Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

The Knick

2014-08-05T19:48:15Z

TedPavlic: Wikify Jeremy Bobb and redlink David Fierro in infobox.

{{more sources|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox television
| show_name = The Knick
| image = The Knick Promo Poster.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| genre = {{Plainlist|
*[[Period piece|Period drama]]
*[[Medical drama]]}}
| format = [[Serial (radio and television)|Serial drama]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| developer =
| writer = {{Plainlist|
*Jack Amiel
*Michael Begler
*[[Steven A. Katz|Steven Katz]]
}}
| director = [[Steven Soderbergh]]
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Clive Owen]]
* [[Andre Holland]]
* [[Jeremy Bobb]]
* [[Juliet Rylance]]
* [[Eve Hewson]]
* [[Michael Angarano]]
* [[Chris Sullivan (actor)|Chris Sullivan]]
* [[Cara Seymour]]
* [[Eric Johnson (actor)|Eric Johnson]]
* [[David Fierro]]
* [[Matt Frewer]]
}}
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = United States
| language = English
| num_seasons = 
| num_episodes = 
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = {{Plainlist|
*Steven Soderbergh
*Clive Owen
*Jack Amiel
*Michael Begler
*Gregory Jacobs
*Michael Sugar}}
| co-producer =
| editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| camera =
| runtime =
| company =
| distributor =
| channel = [[Cinemax]]
| picture_format = [[1080i]] ([[High-definition television|HDTV]])
| audio_format =
| first_run =
| first_aired = 
| last_aired = 
| related =
| website = http://www.cinemax.com/the-knick/
| website_title = Official website
| production_website =
}}

'''''The Knick''''' is an upcoming [[Television series|television]] [[drama]] series on [[Cinemax]] directed by [[Steven Soderbergh]] and starring [[Clive Owen]]. It looks at the professional and personal lives of Dr. John W. Thackery (played by Owen) and the staff at New York's Knickerbocker Hospital during the early part of the twentieth century. The series was created and written by Jack Amiel and Michael Begler, who also function as producers and executive producers. Gregory Jacobs, Clive Owen, Steven Soderbergh, and Michael Sugar ([[Anonymous Content]]) are also executive producers. Michael Polaire is the producer and David Kirchner is the associate producer. The show is set to premiere on Cinemax on August 8 at 10 p.m.


On July 10, 2014, Cinemax renewed The Knick for a ten episode second season.<ref>http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/07/10/the-knick-renewed-for-season-two-by-cinemax-ahead-of-the-series-premiere/281654/</ref>

==Premise==
In New York City in 1900, the Knickerbocker Hospital operates with innovative surgeons, nurses and staff who have medicinal limitations to prevent staggeringly high mortality rates. Dr. John Thackery, the newly appointed leader of the surgery staff, battles his cocaine and opium addictions with his ambition for medical discovery and reputation among his peers. Harvard graduate Dr. Algernon Edwards must fight for respect within the all-white-populated hospital, as well as the racially charged city. While literally struggling to keep the lights on, the hospital attempts to attract a wealthy clientele, without sacrificing quality care.

==Cast==
* [[Clive Owen]] as Dr. John Thackery<ref name=Cast/>
* [[Andre Holland]] as Dr. Algernon Edwards<ref name=Cast/>
* [[Jeremy Bobb]] as Herman Barrow<ref name=Cast/>
* [[Juliet Rylance]] as Cornelia Robertson<ref name=Cast/>
* [[Eve Hewson]] as Lucy Elkins<ref name=Cast/>
* [[Michael Angarano]] as Dr. Bertram "Bertie" Chickering, Jr.<ref name=Cast/>
* [[Chris Sullivan (actor)|Chris Sullivan]] as Tom Cleary<ref name=Cast/>
* [[Cara Seymour]] as Sister Harriet<ref name=Cast/>
* [[Eric Johnson (actor)|Eric Johnson]] as Dr. Everett Gallinger<ref name=Cast/>
* [[David Fierro]] as Jacob Speight<ref name=Cast/>
* [[Matt Frewer]] as Dr. J.M. Christiansen<ref name=Cast>{{cite press release |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/07/09/the-knick-starring-clive-owen-directed-by-steven-soderbergh-to-preimier-august-8-on-cinemax/281195/ |title='The Knick' Starring Clive Owen & Directed by Steven Soderbergh to Preimier August 8 on Cinemax |last=Bibel |first=Sara |date=July 9, 2014 |publisher=[[TV by the Numbers]] |accessdate=July 10, 2014}}</ref>

==Production==
Production for ''The Knick'' began in September 2013 in [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2013/07/25/steven-soderbergh-and-clive-owen-team-up-for-new-cinemax-original-series-the-knick-245110/20130725cinemax01/ |title=Steven Soderbergh and Clive Owen Team Up for New Cinemax Original Series "The Knick" |date= |work=July 25, 2013 |accessdate=July 10, 2014}}</ref> The city, circa 1900, was recreated in and around [[Brooklyn]] and in downtown [[Manhattan]] by production designer Howard Cummings. Interiors for the Knickerbocker Hospital, along with additional sets, were filmed at the Cine Magic East River Studio soundstages. The period wardrobe for the cast and the extras was created by costume designer Ellen Mirojnick. [[Dr. Stanley B. Burns]], founder and CEO of the world's largest collection of early [[medical photography]], The [[Burns Archive]], served as the on-set historical, technical, and medical adviser on the series, working closely with production and the actors to make the hospital scenes realistic and authentic to the period.<ref name=Cast/>

==Episodes==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82; color:#000;"| No.
! style="background:#EEDD82; color:#000;"| Title
! style="background:#EEDD82; color:#000;"| Directed by
! style="background:#EEDD82; color:#000;"| Written by
! style="background:#EEDD82; color:#000;"| Original air date
! style="background:#EEDD82; color:#000;"| U.S. viewers (million)
|-
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| Title = Method and Madness
| RTitle = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/listings/20140709cinemax01/ |title=(#101) "Method and Madness" |publisher=[[The Futon Critic]] |accessdate=July 10, 2014}}</ref>
| DirectedBy = [[Steven Soderbergh]]
| WrittenBy = Jack Amiel & Michael Begler
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2014|8|08}}
| Viewers = TBA
| ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = EEDD82
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| Title = Mr. Paris Shoes
| RTitle = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/listings/20140709cinemax02/ |title=(#102) "Mr. Paris Shoes" |publisher=[[The Futon Critic]] |accessdate=July 10, 2014}}</ref>
| DirectedBy = Steven Soderbergh
| WrittenBy = Jack Amiel & Michael Begler
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2014|8|15}}
| Viewers = TBA
| ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = EEDD82
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| Title = The Busy Flea
| RTitle = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/listings/20140709cinemax03/ |title=(#103) "The Busy Flea" |publisher=[[The Futon Critic]] |accessdate=July 10, 2014}}</ref>
| DirectedBy = Steven Soderbergh
| WrittenBy = Jack Amiel & Michael Begler
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2014|8|22}}
| Viewers = TBA
| ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = EEDD82
}}

|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official|http://www.cinemax.com/the-knick/}}
* {{IMDb title|2937900}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Knick, The}}
[[Category:2010s American television series]]

[[Category:American drama television series]]
[[Category:American medical television series]]
[[Category:Cinemax network shows]]
[[Category:English-language television programming]]
[[Category:Serial drama television series]]
[[Category:Television series set in the 1900s]]
[[Category:Television shows set in New York City]]
[[Category:Upcoming television series]]

The Knick

2014-08-05T19:05:01Z

TedPavlic: /* Cast */ Red linking Jeremy Bobb and David Fierro. These two actors have several productions to their name on IMDB, and others are redlinked down the page.

{{more sources|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox television
| show_name = The Knick
| image = The Knick Promo Poster.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| genre = {{Plainlist|
*[[Period piece|Period drama]]
*[[Medical drama]]}}
| format = [[Serial (radio and television)|Serial drama]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| developer =
| writer = {{Plainlist|
*Jack Amiel
*Michael Begler
*[[Steven A. Katz|Steven Katz]]
}}
| director = [[Steven Soderbergh]]
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Clive Owen]]
* [[Andre Holland]]
* Jeremy Bobb
* [[Juliet Rylance]]
* [[Eve Hewson]]
* [[Michael Angarano]]
* [[Chris Sullivan (actor)|Chris Sullivan]]
* [[Cara Seymour]]
* [[Eric Johnson (actor)|Eric Johnson]]
* David Fierro
* [[Matt Frewer]]
}}
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = United States
| language = English
| num_seasons = 
| num_episodes = 
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = {{Plainlist|
*Steven Soderbergh
*Clive Owen
*Jack Amiel
*Michael Begler
*Gregory Jacobs
*Michael Sugar}}
| co-producer =
| editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| camera =
| runtime =
| company =
| distributor =
| channel = [[Cinemax]]
| picture_format = [[1080i]] ([[High-definition television|HDTV]])
| audio_format =
| first_run =
| first_aired = 
| last_aired = 
| related =
| website = http://www.cinemax.com/the-knick/
| website_title = Official website
| production_website =
}}

'''''The Knick''''' is an upcoming [[Television series|television]] [[drama]] series on [[Cinemax]] directed by [[Steven Soderbergh]] and starring [[Clive Owen]]. It looks at the professional and personal lives of Dr. John W. Thackery (played by Owen) and the staff at New York's Knickerbocker Hospital during the early part of the twentieth century. The series was created and written by Jack Amiel and Michael Begler, who also function as producers and executive producers. Gregory Jacobs, Clive Owen, Steven Soderbergh, and Michael Sugar ([[Anonymous Content]]) are also executive producers. Michael Polaire is the producer and David Kirchner is the associate producer. The show is set to premiere on Cinemax on August 8 at 10 p.m.


On July 10, 2014, Cinemax renewed The Knick for a ten episode second season.<ref>http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/07/10/the-knick-renewed-for-season-two-by-cinemax-ahead-of-the-series-premiere/281654/</ref>

==Premise==
In New York City in 1900, the Knickerbocker Hospital operates with innovative surgeons, nurses and staff who have medicinal limitations to prevent staggeringly high mortality rates. Dr. John Thackery, the newly appointed leader of the surgery staff, battles his cocaine and opium addictions with his ambition for medical discovery and reputation among his peers. Harvard graduate Dr. Algernon Edwards must fight for respect within the all-white-populated hospital, as well as the racially charged city. While literally struggling to keep the lights on, the hospital attempts to attract a wealthy clientele, without sacrificing quality care.

==Cast==
* [[Clive Owen]] as Dr. John Thackery<ref name=Cast/>
* [[Andre Holland]] as Dr. Algernon Edwards<ref name=Cast/>
* [[Jeremy Bobb]] as Herman Barrow<ref name=Cast/>
* [[Juliet Rylance]] as Cornelia Robertson<ref name=Cast/>
* [[Eve Hewson]] as Lucy Elkins<ref name=Cast/>
* [[Michael Angarano]] as Dr. Bertram "Bertie" Chickering, Jr.<ref name=Cast/>
* [[Chris Sullivan (actor)|Chris Sullivan]] as Tom Cleary<ref name=Cast/>
* [[Cara Seymour]] as Sister Harriet<ref name=Cast/>
* [[Eric Johnson (actor)|Eric Johnson]] as Dr. Everett Gallinger<ref name=Cast/>
* [[David Fierro]] as Jacob Speight<ref name=Cast/>
* [[Matt Frewer]] as Dr. J.M. Christiansen<ref name=Cast>{{cite press release |url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/07/09/the-knick-starring-clive-owen-directed-by-steven-soderbergh-to-preimier-august-8-on-cinemax/281195/ |title='The Knick' Starring Clive Owen & Directed by Steven Soderbergh to Preimier August 8 on Cinemax |last=Bibel |first=Sara |date=July 9, 2014 |publisher=[[TV by the Numbers]] |accessdate=July 10, 2014}}</ref>

==Production==
Production for ''The Knick'' began in September 2013 in [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2013/07/25/steven-soderbergh-and-clive-owen-team-up-for-new-cinemax-original-series-the-knick-245110/20130725cinemax01/ |title=Steven Soderbergh and Clive Owen Team Up for New Cinemax Original Series "The Knick" |date= |work=July 25, 2013 |accessdate=July 10, 2014}}</ref> The city, circa 1900, was recreated in and around [[Brooklyn]] and in downtown [[Manhattan]] by production designer Howard Cummings. Interiors for the Knickerbocker Hospital, along with additional sets, were filmed at the Cine Magic East River Studio soundstages. The period wardrobe for the cast and the extras was created by costume designer Ellen Mirojnick. [[Dr. Stanley B. Burns]], founder and CEO of the world's largest collection of early [[medical photography]], The [[Burns Archive]], served as the on-set historical, technical, and medical adviser on the series, working closely with production and the actors to make the hospital scenes realistic and authentic to the period.<ref name=Cast/>

==Episodes==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82; color:#000;"| No.
! style="background:#EEDD82; color:#000;"| Title
! style="background:#EEDD82; color:#000;"| Directed by
! style="background:#EEDD82; color:#000;"| Written by
! style="background:#EEDD82; color:#000;"| Original air date
! style="background:#EEDD82; color:#000;"| U.S. viewers (million)
|-
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| Title = Method and Madness
| RTitle = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/listings/20140709cinemax01/ |title=(#101) "Method and Madness" |publisher=[[The Futon Critic]] |accessdate=July 10, 2014}}</ref>
| DirectedBy = [[Steven Soderbergh]]
| WrittenBy = Jack Amiel & Michael Begler
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2014|8|08}}
| Viewers = TBA
| ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = EEDD82
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| Title = Mr. Paris Shoes
| RTitle = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/listings/20140709cinemax02/ |title=(#102) "Mr. Paris Shoes" |publisher=[[The Futon Critic]] |accessdate=July 10, 2014}}</ref>
| DirectedBy = Steven Soderbergh
| WrittenBy = Jack Amiel & Michael Begler
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2014|8|15}}
| Viewers = TBA
| ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = EEDD82
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| Title = The Busy Flea
| RTitle = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/listings/20140709cinemax03/ |title=(#103) "The Busy Flea" |publisher=[[The Futon Critic]] |accessdate=July 10, 2014}}</ref>
| DirectedBy = Steven Soderbergh
| WrittenBy = Jack Amiel & Michael Begler
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2014|8|22}}
| Viewers = TBA
| ShortSummary = 
|LineColor = EEDD82
}}

|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official|http://www.cinemax.com/the-knick/}}
* {{IMDb title|2937900}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Knick, The}}
[[Category:2010s American television series]]

[[Category:American drama television series]]
[[Category:American medical television series]]
[[Category:Cinemax network shows]]
[[Category:English-language television programming]]
[[Category:Serial drama television series]]
[[Category:Television series set in the 1900s]]
[[Category:Television shows set in New York City]]
[[Category:Upcoming television series]]

Biosignatur

2013-05-18T18:33:24Z

TedPavlic: WP:DASH

{{other uses2|Biomarker}}
A '''biosignature''' is any substance – such as an element, [[isotope]], [[molecule]], or [[phenomenon]] – that provides [[scientific evidence]] of past or present [[life]].<ref name=SSG >{{Cite book| first=Beaty | last=Steele, A.| coauthors=''et al.''| contribution=Final report of the MEPAG Astrobiology Field Laboratory Science Steering Group (AFL-SSG)| title=The Astrobiology Field Laboratory| editor-first=Andrew | editor-last=Steele | publisher=the Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group (MEPAG) - NASA| place=U.S.A.| pages=72| date=September 26, 2006| id= | contribution-url=http://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/reports/AFL_SSG_WHITE_PAPER_v3.doc| format=.doc| accessdate=2009-07-22| editors=David Beaty| postscript=. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.science-dictionary.com/definition/biosignature.html | title = Biosignature - definition | accessdate = 2011-01-12 | year = 2011 | work = Science Dictionary}}</ref> Measurable attributes of life include its complex physical and chemical structures and also its utilization of [[Thermodynamic free energy|free energy]] and the production of [[biomass]] and [[Cellular waste product|wastes]]. Due to its unique characteristics, a biosignature can be interpreted as having been produced by living [[organisms]]; however, it is important that they not be considered definitive because there is no way of knowing in advance which ones are universal to life and which ones are unique to the peculiar circumstances of life on Earth.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://astrobiology.nasa.gov/nai/library-of-resources/annual-reports/2003/cub/projects/philosophical-issues-in-astrobiology/ | title = Philosophical Issues in Astrobiology | accessdate = 2011-04-15 | last = Carol Cleland | first = | coauthors = Gamelyn Dykstra, Ben Pageler | year = 2003 | publisher = NASA Astrobiology Institute}}</ref>

==In geomicrobiology==
[[File:Calcidiscus leptoporus 05.jpg|thumb|Electron micrograph of microfossils from a sediment core obtained by the [[Deep Sea Drilling Program]] ]]
The ancient record on Earth provides an opportunity to see what geochemical signatures are produced by microbial life and how these signatures are preserved over geologic time. Some related disciplines such as [[geochemistry]], [[geobiology]], and [[geomicrobiology]] often use biosignatures to determine if living [[organism]]s are or were present in a sample. These possible biosignatures include: (a) [[microfossils]] and [[stromatolites]]; (b) molecular structures ([[biomarkers]]) and [[Isotope|isotopic compositions]] of carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen in [[organic matter]]; (c) multiple sulfur and oxygen isotope ratios of minerals; and (d) abundance relationships and isotopic compositions of redox sensitive metals (e.g., Fe, Mo, Cr, and rare earth elements).<ref name='PSARC'>{{cite web | url = http://php.scripts.psu.edu/dept/psarc/index.php?page=executive-summary | title = SIGNATURES OF LIFE FROM EARTH AND BEYOND | accessdate = 2011-01-14 | year = 2009 | work = Penn State Astrobiology Research Center (PSARC) | publisher = Penn State}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://astrobiology.nasa.gov/articles/reading-archaean-biosignatures/ | title = Reading Archaean Biosignatures | accessdate = 2011-01-14 | first = David Tenenbaum | date = July 30, 2008 | publisher = NASA}}</ref>

For example, the particular [[fatty acids]] measured in a sample can indicate which types of [[bacterium|bacteria]] and [[archaea]] live in that environment. Another example are the long-chain [[fatty alcohol]]s with more than 23 atoms that are produced by [[plankton]]ic [[bacteria]].<ref>[http://www.cyberlipid.org/simple/simp0003.htm Fatty alcohols]</ref> When used in this sense, geochemists often prefer the term [[biomarker]]. An other example is the presence of straight-chain [[lipids]] in the form of [[alkanes]], [[alcohols]] an [[fatty acids]] with 20-36 [[carbon]] atoms in soils or sediments. [[Peat]] deposits are an indication of originating from the [[epicuticular wax]] of higher [[plant]]s.

Life processes may produce a range of biosignatures such as [[nucleic acids]], [[lipid]]s, [[protein]]s, [[amino acid]]s, [[kerogen]]-like material and various morphological features that are detectable in rocks and sediments.<ref name=Beegle >{{cite journal|title=A Concept for NASA's Mars 2016 Astrobiology Field Laboratory |journal=Astrobiology|date=August 2007|first=Luther W.|last=Beegle|coauthors=et al |volume=7 |issue=4|pages=545–577|id= |url=http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1089/ast.2007.0153?cookieSet=1|format=|accessdate=2009-07-20|doi=10.1089/ast.2007.0153|postscript=. |pmid=17723090 |bibcode=2007AsBio...7..545B}}</ref>
[[Microbes]] often interact with geochemical processes, leaving features in the rock record indicative of biosignatures. For example, bacterial micrometer-sized pores in [[carbonate rock]]s resemble inclusions under transmitted light, but have distinct size, shapes and patterns (swirling or dendritic) and are distributed differently from common fluid inclusions.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Micrometer-scale porosity as a biosignature in carbonate crusts | last1 = Bosak | journal = Geology | date = May 18, 2004 | first = Tanja Bosak | coauthors = Virginia Souza-Egipsy, Frank A. Corsetti and Dianne K. Newman | volume = 32 | issue = 9 | pages = 781–784 | doi = 10.1130/G20681.1 | url = http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/32/9/781.abstract | accessdate = 2011-01-14 | bibcode=2004Geo....32..781B}}</ref> A potential biosignature is a phenomenon that ''may'' have been produced by life, but for which alternate [[Abiotic component|abiotic]] origins may also be possible.

==In astrobiology==
[[File:ALH84001 structures.jpg|thumb|right|Some researchers suggested that these microscopic structures on the Martian [[ALH84001]] meteorite could be fossilized bacteria.<ref name=disbelief>{{cite web | title=After 10 years, few believe life on Mars | url=http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/space/2006-08-06-mars-life_x.htm | last=Crenson | first=Matt | publisher=[[Associated Press]] (on [http://www.usatoday.com/ usatoday.com]) | date=2006-08-06 | accessdate=2009-12-06}}</ref><ref name="life">{{cite journal |last=McKay |first=David S. |authorlink= |coauthors=''et al.'' |year=1996 |month= |title=Search for Past Life on Mars: Possible Relic Biogenic Activity in Martian Meteorite ALH84001 |journal=Science |pmid=8688069 |volume=273 |issue=5277 |pages=924–930 |doi=10.1126/science.273.5277.924 |url= |accessdate= |quote= |bibcode=1996Sci...273..924M}}</ref>]]
[[Astrobiology|Astrobiological exploration]] is founded upon the premise that biosignatures encountered in space will be recognizable as [[extraterrestrial life]]. The usefulness of a biosignature is determined, not only by the probability of life creating it, but also by the improbability of nonbiological (abiotic) processes producing it.<ref name=astrobiology >{{cite web|url=http://astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov/roadmap/g5.html |title=Understand the evolutionary mechanisms and environmental limits of life |accessdate=2009-07-13 |last=Rothschild |first=Lynn |date=September, 2003 |publisher=NASA }}</ref> An example of such a biosignature might be complex organic molecules and/or structures whose formation is virtually unachievable in the absence of life. For example, some categories of biosignatures can include the following: cellular and extracellular morphologies, [[biogenic substance]] in rocks, bio-organic molecular structures, [[chirality]], [[Biogenic silica|biogenic minerals]], biogenic stable isotope patterns in minerals and organic compounds, atmospheric gases, and remotely detectable features on planetary surfaces, such as [[photosynthetic pigment]]s, etc.<ref name=astrobiology />

Biosignatures need not be chemical, however, and can also be suggested by a distinctive [[magnetic]] biosignature.<ref name="Wall-20111213">{{cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |title=Mars Life Hunt Could Look for Magnetic Clues |url=http://www.space.com/13911-mars-life-search-magnetic-signatures.html |date=13 December 2011 |publisher=[[Space.com]] |accessdate=2011-12-15 }}</ref> Another possible biosignature might be [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]] since the shape and size of certain objects may potentially indicate the presence of past or present life. For example, microscopic [[magnetite]] crystals in the Martian [[meteorite]] [[ALH84001]] were the longest-debated of several potential biosignatures in that specimen because it was believed until recently that only bacteria could create crystals of their specific shape. However, anomalous features discovered that are "possible biosignatures" for life forms would be investigated as well. Such features constitute a working [[hypothesis]], not a confirmation of detection of life. Concluding that evidence of an extraterrestrial life form (past or present) has been discovered, requires proving that a possible biosignature was produced by the activities or remains of life.<ref name=SSG /> For example, the possible [[Biomineralisation|biomineral]] studied in the Martian [[ALH84001|ALH84001 meteorite]] includes putative microbial [[fossils]], tiny rock-like structures whose shape was a potential biosignature because it resembled known bacteria. Most scientists ultimately concluded that these were far too small to be fossilized [[cell (biology)|cell]]s. A consensus that has emerged from these discussions, and is now seen as a critical requirement, is the demand for further lines of evidence in addition to any morphological data that supports such extraordinary claims.<ref name=SSG />

Scientific observations include the possible identification of biosignatures through indirect observation. For example, [[Electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic]] information through infrared radiation telescopes, radio-telescopes, space telescopes, etc.<ref name='Gardner'>{{cite web | url = http://www.kurzweilai.net/the-physical-constants-as-biosignature-an-anthropic-retrodiction-of-the-selfish-biocosm-hypothesis | title = The Physical Constants as Biosignature: An anthropic retrodiction of the Selfish Biocosm Hypothesis | accessdate = 2011-01-14 | last = Gardner | first = James N. | date = February 28, 2006 | publisher = Kurzweil}}</ref><ref name=BC>{{cite web | url = http://biocab.org/Astrobiology.html | title = Astrobiology | accessdate = 2011-01-17 | date = September 26, 2006 | publisher = Biology Cabinet}}</ref> From this discipline, the hypothetical electromagnetic radio signatures that [[SETI]] scans for would be a biosignature, since a message from intelligent aliens would certainly demonstrate the existence of extraterrestrial life.

;Atmosphere
Over billions of years, the processes of life on a planet would create a fog of chemicals unlike anything that could form in an ordinary chemical equilibrium.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.technologyreview.com/blog/arxiv/26247/ | title = Artificial Life Shares Biosignature With Terrestrial Cousins | accessdate = 2011-01-14 | date = 10 January 2011 | work = The Physics arXiv Blog | publisher = MIT}}</ref> For example, large amounts of [[oxygen]] and small amounts of [[methane]] are generated by life on Earth. The presence of methane in the atmosphere of [[Mars]] indicates that there must be an active source on the planet, as it is an unstable [[gas]]. Furthermore, current photochemical models cannot explain the presence of methane in the atmosphere of Mars and its reported rapid variations in space and time. Neither its fast appearance nor disappearance can be explained yet.<ref>[http://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/decadal/TGM_Mars_Panel-cleared-9-4-09.ppt Mars Trace Gas Mission] (September 10, 2009)</ref> To rule out a biogenic origin for the methane, a future probe or lander hosting a [[mass spectrometer]] will be needed, as the isotopic proportions of [[carbon-12]] to [[carbon-14]] in methane could distinguish between a biogenic and non-biogenic origin.<ref name="nasa">[http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect19/Sect19_13a.html Remote Sensing Tutorial, Section 19-13a] - Missions to Mars during the Third Millennium, Nicholas M. Short, Sr., et al., NASA</ref> In June, 2012, scientists reported that measuring the ratio of [[hydrogen]] and [[methane]] levels on Mars may help determine the likelihood of [[life on Mars (planet)|life on Mars]].<ref name="PNAS-20120607">{{cite journal |last1=Oze |first1=Christopher |last2=Jones |first2=Camille |last3=Goldsmith |first3=Jonas I. |last4=Rosenbauer |first4=Robert J. |title=Differentiating biotic from abiotic methane genesis in hydrothermally active planetary surfaces |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/109/25/9750.abstract |date=June 7, 2012 |journal=[[PNAS]] |volume=109| issue = 25 |pages=9750–9754 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1205223109 |accessdate=June 27, 2012 |bibcode = 2012PNAS..109.9750O }}</ref><ref name="Space-20120625">{{cite web|author=Staff |title=Mars Life Could Leave Traces in Red Planet's Air: Study |url=http://www.space.com/16284-mars-life-atmosphere-hydrogen-methane.html |date=June 25, 2012 |publisher=[[Space.com]] |accessdate=June 27, 2012 }}</ref> According to the scientists, "...low H2/CH4 ratios (less than approximately 40) indicate that life is likely present and active."<ref name="PNAS-20120607" /> Other scientists have recently reported methods of detecting hydrogen and methane in [[extraterrestrial atmospheres]].<ref name="Nature-20120627">{{cite journal |last1=Brogi |first1=Matteo |last2=Snellen |first2=Ignas A. G. |last3=de Krok |first3=Remco J. |last4=Albrecht |first4=Simon |last5=Birkby |first5=Jayne |last6=de Mooij |first6=Ernest J. W. |title=The signature of orbital motion from the dayside of the planet t Boötis b |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v486/n7404/full/nature11161.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20120628 |date=June 28, 2012 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=486 |pages=502–504 |doi=10.1038/nature11161 |accessdate=June 28, 2012 |arxiv = 1206.6109 |bibcode = 2012Natur.486..502B }}</ref><ref name="Wired-20120627">{{cite web |last=Mann |first=Adam |title=New View of Exoplanets Will Aid Search for E.T. |url=http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/06/tau-bootis-b/ |date=June 27, 2012 |publisher=[[Wired (magazine)]] |accessdate=June 28, 2012 }}</ref> The planned [[ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter]] to be launched in 2016 to Mars, will study [[Atmosphere of Mars|atmospheric trace gases]] and will attempt to characterize potential biochemical and geochemical processes at work.<ref name='June 2011'>{{citation | first = Mark Allen | coauthors = Olivier Witasse | contribution = 2016 ESA/NASA ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter | title = MEPAG June 2011 | publisher = Jet Propulsion Laboratory | date = June 16, 2011| id = | contribution-url = http://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/meeting/jun-11/13-EMTGO_MEPAG_June2011_presentation-rev2.pdf | accessdate = 2011-06-29}} (PDF)</ref>

===The Viking missions to Mars===
{{Main|Viking biological experiments}}
[[File:Sagan Viking.jpg|thumb|[[Carl Sagan]] with a model of the Viking lander]]
The [[Viking Lander|Viking missions]] to [[Mars]] in the 1970s conducted the first experiments which were explicitly designed to look for biosignatures on another planet. Each of the two [[Viking landers]] carried three [[Viking Biological Experiments|life-detection experiments]] which looked for signs of [[metabolism]]; however, the results were declared 'inconclusive'.<ref name=Beegle >{{cite journal|title=A Concept for NASA's Mars 2016 Astrobiology Field Laboratory |journal=Astrobiology|date=August 2007|first=LUTHER W.|last=BEEGLE |coauthors=et al |volume=7 | issue = 4|pmid=17723090 |pages=545–577|id= | url=http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1089/ast.2007.0153?cookieSet=1 |format= |accessdate=2009-07-20| doi=10.1089/ast.2007.0153 | bibcode=2007AsBio...7..545B}}</ref><ref>Levin, G and P. Straaf. 1976. Viking Labeled Release Biology Experiment: Interim Results. Science: vol: 194. pp: 1322-1329.</ref><ref name="Chambers">{{Cite book| first = Paul | last = Chambers| title = Life on Mars; The Complete Story|place = London| publisher = Blandford| year = 1999 |isbn = 0-7137-2747-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = The Viking Biological Investigation: Preliminary Results |journal = Science|date = 1976-10-01 |first = Harold P. | last = Klein| coauthors = Levin, Gilbert V. | volume = 194 | issue = 4260 | pages = 99–105 | doi = 10.1126/science.194.4260.99 | url = http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/194/4260/99 | accessdate = 2008-08-15
| pmid = 17793090 | bibcode=1976Sci...194...99K}}</ref><ref name=ExoMars>[http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/ExoMars/SEMK39JJX7F_0.html ExoMars rover]</ref>

The [[Mars Science Laboratory]] mission is currently investigating habitability of the Martian environment and is attempting to detect biosignatures on Mars. The future [[ExoMars]] mission has similar objectives. <ref name=ExoMars/><ref name="MSL-main_page">{{cite web|title=Mars Science Laboratory: Mission |url=http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/|publisher=NASA/JPL |accessdate=2010-03-12 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Bioindicator]]
*[[Biomarker]]
*[[Planetary habitability]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Extraterrestrial life}}

[[Category:Astrobiology]]
[[Category:Bioindicators]]
[[Category:Biology terminology]]
[[Category:Astrochemistry]]

Woodbury-Matrix-Identität

2007-02-18T19:34:44Z

TedPavlic: Added link to Invertible matrices, which derives this.

In [[mathematics]] (specifically [[linear algebra]]), the '''Woodbury matrix identity''' says that the inverse of a rank-''k'' correction of some matrix can be computed by doing a rank-''k'' correction to the inverse of the original matrix. Alternative names for this formula are the ''matrix inversion lemma'', ''Sherman–Morrison–Woodbury formula'' or just ''Woodbury formula''. See also the slightly more general identity [[binomial inverse theorem]].

Explicitly, the Woodbury matrix identity is
:<math> \left(A+UCV \right)^{-1} = A^{-1} - A^{-1}U \left(C^{-1}+VA^{-1}U \right)^{-1} VA^{-1}, </math>
where ''A'', ''U'', ''C'' and ''V'' all denote matrices of the correct size. Specifically, ''A'' is ''n''-by-''n'', ''U'' is ''n''-by-''k'', ''C'' is ''k''-by-''k'' and ''V'' is ''k''-by-''n''. This can be derived using [[Invertible matrix#Blockwise_inversion|blockwise matrix inversion]].

In the special case where ''C'' is the 1-by-1 unit matrix, this identity reduces to the [[Sherman–Morrison formula]].

== Applications ==

This identity is useful in certain numerical computations where ''A''−1 has already been computed and it is desired to compute
(''A'' + ''UCV'')−1. With the inverse of ''A'' available, it is only necessary to find the inverse of ''C''−1+''VA''−1''U'' in order to obtain the result using the right-hand side of the identity. If ''C'' has a much smaller dimension than ''A'', this is more efficient than inverting ''A''+''UCV'' directly.

This is applied, e.g., in the [[Kalman filter]] and other [[least squares|least-squares estimation]] methods, to replace the parametric solution, requiring inversion of a state vector sized matrix, with a condition equations based solution. In case of the Kalman filter this matrix has the dimensions of the vector of observations, i.e., as small as 1 in case only one new observation is processed at a time. This significantly speeds up the often real time calculations of the filter.

==See also==

* [[Schur complement]]
* [[Inversion identities]]
* [[Projection matrix identities]]

== References ==

* Gene H. Golub and Charles F. Van Loan, ''Matrix computations'' (3rd ed.), page 50, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.

== External links ==

* [http://www.ee.ic.ac.uk/hp/staff/dmb/matrix/identity.html Some matrix identities]

[[Category:Linear algebra]]
[[Category:Lemmas]]

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