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Christopher Dawson

2018-04-13T15:09:08Z

Techhead7890: /* Writing */ a quote of his on morality, hopefully in as fair use as necessary to "upload" for encyclopaedic purposes

{{about||people of the same name|Chris Dawson (disambiguation)}}
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| name = Christopher Dawson
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| birth_date = 12 October 1889
| birth_place = [[Hay Castle]], [[Hay-on-Wye]], [[Brecknockshire]], Wales
| death_date = 25 May 1970
| death_place = [[Budleigh Salterton]], [[Devon]], England
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| occupation = Historian
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| religion = [[Roman Catholicism]]
}}
'''Christopher Henry Dawson''' [[Fellow of the British Academy|FBA]] (12 October 1889, [[Hay Castle]] – 25 May 1970, [[Budleigh Salterton]]) was a British [[independent scholar]], who wrote many books on [[cultural history]] and [[Christendom]]. Dawson has been called "the greatest English-speaking Catholic historian of the twentieth century".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/ChristianityAndCultureSelectionsFromTheWritingsOfChristopherDawson_989/dawsonChristianityAndCulture-SelectionsFromChristopherDawson_djvu.txt|title=Full text of "Christianity and Culture: Selections from the Writings of Christopher Dawson (updated 10/08, PDF)"|website=archive.org|access-date=2016-03-25}}</ref> The 1988–1989 academic year at the [[College of Europe]] was named in his honour.

==Life==
Dawson was born into family deep roots in the English [[gentry]] as the only son of Lt. Colonel H.P. Dawson and Mary Louisa, eldest daughter of [[William Latham Bevan|Archdeacon Bevan]], [[Hay Castle]].<ref>http://www.christianitytoday.com/history/issues/issue-72/modern-pioneers-christopher-dawson.html</ref> He was brought up at [[Hartlington]] Hall, [[Yorkshire]]. He was educated at [[Winchester College]] and [[Trinity College, Oxford]]. He obtained 2nd class honours in Modern History at Oxford in 1911.<ref>''Oxford University Calendar 1913'', p. 192.</ref> After his degree he studied economics. He also read the work of the German theologian [[Ernst Troeltsch]]. His background was [[Anglo-Catholic]] but he became a [[Roman Catholic]] convert in 1914. In 1916 Dawson married Valery Mills, youngest daughter of the architect [[Walter Edward Mills]]. They had two daughters and one son.

==Writing==
{{quote|As soon as men decide that all means are permitted to fight an evil, then their good becomes indistinguishable from the evil that they set out to destroy.|C.H. Dawson}}
He began publishing articles in ''The Sociological Review'', in 1920. His starting point was close to that of [[Oswald Spengler]] and [[Arnold J. Toynbee]], others who were also interested in [[grand narrative]]s conducted at the level of a [[civilisation]]. His first book, ''The Age of the Gods'' (1928), was apparently intended as the first of a set of five to trace European civilisation to the twentieth century, but the schematic plan was not followed to a conclusion.

His general point of view is as a proponent of an 'Old West' theory, the later term of [[David Gress]], who cites Dawson in his ''From Plato to Nato'' (1998). That is, Dawson rejected the blanket assumption that the [[Middle Ages]] in Europe failed to contribute any essential characteristics. He argued that the medieval [[Catholic Church]] was an essential factor in the rise of European civilisation, and wrote extensively in support of that thesis.

==Career==
Dawson was considered a leading Catholic historian. He was a Lecturer in the History of Culture, [[University of Exeter|University College, Exeter]] (1930–6), Forwood Lecturer in the Philosophy of Religion, [[University of Liverpool]] (1934), Gifford Lecturer at the [[University of Edinburgh]] (1947 and 1948), and Professor of Roman Catholic Studies, [[Harvard University]] (1958–62). He was elected as a Fellow of the British Academy in 1943.<ref>''Who Was Who, 1961–70, London : A. & C. Black'', 1972, p.287.</ref>

From 1940 for a period he was editor of the ''[[Dublin Review (Catholic periodical)|Dublin Review]]''. He was Chauncey Stillman Chair of Roman Catholic Studies at Harvard University from 1958–1962.

==Influence==
His writings in the 1920s and 1930s made him a significant figure of the time, and an influence in particular on [[T. S. Eliot]], who wrote of his importance. He was on the fringe of '[[Oldham's Moot|The Moot]]', a discussion group involving Eliot, [[John Baillie (theologian)|John Baillie]], [[Karl Mannheim]], [[Walter Hamilton Moberly|Walter Moberly]], [[Michael Polanyi]], [[Marjorie Reeves]], [[Bernard Lonergan]] and [[Alexander Roper Vidler|Alec Vidler]];<ref>Reeves, Marjorie (editor). ''Christian Thinking and Social Order: Conviction Politics from the 1930s to the Present Day,'' p. 25, Cassell, 1999.</ref> and also the [[Sword of the Spirit]] [[ecumenical]] group. According to Bradley Birzer, Dawson also influenced the theological underpinnings of [[J. R. R. Tolkien]]'s writings.<ref>Birzer, Bradley J.''Tolkien's Sanctifying Myth'', p. 136, ISI Books, 2003.</ref> [[Russell Kirk]] was another who greatly admired Dawson, although the two men never met. The topical approach outlined by Dawson for the study of Christian culture forms the core of the [http://www.aquinas.edu/catholicstudies/ Catholic Studies] program at [[Aquinas College (Michigan)|Aquinas College]]. His work was influential in the founding of Campion College in NSW, Australia, and in the formation in 2012 of [http://www.dawsonsociety.com.au The Christopher Dawson Society for Philosophy and Culture Inc.] in Perth, Western Australia.

==Comparable historians==
As a revivalist of the Christian historian, Christopher Dawson has been compared with [[Kenneth Scott Latourette]] and [[Herbert Butterfield]].<ref>[[W. A. Speck|Speck, W. A.]] "Herbert Butterfield: The Legacy of a Christian Historian." In ''A Christian View of History?'', [[George Marsden]], [[Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]], 1975, p.100.</ref>
Comparisons have also been made between the work of Dawson and German sociologist and historian [[Max Weber]]. Both employ a metahistorical approach to their subjects, and their subjects themselves bear similarities; namely, the influence of religion on aspects of western culture.<ref>Weber, Max. ''The Protestant Ethic and the "Spirit" of Capitalism, and Other Writings.'' [[Penguin Books]], 2002, p. xx.</ref>

==Works==

===Books===
* ''The Age of Gods'' (1928). Reissued by the [[Catholic University of America Press]] (2012)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=laditQAACAAJ|title=The Age of the Gods|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=2012-01-01|publisher=Catholic University of America Press|isbn=9780813219776|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Progress and Religion: An Historical Inquiry'' (1929). Reissued by the [[Catholic University of America Press]] (2001)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tb9AQzKYRPgC|title=Progress and Religion: An Historical Inquiry (The Works of Christopher Dawson)|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=2001-01-01|publisher=CUA Press|isbn=9780813210155|language=en}}</ref>
* [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015035313090 ''Christianity and the New Age''] (1931)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jq5KAAAAMAAJ|title=Christianity and the new age|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=1931-01-01|publisher=Sheed & Ward|language=en}}</ref><ref>Hittinger, Russell. [http://www.unz.org/Pub/ModernAge-1989q2-00372 "The Failure of Liberal Humanism,"] ''Modern Age,'' June 1989.</ref>
* ''The Making of Europe: An Introduction to the History of European Unity''. London: [[Sheed and Ward]], 1932. Reissued by the [[Catholic University of America Press]], 2003.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015000353949|title=The making of Europe;an introduction to the history of European unity,|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=1952-01-01|publisher=New York,}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/makingofeurope00daws#page/n5/mode/2up|title=Making of Europe|website=archive.org|access-date=2016-03-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a99zdvANyGkC|title=The Making of Europe: An Introduction to the History of European Unity|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=1932-01-01|publisher=CUA Press|isbn=9780813210834|language=en}}</ref>
* ''The Spirit of the [[Oxford Movement]]'' (1933)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.amazon.com/spirit-Oxford-movement-Christopher-Dawson/dp/B00086UN1W|title=The spirit of the Oxford movement|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=1934-01-01|publisher=Sheed & Ward|edition=1st|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CTk6YAAACAAJ|title=The Spirit of the Oxford Movement|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=1934-01-01|publisher=AMS Press|isbn=9780404140250|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Enquiries into Religion and Culture'' (1933). Reissued by the [[Catholic University of America Press]] (2009)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpyGBD9cIEYC|title=Enquiries Into Religion and Culture (The Works of Christopher Dawson)|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|last2=Royal|first2=Robert|date=2009-01-01|publisher=CUA Press|isbn=9780813215433|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Medieval Religion and Other Essays'' (1935)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QdFxNAAACAAJ|title=Medieval Religion and Other Essays|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=1935-01-01|publisher=Sheed & Ward|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Religion and the Modern State'' (1936)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.questia.com/library/77331007/religion-and-the-modern-state|title=Religion and the Modern State by Christopher Dawson, 1935 - Online Research Library: Questia|website=www.questia.com|access-date=2016-03-25}}</ref>
* ''Beyond Politics'' (1939)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0qx9nQEACAAJ|title=Beyond Politics|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=1941-01-01|publisher=Sheed & Ward|language=en}}</ref>
* [http://artsandsciences.colorado.edu/ctp/tag/christopher-dawson/ ''The Claims of Politics''] (1939)
* ''The Judgment of the Nations'' (1942). Reissued by the [[Catholic University of America Press]] (2011)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hZ8q6qtvn0IC|title=The Judgment of the Nations|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=2011-11-28|publisher=CUA Press|isbn=9780813218809|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Gifford Lectures]] 1947–49
** [https://www.giffordlectures.org/lectures/religion-and-culture ''Religion and Culture''] (1948) {{ISBN|0-404-60498-6}}
** [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=d5rTOQqqTywC&oi=fnd&pg=PT3&ots=ZIXY7AyEZK&sig=oUkU0f7OWJ1larZdARA1Hx1Sk70#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Religion and the Rise of Western Culture''] (1950) {{ISBN|0-385-42110-9}}
* ''Understanding Europe'' (1952). Reissued by the [[Catholic University of America Press]] (2009)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Understanding_Europe_The_Works_of_Christ.html?id=QySlsAQ-IOQC|title=Understanding Europe (The Works of Christopher Dawson)|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=2008-12-23|publisher=CUA Press|isbn=9780813215440|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Medieval Essays'' (1954). Reissued by the [[Catholic University of America Press]] (2002)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tcDueTlRZoAC|title=Medieval Essays (The Works of Christopher Dawson)|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=1954-01-01|publisher=CUA Press|isbn=9780813210179|language=en}}</ref>
* ''The Mongol Mission: Narratives and Letters of the Franciscan Missionaries in Mongolia and China in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries'' (1955). Republished in 1966 as ''Mission to Asia''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fYiYAQAACAAJ|title=The Mongol Mission: Narratives and Letters of the Franciscan Missionaries in Mongolia and China in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=1955-01-01|publisher=AMS Press|isbn=9780404170080|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Dynamics of World History'' (1957).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/dynamicsofworldh008899mbp#page/n9/mode/2up|title=The Dynamics Of World History|website=archive.org|access-date=2016-03-25}}</ref> Edited by [[John J. Mulloy]] et al. Reissued by the [[Intercollegiate Studies Institute]] (2002).<ref>Royal, Robert. [http://staging.weeklystandard.com/Content/Protected/Articles/000/000/002/326nygug.asp "Dawson's History: Resurrecting the Work of Christopher Dawson,"] ''The Weekly Standard,'' Vol. VIII, N°. 26, 17 March 2003.</ref>
* ''The Movement of World Revolution'' (1959)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IErAAAAIAAJ|title=The movement of world revolution|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=1959-01-01|publisher=Sheed & Ward|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Progress and Religion: An Historical Enquiry'' (1960) with others Reissued by the [[Catholic University of America Press]] (2001)
* ''The Historic Reality of Christian Culture'' (1960)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Historic_Reality_of_Christian_Cultur.html?id=5-AIAQAAIAAJ&hl=en|title=The Historic Reality of Christian Culture: A Way to the Renewal of Human Life|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=1960-01-01|publisher=Harper|language=en}}</ref>
* ''The Crisis of Western Education: With Specific Programs for the Study of Christian Culture'' (1961). Reissued by the [[Catholic University of America Press]] (2010)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t0LOfd9WKAoC|title=The Crisis of Western Education (The Works of Christopher Dawson)|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=2010-01-01|publisher=CUA Press|isbn=9780813216836|language=en}}</ref>
* ''The Dividing of Christendom'' (1965)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Dividing_of_Christendom.html?id=-i2KAAAAMAAJ|title=The Dividing of Christendom|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=1967-01-01|publisher=Image Books|language=en}}</ref>
* ''The Formation of Christendom'' (1967)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wS78LsGaZpkC|title=The Formation of Christendom|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=2008-01-01|publisher=Ignatius Press|isbn=9781586172398|language=en}}</ref>
* ''The Gods of Revolution'' (1972)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ngNoAAAAMAAJ|title=The gods of revolution|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=1972-01-01|publisher=Sidgwick & Jackson|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Religion and World History: A Selection from the Works of Christopher Dawson'' (1975)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TfMXAAAAIAAJ|title=Religion and World History: A Selection from the Works of Christopher Dawson|last=Dawson|first=Christopher|date=1975-01-01|publisher=Image Books|isbn=9780385095518|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Christianity and European Culture: Selections from the Work of Christopher Dawson'' edited by [[Gerald J. Russello]] Reissued by the [[Catholic University of America Press]] (1998)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/ChristianityAndCultureSelectionsFromTheWritingsOfChristopherDawson_989/dawsonChristianityAndCulture-SelectionsFromChristopherDawson_djvu.txt|title=Full text of "Christianity and Culture: Selections from the Writings of Christopher Dawson (updated 10/08, PDF)"|website=archive.org|access-date=2016-03-25}}</ref>

===Selected articles===
* [https://stormfields.files.wordpress.com/2014/12/cd-first-article-1915.pdf "The Catholic Tradition and the Modern State,"] ''The Catholic Review'', January/March 1915.
* [http://www.unz.org/Pub/AmericanRev-1933apr-00036 "The Significance of Bolshevism,"] ''The American Review,'' April 1933.
* [http://www.unz.org/Pub/Scrutiny-1939sep-00136 "The Claims of Politics,"] ''Scrutiny,'' September 1939.
* [http://www.crisismagazine.com/2011/catholicism-and-the-bourgeois-mind "Catholicism and the Bourgeois Mind,"] ''Crisis Magazine,'' 27 December 2011.<ref>Stork, Thomas. [http://distributistreview.com/mag/2012/12/catholics-and-the-bourgeois-mind/ "Catholics and the Bourgeois Mind,"] ''The Distributist Review,'' 31 December 2012.</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Birzer, Brad. ''Sanctifying the World: The Augustinian Life and Mind of Christopher Dawson,'' Christendom Press, 2007.
* Birzer, Brad. [http://www.imaginativeconservative.org/2012/06/christopher-dawson-on-liberalism-part-i.html#.UQ2dbx2ZmSo "Christopher Dawson on Liberalism,"] [http://www.imaginativeconservative.org/2012/06/christopher-dawson-on-liberalism-part.html Part II,] [http://www.imaginativeconservative.org/2012/06/christopher-dawson-on-liberalism-part_07.html#.UQ2dKB2ZmSo Part III], ''The Imaginative Conservative,'' June 2012.
* Birzer, Brad. [http://www.crisismagazine.com/2012/the-liberal-arts-dawsons-prerequisite-for-the-reconstruction-of-christendom "The Liberal Arts: Dawson’s Prerequisite for the Reconstruction of Christendom,"] ''Crisis Magazine,'' 11 October 2012.
* Bliese, John R. E. [http://www.unz.org/Pub/ModernAge-1979q3-00259 "Christopher Dawson,"] ''Modern Age,'' Summer 1979.
* Caldecott, Stratford and Morril, John. ''Eternity in Time: Christopher Dawson and the Catholic Idea of History,'' T. & T. Clark, 1997.
* Fitzgibbon, George F. "The Cyclical Theory of Christopher Dawson," ''The American Catholic Sociological Review,'' Vol. 2, No. 1, Mar. 1941.
* Hart, Jeffrey. [http://www.unz.org/Pub/ModernAge-1997q3-00210 "Christopher Dawson and the History We Are Not Told,"] ''Modern Age,'' September 1997.
* Hittinger, Russell. [http://catholiceducation.org/articles/civilization/cc0048.html "Christopher Dawson on Technology and the Demise of Liberalism,"] ''CERC,'' 1993.
* Kirk, Russell. [http://www.kirkcenter.org/index.php/bookman/article/the-high-achievement-of-christopher-dawson/ "The High Achievement of Christopher Dawson,"] ''The University Bookman,'' Volume 47, Number 1, Winter 2010.
* Marshall, Caroline T. [http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/2001/issue72/16.45.html "Modern Pioneers: Christopher Dawson, Champion of Christian Culture,"] ''Christianity Today,'' 10 January 2001.
* Olsen, Glenn W. [http://www.communio-icr.com/articles/PDF/olsen35-1.pdf "Why We Need Christopher Dawson,"] ''Communio,'' Vol. 35, Spring 2008.
* Olsen, Glenn W. "Christopher Dawson and the Renewal of Catholic Education," ''Logos,'' Volume 13, Number 3, Summer 2010.
* Parkes, H. B. [http://www.unz.org/Pub/Scrutiny-1937mar-00365 "Christopher Dawson,"] ''Scrutiny,'' March 1937.
* Quinn, Dermot. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225240/http://www.humanitas.cl/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=262%3Achristopher-dawson-historian-and-prophet-of-our-time-dermot-quinn&catid=89%3Adawson-y-la-filosofia-de-la-historia "Christopher Dawson: Historian and Prophet of Our Time,"] ''Humanitas,'' [n.d].
* Quinn, Dermot. [http://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/dawsons-creed/ "Dawson’s Creed,"] ''The American Conservative,'' 1 February 2010.
* Russello, Gerald J. "Christopher Dawson's 'America and the Secularization of Modern Culture.'" ''Logos,'' Vol. 3, 2000.
* Russello, Gerald J. [http://www.crisismagazine.com/2011/christopher-dawson-on-christ-in-history "Christopher Dawson: Christ in History,"] ''Crisis Magazine,'' 27 December 2011.
* Schwartz, Adam. "Confronting the "Totalitarian Antichrist": Christopher Dawson and Totalitarianism," ''The Catholic Historical Review,'' Volume 89, Number 3, July 2003.
* Scott, Christina. ''A Historian and His World: A Life of Christopher Dawson, 1889-1970,'' Sheed & Ward, 1984.<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/Historian-His-World-Christopher-Conservative/dp/1560000139 www.amazon.com]</ref>
* Ward, Leo R. [http://www.unz.org/Pub/ModernAge-1973q4-00399 "Dawson on Education in Christian Culture,"] ''Modern Age,'' Fall 1973.

==External links==
* Catholic Education Resource Center: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130521040627/http://www.catholiceducation.org/links/search.cgi Christopher Dawson].
* [http://www.dawsonsociety.com.au The Christopher Dawson Society for Philosophy and Culture Inc.]
* [http://www.stthomas.edu/libraries/special/rare/dawson/ The Christopher Dawson Collection]
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060309205249/http://www.deepsight.org/bibliog/dawbib.htm |date=9 March 2006 |title=Full Dawson Bibliography }}
* [http://www.ignatiusinsight.com/features2008/bbirzer_interview_feb08.asp Rediscovering Christopher Dawson: An Interview with Dr. Bradley J. Birzer]
* [http://www.ewtn.com/library/HOMELIBR/DAWSON.TXT The Achievement of Christopher Dawson]
* Catholic Authors: [http://www.catholicauthors.com/dawson.html Christopher Dawson]
* [http://www.theimaginativeconservative.org/christopher-dawson-twofold-nature-of/#.UUNo7xeG2Sp Christopher Dawson: The Twofold Nature of Christian History]
* {{YouTube|S_tHH6Y4JKQ|Gleaves Whitney on Christopher Dawson}}
* [http://www.isi.org/lectures/lectures.aspx?SBy=search&SSub=title&SFor=christopher%20dawson Lectures on Christopher Dawson]
* [http://www.bennozuiddam.com Launch Christopher Dawson Centre, Hobart, Tasmania]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dawson, Christopher}}
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[[Category:20th-century English historians]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Christian humanists]]
[[Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Anglicanism]]
[[Category:English Anglo-Catholics]]
[[Category:English Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:English Roman Catholic writers]]
[[Category:Fellows of the British Academy]]
[[Category:Harvard Divinity School faculty]]
[[Category:People educated at Winchester College]]
[[Category:People from Hay-on-Wye]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic writers]]
[[Category:Sociologists of religion]]

Right-of-way

2016-02-04T13:09:18Z

Techhead7890: Change merge target to "easement" per prior discussion -- better reflects UK/international equivalency

{{about|reserved land for the construction of a transportation line|priority in traffic|Traffic #Priority (right of way)|the traditional footpaths and bridlepaths|Right of way}}
{{Other uses|Right-of-way (disambiguation){{!}}Right-of-way or Right of way}}

{{onesource|date=December 2014}}
{{mergeto|Easement|date=February 2016|reason=per previous discussion in 2014 |discuss=Talk:Right of way}}

{{Wiktionary|right of way}}
A '''right-of-way''' is a right to make a way over a piece of land, usually to and from another piece of land. A right of way is a type of [[easement]] granted or reserved over the land for [[transportation]] purposes, this can be for a [[highway]], public [[footpath]], [[rail transport]], canal, as well as electrical transmission lines, oil and gas pipelines.<ref>Henry Campbell Black, A law dictionary containing definitions of the terms and phrases of American and English jurisprudence, ancient and modern: and including the principal terms of international, constitutional, ecclesiastical, and commercial law, and medical jurisprudence, with a collection of legal maxims ... "Right-of-way"(West Publishing Co., 1910), pg. 1040 http://books.google.com/books?id=R2c8AAAAIAAJ&vq=right+of+way&source=gbs_navlinks_s</ref> A right-of-way can be used to build a [[Trail#Bicycle_trails|bike trail]]. A right-of-way is reserved for the purposes of maintenance or expansion of existing services with the right-of-way. In the case of an easement, it may revert to its original owners if the facility is abandoned.

==Rail right-of-way==
In the [[United States]], railroad rights-of-way (ROW or R/O/W) are generally considered private property by the respective railroad owners and by applicable state laws. Most U.S. railroads employ their own police forces, who can arrest and prosecute trespassers found on their rights-of-way. Some railroad rights-of-way include recreational [[rail trail]]s.

In the [[United Kingdom]], railway companies received the right to resume land for a right-of-way by a private [[Act of Parliament]].

===Rail rights-of-way uses other than rail transport===
Railroad rights-of-way need not exclusively be for railroad tracks and related equipment. [[Easements]] are frequently given to permit the laying of communication cables (such as [[optical fiber]]) or [[natural gas]] pipelines, or to run [[electric power transmission]] lines overhead.

==See also==
* [[Eminent domain]]
* [[Noise barrier]]
* [[Permanent way]]
* [[Right of way (public throughway)]]
* [[Right of way (traffic)]]
* [[Rights of way in England and Wales]]

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Right-Of-Way (Transportation)}}
[[Category:Rail infrastructure]]
[[Category:Road transport]]

[[zh:鐵路地役權]]
[[de:Wegerecht (Sachenrecht)]]

Right-of-way

2016-02-04T11:22:17Z

Techhead7890: *facepalm* well, I previewed this time, but I did get to the page when I clicked the link...

{{about|reserved land for the construction of a transportation line|priority in traffic|Traffic #Priority (right of way)|the traditional footpaths and bridlepaths|Right of way}}
{{Other uses|Right-of-way (disambiguation){{!}}Right-of-way or Right of way}}

{{onesource|date=December 2014}}
{{mergeto|Right of way|date=February 2016|reason=Substantially similar content to the other page. Also, the rights to use the land itself for building doesn't differ significantly from using the facilities on the land|discuss=Talk:Right of way}}

{{Wiktionary|right of way}}
A '''right-of-way''' is a right to make a way over a piece of land, usually to and from another piece of land. A right of way is a type of [[easement]] granted or reserved over the land for [[transportation]] purposes, this can be for a [[highway]], public [[footpath]], [[rail transport]], canal, as well as electrical transmission lines, oil and gas pipelines.<ref>Henry Campbell Black, A law dictionary containing definitions of the terms and phrases of American and English jurisprudence, ancient and modern: and including the principal terms of international, constitutional, ecclesiastical, and commercial law, and medical jurisprudence, with a collection of legal maxims ... "Right-of-way"(West Publishing Co., 1910), pg. 1040 http://books.google.com/books?id=R2c8AAAAIAAJ&vq=right+of+way&source=gbs_navlinks_s</ref> A right-of-way can be used to build a [[Trail#Bicycle_trails|bike trail]]. A right-of-way is reserved for the purposes of maintenance or expansion of existing services with the right-of-way. In the case of an easement, it may revert to its original owners if the facility is abandoned.

==Rail right-of-way==
In the [[United States]], railroad rights-of-way (ROW or R/O/W) are generally considered private property by the respective railroad owners and by applicable state laws. Most U.S. railroads employ their own police forces, who can arrest and prosecute trespassers found on their rights-of-way. Some railroad rights-of-way include recreational [[rail trail]]s.

In the [[United Kingdom]], railway companies received the right to resume land for a right-of-way by a private [[Act of Parliament]].

===Rail rights-of-way uses other than rail transport===
Railroad rights-of-way need not exclusively be for railroad tracks and related equipment. [[Easements]] are frequently given to permit the laying of communication cables (such as [[optical fiber]]) or [[natural gas]] pipelines, or to run [[electric power transmission]] lines overhead.

==See also==
* [[Eminent domain]]
* [[Noise barrier]]
* [[Permanent way]]
* [[Right of way (public throughway)]]
* [[Right of way (traffic)]]
* [[Rights of way in England and Wales]]

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Right-Of-Way (Transportation)}}
[[Category:Rail infrastructure]]
[[Category:Road transport]]

[[zh:鐵路地役權]]
[[de:Wegerecht (Sachenrecht)]]

Right-of-way

2016-02-04T11:21:31Z

Techhead7890: fix section link. damnit those things are fidgety, and I'm too tired.

{{about|reserved land for the construction of a transportation line|priority in traffic|Traffic #Priority (right of Way)|the traditional footpaths and bridlepaths|Right of way}}
{{Other uses|Right-of-way (disambiguation){{!}}Right-of-way or Right of way}}

{{onesource|date=December 2014}}
{{mergeto|Right of way|date=February 2016|reason=Substantially similar content to the other page. Also, the rights to use the land itself for building doesn't differ significantly from using the facilities on the land|discuss=Talk:Right of way}}

{{Wiktionary|right of way}}
A '''right-of-way''' is a right to make a way over a piece of land, usually to and from another piece of land. A right of way is a type of [[easement]] granted or reserved over the land for [[transportation]] purposes, this can be for a [[highway]], public [[footpath]], [[rail transport]], canal, as well as electrical transmission lines, oil and gas pipelines.<ref>Henry Campbell Black, A law dictionary containing definitions of the terms and phrases of American and English jurisprudence, ancient and modern: and including the principal terms of international, constitutional, ecclesiastical, and commercial law, and medical jurisprudence, with a collection of legal maxims ... "Right-of-way"(West Publishing Co., 1910), pg. 1040 http://books.google.com/books?id=R2c8AAAAIAAJ&vq=right+of+way&source=gbs_navlinks_s</ref> A right-of-way can be used to build a [[Trail#Bicycle_trails|bike trail]]. A right-of-way is reserved for the purposes of maintenance or expansion of existing services with the right-of-way. In the case of an easement, it may revert to its original owners if the facility is abandoned.

==Rail right-of-way==
In the [[United States]], railroad rights-of-way (ROW or R/O/W) are generally considered private property by the respective railroad owners and by applicable state laws. Most U.S. railroads employ their own police forces, who can arrest and prosecute trespassers found on their rights-of-way. Some railroad rights-of-way include recreational [[rail trail]]s.

In the [[United Kingdom]], railway companies received the right to resume land for a right-of-way by a private [[Act of Parliament]].

===Rail rights-of-way uses other than rail transport===
Railroad rights-of-way need not exclusively be for railroad tracks and related equipment. [[Easements]] are frequently given to permit the laying of communication cables (such as [[optical fiber]]) or [[natural gas]] pipelines, or to run [[electric power transmission]] lines overhead.

==See also==
* [[Eminent domain]]
* [[Noise barrier]]
* [[Permanent way]]
* [[Right of way (public throughway)]]
* [[Right of way (traffic)]]
* [[Rights of way in England and Wales]]

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Right-Of-Way (Transportation)}}
[[Category:Rail infrastructure]]
[[Category:Road transport]]

[[zh:鐵路地役權]]
[[de:Wegerecht (Sachenrecht)]]

Right-of-way

2016-02-04T11:20:51Z

Techhead7890: Fix double reason, fix link to Traffic #Priority. harp darp, need to preview more.

{{about|reserved land for the construction of a transportation line|priority in traffic|Traffic #Priority (Right of Way)|the traditional footpaths and bridlepaths|Right of way}}
{{Other uses|Right-of-way (disambiguation){{!}}Right-of-way or Right of way}}

{{onesource|date=December 2014}}
{{mergeto|Right of way|date=February 2016|reason=Substantially similar content to the other page. Also, the rights to use the land itself for building doesn't differ significantly from using the facilities on the land|discuss=Talk:Right of way}}

{{Wiktionary|right of way}}
A '''right-of-way''' is a right to make a way over a piece of land, usually to and from another piece of land. A right of way is a type of [[easement]] granted or reserved over the land for [[transportation]] purposes, this can be for a [[highway]], public [[footpath]], [[rail transport]], canal, as well as electrical transmission lines, oil and gas pipelines.<ref>Henry Campbell Black, A law dictionary containing definitions of the terms and phrases of American and English jurisprudence, ancient and modern: and including the principal terms of international, constitutional, ecclesiastical, and commercial law, and medical jurisprudence, with a collection of legal maxims ... "Right-of-way"(West Publishing Co., 1910), pg. 1040 http://books.google.com/books?id=R2c8AAAAIAAJ&vq=right+of+way&source=gbs_navlinks_s</ref> A right-of-way can be used to build a [[Trail#Bicycle_trails|bike trail]]. A right-of-way is reserved for the purposes of maintenance or expansion of existing services with the right-of-way. In the case of an easement, it may revert to its original owners if the facility is abandoned.

==Rail right-of-way==
In the [[United States]], railroad rights-of-way (ROW or R/O/W) are generally considered private property by the respective railroad owners and by applicable state laws. Most U.S. railroads employ their own police forces, who can arrest and prosecute trespassers found on their rights-of-way. Some railroad rights-of-way include recreational [[rail trail]]s.

In the [[United Kingdom]], railway companies received the right to resume land for a right-of-way by a private [[Act of Parliament]].

===Rail rights-of-way uses other than rail transport===
Railroad rights-of-way need not exclusively be for railroad tracks and related equipment. [[Easements]] are frequently given to permit the laying of communication cables (such as [[optical fiber]]) or [[natural gas]] pipelines, or to run [[electric power transmission]] lines overhead.

==See also==
* [[Eminent domain]]
* [[Noise barrier]]
* [[Permanent way]]
* [[Right of way (public throughway)]]
* [[Right of way (traffic)]]
* [[Rights of way in England and Wales]]

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Right-Of-Way (Transportation)}}
[[Category:Rail infrastructure]]
[[Category:Road transport]]

[[zh:鐵路地役權]]
[[de:Wegerecht (Sachenrecht)]]

Right-of-way

2016-02-04T11:19:03Z

Techhead7890: update merge template with parameters

{{about|reserved land for the construction of a transportation line|priority in traffic|Traffic # Priority (Right of Way)|the traditional footpaths and bridlepaths|Right of way}}
{{Other uses|Right-of-way (disambiguation){{!}}Right-of-way or Right of way}}

{{onesource|date=December 2014}}
{{mergeto|Right of way|date=February 2016|reason=Substantially similar content to "footpath" article.|reason=smaller page with substantially similar content - the rights to use the land itself for building doesn't differ significantly from using the facilities on the land|discuss=Talk:Right of way}}

{{Wiktionary|right of way}}
A '''right-of-way''' is a right to make a way over a piece of land, usually to and from another piece of land. A right of way is a type of [[easement]] granted or reserved over the land for [[transportation]] purposes, this can be for a [[highway]], public [[footpath]], [[rail transport]], canal, as well as electrical transmission lines, oil and gas pipelines.<ref>Henry Campbell Black, A law dictionary containing definitions of the terms and phrases of American and English jurisprudence, ancient and modern: and including the principal terms of international, constitutional, ecclesiastical, and commercial law, and medical jurisprudence, with a collection of legal maxims ... "Right-of-way"(West Publishing Co., 1910), pg. 1040 http://books.google.com/books?id=R2c8AAAAIAAJ&vq=right+of+way&source=gbs_navlinks_s</ref> A right-of-way can be used to build a [[Trail#Bicycle_trails|bike trail]]. A right-of-way is reserved for the purposes of maintenance or expansion of existing services with the right-of-way. In the case of an easement, it may revert to its original owners if the facility is abandoned.

==Rail right-of-way==
In the [[United States]], railroad rights-of-way (ROW or R/O/W) are generally considered private property by the respective railroad owners and by applicable state laws. Most U.S. railroads employ their own police forces, who can arrest and prosecute trespassers found on their rights-of-way. Some railroad rights-of-way include recreational [[rail trail]]s.

In the [[United Kingdom]], railway companies received the right to resume land for a right-of-way by a private [[Act of Parliament]].

===Rail rights-of-way uses other than rail transport===
Railroad rights-of-way need not exclusively be for railroad tracks and related equipment. [[Easements]] are frequently given to permit the laying of communication cables (such as [[optical fiber]]) or [[natural gas]] pipelines, or to run [[electric power transmission]] lines overhead.

==See also==
* [[Eminent domain]]
* [[Noise barrier]]
* [[Permanent way]]
* [[Right of way (public throughway)]]
* [[Right of way (traffic)]]
* [[Rights of way in England and Wales]]

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Right-Of-Way (Transportation)}}
[[Category:Rail infrastructure]]
[[Category:Road transport]]

[[zh:鐵路地役權]]
[[de:Wegerecht (Sachenrecht)]]

Right-of-way

2016-02-04T11:11:31Z

Techhead7890: Propose merge; edit hatnotes

{{about|reserved land for the construction of a transportation line|priority in traffic|Traffic # Priority (Right of Way)|the traditional footpaths and bridlepaths|Right of way}}
{{Other uses|Right-of-way (disambiguation){{!}}Right-of-way or Right of way}}

{{onesource|date=December 2014}}
{{merge|Right of way|date=February 2016|reason=Substantially similar content to "footpath" article.}}

{{Wiktionary|right of way}}
A '''right-of-way''' is a right to make a way over a piece of land, usually to and from another piece of land. A right of way is a type of [[easement]] granted or reserved over the land for [[transportation]] purposes, this can be for a [[highway]], public [[footpath]], [[rail transport]], canal, as well as electrical transmission lines, oil and gas pipelines.<ref>Henry Campbell Black, A law dictionary containing definitions of the terms and phrases of American and English jurisprudence, ancient and modern: and including the principal terms of international, constitutional, ecclesiastical, and commercial law, and medical jurisprudence, with a collection of legal maxims ... "Right-of-way"(West Publishing Co., 1910), pg. 1040 http://books.google.com/books?id=R2c8AAAAIAAJ&vq=right+of+way&source=gbs_navlinks_s</ref> A right-of-way can be used to build a [[Trail#Bicycle_trails|bike trail]]. A right-of-way is reserved for the purposes of maintenance or expansion of existing services with the right-of-way. In the case of an easement, it may revert to its original owners if the facility is abandoned.

==Rail right-of-way==
In the [[United States]], railroad rights-of-way (ROW or R/O/W) are generally considered private property by the respective railroad owners and by applicable state laws. Most U.S. railroads employ their own police forces, who can arrest and prosecute trespassers found on their rights-of-way. Some railroad rights-of-way include recreational [[rail trail]]s.

In the [[United Kingdom]], railway companies received the right to resume land for a right-of-way by a private [[Act of Parliament]].

===Rail rights-of-way uses other than rail transport===
Railroad rights-of-way need not exclusively be for railroad tracks and related equipment. [[Easements]] are frequently given to permit the laying of communication cables (such as [[optical fiber]]) or [[natural gas]] pipelines, or to run [[electric power transmission]] lines overhead.

==See also==
* [[Eminent domain]]
* [[Noise barrier]]
* [[Permanent way]]
* [[Right of way (public throughway)]]
* [[Right of way (traffic)]]
* [[Rights of way in England and Wales]]

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Right-Of-Way (Transportation)}}
[[Category:Rail infrastructure]]
[[Category:Road transport]]

[[zh:鐵路地役權]]
[[de:Wegerecht (Sachenrecht)]]

Claire (Band)

2014-01-09T11:42:03Z

Techhead7890: suchten -> suchen (möglichen Rechtschreibfehler?)

{{Infobox Chartplatzierungen
| vorläufige Chartplatzierung = ja
| Singles =
{{Single
|Games
|{{Charts|DE|74|12.07.2013|4|}}
}}
{{Single
|The Next Ones to Come
|{{Charts|DE|98|13.09.2013|1|}}
}}
| Alben =
{{Album
|The Great Escape
|{{Charts|DE|38|11.10.2013|…|}}
}}
| Quellen Singles =
<ref name="DEcharts">[http://www.charts.de/artist.asp?name=Claire+%5BDE%5D&country=de Chartdiskografie Deutschland] ([http://www.chartsurfer.de/artist/claire-de/discography-hncrp.html Details])</ref>
| Quellen Alben =
<ref name="DEcharts"/>
}}
'''Claire''' ist eine deutsche Elektropop-Band aus [[München]].

== Bandgeschichte ==
Die drei Musiker und Produzenten Matthias Hauck, Nepomuk Heller und Florian Kiermaier suchen 2012 für ein Filmprojekt ihres gemeinsamen Aufnahmestudios eine Sängerin und setzten sich mit Josie-Claire Bürkle in Verbindung. Diese war nach ihrer Teilnahme an [[The Voice of Germany]] im Jahr zuvor auf der Suche nach einer Band<ref>[http://www.all-in.de/nachrichten/allgaeukultur/Josie-Claire-Buerkle-aus-Wiggensbach-tritt-bei-The-Voice-of-Germany-auf;art2746,1053321 ''Josie-Claire Bürkle aus Wiggensbach tritt bei "The Voice of Germany" auf''], Jan-Henrik Dobers, das allgäu online, 30. November 2011</ref> und so entstand aus dem Projekt die Band ''Claire''. Als fünftes Mitglied kam noch der Schlagzeuger Fridolin Achten hinzu. Mit ihrer ersten Bandproduktion, der EP ''Games'', hatten sie gleich einen Interneterfolg, der ihnen zu einem Plattenvertrag mit [[Universal Music|Universal]] verhalf. Im Sommer 2013 hatten sie mit dem Titelsong der EP einen ersten Achtungserfolg in den deutschen Charts. Ende September erschien ihre Debüt-LP mit dem Titel ''The Great Escape'', die auf Platz 38 der Albumcharts einstieg.

== Mitglieder ==
* Josie-Claire Bürkle (Sängerin)
* Matthias Hauck (Synthesizer)
* Nepomuk Heller (Synthesizer)
* Florian Kiermaier (Gitarre)
* Fridolin Achten (Schlagzeug)

== Diskografie ==
'''Alben'''
* Games (EP, 2013)
* The Great Escape (2013)

'''Lieder'''
* Pioneers (2012)
* Games (2013)
* The Next Ones to Come (2013)

== Quellen ==
* [http://www.sz-jugendseite.de/claire-elektro-indie-pop/ ''Claire (Elektro-Indie-Pop)''], Rita Argauer, Süddeutsche Zeitung, Woche 45/2012
<references />

== Weblinks ==
* [http://www.claireofficial.com/ offizielle Homepage] (englisch)

[[Kategorie:Elektropop-Band]]
[[Kategorie:Deutsche Band]]
[[Kategorie:Band (München)]]