Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Ayaka (Anime)

2023-12-03T00:09:55Z

Tea with toast: wikilinks

{{QS-Antrag|3. Dezember 2023|2=''Vollprogramm sofern relevant'' [[Benutzer:Lutheraner|Lutheraner]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Lutheraner|Diskussion]]) 00:36, 3. Dez. 2023 (CET)}}
{{Belege}}
{{Medienbox
| Titel = Ayaka
| Originaltitel = あやか
| Transkription = Ayaka
| Bild =
| Bildunterschrift =
| Genre = [[Shōnen]], Action, [[Fantasy]]
| Inhalt =
{{Infobox Comic
| Art =
| Franchise =
| Bild =
| Bildunterschrift =
| Titel =
| Originaltitel =
| Transkription =
| Autor =
| Verlag =
| Magazin =
| Datum =
| Von =
| Bis =
| Ausgaben =
| Genre =
}}
{{Infobox Fernsehsendung
|Produktionsland = Japan
|Originalsprache = Japanisch
|Genre =
|Premiere = 2. Juli 2023
|Sender =
|Premiere_DE =
|Sender_DE =
|Erstausstrahlungsjahre =
|Länge =
|Episoden = 12
|Staffeln =
|Idee =
|Produktionsunternehmen =
|Produzent =
|Musik =
|Art =
|Synchronisation =
}}
}}

'''Ayaka''' (あやか) ist eine original [[Japanische Sprache|japanische]] [[Anime-Fernsehserie]], die von GoRA erstellt und geschrieben, von Studio Blanc animiert und von King Records produziert wurde. Regie führt Nobuyoshi Nagayama, Kana Shibue komponiert die Musik und Ryō Tanaka leitet den Sound bei Bit Grooove Promotion. Original-Charakterdesigns stammen von Redjuice, während Misaki Kaneko diese Designs für Animationen adaptiert. Die Ausstrahlung erfolgte vom 2. Juli bis 17. September 2023.

==Inhalt==
Yukito Yanagi ist ein Waisenkind aus Ayakajima, einer Region, die aus sieben Inseln besteht, auf denen angeblich mysteriöse Wesen namens „Mitama“ und Drachen leben. Als sein Vater im Alter von fünf Jahren starb, wurde er zur Erziehung nach Tokio geschickt. Jetzt, nach dem Abschluss der Mittelschule, trifft Yukito auf einen exzentrischen Schüler seines Vaters, der sich als sein Jugendfreund Jingi Sagawa herausstellt, der ihn nach Ayakajima zurückbringt. Dort trifft Yukito die beiden anderen Schüler seines Vaters, die die Harmonie von Ayakajima schützen, die von abtrünnigen Mitama und Geistern bedroht wird.

==Charaktere==

=== Synchronisation ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Rolle || japanische Sprecher ([[Seiyū]]) || englischer Sprecher<ref>[https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-10-26/gora-king-records-unveil-original-anime-ayaka-a-story-of-bonds-and-wounds-with-teaser/.191232 GoRA, King Records Unveil Original Anime Ayaka: A Story of Bonds and Wounds With Teaser].[[Anime News Network]]</ref>
|-
| Yukito Yanagi || [[Yūto Uemura]] || Dallas Reid
|-
| Jingi Sagawa || [[Takuma Terashima]] || Landon McDonald
|-
| Haruaki Kurama || [[Kohsuke Toriumi]] || Oscar Seung
|-
| Aka Ibuki || [[Yūichirō Umehara]] || Alex Hom
|-
| Chatarō Fukuwake || [[Gakuto Kajiwara]] || Corey Wilder
|-
| Yako Amano || [[Yuki Sakakihara]] || Ciarán Strange
|-
| Ibara Ichijō || [[Kana Hanazawa]] || Hayden Daviau
|-
| Makoto Yanagi || [[Kenjiro Tsuda]] || Marcus D. Stimac
|-
| Momoko Amamiya || [[Saori Hayami]] || Brianna Roberts
|-
| Sanji Inо̄ || [[Nobuo Tobita]] || Kent Williams
|-
| Taihei Makita || [[Jun Fukuyama]] ||
|}

==Produktion==
Die Serie startete im Juli 2023. Nobuyoshi Nagayama ist der Regisseur und Naoya Tanaka ist der Produktionsdesigner.

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

==Weblinks==
* [https://ayaka-project.com/ Anime offizielle website]

[[Kategorie:Anime-Fernsehserie]]

Saori Hayami

2023-12-03T00:04:39Z

Tea with toast: /* Filmografie */

'''Saori Hayami''' ([[Japanische Schrift|jap.]] {{lang|ja|早見沙織}} ''Hayami Saori''; * [[29. Mai]] [[1991]] in [[Tokyo]], Japan) ist eine [[Seiyū]] und Sängerin.
Als Seiyū wird sie von der Agentur [[I’m Enterprise]] vertreten.<ref name="resume">{{cite web | title = 早見沙織 Profil bei I’m Enterprise| url = http://www.imenterprise.jp/data.php?id=66| language = Japanisch|date=2019-08-08}}</ref>
Bekannt ist sie unter anderem für ihre Sprechrollen in ''[[Seraph of the End]]'' oder dem Film ''[[A Silent Voice (Film)|A Silent Voice]]''.
Nachdem sie bereits Titelsongs für Serien ihre Stimme gab, veröffentlichte sie ihre erste Single ([[Japanische Schrift|jap.]] {{lang|ja|やさしい希望}}, zu deutsch „Helle Hoffnung“) am 12. August 2015 und ist seitdem bei [[Warner Bros. Entertainment|Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Japan]] unter Vertrag.<ref name="debut singer">{{cite web | title = VIDEO: Voice Actress Saori Hayami's Solo Debut Single "Yasashii Kibou" MV| url = http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2015/05/30-1/video-voice-actress-saori-hayamis-solo-debut-single-yasashii-kibou-mv| language = Englisch|date=2019-08-08}}</ref>

== Diskografie ==
=== Singles ===
{| class="wikitable"
! style="width:180px" rowspan="2"|Erstveröffentlichung !! rowspan="2" style="width:320px"|Title !! colspan="3"|Katalog No. !! style="width:300px" colspan="2"|Chartplatzierungen
!!style="width:60px" rowspan="2"|Album
|-
! style="width:80px"|Artist Edition !! style="width:80px"|Anime Edition !! style="width:80px"|Regular Edition
! style="width:2.5em;"| [[Oricon]]
! style="width:2.5em;"| [[Japan Hot 100|Billboard Japan Hot 100]]
|-
|| 12. August 2015 || Yasashii Kibou {{lang|ja|やさしい希望}} ||style="text-align:center;"|1000572324 || style="text-align:center;"|1000572325 ||style="text-align:center;"|1000572326||style="text-align:center;"|11<ref name="oricon">{{cite web | script-title=ja:やさしい希望| url = http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/425292/products/1134392/1/| title=やさしい希望(アーティスト盤) | language = Japanisch|date=2015-08-19|publisher=[[Oricon]]}}</ref>||style="text-align:center;"|22<ref>{{cite web | title=Billboard Japan Hot 100| url=http://www.billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=hot100&year=2015&month=08&day=24|accessdate=2019-08-08|publisher=[[Japan Hot 100|Billboard Japan]]| language = Japanisch}}</ref>|| rowspan="2"| ''Live Love Laugh''
|-
|| 3. Februar 2016|| Installation/Sono Koe ga Chizu ni Naru{{lang|ja|その声が地図になる}} ||style="text-align:center;"|1000590446 || style="text-align:center;"|1000590447||style="text-align:center;"|1000590448||style="text-align:center;"|10<ref>{{cite web | script-title=ja:Installation/その声が地図になる|url = http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/425292/products/1161133/1/| title=Installation/その声が地図になる＜アーティスト盤＞ |language = Japanisch|date=2016-02-27|publisher=[[Oricon]]}}</ref>||style="text-align:center;"|39<ref>{{cite web | title=Billboard Japan Hot 100| url=http://www.billboard-japan.com/sp/charts/detail?a=hot100&year=2016&month=02&day=15|accessdate=2019-08-08|publisher=[[Japan Hot 100|Billboard Japan]]| language = Japanisch}}</ref>
|-
|| 8. November 2017|| Yume no Hate Made {{lang|ja|夢の果てまで}} ||style="text-align:center;"|1000691610|| style="text-align:center;"| 1000691611||style="text-align:center;"|1000691612 ||style="text-align:center;"|21<ref>{{cite web | script-title=ja:Installation/その声が地図になる|url = http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/425292/products/1248910/1/| title=夢の果てまで(劇場版「はいからさんが通る前編～紅緒、花の17歳～」主題歌)＜アーティスト盤＞ |language = Japanisch|date=2017-11-18|publisher=[[Oricon]]}}</ref>
|style="text-align:center;"|74<ref>{{cite web | title=Billboard Japan Hot 100|url=http://www.billboard-japan.com/sp/charts/detail?a=hot100&year=2017&month=11&day=20|accessdate=2019-08-08|publisher=[[Japan Hot 100|Billboard Japan]]| language = Japanisch}}</ref>|| rowspan="3"| ''JUNCTION''
|-
|| 28. März 2018|| Jewelry ||style="text-align:center;"|1000705356|| rowspan="2"| ||style="text-align:center;"| 1000705357||style="text-align:center;"|14||style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|| 19. September 2018|| Atarashii Ashita {{lang|ja|新しい朝}} ||style="text-align:center;"|1000724903 ||style="text-align:center;"| 1000724903||style="text-align:center;"|18||style="text-align:center;"|
|}

=== Studioalben ===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2" |Jahr
!rowspan="2" style="width:300px" |Album details
!colspan="3" |Katalog No.
!colspan="2" |Chartplatzierungen
|-
|-
! style="width:80px"|CD+Blu-ray Edition !! style="width:80px"|CD+DVD Edition!! style="width:80px"|Regular Edition
! style="width:3.5em;"| [[Oricon]]
! style="width:9em;"| [[Billboard Japan|Billboard Japan Top Albums Sales]]
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2016
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Live Love Laugh''
*Veröffentlicht: 25. Mai 2016
*Label: Warner Home Video
*Format: CD
| style="text-align:center;"|1000597870 || style="text-align:center;"|1000597871 ||style="text-align:center;"|1000597872|| style="text-align:center;"| 6<ref name=lll>{{cite web | script-title=Live Love Laugh|url =http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/425292/products/1174686/1/| title=Live Love Laugh＜CD+Blu-ray盤＞ | language = Japanisch|date=2016-06-01|publisher=[[Oricon]]}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"| 6<ref>{{cite web | title=Billboard Japan Top Albums Sales| url=http://www.billboard-japan.com/sp/charts/detail?a=top_albums&year=2016&month=06&day=6|accessdate=2019-08-08|publisher=[[Japan Hot 100|Billboard Japan]]| language = Japanisch}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2018
| style="text-align:left;"| ''Junction''
*Veröffentlicht: 19. Dezember 2018
*Label: Warner Home Video
*Format: CD
| style="text-align:center;"|1000729930 || style="text-align:center;"|1000729931 ||style="text-align:center;"|1000729932|| style="text-align:center;"|
| style="text-align:center;"|
|}

== Filmografie ==
* 2013–2020: [[Yahari Ore no Seishun Love Come wa Machigatteiru.]] als Yukino Yukinoshita
* 2015–2016: [[Die rothaarige Schneeprinzessin]] als Shirayuki
* 2018: [[Darling in the Franxx]] als Code:556/Kokoro
* Seit 2019: [[The Rising of the Shield Hero (Anime)|The Rising of the Shield Hero]] als Therese Alexanderite
* Seit 2020: [[Tower of God]] als Rachel
* 2022: [[The Maid I Hired Recently Is Mysterious]] als Yūri
* 2023: [[Sailor Moon Crystal|Sailor Moon Cosmos]] als Kou Taiki/Sailor Star Maker
* 2023: [[Ayaka (Anime)|Ayaka]] als Momoko Amamiya

== Weblinks ==
* {{IMDb|nm2977461}}
* {{Synchronkartei|darsteller|39868}}
* [http://whv-amusic.com/hayamisaori/ Saori Hayami] bei Warner Bros. Home Entertainment (japanisch)

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references/>

{{Normdaten|TYP=p|GND=|LCCN=no/2019/113256|VIAF=9393156565710123500006|GNDfehlt=ja|GNDCheck=2019-11-07}}

{{SORTIERUNG:Hayami, Saori}}
[[Kategorie:Seiyū]]
[[Kategorie:Sänger]]
[[Kategorie:Japaner]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1991]]
[[Kategorie:Frau]]

{{Personendaten
|NAME=Hayami, Saori
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=japanische Synchronsprecherin (Seiyū) und Sängerin
|GEBURTSDATUM=29. Mai 1991
|GEBURTSORT=[[Tokyo]], Japan
|STERBEDATUM=
|STERBEORT=
}}

Ayaka (Anime)

2023-12-03T00:02:21Z

Tea with toast: /* Synchronisation */

{{QS-Antrag|3. Dezember 2023|2=''Vollprogramm sofern relevant'' [[Benutzer:Lutheraner|Lutheraner]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Lutheraner|Diskussion]]) 00:36, 3. Dez. 2023 (CET)}}
{{Belege}}
{{Medienbox
| Titel = Ayaka
| Originaltitel = あやか
| Transkription = Ayaka
| Bild =
| Bildunterschrift =
| Genre = [[Shōnen]], Action, [[Fantasy]]
| Inhalt =
{{Infobox Comic
| Art =
| Franchise =
| Bild =
| Bildunterschrift =
| Titel =
| Originaltitel =
| Transkription =
| Autor =
| Verlag =
| Magazin =
| Datum =
| Von =
| Bis =
| Ausgaben =
| Genre =
}}
{{Infobox Fernsehsendung
|Produktionsland = Japan
|Originalsprache = Japanisch
|Genre =
|Premiere = 2. Juli 2023
|Sender =
|Premiere_DE =
|Sender_DE =
|Erstausstrahlungsjahre =
|Länge =
|Episoden = 12
|Staffeln =
|Idee =
|Produktionsunternehmen =
|Produzent =
|Musik =
|Art =
|Synchronisation =
}}
}}

'''Ayaka''' (あやか) ist eine original japanische Anime-Fernsehserie, die von GoRA erstellt und geschrieben, von Studio Blanc animiert und von King Records produziert wurde. Regie führt Nobuyoshi Nagayama, Kana Shibue komponiert die Musik und Ryō Tanaka leitet den Sound bei Bit Grooove Promotion. Original-Charakterdesigns stammen von Redjuice, während Misaki Kaneko diese Designs für Animationen adaptiert. Die Ausstrahlung erfolgte vom 2. Juli bis 17. September 2023.

==Inhalt==
Yukito Yanagi ist ein Waisenkind aus Ayakajima, einer Region, die aus sieben Inseln besteht, auf denen angeblich mysteriöse Wesen namens „Mitama“ und Drachen leben. Als sein Vater im Alter von fünf Jahren starb, wurde er zur Erziehung nach Tokio geschickt. Jetzt, nach dem Abschluss der Mittelschule, trifft Yukito auf einen exzentrischen Schüler seines Vaters, der sich als sein Jugendfreund Jingi Sagawa herausstellt, der ihn nach Ayakajima zurückbringt. Dort trifft Yukito die beiden anderen Schüler seines Vaters, die die Harmonie von Ayakajima schützen, die von abtrünnigen Mitama und Geistern bedroht wird.

==Charaktere==

=== Synchronisation ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Rolle || japanische Sprecher ([[Seiyū]]) || englischer Sprecher<ref>[https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-10-26/gora-king-records-unveil-original-anime-ayaka-a-story-of-bonds-and-wounds-with-teaser/.191232 GoRA, King Records Unveil Original Anime Ayaka: A Story of Bonds and Wounds With Teaser].[[Anime News Network]]</ref>
|-
| Yukito Yanagi || [[Yūto Uemura]] || Dallas Reid
|-
| Jingi Sagawa || [[Takuma Terashima]] || Landon McDonald
|-
| Haruaki Kurama || [[Kohsuke Toriumi]] || Oscar Seung
|-
| Aka Ibuki || [[Yūichirō Umehara]] || Alex Hom
|-
| Chatarō Fukuwake || [[Gakuto Kajiwara]] || Corey Wilder
|-
| Yako Amano || [[Yuki Sakakihara]] || Ciarán Strange
|-
| Ibara Ichijō || [[Kana Hanazawa]] || Hayden Daviau
|-
| Makoto Yanagi || [[Kenjiro Tsuda]] || Marcus D. Stimac
|-
| Momoko Amamiya || [[Saori Hayami]] || Brianna Roberts
|-
| Sanji Inо̄ || [[Nobuo Tobita]] || Kent Williams
|-
| Taihei Makita || [[Jun Fukuyama]] ||
|}

==Produktion==
Die Serie startete im Juli 2023. Nobuyoshi Nagayama ist der Regisseur und Naoya Tanaka ist der Produktionsdesigner.

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

==Weblinks==
* [https://ayaka-project.com/ Anime offizielle website]

[[Kategorie:Anime-Fernsehserie]]

Ayaka (Anime)

2023-12-02T23:52:11Z

Tea with toast:

{{QS-Antrag|3. Dezember 2023|2=''Vollprogramm sofern relevant'' [[Benutzer:Lutheraner|Lutheraner]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:Lutheraner|Diskussion]]) 00:36, 3. Dez. 2023 (CET)}}
{{Belege}}
{{Medienbox
| Titel = Ayaka
| Originaltitel = あやか
| Transkription = Ayaka
| Bild =
| Bildunterschrift =
| Genre = [[Shōnen]], Action, [[Fantasy]]
| Inhalt =
{{Infobox Comic
| Art =
| Franchise =
| Bild =
| Bildunterschrift =
| Titel =
| Originaltitel =
| Transkription =
| Autor =
| Verlag =
| Magazin =
| Datum =
| Von =
| Bis =
| Ausgaben =
| Genre =
}}
{{Infobox Fernsehsendung
|Produktionsland = Japan
|Originalsprache = Japanisch
|Genre =
|Premiere = 2. Juli 2023
|Sender =
|Premiere_DE =
|Sender_DE =
|Erstausstrahlungsjahre =
|Länge =
|Episoden = 12
|Staffeln =
|Idee =
|Produktionsunternehmen =
|Produzent =
|Musik =
|Art =
|Synchronisation =
}}
}}

'''Ayaka''' (あやか) ist eine original japanische Anime-Fernsehserie, die von GoRA erstellt und geschrieben, von Studio Blanc animiert und von King Records produziert wurde. Regie führt Nobuyoshi Nagayama, Kana Shibue komponiert die Musik und Ryō Tanaka leitet den Sound bei Bit Grooove Promotion. Original-Charakterdesigns stammen von Redjuice, während Misaki Kaneko diese Designs für Animationen adaptiert. Die Ausstrahlung erfolgte vom 2. Juli bis 17. September 2023.

==Inhalt==
Yukito Yanagi ist ein Waisenkind aus Ayakajima, einer Region, die aus sieben Inseln besteht, auf denen angeblich mysteriöse Wesen namens „Mitama“ und Drachen leben. Als sein Vater im Alter von fünf Jahren starb, wurde er zur Erziehung nach Tokio geschickt. Jetzt, nach dem Abschluss der Mittelschule, trifft Yukito auf einen exzentrischen Schüler seines Vaters, der sich als sein Jugendfreund Jingi Sagawa herausstellt, der ihn nach Ayakajima zurückbringt. Dort trifft Yukito die beiden anderen Schüler seines Vaters, die die Harmonie von Ayakajima schützen, die von abtrünnigen Mitama und Geistern bedroht wird.

==Charaktere==

=== Synchronisation ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Rolle || japanische Sprecher ([[Seiyū]]) || englischer Sprecher<ref>[https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-10-26/gora-king-records-unveil-original-anime-ayaka-a-story-of-bonds-and-wounds-with-teaser/.191232 GoRA, King Records Unveil Original Anime Ayaka: A Story of Bonds and Wounds With Teaser].[[Anime News Network]]</ref>
|-
| Yukito Yanagi || [[Yūto Uemura]] || [[Dallas Reid]]
|}
==Produktion==
Die Serie startete im Juli 2023. Nobuyoshi Nagayama ist der Regisseur und Naoya Tanaka ist der Produktionsdesigner.

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

==Weblinks==
* [https://ayaka-project.com/ Anime offizielle website]

[[Kategorie:Anime-Fernsehserie]]

Ayaka (Anime)

2023-12-02T23:39:05Z

Tea with toast: HC: Ergänze Kategorie:Anime-Fernsehserie

Ayaka (Anime)

2023-12-02T23:30:22Z

Tea with toast: AZ: Die Seite wurde neu angelegt: {{Medienbox | Titel = Ayaka | Originaltitel = あやか | Transkription = Ayaka | Bild = | Bildunterschrift = | Genre = Shōnen, Action, Fantasy | Inhalt = {{Infobox Comic | Art = | Franchise = | Bild = | Bildunterschrift = | Titel = | Originaltitel = | Transkription = | Autor…

{{Medienbox
| Titel = Ayaka
| Originaltitel = あやか
| Transkription = Ayaka
| Bild =
| Bildunterschrift =
| Genre = [[Shōnen]], Action, [[Fantasy]]
| Inhalt =
{{Infobox Comic
| Art =
| Franchise =
| Bild =
| Bildunterschrift =
| Titel =
| Originaltitel =
| Transkription =
| Autor =
| Verlag =
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| Von =
| Bis =
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}}
{{Infobox Fernsehsendung
|Produktionsland = Japan
|Originalsprache = Japanisch
|Genre =
|Premiere = 2. Juli 2023
|Sender =
|Premiere_DE =
|Sender_DE =
|Erstausstrahlungsjahre =
|Länge =
|Episoden = 12
|Staffeln =
|Idee =
|Produktionsunternehmen =
|Produzent =
|Musik =
|Art =
|Synchronisation =
}}
}}

'''Ayaka''' (あやか) ist eine original japanische Anime-Fernsehserie, die von GoRA erstellt und geschrieben, von Studio Blanc animiert und von King Records produziert wurde. Regie führt Nobuyoshi Nagayama, Kana Shibue komponiert die Musik und Ryō Tanaka leitet den Sound bei Bit Grooove Promotion. Original-Charakterdesigns stammen von Redjuice, während Misaki Kaneko diese Designs für Animationen adaptiert. Die Ausstrahlung erfolgte vom 2. Juli bis 17. September 2023.

==Inhalt==
Yukito Yanagi ist ein Waisenkind aus Ayakajima, einer Region, die aus sieben Inseln besteht, auf denen angeblich mysteriöse Wesen namens „Mitama“ und Drachen leben. Als sein Vater im Alter von fünf Jahren starb, wurde er zur Erziehung nach Tokio geschickt. Jetzt, nach dem Abschluss der Mittelschule, trifft Yukito auf einen exzentrischen Schüler seines Vaters, der sich als sein Jugendfreund Jingi Sagawa herausstellt, der ihn nach Ayakajima zurückbringt. Dort trifft Yukito die beiden anderen Schüler seines Vaters, die die Harmonie von Ayakajima schützen, die von abtrünnigen Mitama und Geistern bedroht wird.

==Charaktere==

==Produktion==
Die Serie startete im Juli 2023. Nobuyoshi Nagayama ist der Regisseur und Naoya Tanaka ist der Produktionsdesigner.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Weblinks==
* [https://ayaka-project.com/ Anime offizielle website]

Früchtekorb

2023-12-02T23:21:16Z

Tea with toast: AZ: Weiterleitung nach Fruits Basket erstellt

#redirect[[Fruits Basket]]

Früchtekorb

2023-12-02T23:20:40Z

Tea with toast: AZ: Die Seite wurde neu angelegt: <nowiki>#</nowiki>redirectFruits Basket

<nowiki>#</nowiki>redirect[[Fruits Basket]]

Benutzer:Tea with toast

2023-10-31T05:20:06Z

Tea with toast:

{{user en}}
{{user de-2}}
{{user ru-1}}
{{user es-1}}
{{user ja-1}}

[[en:User:tea with toast]]

Lytico-Bodig

2012-04-06T19:21:28Z

Tea with toast: refimprove tag added

{{Refimprove|date=April 2012}}
'''Lytico-Bodig disease''', sometimes spelled '''Lytigo-bodig'''<ref>[http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140673600026726/fulltext Elsevier]</ref> is a neurological disease of uncertain [[Etiology|aetiology]] that exists in the [[United States]] [[territory]] of [[Guam]].

The disease resembles [[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]] (ALS) (more commonly known in North America as Lou Gehrig's disease), [[Parkinson's Disease]], and [[Alzheimer|Alzheimer's]].<ref name="scientificamerican">[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=batty-hypothesis-on-neurodegeneration-resurfaces "A Batty Hypothesis on the Origins of Neurodegenerative Disease Resurfaces," Scientific American]</ref> First reports of the disease surfaced in three death certificates on Guam in 1904. These death certificates made some mention of paralysis. The frequency of cases grew amongst the [[Chamorro people]] on Guam until it was the leading cause of death between 1940 and 1956.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} The symptoms range from strongly resembling ALS to those resembling Parkinson's Dementia Complex (PDC). The symptoms tend to show themselves between the ages of 25 and 40. Many victims are not able to speak of their own accord but they can speak coherently and fluidly when spoken to. It is commonly thought that the disease is caused by toxins in the [[Cycad]] trees which are prevalent on Guam.

[[Neurologist]] [[Oliver Sacks]] detailed this mysterious condition in his book ''[[The Island of the Colorblind|Island of the Colourblind]]''
.<ref>{{cite book| first = Oliver |last =Sacks | year=2006 | title = The Island of the Colorblind | publisher = Random House | location = New York| isbn = 0679775455}}</ref> Sacks wrote that a local species of [[Guam flying fox|fruit bat]], which is now largely extinct due to over-hunting, had been feeding on Cycads and concentrating [[beta-Methylamino-L-alanine|β-Methylamino-L-alanine]] (BMAA), a known neurotoxin, in its body fat. The theory is that consumption of the fruit bat transferred sufficient quantities of the toxin to lead to long term toxicity,<ref>[http://www.itg.be/itg/DistanceLearning/LectureNotesVandenEndenE/47_Medical_problems_caused_by_plantsp12.htm Lytico-bodig]</ref> although this has not yet been proven.<ref name="Miller2006">{{cite journal| doi = 10.1126/science.313.5786.428| first = Greg |last =Miller | year=2006 | title = Guam's Deadly Stalker: On the Loose Worldwide? | journal = Science | volume = 313| issue = 5786 | pages = 428–431| pmid = 16873621}}</ref>

== History ==
Lytico-bodig is a disease that presents itself in two ways:
*lytico: a progressive paralysis that resembles ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) which is a disease of the neuron
*bodig: a condition resembling parkinsonism with occasional dementia.

Patients can exhibit one or both of the above portions of the disease, but in order to understand this neurodegenerative phenomenon one must examine the history of the disease itself and the people who are affected.

Lytico-bodig was discovered in 1952 by Koerner and a year later was confirmed by Arnold. The study that led these two scientists to this discovery was an instance that was peculiarly notable on the island of Guam. Both scientists noted a 50 to 100 fold greater occurrence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis than the rest of the world, and a notable increase in parkinsonism with dementia.<ref>{{cite journal| doi = 10.1093/aje/kwf175| last1 = Plato |first1 =C.C. | last2=Garruto | first2=R.M. | last3=Galasko | first3=D.|last4=Craig|first4=U.|last5=Plato|first5=M.|last6=Gamst|first6=A.|last7=Torres|first7=J.M.|last8=Wiederholt|first8=W. | year=2003 | title = Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism-dementia complex of Guam: Changing incidence rates during the past 60 years | journal = American Journal of Epidemiology | volume = 157| issue = 2| pages = 149–157| pmid = 12522022}}</ref>

The people who were found to have this disease were the [[Chamorro]] people who are native to Guam. Guam has undergone several serious events over the course of its history. In 1668, a near genocide of the Chamorros was started; by 1710, there were almost no Chamorros on the island of Guam. The island was handed over to the United States government in 1898 and after World War II it was retaken from the [[Japan]]ese by American Forces. After the aforementioned hardships, the Chamorros survived and their living situation improved.

There was no documentation of anything that could resemble lytico-bodig in the entire history of the Chamorros. They were actually described as a very healthy people who live to old age. It was not until 1904 that any cases of death from paralysis occurred. By 1940 this elusive paralysis was the primary cause of death in an adult Chamorros.

== Symptoms ==
There is no standard form of lytico-bodig. It is a disease that can take three, six, or twenty different forms.

===Symptoms of Bodig===

The symptoms for this disease differ from patient to patient but a good example of what happens to the body once bodig sets in is an excerpt from the book ''The Island of the Colorblind'' by Oliver Sacks.

The doctor visited a patient that had just suddenly come down with a virulent form of bodig. His symptoms had begun 18 months ago, starting with a strange immobility, a loss of initiative and spontaneity; he found he had to make a huge effort to walk, to stand, and to make the least movement—his body was disobedient. The immobility attacked with frightening speed and within a year he was unable to stand alone and could not control the posture of his body (2006).

Progressive dementia is also characteristic of bodig. Those who experience dementia are often [[Aphasia|aphasic]], restless, demonstrate irrational behavior such as violence, and deep emotions at odd intervals. They experience highs and lows such as giggling one minute and screaming the next.

Patients in the most virulent stage of bodig have the mouth hang open, drooling with saliva; the palate hangs motionless so that speech and swallowing are impossible. The arms and legs become severely spastic and become bent in immovable tension.

The clinical picture of bodig was often one of a profound motionlessness, almost catatonia, accompanied with a little tremor or rigidity. Except in the cases of those who have dementia coupled with bodig, most patients are capable of lucid thought and speech.

===Symptoms of Lytico===
As with bodig, the symptoms and forms of lytico present themselves differently from patient to patient.

Symptoms such as muscles wasting away, not being able to move or open the mouths to speak, and choking to death because of the inability to swallow are just some of the things that are prevalent in patients. Some patients retain lucidity throughout the illness until the end.

The muscles of respiration become paralyzed and mechanical ventilation is needed to induce breathing, saliva must be suctioned from the mouth in order to prevent aspiration of the trachea and lungs because the swallowing muscles are locked up.

This form of lytico-bodig is fatal in all cases.

== Mechanism ==

The mechanism is complex and poorly understood. During autopsies, neurofibrillary tangles are found in the brain which are practically congruent to the brain of an Alzheimer's patient.

The following is an excerpt from ''Island of the Colorblind'' viewing samples of substantia nigra. "Many of the cells are pale and depigmented. There's a lot of glial reaction, and bits of loose pigment. Shifting to a higher power,he saw a huge number of neurofibrillary tangles, densely staining, convoluted masses, harshly evident within the destroyed nerve cells." Looking at other samples of hypothalamus, spinal cord, and cortex, all were full of neurofibrillary tangles. Neurofibrillary degeneration was everywhere. These slides were similar in appearance to those taken from post-encephalitic parkinsonism.

These slides were also very similar to the neurofibrillary tangles found in Alzheimer's disease, however, in Alzheimer's there are not as many, and they occur in a different distribution. This could be a possible clue as to the process of neurodegeneration but it is still inconclusive.

While neurofibrillary degeneration is a potential cause of the mechanism of lytico-bodig, much is still undiscovered as to what causes the symptoms, the severity, and how the onset of symptoms progresses. However because of the similarities to those of post-encephalitic patients and Alzheimer's patients this could account for the similarities in symptoms of lytico and bodig. Some even wonder if lytico-bodig, post-encephalitis, and Alzheimer's could possibly be the same disease, a viral one, which could take three different forms.

Age of onset seems to be increasing with no more teenage cases and almost no cases in their twenties. Sometimes one form of the disease will present itself chiefly in one decade and then predominately bodig in the next. This is unaccounted for.

No treatment has been found to cure the disease of lytico-bodig. In some cases L-DOPA was given to patients to alleviate some of the symptoms of bodig but this only gave the patient one or two hours of freedom from the complete paralysis and rigidity of limbs. It seems in the case of the Chamorros, the family is the primary caregiver and that they have accepted those that are ill and provide home care for all those inflicted with lytico-bodig.

== An Evolution of Research ==
Some hypotheses to the cause of the disease include genetics, cycad seeds, and ingested BMAA from the consumption of fruit bats. The actual cause of the disease is as mysterious as the vast manifestations of the disease itself.

;Genetics
:This was the first hypothesis due to the situation on Guam. Lytico-bodig was found in great numbers on an Island among members of the Chamorro community. It would make sense that it was some sort genetic factor that played a role. This hypothesis was the first to be created and the first to be disproved. There was no Mendellian connection in the disease. It was actually found that only the older generation of Chamorro had the disease, so it had disappeared in one generation. Also, Chamorro who grew up outside of Guam had not developed the disease, and some non-Chamorro who moved to the Island and followed the culture did develop it. Therefore, this hypothesis was quickly dropped. For more information view [http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/124/11/2215 Pathological Study of Motor Neurone Disease]

;Cycad Seeds
:Cycad seeds are a big part of the Chamorro lifestyle. They are ground to make a flour which is called "fadang", and the flour is then used to make tortillas and dumplings. The flour is soaked and cleaned several times because the seed in is natural form is extremely toxic. One article described that livestock that drink from the water of the first cleaning dropped dead instantly.<ref name="Miller2006" /> Much research was done on this the Cycad hypothesis and it was found that cycasin was a component of the seeds. Cycasin was discovered in the 1950s and was once considered one of the most potent carcinogens known. As toxic as it was, it would not be the cause of the symptoms of lytico-bodig. All hope for this hypothesis was not lost, for another toxic substance was found in the seeds. In the 1960s, British biochemists found a substance called beta-N-methylamino-levoalanine or [[BMAA]]. Experiments were performed to test the toxicity, and it was found that when monkeys were fed synthetic BMAA they developed symptoms of ALS-PDC and thus of lytico-bodig. However, the treated flour was tested for BMAA, and was not found to contain sufficient quantities. {{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}

;Fruit Bats
:Another theory was introduced by [[Paul Alan Cox]] and Oliver Sacks after examining aspects of the Chamorro diet.<ref name="scientificamerican" /> Fruit bats were a common food for the Chamorro, which often ate cycad seeds themselves. It was found that the bats would bioaccumulate BMAA in their fat, and that eating even a few bats would cause a dose of BMAA similar to levels that produced disease symptoms in the earlier animal models. Cox also observed that there was a matching decline in fruit bat consumption, and in lytico-bodig. This hypothesis is still being investigated.

The actual disease could die off before a cure is found since it is only found in the older generation of people on Guam, and the cause has not yet been found.

Lytico-bodig is isolated to Guam which makes it an excellent opportunity to research neurodegenerative diseases. If a cure was found, it could lead to significant information on other diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimers. Only time and future research will tell the outcome of the disease.

==See also==
*For more information about the Evolution of Research see:

[http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/157/2/149 American Journal of Epidemiology]

[http://www.jneuro-ophthalmology.com/pt/re/jneuroophth/fulltext.0041327-200303000-0 Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology]
* [[beta-Methylamino-L-alanine|β-Methylamino-L-alanine]] (BMAA)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Wiederholt, W.C. 2000. Guam: the puzzle of Parkinson's. National Institute of Health Report 3:3.

Morris, H.R., Al-Sarraj, S., Schwab, C., Gwinn-Hardy, K., Perez-Tur, J., Wood, N.W., Hardy, J., Lees, A.J., McGreer, P.L., Daniel, S.E., and J.C. Steele. 2001. A clinical and pathological study of motor neurone disease on Guam. Brain 11:2215-2222.

Carrico, C. 2004. Island Lore. Beyond the bench: Representations of pharmacology and science in the media 4:296-297

Sedwick, L.A. 2003. Terry A. Cox, md,PhD, neuro-ophthalmologist, biostatistician, and birdwatcher. Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology 23:108-110

==External links==
*[http://apps.ashland.edu/index.php/Lytico-bodig Ashland University Ohio Wiki Entry]
*[http://www.parkinson.org/site/pp.asp?c=9dJFJLPwB&b=99904 Details at National Parkinson's Foundation]

[[Category:Neurological disorders]]

{{Link FA|pl}}

[[fr:Syndrome de Guam]]
[[pl:Stwardnienie zanikowe boczne-parkinsonizm/zespół otępienny]]

Lytico-Bodig

2012-04-06T19:20:20Z

Tea with toast: aren't --> are not

'''Lytico-Bodig disease''', sometimes spelled '''Lytigo-bodig'''<ref>[http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140673600026726/fulltext Elsevier]</ref> is a neurological disease of uncertain [[Etiology|aetiology]] that exists in the [[United States]] [[territory]] of [[Guam]].

The disease resembles [[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]] (ALS) (more commonly known in North America as Lou Gehrig's disease), [[Parkinson's Disease]], and [[Alzheimer|Alzheimer's]].<ref name="scientificamerican">[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=batty-hypothesis-on-neurodegeneration-resurfaces "A Batty Hypothesis on the Origins of Neurodegenerative Disease Resurfaces," Scientific American]</ref> First reports of the disease surfaced in three death certificates on Guam in 1904. These death certificates made some mention of paralysis. The frequency of cases grew amongst the [[Chamorro people]] on Guam until it was the leading cause of death between 1940 and 1956.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} The symptoms range from strongly resembling ALS to those resembling Parkinson's Dementia Complex (PDC). The symptoms tend to show themselves between the ages of 25 and 40. Many victims are not able to speak of their own accord but they can speak coherently and fluidly when spoken to. It is commonly thought that the disease is caused by toxins in the [[Cycad]] trees which are prevalent on Guam.

[[Neurologist]] [[Oliver Sacks]] detailed this mysterious condition in his book ''[[The Island of the Colorblind|Island of the Colourblind]]''
.<ref>{{cite book| first = Oliver |last =Sacks | year=2006 | title = The Island of the Colorblind | publisher = Random House | location = New York| isbn = 0679775455}}</ref> Sacks wrote that a local species of [[Guam flying fox|fruit bat]], which is now largely extinct due to over-hunting, had been feeding on Cycads and concentrating [[beta-Methylamino-L-alanine|β-Methylamino-L-alanine]] (BMAA), a known neurotoxin, in its body fat. The theory is that consumption of the fruit bat transferred sufficient quantities of the toxin to lead to long term toxicity,<ref>[http://www.itg.be/itg/DistanceLearning/LectureNotesVandenEndenE/47_Medical_problems_caused_by_plantsp12.htm Lytico-bodig]</ref> although this has not yet been proven.<ref name="Miller2006">{{cite journal| doi = 10.1126/science.313.5786.428| first = Greg |last =Miller | year=2006 | title = Guam's Deadly Stalker: On the Loose Worldwide? | journal = Science | volume = 313| issue = 5786 | pages = 428–431| pmid = 16873621}}</ref>

== History ==
Lytico-bodig is a disease that presents itself in two ways:
*lytico: a progressive paralysis that resembles ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) which is a disease of the neuron
*bodig: a condition resembling parkinsonism with occasional dementia.

Patients can exhibit one or both of the above portions of the disease, but in order to understand this neurodegenerative phenomenon one must examine the history of the disease itself and the people who are affected.

Lytico-bodig was discovered in 1952 by Koerner and a year later was confirmed by Arnold. The study that led these two scientists to this discovery was an instance that was peculiarly notable on the island of Guam. Both scientists noted a 50 to 100 fold greater occurrence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis than the rest of the world, and a notable increase in parkinsonism with dementia.<ref>{{cite journal| doi = 10.1093/aje/kwf175| last1 = Plato |first1 =C.C. | last2=Garruto | first2=R.M. | last3=Galasko | first3=D.|last4=Craig|first4=U.|last5=Plato|first5=M.|last6=Gamst|first6=A.|last7=Torres|first7=J.M.|last8=Wiederholt|first8=W. | year=2003 | title = Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism-dementia complex of Guam: Changing incidence rates during the past 60 years | journal = American Journal of Epidemiology | volume = 157| issue = 2| pages = 149–157| pmid = 12522022}}</ref>

The people who were found to have this disease were the [[Chamorro]] people who are native to Guam. Guam has undergone several serious events over the course of its history. In 1668, a near genocide of the Chamorros was started; by 1710, there were almost no Chamorros on the island of Guam. The island was handed over to the United States government in 1898 and after World War II it was retaken from the [[Japan]]ese by American Forces. After the aforementioned hardships, the Chamorros survived and their living situation improved.

There was no documentation of anything that could resemble lytico-bodig in the entire history of the Chamorros. They were actually described as a very healthy people who live to old age. It was not until 1904 that any cases of death from paralysis occurred. By 1940 this elusive paralysis was the primary cause of death in an adult Chamorros.

== Symptoms ==
There is no standard form of lytico-bodig. It is a disease that can take three, six, or twenty different forms.

===Symptoms of Bodig===

The symptoms for this disease differ from patient to patient but a good example of what happens to the body once bodig sets in is an excerpt from the book ''The Island of the Colorblind'' by Oliver Sacks.

The doctor visited a patient that had just suddenly come down with a virulent form of bodig. His symptoms had begun 18 months ago, starting with a strange immobility, a loss of initiative and spontaneity; he found he had to make a huge effort to walk, to stand, and to make the least movement—his body was disobedient. The immobility attacked with frightening speed and within a year he was unable to stand alone and could not control the posture of his body (2006).

Progressive dementia is also characteristic of bodig. Those who experience dementia are often [[Aphasia|aphasic]], restless, demonstrate irrational behavior such as violence, and deep emotions at odd intervals. They experience highs and lows such as giggling one minute and screaming the next.

Patients in the most virulent stage of bodig have the mouth hang open, drooling with saliva; the palate hangs motionless so that speech and swallowing are impossible. The arms and legs become severely spastic and become bent in immovable tension.

The clinical picture of bodig was often one of a profound motionlessness, almost catatonia, accompanied with a little tremor or rigidity. Except in the cases of those who have dementia coupled with bodig, most patients are capable of lucid thought and speech.

===Symptoms of Lytico===
As with bodig, the symptoms and forms of lytico present themselves differently from patient to patient.

Symptoms such as muscles wasting away, not being able to move or open the mouths to speak, and choking to death because of the inability to swallow are just some of the things that are prevalent in patients. Some patients retain lucidity throughout the illness until the end.

The muscles of respiration become paralyzed and mechanical ventilation is needed to induce breathing, saliva must be suctioned from the mouth in order to prevent aspiration of the trachea and lungs because the swallowing muscles are locked up.

This form of lytico-bodig is fatal in all cases.

== Mechanism ==

The mechanism is complex and poorly understood. During autopsies, neurofibrillary tangles are found in the brain which are practically congruent to the brain of an Alzheimer's patient.

The following is an excerpt from ''Island of the Colorblind'' viewing samples of substantia nigra. "Many of the cells are pale and depigmented. There's a lot of glial reaction, and bits of loose pigment. Shifting to a higher power,he saw a huge number of neurofibrillary tangles, densely staining, convoluted masses, harshly evident within the destroyed nerve cells." Looking at other samples of hypothalamus, spinal cord, and cortex, all were full of neurofibrillary tangles. Neurofibrillary degeneration was everywhere. These slides were similar in appearance to those taken from post-encephalitic parkinsonism.

These slides were also very similar to the neurofibrillary tangles found in Alzheimer's disease, however, in Alzheimer's there are not as many, and they occur in a different distribution. This could be a possible clue as to the process of neurodegeneration but it is still inconclusive.

While neurofibrillary degeneration is a potential cause of the mechanism of lytico-bodig, much is still undiscovered as to what causes the symptoms, the severity, and how the onset of symptoms progresses. However because of the similarities to those of post-encephalitic patients and Alzheimer's patients this could account for the similarities in symptoms of lytico and bodig. Some even wonder if lytico-bodig, post-encephalitis, and Alzheimer's could possibly be the same disease, a viral one, which could take three different forms.

Age of onset seems to be increasing with no more teenage cases and almost no cases in their twenties. Sometimes one form of the disease will present itself chiefly in one decade and then predominately bodig in the next. This is unaccounted for.

No treatment has been found to cure the disease of lytico-bodig. In some cases L-DOPA was given to patients to alleviate some of the symptoms of bodig but this only gave the patient one or two hours of freedom from the complete paralysis and rigidity of limbs. It seems in the case of the Chamorros, the family is the primary caregiver and that they have accepted those that are ill and provide home care for all those inflicted with lytico-bodig.

== An Evolution of Research ==
Some hypotheses to the cause of the disease include genetics, cycad seeds, and ingested BMAA from the consumption of fruit bats. The actual cause of the disease is as mysterious as the vast manifestations of the disease itself.

;Genetics
:This was the first hypothesis due to the situation on Guam. Lytico-bodig was found in great numbers on an Island among members of the Chamorro community. It would make sense that it was some sort genetic factor that played a role. This hypothesis was the first to be created and the first to be disproved. There was no Mendellian connection in the disease. It was actually found that only the older generation of Chamorro had the disease, so it had disappeared in one generation. Also, Chamorro who grew up outside of Guam had not developed the disease, and some non-Chamorro who moved to the Island and followed the culture did develop it. Therefore, this hypothesis was quickly dropped. For more information view [http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/124/11/2215 Pathological Study of Motor Neurone Disease]

;Cycad Seeds
:Cycad seeds are a big part of the Chamorro lifestyle. They are ground to make a flour which is called "fadang", and the flour is then used to make tortillas and dumplings. The flour is soaked and cleaned several times because the seed in is natural form is extremely toxic. One article described that livestock that drink from the water of the first cleaning dropped dead instantly.<ref name="Miller2006" /> Much research was done on this the Cycad hypothesis and it was found that cycasin was a component of the seeds. Cycasin was discovered in the 1950s and was once considered one of the most potent carcinogens known. As toxic as it was, it would not be the cause of the symptoms of lytico-bodig. All hope for this hypothesis was not lost, for another toxic substance was found in the seeds. In the 1960s, British biochemists found a substance called beta-N-methylamino-levoalanine or [[BMAA]]. Experiments were performed to test the toxicity, and it was found that when monkeys were fed synthetic BMAA they developed symptoms of ALS-PDC and thus of lytico-bodig. However, the treated flour was tested for BMAA, and was not found to contain sufficient quantities. {{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}

;Fruit Bats
:Another theory was introduced by [[Paul Alan Cox]] and Oliver Sacks after examining aspects of the Chamorro diet.<ref name="scientificamerican" /> Fruit bats were a common food for the Chamorro, which often ate cycad seeds themselves. It was found that the bats would bioaccumulate BMAA in their fat, and that eating even a few bats would cause a dose of BMAA similar to levels that produced disease symptoms in the earlier animal models. Cox also observed that there was a matching decline in fruit bat consumption, and in lytico-bodig. This hypothesis is still being investigated.

The actual disease could die off before a cure is found since it is only found in the older generation of people on Guam, and the cause has not yet been found.

Lytico-bodig is isolated to Guam which makes it an excellent opportunity to research neurodegenerative diseases. If a cure was found, it could lead to significant information on other diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimers. Only time and future research will tell the outcome of the disease.

==See also==
*For more information about the Evolution of Research see:

[http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/157/2/149 American Journal of Epidemiology]

[http://www.jneuro-ophthalmology.com/pt/re/jneuroophth/fulltext.0041327-200303000-0 Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology]
* [[beta-Methylamino-L-alanine|β-Methylamino-L-alanine]] (BMAA)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Wiederholt, W.C. 2000. Guam: the puzzle of Parkinson's. National Institute of Health Report 3:3.

Morris, H.R., Al-Sarraj, S., Schwab, C., Gwinn-Hardy, K., Perez-Tur, J., Wood, N.W., Hardy, J., Lees, A.J., McGreer, P.L., Daniel, S.E., and J.C. Steele. 2001. A clinical and pathological study of motor neurone disease on Guam. Brain 11:2215-2222.

Carrico, C. 2004. Island Lore. Beyond the bench: Representations of pharmacology and science in the media 4:296-297

Sedwick, L.A. 2003. Terry A. Cox, md,PhD, neuro-ophthalmologist, biostatistician, and birdwatcher. Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology 23:108-110

==External links==
*[http://apps.ashland.edu/index.php/Lytico-bodig Ashland University Ohio Wiki Entry]
*[http://www.parkinson.org/site/pp.asp?c=9dJFJLPwB&b=99904 Details at National Parkinson's Foundation]

[[Category:Neurological disorders]]

{{Link FA|pl}}

[[fr:Syndrome de Guam]]
[[pl:Stwardnienie zanikowe boczne-parkinsonizm/zespół otępienny]]

Nigahiga

2011-11-16T08:28:11Z

Tea with toast: Undid revision 460916457 by Tea with toast (talk)error caused by double clicking save page

{{pp-semi-blp|expiry=May 1, 2012|small=yes}}
{{infobox weblog
|image = Ryan Higa 10.jpg
|imagesize = 69px
|caption = Ryan Higa in 2010
| othernames =
| known = {{unbulleted list|"Off the Pill" series|"Dear Ryan" series|"How to be" series|Advertisement spoofs series|"Movies in Minutes" series|"Skitzo" series|''Ryan and Sean's Not So Excellent Adventure''|''Agents of Secret Stuff''}}
| author = {{unbulleted list|Ryan Higa|Sean Fujiyoshi}}
| years = July 20, 2006–present
| website = [http://www.youtube.com/nigahiga Official YouTube Channel]
[http://higatv.com/ official website]
}}

'''Nigahiga''' is a popular [[YouTube]] channel created by [[Japanese-American]] Ryan Higa (born {{Birth date and age|1990|06|06}}).<ref>{{cite web|title=HIGAtv.com: About|url=http://www.higatv.com/about.php|publisher=HigaTv Productions|accessdate=September 6, 2011}}</ref> Since relocating to Las Vegas to study filmmaking at [[UNLV]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.westhawaiitoday.com/articles/2008/05/25/sports/local_sports/sports04.txt |title=from archives > hi1,500 |publisher=West Hawaii Today |date=May 25, 2008 |accessdate=July 13, 2010}}</ref> Higa's videos are either solo efforts or videos with other people such as [[KevJumba]].<ref>{{cite web|author=AsianWeek |url=http://www.asianweek.com/2008/11/17/daily-dose-111708/ |title=Just another WordPress site |publisher=AsianWeek |date= |accessdate=July 13, 2010}}</ref> They are known for their [[YouTube]] comedy videos, which have been viewed over 1.00 billion times.<ref name="Youtube views page">{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/user/nigahiga|title=nigahiga's Channel|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=November 6, 2011}}</ref> As of November 2011, Higa's YouTube channel, nigahiga, has over 4.6 million subscribers, and is the second most subscribed YouTube channel of all time, surpassed only by [[Ray William Johnson|RayWilliamJohnson]].

==Content==
Ryan Higa and Sean Fujiyoshi started posting [[YouTube]] videos of themselves [[lip-synch]]ing to songs in mid 2006 while attending [[Waiakea High School]].<ref>{{cite news | title = Hilo teens become a Web video sensation. Higa and Fujiyoshi have made numerous amounts of videos like rants, lip singing, and short films | url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Jul/27/il/hawaii807270330.html | publisher = The Honolulu Advertiser | date = July 27, 2008 | accessdate = August 21, 2009}}</ref> They quickly expanded beyond songs, with a variety of other comedic pieces. Occasional guest appearances are made by Tim Enos, Ryan Villaruel, Kyle Chun, and Tarynn Nago, collectively known as the "Yabo Crew".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2008/01/11/features/screentime.html |title=starbulletin.com | Features | /2008/01/11/ |publisher=Archives.starbulletin.com |date=January 11, 2008 |accessdate=July 13, 2010}}</ref>

On Christmas Eve of 2008, Higa and Fujiyoshi's two most popular videos, ''How To Be Gangster'' and ''How To Be Emo'', were removed due to copyright violations.<ref name="copyrighted">{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FCTAqdDfL58&feature=player_embedded|title=Copyrighted|last=Higa|first=Ryan|date=February 23, 2009|publisher=[[YouTube]]|'''accessdate=December 11, 2009}}</ref> On January 21, 2009, the nigahiga account was temporarily suspended and was required to remove more copyrighted videos. Because of this, nigahiga's lip synching videos were all removed (with the exception of ''You're Beautiful'', which was audio swapped)<ref name="yourebeautiful">{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PhlvZuwl_pc|title=You're Beautiful|last=Higa|first=Ryan|date=June 27, 2008|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=November 29, 2009}}</ref>, and so were most of his videos that include copyrighted music. As of now, all the music that is being played in nigahiga's videos is music Higa composed himself. ''How to be Gangster'' and ''How to be Emo'' were put back on nigahiga's channel in late August 2009, only to be removed a few days later, along with ''How to be Ninja'' and ''How to be Nerd''. In Spring 2010, ''How to be Ninja'', ''How to be Gangster'' and ''How to be Emo'' were made public once more.<ref name="uploads">{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/user/nigahiga?blend=1&ob=4#g/u|title=Uploads|last=Higa|first=Ryan|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=November 29, 2009}}</ref> He created a second channel recently, where he posts video blogs and behind the scenes movies. His second account is under the name of "HigaTV".

===Films===

In 2008, Los Angeles producer Richard Van Vleet offered to help them create their first feature-length film. The resulting film, ''Ryan and Sean's Not So Excellent Adventure'', was directed by [[Richard Van Vleet]] and released on November 14, 2008.<ref name="imbdmovie">{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1270113/|title=Ryan and Sean's Not So Excellent Adventure|publisher=[[imbd]]|accessdate=November 15, 2009}}</ref><ref name="zap2it">{{cite web|url=http://movies.zap2it.com/movies/ryan-and-seans-not-so-excellent-adventure/190268|title=Ryan and Sean's Not So Excellent Adventure|publisher=zap2it.com|accessdate=November 15, 2009}}</ref> It was shown in sold out theaters in [[Hawaii]] and [[California]].{{citation needed|date=April 2011}}<ref name="Herald">{{cite web|author=Associated Press |url=http://www.dailyherald.com/story/?id=249477 |title=YouTube was very good to this pair |publisher=Daily Herald |date= |accessdate=September 19, 2010}}</ref> The DVD was released on July 14, 2009 in the USA.<ref name="amazonDVD">{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00208EXN0|title=Ryan and Sean's Not So Excellent Adventure (2008)|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|accessdate=November 15, 2009}}</ref>

''Ryan and Sean's Not So Excellent Adventure'' is about a down on his luck movie producer, played by [[Michael Buckley (Internet celebrity)|Michael Buckley]], who is seeking out famous [[celebrities]] in order to make a hit movie in 30 days or risk being fired. He chooses Ryan Higa and Sean Fujiyoshi after discovering the popularity of their YouTube videos. He invites them to [[Hollywood]] to make a movie. They accept the offer, and run into some amusing situations on the way.<ref name="adventureplot">{{cite web|url=http://www.infoplease.com/movies/ryan-and-seans-not-so-excellent-adventure/68012|title=Ryan and Sean's Not So Excellent Adventure|publisher=infoplease.com|accessdate=November 15, 2009}}</ref>

''Ninja Melk'', a 26 minute short film about ninjas, was released in August 2009. The plot revolves around a ninja master named Master Ching Ching sending his student Lapchung (played by Bryson Murata) to find a replacement, finding Ryan and Sean to catch the evil Bokchoy (played by Tim Enos) and his henchwoman, Gina (played by Tarynn Nago).<ref name="ninjamelk">{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uIz3cb_igD4|title=Ninja Melk|last=Higa|first=Ryan|coauthors=Fujiyoshi, Sean|date=August 24, 2009|work=Video|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=November 29, 2009}}</ref>

A new independent 35 minute film he created with [[Wong Fu Productions]] called "Agents of Secret Stuff" was uploaded on Ryan's channel on November 24, 2010. It features some other popular YouTube users as well as actors such as [[Aki Aleong]]. "Agents of Secret Stuff" is about a teenage A.S.S. ('''A'''gent of '''S'''ecret '''S'''tuff) (Higa) who is sent undercover to a high school to protect one of the students, a girl named Taylor ([[Arden Cho]]) from the A.S.S.'s enemy, the S.I.N.S ('''S'''ociety '''I'''nvolving '''N'''ot-So-Good '''S'''tuff). It included guest appearances from Ian and Anthony of [[Smosh]], [[Dominic Sandoval|D-Trix]], [[Kassem G]] and Hiimrawn.

Ryan Higa's and Sean Fujiyoshi's YouTube channel, nigahiga, was created on July 20, 2006. By December 21, 2010, it had reached 3,000,000 subscribers, the first channel to do so.<ref name="HA">{{cite web|url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Jul/27/il/hawaii807270330.html |title=Hilo teens become a Web video sensation | The Honolulu Advertiser | Hawaii's Newspaper |publisher=The Honolulu Advertiser |date=July 27, 2008 |accessdate=July 13, 2010}}</ref> By November 2011, their videos had been viewed over 1.001 billion times.<ref>{{cite web|author=nigahiga|url=http://www.youtube.com/nigahiga |title=nigahiga's YouTube channel |date= |accessdate=November 6, 2011}}</ref>

==Videography==
<ref name="uploads"/>
{{multicol}}

;Advertisement spoofs
*''The iPod Human''
*''The ShamWOOHOO!''
*''ChildrensBop!''
*''The Portobello Mushroom Burger''
*''The Big Bouncing Inflatable Green Ball!''
*''Hook on Fonik''
*''I broke my Nexus One!''
*''The Snuggo''
*''The iNavigator''
*''TEEHEE Band''

;Dear Ryan
*''Dear Ryan - Defeating a Ninja''
*''Dear Ryan - Superhero''
*''Dear Ryan - Makeup Guru''
*''Dear Ryan - Basketball-Tubing Weather Lamp''
*''Dear Ryan - Are you a liar?''
*''Dear Ryan - Extreme''
*''Dear Ryan - Epic Meal Time''

;"How to be" series
*''How to be Ninja''
*''How to be Gangster''
*''How to be Emo''
*''How to be Nerd'' (private)
*''How to be UFC Fighter'' (private)
*''How to be at the Premiere''
*''How to be a YouTube Celebrity''

;Lip-synced songs
*''[[You're Beautiful]]'' (audio swapped, replaced with [[Bring Me To Life]])
*''[[Circle Circle Dot Dot]]'' (private)
*''I'm a Gangster'' (private)
*''[[Wannabe (song)|Wannabe]]'' (private)
*''[[Fergalicious]]'' (private)
*''Savin' Me'' (private)
*''My Heart Will Go On'' (private)
*''Destiny's Angels'' (private)
*''Milk and Cereal'' (private)
*''Numa Numa'' (private)
*''Irreplaceable'' (private)
*''London Bridges'' (private)
*''Barbie Girl'' (private)
*''I Love Them Hoes'' (private)
*''Promiscuous'' (private)
*''I Just Want You To Know'' (private)
*''Sukiyaki'' (private)

;Movies in Minutes series
*''Movies In Minutes - [[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]''
*''Movies In Minutes - [[The Grudge]]''
*''Movies In Minutes - [[Twilight (2008 film)|Twilight]]''
*''Movies In Minutes - [[Harry Potter]]''
*''Movies In Minutes - [[X-Men Origins: Wolverine]]''
*''Movies In Minutes - Transformers: Revenge of the Household Objects''
*''Movies In Minutes - Saw 12''
*''Movies In Minutes - New Moon'' ([[The Twilight Saga: New Moon|Twilight: New Moon]])
*''Movies In Minutes - [[The Social Network|Facebook the Movie]]''
*''Movies In Minutes - [[Final Destination]]''
{{multicol-break}}

;Nigahiga songs
*''Asian Boy - Yank Dat Cameltoe''
*''Sorry Fans, Blame My ADD'' (Sorry, Blame it on Me)
*''So Damn Stupid!'' (YAHHH!)
*''Asian Boy - I Miss You Soulja Boy'' (Better in Time)
*''The Ninja Glare'' (In the Ayer)
*''Tweet Whore''
*''I'm a Chingstah!'' (I'm a Gangster)
*''Like a Good Boy'' (Like A G6)
*''Shed a Tear'' (Rocketeer) (featuring [[Chester See]] and [[KevJumba]])
*''I'm Hardcore'' (featuring [[David Choi]] and [[JR Aquino]])
*''Nice Guys'' (featuring [[Chester See]] and [[KevJumba]])

;Best Crew
*''Best Dance Crew'' (Ft [[Victor Kim]], [[Quest Crew]])
*''BEST CREW vs [[Poreotics|POREOTICS]]''
*''BEST CREW -The Audition'' (Ft Pacman and Moon from [[I.aM.mE]])

;[[Ninja Melk]]
*''Ninja Melk Preview''
*''Ninja Melk Trailer''
*''Ninja Melk''

;Off the Pill
*''Off The Pill - Stink People''
*''Off The Pill - Farts''
*''Off The Pill - Nosy People''
*''Off The Pill - 2009''
*''Off The Pill - [[Justin Bieber|BIEBER FEVER]]''
*''Off The Pill - Weird People''
*''Off The Pill - [[Rebecca Black]] ([[Friday (Rebecca Black song)|Friday]])''
*''Off The Pill - Arrogant People''
*''Off the Pill - Feminist''
*''Off the Pill - Dancing''

;Rants
*''Ranting about Music'' (private)
*''Rant on Liars'' (private)
*''Rant on Comments'' (private)
*''Rant on Nosy People'' (private)
*''Rant on Stink People'' (private)
*''Rant on ADD'' (private)
*''Violence'' (private)
*''Rant on Asian Dramas''
*''Rant on Music (Remade)''

;Ryan and Sean's Not So Excellent Adventure
*''The Super Secret!''
*''Ryan and Sean's NSEA''

;Skitzo
*''Skitzo - Introductions''
*''Skitzo - The Halloween Story''
*''Skitzo - The PSA''
*''Skitzo - Valentine's Day''
*''Skitzo - [[Despicable Me]]''
*''Skitzo - Reunited''

;TV Program Spoofs
*''Mind Geek'' (Mind Freak) (private)
*''House''
*''Dude vs. Wild – The Desert'' (Man vs. Wild)

;The Ryan Higa Show
*''The Ryan Higa Show: Helga Fawntinilla'' (private)
*''The Ryan Higa Show: [[Milo Ventimiglia]]''
{{multicol-break}}

;Word of the Day
*''Word of the Day – [[Pwned]]''
*''Word of the Day – [[Bromance]]'' (featuring [[Jay Park]])

;Agents of Secret Stuff
*''NEW NIGAHIGA MOVIE (TEASER)''
*''Agents of Secret Stuff Trailer (Official)''
*''Agents of Secret Stuff''

;Million Subscribers Celebrations
*''1,000,000 Subscribers''
*''2,000,000 Subscribers!''
*''3,000,000 Subscribers!''
*''4,000,000 Subscribers!''

;Fundraisers
*''[[2011 Japan earthquake|Honk For Japan]]''

;Daily Life of
*''Daily Life of [[Justin Bieber|Rustin Hieber]]''
*''Daily Life of NinjaHinja''
*''Daily Life of a Basketballer''

;HigaTV
*''[[Australia]] Trip''
*''Freedumb''
*''Nice Guys (BEHIND THE SCENES)''
*''Tag Your Green!''
*''[[Canada]] Trip''
*''4 Guys 1 Car'' (Original) (removed)
*''4 Guys 1 Car'' (Remade)
*''Vidcon and ISA''
*''Marley and Me''
*''Sole Mate (freestyle)''
*''ISA Trailer''
*''YTF in Hawaii''

;Other
*''Adjusting the Sails'' (private)
*''The Number 21'' (private)
*''Beautiful Girls [Ghetto Style]'' (private)
*''Munky Tag'' (private)
*''The Stalking Mangina Preview''
*''Subliminal Messaging'' (private)
*''Hilo Puppets''
*''Romantic Valentines Day Story''
*''Vote for REVO''
*''A Message to All Haters''
*''Sean Returns!''
*''YouTube Live – WTH is a VLog''
*''Thanksgving Campaign'' (removed)
*''Copyrighted''
*''Nigahiga Tee-Shirts'' (private)
*''Why Chris Brown Beat Rihanna''
*''Will Ferrell Calling me out?'' (private)
*''I wanna play a game'' (private)
*''Braces?!'' (private)
*''Things I Like'' (private)
*''REVO'' (private)
*''sponsored'' (private)
*''5 Nigahiga facts'' (private)
*''Asians Wrestle'' (private)
*''FedUp''
*''[[Wedding of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and Catherine Middleton|Royal Wedding]] Reaction Video''
*''The Announcement''
*''Clubs Sicken Me!''
*''That Awkward Moment When''
*''YTF''
{{multicol-end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
Television
* Supah Ninjas

==External links==
* Official Site [http://www.HigaTV.com www.HigaTV.com]
* {{YouTube|user=nigahiga|nigahiga}}
* [http://www.ryanandseansmovie.com/ Official homepage of ''Ryan and Sean's Not So Excellent Adventure'']
*{{imdb title|1270113|Ryan and Sean's Not So Excellent Adventure}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hon}}
{{s-bef | before = [[Fred Figglehorn|Fred]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = Most subscribed channel on [[YouTube]] | years = August 2009—June 2011}}
{{s-aft | after = [[Ray William Johnson]]}}
{{s-bef | before = [[Ray William Johnson]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = Top Subscribed Channel on [[YouTube]] | years = nigahiga Ranked second as of November 2011}}
{{s-aft | after = [[Machinima.com|machinima]]}}
{{s-end}}

[[Category:American Internet personalities]]
[[Category:Internet memes]]

[[da:Nigahiga]]
[[eo:Nigahiga]]
[[fr:Nigahiga]]
[[ja:ライアン・ヒガ]]
[[fi:Nigahiga]]
[[sv:Nigahiga]]
[[zh:NigaHiga]]

Nigahiga

2011-11-16T08:25:34Z

Tea with toast: added Category:YouTube using HotCat

{{pp-semi-blp|expiry=May 1, 2012|small=yes}}
{{infobox weblog
|image = Ryan Higa 10.jpg
|imagesize = 69px
|caption = Ryan Higa in 2010
| othernames =
| known = {{unbulleted list|"Off the Pill" series|"Dear Ryan" series|"How to be" series|Advertisement spoofs series|"Movies in Minutes" series|"Skitzo" series|''Ryan and Sean's Not So Excellent Adventure''|''Agents of Secret Stuff''}}
| author = {{unbulleted list|Ryan Higa|Sean Fujiyoshi}}
| years = July 20, 2006–present
| website = [http://www.youtube.com/nigahiga Official YouTube Channel]
[http://higatv.com/ official website]
}}

'''Nigahiga''' is a popular [[YouTube]] channel created by [[Japanese-American]] Ryan Higa (born {{Birth date and age|1990|06|06}}).<ref>{{cite web|title=HIGAtv.com: About|url=http://www.higatv.com/about.php|publisher=HigaTv Productions|accessdate=September 6, 2011}}</ref> Since relocating to Las Vegas to study filmmaking at [[UNLV]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.westhawaiitoday.com/articles/2008/05/25/sports/local_sports/sports04.txt |title=from archives > hi1,500 |publisher=West Hawaii Today |date=May 25, 2008 |accessdate=July 13, 2010}}</ref> Higa's videos are either solo efforts or videos with other people such as [[KevJumba]].<ref>{{cite web|author=AsianWeek |url=http://www.asianweek.com/2008/11/17/daily-dose-111708/ |title=Just another WordPress site |publisher=AsianWeek |date= |accessdate=July 13, 2010}}</ref> They are known for their [[YouTube]] comedy videos, which have been viewed over 1.00 billion times.<ref name="Youtube views page">{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/user/nigahiga|title=nigahiga's Channel|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=November 6, 2011}}</ref> As of November 2011, Higa's YouTube channel, nigahiga, has over 4.6 million subscribers, and is the second most subscribed YouTube channel of all time, surpassed only by [[Ray William Johnson|RayWilliamJohnson]].

==Content==
Ryan Higa and Sean Fujiyoshi started posting [[YouTube]] videos of themselves [[lip-synch]]ing to songs in mid 2006 while attending [[Waiakea High School]].<ref>{{cite news | title = Hilo teens become a Web video sensation. Higa and Fujiyoshi have made numerous amounts of videos like rants, lip singing, and short films | url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Jul/27/il/hawaii807270330.html | publisher = The Honolulu Advertiser | date = July 27, 2008 | accessdate = August 21, 2009}}</ref> They quickly expanded beyond songs, with a variety of other comedic pieces. Occasional guest appearances are made by Tim Enos, Ryan Villaruel, Kyle Chun, and Tarynn Nago, collectively known as the "Yabo Crew".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2008/01/11/features/screentime.html |title=starbulletin.com | Features | /2008/01/11/ |publisher=Archives.starbulletin.com |date=January 11, 2008 |accessdate=July 13, 2010}}</ref>

On Christmas Eve of 2008, Higa and Fujiyoshi's two most popular videos, ''How To Be Gangster'' and ''How To Be Emo'', were removed due to copyright violations.<ref name="copyrighted">{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FCTAqdDfL58&feature=player_embedded|title=Copyrighted|last=Higa|first=Ryan|date=February 23, 2009|publisher=[[YouTube]]|'''accessdate=December 11, 2009}}</ref> On January 21, 2009, the nigahiga account was temporarily suspended and was required to remove more copyrighted videos. Because of this, nigahiga's lip synching videos were all removed (with the exception of ''You're Beautiful'', which was audio swapped)<ref name="yourebeautiful">{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PhlvZuwl_pc|title=You're Beautiful|last=Higa|first=Ryan|date=June 27, 2008|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=November 29, 2009}}</ref>, and so were most of his videos that include copyrighted music. As of now, all the music that is being played in nigahiga's videos is music Higa composed himself. ''How to be Gangster'' and ''How to be Emo'' were put back on nigahiga's channel in late August 2009, only to be removed a few days later, along with ''How to be Ninja'' and ''How to be Nerd''. In Spring 2010, ''How to be Ninja'', ''How to be Gangster'' and ''How to be Emo'' were made public once more.<ref name="uploads">{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/user/nigahiga?blend=1&ob=4#g/u|title=Uploads|last=Higa|first=Ryan|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=November 29, 2009}}</ref> He created a second channel recently, where he posts video blogs and behind the scenes movies. His second account is under the name of "HigaTV".

===Films===

In 2008, Los Angeles producer Richard Van Vleet offered to help them create their first feature-length film. The resulting film, ''Ryan and Sean's Not So Excellent Adventure'', was directed by [[Richard Van Vleet]] and released on November 14, 2008.<ref name="imbdmovie">{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1270113/|title=Ryan and Sean's Not So Excellent Adventure|publisher=[[imbd]]|accessdate=November 15, 2009}}</ref><ref name="zap2it">{{cite web|url=http://movies.zap2it.com/movies/ryan-and-seans-not-so-excellent-adventure/190268|title=Ryan and Sean's Not So Excellent Adventure|publisher=zap2it.com|accessdate=November 15, 2009}}</ref> It was shown in sold out theaters in [[Hawaii]] and [[California]].{{citation needed|date=April 2011}}<ref name="Herald">{{cite web|author=Associated Press |url=http://www.dailyherald.com/story/?id=249477 |title=YouTube was very good to this pair |publisher=Daily Herald |date= |accessdate=September 19, 2010}}</ref> The DVD was released on July 14, 2009 in the USA.<ref name="amazonDVD">{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00208EXN0|title=Ryan and Sean's Not So Excellent Adventure (2008)|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|accessdate=November 15, 2009}}</ref>

''Ryan and Sean's Not So Excellent Adventure'' is about a down on his luck movie producer, played by [[Michael Buckley (Internet celebrity)|Michael Buckley]], who is seeking out famous [[celebrities]] in order to make a hit movie in 30 days or risk being fired. He chooses Ryan Higa and Sean Fujiyoshi after discovering the popularity of their YouTube videos. He invites them to [[Hollywood]] to make a movie. They accept the offer, and run into some amusing situations on the way.<ref name="adventureplot">{{cite web|url=http://www.infoplease.com/movies/ryan-and-seans-not-so-excellent-adventure/68012|title=Ryan and Sean's Not So Excellent Adventure|publisher=infoplease.com|accessdate=November 15, 2009}}</ref>

''Ninja Melk'', a 26 minute short film about ninjas, was released in August 2009. The plot revolves around a ninja master named Master Ching Ching sending his student Lapchung (played by Bryson Murata) to find a replacement, finding Ryan and Sean to catch the evil Bokchoy (played by Tim Enos) and his henchwoman, Gina (played by Tarynn Nago).<ref name="ninjamelk">{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uIz3cb_igD4|title=Ninja Melk|last=Higa|first=Ryan|coauthors=Fujiyoshi, Sean|date=August 24, 2009|work=Video|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=November 29, 2009}}</ref>

A new independent 35 minute film he created with [[Wong Fu Productions]] called "Agents of Secret Stuff" was uploaded on Ryan's channel on November 24, 2010. It features some other popular YouTube users as well as actors such as [[Aki Aleong]]. "Agents of Secret Stuff" is about a teenage A.S.S. ('''A'''gent of '''S'''ecret '''S'''tuff) (Higa) who is sent undercover to a high school to protect one of the students, a girl named Taylor ([[Arden Cho]]) from the A.S.S.'s enemy, the S.I.N.S ('''S'''ociety '''I'''nvolving '''N'''ot-So-Good '''S'''tuff). It included guest appearances from Ian and Anthony of [[Smosh]], [[Dominic Sandoval|D-Trix]], [[Kassem G]] and Hiimrawn.

Ryan Higa's and Sean Fujiyoshi's YouTube channel, nigahiga, was created on July 20, 2006. By December 21, 2010, it had reached 3,000,000 subscribers, the first channel to do so.<ref name="HA">{{cite web|url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Jul/27/il/hawaii807270330.html |title=Hilo teens become a Web video sensation | The Honolulu Advertiser | Hawaii's Newspaper |publisher=The Honolulu Advertiser |date=July 27, 2008 |accessdate=July 13, 2010}}</ref> By November 2011, their videos had been viewed over 1.001 billion times.<ref>{{cite web|author=nigahiga|url=http://www.youtube.com/nigahiga |title=nigahiga's YouTube channel |date= |accessdate=November 6, 2011}}</ref>

==Videography==
<ref name="uploads"/>
{{multicol}}

;Advertisement spoofs
*''The iPod Human''
*''The ShamWOOHOO!''
*''ChildrensBop!''
*''The Portobello Mushroom Burger''
*''The Big Bouncing Inflatable Green Ball!''
*''Hook on Fonik''
*''I broke my Nexus One!''
*''The Snuggo''
*''The iNavigator''
*''TEEHEE Band''

;Dear Ryan
*''Dear Ryan - Defeating a Ninja''
*''Dear Ryan - Superhero''
*''Dear Ryan - Makeup Guru''
*''Dear Ryan - Basketball-Tubing Weather Lamp''
*''Dear Ryan - Are you a liar?''
*''Dear Ryan - Extreme''
*''Dear Ryan - Epic Meal Time''

;"How to be" series
*''How to be Ninja''
*''How to be Gangster''
*''How to be Emo''
*''How to be Nerd'' (private)
*''How to be UFC Fighter'' (private)
*''How to be at the Premiere''
*''How to be a YouTube Celebrity''

;Lip-synced songs
*''[[You're Beautiful]]'' (audio swapped, replaced with [[Bring Me To Life]])
*''[[Circle Circle Dot Dot]]'' (private)
*''I'm a Gangster'' (private)
*''[[Wannabe (song)|Wannabe]]'' (private)
*''[[Fergalicious]]'' (private)
*''Savin' Me'' (private)
*''My Heart Will Go On'' (private)
*''Destiny's Angels'' (private)
*''Milk and Cereal'' (private)
*''Numa Numa'' (private)
*''Irreplaceable'' (private)
*''London Bridges'' (private)
*''Barbie Girl'' (private)
*''I Love Them Hoes'' (private)
*''Promiscuous'' (private)
*''I Just Want You To Know'' (private)
*''Sukiyaki'' (private)

;Movies in Minutes series
*''Movies In Minutes - [[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]''
*''Movies In Minutes - [[The Grudge]]''
*''Movies In Minutes - [[Twilight (2008 film)|Twilight]]''
*''Movies In Minutes - [[Harry Potter]]''
*''Movies In Minutes - [[X-Men Origins: Wolverine]]''
*''Movies In Minutes - Transformers: Revenge of the Household Objects''
*''Movies In Minutes - Saw 12''
*''Movies In Minutes - New Moon'' ([[The Twilight Saga: New Moon|Twilight: New Moon]])
*''Movies In Minutes - [[The Social Network|Facebook the Movie]]''
*''Movies In Minutes - [[Final Destination]]''
{{multicol-break}}

;Nigahiga songs
*''Asian Boy - Yank Dat Cameltoe''
*''Sorry Fans, Blame My ADD'' (Sorry, Blame it on Me)
*''So Damn Stupid!'' (YAHHH!)
*''Asian Boy - I Miss You Soulja Boy'' (Better in Time)
*''The Ninja Glare'' (In the Ayer)
*''Tweet Whore''
*''I'm a Chingstah!'' (I'm a Gangster)
*''Like a Good Boy'' (Like A G6)
*''Shed a Tear'' (Rocketeer) (featuring [[Chester See]] and [[KevJumba]])
*''I'm Hardcore'' (featuring [[David Choi]] and [[JR Aquino]])
*''Nice Guys'' (featuring [[Chester See]] and [[KevJumba]])

;Best Crew
*''Best Dance Crew'' (Ft Victor Kim [[Quest Crew]])
*''BEST CREW vs [[Poreotics|POREOTICS]]''
*''BEST CREW -The Audition'' (Ft Pacman and Moon from [[I.aM.mE]])

;[[Ninja Melk]]
*''Ninja Melk Preview''
*''Ninja Melk Trailer''
*''Ninja Melk''

;Off the Pill
*''Off The Pill - Stink People''
*''Off The Pill - Farts''
*''Off The Pill - Nosy People''
*''Off The Pill - 2009''
*''Off The Pill - [[Justin Bieber|BIEBER FEVER]]''
*''Off The Pill - Weird People''
*''Off The Pill - [[Rebecca Black]] ([[Friday (Rebecca Black song)|Friday]])''
*''Off The Pill - Arrogant People''
*''Off the Pill - Feminist''
*''Off the Pill - Dancing''

;Rants
*''Ranting about Music'' (private)
*''Rant on Liars'' (private)
*''Rant on Comments'' (private)
*''Rant on Nosy People'' (private)
*''Rant on Stink People'' (private)
*''Rant on ADD'' (private)
*''Violence'' (private)
*''Rant on Asian Dramas''
*''Rant on Music (Remade)''

;Ryan and Sean's Not So Excellent Adventure
*''The Super Secret!''
*''Ryan and Sean's NSEA''

;Skitzo
*''Skitzo - Introductions''
*''Skitzo - The Halloween Story''
*''Skitzo - The PSA''
*''Skitzo - Valentine's Day''
*''Skitzo - [[Despicable Me]]''
*''Skitzo - Reunited''

;TV Program Spoofs
*''Mind Geek'' (Mind Freak) (private)
*''House''
*''Dude vs. Wild – The Desert'' (Man vs. Wild)

;The Ryan Higa Show
*''The Ryan Higa Show: Helga Fawntinilla'' (private)
*''The Ryan Higa Show: [[Milo Ventimiglia]]''
{{multicol-break}}

;Word of the Day
*''Word of the Day – [[Pwned]]''
*''Word of the Day – [[Bromance]]'' (featuring [[Jay Park]])

;Agents of Secret Stuff
*''NEW NIGAHIGA MOVIE (TEASER)''
*''Agents of Secret Stuff Trailer (Official)''
*''Agents of Secret Stuff''

;Million Subscribers Celebrations
*''1,000,000 Subscribers''
*''2,000,000 Subscribers!''
*''3,000,000 Subscribers!''
*''4,000,000 Subscribers!''

;Fundraisers
*''[[2011 Japan earthquake|Honk For Japan]]''

;Daily Life of
*''Daily Life of [[Justin Bieber|Rustin Hieber]]''
*''Daily Life of NinjaHinja''
*''Daily Life of a Basketballer''

;HigaTV
*''[[Australia]] Trip''
*''Freedumb''
*''Nice Guys (BEHIND THE SCENES)''
*''Tag Your Green!''
*''[[Canada]] Trip''
*''4 Guys 1 Car'' (Original) (removed)
*''4 Guys 1 Car'' (Remade)
*''Vidcon and ISA''
*''Marley and Me''
*''Sole Mate (freestyle)''
*''ISA Trailer''
*''YTF in Hawaii''

;Other
*''Adjusting the Sails'' (private)
*''The Number 21'' (private)
*''Beautiful Girls [Ghetto Style]'' (private)
*''Munky Tag'' (private)
*''The Stalking Mangina Preview''
*''Subliminal Messaging'' (private)
*''Hilo Puppets''
*''Romantic Valentines Day Story''
*''Vote for REVO''
*''A Message to All Haters''
*''Sean Returns!''
*''YouTube Live – WTH is a VLog''
*''Thanksgving Campaign'' (removed)
*''Copyrighted''
*''Nigahiga Tee-Shirts'' (private)
*''Why Chris Brown Beat Rihanna''
*''Will Ferrell Calling me out?'' (private)
*''I wanna play a game'' (private)
*''Braces?!'' (private)
*''Things I Like'' (private)
*''REVO'' (private)
*''sponsored'' (private)
*''5 Nigahiga facts'' (private)
*''Asians Wrestle'' (private)
*''FedUp''
*''[[Wedding of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and Catherine Middleton|Royal Wedding]] Reaction Video''
*''The Announcement''
*''Clubs Sicken Me!''
*''That Awkward Moment When''
*''YTF''
{{multicol-end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
Television
* Supah Ninjas

==External links==
* Official Site [http://www.HigaTV.com www.HigaTV.com]
* {{YouTube|user=nigahiga|nigahiga}}
* [http://www.ryanandseansmovie.com/ Official homepage of ''Ryan and Sean's Not So Excellent Adventure'']
*{{imdb title|1270113|Ryan and Sean's Not So Excellent Adventure}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hon}}
{{s-bef | before = [[Fred Figglehorn|Fred]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = Most subscribed channel on [[YouTube]] | years = August 2009—June 2011}}
{{s-aft | after = [[Ray William Johnson]]}}
{{s-bef | before = [[Ray William Johnson]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = Top Subscribed Channel on [[YouTube]] | years = nigahiga Ranked second as of November 2011}}
{{s-aft | after = [[Machinima.com|machinima]]}}
{{s-end}}

[[Category:American Internet personalities]]
[[Category:Internet memes]]
[[Category:YouTube]]

[[da:Nigahiga]]
[[eo:Nigahiga]]
[[fr:Nigahiga]]
[[ja:ライアン・ヒガ]]
[[fi:Nigahiga]]
[[sv:Nigahiga]]
[[zh:NigaHiga]]

Nigahiga

2011-11-16T08:19:17Z

Tea with toast: /* Videography */ added wikilink

Nigahiga

2011-11-16T04:56:28Z

Tea with toast: /* Videography */ moved column break so that the columns are more even

{{pp-semi-blp|expiry=May 1, 2012|small=yes}}
{{infobox weblog
|image = Ryan Higa 10.jpg
|imagesize = 69px
|caption = Ryan Higa in 2010
| othernames =
| known = {{unbulleted list|"Off the Pill" series|"Dear Ryan" series|"How to be" series|Advertisement spoofs series|"Movies in Minutes" series|"Skitzo" series|''Ryan and Sean's Not So Excellent Adventure''|''Agents of Secret Stuff''}}
| author = {{unbulleted list|Ryan Higa|Sean Fujiyoshi}}
| years = July 20, 2006–present
| website = [http://www.youtube.com/nigahiga Official YouTube Channel]
[http://higatv.com/ official website]
}}

'''Nigahiga''' is a popular [[YouTube]] channel created by [[Japanese-American]] Ryan Higa (born {{Birth date and age|1990|06|06}}).<ref>{{cite web|title=HIGAtv.com: About|url=http://www.higatv.com/about.php|publisher=HigaTv Productions|accessdate=September 6, 2011}}</ref> Since relocating to Las Vegas to study filmmaking at [[UNLV]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.westhawaiitoday.com/articles/2008/05/25/sports/local_sports/sports04.txt |title=from archives > hi1,500 |publisher=West Hawaii Today |date=May 25, 2008 |accessdate=July 13, 2010}}</ref> Higa's videos are either solo efforts or videos with other people such as [[KevJumba]].<ref>{{cite web|author=AsianWeek |url=http://www.asianweek.com/2008/11/17/daily-dose-111708/ |title=Just another WordPress site |publisher=AsianWeek |date= |accessdate=July 13, 2010}}</ref> They are known for their [[YouTube]] comedy videos, which have been viewed over 1.00 billion times.<ref name="Youtube views page">{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/user/nigahiga|title=nigahiga's Channel|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=November 6, 2011}}</ref> As of November 2011, Higa's YouTube channel, nigahiga, has over 4.6 million subscribers, and is the second most subscribed YouTube channel of all time, surpassed only by [[Ray William Johnson|RayWilliamJohnson]].

==Content==
Ryan Higa and Sean Fujiyoshi started posting [[YouTube]] videos of themselves [[lip-synch]]ing to songs in mid 2006 while attending [[Waiakea High School]].<ref>{{cite news | title = Hilo teens become a Web video sensation. Higa and Fujiyoshi have made numerous amounts of videos like rants, lip singing, and short films | url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Jul/27/il/hawaii807270330.html | publisher = The Honolulu Advertiser | date = July 27, 2008 | accessdate = August 21, 2009}}</ref> They quickly expanded beyond songs, with a variety of other comedic pieces. Occasional guest appearances are made by Tim Enos, Ryan Villaruel, Kyle Chun, and Tarynn Nago, collectively known as the "Yabo Crew".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/2008/01/11/features/screentime.html |title=starbulletin.com | Features | /2008/01/11/ |publisher=Archives.starbulletin.com |date=January 11, 2008 |accessdate=July 13, 2010}}</ref>

On Christmas Eve of 2008, Higa and Fujiyoshi's two most popular videos, ''How To Be Gangster'' and ''How To Be Emo'', were removed due to copyright violations.<ref name="copyrighted">{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FCTAqdDfL58&feature=player_embedded|title=Copyrighted|last=Higa|first=Ryan|date=February 23, 2009|publisher=[[YouTube]]|'''accessdate=December 11, 2009}}</ref> On January 21, 2009, the nigahiga account was temporarily suspended and was required to remove more copyrighted videos. Because of this, nigahiga's lip synching videos were all removed (with the exception of ''You're Beautiful'', which was audio swapped)<ref name="yourebeautiful">{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PhlvZuwl_pc|title=You're Beautiful|last=Higa|first=Ryan|date=June 27, 2008|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=November 29, 2009}}</ref>, and so were most of his videos that include copyrighted music. As of now, all the music that is being played in nigahiga's videos is music Higa composed himself. ''How to be Gangster'' and ''How to be Emo'' were put back on nigahiga's channel in late August 2009, only to be removed a few days later, along with ''How to be Ninja'' and ''How to be Nerd''. In Spring 2010, ''How to be Ninja'', ''How to be Gangster'' and ''How to be Emo'' were made public once more.<ref name="uploads">{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/user/nigahiga?blend=1&ob=4#g/u|title=Uploads|last=Higa|first=Ryan|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=November 29, 2009}}</ref> He created a second channel recently, where he posts video blogs and behind the scenes movies. His second account is under the name of "HigaTV".

===Films===

In 2008, Los Angeles producer Richard Van Vleet offered to help them create their first feature-length film. The resulting film, ''Ryan and Sean's Not So Excellent Adventure'', was directed by [[Richard Van Vleet]] and released on November 14, 2008.<ref name="imbdmovie">{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1270113/|title=Ryan and Sean's Not So Excellent Adventure|publisher=[[imbd]]|accessdate=November 15, 2009}}</ref><ref name="zap2it">{{cite web|url=http://movies.zap2it.com/movies/ryan-and-seans-not-so-excellent-adventure/190268|title=Ryan and Sean's Not So Excellent Adventure|publisher=zap2it.com|accessdate=November 15, 2009}}</ref> It was shown in sold out theaters in [[Hawaii]] and [[California]].{{citation needed|date=April 2011}}<ref name="Herald">{{cite web|author=Associated Press |url=http://www.dailyherald.com/story/?id=249477 |title=YouTube was very good to this pair |publisher=Daily Herald |date= |accessdate=September 19, 2010}}</ref> The DVD was released on July 14, 2009 in the USA.<ref name="amazonDVD">{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00208EXN0|title=Ryan and Sean's Not So Excellent Adventure (2008)|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|accessdate=November 15, 2009}}</ref>

''Ryan and Sean's Not So Excellent Adventure'' is about a down on his luck movie producer, played by [[Michael Buckley (Internet celebrity)|Michael Buckley]], who is seeking out famous [[celebrities]] in order to make a hit movie in 30 days or risk being fired. He chooses Ryan Higa and Sean Fujiyoshi after discovering the popularity of their YouTube videos. He invites them to [[Hollywood]] to make a movie. They accept the offer, and run into some amusing situations on the way.<ref name="adventureplot">{{cite web|url=http://www.infoplease.com/movies/ryan-and-seans-not-so-excellent-adventure/68012|title=Ryan and Sean's Not So Excellent Adventure|publisher=infoplease.com|accessdate=November 15, 2009}}</ref>

''Ninja Melk'', a 26 minute short film about ninjas, was released in August 2009. The plot revolves around a ninja master named Master Ching Ching sending his student Lapchung (played by Bryson Murata) to find a replacement, finding Ryan and Sean to catch the evil Bokchoy (played by Tim Enos) and his henchwoman, Gina (played by Tarynn Nago).<ref name="ninjamelk">{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uIz3cb_igD4|title=Ninja Melk|last=Higa|first=Ryan|coauthors=Fujiyoshi, Sean|date=August 24, 2009|work=Video|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=November 29, 2009}}</ref>

A new independent 35 minute film he created with [[Wong Fu Productions]] called "Agents of Secret Stuff" was uploaded on Ryan's channel on November 24, 2010. It features some other popular YouTube users as well as actors such as [[Aki Aleong]]. "Agents of Secret Stuff" is about a teenage A.S.S. ('''A'''gent of '''S'''ecret '''S'''tuff) (Higa) who is sent undercover to a high school to protect one of the students, a girl named Taylor ([[Arden Cho]]) from the A.S.S.'s enemy, the S.I.N.S ('''S'''ociety '''I'''nvolving '''N'''ot-So-Good '''S'''tuff). It included guest appearances from Ian and Anthony of [[Smosh]], [[Dominic Sandoval|D-Trix]], [[Kassem G]] and Hiimrawn.

Ryan Higa's and Sean Fujiyoshi's YouTube channel, nigahiga, was created on July 20, 2006. By December 21, 2010, it had reached 3,000,000 subscribers, the first channel to do so.<ref name="HA">{{cite web|url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Jul/27/il/hawaii807270330.html |title=Hilo teens become a Web video sensation | The Honolulu Advertiser | Hawaii's Newspaper |publisher=The Honolulu Advertiser |date=July 27, 2008 |accessdate=July 13, 2010}}</ref> By November 2011, their videos had been viewed over 1.001 billion times.<ref>{{cite web|author=nigahiga|url=http://www.youtube.com/nigahiga |title=nigahiga's YouTube channel |date= |accessdate=November 6, 2011}}</ref>

==Videography==
<ref name="uploads"/>
{{multicol}}

;Advertisement spoofs
*''The iPod Human''
*''The ShamWOOHOO!''
*''ChildrensBop!''
*''The Portobello Mushroom Burger''
*''The Big Bouncing Inflatable Green Ball!''
*''Hook on Fonik''
*''I broke my Nexus One!''
*''The Snuggo''
*''The iNavigator''
*''TEEHEE Band''

;Dear Ryan
*''Dear Ryan - Defeating a Ninja''
*''Dear Ryan - Superhero''
*''Dear Ryan - Makeup Guru''
*''Dear Ryan - Basketball-Tubing Weather Lamp''
*''Dear Ryan - Are you a liar?''
*''Dear Ryan - Extreme''
*''Dear Ryan - Epic Meal Time''

;"How to be" series
*''How to be Ninja''
*''How to be Gangster''
*''How to be Emo''
*''How to be Nerd'' (private)
*''How to be UFC Fighter'' (private)
*''How to be at the Premiere''
*''How to be a YouTube Celebrity''

;Lip-synced songs
*''[[You're Beautiful]]'' (audio swapped, replaced with [[Bring Me To Life]])
*''[[Circle Circle Dot Dot]]'' (private)
*''I'm a Gangster'' (private)
*''[[Wannabe (song)|Wannabe]]'' (private)
*''[[Fergalicious]]'' (private)
*''Savin' Me'' (private)
*''My Heart Will Go On'' (private)
*''Destiny's Angels'' (private)
*''Milk and Cereal'' (private)
*''Numa Numa'' (private)
*''Irreplaceable'' (private)
*''London Bridges'' (private)
*''Barbie Girl'' (private)
*''I Love Them Hoes'' (private)
*''Promiscuous'' (private)
*''I Just Want You To Know'' (private)
*''Sukiyaki'' (private)

;Movies in Minutes series
*''Movies In Minutes - [[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]''
*''Movies In Minutes - [[The Grudge]]''
*''Movies In Minutes - [[Twilight (2008 film)|Twilight]]''
*''Movies In Minutes - [[Harry Potter]]''
*''Movies In Minutes - [[X-Men Origins: Wolverine]]''
*''Movies In Minutes - Transformers: Revenge of the Household Objects''
*''Movies In Minutes - Saw 12''
*''Movies In Minutes - New Moon'' ([[The Twilight Saga: New Moon|Twilight: New Moon]])
*''Movies In Minutes - [[The Social Network|Facebook the Movie]]''
*''Movies In Minutes - [[Final Destination]]''
{{multicol-break}}

;Nigahiga songs
*''Asian Boy - Yank Dat Cameltoe''
*''Sorry Fans, Blame My ADD'' (Sorry, Blame it on Me)
*''So Damn Stupid!'' (YAHHH!)
*''Asian Boy - I Miss You Soulja Boy'' (Better in Time)
*''The Ninja Glare'' (In the Ayer)
*''Tweet Whore''
*''I'm a Chingstah!'' (I'm a Gangster)
*''Like a Good Boy'' (Like A G6)
*''Shed a Tear'' (Rocketeer) (featuring [[Chester See]] and [[KevJumba]])
*''I'm Hardcore'' (featuring [[David Choi]] and [[JR Aquino]])
*''Nice Guys'' (featuring [[Chester See]] and [[KevJumba]])

;Best Crew
*''Best Dance Crew'' (Ft Victor Kim [[Quest Crew]])
*''BEST CREW vs [[Poreotics|POREOTICS]]''
*''BEST CREW -The Audition'' (Ft Pacman and Moon from [[I.aM.mE]])

;[[Ninja Melk]]
*''Ninja Melk Preview''
*''Ninja Melk Trailer''
*''Ninja Melk''

;Off the Pill
*''Off The Pill - Stink People''
*''Off The Pill - Farts''
*''Off The Pill - Nosy People''
*''Off The Pill - 2009''
*''Off The Pill - [[Justin Bieber|BIEBER FEVER]]''
*''Off The Pill - Weird People''
*''Off The Pill - [[Rebecca Black]] ([[Friday (Rebecca Black song)|Friday]])''
*''Off The Pill - Arrogant People''
*''Off the Pill - Feminist''
*''Off the Pill - Dancing''

;Rants
*''Ranting about Music'' (private)
*''Rant on Liars'' (private)
*''Rant on Comments'' (private)
*''Rant on Nosy People'' (private)
*''Rant on Stink People'' (private)
*''Rant on ADD'' (private)
*''Violence'' (private)
*''Rant on Asian Dramas''
*''Rant on Music (Remade)''

;Ryan and Sean's Not So Excellent Adventure
*''The Super Secret!''
*''Ryan and Sean's NSEA''

;Skitzo
*''Skitzo - Introductions''
*''Skitzo - The Halloween Story''
*''Skitzo - The PSA''
*''Skitzo - Valentine's Day''
*''Skitzo - [[Despicable Me]]''
*''Skitzo - Reunited''

;TV Program Spoofs
*''Mind Geek'' (Mind Freak) (private)
*''House''
*''Dude vs. Wild – The Desert'' (Man vs. Wild)

;The Ryan Higa Show
*''The Ryan Higa Show: Helga Fawntinilla'' (private)
*''The Ryan Higa Show: [[Milo Ventimiglia]]''
{{multicol-break}}

;Word of the Day
*''Word of the Day – [[Pwned]]''
*''Word of the Day – [[Bromance]]'' (featuring [[Jay Park]])

;Agents of Secret Stuff
*''NEW NIGAHIGA MOVIE (TEASER)''
*''Agents of Secret Stuff Trailer (Official)''
*''Agents of Secret Stuff''

;Million Subscribers Celebrations
*''1,000,000 Subscribers''
*''2,000,000 Subscribers!''
*''3,000,000 Subscribers!''
*''4,000,000 Subscribers!''

;Fundraisers
*''[[2011 Japan earthquake|Honk For Japan]]''

;Daily Life of
*''Daily Life of [[Justin Bieber|Rustin Hieber]]''
*''Daily Life of NinjaHinja''
*''Daily Life of a Basketballer''

;HigaTV
*''[[Australia]] Trip''
*''Freedumb''
*''Nice Guys (BEHIND THE SCENES)''
*''Tag Your Green!''
*''[[Canada]] Trip''
*''4 Guys 1 Car'' (Original) (removed)
*''4 Guys 1 Car'' (Remade)
*''Vidcon and ISA''
*''Marley and Me''
*''Sole Mate (freestyle)''
*''ISA Trailer''
*''YTF in Hawaii''

;Other
*''Adjusting the Sails'' (private)
*''The Number 21'' (private)
*''Beautiful Girls [Ghetto Style]'' (private)
*''Munky Tag'' (private)
*''The Stalking Mangina Preview''
*''Subliminal Messaging'' (private)
*''Hilo Puppets''
*''Romantic Valentines Day Story''
*''Vote for REVO''
*''A Message to All Haters''
*''Sean Returns!''
*''YouTube Live – WTH is a VLog''
*''Thanksgving Campaign'' (removed)
*''Copyrighted''
*''Nigahiga Tee-Shirts'' (private)
*''Why Chris Brown Beat Rihanna''
*''Will Ferrell Calling me out?'' (private)
*''I wanna play a game'' (private)
*''Braces?!'' (private)
*''Things I Like'' (private)
*''REVO'' (private)
*''sponsored'' (private)
*''5 Nigahiga facts'' (private)
*''Asians Wrestle'' (private)
*''FedUp''
*''[[Wedding of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and Catherine Middleton|Royal Wedding]] Reaction Video''
*''The Announcement''
*''Clubs Sicken Me!''
*''That Awkward Moment When''
*''YTF''
{{multicol-end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
Television
* Supah Ninjas

==External links==
* Official Site [http://www.HigaTV.com www.HigaTV.com]
* {{YouTube|user=nigahiga|nigahiga}}
* [http://www.ryanandseansmovie.com/ Official homepage of ''Ryan and Sean's Not So Excellent Adventure'']
*{{imdb title|1270113|Ryan and Sean's Not So Excellent Adventure}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hon}}
{{s-bef | before = [[Fred Figglehorn|Fred]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = Most subscribed channel on [[YouTube]] | years = August 2009—June 2011}}
{{s-aft | after = [[Ray William Johnson]]}}
{{s-bef | before = [[Ray William Johnson]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = Top Subscribed Channel on [[YouTube]] | years = nigahiga Ranked second as of November 2011}}
{{s-aft | after = [[Machinima.com|machinima]]}}
{{s-end}}

[[Category:American Internet personalities]]
[[Category:Internet memes]]

[[da:Nigahiga]]
[[eo:Nigahiga]]
[[fr:Nigahiga]]
[[ja:ライアン・ヒガ]]
[[fi:Nigahiga]]
[[sv:Nigahiga]]
[[zh:NigaHiga]]

Benutzer:Tea with toast

2011-10-08T05:02:58Z

Tea with toast:

{{user en}}
{{user de-2}}
{{user ru-1}}
{{user es-1}}

[[en:User:tea with toast]]

Politischer Missbrauch der Psychiatrie in China

2011-09-03T21:56:59Z

Tea with toast: /* The United States */ directed link to a more specific article

'''Political abuse of psychiatry''' is the purported misuse of psychiatric diagnosis, detention and treatment for the purposes of obstructing the fundamental human rights of certain groups and individuals in a society.<ref name="van Voren 2010">{{cite journal|last=van Voren|first=Robert|title=Political Abuse of Psychiatry—An Historical Overview|journal=[[Schizophrenia Bulletin]]|year=2010|month=January|volume=36|issue=1|pages=33–35|pmid=19892821|pmc=2800147|doi=10.1093/schbul/sbp119|accessdate=17 April 2011}}</ref><ref name="Helmchen">{{cite book|last1=Helmchen|first1=Hanfried|last2=Sartorius|first2=Norman|title=Ethics in Psychiatry: European Contributions|year=2010|publisher=Springer|isbn=9048187206|pages=491|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=70h31egRm40C&pg=PA491}}</ref>{{rp|491}} In other words, abuse of psychiatry including one for political purposes is deliberate action of getting citizens certified, who, because of their mental condition, need neither psychiatric restraint nor psychiatric treatment.<ref name="Глузман, 2010">{{ru icon}} {{cite journal|last=Глузман|first=Семён|title=Этиология злоупотреблений в психиатрии: попытка мультидисциплинарного анализа|journal=Нейроnews: Психоневрология и нейропсихиатрия|year=2010|month=январь|volume=|issue=№ 1 (20)|pages=|url=http://neuro.health-ua.com/article/260.html}}</ref> Psychiatrists have been involved in human rights abuses in states across the world when the definitions of mental disease were expanded to include political disobedience.<ref name=Semple>{{cite book|last1=Semple|first1=David|last2=Smyth|first2=Roger|last3=Burns|first3=Jonathan|title=Oxford handbook of psychiatry|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0198527837|pages=6|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1MeRuoTs0loC&pg=PA6}}</ref>{{rp|6}} As scholars have long argued, governmental and medical institutions code menaces to authority as mental diseases during political disturbances.<ref name="Metzl">{{cite book|last=Metzl|first=Jonathan|title=The Protest Psychosis: How Schizophrenia Became a Black Disease|year=2010|publisher=Beacon Press|isbn=0807085928|page=|url=http://books.google.ru/books?id=t1Bg9QEiCAMC&pg=PA14}}</ref>{{rp|14}} Nowadays, in many countries, political prisoners are sometimes confined and abused in mental institutions.<ref name="Noll">{{cite book|last=Noll|first=Richard|title=The encyclopedia of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders|year=2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=0816064059|pages=3|url=http://books.google.ru/books?id=jzoJxps189IC&pg=PA3}}</ref>{{rp|3}} Psychiatric confinement of sane people is uniformly considered a particularly pernicious form of repression.<ref name="Bonnie">{{cite journal|last=Bonnie|first=Richard|title=Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the Soviet Union and in China: Complexities and Controversies|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law|year=2002|series=1|issue=30|pages=136–144|pmid=11931362|url=http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/reprint/30/1/136.pdf|accessdate=12 December 2010|volume=30}}</ref>

Psychiatry possesses a built-in capacity for abuse that is greater than in other areas of medicine.<ref name="Medicine betrayed">{{cite book|title=Medicine betrayed: the participation of doctors in human rights abuses|year=1992|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=1856491048|pages=65|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bMTu_oIfVsIC&pg=PA65}}</ref>{{rp|65}} The diagnosis of mental disease allows the state to hold persons against their will and insist upon therapy in their interest and in the broader interests of society.<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|65}} In addition, receiving a psychiatric diagnosis can in itself be regarded as oppressive.<ref name="Malterud">{{cite book|last1=Malterud|first1=Kirsti|last2=Hunskaar|first2=Steinar|title=Chronic myofascial pain: a patient-centered approach|year=2002|publisher=Radcliffe Publishing|isbn=1857759478|page=94|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6K41rxULV34C&pg=PA94}}</ref>{{rp|94}} In a monolithic state, psychiatry can be used to bypass standard legal procedures for establishing guilt or innocence and allow political incarceration without the ordinary odium attaching to such political trials.<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|65}} The use of hospitals instead of jails prevents the defendants from receiving legal aid before the courts, makes indefinite incarceration possible, discredits the prisoners and their ideas.<ref name="Veenhoven">{{cite book|last1=Veenhoven|first1=Willem|last2=Ewing|first2=Winifred|last3=Samenlevingen|first3=Stichting|title=Case studies on human rights and fundamental freedoms: a world survey|year=1975|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=9024717809|pages= 29|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RdazE7TGYjgC&pg=PA29}}</ref>{{rp|29}} In that manner, whenever open trials are undesirable, they are avoided.<ref name="Veenhoven"/>{{rp|29}}

In the period from the 1960s up to 1986, abuse of psychiatry for political purposes was reported to be systematic in the Soviet Union, and occasional in other Eastern European countries such as [[Communist Romania|Romania]], [[People's Republic of Hungary|Hungary]], [[Czechoslovakia]], and [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]].<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|66}} Political abuse of psychiatry also takes place in the [[People's Republic of China]].<ref name="van Voren 2010"/> Psychiatric diagnoses such as the diagnosis of ‘[[sluggish schizophrenia]]’ in political dissidents in the USSR were used for political purposes.<ref name="Katona">{{cite book|last1=Katona|first1=Cornelius|last2=Robertson|first2=Mary|title=Psychiatry at a glance|year=2005|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=1405124040|pages=77|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=OSJRHpAtqPUC&pg=PA77}}</ref>{{rp|77}}

== Nazi Germany ==
In [[Nazi Germany]] in 1940s, the abuse of psychiatry was the abuse of the 'duty to care' in enormous scale: 300,000 individuals were sterilized and 100,000 killed in Germany alone and many thousands further afield, mainly in [[eastern Europe]].<ref name="Birley">{{cite journal|last=Birley|first=JL|title=Political abuse of psychiatry|journal=[[Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica]]. Supplementum|year=2000|issue=399|pages=13–15|pmid=10794019|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10794019|volume=399}}</ref>

== Romania ==
In Romania, there have been allegations of some particular cases of psychiatric abuse during over a decade.<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|73}} In addition to particular cases, there is evidence that mental hospitals were utilized as short-term detainment centers.<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|73}} For instance, before the 1982 International University Sports ‘Olympiad’, over 600 dissidents were detained and kept out of public view in mental hospitals.<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|73}}

== Japan ==
In Japanese mental institutions, cases of disgraceful conditions resulting in despair and death have been well documented.<ref name="Gostin">{{cite journal|last=Gostin|first=Larry|title=Sovriet Psychiatric Abuse: the Shadow Over World Psychiatry|journal=[[Journal of Medical Ethics]]|year=1986|month=September|volume=12|issue=3|pages=161–162|accessdate=18 January 2011|pmc=1375367}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=September 2011}}

== Cuba ==
Although Cuba has been politically connected to the Soviet Union since the United States broke off relations with Cuba shortly after the president [[Fidel Castro]] came to power in 1959, few considerable allegations regarding the political abuse of psychiatry in this country emerged before the late 1980s.<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|74}} [[Americas Watch]] and [[Amnesty International]] published reports alluding to cases of possible unwarranted hospitalization and ill-treatment of political prisoners.<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|75}} These reports concerned the Gustavo Machin hospital in [[Santiago de Cuba]] in the southeast of the country and the major mental hospital in [[Havana]].<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|75}} In 1977, a report on alleged abuse of psychiatry in Cuba presenting cases of ill-treatment in mental hospitals going back to the 1970s came out in the United States.<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|75}} It presents grave allegations that prisoners end up in the forensic ward of mental hospitals in Santiago de Cuba and Havana where they undergo ill-treatment including [[electroconvulsive therapy]] without [[muscle relaxants]] or [[anaesthesia]].<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|75}} The reported application of ECT in the forensic wards seems, at least in many of the cited cases, not to be an adequate clinical treatment for the diagnosed state of the prisoner — in some cases the prisoners seem not to have been diagnosed at all.<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|75}} Conditions in the forensic wards have been described in repulsive terms and apparently are in striking contrast to the other parts of the mental hospitals that are said to be well-kept and modern.<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|75}}

In August 1981, the Marxist historian Ariel Hidalgo was apprehended and accused of ‘incitement against the social order, international solidarity and the Socialist State’ and sentenced to eight years’ imprisonment.<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|75}} In September 1981, he was transported from State Security Headquarters to the Carbó-Serviá (forensic) ward of Havana Psychiatric Hospital where he stayed for several weeks.<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|76}}

== China ==
In 2002, [[Human Rights Watch]] published the book ''Dangerous Minds: Political Psychiatry in China Today and its Origins in the Mao Era'' written by Robin Munro and based on the documents obtained by him.<ref name="Munro">{{cite book|last=Munro|first=Robin|title=Dangerous minds: political psychiatry in China today and its origins in the Mao era|year=2002|publisher=Human Rights Watch|isbn=1564322785|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ek8BtI3moPMC&printsec=frontcover}} (Google Books)</ref><ref name="Munro HTML">{{cite book|last=Munro|first=Robin|title=Dangerous Minds: Political Psychiatry in China Today and its Origins in the Mao Era|year=2002|publisher=Human Rights Watch|isbn=1564322785|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3deb868a1.html}} (HTML)</ref> The British researcher Robin Munro, a sinologist who was writing his dissertation in London after a long sojourn in China, had travelled to China several times to survey libraries in provincial towns and had gathered a large amount of literature which bore the stamp ‘secret’ but at the same time was openly available.<ref name="van Voren 2009">{{cite book|last=van Voren|first=Robert|title=On Dissidents and Madness: From the Soviet Union of Leonid Brezhnev to the "Soviet Union" of Vladimir Putin|year=2009|publisher=Rodopi|location=Amsterdam—New York|isbn=9789042025851|pages=242|url=http://books.google.ru/books?id=tyDIKu8XsgcC&pg=PA242}}</ref>{{rp|242}} This literature included even historical analyses going back to the days of the [[Cultural Revolution]] and concerned articles and reports on the number of people who were taken to mental hospitals because they complained of a series of issues.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|242}} It was found, according to Munro, that the involuntary confinement of religious groups, political dissidents, and whistleblowers had a lengthy history in China.<ref name="Freedman">{{cite journal|last=Freedman|first=M|title=Dangerous Minds: Political Psychiatry in China Today and Its Origin in the Mao Era|journal=Psychiatric Services|year=2003|month=October|volume=54|pages=1418–1419|url=http://psychservices.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/54/10/1418-a|accessdate=10 December 2010|issue=10}}</ref> The abuse had begun in the 1950s and 1960s, and had grown extremely throughout the Cultural Revolution.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|242}} During the period of the Cultural Revolution, from 1966 to 1976, it achieved its apogee, then under the reign of [[Mao Zedong]] and the [[Gang of Four]], which established a very repressive and harsh regime.<ref name="Freedman"/> No deviance or opposition in thought or in practice was tolerated.<ref name="Freedman"/>

The documents told of a massive abuse of psychiatry for political purposes during the leadership of Mao Zedong, during which millions of people had been declared mentally sick.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|242}} In the 1980s, according to the official documents, there was political connotation to fifteen percent of all forensic psychiatric cases.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|242}} In the early 1990s, the numbers had dropped to five percent, but with beginning of the campaign against [[Falun Gong]], the percentage had again increased quite rapidly.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|242}}

Chinese official psychiatric literature testifies distinctly that the Communist Party's notion of ‘political dangerousness’ was long since institutionally engrafted in the diagnostic armory of China's psychiatry and included in the main concept of psychiatric dangerousness.<ref name="Munro"/>{{rp|4}}

The People’s Republic of China is the only country which appears to abuse psychiatry for political purposes in a systematic way, and despite international criticism, this seems to be continuing.<ref name="van Voren 2010"/> Political abuse of psychiatry in the People’s Republic of China is high on the agenda and has produced recurring disputes in the international psychiatric community.<ref name="van Voren 2010"/> The abuses there appear to be even more widespread than in the Soviet Union in the 1970s and 1980s and involve the incarceration of ‘petitioners’, human rights workers, trade union activists, followers of the Falun Gong movement, and people complaining against injustices by local authorities.<ref name="van Voren 2010"/>

It also seemed that, China had hardly known high security forensic institutions until 1989.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|243}} However, since then, the Chinese authorities have constructed the entire network of special forensic mental hospitals called ''Ankang'' which in Chinese is for ‘Peace and Health.’<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|243}} By that time, China had had 20 Ankang institutions with the staff employed by the Ministry of State Security.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|243}} The psychiatrists who worked there were wearing uniforms under their white coats.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|243}}

The political abuse of psychiatry in China seems to take place only in the institutions under the authority of the police and the Ministry of State Security but not in those belonging to other governmental sectors.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|243}} Psychiatric care in China falls into four sectors that hardly connect up with each other.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|243}} These are Ankang institutions of the Ministry of State Security; those belonging to the police; those that fall under the authority of the Ministry of Social Affairs; those belonging to the Ministry of Health.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|243}} Both the sectors belonging to the police and the Ministry of State Security are the closed sectors, and, consequently, information hardly ever leaks out.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|243}} In the hospitals belonging to the Ministry of Health, psychiatrists do not contact with the Ankang institutions and, actually, had no idea of what occurred there, and could, thereby, sincerely state that they were not informed of political abuse of psychiatry in China.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|243}}

In China, the structure of forensic psychiatry was to a great extent identical to that in the USSR.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|243}} On its own, it is not so strange, since psychiatrists of the [[Moscow Serbsky Institute]] visited [[Beijing]] in 1957 to help their Chinese ‘brethren’, the same psychiatrists who promoted the system of political abuse of psychiatry in their own USSR.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|243}} As a consequence, diagnostics were not much different than in the Soviet Union.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|244}} The only difference was that the Soviets preferred ‘[[sluggish schizophrenia]]’ as a diagnosis, and the Chinese generally cleaved to the diagnosis ‘[[paranoia]]’ or ‘[[paranoid schizophrenia]]’.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|244}} However, the results were the same: long hospitalization in a mental hospital, involuntary treatment with [[neuroleptics]], torture, abuse, all aimed at breaking the victim’s will.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|244}}

The [[World Psychiatric Association]] (WPA) attempted to confine the problem by presenting it as Falung Gong issue and, at the same time, make the impression that the members of the movement were likely not mentally sound, that it was a sect which likely brainwashed its members, etc.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|245}} There was even a diagnosis of ‘qigong syndrome’ which was used reflecting on the exercises practiced by Falung Gong.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|245}} It was the unfair game aiming to avoid the political abuse of psychiatry from dominating the WPA agenda.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|245}}

In August 2002, the General Assembly was to take place during the next WPA World Congress in [[Yokohama]].<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|247}} The issue of Chinese political abuse of psychiatry had been placed as one of the final items on the agenda of the General Assembly.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|251}} When the issue was broached during the General Assembly, the exact nature of compromise came to light.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|252}} In order to investigate the political abuse of psychiatry, the WPA would send an investigative mission to China.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|252}} The visit was projected for the spring of 2003 in order to assure that one could present a report during the annual meeting of the British [[Royal College of Psychiatrists]] in June/July of that year and the Annual Meeting of the [[American Psychiatric Association]] in May of the same year.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|252}} After the 2002 World Congress, the WPA Executive Committee’s half-hearted attitude in Yokohama came to light: it was an omen of a longstanding policy of diversion and postponement.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|252}} The 2003 investigative mission never took place, and when finally a visit to China did take place, this visit was more of scientific exchange.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|252}} In the meantime, the political abuse of psychiatry persisted unabatedly, nevertheless the WPA did not seem to care.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|252}}

== The Soviet Union ==
{{main|Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union}}
From the early 1970s, during [[Leonid Brezhnev]]'s rule of the Soviet Union, reports started reaching the West that religious and political dissenters were being detained in maximum-security mental hospitals in the USSR without medical justification.<ref name="Bonnie"/> In 1977, the [[World Psychiatric Association]] condemned the USSR for this practice, and six years later, the All-Union Society of Neuropathologists and Psychiatrists seceded from the WPA rather than face almost definite expulsion.<ref name="Bonnie"/> During this period, while reports of continuous repression multiplied, Soviet psychiatric officials refused to allow international bodies to see the hospitals and patients in question and denied the charges of abuse.<ref name="Bonnie"/> In 1989, however, the stonewalling of Soviet psychiatry was overcome by [[perestroika]] and [[glasnost]].<ref name="Bonnie"/> Over the objection of the psychiatric establishment, the Soviet government permitted a delegation of psychiatrists from the USA, representing the U.S. Government, to carry out extensive interviews of suspected victims of abuse.<ref name="Bonnie"/>

In February 1989, a delegation of US psychiatrists and other experts visited the Soviet Union on the invitation of the Soviet government.<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|69}} The delegation was able systematically to interview and assess present and past involuntarily admitted mental patients chosen by the visiting team, as well as to talk over procedures and methods of treatment with some of the patients, their friends, relatives and, sometimes, their treating psychiatrists.<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|69}} Whereas the delegation originally sought interviews with 48 persons, it eventually saw 15 hospitalized and 12 discharged patients.<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|69}} About half of the hospitalized patients were released in the two months between the submission of the initial list of names to the Soviets authorities and the departure from the Soviet Union of the US delegation.<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|69}} The delegation came to the conclusion that nine of the 15 hospitalized patients had disorders which would be classified in the United States as serious psychoses, diagnoses corresponding broadly with those used by the Soviet psychiatrists.<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|69}} One of the hospitalized patients had been diagnosed as having [[schizophrenia]] although the US team saw no evidence of mental disorder.<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|70}} Among the 12 discharged patients examined, the US delegation found that nine had no evidence of any current or past mental disorder; the remaining three had comparatively slight symptoms which would not usually warrant involuntary commitment in Western countries.<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|70}} According to medical record, all these patients had diagnoses of psychopathology or schizophrenia.<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|70}}

When returned home after a visit of more than two weeks, the delegation wrote its report which was pretty damaging to the Soviet authorities.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|125}} The delegation established not only that there had taken place systematic political abuse of psychiatry but also that the abuse had not come to an end, that victims of the abuse still remained in mental hospitals, and that the Soviet authorities and particularly the Soviet Society of Psychiatrists and Neuropathologists still denied that psychiatry had been employed as a method of repression.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|125}}

== Russia ==
Reports on particular cases continue to come from Russia where the worsening political climate appears to make an atmosphere in which local authorities feel able to again use psychiatry as a means of frightening.<ref name="van Voren 2010"/> In modern Russia, the fact that a person is a human rights defender again means that the person risks receiving a psychiatric diagnosis.<ref name="15 лет НПЖ">{{ru icon}} {{cite journal|title=15 лет Независимому психиатрическому журналу|journal=[[Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal]]|year=2005|issue=№ 4|url=http://www.npar.ru/journal/2005/4/15years.htm|accessdate=24 July 2011|issn=1028-8554}}</ref>

== The United States ==
In the United States, political dissenters have been involuntarily committed. For example, in 1927 a demonstrator named Aurora D'Angelo was sent to a mental health facility for psychiatric evaluation after she participated in a rally in support of [[Sacco and Vanzetti]].<ref>{{Cite book|first=Temkin |last=Moshik|title=The Sacco-Vanzetti Affair|publisher=Yale University Press Publishers |isbn=9780300124842 |year=2009 |page=316}}</ref>

In the 1970s, [[Martha Beall Mitchell]], wife of U.S. Attorney General [[John N. Mitchell|John Mitchell]], was diagnosed with a paranoid mental disorder for claiming that the administration of President [[Richard M. Nixon]] was engaged in illegal activities. Many of her claims were later proved correct, and the term "[[Martha Mitchell effect]]" was coined to describe mental health misdiagnoses when accurate claims are dismissed as delusional.

In 2006, Canadian psychiatrist [[Colin A. Ross]]'s book was published, titled ''The C.I.A. Doctors: Human Rights Violations by American Psychiatrists''.<ref name="Ross">{{cite book|last=Ross|first=Colin|authorlink=Colin A. Ross|title=The C.I.A. Doctors: Human Rights Violations by American Psychiatrists|year=2006|publisher=Manitou Communications|isbn=0976550806|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PzLuAAAACAAJ}}</ref> The book presents evidence based on 15,000 pages of documents received from the [[CIA]] via the [[Freedom of Information Act (United States)|Freedom of Information Act]] that there have been systematic, pervasive violations of human rights by American psychiatrists during the recent 65 years.<ref name="Ross"/>

In 2010, the book ''[[The Protest Psychosis: How Schizophrenia Became a Black Disease]]'' by [[psychiatrist]] Jonathan Metzl (who also has a Ph.D. in [[American studies]]) was published.<ref name="Metzl"/> The book covers the history of the 1960s [[Ionia State Hospital]] located in [[Ionia, Michigan]] and now converted to a prison and focuses on exposing the trend of this hospital to diagnose [[African American]]s with [[schizophrenia]] because of their [[civil rights]] ideas.<ref name="Metzl"/> The book suggests that in part the sudden influx of such diagnoses could traced to a change in wording in the [[DSM-II]], which compared to the previous edition added "hostility" and "aggression" as signs of the disorder.<ref name="Metzl"/>

==Psychiatric reprisals==
[[Whistleblower|Whistle-blowers]] who part ranks with a government agency or major corporation can expect to be depicted as unhinged; it's in the agency's best interests. For example, [[Russ Tice]] was punished with psychiatric evaluations that labeled him as "mentally unbalanced" after persisting in his investigations of potentially illegal spying activity at the NSA.<ref>[http://www.slate.com/id/2134398 The Professional Paranoid: Why NSA whistle-blower Russ Tice may be right]</ref> As another example, an NYPD veteran who alleged falsified crime statistics in his department was forcibly committed to a mental institution.<ref>[http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2010/10/cop-nypd-psych-ward-whistleblowing/ Cop hauled off to psych ward after alleging fake crime stats]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite journal|last1=Adler|first1=Nanci|last2=Mueller|first2=Gerard|last3=Ayat|first3=Mohammed|title=Psychiatry under tyranny: a report on the political abuse of Romanian psychiatry during the Ceausescu years|journal=Current Psychology|volume=12|issue=1|pages=3–17|year=1993|pmid=11652327|doi=10.1007/BF02737088|url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/427306l26803v4u3/}}
* {{cite journal|last=van Voren|first=Robert|title=Comparing Soviet and Chinese Political Psychiatry|journal=The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law|year=2002|volume=30|issue=1|pages=131–135|pmid=11931361|url=http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/reprint/30/1/131.pdf|accessdate=27 February 2011}}

== See also ==
* [[Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union]]
* ''[[The Protest Psychosis: How Schizophrenia Became a Black Disease]]''

[[Category:Political repression]]
[[Category:Political abuses of psychiatry| ]]
[[Category:Psychiatric hospitals]]
[[Category:Psychiatric treatments]]
[[Category:Imprisonment and detention]]
[[Category:Political repression in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Political repression in the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Political repression in Romania]]
[[Category:Political repression in the United States]]
[[Category:Political repression in Russia]]
[[Category:Political repression in Cuba]]
[[Category:History of psychiatry]]
[[Category:Bioethics]]
[[Category:Medical ethics]]
[[Category:Books about mental health]]

[[lt:Piktnaudžiavimas psichiatrija]]
[[ru:Использование психиатрии в политических целях]]
[[uk:Репресивна психіатрія]]

Politischer Missbrauch der Psychiatrie in China

2011-09-03T21:51:56Z

Tea with toast: /* Japan */ citation given does not support statement given

'''Political abuse of psychiatry''' is the purported misuse of psychiatric diagnosis, detention and treatment for the purposes of obstructing the fundamental human rights of certain groups and individuals in a society.<ref name="van Voren 2010">{{cite journal|last=van Voren|first=Robert|title=Political Abuse of Psychiatry—An Historical Overview|journal=[[Schizophrenia Bulletin]]|year=2010|month=January|volume=36|issue=1|pages=33–35|pmid=19892821|pmc=2800147|doi=10.1093/schbul/sbp119|accessdate=17 April 2011}}</ref><ref name="Helmchen">{{cite book|last1=Helmchen|first1=Hanfried|last2=Sartorius|first2=Norman|title=Ethics in Psychiatry: European Contributions|year=2010|publisher=Springer|isbn=9048187206|pages=491|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=70h31egRm40C&pg=PA491}}</ref>{{rp|491}} In other words, abuse of psychiatry including one for political purposes is deliberate action of getting citizens certified, who, because of their mental condition, need neither psychiatric restraint nor psychiatric treatment.<ref name="Глузман, 2010">{{ru icon}} {{cite journal|last=Глузман|first=Семён|title=Этиология злоупотреблений в психиатрии: попытка мультидисциплинарного анализа|journal=Нейроnews: Психоневрология и нейропсихиатрия|year=2010|month=январь|volume=|issue=№ 1 (20)|pages=|url=http://neuro.health-ua.com/article/260.html}}</ref> Psychiatrists have been involved in human rights abuses in states across the world when the definitions of mental disease were expanded to include political disobedience.<ref name=Semple>{{cite book|last1=Semple|first1=David|last2=Smyth|first2=Roger|last3=Burns|first3=Jonathan|title=Oxford handbook of psychiatry|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0198527837|pages=6|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1MeRuoTs0loC&pg=PA6}}</ref>{{rp|6}} As scholars have long argued, governmental and medical institutions code menaces to authority as mental diseases during political disturbances.<ref name="Metzl">{{cite book|last=Metzl|first=Jonathan|title=The Protest Psychosis: How Schizophrenia Became a Black Disease|year=2010|publisher=Beacon Press|isbn=0807085928|page=|url=http://books.google.ru/books?id=t1Bg9QEiCAMC&pg=PA14}}</ref>{{rp|14}} Nowadays, in many countries, political prisoners are sometimes confined and abused in mental institutions.<ref name="Noll">{{cite book|last=Noll|first=Richard|title=The encyclopedia of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders|year=2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=0816064059|pages=3|url=http://books.google.ru/books?id=jzoJxps189IC&pg=PA3}}</ref>{{rp|3}} Psychiatric confinement of sane people is uniformly considered a particularly pernicious form of repression.<ref name="Bonnie">{{cite journal|last=Bonnie|first=Richard|title=Political Abuse of Psychiatry in the Soviet Union and in China: Complexities and Controversies|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law|year=2002|series=1|issue=30|pages=136–144|pmid=11931362|url=http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/reprint/30/1/136.pdf|accessdate=12 December 2010|volume=30}}</ref>

Psychiatry possesses a built-in capacity for abuse that is greater than in other areas of medicine.<ref name="Medicine betrayed">{{cite book|title=Medicine betrayed: the participation of doctors in human rights abuses|year=1992|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=1856491048|pages=65|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bMTu_oIfVsIC&pg=PA65}}</ref>{{rp|65}} The diagnosis of mental disease allows the state to hold persons against their will and insist upon therapy in their interest and in the broader interests of society.<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|65}} In addition, receiving a psychiatric diagnosis can in itself be regarded as oppressive.<ref name="Malterud">{{cite book|last1=Malterud|first1=Kirsti|last2=Hunskaar|first2=Steinar|title=Chronic myofascial pain: a patient-centered approach|year=2002|publisher=Radcliffe Publishing|isbn=1857759478|page=94|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6K41rxULV34C&pg=PA94}}</ref>{{rp|94}} In a monolithic state, psychiatry can be used to bypass standard legal procedures for establishing guilt or innocence and allow political incarceration without the ordinary odium attaching to such political trials.<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|65}} The use of hospitals instead of jails prevents the defendants from receiving legal aid before the courts, makes indefinite incarceration possible, discredits the prisoners and their ideas.<ref name="Veenhoven">{{cite book|last1=Veenhoven|first1=Willem|last2=Ewing|first2=Winifred|last3=Samenlevingen|first3=Stichting|title=Case studies on human rights and fundamental freedoms: a world survey|year=1975|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=9024717809|pages= 29|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RdazE7TGYjgC&pg=PA29}}</ref>{{rp|29}} In that manner, whenever open trials are undesirable, they are avoided.<ref name="Veenhoven"/>{{rp|29}}

In the period from the 1960s up to 1986, abuse of psychiatry for political purposes was reported to be systematic in the Soviet Union, and occasional in other Eastern European countries such as [[Communist Romania|Romania]], [[People's Republic of Hungary|Hungary]], [[Czechoslovakia]], and [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]].<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|66}} Political abuse of psychiatry also takes place in the [[People's Republic of China]].<ref name="van Voren 2010"/> Psychiatric diagnoses such as the diagnosis of ‘[[sluggish schizophrenia]]’ in political dissidents in the USSR were used for political purposes.<ref name="Katona">{{cite book|last1=Katona|first1=Cornelius|last2=Robertson|first2=Mary|title=Psychiatry at a glance|year=2005|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=1405124040|pages=77|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=OSJRHpAtqPUC&pg=PA77}}</ref>{{rp|77}}

== Nazi Germany ==
In [[Nazi Germany]] in 1940s, the abuse of psychiatry was the abuse of the 'duty to care' in enormous scale: 300,000 individuals were sterilized and 100,000 killed in Germany alone and many thousands further afield, mainly in [[eastern Europe]].<ref name="Birley">{{cite journal|last=Birley|first=JL|title=Political abuse of psychiatry|journal=[[Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica]]. Supplementum|year=2000|issue=399|pages=13–15|pmid=10794019|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10794019|volume=399}}</ref>

== Romania ==
In Romania, there have been allegations of some particular cases of psychiatric abuse during over a decade.<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|73}} In addition to particular cases, there is evidence that mental hospitals were utilized as short-term detainment centers.<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|73}} For instance, before the 1982 International University Sports ‘Olympiad’, over 600 dissidents were detained and kept out of public view in mental hospitals.<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|73}}

== Japan ==
In Japanese mental institutions, cases of disgraceful conditions resulting in despair and death have been well documented.<ref name="Gostin">{{cite journal|last=Gostin|first=Larry|title=Sovriet Psychiatric Abuse: the Shadow Over World Psychiatry|journal=[[Journal of Medical Ethics]]|year=1986|month=September|volume=12|issue=3|pages=161–162|accessdate=18 January 2011|pmc=1375367}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=September 2011}}

== Cuba ==
Although Cuba has been politically connected to the Soviet Union since the United States broke off relations with Cuba shortly after the president [[Fidel Castro]] came to power in 1959, few considerable allegations regarding the political abuse of psychiatry in this country emerged before the late 1980s.<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|74}} [[Americas Watch]] and [[Amnesty International]] published reports alluding to cases of possible unwarranted hospitalization and ill-treatment of political prisoners.<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|75}} These reports concerned the Gustavo Machin hospital in [[Santiago de Cuba]] in the southeast of the country and the major mental hospital in [[Havana]].<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|75}} In 1977, a report on alleged abuse of psychiatry in Cuba presenting cases of ill-treatment in mental hospitals going back to the 1970s came out in the United States.<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|75}} It presents grave allegations that prisoners end up in the forensic ward of mental hospitals in Santiago de Cuba and Havana where they undergo ill-treatment including [[electroconvulsive therapy]] without [[muscle relaxants]] or [[anaesthesia]].<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|75}} The reported application of ECT in the forensic wards seems, at least in many of the cited cases, not to be an adequate clinical treatment for the diagnosed state of the prisoner — in some cases the prisoners seem not to have been diagnosed at all.<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|75}} Conditions in the forensic wards have been described in repulsive terms and apparently are in striking contrast to the other parts of the mental hospitals that are said to be well-kept and modern.<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|75}}

In August 1981, the Marxist historian Ariel Hidalgo was apprehended and accused of ‘incitement against the social order, international solidarity and the Socialist State’ and sentenced to eight years’ imprisonment.<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|75}} In September 1981, he was transported from State Security Headquarters to the Carbó-Serviá (forensic) ward of Havana Psychiatric Hospital where he stayed for several weeks.<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|76}}

== China ==
In 2002, [[Human Rights Watch]] published the book ''Dangerous Minds: Political Psychiatry in China Today and its Origins in the Mao Era'' written by Robin Munro and based on the documents obtained by him.<ref name="Munro">{{cite book|last=Munro|first=Robin|title=Dangerous minds: political psychiatry in China today and its origins in the Mao era|year=2002|publisher=Human Rights Watch|isbn=1564322785|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ek8BtI3moPMC&printsec=frontcover}} (Google Books)</ref><ref name="Munro HTML">{{cite book|last=Munro|first=Robin|title=Dangerous Minds: Political Psychiatry in China Today and its Origins in the Mao Era|year=2002|publisher=Human Rights Watch|isbn=1564322785|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3deb868a1.html}} (HTML)</ref> The British researcher Robin Munro, a sinologist who was writing his dissertation in London after a long sojourn in China, had travelled to China several times to survey libraries in provincial towns and had gathered a large amount of literature which bore the stamp ‘secret’ but at the same time was openly available.<ref name="van Voren 2009">{{cite book|last=van Voren|first=Robert|title=On Dissidents and Madness: From the Soviet Union of Leonid Brezhnev to the "Soviet Union" of Vladimir Putin|year=2009|publisher=Rodopi|location=Amsterdam—New York|isbn=9789042025851|pages=242|url=http://books.google.ru/books?id=tyDIKu8XsgcC&pg=PA242}}</ref>{{rp|242}} This literature included even historical analyses going back to the days of the [[Cultural Revolution]] and concerned articles and reports on the number of people who were taken to mental hospitals because they complained of a series of issues.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|242}} It was found, according to Munro, that the involuntary confinement of religious groups, political dissidents, and whistleblowers had a lengthy history in China.<ref name="Freedman">{{cite journal|last=Freedman|first=M|title=Dangerous Minds: Political Psychiatry in China Today and Its Origin in the Mao Era|journal=Psychiatric Services|year=2003|month=October|volume=54|pages=1418–1419|url=http://psychservices.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/54/10/1418-a|accessdate=10 December 2010|issue=10}}</ref> The abuse had begun in the 1950s and 1960s, and had grown extremely throughout the Cultural Revolution.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|242}} During the period of the Cultural Revolution, from 1966 to 1976, it achieved its apogee, then under the reign of [[Mao Zedong]] and the [[Gang of Four]], which established a very repressive and harsh regime.<ref name="Freedman"/> No deviance or opposition in thought or in practice was tolerated.<ref name="Freedman"/>

The documents told of a massive abuse of psychiatry for political purposes during the leadership of Mao Zedong, during which millions of people had been declared mentally sick.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|242}} In the 1980s, according to the official documents, there was political connotation to fifteen percent of all forensic psychiatric cases.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|242}} In the early 1990s, the numbers had dropped to five percent, but with beginning of the campaign against [[Falun Gong]], the percentage had again increased quite rapidly.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|242}}

Chinese official psychiatric literature testifies distinctly that the Communist Party's notion of ‘political dangerousness’ was long since institutionally engrafted in the diagnostic armory of China's psychiatry and included in the main concept of psychiatric dangerousness.<ref name="Munro"/>{{rp|4}}

The People’s Republic of China is the only country which appears to abuse psychiatry for political purposes in a systematic way, and despite international criticism, this seems to be continuing.<ref name="van Voren 2010"/> Political abuse of psychiatry in the People’s Republic of China is high on the agenda and has produced recurring disputes in the international psychiatric community.<ref name="van Voren 2010"/> The abuses there appear to be even more widespread than in the Soviet Union in the 1970s and 1980s and involve the incarceration of ‘petitioners’, human rights workers, trade union activists, followers of the Falun Gong movement, and people complaining against injustices by local authorities.<ref name="van Voren 2010"/>

It also seemed that, China had hardly known high security forensic institutions until 1989.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|243}} However, since then, the Chinese authorities have constructed the entire network of special forensic mental hospitals called ''Ankang'' which in Chinese is for ‘Peace and Health.’<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|243}} By that time, China had had 20 Ankang institutions with the staff employed by the Ministry of State Security.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|243}} The psychiatrists who worked there were wearing uniforms under their white coats.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|243}}

The political abuse of psychiatry in China seems to take place only in the institutions under the authority of the police and the Ministry of State Security but not in those belonging to other governmental sectors.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|243}} Psychiatric care in China falls into four sectors that hardly connect up with each other.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|243}} These are Ankang institutions of the Ministry of State Security; those belonging to the police; those that fall under the authority of the Ministry of Social Affairs; those belonging to the Ministry of Health.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|243}} Both the sectors belonging to the police and the Ministry of State Security are the closed sectors, and, consequently, information hardly ever leaks out.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|243}} In the hospitals belonging to the Ministry of Health, psychiatrists do not contact with the Ankang institutions and, actually, had no idea of what occurred there, and could, thereby, sincerely state that they were not informed of political abuse of psychiatry in China.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|243}}

In China, the structure of forensic psychiatry was to a great extent identical to that in the USSR.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|243}} On its own, it is not so strange, since psychiatrists of the [[Moscow Serbsky Institute]] visited [[Beijing]] in 1957 to help their Chinese ‘brethren’, the same psychiatrists who promoted the system of political abuse of psychiatry in their own USSR.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|243}} As a consequence, diagnostics were not much different than in the Soviet Union.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|244}} The only difference was that the Soviets preferred ‘[[sluggish schizophrenia]]’ as a diagnosis, and the Chinese generally cleaved to the diagnosis ‘[[paranoia]]’ or ‘[[paranoid schizophrenia]]’.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|244}} However, the results were the same: long hospitalization in a mental hospital, involuntary treatment with [[neuroleptics]], torture, abuse, all aimed at breaking the victim’s will.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|244}}

The [[World Psychiatric Association]] (WPA) attempted to confine the problem by presenting it as Falung Gong issue and, at the same time, make the impression that the members of the movement were likely not mentally sound, that it was a sect which likely brainwashed its members, etc.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|245}} There was even a diagnosis of ‘qigong syndrome’ which was used reflecting on the exercises practiced by Falung Gong.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|245}} It was the unfair game aiming to avoid the political abuse of psychiatry from dominating the WPA agenda.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|245}}

In August 2002, the General Assembly was to take place during the next WPA World Congress in [[Yokohama]].<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|247}} The issue of Chinese political abuse of psychiatry had been placed as one of the final items on the agenda of the General Assembly.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|251}} When the issue was broached during the General Assembly, the exact nature of compromise came to light.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|252}} In order to investigate the political abuse of psychiatry, the WPA would send an investigative mission to China.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|252}} The visit was projected for the spring of 2003 in order to assure that one could present a report during the annual meeting of the British [[Royal College of Psychiatrists]] in June/July of that year and the Annual Meeting of the [[American Psychiatric Association]] in May of the same year.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|252}} After the 2002 World Congress, the WPA Executive Committee’s half-hearted attitude in Yokohama came to light: it was an omen of a longstanding policy of diversion and postponement.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|252}} The 2003 investigative mission never took place, and when finally a visit to China did take place, this visit was more of scientific exchange.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|252}} In the meantime, the political abuse of psychiatry persisted unabatedly, nevertheless the WPA did not seem to care.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|252}}

== The Soviet Union ==
{{main|Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union}}
From the early 1970s, during [[Leonid Brezhnev]]'s rule of the Soviet Union, reports started reaching the West that religious and political dissenters were being detained in maximum-security mental hospitals in the USSR without medical justification.<ref name="Bonnie"/> In 1977, the [[World Psychiatric Association]] condemned the USSR for this practice, and six years later, the All-Union Society of Neuropathologists and Psychiatrists seceded from the WPA rather than face almost definite expulsion.<ref name="Bonnie"/> During this period, while reports of continuous repression multiplied, Soviet psychiatric officials refused to allow international bodies to see the hospitals and patients in question and denied the charges of abuse.<ref name="Bonnie"/> In 1989, however, the stonewalling of Soviet psychiatry was overcome by [[perestroika]] and [[glasnost]].<ref name="Bonnie"/> Over the objection of the psychiatric establishment, the Soviet government permitted a delegation of psychiatrists from the USA, representing the U.S. Government, to carry out extensive interviews of suspected victims of abuse.<ref name="Bonnie"/>

In February 1989, a delegation of US psychiatrists and other experts visited the Soviet Union on the invitation of the Soviet government.<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|69}} The delegation was able systematically to interview and assess present and past involuntarily admitted mental patients chosen by the visiting team, as well as to talk over procedures and methods of treatment with some of the patients, their friends, relatives and, sometimes, their treating psychiatrists.<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|69}} Whereas the delegation originally sought interviews with 48 persons, it eventually saw 15 hospitalized and 12 discharged patients.<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|69}} About half of the hospitalized patients were released in the two months between the submission of the initial list of names to the Soviets authorities and the departure from the Soviet Union of the US delegation.<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|69}} The delegation came to the conclusion that nine of the 15 hospitalized patients had disorders which would be classified in the United States as serious psychoses, diagnoses corresponding broadly with those used by the Soviet psychiatrists.<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|69}} One of the hospitalized patients had been diagnosed as having [[schizophrenia]] although the US team saw no evidence of mental disorder.<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|70}} Among the 12 discharged patients examined, the US delegation found that nine had no evidence of any current or past mental disorder; the remaining three had comparatively slight symptoms which would not usually warrant involuntary commitment in Western countries.<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|70}} According to medical record, all these patients had diagnoses of psychopathology or schizophrenia.<ref name="Medicine betrayed"/>{{rp|70}}

When returned home after a visit of more than two weeks, the delegation wrote its report which was pretty damaging to the Soviet authorities.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|125}} The delegation established not only that there had taken place systematic political abuse of psychiatry but also that the abuse had not come to an end, that victims of the abuse still remained in mental hospitals, and that the Soviet authorities and particularly the Soviet Society of Psychiatrists and Neuropathologists still denied that psychiatry had been employed as a method of repression.<ref name="van Voren 2009"/>{{rp|125}}

== Russia ==
Reports on particular cases continue to come from Russia where the worsening political climate appears to make an atmosphere in which local authorities feel able to again use psychiatry as a means of frightening.<ref name="van Voren 2010"/> In modern Russia, the fact that a person is a human rights defender again means that the person risks receiving a psychiatric diagnosis.<ref name="15 лет НПЖ">{{ru icon}} {{cite journal|title=15 лет Независимому психиатрическому журналу|journal=[[Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal]]|year=2005|issue=№ 4|url=http://www.npar.ru/journal/2005/4/15years.htm|accessdate=24 July 2011|issn=1028-8554}}</ref>

== The United States ==
In the United States, political dissenters have been involuntarily committed. For example, in 1927 a demonstrator named Aurora D'Angelo was sent to a mental health facility for psychiatric evaluation after she participated in a rally in support of [[Sacco and Vanzetti]].<ref>{{Cite book|first=Temkin |last=Moshik|title=The Sacco-Vanzetti Affair|publisher=Yale University Press Publishers |isbn=9780300124842 |year=2009 |page=316}}</ref>

In the 1970s, [[Martha Beall Mitchell]], wife of U.S. Attorney General [[John N. Mitchell|John Mitchell]], was diagnosed with a paranoid mental disorder for claiming that the administration of President [[Richard M. Nixon]] was engaged in illegal activities. Many of her claims were later proved correct, and the term "[[Martha Mitchell effect]]" was coined to describe mental health misdiagnoses when accurate claims are dismissed as delusional.

In 2006, Canadian psychiatrist [[Colin A. Ross]]'s book was published, titled ''The C.I.A. Doctors: Human Rights Violations by American Psychiatrists''.<ref name="Ross">{{cite book|last=Ross|first=Colin|authorlink=Colin A. Ross|title=The C.I.A. Doctors: Human Rights Violations by American Psychiatrists|year=2006|publisher=Manitou Communications|isbn=0976550806|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PzLuAAAACAAJ}}</ref> The book presents evidence based on 15,000 pages of documents received from the [[CIA]] via the [[Freedom of Information Act]] that there have been systematic, pervasive violations of human rights by American psychiatrists during the recent 65 years.<ref name="Ross"/>

In 2010, the book ''[[The Protest Psychosis: How Schizophrenia Became a Black Disease]]'' by [[psychiatrist]] Jonathan Metzl (who also has a Ph.D. in [[American studies]]) was published.<ref name="Metzl"/> The book covers the history of the 1960s [[Ionia State Hospital]] located in [[Ionia, Michigan]] and now converted to a prison and focuses on exposing the trend of this hospital to diagnose [[African American]]s with [[schizophrenia]] because of their [[civil rights]] ideas.<ref name="Metzl"/> The book suggests that in part the sudden influx of such diagnoses could traced to a change in wording in the [[DSM-II]], which compared to the previous edition added "hostility" and "aggression" as signs of the disorder.<ref name="Metzl"/>

==Psychiatric reprisals==
[[Whistleblower|Whistle-blowers]] who part ranks with a government agency or major corporation can expect to be depicted as unhinged; it's in the agency's best interests. For example, [[Russ Tice]] was punished with psychiatric evaluations that labeled him as "mentally unbalanced" after persisting in his investigations of potentially illegal spying activity at the NSA.<ref>[http://www.slate.com/id/2134398 The Professional Paranoid: Why NSA whistle-blower Russ Tice may be right]</ref> As another example, an NYPD veteran who alleged falsified crime statistics in his department was forcibly committed to a mental institution.<ref>[http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2010/10/cop-nypd-psych-ward-whistleblowing/ Cop hauled off to psych ward after alleging fake crime stats]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite journal|last1=Adler|first1=Nanci|last2=Mueller|first2=Gerard|last3=Ayat|first3=Mohammed|title=Psychiatry under tyranny: a report on the political abuse of Romanian psychiatry during the Ceausescu years|journal=Current Psychology|volume=12|issue=1|pages=3–17|year=1993|pmid=11652327|doi=10.1007/BF02737088|url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/427306l26803v4u3/}}
* {{cite journal|last=van Voren|first=Robert|title=Comparing Soviet and Chinese Political Psychiatry|journal=The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law|year=2002|volume=30|issue=1|pages=131–135|pmid=11931361|url=http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/reprint/30/1/131.pdf|accessdate=27 February 2011}}

== See also ==
* [[Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union]]
* ''[[The Protest Psychosis: How Schizophrenia Became a Black Disease]]''

[[Category:Political repression]]
[[Category:Political abuses of psychiatry| ]]
[[Category:Psychiatric hospitals]]
[[Category:Psychiatric treatments]]
[[Category:Imprisonment and detention]]
[[Category:Political repression in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Political repression in the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Political repression in Romania]]
[[Category:Political repression in the United States]]
[[Category:Political repression in Russia]]
[[Category:Political repression in Cuba]]
[[Category:History of psychiatry]]
[[Category:Bioethics]]
[[Category:Medical ethics]]
[[Category:Books about mental health]]

[[lt:Piktnaudžiavimas psichiatrija]]
[[ru:Использование психиатрии в политических целях]]
[[uk:Репресивна психіатрія]]

Jensen S-V8

2011-04-09T14:56:01Z

Tea with toast: removed "wikify" tag as it is no longer needed

[[File:JensenS-V8.jpg|thumb|Jensen S-V8]]
The '''Jensen S-V8''' is the most recent in a series of [[Jensen Motors|Jensen cars]].

After a £9 million investment the car was launched at the 1998 [[British International Motor Show]], with an initial production run of 300 deposit paid vehicles planned at a selling price of £40,000 each, troubles with manufacture production ceased with only 20 ever leaving the factory and another 18 cars left partially completed.

The Jensen name and partially completed cars were later sold to an engineering firm, who decided to complete the build of 12 of the cars, retaining the others for spares, and finally selling them for £38,500.

==External links==
*[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/main.jhtml?xml=/motoring/2003/06/13/emfjen14.xml The tragic tale of the Jensen S-V8]

[[Category:Jensen vehicles|S-V8]]

[[sco:Jensen S-V8]]
{{Modern-auto-stub}}

Lyons Groups of Galaxies

2011-04-07T02:38:16Z

Tea with toast: wikified and added "context"

{{Context|date=April 2011}}

'''Lyons Groups of Galaxies''' (or '''LGG''') are a catalog of nearby [[Group of galaxies|groups of galaxies]] that was created from the sample of galaxies complete up to the limiting apparent magnitude Bo=14.0 with a recession velocity smaller than 5500 km/s.
Two methods were used in group construction: a percolation method derived from Huchra and Geller ([http://simbad3.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/cdsbib?1982ApJ...257..423H 1982ApJ...257..423H]) and a hierarchical method initiated by Tully ([http://simbad3.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/cdsbib?1980ApJ...237..390T 1980ApJ...237..390T]). The catalog is a synthesized version of the two results.

The LGG includes 485 groups and 3933 member galaxies.

==External links==
* [http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/Cat?J/A%2bAS/100/47 LGG description at CDS]
* [http://webviz.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-4?-out.max=999&-source=J/A%2BAS/100/47/table1 Full LGG list of records at CDS]
* [http://cdsads.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1993A%26AS..100...47G ADS: General study of group membership. II - Determination of nearby groups]

[[Category:Astronomical catalogues of galaxy clusters]]

{{galaxy-stub}}

[[fr:Lyons Groups of Galaxies]]

Groundhog Day Blizzard 2011

2011-02-02T21:20:04Z

Tea with toast: removed tag. article has been merged.

{{Current disaster|date=February 2011}}
{{infobox winter storm
|name=Groundhog Day Storm
|image location=Groundhog Day Storm.jpg|image name=Satellite image of the storm on the evening of February 1 over the American Midwest.
|stormtype=Winter storm
|date formed=January 29, 2011
|date dissipated=Still active
|maximum amount={{convert|22|in|cm|abbr=on}}
|pressure=996 [[millibar|mb]] (29.41 [[inHg]])
|total damages (USD)=Unknown
|total fatalities=6<ref>{{cite news|last=Williams-Harris|first=Deanese|title=Toll of possible storm-related deaths reaches 4|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/chibrknews-dead-man-pulled-from-lake-michigan-during-height-of-blizzard-20110202,0,6183503.story|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=February 1, 2011|author2=Ruth Fuller}}</ref><ref>http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/chibrknews-dead-man-pulled-from-lake-michigan-during-height-of-blizzard-20110202,0,6183503.story</ref>
|areas affected=[[American Midwest]], [[Southeastern US]], [[New England]], [[Great Lakes]], [[Eastern Canada]]
}}

The '''January 31–February 2, 2011 North American winter storm''', also called the '''2011 Groundhog Day Blizzard''', is an ongoing major winter storm, situated around the [[United States|US]] and [[Canada|Canadian]] [[holiday]] [[Groundhog Day]]. In the initial stages of the storm, some meteorologists predicted that the system would affect over 100 million people in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sosnowski|first=Alex|title=Groundhog Day Storm to Affect Over 100 Million People|url=http://www.accuweather.com/blogs/news/story/45062/groundhog-day-storm-may-affect-1.asp|publisher=AccuWeather|accessdate=2 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Masters">{{cite web|last=Masters|first=Jeffrey|title=Potentially historic winter storm poised to impact 100 million Americans|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1737|work=Weather Underground|publisher=Jeff Masters' WunderBlog|accessdate=2 February 2011}}</ref> The storm brought cold air, [[blowing snow]] and [[mixed precipitation]] on a path from [[New Mexico]] and northern [[Texas]] to [[New England]] and [[Eastern Canada]]. In [[Chicago]], winds ahead of the storm exceeded {{convert|30|mph| km/h|abbr=on}} and snowfall forecasts were in excess of {{convert|24|in|cm|abbr=on}} for much of [[Illinois]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Alaspa|first=Bryan|title=http://www.huliq.com/10304/chicago-blizzard-slams-city-shuts-dow n-airports-and-major-roads|url=http://www.huliq.com/10304/chicago-blizzard-slams-city-shuts-down-airports-and-major-roads|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=HULIQ|date=February 2, 2010}}</ref> [[Blizzard]] conditions affected many large cities along the storm's path, including [[Kansas City]], [[St. Louis]], Chicago, [[Detroit]], [[New York City]], and [[Boston]].

An [[ice storm]] ahead of the winter storm's [[warm front]] also brought hazardous conditions to much of the [[American Midwest]] and New England, as many areas were expected to receive well over {{convert|1|in|cm|abbr=on}} of ice accumulation.<ref>{{cite news|last=News|first=Indiana|title=Nearly 13,000 Lose Power In Ice Storm's First Blast|url=http://www.theindychannel.com/news/26688150/detail.html|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Indy Channel 6|date=February 1, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Pazniokas|first=Mark|title=Malloy: Ice storm could be more trouble than record snows|url=http://www.ctmirror.org/story/11355/malloy-ice-storm-could-be-more-trouble-record-snows|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=The Connecticut Mirror|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref> Numerous [[power outage]]s, flight cancellations, airport closures and pre-emptive bus and school cancellations took place ahead of the main storm. Several [[tornadoes of 2011|tornado touchdowns]] were reported in Texas<ref name="kltv">{{cite news|last=Johnson|first=Jena|title=Tornado damages roofs, trees in Rusk County|url=http://www.kltv.com/Global/story.asp?S=13950492|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=KLTV|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref> and a tornado watch was issued for parts of [[Alabama]],<ref name="wrcb">{{cite news|last=Press|first=Associated|title=Tornado watch set for south Alabama|url=http://www.wrcbtv.com/Global/story.asp?S=13951122|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=WRCB|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref> ahead of the [[cold front]] in the warm sector of the storm. In addition, [[thundersnow]] was recorded at some locations, increasing the overall snowfall rate.<ref>{{cite news|last=Coon|first=Lisa|title=Point of snow return: Snowstorm touted as biggest in 40 years|url=http://www.galesburg.com/newsnow/x1527068/Point-of-snow-return-16-to-20-inches-still-in-the-forecast|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=The Register-Mail|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref> 

== Meteorological synopsis ==
[[File:2011blizzardsatphoto.JPG|thumb|right|'''[[NOAA]]''' color-enhanced photograph of storm system as of February 1, 2011]]By the end of January, an [[Alberta Clipper]] containing cold air from the [[polar vortex]] drifted across [[The Dakotas]], while a large Arctic high pressure system with a maximum pressure higher than {{Convert|1050|mbar|inHg|r=2}} followed behind it, moving across [[Montana]]. A low pressure system from the [[Pacific Ocean]] later crossed the [[Rocky Mountains]], merging with the Alberta Clipper low and a developing [[Texas low]] drawing moisture from the northwestern [[Gulf of Mexico]]. The storm later intensified, developing a long warm front stretching toward the New England states, and moving northeast along this [[jet stream]] track. [[Lake effect]] snow events started over [[Lake Ontario]] and [[Lake Michigan]] from northeasterly winds. Following the predominant jet pattern, the storm developed a very rapid forward trajectory and began to migrate toward the lower Great Lakes.

== Storm effects ==
The storm dropped heavy accumulations of snow, freezing rain, [[sleet]], rain and thunderstorms.

=== Snow and blizzards ===
The heaviest snow fell in a wide swath from central Oklahoma to Illinois, [[Indiana]] and the [[Ohio Valley]]. An official blizzard warning was issued in [[Southern Ontario]] for the first time since 1993, although the Canadian definition changed in 2009.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pope|first=Alexandra|title=What is a blizzard?|url=http://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/storm_watch_stories3&stormfile=what_is_a_blizzardij_010211|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=The Weather Network News|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref>

=== Freezing rain ===
New York City received almost an inch of ice from freezing rain during the night of 1–2 February, causing public transportation on both bus routes and the [[Long Island Rail Road]] to be either delayed or curtailed entirely.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/2011/02/02/2011-02-02_freezing_rain_makes_for_dangerous_commute.html | title=Ice City: Freezing rain in New York City makes for dangerous conditions for morning commute Read more: http://www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/2011/02/02/2011-02-02_freezing_rain_makes_for_dangerous_commute.html#ixzz1CpBFf1ba | accessdate=2 February 2011 | date=2 February 2011 | publisher=New York Daily News}}</ref> [[Baltimore]] received freezing rain during the day on 1 February, which was expected to change to rain as temperatures rose on 2 February, and the overall icing in that region was less than expected.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2011-02-01/news/bs-md-ice-storm-20110201_1_ice-storm-plain-rain-forecast/2 | title=Freezing rain to turn to rain as temperatures warm | accessdate=2 February 2011 | date=1 February 2011 | publisher=Baltimore Sun}}</ref>

=== Winds ===
Strong [[gale]]-force winds were expected in many areas, especially places northwest of the [[Appalachian Mountain]]s.

=== Flash freeze ===
Parts of Texas and [[Louisiana]] east to the [[Mississippi Valley]] and [[Florida Panhandle]] experienced or were to experience rapid drops in temperature and [[flash freeze]] events after the [[squall line]] moved through.

=== Storm surge ===
Localized flooding was expected to occur in northeastern Illinois, near the coast of Lake Michigan where strong winds could bring high [[storm surge]] and [[Lakeshore Flood Warning|lakeshore flood]]ing. Wind gusts up to {{convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} are expected to create waves up to 25 {{convert|25|ft|m|abbr=on}} to areas in the [[Chicago Metropolitan Area]].

=== Thunderstorms ===
[[Severe thunderstorm]]s erupted in many areas of the Midwest and Southeastern United States. Thunderstorms accompanied both heavy rain and snow.

=== Tornadoes ===
Tornadoes were reported in Texas,<ref name="kltv"/> and a tornado watch was issued for parts of Alabama.<ref name="wrcb"/>

== Impact ==
===Illinois===
{{double image|right|Fullerton harbor looking south Chicago Feb 2 2011 storm.JPG|300|Chicago at Dusk in December.JPG|300|Chicago's Fullerton Harbor looking south during the storm (left) and on a clear day for comparison}}

[[File:Cars stuck on Lake Shore Drive panorama Chicago Feb 2 2011 storm.JPG|thumb|right|550px|Chicago's Lake Shore Drive, with abandoned, snowed-in cars and empty lanes]]
In [[Chicago]], in anticipation of the imminent [[blizzard]] conditions, 1,300 flights were canceled at [[O'Hare International Airport|O'Hare]] and [[Midway Airport|Midway]] airports.<ref>{{cite web|author=Feb 2, 2011 07:29AM |url=http://www.suntimes.com/3601097-423/snow-tuesday-storm-streets-weather.html |title=18 inches of snow at Midway, 17.1 at O'Hare as blizzard continues - Chicago Sun-Times |publisher=Suntimes.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref> By 4:30pm, [[Central Time Zone (North America)|CST]] (22:30 [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]]), the storm reached blizzard status with sustained winds exceeding {{Convert|35|mph|km/h}}, with [[Whiteout (weather)|white-out conditions]] being reported by spotters in the [[Old Town, Chicago|Old Town]] neighborhood on the city's North Side.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forecast.weather.gov/wwamap/wwatxtget.php?cwa=lot&wwa=blizzard%20warning |title=National Weather Service Watch Warning Advisory Summary |publisher=Forecast.weather.gov |date=2009-06-02 |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref> The [[Chicago Public Schools]] announced, on February 1, that public schools would be closed on the following day (Wednesday, February 2), which marked the first cancellation of classes district wide since the [[North American blizzard of 1999|Blizzard of 1999]]. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://chicago.cbslocal.com/2011/02/01/cps-cancels-after-school-programs-for-blizzard/ |title=Chicago Schools Cancel Classes For First Time Since 1999 « CBS Chicago |publisher=Chicago.cbslocal.com |date=2011-01-19 |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref> Heavy snow and high sustained winds gusting in excess of {{Convert|50|mph|km/h}}, caused rail switches to freeze on the [[Chicago Transit Authority|CTA]]'s [[Red Line (Chicago Transit Authority)|Red Line]] and blew portion of the roof off [[Wrigley Field]].<ref>{{cite web|author=February 1, 2011 6:56 PM |url=http://blog.chicagoweathercenter.com/2011/02/a-true-blizzard-wind-gusts-approaching-60mph.html |title=A true blizzard; wind gusts deposit part of Wrigley Field onto Clark Street - Chicago Weather Center |publisher=Blog.chicagoweathercenter.com |date=1999-02-22 |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Feb 1, 2011 11:17PM |url=http://www.suntimes.com/3606507-421/trains-metra-cta-gregory-red.html |title=Frozen switches leave Red Line riders stranded on North Side - Chicago Sun-Times |publisher=Suntimes.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref> The [[University of Chicago|University of Chicago]] also canceled classes Wednesday for the first time in over 60 years due to the snow conditions.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} Over 39,000 state workers were ordered not to come into work due to the weather; this was the largest figure since a blizzard in 1978.<ref>http://www.suntimes.com/news/metro/3621331-418/state-police-quinn-illinois-wednesday.html</ref>

In the central part of the state, several municipalities were all but shut down by the storm. On Monday, residents rushed to the stores to stock up on groceries, and several stores reported record sales.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pantagraph.com/news/local/article_67812706-2e66-11e0-a74c-001cc4c002e0.html |title=Area residents struggle to respond to blizzard |publisher=Pantagraph.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref> On Tuesday, several school districts and universities pre-emptively cancelled classes for Tuesday evening and all-day Wednesday. <ref>{{cite web|last=Coulter |first=Phyllis |url=http://www.pantagraph.com/news/local/article_cb0893fe-2d67-11e0-9714-001cc4c002e0.html |title=Schools prepare for snowstorm |publisher=Pantagraph.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref> About {{Convert|1.5|in|cm}} of snow fell Monday night. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pantagraph.com/news/local/article_b8f59e8c-2cdb-11e0-abfa-001cc4c03286.html |title=Snow plows 'just can't keep up' in major blizzard |publisher=Pantagraph.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref> Tuesday afternoon brought heavy snowfall and sustained {{Convert|40|mph|km/h}} winds, with gusts of over {{Convert|50|mph|km/h}}. Local government officials encouraged all businesses to close down, and local hospitals braced for the storm by preparing living and sleeping areas for essential personnel.<ref>{{cite web|author=By Anonymous |url=http://www.pjstar.com/homepage/x896129390/Continuous-winter-storm-coverage-from-the-Journal-Star-staff |title=Tuesday's continuous winter storm coverage - Peoria, IL |publisher=pjstar.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref><ref name="pjstar1">{{cite web|last=Sharp |first=John |url=http://www.pjstar.com/news/x1526810/Mayor-urges-businesses-to-close-and-people-to-stay-home |title=Ardis urges patience regarding storm cleanup efforts - Peoria, IL |publisher=pjstar.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref> Flights from area airports were canceled, and local officials repeatedly urged residents not to travel, as due to the whiteout conditions, snow plows had been taken off the roads.<ref>{{cite web|last=Swiech |first=Paul |url=http://www.pantagraph.com/news/local/article_1d241172-2e67-11e0-9c54-001cc4c002e0.html |title=Red Cross opens warming centers |publisher=Pantagraph.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref><ref name="pjstar1"/> [[Interstate 80]] was closed Tuesday night between [[Morris, Illinois|Morris]] and [[Princeton, Illinois|Princeton]], while [[Lake Shore Drive]] was temporarily shut down due to impassible conditions.<ref>{{cite web|author=Feb 2, 2011 07:30AM |url=http://www.suntimes.com/3609821-417/lake-shore-closed-drive-clear.html |title=Abandoned vehicles slow Lake Shore Dr. reopening - Chicago Sun-Times |publisher=Suntimes.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref> On Wednesday, [[Interstate 290]] and [[Illinois Route 53]] were shut down from [[Lake Cook Road]] in [[Arlington Heights, Illinois|Arlington Heights]] to St. Charles Road in [[Elmhurst, Illinois|Elmhurst]]. 40 vehicles were abandoned on Route 53. Parts of Interstate 57 were also shut down. The state police described most expressways as "impassable".<ref>http://www.suntimes.com/news/metro/3621331-418/state-police-quinn-illinois-wednesday.html</ref><ref>http://abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news/local&id=7934374</ref> During the storm's peak on Tuesday night, more than 100,000 customers were without power across the state, including 79,000 [[ComEd]] customers across Northern Illinois and 35,800 [[Ameren]] customers in Downstate Illinois.<ref>{{cite web|last=Press |first=Associated |url=http://www.fox2now.com/news/sns-ap-il--winterweather-poweroutages,0,7757926.story |title=Winter storm knocks out power to thousands in Illinois, residents urged to avoid down lines - KTVI |publisher=Fox2now.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref> Several charities set up shelters for the homeless and those stranded by the blizzard, <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pantagraph.com/news/local/article_70b0c4d0-2e39-11e0-b30d-001cc4c03286.html |title=Highway conditions deteriorating |publisher=Pantagraph.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref> and Illinois governor [[Pat Quinn]] mobilized 500 [[Illinois National Guard]] troops to help rescue stranded motorists. <ref>{{cite web|author=By Anonymous |url=http://www.pjstar.com/news/x172495449/Quinn-activates-Illinois-National-Guard-before-storm |title=Quinn activates Illinois National Guard before storm - Peoria, IL |publisher=pjstar.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref> Hundreds of motorists had been rescued off Interstates 290, 55, 57, and 80. In addition, over 80 traffic accidents were reported.<ref>http://www.suntimes.com/news/metro/3621331-418/state-police-quinn-illinois-wednesday.html</ref>

So far, three snow-related deaths have occurred. A fatality occurred when an individual along the lakefront path was blown into the lake under strong winds, and killed. The body has been recovered. In [[Lyons, Illinois|Lyons]], a man died while shoveling snow, while a man died while driving through the storm in [[Grayslake, Illinois|Grayslake]].<ref>http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/chibrknews-dead-man-pulled-from-lake-michigan-during-height-of-blizzard-20110202,0,6183503.story</ref>

20.2 inches of snow fell at Chicago-O'Hare International Airport, making this the third largest snowfall in Chicago history<ref>http://abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news/local&id=7934374</ref>, after the infamous [[Chicago Blizzard of 1967]], and the [[North American blizzard of 1999|Blizzard of 1999]]. Additional official snowfall totals included 20.9 inches at Chicago-Midway International Airport, 16.4 inches at the National Weather Service office in [[Romeoville, Illinois|Romeoville]], and 14.3 inches at [[Chicago Rockford International Airport]].<ref>http://www.crh.noaa.gov/news/display_cmsstory.php?wfo=lot&storyid=63488&source=0</ref> The storm's highest total of 22 inches was reported in northwest suburban [[Elk Grove Village, Illinois|Elk Grove Village]], just west of O'Hare Airport.<ref>http://www.crh.noaa.gov/product.php?site=LOT&issuedby=LOT&product=LSR&format=CI&version=4&glossary=0</ref>

====[[January 31–February 2, 2011 North American winter storm]] [[Chicago]] Image Gallery====
<gallery perrow=3 widths=220px heights=160px>
File:People Shoveling on Belden Ave Chicago feb 2 2011 .JPG|People Shoveling on Belden Ave. in [[Chicago]]
File:Clark and Fullerton ave in Chicago feb 2 2011 storm.JPG| The Intersection of Clark and Fullerton in [[Chicago]]
File:North Pond Chicago Feb 2 2011 storm.JPG|[[North Pond]] in [[Chicago]]
File:Fullerton harbor looking south Chicago Feb 2 2011 storm.JPG|Fullerton Harbor in Chicago.
File:Cars stuck on Lake shore drive Chicago Feb 2 2011 storm.JPG| Cars snowed in on [[Lake Shore Drive]] in [[Chicago]]
File:Abandoned CTA Bus on Lake Shore DriveChicago Feb 2 2011 storm.JPG| Abandoned [[CTA]] bus on [[Lake Shore Drive, Chicago]]
File:Cross Country Skiing Belden Ave Chicago Feb 2 2011.JPG|Skiing on Belden Ave. in [[Chicago]].
File:Seal of the City of Chicago on a stuck Salt Truck Chicago Feb 2 2011 storm.JPG|The Seal of the City of Chicago on a stranded salt truck on Lakeshore drive during the storm

</gallery>

===Missouri===
In [[Missouri]], a state of emergency has been declared by Governor [[Jay Nixon]] and has activated the Missouri National Guard.<ref>Orrell, John. (Feb. 2, 2011) "[http://www.ng.mil/news/archives/2011/02/020111-National.aspx 2,500 National Guardmembers respond to year's biggest storm]." National Guard News. Retrieved Feb. 2, 2011</ref> Interstate 70, which runs east/west for the entire length of Missouri was closed by the Missouri Department of Transportation from Wentzville to Kansas City, nearly 3/4 of the length of the interstate that runs through Missouri [2].

===Oklahoma===
The heavy snowfall, along with sleet and some freezing rain, began developing over [[Oklahoma]] and the Texas panhandle on the evening of January 31, with a state of emergency declared by Governor [[Mary Fallin]] earlier that day. [[The Salvation Army]] of Central Oklahoma opened three shelters and one warming station for those stranded by the storm outdoors, the homeless, and those who lost power during the storm; two in [[Oklahoma City]], one in [[Norman, Oklahoma|Norman]] and one in [[El Reno, Oklahoma|El Reno]], with teams from the Oklahoma chapter of the [[American Red Cross]] placed on standby.<ref>[http://newsok.com/oklahoma-agencies-open-shelters-for-winter-storm/article/3537052 Oklahoma agencies open shelters for winter storm], NewsOK.com, February 1, 2011.</ref> [[Will Rogers World Airport]] and [[Tulsa International Airport]] were both closed due to the winter storm as many flights scheduled to arrive at those two airports were cancelled; [[Interstate 44 (Oklahoma)|I-44]] from Stroud to the Missouri state line, Interstate 40 near [[Okemah, Oklahoma|Okemah]] and westbound lanes of [[Interstate 40 (Oklahoma)|I-40]] east of [[Henryetta, Oklahoma|Henryetta]] were among many major highways closed, and the Indian Nation, Creek and Muskogee turnpikes were all either closed entirely or in stretches. A 20-year-old Oklahoma City woman died due to injuries suffered in a sledding accident near [[Lake Stanley Draper]], in which the sled being pulled by a vehicle veered off the road, flinging the woman into a guardrail; she was pronounced dead at the scene.<ref name="sledding">[http://newsok.com/woman-killed-in-oklahoma-city-sledding-accident/article/3537215 Woman killed in Oklahoma City sledding accident], NewsOK.com, February 1, 2011.</ref>

Most school districts in the state including the [[Oklahoma City Public Schools|Oklahoma City]] and [[Tulsa Public Schools|Tulsa public school districts]], as well as most Oklahoma City government offices were shut down a day in advance of the storm. The [[U.S. Postal Service]] released a statement saying that it was attempting to make deliveries across the state but that "some areas may be undeliverable", due to the heavy snow and very low visibility; mail delivery in Oklahoma City did not occur in most areas due to the conditions.<ref>[http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/article.aspx?subjectid=11&articleid=20110201_11_0_hrimgs234521 Carriers attempting to deliver the mail], ''Tulsa World'', February 1, 2011.</ref> Temperatures across the state on February 1st and 2nd hovered in the single digits to mid-teens. Winds gusted to near {{Convert|60|mph|km/h}} at times creating ground blizzard conditions across the eastern half of the state; wind chill values dropped as low as {{Convert|-36|°F|°C}} in [[Boise City, Oklahoma|Boise City]], the lowest recorded wind chill in the state since the deployment of the [[Oklahoma Mesonet]].<ref>[http://newsok.com/blizzard-rakes-oklahoma-stranding-motorists-and-closing-schools/article/3537445 Blizzard rakes Oklahoma, stranding motorists and closing schools], NewsOK.com, February 2, 2011.</ref>

Will Rogers World Airport recorded an estimated 11.6 inches of snow, smashed the all-time daily snowfall record for the month of February for Oklahoma City (the previous record was 6.5 inches on February 7, 1986).<ref name="sledding"/> Tulsa also set an all-time snowfall record for the storm for February 1 and the month of February, as the Tulsa International Airport received 14 inches of accumulated snowfall (the previous Ferbuary snowfall record for the city of Tulsa was 10.5 inches in February 2003, and the previous record for snowfall in a single 24-hour period in Tulsa was 12.9 inches on March 8-9, 1994).<ref>[http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/article.aspx?subjectid=11&articleid=20110201_11_0_hrimgs6846 Tulsa receives more than a foot of snow in epic storm], ''[[Tulsa World]]'', February 1, 2011.</ref> Heavy snow caved in the roof of a bulding on the [[Hard Rock Hotel & Casino]] complex in Tulsa containing a poker room and electronic casino games, the damage was confined to an area that was part of the original structure built in 1992. There was no one injured as a result of the roof collapse as no people were in the affected area at the time; the hotel towers, a concert venue, a convention center, and retail operations at the complex were unaffected and remained open.<ref>[http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/article.aspx?subjectid=11&articleid=20110201_11_0_Therei874053 Roof damage at the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino Tulsa], ''Tulsa World'', February 1, 2011.</ref> Tulsa's daily newspaper, the ''[[Tulsa World]]'', did not release print editions of its February 1st and 2nd editions, due to the storm hampering normal delivery.<ref>[http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/article.aspx?subjectid=11&articleid=20110202_11_0_Clicko223663 ]</ref>

===Wisconsin===
In [[Wisconsin]], Governor [[Scott Walker (politician)|Scott Walker]] declared a [[State of Emergency]] in 29 [[List of counties in Wisconsin|Wisconsin counties]] due to the snowstorm and deployed 75 [[Wisconsin National Guard]] soldiers.<ref name="JSO Massive">Durhams, Sharif and Tom Held. (Feb. 2, 2011) "[http://www.jsonline.com/news/milwaukee/115010864.html Massive cleanup begins as blizzard moves east]." ''Milwaukee Journal Sentinel.</ref> Nearly all government buildings, schools, and public facilities were closed for February 2, 2011 in the Southeastern region of the state, including the Major cities of [[Milwaukee]] and [[Madison, Wisconsin|Madison]].

===Michigan===
A 73-year-old [[Danville, Michigan|Danville]] man was killed in a vehicle crash.<ref>{{cite news|last=News|first=UPI|title=UPI NewsTrack TopNews - Storm rocks Midwest, pushes into Northeast|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2011/02/02/UPI-NewsTrack-TopNews/UPI-47521296666167/|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=United Press International|date=February 2, 2011}}</ref>

=== States of emergency ===
A [[state of emergency]] was declared in several American states, including Oklahoma and [[Missouri]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Reuters|first=LAT|title=Monster winter storm begins path across United States|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-naw-winter-weather-20110202,0,2691727.story|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=February 1, 2010}}</ref>

===Preparations===
Local governments ahead of the storm prepared residents on procedures to follow during the storm. This included parking and driving restrictions and preparation of road clearing equipment. Street clearing crews applied chemicals to the roadways to pre-melt ice and snow and checked equipment prior to the event.<ref>{{cite web|author=Grove, Dustin|title=Michiana preps for major winter storm|url=http://www.wsbt.com/news/wsbt-communities-prepare-for-major-winter-storm-20110131,0,7760874.story|accessdate=2 February 2011|publisher=South Bend Tribune|date=January 31, 2011}}</ref>
[[File:Tulsa2011Blizzard1.jpg|right|thumb|200px|In [[Tulsa]], the storm set an all-time snowfall record.<ref>[http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/article.aspx?subjectid=11&articleid=20110201_11_0_hrimgs6846 Tulsa World article]</ref>]]
=== Airport traffic ===
At least 6,400 flight cancellations occurred across North America before the storm.<ref>{{cite news|last=Journal|first=Business|title=Flights canceled as ice, snow hit airlines|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/dayton/news/2011/02/01/flights-canceled-as-storm-hits-airlines.html|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Dayton Business Journal|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Johnston-Barnes|first=Owain|title=Weather causes Bermuda flight cancellations|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20110201/NEWS/110209989/1001/news|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Credeur|first=Mary Jane|title=United Airlines, Delta Speed Snow Cancellation Decisions to Avoid `Havoc'|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-01/united-delta-speed-snow-cancellation-decisions-to-avoid-havoc-.html|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Bloomberg|date=February 1, 2011|author2=Mary Schlangenstein}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=News|first=Postmedia|title=Southern Ontario hunkers down for major snow storm|url=http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Southern+Ontario+hunkers+down+major+snow+storm/4206646/story.html|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=The Montreal Gazette|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Mahoney|first=Hill|title=Southern Ontario braces for a snowy ‘slammer’|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/ontario/southern-ontario-braces-for-a-snowy-slammer/article1889709/|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=News|first=VOA|title=US Winter Weather Forces 6,400 Flight Cancellations|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/usa/US-Winter-Weather-Forces-6400-Flight-Cancelations-115033949.html|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Voice of America|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Brown|first=Julie|title=Snow forces dozens of flight cancellations in S. Fla.|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/02/01/2044784/snow-forces-dozens-of-flight-cancellations.html|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Miami-Dade Breaking News|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref> Impact was severe at Chicago's [[O'Hare International Airport]], as over 1,100 flights were cancelled there. A less severe but still a major impact was at [[Toronto Pearson International Airport]] in Toronto where about 300 of its 1,400 daily flights were cancelled.<ref>{{cite news|last=Press|first=Associated|title=Midwest snow forecast forces more than 1,200 cancellations at Chicago airports|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/wire/sns-bc-il--winterweather-illinois-airports,0,4324427.story|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref>

=== Schools ===
Numerous school closures were made and were expected.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pedro|first=Kelly|title=Schools likely to close Wednesday|url=http://www.lfpress.com/news/2011/02/01/17118221.html|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=London Free Press|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Reports|first=Staff|title=Greater Lafayette Snow Closures for February 2|url=http://www.lafayette-online.com/community/2011/02/snow-closures-feb-2/|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Lafayette Online|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Porterfield|first=Barry|title=School closures an early decision|url=http://paulsvalleydailydemocrat.com/local/x732783547/School-closures-an-early-decision|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Pauls Valley Daily Democrat|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref>

=== Power outages ===
Many local and widespread power outages affected locations along the storm track, including in Ohio,<ref>{{cite news|last=Yost|first=Denise|title=Ganahl: Serious Trouble|url=http://www2.nbc4i.com/weather/2011/feb/01/17/nunnally-icy-conditions-tuesday-ar-383096/|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=nbc4i.com|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Report|first=Staff|title=22,000 without power as ice and wind wreak havoc on wires|url=http://www.daytondailynews.com/news/dayton-news/22-000-without-power-as-ice-and-wind-wreak-havoc-on-wires-1069656.html|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Dayton Daily News|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref><ref name=Fox19>{{cite news|last=19|first=Fox|title=Over 10,000 homes without power in Cincinnati and Northern Kentucky|url=http://www.fox19.com/Global/story.asp?S=13951566|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=FOX19|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref> Oklahoma,<ref>{{cite news|last=Evatt|first=Robert|title=Power outages not widespread|url=http://www.tulsaworld.com/business/article.aspx?subjectid=49&articleid=20110201_298_0_Though526468|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Tulsa World|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref> New Mexico,<ref>{{cite news|last=Gamm|first=Joe|title=Power outages affect region|url=http://amarillo.com/news/latest-news/2011-02-01/power-outages-affect-region|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Amarillo Globe-News|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref> Indiana,<ref>{{cite news|last=Press|first=Associated|title=Power outages in Indiana from overnight ice concentrated in Terre Haute area|url=http://www.greenfieldreporter.com/view/story/3fbf7f2419e54609b035e0b475907996/IN--Winter_Weather-Ind_Power/|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Daily Reporter|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref> Texas,<ref>{{cite news|last=Morten|first=Nicole|title=Power Outage Shuts Down School at Navarro Elementary *Update*|url=http://www.kbtx.com/news/headlines/Power_Outage_Shuts_Down_School_at_Navarro_Elementary_Update.html?ref=629|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=KBTX|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref> Colorado<ref>{{cite news|last=News|first=KKTV|title=Power Outage In Teller County|url=http://www.kktv.com/home/headlines/Power_Outage_In_Teller_County_115071574.html|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=KKTV|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref> and Kentucky.<ref name="Fox19"/>

=== Super Bowl ===
The severe ice storm also affected the [[Dallas-Fort Worth]] area, bringing a coating of ice to the ground after a rapid freeze. This caused some damage ahead of [[Super Bowl XLV]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Banks|first=Don|title=Rodgers, cold-weather Pack right at home with indoors Super Bowl|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2011/writers/don_banks/02/01/packers.advantage/|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Sports Illustrated CNN|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Alexander|first=Jeff|title=Ice Storm Wreaks Havoc on Dallas During Super Bowl Week|url=http://www.wbay.com/Global/story.asp?S=13950675|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=WBAY|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Naylor|first=Dave|title=NAYLOR: TRADITION HAS WON THE DAY AT SUPER BOWL XLV|url=http://www.tsn.ca/nfl/story/?id=351999|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=TSN|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Chicago Blizzard of 1967]]
*[[North American blizzard of 1999]]
*[[February 2007 North America Winter Storm]]
*[[2008 Super Tuesday tornado outbreak]]

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.weather.gov/ National Weather Service]
*[http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/discussions/nfdscc5.html Hydrometeorological Prediction Center - Storm Summary Message]
*[http://www.weatheroffice.gc.ca/warnings/warnings_e.html Weather Warnings - Environment Canada]
*[http://www.weatheroffice.gc.ca/warnings/warnings_e.html Accuweather.com 2011 Winter Weather Center]
*[http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1739 Weather Underground: Great Blizzard pounding Chicago; extremely dangerous Cyclone Yasi nears Australia]
*[http://www.cp24.com/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20110201/110201_school/20110201/?hub=CP24Home School Cancellations (Greater Toronto Area)]

{{United States Blizzards}}

[[Category:Blizzards in the United States]]
[[Category:Blizzards in Canada]]
[[Category:2011 natural disasters in the United States]]

Groundhog Day Blizzard 2011

2011-02-02T21:16:02Z

Tea with toast: /* Missouri */ typo

{{Current disaster|date=February 2011}}
{{merge|discuss=January 31–February 2, 2011 North American blizzard#Merge request|January 31–February 2, 2011 North American blizzard|date=February 2011}}
{{infobox winter storm
|name=Groundhog Day Storm
|image location=Groundhog Day Storm.jpg|image name=Satellite image of the storm on the evening of February 1 over the American Midwest.
|stormtype=Winter storm
|date formed=January 29, 2011
|date dissipated=Still active
|maximum amount={{convert|22|in|cm|abbr=on}}
|pressure=996 [[millibar|mb]] (29.41 [[inHg]])
|total damages (USD)=Unknown
|total fatalities=6<ref>{{cite news|last=Williams-Harris|first=Deanese|title=Toll of possible storm-related deaths reaches 4|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/chibrknews-dead-man-pulled-from-lake-michigan-during-height-of-blizzard-20110202,0,6183503.story|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=February 1, 2011|author2=Ruth Fuller}}</ref><ref>http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/chibrknews-dead-man-pulled-from-lake-michigan-during-height-of-blizzard-20110202,0,6183503.story</ref>
|areas affected=[[American Midwest]], [[Southeastern US]], [[New England]], [[Great Lakes]], [[Eastern Canada]]
}}

The '''January 31–February 2, 2011 North American winter storm''', also called the '''2011 Groundhog Day Blizzard''', is an ongoing major winter storm, situated around the [[United States|US]] and [[Canada|Canadian]] [[holiday]] [[Groundhog Day]]. In the initial stages of the storm, some meteorologists predicted that the system would affect over 100 million people in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sosnowski|first=Alex|title=Groundhog Day Storm to Affect Over 100 Million People|url=http://www.accuweather.com/blogs/news/story/45062/groundhog-day-storm-may-affect-1.asp|publisher=AccuWeather|accessdate=2 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Masters">{{cite web|last=Masters|first=Jeffrey|title=Potentially historic winter storm poised to impact 100 million Americans|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1737|work=Weather Underground|publisher=Jeff Masters' WunderBlog|accessdate=2 February 2011}}</ref> The storm brought cold air, [[blowing snow]] and [[mixed precipitation]] on a path from [[New Mexico]] and northern [[Texas]] to [[New England]] and [[Eastern Canada]]. In [[Chicago]], winds ahead of the storm exceeded {{convert|30|mph| km/h|abbr=on}} and snowfall forecasts were in excess of {{convert|24|in|cm|abbr=on}} for much of [[Illinois]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Alaspa|first=Bryan|title=http://www.huliq.com/10304/chicago-blizzard-slams-city-shuts-dow n-airports-and-major-roads|url=http://www.huliq.com/10304/chicago-blizzard-slams-city-shuts-down-airports-and-major-roads|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=HULIQ|date=February 2, 2010}}</ref> [[Blizzard]] conditions affected many large cities along the storm's path, including [[Kansas City]], [[St. Louis]], Chicago, [[Detroit]], [[New York City]], and [[Boston]].

An [[ice storm]] ahead of the winter storm's [[warm front]] also brought hazardous conditions to much of the [[American Midwest]] and New England, as many areas were expected to receive well over {{convert|1|in|cm|abbr=on}} of ice accumulation.<ref>{{cite news|last=News|first=Indiana|title=Nearly 13,000 Lose Power In Ice Storm's First Blast|url=http://www.theindychannel.com/news/26688150/detail.html|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Indy Channel 6|date=February 1, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Pazniokas|first=Mark|title=Malloy: Ice storm could be more trouble than record snows|url=http://www.ctmirror.org/story/11355/malloy-ice-storm-could-be-more-trouble-record-snows|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=The Connecticut Mirror|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref> Numerous [[power outage]]s, flight cancellations, airport closures and pre-emptive bus and school cancellations took place ahead of the main storm. Several [[tornadoes of 2011|tornado touchdowns]] were reported in Texas<ref name="kltv">{{cite news|last=Johnson|first=Jena|title=Tornado damages roofs, trees in Rusk County|url=http://www.kltv.com/Global/story.asp?S=13950492|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=KLTV|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref> and a tornado watch was issued for parts of [[Alabama]],<ref name="wrcb">{{cite news|last=Press|first=Associated|title=Tornado watch set for south Alabama|url=http://www.wrcbtv.com/Global/story.asp?S=13951122|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=WRCB|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref> ahead of the [[cold front]] in the warm sector of the storm. In addition, [[thundersnow]] was recorded at some locations, increasing the overall snowfall rate.<ref>{{cite news|last=Coon|first=Lisa|title=Point of snow return: Snowstorm touted as biggest in 40 years|url=http://www.galesburg.com/newsnow/x1527068/Point-of-snow-return-16-to-20-inches-still-in-the-forecast|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=The Register-Mail|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref> 

== Meteorological synopsis ==
[[File:2011blizzardsatphoto.JPG|thumb|right|'''[[NOAA]]''' color-enhanced photograph of storm system as of February 1, 2011]]By the end of January, an [[Alberta Clipper]] containing cold air from the [[polar vortex]] drifted across [[The Dakotas]], while a large Arctic high pressure system with a maximum pressure higher than {{Convert|1050|mbar|inHg|r=2}} followed behind it, moving across [[Montana]]. A low pressure system from the [[Pacific Ocean]] later crossed the [[Rocky Mountains]], merging with the Alberta Clipper low and a developing [[Texas low]] drawing moisture from the northwestern [[Gulf of Mexico]]. The storm later intensified, developing a long warm front stretching toward the New England states, and moving northeast along this [[jet stream]] track. [[Lake effect]] snow events started over [[Lake Ontario]] and [[Lake Michigan]] from northeasterly winds. Following the predominant jet pattern, the storm developed a very rapid forward trajectory and began to migrate toward the lower Great Lakes.

== Storm effects ==
The storm dropped heavy accumulations of snow, freezing rain, [[sleet]], rain and thunderstorms.

=== Snow and blizzards ===
The heaviest snow fell in a wide swath from central Oklahoma to Illinois, [[Indiana]] and the [[Ohio Valley]]. An official blizzard warning was issued in [[Southern Ontario]] for the first time since 1993, although the Canadian definition changed in 2009.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pope|first=Alexandra|title=What is a blizzard?|url=http://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/storm_watch_stories3&stormfile=what_is_a_blizzardij_010211|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=The Weather Network News|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref>

=== Freezing rain ===
New York City received almost an inch of ice from freezing rain during the night of 1–2 February, causing public transportation on both bus routes and the [[Long Island Rail Road]] to be either delayed or curtailed entirely.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/2011/02/02/2011-02-02_freezing_rain_makes_for_dangerous_commute.html | title=Ice City: Freezing rain in New York City makes for dangerous conditions for morning commute Read more: http://www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/2011/02/02/2011-02-02_freezing_rain_makes_for_dangerous_commute.html#ixzz1CpBFf1ba | accessdate=2 February 2011 | date=2 February 2011 | publisher=New York Daily News}}</ref> [[Baltimore]] received freezing rain during the day on 1 February, which was expected to change to rain as temperatures rose on 2 February, and the overall icing in that region was less than expected.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2011-02-01/news/bs-md-ice-storm-20110201_1_ice-storm-plain-rain-forecast/2 | title=Freezing rain to turn to rain as temperatures warm | accessdate=2 February 2011 | date=1 February 2011 | publisher=Baltimore Sun}}</ref>

=== Winds ===
Strong [[gale]]-force winds were expected in many areas, especially places northwest of the [[Appalachian Mountain]]s.

=== Flash freeze ===
Parts of Texas and [[Louisiana]] east to the [[Mississippi Valley]] and [[Florida Panhandle]] experienced or were to experience rapid drops in temperature and [[flash freeze]] events after the [[squall line]] moved through.

=== Storm surge ===
Localized flooding was expected to occur in northeastern Illinois, near the coast of Lake Michigan where strong winds could bring high [[storm surge]] and [[Lakeshore Flood Warning|lakeshore flood]]ing. Wind gusts up to {{convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} are expected to create waves up to 25 {{convert|25|ft|m|abbr=on}} to areas in the [[Chicago Metropolitan Area]].

=== Thunderstorms ===
[[Severe thunderstorm]]s erupted in many areas of the Midwest and Southeastern United States. Thunderstorms accompanied both heavy rain and snow.

=== Tornadoes ===
Tornadoes were reported in Texas,<ref name="kltv"/> and a tornado watch was issued for parts of Alabama.<ref name="wrcb"/>

== Impact ==
===Illinois===
{{double image|right|Fullerton harbor looking south Chicago Feb 2 2011 storm.JPG|300|Chicago at Dusk in December.JPG|300|Chicago's Fullerton Harbor looking south during the storm (left) and on a clear day for comparison}}

[[File:Cars stuck on Lake Shore Drive panorama Chicago Feb 2 2011 storm.JPG|thumb|right|550px|Chicago's Lake Shore Drive, with abandoned, snowed-in cars and empty lanes]]
In [[Chicago]], in anticipation of the imminent [[blizzard]] conditions, 1,300 flights were canceled at [[O'Hare International Airport|O'Hare]] and [[Midway Airport|Midway]] airports.<ref>{{cite web|author=Feb 2, 2011 07:29AM |url=http://www.suntimes.com/3601097-423/snow-tuesday-storm-streets-weather.html |title=18 inches of snow at Midway, 17.1 at O'Hare as blizzard continues - Chicago Sun-Times |publisher=Suntimes.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref> By 4:30pm, [[Central Time Zone (North America)|CST]] (22:30 [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]]), the storm reached blizzard status with sustained winds exceeding {{Convert|35|mph|km/h}}, with [[Whiteout (weather)|white-out conditions]] being reported by spotters in the [[Old Town, Chicago|Old Town]] neighborhood on the city's North Side.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forecast.weather.gov/wwamap/wwatxtget.php?cwa=lot&wwa=blizzard%20warning |title=National Weather Service Watch Warning Advisory Summary |publisher=Forecast.weather.gov |date=2009-06-02 |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref> The [[Chicago Public Schools]] announced, on February 1, that public schools would be closed on the following day (Wednesday, February 2), which marked the first cancellation of classes district wide since the [[North American blizzard of 1999|Blizzard of 1999]]. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://chicago.cbslocal.com/2011/02/01/cps-cancels-after-school-programs-for-blizzard/ |title=Chicago Schools Cancel Classes For First Time Since 1999 « CBS Chicago |publisher=Chicago.cbslocal.com |date=2011-01-19 |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref> Heavy snow and high sustained winds gusting in excess of {{Convert|50|mph|km/h}}, caused rail switches to freeze on the [[Chicago Transit Authority|CTA]]'s [[Red Line (Chicago Transit Authority)|Red Line]] and blew portion of the roof off [[Wrigley Field]].<ref>{{cite web|author=February 1, 2011 6:56 PM |url=http://blog.chicagoweathercenter.com/2011/02/a-true-blizzard-wind-gusts-approaching-60mph.html |title=A true blizzard; wind gusts deposit part of Wrigley Field onto Clark Street - Chicago Weather Center |publisher=Blog.chicagoweathercenter.com |date=1999-02-22 |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Feb 1, 2011 11:17PM |url=http://www.suntimes.com/3606507-421/trains-metra-cta-gregory-red.html |title=Frozen switches leave Red Line riders stranded on North Side - Chicago Sun-Times |publisher=Suntimes.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref> The [[University of Chicago|University of Chicago]] also canceled classes Wednesday for the first time in over 60 years due to the snow conditions.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} Over 39,000 state workers were ordered not to come into work due to the weather; this was the largest figure since a blizzard in 1978.<ref>http://www.suntimes.com/news/metro/3621331-418/state-police-quinn-illinois-wednesday.html</ref>

In the central part of the state, several municipalities were all but shut down by the storm. On Monday, residents rushed to the stores to stock up on groceries, and several stores reported record sales.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pantagraph.com/news/local/article_67812706-2e66-11e0-a74c-001cc4c002e0.html |title=Area residents struggle to respond to blizzard |publisher=Pantagraph.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref> On Tuesday, several school districts and universities pre-emptively cancelled classes for Tuesday evening and all-day Wednesday. <ref>{{cite web|last=Coulter |first=Phyllis |url=http://www.pantagraph.com/news/local/article_cb0893fe-2d67-11e0-9714-001cc4c002e0.html |title=Schools prepare for snowstorm |publisher=Pantagraph.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref> About {{Convert|1.5|in|cm}} of snow fell Monday night. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pantagraph.com/news/local/article_b8f59e8c-2cdb-11e0-abfa-001cc4c03286.html |title=Snow plows 'just can't keep up' in major blizzard |publisher=Pantagraph.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref> Tuesday afternoon brought heavy snowfall and sustained {{Convert|40|mph|km/h}} winds, with gusts of over {{Convert|50|mph|km/h}}. Local government officials encouraged all businesses to close down, and local hospitals braced for the storm by preparing living and sleeping areas for essential personnel.<ref>{{cite web|author=By Anonymous |url=http://www.pjstar.com/homepage/x896129390/Continuous-winter-storm-coverage-from-the-Journal-Star-staff |title=Tuesday's continuous winter storm coverage - Peoria, IL |publisher=pjstar.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref><ref name="pjstar1">{{cite web|last=Sharp |first=John |url=http://www.pjstar.com/news/x1526810/Mayor-urges-businesses-to-close-and-people-to-stay-home |title=Ardis urges patience regarding storm cleanup efforts - Peoria, IL |publisher=pjstar.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref> Flights from area airports were canceled, and local officials repeatedly urged residents not to travel, as due to the whiteout conditions, snow plows had been taken off the roads.<ref>{{cite web|last=Swiech |first=Paul |url=http://www.pantagraph.com/news/local/article_1d241172-2e67-11e0-9c54-001cc4c002e0.html |title=Red Cross opens warming centers |publisher=Pantagraph.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref><ref name="pjstar1"/> [[Interstate 80]] was closed Tuesday night between [[Morris, Illinois|Morris]] and [[Princeton, Illinois|Princeton]], while [[Lake Shore Drive]] was temporarily shut down due to impassible conditions.<ref>{{cite web|author=Feb 2, 2011 07:30AM |url=http://www.suntimes.com/3609821-417/lake-shore-closed-drive-clear.html |title=Abandoned vehicles slow Lake Shore Dr. reopening - Chicago Sun-Times |publisher=Suntimes.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref> On Wednesday, [[Interstate 290]] and [[Illinois Route 53]] were shut down from [[Lake Cook Road]] in [[Arlington Heights, Illinois|Arlington Heights]] to St. Charles Road in [[Elmhurst, Illinois|Elmhurst]]. 40 vehicles were abandoned on Route 53. Parts of Interstate 57 were also shut down. The state police described most expressways as "impassable".<ref>http://www.suntimes.com/news/metro/3621331-418/state-police-quinn-illinois-wednesday.html</ref><ref>http://abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news/local&id=7934374</ref> During the storm's peak on Tuesday night, more than 100,000 customers were without power across the state, including 79,000 [[ComEd]] customers across Northern Illinois and 35,800 [[Ameren]] customers in Downstate Illinois.<ref>{{cite web|last=Press |first=Associated |url=http://www.fox2now.com/news/sns-ap-il--winterweather-poweroutages,0,7757926.story |title=Winter storm knocks out power to thousands in Illinois, residents urged to avoid down lines - KTVI |publisher=Fox2now.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref> Several charities set up shelters for the homeless and those stranded by the blizzard, <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pantagraph.com/news/local/article_70b0c4d0-2e39-11e0-b30d-001cc4c03286.html |title=Highway conditions deteriorating |publisher=Pantagraph.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref> and Illinois governor [[Pat Quinn]] mobilized 500 [[Illinois National Guard]] troops to help rescue stranded motorists. <ref>{{cite web|author=By Anonymous |url=http://www.pjstar.com/news/x172495449/Quinn-activates-Illinois-National-Guard-before-storm |title=Quinn activates Illinois National Guard before storm - Peoria, IL |publisher=pjstar.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref> Hundreds of motorists had been rescued off Interstates 290, 55, 57, and 80. In addition, over 80 traffic accidents were reported.<ref>http://www.suntimes.com/news/metro/3621331-418/state-police-quinn-illinois-wednesday.html</ref>

So far, three snow-related deaths have occurred. A fatality occurred when an individual along the lakefront path was blown into the lake under strong winds, and killed. The body has been recovered. In [[Lyons, Illinois|Lyons]], a man died while shoveling snow, while a man died while driving through the storm in [[Grayslake, Illinois|Grayslake]].<ref>http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/chibrknews-dead-man-pulled-from-lake-michigan-during-height-of-blizzard-20110202,0,6183503.story</ref>

20.2 inches of snow fell at Chicago-O'Hare International Airport, making this the third largest snowfall in Chicago history<ref>http://abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news/local&id=7934374</ref>, after the infamous [[Chicago Blizzard of 1967]], and the [[North American blizzard of 1999|Blizzard of 1999]]. Additional official snowfall totals included 20.9 inches at Chicago-Midway International Airport, 16.4 inches at the National Weather Service office in [[Romeoville, Illinois|Romeoville]], and 14.3 inches at [[Chicago Rockford International Airport]].<ref>http://www.crh.noaa.gov/news/display_cmsstory.php?wfo=lot&storyid=63488&source=0</ref> The storm's highest total of 22 inches was reported in northwest suburban [[Elk Grove Village, Illinois|Elk Grove Village]], just west of O'Hare Airport.<ref>http://www.crh.noaa.gov/product.php?site=LOT&issuedby=LOT&product=LSR&format=CI&version=4&glossary=0</ref>

====[[January 31–February 2, 2011 North American winter storm]] [[Chicago]] Image Gallery====
<gallery perrow=3 widths=220px heights=160px>
File:People Shoveling on Belden Ave Chicago feb 2 2011 .JPG|People Shoveling on Belden Ave. in [[Chicago]]
File:Clark and Fullerton ave in Chicago feb 2 2011 storm.JPG| The Intersection of Clark and Fullerton in [[Chicago]]
File:North Pond Chicago Feb 2 2011 storm.JPG|[[North Pond]] in [[Chicago]]
File:Fullerton harbor looking south Chicago Feb 2 2011 storm.JPG|Fullerton Harbor in Chicago.
File:Cars stuck on Lake shore drive Chicago Feb 2 2011 storm.JPG| Cars snowed in on [[Lake Shore Drive]] in [[Chicago]]
File:Abandoned CTA Bus on Lake Shore DriveChicago Feb 2 2011 storm.JPG| Abandoned [[CTA]] bus on [[Lake Shore Drive, Chicago]]
File:Cross Country Skiing Belden Ave Chicago Feb 2 2011.JPG|Skiing on Belden Ave. in [[Chicago]].
File:Seal of the City of Chicago on a stuck Salt Truck Chicago Feb 2 2011 storm.JPG|The Seal of the City of Chicago on a stranded salt truck on Lakeshore drive during the storm

</gallery>

===Missouri===
In [[Missouri]], a state of emergency has been declared by Governor [[Jay Nixon]] and has activated the Missouri National Guard.<ref>Orrell, John. (Feb. 2, 2011) "[http://www.ng.mil/news/archives/2011/02/020111-National.aspx 2,500 National Guardmembers respond to year's biggest storm]." National Guard News. Retrieved Feb. 2, 2011</ref> Interstate 70, which runs east/west for the entire length of Missouri was closed by the Missouri Department of Transportation from Wentzville to Kansas City, nearly 3/4 of the length of the interstate that runs through Missouri [2].

===Oklahoma===
The heavy snowfall, along with sleet and some freezing rain, began developing over [[Oklahoma]] and the Texas panhandle on the evening of January 31, with a state of emergency declared by Governor [[Mary Fallin]] earlier that day. [[The Salvation Army]] of Central Oklahoma opened three shelters and one warming station for those stranded by the storm outdoors, the homeless, and those who lost power during the storm; two in [[Oklahoma City]], one in [[Norman, Oklahoma|Norman]] and one in [[El Reno, Oklahoma|El Reno]], with teams from the Oklahoma chapter of the [[American Red Cross]] placed on standby.<ref>[http://newsok.com/oklahoma-agencies-open-shelters-for-winter-storm/article/3537052 Oklahoma agencies open shelters for winter storm], NewsOK.com, February 1, 2011.</ref> [[Will Rogers World Airport]] and [[Tulsa International Airport]] were both closed due to the winter storm as many flights scheduled to arrive at those two airports were cancelled; [[Interstate 44 (Oklahoma)|I-44]] from Stroud to the Missouri state line, Interstate 40 near [[Okemah, Oklahoma|Okemah]] and westbound lanes of [[Interstate 40 (Oklahoma)|I-40]] east of [[Henryetta, Oklahoma|Henryetta]] were among many major highways closed, and the Indian Nation, Creek and Muskogee turnpikes were all either closed entirely or in stretches. A 20-year-old Oklahoma City woman died due to injuries suffered in a sledding accident near [[Lake Stanley Draper]], in which the sled being pulled by a vehicle veered off the road, flinging the woman into a guardrail; she was pronounced dead at the scene.<ref name="sledding">[http://newsok.com/woman-killed-in-oklahoma-city-sledding-accident/article/3537215 Woman killed in Oklahoma City sledding accident], NewsOK.com, February 1, 2011.</ref>

Most school districts in the state including the [[Oklahoma City Public Schools|Oklahoma City]] and [[Tulsa Public Schools|Tulsa public school districts]], as well as most Oklahoma City government offices were shut down a day in advance of the storm. The [[U.S. Postal Service]] released a statement saying that it was attempting to make deliveries across the state but that "some areas may be undeliverable", due to the heavy snow and very low visibility; mail delivery in Oklahoma City did not occur in most areas due to the conditions.<ref>[http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/article.aspx?subjectid=11&articleid=20110201_11_0_hrimgs234521 Carriers attempting to deliver the mail], ''Tulsa World'', February 1, 2011.</ref> Temperatures across the state on February 1st and 2nd hovered in the single digits to mid-teens. Winds gusted to near 60 mph at times creating ground blizzard conditions across the eastern half of the state; wind chill values dropped as low as -36° in [[Boise City, Oklahoma|Boise City]], the lowest recorded wind chill in the state since the deployment of the [[Oklahoma Mesonet]].<ref>[http://newsok.com/blizzard-rakes-oklahoma-stranding-motorists-and-closing-schools/article/3537445 Blizzard rakes Oklahoma, stranding motorists and closing schools], NewsOK.com, February 2, 2011.</ref>

Will Rogers World Airport recorded an estimated 11.6 inches of snow, smashed the all-time daily snowfall record for the month of February for Oklahoma City (the previous record was 6.5 inches on February 7, 1986).<ref name="sledding"/> Tulsa also set an all-time snowfall record for the storm for February 1 and the month of February, as the Tulsa International Airport received 14 inches of accumulated snowfall (the previous Ferbuary snowfall record for the city of Tulsa was 10.5 inches in February 2003, and the previous record for snowfall in a single 24-hour period in Tulsa was 12.9 inches on March 8-9, 1994).<ref>[http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/article.aspx?subjectid=11&articleid=20110201_11_0_hrimgs6846 Tulsa receives more than a foot of snow in epic storm], ''[[Tulsa World]]'', February 1, 2011.</ref> Heavy snow caved in the roof of a bulding on the [[Hard Rock Hotel & Casino]] complex in Tulsa containing a poker room and electronic casino games, the damage was confined to an area that was part of the original structure built in 1992. There was no one injured as a result of the roof collapse as no people were in the affected area at the time; the hotel towers, a concert venue, a convention center, and retail operations at the complex were unaffected and remained open.<ref>[http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/article.aspx?subjectid=11&articleid=20110201_11_0_Therei874053 Roof damage at the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino Tulsa], ''Tulsa World'', February 1, 2011.</ref> Tulsa's daily newspaper, the ''[[Tulsa World]]'', did not release print editions of its February 1st and 2nd editions, due to the storm hampering normal delivery.<ref>[http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/article.aspx?subjectid=11&articleid=20110202_11_0_Clicko223663 ]</ref>

===Wisconsin===
In [[Wisconsin]], Governor [[Scott Walker (politician)|Scott Walker]] declared a [[State of Emergency]] in 29 [[List of counties in Wisconsin|Wisconsin counties]] due to the snowstorm and deployed 75 [[Wisconsin National Guard]] soldiers.<ref name="JSO Massive">Durhams, Sharif and Tom Held. (Feb. 2, 2011) "[http://www.jsonline.com/news/milwaukee/115010864.html Massive cleanup begins as blizzard moves east]." ''Milwaukee Journal Sentinel.</ref> Nearly all government buildings, schools, and public facilities were closed for February 2, 2011 in the Southeastern region of the state, including the Major cities of [[Milwaukee]] and [[Madison, Wisconsin|Madison]].

===Michigan===
A 73-year-old [[Danville, Michigan|Danville]] man was killed in a vehicle crash.<ref>{{cite news|last=News|first=UPI|title=UPI NewsTrack TopNews - Storm rocks Midwest, pushes into Northeast|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2011/02/02/UPI-NewsTrack-TopNews/UPI-47521296666167/|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=United Press International|date=February 2, 2011}}</ref>

=== States of emergency ===
A [[state of emergency]] was declared in several American states, including Oklahoma and [[Missouri]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Reuters|first=LAT|title=Monster winter storm begins path across United States|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-naw-winter-weather-20110202,0,2691727.story|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=February 1, 2010}}</ref>

===Preparations===
Local governments ahead of the storm prepared residents on procedures to follow during the storm. This included parking and driving restrictions and preparation of road clearing equipment. Street clearing crews applied chemicals to the roadways to pre-melt ice and snow and checked equipment prior to the event.<ref>{{cite web|author=Grove, Dustin|title=Michiana preps for major winter storm|url=http://www.wsbt.com/news/wsbt-communities-prepare-for-major-winter-storm-20110131,0,7760874.story|accessdate=2 February 2011|publisher=South Bend Tribune|date=January 31, 2011}}</ref>
[[File:Tulsa2011Blizzard1.jpg|right|thumb|200px|In [[Tulsa]], the storm set an all-time snowfall record.<ref>[http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/article.aspx?subjectid=11&articleid=20110201_11_0_hrimgs6846 Tulsa World article]</ref>]]
=== Airport traffic ===
At least 6,400 flight cancellations occurred across North America before the storm.<ref>{{cite news|last=Journal|first=Business|title=Flights canceled as ice, snow hit airlines|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/dayton/news/2011/02/01/flights-canceled-as-storm-hits-airlines.html|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Dayton Business Journal|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Johnston-Barnes|first=Owain|title=Weather causes Bermuda flight cancellations|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20110201/NEWS/110209989/1001/news|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Credeur|first=Mary Jane|title=United Airlines, Delta Speed Snow Cancellation Decisions to Avoid `Havoc'|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-01/united-delta-speed-snow-cancellation-decisions-to-avoid-havoc-.html|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Bloomberg|date=February 1, 2011|author2=Mary Schlangenstein}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=News|first=Postmedia|title=Southern Ontario hunkers down for major snow storm|url=http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Southern+Ontario+hunkers+down+major+snow+storm/4206646/story.html|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=The Montreal Gazette|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Mahoney|first=Hill|title=Southern Ontario braces for a snowy ‘slammer’|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/ontario/southern-ontario-braces-for-a-snowy-slammer/article1889709/|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=News|first=VOA|title=US Winter Weather Forces 6,400 Flight Cancellations|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/usa/US-Winter-Weather-Forces-6400-Flight-Cancelations-115033949.html|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Voice of America|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Brown|first=Julie|title=Snow forces dozens of flight cancellations in S. Fla.|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/02/01/2044784/snow-forces-dozens-of-flight-cancellations.html|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Miami-Dade Breaking News|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref> Impact was severe at Chicago's [[O'Hare International Airport]], as over 1,100 flights were cancelled there. A less severe but still a major impact was at [[Toronto Pearson International Airport]] in Toronto where about 300 of its 1,400 daily flights were cancelled.<ref>{{cite news|last=Press|first=Associated|title=Midwest snow forecast forces more than 1,200 cancellations at Chicago airports|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/wire/sns-bc-il--winterweather-illinois-airports,0,4324427.story|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref>

=== Schools ===
Numerous school closures were made and were expected.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pedro|first=Kelly|title=Schools likely to close Wednesday|url=http://www.lfpress.com/news/2011/02/01/17118221.html|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=London Free Press|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Reports|first=Staff|title=Greater Lafayette Snow Closures for February 2|url=http://www.lafayette-online.com/community/2011/02/snow-closures-feb-2/|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Lafayette Online|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Porterfield|first=Barry|title=School closures an early decision|url=http://paulsvalleydailydemocrat.com/local/x732783547/School-closures-an-early-decision|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Pauls Valley Daily Democrat|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref>

=== Power outages ===
Many local and widespread power outages affected locations along the storm track, including in Ohio,<ref>{{cite news|last=Yost|first=Denise|title=Ganahl: Serious Trouble|url=http://www2.nbc4i.com/weather/2011/feb/01/17/nunnally-icy-conditions-tuesday-ar-383096/|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=nbc4i.com|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Report|first=Staff|title=22,000 without power as ice and wind wreak havoc on wires|url=http://www.daytondailynews.com/news/dayton-news/22-000-without-power-as-ice-and-wind-wreak-havoc-on-wires-1069656.html|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Dayton Daily News|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref><ref name=Fox19>{{cite news|last=19|first=Fox|title=Over 10,000 homes without power in Cincinnati and Northern Kentucky|url=http://www.fox19.com/Global/story.asp?S=13951566|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=FOX19|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref> Oklahoma,<ref>{{cite news|last=Evatt|first=Robert|title=Power outages not widespread|url=http://www.tulsaworld.com/business/article.aspx?subjectid=49&articleid=20110201_298_0_Though526468|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Tulsa World|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref> New Mexico,<ref>{{cite news|last=Gamm|first=Joe|title=Power outages affect region|url=http://amarillo.com/news/latest-news/2011-02-01/power-outages-affect-region|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Amarillo Globe-News|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref> Indiana,<ref>{{cite news|last=Press|first=Associated|title=Power outages in Indiana from overnight ice concentrated in Terre Haute area|url=http://www.greenfieldreporter.com/view/story/3fbf7f2419e54609b035e0b475907996/IN--Winter_Weather-Ind_Power/|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Daily Reporter|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref> Texas,<ref>{{cite news|last=Morten|first=Nicole|title=Power Outage Shuts Down School at Navarro Elementary *Update*|url=http://www.kbtx.com/news/headlines/Power_Outage_Shuts_Down_School_at_Navarro_Elementary_Update.html?ref=629|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=KBTX|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref> Colorado<ref>{{cite news|last=News|first=KKTV|title=Power Outage In Teller County|url=http://www.kktv.com/home/headlines/Power_Outage_In_Teller_County_115071574.html|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=KKTV|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref> and Kentucky.<ref name="Fox19"/>

=== Super Bowl ===
The severe ice storm also affected the [[Dallas-Fort Worth]] area, bringing a coating of ice to the ground after a rapid freeze. This caused some damage ahead of [[Super Bowl XLV]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Banks|first=Don|title=Rodgers, cold-weather Pack right at home with indoors Super Bowl|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2011/writers/don_banks/02/01/packers.advantage/|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Sports Illustrated CNN|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Alexander|first=Jeff|title=Ice Storm Wreaks Havoc on Dallas During Super Bowl Week|url=http://www.wbay.com/Global/story.asp?S=13950675|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=WBAY|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Naylor|first=Dave|title=NAYLOR: TRADITION HAS WON THE DAY AT SUPER BOWL XLV|url=http://www.tsn.ca/nfl/story/?id=351999|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=TSN|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Chicago Blizzard of 1967]]
*[[North American blizzard of 1999]]
*[[February 2007 North America Winter Storm]]
*[[2008 Super Tuesday tornado outbreak]]

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.weather.gov/ National Weather Service]
*[http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/discussions/nfdscc5.html Hydrometeorological Prediction Center - Storm Summary Message]
*[http://www.weatheroffice.gc.ca/warnings/warnings_e.html Weather Warnings - Environment Canada]
*[http://www.weatheroffice.gc.ca/warnings/warnings_e.html Accuweather.com 2011 Winter Weather Center]
*[http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1739 Weather Underground: Great Blizzard pounding Chicago; extremely dangerous Cyclone Yasi nears Australia]
*[http://www.cp24.com/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20110201/110201_school/20110201/?hub=CP24Home School Cancellations (Greater Toronto Area)]

{{United States Blizzards}}

[[Category:Blizzards in the United States]]
[[Category:Blizzards in Canada]]
[[Category:2011 natural disasters in the United States]]

Groundhog Day Blizzard 2011

2011-02-02T21:14:23Z

Tea with toast: /* Missouri */ added citation

{{Current disaster|date=February 2011}}
{{merge|discuss=January 31–February 2, 2011 North American blizzard#Merge request|January 31–February 2, 2011 North American blizzard|date=February 2011}}
{{infobox winter storm
|name=Groundhog Day Storm
|image location=Groundhog Day Storm.jpg|image name=Satellite image of the storm on the evening of February 1 over the American Midwest.
|stormtype=Winter storm
|date formed=January 29, 2011
|date dissipated=Still active
|maximum amount={{convert|22|in|cm|abbr=on}}
|pressure=996 [[millibar|mb]] (29.41 [[inHg]])
|total damages (USD)=Unknown
|total fatalities=6<ref>{{cite news|last=Williams-Harris|first=Deanese|title=Toll of possible storm-related deaths reaches 4|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/chibrknews-dead-man-pulled-from-lake-michigan-during-height-of-blizzard-20110202,0,6183503.story|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=February 1, 2011|author2=Ruth Fuller}}</ref><ref>http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/chibrknews-dead-man-pulled-from-lake-michigan-during-height-of-blizzard-20110202,0,6183503.story</ref>
|areas affected=[[American Midwest]], [[Southeastern US]], [[New England]], [[Great Lakes]], [[Eastern Canada]]
}}

The '''January 31–February 2, 2011 North American winter storm''', also called the '''2011 Groundhog Day Blizzard''', is an ongoing major winter storm, situated around the [[United States|US]] and [[Canada|Canadian]] [[holiday]] [[Groundhog Day]]. In the initial stages of the storm, some meteorologists predicted that the system would affect over 100 million people in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sosnowski|first=Alex|title=Groundhog Day Storm to Affect Over 100 Million People|url=http://www.accuweather.com/blogs/news/story/45062/groundhog-day-storm-may-affect-1.asp|publisher=AccuWeather|accessdate=2 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Masters">{{cite web|last=Masters|first=Jeffrey|title=Potentially historic winter storm poised to impact 100 million Americans|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1737|work=Weather Underground|publisher=Jeff Masters' WunderBlog|accessdate=2 February 2011}}</ref> The storm brought cold air, [[blowing snow]] and [[mixed precipitation]] on a path from [[New Mexico]] and northern [[Texas]] to [[New England]] and [[Eastern Canada]]. In [[Chicago]], winds ahead of the storm exceeded {{convert|30|mph| km/h|abbr=on}} and snowfall forecasts were in excess of {{convert|24|in|cm|abbr=on}} for much of [[Illinois]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Alaspa|first=Bryan|title=http://www.huliq.com/10304/chicago-blizzard-slams-city-shuts-dow n-airports-and-major-roads|url=http://www.huliq.com/10304/chicago-blizzard-slams-city-shuts-down-airports-and-major-roads|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=HULIQ|date=February 2, 2010}}</ref> [[Blizzard]] conditions affected many large cities along the storm's path, including [[Kansas City]], [[St. Louis]], Chicago, [[Detroit]], [[New York City]], and [[Boston]].

An [[ice storm]] ahead of the winter storm's [[warm front]] also brought hazardous conditions to much of the [[American Midwest]] and New England, as many areas were expected to receive well over {{convert|1|in|cm|abbr=on}} of ice accumulation.<ref>{{cite news|last=News|first=Indiana|title=Nearly 13,000 Lose Power In Ice Storm's First Blast|url=http://www.theindychannel.com/news/26688150/detail.html|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Indy Channel 6|date=February 1, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Pazniokas|first=Mark|title=Malloy: Ice storm could be more trouble than record snows|url=http://www.ctmirror.org/story/11355/malloy-ice-storm-could-be-more-trouble-record-snows|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=The Connecticut Mirror|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref> Numerous [[power outage]]s, flight cancellations, airport closures and pre-emptive bus and school cancellations took place ahead of the main storm. Several [[tornadoes of 2011|tornado touchdowns]] were reported in Texas<ref name="kltv">{{cite news|last=Johnson|first=Jena|title=Tornado damages roofs, trees in Rusk County|url=http://www.kltv.com/Global/story.asp?S=13950492|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=KLTV|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref> and a tornado watch was issued for parts of [[Alabama]],<ref name="wrcb">{{cite news|last=Press|first=Associated|title=Tornado watch set for south Alabama|url=http://www.wrcbtv.com/Global/story.asp?S=13951122|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=WRCB|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref> ahead of the [[cold front]] in the warm sector of the storm. In addition, [[thundersnow]] was recorded at some locations, increasing the overall snowfall rate.<ref>{{cite news|last=Coon|first=Lisa|title=Point of snow return: Snowstorm touted as biggest in 40 years|url=http://www.galesburg.com/newsnow/x1527068/Point-of-snow-return-16-to-20-inches-still-in-the-forecast|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=The Register-Mail|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref> 

== Meteorological synopsis ==
[[File:2011blizzardsatphoto.JPG|thumb|right|'''[[NOAA]]''' color-enhanced photograph of storm system as of February 1, 2011]]By the end of January, an [[Alberta Clipper]] containing cold air from the [[polar vortex]] drifted across [[The Dakotas]], while a large Arctic high pressure system with a maximum pressure higher than {{Convert|1050|mbar|inHg|r=2}} followed behind it, moving across [[Montana]]. A low pressure system from the [[Pacific Ocean]] later crossed the [[Rocky Mountains]], merging with the Alberta Clipper low and a developing [[Texas low]] drawing moisture from the northwestern [[Gulf of Mexico]]. The storm later intensified, developing a long warm front stretching toward the New England states, and moving northeast along this [[jet stream]] track. [[Lake effect]] snow events started over [[Lake Ontario]] and [[Lake Michigan]] from northeasterly winds. Following the predominant jet pattern, the storm developed a very rapid forward trajectory and began to migrate toward the lower Great Lakes.

== Storm effects ==
The storm dropped heavy accumulations of snow, freezing rain, [[sleet]], rain and thunderstorms.

=== Snow and blizzards ===
The heaviest snow fell in a wide swath from central Oklahoma to Illinois, [[Indiana]] and the [[Ohio Valley]]. An official blizzard warning was issued in [[Southern Ontario]] for the first time since 1993, although the Canadian definition changed in 2009.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pope|first=Alexandra|title=What is a blizzard?|url=http://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/storm_watch_stories3&stormfile=what_is_a_blizzardij_010211|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=The Weather Network News|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref>

=== Freezing rain ===
New York City received almost an inch of ice from freezing rain during the night of 1–2 February, causing public transportation on both bus routes and the [[Long Island Rail Road]] to be either delayed or curtailed entirely.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/2011/02/02/2011-02-02_freezing_rain_makes_for_dangerous_commute.html | title=Ice City: Freezing rain in New York City makes for dangerous conditions for morning commute Read more: http://www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/2011/02/02/2011-02-02_freezing_rain_makes_for_dangerous_commute.html#ixzz1CpBFf1ba | accessdate=2 February 2011 | date=2 February 2011 | publisher=New York Daily News}}</ref> [[Baltimore]] received freezing rain during the day on 1 February, which was expected to change to rain as temperatures rose on 2 February, and the overall icing in that region was less than expected.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2011-02-01/news/bs-md-ice-storm-20110201_1_ice-storm-plain-rain-forecast/2 | title=Freezing rain to turn to rain as temperatures warm | accessdate=2 February 2011 | date=1 February 2011 | publisher=Baltimore Sun}}</ref>

=== Winds ===
Strong [[gale]]-force winds were expected in many areas, especially places northwest of the [[Appalachian Mountain]]s.

=== Flash freeze ===
Parts of Texas and [[Louisiana]] east to the [[Mississippi Valley]] and [[Florida Panhandle]] experienced or were to experience rapid drops in temperature and [[flash freeze]] events after the [[squall line]] moved through.

=== Storm surge ===
Localized flooding was expected to occur in northeastern Illinois, near the coast of Lake Michigan where strong winds could bring high [[storm surge]] and [[Lakeshore Flood Warning|lakeshore flood]]ing. Wind gusts up to {{convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} are expected to create waves up to 25 {{convert|25|ft|m|abbr=on}} to areas in the [[Chicago Metropolitan Area]].

=== Thunderstorms ===
[[Severe thunderstorm]]s erupted in many areas of the Midwest and Southeastern United States. Thunderstorms accompanied both heavy rain and snow.

=== Tornadoes ===
Tornadoes were reported in Texas,<ref name="kltv"/> and a tornado watch was issued for parts of Alabama.<ref name="wrcb"/>

== Impact ==
===Illinois===
{{double image|right|Fullerton harbor looking south Chicago Feb 2 2011 storm.JPG|300|Chicago at Dusk in December.JPG|300|Chicago's Fullerton Harbor looking south during the storm (left) and on a clear day for comparison}}

[[File:Cars stuck on Lake Shore Drive panorama Chicago Feb 2 2011 storm.JPG|thumb|right|550px|Chicago's Lake Shore Drive, with abandoned, snowed-in cars and empty lanes]]
In [[Chicago]], in anticipation of the imminent [[blizzard]] conditions, 1,300 flights were canceled at [[O'Hare International Airport|O'Hare]] and [[Midway Airport|Midway]] airports.<ref>{{cite web|author=Feb 2, 2011 07:29AM |url=http://www.suntimes.com/3601097-423/snow-tuesday-storm-streets-weather.html |title=18 inches of snow at Midway, 17.1 at O'Hare as blizzard continues - Chicago Sun-Times |publisher=Suntimes.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref> By 4:30pm, [[Central Time Zone (North America)|CST]] (22:30 [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]]), the storm reached blizzard status with sustained winds exceeding {{Convert|35|mph|km/h}}, with [[Whiteout (weather)|white-out conditions]] being reported by spotters in the [[Old Town, Chicago|Old Town]] neighborhood on the city's North Side.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forecast.weather.gov/wwamap/wwatxtget.php?cwa=lot&wwa=blizzard%20warning |title=National Weather Service Watch Warning Advisory Summary |publisher=Forecast.weather.gov |date=2009-06-02 |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref> The [[Chicago Public Schools]] announced, on February 1, that public schools would be closed on the following day (Wednesday, February 2), which marked the first cancellation of classes district wide since the [[North American blizzard of 1999|Blizzard of 1999]]. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://chicago.cbslocal.com/2011/02/01/cps-cancels-after-school-programs-for-blizzard/ |title=Chicago Schools Cancel Classes For First Time Since 1999 « CBS Chicago |publisher=Chicago.cbslocal.com |date=2011-01-19 |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref> Heavy snow and high sustained winds gusting in excess of {{Convert|50|mph|km/h}}, caused rail switches to freeze on the [[Chicago Transit Authority|CTA]]'s [[Red Line (Chicago Transit Authority)|Red Line]] and blew portion of the roof off [[Wrigley Field]].<ref>{{cite web|author=February 1, 2011 6:56 PM |url=http://blog.chicagoweathercenter.com/2011/02/a-true-blizzard-wind-gusts-approaching-60mph.html |title=A true blizzard; wind gusts deposit part of Wrigley Field onto Clark Street - Chicago Weather Center |publisher=Blog.chicagoweathercenter.com |date=1999-02-22 |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Feb 1, 2011 11:17PM |url=http://www.suntimes.com/3606507-421/trains-metra-cta-gregory-red.html |title=Frozen switches leave Red Line riders stranded on North Side - Chicago Sun-Times |publisher=Suntimes.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref> The [[University of Chicago|University of Chicago]] also canceled classes Wednesday for the first time in over 60 years due to the snow conditions.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} Over 39,000 state workers were ordered not to come into work due to the weather; this was the largest figure since a blizzard in 1978.<ref>http://www.suntimes.com/news/metro/3621331-418/state-police-quinn-illinois-wednesday.html</ref>

In the central part of the state, several municipalities were all but shut down by the storm. On Monday, residents rushed to the stores to stock up on groceries, and several stores reported record sales.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pantagraph.com/news/local/article_67812706-2e66-11e0-a74c-001cc4c002e0.html |title=Area residents struggle to respond to blizzard |publisher=Pantagraph.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref> On Tuesday, several school districts and universities pre-emptively cancelled classes for Tuesday evening and all-day Wednesday. <ref>{{cite web|last=Coulter |first=Phyllis |url=http://www.pantagraph.com/news/local/article_cb0893fe-2d67-11e0-9714-001cc4c002e0.html |title=Schools prepare for snowstorm |publisher=Pantagraph.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref> About {{Convert|1.5|in|cm}} of snow fell Monday night. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pantagraph.com/news/local/article_b8f59e8c-2cdb-11e0-abfa-001cc4c03286.html |title=Snow plows 'just can't keep up' in major blizzard |publisher=Pantagraph.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref> Tuesday afternoon brought heavy snowfall and sustained {{Convert|40|mph|km/h}} winds, with gusts of over {{Convert|50|mph|km/h}}. Local government officials encouraged all businesses to close down, and local hospitals braced for the storm by preparing living and sleeping areas for essential personnel.<ref>{{cite web|author=By Anonymous |url=http://www.pjstar.com/homepage/x896129390/Continuous-winter-storm-coverage-from-the-Journal-Star-staff |title=Tuesday's continuous winter storm coverage - Peoria, IL |publisher=pjstar.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref><ref name="pjstar1">{{cite web|last=Sharp |first=John |url=http://www.pjstar.com/news/x1526810/Mayor-urges-businesses-to-close-and-people-to-stay-home |title=Ardis urges patience regarding storm cleanup efforts - Peoria, IL |publisher=pjstar.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref> Flights from area airports were canceled, and local officials repeatedly urged residents not to travel, as due to the whiteout conditions, snow plows had been taken off the roads.<ref>{{cite web|last=Swiech |first=Paul |url=http://www.pantagraph.com/news/local/article_1d241172-2e67-11e0-9c54-001cc4c002e0.html |title=Red Cross opens warming centers |publisher=Pantagraph.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref><ref name="pjstar1"/> [[Interstate 80]] was closed Tuesday night between [[Morris, Illinois|Morris]] and [[Princeton, Illinois|Princeton]], while [[Lake Shore Drive]] was temporarily shut down due to impassible conditions.<ref>{{cite web|author=Feb 2, 2011 07:30AM |url=http://www.suntimes.com/3609821-417/lake-shore-closed-drive-clear.html |title=Abandoned vehicles slow Lake Shore Dr. reopening - Chicago Sun-Times |publisher=Suntimes.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref> On Wednesday, [[Interstate 290]] and [[Illinois Route 53]] were shut down from [[Lake Cook Road]] in [[Arlington Heights, Illinois|Arlington Heights]] to St. Charles Road in [[Elmhurst, Illinois|Elmhurst]]. 40 vehicles were abandoned on Route 53. Parts of Interstate 57 were also shut down. The state police described most expressways as "impassable".<ref>http://www.suntimes.com/news/metro/3621331-418/state-police-quinn-illinois-wednesday.html</ref><ref>http://abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news/local&id=7934374</ref> During the storm's peak on Tuesday night, more than 100,000 customers were without power across the state, including 79,000 [[ComEd]] customers across Northern Illinois and 35,800 [[Ameren]] customers in Downstate Illinois.<ref>{{cite web|last=Press |first=Associated |url=http://www.fox2now.com/news/sns-ap-il--winterweather-poweroutages,0,7757926.story |title=Winter storm knocks out power to thousands in Illinois, residents urged to avoid down lines - KTVI |publisher=Fox2now.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref> Several charities set up shelters for the homeless and those stranded by the blizzard, <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pantagraph.com/news/local/article_70b0c4d0-2e39-11e0-b30d-001cc4c03286.html |title=Highway conditions deteriorating |publisher=Pantagraph.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref> and Illinois governor [[Pat Quinn]] mobilized 500 [[Illinois National Guard]] troops to help rescue stranded motorists. <ref>{{cite web|author=By Anonymous |url=http://www.pjstar.com/news/x172495449/Quinn-activates-Illinois-National-Guard-before-storm |title=Quinn activates Illinois National Guard before storm - Peoria, IL |publisher=pjstar.com |date= |accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref> Hundreds of motorists had been rescued off Interstates 290, 55, 57, and 80. In addition, over 80 traffic accidents were reported.<ref>http://www.suntimes.com/news/metro/3621331-418/state-police-quinn-illinois-wednesday.html</ref>

So far, three snow-related deaths have occurred. A fatality occurred when an individual along the lakefront path was blown into the lake under strong winds, and killed. The body has been recovered. In [[Lyons, Illinois|Lyons]], a man died while shoveling snow, while a man died while driving through the storm in [[Grayslake, Illinois|Grayslake]].<ref>http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/chibrknews-dead-man-pulled-from-lake-michigan-during-height-of-blizzard-20110202,0,6183503.story</ref>

20.2 inches of snow fell at Chicago-O'Hare International Airport, making this the third largest snowfall in Chicago history<ref>http://abclocal.go.com/wls/story?section=news/local&id=7934374</ref>, after the infamous [[Chicago Blizzard of 1967]], and the [[North American blizzard of 1999|Blizzard of 1999]]. Additional official snowfall totals included 20.9 inches at Chicago-Midway International Airport, 16.4 inches at the National Weather Service office in [[Romeoville, Illinois|Romeoville]], and 14.3 inches at [[Chicago Rockford International Airport]].<ref>http://www.crh.noaa.gov/news/display_cmsstory.php?wfo=lot&storyid=63488&source=0</ref> The storm's highest total of 22 inches was reported in northwest suburban [[Elk Grove Village, Illinois|Elk Grove Village]], just west of O'Hare Airport.<ref>http://www.crh.noaa.gov/product.php?site=LOT&issuedby=LOT&product=LSR&format=CI&version=4&glossary=0</ref>

====[[January 31–February 2, 2011 North American winter storm]] [[Chicago]] Image Gallery====
<gallery perrow=3 widths=220px heights=160px>
File:People Shoveling on Belden Ave Chicago feb 2 2011 .JPG|People Shoveling on Belden Ave. in [[Chicago]]
File:Clark and Fullerton ave in Chicago feb 2 2011 storm.JPG| The Intersection of Clark and Fullerton in [[Chicago]]
File:North Pond Chicago Feb 2 2011 storm.JPG|[[North Pond]] in [[Chicago]]
File:Fullerton harbor looking south Chicago Feb 2 2011 storm.JPG|Fullerton Harbor in Chicago.
File:Cars stuck on Lake shore drive Chicago Feb 2 2011 storm.JPG| Cars snowed in on [[Lake Shore Drive]] in [[Chicago]]
File:Abandoned CTA Bus on Lake Shore DriveChicago Feb 2 2011 storm.JPG| Abandoned [[CTA]] bus on [[Lake Shore Drive, Chicago]]
File:Cross Country Skiing Belden Ave Chicago Feb 2 2011.JPG|Skiing on Belden Ave. in [[Chicago]].
File:Seal of the City of Chicago on a stuck Salt Truck Chicago Feb 2 2011 storm.JPG|The Seal of the City of Chicago on a stranded salt truck on Lakeshore drive during the storm

</gallery>

===Missouri===
In [[Missouri]], a state of emergency has been declared by Governor [[Jay Nixon]] and has activated the Missouri National Guard.<ref>Orrel, John.(Feb. 2, 2011) "[http://www.ng.mil/news/archives/2011/02/020111-National.aspx 2,500 National Guardmembers respond to year's biggest storm]." National Guard News. Retrieved Feb. 2, 2011</ref> Interstate 70, which runs east/west for the entire length of Missouri was closed by the Missouri Department of Transportation from Wentzville to Kansas City, nearly 3/4 of the length of the interstate that runs through Missouri [2].

===Oklahoma===
The heavy snowfall, along with sleet and some freezing rain, began developing over [[Oklahoma]] and the Texas panhandle on the evening of January 31, with a state of emergency declared by Governor [[Mary Fallin]] earlier that day. [[The Salvation Army]] of Central Oklahoma opened three shelters and one warming station for those stranded by the storm outdoors, the homeless, and those who lost power during the storm; two in [[Oklahoma City]], one in [[Norman, Oklahoma|Norman]] and one in [[El Reno, Oklahoma|El Reno]], with teams from the Oklahoma chapter of the [[American Red Cross]] placed on standby.<ref>[http://newsok.com/oklahoma-agencies-open-shelters-for-winter-storm/article/3537052 Oklahoma agencies open shelters for winter storm], NewsOK.com, February 1, 2011.</ref> [[Will Rogers World Airport]] and [[Tulsa International Airport]] were both closed due to the winter storm as many flights scheduled to arrive at those two airports were cancelled; [[Interstate 44 (Oklahoma)|I-44]] from Stroud to the Missouri state line, Interstate 40 near [[Okemah, Oklahoma|Okemah]] and westbound lanes of [[Interstate 40 (Oklahoma)|I-40]] east of [[Henryetta, Oklahoma|Henryetta]] were among many major highways closed, and the Indian Nation, Creek and Muskogee turnpikes were all either closed entirely or in stretches. A 20-year-old Oklahoma City woman died due to injuries suffered in a sledding accident near [[Lake Stanley Draper]], in which the sled being pulled by a vehicle veered off the road, flinging the woman into a guardrail; she was pronounced dead at the scene.<ref name="sledding">[http://newsok.com/woman-killed-in-oklahoma-city-sledding-accident/article/3537215 Woman killed in Oklahoma City sledding accident], NewsOK.com, February 1, 2011.</ref>

Most school districts in the state including the [[Oklahoma City Public Schools|Oklahoma City]] and [[Tulsa Public Schools|Tulsa public school districts]], as well as most Oklahoma City government offices were shut down a day in advance of the storm. The [[U.S. Postal Service]] released a statement saying that it was attempting to make deliveries across the state but that "some areas may be undeliverable", due to the heavy snow and very low visibility; mail delivery in Oklahoma City did not occur in most areas due to the conditions.<ref>[http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/article.aspx?subjectid=11&articleid=20110201_11_0_hrimgs234521 Carriers attempting to deliver the mail], ''Tulsa World'', February 1, 2011.</ref> Temperatures across the state on February 1st and 2nd hovered in the single digits to mid-teens. Winds gusted to near 60 mph at times creating ground blizzard conditions across the eastern half of the state; wind chill values dropped as low as -36° in [[Boise City, Oklahoma|Boise City]], the lowest recorded wind chill in the state since the deployment of the [[Oklahoma Mesonet]].<ref>[http://newsok.com/blizzard-rakes-oklahoma-stranding-motorists-and-closing-schools/article/3537445 Blizzard rakes Oklahoma, stranding motorists and closing schools], NewsOK.com, February 2, 2011.</ref>

Will Rogers World Airport recorded an estimated 11.6 inches of snow, smashed the all-time daily snowfall record for the month of February for Oklahoma City (the previous record was 6.5 inches on February 7, 1986).<ref name="sledding"/> Tulsa also set an all-time snowfall record for the storm for February 1 and the month of February, as the Tulsa International Airport received 14 inches of accumulated snowfall (the previous Ferbuary snowfall record for the city of Tulsa was 10.5 inches in February 2003, and the previous record for snowfall in a single 24-hour period in Tulsa was 12.9 inches on March 8-9, 1994).<ref>[http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/article.aspx?subjectid=11&articleid=20110201_11_0_hrimgs6846 Tulsa receives more than a foot of snow in epic storm], ''[[Tulsa World]]'', February 1, 2011.</ref> Heavy snow caved in the roof of a bulding on the [[Hard Rock Hotel & Casino]] complex in Tulsa containing a poker room and electronic casino games, the damage was confined to an area that was part of the original structure built in 1992. There was no one injured as a result of the roof collapse as no people were in the affected area at the time; the hotel towers, a concert venue, a convention center, and retail operations at the complex were unaffected and remained open.<ref>[http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/article.aspx?subjectid=11&articleid=20110201_11_0_Therei874053 Roof damage at the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino Tulsa], ''Tulsa World'', February 1, 2011.</ref> Tulsa's daily newspaper, the ''[[Tulsa World]]'', did not release print editions of its February 1st and 2nd editions, due to the storm hampering normal delivery.<ref>[http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/article.aspx?subjectid=11&articleid=20110202_11_0_Clicko223663 ]</ref>

===Wisconsin===
In [[Wisconsin]], Governor [[Scott Walker (politician)|Scott Walker]] declared a [[State of Emergency]] in 29 [[List of counties in Wisconsin|Wisconsin counties]] due to the snowstorm and deployed 75 [[Wisconsin National Guard]] soldiers.<ref name="JSO Massive">Durhams, Sharif and Tom Held. (Feb. 2, 2011) "[http://www.jsonline.com/news/milwaukee/115010864.html Massive cleanup begins as blizzard moves east]." ''Milwaukee Journal Sentinel.</ref> Nearly all government buildings, schools, and public facilities were closed for February 2, 2011 in the Southeastern region of the state, including the Major cities of [[Milwaukee]] and [[Madison, Wisconsin|Madison]].

===Michigan===
A 73-year-old [[Danville, Michigan|Danville]] man was killed in a vehicle crash.<ref>{{cite news|last=News|first=UPI|title=UPI NewsTrack TopNews - Storm rocks Midwest, pushes into Northeast|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2011/02/02/UPI-NewsTrack-TopNews/UPI-47521296666167/|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=United Press International|date=February 2, 2011}}</ref>

=== States of emergency ===
A [[state of emergency]] was declared in several American states, including Oklahoma and [[Missouri]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Reuters|first=LAT|title=Monster winter storm begins path across United States|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-naw-winter-weather-20110202,0,2691727.story|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=February 1, 2010}}</ref>

===Preparations===
Local governments ahead of the storm prepared residents on procedures to follow during the storm. This included parking and driving restrictions and preparation of road clearing equipment. Street clearing crews applied chemicals to the roadways to pre-melt ice and snow and checked equipment prior to the event.<ref>{{cite web|author=Grove, Dustin|title=Michiana preps for major winter storm|url=http://www.wsbt.com/news/wsbt-communities-prepare-for-major-winter-storm-20110131,0,7760874.story|accessdate=2 February 2011|publisher=South Bend Tribune|date=January 31, 2011}}</ref>
[[File:Tulsa2011Blizzard1.jpg|right|thumb|200px|In [[Tulsa]], the storm set an all-time snowfall record.<ref>[http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/article.aspx?subjectid=11&articleid=20110201_11_0_hrimgs6846 Tulsa World article]</ref>]]
=== Airport traffic ===
At least 6,400 flight cancellations occurred across North America before the storm.<ref>{{cite news|last=Journal|first=Business|title=Flights canceled as ice, snow hit airlines|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/dayton/news/2011/02/01/flights-canceled-as-storm-hits-airlines.html|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Dayton Business Journal|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Johnston-Barnes|first=Owain|title=Weather causes Bermuda flight cancellations|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20110201/NEWS/110209989/1001/news|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Credeur|first=Mary Jane|title=United Airlines, Delta Speed Snow Cancellation Decisions to Avoid `Havoc'|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-01/united-delta-speed-snow-cancellation-decisions-to-avoid-havoc-.html|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Bloomberg|date=February 1, 2011|author2=Mary Schlangenstein}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=News|first=Postmedia|title=Southern Ontario hunkers down for major snow storm|url=http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Southern+Ontario+hunkers+down+major+snow+storm/4206646/story.html|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=The Montreal Gazette|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Mahoney|first=Hill|title=Southern Ontario braces for a snowy ‘slammer’|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/ontario/southern-ontario-braces-for-a-snowy-slammer/article1889709/|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=News|first=VOA|title=US Winter Weather Forces 6,400 Flight Cancellations|url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/usa/US-Winter-Weather-Forces-6400-Flight-Cancelations-115033949.html|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Voice of America|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Brown|first=Julie|title=Snow forces dozens of flight cancellations in S. Fla.|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/02/01/2044784/snow-forces-dozens-of-flight-cancellations.html|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Miami-Dade Breaking News|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref> Impact was severe at Chicago's [[O'Hare International Airport]], as over 1,100 flights were cancelled there. A less severe but still a major impact was at [[Toronto Pearson International Airport]] in Toronto where about 300 of its 1,400 daily flights were cancelled.<ref>{{cite news|last=Press|first=Associated|title=Midwest snow forecast forces more than 1,200 cancellations at Chicago airports|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/wire/sns-bc-il--winterweather-illinois-airports,0,4324427.story|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref>

=== Schools ===
Numerous school closures were made and were expected.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pedro|first=Kelly|title=Schools likely to close Wednesday|url=http://www.lfpress.com/news/2011/02/01/17118221.html|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=London Free Press|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Reports|first=Staff|title=Greater Lafayette Snow Closures for February 2|url=http://www.lafayette-online.com/community/2011/02/snow-closures-feb-2/|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Lafayette Online|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Porterfield|first=Barry|title=School closures an early decision|url=http://paulsvalleydailydemocrat.com/local/x732783547/School-closures-an-early-decision|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Pauls Valley Daily Democrat|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref>

=== Power outages ===
Many local and widespread power outages affected locations along the storm track, including in Ohio,<ref>{{cite news|last=Yost|first=Denise|title=Ganahl: Serious Trouble|url=http://www2.nbc4i.com/weather/2011/feb/01/17/nunnally-icy-conditions-tuesday-ar-383096/|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=nbc4i.com|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Report|first=Staff|title=22,000 without power as ice and wind wreak havoc on wires|url=http://www.daytondailynews.com/news/dayton-news/22-000-without-power-as-ice-and-wind-wreak-havoc-on-wires-1069656.html|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Dayton Daily News|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref><ref name=Fox19>{{cite news|last=19|first=Fox|title=Over 10,000 homes without power in Cincinnati and Northern Kentucky|url=http://www.fox19.com/Global/story.asp?S=13951566|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=FOX19|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref> Oklahoma,<ref>{{cite news|last=Evatt|first=Robert|title=Power outages not widespread|url=http://www.tulsaworld.com/business/article.aspx?subjectid=49&articleid=20110201_298_0_Though526468|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Tulsa World|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref> New Mexico,<ref>{{cite news|last=Gamm|first=Joe|title=Power outages affect region|url=http://amarillo.com/news/latest-news/2011-02-01/power-outages-affect-region|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Amarillo Globe-News|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref> Indiana,<ref>{{cite news|last=Press|first=Associated|title=Power outages in Indiana from overnight ice concentrated in Terre Haute area|url=http://www.greenfieldreporter.com/view/story/3fbf7f2419e54609b035e0b475907996/IN--Winter_Weather-Ind_Power/|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Daily Reporter|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref> Texas,<ref>{{cite news|last=Morten|first=Nicole|title=Power Outage Shuts Down School at Navarro Elementary *Update*|url=http://www.kbtx.com/news/headlines/Power_Outage_Shuts_Down_School_at_Navarro_Elementary_Update.html?ref=629|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=KBTX|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref> Colorado<ref>{{cite news|last=News|first=KKTV|title=Power Outage In Teller County|url=http://www.kktv.com/home/headlines/Power_Outage_In_Teller_County_115071574.html|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=KKTV|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref> and Kentucky.<ref name="Fox19"/>

=== Super Bowl ===
The severe ice storm also affected the [[Dallas-Fort Worth]] area, bringing a coating of ice to the ground after a rapid freeze. This caused some damage ahead of [[Super Bowl XLV]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Banks|first=Don|title=Rodgers, cold-weather Pack right at home with indoors Super Bowl|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2011/writers/don_banks/02/01/packers.advantage/|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=Sports Illustrated CNN|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Alexander|first=Jeff|title=Ice Storm Wreaks Havoc on Dallas During Super Bowl Week|url=http://www.wbay.com/Global/story.asp?S=13950675|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=WBAY|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Naylor|first=Dave|title=NAYLOR: TRADITION HAS WON THE DAY AT SUPER BOWL XLV|url=http://www.tsn.ca/nfl/story/?id=351999|accessdate=2 February 2011|newspaper=TSN|date=February 1, 2011}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Chicago Blizzard of 1967]]
*[[North American blizzard of 1999]]
*[[February 2007 North America Winter Storm]]
*[[2008 Super Tuesday tornado outbreak]]

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.weather.gov/ National Weather Service]
*[http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/discussions/nfdscc5.html Hydrometeorological Prediction Center - Storm Summary Message]
*[http://www.weatheroffice.gc.ca/warnings/warnings_e.html Weather Warnings - Environment Canada]
*[http://www.weatheroffice.gc.ca/warnings/warnings_e.html Accuweather.com 2011 Winter Weather Center]
*[http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1739 Weather Underground: Great Blizzard pounding Chicago; extremely dangerous Cyclone Yasi nears Australia]
*[http://www.cp24.com/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20110201/110201_school/20110201/?hub=CP24Home School Cancellations (Greater Toronto Area)]

{{United States Blizzards}}

[[Category:Blizzards in the United States]]
[[Category:Blizzards in Canada]]
[[Category:2011 natural disasters in the United States]]

Groundhog Day Blizzard 2011

2011-02-02T17:16:57Z

Tea with toast: /* Wisconsin */ affected 29 wisconsin counties

Alles ist erleuchtet (Roman)

2010-11-21T02:07:02Z

Tea with toast: /* Literary significance and criticism */ added info from perspective of a Czech reviewer, cleaned up citation style of other refs for consistency

{{About|the book|the film|Everything Is Illuminated (film)|the [[Dexter (TV series)|Dexter]] episode|List of Dexter episodes#Season 5 (2010)}}
{{Infobox Book
| name = Everything Is Illuminated
| image = [[Image:EverythingIsIlluminated.jpg|200px]]
| image_caption = Front cover of [[hardcover]] edition.
| author = [[Jonathan Safran Foer]]
| cover_artist = Jon Gray ([[List of acronyms and initialisms: A#AK|aka]] gray318)
| country = [[United States]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| series =
| subject =
| genre = [[Novel]]
| publisher = [[Houghton Mifflin]]
| release_date = April 16, 2002
| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover|Hardback]] & [[Paperback]])
| pages = 288 pp (hardcover)
| isbn = ISBN 0-618-17387-0 (hardcover) ISBN 0-06-052970-9 (paperback)
| dewey= 813/.6 21
| congress= PS3606.O38 E84 2002
| oclc= 48144414
| followed_by = [[Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close]] (2005)
}}
'''''Everything Is Illuminated''''' is the first [[novel]] by the [[United States|American]] writer [[Jonathan Safran Foer]], published in [[2002 in literature|2002]]. It was adapted into a [[Everything Is Illuminated (film)|film by the same name]] starring [[Elijah Wood]] in [[2005 in film|2005]].

==Plot summary==
A young American [[Jew]], named Jonathan Safran Foer, journeys to [[Ukraine]] in search of Augustine, the woman who saved his grandfather's life during the [[Nazism|Nazi]] liquidation of [[Trachimbrod]], his family [[shtetl]]. Armed with many copies of an old photograph of Augustine and his grandfather, maps, and cigarettes, Jonathan begins his adventure with Ukrainian native and soon-to-be good friend, Alexander "Alex" Perchov, who is Foer's age and very fond of American pop culture, albeit culture that is already out of date in the United States. Alex has studied English at his university and is "premium" in his knowledge of the language, therefore he becomes the translator. Alex's "blind" grandfather and his "deranged [[guide dog|seeing-eye bitch]]," Sammy Davis, Jr., Jr., accompany them on their journey. These three parts tie together in the end of the story. Throughout the book, the meaning of love is deeply examined.

The writing and structure received critical acclaim for the manner in which it switches between two story arcs: (1) fragments of Foer-the-character's novel-in-progress, where he tells in highly literary English a quasi-magical story about the citizens of Trachimbrod; and (2) a straightforward narrative of searching for Trachimbrod (an invented name for the real village [[Trochenbrod]]), as told by Alex in broken English. They are tied together by letters sent from Alex to Foer and attached to Alex's version. Alex's narrative is notable for its broken English, which sounds as if he learned English from a thesaurus without ever hearing it spoken. Throughout his narrative, he makes frequent use of improper synonyms, such as using the word ''rigid'' to mean "difficult" or "hard".

==Place names==
Names of cities are given in their Russian version (e.g., [[Lvov]]), although the Polish or Ukrainian naming would have been correct for the scenes in [[Trachimbrod]] and [[Ukraine]].

==Literary significance and criticism==
Upon its initial release the book received positive reviews. ''[[The Times]]'' review stated that the book was "a work of genius," that Foer had "staked his claim for literary greatness," and that "after it, things will never be the same."<ref>{{cite web
|date=July 7, 2002
|url= http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/books_group/article541500.ece
|title= Luminous talent in the spotlight
|publisher= [[The Times]]
|accessdate=July 12,2007 | location=London}}</ref> More recent reviews of the novel, particularly those who examined it alongside Foer's next book, ''[[Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close]]'', have been less generous. [[Harry Siegel]], writing in ''[[the New York Press]]'', described ''Everything is Illuminated'' as:
: an admixture of shtick and sentiment, the most self-involved work about the Holocaust since ''[[Maus]]'', with all the gravitas of Robin Williams' ''[[Jakob the Liar]]''. I understand how a young man could write such a book, but not why he would have it published, and certainly not how it could be acclaimed as marking the arrival of a major new talent. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nypress.com/18/15/news&columns/harrysiegel.cfm|date=April 20, 2005|accessdate= August 14, 2010|title=Extremely Cloying and Incredibly False: Why the Author of ''Everything Is Illuminated'' is a Fraud and a Hack|last=Siegel |first=Harry |work=[[New York Press]]}}</ref>.
In a ''[[Huffington Post]]'' article entitled "The 15 Most Overrated Contemporary American Writers", Anis Shivani sees the work as "harmless multiculturalism for the perennially bored" and claims that "a more pretentious 'magical realist' novel was never written."<ref>Shivani, Anis. (August 7, 2010) "[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/anis-shivani/the-15-most-overrated-con_b_672974.html The 15 Most Overrated Contemporary American Writers]." ''The Huffington Post''. Accessed November 20, 2010.</ref> A reviewer from ''[[The Prague Post]]'' laments that the book misrepresents the history of Jews in Ukraine and that the factual history of the massacre at Trochenbrod "...stands in a sharp contrast to claims made in the book." <ref>Katchanovski, Ivan. (October 7, 2004) "[http://www.praguepost.com/archivescontent/40032-not-everything-is-illuminated.html Not Everything Is Illuminated]". ''The Prague Post''. Accessed November 20, 2010.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.whoisaugustine.com/ Exploratory site for ''Everything Is Illuminated'']
*[http://www.bet-tal.com/index.aspx?id=2404 Trochenbrod & Lozisht community website]
* [http://www.tal.yesh.net The Journey to Trochenbrod and Lozisht aug 2006]
* {{imdb title|0404030|Everything Is Illuminated}}

[[Category:2002 novels]]
[[Category:Metafictional works]]
[[Category:Novels by Jonathan Safran Foer]]
[[Category:Debut novels]]
[[Category:Holocaust literature]]
[[Category:American novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Family saga novels]]
[[Category:American magic realism novels]]
[[Category:21st-century American novels]]

[[fr:Tout est illuminé (roman)]]
[[hr:Sve je rasvijetljeno]]
[[it:Ogni cosa è illuminata (romanzo)]]
[[he:הכול מואר]]
[[tr:Her Şey Aydınlandı]]
[[uk:Все ясно]]

Gate Tower Building

2010-11-09T02:17:32Z

Tea with toast: copy edited

{{Unreferenced|date=September 2010}}
{{about|the Gate Tower Building in Fukushima-ku, Osaka, Japan|the one in Rinku Town|Rinku Gate Tower Building}}
[[File:Building penetrated by an expressway 001 OSAKA JPN.jpg|thumb|250px|Gate Tower Building]]
[[File:Gate Tower Building Umeda Exit.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Umeda Exit]]
{{Nihongo|'''Gate Tower Building'''|ゲートタワービル|gēto tawā biru}} is a 16-story office building in [[Fukushima-ku, Osaka]], Japan. It is notable because a highway passes through the building. It has been nicknamed "beehive" referring to its appearance as a "bustling place".

==Overview==
The building has a double core construction, with a circular cross section. The Umeda Exit of the Ikeda Route of the [[Hanshin Expressway]] system (when exiting the highway from the direction of Ikeda) passes through the fifth through seventh floors of this building. The highway is the tenant of those floors. The elevator passes through the floors without stopping: floor 4 being followed by floor 8. The floors through which the highway passes consist of elevators, stairways and machinery. The highway does not make contact with the building. It passes through as a bridge, held up by supports next to the building. The highway is surrounded by a structure to protect the building from noise and vibration. The roof has a [[helipad]].

==History==
Wood and charcoal business held the property rights for this plot of land since the early [[Meiji period]], but the gradual move to other sources of fuel resulted in the deterioration of those company buildings. In 1983, the redevelopment of the area was decided upon, but building permits were refused because the highway was already being planned to be built over this land. The property rights' holders refused to give up, and negotiated with the Hanshin Expressway corporation for approximately 5 years to reach the current solution.

Although normally highway corporations purchase the land they build a highway on or over, it is not guaranteed to succeed and therefore issues like this can arise.

For that reason, the highway laws, city planning laws, city redevelopment laws and building codes were partly revised in 1989 to permit a so-called {{Nihongo|[[Multi-Level Road System]]|立体道路制度|rittai dōro seido}} that allows the unified development of highways and buildings in the same space. This system was originally designed to facilitate the construction of the second Ring Road in the vicinity of [[Toranomon, Minato, Tokyo|Toranomon, Minato-ku]], Tokyo, but in the end was not applied there. Instead, the system was put into effect in the construction of the Gate Tower Building, becoming Japan's first building to have a highway pass through it. Normally, highways are still built underground in these cases, and passing through a building is an extremely rare occurrence.

==Profile==
* Address: Fukushima 5-4-21, Fukushima-ku, Osaka
* Completed: 1992
* Site area: 2,353 m2
* Construction area: 760 m2
* Total floor area: 7,956 m2
* Structure: Reinforced concrete and partly steel frame
* Height: 71.9 m
* Floors: 16 floors above ground, 2 floors underground and 1 floor counted as the mechanical penthouse
* Purpose: Office building
* Client: Suezawa Sangyo Co. Ltd.
* Designer: Azusa Sekkei and Yamamoto-Nishihara Kenchiku Sekkei Jimusho
* Builder: Sato Kogyo Co. Ltd.

==See also==
* [[Umeda]]

==External links==
* [http://www.satokogyo.co.jp/pro/office.html Sato Kogyo construction achievements]
* [http://www.hanshin-exp.co.jp Hanshin Expressway Corporation]

[[Category:1992 architecture]]
[[Category:Expressways in Japan]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Osaka]]
[[Category:Transport in Osaka Prefecture]]

{{coord|34.698102|135.489629|display=title|type:landmark_region:JP-27}}

[[ko:게이트 타워 빌딩]]
[[ja:ゲートタワービル]]

Benutzer:Tea with toast

2010-04-04T18:05:56Z

Tea with toast:

{{user en}}
{{user de-1}}
{{user ru-1}}
{{user es-1}}

[[en:User:tea with toast]]

Anatolischer Leopard

2010-02-13T19:28:20Z

Tea with toast: removed empty "external links" section

{{Taxobox
| name = Anatolian Leopard
| image =Anatolian_Leopard.jpg‎
| image_width = 275px
| status = PE
| trend = down
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mammal]]ia
| ordo = [[Carnivora]]
| familia = [[Felidae]]
| genus = ''[[Panthera]]''
| species = ''[[Panthera pardus|P. pardus]]''
| subspecies = '''''P. p. tulliana'''''
| trinomial = ''Panthera pardus tulliana''
| trinomial_authority = ([[Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber|Schreber]], 1777)
}}

The '''Anatolian leopard''' (''Panthera pardus tulliana'') was once described as a distinct [[subspecies]] of [[leopard]] native to [[Anatolia]] (Asia Minor), [[Turkey]]. However, modern taxonomic analyses have demonstrated that the leopards of Asia Minor genetically differ little from other west- and central Asian leopards and should therefore be included into the [[Persian leopard]] (''Panthera pardus saxicolor'') subspecies.<ref> Olga Uphyrkina ''et al.'' (November 2001). ''Phylogenetics, genome diversity and origin of modern leopard, Panthera pardus''. Molecular Ecology, Volume 10, Issue 11, Page 2617. [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01350.x?cookieSet=1 Abstract]</ref><ref>Sriyanie Miththapala. (August 1996). ''Phylogeographic Subspecies Recognition in Leopards (''Panthera pardus''): Molecular Genetic Variation.'' Conservation Biology,
Volume 10, Issue 4, Page 1115. [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10041115.x Abstract]</ref>

It is unknown whether any leopards still exist in the wild in Anatolia.

==Distribution/Physical Features ==
These animals once prowled the forest and hill habits of the [[Aegean Region, Turkey|Aegean]], [[Mediterranean]], and East [[Anatolia]]n regions. Adults grow 200-250 centimeters long and may weigh up to 90 kg{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}}; their lifespan is approximately 20 years. In [[Israel]], there were Anatolian leopards until the 1980s, there were also some unconfirmed reports of encounters with leopards in the [[Galilee]], and the [[Golan Heights]].

==Diet==
In the wild, the leopard's prey consists of wild [[ungulates]], which include [[deer]], [[chamois]], [[mountain goats]], and occasionally [[wild boar]]. The animal would also go after birds and domestic livestock, if needed.

==Sightings==
[[Image:Anadoluparsi Hurriyet1.jpg|300px|thumb|Anatolian leopard in newspaper]]

The last official sighting of the Anatolian leopard was in 1974. The animal was killed after an attack on a woman in Bağözü village, Beypazarı 5 km from [[Beypazarı, Ankara|Beypazarı]]. Although some scientists have suggested the subspecies has become extinct, others have suggested that there are still between 10-15 leopards in the wild. In 2001, the animal was spotted in the locality called "Dandi" near the town of [[Mut (District), Mersin|Mut]] in the [[Taurus Mountains]] in Turkey's [[Mediterranean Region, Turkey|Mediterranean Region]], and around Muskili Brook on the eastern [[Black Sea]]. In 2003 remote sensing cameras captured an adult male leopard in the [[Vashlovani National Park]] in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] <ref name='Georgia Flora and Fauna'> {{cite web|url=http://www.tourism.gov.ge/geo/floraandfauna.php | title=Flora and Fauna| accessdate=2007-04-25 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2009}}</ref>. Another sighting was reported in 2004 in Pokut Plateau. In 2002 the team at the [[Big Cat Rescue]] began an inventory expedition at an altitude of around 2000 meters. The expedition was started because photographer Cemal Gulas brought the team a photograph of a paw print which they determined to be that of a leopard. On the expedition, the team sighted a leopard but it evaded them before a photo could be taken. The next day, the team succeeded in photographing the leopard and confirmed its continued existence. It is, however, believed {{By whom|date=October 2009}}that there are only 10-15 members of this species left in the wild. Currently, the Anatolian Leopard Foundation is studying the animal's population on [[Mount Taurus]] using trap cameras.<ref name="ALF">{{cite web|url=http://www.anatolianleopardfoundation.nl/|title=The Antolian Leopard Foundation|accessdate=2009-10-31}}</ref> Researcher Selim Guray and his group found some tracks in the forest.<ref name=ALF/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freewebs.com/anatolianleopard/photos.htm|title=Photos of Footprint and scat|work=Anatolian Leopard Research Group|accessdate=2009-10-31}}</ref>

== Cause for Decline ==
It was thought that extensive [[trophy hunting]] was the prime factor in the decline and possible extinction of the Anatolian leopard. One hunter named Mantolu Hasan, singlehandedly killed at least fifteen of these animals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anatolianleopardfoundation.nl/Leopard%20in%20Turkey.html|title=Leopard in Turkey|publisher=The Antolian Leopard Foundation|accessdate=2009-10-31}}</ref>

== The Kaplani of Samos Island in Greece ==

There are no recent reports of encounters with the animal in [[Greece]], though at the end of the [[18th century]] an Anatolian leopard from [[Asia Minor]] was forced, either by a [[flooding]] of the [[Maeander River]] or by [[wildfire]], to swim over to the greek [[Samos Island]], where, due to the lack of it’s wild prey, became the scourge of domestic animals.

The Kaplani ({{lang-el| Καπλάνι}} from {{lang-tr|Kaplan}} meaning [[Tiger]]) was hunted by farmers and shepherds and was forced to take refuge in a cave. The entrance was documented as being blocked with large stones so that the animal would die out of [[hunger]] and [[thirst]]. After some time, a villager named Gerasimos Gliarmis, opened a hole and climbed down the cave unarmed, to find the leopard’s corpse. But the animal had managed to survive eating the remains of its old prey and drinking the water which gathered in a cave’s hollow. The leopard tried to fight his way out, but the villager’s brother, Nikolaos Gliarmis, also climbed down the cave for help and managed to kill it. Gerasimos Gliarmis was injured by the wildcat in his chest and died a short time later from infection.

The dead leopard was embalmed and is today displayed at the Natural History Museum of the Aegean <ref> [http://www.nhma.gr/zoologiko_eng.html ''Natural History Museum of the Aegean'']</ref>, on Samos Island. The story of the animal and the exhibit inspired distinguished Greek author [[Alki Zei]] for her novel ''Wildcat under glass'' ({{lang-el| ''Το καπλάνι της βιτρίνας''}}, a.k.a ''The Tiger in the Shop Window'', 1963)

== See also ==
{{portal|Cats|Cat03.jpg}}
*[[Pardus (operating system)|Pardus]], a Turkish Linux distribution named after the Anatolian leopard
*[[Ankaraspor A.Ş.]], Turkish football club which is nicknamed after the animal

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*Cat Specialist Group 1996. [http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/15964/all ''Panthera pardus'' ssp. ''tulliana'']. ''2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.'' [[IUCN]] 2006.{{dead link|date=February 2010}}
*"[http://gazelle.8m.net/whats_new.html Leopards in Palestine]" Gazelle - The Palestinian Biological Bulletin

{{Carnivora|Fe.}}
{{wikispecies|Panthera pardus tulliana}}
{{commons|Panthera pardus tulliana}}

[[Category:Leopards]]
[[Category:Mammals of Southwest Asia|Leopard, Anatolian]]

[[ar:نمر الأناضول]]
[[bg:Анатолийски леопард]]
[[es:Panthera pardus tulliana]]
[[it:Panthera pardus tulliana]]
[[he:נמר אנטולי]]
[[lt:Anatolinis leopardas]]
[[hu:Anatóliai leopárd]]
[[mk:Анадолиски леопард]]
[[fi:Anatolianleopardi]]
[[tr:Anadolu parsı]]

Anatolischer Leopard

2010-02-13T19:27:10Z

Tea with toast: /* References */ added new link, the other has been marked "dead link"

{{Taxobox
| name = Anatolian Leopard
| image =Anatolian_Leopard.jpg‎
| image_width = 275px
| status = PE
| trend = down
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mammal]]ia
| ordo = [[Carnivora]]
| familia = [[Felidae]]
| genus = ''[[Panthera]]''
| species = ''[[Panthera pardus|P. pardus]]''
| subspecies = '''''P. p. tulliana'''''
| trinomial = ''Panthera pardus tulliana''
| trinomial_authority = ([[Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber|Schreber]], 1777)
}}

The '''Anatolian leopard''' (''Panthera pardus tulliana'') was once described as a distinct [[subspecies]] of [[leopard]] native to [[Anatolia]] (Asia Minor), [[Turkey]]. However, modern taxonomic analyses have demonstrated that the leopards of Asia Minor genetically differ little from other west- and central Asian leopards and should therefore be included into the [[Persian leopard]] (''Panthera pardus saxicolor'') subspecies.<ref> Olga Uphyrkina ''et al.'' (November 2001). ''Phylogenetics, genome diversity and origin of modern leopard, Panthera pardus''. Molecular Ecology, Volume 10, Issue 11, Page 2617. [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01350.x?cookieSet=1 Abstract]</ref><ref>Sriyanie Miththapala. (August 1996). ''Phylogeographic Subspecies Recognition in Leopards (''Panthera pardus''): Molecular Genetic Variation.'' Conservation Biology,
Volume 10, Issue 4, Page 1115. [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10041115.x Abstract]</ref>

It is unknown whether any leopards still exist in the wild in Anatolia.

==Distribution/Physical Features ==
These animals once prowled the forest and hill habits of the [[Aegean Region, Turkey|Aegean]], [[Mediterranean]], and East [[Anatolia]]n regions. Adults grow 200-250 centimeters long and may weigh up to 90 kg{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}}; their lifespan is approximately 20 years. In [[Israel]], there were Anatolian leopards until the 1980s, there were also some unconfirmed reports of encounters with leopards in the [[Galilee]], and the [[Golan Heights]].

==Diet==
In the wild, the leopard's prey consists of wild [[ungulates]], which include [[deer]], [[chamois]], [[mountain goats]], and occasionally [[wild boar]]. The animal would also go after birds and domestic livestock, if needed.

==Sightings==
[[Image:Anadoluparsi Hurriyet1.jpg|300px|thumb|Anatolian leopard in newspaper]]

The last official sighting of the Anatolian leopard was in 1974. The animal was killed after an attack on a woman in Bağözü village, Beypazarı 5 km from [[Beypazarı, Ankara|Beypazarı]]. Although some scientists have suggested the subspecies has become extinct, others have suggested that there are still between 10-15 leopards in the wild. In 2001, the animal was spotted in the locality called "Dandi" near the town of [[Mut (District), Mersin|Mut]] in the [[Taurus Mountains]] in Turkey's [[Mediterranean Region, Turkey|Mediterranean Region]], and around Muskili Brook on the eastern [[Black Sea]]. In 2003 remote sensing cameras captured an adult male leopard in the [[Vashlovani National Park]] in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] <ref name='Georgia Flora and Fauna'> {{cite web|url=http://www.tourism.gov.ge/geo/floraandfauna.php | title=Flora and Fauna| accessdate=2007-04-25 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2009}}</ref>. Another sighting was reported in 2004 in Pokut Plateau. In 2002 the team at the [[Big Cat Rescue]] began an inventory expedition at an altitude of around 2000 meters. The expedition was started because photographer Cemal Gulas brought the team a photograph of a paw print which they determined to be that of a leopard. On the expedition, the team sighted a leopard but it evaded them before a photo could be taken. The next day, the team succeeded in photographing the leopard and confirmed its continued existence. It is, however, believed {{By whom|date=October 2009}}that there are only 10-15 members of this species left in the wild. Currently, the Anatolian Leopard Foundation is studying the animal's population on [[Mount Taurus]] using trap cameras.<ref name="ALF">{{cite web|url=http://www.anatolianleopardfoundation.nl/|title=The Antolian Leopard Foundation|accessdate=2009-10-31}}</ref> Researcher Selim Guray and his group found some tracks in the forest.<ref name=ALF/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freewebs.com/anatolianleopard/photos.htm|title=Photos of Footprint and scat|work=Anatolian Leopard Research Group|accessdate=2009-10-31}}</ref>

== Cause for Decline ==
It was thought that extensive [[trophy hunting]] was the prime factor in the decline and possible extinction of the Anatolian leopard. One hunter named Mantolu Hasan, singlehandedly killed at least fifteen of these animals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anatolianleopardfoundation.nl/Leopard%20in%20Turkey.html|title=Leopard in Turkey|publisher=The Antolian Leopard Foundation|accessdate=2009-10-31}}</ref>

== The Kaplani of Samos Island in Greece ==

There are no recent reports of encounters with the animal in [[Greece]], though at the end of the [[18th century]] an Anatolian leopard from [[Asia Minor]] was forced, either by a [[flooding]] of the [[Maeander River]] or by [[wildfire]], to swim over to the greek [[Samos Island]], where, due to the lack of it’s wild prey, became the scourge of domestic animals.

The Kaplani ({{lang-el| Καπλάνι}} from {{lang-tr|Kaplan}} meaning [[Tiger]]) was hunted by farmers and shepherds and was forced to take refuge in a cave. The entrance was documented as being blocked with large stones so that the animal would die out of [[hunger]] and [[thirst]]. After some time, a villager named Gerasimos Gliarmis, opened a hole and climbed down the cave unarmed, to find the leopard’s corpse. But the animal had managed to survive eating the remains of its old prey and drinking the water which gathered in a cave’s hollow. The leopard tried to fight his way out, but the villager’s brother, Nikolaos Gliarmis, also climbed down the cave for help and managed to kill it. Gerasimos Gliarmis was injured by the wildcat in his chest and died a short time later from infection.

The dead leopard was embalmed and is today displayed at the Natural History Museum of the Aegean <ref> [http://www.nhma.gr/zoologiko_eng.html ''Natural History Museum of the Aegean'']</ref>, on Samos Island. The story of the animal and the exhibit inspired distinguished Greek author [[Alki Zei]] for her novel ''Wildcat under glass'' ({{lang-el| ''Το καπλάνι της βιτρίνας''}}, a.k.a ''The Tiger in the Shop Window'', 1963)

== See also ==
{{portal|Cats|Cat03.jpg}}
*[[Pardus (operating system)|Pardus]], a Turkish Linux distribution named after the Anatolian leopard
*[[Ankaraspor A.Ş.]], Turkish football club which is nicknamed after the animal

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*Cat Specialist Group 1996. [http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/15964/all ''Panthera pardus'' ssp. ''tulliana'']. ''2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.'' [[IUCN]] 2006.{{dead link|date=February 2010}}
*"[http://gazelle.8m.net/whats_new.html Leopards in Palestine]" Gazelle - The Palestinian Biological Bulletin

==External links==
{{Carnivora|Fe.}}
{{wikispecies|Panthera pardus tulliana}}
{{commons|Panthera pardus tulliana}}

[[Category:Leopards]]
[[Category:Mammals of Southwest Asia|Leopard, Anatolian]]

[[ar:نمر الأناضول]]
[[bg:Анатолийски леопард]]
[[es:Panthera pardus tulliana]]
[[it:Panthera pardus tulliana]]
[[he:נמר אנטולי]]
[[lt:Anatolinis leopardas]]
[[hu:Anatóliai leopárd]]
[[mk:Анадолиски леопард]]
[[fi:Anatolianleopardi]]
[[tr:Anadolu parsı]]

Kola-Bucht

2010-02-09T03:55:19Z

Tea with toast: added photo from russian wikipedia

[[File:Мурманская гавань.jpg|thumb|right|250px| View of Kola Bay]]
'''Kola Bay''' ({{lang-ru|Кольский залив}}) or '''Murmansk Fjord''' is a 57-km-long [[fjord]] of the [[Barents Sea]] that cuts into the northern part of the [[Kola Peninsula]]. It is up to 7 km wide and has a depth of 200 to 300 meters. The [[Tuloma]] and [[Kola River]]s discharge into the bay.

The eastern shore is craggy and precipitous, the western one is comparatively level. The ports of [[Murmansk]] and [[Severomorsk]] sit on the east side; on the west side of the bay is the port of [[Polyarny]].

[[tide|Semidiurnal tide]]s in the Murmansk Fjord are as high as 4 meters. In winter, the southern part of the bay may be covered in ice.

== Notes ==
* ''This article is based on a translation of the [[:ru:Кольский залив|equivalent article]] of the [[Russian Wikipedia]] on 13 July 2008''.

{{coord|display=title|69|05|52|N|33|23|48|E|type:waterbody_region:RU}}

[[Category:Landforms of the Barents Sea]]
[[Category:Fjords of Russia]]
[[Category:Murmansk Oblast]]

[[no:Kolabukta]]
[[nn:Kolabukta]]
[[ru:Кольский залив]]
[[szl:Zatoka Kolsko]]
[[fi:Kuolanvuono]]

Schikotan

2010-01-24T20:57:29Z

Tea with toast: Quick-adding category Disputed islands (using HotCat)

{{Infobox Disputed Islands
| name = Shikotan
| image name = ShikotanSTS112-E-5660k.PNG
| image caption = [[NASA]] picture of Shikotan Island
| image size = 300px
| locator map = [[Image:Demis - Shikotan.png|300px]]
| map_custom = yes
| native name =
| native name link =
| other_names = {{lang-ru|Шикотан}}; {{lang-ja|色丹島}}
| location = [[Pacific Ocean]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|43|48|N|146|45|E|type:isle|display=inline}}
| archipelago = [[Kuril Islands]]
| total islands = 1
| major islands =
| area = {{convert|225|km2|acre}}
| length =
| width =
| coastline =
| highest mount = Mount Tomari
| elevation = {{convert|412|m|ft}}
| country claim = Japan
| country claim divisions title = Prefecture
| country claim divisions = [[Hokkaidō]]
| country claim capital city = Tokyo
| country claim largest city =
| country claim largest city population =
| country claim leader title =
| country claim leader name =
| country 1 claim = Russia
| country 1 claim divisions title = Oblast
| country 1 claim divisions = [[Sakhalin Oblast|Sakhalin]]
| country 1 claim capital city =
| country 1 claim largest city =
| country 1 claim largest city population =
| country 1 claim leader title =
| country 1 claim leader name =
| country = Russia
| country admin divisions title =Oblast
| country admin divisions = [[Sakhalin Oblast|Sakhalin]]
| country capital city =
| country largest city =
| country largest city population =
| country leader title =
| country leader name =
| population =
| population as of =
| density =
| ethnic groups =
| additional info =
}}

'''Shikotan''', both in [[Russian language|Russian]] (Шикотан) and [[Japanese language|Japanese]] (色丹島), and one of the bigger islands of the [[Kuril Islands]], is located in the [[Sakhalin Oblast]] of [[Russia]]. Although this island is a part of Russia, [[Japan]] maintains a claim to it along with the other three southermost Kuril islands (see [[Kuril Islands dispute]]). It is one of the islands Russia agreed to transfer to Japan in the event of a peace treaty between the two countries.
The name of "Shikotan" derives from the [[Ainu language]] and means "land with big communities."

The total land [[area]] of Shikotan is 225 [[km²]]. The island is hilly, averaging 300 meters in elevation. The shores of the island are very indented and covered with oceanic [[meadow]]s. The highest [[altitude]] is 412 m. The island is formed by the [[volcanic rock]] and [[sandstone]] of the Upper [[Cretaceous]] and [[Cenozoic]] periods. There are two extinct volcanoes on Shikotan: Mount Tomari and Mount Notoro.

Shikotan's [[Vegetation]] consists mostly of Sakhalin [[fir]], [[larch]], [[deciduous]] trees, [[bamboo]] [[underbrush]] and [[juniper]] brushwood.

There are two [[town|Settlement]]s - [[Malokurilskoye]] (Formerly Shikotan) and [[Krabozavodskoye]] (Formerly Anama).

The primary economic activities are [[fishery|fisheries]] and [[fishing]], with the principal marine products being [[cod]], [[crab]] and [[kelp]].

An [[earthquake]] and subsequent [[tsunami]] caused major damage on the island's coastline on October 4, 1994.

==See also==
*[[Kuril Islands dispute]]
*[[Shikotan District, Hokkaido]]

==External links==
* [http://www.kurilnature.org Kuril Island Network - A volunteer group dedicated to raising awareness of the habitat on the Kurils]
* [http://www.oceandots.com/pacific/kuril/shikotan.php] - Satellite image of Shikotan
* [http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20061008f1.html Ainu speaker and activist explains the meaning of the South Kuril island names]

[[Category:Southern Kuriles]]
[[Category:Japan – Soviet Union relations]]
[[Category:Disputed islands]]

[[ace:Pulo Shikotan]]
[[et:Šikotan]]
[[es:Shikotan]]
[[eo:Ŝikotano]]
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[[ko:시코탄 섬]]
[[nl:Sjikotan]]
[[ja:色丹島]]
[[pt:Shikotan]]
[[ru:Шикотан]]
[[fi:Shikotan]]
[[zh:色丹島]]

Taman (Halbinsel)

2010-01-04T00:47:38Z

Tea with toast: größeres Bild

[[Datei:Asowsches_Meer.jpg|thumb|350px|Übersichtskarte]]

Die '''Taman-Halbinsel''' ist eine [[Halbinsel]] die wie die gegenüberliegende [[Krim]] das [[Asowsches Meer|Asowsche Meer]] vom [[Schwarzes Meer|Schwarzen Meer]] trennt. Sie liegt östlich der [[Straße von Kertsch]], hat eine Ausdehnung von 30 Kilometern in Ost-West-Richtung und 12,9 Kilometern in Nord-Süd-Richtung. Sie gehört zur [[Region Krasnodar]] ([[Russland]]).

== Geschichte ==
In der [[Antike]] unterhielten die [[Pontos-Griechen]] hier die Kolonien [[Germonassa]] und [[Phanagoria]]. Später war sie eine der [[Genueser Kolonien]].

Im Zweiten Weltkrieg besetzte die Wehrmacht 1942 das Gebiet beim Vormarsch auf den Kaukasus. Der Rückzug erfolgte 1943. Der Roman „Das geduldige Fleisch“ von [[Willi Heinrich]] und der Film [[Steiner – Das Eiserne Kreuz]] spielen auf der Taman-Halbinsel.

== Weblinks ==
* [http://www.tamaninfo.ru/ Porträt der Halbinsel] (russisch)

{{Navigationsleiste genueser Kolonien}}

[[Kategorie:Halbinsel (Europa)]]
[[Kategorie:Halbinsel (Russland)]]
[[Kategorie:Halbinsel (Schwarzes Meer)]]
[[Kategorie:Region Krasnodar]]

{{Coordinate |NS=45/11/8/N |EW=36/47/28/E |type=landmark |region=RU}}

[[bg:Тамански полуостров]]
[[cv:Тамань çурутравĕ]]
[[en:Taman Peninsula]]
[[eo:Tamanja duoninsulo]]
[[fi:Tamanin niemimaa]]
[[fr:Péninsule de Taman]]
[[he:טאמאן]]
[[id:Semenanjung Taman]]
[[it:Penisola di Taman]]
[[ja:タマン半島]]
[[ko:타만 반도]]
[[ku:Nîvgirava Taman]]
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[[nl:Schiereiland van Taman]]
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[[tr:Taman Yarımadası]]
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[[zh:塔曼半岛]]

Tschuktschen-Halbinsel

2010-01-03T21:37:41Z

Tea with toast: Bilden

[[Bild:Bering Strait.jpeg|thumb|250px|right|Die Beringstraße]]
[[Bild:Berengia - present day.gif|thumb|250px|right|Die Tschuktschen-Halbinsel liegt nahe den amerikanischen Halbinsel]]
Die '''Tschuktschen-Halbinsel''' ('''Tschukotka''') befindet sich in der Region [[Russisch-Fernost]] im äußersten Nordosten von [[Russland]] ([[Asien]]) und deckt sich weitgehend mit der Verwaltungseinheit [[Autonomer Kreis der Tschuktschen|Tschukotka]]. Sie ist hauptsächlich vom Volk der [[Tschuktschen]] bewohnt.

Im Norden grenzt die dünn besiedelte [[Halbinsel]], auf der sich das nur recht niedrige [[Tschuktschengebirge]] befindet, an das [[Nordpolarmeer]], im Osten erreicht sie am [[Kap Deschnjow]] die [[Beringstraße]]. Im Süden grenzt sie an den [[Anadyrgolf]] und im Westen an das [[Anadyrgebirge]].

== Siehe auch ==
* [[Autonomer Kreis der Tschuktschen]]

{{Coordinate|article=/|NS=65/35/37.15004/N|EW=174/17/22.00733/W|type=landmark|region=RU-CHU}}

[[Kategorie:Halbinsel (Russland)]]
[[Kategorie:Halbinsel (Asien)]]
[[Kategorie:Halbinsel (Arktischer Ozean)]]
[[Kategorie:Autonomer Kreis der Tschuktschen]]

[[be:Чукоцкі паўвостраў]]
[[bg:Чукотка]]
[[ca:Península de Txuktxi]]
[[cs:Čukotka]]
[[en:Chukchi Peninsula]]
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[[es:Península de Chukchi]]
[[fi:Tšuktšien niemimaa]]
[[fr:Péninsule tchouktche]]
[[hr:Čukotski poluotok]]
[[id:Semenanjung Chukchi]]
[[it:Penisola dei Čukči]]
[[ja:チュクチ半島]]
[[ka:ჩუკოტკის ნახევარკუნძული]]
[[ko:축치 반도]]
[[lt:Čiukčių pusiasalis]]
[[lv:Čukču pussala]]
[[mn:Чукотын хойг]]
[[ms:Semenanjung Chukchi]]
[[nds:Tschuktschen-Halfinsel]]
[[nl:Tsjoektsjenschiereiland]]
[[nn:Tsjuktsjarhalvøya]]
[[no:Tsjuktsjerhalvøya]]
[[pl:Półwysep Czukocki]]
[[pt:Península de Chukotka]]
[[ru:Чукотский полуостров]]
[[sah:Чукотка тумул арыы]]
[[sk:Čukotský polostrov]]
[[sr:Чукотско полуострво]]
[[sv:Tjuktjerhalvön]]
[[uk:Чукотський півострів]]
[[vi:Bán đảo Chukotka]]
[[zh:楚科奇半岛]]

Benutzer:Tea with toast

2009-12-27T18:25:19Z

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Benutzer:Tea with toast

2009-12-27T18:17:17Z

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Misrata

2009-12-03T02:21:29Z

Tea with toast: copyediting, removed "wikify" tag and added "refimprove"

{{cleanup|date=December 2007}}
{{refimprove|date=December 2009}}

'''Misurata''' ({{lang-ar|مصراته}}) is a city in Misurata District in northwestern [[Libya]], situated 210 km to the east of [[Tripoli]] on the Mediterranean coast near Cape Misurata.

With a population of about 650,000 in 2007, Misurata is the third largest city in Libya after Tripoli and [[Benghazi]].{{cn|date=December 2009}} Misurata is the capital city of Misurata District and has been called the business capital of Libya. It is also considered one of the richest cities in [[North Africa]].{{cn|date=December 2009}} The harbor at Misurata is called [[Qasr Ahmed]].

== History ==
There is no consensus among different sources on whether the city was established by the [[Phoenicians]] (3000 years ago),<ref name=Arabic_Wikipedia>{{cite web
| title = مصراته (in Arabic: "Misratah")
| publisher = Arabic Wikipedia
| date = 2006-11-10
| url = http://ar.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A9&oldid=380935
| accessdate = 2006-12-07
}}</ref> the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]],<ref name=Columbia_Encyclopedia_on_infoplease.com>{{cite web
| title = Misratah
| work = The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed
| publisher = Columbia University Press
| year = 2006
| url = http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0833402.html
| accessdate = 2006-12-07
}}</ref> or the [[Muslim conquests]] ([[7th century AD]]);<ref name=Britannica>{{cite web
| title = Misratah
| work = Encyclopædia Britannica
| publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
| year = 2006
| url = http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9052971/Misratah
| accessdate = 2006-12-07
}}</ref><ref name=Encarta_on_greatestcities.com>{{cite web
| authorlink =
http://encarta.msn.com
| title = Misratah, Libya, Pictures
| work = Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2001
| publisher = Microsoft Corporation
| year = 2001
| url = http://www.greatestcities.com/Africa/Libya/Misratah_Misurata_city.html
| accessdate = 2006-12-07 }}</ref> <ref name=Lexicorient>{{cite web
| title = Misratah
| authorlink = http://lexicorient.com/tore-eo.htm
| work = Encyclopaedia of the Orient
| year = 2006
| url = http://lexicorient.com/e.o/misratah.htm
| accessdate = 2006-12-07
}}</ref> nor on what was its old name (''Thubactis'',<ref name=Britannica>{{cite web
| title = Misratah
| work = Encyclopædia Britannica
| publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
| year = 2006
| url = http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9052971/Misratah
| accessdate = 2006-12-07
}}</ref><ref name=Encarta_on_greatestcities.com>{{cite web
| authorlink =
http://encarta.msn.com
| title = Misratah, Libya, Pictures
| work = Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2001
| publisher = Microsoft Corporation
| year = 2001
| url = http://www.greatestcities.com/Africa/Libya/Misratah_Misurata_city.html
| accessdate = 2006-12-07
}}</ref> ''Thubaqt'',<ref name=Lexicorient>{{cite web
| title = Misurata
| authorlink = http://lexicorient.com/tore-eo.htm
| work = Encyclopaedia of the Orient
| year = 2006
| url = http://lexicorient.com/e.o/misratah.htm
| accessdate = 2006-12-07
}}</ref> ''Tubartis'',<ref name=Columbia_Encyclopedia_on_infoplease.com>{{cite web
| title = Misurata
| work = The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed | publisher = Columbia University Press
| year = 2006
| url = http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0833402.html
| accessdate = 2006-12-07
}}</ref> or ''Tobasitis''{{Fact|date=February 2007}}).

Recent archaeological discoveries indicate that some sort of urban stability existed in the current location of the city since Roman times. {{Fact|date=February 2007}} The Roman origin theory seems to be less frequently cited and supported at least in the currently available sources and it is associated with slightly different names (''Tubartis'' or ''Tobasitis'') form those associated with the Islamic origin theory (''Thubactis'' or ''Thubaqt''). It is possible to reconcile the two theories by assuming that the city was initially founded by the Romans and was then known as ''Tubartis'' but later (after a period of disappearance or in a slightly different location) it was refounded by the Muslim conquests and named ''Thubactis''. In any case, in the 7th Century, it served as a caravan supply centre. <ref name=Britannica>{{cite web
| title = Misratah
| work = Encyclopædia Britannica
| publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
| year = 2006
| url = http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9052971/Misratah
| accessdate = 2006-12-07 }}</ref> <ref name=Lexicorient>{{cite web
| title = Misratah
| authorlink = http://lexicorient.com/tore-eo.htm
| work = Encyclopaedia of the Orient
| year = 2006
| url = http://lexicorient.com/e.o/misratah.htm
| accessdate = 2006-12-07 }}</ref> The city still preserves an old part of it with narrow streets dating backing to its early Islamic age. <ref name=Encarta_on_greatestcities.com>{{cite web
| authorlink =
http://encarta.msn.com
| title = Misratah, Libya, Pictures
| work = Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2001
| publisher = Microsoft Corporation
| year = 2001
| url = http://www.greatestcities.com/Africa/Libya/Misratah_Misurata_city.html
| accessdate = 2006-12-07 }}</ref>

== A resume of Misurata ==
[[File:Road from Tripoli to Misrata, Libya.jpeg|thumb|right|On the way from Tripoli to Misratah]]
Misratah is one of the trade centers that the Phoenicians started building in the tenth century BC on the northern western part of the Libyan coast.{{cn|date=December 2009}} Thus, for almost three thousand years, it has always been and continues to be a major trade and commerce hub in Libya. Misrata is also known for its scholars and numerous contributors to Libyan Art, Literature and academia.

The city was known in the old ages by the name of Cephale Tobactus.{{cn|date=December 2009}} It derived its importance from being on the crossroads of vital routes and amidst an agricultural area mentioned by the name of Cephale Promentium in ancient documents called [[Stade Somas Marcie Magna]] (the longest distances in the great sea) in the fourth century BC. This means that it was mentioned in those documents in a period that goes back to an era of two thousand three hundred and fifty years ago which is considered one of the oldest references in which the coastal suburb of [[Qasr Ahmed]] where the port of Misratah is located was mentioned and was found so far. The geographer [[Strabo]] described it in the first century BC that it is a high head covered with bushes forming the great gulf of [[Sirt]]. It was mentioned by [[Plotemeus]], the famous geographer in the name of the Treron Akron, for it is formed of three capes from the main land springing in the sea and inhabited by the tribe Misurata. So it was named after the name of this tribe. It was also known by the name ''Dat Arrimal'' (the sandy one){{cn|date=December 2009}} for it has plenty of white and yellow sand dunes.

Misratah lies on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea 211 km East of Tripoli and 825 km west of Benghazi. The location of the city forms a mixture of a dualism of sea and sand for it is surrounded by the sea from the north and east and from the south it is surrounded by the golden sands combined with the long palm trees, the shady olives and the green plains which encircle the center of the town with its modern buildings, wide streets, large factories such as the iron and steel complex and carpets and textile factories and a number of establishments, companies and trade centers.

Besides its distinguished location, which makes it a starting point for the exchange of commodities and materials with the rest of the cities of the country, Misratah enjoys a new infrastructure in the field of services such as roads, electricity and communications. It is also the seat of many national companies such as the Libyan Ports Company, [[Libyan Iron and Steel Company]], the Libyan publishing, distribution and Advertising Company. Besides that it has branches of public and private sector banks and one locally and privately owned bank.

== Importance ==
Misratah today is a modern prosperous city with light industries (carpets and textiles among many others) and heavy industries (iron and steel industrial complex). The city has a great potential for expansion since it attracts a lot of internal immigration and is surrounded by uninhabited flat land with no obstacles. There is a port in the neighbouring town of [[Qasr Ahmed]].

The [[7 October University]], with its 15 faculties, is located in the city. There are several higher education institutions including a number of university faculties that are administratively linked to universities of other cities in Libya (e.g. [[Al-Tahadi University]] of [[Sirt]] and [[Al Fateh Univeristy]] of Tripoli).

== Football clubs ==
* [[Asswehly Sports Club|Asswehly]] (founded 1944)
* [[Al Hiyad Misratah|Alhiyad]] (founded 1965)
* [[Al Shmoo']]

== Transport ==
A [[Transport in Libya|railway line]] and port is proposed in 2008.

== See also ==
* [[Transport in Libya]]
* [[Tripolitania]]
* [[Railway stations in Libya]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/search.aspx?q=misratah Misratah Page on ''Encarta Online'' (encarta.msn.com).] ([http://www.webcitation.org/5kx5z9b64 Archived] 2009-11-01)
* [http://encarta.msn.com/map_701514717/Mi%C5%9Fr%C4%81tah.html Map of Misratah on the dynamic atlas of ''Encarta Online'' (encarta.msn.com).]
* [http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&t=h&om=0&z=11&ll=32.357053,15.091438&spn=0.267393,0.462799 Misratah dynamic map from Google Maps.]
* [http://lexicorient.com/e.o/misratah.htm Image from Misratah in the article from the ''Encyclopaedia of the Orient'' (lexiorient.com).]
* [http://www.fallingrain.com/world/LY/58/Misratah.html FallingRain Map - elevation = 27m]
{{coord|32|22|N|15|05|E|region:LY_type:city|display=title}}

{{Districts of Libya}}
{{Districts of Libya 2001-2007}}




[[Category:Misurata| ]]
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages in Libya]]
[[Category:Settlements established in the 7th century]]
[[Category:Coastal settlements in Libya]]
[[Category:Roman sites in Libya]]

[[ar:مصراته]]
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[[ro:Districtul Misratah]]
[[ru:Мисурата]]
[[fi:Al Misratah]]
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[[vo:Misratä]]
[[zh:米蘇拉塔省]]