes and perform their experiments in an abandoned [[doghouse]] in the Foutleys' backyard. The doghouse once belonged to the Foutleys' dog Monster, who ran away many years prior to the beginning of the series. In the [[List_of_As_Told_by_Ginger_episodes#Season_3:_2003-2006|series finale]], Monster returns to the Foutleys. Because of his unique, yet disturbing personality, his family sometimes act like they don't like him, and often criticize him.

Courtney Gripling's younger brother, [[List of As Told by Ginger characters#Blake Sophia Gripling|Blake]], is often the recipient of Carl's bad humor, due to the repeated theft of a petrified eyeball that initially belonged to Carl. Blake can usually be seen trying to get on Carl's good side, but Carl refuses his advances and takes every opportunity to humiliate Blake.

Carl's [[catch phrase]] is "classified." He is incredibly secretive about his plans, revealing as little as possible about them to anyone who may inquire, even if he needs outside help acquiring the necessary materials to carry them out, of which include catching a [[naked mole rat]], turning himself into a wolf and attempting to stay on a ski lift for over 3 hours.

Despite his love of the gross and unusual, Carl's also got a big heart, as shown on several occasions; delivering a beautiful eulogy at Maude's funeral (Carl & Maude), and even openly crying after hearing about Mrs. Gordon's untimely passing hours after he'd tried to get her to return. In one episode "Fast Reputation," it was actually revealed that Carl is a great cook. Joann Bishop (Dodie and Hoodsey's mother) does not like Carl and often speaks very ill of him, despite his usual attempts to be nice to her.

Carl's one true love is [[List_of_As_Told_by_Ginger_characters#Others|Noelle Sussman]] ([[Emily Kapnek]]). Originally, Noelle was viewed by Carl as a nobody on whom he could test his "disappearing powder", as he felt that she was expendable and would not be missed. As he studies the progress of his experiments, however, he realizes what a truly weird girl Noelle is, and that he misses her, leading the two to develop a relationship in [[List_of_As_Told_by_Ginger_episodes#Season_2:_2002-2003|''And She Was Gone'']].

The [[List_of_As_Told_by_Ginger_episodes#Season_3:_2003-2006|series finale]] shows Carl and Hoodsey becoming popular TV reporters. They are also among the group at a reading of Ginger's latest book.

===Lois Foutley===
Lois Foutley ([[Laraine Newman]]), Lois Foutley is Ginger and Carl's mother, supposedly 31 years old, but most likely that is simply a lie. Her age appears to be more ask in her mid to late 30s. She is also a [[Nurse]]. She seems to be fond of celery in the later episodes, and can often be seen munching away. Although she is a nurturing mother to Ginger and Carl, she is also something of a strict disciplinarian, and does not hesitate to put her foot down when she feels it is necessary; for example, in [[List_of_As_Told_by_Ginger_episodes#Season_1:_2000-2001|''Kiss and Make-up'']], Ginger, Dodie, and Macie create their own make-up using crayons, pudding, and other household ingredients. Lois becomes furious at this blatant defiance, for she had already told Ginger that she was too young to wear [[makeup]], and subsequently grounds Ginger "indefinitely" without hearing her reasoning. However, with Carl, Lois seems to have adopted a "don't ask, don't tell" philosophy. In episode 23, it is revealed that Lois has a strange fear of accountants (although mentioned in passing and never brushed up upon again). Within the same episode, you can hear her mutter to herself her wish of the demise of all pygmy elephants. Although it has been debatable among fans. Often, leaving many fans to review the episode over to try and catch it. She drives an old blue [[Volkswagen Beetle]], which has an engine fire in the episode [[List_of_As_Told_by_Ginger_episodes#Season_2:_2002-2003|''TGIF'']].

Before the beginning of the series, Lois was married to Jonas Foutley, who left her shortly after Carl's birth. Lois' love life remained dormant until [[List_of_As_Told_by_Ginger_episodes#Season_2:_2002-2003|''Ms. Foutley's Boys'']], when she and Buzz (the plumber who fixed the Foutleys' mold problem in [[List_of_As_Told_by_Ginger_episodes#Season_2:_2002-2003|''TGIF'']]), develop a flirtatious relationship, later leading to Buzz and his three sons moving into the Foutley house, and becoming an annoyance by giving everything "a man's touch". Buzz continually uses the excuse "boys will be boys" to justify he and his sons' conduct, eventually leading Lois to break up with him.

A while after this, she then began seeing a coworker from the hospital, Dr. David Dave. He proposed to her in [[List_of_As_Told_by_Ginger_episodes#Season_3:_2003-2006|''About Face'']] and they were married in the series finale, [[List_of_As_Told_by_Ginger_episodes#Season_3:_2003-2006|''The Wedding Frame'']].

It is worth noting that Lois kept Jonas' last name although they had presumably been divorced for somewhere around ten years (assuming Jonas left before Carl was a year old and considering Carl is in fourth grade, which would make him nine or ten years old) at the series' beginning.

===Jonas Foutley===
Jonas Foutley ([[Tom Virtue]]) is Ginger and Carl's father, who abandoned them and Lois sometime after Carl was born. Ginger never had any fond or, for that matter, clear memories of her father, and all the photographs of him that are in her possession are of his feet.

In [[List_of_As_Told_by_Ginger_episodes#Season_1:_2000-2001|''Hello Stranger'']], Jonas Foutley is 34 years old, and he lives in an [[apartment]], which is where Carl's male friend, [[Hoodsey Bishop|Hoodsey]] has never been in before. Although he never returns Ginger's call, she convinces herself that he will show up at her reading. Lois, however, rightly believes that he will not appear. Lois is in the hospital at the time of Ginger's performance, and has sunflowers sent to the school with a card signed "Dad", but Ginger figures out that Lois sent the flowers and her father let her down.

In [[List_of_As_Told_by_Ginger_episodes#Season_1:_2000-2001|''An "Even Steven" Holiday Special'']], Jonas is shown performing as [[Santa Claus]], standing on the street corner, collecting money, and happens to come across Carl and Hoodsey. Hoodsey believes that Jonas is really Santa Claus, and confides in him that Carl does not believe in Santa, because Santa has never granted him his only wish (to have his father home for Christmas). After hearing this, Jonas decides to pay the Foutleys a visit, which somewhat improved his relationship with his children.

Though Jonas never really becomes a fixture in the family, he appears sometimes to bequeath fatherly advice to Ginger, and to teach her about the extended family from which she is descended. Carl, however, is still bitter towards his dad for abandoning him and limits his contact with him.

Jonas is described as an "animal lover" and has a pet dog named Ben.

===Dr. David Dave===
Dr.David Dave is 39 years old. Although not an official Foutley, Dr. Dave and Lois were married in the [[List_of_As_Told_by_Ginger_episodes#Season_3:_2003-2006|series finale]]. He had worked very closely with Lois at the hospital since the beginning of the series. Over the course of the show, there were numerous hints of him having a crush on Lois. He proposed in [[List_of_As_Told_by_Ginger_episodes#Season_3:_2003-2006|''About Face'']]. His mother, 60 years old, does not approve of their relationship and in [[List_of_As_Told_by_Ginger_episodes#Season_3:_2003-2006|''The Wedding Frame'']] hired someone to sabotage it, but was stopped and the wedding went on as planned.

==The Bishops==
===Deirdre Hortense 'Dodie' Bishop===
Dodie Bishop, 12 years old ([[Aspen Miller]]), along with [[List of As Told by Ginger characters#Macie Lightfoot|Macie Lightfoot]], makes up Ginger's inner circle of friends. Dodie is known for her big mouth and her love of [[gossip]]; she is often seen updating Ginger on the latest happenings with the popular group or on modern romance. She appears to be very needy and wants nothing more than to be popular, often doing unscrupulous things in order to achieve a high social status. For example in the episode ''Dodie's Big Break'', she feigned a broken leg in order to win a much-coveted spot on the cheerleading squad, but her ruse was uncovered by Ginger and Macie. Usually, however, whenever she (wrongly) believes she is on the verge of becoming popular, she becomes corrupt and dishonest and always ends up back where she started. Often left with nothing. At the series' beginning, [[List of As Told by Ginger characters#Courtney Gripling|Courtney Gripling]] referred to her as "Potie" and hardly acknowledged her existence. However, as Courtney grows closer to Ginger, she ends up growing closer to Dodie, as well.

In [[List_of_As_Told_by_Ginger_episodes#Season_1:_2000-2001|''Of Lice & Friends'']], Dodie becomes the school announcer. However, she quickly deviates from the typical announcement format, focusing less on school information, and more on gossip. This makes her the talk of popular kids as she somehow knows things that even [[List of As Told by Ginger characters#Miranda Killgallen|Miranda Killgallen]] admits not knowing. As school announcer, Dodie finds the list of kids who have lice and reads half of it over the loudspeaker before Ginger bursts in and stops her from reading the remainder of the list, which includes Courtney's name. Dodie assumes that Ginger is jealous of her, but later realizes that she was, in fact, going too far.

Dodie could be considered an indirect antagonist of the series, who's vociferous meddling and constant attempts to be popular usually get Ginger and Dodie into trouble. She is the daughter of Joann and Robert Bishop; Joann appears to be the source of Dodie's ruthless and deceitful nature, as Robert explained to his daughter that, as a teenager, Joann was the very same as Dodie: conniving and selfish, and desperate to be popular.

Dodie can also be very resentful and bitter, especially towards Ginger, her best friend, whenever she feels left out. Particularly whenever Courtney invites Ginger to participate in social events such as birthday parties or [[slumber party|sleepovers]], Dodie grows envious that she is not included, as she clearly adores Courtney and dreams of being in her cool crowd.

When she enters high school, Dodie attempts to become a cheerleader, but is relegated to the position of [[equipment manager]].

At the end of the [[List_of_As_Told_by_Ginger_episodes#Season_3:_2003-2006|series finale]], Dodie is shown marrying her boyfriend, Chet Zipper, with whom she has a baby daughter. Dodie, Hoodsey, and their parents are Canadian.

===Robert Joseph 'Hoodsey' Bishop===
Hoodsey Joseph Bishop ([[Tress MacNeille]]) is Dodie's younger brother, 9 years old, and [[List of As Told by Ginger characters#Carl Foutley|Carl Foutley]]'s best friend and sidekick. He is extremely gullible and believes anything someone tells him. He usually never has supplementary ideas for Carl's plots, but is typically more than happy to help. He is called "Hoodsey" due to the fact that he never wears anything but a purple hooded sweatshirt, and his closet is full of them.

Hoodsey is a complete mama's boy, and is always repeating things his mother tells him. He usually uses his mother's advice to attempt to make Carl stop his scheming, typically to no avail.

In the [[List_of_As_Told_by_Ginger_episodes#Season_3:_2003-2006|series finale]], Hoodsey is shown, along with Carl, as a popular TV reporter, and they are both seen amongst the group at a reading of Ginger's latest book. He is also shown that he has a wedding ring on his finger, and is often speculated by fans, that he and Macie got married, as he is shown in the series that he has a crush on her (Piece of My Heart)

===Joann Bishop===
Joann Bishop ([[Susan Krebs]]) is Dodie and Hoodsey's mother, 34 years old, and appears to be a very unhappy woman. She seems to be deeply critical and disapproving of Hoodsey's friendship with Carl Foutley, and also seems to just barely tolerate [[List of As Told by Ginger characters#Lois Foutley|Lois Foutley]] as Lois does the same. Despite this, she has no apparent problem with Dodie and Ginger's friendship.

Much to Dodie's horror, Joann lands a [[Substitute teacher|substitute teaching]] job at Dodie's school in the episode [[List_of_As_Told_by_Ginger_episodes#Season_3:_2003-2006|''About Face'']]. However this appears to be an attempt to reinvent her youth, as she does her best to get Courtney's group to accept her by pathetically adopting outdated and exaggerated teenage mannerisms, and giving herself the alias of "Josie." Dodie initially assumes that Joann was the equivalent of Courtney during her teens, but later finds out that in middle school, Joann was pretty much like Dodie herself: needy, dishonest, and desperate to be popular. Joann's picture in her middle school yearbook reads, "Missed Popularity" whilst her classmate, the true Josie MacDonald, was voted "Miss Popularity." According to her husband, Joann also turned to deceitful tactics to achieve popularity; a trait which she appears to have passed on to her daughter. Joann later showed remorse for her actions and encouraged her daughter to accept herself for who she was, lest she never find happiness. Joann is portrayed as very [[neurotic]] and something of a [[control freak]]. She insists on calling Dodie and Hoodsey by their real names, and hates being referred to as "Jo-Jo".

===David Charles Bishop===
Dodie and Hoodsey's father is Dave Bishop, 31 years old. (voiced by [[John Astin]] in season one and [[Dan Castellaneta]] in seasons two and three) almost always appears to be on the couch, though an important enough cause (such as a death in the family) will raise him. He is calmer than his wife and much more accepting of Carl as Hoodsey's friend. He is a loving and affectionate father, and worries a great deal about his children's happiness. In the episode ''About Face'', he urged his children to accept themselves for who they are, for fear they end up as unhappy as their mother, who had spent her entire youth trying to get people to like her and ended up with nothing. He and Hoodsey watch [[The Weather Channel]] together and he is a fan of [[game shows]]. He has a definite resemblance to Hoodsey, almost looking like an older, fatter Hoodsey with glasses.

==The Lightfoots==
===Macie Lightfoot===
Ginger's other best friend is Macie, 12 years old ([[Jackie Harris (actress)|Jackie Harris]]). Macie is in a constant state of panic, as she is allergic to everything and fears change. She is portrayed as the "[[geek]]iest" one of the group, and is very knowledgeable. She is incredibly childish, most likely due to her absentee parents not being there to help her through the various stages of [[adolescence]]. She also possesses quite an array of knowledge on a great variation of subjects. Macie is half Asian half Caucasian.

In [[List_of_As_Told_by_Ginger_episodes#Season_1:_2000-2001|''Come Back Little Seal Girl'']], Macie, Dodie, and Ginger agree on doing a skit devoted to The Little Seal Girl (their childhood heroine), for their school [[talent show]]. When Dodie and Ginger back out because it's too juvenile, Macie goes solo, stating that her friends are betraying her and the Seal Girl they've lived by for their whole lives. She ends up winning the talent show.

In [[List_of_As_Told_by_Ginger_episodes#Season_2:_2002-2003|''Family Therapy'']], Macie's parents forget about her thirteenth birthday, and to make it up to her, they buy her a [[swingset]], which she is years beyond, but still thinks it an amazing gift. (Mainly because she is happy that they acknowledged her birthday.) Ginger comments on it, suggesting that Macie set them straight, to which Macie responds that it is none of her business. However, she eventually learns that it is time to grow up.

Macie already knew Dodie when they both met Ginger in fifth grade, and at the start of [[Middle school|junior high]], it seems that Macie would have been happy keeping things as they were, not being too eager to grow up. Her birthday is April 22.

She is last seen in the [[List_of_As_Told_by_Ginger_episodes#Season_3:_2003-2006|series finale]] as part of the group that has turned out for Ginger's book reading. It is speculated amongst fans that she married Hoodsey.

===Bobby and Bobbie Lightfoot===
Macie's father is Bobby Lightfoot, 44 years old, [[Ph.D]] ([[Michael McKean]]), and her mother is Bobbie Lightfoot, 42 years old, [[Ph.D]] ([[Mary Gross]]). They are both [[psychologists]] and portray the stereotypical [[new age]] parents. However, they are also both incredibly [[absent-minded]], forgetting Macie's thirteenth birthday and making up for it by treating her ten years younger than she actually was. Bobbie is [[Asia]]n and Bobby is [[White people|Caucasian]].

==The Pattersons==
===Darren Patterson===
Ginger's long-time friend and next-door neighbor Darren Patterson, 12 years old ([[Kenny Blank]]) is another member of Ginger's inner circle of friends. He is calm, reliable and down to earth. Although he is not truly a geek, Darren's unwieldy [[orthodontia]] was a serious strain on his popularity. His other main issue is that his brother Will and his father, both loud, tough and into sports, think he's way too soft. All this began to change, however, when he got his headgear off and instantly became attractive and popular.

He briefly dated Miranda Killgallen and at one time thought Courtney was after him, both times putting Ginger in an awkward position. He declares his love for Ginger when she moves away in ''Far From Home'', after which they became a couple. After their relationship suffers some trouble, Darren leaves Ginger for an older cheerleader named Simone (whom he was seeing behind her back). This hurts Ginger in such a way that she decides to cut him out of her life entirely. As of the series finale, Darren and Simone are still dating, but in a sneak peek into the future reveals that Ginger and Darren get married and have a child. Darren, Will, and their parents are [[African American]].

===Will Patterson===
Darren's older brother, 16 years old, Junior in High School, Licensed Driver, and main tormentor Will Patterson (voiced by [[Guy Torry]]) has the opposite school status as his brother does. He is one of the most popular kids at the high school. He has a group of girls that follow him around school and is the football star on the field. He takes his role as older brother very seriously. In ''The Right Stuff'', Macie is throwing a pool party for her advanced French class (of which Will is a student of). When Will sees Darren, he picks him up and throws him into the pool, even after Darren claims that he'll rust (referring to his headgear). He sometimes offers brotherly advice, however. In ''The Wedding Frame'' he gives Darren a little advice on how to handle his devastated relationship with Ginger. But he quickly turns the conversation to center around himself.
Also, in ''Fast Reputation'', Ginger, Dodie, and Macie crash a party that Will is chugging sodas at. In ''New Girl in Town'', Ginger asks Will to come to a party she's throwing for the new girl, but he refuses until he finds out it's in a [[morgue]].

===Mr. Patterson===
Darren and Will's father, 39 years old (voiced by [[Billy Brown]]) is known for his head [[noogies]]. In ''Hello Stranger'', he gives Ginger a head [[noogie]] to congratulate her on her poem. He claims that his head [[noogies]] worked for him when he was trying to get a date with Mrs. Patterson in ''Foutley's On Ice''.

===Mrs. Patterson===
Darren and Will's mother, 35 years old (voiced by [[Ja'net Dubois]]) is only seen a couple of times in the whole series. In ''Never Can Say Goodbye'', she shouted for joy when she saw her baby boy (Darren) without his headgear on. In the series finale, she seemed ticked off with her two sons after she found out that she was supposed to receive an invitation to the Foutley's wedding, but never actually did. This means she was competely unaware of Darren's unfaithfullness to Ginger, however surprisingly Darren can be seen at the wedding.

==The Griplings==
===Courtney Claire Gripling===
Courtney Claire Gripling, 12 years old (voiced by Liz Georges), is the most popular girl at Lucky Jr. High. She is the typical ditz, not bright and [[blonde]], but in spite of this she is kind and generous. She has always had an interest as to how things worked in the world of middle class citizens (for example, there was an instance where she was puzzled as to how a [[vacuum cleaner]] works). Courtney took a liking to Ginger early on in the series. She liked seeing how Ginger would survive if put in an all-popular kids setting. To her surprise, Ginger could manage. Courtney then became increasingly close to Ginger.

In ''Mommie Nearest'', Courtney's mother has to stay in the hospital after she gets an infection from a [[Rhytidectomy|face lift]]. Courtney then spends more time with Ginger's mom, Lois, as a temporary replacement. It results in Courtney staying a few nights in Ginger's home. Ginger quickly gets jealous of the natural mother-daughter relationship Courtney and Lois have. In ''Fair to Cloudy'', Ginger invited Darren to the county fair without consulting her normal companions, Dodie and Macie. Dodie then retaliates by inviting Courtney. At the fair, Courtney, as Ginger put it, "has to try everything", as she is intrigued that such a lifestyle exists. In another episode, Courtney helped Ginger by revealing the plans to sabotage Ginger's relationship with Darren.

However, even Ginger receives the occasional "Courtney-ism", considering that Courtney has a whole group of friends to manage. Closest of those friends to Courtney is her right-hand woman, Miranda, who doesn't approve of the friendship between Courtney and Ginger. Courtney's group seems to approve of her leader status. However, in ''No Hope for Courtney'', a girl named Hope takes on Courtney's position, leaving Courtney in a social slump. In the end, Courtney reclaims her position as leader and Hope becomes one of her many followers.

Courtney's main love interest throughout the show is Darren's older brother, Will. In ''The Wedding Frame'', Courtney's father is caught for [[insider trading]] and the Griplings are forced to move out of their rich lifestyle and into middle class. Courtney is another example of an extremely wealthy girl who seems to attend a public school for unknown reasons. Courtney's brother, Blake, also attends a public school. It could possibly be that, similar to the character [[Veronica Lodge]] from the Archie comics, that their father enrolled them in public schools to avoid them being spoiled - without any success. Courtney sometimes (intentionally) refers to Macie as "Stacey" or "Kacey" and Dodie as "Potie." The girls in Courtney's inner circle (not all at once) have included Ginger, Miranda, Mipsy, Missy, Mindy, Traci, Stacey, Kacie, Donna, Diva, Dinah, Heather, Lonnie, and Hope.

===Blake Sophia Gripling===
Blake Sophia Gripling is Courtney's younger brother, 9 years old. Deep down he wants to be Carl's best friend. But as Carl turns him down time after time, he tries to best the youngest Foutley whenever he can. Blake has a dislike for Hoodsey (whom he sometimes refer to as 'Woodsey') and doesn't get along too well with his sister Courtney. Winston, the butler of the Griplings, is something of a father figure to Blake and often involved in his schemes. He was named Blake as part of a family tradition so that his initials, "B.G.", would be in accordance with the initials on his baby blanket, a family heirloom.

===Claire Christy McSell Gripling===
Claire Christy McSell Gripling, 34 years old, is mother to Courtney and Blake Gripling. She believes in [[spoiled brat|spoiling]] her children. It has been revealed that she and Courtney take a trip to [[Paris]] each spring to see the new [[fashions]]. Still, Claire has a lot to learn about being a good person. In ''Trouble in Gal Pal Land'', Claire agrees to have Hoodsey pose as a street urchin whom she took in so she could win the election to be a board member of the country club. In ''Mommie Nearest'' Claire goes to hospital after a bad [[facelift]].

===Prescott Gripling===
As Ginger learns in ''TGIF'', Prescott Gripling (voiced by [[Sam McMurray]]) never missed dinner as it doesn't start unless he is on loudspeaker on the telephone as they eat. In ''The Wedding Frame'', he was discovered as to have been arrested for [[insider trading]], stripping his family of all their fortune. He is Courtney and Blake's father, 31 years old.

===Winston===
Faithful butler, 37 years old, to the Griplings and sidekick to Blake, Winston (voiced by [[John Kassir]]) is more of a fatherly figure to Courtney and Blake than Prescott ever was. He has never married and has no children and sees the Griplings as his surogate family rather than just his employers. He is often involved in Blake's latest schemes to ruin/befriend Carl Foutley (who he called "Master Carl").

==The Killgallens==
===Miranda Killgallen===
Courtney's right-hand woman and possibly the wickedest girl in school, Miranda Killgallen (voiced by [[Cree Summer]]), is often Ginger's main opponent on the show. Apart from being totally different personalities, Miranda's dislike for Ginger mainly stems from her fear that 'Foutley' may replace her as Courtney's best friend. On top of that, both Miranda and Ginger have a romantic interest in Ian Richton. Miranda has thwarted Ginger by all means possible, including manipulation (''Dare I, Darren''), blackmail (''Cry Wolf''), false accusations (''I Spy A Witch'', ''Ginger The Juvey''), backstabbing (''Wicked Game'') and bribery (''Far From Home''). She has failed every attempt to make Ginger look bad, even raising her popularity a few times. At times, however, even 'tough girl' Miranda is shown to have her weak sides. On more than one occasion it's illustrated that she has a difficult relationship with her strict parents and that she has very few actual friends. When Ginger finds out about this she feels sorry for her. In ''Trouble In Gal-Pal Land'', she's left friendless after she and Courtney have a temporary falling out, Macie states that it's because no body likes her. Apart from her viciousness, Miranda's trademark are her sniping, sarcastic comments. Miranda and her parents are of [[African American]] descent. In the original pilot, Miranda was [[Caucasian]] with brown hair.

===Officer Killgallen===
Miranda's father, 44 years old (voiced by [[Richard McGonagle]]) is a [[police officer]]. Miranda used this to her advantage when, in ''Ginger the Juvey'', she convinced Ginger to steal a sign outside of a bank to give as a gift to Courtney, and then called her father to report the robbery. In ''Summer of Camp Caprice'', he runs a military camp where Miranda and Darren are students.

===Mrs. Killgallen===
It has never been clear if a Mrs. Killgallen, 42 years old, even exists as she has never been mentioned. When Macie asks Miranda if she had ever said anything nice to her mom and dad (in ''Trouble in Gal Pal Land''), Miranda doesn't act as if the question is out of the ordinary. Also Miranda refers to 'her parents' in ''Ginger's Solo'', so it can be assumed Miranda's mother is alive and well.

==The Higsbys==
===Brandon Higsby and Mr. Licorice===
Brandon Higsby (voiced by [[Grey Delisle]]) is an annoying classmate of Carl. He is extremely hyper, always happy, and considers Carl and Hoodsey his closest friends. In actuality, he has no friends, but his parents think he's popular. His only true friend seems to be Mr. Licorice (voiced by [[Dee Bradley Baker]]), his pet monkey that is a hand-me-down from his older brother, Stuart. However, Mr. Licorice doesn't seem to like Brandon all that much. Brandon is 9 years old.

===Stuart Higsby===
Stuart Higsby ([[Chris Marquette]]) is the savior to all forgetful and lazy kids at Lucky Jr. High. He runs a business in the boys' bathroom where people can purchase pre-written book reports from him at a reasonable price. Darren one time became a customer of his when Ginger was blackmailed into writing Miranda's report on ''[[Call of the Wild]]'' in ''Cry Wolf''. He owns a monkey, named Mr. Licorice, who he eventually gives to his little brother, Brandon. Stuart is 13 years old.

===Mr. and Mrs. Higsby===
Mr. and Mrs. Higsby (voiced by [[Dee Bradley Baker]] and [[Sally Struthers]], respectively) are Brandon and Stuart's parents. While Mrs. Higsby is in charge of making sure shoes are taken off, feet are off the furniture, and little boys don't become hyperactive, Mr. Higsby is in charge of recording everything with his trusty video camera. Mr. Higsby is 38 years old. Mrs. Higsby is 34 years old.

==Teachers and School Staff==
===Headmaster Milty===
Headmaster Milty (voiced by [[Jerry Houser]]) has swung back and forth from being principal of Lucky Elementary to being headmaster of Lucky Jr. High. He has a dog, named The Dutchess, that Carl and Hoodsey became good friends with when they trained her in ''The Nurses' Strike''. Headmaster Milty is 68 years old.

===Ms. Zorski===
Ms. Zorski (voiced by [[Elizabeth Halpern]]) is Ginger's English teacher, 48 years old. She is a constant inspiration and supporter of Ginger's natural writing talent. In ''And She Was Gone'', Ms. Zorski let Ginger know that she loved the poem she had written before she added that it concerned her. She has a cousin, also named Ms. Zorski (voiced by [[Shawana Kemp]]), who teaches at the high school. Ginger learns that the two have completely different teaching styles. Even after Ginger graduated Jr. High she stays in touch with Ms. Zorski.
* Elizabeth Halpern died of [[Hepatocellular carcinoma|liver cancer]]. {{Citation needed|date=May 2007}} 
* Emily Kapnek, the creator, based the character of Ms. Zorski off of one of her own teachers.

===Mrs. Gordon===
Carl's teacher, Elain Gordon, 73 years old (voiced by [[Kathleen Freeman]]) was not the most patient woman. She never had any tolerance for Carl's behavior and often found herself sending him out into the hall. She was also the victim of some of Carl's pranks. One was so bad that it drove her to retirement in ''No Hope For Courtney''. Although she promised Carl that she would come back, she passed on shortly after. Carl actually cried at the end of the episode indicating that Mrs. Gordon was everyone's favorite teacher. In " And She Was Gone" however, it appears that Ms. Gordon has come back to life for a short period of time (or that episode was set before ''No Hope for Courtney'').
* The episode ''No Hope For Courtney'' was dedicated to [[Kathleen Freeman]], who died of [[lung cancer]] on August 23, 2001 at age 83.

===Mr. Hepper===
Mr. Hepper (voiced by [[Andre Ware]]) is the music teacher of Carl and Hoodsey. Because of his teaching subject and laid back style, he's a favourite of the two boys. After Mrs. Gordon passed away, Hepper also took over her classes. After school, he plays in a jazz trio. Mr.Hepper is 45 years old.

===Mr. Celia===
The science teacher at Lucky Jr High, Mr. Celia teaches chemistry and biology. He is Ginger's second favourite teacher after Ms. Zorski. With Ginger one of the few students to attain his high standards, she's also a favorite of him. Celia has an ongoing struggle with the school board over funding.
* [[Lewis Arquette]] died of [[heart failure]] on February 10, 2001 at age 62. The episode ''Piece of My Heart'' was dedicated to him.

==Classmates==
===Ian Richton===
Ian Richton (voiced by [[Adam Wylie]]) is the school's soccer star and major hottie, but isn't that smart. He is the perfect man in the eyes of both Ginger and Miranda. When in ''The A Ticket'' he is assigned to work with Ginger during chemistry classes, he let her do all the work. Ginger mistakes his enthusiasm for something else and it takes a wake-up call from Darren for her to realize she's being used, but at the end, Ian realizes his mistakes, and lets Ginger keep his jacket. It has also been revealed that Ian has been raised by his single father. After voice actor Adam Wylie quit the cast at the end of season 1 and Ginger got over Ian in ''Summer Of Camp Caprice'', he had no more speaking roles. Nevertheless Ian can often been seen on school grounds and even moves on with Ginger to high school.

===Melissa 'Mipsy' Mipson===
Most likely the third most popular girl at Lucky Jr. High is Mipsy Mipson (voiced by [[Sandy Fox]]). She appears to be closest to Miranda and shares her hate for Ginger. She helps Miranda play a prank on Ginger in ''Sleep On It'' to make Ginger wet her sleeping bag. In ''Foutley's On Ice'', she pays off her uncle to accept Ginger as a new student for a writing academy and convinced her cousin, also a Mipson, to take on a new persona (Thea whose real name is Mitzy) and convince Ginger to stay full time. When Ginger returns to Lucky Jr. High in ''Wicked Game'', Mipsy and Miranda trick Dodie and Macie into helping them get Darren and Ginger to break-up.
Not much else is known about Mipsy. It has been suggested that she comes from a wealthy family and that if Ginger got too close to Courtney, Mipsy would be the most likely to be bumped down on the popularity chart.
* In the TV movie, ''Far From Home'', Mipsy claims to have a Bat Mitzvah bank account. But in ''Family Therapy'', when Mipsy turns 13, she has a party rather than a [[Bat Mitzvah]]. Note that this may have to do with the broken continuity in the second season: it is never clear whether the girls are in seventh or eighth grade but when Chet Zipper announces their birthdays, he says they're turning "the big one-three". (However, some Jewish girls celebrate their Bat Mitzvah when they are 12.)

===Chet Zipper===
Chet Zipper, 14 years old (voiced by [[Hope Levy]]) is a commoner among the students at Lucky Jr. High. Although Courtney knows who he is, his status as school announcer doesn't earn him much popularity status. He speaks in a dull monotone voice and puts words like "uh", "like", and "um" in between each word. He has been a suggested love interest for Dodie. In ''Piece of My Heart'', they are seen dancing together at the school dance. In the series finale, Chet and Dodie are shown as a married couple with a daughter of their own.

==Others==
*After Ginger's emotional heart-break with Darren, Ginger found comfort in '''Orion (voiced by [[Justin Cowden]])'''. The two share a boyfriend-girlfriend-like relationship, but Ginger says that she doesn't want a boyfriend. He is the drummer of the band that Ginger is a part of. In ''The Wedding Frame'' the two have a rough time getting past Ginger's new curiosity about Darren, but Ginger quickly gets over it.
*When Darren felt that his relationship with Ginger wasn't fresh, he cheated on her with cheerleader '''Simone (voiced by [[Erica Luttrell]])'''. Darren and Ginger break up and Simone and Darren stay together. In ''The Wedding Frame'', Darren seems to be caught up in Ginger. Simone turns to Miranda for advice, since Miranda is an expert on both Ginger and Darren. Miranda inspires her to go get her man.
*Ginger met '''Sasha (voiced by [[J. Evan Bonifant]])''' at Camp Caprice. The two developed crushes on each other, but when Sasha heard Courtney talking about Ginger and Ian, he becomes jealous and feels betrayed. However, when Ginger leaves camp, she and Sasha are on good terms. In ''Ginger's Solo'', the school band is going to Sasha's school in Heathered Hills to perform. Ginger uses this opportunity to see Sasha again, but is crushed when she finds out that he's gotten back together with his ex. girlfriend(who had cheated dumped him before). Its an interesting to note that his girlfriend is goregous, shallow, and snobbish, the exact opposite of Ginger. Then, the next summer, in ''Heat Lightning'', Ginger returns to camp. She imagines she sees Sasha and feels bad that she's obsessing over him and not thinking about her boyfriend, Darren. When he sends a message to Ginger asking her to meet him on the beach, she does. But it turns out he "just wanted to say 'hey'", not get a date. Ginger realizes that she doesn't want Sasha for a boyfriend, what she wanted were the feelings she had when she first met him.

*'''Hope Rogers''', a classmate of Ginger's. She initially appeared as a background character on the show. In the episode "No Hope for Courtney," Ginger, Dodie and Macie found her crying in the girls' bathroom after Courtney called her "Faith" as she and her close group snubbed her. They decided to help her come out of her shell, giving her a list of a list of tips. However, this resulted in them accidentally creating a monster, as Hope became more or less another version of Courtney. Overnight, Hope's popularity bloomed and she became a hit with the cool girls. Courtney was expelled from the clique and Hope usurped her position as the most popular girl in school. After several failed attempts to rid herself of Hope, and a heated fight, it comes to light that Hope used Courtney as a model for her new look, flattering Courtney. She joins Courtney's inner circle.

*'''The Popular Girls''', or "The A List" as Dodie once called them, are a [[clique]] of classmates that act as Courtney Gripling's entourage. Though the members are not always seen together, they are officially Missy, Mindy, Traci, Stacey, Casey, Donna, Diva, Dinah, Heather, Lonnie, and Hope. Aside from Miranda, Mipsy and Hope, the girls in the clique rarely have any part in the show's plot, and seldom have any dialogue. Despite having Courtney as their leader, they are shown not to be actual friends, as they would willingly turn on Courtney if her social status slipped. In the episode ''No Hope for Courtney'', they threw Courtney from their group without a thought after Hope Rogers became more popular. However they appear to be on friendly terms with Ginger, but apparently cannot tolerate Dodie or Macie. In the episode ''About Face'', Dodie's attitude toward the popular girls changed after they made hurtful remarks about her mother, and she realised just how superficial they were. When Dodie enters high school, she focuses on trying to make the pep squad.

*Always a member of Carl's class, '''Noelle Sussman (voiced by ''As Told By Ginger'' creator [[Emily Kapnek]])''' has telekinetic powers (she can move things with her mind). In ''And She Was Gone'', Carl thought that no one would miss her if he used her to test his disappearing powder on. It turns out ''he'' missed her. Luckily, she only transferred to an elementary school across town. In ''Wicked Game'' she lost Carl in a bet to Polly Shuster, a girl who is obsessed with birds. For an entire weekend, Carl would have to dress up like a bird and play Parrot World with her. Blake took pictures of Carl actually enjoying this game with Polly and showed them to Noelle in ''About Face''. The two don't speak until ''The Wedding Frame''.

*Noelle Sussman also kissed Hoodsey in the episode ''Foutley's on Ice;'' they tried making Hoodsey more manly in order for him to pose as an adult for a competition that they were going to join. This caused great jealousy on Carl's part after he witnessed the kiss which was purely experimental.

*'''Linda (voiced by [[Olivia Hack]] and [[Hope Levy]])''' is the school's hall monitor. As shown in ''Ginger the Juvey'', she is on a first name basis with Courtney, who is the only student that she would probably let roam the halls without a hall pass.

*A foreign exchanged student, '''Jean-Pierre (voiced by [[Laraine Newman]])''', could get any girl at Lucky Jr. High. In ''Stealing First'', Courtney bets that she can get him to kiss Ginger on the chair lift on the school ski trip, to which Miranda says is impossible. In ''No Hope for Courtney'', he takes interest in a newly made-over Hope. But in "TGIF," he and Hope are shown in a loving embrace.

*'''Laetitia Bowers (voiced by [[Cara Delizia]])''' made her first appearance in ''New Girl in Town''. She had a somewhat gothic appeal and she carried around a fake skull. Her dad is a mortician. Rumors started floating around that the reason they moved to Sheltered Shrubs was because Mr. Bowers accidentally embalmed someone who wasn't dead yet. Ginger, Dodie, and Macie try and help her find her place at school, but it turns out it's with them. In later episodes, she can be seen in the background.

*When Macie and Courtney entered a high school-level French class, Macie was volunteered to throw a pool party. Two girls in that class, '''Chantel (voiced by [[Kimberly Brooks]]) and Andrea (voiced by [[Jamie Maria Cronin]])''' want to make a fool of their new classmate, Courtney. Luckily, Macie finds out about their plan to de-bikini Courtney and she, Ginger, Dodie, and Darren are able to stop them.

*In the second episode ''(Carl And Maude)'' the three girls are forced to do community service at a retirement home, they take Carl along and he falls in love with an elderly prankster '''Maude (voiced by [[Carol Kane]])''' Maude and Carl pull many pranks together and Carl decides to invite her to dinner and propose, however Maude dies in this same episode at dinner. Maude reappears as a spirit in ''I Spy A Witch''.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Animated television characters by series‎]]

American Idol/Staffel 12

2012-05-17T13:42:15Z

TexasAndroid: Reverted edits by Buoydog (talk) to last version by Karl 334

#REDIRECT [[American Idol]]

Ashes Remain

2012-04-27T04:52:35Z

TexasAndroid: Restore notability tag. Current article still does not particularly show notability.

{{notability|Music|date=April 2012}}
{{Third-party|date=April 2012}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Ashes Remain
| image =
| image_size =
| landscape =
| alt =
| caption =
| background = group_or_band
| alias =
| origin =
| genre = [[Christian rock]]
| years_active = {{start date|2006}}–present
| label = [[INO Records|INO]], [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
| associated_acts =
| website = {{URL|www.ashesremain.com}}
| current_members = Josh Smith Ben Kirk Rob Tahan John Hively Ryan Nalepa
| past_members =
}}
'''Ashes Remain''' is an American [[Christian rock]] band. Band members include Josh Smith ([[lead vocals |lead vocals]]), Ben Kirk ([[backing vocals]]), Rob Tahan ([[Electric guitar|guitar]]), John Hively ([[bass guitar]]), and Ryan Nalepa ([[Rhythm guitar|rhythmic guitar]]). Their album ''What I've Become'' was released in August 2011. Some of their singles include "Without You" (2010), "Everything Good" (2011), "Save Me" (2011), and "On My Own" (2012).

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2"| Year
! rowspan="2"| Album
! colspan="4"| Peak chart positions
|- style="font-size:smaller;"
! width="40"| [[Top Christian Albums|TopChristian]]
! width="40"| [[Top Heatseekers|TopHeatseekers]]
|-
| 2011
| align="left"| '''''What I've Become'''''
* Released: August 23, 2011
* Label: [[Fair Trade Services]]
* Format: Digital download
| 25<ref name=ALLMUSICALBUM>{{cite web|url=http://allmusic.com/album/what-ive-become-r2290937/charts-awards|title=What I've Become - Ashes Remain Album Charts|author=''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''|date=2011|publisher=[[allmusic]]|accessdate=April 26, 2012}}</ref>
| 18<ref name=ALLMUSICALBUM/>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website|1=www.ashesremain.org}}
*[http://www.facebook.com/ashesremain Facebook]
*[http://www.myspace.com/ashesremain MySpace]
*[http://www.newreleasetuesday.com/artistdetail.php?artist_id=707 News Release Tuesday]
*[http://twitter.com/#!/ashesremain Twitter]
*[http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/cdreviews/RedDevotionEP.asp Jesus Freak Hideout]
*[http://christianrock123.blogspot.com/2011/09/ashes-remain-interview.html Interview]

{{Christian-music-stub}}
{{Rock-band-stub}}

[[Category:Musical groups established in 2006]]
[[Category:Fair Trade Services artists]]
[[Category:American Christian rock groups]]

Ashes Remain

2012-04-26T20:48:19Z

TexasAndroid: Fix categories

{{notability|Music|date=April 2012}}
{{Third-party|date=April 2012}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Ashes Remain
| image =
| image_size =
| landscape =
| alt =
| caption =
| background =
| alias =
| origin =
| genre = [[Christian rock]]
| years_active = {{start date|2006}}–present
| label = [[INO Records|INO]], [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
| associated_acts =
| website = {{URL|www.ashesremain.com}}
| current_members = Josh Smith Ben Kirk Rob Tahan John Hively Ryan Nalepa
| past_members =
}}
'''Ashes Remain''' is an American [[Christian rock]] band. Band members include Josh Smith ([[lead vocals |lead vocals]]), Ben Kirk ([[backing vocals]]), Rob Tahan ([[Electric guitar|guitar]]), John Hively ([[bass guitar]]), and Ryan Nalepa ([[Rhythm guitar|rhythmic guitar]]). Their album ''Everything Good'' was released in August 2011. Some of their singles include "Without You" (2010), "Everything Good" (2011), "Save Me" (2011), and "On My Own" (2012).
== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2"| Year
! rowspan="2"| Album
! colspan="4"| Peak chart positions
|- style="font-size:smaller;"
! width="40"|
! width="40"|
|-
| 2011
| align="left"| '''''Everything Good'''''
* Released: 23 August, 2011
* Label: [[INO records|INO]], [[Columbia records|Columbia]]
* Format: Digital download
|
|
|}
== References ==

{{Christian-music-stub}}
{{Rock-band-stub}}
== External links ==
{{Official website|1=www.ashesremain.org}}
 
[http://www.facebook.com/ashesremain Facebook]
 
[http://www.myspace.com/ashesremain MySpace]
 
[http://www.newreleasetuesday.com/artistdetail.php?artist_id=707 News Release Tuesday]
 
[http://twitter.com/#!/ashesremain Twitter]
 
[http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/cdreviews/RedDevotionEP.asp Jesus Freak Hideout]
 
[http://christianrock123.blogspot.com/2011/09/ashes-remain-interview.html Interview]

[[Category:Musical groups established in 2006]]
[[Category:Fair Trade Services artists]]
[[Category:American Christian rock groups]]

Ashes Remain

2012-04-26T20:47:29Z

TexasAndroid: Added {{notability}} and {{uncategorized}} tags to article (TW)

{{notability|Music|date=April 2012}}
{{Third-party|date=April 2012}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Ashes Remain
| image =
| image_size =
| landscape =
| alt =
| caption =
| background =
| alias =
| origin =
| genre = [[Christian rock]]
| years_active = {{start date|2006}}–present
| label = [[INO Records|INO]], [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
| associated_acts =
| website = {{URL|www.ashesremain.com}}
| current_members = Josh Smith Ben Kirk Rob Tahan John Hively Ryan Nalepa
| past_members =
}}
'''Ashes Remain''' is an American [[Christian rock]] band. Band members include Josh Smith ([[lead vocals |lead vocals]]), Ben Kirk ([[backing vocals]]), Rob Tahan ([[Electric guitar|guitar]]), John Hively ([[bass guitar]]), and Ryan Nalepa ([[Rhythm guitar|rhythmic guitar]]). Their album ''Everything Good'' was released in August 2011. Some of their singles include "Without You" (2010), "Everything Good" (2011), "Save Me" (2011), and "On My Own" (2012).
== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2"| Year
! rowspan="2"| Album
! colspan="4"| Peak chart positions
|- style="font-size:smaller;"
! width="40"|
! width="40"|
|-
| 2011
| align="left"| '''''Everything Good'''''
* Released: 23 August, 2011
* Label: [[INO records|INO]], [[Columbia records|Columbia]]
* Format: Digital download
|
|
|}
== References ==

[[:Category:Musical groups established in 2006]]
[[:Category:Fair Trade Services artists]]
[[:Category:American Christian rock groups]]
{{Christian-music-stub}}
{{Rock-band-stub}}
== External links ==
{{Official website|1=www.ashesremain.org}}
 
[http://www.facebook.com/ashesremain Facebook]
 
[http://www.myspace.com/ashesremain MySpace]
 
[http://www.newreleasetuesday.com/artistdetail.php?artist_id=707 News Release Tuesday]
 
[http://twitter.com/#!/ashesremain Twitter]
 
[http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/cdreviews/RedDevotionEP.asp Jesus Freak Hideout]
 
[http://christianrock123.blogspot.com/2011/09/ashes-remain-interview.html Interview]

{{uncategorized|date=April 2012}}

Hamilton Fish Kean

2012-02-29T16:56:40Z

TexasAndroid: removed Category:Elizabeth, New Jersey; added Category:People from Elizabeth, New Jersey‎ using HotCat

{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Hamilton Fish Kean
|image = Hamiltonkean.jpg
|jr/sr = United States Senator
|state = [[New Jersey]]
|term_start = March 4, 1929
|term_end = January 3, 1935
|predecessor = [[Edward I. Edwards]]
|successor = [[A. Harry Moore]]
|birth_date = {{birth date|1862|2|27}}
|birth_place = [[Elizabeth, New Jersey|Elizabeth]], [[New Jersey]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1941|12|27|1862|2|27}}
|death_place = [[New York City]], [[New York]]
|party = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
}}
'''Hamilton Fish Kean''' (February 27, 1862{{ndash}} December 27, 1941) was a [[United States Senate|U.S. senator]] from [[New Jersey]].

Kean was the son of Lucy ([[married and maiden names|née]] Halstead) and John Kean. He was related to several prominent American politicians including his great-grandfather [[John Kean (South Carolina)|John Kean]] (1756–1795), his brother [[John Kean (New Jersey)|John Kean]] (1852–1914), and his son [[Robert Kean]]. He was named after his great uncle [[Hamilton Fish]].

Kean was born at "Ursino", his ancestral estate near [[Elizabeth, New Jersey]]. He attended the public schools of Elizabeth, graduated from [[St. Paul's School (United States)|St. Paul's School]], [[Concord, New Hampshire]], and engaged in banking and agricultural pursuits. Kean was a member of the [[Republican National Committee]] from 1919 to 1928. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination for United States Senator in 1924 and was elected to the Senate in 1928, serving a single six-year term before a failed re-election bid. After his political career, he worked in banking until his death in 1941 in [[New York City]]. He was interred in [[Green-Wood Cemetery]] in [[Brooklyn]].

==Source==
{{CongBio|K000026}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-par|us-sen}}
{{succession box | title=[[U.S. Congressional Delegations from New Jersey|U.S. Senator (Class 1) from New Jersey]] | before=[[Edward I. Edwards]] | after=[[A. Harry Moore]] | years=1929-1935 }}
{{s-ppo}}
{{succession box|title=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] Nominee for the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] (Class 1) from [[New Jersey]]|before=[[Joseph Sherman Frelinghuysen, Sr.]]|after=[[W. Warren Barbour]]|years=[[United States Senate elections, 1928|1928]], [[United States Senate elections, 1934|1934]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{USSenNJ}}
{{Dudley–Winthrop family}}

{{Persondata
| name = Kean, Hamilton Fish
| alternative names =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American politician
| date of birth = February 27, 1862
| place of birth = [[Elizabeth, New Jersey|Elizabeth]], [[New Jersey]]
| date of death = December 27, 1941
| place of death = [[New York City]], [[New York]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kean, Hamilton Fish}}
[[Category:1862 births]]
[[Category:1941 deaths]]
[[Category:Fish family]]
[[Category:People from Elizabeth, New Jersey‎]]
[[Category:United States Senators from New Jersey]]
[[Category:New Jersey Republicans]]
[[Category:Kean family|Hamilton Fish]]
[[Category:Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery]]
[[Category:Republican Party United States Senators]]

[[sv:Hamilton Fish Kean]]

Bethel Bible College

2012-02-23T20:34:38Z

TexasAndroid: removed Category:Topeka, Kansas; added Category:Education in Topeka, Kansas‎ using HotCat

'''Bethel Bible College''' or '''Bethel Gospel School''' was a [[Bible college]] founded in 1900 by [[Charles Parham]] at [[Topeka, Kansas]]. The school is credited with starting the [[Pentecostal movement]] due to a series of fasting days that ended in what was interpreted as [[speaking in tongues]] on January 1, 1901.<ref>[http://joyfulministry.com/penthisf.htm Joyful Ministry] Pentecostal History, 1901</ref> Although the school would close later in 1901 after less than two years of operation, the movement itself grew substantially to tens of millions of people around the world.<ref>[http://cjonline.com/stories/081797/praise.html Topeka Capital Journal] by Phil Anderson, August 17, 1997</ref>

==Pentecostalism begins==

Forty students including [[Agnes Ozman]] and [[William J. Seymour]] had gathered to learn the major tenets of the [[Holiness Movement]] from Parham.<ref>[http://www.spiritualabuse.org/upchistory.html Spiritual Base] United Pentecostal Church History</ref> Parham wondered about the [[New Testament]] evidence for [[baptism in the Holy Spirit]]. He went on a three-day trip and asked his students to ponder this question while he was gone. They concluded that [[glossolalia]] or speaking in tongues was proof that the [[Holy Spirit]] had fallen on an individual. Ozman was the first student to speak in tongues and Seymour would take this teaching [[Los Angeles]] where he would start the [[Azusa Street Revival]]. Today many [[Pentecostal]] denominations trace their beginnings to Bethel and Azusa Street.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=syUupeVJOz4C&pg=PA62&lpg=PA62&dq=%2B%22Bethel+Bible+College%22+%2Btopeka&source=bl&ots=AKJzj3bosd&sig=89DpfJjQqHl_sVlGVySqcTLYiI0&hl=en&ei=UzOiTLbLNMPflgeUp6ziBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CDcQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=%2B%22Bethel%20Bible%20College%22%20%2Btopeka&f=false Encyclopedia of evangelicalism] By Randall Herbert Balmer, c2002, p62</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of defunct colleges and universities in Kansas]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Colleges and universities in Kansas}}

[[Category:Education in Topeka, Kansas‎]]
[[Category:Pentecostalism]]
[[Category:Defunct universities and colleges in Kansas]]
[[Category:Bible colleges]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1900]]

{{Christianity-stub}}

[[el:Βιβλικό Κολλέγιο της Βαιθήλ]]

Icon for Hire

2012-02-13T20:56:27Z

TexasAndroid: categories are good now.

{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Icon For Hire
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| background = group_or_band
| origin = [[Decatur, Illinois|Decatur]], [[Illinois]], [[United States]]
| years_active = 2007-present
| genre = [[Alternative rock]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Iconic Album|url=http://www.crossrhythms.co.uk/articles/news/Iconic_Album/44014/p1/|publisher=''[[Cross Rhythms]]''|accessdate=14 January 2012|format=news report|month=July|year=2011}}</ref><ref name="HM news">{{cite web|title=Icon For Hire debut release goes well|url=http://www.hmmagazine.com/2011/08/icon-for-hire-debut-release-goes-well/|publisher=''[[HM Magazine]]''|accessdate=14 January 2012|author=Doug Van Pelt|year=2011}}</ref> [[Christian punk]]<ref name="CR review">{{cite web|title=Scripted|url=http://www.crossrhythms.co.uk/products/Icon_For_Hire/Scripted/117100/|publisher=''[[Cross Rhythms]]''|accessdate=14 January 2012|author=Jamie Maxwell|format=album review|month=Nov.|year=2011}}</ref> [[Pop rock]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Scripted|url=http://www.newreleasetuesday.com/userprofile_reviewssinglepost.php?review_id=19106&user_id=4152|work=New Release Tuesday|publisher=NRT Media, Inc.|accessdate=13 February 2012|format=album review|month=August|year=2011|quote=Hailing from Decatur, Ill., this heavy pop/rock trio...}}</ref>
| label = [[Tooth & Nail Records]]
| associated_acts =
| website = [http://www.myspace.com/iconforhire www.myspace.com/iconforhire]
| current_members = Ariel Bloomer Shawn Jump Josh Kincheloe Adam Kronshagen
| past_members = Joshua Davis }}

'''Icon for Hire''' is an [[United States|American]] [[Rock music|rock]] band from [[Decatur, Illinois|Decatur]], [[Illinois]], formed in November 2007. They played their first show at Wake The Dead Venue in Decatur, IL. They released two EPs independently before signing to [[Tooth & Nail Records]] in 2010, on which they released their debut album, ''Scripted'', on August 23, 2011.<ref name="Artist Database">{{cite web|title=Icon for Hire |url=http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/artists/IconForHire.asp|publisher=''[[Jesus Freak Hideout]]''|accessdate=2011-05-26}}</ref>

==Beginning (2007-2010)==
Icon for Hire formed in [[Decatur, Illinois|Decatur]], [[Illinois]] in December 2007. In their early years, the band played a number of gigs in and around Illinois and began to amass a local following. During this time, they recorded two independent EPs, the eponymous ''Icon For Hire'' in 2008 and ''The Grey EP'' in 2009. In 2009, they caught the attention of [[Tooth & Nail Records]], and eventually signed with the label in July 2010.<ref name="CR profile">{{cite web|title=Icon For Hire: The rockers bemused by the Paramore and Evanescence comparisons|url=http://www.crossrhythms.co.uk/articles/music/Icon_For_Hire_The_rockers_bemused_by_the_Paramore_and_Evanescence_comparisons_/46555/p1/|publisher=''[[Cross Rhythms]]''|accessdate=14 January 2012|author=Tony Cummings|month=Jan.|year=2012}}</ref>

==Tooth & Nail and ''Scripted'' (2010-present)==
Icon for Hire's debut full-length album, ''Scripted'', was released on August 23, 2011. The album made it on the US Billboard charts at #7 for Hard Rock Albums, #5 for Christian Albums, #16 for Alternative Albums, #22 for Rock Albums, and #95 on the [[Billboard 200]].<ref>{{cite web|title=''Scripted'' at Billboard.com|url=http://www.billboard.com/#/album/icon-for-hire/scripted/1509662}}</ref> The album also hit on Soundscan at #1 on the Christian Rock chart and #7 on the Christian chart. It debuted at #4 on the iTunes Rock chart and on the general iTunes chart at #19.<ref name="cmspin">{{cite web|url=http://www.cmspin.com/newsmanager/anmviewer.asp?a=6461&z=54 |title=Icon For Hire Breaks Tooth & Nail New Artist Release Record - New Release Tuesday - Music News Powered by |publisher=Cmspin.com |date=2011-09-01 |accessdate=2012-02-08}}</ref>

From ''Scripted'', the band released their first single with Tooth & Nail, "Make a Move". Make A Move was the Discovery Download on [[iTunes]] the week of August 23 2011,<ref name="cmspin"/> and was downloaded 250,000+ times that week. The video for "Make a Move" was released first by [[Guitar World Magazine]], on August 15, 2011, as an exclusive premiere.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guitarworld.com/exclusive-icon-hire-premiere-make-move-music-video |title=Exclusive: Icon For Hire Premiere "Make A Move" Music Video |publisher=Guitar World |date=2011-08-15 |accessdate=2012-02-08}}</ref>

Icon for Hire supported [[Red (band)|Red]] on their "Kill The Machine" tour in October 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fusemix.com/en/events/2272--red-kill-the-machine-tour-october-7-october-26-2011 |title=Red - Kill The Machine Tour October 7 - October 26, 2011 |publisher=Fusemix.com |date=2011-10-26 |accessdate=2012-02-08}}</ref> The band is on tour in early 2012,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.toothandnail.com/tours/ |title=Tooth & Nail | Tour Dates |publisher=Toothandnail.com |date= |accessdate=2012-02-08}}</ref> with Jamies Elsewhere and These Hearts, and is scheduled for a tour with Emery in March 2012.

Vocalist Ariel was listed as one of the "25 Hottest Chicks in Hard Rock" by [[Revolver Magazine]] in its Sept/Oct 2011 issue.<ref>{{cite web|author=Kory Grow |url=http://www.revolvermag.com/photos/the-hottest-chicks-in-hard-rock-ariel%e2%80%94the-outtakes.html |title=The Hottest Chicks in Hard Rock: Ariel—the Outtakes! - Revolver Magazine |publisher=Revolvermag.com |date=2011-08-13 |accessdate=2012-02-08}}</ref>

==Band members==
*Ariel Bloomer - [[lead vocals]]<ref name="JFH Scripted">{{cite web|title=Scripted|url=http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/cdreviews/Scripted.asp|publisher=''[[Jesus Freak Hideout]]''|accessdate=13 January 2012|author=Nathaniel Schexnayder|coauthors=Michael Weaver|format=album review|month=August|year=2011}}</ref>(2007–present)
*Shawn Jump - [[electric guitar]] (2007–present)
*Josh Kincheloe - [[bass guitar]] (2011–present)
*Adam Kronshagen - [[drums]] (2007–present)

;Former members
*Joshua Davis - [[Bass guitar|bass]] (2007–2009)<ref name="Artist Database" />

==Discography==
;EPs
* ''Icon for Hire'' (2008)
* ''The Grey EP'' (2009)
;Studio albums
* ''Scripted'' (2011)
;Singles
* "Make A Move" (2011)
* "Get Well" (2011)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Musical groups from Illinois]]
[[Category:Tooth and Nail Records artists‎]]
[[Category:Rock music groups]]
[[Category:Hard rock musical groups]]
[[Category:Alternative rock groups‎]]
[[Category:Christian rock groups‎]]
[[Category:Alternative metal musical groups‎]] ‎ ‎

[[ru:Icon for Hire]]

Höllengeld

2012-02-10T22:55:07Z

TexasAndroid: Reverted edits by Johnrikcy1454 (talk) to last version by ClueBot NG

{{Redirect|Hell money|the X-Files episode|Hell Money}}

[[Image:Burning-money-and-yuanbao-at-the-cemetery-3249.JPG|thumb|Joss papers burnt at a grave along with joss [[yuanbao (currency)|yuanbao]]]]

'''Hell bank notes''' are a form of [[joss paper]] printed to resemble [[legal tender]] [[bank notes]]. This faux money has been in use since at least the late 19th century and possibly much earlier. Early 20th century examples took the resemblance of minor commercial currency of the type issued by businesses across China until the mid 1940s.<ref>Smith, Ward & Matravers, Brian (1970). Chinese Banknotes, p.144. Shirjieh Publishers, Menlo Park, California</ref> The notes are not an officially recognized [[currency]] or legal tender since their sole intended purpose is to be offered as burnt-offerings to the [[ancestor veneration|deceased]] as often practiced by the [[Culture of China|Chinese]] and several [[Sinosphere|East Asian cultures]].

The identification of this type of joss paper as "hell bank notes" and singling them out is largely a [[Western culture|western]] phenomenon, since these items are simply regarded as yet another form of joss paper (冥幣, 陰司紙, 紙錢, or 金紙) in East Asian cultures and have no special name or status.

==The name "hell"==
The word ''hell'' on hell bank notes refers to ''[[Diyu]]'' ({{zh|t=地獄|s=地狱|p=dìyù}}, meaning "underworld prison"), which is also called dìfǔ (Chinese: 地府; meaning "underworld court"). These words are printed on some notes. In traditional Chinese beliefs, it is thought to be where the souls of the dead are first judged by the Lord of the Earthly Court (Yan Wang). After being judged they are either escorted to heaven or sent into the maze of underground levels and chambers to atone for their sins. People believe that even in the earthy court, spirits need to use money.<ref>[http://www.joelscoins.com/catpm.htm World Paper Money]</ref>

A story says that the word ''hell'' was introduced to China by [[Christian]] [[missionaries]], who preached that all non-Christian Chinese people would "go to hell" when they died, and through a case of misinterpretation, it was believed that the word "Hell" was the proper English term for the afterlife, and hence the word was adopted.<ref>http://www.bigwhiteguy.com/baskets/hell.php</ref>

However, some printed notes omit the word "hell" and sometimes will replace it with "heaven" or "paradise". These particular bills are usually found in [[Joss paper|joss]] packs meant to be burned for Chinese deities. They usually have the same design as hell bank notes but with different colors.

==Designs==
[[Image:HellBankNote.jpg|thumb|410px|A typical hell bank note]]

Earlier examples of these notes were issued in denominations of $5 and $10 yuan and upwards, with such amounts being considered adequate until inflation took hold within China from 1944. The soaring denominations of authentic currency was soon reflected in that issued for the afterlife, and after 1945 the majority of Hell banknotes were issued in denominations of $10,000 or higher.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} These earlier issues more commonly depict landscape scenes, temples or trains, and the numerous varieties may literally number into the millions.<ref>Smith, Ward & Matravers, Brian (1970). Chinese Banknotes, p.144-145. Shirjieh Publishers, Menlo Park, California</ref>

Modern Hell bank notes are known for their large denominations, ranging from $10,000 to several billions, and usually bear an image of the [[Jade Emperor]], the presiding monarch of heaven in [[Taoism]], with his signature ([[Romanization of Chinese|romanized]] as ''Yu Wong'', or ''Yuk Wong'') and the signature of [[Yama (Buddhism and Chinese mythology)|Yanluo, King of Hell]] (閻羅). There is usually an image of the bank of Hell on the back of the notes.

A commonly sold hell bank note is the $10,000 note that is styled after the old United States [[Federal Reserve Note]]. The front side contains, apart from the portrait of the Jade Emperor, the seal of the Hell bank. The seal consists of a picture of the Hell bank itself. Many tiny, faint "Hell Bank Note"s are scattered on the back in yellow. These are sold in packs of 50 to 150, and are wrapped in [[cellophane]].

Stores that specialize in selling ritual items, such as the [[Gods material shop]]s in [[Malaysia]], also sell larger and elaborately decorated notes that have a larger denomination than the usual $10,000 note. Some bills do not portray the Jade Emperor, and portray other famous figures from Chinese mythology instead, such as the [[Eight Immortals]], the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]], [[Yama]], or images of dragons. Some even portray famous people who are deceased, such as US President [[John F. Kennedy]], [[Albert Einstein]] and [[Marilyn Monroe]].

== Customs ==
Despite looking like [[play money]], hell bank notes are taken seriously by many people. There are several customs and taboos regarding their proper usage.

It is highly offensive in all Chinese communities to give a hell bank note to a living person as a gift. When [[money burning|burning the notes]], the notes are placed as a loose bundle, in a manner considered respectful. Alternatively, in some customs, each bank note may be folded in a specific way before being tossed into the fire because of the belief that burning real money brings bad luck.

While the custom of burning hell bank notes is legal and still commonly practiced in China, other burnt paper offerings for the deceased, which include ''"luxury villas, sedan cars, mistresses and other messy sacrificial items..."'', will, according to the [[Ministry of Civil Affairs of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Civil Affairs]], be subject to a ban from 2006 onwards, said to be a [[feudal]] [[superstition]].<ref>http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-04/25/content_576881.htm</ref>

==See also==
* [[Joss paper]]
* [[Ancestor worship]]
* [[Ghost Festival]]
* [[Gods material shop]]

==References==
{{No footnotes|date=August 2009}}
{{reflist}}
* Smith, Ward & Matravers, Brian (1970). Chinese Banknotes, p. 144. Shirjieh Publishers, Menlo Park, California

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hell Bank Note}}
[[Category:Anthropology]]
[[Category:Death customs]]
[[Category:Religious behaviour and experience]]
[[Category:Chinese folk religion]]
[[Category:Exonumia]]
[[Category:Traditional Chinese objects]]

[[nl:Dodengeld]]
[[ru:Китайские ритуальные деньги]]
[[tr:Cehennem banknotu]]
[[zh:紙錢]]

West Rock Ridge

2012-02-10T20:40:53Z

TexasAndroid: removed Category:New Haven, Connecticut; added Category:Geography of New Haven, Connecticut‎ using HotCat

{{Infobox mountain
| name = West Rock Ridge
| photo = Frederic Edwin Church - West Rock, New Haven.jpg
| photo_caption = ''West Rock, New Haven'' by [[Frederic Edwin Church]], 1849
| elevation_ft = 700
| elevation_ref = ridge high point
| prominence =
| listing =
| location = [[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]], [[Hamden, Connecticut|Hamden]], [[Woodbridge, Connecticut|Woodbridge]], and [[Bethany, Connecticut]]
| range = [[Metacomet Ridge]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|41|24|56|N|72|56|17|W|type:mountain}} to {{Coord|41|19|57|N|72|57|41|W|type:mountain}}
| type = [[Fault-block]]; [[igneous]]
| age = 200 Ma
| last_eruption =
| first_ascent =
| easiest_route = Auto road
}}


'''West Rock Ridge''' or '''West Rock''' of south-central [[Connecticut]], with a high point of {{convert|700|ft|m|0}}, is a {{convert|7|mi|adj=on}} long [[trap rock]] mountain ridge located on the west side of [[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]]. The ridge forms a continuous line of exposed cliffs visible from metropolitan New Haven and points west. West Rock Ridge is part of the narrow, linear [[Metacomet Ridge]] that extends from [[Long Island Sound]] near New Haven, north through the [[Connecticut River Valley]] of [[Massachusetts]] to the [[Vermont]] border.<ref name="EF">Farnsworth, Elizabeth J. [http://www.mmmtrail.org/NaturalResourcesAssessmentFinal.pdf "Metacomet-Mattabesett Trail Natural Resource Assessment."], 2004. PDF file. Cited Nov. 20, 2007.</ref>

West Rock Ridge is popular for recreation and known for its [[microclimate]] ecosystems, rare plant communities, and expansive views from cliffs that tower up to {{convert|500|ft|m|0}} above the surrounding landscape.<ref name="EF"/><ref name="D">DeLorme Topo 6.0. Mapping Software. DeLorme, Yarmouth, Maine</ref> The ridge is traversed by a network of hiking trails including the {{convert|7|mi|adj=on}} [[Regicides Trail]] and the southern terminus of the {{convert|23|mi|adj=on}} [[Quinnipiac Trail]].<ref name="CWB">Connecticut Walk West. 19th Edition. The Connecticut Forest and Park Association. Rockfall, Connecticut. 2006.</ref>

==History==
[[Image:N58102886 30611581 9191.jpeg|thumb|left|Judges' Cave]]
Judges' Cave and the Regicides Trail (which traverses the length of the ridge), receive their names from two judges [[Edward Whalley]] and his son-in-law [[William Goffe]], who had signed the death warrant of [[Charles I of England]] in 1649. After the [[English Restoration|restoration]] of the monarchy with [[Charles II of England]] in 1660, the pair of [[regicides]] fled to the area to avoid arrest and hid in a boulder cave on the crest of the ridge intermittently over the summer of that year.<ref name="CWB"/>

Other notable historic events include the portrayal of the ridge by 19th century landscape painter [[Frederic Edwin Church]] in 1849.{{-}}

The [[Connecticut General Assembly|General Assembly]] of the [[U.S. state|state]] of [[Connecticut]] established An Act Concerning West Rock Ridge State Park, which established the park when the [[Connecticut]] Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) purchased {{convert|600|acre|km2}} of land from the city of [[New Haven]] in 1975. This act gives the DEP the right of first refusal to purchase private land sold within the West Rock Ridge conservation area. The intent of the act is to allow the state to increase the size of the park, which is about {{convert|1600|acre|km2}}.<ref>http://www.cga.ct.gov/2003/act/Pa/2003PA-00131-R00HB-05793-PA.htm</ref>

==Geography==

West Rock Ridge, located in [[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]], [[Hamden, Connecticut|Hamden]], [[Woodbridge, Connecticut|Woodbridge]], and [[Bethany, Connecticut]], is {{convert|1|mi}} wide at its widest point, although steepness of the terrain make the actual square mileage much larger. Notable peaks on the ridge include the high point, alternately called '''High Rock''' or '''York Mountain''', est. {{convert|700|ft|m|0}}, at the north terminus of the ridge; the southern prominence with a summit parking lot, picnic tables, and observation area, usually referred to as '''West Rock''', {{convert|400|ft|m|0}}, and popularly known as the South Overlook; and several knobs in between those two points. '''Judges Cave''' is also located at the southern end of the ridge.

[[Image:Heros Tunnel.jpg|thumb|left|[[Heroes Tunnel|West Rock Tunnel]]]]West Rock Ridge is an important aquifer. The ridge is bordered on the west by property owned by the South Central Connecticut Regional Water Authority; [[reservoir]]s include Lake Dawson and Lake Watrous. Konolds Pond, which is not used as a water source, is located just north of Rt. 15 in an industrial area.<ref>http://www.rwater.com/</ref>
The main body of water inside the park is Lake Wintergreen, {{convert|44|acre|m2}}, located east of the ridge. There is also a small fishing pond located near Mountain Road, and a flood control pond located at the north end of the park.<ref>http://www.ct.gov/caes/cwp/view.asp?a=2799&q=376202</ref>
The [[Wilbur Cross Parkway]] ([[Connecticut Route 15|Route 15]]) passes through the south central side of the mountain in the
''West Rock Tunnel,'' also known as the [[Heroes Tunnel|''Heroes Tunnel]].'' A network of suburban streets abut the mountain on all sides and a seasonal paved park road climbs to the crest of the ridge and along its length. Several communications towers sprout from the ridge crest.

The Metacomet Ridge extends north from West Rock Ridge as Mad Mare Hill and [[Mount Sanford (Connecticut)|Mount Sanford]] and northeast as Rocky Top and [[Sleeping Giant (Connecticut)|Sleeping Giant]]. East of West Rock Ridge, the Metacomet Ridge spreads out into a series of low, parallel ridges toward [[Saltonstall Mountain]] in [[Branford, Connecticut]]; the only noteworthy summit in between is [[East Rock]] which looms over New Haven from the north. The west side of West Rock Ridge drains into [[West River (Connecticut)|West River]], then into Long Island Sound; the east side into Belden Brook thence to West River, and the north side into Mill River thence to New Haven Harbor and Long Island Sound.<ref name="D"/>

==Geology==
[[Image:Ct westrock6.jpg|thumb|right|South prominence of West Rock from New Haven]]
The [[fault-block]] ridge of West Rock is composed of [[trap rock]], also known as basalt, an [[extrusive]] [[volcanic]] rock. Basalt is a dark colored rock, but the iron within it weathers to a rusty brown when exposed to the air, lending the ledges of West Rock Ridge a distinct reddish hue. The rock, which formed 200 million years ago during the late [[Triassic]] and early [[Jurassic]] periods, frequently breaks into octagonal and pentagonal columns, creating a unique "postpile" appearance. Huge slopes made of fractured basalt [[scree]] are visible beneath many of the ledges of West Rock Ridge.

The ridge is the product of a huge feeder [[dike (geology)|dike]] which supplied several massive [[lava]] flows hundreds of feet deep that welled up in faults created by the [[rifting]] apart of [[North America]] from [[Eurasia]] and [[Africa]] over a period of 20 million years. Erosion occurring between the eruptions deposited deep layers of sediment between the lava flows and around the dike, which eventually lithified into [[sedimentary rock]]. The resulting "layer cake" of basalt and sedimentary sheets eventually faulted and tilted upward. Subsequent erosion wore away the weaker sedimentary layers a faster rate than the basalt layers, leaving the abruptly tilted edges of the basalt sheets exposed, creating the distinct linear ridge and dramatic cliff faces visible today along the Metacomet Ridge.<ref>Raymo, Chet and Maureen E. ''Written in Stone: A Geologic History of the Northeastern United States''. Globe Pequot, Chester, Connecticut, 1989.</ref>

==Ecosystem==
[[Image:Chestnut Oak.jpg|thumb|right|[[Chestnut oak]]]]
West Rock Ridge hosts a combination of [[microclimate]]s unusual in [[New England]]. Dry, hot upper ridges support [[oak savanna]]s, often dominated by [[chestnut oak]] and a variety of understory grasses and ferns. [[Juniperus virginiana|Eastern red cedar]], a dry-loving species, clings to the barren edges of cliffs. Lower eastern slopes tend to support [[oak-hickory forest]] species common in the surrounding lowlands. Narrow ravines support [[Tsuga canadensis|eastern hemlock]] that block sunlight, creating damp, cooler growing conditions with associated cooler climate plant species. These hemlocks have suffered from infestation by the [[hemlock woolly adelgid]]. Talus slopes are especially rich in nutrients and support a number of calcium-loving plants uncommon in eastern Connecticut. Because the ridge generates such varied terrain, it is the home of several plant and animal species that are state-listed or globally rare.<ref name="EF"/><ref>[http://www.connix.com/~harry/twep.htm The Traprock Wilderness Recovery Strategy]. Cited Dec. 13, 2007</ref>

West Rock Ridge is also an important seasonal [[Birds of prey|raptor]] migration path.<ref name="EF"/>

==Recreation and conservation==
West Rock Ridge is an outdoor recreation resource popular among residents and visitors of the metropolitan New Haven region. Views from the clifftops span New Haven, the rural landscape to the west as far as the [[Berkshires]], Long Island Sound and [[Long Island]]. Most of the ridge is within the public domain as state and town park land, [[conservation easement]], and watershed property. Housing developments are prevalent on the northern slopes of the ridge but do not reach to the summit crest. The ridge boasts a substantial network of hiking trails and park roads, cliffs, rugged woodlands, scenic ponds and reservoirs, and waterfalls. Two noteworthy hiking trails cross the ridge, the [[Regicides Trail]] which traverses the summit crest from end to end, and the [[Quinnipiac Trail]] which crosses the northern summit of the ridge and extends north over Sanford Mountain and east over Sleeping Giant. Both are maintained by the [[non-profit]] [[Connecticut Forest and Park Association]].<ref name="D"/><ref name="CWB"/>

[[West Rock Ridge State Park]] occupies most of the ridgeline as well as the undeveloped Lake Wintergreen on the east side of the mountain. The park is open daily from 8 a.m. to sunset for a variety of recreational uses, including hiking, bicycling, fishing, car-top boating, horseback riding, dog walking, picnicking, and other passive pursuits. The Park Road to the South Overlook and Judges Cave is open daily to vehicle traffic from Memorial Day through the last weekend in October. Park access is free of charge for all users.

For complete recreation information, see [[West Rock Ridge State Park]].
[[Image:Ct westrock8.jpg|thumb|right|New Haven from West Rock]]

The City of New Haven owns and manages the {{convert|43|acre|m2|adj=on}} [[West Rock Nature Center]] on the southeast side of the mountain. The center offers interpretive programs on local ecology, outdoor skills workshops, and features laboratories, gardens, interpretive trails, a visitor's center, and classroom facilities. The center has been in operation since 1946 and is listed on the State Register of Historic Places by the Connecticut Historical Commission.<ref>[http://www.cityofnewhaven.com/Parks/ParksInformation/westrockpark.asp West Rock Nature Center] City of New Haven. Cited Dec. 22, 2007.</ref> 

The town of Woodbridge owns and manages the Bishop Estate and Darling House Trails, a {{convert|160|acre|km2|sing=on}} property on the west flank of the ridge. The property offers a network of trails, historic buildings, gardens, and bridges over the West River. Named for Thomas Darling (1720–1789), active in the [[American Revolution]] and a friend and contemporary of [[Benjamin Franklin]], the estate is open to passive activities such as hiking, picnicking, and bird watching. Trails on the property link up with the Regicides Trail on the ridge.<ref>[http://www.visitnewhaven.com/pdfs/trails/Woodbridge/TrailMapWLTDarling.pdf Bishop Estate & Darling House Trails] Town of Woodbridge. Cited Dec. 22, 2007.</ref> 

The town of Bethany [http://www.bethany-ct.com/commissions/cmsn_Conservation.asp Conservation Commission], the [http://www.hamden.com/content/43/85/136/1266/default.aspx Town of Hamden], the [http://www.woodbridgelandtrust.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=27&Itemid=39 Woodbridge Land Trust], and the [http://www.bethanylandtrust.org/properties.asp Bethany Land Trust], are also invested in the conservation of West Rock Ridge and its [[viewshed]]. 

==See also==
* [[Metacomet Ridge]]
* [[West Rock Ridge State Park]]
* [[West River (Connecticut)]]
* [[regicide#The regicide of Charles I of England|Regicide of Charles I]]
* [[New Haven, Connecticut]]
* '''Adjacent summits:'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
! ↑ North !! ↑ Northeast !! East > !!
|-
| align="center" width="120pt"|[[Mount Sanford (Connecticut)|Mount Sanford]] (no image) ||align="center" width="120pt"|[[Image:SlGiant.jpg|center|thumb|80px|[[Sleeping Giant (Connecticut)|Sleeping Giant]]]]||align="center" width="120pt"|[[Image:Eastrock01.jpg|thumb|140px|center|[[East Rock]]]]||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ct.gov/dep/cwp/view.asp?a=2716&q=325276&depNav_GID=1650 West Rock State Park]* http://www.rwater.com/
* [http://www.ct.gov/dep/lib/dep/stateparks/maps/westrock.pdf West Rock State Park map]
* [http://www.cityofnewhaven.com/Parks/ParksInformation/westrockpark.asp West Rock Nature Center]
* [http://www.visitnewhaven.com/pdfs/trails/Woodbridge/TrailMapWLTDarling.pdf Bishop Estate & Darling House Trails]
* [http://www.bethany-ct.com/commissions/cmsn_Conservation.asp Town of Bethany Conservation Commission]
* [http://www.bethanylandtrust.org/properties.asp Bethany Land Trust]
* [http://www.woodbridgelandtrust.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=27&Itemid=39 Woodbridge Land Trust]
* [http://www.hamden.com/content/43/85/136/1266/default.aspx Town of Hamden]
* [http://www.ctwoodlands.org/ Connecticut Forest and Park Association]
* [http://www.cga.ct.gov/2003/act/Pa/2003PA-00131-R00HB-05793-PA.htm]
* [http://www.ct.gov/caes/cwp/view.asp?a=2799&q=376202]

[[Category:Metacomet Ridge, Connecticut]]
[[Category:Mountains of Connecticut]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in New Haven County, Connecticut]]
[[Category:Geography of New Haven, Connecticut]]
[[Category:Bethany, Connecticut]]
[[Category:Hamden, Connecticut]]
[[Category:Geography of New Haven, Connecticut‎]]
[[Category:Woodbridge, Connecticut]]
[[Category:Populated places in New Haven County, Connecticut]]
[[Category:Landforms of New Haven County, Connecticut]]
[[Category:Ridges of the United States]]

[[fr:West Rock Ridge]]

Pasadena Playhouse

2012-01-20T21:56:19Z

TexasAndroid: removed Category:Pasadena, California; added Category:Culture of Pasadena, California‎ using HotCat

{{Infobox nrhp
| name = Pasadena Playhouse
| nrhp_type =
|designated_other1_name=California Historical Landmark
|designated_other1_abbr=CHL
|designated_other1_color=#ffc94b
|designated_other1_link=List of California Historical Landmarks
|designated_other1_number=887
|designated_other1_num_position=both
| image = Pasadena Playhouse.jpg
| caption = A partial view of the theater auditorium
| location = 39 S. El Molino Ave [[Pasadena, California]]
| nearest_city =
| lat_degrees =
| lat_minutes =
| lat_seconds =
| lat_direction =
| long_degrees =
| long_minutes =
| long_seconds =
| long_direction =
| locmapin =
| area =
| built = 1924
| architect = [[Elmer Grey]] A. Dwight Gibbs Cyril Bennett
| architecture = [[Spanish Colonial Revival architecture|Spanish Colonial Revival]]
| added = November 11, 1975
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| refnum = 75000435
| mpsub =
| governing_body = Pasadena Playhouse State Theatre of California, Inc.
}}

The '''Pasadena Playhouse''' is an historic performing arts venue located 39 S El Molino Avenue in [[Pasadena, California]]. The 686-seat auditorium produces a variety of cultural and artistic events, professional shows, and community engagements each year.

==History==

Beginning around 1912, the period known as the [[Little Theatre Movement]] developed in cities and towns across the [[United States]].<ref>Bryer, Jackson. ed. ''The Theatre We Worked For''. Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1982. p. 9. ISBN 0-300-02583-1</ref> The artistic community that founded the Pasadena Playhouse was started in 1916 when actor-director [[Gilmor Brown]] began producing a series of plays at a renovated [[burlesque]] theatre with his troupe "The Gilmore Brown Players". Brown established the Community Playhouse Association of Pasadena in 1917 that would later become the Pasadena Playhouse Association, which necessitated a new venue for productions.<ref name="netstate1">{{cite web|author=NSTATE, LLC: http://www.n-state.com |url=http://www.netstate.com/states/symb/theaters/ca_theater.htm |title=California State Theater, Pasadena Playhouse, from |publisher=Netstate.Com |date= |accessdate=2010-10-06}}</ref>

The [[community theatre]] organization quickly grew and in May 1924, the citizens of Pasadena raised funds to build a new theatre in the city center at 39 South El Molino Avenue. Completed in 1925, the theater was designed in a [[Spanish Colonial Revival architecture|Spanish Colonial Revival style]] by Pasadena artist and architect [[Elmer Grey]].

Its non-professional, community beginnings and the tremendous amount of local support for the project led [[George Bernard Shaw]] to dub Pasadena "the [[Athens]] of the West", likening the enterprise to the ancient Festival [[Dionysia]].<ref name="morrison1">{{cite news| url=http://articles.latimes.com/2010/feb/26/opinion/la-oe-morrison27-2010feb27 | work=The Los Angeles Times | title=Sheldon Epps: Play it again | first=Patt | last=Morrison | date=February 26, 2010}}</ref>

The building that was designed by Grey and built by the Winter Construction Co. drew the attention of the nation, bringing Southern California world premieres by authors such as [[Eugene O'Neill]], [[William Saroyan]], [[Noel Coward]], [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]] and [[Tennessee Williams]], as well as many English language premieres of significant Continental dramas. The Playhouse was recognized by the Legislature as the State Theatre of [[California]] in 1937<ref name="library1">{{cite web|url=http://www.library.ca.gov/history/symbols.html#Heading9 |title=California State Library - History and Culture - State Symbols |publisher=Library.ca.gov |date= |accessdate=2010-10-06}}</ref> after the laudable achievement of having performed the entire [[Shakespeare]] canon on a single stage for the first time in the United States.<ref name="netstate1"/>

A school of [[theatre arts]] was established in the late 1920s that became an accredited college by 1937, eventually training such notable talents as [[Raymond Burr]], [[Victor Mature]], [[Ernest Borgnine]], [[Eleanor Parker]], [[Charles Bronson]], [[Mako Iwamatsu|Mako]], [[Jamie Farr]], [[Gene Hackman]], [[Dustin Hoffman]], [[Sally Struthers]] and others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/445379/Pasadena-Playhouse |title=Pasadena Playhouse (theatre, Pasadena, California, United States) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica.com |date= |accessdate=2010-10-06}}</ref> During the school years, the Playhouse was very active, having as many as five independent stages in operation at any given time, giving 306–322 performances annually on the main stage alone.<ref name="library1"/>

The varied staging capabilities offered by its five venues led the Playhouse to become one of the first companies in California to experiment with new theatrical forms such as [[theater-in-the-round]].<ref name="autogenerated1">Hollywood: the movie lover's guide : the ultimate insider tour to movie L.A. By Richard Alleman</ref> The Playhouse also built and operated one of the first television stations in Southern California. In addition to training the Air Force to use television and radio equipment, the Pasadena Playhouse supplied the majority of Southern California's early TV stations with the first trained technicians in the business.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

Due to changes in [[Actors Equity Association]] laws, and the after the opening of drama departments in many schools and universities across the country, the School of Theatre Arts shut down in 1969. Later that year, after the death of founding director Gilmor Brown, the theatre itself went bankrupt.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/culturemonster/2010/02/broke-pasadena-playhouse-may-be-closing-but-its-old-school-alumni-have-money-to-give-for-scholarship.html | work=The Los Angeles Times | title=Culture Monster | date=February 11, 2010}}</ref> After six years, the city bought the building in 1975 and later transferred it to real estate developer David Houk. After 17 years of lying dormant, he relaunched the theater in 1986 as a place to develop shows that would tour other California venues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.off-stage-right.com/2010/01/pasadena-playhouse-closes-has-the-domino-effect-begun-is-this-the-first-of-many.html |title=Pasadena Playhouse Closes – has the domino effect begun? Is this the first of many? |publisher=off-stage right |date= |accessdate=2010-10-06}}</ref> While the Pasadena Playhouse reopened for use as a community theatre, the acting school remained closed. Over the next twenty years, the theatre staged classic drama, new musicals and plays, and integrated itself as an educational facility, slowly regaining a prominent place in the national theater scene to become a major operation of over 8 million dollars a year by 2008.<ref name="latimes1">{{cite news| url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/culturemonster/2010/07/pasadena-playhouse-ends-bankruptcy-still-needs-millions-to-recover.html | work=The Los Angeles Times | title=Culture Monster | date=July 8, 2010}}</ref>

==Current financial situation==

Regardless of continued recent critical acclaim of the Playhouse, and despite its steadily popular and ambitious season schedules,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-22075067.html |title=The Pasadena Playhouse Receives Twelve Ovation Awards Nominations - Los Angeles Sentinel | HighBeam Research - FREE trial |publisher=Highbeam.com |date=1998-10-21 |accessdate=2010-10-06}}</ref> the theater had a history of financial difficulties since its reopening in the 1980s. Saddled with millions of dollars worth of debt from earlier unforeseen expenditures during the theater's restoration, the Playhouse's operators struggled with balancing interest and loan repayments with increasing running costs.<ref name="morrison1"/>

On January 29, 2010, the ''Los Angeles Times'' announced that, due to financial difficulties, the theater would close on February 7 after its run of the musical ''Camelot'' and cancel the remaining 2010 season.<ref>{{cite web|last=Boehm |first=Mike |url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/arts/la-et-pasadena-playhouse30-2010jan30,0,1723543.story |title=LA Times article on closure of Pasadena Playhouse |publisher=Latimes.com |date=2010-01-30 |accessdate=2010-10-06}}</ref> On May 11, 2010, the Pasadena Playhouse filed for [[Chapter 11]] bankruptcy protection and announced an intention to restructure its operations to reduce its debt burden.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/culturemonster/2010/05/pasadena-playhouse-files-chapter-11-petition.html|title=Pasadena Playhouse files Chapter 11 petition|date=May 11, 2010|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=May 11, 2010}}</ref>

After less than four months, on July 7, 2010, it emerged from bankruptcy after a multi-million dollar anonymous matching fund contribution toward operating costs and judicially approved debt cancellation.<ref name="latimes1"/> The Pasadena Playhouse also reduced paid staff to essential upper level administration, keeping the Artistic Director [[Sheldon Epps]] as coordinator for the rest of the planned consolidation. Director Epps announced through an interview with the ''LA Times'' that the shake-up is intended to put the theater back on solid financial footing and ensure the Playhouse's survival into the future.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.latimes.com/2010/feb/26/opinion/la-oe-morrison27-2010feb27/2 | work=The Los Angeles Times | title=Sheldon Epps: Play it again | first=Patt | last=Morrison | date=February 26, 2010}}</ref> The Playhouse released a tentative Fall/Winter season schedule including one new production of ''Dangerous Beauty'' slated for January 2011.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/culturemonster/2010/07/pasadena-playhouse-announces-partial-lineup-for-late-2010-early-2011-.html | work=The Los Angeles Times | title=Culture Monster | date=July 19, 2010}}</ref><ref>Pasadenaplayhouse.blogspot.com</ref> Plans for a new extension and 400 seat venue designed [[pro bono]] by [[Frank Gehry]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-159487287.html |title=Pasadena Playhouse Receives Donation From Acclaimed Architect Frank Gehry to Begin a Two-Phase Design Project of the Carrie Hamilton Theatre in Honor of Carol Burnett and Her Late Daughter. - PR Newswire | HighBeam Research: Online Press Releases |publisher=Highbeam.com |date=2007-02-19 |accessdate=2010-10-06}}</ref> that was announced in 2007 were not confirmed to be moving forward despite its possibility as a revenue stream and the strong donation campaign already in place for its construction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pasadenastarnews.com/ci_15534812 |title=Pasadena Playhouse ready for Act 2 |publisher=Pasadena Star-News |date=2010-03-09 |accessdate=2010-10-06}}</ref>

Under the guidance of Epps, the Pasadena Playhouse intends to continue events slowly with a reduced operating schedule and has already announced a new fundraising campaign.<ref>pasadenaplayhouse.blogspot.com</ref> The Playhouse operates under a nonprofit, [[League of Resident Theatres#Categories|LORT-B]] designated regional theatre status. While traditionally it produced six plays annually on its mainstage, under the new guidelines the season will go through a possible reduction to under 4 productions into the foreseeable future.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scpr.org/news/2010/07/19/pasadena-playhouse-announces-first-new-production-/ |title=Pasadena Playhouse announces first new production in months | 89.3 KPCC |publisher=Scpr.org |date= |accessdate=2010-10-06}}</ref> A majority of the subscribers donated the rest of their season back to the theater rather than requesting refunds, recusing the theater of over a million dollars in possible financial liability.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pasadenastarnews.com/ci_15534812 |title=Pasadena Playhouse ready for Act 2 |publisher=Pasadena Star-News |date=2010-03-09 |accessdate=2010-10-06}}</ref> Epps has said that as the debt burden is lifted these steps will allow the theater to carefully and responsibly rebuild the company.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pasadenastarnews.com/ci_15534812 |title=Pasadena Playhouse ready for Act 2 |publisher=Pasadena Star-News |date=2010-03-09 |accessdate=2010-10-06}}</ref>

On April 1st 2011 the Playhouse will be holding a "Premiere Gala: Opening Night" to celebrate it's newfound financial solvency and announce next year's productions.<ref> Pasadena Outlook, Vol. 5 No. 9</ref> The theater has raised over $100,000 dollars from corporate sponsors to host the event that will proceed after the final showing of the new musical Dangerous Beauty.

==Notable alumni==
{{div col}}
*[[John Alvin (actor)|John Alvin]]<ref name=vcs>{{cite news |first=Mike|last=Harris|title=John Alvin: veteran stage, film, television actor, 91
|url=http://www.venturacountystar.com/news/2009/mar/22/john-alvin-stage-screen-tv-actor-dies-at-91/|work=[[Ventura County Star]]|publisher=|date=2009-03-22 |accessdate=2009-03-25}}</ref>
*[[Morris Ankrum]]<ref name="Parish14-15" />
*[[Dana Andrews]]
*[[Eve Arden]]
*[[Angela Bassett]]
*[[Charles Bronson]]
*[[Raymond Burr]]
*[[Ruth Buzzi]]
*[[Youssef Chahine]]
*[[Maxine Cooper Gomberg]]<ref name=telegraph>{{cite news |first=|last=|title=Maxine Cooper |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/film-obituaries/5189499/Maxine-Cooper.html|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|publisher=|date=2009-04-20 |accessdate=2009-04-22}}</ref>
*[[Frances Dee]]<ref name="Parish14-15" />
*[[Don DeFore]]
*[[Bill Erwin]]
*[[Jamie Farr]]
*[[Dabbs Greer]]
*[[Gene Hackman]]
*[[William Henry (actor)|William Henry]]<ref name="Parish14-15" />
*[[Samuel S. Hinds]]<ref name="Parish14-15" />
*[[Dustin Hoffman]]
*[[Earl Holliman]]
*[[Carolyn Jones]]
*[[Victor Jory]]
*[[Celia Kaye]]
*[[Mako Iwamatsu|Mako]]
*[[Kerwin Mathews]]
*[[Victor Mature]]
*[[Tyler MacDuff]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0532057/bio|title=Biography for Tyler MacDuff|publisher=[[Internet Movie Data Base]]|accessdate=January 9, 2010}}</ref>
*[[Rue McClanahan]]
*[[Joyce Meadows]]
*[[Douglass Montgomery]]<ref name="Parish14-15" />
*[[Wayne Morris (American actor)|Wayne Morris]]<ref name="Parish14-15" />
*[[Lloyd Nolan]]<ref name="Parish14-15" />
*[[Moroni Olsen]]<ref name="Parish14-15" />
*[[Eleanor Parker]]
*[[Tyrone Power]]<ref name="Parish14-15" />
*[[Robert Preston (actor)|Robert Preston]]
*[[George Reeves]]
*[[Barbara Rush]]<ref name="Kaufman">{{cite book |last1=Kaufman |first1=Dave |title=TV 69: Who's Who, What's What in the New TV Season |format=mass market paperback|year=1968 |publisher=Signet |location=New York|isbn= |page=137 }}</ref>
*[[Onslow Stevens]]<ref name="Parish14-15" />
*[[Sally Struthers]]
*[[Randolph Scott]]
*[[Ralph Senensky]]
*[[Paul Sorensen]]<ref name=variety>{{cite news |first=|last=|title=Actor Paul Sorensen dies at 82 |work= [[Variety Magazine]] |publisher=|date=2008-07-22 |accessdate=2008-08-12}}</ref>
*[[Harry Dean Stanton]]
*[[Gloria Stuart]]
*[[Robert Taylor (actor)|Robert Taylor]]<ref name="Parish14-15">{{cite book
|last1=Parish
|first1=James Robert
|last2=Leonard
|first2=William T.
|title=Hollywood Players: The Thirties
|year=1976
|publisher=Arlington House Publishers
|location=New Rochelle, New York
|isbn=0-87000-365-8
|pages=14–15}}</ref>
*[[George Tobias]]
*[[Toni Trucks]]
*[[Daniel Truhitte]]
*[[Meg Wyllie]]
*[[Jo Anne Worley]]
*[[Gig Young]]
*[[Robert Young (actor)|Robert Young]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://pasadenaplayhouse.blogspot.com/ Pasadena Playhouse blog]
* [http://www.myspace.com/pasadenaplayhouse Pasadena Playhouse MySpace page]

{{Registered Historic Places}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1925‎]]
[[Category:2010 disestablishments]]
[[Category:Culture of Pasadena, California‎]]
[[Category:California Historical Landmarks]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places listings in Los Angeles County, California]]
[[Category:Theatres on the National Register of Historic Places in California]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Pasadena, California]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Los Angeles County, California]]
[[Category:Theatres in California]]
[[Category:Spanish Colonial Revival architecture in California]]
[[Category:Elmer Grey buildings]]
[[Category:Event venues established in 1925]]

Eisenbahnunfall von Naperville

2012-01-19T19:59:38Z

TexasAndroid: removed Category:Naperville, Illinois; added Category:History of Naperville, Illinois‎ using HotCat

{{Infobox rail accident
|image=
|title = Naperville train disaster
|date = April 26, 1946
|time =
|location = [[Naperville, Illinois]]
|country = [[United States]]
|line = [[Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad]]
|operator = [[Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad]]
|type = Collision
|cause = Insufficient warning of stopped train
|trains = ''[[Advance Flyer]]'' and ''[[Exposition Flyer]]''
|pax =
|deaths = 47
|injuries = Approx. 125
}}

The '''Naperville train disaster''' occurred on April 26, 1946, at the [[Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad]] [[Naperville (Amtrak station)|station]] in [[Naperville, Illinois]] when the railroad's ''[[Exposition Flyer]]'' rammed into the ''[[Advance Flyer]]'', which had made an unscheduled stop to check its running gear. The ''Exposition Flyer'' had been coming through on the same track at {{convert|85|mph|km/h}}. 47 people died, and some 125 were injured.

According to initial interviews with the train crew, engineer W. W. Blaine of the ''Exposition Flyer'' (who survived with a fractured skull) immediately applied brakes upon seeing the first of two warning signals, but it was still too close to the first train to stop in time, and was still traveling in excess of {{convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} when it struck the rear of the ''Advance Flyer''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www3.gendisasters.com/illinois/7341/naperville-il-disastrous-train-wreck-apr-1946|title=Naperville, IL Disastrous Train Wreck, Apr 1946|accessdate=2010-02-07}}</ref>

This crash is a major reason why most passenger trains in the [[United States]] only travel at a [[speed limits in the United States (rail)|speed limit]] of {{convert|79|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} or below.<ref name="dieselization">{{cite web|url=http://groups.yahoo.com/group/steam_tech/message/54227|title=Hiawatha dieselization|author=William Wendt|publisher=Yahoo Groups|date=July 30, 2007|accessdate=2010-02-07}}</ref><ref name="gruber-solomon">{{cite book|author=John Gruber and Brian
Solomon|title=The Milwaukee Road's Hiawathas|publisher=Voyageur Press|date=2006|isbn=978-0760323953}}</ref> The CB&Q, [[Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul & Pacific Railroad|Milwaukee Road]], and [[Illinois Central Railroad|Illinois Central]] were among railroads in the region running passenger trains at up to and above {{convert|100|mph|km/h}} in the 1930s and 1940s. The [[Interstate Commerce Commission]] ruled in 1951 that trains traveling faster must have "an [[cab signaling|automatic cab signal]], [[automatic train stop]] or [[automatic train control]] system",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trains.com/trn/default.aspx?c=a&id=4424|title=Ask Trains from November 2008|date=December 23, 2008|publisher=''Trains Magazine''|accessdate=December 29, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cfr.vlex.com/vid/236-0-applicability-minimum-penalties-19944909|title=49 CFR 236.0 - Applicability, minimum requirements, and penalties|work=United States Code}}</ref> expensive technology that was implemented on some lines in the region, but has since been mostly removed.

Following this disaster, advancements in train speed in the United States essentially halted.<ref name="dieselization"/><ref name="gruber-solomon"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://drx.typepad.com/psychotherapyblog/2008/04/photos-of-the-5.html Photos of the Day: Naperville, Illinois Rail Disaster (1946)]
*[http://www3.gendisasters.com/illinois/7341/naperville-il-disastrous-train-wreck-apr-1946 Naperville, IL Disastrous Train Wreck, Apr 1946]
*[http://www.napersettlement.org/history/new_collections.htm Photos from the Naperville Train Crash of 1946]

*[http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/cushman/results/result.do?query=subject:%22Railroad+accidents%22&page=1&pagesize=20&display=thumbcap More Photos of Crash]

{{US-rail-transport-stub}}

{{coord missing|Illinois}}

[[Category:Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad]]
[[Category:Passenger rail transportation in Illinois]]
[[Category:Disasters in Illinois]]
[[Category:Railway accidents in 1946]]
[[Category:1946 in Illinois]]
[[Category:History of Naperville, Illinois‎]]

The Eastern States Exposition

2011-12-22T20:29:55Z

TexasAndroid: removed Category:Springfield, Massachusetts; added Category:Culture of Springfield, Massachusetts‎ using HotCat

{{Other uses|Big E (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Big E fair.jpg|thumb|right|The Big E in [[West Springfield, MA]] in 2007]]
'''The Big E''', also known as '''The Eastern States Exposition''', is billed as "[[New England]]'s Great [[State fair]]". The Big E serves as the de facto state fair for all six of the New England states: [[Connecticut]], [[Maine]], [[Massachusetts]], [[New Hampshire]], [[Rhode Island]], and [[Vermont]]. Each of the New England states is prominently represented at the fair. The Big E is the sixth largest agricultural fair in the country, and the largest in New England.

Located in New England's [[Knowledge Corridor]] region, directly across the Memorial Bridge from the City of [[Springfield, Massachusetts]], The Big E is held every autumn in [[West Springfield, Massachusetts]]. Each year, the fair opens on the second Friday after Labor Day and runs for seventeen days.

== History ==
The first Eastern States Exposition occurred in 1917. It was originally conceived by [[Joshua L. Brooks]] as a way to help bolster the region's farming industry. The Exposition featured displays of innovations in the industry, and held contests designed to encourage farmers to better themselves through competition. Since the first Exposition, only [[World War I]] and [[World War II]], during which the military requisitioned the grounds as storage depots, have interrupted the annual tradition.

The fair was first titled "The Big E" in 1968 and remains true to its agricultural roots today, with more than 7,100 [[4-H]] and [[National FFA Organization|FFA]] participants, and 1,100 open show exhibitors, as well as educational displays and attractions.

== Attractions ==
===Avenue of States===
[[Image:Avenue of States, The Big E, West Springfield MA.jpg|thumb|right|225px|Avenue of States]]
One of the most popular attractions at the Big E is the ''[http://www.thebige.com/fair/exhibitsfeatures/Avenue.asp Avenue of States]''. The avenue contains smaller-scale replicas of the original [[List of state capitols in the United States|statehouses]] of each of the New England states, as well as the New England [[The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry|Grange House]].

The state buildings feature exhibits and vendors which best exemplify the heritage, food, and traditions of each state. Food vendors can be found in each building selling items that are [[New England cuisine|traditional to their states]]. For example, the Maine House offers [[lobster]], [[blueberry]] and potato items, while the [[Vermont]] House has [[Ben and Jerry's]] ice cream, maple syrup and cheddar cheese. Vendors also sell locally-made products and handicrafts. The Maine baked potatoes have become something of a fair icon, with buyers regularly forming long queues during the fair's busier periods.

Much like national [[Embassy|embassies]], the state houses and the land on which they sit are actually owned by the respective states. Through an arrangement with the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, they are administered by representatives from each [[State police|state's police force]] during the fair. Due to this distinction, tickets for each state's individual [[lottery]] can be purchased within the houses. There is also a heavy emphasis on [[tourism]] promotion in each state house.

===Livestock and animals===
In keeping with the fair's farming roots, there are many [[livestock]] displays at the Big E. [[The Big E Coliseum]] features daily [[horse show]]s, while the Mallary Complex houses livestock and other farm animals, including [[goat]]s, [[chicken]]s, [[pig]]s, and [[sheep]].

Other animals, such as those found at [[petting zoo]]s or in the [[Big E Super Circus]], are also featured at the Big E. Small-scale [[dog and pony show]]s are regular features of the fair.
There are also many 4-H youth livestock shows and a sale of the 4-H steers.

===Food===
Many foods representing New England cuisine can be found at the Big E, along with traditional fair foods like [[fried dough]], [[corn dog]]s, and [[lemonade]]. Aside from the state houses, food sellers can be found throughout the main vendor areas and around the perimeter of the fairgrounds.

In recent years, the Big E has endeavored to introduce its own signature foods. This began in 2002 when the Big E introduced Big E Cream Puffs, which it intended to be the signature dessert of the fair. The Big E features the cream puffs in some of its advertising; additionally, the cream puffs have been featured on local and national TV shows, including ''[[Live with Regis and Kelly]]''. This was followed by the introduction in 2004 of "The Big (Chocolate) Eclairs" and, in 2006 of Big E Chocolate Chip Cookies, made with [[Ghirardelli Chocolate Company|Ghirardelli]] chocolate. In 2009, they introduced the "Craz-E Burger", which is a bacon cheeseburger on a glazed donut rather than a bun.

===Vendors===
Small shops are a primary attraction of the Big E. Vendors can be found across most of the fairgrounds, selling items ranging from state-specific [[trinket]]s and regional [[memorabilia]], to household goods and clothing and accessories. Many vendors set up shops selling the same goods in multiple areas of the fair in order to attract as many customers as possible.

The Better Living Center is one of the largest vendor areas, featuring household wares, home improvement services, cookware, and health supplements. The International House is home to vendors selling items from other cultures, particularly those with a common connection with many New Englanders, particularly [[Ireland|Irish]] and [[Italy|Italian]] imported goods.

===Concerts===
The [http://www.thebige.com/fair/entertainment/ArenaStage.asp Comcast Arena Stage] provides an open-air performing area with seating for over 6,000 people. Each weekend, big name bands and musicians come to perform on this stage. There are three ticketed shows (admission to the fair is included with the purchase of a concert ticket as long as it is purchased before the date of the show) and there are a number of free shows which are seated on a first-come, first-served basis.

The Court of Honor Stage, located right in the heart of the fairgrounds, also offers free concerts that can be seen just by passing by the stage. The music can be enjoyed from a distance or on one of the many benches that surround the stage.

===Other attractions===
* Storrowton Village, where fairgoers can experience New England life from the 19th century
* The [[Midway (fair)|Midway]], home to carnival [[Amusement ride|rides]] and games and operated by [[North American Midway Entertainment]]. The Giant Slide is 46 feet high and 135 feet long. It was originally erected near Gate 5 in 1969 but moved to its current spot behind the Better Living Center in 1983. http://www.masslive.com/springfield/republican/index.ssf?/base/news-30/1286003866119960.xml&coll=1
* A daily [[Mardi Gras]]-style parade
* The [[The Big E Coliseum|Eastern States Coliseum]], more colloquially known as the "Big E Coliseum," an arena on the grounds where numerous special events are held and formerly a professional [[ice hockey]] venue.

==Other uses==
The fairgrounds are used for other events throughout the year, including
*[[Amherst Railway Society Railroad Hobby Show]]
*[[Springfield RV Camping & Outdoor Show]]
*[[Massachusetts Twisters]] [[National Indoor Soccer League]] home games
*[[Society of Manufacturing Engineers]] EASTEC exposition
*Springfield Sportsman show
* The Equine Affaire

== External links ==
*[http://www.thebige.com/ The Big E] – official website

{{DEFAULTSORT:Big E}}
[[Category:State fairs]]
[[Category:Festivals in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:September events]]
[[Category:October events]]
[[Category:Culture of Springfield, Massachusetts‎]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Springfield, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:American architecture]]
[[Category:Parks in Hampden County, Massachusetts]]

{{coord|42|5|29.1|N|72|37|7.1|W|region:US|display=title}}

Salem Pioneer Cemetery

2011-12-22T16:17:07Z

TexasAndroid: removed Category:Salem, Oregon; added Category:Geography of Salem, Oregon‎ using HotCat

{{Infobox cemetery
|name = Salem Pioneer Cemetery
|image = Salem Pioneer Cemetery - Oregon.JPG
|imagesize = 240px
|caption =
|established = 1853
|country = [[United States]]
|location = [[Salem, Oregon]]
|coordinates = {{coord|44|55|09|N|123|03|02|W|type:landmark||display=inline,title}}
|type = Public
|owner = City of Salem
|size = {{convert|16|acre|m2}}
|graves=
|website = [http://www.salempioneercemetery.org/ salempioneercemetery.org]
}}
'''Salem Pioneer Cemetery''' (also known as the '''[[Oddfellows|I.O.O.F.]] Cemetery''' or '''Oddfellows Cemetery''') is a [[cemetery]] in [[Salem, Oregon]], [[United States]].

==Overview==
Salem Pioneer Cemetery is one of two historic cemeteries located next to each other at the intersection of South Commercial and Hoyt streets. It is just east of [[City View Cemetery]]. The earliest burials center around the [[Methodism|Methodist]] missionary pioneer [[David Leslie (Oregon politician)|David Leslie]]. The [[Methodist Mission]] was founded by the Reverend [[Jason Lee (missionary)|Jason Lee]] in 1834. This was the first mission to the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] in the [[Pacific Northwest]]. After the end of the mission period, settlers poured into the [[Willamette Valley]] to take advantage of the land that was being granted due to the passage of the [[Donation Land Claim Act of 1850]], brought to Congress by early pioneer [[Samuel Thurston|Samuel R. Thurston]], Oregon's first delegate.

David Leslie became Jason Lee's principal assistant. He was a leader in the movement to organize the provisional government of Oregon, and a lifelong trustee of the Methodists' [[Oregon Institute]], which was charted as [[Willamette University]] by the [[Oregon Territory|Territorial]] legislature in 1854.

In 1985, the City of Salem's Parks Division agreed to be titleholder and steward of the cemetery, mainly due to work done by the Friends of the Pioneer Cemetery. The Friends of the Pioneer Cemetery consists of a group of concerned citizens working together to raise awareness of the rich local history and to raise funds to supplement the limited public monies available to maintain this historic site.

==Notable burials==
[[File:Salem Pioneer Cemetery Bennett - Oregon.JPG|thumb|upright|Gravemarker of Charles H. Bennett]]
*Captain [[Charles H. Bennett (soldier)|Charles H. Bennett]] (1811–1855) plot #106
*[[Tabitha M. Brown]] (1780–1858) plot #44
*[[Asahel Bush]] (1824–1913) plot #66
*Governor [[John P. Gaines|John Pollard Gaines]] (1795–1857) plot #56
*[[Alonzo Gesner]] (1842–1912) plot #549
*[[Hiram Gorman]] (c. 1835-1888) plot #184
*Rev. [[Lewis H. Judson]] (1809–1880) plot #306
*[[Thomas Lister Kay]] (1837–1900) plot #421
*[[Augustus C. Kinney]] (1845–1908) plot #603
*[[Robert Crouch Kinney]] (1813–1875) plot #588
*[[David Leslie (Oregon politician)|David Leslie]] (1797–1869) plot #135
*[[John McCourt]] (1874–1924) plot #200
*[[Isaac R. Moores]] (1796–1861) plot #9
*[[Isaac R. Moores, Jr.]] (1831–1884) plot #18
*[[John H. Moores]] (1821–1880) plot #19
*[[George K. Shiel]] (1825–1893) plot #136
*[[Samuel Thurston|Samuel R. Thurston]] (1815–1851) plot #076
*Dr. [[William H. Willson|William Holden Willson]] (1805–1856)<ref>[http://www.salempioneercemetery.org/records/display_record.php?id=7315 SPC: W.H. Willson]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.salempioneercemetery.org/ Salem Pioneer Cemetery] (official website)

[[Category:Cemeteries in Oregon]]
[[Category:Geography of Salem, Oregon‎]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Marion County, Oregon]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Salem, Oregon]]

Icon for Hire

2011-12-21T15:07:19Z

TexasAndroid: rm stray "="

{{notability|Music|date=December 2011}}
{{primary sources|date=December 2011}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Icon For Hire
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| background = group_or_band
| origin = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Decatur, Illinois|Decatur]], [[Illinois]], [[United States|USA]]
| years_active = 2007-present
| genre = [[Alternative metal]] [[Electronic rock]] 
| label = [[Tooth & Nail Records]]
| associated_acts =
| website = [http://www.myspace.com/iconforhire www.myspace.com/iconforhire]
| current_members = Ariel Shawn Jump Josh Kincheloe Adam Kronshagen 
| past_members = Joshua Davis }}

'''Icon for Hire''' is an [[United States|American]] [[Rock music|rock]] band originating from [[Decatur, Illinois|Decatur]], [[Illinois]].<ref name="Myspace">{{cite web|title=Icon for Hire - Free Music, Tour Dates, Photos, Videos|url=http://www.myspace.com/iconforhire|publisher=myspace.com|accessdate=2011-05-26}}</ref> The band is currently signed to [[Tooth & Nail Records]] and has released two [[Extended play|EPs]] independently. Their debut album was released on August 23, 2011.<ref name="Artist Database">{{cite web|title=Icon for Hire Discography, Icon for Hire Artist Database|url=http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/artists/IconForHire.asp|publisher=jesusfreakhideout.com|accessdate=2011-05-26}}</ref>

==Beginning (2007)==

Icon for Hire formed in [[Decatur, Illinois|Decatur]], [[Illinois]] in 2007.<ref name="Artist Database" />

They will support [[Red (band)|Red]] on their "Kill The Machine" tour in October with [[Brian "Head" Welch]].

In 2011, they released their first single with Tooth & Nail, [[Make a Move]]. Their debut album, Scripted, was released on August 23, 2011. Make A Move was the Discovery Download on [[iTunes]] the week of August 23 2011.
==Band members==
*Ariel - [[Vocals]] (2007–present)
*Shawn Jump - [[Electric guitar]] (2007–present)
*Adam Kronshagen - [[Drums]] (2007–present)
*Josh Kincheloe - [[Bass guitar]] (2011–present)

;Former members
*Joshua Davis - [[Bass guitar|bass]] (2007–2009)

==Discography==
;EPs
* ''Icon for Hire EP'' (2008)
* ''The Grey EP'' (2009)
;Studio albums
* ''Scripted'' (2011)
;Singles
* ''Make A Move'' (2011)

==References==
'''All dates are MM-DD-YYYY at UTC'''
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Musical groups from Illinois]]

{{cat improve|date=December 2011}}

Icon for Hire

2011-12-21T15:06:49Z

TexasAndroid: Added {{cat improve}}, {{notability}} and {{primary sources}} tags to article (TW)

{{notability|Music|date=December 2011}}
{{primary sources|date=December 2011}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Icon For Hire
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| background = group_or_band
| origin = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Decatur, Illinois|Decatur]], [[Illinois]], [[United States|USA]]
| years_active = 2007-present
| genre = [[Alternative metal]] [[Electronic rock]] 
| label = [[Tooth & Nail Records]]
| associated_acts =
| website = [http://www.myspace.com/iconforhire www.myspace.com/iconforhire]
| current_members = Ariel Shawn Jump Josh Kincheloe Adam Kronshagen 
| past_members = Joshua Davis }} =

'''Icon for Hire''' is an [[United States|American]] [[Rock music|rock]] band originating from [[Decatur, Illinois|Decatur]], [[Illinois]].<ref name="Myspace">{{cite web|title=Icon for Hire - Free Music, Tour Dates, Photos, Videos|url=http://www.myspace.com/iconforhire|publisher=myspace.com|accessdate=2011-05-26}}</ref> The band is currently signed to [[Tooth & Nail Records]] and has released two [[Extended play|EPs]] independently. Their debut album was released on August 23, 2011.<ref name="Artist Database">{{cite web|title=Icon for Hire Discography, Icon for Hire Artist Database|url=http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/artists/IconForHire.asp|publisher=jesusfreakhideout.com|accessdate=2011-05-26}}</ref>

==Beginning (2007)==

Icon for Hire formed in [[Decatur, Illinois|Decatur]], [[Illinois]] in 2007.<ref name="Artist Database" />

They will support [[Red (band)|Red]] on their "Kill The Machine" tour in October with [[Brian "Head" Welch]].

In 2011, they released their first single with Tooth & Nail, [[Make a Move]]. Their debut album, Scripted, was released on August 23, 2011. Make A Move was the Discovery Download on [[iTunes]] the week of August 23 2011.
==Band members==
*Ariel - [[Vocals]] (2007–present)
*Shawn Jump - [[Electric guitar]] (2007–present)
*Adam Kronshagen - [[Drums]] (2007–present)
*Josh Kincheloe - [[Bass guitar]] (2011–present)

;Former members
*Joshua Davis - [[Bass guitar|bass]] (2007–2009)

==Discography==
;EPs
* ''Icon for Hire EP'' (2008)
* ''The Grey EP'' (2009)
;Studio albums
* ''Scripted'' (2011)
;Singles
* ''Make A Move'' (2011)

==References==
'''All dates are MM-DD-YYYY at UTC'''
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Musical groups from Illinois]]

{{cat improve|date=December 2011}}

Icon for Hire

2011-12-21T15:05:25Z

TexasAndroid: Reverted edits by Robertshue81 (talk) to last version by 98.214.218.79

{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Icon For Hire
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| background = group_or_band
| origin = {{flagicon|USA}} [[Decatur, Illinois|Decatur]], [[Illinois]], [[United States|USA]]
| years_active = 2007-present
| genre = [[Alternative metal]] [[Electronic rock]] 
| label = [[Tooth & Nail Records]]
| associated_acts =
| website = [http://www.myspace.com/iconforhire www.myspace.com/iconforhire]
| current_members = Ariel Shawn Jump Josh Kincheloe Adam Kronshagen 
| past_members = Joshua Davis }} =

'''Icon for Hire''' is an [[United States|American]] [[Rock music|rock]] band originating from [[Decatur, Illinois|Decatur]], [[Illinois]].<ref name="Myspace">{{cite web|title=Icon for Hire - Free Music, Tour Dates, Photos, Videos|url=http://www.myspace.com/iconforhire|publisher=myspace.com|accessdate=2011-05-26}}</ref> The band is currently signed to [[Tooth & Nail Records]] and has released two [[Extended play|EPs]] independently. Their debut album was released on August 23, 2011.<ref name="Artist Database">{{cite web|title=Icon for Hire Discography, Icon for Hire Artist Database|url=http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/artists/IconForHire.asp|publisher=jesusfreakhideout.com|accessdate=2011-05-26}}</ref>

==Beginning (2007)==

Icon for Hire formed in [[Decatur, Illinois|Decatur]], [[Illinois]] in 2007.<ref name="Artist Database" />

They will support [[Red (band)|Red]] on their "Kill The Machine" tour in October with [[Brian "Head" Welch]].

In 2011, they released their first single with Tooth & Nail, [[Make a Move]]. Their debut album, Scripted, was released on August 23, 2011. Make A Move was the Discovery Download on [[iTunes]] the week of August 23 2011.
==Band members==
*Ariel - [[Vocals]] (2007–present)
*Shawn Jump - [[Electric guitar]] (2007–present)
*Adam Kronshagen - [[Drums]] (2007–present)
*Josh Kincheloe - [[Bass guitar]] (2011–present)

;Former members
*Joshua Davis - [[Bass guitar|bass]] (2007–2009)

==Discography==
;EPs
* ''Icon for Hire EP'' (2008)
* ''The Grey EP'' (2009)
;Studio albums
* ''Scripted'' (2011)
;Singles
* ''Make A Move'' (2011)

==References==
'''All dates are MM-DD-YYYY at UTC'''
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Musical groups from Illinois]]

The Born This Way Ball Tour

2011-12-12T14:37:44Z

TexasAndroid: Back to redirect

#REDIRECT [[Lady Gaga]]

Noli me tangere (Roman)

2011-11-14T16:07:56Z

TexasAndroid: Reverted edits by Valhallabrothers (talk) to last version by ClueBot NG

{{Infobox Book | 
| name = Noli Me Tangere
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = [[Image:Noli Me Tangere.jpg|200px]]
| image_caption = original cover
| author = José Rizal
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = Philippines (first printing in [[Berlin]])
| language = [[Spanish language in the Philippines|Spanish]]
| series =
| subject =
| genre = [[Novel]], [[satire]], [[Philippine History|Philippine history]]
| publisher = Setzerinnenschule des Lette-Vereins
| pub_date = 1887
| english_pub_date =
| media_type = Print (hardcover)
| pages =
| isbn =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by = [[El filibusterismo]]
}}

'''''Noli Me Tangere''''' is a [[novel]] by [[Filipino people|Filipino]] [[polymath]] [[José Rizal]] and first published in 1887 in [[Berlin]], [[Germany]]. Early English translations used titles like ''An Eagle Flight'' and ''The Social Cancer'', but more recent translations have been published using the [[Noli Me Tangere|original Latin]] title.

Though originally written in [[Spanish language|Spanish]], it is more commonly published and read in the [[Philippines]] in either [[Filipino language|Filipino]] or [[Philippine English|English]]. Together with its sequel ([[El Filibusterismo]]), the reading of ''Noli'' is obligatory for [[Education in the Philippines|junior high school students]] all throughout the archipelago.

==References for the novel==
[[Jose Rizal]], a Filipino nationalist and medical doctor, conceived the idea of writing a novel that would expose the ills of Philippine society after reading [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]]'s ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin]]''. He preferred that the prospective novel express the way Filipino culture was backward, anti-progress, anti-intellectual, and not conducive to the ideals of the Age of Enlightenment. He was then a student of medicine in the [[Complutense University of Madrid|Universidad Central de Madrid]].

In a reunion of Filipinos at the house of his friend [[Pedro Paterno|Pedro A. Paterno]] in [[Madrid]] on 2 January 1884, Rizal proposed the writing of a novel about the Philippines written by a group of Filipinos. His proposal was unanimously approved by the Filipinos present at the party, among whom were [[Pedro Paterno|Pedro]], [[Maximino Paterno|Maximino]] and [[Antonio Paterno]], [[Graciano López Jaena]], [[Evaristo Aguirre]], [[Eduardo de Lete]], [[Julio Llorente]] and [[Valentin Ventura]]. However, this project did not materialize. The people who agreed to help Rizal with the novel did not write anything. Initially, the novel was planned to cover and describe all phases of Filipino life, but almost everybody wanted to write about women. Rizal even saw his companions spend more time gambling and flirting with Spanish women. Because of this, he pulled out of the plan of co-writing with others and decided to draft the novel alone.

==Plot==

Having completed his studies in Europe, young Juan Crisóstomo Ibarra y Magsalin comes back to the Philippines after a 7-year absence. In his honor, Don Santiago de los Santos, a family friend commonly known as Captain Tiago, threw a get-together party, which was attended by friars and other prominent figures. One of the guests, former San Diego curate Fray Dámaso Vardolagas belittled and slandered Ibarra. Ibarra brushed off the insults and took no offense; he instead politely excused himself and left the party because of an allegedly important task.

The next day, Ibarra visits María Clara, his betrothed, the beautiful daughter of Captain Tiago and affluent resident of [[Binondo, Manila|Binondo]]. Their long-standing love was clearly manifested in this meeting, and María Clara cannot help but reread the letters her sweetheart had written her before he went to Europe. Before Ibarra left for San Diego, Lieutenant Guevara, a [[Civil Guard (Spain)|Civil Guard]], reveals to him the incidents preceding the death of his father, Don Rafael Ibarra, a rich ''[[Hacienda|hacendero]]'' of the town.

According to Guevara, Don Rafael was unjustly accused of being a heretic, in addition to being a subservient — an allegation brought forth by Dámaso because of Don Rafael's non-participation in the [[Sacrament]]s, such as [[Confession]] and [[Eucharist|Mass]]. Dámaso's animosity against Ibarra's father is aggravated by another incident when Don Rafael helped out on a fight between a tax collector and a child fighting, and the former's death was blamed on him, although it was not deliberate. Suddenly, all of those who thought ill of him surfaced with additional complaints. He was imprisoned, and just when the matter was almost settled, he died of sickness in jail. Still not content with what he had done, Dámaso arranged for Don Rafael's corpse to be dug up from the Catholic Church and brought to a Chinese cemetery, because he thought it inappropriate to allow a heretic a Catholic burial ground. Unfortunately, it was raining and because of the bothersome weight of the body, the undertakers decide to throw the corpse into a nearby lake.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fullbooks.com/The-Social-Cancer3.html|title=The Social Cancer by Jose Rizal|publisher=FullBooks.com|pages=3|accessdate=2008-10-22}}</ref>

Revenge was not in Ibarra's plans, instead he carried through his father's plan of putting up a school, since he believed that education would pave the way to his country's progress (all over the novel the author refers to both Spain and the Philippines as two different countries as part of a same nation or family, with Spain seen as the mother and the Philippines as the daughter). During the inauguration of the school, Ibarra would have been killed in a sabotage had Elías — a mysterious man who had warned Ibarra earlier of a plot to assassinate him — not saved him. Instead the hired killer met an unfortunate incident and died. The sequence of events proved to be too traumatic for María Clara who got seriously ill but was luckily cured by the medicine Ibarra sent.

After the inauguration, Ibarra hosted a luncheon during which Dámaso, gate-crashing the luncheon, again insulted him. Ibarra ignored the priest's insolence, but when the latter slandered the memory of his dead father, he was no longer able to restrain himself and lunged at Dámaso, prepared to stab him for his impudence. As a consequence, Dámaso [[excommunication|excommunicated]] Ibarra, taking this opportunity to persuade the already-hesitant Tiago to forbid his daughter from marrying Ibarra. The friar wished María Clara to marry Linares, a ''[[Peninsulares|Peninsular]]'' who had just arrived from Spain.

With the help of the Governor-General, Ibarra's excommunication was nullified and the Archbishop decided to accept him as a member of the [[Roman Catholicism in the Philippines|Church]] once again. But, as fate would have it, some incident of which Ibarra had known nothing about was blamed on him, and he is wrongly arrested and imprisoned. The accusation against him was then overruled because during the litigation that followed, nobody could testify that he was indeed involved. Unfortunately, his letter to María Clara somehow got into the hands of the jury and is manipulated such that it then became evidence against him by the parish priest, Fray Salví. With Machiavellian precision, Salví framed Ibarra and ruined his life just so he could stop him from marrying María Clara and making the latter his concubine.

Meanwhile, in Capitan Tiago's residence, a party was being held to announce the upcoming wedding of María Clara and Linares. Ibarra, with the help of Elías, took this opportunity to escape from prison. Before leaving, Ibarra spoke to María Clara and accused her of betraying him, thinking that she gave the letter he wrote her to the jury. María Clara explained that she would never conspire against him, but that she was forced to surrender Ibarra's letter to Father Salvi, in exchange for the letters written by her mother even before she, María Clara, was born. The letters were from her mother, Pía Alba, to Dámaso alluding to their unborn child; and that María Clara was therefore not Captain Tiago's biological daughter, but Dámaso's.

Afterwards, Ibarra and Elías fled by boat. Elías instructed Ibarra to lie down, covering him with grass to conceal his presence. As luck would have it, they were spotted by their enemies. Elías, thinking he could outsmart them, jumped into the water. The guards rained shots on him, all the while not knowing that they were aiming at the wrong man.

María Clara, thinking that Ibarra had been killed in the shooting incident, was greatly overcome with grief. Robbed of hope and severely disillusioned, she asked Dámaso to confine her into a nunnery. Dámaso reluctantly agreed when she threatened to take her own life, demanding, "the nunnery or death!"<ref>{{es}} [http://web.archive.org/web/20091027190905/http://de.geocities.com/hispanofilipino/Noli/ch6163.html Father Dámaso Explains]</ref> Unbeknownst to her, Ibarra was still alive and able to escape. It was Elías who had taken the shots.

It was Christmas Eve when Elías woke up in the forest fatally wounded, as it is here where he instructed Ibarra to meet him. Instead, Elías found the altar boy Basilio cradling his already-dead mother, Sisa. The latter lost her mind when she learned that her two sons, Crispín and Basilio, were chased out of the convent by the sacristan mayor on suspicions of stealing sacred objects. (The truth is that, it was the sacristan mayor who stole the objects and only pinned the blame on the two boys. The said sacristan mayor actually killed Crispín while interrogating him on the supposed location of the sacred objects. It was implied that the body was never found and the incident was covered-up by Salví).

Elías, convinced that he would die soon, instructs Basilio to build a funeral pyre and burn his and Sisa's bodies to ashes. He tells Basilio that, if nobody reaches the place, he come back later on and dig for he will find gold. He also tells him (Basilio) to take the gold he finds and go to school. In his dying breath, he instructed Basilio to continue dreaming about freedom for his motherland with the words:
{{cquote|''I shall die without seeing the dawn break upon my homeland. You, who shall see it, salute it! Do not forget those who have fallen during the night."}}

Elías died thereafter.

In the epilogue, it was explained that Tiago became addicted to opium and was seen to frequent the opium house in Binondo to satiate his addiction. María Clara became a nun where Salví, who has lusted over her from the beginning of the novel, regularly used her to fulfill his lust. One stormy evening, a beautiful crazy woman was seen at the top of the convent crying and cursing the heavens for the fate it has handed her. While the woman was never identified, it is suggested that the said woman was María Clara.

==Publication history==

Rizal finished the novel on December 1886. At first, according to one of Rizal's biographers, Rizal feared the novel might not be printed, and that it would remain unread. He was struggling with financial constraints at the time and thought it would be hard to pursue printing the novel. A financial aid came from a friend named Máximo Viola which helped him print his book at a fine print media in Berlin named Berliner Buchdruckerei-Actiengesellschaft. Rizal at first, however, hesitated but Viola insisted and ended up lending Rizal [[Philippine peso|P]]300 for 2,000 copies; ''Noli'' was eventually printed in Berlin, Germany. The printing was finished earlier than the estimated five months. Viola arrived in Berlin in December 1886, and by March 21, 1887, Rizal had sent a copy of the novel to his friend Blumentritt.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joserizal.ph/no01.html|title=Noli Me Tangere|publisher=Jose Rizal University|accessdate=2008-10-22}}</ref>

On August 21, 2007, a 480-page then-latest English version of ''Noli Me Tangere'' was released to major Australian book stores.
The Australian edition of the novel was published by Penguin Books Classics, to represent the publication's "commitment to publish the major literary classics of the world".<ref name="UbaldeAussie">{{cite news|url=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/57101/Rizals-Noli-hits-major-Aussie-book-shelves|title=Rizal's Noli hits major Aussie book shelves|last=Ubalde|first=Mark J.|date=2007-08-22|publisher=GMA News|accessdate=2008-10-22}}</ref> American writer [[Harold Augenbraum]], who first read the ''Noli'' in 1992, translated the novel. A writer well-acquainted with translating other [[Hispanophone]] literary works, Augenbraum proposed to translate the novel after being asked for his next assignment in the publishing company. Intrigued by the novel and knowing more about it, Penguin nixed their plan of adapting existing English versions and instead translated it on their own.<ref name="UbaldeAussie"/>

==Reaction and legacy==
''Noli Me Tangere'' was Rizal's first novel. He was 26 years old at the time of its publication.

This novel and its sequel, ''[[El filibusterismo]]'' (nicknamed ''El Fili''), were banned in some parts of the [[Philippines]] because of their portrayal of corruption and abuse by the country's Spanish government and clergy. Copies of the book were smuggled in nevertheless, and when Rizal returned to the Philippines after completing medical studies, he quickly ran afoul of the local government. A few days after his arrival, Governor-General Emilio Terrero summoned Rizal to the [[Malacañang Palace]] and told him of the charge that ''Noli Me Tangere'' contained subversive statements. After a discussion, the Governor General was appeased but still unable to offer resistance against the pressure of the Church against the book. The persecution can be discerned from Rizal's letter to [[Leitmeritz]]:
{{cquote|My book made a lot of noise; everywhere, I am asked about it. They wanted to [[anathema]]tize me ['to [[Excommunication|excommunicate]] me'] because of it... I am considered a German [[spy]], an agent of [[Otto von Bismarck|Bismarck]], they say I am a [[Protestant]], a [[Freemasonry|freemason]], a sorcerer, a damned soul and evil. It is whispered that I want to draw plans, that I have a foreign passport and that I wander through the streets by night...}}

Rizal was exiled to [[Dapitan City|Dapitan]], then later arrested for "inciting rebellion" based largely on his writings. Rizal was executed in Manila on December 30, 1896 at the age of thirty-five.

Rizal depicted nationality by emphasizing the qualities of Filipinos: the devotion of a Filipina and her influence on a man's life, the deep sense of gratitude, and the solid common sense of the Filipinos under the Spanish regime.

The work was instrumental in creating a unified [[Filipino people|Filipino national identity]] and consciousness, as many natives previously identified with their respective regions. It [[parody|lampoon]]ed, caricatured and exposed various elements in colonial society. Two characters in particular have become classics in Filipino culture: Maria Clara, who has become a [[personification]] of the ideal Filipina woman, loving and unwavering in her loyalty to her spouse; and the priest Father Dámaso, who reflects the covert fathering of illegitimate children by members of the Spanish clergy.

The book indirectly influenced a revolution, even though the author actually advocated direct representation to the Spanish government and a larger role for the [[Philippines]] within Spain's political affairs. In 1956, the [[Congress of the Philippines]] passed the [[Republic Act 1425]], more popularly known as the [[Rizal Law]], which requires all levels of Philippine schools to teach the novel as part of their curriculum. ''Noli Me Tangere'' is being taught to third year secondary school students, while its sequel ''[[El filibusterismo]]'' is being taught for fourth year secondary school students. The novels are incorporated to their study and survey of [[Philippine literature]].<ref>[http://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno1425.html Republic Act 1425: AN ACT TO INCLUDE IN THE CURRICULA OF ALL PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS, COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES COURSES ON THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF JOSE RIZAL, PARTICULARLY HIS NOVELS NOLI ME TANGERE AND EL FILIBUSTERISMO, AUTHORIZING THE PRINTING AND DISTRIBUTION THEREOF, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.]</ref>

==Major characters==
===Ibarra===
'''Juan Crisóstomo Ibarra y Magsalin''', commonly referred to the novel as '''Ibarra''' or '''Crisóstomo''', is the protagonist in the story. Son of a Filipino businessman, [[Don (honorific)|Don]] Rafael Ibarra, he studied in Europe for seven years.<ref name="chap 2">{{cite book|last=Derbyshire|first=Charles|title=The Social Cancer|year=1912|publisher=World Book Company|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/6737/6737-h/6737-h.htm#d0e1500|location=New York|chapter=II: Crisostomo Ibarra|accessdate=14 July 2010}}</ref> Ibarra is also María Clara's fiancé. Several sources claim that Ibarra is also Rizal's reflection: both studied in Europe and both persons believe in the same ideas. Upon his return, Ibarra requested the local government of San Diego to construct a public school to promote education in the town.<ref name="chap 19">{{cite book|last=Derbyshire|first=Charles|title=The Social Cancer|year=1912|publisher=World Book Company|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/6737/6737-h/6737-h.htm#d0e3458|location=New York|chapter=XIX: A Schoolmaster's Difficulties|accessdate=14 July 2010}}</ref>

In the sequel of ''Noli'', '''[[El filibusterismo]]''', Ibarra returned with different character and name: he called himself as '''Simoun''', the [[English people|English]] ''[[mestizo]]''.

===María Clara===
[[Image:Crayon sketch of Leonor Rivera by Rizal.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A crayon sketch of [[Leonor Rivera|Leonor Rivera–Kipping]] by Rizal.]]
'''[[María Clara]] de los Santos y Alba''', commonly referred to as '''María Clara''', is Ibarra's fiancée. She was raised by Capitán Tiago, San Diego's ''[[cabeza de barangay]]'' and is the most beautiful and widely celebrated girl in San Diego.<ref name="chap 6">{{cite book|last=Derbyshire|first=Charles|title=The Social Cancer|year=1912|publisher=World Book Company|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/6737/6737-h/6737-h.htm#d0e1838|location=New York|chapter=VI: Capitan Tiago|accessdate=14 July 2010}}</ref> In the later parts of the novel, María Clara's identity was revealed as an illegitimate daughter of Father Dámaso, former parish [[curate]] of the town, and Doña Pía Alba, wife of Capitán Tiago.<ref name="chap 62">{{cite book|last=Derbyshire|first=Charles|title=The Social Cancer|year=1912|publisher=World Book Company|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/6737/6737-h/6737-h.htm#d0e10796|location=New York|chapter=LXII: Padre Damaso Explains|accessdate=14 July 2010}}</ref> In the end she entered local covenant for nuns Beaterio de Santa Clara. In the epilogue dealing with the fate of the characters, Rizal stated that it is unknown if María Clara is still living within the walls of the covenant or she is already dead.<ref name="epilogue">{{cite book|last=Derbyshire|first=Charles|title=The Social Cancer|year=1912|publisher=World Book Company|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/6737/6737-h/6737-h.htm#d0e11056|location=New York|chapter=Epilogue|accessdate=14 July 2010}}</ref>

The character of María Clara was patterned after [[Leonor Rivera]], Rizal's first cousin and childhood sweetheart.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rizal the Romantic|url=http://www.joserizal.ph/lv01.html|publisher=[[Jose Rizal University]]|accessdate=15 July 2010}}</ref>

===Capitán Tiago===
'''[[Don (honorific)|Don]] Santiago de los Santos''', known by his nickname '''Tiago''' and political title '''''Capitán''''' '''Tiago''' is a Filipino businessman and the ''[[cabeza de barangay]]'' or head of [[barangay]] of the town of San Diego. He is also the known father of [[María Clara]].<ref name="chap 6"/>

In the novel, it is said that Capitán Tiago is the richest man in the region of [[Binondo]] and he possessed real properties in [[Pampanga]] and [[Laguna de Bay]]. He is also said to be a good Catholic, friend of the Spanish government and was considered as a Spanish by colonialists. Capitán Tiago never attended school, so he became a domestic helper of a [[Dominican order|Dominican]] [[friar]] who taught him informal education. He married Pía Alba from [[Santa Cruz, Manila|Santa Cruz]].<ref name="chap 6"/>

===Padre Dámaso===
'''Dámaso Verdolagas''', or Padre Dámaso is a [[Franciscan]] [[friar]] and the former parish curate of San Diego. He is best known as a notorious character who speaks with harsh words and has been a cruel priest during his stay in the town.<ref name="chap 1">{{cite book|last=Derbyshire|first=Charles|title=The Social Cancer|year=1912|publisher=World Book Company|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/6737/6737-h/6737-h.htm#d0e1203|location=New York|chapter=I: A Social Gathering|accessdate=14 July 2010}}</ref> He is the real father of María Clara and an enemy of Crisóstomo's father, Rafael Ibarra.<ref name="chap 62"/> Later, he and María Clara had bitter arguments whether she would marry Alfonso Linares or go to a convent.<ref name="chap 60">{{cite book|last=Derbyshire|first=Charles|title=The Social Cancer|year=1912|publisher=World Book Company|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/6737/6737-h/6737-h.htm#d0e10365|location=New York|chapter=LX: Maria Clara Weds|accessdate=14 July 2010}}</ref> At the end of the novel, he is again re-assigned to a distant town and is found dead one day.<ref name="epilogue"/>

In popular culture, when a priest was said to be like Padre Dámaso, it means that he is a cruel but respectable individual. When one says a child is "''anak ni Padre Damaso''" (child of Padre Dámaso), it means that the child's father's identity is unknown.

===Elías===
'''Elías''' is Ibarra's mysterious friend and ally. Elías made his first appearance as a pilot during a picnic of Ibarra and María Clara and her friends.<ref name="chap 23">{{cite book|last=Derbyshire|first=Charles|title=The Social Cancer|year=1912|publisher=World Book Company|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/6737/6737-h/6737-h.htm#d0e4047|location=New York|chapter=XXII: Fishing|accessdate=14 July 2010}}</ref> He wants to revolutionize the country and to be freed from Spanish oppression.<ref name="chap 24">{{cite book|last=Derbyshire|first=Charles|title=The Social Cancer|year=1912|publisher=World Book Company|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/6737/6737-h/6737-h.htm#d0e4397|location=New York|chapter=XXIV: In the Wood|accessdate=14 July 2010}}</ref>

The 50th chapter of the novel explores the past of Elías and history of his family. In the past, Ibarra's great-grandfather condemned Elías' grandfather of burning a warehouse which led into misfortune for Elías' family. His father was refused to be married by his mother because his father's past and family lineage was discovered by his mother's family. In the long run, Elías and his twin sister was raised by their maternal grandfather. When they were teenagers, their distant relatives called them ''hijos de bastardo'' or illegitimate children. One day, his sister disappeared which led him to search for her. His search led him into different places, and finally, he became a fugitive and subversive.<ref name="chap 50">{{cite book|last=Derbyshire|first=Charles|title=The Social Cancer|year=1912|publisher=World Book Company|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/6737/6737-h/6737-h.htm#d0e8608|location=New York|chapter=L: Elias|accessdate=14 July 2010}}</ref>

===Filosofo Tacio===

'''Filosofo Tacio''', known by his [[Filipino language|Filipinized]] name ''Pilosopo Tasyo'' is another major character in the story. Seeking for reforms from the government, he expresses his ideals in paper written in a cryptographic alphabet similar from [[hieroglyph]]s and [[Coptic alphabet|Coptic figures]]<ref>In Chapter 25, Filosofo Tacio insisted to Ibarra that he cannot understand hieroglyphs or Coptic. Instead, he writes using an invented form of alphabet that is based on [[Tagalog language]]. {{cite book|last=Derbyshire|first=Charles|title=The Social Cancer|year=1912|publisher=World Book Company|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/6737/6737-h/6737-h.htm#d0e4722|location=New York|chapter=XXV: In the House of the Sage|accessdate=15 July 2010}}</ref> hoping "that the future generations may be able to decipher it" and realized the abuse and oppression done by the conquerors.<ref name="chap 25">{{cite book|last=Derbyshire|first=Charles|title=The Social Cancer|year=1912|publisher=World Book Company|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/6737/6737-h/6737-h.htm#d0e4722|location=New York|chapter=XXV: In the House of the Sage|accessdate=15 July 2010}}</ref>

His full name is only known as '''Don Anastacio'''. The educated inhabitants of San Diego labeled him as ''Filosofo Tacio'' (Tacio the Sage) while others called him as ''Tacio el Loco'' (Insane Tacio) due to his exceptional talent for [[reasoning]].

===Doña Victorina===
'''Doña Victorina de los Reyes de Espadaña''', commonly known as Doña Victorina, is an ambitious Filipina who classifies herself as a Spanish and mimics Spanish ladies by putting on heavy [[make-up]].<ref name="chap 1"/> The novel narrates Doña Victorina's younger days: she had lots of admirers, but she did not choose any of them because nobody was a Spaniard. Later on, she met and married Don Tiburcio de Espadaña, an official of the customs bureau who is about ten years her junior.<ref name="chap 42">{{cite book|last=Derbyshire|first=Charles|title=The Social Cancer|year=1912|publisher=World Book Company|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/6737/6737-h/6737-h.htm#d0e7313|location=New York|chapter=XLVII: The Espadañas|accessdate=14 July 2010}}</ref> However, their marriage is childless.

Her husband assumes the title of medical doctor even though he never attended medical school; using fake documents and certificates, Tiburcio practices illegal medicine. Tiburcio's usage of the title ''Dr.'' consequently makes Victorina assume the title ''Dra.'' (''doctora'', female doctor).<ref name="chap 42"/> Apparently, she uses the whole name '''Doña Victorina de los Reyes ''[[Nobiliary_particle#Spain|de]]'' de Espadaña''', with double ''de'' to emphasize her marriage surname.<ref name="chap 42"/> She seems to feel that this awkward titling makes her more "sophisticated."

===Sisa, Crispín, and Basilio===
Sisa, Crispín, and Basilio represent a [[Philippine family|Filipino family]] persecuted by the Spanish authorities. '''Narcisa''' or ''Sisa'' is the deranged mother of Basilio and Crispín. Described as beautiful and young, although she loves her children very much, she can not protect them from the beatings of her husband, '''Pedro'''.

'''Crispín''' is Sisa's 7-year-old son. An altar boy, he was unjustly accused of stealing money from the church. After failing to force Crispín to return the money he allegedly stole, Father Salví and the head sacristan killed him. Although it was not directly written that he was killed, the way that Rizal carried the novel out, such as the dream of Basilio suggests that he died during his encounter with Padre Salvi and his minion.

Meanwhile, '''Basilio''' is Sisa's 10-year-old son. An acolyte tasked to ring the church bells for the Angelus, he faced the dread of losing his younger brother and falling of his mother into insanity. At the end of the novel, Elías wished Basilio to bury him by burning in exchange of chest of gold located on his death ground. He will later play a major role in ''[[El filibusterismo]]''.

Due to their tragic but endearing story, these characters are often parodied in modern Filipino popular culture.

==Other characters==
There are a number of secondary and minor characters in ''Noli Me Tangere''. Items indicated inside the parenthesis are the standard [[Filipino language|Filipinization]] of the Spanish names in the novel.
* '''Padre Hernando de la Sibyla''' – a Dominican friar. He is described as short and has fair skin. He is instructed by an old priest in his order to watch Crisóstomo Ibarra.
* '''Padre Bernardo Salví''' – the Franciscan curate of San Diego, secretly harboring lust for María Clara. He is described to be very thin and sickly. It is also hinted that his last name, "Salvi" is the shorter form of "Salvi" meaning Salvation, or "Salvi" is short for "Salvaje" meaning bad hinting to the fact that he is willing to kill an innocent child, Crispin, just to get his money back, though there was not enough evidence that it was Crispin who has stolen his 2 onzas.
* '''El Alférez''' or '''Alperes''' – chief of the ''Guardia Civil''. Mortal enemy of the priests for power in San Diego and husband of Doña Consolacion.
*'''Doña Consolacíon''' – wife of the ''Alférez'', nicknamed as ''la musa de los guardias civiles'' (The muse of the [[Guardia Civil|Civil Guards]]) or ''la Alféreza'', was a former laundrywoman who passes herself as a ''Peninsular''; best remembered for her abusive treatment of Sisa.
* '''Don Tiburcio de Espadaña''' – Spanish Quack Doctor who is limp and submissive to his wife, Doña Victorina.
* '''Teniente Guevara''' - a close friend of Don Rafael Ibarra. He reveals to Crisóstomo how Don Rafael Ibarra's death came about.
* '''Alfonso Linares''' – A distant nephew of Tiburcio de Espanada, the would-be fiancé of María Clara. Although he presented himself as a practitioner of law, it was later revealed that he, just like Don Tiburcio, is a fraud. He later died due to given medications of Don Tiburcio.
* '''Tía Isabel''' - Capitán Tiago's cousin, who raised Maria Clara.
* '''[[Governor-General of the Philippines|Governor General]]''' (Gobernador Heneral) – Unnamed person in the novel, he is the most powerful official in the Philippines. He has great disdains against the friars and corrupt officials, and sympathizes Ibarra.
* '''Don Filipo Lino''' – vice mayor of the town of San Diego, leader of the liberals.
* '''Padre Manuel Martín''' - he is the linguistic curate of a nearby town, who says the sermon during San Diego's fiesta.
* '''Don Rafael Ibarra''' - father of Crisóstomo Ibarra. Though he is the richest man in San Diego, he is also the most virtuous and generous.
* '''Dona Pía Alba''' - wife of Capitan Tiago and mother of María Clara. She died giving birth to her. In reality, she was raped by Dámaso so she could bear a child.

===Non-recurring characters===
These characters were mentioned in the novel, appeared once, mentioned many times or have no major contribution to the storyline.
*'''Don Pedro Eibarramendia''' - the great-grandfather of Crisóstomo Ibarra who came from the [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque]] area of Spain. He started the misfortunes of Elias' family. His descendants abbreviated their surname to ''Ibarra''. He died of unknown reasons, but was seen as a decaying corpse on a Balite Tree.
* '''Don Saturnino Ibarra''' - the son of Don Pedro, father of Don Rafael and grandfather of Crisóstomo Ibarra. He was the one who developed the town of San Diego. He was described as a cruel man but was very clever.
* '''Salomé''' - Elías' sweetheart. She lives in a little house by the lake, and though Elías would like to marry her, he tells her that it would do her or their children no good to be related to a fugitive like himself. In the original publication of ''Noli'', the chapter that explores the identity of Elías and Salomé was omitted, classifying her as a total non-existing character. This chapter, entitled ''Elías y Salomé'' was probably the 25th chapter of the novel. However, recent editions and translations of ''Noli'' provides the inclusion of this chapter, either on the appendix or renamed as ''Chapter X'' (Ex).
* '''Sinang''' - Maria Clara's friend. Because Crisóstomo Ibarra offered half of the school he was building to Sinang, he gained Capitan Basilio's support.
* '''Iday, Andeng''' and '''Victoria''' - Maria Clara's other friends.
* '''Capitán Basilio''' - Sinang's father, leader of the conservatives.
* '''Pedro''' – the abusive husband of Sisa who loves cockfighting.
* '''Tandáng Pablo''' – The leader of the ''tulisanes'' (bandits), whose family was destroyed because of the Spaniards.
* '''El hombre amarillo''' (apparently means "yellowish person", named as ''Taong Madilaw'') - One of Crisostomo Ibarra's would-be assassins. He is not named in the novel, and only described as such. In the novel, he carved the cornerstone for Ibarra's school. Instead of killing Ibarra, he was killed by his cornerstone.
* '''Lucas''' - the brother of the ''taong madilaw''. He planned a revolution against the government with Ibarra as the leader after he was turned down by Ibarra. He was said to have a scar on his left cheek. He would later be killed by the Sakristan Mayor.
* '''Bruno and Tarsilo''' – a pair of brothers whose father was killed by the Spaniards.
* '''Ñor Juan''' (Ñol Juan) - appointed as foreman of the school to be built by Ibarra
* '''Capitana Tika''' - Sinang's mother and wife of Capitan Basilio.
* '''Albino''' - a former seminarian who joined the picnic with Ibarra and María Clara. Was later captured during the revolution.
* '''Capitana María Elena''' - a nationalist woman who defends Ibarra of the memory of his father.
* '''Capitán Tinong''' and '''Capitán Valentín''' - other known people from the town of San Diego.
* '''Sacristán Mayor''' - The one who governs the altar boys and killed Crispín for his accusation.

==Translation==
''Noli Me Tangere'' has been translated to several languages at the start of the 20th century.

* ''Au Pays des Moines'' (''The Land of the Monks'') (1899, [[French language|French]]) by Henri Lucas and Ramon Sempau.<ref>{{cite web|title=Au Pays des Moines|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/30211|work=[[Project Gutenberg]]|accessdate=17 October 2010}}</ref>
* ''Friars and Filipinos'' (1900, [[English language|English]]) by [[Frank Gannett|Frank Ernest Gannett]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Friars and Filipinos|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/30278|work=[[Project Gutenberg]]|accessdate=17 October 2010}}</ref>
* ''Huwag Akong Salangin Nino Man'' (''Somebody Touch Me Not'') (1906, [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]) by [[Pascual H. Poblete|Dr. Pascual H. Poblete]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Noli Me Tangere/Huag Acong Salangin Nino Man: Pascual Poblete Filipino translation by Rizal, Jose |url=http://www.filipiniana.net/publication/noli-me-tangerehuag-acong-salangin-nino-man-pascual-poblete-filipino-translation/12791881586877|work=Filipiniana.net|accessdate=17 October 2010}}</ref>
* ''The Social Cancer'' (1912, English) by [[Charles Derbyshire]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Noli Me Tangere/The Social Cancer: Charles Derbyshire English translation by Rizal, Jose |url=http://www.filipiniana.net/publication/noli-me-tangerethe-social-cancer-charles-derbyshire-english-translation/12791881586437|work=Filipiniana.net|accessdate=17 October 2010}}</ref>
* ''Noli me Tangere: Filippijnsche roman'' (''Noli Me Tangere: Filipino Novel'') by Abraham Anthony Fokker.<ref>{{cite web|title=Noli me Tangere: Filippijnsche roman|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/21848|work=[[Project Gutenberg]]|accessdate=17 October 2010}}</ref>
* ''"Noli Me Tangere" : A Complete English Translation of Noli Me Tangere from the Spanish of Dr. Jose Rizal'' (1956, English) by [[Senator of the Philippines|Senator]] [[Camilo Osías]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Noli me tangere : a complete English translation of Noli me tangere from the Spanish of Dr. Jose Rizal / by Camilo Osias |url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/3112153|work=[[National Library of Australia]]|accessdate=17 October 2010}}</ref>
* ''The Lost Eden'' (1961, English) by [[León María Guerrero III|Leon Ma. Guerrero]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The lost Eden (Noli me tangere) A completely new translation for the contemporary reader by Leon Ma. Guerrero. Foreword by James A. Michener|url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2310102|work=[[National Library of Australia]]|accessdate=17 October 2010}}</ref>
* ''Noli Me Tangere'' (1997, English) by Maria Soledad Locsin.<ref>{{cite web|title=Noli Me Tangere|url=http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=ueKpRngzXccC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|work=[[Google Books]]|accessdate=17 October 2010}}</ref>
* ''Noli Me Tangere'' (1997, Tagalog) by [[Virgilio Almario]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Noli Me Tangere|url=http://rioalma.com/works/noli-me-tangere/|work=|accessdate=17 October 2010}}</ref>
* ''Noli Me Tangere'' (2006, English) by [[Harold Augenbraum]]. Published by [[Penguin Classics]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Noli Me Tangere|url=http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=cerHvEkvdJIC&dq=inauthor:%22Harold+Augenbraum%22&hl=tl&ei=buy6TNzGEISXccqwkfcM&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAQ|work=[[Google Books]]|accessdate=17 October 2010}}</ref>

==Adaptations==
The ''Noli'' has been adapted for literature, theater, television, and film.
*1915: ''[[Noli Me Tangere (1915 film)|Noli Me Tangere]]'', a silent film adaptation by [[Edward M. Gross]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://criticafterdark.blogspot.com/2007/06/ambitious-failures-part-2.html|title=Critic After Dark: Ambitious failures (part 2)|work=Noel Vera|accessdate=2010-11-03}}</ref><ref name=edelmar>{{cite web|url=http://criticafterdark.blogspot.com/2007/06/ambitious-failures-part-2.html|title=VIEWS FROM THE PAMPANG: *196. EDDIE DEL MAR, Kapampangan 'Rizal' of the Silver Screen|accessdate=2010-11-03}}</ref>
*1930: ''[[Noli Me Tangere (1930 film)|Noli Me Tangere]]'', another silent film adaptation, directed by [[José Nepomuceno]] under [[Malayan Movies]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://viewsfromthepampang.blogspot.com/2010/05/196-eddie-del-mar-kapampangan-rizal-of.html|title=PELIKULA, ATBP.: PRE-WAR FILIPINO MOVIES|accessdate=2010-11-03}}</ref>
*1951: [[National Artist of the Philippines|National Artist for Cinema]] [[Gerardo de León]] directed a motion picture titled ''[[Sisa (1951 film)|Sisa]]'', starring [[Anita Linda]] in the role of the titular character.
*1961: ''[[Noli Me Tangere (1961 film)|Noli Me Tangere]]'', a faithful film adaptation of the novel, was directed by Gerardo de León for Bayanihan-Arriva Productions, featuring [[Eddie del Mar]] in the role of Crisostomo Ibarra.<ref name=edelmar/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0356953/|title=Noli me Tangere (1961)|work=Internet Movie Database|accessdate=2009-11-03}}</ref> Released for the birth centenary of José Rizal, the motion picture was awarded the Best Picture in the 10th FAMAS Awards.
*1992: ''[[Noli Me Tangere (TV series)|Noli Me Tangere]]'', a 13-episode TV series by [[Eddie Romero|Eddie S. Romero]]. This adaptation features [[Joel Torre]] in the role of Crisóstomo Ibarra, [[Chin Chin Gutierrez]] as María Clara, and [[Tetchie Agbayani]] as Sisa.
*1994: ''[[Noli Me Tangere (musical)|Noli Me Tangere]]'', a musical adaptation of the novel.
*Several excerpts from ''Noli Me Tangere'' were dramatized in the 1998 film ''[[José Rizal (film)|José Rizal]]'', with Joel Torre as Crisóstomo Ibarra, and Monique Wilson as Maria Clara.
*1999: ''[[Sisa (1999 film)|Sisa]]'', a remake of the 1951 film of the same name. Written and directed by [[Mario O'Hara]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0286973/|title=Sisa (1999)|work=Internet Movie Database|accessdate=2009-11-13}}</ref>
*2005: ''[[Noli Me Tangere 2]]'', a modern literary adaptation of the novel written by [[Roger Olivares]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.noli2.com/|title=At Last After 118 yrs.. A sequel to Jose Rizal's classic|work=Roger Olivares|accessdate=2009-11-13}}</ref>
*2008-2009: ''[[Noli at Fili: Dekada 2000]]'', a stage adaptation of Noli Me Tangere and [[El filibusterismo|El Filibusterismo]] by the [[Philippine Educational Theater Association]], set in the present day. Written by Nicanor G. Tiongson and directed by Soxie Topacio.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.petatheater.com/performancesinfo/noli.html|title=Experience Theater. Experience PETA.|work=Philippine Educational Theater Association|accessdate=2011-02-12}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Wikisource|Noli Me Tangere}}
{{Commons category}}
{{wikibooks|Noli me Tangere}}
* [http://kapitbisig.com/node/214 Book notes/Summary in Tagalog (Noli Me Tangere)]
* [http://kapitbisig.com/node/218 Book notes/Summary in English (The Social Cancer)]
* [http://kapitbisig.com/node/217 Complete English version (The Social Cancer)]
* [http://fulltextarchive.com/pages/The-Social-Cancer1.php Full Text English translation]
*Complete text: [http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/67927391093470562465679/ HTML], [http://www.xeniaeditrice.it/nolioriginale.pdf images], [http://www.xeniaeditrice.it/noliomnipage.pdf OCR] {{es}}
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/6737 Charles Derbyshire English translation]
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/20228 Pascual Poblete Tagalog translation]
* [http://nmtangere.blogspot.com/ Noli Me Tangere: Deciphered in Filipino]
*[http://www.univie.ac.at/Voelkerkunde/apsis/aufi/rizal/har-ody.htm Rizal's Little Odyssey]
*[http://www.culturalcenter.gov.ph/prod-video.htm Noli Me Tangere 13-episode television series from the Cultural Center of the Philippines]
*[http://rizal.site.voila.fr Tribute to Jose Rizal, Noli me tangere, cancer of the eyelids]
*[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/18141 Caiñgat Cayo!]
*[http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2479&dat=20050202&id=NVc1AAAAIBAJ&sjid=hyUMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1396,14153708 ''Fan Language''], an article by [[Ambeth R. Ocampo]] regarding romantic practices and sensual undertones which can be found in the unabridged version of ''Noli Me Tangere'', from his ''Looking Back'' column on the pages of the ''[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]'' on February 2, 2005, page 13, news.google.com

{{Philippine Revolution}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Noli Me Tangere (Novel)}}
[[Category:1887 novels]]
[[Category:Philippine Revolution]]
[[Category:Spanish-language novels]]
[[Category:Historical novels]]
[[Category:Novels by José Rizal]]
[[Category:Noli Me Tangere (novel)]]
[[Category:Debut novels]]

[[bcl:Noli Me Tangere]]
[[ceb:Noli me tangere]]
[[cbk-zam:Noli Me Tangere]]
[[es:Noli me tangere (novela)]]
[[it:Noli me tangere (novella)]]
[[la:Noli me tangere (Rizal)]]
[[nl:Noli Me Tangere]]
[[tl:Noli me Tangere]]
[[th:อันล่วงละเมิดมิได้]]
[[war:Noli Me Tangere]]

Dan Vogel

2011-08-23T20:43:37Z

TexasAndroid: added Category:American skeptics using HotCat

'''Daniel Arlon Vogel'''<ref>{{cite web | title=Mounds Indians and the Book of Mormon : the Book of Mormon and its early... | work=Copyright Catalog (1978 to present) | publisher=[[United States Copyright Office]] | url=http://cocatalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=37&ti=26,37&Search_Arg=vogel%20dan&Search_Code=NALL&CNT=25&PID=h73ImJ24z4Nsx9LFd1SSURyMGuLA&SEQ=20100118180217&SID=2 | accessdate=2010-01-18}}</ref> (born 1955)<ref>{{cite web | title=Indian origins and the Book of Mormon : religious solutions from Columbus to Joseph Smith / Dan Vogel. | work=[[J. Willard Marriott Library]] Catalog | publisher=[[University of Utah]] | url=http://hip.library.utah.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=122461D7RE625.33642&profile=mrmain&source=~!horizon&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100001~!764302~!0&ri=39&aspect=subtab75&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Vogel%2C+Dan%2C+1955-&index=PAUTHBR&uindex=&aspect=subtab75&menu=search&ri=39 | accessdate=2008-10-21}}</ref> is the author of a number of books related to early Mormon history. He is a former member of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], an [[atheist]] and a [[skeptic]].

== Joseph Smith biography ==

Vogel was awarded the "Best Book" award in September 2004 by the [[John Whitmer Historical Association]] and the "Turner-Bergera Best Biography" award by the [[Mormon History Association]] in May 2005 for his biography ''[[Joseph Smith: The Making of a Prophet]]''.<ref>[http://www.jwha.info/awards/default.asp "JWHA Awards"]</ref><ref>[http://www.mhahome.org/awards/2004.php "MHA 2005 Award Winners"]</ref>

In this Smith biography, Vogel argues that Joseph Smith was a [[pious fraud]]--that he essentially invented his religious claims for what he believed were noble, faith-promoting purposes. Vogel identifies the roots of the [[pious fraud]] in the conflict between members of the Smith family, who were divided between the sometimes skepticism and universalism of [[Joseph Smith, Sr.]] and the more mainstream Protestant faith of [[Lucy Mack Smith]]. Vogel interweaves the history of [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]] with interpretation of the [[Book of Mormon]], which is read as springing from the young man's psychology and experiences.

== Reception ==

Vogel's scholarship on the topic has come under fire by [[Mormon apologists]] who allege he is biased and critical of Mormon faith claims.<ref>[http://farms.byu.edu/publications/review/?reviewed_books&vol=17&num=2&id=588 "Dan Vogel's Family Romance and the Book of Mormon as Smith Family Allegory"]</ref> He is sometimes also criticised by ex-Mormons and anti-Mormons for not being sufficiently critical of Joseph Smith. There is wide appreciation, however, for his contribution of the multi-volume ''Early Mormon Documents'', which placed an unprecedented number of important documents within the reach of the average researcher.<ref>{{cite web | last=Morris | first=Larry | title= Joseph Smith and "Interpretive Biography" | url= http://farms.byu.edu/publications/review/?vol=18&num=1&id=611 |quote=Dan Vogel has made a significant and lasting contribution to Mormon studies, and he deserves to be thanked for his bibliographic work. I sincerely appreciate his prodigious research.}}</ref>

Vogel has also edited volumes skeptical of the possibility of receiving the future through the word of God.

In 1991, Mormon religion professor and [[FARMS]] apologist [[Stephen E. Robinson]] suggested that Vogel's arguments closely resemble those of [[Korihor]] from the [[Book of Mormon]].<ref>Stephen E. Robinson, [http://farms.byu.edu/display.php?table=review&id=74 "Review of ''The Word of God: Essays on Mormon Scripture'' by Dan Vogel"] (Provo, Utah: Maxwell Institute, 1991), pp. 312–318.</ref>

Many of Dan Vogel's books have been critically reviewed by [[FARMS]].<ref>[http://www.farmsresearch.com/publications/review/?reviewed_author=74 FARMS reviews of Dan Vogel's works]</ref>

== Publications ==
*{{cite book
| last=Vogel
| first=Dan
| title=Indian Origins and the Book of Mormon
| year=1986
| publisher=[[Signature Books]]
| url=http://www.signaturebookslibrary.org/indian/preface.htm
| location=Salt Lake City, Utah
| isbn=0-941214-42-7
}}
*{{cite book
| author=——
| title=Religious Seekers and the Advent of Mormonism
| year=1988
| publisher=[[Signature Books]]
| url=http://www.signaturebookslibrary.org/seekers/Introduction.htm
| location=Salt Lake City, Utah
| isbn=0-941214-64-8
}}
*{{cite book
| editor=——
| title=The Word of God: Essays on Mormon Scripture
| year=1990
| publisher=[[Signature Books]]
| location=Salt Lake City, Utah
| isbn = 0-941214-93-1
| url = http://www.signaturebookslibrary.org/word/cover.htm
}}
*{{cite book
| author=——
| editor=Brent Lee Metcalf
| chapter=Anti-Universalist Rhetoric in the Book of Mormon
| title=New Approaches to the Book of Mormon: Explorations in Critical Methodology
| year=1993
| publisher=[[Signature Books]]
| location=Salt Lake City, Utah
| isbn=1-56085-017-5
}}
*{{cite book
| author=—— (ed)
| title=Early Mormon Documents
| series=(Vols. 1-5)
| year=1996–2003
| publisher=[[Signature Books]]
| location=Salt Lake City, Utah
| isbn=1-56085-072-8
}}
*{{cite book
| editor=——; Brent Lee Metcalf
| title=American Apocrypha: Essays on the Book of Mormon
| year=2002
| publisher=[[Signature Books]]
| location=Salt Lake City, Utah
| isbn=1-56085-151-1
}}
*{{cite book
| author=——
| title=[[Joseph Smith: The Making of a Prophet]]
| publisher=[[Signature Books]]
| isbn = 1-56085-179-1
| year=2004
}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n86-88418}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Vogel, Daniel Arlon
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1955
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vogel, Daniel Arlon}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:American Latter Day Saints]]
[[Category:American biographers]]
[[Category:American atheists]]
[[Category:Former Latter Day Saints]]
[[Category:Historians of the Latter Day Saint movement]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American skeptics]]

{{LDS-stub}}

Seeschlacht von Beirut

2011-04-05T16:55:46Z

TexasAndroid: rm categories that are parents/grandparents of remaining categories.

{{Infobox Military Conflict
| conflict = Battle of Beirut
| partof = the [[Italo-Turkish War]]
| image = [[File:BattleOfBeirut1912.jpg|300px]]
| caption = ''A sketch of warship positions during the Battle of Beirut.''
| date = 24 February 1912
| place = off [[Beirut]], [[Ottoman Empire]]
| result = Italian victory
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|Italy|1861}} [[Kingdom of Italy (1861-1946)|Italy]]
| combatant2 = {{flag|Ottoman Empire}}
| commander1 = {{flagicon|Italy|naval}} [[Paolo Thaon di Revel]]
| commander2 = unknown
| strength1 = 2 [[armoured cruiser]]s
| strength2 = 1 [[corvette]] 1 [[torpedo boat]]
| casualties1 = none
| casualties2 = 1 corvette sunk 1 torpedo boat sunk 6 [[Lighter (barge)|lighter]]s sunk
| notes = '''Civilian Casualties:''' 66 killed
}}
{{Campaignbox Italo-Turkish War}}
[[File:Beirut battle.jpg|thumb|240px|right|''An Italian cruiser bombarding Ottoman vessels in Beirut harbor.''|alt=An Italian cruiser bombards two Ottoman ships with smoke billowing over the city.]]
The '''Battle of Beirut''' was a [[naval battle]] off the coast of [[Beirut]] during the [[Italo-Turkish War]]. Italian fears that the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] naval forces at Beirut could be used to threaten the approach to the [[Suez canal]] led the Italian military to order the destruction of the Ottoman naval presence in the area. On 24 February 1912 two [[Italy|Italian]] [[armoured cruiser]]s attacked and sank an Ottoman casemate [[corvette]] and six [[Lighter (barge)|lighter]]s, retired, then returned and sank an Ottoman [[torpedo boat]].

As a result of the battle all [[Ottoman Navy|Ottoman naval forces]] in the region were annihilated, thus ensuring the approaches to the Suez Canal were open to the Italians. Besides the naval losses, the city of Beirut itself suffered significant damage from the Italian warships. As retribution for the bombardment of the city, 60,000 Italian citizens were expelled from the region by the Ottoman government.

==Background==
During the Italo-Turkish War, the [[Italian military]] feared that Ottoman naval forces in the Mediterranean would stage raid on the Italian supply and [[troopship]]s headed for [[Italian East Africa]]. In order to prevent such a raid, Rear Admiral [[Paolo Thaon di Revel]] was ordered to clear the harbor of Beirut of what Ottoman naval vessels he might find there. Revel's force consisted of two armoured cruisers: [[Italian cruiser Giuseppe Garibaldi (1899)|''Giuseppe Garibaldi'']] and [[Italian cruiser Francesco Ferruccio|''Francesco Ferruccio'']].<ref name="Earle, 1092">Earle 1912, p. 1092.</ref> Both cruisers were of the [[Giuseppe Garibaldi class cruiser|''Giuseppe Garibaldi'' class]] and armed with two 10 inch guns in turrets, ten 6 inch guns, six 4.7 inch guns, ten 6-pounders, ten 1-pounders, 2 Maxim machine guns, and five torpedo tubes.<ref>Brassey 1898, p. 36.</ref>

In contrast the Ottoman forces consisted of the casemate corvette ''[[Avnillah]]'' and the torpedo boat ''[[Angora (ship)|Angora]]''.<ref>Beehler 1913, p. 54.</ref> The ''Angora'' was a relatively new vessel completed in 1906 and armed with two 37 mm cannons as well as two 14 inch torpedo tubes with a pair of torpedoes per tube.<ref>Gardiner 1985, p. 392.</ref> In contrast the ''Avnillah'' was an antiquated ironclad corvette built in 1869. After a reconstruction was completed in 1907 she was armed with four [[3"/50 caliber gun|3 inch gun]]s and eight six pounders. In addition to her cannon she was also armed with a single 14 inch [[torpedo tube]].<ref>Gardiner 1985, p. 389.</ref> Thus the Ottoman force was entirely outgunned by the Italians, giving them a severe disadvantage in the looming battle.

==Battle==
The two Italian cruisers approached the harbor and fired a blank shot at the Ottoman vessels laying there.<ref name="Earle, 1092"/> Upon sighting the Italian ships, the Ottoman commander on the ''Avnillah'' sent out a launch under a flag of truce to communicate with the enemy. While negotiating, the Ottoman commander ordered the ''Angora'' to position itself near the harbor's [[Mole (architecture)|mole]]. At 7:30 AM Admiral Revel ordered the Ottoman launch to return with an ultimatum addressed to the [[Wāli]] of Beirut informing him to [[Surrender (military)|surrender]] his two warships by 9 AM.<ref>{{cite book
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Article 5 – No Title
| publisher = New York Times
| year = February 26, 1912
| location =
| page = 1
| url = http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9B07E3D6173CE633A25755C2A9649C946396D6CF
| doi =
| id =
| isbn =
| format=PDF}}</ref> The message was received by the Wali at 8:30. The Wali was in the process of issuing an order of surrender but this was not received by the Italians by the deadline. Accordingly, at 9 AM the Italians began their attack on the Ottoman ships in the harbor.<ref>Hidden 1912, p. 456.</ref>

At a distance of 6000 meters the Italians opened fire upon the Ottoman corvette. The Ottomans returned fire ineffectively until 9:35 AM when the Italian gunfire set the ''Avnillah'' afire. Receiving heavy damage and outgunned, the corvette [[Striking the colors|struck her colours]] and the crew abandoned ship. At this point the ''Garibaldi'' sailed in close and engaged the ''Angora'' at 600 meters with gunfire but failed to damage it.<ref name="Earle, 1092"/> The ''Garibaldi'' then attempted to finish off the ''Avnillah'' by firing a torpedo at her. However, the torpedo deviated from its trajectory and hit several lighters moored nearby, sinking six of them.<ref>Beehler 1913, p. 97.</ref> Undeterred, the Italian cruiser fired a second torpedo that struck the Ottoman corvette amidships. By 11 AM the corvette was sunk in shallow water and the pair of cruisers withdrew to the north.<ref>Beehler 1913, p. 55.</ref> The action was not over however; at 1:45 PM the Italian cruisers returned and once more engaged the Ottoman forces. The only warship left in the harbor was the torpedo boat ''Angora'' so the ''Ferruccio'' moved in close and engaged it with gunfire for 3 minutes before it joined the ''Avni-Illah'' at the bottom of Beirut's harbor. Once the fighting had ended the two Italian cruisers sailed off in a westward direction.<ref name="Earle, 1094">Earle 1912, p. 1094.</ref>

== Aftermath ==
The Ottoman naval presence at Beirut was completely annihilated, removing the only Ottoman naval threat to Italian transports in the area and giving the Italians complete naval dominance of the southern [[Mediterranean Sea]] for the rest of the war. Casualties on the Ottoman side were heavy. Both Ottoman warships were sunk, with the ''Avnillah'' alone taking 58 killed and 108 wounded. In contrast the Italian ships not only took no casualties, but no direct hits from the Ottoman warships as well.<ref>Beehler 1913, p. 106.</ref> The damage was not restricted to the Ottoman naval vessels present at Beirut, as the city took heavy damage as well. Stray shots from the cruisers decimated the city. Fires broke out as a direct result of the stray gunfire, destroying several banks and part of the city's [[customs house]] as well as other buildings. Combined from the fires and shelling, 66 civilians were killed in the city along with hundreds of others wounded.<ref name="Earle, 1094"/>

As retribution for the Italian actions at Beirut, four days after the battle the central Ottoman government ordered the Wilyets of Beirut, [[Aleppo]], and [[Damascus]] to expel all Italian citizens from their jurisdictions, resulting in the [[deportation]] of over 60,000 Italians from the region. Despite the retaliatory expulsion of Italian citizens from the area, the battle gave the Italian forces complete naval superiority in the approaches to the Suez Canal and Italian forces in Eritrea could now be reinforced without hesitation, eliminating much of the Ottoman threat to the region. Thus the battle was both a strategic and tactical Italian victory.<ref name="Earle, 1094"/>

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book
| last = Beehler| first = William| authorlink =| coauthors = | title = The history of the Italian-Turkish War, September 29, 1911, to October 18, 1912| publisher = The Advertiser Republican | year = 1913| location =Annapolis| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=OWcoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA58&dq=awn+illah#v=onepage&q=awn%20illah&f=false| doi = | id = | isbn = | oclc = 63576798 }}
*{{cite book
| last = Brassey | first = T. A. | authorlink =| coauthors = | title = Naval Annual 1898| publisher = J. Griffin and Co.| year = 1898 | location = Portsmouth| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=KhcuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA35&dq=Giuseppe+Garibaldi+cruiser#v=onepage&q=Giuseppe%20Garibaldi%20cruiser&f=false | id = | isbn = }}
*{{cite book
| last = Earle| first = Ralph| authorlink = Ralph Earle (American naval officer)| coauthors = | title = Naval Institute proceedings, Volume 38| publisher = United States Naval Institute| year = 1912| location = | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=ZZzJoYNBHEEC&pg=PA1092&dq=beirut+angora#v=onepage&q=beirut%20angora&f=false| doi = | id = | isbn = }}
*{{cite book
| last = Ellis| first = Raff | authorlink =| coauthors = | title = Kisses From a Distance| publisher = Cune Press| year = 2007 | location = Seattle| pages = | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=XfvuZeRUEckC&pg=PA129&dq=angora+torpedo+boat+beirut#v=onepage&q=angora%20torpedo%20boat%20beirut&f=false | doi = | id = | isbn =9781885942456 }}
*{{cite book
| last = Gardiner | first = Robert | coauthors = | title = Conway's all the world's fighting ships, 1906-1921| publisher = Conway Maritime Press| year = 1985 | location = London| pages = | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=V2r_TBjR2TYC&pg=PP4&dq=conway+all+the+worlds+fighting+ships#v=onepage&q=angora&f=false | doi = | id = | isbn = 9780870219078}}
*{{cite book
| last = Hidden| first = Andrew W. | authorlink =| coauthors = | title = The Ottoman Dynasty| publisher = Nicholas Hidden| year = 1912 | location = New York| pages = | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=ZVtFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA452&dq=angora+torpedo+boat+beirut&lr=#v=onepage&q=angora%20torpedo%20boat%20beirut&f=false| doi = | id = | isbn = }}
{{refend}}

{{coord missing|Lebanon|conflict=yes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Beirut, Battle of}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1912]]
[[Category:Naval battles and operations of the Italo-Turkish War|Beirut]]

{{good article}}

[[ru:Бой у Бейрута (1912)]]
[[tr:Beyrut Muharebesi (1912)]]

Seeschlacht vor al-Qunfudha

2011-04-05T16:55:00Z

TexasAndroid: rm categories that are parents/grandparents of remaining categories.

{{Infobox Military Conflict
|conflict=Battle of Kunfuda Bay
|partof=the [[Italo-Turkish War]]
|image=[[File:Cruiser-piemonte-01.jpg|250px]]
|caption=''The Piemonte in the Mediterranean Sea.''
|date=January 7, 1912
|place=[[Kunfuda Bay]], [[Red Sea]]
|result= Italian victory
|combatant1={{flag|Kingdom of Italy|1866}}
|combatant2={{flag|Ottoman Empire}}
|commander1=
|commander2=
|strength1=1 [[protected cruiser]] 2 [[destroyer]]s
|strength2=7 [[gunboat]]s
|casualties1=
|casualties2=
|notes= 
*''One unarmed yacht and three unarmed dhows were captured by the Italians during the battle.''
}}
{{Campaignbox Italo-Turkish War}}

The '''Battle of Kunfuda Bay''' was the largest naval battle of the [[Italo-Turkish War]]. On January 7 of 1912, the [[Italy|Italian]] [[protected cruiser]] [[Italian protected cruiser Piemonte|''Piemonte'']] and the [[destroyer]]s [[Italian destroyer Artigliere|''Artigliere'']] and [[Italian destroyer Garibaldino|''Garibaldino'']] discovered twelve [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] ships near the present day [[Kunfuda, Saudi Arabia|Kunfuda]], [[Saudi Arabia]] in [[Kunfuda Bay]]. For over three hours the vessels engaged and in the end four [[Turkey|Turkish]] [[gunboat]]s were sunk and one [[yacht]] was captured along with four large [[dhow]]s. Three remaining gunboats were heavily damaged during the battle and grounded on the beach. The Italians sailors destroyed these vessels the following morning before steaming away to blockade [[Hodeidah]].<ref>http://www.archive.org/stream/historyofitalian00beehiala/historyofitalian00beehiala_djvu.txt</ref>

==See also==
*[[Balkan Wars]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Conflicts in 1912]]
[[Category:Red Sea]]
[[Category:Naval battles and operations of the Italo-Turkish War|Kunfuda]]

Schlacht von Rhodos (1912)

2011-04-05T16:54:39Z

TexasAndroid: rm categories that are parents/grandparents of remaining categories.

{{Infobox Military Conflict
|conflict=Battle of Rhodes
|partof=the [[Italo-Turkish War]]
|image=[[File:Rhodes Italian landing.jpg|300px]]
|caption=''Italian troops landing at Rhodes on May 4 of 1912.''
|date=May 4–16, 1912
|place=[[Rhodes]], [[Greece]]
|result= Italian victory
|combatant1={{flag|Kingdom of Italy|1866}}
|combatant2={{flag|Ottoman Empire}}
|commander1={{flagicon|Kingdom of Italy|1866}} [[Giovanni Ameglio]]
|commander2=unknown
|strength1=9,000
|strength2=11,000
|casualties1=4 killed 33 wounded
|casualties2=~83 killed ~26 wounded 983 captured
|notes= 
*''An Italian fleet participated in the battle.''
}}
{{Campaignbox Italo-Turkish War}}

The '''Battle of Rhodes''' was fought in May 1912 as part of the [[Italo-Turkish War]]. [[Italy|Italian]] troops under [[Lieutenant General]] [[Giovanni Ameglio]] landed on the [[Turkey|Turkish]] held island and took control of it after thirteen days of fighting, ending nearly 400 years of [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule. The battle became the major engagement during the Italian operations in the [[Aegean Sea]].<ref>http://www.archive.org/stream/historyofitalian00beehiala/historyofitalian00beehiala_djvu.txt</ref><ref>Irace, pg 314-315</ref>

==Battle==
Italian forces numbered about 9,000 men supported by a fleet of ''[[Regia Marina]]'' warships. Many of the Italian troops were veterans of the campaigns in [[Libya]], having been shipped from [[Benghasi]] and [[Tobruk]]. The ''Regia Marina'' began operating off of the island a few days prior to the invasion, on May 1, the Italian navy cut the communications cable linking Rhodes with the mainland. An unopposed landing in [[Kalithea Bay]] began at 4:00 am on May 4 and lasted until 2:00 pm when the Italians began their march north towards the [[Rhodes (city)|city of Rhodes]]. [[Ottoman Army]] personnel numbered about 1,000 officers and men with a handful of [[artillery|artillery pieces]] though another 10,000 [[militia]]men were recruited from jails and the civilian population. Rhodes is protected by a [[castle]] but it was not utilized by the Turks and played no part in the battle. The first line of Turkish defenses was at [[Smith Plateau]], where a few hundred men were stationed. Italian troops attacked the position, while eleven Italian ships bombarded the area. The Turks were routed with significant losses though the Italians reported that only seven of their men were wounded. Ottoman forces retreated that night to the mountains around [[Psithos]] and the Italians advanced to within two kilometers of Rhodes and stopped at 7:00 pm. When the city was surrendered the following morning at 10:00 am, the Italian army marched in without opposition.<ref>http://www.archive.org/stream/historyofitalian00beehiala/historyofitalian00beehiala_djvu.txt</ref><ref>Irace, pg 314-315</ref>

Meanwhile additional unopposed landings took place at [[Kalavarda]] and [[Malona Bay]], both about thirty miles south of Rhodes. On May 7, the ''[[Wali]]'' of Rhodes was captured with over 100 other Turkish officials by the Italian destroyer [[Italian destroyer Ostro|''Ostro'']]. The Turks were trying to flee the islands but instead ended up going to [[Tarento]] on May 11 as prisoners. Lieutenant General Ameglio took the offensive again on May 15 against the enemy forces around Psithos. With the landings at Kalavarda and Malona Bay completed Ameglio and his main force were able to surround the Turkish position on three sides while the [[battleship]] [[Italian battleship St. Bon|''St. Bon'']] bombarded troop concentrations from the fourth. After a nine hour battle the Ottomans were defeated and the battle for Rhodes came to an end when the Turkish commanders surrendered the next day on May 16. Eighty-three Turks were killed at Psithos, twenty-six were wounded and 983 surrendered. The remaining 10,000 militiamen were sent back to prison or returned to their homes. Four Italians were reported to have been killed in the final engagement and twenty-six men were wounded. After 390 years of [[Muslim]] rule, Rhodes was once again controlled by [[Christian]] forces.<ref>http://www.archive.org/stream/historyofitalian00beehiala/historyofitalian00beehiala_djvu.txt</ref><ref>Irace, pg 314-315</ref>

==See also==
*[[Siege of Rhodes (1522)]]
*[[Balkan Wars]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

*{{cite book|last=Irace|first=Tullio|coauthors=|title=With the Italians in Tripoli|series=|url=|year=1912|location=|publisher=J. Murray Publishing|isbn=}}

[[Category:Conflicts in 1912]]
[[Category:History of Rhodes]]
[[Category:Naval battles and operations of the Italo-Turkish War|Rhodes]]

Eileen Agar

2011-02-14T19:41:38Z

TexasAndroid: rv blanking

'''Eileen Forrester Agar''' (December 1, 1899 – November 17, 1991) was a British painter and photographer associated with the [[Surrealist]] movement.

Born in Buenos-Aires to a Scottish father and [[USA|American]] mother, she moved with her family to London in 1911. After attending [[Heathfield St Mary's School]], she studied, beginning in 1919, at the Byam Shaw School of Fine Art. Then, in 1924, she studied under [[Leon Underwood]] (1890–1975). She attended the Slade School of Fine Art in London from 1925 to 1926. She also studied art in Paris from 1928 to 1930.

In 1926, she met the Hungarian writer [[Joseph Bard]] whom she would marry in 1940. In 1928, they lived in Paris where she met the Surrealists [[André Breton]] and [[Paul Éluard]] with whom she had a friendly relationship. She was a member of the London group from 1933. Her work was selected by [[Roland Penrose]] and [[Herbert Read]] for the International Surrealist Exhibition at the New Burlington Galleries, London, in 1936, where she showed three paintings, as "Quadriga" and five objects.

Agar exhibited with the Surrealists in England and abroad. She started to experiment with automatic techniques and new materials, taking photographs and making collages and objects. "The Angel of Anarchy" (fabric over plaster and mixed media) is an example from 1936–40. It now appears at the Tate.

In 1937, Agar spent days-off at [[Picasso]] and [[Dora Maar]]'s home in Mougins (Alpes-Maritimes), with [[Paul Éluard]] and [[Nusch]], [[Roland Penrose]] and [[Lee Miller]] (who photographed her).<ref>Colvile, p. 25</ref>

In 1940, she was present in many surrealist exhibitions in Amsterdam, New York, Paris and Tokyo.

After the World War II, she had started a new productive area (almosts 16 solo exhibitions between 1946 to 1985). By the 1960s she was producing [[Tachisme|Tachist]] paintings with Surrealist elements. She died in London.

==Works (sample)==
* "Quadriga",<ref>Colvile, p. 26</ref> painting, 1935
* "The Angel of Anarchy",<ref>Colvile, p. 27</ref> object, 1940
* "L'horloge d'une femme"<ref>Colvile, p. 29</ref> painting, 1989

==Bibliography==

Georgiana Colvile, ''Scandaleusement d'elles: trente-quatre femmes surréalistes'', Jean-Michel Place, Paris, 1999

==See also==
* [[Women Surrealists]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.redfern-gallery.co.uk/pages/artistinfo/121.html Redfern Gallery]
*[http://www.leicestergalleries.com/provenart/dealer_stock_details.cgi?d_id=253&a_id=10425 Leicester Galleries]
*[http://www.pallant.org.uk Pallant House Gallery]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Agar, Eileen
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = December 1, 1899
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = November 17, 1991
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Agar, Eileen}}
[[Category:Women Surrealists]]
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Buenos Aires]]
[[Category:Surrealist artists]]
[[Category:British painters]]
[[Category:British women artists]]

{{UK-artist-stub}}

[[es:Eileen Agar]]
[[eo:Eileen Agar]]
[[fr:Eileen Agar]]
[[pt:Eileen Agar]]

Philadelphia School of Design for Women

2011-01-02T15:42:54Z

TexasAndroid: removed Category:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; added Category:Buildings and structures in San Antonio, Texas using HotCat

{{merge|Edwin Forrest House|date=October 2010}}
{{Infobox nrhp
| name = Philadelphia School of Design for Women
| nrhp_type = nhl
| image = Edwin forrest house01 rotated & cropped.jpg
| caption = Edwin Forrest House. Home of Philadelphia School of Design for Women, 1880-1959. Now home of Freedom Theatre.
| location = 1346 N. Broad St., [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[United States|USA]]
| lat_degrees = 39
| lat_minutes = 58
| lat_seconds = 27
| lat_direction = N
| long_degrees = 75
| long_minutes = 9
| long_seconds = 34
| long_direction = W
| area = < {{convert|1|acre|m2|sing=on}}
| built = 1848
| architect = Stephen Decatur Button et al.
| architecture = Italianate
| added = November 4, 1993
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| refnum = 93001608<ref>[http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=2165&ResourceType=Building Listing] as [[National Historic Landmark]] at [[National Park Service]]</ref>
| mpsub =
| governing_body =
}}
'''Philadelphia School of Design for Women''' is a historic building in [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]].

==See also==
{{Portal|Philadelphia}}
*[[Moore College of Art and Design]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Philadelphia School Of Design For Women}}
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:National Historic Landmarks in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in San Antonio, Texas]]

{{Pennsylvania-NRHP-stub}}

Epic (Browser)

2010-07-29T02:32:38Z

TexasAndroid: long comment

{{tempundelete}}

[[hi:एपिक (ब्राउजर)]]
[[ml:എപ്പിക് ബ്രൗസർ]]

{{Short pages monitor}}

Das Survival-Duo: Zwei Männer, ein Ziel

2010-07-01T13:46:07Z

TexasAndroid: 3 episodes so far

{{One source|date=June 2010}}{{Expand|date=June 2010}}
{{Infobox television
| show_name = Dual Survival
| image =
| caption =
| genre =
| format = [[Adventure film|Adventure]] / [[reality TV|Reality]] / Outdoors / Survival
| camera = [[multiple-camera setup|Multiple]]
| picture_format = 480i ([[SDTV]]) 1080i ([[HDTV]])
| runtime = 43 minutes
| creator =
| starring = [[Cody Lundin]] [[Dave Canterbury]]
| narrated =
| country = [[United States]]
| location =
| language = {{English}}
| distributor = [[Discovery Communications]] [[Origial Media]]
| network = [[Discovery Channel]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2010|6|11}}
| last_aired = present
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 3
| list_episodes =
| website = http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/dual-survival/
|}}

'''Dual Survival''' is a television show on the [[Discovery Channel]], which premiered in June 2010. The show follows two men who have different survival skills. [[Cody Lundin]] is a minimalist and primitive skills expert. [[Dave Canterbury]] is an army-trained scout, sniper and hunter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/dual-survival/bios/ |title=Discovery Channel Dual Survival Home |accessdate=2010-06-24 |work= |publisher= |date= |quote=}}</ref>

==Cast==
Professional survival instructor Cody Lundin and Army-trained survival expert Dave Canterbury serve as the hosts for Dual Survival.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/dual-survival/ Dual Survival homepage]

[[Category:Discovery Channel shows]]
[[Category:Media documenting survival skills]]

Das Survival-Duo: Zwei Männer, ein Ziel

2010-07-01T13:45:44Z

TexasAndroid: Link in the show's homepage

{{One source|date=June 2010}}{{Expand|date=June 2010}}
{{Infobox television
| show_name = Dual Survival
| image =
| caption =
| genre =
| format = [[Adventure film|Adventure]] / [[reality TV|Reality]] / Outdoors / Survival
| camera = [[multiple-camera setup|Multiple]]
| picture_format = 480i ([[SDTV]]) 1080i ([[HDTV]])
| runtime = 43 minutes
| creator =
| starring = [[Cody Lundin]] [[Dave Canterbury]]
| narrated =
| country = [[United States]]
| location =
| language = {{English}}
| distributor = [[Discovery Communications]] [[Origial Media]]
| network = [[Discovery Channel]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2010|6|11}}
| last_aired = present
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 2
| list_episodes =
| website = http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/dual-survival/
|}}

'''Dual Survival''' is a television show on the [[Discovery Channel]], which premiered in June 2010. The show follows two men who have different survival skills. [[Cody Lundin]] is a minimalist and primitive skills expert. [[Dave Canterbury]] is an army-trained scout, sniper and hunter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/dual-survival/bios/ |title=Discovery Channel Dual Survival Home |accessdate=2010-06-24 |work= |publisher= |date= |quote=}}</ref>

==Cast==
Professional survival instructor Cody Lundin and Army-trained survival expert Dave Canterbury serve as the hosts for Dual Survival.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/dual-survival/ Dual Survival homepage]

[[Category:Discovery Channel shows]]
[[Category:Media documenting survival skills]]

Das Survival-Duo: Zwei Männer, ein Ziel

2010-06-28T03:31:03Z

TexasAndroid: Removed :Category:Survival television shows; Adding category :Category:Media documenting survival skills (using HotCat)

{{One source|date=June 2010}}{{Expand|date=June 2010}}'''Dual Survival''' is a television show on the [[Discovery Channel]], which premiered in June 2010. The show follows two men who have different survival skills. [[Cody Lundin]] is a minimalist and primitive skills expert. [[Dave Canterbury]] is an army-trained scout, sniper and hunter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/dual-survival/bios/ |title=Discovery Channel Dual Survival Home |accessdate=2010-06-24 |work= |publisher= |date= |quote=}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Discovery Channel shows]]
[[Category:Media documenting survival skills]]

Das Survival-Duo: Zwei Männer, ein Ziel

2010-06-28T03:29:32Z

TexasAndroid: Adding category :Category:Survival television shows (using HotCat)

Kevin Boyce

2010-06-15T14:50:41Z

TexasAndroid: Reverted edits by Dmdzcd (talk) to last version by 99.103.9.38

{{Infobox Politician
|image = RootsCamp Ohio 2009.jpg
|imagesize = 200px
|name= Kevin Boyce
|office = [[Ohio State Treasurer]]
|state = [[Ohio]]
|governor = [[Ted Strickland]]
|predecessor= [[Richard Cordray]]
|term_start= January 7, 2009
|term_end=
|office2=Columbus City Councilman
|term_start2=September 11, 2000
|term_end2=January 6, 2009
|predecessor2=Frederick Ransier III
|successor2=
|alma_mater= [[University of Toledo|University of Toledo]] (BS 1995) [[Central Michigan University|Central Michigan University]] (MPA 2004)
|residence={{city-state|Columbus|Ohio}}
|occupation=Politician
|birth_date= 1971
|birth_place=
|party= [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
|nationality= {{USA}}
|spouse= Crystal Boyce
|children= Two
| website = [http://www.ohiotreasurer.org/ Ohio Treasurer website]
}}

'''Kevin L. Boyce''' (born ca. 1971) is an [[United States|American]] politician of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] who currently serves as the 47th [[Ohio State Treasurer]]. Prior to being appointed treasurer he served on the Columbus City Council as President Pro Tem and Chairman of the Finance and Zoning Committees.<ref name="AP">{{cite news|url=http://www.ohio.com/news/ap?articleID=1328067&c=y|title=Source: Boyce to be next Ohio Treasurer |last=Majors|first=Stephen|coauthors=Julie Carr Smyth|date=2008-12-23|agency=Associated Press|publisher=[[Akron Beacon Journal]]|page=1|accessdate=2008-12-23|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5eZDGufe6|archivedate=2009-02-13}}</ref><ref name="Post">{{cite news|url=http://www.columbuspost.com/news/headlines347.html|title=Africa awaits Boyce|last=Thornton|first=Pamela Glason|publisher=[[Columbus Post]]|page=1|accessdate=2008-12-23}}</ref> It was announced on December 23, 2008 that Governor [[Ted Strickland]] had chosen Boyce for the position of [[Ohio State Treasurer]], he replaced [[Richard Cordray]] who left office in November 2008 to take the position of [[Ohio Attorney General]].<ref name="AP" /><ref name="Blade" /> On January 8, 2009 Boyce was sworn into office along with Cordray.<ref name="Blade09">{{cite news|url=http://toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090109/NEWS24/901090367|title=Cordray, Boyce assume Ohio offices|last=Provance|first=Jim|date=2008-12-09|agency=Associated Press|publisher=The Toledo Blade|page=1|accessdate=2009-01-09}}</ref> Boyce has also served as Chief of Staff for the minority caucus of the [[Ohio House of Representatives]] and was the leader of the [[Ohio Legislative Black Caucus]].<ref name="Council">{{cite web|url=http://wbt1.council.ci.columbus.oh.us/content.aspx?id=4902|title=Kevin L. Boyce|publisher=Columbus City Council|accessdate=2008-12-23|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5eZDtRiTU|archivedate=2009-02-13}}</ref> Boyce's appointment made him the first African-American Ohio Democrat to hold a statewide, non-judicial office.<ref name="AP" /><ref name="Dispatch" />

==Career==
Boyce was previously the executive director of the KnowledgeWorks Foundation, a nonprofit organization that promotes college access for high school students.<ref name="Courier" /> He was also the executive director of the [[Ohio Legislative Black Caucus]] from 1997 to 1999.<ref name="Dispatch" /><ref name="Courier" />

In 1998 he was Charleta B. Tavares' campaign manager in her unsuccessful bid for Ohio Secretary of State. He was also Chief of Staff for the minority caucus of the [[Ohio House of Representatives]] from January 1999 to September 2000.<ref name="Council" /><ref name="Dispatch" /> On September 11, 2000 he was appointed to the city council after Ransier resigned. He ran for a position in the council for one of three open seats; he successfully gained the seat on November 6, 2001. He ran again for council on November 8, 2005 to serve another four-year term.<ref name="Dispatch" />

Boyce served as the council's President Pro Tem and Chairman of the Finance and Zoning Committees in early January 2009.<ref name="Courier">{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/stories/2008/12/22/daily35.html|title=Columbus councilman named state treasurer|last=Bell|first=Jeff|date=2008-12-13|publisher=Business Courier of Cincinnati|page=1|accessdate=2008-12-23}}</ref> In December 2008 it was announced that Governor [[Ted Strickland]] had appointed Boyce as Ohio State Treasurer to replace [[Richard Cordray]], who was elected to the vacant [[Ohio Attorney General]] post.<ref name="AP" /> He was sworn into office on January 8, 2009.<ref name="Blade09" />

==Controversies==

In July 2009, the [[Dayton Daily News]] published an article that Boyce had spent $32,469 on promotional items with his name. Despite arguments that this is common for political officeholders and 30% less than what his predecessor spent, Republican state Rep. [[Josh Mandel (politician)|Josh Mandel]], a campaign opponent of Boyce, charges that the expenditures were inappropriate with the state's budget difficulties.<ref name="Self-promotion">{{cite news|last=Bischoff|first=Laura|title=Critics: Ohio Treasurer shouldn't be spending on self-promotion|url=http://www.daytondailynews.com/news/politics/critics-ohio-treasurer-shouldnt-be-spending-on-self-promotion-161898.html?showComments=true|accessdate=June 6, 2010|newspaper=[[Dayton Daily News]]|date=June 13, 2009}}</ref> Boyce has also been criticized for hiring [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] party operatives for several positions within his office.<ref name="Self-promotion" />

Boyce was further questioned for awarding a $160,000 per year contract to [[Key Bank]] for processing the state's checks. While the state had previously processed its own checks for 100 years, it is expected the new contract will save approximately $83,000 per year from this contract through increased interest earnings. The contract was awarded in a competitive bid process, but critics have questioned it as two Key Bank lobbyists held a $500 per ticket fundraiser for Boyce one week after the contract was awarded.<ref name="Key Bank">{{cite news|last=Bischoff|first=Laura|title=Ohio treasurer gives bank contract, gets political fundraiser|url=http://www.daytondailynews.com/news/dayton-news/ohio-treasurer-gives-bank-contract-gets-political-fund-raiser-225029.html|accessdate=June 6, 2010|newspaper=[[Dayton Daily News]]|date=July 28, 2009}}</ref>

Boyce has come under scrutiny recently for awarding a major contract to [[State Street Bank]], which is currently under investigation. A [[Cleveland Plain Dealer]] article exposed that Boyce's office had ties to a lobbyist for the bank who had been hired in the weeks leading up to the contract being awarded. Deputy Treasurer Amer Ahmad is a friend and business associate of Noure Alo, who had been hired as a lobbyist for State Street Bank. Additionally, Alo's wife works in the Treasurer's office as an executive assistant.

==Personal==
Boyce graduated from [[Columbus East High School]] in 1990.<ref name="PCNH">{{cite news|url=http://www.portclintonnewsherald.com/article/20081223/UPDATES01/81223011|title=Strickland announces appointment of Boyce as Treasurer of State|date=2008-12-23|agency=Associated Press|publisher=Port Clinton News Herald|page=1|accessdate=2008-12-23}}</ref> He obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from the [[University of Toledo]] in 1995 and a Masters degree in public administration from [[Central Michigan University]] in 2004.<ref name="Council" /><ref name="Courier" /> He is married to Crystal Boyce, has two sons and a goddaughter.<ref name="Post" /><ref name="Blade">{{cite news|url=http://toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20081223/NEWS24/812230261&Show=0|title=University of Toledo graduate selected as Ohio treasurer|last=Provance|first=Jim|date=2008-12-23|publisher=[[Toledo Blade]]|page=1|accessdate=2008-12-23}}</ref><ref name="Dispatch">{{cite news|url=http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/local_news/stories/2008/12/23/boyce.html?sid=101|title=Boyce to be next state treasurer|last=Hallett|first=Joe|date=2008-12-23|publisher=The Columbus Dispatch|page=1|accessdate=2008-12-24}}</ref><ref name="DDN">{{cite news|url=http://www.daytondailynews.com/n/content/shared-gen/blogs/dayton/ohiopolitics/entries/2008/12/23/columbus_city_councilman_boyce.html|title=Columbus City Councilman Boyce picked for state treasurer|last=Hershey|first=William|date=2008-12-23|publisher=Dayton Daily News|page=1|accessdate=2008-12-23}}</ref>

==Recognition==
The [[National Council of Negro Women]] presented Boyce its Community Service Plaque in May 2004. He was honored by the [[Phi Beta Sigma]] Fraternity and Leadership, At Its Best, LLC. as an outstanding role model for young men in November 2004.<ref name="Council" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.kevinboyce.com/ Kevin Boyce for Ohio Treasurer]
* [http://www.ohiotreasurer.org/ Ohio State Treasurer]
* [http://kwfdn.org/ KnowledgeWorks Foundation]

{{Start box}}
{{S-off}}
{{Succession box|before=[[Richard Cordray]] |title=[[Ohio State Treasurer|Treasurer of the State of Ohio]] |years=2009- |after=Incumbent }}
{{End box}}

{{U.S. State Treasurers}}
{{Current Ohio statewide political officials}}
{{OhioTreasurers}}

{{Persondata
|NAME=Boyce, Kevin
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=[[United States|American]] politician of the Democratic Party serves as the [[Ohio State Treasurer]]
|DATE OF BIRTH=1971
|PLACE OF BIRTH=
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Boyce, Kevin}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:African American politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Columbus, Ohio]]
[[Category:State treasurers of Ohio]]

Jessi Combs

2010-04-06T20:39:04Z

TexasAndroid: +template

{{BLP sources|date=November 2008}}
'''Jessi Combs''' is an American television personality and metal fabricator who appeared from 2005 to 2008 on the [[Spike (TV channel)|Spike]] show ''[[Xtreme 4x4]]'' which is a part of the ''[[Powerblock]]'' on Spike. Combs was cast as a co-host of ''Xtreme 4x4'' along with Ian Johnson after an international search which required contestants to send audition videos to Spike. Prior to appearing on ''Xtreme 4x4'' she appeared on the [[TLC (TV channel)|TLC]] program ''[[Overhaulin']]'' as a guest fabricator.

After high school Combs turned down a scholarship to attend a prestigious interior design school. In 2004 she graduated from [[WyoTech]] in the Collision & Refinishing Core Program at the top of her class. She also took the Street Rod Fabrication and Custom Fabrication and High Performance Powertrain programs.

In February 2008, Combs announced that she would leave ''Xtreme 4x4''.

On July 31, 2009, [[Discovery Channel]] announced the addition of Combs to the cast of ''[[Mythbusters]]'' while co-host [[Kari Byron]] is on [[maternity leave]] after giving birth to her first child.<ref>"[http://dsc.discovery.com/fansites/mythbusters/meet/jessi-combs.html Jessi Combs]." ''discovery.com,'' 2009.</ref>

==References==
<References />

==External links==
* [http://web.mac.com/jessicombs/jessi_combs/the_story.html Autobiography on Jessi Combs' Official Website]
* [http://news.wyotech.edu/post/2008/01/jessi-combs Article about her attending WyoTech]
* [http://dsc.discovery.com/fansites/mythbusters/meet/jessi-combs.html Official Discovery Channel biography]
* {{imdb name|2235568}}
* [http://turbo.discovery.com/overhaulin/episode/season2/episode202/episode202.html Official Overhaulin']

{{MythBusters}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Combs, Jessi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American television personalities]]

Digitale Rechte

2010-02-12T14:09:00Z

TexasAndroid: Quick-adding category Computing and society (using HotCat)

{{rights}}
The term '''digital rights''' describes the permissions of individuals legitimately to perform actions involving the use of a computer, any electronic device, or a communications network. The term is particularly related to the protection and realization of existing rights, such as the [[right to privacy]] or [[freedom of expression]] (see [[freedom of information]]), in the context of new digital technologies, especially the [[Internet]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/encryption/58154.stm BBC NEWS | Special Report | 1998 | Encryption | Digital freedom: the case for civil liberties on the Net]</ref>

== Human rights and the Internet ==
A number of [[human rights]] have been identified as relevant with regards to the [[Internet]]. These include: [[freedom of expression]], data protection and [[privacy]] and [[freedom of association]]. Furthermore the [[right to education]] and multilingualism, [[consumer rights]], and capacity building in the context of the [[right to development]] have also been identified.<ref name="Benedek 2008 36">{{cite book |title=Internet Governance and the Information Society |last=Benedek |first=Wolfgang |coauthors=Veronika Bauer, Matthias Kettemann |year=2008 |publisher= Eleven International Publishing |location= |isbn=9077596569, 9789077596562 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ie7Yqiw85TcC&vq=%22Internet+Bill+of+rights%22&dq=%22digital+rights%22+%22human+rights%22&lr=&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 |page=36 }}</ref> Human rights have been termed the "missing link" between the technology oriented and the value oriented approaches to the Internet.<ref>{{cite book |title=Internet Governance and the Information Society |last=Benedek |first=Wolfgang |coauthors=Veronika Bauer, Matthias Kettemann |year=2008 |publisher= Eleven International Publishing |location= |isbn=9077596569, 9789077596562 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ie7Yqiw85TcC&vq=%22Internet+Bill+of+rights%22&dq=%22digital+rights%22+%22human+rights%22&lr=&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 |page=40 }}</ref>

== APC Internet Rights Charter ==
The APC Internet Rights Charter was established by the [[Association for Progressive Communications]] (APC) at the APC Europe Internet Rights Workshop, held in Prague, February 2001. The Charter draws on the People's Communications Charter and develops seven themes: internet access for all; [[freedom of expression]] and [[freedom of association|association]]; access to knowledge, shared learning and creation - free and [[open source software]] and technology development; [[privacy]], [[surveillance]] and [[encryption]]; [[governance]] of the internet; awareness, protection and realization of rights.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.internetrights.org.uk/index.shtml?AA_SL_Session=8fa795873994ed10dd54938b98227a99&x=609 |title=Towards a charter for Internet rights |last= |first= |accessdate=02 December 2008 |publisher= Internet Rights UK}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Internet Governance and the Information Society |last=Benedek |first=Wolfgang |coauthors=Veronika Bauer, Matthias Kettemann |year=2008 |publisher= Eleven International Publishing |location= |isbn=9077596569, 9789077596562 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ie7Yqiw85TcC&vq=%22Internet+Bill+of+rights%22&dq=%22digital+rights%22+%22human+rights%22&lr=&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 |page=39 }}</ref> The APC states that "the ability to share information and communicate freely using the internet is vital to the realisation of human rights as enshrined in the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], the [[International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]], the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]] and the [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women]]."<ref>{{cite web |url= http://rights.apc.org/charter.shtml |title=ICT Policy and Internet Rights |last= |first= |accessdate=02 December 2008 |publisher=[[Association for Progressive Communications]]}}</ref>

== World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) ==
In December 2003 the [[World Summit on the Information Society]] (WSIS) was convened under the auspice of the [[United Nations]] (UN). After lengthy negotiations between governments, businesses and civil society representatives the WSIS Declaration of Principles was adopted<ref name="Murray">{{Cite book | last1 = Klang | first1 = Mathias| last2 = Murray| first2 = Andrew| title = Human Rights in the Digital Age | origyear = 2005| url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=USksfqPjwhUC&dq=%22digital+rights%22+human+rights&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0| publisher = Routledge |page=1 }}</ref> reaffirming [[human rights]]:
<blockquote>
"We reaffirm the universality, indivisibility, interdependence and interrelation of all human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the [[right to development]], as enshrined in the [[Vienna Declaration]]. We also reaffirm that [[democracy]], [[sustainable development]], and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms as well as good governance at all levels are interdependent and mutually reinforcing. We further resolve to strengthen the rule of law in international as in national affairs<ref name="Murray"/>
</blockquote>

The [[World Summit on the Information Society|WSIS]] Declaration also makes specific reference to the importance of the right to [[freedom of expression]] in the "[[information society|Information Society]]" in stating:

<blockquote>
"We reaffirm, as an essential foundation of the [[information society|Information Society]], and as outlined in Article 19 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], that everyone has the right to [[Freedom of speech|freedom of opinion and expression]]; that this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. Communication is a fundamental social process, a basic human need and the foundation of all social organisation. It is central to the Information Society. Everyone, everywhere should have the opportunity to participate and no one should be excluded from the benefits of the Information Society offers."<ref name="Murray"/>
</blockquote>

The 2004 WSIS Declaration of Principles also acknowledged that "it is necessary to prevent the use of information resources and technologies for criminal and terrorist purposes, while respecting human rights."<ref>{{Cite book | last1 = Klang | first1 = Mathias| last2 = Murray| first2 = Andrew| title = Human Rights in the Digital Age | origyear = 2005| url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=USksfqPjwhUC&dq=%22digital+rights%22+human+rights&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0| publisher = Routledge |page=2 }}</ref> Wolfgang Benedek comments that the WSIS Declaration only contains a number of references to human rights and does not spell out any procedures or mechanism to assure that human rights are considered in practice.<ref name="Benedek 2008 36"/>
[[Image:Open rights group.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Digital rights landscape]]

== Internet Bill of Rights ==
The Dynamic Coalition for an Internet Bill of Rights emerged in preparation for the 2008 [[World Summit on the Information Society]] (WSIS) in Rio as part of which the Coalition held a large preparatory Dialogue Forum on Internet Rights in Rome, September 2007. The Dialogue Forum established that the aim was not to develop a new legal bill of rights, but to work on a set of guidelines interpreting existing human rights with regard to the needs and challenges of the [[information society]]. The Coalition intends to undertake an inventory of existing [[international human rights instruments]] and to serve as an engagement platform to elaborate the content of the Internet Bill of Rights.<ref>{{cite book |title=Internet Governance and the Information Society |last=Benedek |first=Wolfgang |coauthors=Veronika Bauer, Matthias Kettemann |year=2008 |publisher= Eleven International Publishing |location= |isbn=9077596569, 9789077596562 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ie7Yqiw85TcC&vq=%22Internet+Bill+of+rights%22&dq=%22digital+rights%22+%22human+rights%22&lr=&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 |page=38 }}</ref>

== Global Network Initiative ==
In October 29, 2008 the Global Network Initiative (GNI) was founded upon its "Principles on Freedom of Expression and Privacy". The Initiative was launched in the 60th Anniversary year of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] (UDHR) and is based on internationally recognized laws and standards for [[human rights]] on [[freedom of expression]] and [[privacy]] set out in the UDHR, the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]] (ICCPR) and the [[International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]] (ICESCR).<ref>[http://www.globalnetworkinitiative.org/faq/index.php Global Network Initiative, FAQ]</ref> Participants in the Initiative include the [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]], [[Human Rights Watch]], [[Google]], [[Microsoft]], [[Yahoo]], other major companies, human rights NGOs, investors, and academics.<ref>[http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2008/10/29/global20097.htm Internet Rights Protection Initiative Launches]
</ref><ref>[http://www.globalnetworkinitiative.org/participants/index.php Global Network Initiative, Participants]</ref>

According to reports [[Cisco Systems]] was invited to the initial discussions but didn't take part in the initiative. [[Harrington Investments]], which proposed that Cisco establish a human rights board, has dismissed the GNI as a voluntary code of conduct having any impact. Chief executive John Harrington called the GNI "meaningless noise" and instead calls for bylaws to be introduced that force boards of directors to accept human rights responsibilities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/nov/17/censorship-internet |title=The big business of net censorship |last=Glanville |first=Jo |date=17 November 2008 |publisher= The Guardian}}</ref>

== Digital rights landscape ==
In 2005, the United Kingdom's [[Open Rights Group]] published a digital rights landscape, documenting the range of organizations and people active in the cause of preserving digital rights. The diagram related groups, individuals, and websites to interest areas.<ref>[http://www.flickr.com/photos/suw/43991064/ mind-map diagram]</ref>

== Digital rights advocacy groups ==
*[[Free Software Foundation]]
*[[Digital Rights Ireland]]
*[[Electronic Frontier Foundation]]
*[[European Digital Rights]]
*[[Open Rights Group]]
*[[IT-Political Association of Denmark]]
*[[Entertainment Consumers Association]]

== See also ==
*[[Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement]]
*[[Digital rights management]] (DRM)
*[[Directorate-General for Information Society and Media (European Commission)]]
*[[Electronic civil disobedience]]
*[[European Round Table of Industrialists]]
*[[Information privacy]]
*[[Internet privacy]]

== References ==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.laquadrature.net/en La Quadrature du Net citizens group defending digitals rights in Europe]
*[http://rights.apc.org/charter.shtml APC Internet Rights Charter]
*[http://epic.org/privacy/drm/ Digital Rights, Electronic Privacy Information Center (E.P.I.C.)]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4225938.stm A news article about a digital rights group in the U.K.]

{{Human rights}}

[[Category:Rights]]
[[Category:Computing and society]]

[[it:Diritti digitali]]

Geschichte von Corpus Christi (Texas)

2010-02-01T16:51:38Z

TexasAndroid: Removed category History of Texas (using HotCat)

[[File:Corpus christi 1887.jpg|thumb|right|Map of Corpus Christi in 1887]]
{{USCensusPop
| 1860=175
| 1870=2140
| 1880=3257
| 1890=4387
| 1900=4703
| 1910=8222
| 1920=10522
| 1930=27741
| 1940=57301
| 1950=108287
| 1960=167690
| 1970=204525
| 1980=231999
| 1990=257453
| 2000=277454
| estimate=286462
| estyear=2008
| estref=<ref>http://www.caller.com/news/2009/jul/01/corpus-christi-grows-32-percent-2000/</ref>
}}'''[[Corpus Christi, Texas|Corpus Christi]]''' is a coastal city in the [[South Texas]] region of the [[U.S. state]] of [[Texas]]. The [[county seat]] of [[Nueces County, Texas|Nueces County]],{{GR|6}} it also extends into [[Aransas County, Texas|Aransas]], [[Kleberg County, Texas|Kleberg]], and [[San Patricio County, Texas|San Patricio]] counties.<ref name=boundarychanges>[http://www.census.gov/popest/geographic/boundary_changes/index.html US Census change list]</ref> The population was 277,454 at the [[United States Census, 2000|2000 census]]; in 2006 the US Census Bureau estimated the city's population at 285,175,<ref>[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ACSSAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=16000US4841464&_geoContext=01000US%7C04000US48%7C16000US4841464&_street=&_county=Corpus+Christi&_cityTown=Corpus+Christi&_state=&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&ActiveGeoDiv=geoSelect&_useEV=&pctxt=fph&pgsl=160&_submenuId=factsheet_1&ds_name=ACS_2006_SAFF&_ci_nbr=null&qr_name=null&reg=null%3Anull&_keyword=&_industry= Census population Estimate 2006 Factfinder]</ref> making it the eighth-largest city in the state. It is the principal city of the three-county [[Corpus Christi Metropolitan Statistical Area]] as well as the larger [[Corpus Christi-Kingsville Combined Statistical Area]]. The translation from [[Latin language|Latin]] of the city's name is ''Body of Christ'', given to the settlement by the Spanish, in honor of the [[Blessed Sacrament]] ([[Eucharist]]). The city has been nicknamed ''The Sparkling City by the Sea,'' particularly in literature promoting tourism.

Before Corpus Christi was known as Kinney's Rancho or Kinney's Ranch it was on a site known as the '''Old Indian Trading Grounds''' where traders smuggled [[contraband]] goods to sale and trade in Mexico as early as 1829.<ref>http://www.caller.com/news/2009/nov/25/city-built-on-old-trading-grounds/</ref>

==[[Mexican-American War]]==
Corpus Christi was founded in 1839 by [[Colonel Henry Lawrence Kinney]] as Kinney's Trading Post, or Kinney's Ranch, a small trading post to sell supplies to a Mexican revolutionary army camped about 25 miles west, just three years after [[Republic of Texas|Texas declared independence]] from [[Mexico]] but the post was located in the disputed territory south of the [[Nueces River]].<ref>[http://www.downtowncorpuschristi.com/wiki/DMD/History]</ref>
In July 1845, U.S. troops under [[General Zachary Taylor]] set up camp there in preparation for [[Mexican-American War|war with Mexico]], where they remained until March 1846, when they marched south to the [[Rio Grande]] to enforce it as the southern border of the United States.<ref>[http://www.cctexas.com/?fuseaction=main.view&page=109 www.cctexas.com (history of corpus christi)]</ref>After the war the mayor at the time remarked "Mexicans are the scourge of the Earth and every last one of them deserve to be blasted away by a United States Marine!"

==[[American Civil War|Civil War]]==
On Feb. 23, 1861, in a statewide vote on [[Confederate States|secession]], the vote in Corpus Christi was 87 for secession and 40 against, which brought the total vote in [[Nueces County]] to 164 for and 42 against. There were many Union sympathizers in the city. Some originally came from the North and some were veterans of the [[Mexican–American War|Mexican War]].

In the second week of August, [[1862]], five Union warships under the command of [[J.W. Kittredge|Lt. J.W. Kittredge]] sailed into [[Corpus Christi Bay]] and bombarded the city. Stores and houses below the bluff made easy targets for Kittredge's guns.
The bombardment did considerable damage to the town. Many of the residents had evacuated before the battle. After it was over, people began to return to town. The Confederates, provoked by the attack, then began to take revenge by plundering the homes and property of known Union supporters.<ref>[http://www.caller.com/news/2006/jan/11/town-bitterly-divided-during-the-civil-war/ Caller Times Article "town bitterly divided during the civil war"]</ref>

==Port of Corpus Christi==
The port of Corpus Christi opened in 1926 after culminating efforts that began as early as 1848 to obtain a deep-water port.<ref>[http://www.downtowncorpuschristi.com/wiki/DMD/History]</ref>
The Port of Corpus Christi currently is the sixth largest U.S. port and deepest inshore port on the [[Gulf of Mexico]], it handles mostly oil and agricultural products. In 2005 it was ranked as the 47th largest in the world by cargo tonnage.

==Natural Disasters==
===Hurricanes===
Corpus Christi has been effected by many hurricanes and tropical storms.
*[[1916 Texas hurricane]]
*[[1919 Florida Keys hurricane]]
*[[Hurricane Celia]]
*[[Hurricane Beulah]]
*[[Hurricane Bret (1999)]]
*[[Tropical Storm Amelia (1978)]]

==Timeline==
===1519===
*On the [[Roman Catholic]] Feast Day of Corpus Christi, Spanish explorer [[Alonzo Alvarez de Pineda]] discovered a lush semi-tropical bay([[Corpus Christi Bay]]). The bay took the name of the feast day celebrating the "Body of Christ."<ref>http://www.cctexas.com/?fuseaction=main.view&page=109</ref>
===1800's===
'''1828'''
Known as the '''Old Indian Trading Grounds'''.
*[[Manuel de Mier y Terán]] toured through Mexico's province of [[Mexican Texas|Texas]]. Terán noted that some officials favored Corpus Christi as a port, referring to the area on the bay since there was no settlement called Corpus Christi at the time.<ref>http://www.caller.com/news/2009/nov/25/city-built-on-old-trading-grounds/</ref>
'''1821'''
*[[Mexico]] gains independence from [[Spain]]
*The Old Indian Trading Grounds become part of Mexico.
'''1829'''
*Traders are known to have landed on the coast on the [[Corpus Christi Bay]]. No civilization is apparent to traders.<ref>http://www.caller.com/news/2009/nov/25/city-built-on-old-trading-grounds/</ref>
'''1836'''
*[[Texas]] gains independence from Mexico
*The Old Indian Trading Gounds become part of the [[Republic of Texas]] although the area was claimed by both Texas and Mexico.
'''1839'''
Known as '''Kinney's Ranch''' or '''Kinney's Trading Post'''
*Kinney's Trading post or Kinney's Ranch is founded by [[Henry Kinney]].
'''1840'''
*On January 17 the [[unrecognized country]] of the [[Republic of the Rio Grande]] claimed the area south of the [[Nueces River]] which included Kinney's Ranch.
*On November 6 the Republic of the Rio Grande collapsed.
*Possession of the area returns to the Republic of Texas while Mexico still claimed the area as its own.
'''1845'''
*Kinney's Ranch became a major military outpost with the concentration of half the Army under the command of [[Zachary Taylor]].<ref>http://www.caller.com/news/2009/nov/25/city-built-on-old-trading-grounds/</ref>
*The [[United States]] annexes the Republic of Texas on December 29.
*Kinney's Ranch becomes part of the [[United States of America]].
'''1847'''
Known as '''Corpus Christi'''
*the city took the name Corpus Christi because a "more definite postmark for letters was needed."<ref>http://www.cctexas.com/?fuseaction=main.view&page=109</ref>
'''1852'''
*Corpus Christi was incorporated on Sept. 9.
*Residents elected a city council and a mayor, Benjamin F. Neal, who served from 1852 to 1855.<ref>http://www.cctexas.com/?fuseaction=main.view&page=109</ref>
'''1860'''
*Corpus Christi has a population of 175 according to the [[U.S. Census]].
'''1861'''
*Corpus Christi becomes part of the [[Confederate States of America]].
'''1865'''
*Confederate States of America collapses and possesion returns to the Unites States of America.
'''1876'''
*A [[city charter]] was adopted.<ref>http://www.cctexas.com/?fuseaction=main.view&page=109</ref>
===1900's===
'''1926'''
*The [[Port of Corpus Christi]] opens.
'''1941'''
*[[NAS Corpus Christi]] was commissioned on March 12.
'''1959'''
*[[Harbor Bridge]] opens
===2000's===
'''2003'''
*Corpus Christi is selected as an [[All-American City]]

==References==
<references/>

{{Texas History Navbox}}
{{Texas}}

[[Category:History of Corpus Christi, Texas]]

Geschichte von Corpus Christi (Texas)

2010-02-01T16:51:29Z

TexasAndroid: Removed category Corpus Christi, Texas; Quick-adding category History of Corpus Christi, Texas (using HotCat)

Ahn Changho

2010-01-27T04:41:17Z

TexasAndroid: Removed category Riverside, California; Quick-adding category Culture of Riverside, California (using HotCat)

{{korean name|[[Ahn (Korean name)|Ahn]]}}
{{cleanup|date=February 2009}}
{{Infobox Korean name
|img=ACHD.jpg
|caption=Ahn Chang-ho in [[Los Angeles]], [[California]].
|hangul=안창호
|hanja=安昌浩
|rr=An Chang-ho
|mr=An Ch'ang-ho
|hangulho=도산
|hanjaho={{linktext|島|山}}
|rrho=Dosan
|mrho=Tosan
}}
'''An Chang-ho''', or '''Ahn Chang-ho''' (November 9, 1878 - March 10, 1938) was a [[Korean independence movement|Korean independence activist]] and one of the early leaders of the Korean-American immigrant community in the United States. He is also referred to as his pen name '''Dosan'''. He established the Young Korean Academy (흥사단; 興士團) and was a key member in the founding of the [[Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea]] in [[Shanghai]]. Ahn is one of two men believed to have written the lyrics of the [[aegukga]], the [[South Korea]]n national anthem. He was also the father of Hollywood actor [[Philip Ahn]] and Philip was honored with a Star on Hollywood's Walk of Fame in 1984. [[Susan Ahn Cuddy]] is the oldest daughter of Ahn Chang Ho. She is the first Asian woman in the United States Navy and the first Asian woman to serve as a Gunnery Officer in all US Forces. She worked for Navy Intelligence and was the first Korean American to work for the National Security Agency. She received a Woman of the Year Award in California in 2003 and The American Courage Award from the Asian American Justice Center in Washington DC in 2006.

==Early years==
Ahn was born in 1878 in [[Kangso]], [[Pyeongan]] province, in present-day [[South Pyongan]], [[North Korea]]. In 1896, Ahn moved to [[Seoul]] where he attended Gusae Hakdang, a missionary-sponsored school and eventually converted to Christianity over a period of four years.

==Immigration to America and Later Years==
In 1899, Ahn came to San Francisco with his wife Helen in order to get a better education. While living in California, he witnessed two Koreans fighting in the streets over sales turf. Ahn was apparently upset by this display of incivility among his countrymen overseas, and he began to invest time into reforming the local Korean diaspora, rising to become one of the first leaders of the [[Korean American|Korean-American]] community.<ref name="dosan2">{{cite news | title =Dosan: The Man and His Thought| author =An Pyong-Uk| publisher =Global Korean Network| date =2003-07-24| url =http://www.gkn-la.net/dosan_resources/dosan8.htm| accessdate = 2007-04-14 }}</ref> He founded the Friendship Society in 1903, the first Korean organization in the continental United States. In 1906, he established the Mutual Assistance Society (MAS). MAS would eventually merge with the United Korean Society in Hawaii to become the Korean National Association (대한인국민회; 大韓人國民會), the official agent of Koreans in the United States until the end of [[World War II]].<ref name="dosan3">{{cite news | title =A Brief History of Korean Americans| publisher =National Association of Korean Americans| year =2003| url =http://www.naka.org/resources/history.asp| accessdate = 2007-04-14 }}</ref>

Many consider Ahn Chang-ho to be one of the key moral and philosophical leaders of Korea during the 20th century. In the turmoil immediately before and during the [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese occupation of Korea]], he called for the moral and spiritual renewal of the Korean people through education as one of the important components in their struggle for independence.

In 1938, Japanese authorities arrested Ahn, but due to severe illness, he was released on bail and transferred to the Kyungsung University hospital where he died on March 10, 1938. A memorial park called [[Dosan Park]] ({{lang-ko|도산공원}}) and hall were built to honor him in [[Gangnam-gu]], [[Seoul]].<ref>[http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=741818 Dosan Park], Produced by 'Encyber.com'</ref> Another memorial was built in downtown [[Riverside County|Riverside]], [[California]] to honor him. Ahn's family home on 36th Place in [[Los Angeles]] has been restored by the [[University of Southern California]], on whose campus it sits (albeit in a different location)[http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/ksi/family_house/]. The City of Los Angeles has also declared the nearby intersection of Jefferson Boulevard and Van Buren Place to be "Dosan Ahn Chang Ho Square" in his honor[http://lacitynerd.blogspot.com/2006/05/city-squares.html]. The [[Taekwondo]] pattern [[International Taekwondo Federation#Patterns|Do-San]] was named after him.

A main freeway interchange in downtown Los Angeles where the 10 Freeway and 110 Freeway meet is named after Dosan Ahn Chang Ho.

==Plaque inscriptions==
[[Image:AhnChangHo-Statue.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Statue of Ahn Chang-ho in [[Riverside, California]].]]

On the plaques surrounding his statue in Riverside, CA:
*Fact 1
*Fact 2
*Fact 3

*Fact 4
:The ideal of cooperation
Dosan admired the California Fruit Growers Exchange and
realized that cooperation was the growers’ key to success. He
taught Koreans this ideal of cooperation to help build their
national strength

*Fact 5
:Leader of independence, c. 1919
:Dosan organized the Korean Provisional Government, in
exile in Shanghai. The government upheld the Shanghai,
Declaration of Independence, based on Dosan’s democractic
ideals.

*Fact 6
:Reconciliation and Dosan fought wholeheartedly for a true Korean republic. He
fought every avenue to prepare his people for
responsibilities associated with governing themselves

==See also==
*[[Korea under Japanese rule]]
*[[Korean independence movements]]
*[[Dosan Park]]
*[[List of Koreans]]

==References==

:One of the tul or patterns of [[taekwondo]], the one corresponding to the 7th gup graduation, is called Dosan in his honour.

==References==
* [http://www.dosan.org/ The Ahn Chang Ho Website]
* [http://www.gkn-la.com/main/projects/history/dosan_intro.htm Biographical Information]
* [http://college.usc.edu/ksi/family_house.html Dosan Ahn Chang-ho House]
* [http://www.asianamericanriverside.ucr.edu/NotableAsianAmericans/AhnChangHo.html Patriot Dosan Ahn Chang-ho Memorial], International Relations Council of Riverside, CA.
* [http://www.flickr.com/photos/solostandfound/2252171605/ Photos of Riverside Memorial]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}


{{Persondata
|NAME=Ahn, Dosan Chang-ho
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=안창호, 安昌浩, 도산, 島山
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Korean independence activist and writer.
|DATE OF BIRTH=1878-11-09
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Kangso]], [[Pyeongan]], Korea
|DATE OF DEATH=1938-03-10
|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Seoul]], Korea
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahn Chang-ho, Dosan}}
[[Category:Korean writers]]
[[Category:Korean independence activists]]
[[Category:1878 births]]
[[Category:1938 deaths]]
[[Category:Culture of Riverside, California]]

[[cs:Ahn Chang-Ho]]
[[ko:안창호]]
[[ja:安昌浩]]
[[zh:安昌浩]]

Rainier Club

2010-01-27T01:29:37Z

TexasAndroid: Removed category Seattle, Washington; Quick-adding category Organizations based in Seattle, Washington (redirect [[:Category:Organizations based in Seattle, Wa

{{Infobox nrhp
| name = Rainier Club
| nrhp_type =
| image = Rainier Club 01.jpg
| caption =
| location= 810 4th Ave., [[Seattle, Washington]]
| lat_degrees = 47
| lat_minutes = 36
| lat_seconds = 22
| lat_direction = N
| long_degrees = 122
| long_minutes = 19
| long_seconds = 51
| long_direction = W
| locmapin = Washington
| area =
| built = 1903
| architect = Cutter & Malmgren
| architecture = Tudor Revival, Jacobethan Revival
| added = April 22, 1976
| governing_body = Private
| refnum = 76001889<ref name="nris">{{cite web|url=http://www.nr.nps.gov/|title=National Register Information System|date=2009-03-13|work=National Register of Historic Places|publisher=National Park Service}}</ref>
}}

'''The Rainier Club''' is a private club in [[Seattle]], [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]]; Priscilla Long of [[HistoryLink.org]] calls it "Seattle's preeminent private club."<ref name=Long>Priscilla Long, [http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=2961 Gentlemen organize Seattle's Rainier Club on February 23, 1888], HistoryLink.org, January 27, 2001. Accessed online 2009-06-24.</ref><ref>[Smith and Pheasant-Albright 2009], p. 7, characterize the Rainier Club and University Club as Seattle's "most exclusive men's clubs."</ref> Its clubhouse building, completed in 1904, is listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]. It was founded in 1888 in what was then the [[Washington Territory]] (statehood came the following year). As of 2008, the club has 1,300 members.<ref name=pres>[http://www.preservationnation.org/take-action/advocacy-center/lobby-day/sample-documents/projects/Rainier-Club.pdf The Rainier Club of Seattle Campaign for Funds for Historical Renovation], The Rainier Club, March 2008. Accessed online 2009-06-24.</ref>

==History==
The Rainier Club was first proposed at a February 23, 1888 meeting of six [[Seattle]] civic leaders; it was formally incorporated July 25, 1888. The attendees of the original meeting were J. R. McDonald, president of the [[Seattle, Lake Shore & Eastern Railroad]]; real estate developer and former Seattle mayor [[John Leary]]; Norman Kelly; R. C. Washburn, editor of the ''[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]]''; former mayor [[Bailey Gatzert]], associated with Schwabacher's, Seattle's and the state's most prominent<ref>Stacey Schultz, [http://www.hadassah.org/news/content/per_hadassah/archive/2007/07_may/traveler.asp The Jewish Traveler: Seattle], ''Hadassah Magazine'', May 2007 Vol. 88 No. 9. Accessed online 2006-06-24.</ref> Jewish-owned business of the era; A. B. Stewart; and James McNaught. Other founding members were lawyer Eugene Carr, Judge [[Thomas Burke (Seattle)|Thomas Burke]], and William Allison Peters.<ref name=Long /><ref>[Crowley 1988], p. 15.</ref>

The club is named after British Admiral [[Peter Rainier]]. The name may have been chosen because of Seattle's rivalry with nearby [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]]. Tacomans at the time were ardent in their support for the native name "Mount Tacoma" for the mountain now officially known as [[Mount Rainier]].<ref name=Crowley-15-16>[Crowley 1988], p. 15–16.</ref> In 1892, the club actually sent a delegation to [[Washington, D.C.]] to argue the "Rainier" side of the case.<ref>[Crowley 1988], p. 24</ref> The club's logo was modeled on that of the [[Union Club of Victoria|Union Club]] in [[Victoria, British Columbia]], founded 1877.<ref name=Crowley-15-16 />

Since territorial law in 1888 did not recognize private clubs, the Rainier Club was initially officially incorporated as a men's boarding house and restaurant. It reincorporated January 18, 1899 as a private club under a revised 1895 state law.<ref name=Crowley-26>[Crowley 1988], p. 26.</ref>

The club's first home was in part of James McNaught's Fourth Avenue 22-room mansion<ref name=Long /><ref name=Long /><ref name=Crowley-16>[Crowley 1988], p. 16.</ref> (on the site of today's [[Seattle Central Library]]<ref name=HL-Crowley>Walt Crowley, [http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=2959 Rainier Club (Seattle)], HistoryLink.org, January 27, 2001. Accessed online 2009-06-24.</ref>). McNaught was happy to have a tenant: he was moving to [[St. Paul, Minnesota]] to take a position as chief counsel for the [[Northern Pacific Railroad]].<ref name=Crowley-16 /> The house also functioned—along with the armory at Fourth and Union—as an interim city hall after the [[Great Seattle Fire]] destroyed most of the City in 1889.<ref name=pres /><ref>[Crowley 1988], p. 21–23.</ref> This brought additional city leaders into the club.<ref name=pres />

However, McNaught and the club did not remain on good terms over the lease,<ref name=Crowley-23>[Crowley 1988], p. 23.</ref> The club relocated briefly to the Bailey Building at Second and Cherry (now [[Broderick Building]], after [[Henry Broderick (Seattle)|Henry Broderick]]);<ref>[Crowley 1988], p. 23–24.</ref> from February 1893, the clubhouse was located in rooms at the then newly-erected Seattle Theatre, on the site of today's [[Arctic Building]].<ref name=Crowley-23 /><ref>Clarence B. Bagley, ''History of Seattle From the Earliest Settlement to the Present Time'', The S.J. Clarke Publishing Company (Chicago:1916), p. 577. [http://books.google.com/books?id=nbupvBGRpwEC Full text online through Google books].</ref> The Rainier Club purchased its current property at Fourth Avenue and Columbia Street in [[Downtown, Seattle|downtown Seattle]] in 1903. The clubhouse, designed by [[Spokane, Washington]] architect [[Kirtland Cutter]] was completed and occupied in 1904.<ref name=pres /><ref name=HL-Crowley /> Seattle architect [[Carl F. Gould]] added the south wing in 1929, plus a [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]]-style entry and interior [[Art Deco]] ornamentation.<ref name=Crowley-26/><ref name=HL-Crowley />

In 1899, the Club was the launch point for many members of the [[Harriman Alaska Expedition]]. [[E. H. Harriman]], [[John Burroughs]], [[John Muir]], [[Edward S. Curtis]] and [[Henry Gannett]] set out to [[Seal Island]] and other [[Bering Sea]] islands and to the coast of [[Siberia]] and the [[Bering Strait]] from the Club, and celebrated there on their return.<ref>[http://www.preservationnation.org/take-action/advocacy-center/lobby-day/sample-documents/projects/Rainier-Club.pdf The Rainier Club of Seattle Campaign for Funds for Historical Renovation], The Rainier Club, March 2008. Accessed online 2009-06-24. The source refers to Harriman as "E.A. Harriman" and to Gannett as "Henry Gannet", presumably both typos.</ref>

[[Gifford Pinchot]] was a guest at the Rainier Club on the trip that led to the creation of the [[United States Forest Service]] and [[Mount Rainier National Park]]. A decade later, Edward S. Curtis, a club member from 1903 to 1920, accompanied [[Theodore Roosevelt]] on Roosevelt's visit to the then-new park. The Rainier Club has more than 35 photogravures and 27 original signed platinum and silver prints by Curtis from that journey.<ref name=pres />

Club members, including club president I. A. Nadeau and John C. Olmsted of the [[Olmsted Brothers]] landscaping firm planned the [[Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition]] (A-Y-P Exposition) of 1909, which has been said to have "put the City of Seattle on the map."<ref name=pres /> Among the physical legacies of the exposition is the landscaping of the [[University of Washington]] campus, which served as the fairground.<ref>[[Nard Jones]], ''Seattle'', Doubleday, 1972, ISBN 0385018754. p. 306–307.</ref> The Olmsted firm also played a crucial role in the design of Seattle's system of parks and boulevards.<ref name=pres />

As a private club, the Rainier Club had been exempt from Seattle's and Washington's early experiments in [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibitionism]], but when Washington went dry on a statewide basis in 1916, the club could no longer serve liquor by the drink. Throughout the Prohibition era, the club repeatedly reasserted a policy that "no employee of the Club will be permitted under any circumstances to buy, sell, or have any liquor in their possession for sale on the Club premises." In Walter Crowley's words, "This policy was notably silent on members' possession of alcohol…"<ref>[Crowley 1988], p. 37–38.</ref>

The Rainier Club was not exempt from the [[Great Depression]]. Having built a new wing to the clubhouse in 1929, they soon faced a loss of members and difficulty in recruiting new ones who could afford the dues. In hopes of recruiting new members, the initiation fee was cut in 1932 from [[United States dollar|$]]500 to $200, and in October 1933 to $100. At that time, membership had declined from 851 to 615 over the course of 36 months.<ref>[Crowley 1988], p. 42–44.</ref> According to Crowley, the club benefitted greatly from the end of Prohibition: the "bureaucratic tangle" of the state's new liquor laws allowed liquor by the drink only in private clubs.<ref>[Crowley 1988], p. 44.</ref> Indeed, the 1948 relegalization of liquor by the drink in Washington was followed the next year by a reduction of the club's initiation fee from $650 to $400.<ref>[Crowley 1988], p. 52.</ref>

Half a century after the A-Y-P Exposition, Rainier Club members played a nearly equally prominent role in the [[Century 21 Exposition]], Seattle's 1962 [[world's fair]]. Most notably, [[Eddie Carlson]], President of Western International Hotels (later [[Westin]]), was prime mover of the fair, and most organizing meetings were held at the clubhouse.<ref name=pres />

In 1993, U.S. president [[Bill Clinton]] held two [[Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC) ministerial meetings with Japan and China at the Rainier Club. These were the first APEC meetings in the U.S., and the first high-level U.S. meetings with China since the [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989]].<ref name=pres />

Originally all-white and all-male, the Rainier Club admitted its first [[Japanese American]] member, Saburo Nishimuro, November 25, 1966; its first African American member prominent contractor Luther Carr, July 25, 1978; and its first woman member, Judge Betty Fletcher, August 22, 1978. Fletcher was also the first woman head if the Seattle-King County [[Bar Association]].<ref>Priscilla Long, [http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=2962 Rainier Club, Seattle's preeminent private club, admits first African American and first woman in 1978], HistoryLink.org, January 28, 2001. Accessed online 2009-06-24.</ref> (The Japanese consul to Seattle had been a courtesy Associate Member from 1923 until the 1941 [[attack on Pearl Harbor]].<ref>[Crowley 1988], p. 49</ref>)

Other prominent members have included several members of the Blethen family (owners of ''[[The Seattle Times]]''); and art collectors Dr. Richard Fuller (founder of the [[Seattle Art Museum]]) and H. C. Henry (founder of the [[Henry Art Gallery]]).<ref name=HL-Crowley />

Besides the members, prominent visitors to the clubhouse have included [[Samuel Clemens]] (Mark Twain), [[John Philip Sousa]], [[Buffalo Bill Cody]], [[William Howard Taft]], Lt. General [[Arthur MacArthur]], General [[Douglas MacArthur]], [[Babe Ruth]], Rear Admiral [[Robert E. Peary]], and the members of the early (1893–1911) [[Japan]]ese trade delegations to the United States.<ref>[http://www.preservationnation.org/take-action/advocacy-center/lobby-day/sample-documents/projects/Rainier-Club.pdf The Rainier Club of Seattle Campaign for Funds for Historical Renovation], The Rainier Club, March 2008. The source refers to "Robert E. Perry", presumably a typo for "Robert E. Peary". Accessed online 2009-06-24.</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Celeste Louise Smith and Julie D. Pheasant-Albright, ''Private Clubs of Seattle'', Arcadia (Images of America series), 2009. ISBN 978-0-7385-7072-3.
* [[Walt Crowley]], ''The Rainier Club, 1888-1988'' (Seattle: The Rainier Club, 1988)

==External links==
{{commonscat|Rainier Club, Seattle}}
* [http://www.therainierclub.com/ Rainier Club], official site
* [http://content.lib.washington.edu/cdm4/results.php?CISOOP1=all&CISOBOX1=&CISOFIELD1=CISOSEARCHALL&CISOOP2=exact&CISOBOX2=Rainier%20Club&CISOFIELD2=CISOSEARCHALL&CISOOP3=any&CISOBOX3=&CISOFIELD3=CISOSEARCHALL&CISOOP4=none&CISOBOX4=&CISOFIELD4=CISOSEARCHALL&CISOROOT=/ac Architectural drawings of the Rainier Club], University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections.

{{National Register of Historic Places}}

[[Category:Traditional gentlemen's clubs in the United States]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1888]]
[[Category:Landmarks in Seattle, Washington]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Seattle, Washington]]
[[Category:Kirtland Cutter buildings]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Seattle, Washington]]

Chestnut Hill Reservation

2010-01-27T00:57:58Z

TexasAndroid: Removed category Boston, Massachusetts; Quick-adding category Geography of Boston, Massachusetts (redirect [[:Category:Geography of Boston, Massachusetts|Geography o

{{coord|42|20|6.30|N|71|9|30.52|W|region:US_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
{{Geobox Protected Area

| name = Chestnut Hill Reservation
| native_name =
| other_name =
| other_name1 =

| category_local = [[List of Massachusetts state parks|Massachusetts State Park]]
| category_iucn =

| image =
| image_caption =

| etymology_type = Named for
| etymology =

| country = United States
| state = Massachusetts
| region_type = County
| region = [[Suffolk County, Massachusetts|Suffolk]]
| district_type =
| district =
| city =

| location = Beacon Street, Allston/Brighton,Massachusetts [[United States|USA]]
| lat_d =
| lat_m =
| lat_s =
| lat_NS =
| long_d =
| long_m =
| long_s =
| long_EW =
| location_note =
| elevation_imperial =
| elevation_round =
| elevation_note =
| area_unit = acre
| area_imperial =
| area_round = 0
| area1_imperial =
| area1_type =
| length_imperial =
| length_orientation =
| width_imperial =
| width_orientation =
| highest =
| highest location =
| highest_lat_d =
| highest_lat_m =
| highest_lat_s =
| highest_lat_NS =
| highest_long_d =
| highest_long_m =
| highest_long_s =
| highest_long_EW =
| highest_elevation_imperial =
| lowest =
| lowest_location =
| lowest_lat_d =
| lowest_lat_m =
| lowest_lat_s =
| lowest_lat_NS =
| lowest_long_d =
| lowest_long_m =
| lowest_long_s =
| lowest_long_EW =
| lowest_elevation_imperial =

| biome =
| biome_share =
| biome1 =
| biome1_share =
| geology =
| geology1 =
| plant =
| plant1 =
| animal =
| animal1 =

| established_type =
| established =
| management_body = [[Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation]]
| management_location =
| management_lat_d =
| management_lat_m =
| management_lat_s =
| management_lat_NS =
| management_long_d =
| management_long_m =
| management_long_s =
| management_long_EW =
| management_elevation =
| visitation =
| visitation_year =

| free_type = Nearest city
| free = [[Boston, Massachusetts]]
| free1_type =
| free1 =

| map = Massachusetts Locator Map.PNG
| map_caption = Location of Chestnut Hill Reservation in Massachusetts
| map_locator = Massachusetts
| map_first = yes

| website = [http://www.mass.gov/dcr/parks/metroboston/chestnutHill.htm Chestnut Hill Reservation]
}}

'''Chestnut Hill Reservation''' is a [[Massachusetts]] [[state park]] surrounding the [[Chestnut Hill Reservoir]] located in Allston/Brighton neighborhood of [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]. The park is managed by the [[Department of Conservation and Recreation (Massachusetts)|Department of Conservation and Recreation]].

==Description==
Considered a nineteenth-century masterpiece of engineering, urban planning and landscape design, the [[Chestnut Hill Reservoir Historic District]] is listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] and is a City of Boston Landmark. Today, visitors can jog, walk their dog (please keep on leash and remove waste), or just stroll around the historic reservoir.<ref name=dcr>{{cite web|url=http://www.mass.gov/dcr/parks/metroboston/chestnutHill.htm|title=Department of Conservation and Recreation|date=2009-05-14|work= |publisher= }}</ref>

==Recreational Opportunities==
* Historic Site
* Walking Paths
* Swimming Pool
* Skating Rink
* Shoreline Fishing

==See also==
* [[Chestnut Hill Reservoir]]
* [[Chestnut Hill Reservoir Historic District]]
* [[List of Massachusetts State Parks]]
* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Boston, Massachusetts]]
* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Massachusetts]]

==External links==
*[http://www.mass.gov/dcr/parks/metroboston/chestnutHill.htm Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation: Chestnut Hill Reservation]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Protected Areas of Massachusetts}}
{{Metropolitan Park System of Greater Boston}}

[[Category:Massachusetts state parks]]
[[Category:Suffolk County, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Massachusetts natural resources]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Geography of Boston, Massachusetts]]

Salt-Lake-Ölfeld

2010-01-24T20:30:27Z

TexasAndroid: Quick-adding category Economy of Los Angeles, California (redirect Economy of Los Angeles, California resolved) (using HotCat)

[[File:SaltLakeOilField.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Location of the Salt Lake Oil Field in the context of the Los Angeles Basin and Southern California. Other oil fields are shown in gray.]]
The '''Salt Lake Oil Field''' is an oil field underneath the city of [[Los Angeles, California]]. Discovered in 1902, and developed quickly in the following years, the Salt Lake field was once the most productive in California;<ref Name="Hamilton">{{cite book |title= "Cause of the 1985 Ross Store Explosion and Other Gas Ventings, Fairfax District, Los Angeles," Engineering geology practice in southern California|last= Meehan|first= RL|authorlink= |coauthors= Hamilton, DA; ed. by Bernard W. Pipkin and Richard J. Proctor|year= 1992|publisher= Association of Engineering Geologists. Southern California Section|location= |isbn= 0898631718|page= 145-147|pages= 769|url= }}</ref> over 50 million barrels of oil have been extracted from it, mostly in the first part of the twentieth century, although modest drilling and extraction from the field using an urban "drilling island" resumed in 1962. As of 2009, the only operator on the field was [[Plains Exploration & Production]] (PXP).<ref name="SLDOGGR">[http://opi.consrv.ca.gov/opi/opi.dll/WellList?UsrP_ID=100038230&SortFields=Dist_DistrictNumber&NewSortFields=WMtr_WellStatus&StartRow=1&FormStack=Main%2CField%2CWellList&PriorState=Fld__Code%3D640 Salt Lake Field query, California Department of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Resources]</ref> The field is also notable as being the source, by long-term seepage of [[crude oil]] to the ground surface along the 6th Street Fault, of the famous [[La Brea Tar Pits]].

The adjacent and geologically related '''South Salt Lake Oil Field''', not discovered until 1970, is still productive from an urban drillsite it shares with the nearby [[Beverly Hills Oil Field]], also run by Plains Exploration and Production.<ref name="SSLDOGGR">[http://opi.consrv.ca.gov/opi/opi.dll/WellList?UsrP_ID=100100100&SortFields=WMtr_OperatorWellNumber&NewSortFields=WMtr_WellStatus&StartRow=1&FormStack=Main%2CField%2CArea%2CPool%2CWellList&PriorState=Fld__Code%3D642%2CArea_Code%3D00%2CPool_Code%3D00 South Salt Lake Field query, California Department of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Resources]</ref>

==Setting==
[[File:SLOFDetail.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Detail of the Salt Lake and South Salt Lake Oil Fields, showing their position within Los Angeles and surrounding cities, and also showing the locations of the active drilling islands.]]
The field is one of many in the Los Angeles Basin. Immediately to the west is the San Vicente Oil Field, and to the southwest the large [[Beverly Hills Oil Field]]. To the east are the [[Los Angeles City Oil Field]] and [[Los Angeles Downtown Oil Field]]s, some of the earliest to be drilled in the basin, and the ones responsible along with the Salt Lake Field for the early twentieth-century oil boom in the area. Abutting the field to the southwest is the recently discovered and still active South Salt Lake Oil Field. The land above the two oil fields has a mean elevation of approximately 200 feet above sea level, and slopes gently towards the south-southwest, away from the Santa Monica Mountains, draining via Ballona Creek towards Santa Monica Bay in the Pacific Ocean.<ref name="Hamilton"/>

The productive region of the field is approximately three miles long by one mile across, with the long axis west to east along and parallel to [[Beverly Boulevard]], from near its intersection with [[La Cienega Boulevard]] to past its intersection with [[Highland Avenue]]. All of the area is within the city of Los Angeles, and is heavily urbanized, making the Salt Lake Field one of a very few active oil fields in the United States in an entirely urban setting. While the entire former field area is dotted with abandoned wells, now entirely overbuilt with dense residential and commercial development, all active drilling takes place from a shielded, soundproofed drilling island adjacent to the [[Beverly Center]], east of [[San Vicente Boulevard]] between Beverly Blvd. and 3rd Street. Since normal vertical drilling is impractical in a dense urban environment – active oil wells are loud, malodorous, and generally make poor neighbors – drilling from the tightly clustered wells in the island is directional, with wells slanting into different parts of the formation, similar to the technique used for drilling offshore fields from oil platforms. Only eleven wells, all in this drilling enclosure, remain active of the more than 450 once scattered over the landscape now known as Midtown Los Angeles. Other wells within the enclosure produce from the adjacent San Vicente and Beverly Hills fields.<ref name="SLDOGGR"/>

The adjacent South Salt Lake Oil Field is much smaller than its northern neighbor. Discovered in 1970, and only about a mile long by a thousand feet across, this field is exploited entirely from an urban drillsite at Genesee Avenue and [[Pico Boulevard]] within the bounds of the [[Beverly Hills Oil Field]]. The only active operator is also Plains Exploration and Production; as of 2009, there were 16 active wells in the South Salt Lake field.<ref name="SSLDOGGR"/>

==Geology==
The field is near the northern edge of the [[Los Angeles Basin]], about two miles south of the [[Hollywood Hills]], the nearest portion of the [[Santa Monica Mountains]]. The Santa Monica Fault, not known to be active, demarcates the boundary between the basin and the mountains. Several other faults cut through the field, including the 3rd Street Fault and the 6th Street Fault; the latter of these is presumed to be the conduit through which crude oil has emerged on the surface as the [[La Brea Tar Pits]], which are at [[Hancock Park]] at the southern boundary of the oil field, near [[Wilshire Boulevard]].<ref name="HM152">Hamilton/Meehan, p. 152</ref> A layer of sediments of [[Quaternary]] age, both alluvial and shallow marine, forms a cap of approximately 200-foot thickness on the underlying formations, several of which are oil-bearing. First is the Upper Pliocene Pico Formation, which is not petroleum-bearing in the Salt Lake field. Underneaath the Pico are the late [[Miocene]] and [[Pliocene]] Repetto and Puente Formations. The Repetto Formation is a [[sandstone]] and [[conglomerate (geology)|conglomerate]] unit probably deposited in a [[submarine fan]] environment, and is a prolific petroleum reservoir throughout the Los Angeles Basin.<ref>[http://www.beg.utexas.edu/environqlty/co2seq/co2data/0repetto.htm Repetto Formation, at Bureau of Economic Geology, University of Texas, Austin]</ref> Underneath the Repetto is the late [[Miocene]] Puente Formation. All of these rock units are faulted and folded, forming structural traps, with oil trapped in [[anticline|anticlinal]] folds and along fault blocks.<ref>[http://www.beg.utexas.edu/environqlty/co2seq/co2data/0repetto.htm Repetto Formation, at Bureau of Economic Geology, University of Texas, Austin]</ref><ref name="HM151">Hamilton/Meehan, p. 151</ref>

A total of six producing horizons, lettered A through F from top to bottom, have been identified in the Salt Lake field. Only Pool "A", first to be discovered, is in the Repetto, having an average depth of only about 1,000 feet below ground surface (bgs). Pools "B" and "C" were found by 1904, and the deeper pools "D", "E", and "F", ranging from 2,850 to 3,300 feet bgs, were found in 1960 with the resumption of drilling from the Gilmore Drilling Island.<ref name="DOGGR">''California Oil and Gas Fields, Volumes I, II and III''. Vol. I (1998), Vol. II (1992), Vol. III (1982). California Department of Conservation, Division of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Resources (DOGGR). 1,472 pp. Salt Lake information pp. 442-447. PDF file available on CD from www.consrv.ca.gov. (As of September 2009, not available for download on their FTP site.) p. 442-446</ref> Oil from the field is heavy and sulfurous, with [[API gravity]] ranging from 9 to 22, but usually 14-18; sulfur content is high at 2.73% in each pool.<ref>DOGGR, 443-444</ref>

In the South Salt Lake field, two pools have been identified, both in 1970: the Clifton Sands and the Dunsmuir Sands, at 1,000 feet and 2,500 feet depth respectively. Oil is found in several steeply dipping sand units bounded by impermeable rocks; the sands pinch out towards the ground surface, and oil accumulates in the upper portions.<ref>DOGGR, p. 446</ref>The oil in this field is slightly less heavy than in the main Salt Lake field, with API gravity ranging from 22 to 26. Sulfur content was not reported.<ref>DOGGR, p. 447</ref>

==History, production, and operations==
In the 1890s, dairy farmer Arthur F. Gilmore found oil on his land, probably in the vicinity of the La Brea Tar Pits. The field was named after the Salt Lake Oil Company, the first firm to arrive to drill in the area. The discovery well was spudded (started) in 1902.<ref Name="LATimes1">{{cite web | last = Landsberg | first = Mitchell | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Decades-Old Oil Field Dies as Fairfax Area Mall Takes Shape | work = Los Angeles Times | publisher = | date = August 6, 2001 | url = http://articles.latimes.com/2001/aug/06/local/me-31204 | format = | doi = | accessdate = December 4, 2009}}</ref> Details of the discovery well – depth, exact location, production rate – are not known.<ref>DOGGR, p. 443</ref>

Development of the field was fast, as oil wells spread across the landscape, with drillers hoping to match the production boom taking place a few miles to the east at the Los Angeles City field. Peak production was in 1908.<ref>DOGGR, p. 444</ref> By 1912, there were 326 wells, 47 of which had already been abandoned,<ref name="Prutzman">{{cite book |title= Petroleum in Southern California|last= Prutzman|first= Paul W.|authorlink= |coauthors= |year= 1913|publisher= California State Mining Bureau|location= Sacramento, California|isbn= |page= 227 |pages= |url= }}</ref> and by 1917 more than 450, which had by then produced more than 50 million barrels of oil.<ref>Hamilton/Meehan, pp. 146-147</ref> After this peak, production declined rapidly. Land values rose, corresponding to the fast growth of the adjacent city of Los Angeles, and the field was mostly idled in favor of housing and commercial development. The early wells were abandoned; many of their exact locations are not known, and are now covered with buildings and roads.

By the 1960s, new developments in slant drilling techology were making possible exploitation of otherwise unrecoverable petroleum resources, and the urban fields in Los Angeles, such as the Salt Lake field, began to attract the attention of enterprising oil companies. In 1961, working from a drilling site near the [[Farmers Market (Los Angeles)|Farmer's Market]] at the corner of 3rd Street and Fairfax Avenue, the Standard Oil Company of California again began to draw oil from the field, having recently discovered three new productive sand units (pools "D", "E", and "F"). Wells drilled into these producing horizons flowed without assistance only briefly, requiring pumping within a year or two.<ref name="HM152"/> In 1973, highly saline wastewater, formerly dumped into the city's storm drains, was reinjected into the reservoir both as a convenient, non-polluting disposal method, and to increase reservoir pressure to enhance oil recovery.<ref name="HM152"/> Similarly, gas produced from the oil field was reinjected into the reservoir between 1961 and 1971; facilities did not exist to capture, store, and transport it, as is the usual practice in current oil fields with nearby gas infrastructure.<ref>Hamilton/Meehan, p. 147</ref>

Operations at this drilling site, known as the "MacFarland Drilling Island" or the "Gilmore Drilling Island", continued until the 1990s.<ref>Hamilton/Meehan, p. 147</ref> This drilling island contained about 40 wells, and was dismantled beginning in 2001. The former one-acre site is on The Grove Drive, across the street and west of [[Pan-Pacific Park]]. According to Texaco, the last oil company to own it, the site had become uneconomic to operate; towards the end the depleted oil field was only yielding about 30 barrels of oil a day from that location.<ref name="LATimes1"/>

With the shutting down of the Gilmore drilling island, royalty payments to many of the property owners of the land directly over the field ended. Some of them had been receiving monthly checks for as much as $2,500,<ref name="LATimes1"/> a situation similar to that at the Beverly Hills field.

Originally, Los Angeles planned to put a Metro subway line along Fairfax Avenue, but chose to reroute it because of the high levels of methane gas in the subsurface environment, since this flammable gas posed a safety risk.<ref Name="LAWeekly">{{cite web | last = Perera | first = Dave | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Fresh Produce and Streets of Fire: Making Sense of the Methane Explosion in the Fairfax | work = LA Weekly | publisher = | date = May 10, 2001 | url = http://www.laweekly.com/2001-05-10/.../fresh-produce-and-streets-of-fire/ | format = | doi = | accessdate = December 4, 2009}}</ref> It was only later that the oil field was recognized as the source of the methane gas. This hazard was realized spectacularly on the night of March 24, 1985, when a Ross clothing store filled with gas overnight and exploded, injuring 23 people.<ref name="Hamilton"/>

===1985 Ross Dress for Less explosion===
Seepage of [[methane]] upwards along conduits, such as faults and old well boreholes, caused an explosion at a [[Ross Dress for Less]] store in 1985 on 3rd Street in the [[Fairfax District (Los Angeles, California)|Fairfax District]] which injured 23 people.<ref name="LATimes1"/><ref name="Hamilton"/><ref Name="Lehr">{{cite book |title= Handbook of complex environmental remediation problems|last= Lehr|first= Jay H.|authorlink= |coauthors= Marve Hyman, Tyler Gass, William J. Seevers|year= 2002|publisher= McGraw-Hill Professional|location= |isbn= 0070276897|page= 8.45 - 8.47|pages= 800|url= }}</ref> The Ross Dress for Less store still stands in the 6200 block of 3rd Street, on the southeast corner of Fairfax Ave. and 3rd. Overnight on March 24, 1985, methane gas filled an auxiliary room at the store and ignited, causing a spectacular explosion which blew out the windows and tore the roof off of the building, injuring 23 people, and reducing the inside to rubble. In addition to blowing up the building, the methane explosion burst out portions of the adjacent parking lot and sidewalks, venting burning gas over a wide area, creating an eerie scene with pillars of flame lighting the night. Four blocks were cordoned off by emergency crews as officials scrambled to determine what had happened.<ref name="Lehr"/>

Since naturally occurring methane is odorless – utility companies add odorants to alert people to the presence of this flammable gas – no one had noticed the buildup of methane, so it may have accumulated to an explosive concentration slowly. The source of the methane gas was controversial; early theories involved a biogenic origin for the methane, in which it was seen as the product of decomposition of organic matter from an old swamp. In this scenario, a rising water table forced the gas from the pore spaces within the soil upwards to the surface.<ref name="Lehr"/> A later theory, and the one now accepted, was that the gas originated in the oil field itself, and had migrated to the surface along a combination of the 3rd Street Fault and any number of improperly abandoned boreholes from the hundreds of now-lost wells drilled in the early years of the twentieth century. The reinjection of wastewater into the field to increase oil recovery increased the reservoir pressure to the point that gas was forced upwards along the paths of least resistance – newly formed fractures along the fault, as well as the old wellbores – until it reached the ground surface. Isotopic analysis of the near-surface methane supported this theory, as the specific isotope distributions did not match what would have been expected had the gas been recently produced by a recent biogenic mechanism, and they correlated strongly with isotopic analysis of oil field gas.<ref>Hamilton/Meehan, p. 154</ref> This finding had enormous implications for all of the urban development over old oil fields, and resulted in the construction of gas monitoring and venting wells in several locations in Los Angeles.<ref Name="Khilyuk">{{cite book |title= Gas migration: events preceding earthquakes|last= Khilyuk|first= Leonid F.|authorlink= |coauthors= Chilingar, George V.|year= 2000|publisher= Gulf Professional Publishing|location= |isbn= 0884154300|page= 280-286|pages= 389|url= }}</ref> The city of Los Angeles designated approximately 400 blocks overlying the old oil field as a "High Potential Methane Zone" as a result of the 1985 explosion and subsequent investigation, and later required all structures to have a methane detector, to give warning of accumulation of the gas before it could attain explosive concentrations.<ref name="LAWeekly"/>

===1989 gas venting and evacuation===
In 1989, a similar methane gas buildup occurred underneath 3rd Street and adjacent buildings, probably because of the accidental plugging of a gas-venting well built after the Ross incident.<ref Name="LATimes2">{{cite web | last = Ramos | first = George | authorlink = | coauthors = Stephen Braun | title = Major Methane Gas Leak Closes Shopping Strip | work = Los Angeles Times | publisher = | date = February 8, 1989 | url = http://articles.latimes.com/1989-02-08/news/mn-2089_1_methane-gas | format = | doi = | accessdate = December 4, 2009}}</ref> Since the venting well had become clogged with a buildup of debris, methane slowly collected under the street and adjacent impermeable surfaces, bursting out on the morning of Tuesday, February 7, 1989, in a fountain of mud, water, and methane gas; no explosion occurred, since there was no source of ignition, and city emergency crews quickly cordoned off the area. As a result of this incident, Los Angeles further upgraded their City Building Code to require new buildings to have adequate venting systems, and be underlain with an impermeable membrane to prevent methane from getting in beneath the foundation.<ref name="LAWeekly"/>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==

* ''California Oil and Gas Fields, Volumes I, II and III''. Vol. I (1998), Vol. II (1992), Vol. III (1982). California Department of Conservation, Division of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Resources (DOGGR). 1,472 pp. Salt Lake information pp. 442-447. PDF file available on CD from www.consrv.ca.gov. (As of September 2009, not available for download on their FTP site.)
* ''California Department of Conservation, Oil and Gas Statistics, Annual Report,'' December 31, 2006.
* ''California Department of Conservation, Oil and Gas Statistics, Annual Report,'' December 31, 2007.

[[Category:Oil fields in California]]
[[Category:Beverly Hills, California|Oil Field]]
[[Category:Los Angeles County, California]]
[[Category:Geography of Los Angeles, California]]
[[Category:Economy of Los Angeles, California]]

Salt-Lake-Ölfeld

2010-01-24T20:30:15Z

TexasAndroid: Removed category Los Angeles, California; Quick-adding category Geography of Los Angeles, California (redirect [[:Category:Geography of Los Angeles, California|G

Beverly-Hills-Ölfeld

2010-01-24T20:29:52Z

TexasAndroid: Quick-adding category Geography of Los Angeles, California (redirect Geography of Los Angeles, California resolved) (using HotCat)

[[File:BeverlyHillsOilField.png|300px|right|thumb|Location of the Beverly Hills Oil Field in the context of the Los Angeles Basin and Southern California. Other oil fields are shown in gray.]]
The '''Beverly Hills Oil Field''' is a large and currently active [[oil field]] underneath part of the city of [[Beverly Hills, California]], USA, and portions of the adjacent city of [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]]. Discovered in 1900, and with a cumulative production of over 150 million barrels of oil, it ranks 39th by size among California's oil fields, and is unusual for being a large, continuously productive field in an entirely urban setting. All drilling, pumping, and processing operations for the 97<ref Name="annual2007">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Oil and Gas Statistics: 2007 Annual Report
| work = California Department of Conservation
| publisher =
| date = December 31, 2007
| url = ftp://ftp.consrv.ca.gov/pub/oil/annual_reports/2007/0102stats_07.pdf
| format = PDF
| doi =
| accessdate = August 25, 2009 }}</ref> currently active wells are done from within four large "drilling islands", visible on Pico and Olympic Boulevards as large windowless buildings, from which wells slant diagonally into different parts of the producing formations, directly underneath the multi-million-dollar residences and commercial structures of one of the wealthiest cities in the United States. Annual production from the field was 1.09 million barrels in 2006, 966,000 barrels in 2007, and 874,000 in 2008, and the field retains approximately 11 million barrels of oil in reserve, as estimated by the California Department of Conservation.<ref name="annual2007"/><ref Name="prelim2008">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = 2008 Preliminary Report of California Oil and Gas Production Statistics
| work = California Department of Conservation
| publisher =
| date = January 2009
| url = ftp://ftp.consrv.ca.gov/pub/oil/annual_reports/2008/PR03_2008.pdf
| format = PDF
| doi =
| accessdate = September 5, 2009 }}</ref> The three largest operators as of 2009 were independent oil companies Plains Exploration & Production, BreitBurn Energy, and Venoco, Inc.<ref>[http://opi.consrv.ca.gov/opi/opi.dll/Search?UsrP_ID=100038230&FormStack=Main%2CField&Fld__Code=054&Action=Operator+&PriorState=Encoded%3DTrue DOGGR database: well production sums]</ref>

==Setting==
[[File:BHDetail.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Detail of the Beverly Hills Oil Field, showing its position relative to Beverly Hills and Los Angeles, and also showing the locations of the four active drilling islands. A fifth, inactive drilling island west of [[Beverly Hills High School]] is not shown.]]
While the oil field is unusual for being entirely within the confines of a large city, it is but one of many in the Los Angeles basin which are now overbuilt by dense residential and commercial development. The field is long and narrow, about four miles long by a half-mile to mile across. Its long axis is aligned in a generally east-west direction, extending from the vicinity of the intersection of Santa Monica Boulevard and Beverly Glen on the west, east along Pico Boulevard, past La Cienaga and Fairfax Avenue, to around the intersection of Pico and Hauser. From north to south the field is much narrower, extending near the middle of the field from near Monte Mar Drive in Los Angeles to about two blocks north of Olympic Blvd in Beverly Hills. The total productive area of the field, projected to ground surface, covers about 1200 acres.<ref>[http://oilshalegas.com/beverlyhillsoillosangelesoil.html Beverly Hills Oil Field, in www.oilshalegas.com]</ref><ref name="DOGGR">{{cite book
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = California Oil and Gas Fields
| publisher = California Department of Conservation
| date = 1998
| location = Sacramento
| pages = 46, 49
| url = http://www.conservation.ca.gov/dog/pubs_stats/Pages/dvds_cds.aspx
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}</ref>

In most oil fields, wells are drilled at optimum spacing for petroleum extraction with the boreholes going straight down into the target formations. Since this method of field development is not possible in a large city with no open land, all the wells tapping into the Beverly Hills field are clustered into four drilling islands – oil production and processing facilities tightly packed into windowless, soundproofed buildings – so as to have a minimal impact on adjacent land uses. The westernmost of these buildings, containing wells operated by Venoco, Inc., and which accesses the designated West Area of the field, is on the grounds of [[Beverly Hills High School]] at the corner of Olympic Blvd. and Heath Avenue, just southeast of the baseball diamond. This facility also houses storage tanks, several oil-water separator units, a pump house, compressor house, and an office building.<ref>Horowitz, p. 8.</ref>

A facility similar to the one adjacent to Beverly Hills High School, operated by BreitBurn Energy, is north of Pico between Doheny Drive and Cardiff Ave. Yet another drilling island, the largest of the four, containing over fifty active wells and operated by [[Plains Exploration & Production]], is north of Pico between Genesee Avenue and Spaulding Avenue. This drilling island also contains wells that angle northeast into the [[Salt Lake Oil Field]]. Within the boundary of the adjacent Cheviot Hills Oil Field, and on the grounds of the Hillcrest Country Club about 500 feet south of the intersection of Pico Boulevard and Century Hill East, is a fourth, smaller drilling island, operated by Hillcrest Beverly Oil Corp. This small drilling island includes 12 active wells directionally drilled into the Beverly Hills Oil Field, as well as several others drilled into the Cheviot Hills Field.<ref>[http://opi.consrv.ca.gov/opi/opi.dll/Search?UsrP_ID=100100100&FormStack=Main%2CField%2COperator&Opr__ID=100000012&Action=Get+Wells&PriorState=Fld__Code%3D054%2CEncoded%3DTrue California Department of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Resources]</ref>

The operators of a fifth drilling island, located at the northern corner of Avenue of the Stars and Constellation Boulevard in [[Century City]], finished abandoning it in 1990. Originally constructed in the 1950s on what was then an unused back lot of [[Twentieth Century Fox]] Studios, its production steadily declined in the 1970s, and by 1989 the last well was shut down. Land use changes and soaring real estate values contributed to its elimination.<ref>[ftp://ftp.consrv.ca.gov/pub/oil/annual_reports/1990/1990.pdf DOGGR 1990 Annual Report], p. 15–16.</ref>

The city of Los Angeles handles all building permits and air permitting issues for the oil field.<ref>Mark T. Gamache and Paul L. Frost, ''Urban Development of Oil Fields in the Los Angeles Basin Area, 1983 to 2001.'' Publication No. TR52, California Department of Conservation. p. 2.</ref>

==Geology==

The field is a faulted [[anticline|anticlinal]] structure with oil trapped by a combination of structural and [[stratigraphic trap|stratigraphic]] mechanisms. Bounding the field on the south is the Brentwood-Las Cienegas Fault, and the field ends on the west near the Santa Monica Fault Complex. The minimum depth to the larger deposits of profitably extractable oil varies from about 5600 to about 7200 feet below ground surface, or 5400 to 7000 feet below sea level (as the approximate elevation of this portion of the Los Angeles Basin is about 200 feet).<ref name="DOGGR"/>

The uppermost producing unit was the first to be discovered, and consists of oil-bearing structures called the Wolfskill Zone, within the Repetto Sands, a [[Pliocene]]-age feature principally in the western part of the field. Oil in these sands is mainly found in [[pinch-out]] structures in which oil is trapped in more permeable sub-units within impermeable sands. Underneath this unit, separated by an [[unconformity]], is the larger Modelo Formation, consisting of several sand units: the D/M Sands (the topmost), the Hauser Sand, around 4500 feet below sea level, and the Ogden Sand, around 7200 feet below sea level. Beneath the Ogden Sand is a nodular [[shale]] unit, also grouped with the Modelo; it contains no oil. Both the Ogden and the Hauser are richly productive, while a few oil-bearing pinch-outs are found in the D/M sand, which otherwise forms an impermeable cap to the Hauser.<ref name="DOGGR"/> The deepest unit in the field which is being pumped is a portion of the Ogden Sands in the East Area of the field, discovered in 1967, which is at an average depth of 10,800 feet.<ref name="DOGGR48">{{cite book
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = California Oil and Gas Fields
| publisher = California Department of Conservation
| date = 1998
| location = Sacramento
| pages = 48
| url = http://www.conservation.ca.gov/dog/pubs_stats/Pages/dvds_cds.aspx
| doi =
| id =
| isbn = }}</ref>

According to BreitBurn Energy, one of the two principal producers on the eastern part of the field, there were originally 600 million barrels of oil originally in place; since 111 million have been recovered, about 489 million remain. They do not state what percentage of that reserve is recoverable using current technologies.<ref>[http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2001CD/finalprogram/abstract_4977.htm] Reinhard Suchsland, ''Geology and Production History of the East Beverly Hills Oil Field, Los Angeles Basin, California''.</ref>

==History, production, and operations==
Oil was discovered in the northern Los Angeles basin in 1893, not far from the city center, and development of the [[Los Angeles City Oil Field]] was fast. By 1895, that field was producing over half of the oil in the state, and drillers began looking for even more new oil prospects around the basin, attempting to match the enormous finds taking place simultaneously just over the Tehachapis in Kern County.<ref>[ftp://ftp.consrv.ca.gov/pub/oil/history/History_of_Calif.pdf Oil History of California, DOGGR]</ref> In July 1900, W.W. Orcutt drilled into the Wolfskill zone of the Repetto Sands, about 2,500 feet below ground surface, discovering the Beverly Hills Field.<ref name="DOGGR"/> While the oil was of reasonably good quality – it was light, with a high API gravity between 33 to 60, although with a high sulfur content – development was slow, since the Wolfskill find was relatively small, and other fields in the Los Angeles basin were growing almost as fast as operators could drill new wells.

The eastern portion of the field – known simply as the East Area – is the most productive, and is also the most recently discovered of all the major oil fields in the Los Angeles Basin, as it was not found until 1966. It reached its peak production quickly, within two years of discovery, reporting 11.8 million barrels for 1968.<ref name="DOGGR48"/> In 1988, BreitBurn Energy bought a portion of the Beverly Hills Field, intending to apply modern mapping and secondary recovery technology to the mature oil field, as previous operators were moving out, in favor of easier prospects in less highly regulated environments.<ref>[http://www.geotimes.org/may05/resources.html Megan Sever: "Urban Oil Drilling", ''GeoTimes'']</ref>

Field operators began using [[Water injection (oil production)|waterflooding]] in 1968 in several pools in the East Area (now operated by BreitBurn and Plains).<ref name="DOGGR48"/> In this method, [[produced water]] is reinjected into the reservoir to increase pressure (as oil is pumped out, internal reservoir pressure naturally decreases, resulting in a reduced pumping rate; a common way to restore pumping rates is to reinject wastewater into the reservoir to restore the original reservoir pressure). Water reinjection is also a convenient means of wastewater disposal, which in an urban setting is a practical problem, as the volume of water pumped from the reservoir often exceeds that of crude oil; while oil fields in isolated areas often use large evaporation ponds for water disposal, that luxury is not available for crowded urban sites with higher environmental standards. For example, in 2008, the California Department of Conservation, Division of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Resources (DOGGR) reported 882,953 barrels of oil produced from the field, but 8,732,941 barrels of ''water''. Of this, 7,280,887 barrels were reinjected back into the reservoir.<ref>[http://opi.consrv.ca.gov/opi/opi.dll/Search?UsrP_ID=100038230&FormStack=Main%2CField&Fld__Code=054&Action=Get+Sums+&PriorState=Encoded%3DTrue DOGGR Beverly Hills Field production query].</ref><ref>[http://opi.consrv.ca.gov/opi/opi.dll/SumFrame?UsrP_ID=100038230&CACP_ID=1533&SortFields=Pool_Code&NewSortFields=Pool_Code&FormStack=Main%2CField%2CSum&PriorState=Fld__Code%3D054&SelectedTab=4 DOGGR Beverly Hills Field injection query].</ref>

Since many of the residents of the area own the mineral rights to their properties, they are entitled to royalty payments from the oil produced from underneath their land. In 1975, there were 6,200 individuals getting such payments.<ref>[http://www.onepetro.org/mslib/servlet/onepetropreview?id=00005603&soc=SPE ''Urban Oil Production and Subsidence Control - A Case History, Beverly Hills (East) Oilfield, California''], Erickson, R.C., Spaulding, A.O. American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, Inc. Fall 1975.</ref>

Development of the field has not been without controversy. The drilling island adjacent to Beverly Hills High School occasioned a series of lawsuits in 2003, in which parents of students at the school, observing what they believed to be excess rates of certain cancers among those exposed to toxins emitted from the facility, attempted to have it shut down. Plaintiffs claimed that a "cluster" of 280 cancers – primarily [[Hodgkin's disease]], [[non-Hodgkins lymphoma]], and [[thyroid cancer]], recorded over a period of about 30 years – were caused by emissions of volatile organic compounds (including benzene and toluene) from the drilling island, currently hidden behind sound walls. Samples taken by the South Coast Air Quality Management District (AQMD) showed nothing unusual, and the cases were thrown out in 2006 and 2007. The judge who dismissed the cases, Superior Court Judge Wendell Mortimer, Jr., said that he was unpersuaded that the facility caused any harm, and also "found no evidence that the school district was aware of any danger."
<ref Name="sandiego">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Beverly Hills schools dropped from lawsuit over campus oil well
| work = Associated Press
| publisher =
| date = March 23, 2007
| url = http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/state/20070323-1435-ca-beverlyhillsoil.html
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = August 25, 2009 }}</ref><ref Name="usatoday">{{cite web
| last = Kasindorf
| first = Martin
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Lawyers calling Beverly Hills High a hazard
| work = USA Today
| publisher =
| date = April 28, 2003
| url = http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2003-04-28-bevhills-usat_x.htm
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = August 25, 2009 }}</ref> Additionally, the [[University of Southern California Medical School]] stated that the particular cancers noted in the lawsuits are not known to be caused by exposure to petroleum and its byproducts.<ref Name="timemag">{{cite web
| last = Jaroff
| first = Leon
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Erin Brockovich's Junk Science
| work = Time Magazine
| publisher =
| date = June 11, 2003
| url = http://www.time.com/time/columnist/jaroff/article/0,9565,464386,00.html
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = August 30, 2009 }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==

* ''California Oil and Gas Fields, Volumes I, II and III''. Vol. I (1998), Vol. II (1992), Vol. III (1982). California Department of Conservation, Division of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Resources (DOGGR). 1,472 pp. Beverly Hills Oil Field information pp. 46-50. PDF file available on CD from www.consrv.ca.gov. (As of August 2009, not available for download on their FTP site.)
* ''California Department of Conservation, Oil and Gas Statistics, Annual Report,'' December 31, 2006.
* ''California Department of Conservation, Oil and Gas Statistics, Annual Report,'' December 31, 2007.
* Horowitz, Joy. ''Parts per million: the poisoning of Beverly Hills High School''. p. 8. Viking, 2007. ISBN 0670037982

==External links==

* [http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=pico+blvd+los+angeles&sll=37.0625,-95.677068&sspn=40.817312,79.189453&ie=UTF8&ll=34.055595,-118.390319&spn=0.000653,0.001208&t=h&z=20 Aerial photo in Google Maps showing the West Pico facility]
* [http://www.scribd.com/doc/16684123/Beverly-Hills-Oil-Field-Chevron-Brochure Chevron Corporation (then Standard Oil) brochure] from the late 1960s, describing field operations and benefits to homeowners, including royalty payments

{{coord missing|California}}

[[Category:Oil fields in California]]
[[Category:Beverly Hills, California|Oil Field]]
[[Category:Los Angeles County, California]]
[[Category:Economy of Los Angeles, California]]
[[Category:Geography of Los Angeles, California]]