Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Cannibal (EP)

2010-10-29T00:56:23Z

Tcncv: Semi-protected for two weeks.

{{pp-semi|small=yes}}
{{Infobox album 
| Name = Cannibal
| Type = ep
| Artist = [[Kesha]]
| Cover = Cannibal_cover.jpg
| Alt =
| Border = yes
| Released = {{Start date|2010|11|22}} (see [[#Release history|release history]])
| Recorded = September 2010; [[Conway Recording Studios]] ([[Hollywood]], [[Los Angeles]], [[California]])
| Genre = [[Dance-pop]], [[electropop]]
| Length =
| Label = [[RCA Records|RCA]]
| Producer = [[Dr. Luke]] (also [[executive producer|exec.]]), [[Benny Blanco]], [[Ammo (musician)|Ammo]], [[Max Martin]], [[Bangladesh (producer)|Bangladesh]]
| Misc = {{Singles
| Name = Cannibal
| Type = ep
| Single 1 = [[We R Who We R]]
| Single 1 date = {{Start date|2010|10|22}}
| Single 2 = 
}}}}
'''''Cannibal''''' is the upcoming first [[extended play]] (EP) by American recording artist [[Kesha]], set to be released on November 22, 2010. The EP is a follow up companion to her previous record, ''[[Animal (Kesha album)|Animal]]''. Originally the record was set to only be released as a deluxe edition of ''Animal'', but was instead sold and released as both an EP and a deluxe edition of ''Animal''. Kesha worked with a variety of producers and writers such as [[Dr. Luke]] as the executive producer, [[Benny Blanco]], [[Ammo (musician)|Ammo]], [[Max Martin]], [[Bangladesh (producer)|Bangladesh]] and others.

==Background and inspiration==
{{Quote box|width=30%|align=left|quote="This year has been carnivorous and life-changing. I have my rowdy, gorgeous fans to thank for taking me on the ride of a lifetime,[...] My only goal with this record is to keep them dancing. The songs on Cannibal were made to inspire people to ignore any hate or judgment and be themselves unapologetically. It's the perfect companion to Animal and I hope you guys like it. And if you don't like it — bite me"<ref name="Montgomery1">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1649918/20101013/kesha_.jhtml|title=Kesha To Return With Cannibal On November 22. Animal companion will feature eight new songs|date=2010-10-13|author=Montgomery, James|work=''[[MTV News]]''| publisher=[[MTV Networks]] ([[Viacom]])|accessdate=2010-10-13}}</ref>|source=— Kesha explaining the title of the record and re-release}}
Originally believed to only be a re-release of ''[[Animal (Kesha album)|Animal]]'', ''Cannibal'' was instead released both as a deluxe edition of ''Animal'' as well as a standalone [[extended play]] (EP).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2010/10/kesha-joins-the-quick-ep-wave-with-cannibal.html|title=Kesha joins the quick-turnaround EP trend with 'Cannibal'|date=2010-10-13|author=Brown, August|publisher=[[Los Angeles Times]]|accessdate=2010-10-15}}</ref><ref name="Bangrap">{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2010/09/18/kesha-wants-to-be-gangster-says-producer/|title=Kesha Wants to Be ‘Gangster,’ Says Producer|publisher=''[[Rap-Up]]''|accessdate=2010-10-13}}</ref> The EP has been classified as a follow up "nine-song companion" record to ''Animal''.<ref name="Montgomery1"/> ''Cannibal'' was originally intended to contain anywhere between four to eight tracks with the final outcome instead consisting of eight tracks, and a remix of her debut album's title track, for a total of nine tracks.<ref name="Montgomery1"/><ref name="EW1" />

Recording of the album took place during September, 2010, at [[Conway Recording Studios|Conway Studios]] with Dr. Luke again as the executive producer. Like her debut album, Kesha worked with similar producers and writers such as; [[Dr. Luke]], [[Ammo (musician)|Ammo]], [[Benny Blanco]] and [[Max Martin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/features/dr-luke-the-billboard-cover-story-1004112877.story#/features/dr-luke-the-billboard-cover-story-1004112877.story|title=Dr. Luke: The Billboard Cover Story|date=2010-09-03|author=Willman, Chris|work=[[Billboard magazine|Billboard]]|publisher=[[Nielsen Company|Nielsen Business Media]]|accessdate=2010-09-03}}</ref> Unlike her debut album though, Kesha enlisted the help of producer [[Bangladesh (producer)|Bangladesh]]. She explained the reasoning for enlisting his help was that she wanted to "add a tougher edge to her music".<ref name="Bangrap"/> Kesha recorded the abundance of ''Cannibal'' over a two week span with a variety of producers.<ref name="EW1"/> She said that the message she wanted to put out through this album was to create "good, positive, [danceable] music". She elaborated, "I feel like I’m creating this hopefully very youthful and irreverent movement of the kids, of like adolescence. I feel like the parents don’t get it, but the kids get it. And they deserve to have more good, positive music.”<ref name="EW1">{{cite web|url=http://music-mix.ew.com/2010/10/14/keha-new-album-cannibal/|title=Kesha talks to EW about upcoming album 'Cannibal': 'It's fun as s--!'|author=Stransky, Tanner|date=2010-10-14|work=''Music Mix''. ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''|publisher=[[Time Inc.|Time Inc]]|accessdate=2010-10-14}}</ref>

==Singles==
"[[We R Who We R]]" was released as the album's lead single on October 22, 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/ca/album/we-r-who-we-r-single/id398439652|title=We R Who We R - Single (Canada)|work=''iTunes Store''|publisher=Apple Inc|accessdate=2010-10-26}}</ref> Kesha said she was affected by the recent teenage suicides, in particular [[Suicide of Tyler Clementi|Tyler Clementi]] who committed suicide after being targeted by [[homophobia]].<ref name="RollingStone">{{cite web|last=Doyle|first=Patrick|title=Kesha Says New Single Addresses Teen Suicides {{!}} Rolling Stone Music|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/51942/221573|date=2010-10-18|publisher=''[[Rolling Stone]]''|accessdate=2010-10-18}}</ref> She elaborated, "I was really affected [..] having been subject to very public hatred [myself]. I have absolutely no idea how these kids felt. What I'm going through is nothing compared to what they had to go through. Just know things do get better and you need to celebrate who you are." She hopes the song will be an anthem for "weirdos", and said, "Every weird thing about you is beautiful and makes life interesting. Hopefully the song really captures that emotion of celebrating who you are."<ref name="RollingStone"/>

==Track listing==
Source: <ref name="Amazon"/>
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Producer(s)
| writing_credits = yes
| title1 = Cannibal
| writer1 =
| length1 =
| title2 = [[We R Who We R]]
| writer2 = [[Kesha|Kesha Sebert]], [[Dr. Luke|Lukasz Gottwald]], [[Benny Blanco|Benjamin Levin]], [[Ammo (musician)|Joshua Coleman]]
| extra2 = Dr. Luke, Benny Blanco, Ammo
| length2 = 3:24
| title3 = Sleazy
| writer3 =
| length3 = 3:25
| title4 = Blow
| writer4 =
| length4 =
| title5 = The Harold Song
| writer5 =
| length5 =
| title6 = Crazy Beautiful Life
| writer6 =
| length6 =
| title7 = Grow a Pear
| writer7 =
| length7 =
| title8 = CUNext Tuesday
| writer8 = K. Sebert, [[David Gamson]], Marc Nelkin
| length8 = 4:21
| title9 = Animal (Billboard Remix)
| writer9 = K. Sebert, Gottwald, [[Greg Kurstin]], Pebe Sebert
| extra9 =
| length9 =
}}

==Release history==
{|class="wikitable"
! Region
! Date
! Label
|-
|-
| United States<ref name="Amazon">{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.com/Cannibal-Kesha/dp/B0046M14RG|title=Cannibal (Kesha album) Audio CD||publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|accessdate=2010-10-14}}</ref>
| November 22, 2010
| [[RCA Records]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Kesha}}

[[Category:Albums produced by Dr. Luke]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Max Martin]]
[[Category:English-language EPs]]
[[Category:Kesha albums]]
[[Category:RCA Records EPs]]
[[Category:Upcoming albums]]

[[de:Cannibal (Album)]]
[[es:Cannibal (EP)]]
[[fr:Cannibal (album)]]
[[nl:Cannibal (album)]]
[[pt:Cannibal (EP)]]

Cannibal (EP)

2010-10-29T00:55:54Z

Tcncv: Protected Cannibal (EP): Mix of vandalism and repeated addition of unsourced material. ([edit=autoconfirmed] (expires 00:55, 12 November 2010 (UTC)) [move=autoconfirmed] (expires 00:55, 12 November 2010 (UTC)))

{{Infobox album 
| Name = Cannibal
| Type = ep
| Artist = [[Kesha]]
| Cover = Cannibal_cover.jpg
| Alt =
| Border = yes
| Released = {{Start date|2010|11|22}} (see [[#Release history|release history]])
| Recorded = September 2010; [[Conway Recording Studios]] ([[Hollywood]], [[Los Angeles]], [[California]])
| Genre = [[Dance-pop]], [[electropop]]
| Length =
| Label = [[RCA Records|RCA]]
| Producer = [[Dr. Luke]] (also [[executive producer|exec.]]), [[Benny Blanco]], [[Ammo (musician)|Ammo]], [[Max Martin]], [[Bangladesh (producer)|Bangladesh]]
| Misc = {{Singles
| Name = Cannibal
| Type = ep
| Single 1 = [[We R Who We R]]
| Single 1 date = {{Start date|2010|10|22}}
| Single 2 = 
}}}}
'''''Cannibal''''' is the upcoming first [[extended play]] (EP) by American recording artist [[Kesha]], set to be released on November 22, 2010. The EP is a follow up companion to her previous record, ''[[Animal (Kesha album)|Animal]]''. Originally the record was set to only be released as a deluxe edition of ''Animal'', but was instead sold and released as both an EP and a deluxe edition of ''Animal''. Kesha worked with a variety of producers and writers such as [[Dr. Luke]] as the executive producer, [[Benny Blanco]], [[Ammo (musician)|Ammo]], [[Max Martin]], [[Bangladesh (producer)|Bangladesh]] and others.

==Background and inspiration==
{{Quote box|width=30%|align=left|quote="This year has been carnivorous and life-changing. I have my rowdy, gorgeous fans to thank for taking me on the ride of a lifetime,[...] My only goal with this record is to keep them dancing. The songs on Cannibal were made to inspire people to ignore any hate or judgment and be themselves unapologetically. It's the perfect companion to Animal and I hope you guys like it. And if you don't like it — bite me"<ref name="Montgomery1">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1649918/20101013/kesha_.jhtml|title=Kesha To Return With Cannibal On November 22. Animal companion will feature eight new songs|date=2010-10-13|author=Montgomery, James|work=''[[MTV News]]''| publisher=[[MTV Networks]] ([[Viacom]])|accessdate=2010-10-13}}</ref>|source=— Kesha explaining the title of the record and re-release}}
Originally believed to only be a re-release of ''[[Animal (Kesha album)|Animal]]'', ''Cannibal'' was instead released both as a deluxe edition of ''Animal'' as well as a standalone [[extended play]] (EP).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2010/10/kesha-joins-the-quick-ep-wave-with-cannibal.html|title=Kesha joins the quick-turnaround EP trend with 'Cannibal'|date=2010-10-13|author=Brown, August|publisher=[[Los Angeles Times]]|accessdate=2010-10-15}}</ref><ref name="Bangrap">{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2010/09/18/kesha-wants-to-be-gangster-says-producer/|title=Kesha Wants to Be ‘Gangster,’ Says Producer|publisher=''[[Rap-Up]]''|accessdate=2010-10-13}}</ref> The EP has been classified as a follow up "nine-song companion" record to ''Animal''.<ref name="Montgomery1"/> ''Cannibal'' was originally intended to contain anywhere between four to eight tracks with the final outcome instead consisting of eight tracks, and a remix of her debut album's title track, for a total of nine tracks.<ref name="Montgomery1"/><ref name="EW1" />

Recording of the album took place during September, 2010, at [[Conway Recording Studios|Conway Studios]] with Dr. Luke again as the executive producer. Like her debut album, Kesha worked with similar producers and writers such as; [[Dr. Luke]], [[Ammo (musician)|Ammo]], [[Benny Blanco]] and [[Max Martin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/features/dr-luke-the-billboard-cover-story-1004112877.story#/features/dr-luke-the-billboard-cover-story-1004112877.story|title=Dr. Luke: The Billboard Cover Story|date=2010-09-03|author=Willman, Chris|work=[[Billboard magazine|Billboard]]|publisher=[[Nielsen Company|Nielsen Business Media]]|accessdate=2010-09-03}}</ref> Unlike her debut album though, Kesha enlisted the help of producer [[Bangladesh (producer)|Bangladesh]]. She explained the reasoning for enlisting his help was that she wanted to "add a tougher edge to her music".<ref name="Bangrap"/> Kesha recorded the abundance of ''Cannibal'' over a two week span with a variety of producers.<ref name="EW1"/> She said that the message she wanted to put out through this album was to create "good, positive, [danceable] music". She elaborated, "I feel like I’m creating this hopefully very youthful and irreverent movement of the kids, of like adolescence. I feel like the parents don’t get it, but the kids get it. And they deserve to have more good, positive music.”<ref name="EW1">{{cite web|url=http://music-mix.ew.com/2010/10/14/keha-new-album-cannibal/|title=Kesha talks to EW about upcoming album 'Cannibal': 'It's fun as s--!'|author=Stransky, Tanner|date=2010-10-14|work=''Music Mix''. ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''|publisher=[[Time Inc.|Time Inc]]|accessdate=2010-10-14}}</ref>

==Singles==
"[[We R Who We R]]" was released as the album's lead single on October 22, 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://itunes.apple.com/ca/album/we-r-who-we-r-single/id398439652|title=We R Who We R - Single (Canada)|work=''iTunes Store''|publisher=Apple Inc|accessdate=2010-10-26}}</ref> Kesha said she was affected by the recent teenage suicides, in particular [[Suicide of Tyler Clementi|Tyler Clementi]] who committed suicide after being targeted by [[homophobia]].<ref name="RollingStone">{{cite web|last=Doyle|first=Patrick|title=Kesha Says New Single Addresses Teen Suicides {{!}} Rolling Stone Music|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/51942/221573|date=2010-10-18|publisher=''[[Rolling Stone]]''|accessdate=2010-10-18}}</ref> She elaborated, "I was really affected [..] having been subject to very public hatred [myself]. I have absolutely no idea how these kids felt. What I'm going through is nothing compared to what they had to go through. Just know things do get better and you need to celebrate who you are." She hopes the song will be an anthem for "weirdos", and said, "Every weird thing about you is beautiful and makes life interesting. Hopefully the song really captures that emotion of celebrating who you are."<ref name="RollingStone"/>

==Track listing==
Source: <ref name="Amazon"/>
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Producer(s)
| writing_credits = yes
| title1 = Cannibal
| writer1 =
| length1 =
| title2 = [[We R Who We R]]
| writer2 = [[Kesha|Kesha Sebert]], [[Dr. Luke|Lukasz Gottwald]], [[Benny Blanco|Benjamin Levin]], [[Ammo (musician)|Joshua Coleman]]
| extra2 = Dr. Luke, Benny Blanco, Ammo
| length2 = 3:24
| title3 = Sleazy
| writer3 =
| length3 = 3:25
| title4 = Blow
| writer4 =
| length4 =
| title5 = The Harold Song
| writer5 =
| length5 =
| title6 = Crazy Beautiful Life
| writer6 =
| length6 =
| title7 = Grow a Pear
| writer7 =
| length7 =
| title8 = CUNext Tuesday
| writer8 = K. Sebert, [[David Gamson]], Marc Nelkin
| length8 = 4:21
| title9 = Animal (Billboard Remix)
| writer9 = K. Sebert, Gottwald, [[Greg Kurstin]], Pebe Sebert
| extra9 =
| length9 =
}}

==Release history==
{|class="wikitable"
! Region
! Date
! Label
|-
|-
| United States<ref name="Amazon">{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.com/Cannibal-Kesha/dp/B0046M14RG|title=Cannibal (Kesha album) Audio CD||publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|accessdate=2010-10-14}}</ref>
| November 22, 2010
| [[RCA Records]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Kesha}}

[[Category:Albums produced by Dr. Luke]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Max Martin]]
[[Category:English-language EPs]]
[[Category:Kesha albums]]
[[Category:RCA Records EPs]]
[[Category:Upcoming albums]]

[[de:Cannibal (Album)]]
[[es:Cannibal (EP)]]
[[fr:Cannibal (album)]]
[[nl:Cannibal (album)]]
[[pt:Cannibal (EP)]]

Sexuelle Gewalt im Zweiten Weltkrieg

2010-10-26T00:35:47Z

Tcncv: Remove questionable material from apparent source that fails to meet WP:RS

{{POV|date=May 2010}}
{{Expand German|Verbrechen_der_Roten_Armee_im_Zweiten_Weltkrieg#Vergewaltigungen|date=January 2010}}

A wave of rapes and sexual violence occurred in Central Europe in 1944–45, as the Western Allies and the Red Army battered their way into the Third Reich.<ref>Perry Biddiscombe. Dangerous Liaisons: The Anti-Fraternization Movement in the U.S. Occupation Zones of Germany and Austria, 1945-1948. ''Journal of Social History'', Vol. 34, No. 3 (Spring, 2001), pp. 611-647. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3789820</ref> The majority of the assaults were committed in the Soviet occupation zone; estimates of the numbers of rapes committed by Soviet soldiers range from tens of thousands to 2 million.<ref name="ElizabethHeineman">Elizabeth Heineman. The Hour of the Woman: Memories of Germany's "Crisis Years" and West German National Identity. ''The American Historical Review'', Vol. 101, No. 2 (Apr., 1996), pp. 354-395. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2170395</ref><ref>Kuwert, P., & Freyberger, H. (2007). The unspoken secret: Sexual violence in World War II. International Psychogeriatrics, 19(4), 782-784. doi:10.1017/S1041610207005376.</ref><ref name="BBC">http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/berlin_01.shtml</ref><ref name="Schissler">Hanna Schissler ''The Miracle Years: A Cultural History of West Germany, 1949-1968'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=00fCzJKt1QMC&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28&dq=soviet+estimates+rape+tens+of+thousands&source=web&ots=xzyKzJm1sj&sig=cy2AfPmp7ZvT7K9YSWPRkXoyp6E]</ref><ref name="NPR">http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=106687768</ref> Around 100,000 women are believed to have been raped in [[Berlin]], based on surging abortion rates in the following months and contemporary hospital reports,<ref name="BBC"/> with an estimated 10,000 women dying in the aftermath.<ref name="Grossman">Atina Grossmann. A Question of Silence: The Rape of German Women by Occupation Soldiers ''October'', Vol. 72, ''Berlin 1945: War and Rape "Liberators Take Liberties"'' (Spring, 1995), pp. 42-63 MIT Press. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/778926</ref> Female deaths in connection with the rapes in Germany, overall, are estimated at 240,000.<ref name="sander">Helke Sander/Barbara Johr: ''BeFreier und Befreite'', Fischer, Frankfurt 2005</ref><ref>Seidler/[[Alfred de Zayas|Zayas]]: ''Kriegsverbrechen in Europa und im Nahen Osten im 20. Jahrhundert'', Mittler, Hamburg Berlin Bonn 2002</ref> [[Antony Beevor]] describes it as the "greatest phenomenon of mass [[rape]] in history", and has concluded that at least 1.4 million women were raped in East Prussia, Pomerania and Silesia alone.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/05/16/1052885399546.html | work=The Sydney Morning Herald | title=An orgy of denial in Hitler's bunker}}</ref> According to Natalya Gesse, "the Russian soldiers were raping every German female from eight to eighty."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2002/may/01/news.features11 | location=London | work=The Guardian | title=They raped every German female from eight to 80 | date=1 May 2002 | first=Antony | last=Beevor}}</ref>

After the summer of 1945, Soviet soldiers caught raping civilians were usually punished to some degree, ranging from arrest to execution.<ref>Norman M. Naimark. ''The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945-1949.'' Cambridge: Belknap, 1995 p. 92 ISBN 0-674-78405-7</ref> The rapes continued, however, until the winter of 1947–48, when Soviet occupation authorities finally confined Soviet troops to strictly guarded posts and camps,“<ref>Naimark. ''The Russians in Germany'', p. 79</ref> completely separating them from the residential population in the Soviet zone of Germany.

There is dispute in Russia concerning these claims.<ref name="RedArmy">{{Cite news | last = Summers| first = Chris| title = Red Army rapists exposed| pages = | newspaper = [[BBC News Online]]| location = | date = 29 April 2002| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1939174.stm| archiveurl = | archivedate = | accessdate = 27 May 2010}}</ref> They have encountered vast criticism from historians in Russia and the Russian government.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2002/01/25/wruss25.xml telegraph.co.uk]</ref> Critics argue that the numbers are based on faulty methodology and questionable sources. It is argued that although there were cases of excesses and heavy-handed command, the Red Army as a whole treated the population of the former Reich with respect. In his review of ''[[Berlin: The Downfall 1945]]'', O.A. Rzheshevsky, a professor and President of the Russian Association of World War II Historians, has charged that Beevor is merely resurrecting the discredited and racist views of [[Neo-Nazi]] historians, who depicted Soviet troops as subhuman "Asiatic hordes." <ref>[http://gpw.tellur.ru/page.html?r=books&s=beevor Review of Berlin: 1945] {{ru icon}})</ref> In an interview with ''[[BBC News Online]]'', Rzheshevsky admitted that he had only read excerpts and had not seen the book's source notes. He claimed that Beevor's use of phrases such as "Berliners remember" and "the experiences of the raped German women" were better suited "for pulp fiction, than scientific research." Rzheshevsky also defended Soviet reprisals against Germans, stating that the Germans could have expected an "avalanche of revenge".<ref name="RedArmy">{{Cite news | last = Summers| first = Chris| title = Red Army rapists exposed| pages = | newspaper = [[BBC News Online]]| location = | date = 29 April 2002| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1939174.stm| archiveurl = | archivedate = | accessdate = 27 May 2010}}</ref>

[[Richard Overy]], a historian from [[King's College London]], has criticized the viewpoint held by some Russians, asserting that they refuse to acknowledge [[Soviet war crimes]] committed during the war, "Partly this is because they felt that much of it was justified vengeance against an enemy who committed much worse, and partly it was because they were writing the victors' history."<ref name="RedArmy">{{Cite news | last = Summers| first = Chris| title = Red Army rapists exposed| pages = | newspaper = [[BBC News Online]]| location = | date = 29 April 2002| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1939174.stm| archiveurl = | archivedate = | accessdate = 27 May 2010}}</ref>

In postwar Germany, especially in West Germany, the war time rape stories became an essential part of political discourse.<ref name="ElizabethHeineman"/> The rape of German woman (along with expulsion of Germans from the East and Allied occupation) had been universalized in an attempt to situate the German population on the whole as victims.<ref name="ElizabethHeineman"/> This discourse became wholly discredited by the late 1960s; since 1970s on German leftists conducted politics focused on critical investigation of the Nazi past, the older generations’ unwillingness to face that past, and their tendency to portray themselves as victims rather than as perpetrators, particularly of the Holocaust.<ref name="bos">Pascale R . Bos, Feminists Interpreting the Politics of Wartime Rape: Berlin, 1945; Yugoslavia, 1992–1993 Journal of Women in Culture and Society 2006, vol. 31, no. 4, p.996-1025</ref> Therefore, the frequently reiterated claim that the war time rapes had been surrounded by decades of silence<ref name="sander"/> is simply not correct.<ref name="bos"/>

The way the rapes have been discussed by Sander and Johr in their "''BeFreier und Befreite''"<ref name="sander"/> has been criticised by several scholars. According to Grossmann, the problem is that this is not a "universal" story of women being raped by men, but of German women being abused and violated by an army that fought Nazi Germany and liberated death camps.<ref name="Grossman"/> Such attempts to deemphasize the historical context of the rape of German women is a serious omission, according to Stuart Liebman and Annette Michelson,<ref>Stuart Liebman and Annette Michelson. After the Fall: Women in the House of the Hangmen, ''October'', Vol. 72, (Spring, 1995), pp. 4-14</ref> and, according to Pascale Bos, is an example of ahistorical, feminist and sexist approach to the wartime rape issue.<ref name="bos"/>

According to Pascale Bos the feminist attempt to universalize the story of the rapes of German women came into a contradiction with Sander's and Johr's own description of the rapes as a form of genocidal rape: the rape of racially superior German women by racially inferior Russian soldiers, implying that such a rape was especially harmful for the victims.<ref name="bos"/> By contrast, the issue of the rapes of Soviet woman by ''Wehrmacht'' soldiers, that, according to some estimation amounted hundreds of thousands, if not millions cases <ref>Gertjejanssen, Wendy Jo. 2004. “Victims, Heroes, Survivors: Sexual Violence on the Eastern Front during World War II.” PhD diss., University of Minnesota.</ref> <ref>A 1942 Wehrmacht document suggested that the Nazi leadership considered implementing a special policy for the eastern front through which the estimated 750,000 babies born through sexual contact between the German soldiers and Russian women (an estimate deemed very conservative) could be identified and reclaimed as racially German. (The suggestion was made to add the middle names Friedrich and Luise to the birth certificates for boy and girl babies, respectively.) Although the plan was not implemented, such documents suggest that the births that resulted from rapes and other forms of sexual contact were deemed as beneficial, as increasing the “Aryan” race rather than as adding to the inferior Slavic race. The underlying ideology suggests that German rape and other forms of sexual contact may need to be seen as conforming to a larger military strategy of racial and territorial dominance. (Pascale R . Bos, Feminists Interpreting the Politics of Wartime Rape: Berlin, 1945; Yugoslavia, 1992–1993 Journal of Women in Culture and Society 2006, vol. 31, no. 4, p.996-1025)</ref> is not treated by the authors as something deserving serious mention.<ref name="bos"/>

==See also==
* [[Soviet war crimes]]
* [[War rape]]
* [[War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht#Mass_rapes|War crimes of the Wehrmacht: Mass rapes]]
* [[Sexual enslavement by Nazi Germany in World War II]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{World War II|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:20th century in Germany]]
[[Category:Aftermath of World War II]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses]]
[[Category:War rape]]
[[Category:War casualties|Rape]]
[[Category:War crimes|Rape]]


[[pt:Estupros em massa de mulheres alemãs pelo Exército Vermelho]]
[[uk:Масові згвалтування німецьких жінок червоноармійцями]]

Cotard-Syndrom

2010-09-17T23:18:08Z

Tcncv: Reverted 1 edit by Nathanid95 identified as vandalism to last revision by 97.96.157.172. (TW)

The '''Cotard delusion''' or '''Cotard's syndrome''' or '''Walking Corpse Syndrome,'''<ref>Berrios G.E. and Luque R. (1995) Cotard's delusion or syndrome?. ''Comprehensive Psychiatry'' 36: 218-223
</ref> also known as '''nihilistic''' or '''negation delusion''', is a rare [[neuropsychiatry|neuropsychiatric]] [[mental illness|disorder]] in which people hold a [[delusion]]al belief that they are [[death|dead]] (either figuratively or literally), do not exist, are [[putrefaction|putrefying]], or have lost their [[blood]] or [[internal organs]]. In rare instances, it can include delusions of immortality.<ref>Berrios G.E. and Luque R. (1995) Cotard Syndrome: clinical analysis of 100 cases. ''Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica'' 91: 185-188</ref>

==History==
The syndrome is named after [[Jules Cotard]] (1840–1889),<ref>{{WhoNamedIt|synd|2552|Cotard's syndrome}}</ref> a [[France|French]] [[neurologist]] who first described the condition,<ref>{{WhoNamedIt|doctor|2236|Jules Cotard}}</ref> which he called ''le délire de négation'' ("negation delirium"), in a lecture in [[Paris]] in 1880.<ref>Berrios G.E. & Luque R. (1999) Cotard's 'On hypochondriacal delusions in a severe form of anxious melancholia'. ''History of Psychiatry'' 10: 269-278.</ref> He described the syndrome as having degrees of severity that range from mild to severe. Despair and self-loathing characterize a mild state.

In this lecture, Cotard described a patient with the [[pseudonym]] of Mademoiselle X, who denied the existence of [[God]], the [[Devil]], several parts of her body, and her need to eat. Later she believed she was [[eternity|eternally]] [[damnation|damned]] and could no longer die a natural death. She later died of starvation.

==Signs and symptoms==
Young and Leafhead describe a modern-day case of Cotard delusion in a patient who suffered brain injury after a [[motorcycle]] accident:<ref>{{cite book
| author = Young, A.W. & Leafhead, K.M.
| year = 1996
| title = Betwixt Life and Death: Case Studies of the Cotard Delusion
| in = P.W. Halligan & J.C. Marshall. (eds.) ''Method in Madness: Case studies in Cognitive Neuropsychiatry''
| location = Hove
| publisher = Psychology Press
| page = 155}}</ref>

{{quote|[The patient's] symptoms occurred in the context of more general feelings of unreality and being dead. In January 1990, after his discharge from hospital in [[Edinburgh]], his mother took him to [[South Africa]]. He was convinced that he had been taken to hell (which was confirmed by the heat), and that he had died of [[septicemia|septicaemia]] (which had been a risk early in his recovery), or perhaps from [[AIDS]] (he had read a story in ''The Scotsman'' about someone with AIDS who died from septicaemia), or from an overdose of a [[yellow fever]] injection. He thought he had "borrowed my mother's spirit to show me round hell", and that he was asleep in [[Scotland]].}}

==Pathophysiology==
Neurologically, Cotard's is thought to be related to the [[Capgras delusion]], and both are thought to result from a disconnect between the brain areas that recognize faces ([[fusiform face area]]s<ref name = pearn />) and the areas that associate emotions with that recognition (the [[amygdala]] and other [[limbic]] structures). This disconnection creates a sense that the observed face is not the person's it purports to be, and therefore lacks the familiarity that should be associated with it. If it is a relative's face, it is experienced as an impostor's (Capgras); if the sufferer sees their own face they may feel no association between it and their sense of self, resulting in a sense that they do not exist.

Cotard's syndrome is encountered primarily in [[psychosis|psychoses]] such as [[schizophrenia]] and [[bipolar disorder]].<ref name = pearn /> It can arise in the context of [[neurological illness|neurological]] or [[mental illness]] and is particularly associated with [[clinical depression|depression]] and [[derealization]]. It has even been described in [[migraine]].<ref name = pearn>{{cite journal
| format = abstract
| author = Pearn, J. & Gardner-Thorpe, C
| date = May 14, 2002 | title = Jules Cotard (1840-1889) His life and the unique syndrome that bears his name
| journal = Neurology
| volume = 58
| number = 9
| pages = 1400–3
| pmid = 12011289
| issue = 9}}</ref>

Cotard delusion has also been the result of adverse drug reactions to (val)[[aciclovir]]. The symptoms were associated with high serum concentrations of CMMG, the principal [[metabolite]] of aciclovir. Patients with impaired [[renal function]] seem to be at risk even after dose reduction; in the cited case, [[haemodialysis]] cured the delusions in a few hours<ref name = pearn>{{cite journal
| url = http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/335/7633/1305
| format = Journal Article
| author = Anders Helldén, Ingegerd Odar-Cederlöf, Kajsa Larsson, Ingela Fehrman-Ekholm,Thomas Lindén
| date = Dec, 2007
| title = Death delusion
| journal = BMJ
| volume = 335
| number = 7633
| pages = 1305–1305
|doi = 10.1136/bmj.39408.393137.BE
| pmid = 18156240
| issue = 7633}}</ref> and it is suggested that this mental state may not always be a cause for psychiatric hospitalization.

==Treatment==
Treatment is difficult, and [[tricyclic]] and [[SSRI|serotoninergic]] [[antidepressant]] drugs have shown little efficacy. Treatment with [[antidepressants]], however, is a potentially viable option which could prove effective in conjunction with other remedies.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} [[Electroconvulsive therapy]] has shown greater promise, "curing" Cotard's sufferers in five studies of its efficacy with that treatment.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} [[Dialectical behavior therapy]] and other [[talking cure]]s might prove to be more effective, especially due to the fact that this disorder for some is as much [[cognitive]], [[linguistic]] and/or [[intellectual]] as it is [[biological]].

==Cultural references==

* In the ''[[Scrubs (TV series)|Scrubs]]'' episode "[[My Lucky Charm (Scrubs)|My Lucky Charm]]", a character suffering from a form of Cotard delusion complains of the hardships of being dead.
* [[United Kingdom|British]] [[electronic music]]ian [[Matt Elliott (musician)|Matt Elliott]] named a song for the condition on his 2003 album ''[[The Mess We Made]]''.
* Author [[Chuck Klosterman]] makes reference to Jules Cotard and Cotard's syndrome in his 2005 narrative ''[[Killing Yourself to Live: 85% of a True Story]]''. The protagonist, Klosterman, feels like he might be a victim of the syndrome, especially when he is in airports.
* In the 2008 [[Charlie Kaufman]] film ''[[Synecdoche, New York]]'', the main character's surname is Cotard, reflecting his obsession with death and the deterioration of his body.
* In the novel ''[[The Echo Maker]]'' by [[Richard Powers]], the main character's brother suffers from [[Capgras Syndrome]], as well as a few other delusions, including Cotard.
* The syndrome is the eponym of the [[Montana]]-based [[Gothic metal|Gothic]]/hardcore/[[metal]] band Walking Corpse Syndrome<ref>http://www.walkingcorpsesyndrome.com</ref>
* In a 2009 episode called 'After Life' of WNYC's Radiolab radio program, Cotard's syndrome is mentioned.<ref>[http://blogs.wnyc.org/radiolab/2009/07/27/after-life/ After Life] at Radiolab. 27 July 2009.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Psychosis]]
[[Category:Delusional disorder]]
[[Category:Culture-specific syndromes]]
[[Category:Undead]]

[[de:Cotard-Syndrom]]
[[es:Síndrome de Cotard]]
[[fr:Syndrome de Cotard]]
[[ko:코타르 증후군]]
[[it:Sindrome di Cotard]]
[[he:תסמונת קוטאר]]
[[nl:Syndroom van Cotard]]
[[no:Cotards syndrom]]
[[pl:Zespół Cotarda]]
[[ru:Синдром Котара]]
[[fi:Cotardin oireyhtymä]]
[[sv:Cotards syndrom]]

Look (Magazin)

2010-09-17T23:16:26Z

Tcncv: Reverted edits by Nathanid95 (talk) to last revision by DavidWBrooks (HG)

{{otheruses|Look (disambiguation)}}
[[Image:Look13040.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Actress [[Anne Gwynne]], a 1939–40 model for [[Catalina Swimwear]], was featured on the January 30, 1940 cover of ''Look''.]]
'''''Look''''' was a [[biweekly|bi-weekly]], general-interest [[magazine]] published in [[Des Moines]], [[Iowa]] from 1937 to 1971, with more of an emphasis on [[photograph]]s than articles. A large-size magazine of 11 by 14 [[inch]]es, it was generally considered the also-ran to [[Life (magazine)|''Life'' magazine]], which began publication only months earlier and ended in 1972. It is known for helping launch the career of [[film director]] [[Stanley Kubrick]], who was a staff photographer.

==Origin==
Gardner "Mike" Cowles, Jr. (1903–1985), the magazine's co-founder (with his brother John) and first editor, was executive editor of ''[[The Des Moines Register]]'' and ''[[Des Moines Tribune|The Des Moines Tribune]]''. When the first issue went on sale in early 1937, it sold 705,000 copies.<ref>"Pictorial Magazine Prints First Issue", ''[[The Washington Post]]'', January 6, 1937, p. 3.</ref><ref>"[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,770988,00.html Ads to Look]", ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', November 8, 1937.</ref>

Although planned to begin with the January 1937 issue, the actual first issue of ''Look'' to be distributed was the February 1937 issue, numbered as Volume 1, Number 2. It was published monthly for five issues (February–May 1937), then switched to bi-weekly starting with the May 11, 1937 issue. Page numbering on early issue counted the front cover as page one. Early issues, subtitled ''Monthly Picture Magazine'', carried no advertising.<ref>[http://2neat.com/magazines/index.php?main_page=index&cPath=1_4 "''Look'' is Born"]</ref>

The unusual format of the early issues featured layouts of photos with long captions or very short articles. The magazine's backers described it as "an experiment based on the tremendous unfilled demand for extraordinary news and [[feature story|feature]] pictures." It was aimed at a broader readership than ''[[Life magazine|Life]]'', promising trade papers that ''Look'' would have "reader interest for yourself, for your wife, for your private secretary, for your office boy."<ref>"[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,757259-1,00.html Look Out]", ''Time'', January 11, 1937.</ref>

==Circulation peak==
[[Image:Look-building.jpg|thumb|250px|Look Building on Madison Avenue in New York]]
Within weeks, more than a million copies were bought of each issue,<ref>Look (advertisement), ''The Washington Post'', March 31, 1937, p. 15.</ref> and it became a bi-weekly. By 1948 it sold 2.9 million copies per issue.<ref>Look (advertisement), ''New York Times'', June 8, 1948, p. 16.</ref> Circulation reached 3.7 million in 1954,<ref>"[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,819349,00.html Shake-up at Look]", ''Time'', January 11, 1954.</ref> and peaked at 7.75 million in 1969. Its advertising revenue peaked in 1966 at $80 million.<ref name="NYT_CLOSE">"Cowles Closing Look Magazine After 34 Years", ''The New York Times'', September 17, 1971, p. 1.</ref> Of the leading general interest large-format magazines, ''Look'' had a circulation second only to ''Life'' and ahead of ''[[The Saturday Evening Post]]'', which closed in 1969, and ''[[Collier's Weekly|Collier's]]'', which folded in 1956.

''Look'' was published under various company names: Look, Inc. (1937–45), Cowles Magazines (1946–65), and [[Cowles Communications]], Inc. (1965–71). Its [[New York, New York|New York]] editorial offices were located in the architecturally distinctive 488 [[Madison Avenue]], dubbed the "Look Building."

Beginning in 1963, [[Norman Rockwell]], after closing his career with the ''Saturday Evening Post'', began making illustrations for ''Look''.

''Look'' ceased publication with its issue of October 19, 1971, the victim of a $5 million loss in revenues in 1970 (with television cutting deeply into its advertising revenues), a slack economy and rising postal rates. Circulation was at 6.5 million when it closed.<ref name="NYT_CLOSE" />

==Aftermath==
[[Hachette Filipacchi Médias]] brought back ''Look, The Picture Newsmagazine'' in February 1979 as a bi-weekly in a slightly smaller size. It lasted only a year.

The Look Magazine Photograph Collection was donated to the [[Library of Congress]] and contains approximately five million items.<ref>Library Congress, [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pp/lookhtml/lookback.html ''Look'' Collection: Background and Scope].</ref>

After the closure, six ''Look'' employees created a [[fulfillment house]] using the computer system newly developed by the magazine's circulation department.<ref>"Good Idea Grows out of Tragedy", ''Des Moines Register'', October 26, 1997, p. 1G-2G.</ref> The company, [[CDS Global]], is now an international provider of customer relationship services.

==Stanley Kubrick==
Stanley Kubrick was a staff photographer for ''Look'' before starting his feature film career. Of the more than 300 assignments Kubrick did for ''Look'' from 1946 to 1951, more than 100 are in the Library of Congress collection. All ''Look'' jobs with which he was associated have been cataloged with descriptions focusing on the images that were printed. Other related Kubrick material is located at the Museum of the City of New York.<ref>Library Congress, [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pp/lookhtml/lookback.html Look Collection: Background and Scope]</ref>

==Popular culture citations==
*The magazine is mentioned in numerous films, including ''[[The Shawshank Redemption]]'' (1994), ''[[A Christmas Story]]'', ''[[Crazy in Alabama]]'' and ''[[The Hoax]]''.

*On ''[[The Simpsons]]'' episode "[[Bart on the Road]]", a marquee in [[Branson, Missouri]] advertises an [[Andy Williams]] show with a quote from ''Look'' magazine ("Wow! He's still got it!"), although ''Look'' magazine had folded 25 years earlier.

*An episode of ''[[I Love Lucy]]'' had a ''Look'' photographer coming to Lucy and Ricky's apartment only to have the shoot spoiled by Lucy.

==See also==
* [[List of defunct American periodicals]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Cowles, Gardner. ''Mike Looks Back: The Memoirs of Gardner Cowles, Founder of Look Magazine''. New York: G. Cowles, 1985.
* {{cite news |title=A Certain Look |first=Emily |last=Geminder |url=http://www.observer.com/2010/commercial-observer/certain-look |newspaper=[[The New York Observer]] |issn=1052-2948 |date=March 1, 2010 |accessdate=May 10, 2010 }}

==External links==
* [http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trm050.html Look Magazine (Memory):] from ''American Treasures'' of the [[Library of Congress]].

[[Category:Defunct magazines of the United States]]
[[Category:News magazines]]
[[Category:Publications established in 1937]]
[[Category:Publications disestablished in 1971]]

[[cs:Look]]
[[fr:Look (magazine)]]
[[no:Look (magasin)]]

Mount Southington Ski Area

2010-09-07T23:43:18Z

Tcncv: Reverted edits by Iski2day123456 (talk) to last revision by WookieInHeat (HG)

{{Unreferenced|date=July 2009}}{{Notability|date=July 2009}}
'''Mount Southington Ski Area''' is located in [[Plantsville, Connecticut]], on Mount Vernon Road.

== Mountain Information ==
The mountain enjoys a skiing season from December to March. The runs are open 9am-10pm (Sat-Sun) and 10am-10pm (Mon-Fri).

There are fourteen trails, six Green Circle, four Blue Square and two Black Diamond. Mount Southington also has seven lifts serving the mountain; 2 double-chairs (1-Summit 1-Beginner Hill), 2 triple-chairs (Summit), 2 Rope Tows (Beginner Area) and 1 Magic Carpet (Beginner Area).<ref name="mountsouthington.com">www.mountsouthington.com</ref>

== History ==
Mount Southington formerly had a J-Bar in the Beginner area until 2001 when it was replaced by a Double Chair. Also Mount Southington once had two T bars on the Stardust trail which were removed back in the late 1980s or early 1990s.

The mountain's two remaining T-Bars, lift #4 and lift #5 respectably, were removed after the conclusion of the 2008-2009 ski season. They are being replaced with a new Partek Triple Chairlift. The new chair will run on a similar path as the old T-Bars, however slightly re-angled due to the fact that the chairlift will go to the top of the mountain, unlike the previous mid-mountain T-Bars.<ref name="mountsouthington.com"/>

== External links ==
*[http://www.mountsouthington.com/ Ski Mount Southington] - Official site

{{Coord missing|Connecticut|date=July 2009}}
{{coord|41.58235 |N|72.92587|W |type:mountain_region:US |display=inline,title}}

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Ski areas and resorts in Connecticut]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Hartford County, Connecticut]]
[[Category:Landforms of Hartford County, Connecticut]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Hartford County, Connecticut]]

{{Ski-resort-stub}}

My World Tour

2010-06-29T01:31:04Z

Tcncv: Semi-protected for three months.

{{pp-semi|small=yes}}
{{infobox concert tour|
|concert_tour_name = My World Tour
|image = [[Image:Biebertourposter.jpg|200px]]
|image_caption =
|album = ''[[My World (Justin Bieber album)|''My World'']] [[My World 2.0]]''
|artist = [[Justin Bieber]]
|type = Concert
|start_date = June 23, 2010
|end_date = December 23, 2010 (to date)
|number_of_legs = 2
|number_of_shows = 75+
|last_tour = ''[[My World (EP)#Urban Behavior Tour|Urban Behavior Tour]]'' (2009)
|this_tour = '''''My World Tour''''' (2010)
|next_tour = -
}}

The '''My World Tour''' is a current concert tour by Canadian recording artist [[Justin Bieber]]. It is Bieber's first official headlining tour, and is promoted by [[AEG Live]], and [[Live Nation]].<ref name="BILLBOARD">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/features/justin-bieber-the-billboard-cover-story-1004074692.story?tag=hpflash1#/features/justin-bieber-the-billboard-cover-story-1004074692.story?page=3|title=Justin Bieber - The Billboard Cover Story|first=Monica|last=Herrera|publisher=''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''|date=2010-03-19|accessdate=2010-03-20}}</ref> The tours is supposed to have multiple legs with the supporting acts of [[Sean Kingston]] and Jessica Jarrell on North American dates and pop girl group [[The Stunners (group)|The Stunners]] for the first twenty dates.<ref name="justinbiebermusic.com">[http://www.justinbiebermusic.com/news_d.aspx?nid=6429 Justin Biebers New | Download Justin Bieber Music & MP3 | Official Site]</ref><ref name="Tommy2.net April 25, 2010">[http://tommy2.net/content/?p=14956]</ref> The tour is set to support his first release, ''[[My World (Justin Bieber album)|My World]]'', and its follow-up, ''[[My World 2.0]]''.

==Background==
In an interview with the, ''[[Houston Chronicle]]'', when asked about what fans could expect on the tour, Bieber stated, "I want to show that I love to perform. There are going to be some cool tricks, some electronic things that haven't been seen before, for sure."<ref name="HOUSTONCHRONICLE">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.chron.com/peep/2010/03/justin_bieber_says_the_answer.html|title=Justin Bieber talks Rodeo, Beyoncé, Chuck Norris|publisher=''[[Houston Chronicle]]|date=2010-03-18|accessdate=2010-03-18}}</ref> Also in an interview with ''[[MTV News]]'', Bieber said, "You can expect just to have a great time. It's somewhere that you can just have a blast. It's a place where hopefully you can relate to the songs and stuff. So hopefully you guys love it."<ref name="MTV1">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1634129/20100317/bieber_justin.jhtml|title=Justin Bieber Promises A 'Great Time' On His Tour|publisher=''[[MTV News]]''|first=Jocelyn|last=Vena|date=2010-03-17|accessdate=2010-03-20}}</ref>

==Support acts==
*[[Sean Kingston]] (first leg only)
* Jessica Jarrell (first leg only)
* [[The Stunners (group)|The Stunners]] (June 23, 2010 - July 28, 2010)
*[[Vita Chambers]] (July 2, 2010 - September 4, 2010)

===Surprise Guest===
*[[Usher]] (June 23, 2010) (appeared during "Baby")<ref>http://www.oceanup.com/2010/06/24/justin-bieber-joined-by-usher-in-hartford</ref>

== Setlist ==
===Support Act===
{{hidden
| headercss = background: #ccccff; font-size: 100%; width: 90%;
| contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 90%;
| header = [[The Stunners (group)|the Stunners]]
| content =
#Dancing Machine
#We Got It
#Imagine Me Gone (Feat. Hayley on gutair and Allie on violin)
#I Gotta Feeling ([[Black Eyed Peas]] cover)
#Dancin' Around The Truth
}}

===Justin Bieber===
#"[[Love Me (Justin Bieber song)|Love Me]]"
#"Bigger"
#"[[U Smile]]"
#"Runaway Love"
#"[[Never Let You Go (Justin Bieber song)|Never Let You Go]]"
#"[[Favorite Girl]]"
#"[[One Less Lonely Girl]]"
#"[[Somebody to Love (Justin Bieber song)|Somebody to Love]]"
#"Overboard" (with Jessica Jarrell)
#"[[Never Say Never (Justin Bieber song)|Never Say Never]]"
#<li value="11">"Backup Singers (Legaci) Medley:
##"[[OMG (song)|OMG]]"
##"[[Hey, Soul Sister]]"
##"[[Down (Jay Sean song)|Down]]"
##"[[My Love (Justin Timberlake song)|My Love]]"
##"[[Beautiful Girls (Sean Kingston song)|Beautiful Girls]]"
##"[[Billionaire (song)|Billionaire]]"
#<li value="12">"Up"
#"That Should Be Me"
#"Medley:
##"[[Wanna Be Startin' Somethin']]"
##"[[Walk This Way]]"
#"[[Eenie Meenie]]" (with Sean Kingston)
#"Down to Earth"
#"One Time"
#"[[With You (Chris Brown song)|With You]]" (acapella)
#"[[Baby (Justin Bieber song)|Baby]]"

== Tour dates ==
The first leg of tour dates were announced on Justin Bieber's official website on March 16, 2010.<ref name="justinbiebermusic.com"/> New dates were added to the My World Tour on June 3, 2010 on the official Justin Bieber fan website.<ref name=http://admin.bieberfever.com/2010/06/new-dates-added-to-%E2%80%9Cmy-world%E2%80%9D-tour-presented-by-xbox-360/">[http://admin.bieberfever.com/2010/06/new-dates-added-to-%E2%80%9Cmy-world%E2%80%9D-tour-presented-by-xbox-360/ New Dates Added to "My World" Tour Presented by Xbox 360 << Bieber Fever]</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! width="140" rowspan="1"| Date
! width="140" rowspan="1"| City
! width="140" rowspan="1"| Country
! width="200" rowspan="1"| Venue
|-
|- bgcolor="#DDDDDD"
| colspan=7 align="center"| '''North America'''
|-
|align="center"|June 23, 2010
|align="center"|[[Hartford, Connecticut|Hartford]]
|align="center" rowspan="31"|[[United States]]
|align="center"|[[XL Center]]
|-
|align="center"|June 24, 2010
|align="center"|[[Trenton, New Jersey|Trenton]]
|align="center"|[[Sun National Bank Center]]
|-
|align="center"|June 26, 2010
|align="center"|[[Cincinnati, Ohio|Cincinnati]]
|align="center"|[[US Bank Arena]]
|-
|align="center"|June 27, 2010
|align="center"|[[Milwaukee, Wisconsin|Milwaukee]]
|align="center"|Milwaukee Summerfest
|-
|align="center"|June 29, 2010
|align="center"|[[Minneapolis, Minnesota|Minneapolis]]
|align="center"|[[Target Center]]
|-
|align="center"|June 30, 2010
|align="center"|[[Des Moines, Iowa|Des Moines]]
|align="center"|[[Wells Fargo Arena (Des Moines)|Wells Fargo Arena]]
|-
|align="center"|July 2, 2010
|align="center"|[[Moline, Illinois|Moline]]
|align="center"|[[I Wireless Center]]
|-
|align="center"|July 3, 2010
|align="center"|[[Omaha, Nebraska|Omaha]]
|align="center"|[[Qwest Center]]
|-
|align="center"|July 5, 2010
|align="center"|[[Grand Prairie, Texas|Grand Prairie]]
|align="center"|[[Verizon Theatre at Grand Prairie|Verizon Theatre]]
|-
|align="center"|July 6, 2010
|align="center"|[[Tulsa, Oklahoma|Tulsa]]
|align="center"|[[BOK Center]]
|-
|align="center"|July 8, 2010
|align="center"|[[Broomfield, Colorado|Broomfield]]
|align="center"|[[1stBank Center]]
|-
|align="center"|July 10, 2010
|align="center"|[[West Valley City, Utah|West Valley]]
|align="center"|[[Maverik Center]]
|-
|align="center"|July 13, 2010
|align="center"|[[Everett, Washington|Everett]]
|align="center"|[[Comcast Arena at Everett]]
|-
|align="center"|July 14, 2010
|align="center"|[[Portland, Oregon|Portland]]
|align="center"|[[Rose Garden (arena)|Rose Garden]]
|-
|align="center"|July 17, 2010
|align="center"|[[Oakland, California|Oakland]]
|align="center"|[[Oracle Arena]]
|-
|align="center"|July 18, 2010
|align="center"|[[Reno, Nevada|Reno]]
|align="center"|[[Reno Events Center]]
|-
|align="center"|July 20, 2010
|align="center"|[[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]]
|align="center"|[[L.A. Live#Nokia Theatre|Nokia Theatre]]
|-
|align="center"|July 24, 2010
|align="center"|[[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]]
|align="center"|[[Theatre for the Performing Arts]]
|-
|align="center"|July 25, 2010
|align="center"|[[Glendale, Arizona|Glendale]]
|align="center"|[[Jobing.com Arena]]
|-
|align="center"|July 28, 2010
|align="center"|[[Kansas City]]
|align="center"|[[Sprint Center]]
|-
|align="center"|July 29, 2010
|align="center"|[[N. Little Rock, Arkansas|N. Little Rock]]
|align="center"|[[Verizon Arena]]
|-
|align="center"|July 31, 2010
|align="center"|[[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]]
|align="center"|[[FedEx Forum]]
|-
|align="center"|August 1, 2010
|align="center"|[[Lafayette, Louisiana|Lafayette]]
|align="center"|[[Cajundome]]
|-
|align="center"|August 4, 2010
|align="center"|[[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]]
|align="center"|[[Amway Arena]]
|-
|align="center"|August 5, 2010
|align="center"|[[Sunrise, Florida|Sunrise]]
|align="center"|[[Bank Atlantic Center]]
|-
|align="center"|August 8, 2010
|align="center"|[[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]]
|align="center"|[[Time Warner Cable Arena]]
|-
|align="center"|August 9, 2010
|align="center"|[[Duluth, Georgia|Duluth]]
|align="center"|[[Gwinnett Arena]]
|-
|align="center"|August 11, 2010
|align="center"|[[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]]
|align="center"|[[Bridgestone Arena]]
|-
|align="center"|August 12, 2010
|align="center"|[[Indianapolis, Indiana|Indianapolis]]
|align="center"|[[Conseco Fieldhouse]]
|-
|align="center"|August 14, 2010
|align="center"|[[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]]
|align="center"|[[Schottenstein Center]]
|-
|align="center"|August 15, 2010
|align="center"|[[Auburn Hills, Michigan|Auburn Hills]]
|align="center"|[[The Palace of Auburn Hills]]
|-
|align="center"|August 21, 2010
|align="center"|[[Toronto, Canada|Toronto]]
|align="center" rowspan="3"|[[Canada]]
|align="center"|[[Air Canada Centre]]
|-
|align="center"|August 22, 2010
|align="center"|[[London, Canada|London]]
|align="center"|[[John Labatt Centre]]
|-
|align="center"|August 24, 2010
|align="center"|[[Ottawa, Ontario, Canada|Ottawa]]
|align="center"|[[Scotiabank Place]]
|-
|align="center"|August 25, 2010
|align="center"|[[Albany, New York|Albany]]
|align="center" rowspan="9"|[[United States]]
|align="center"|[[Times Union Center]]
|-
|align="center"|August 27, 2010
|align="center"|[[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]]
|align="center"|[[Dunkin' Donuts Center]]
|-
|align="center"|August 28, 2010
|align="center"|[[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]]
|align="center"|[[Prudential Center]]
|-
|align="center"|August 29, 2010
|align="center"|[[Syracuse, New York|Syracuse]]
|align="center"|[[New York State Fair]]
|-
|align="center"|August 31, 2010
|align="center"|[[New York, New York|New York]]
|align="center"|[[Madison Square Garden]]
|-
|align="center"|September 1, 2010
|align="center"|[[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]]
|align="center"|[[Verizon Wireless Arena]]
|-
|align="center"|September 3, 2010
|align="center"|[[Essex Junction, Vermont|Essex Junction]]
|align="center"|Coca Cola Grandstand
|-
|align="center"|September 4, 2010
|align="center"|[[Allentown, Pennsylvania|Allentown]]
|align="center"|[[The Great Allentown Fair]]
|-
|align="center"|September 5, 2010
|align="center"|[[Timonium, Maryland|Timonium]]
|align="center"|[[Maryland State Fair]]
|-
|align="center"|September 14, 2010
|align="center"|[[Winnipeg|Winnipeg]]
|align="center" rowspan="6"|[[Canada]]
|align="center"|[[MTS Centre]]
|-
|align="center"|September 16, 2010
|align="center"|[[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]]
|align="center"|Brandt Center
|-
|align="center"|September 17, 2010
|align="center"|[[Saskatoon|Saskatoon]]
|align="center"|[[Credit Union Centre]]
|-
|align="center"|September 19, 2010
|align="center"|[[Edmonton|Edmonton]]
|align="center"|[[Rexall Place]]
|-
|align="center"|September 20, 2010
|align="center"|[[Calgary|Calgary]]
|align="center"|[[Pengrowth Saddledome]]
|-
|align="center"|October 19, 2010
|align="center"|[[Vancouver|Vancouver]]
|align="center"|[[General Motors Place]]
|-
|align="center"|October 22, 2010
|align="center"|[[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]]
|align="center" rowspan="17"|[[United States]]
|align="center"|[[ARCO Arena]]
|-
|align="center"|October 24, 2010
|align="center"|[[Ontario, California|Ontario]]
|align="center"|[[Citizens Business Bank Arena]]
|-
|align="center"|October 25, 2010
|align="center"|[[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]]
|align="center"|[[Staples Center]]
|-
|align="center"|October 27, 2010
|align="center"|[[Anaheim, California|Anaheim]]
|align="center"|[[Honda Center]]
|-
|align="center"|October 28, 2010
|align="center"|[[San Jose, California|San Jose]]
|align="center"|[[HP Pavilion at San Jose]]
|-
|align="center"|October 30, 2010
|align="center"|[[San Diego, California|San Diego]]
|align="center"|[[San Diego Sports Arena]]
|-
|align="center"|November 3, 2010
|align="center"|[[Oklahoma City, Oklahoma|Oklahoma City]]
|align="center"|[[Ford Center]]
|-
|align="center"|November 5, 2010
|align="center"|[[San Antonio, Texas|San Antonio]]
|align="center"|[[AT&T Center]]
|-
|align="center"|November 6, 2010
|align="center"|[[Houston, Texas|Houston]]
|align="center"|[[Toyota Center (Houston)|Toyota Center]]
|-
|align="center"|November 8, 2010
|align="center"|[[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]]
|align="center"|[[Scottrade Center]]
|-
|align="center"|November 10, 2010
|align="center"|[[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]]
|align="center"|[[KFC Yum! Center]]
|-
|align="center"|November 11, 2010
|align="center"|[[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]]
|align="center"|[[Wolstein Center]]
|-
|align="center"|November 13, 2010
|align="center"|[[Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk]]
|align="center"|[[Norfolk Scope|Norfolk Scope Arena]]
|-
|align="center"|November 14, 2010
|align="center"|[[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]]
|align="center"|[[Wachovia Center]]
|-
|align="center"|November 16, 2010
|align="center"|[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]
|align="center"|[[TD Garden]]
|-
|align="center"|November 17, 2010
|align="center"|[[East Rutherford, New Jersey|East Rutherford]]
|align="center"|[[IZOD Center]]
|-
|align="center"|November 20, 2010
|align="center"|[[Atlantic City, New Jersey|Atlantic City]]
|align="center"|[[Boardwalk Hall]]
|-
|align="center"|November 22, 2010
|align="center"|[[Montreal|Montreal]]
|align="center" rowspan="2"|[[Canada]]
|align="center"|[[Bell Centre]]
|-
|align="center"|November 23, 2010
|align="center"|[[Toronto|Toronto]]
|align="center"|[[Air Canada Centre]]
|-
|align="center"|December 13, 2010
|align="center"|[[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]]
|align="center" rowspan="7"|[[United States]]
|align="center"|[[Consol Energy Center]]
|-
|align="center"|December 15, 2010
|align="center"|[[Greensboro, North Carolina|Greensboro]]
|align="center"|[[Greensboro Coliseum]]
|-
|align="center"|December 16, 2010
|align="center"|[[Greenville, South Carolina|Greenville]]
|align="center"|[[BI-LO Center]]
|-
|align="center"|December 18, 2010
|align="center"|[[Miami, Florida|Miami]]
|align="center"|[[American Airlines Arena]]
|-
|align="center"|December 19, 2010
|align="center"|[[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]]
|align="center"|[[St. Pete Times Forum]]
|-
|align="center"|December 21, 2010
|align="center"|[[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]]
|align="center"|[[BJCC Arena]]
|-
|align="center"|December 23, 2010
|align="center"|[[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]]
|align="center"|[[Philips Arena]]
|}

==Sellouts==

The first leg of Justin Bieber's tour was almost sold out in a matter of minutes.<ref name=http://www.justinbiebermusic.com/news_d.aspx?nid=7064">[http://www.justinbiebermusic.com/news_d.aspx?nid=7064 Justin Bieber News | Download Justin Bieber Music & MP3 | Official Site]</ref>

==References==
<references/>

{{Justin Bieber}}

[[Category:2010 concert tours]]
[[Category:Justin Bieber]]

My World Tour

2010-06-29T01:30:38Z

Tcncv: Protected My World Tour: Constant mix of vandalism and repeated addition of unsourced material. ([edit=autoconfirmed] (expires 01:30, 29 September 2010 (UTC)) [move=autoconfirmed] (expires 01:30, 29 September 2010 (UTC)))

{{infobox concert tour|
|concert_tour_name = My World Tour
|image = [[Image:Biebertourposter.jpg|200px]]
|image_caption =
|album = ''[[My World (Justin Bieber album)|''My World'']] [[My World 2.0]]''
|artist = [[Justin Bieber]]
|type = Concert
|start_date = June 23, 2010
|end_date = December 23, 2010 (to date)
|number_of_legs = 2
|number_of_shows = 75+
|last_tour = ''[[My World (EP)#Urban Behavior Tour|Urban Behavior Tour]]'' (2009)
|this_tour = '''''My World Tour''''' (2010)
|next_tour = -
}}

The '''My World Tour''' is a current concert tour by Canadian recording artist [[Justin Bieber]]. It is Bieber's first official headlining tour, and is promoted by [[AEG Live]], and [[Live Nation]].<ref name="BILLBOARD">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/features/justin-bieber-the-billboard-cover-story-1004074692.story?tag=hpflash1#/features/justin-bieber-the-billboard-cover-story-1004074692.story?page=3|title=Justin Bieber - The Billboard Cover Story|first=Monica|last=Herrera|publisher=''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]''|date=2010-03-19|accessdate=2010-03-20}}</ref> The tours is supposed to have multiple legs with the supporting acts of [[Sean Kingston]] and Jessica Jarrell on North American dates and pop girl group [[The Stunners (group)|The Stunners]] for the first twenty dates.<ref name="justinbiebermusic.com">[http://www.justinbiebermusic.com/news_d.aspx?nid=6429 Justin Biebers New | Download Justin Bieber Music & MP3 | Official Site]</ref><ref name="Tommy2.net April 25, 2010">[http://tommy2.net/content/?p=14956]</ref> The tour is set to support his first release, ''[[My World (Justin Bieber album)|My World]]'', and its follow-up, ''[[My World 2.0]]''.

==Background==
In an interview with the, ''[[Houston Chronicle]]'', when asked about what fans could expect on the tour, Bieber stated, "I want to show that I love to perform. There are going to be some cool tricks, some electronic things that haven't been seen before, for sure."<ref name="HOUSTONCHRONICLE">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.chron.com/peep/2010/03/justin_bieber_says_the_answer.html|title=Justin Bieber talks Rodeo, Beyoncé, Chuck Norris|publisher=''[[Houston Chronicle]]|date=2010-03-18|accessdate=2010-03-18}}</ref> Also in an interview with ''[[MTV News]]'', Bieber said, "You can expect just to have a great time. It's somewhere that you can just have a blast. It's a place where hopefully you can relate to the songs and stuff. So hopefully you guys love it."<ref name="MTV1">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1634129/20100317/bieber_justin.jhtml|title=Justin Bieber Promises A 'Great Time' On His Tour|publisher=''[[MTV News]]''|first=Jocelyn|last=Vena|date=2010-03-17|accessdate=2010-03-20}}</ref>

==Support acts==
*[[Sean Kingston]] (first leg only)
* Jessica Jarrell (first leg only)
* [[The Stunners (group)|The Stunners]] (June 23, 2010 - July 28, 2010)
*[[Vita Chambers]] (July 2, 2010 - September 4, 2010)

===Surprise Guest===
*[[Usher]] (June 23, 2010) (appeared during "Baby")<ref>http://www.oceanup.com/2010/06/24/justin-bieber-joined-by-usher-in-hartford</ref>

== Setlist ==
===Support Act===
{{hidden
| headercss = background: #ccccff; font-size: 100%; width: 90%;
| contentcss = text-align: left; font-size: 100%; width: 90%;
| header = [[The Stunners (group)|the Stunners]]
| content =
#Dancing Machine
#We Got It
#Imagine Me Gone (Feat. Hayley on gutair and Allie on violin)
#I Gotta Feeling ([[Black Eyed Peas]] cover)
#Dancin' Around The Truth
}}

===Justin Bieber===
#"[[Love Me (Justin Bieber song)|Love Me]]"
#"Bigger"
#"[[U Smile]]"
#"Runaway Love"
#"[[Never Let You Go (Justin Bieber song)|Never Let You Go]]"
#"[[Favorite Girl]]"
#"[[One Less Lonely Girl]]"
#"[[Somebody to Love (Justin Bieber song)|Somebody to Love]]"
#"Overboard" (with Jessica Jarrell)
#"[[Never Say Never (Justin Bieber song)|Never Say Never]]"
#<li value="11">"Backup Singers (Legaci) Medley:
##"[[OMG (song)|OMG]]"
##"[[Hey, Soul Sister]]"
##"[[Down (Jay Sean song)|Down]]"
##"[[My Love (Justin Timberlake song)|My Love]]"
##"[[Beautiful Girls (Sean Kingston song)|Beautiful Girls]]"
##"[[Billionaire (song)|Billionaire]]"
#<li value="12">"Up"
#"That Should Be Me"
#"Medley:
##"[[Wanna Be Startin' Somethin']]"
##"[[Walk This Way]]"
#"[[Eenie Meenie]]" (with Sean Kingston)
#"Down to Earth"
#"One Time"
#"[[With You (Chris Brown song)|With You]]" (acapella)
#"[[Baby (Justin Bieber song)|Baby]]"

== Tour dates ==
The first leg of tour dates were announced on Justin Bieber's official website on March 16, 2010.<ref name="justinbiebermusic.com"/> New dates were added to the My World Tour on June 3, 2010 on the official Justin Bieber fan website.<ref name=http://admin.bieberfever.com/2010/06/new-dates-added-to-%E2%80%9Cmy-world%E2%80%9D-tour-presented-by-xbox-360/">[http://admin.bieberfever.com/2010/06/new-dates-added-to-%E2%80%9Cmy-world%E2%80%9D-tour-presented-by-xbox-360/ New Dates Added to "My World" Tour Presented by Xbox 360 << Bieber Fever]</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! width="140" rowspan="1"| Date
! width="140" rowspan="1"| City
! width="140" rowspan="1"| Country
! width="200" rowspan="1"| Venue
|-
|- bgcolor="#DDDDDD"
| colspan=7 align="center"| '''North America'''
|-
|align="center"|June 23, 2010
|align="center"|[[Hartford, Connecticut|Hartford]]
|align="center" rowspan="31"|[[United States]]
|align="center"|[[XL Center]]
|-
|align="center"|June 24, 2010
|align="center"|[[Trenton, New Jersey|Trenton]]
|align="center"|[[Sun National Bank Center]]
|-
|align="center"|June 26, 2010
|align="center"|[[Cincinnati, Ohio|Cincinnati]]
|align="center"|[[US Bank Arena]]
|-
|align="center"|June 27, 2010
|align="center"|[[Milwaukee, Wisconsin|Milwaukee]]
|align="center"|Milwaukee Summerfest
|-
|align="center"|June 29, 2010
|align="center"|[[Minneapolis, Minnesota|Minneapolis]]
|align="center"|[[Target Center]]
|-
|align="center"|June 30, 2010
|align="center"|[[Des Moines, Iowa|Des Moines]]
|align="center"|[[Wells Fargo Arena (Des Moines)|Wells Fargo Arena]]
|-
|align="center"|July 2, 2010
|align="center"|[[Moline, Illinois|Moline]]
|align="center"|[[I Wireless Center]]
|-
|align="center"|July 3, 2010
|align="center"|[[Omaha, Nebraska|Omaha]]
|align="center"|[[Qwest Center]]
|-
|align="center"|July 5, 2010
|align="center"|[[Grand Prairie, Texas|Grand Prairie]]
|align="center"|[[Verizon Theatre at Grand Prairie|Verizon Theatre]]
|-
|align="center"|July 6, 2010
|align="center"|[[Tulsa, Oklahoma|Tulsa]]
|align="center"|[[BOK Center]]
|-
|align="center"|July 8, 2010
|align="center"|[[Broomfield, Colorado|Broomfield]]
|align="center"|[[1stBank Center]]
|-
|align="center"|July 10, 2010
|align="center"|[[West Valley City, Utah|West Valley]]
|align="center"|[[Maverik Center]]
|-
|align="center"|July 13, 2010
|align="center"|[[Everett, Washington|Everett]]
|align="center"|[[Comcast Arena at Everett]]
|-
|align="center"|July 14, 2010
|align="center"|[[Portland, Oregon|Portland]]
|align="center"|[[Rose Garden (arena)|Rose Garden]]
|-
|align="center"|July 17, 2010
|align="center"|[[Oakland, California|Oakland]]
|align="center"|[[Oracle Arena]]
|-
|align="center"|July 18, 2010
|align="center"|[[Reno, Nevada|Reno]]
|align="center"|[[Reno Events Center]]
|-
|align="center"|July 20, 2010
|align="center"|[[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]]
|align="center"|[[L.A. Live#Nokia Theatre|Nokia Theatre]]
|-
|align="center"|July 24, 2010
|align="center"|[[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]]
|align="center"|[[Theatre for the Performing Arts]]
|-
|align="center"|July 25, 2010
|align="center"|[[Glendale, Arizona|Glendale]]
|align="center"|[[Jobing.com Arena]]
|-
|align="center"|July 28, 2010
|align="center"|[[Kansas City]]
|align="center"|[[Sprint Center]]
|-
|align="center"|July 29, 2010
|align="center"|[[N. Little Rock, Arkansas|N. Little Rock]]
|align="center"|[[Verizon Arena]]
|-
|align="center"|July 31, 2010
|align="center"|[[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]]
|align="center"|[[FedEx Forum]]
|-
|align="center"|August 1, 2010
|align="center"|[[Lafayette, Louisiana|Lafayette]]
|align="center"|[[Cajundome]]
|-
|align="center"|August 4, 2010
|align="center"|[[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]]
|align="center"|[[Amway Arena]]
|-
|align="center"|August 5, 2010
|align="center"|[[Sunrise, Florida|Sunrise]]
|align="center"|[[Bank Atlantic Center]]
|-
|align="center"|August 8, 2010
|align="center"|[[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]]
|align="center"|[[Time Warner Cable Arena]]
|-
|align="center"|August 9, 2010
|align="center"|[[Duluth, Georgia|Duluth]]
|align="center"|[[Gwinnett Arena]]
|-
|align="center"|August 11, 2010
|align="center"|[[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]]
|align="center"|[[Bridgestone Arena]]
|-
|align="center"|August 12, 2010
|align="center"|[[Indianapolis, Indiana|Indianapolis]]
|align="center"|[[Conseco Fieldhouse]]
|-
|align="center"|August 14, 2010
|align="center"|[[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]]
|align="center"|[[Schottenstein Center]]
|-
|align="center"|August 15, 2010
|align="center"|[[Auburn Hills, Michigan|Auburn Hills]]
|align="center"|[[The Palace of Auburn Hills]]
|-
|align="center"|August 21, 2010
|align="center"|[[Toronto, Canada|Toronto]]
|align="center" rowspan="3"|[[Canada]]
|align="center"|[[Air Canada Centre]]
|-
|align="center"|August 22, 2010
|align="center"|[[London, Canada|London]]
|align="center"|[[John Labatt Centre]]
|-
|align="center"|August 24, 2010
|align="center"|[[Ottawa, Ontario, Canada|Ottawa]]
|align="center"|[[Scotiabank Place]]
|-
|align="center"|August 25, 2010
|align="center"|[[Albany, New York|Albany]]
|align="center" rowspan="9"|[[United States]]
|align="center"|[[Times Union Center]]
|-
|align="center"|August 27, 2010
|align="center"|[[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]]
|align="center"|[[Dunkin' Donuts Center]]
|-
|align="center"|August 28, 2010
|align="center"|[[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]]
|align="center"|[[Prudential Center]]
|-
|align="center"|August 29, 2010
|align="center"|[[Syracuse, New York|Syracuse]]
|align="center"|[[New York State Fair]]
|-
|align="center"|August 31, 2010
|align="center"|[[New York, New York|New York]]
|align="center"|[[Madison Square Garden]]
|-
|align="center"|September 1, 2010
|align="center"|[[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]]
|align="center"|[[Verizon Wireless Arena]]
|-
|align="center"|September 3, 2010
|align="center"|[[Essex Junction, Vermont|Essex Junction]]
|align="center"|Coca Cola Grandstand
|-
|align="center"|September 4, 2010
|align="center"|[[Allentown, Pennsylvania|Allentown]]
|align="center"|[[The Great Allentown Fair]]
|-
|align="center"|September 5, 2010
|align="center"|[[Timonium, Maryland|Timonium]]
|align="center"|[[Maryland State Fair]]
|-
|align="center"|September 14, 2010
|align="center"|[[Winnipeg|Winnipeg]]
|align="center" rowspan="6"|[[Canada]]
|align="center"|[[MTS Centre]]
|-
|align="center"|September 16, 2010
|align="center"|[[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]]
|align="center"|Brandt Center
|-
|align="center"|September 17, 2010
|align="center"|[[Saskatoon|Saskatoon]]
|align="center"|[[Credit Union Centre]]
|-
|align="center"|September 19, 2010
|align="center"|[[Edmonton|Edmonton]]
|align="center"|[[Rexall Place]]
|-
|align="center"|September 20, 2010
|align="center"|[[Calgary|Calgary]]
|align="center"|[[Pengrowth Saddledome]]
|-
|align="center"|October 19, 2010
|align="center"|[[Vancouver|Vancouver]]
|align="center"|[[General Motors Place]]
|-
|align="center"|October 22, 2010
|align="center"|[[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]]
|align="center" rowspan="17"|[[United States]]
|align="center"|[[ARCO Arena]]
|-
|align="center"|October 24, 2010
|align="center"|[[Ontario, California|Ontario]]
|align="center"|[[Citizens Business Bank Arena]]
|-
|align="center"|October 25, 2010
|align="center"|[[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]]
|align="center"|[[Staples Center]]
|-
|align="center"|October 27, 2010
|align="center"|[[Anaheim, California|Anaheim]]
|align="center"|[[Honda Center]]
|-
|align="center"|October 28, 2010
|align="center"|[[San Jose, California|San Jose]]
|align="center"|[[HP Pavilion at San Jose]]
|-
|align="center"|October 30, 2010
|align="center"|[[San Diego, California|San Diego]]
|align="center"|[[San Diego Sports Arena]]
|-
|align="center"|November 3, 2010
|align="center"|[[Oklahoma City, Oklahoma|Oklahoma City]]
|align="center"|[[Ford Center]]
|-
|align="center"|November 5, 2010
|align="center"|[[San Antonio, Texas|San Antonio]]
|align="center"|[[AT&T Center]]
|-
|align="center"|November 6, 2010
|align="center"|[[Houston, Texas|Houston]]
|align="center"|[[Toyota Center (Houston)|Toyota Center]]
|-
|align="center"|November 8, 2010
|align="center"|[[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]]
|align="center"|[[Scottrade Center]]
|-
|align="center"|November 10, 2010
|align="center"|[[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]]
|align="center"|[[KFC Yum! Center]]
|-
|align="center"|November 11, 2010
|align="center"|[[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]]
|align="center"|[[Wolstein Center]]
|-
|align="center"|November 13, 2010
|align="center"|[[Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk]]
|align="center"|[[Norfolk Scope|Norfolk Scope Arena]]
|-
|align="center"|November 14, 2010
|align="center"|[[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]]
|align="center"|[[Wachovia Center]]
|-
|align="center"|November 16, 2010
|align="center"|[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]
|align="center"|[[TD Garden]]
|-
|align="center"|November 17, 2010
|align="center"|[[East Rutherford, New Jersey|East Rutherford]]
|align="center"|[[IZOD Center]]
|-
|align="center"|November 20, 2010
|align="center"|[[Atlantic City, New Jersey|Atlantic City]]
|align="center"|[[Boardwalk Hall]]
|-
|align="center"|November 22, 2010
|align="center"|[[Montreal|Montreal]]
|align="center" rowspan="2"|[[Canada]]
|align="center"|[[Bell Centre]]
|-
|align="center"|November 23, 2010
|align="center"|[[Toronto|Toronto]]
|align="center"|[[Air Canada Centre]]
|-
|align="center"|December 13, 2010
|align="center"|[[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]]
|align="center" rowspan="7"|[[United States]]
|align="center"|[[Consol Energy Center]]
|-
|align="center"|December 15, 2010
|align="center"|[[Greensboro, North Carolina|Greensboro]]
|align="center"|[[Greensboro Coliseum]]
|-
|align="center"|December 16, 2010
|align="center"|[[Greenville, South Carolina|Greenville]]
|align="center"|[[BI-LO Center]]
|-
|align="center"|December 18, 2010
|align="center"|[[Miami, Florida|Miami]]
|align="center"|[[American Airlines Arena]]
|-
|align="center"|December 19, 2010
|align="center"|[[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]]
|align="center"|[[St. Pete Times Forum]]
|-
|align="center"|December 21, 2010
|align="center"|[[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]]
|align="center"|[[BJCC Arena]]
|-
|align="center"|December 23, 2010
|align="center"|[[Atlanta, Georgia|Atlanta]]
|align="center"|[[Philips Arena]]
|}

==Sellouts==

The first leg of Justin Bieber's tour was almost sold out in a matter of minutes.<ref name=http://www.justinbiebermusic.com/news_d.aspx?nid=7064">[http://www.justinbiebermusic.com/news_d.aspx?nid=7064 Justin Bieber News | Download Justin Bieber Music & MP3 | Official Site]</ref>

==References==
<references/>

{{Justin Bieber}}

[[Category:2010 concert tours]]
[[Category:Justin Bieber]]

Milburn (Band)

2010-05-26T00:25:42Z

Tcncv: Reverted 4 edits by 90.214.99.118 identified as vandalism to last revision by 78.148.105.61. (TW)

{{Refimprove|date=April 2008}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| Name = Milburn
| Img = Milburn HMV.jpg
| Img_capt = Joe Carnall, Louis Carnall and Tom Rowley (Joe Green not pictured)
| Img_size = 220px
| Landscape =
| Background = group_or_band
| Origin = [[Sheffield]], [[England]]
| Genre = [[Indie rock]]
| Years_active = 2001–2008
| Label = [[Free Construction]] [[Mercury Records]]
| URL = http://www.milburnmusic.com
| Associated_acts = [[The Backhanded Compliments]] [[Lords of Flatbush (Electro band)|Lords of Flatbush]]
| Past_members = Joe Carnall Louis Carnall Tom Rowley Joe "Greeny" Green|Joe Green
}}
'''Milburn''' was an [[indie rock]] band from [[Sheffield]], [[England]] that consisted of Joe Carnall, Louis Carnall, Tom Rowley, and Joe Green. They announced they would split on March 28, 2008, with the band playing their final gig at [[Carling Academy Sheffield|Sheffield's Carling Academy]] on May 24, 2008.

==History==
===Formation===
Milburn started out playing small gigs in front of friends, practising at drummer Joe Green's grandma's house. The origin of their name comes from a bet with a friend whose surname was Milburn. This was discussed in an interview on [[Channel 4]]'s [[Popworld]].<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Te42Th04qpM</ref>

===Emergence and debut album===
In 2002 they sold out the [[Boardwalk (nightclub)|The Boardwalk]] twice and played at [[The Cavern Club]] in Liverpool, [[The Garage (London)|The Garage]] in London and [[The Leadmill]] in Sheffield, while supporting [[Tony Wright (musician)|Tony Wright]]'s band [[Laika Dog]] and [[Cosmic Rough Riders]].

The band also helped to raise the profile of their Sheffield counterparts, Arctic Monkeys by inviting them to tour and support them on their 2005 tour.

After releasing two limited singles, "Lipstick Lickin" and "Showroom", on their own label Free Construction, Milburn signed to [[Mercury Records]] in 2006. Their debut single for the label, "Send In the Boys", reached #22 in the UK Singles Chart in April 2006, and their debut album, ''Well Well Well'', released on the 9 October 2006 on [[Mercury Records]] reached #32 in the UK Albums Chart.

===Second album and 2007 UK Tour===
[[Image:Joe C.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Joe Carnall]]
[[Image:Lou C.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Tom Rowley]]
Milburn released their second album ''[[These Are the Facts]]'' on 24 September 2007 whilst releasing the first single from this album "[[What Will You Do (When the Money Goes)?]]" beforehand on 17 September. ''These Are The Facts'' was leaked on to private download website, in its entirety on 3 September.

Milburn promoted their second album with a UK tour running from 13 September to 28 September ending with a home-coming gig at [[The Leadmill]] in [[Sheffield]].

After the success of the two week album tour, the band announced a new tour which took place in November. The tour was held at university venues across the country and finished with a gig at the octagon in [[Sheffield]].

As part of the universities tour, the gig at Manchester Metropolitan University's K2 was cancelled halfway through after the venue failed to hire a sufficient crowd barrier. This resulted in uncontrollable surges by the crowd, which culminated in an alleged attack on a fan by an event security attendant who then turned on Louis Carnall.

===Break-up===
After weeks of rumour of an impending split, Milburn announced on March 28, 2008 on their Myspace page that, after much consideration, they had decided it was time to call it a day. They said there had been no falling out in the band and they still remained friends and supporters of each other as they explore new musical horizons.

The band announced they would play two final gigs for their fans at the [[ABC Glasgow]] on May 22 and the [[Carling Academy Sheffield]] on May 24, 2008 as well as releasing two songs they wanted to make available via download called "The District Line" and "Stay At Home" <ref>[http://www.milburnmusic.com/ Milburn Music]</ref> that were left over from their recording session of ''[[These Are the Facts]]''.

==After Milburn==
After the split, several members have gone on to form new bands. Louis Carnall became a member of electro band [[Lords of Flatbush (band) |Lords of Flatbush]] with ex Arctic Monkey [[Andy Nicholson]] and Sheffield based singer [[Steve Edwards (singer)|Steve Edwards]], however he is no longer a member due to other commitments. Tom Rowley and Joe Green are now members of the band [[The Backhanded Compliments]], with Rowley as lead singer, and ex-[[Union City (band) |Union City]] member Ryan Sellars on bass. Joe Carnall began studying at the [[University of Sheffield]] in September 2008.
In January 2009 it was reported that Tom Rowley would join [[Reverend and the Makers]], as replacement for their recently departed guitarist Tom Jarvis. Joe has a new band called Joe Carnall And The Book Club, you can download their first demo off their myspace page www.myspace.com/thebookclubofficial.<ref>http://www.nme.com/news/Reverend-and-the-makers/41940</ref>

== Members ==
* [[Joe Carnall]] (vocals/bass)
* [[Louis Carnall]] (vocals/rhythm)
* [[Tom Rowley]] (lead guitar)
* [[Joe Green]] (drums)

==Discography==
===Albums===
*''[[Well Well Well (Milburn album)|Well Well Well]]'' (9 October 2006) [[Mercury Records]] #32 UK
*''[[These Are the Facts]]'' (24 September 2007) [[Mercury Records]] #51 UK

===EPs===
*''On Top of the World'' (2002)
*''Along Comes Mary'' (2003)
*''Milburn'' (9 May 2005) (Re-released 17 October 2005) [[Free Construction]]
*''Send In the Boys'' (26 July 2006) (Japan Only) [[Mercury Records]]

===Singles===
*"[[Send in the Boys]]" (27 March 2006) [[Mercury Records]] #22 UK
*"[[Cheshire Cat Smile]]" (10 July 2006) [[Mercury Records]] #32 UK
*"[[What You Could've Won]]" (30 October 2006) [[Mercury Records]] #66 UK
*"[[What Will You Do (When the Money Goes)?]]" (17 September 2007) [[Mercury Records]] #44 UK

==References==

<references/>

==External links==
* [http://www.milburnmusic.com Milburn Homepage]
* [http://www.wrexhammusic.betastudios.co.uk/features_milburn_intervoew.php Interview with Milburn on wrexhammusic.co.uk]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/southyorkshire/content/articles/2005/07/13/milburn_interview.shtml BBC] interview.
* [http://www.leedsmusicscene.net/article/7548/ LMS interview.]
* [http://www.milburnmusic.com/gallery/NME7Jan06.jpg NME] mention.
* [http://www.milburn-music.com Milburn Fansite]

{{Milburn}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Milburn}}
[[Category:English musical groups]]
[[Category:Music from Sheffield]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 2001]]
[[Category:Musical groups disestablished in 2008]]

[[de:Milburn (Band)]]
[[es:Milburn]]
[[fr:Milburn]]
[[nl:Milburn (band)]]

Kevin Boyce

2010-05-18T00:03:12Z

Tcncv: Recover references from history and restore some formatting

{{POV-check}}
{{BLP dispute|date=May 2010}}

{{Infobox Politician
|image = RootsCamp Ohio 2009.jpg
|imagesize = 200px
|name= Kevin Boyce
|office = [[Ohio State Treasurer]]
|state = [[Ohio]]
|governor = [[Ted Strickland]]
|predecessor= [[Richard Cordray]]
|term_start= January 7, 2009
|term_end=
|office2=Columbus City Councilman
|term_start2=September 11, 2000
|term_end2=January 6, 2009
|predecessor2=Frederick Ransier III
|successor2=
|alma_mater= [[University of Toledo|University of Toledo]] (BS 1995) [[Central Michigan University|Central Michigan University]] (MPA 2004)
|residence={{city-state|Columbus|Ohio}}
|occupation=Politician
|birth_date= 1971
|birth_place=
|party= [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
|nationality= {{USA}}
|spouse= Crystal Boyce
|children= Two
| website = [http://www.ohiotreasurer.org/ Ohio Treasurer website]
}}

'''Kevin L. Boyce''' (born ca. 1971) is an [[United States|American]] politician of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] who currently serves as the 47th [[Ohio State Treasurer]]. Prior to being appointed treasurer he served on the Columbus City Council as President Pro Tem and Chairman of the Finance and Zoning Committees.<ref name="AP">{{cite news|url=http://www.ohio.com/news/ap?articleID=1328067&c=y|title=Source: Boyce to be next Ohio Treasurer |last=Majors|first=Stephen|coauthors=Julie Carr Smyth|date=2008-12-23|agency=Associated Press|publisher=[[Akron Beacon Journal]]|page=1|accessdate=2008-12-23|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5eZDGufe6|archivedate=2009-02-13}}</ref><ref name="Post">{{cite news|url=http://www.columbuspost.com/news/headlines347.html|title=Africa awaits Boyce|last=Thornton|first=Pamela Glason|publisher=[[Columbus Post]]|page=1|accessdate=2008-12-23}}</ref> It was announced on December 23, 2008 that Governor [[Ted Strickland]] had chosen Boyce for the position of [[Ohio State Treasurer]], he replaced [[Richard Cordray]] who left office in November 2008 to take the position of [[Ohio Attorney General]].<ref name="AP" /><ref name="Blade" /> On January 8, 2009 Boyce was sworn into office along with Cordray.<ref name="Blade09">{{cite news|url=http://toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090109/NEWS24/901090367|title=Cordray, Boyce assume Ohio offices|last=Provance|first=Jim|date=2008-12-09|agency=Associated Press|publisher=The Toledo Blade|page=1|accessdate=2009-01-09}}</ref> Boyce has also served as Chief of Staff for the minority caucus of the [[Ohio House of Representatives]] and was the leader of the [[Ohio Legislative Black Caucus]].<ref name="Council">{{cite web|url=http://wbt1.council.ci.columbus.oh.us/content.aspx?id=4902|title=Kevin L. Boyce|publisher=Columbus City Council|accessdate=2008-12-23|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5eZDtRiTU|archivedate=2009-02-13}}</ref> Boyce's appointment made him the first African-American Ohio Democrat to hold a statewide, non-judicial office.<ref name="AP" /><ref name="Dispatch" />

==Career==
Boyce was previously the executive director of the KnowledgeWorks Foundation, a nonprofit organization that promotes college access for high school students.<ref name="Courier" /> He was also the executive director of the [[Ohio Legislative Black Caucus]] 1997–1999.<ref name="Dispatch" /><ref name="Courier" /> In 1998 he was Charleta B. Tavares' campaign manager in her unsuccessful bid for Ohio Secretary of State. He was also Chief of Staff for the minority caucus of the [[Ohio House of Representatives]] from January 1999–September 2000.<ref name="Council" /><ref name="Dispatch" /> On September 11, 2000 he was appointed to the city council after Ransier resigned. He ran for a position in the council for one of three open seats; he successfully gained the seat on November 6, 2001. He ran again for council and shut out the Republicans on November 8, 2005 to serve another four-year term.<ref name="Dispatch" /> He served as the council's President Pro Tem and Chairman of the Finance and Zoning Committees in early January 2009.<ref name="Courier">{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/stories/2008/12/22/daily35.html|title=Columbus councilman named state treasurer|last=Bell|first=Jeff|date=2008-12-13|publisher=Business Courier of Cincinnati|page=1|accessdate=2008-12-23}}</ref> In December 2008 it was announced that Governor Ted Strickland had appointed Boyce Ohio State Treasurer.<ref name="AP" /> He was sworn into office along with Richard Cordray, who was the previous treasurer, on January 8, 2009.<ref name="Blade09" />

==Census Scandal==

In January of 2010, a national news report questioned the motive behind Democratic Governor Ted Strickland's appointment of Boyce to the newly created and highly partisan "Ohio Complete Count Committee." The article stated, "[w]hat makes this situation particularly worrisome is that the man tapped to run the committee is current state Treasurer Kevin Boyce, who has an alarming history of playing fast and loose with ethics, from giving large donors lucrative state contracts to burning through taxpayer money for self-promotion. And that’s just in the one year since he took office."<ref>http://townhall.com/columnists/JoelMowbray/2010/01/27/are_ohio_dems_trying_to_rig_the_census?page=full&comments=true</ref>

==Tax Dollar Abuse==

In a gross misuse to Ohio’s tax-dollars, Treasurer Kevin Boyce spent $32,469 on promotional items such as water bottles, grocery bags and pencils with his name on it and has plans to buy another $47,457 in other swag with his name present.<ref name="Critics: Ohio Treasurer">{{cite news|url=http://www.daytondailynews.com/news/politics/critics-ohio-treasurer-shouldnt-be-spending-on-self-promotion-161898.html?showComments=true}}</ref>

==Questionable Hires in Treasurer's Office==

Boyce has hired a number of close friends, Democratic political operatives, high school buddies and members from his church.<ref>http://www.daytondailynews.com/news/politics/critics-ohio-treasurer-shouldnt-be-spending-on-self-promotion-161898.html?showComments=true</ref>
*Boyce hired a 23 year old who’s title is "Social-Media Director"
*Boyce hired Liam Shanahan, son of Governor Strickland’s energy Director, for a $45,011-a-year job. Shanahan, 24, previously worked at a zoo and a waterpark.
*Boyce Hired Jessica Ford, 22, daughter of former Toledo mayor Jack Ford, to run his Community Affairs Office at a salary of $45,011. Earlier in his career, Boyce served as Jack Ford’s legislative Aid in the Ohio Statehouse.
*Boyce hired Elizabeth Luken, sister of former Cincinnati Mayor Charlie Luken, to a $45,011-a-year job to run Boyce’s Cincinnati community affairs office.

==Pay-to-Play Bank Contract Scandal==

In July 2009, the Dayton Daily News reported that Boyce awarded a six-figure contract to process state checks to Key Bank just one week prior to the bank hosting a $500 per ticket fundraiser for him in Cleveland, Ohio.<ref>http://www.daytondailynews.com/news/dayton-news/ohio-treasurer-gives-bank-contract-gets-political-fund-raiser-225029.html</ref> Although Ohio has processed its own checks for more than one hundred years, Boyce contracted the work out. Cade and Charlie Luken, former Cincinnati mayor and another Key Bank lobbyist, were listed as hosts for the Fundraiser. Luken’s sister was hired by Boyce and works in the Treasurer’s office.

==Personal==

Boyce graduated from [[Columbus East High School]] in 1990.<ref name="PCNH">{{cite news|url=http://www.portclintonnewsherald.com/article/20081223/UPDATES01/81223011|title=Strickland announces appointment of Boyce as Treasurer of State|date=2008-12-23|agency=Associated Press|publisher=Port Clinton News Herald|page=1|accessdate=2008-12-23}}</ref> He obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from the [[University of Toledo]] in 1995 and a Masters degree in public administration from [[Central Michigan University]] in 2004.<ref name="Council" /><ref name="Courier" /> He is married to Crystal Boyce, has two sons, Kevin Jr. (K.J.) {{Age|1998|12|23}} and Kristopher 5, and a goddaughter, Kayla Banks 16.<ref name="Post" /><ref name="Blade">{{cite news|url=http://toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20081223/NEWS24/812230261&Show=0|title=University of Toledo graduate selected as Ohio treasurer|last=Provance|first=Jim|date=2008-12-23|publisher=[[Toledo Blade]]|page=1|accessdate=2008-12-23}}</ref><ref name="Dispatch">{{cite news|url=http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/local_news/stories/2008/12/23/boyce.html?sid=101|title=Boyce to be next state treasurer|last=Hallett|first=Joe|date=2008-12-23|publisher=The Columbus Dispatch|page=1|accessdate=2008-12-24}}</ref><ref name="DDN">{{cite news|url=http://www.daytondailynews.com/n/content/shared-gen/blogs/dayton/ohiopolitics/entries/2008/12/23/columbus_city_councilman_boyce.html|title=Columbus City Councilman Boyce picked for state treasurer|last=Hershey|first=William|date=2008-12-23|publisher=Dayton Daily News|page=1|accessdate=2008-12-23}}</ref>

==Recognition==
The [[National Council of Negro Women]] presented Boyce its Community Service Plaque in May 2004. He was honored by the [[Phi Beta Sigma]] Fraternity and Leadership, At Its Best, LLC. as an outstanding role model for young men in November 2004.<ref name="Council" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.kevinboyce.com/ Kevin Boyce for Ohio Treasurer]
* [http://www.ohiotreasurer.org/ Ohio State Treasurer]
* [http://kwfdn.org/ KnowledgeWorks Foundation]
* [http://www.daytondailynews.com/news/dayton-news/ohio-treasurer-gives-bank-contract-gets-political-fund-raiser-225029.html/ Ohio treasurer gives bank contract, gets political fund-raiser]
* [http://blog.cleveland.com/metro/2010/01/state_lawmakers_fighting_over.html/ Ohio lawmakers fighting over whether taxpayer-financed ads should include pols]

{{Start box}}
{{S-off}}
{{Succession box |before=[[Richard Cordray]] |title=[[Ohio State Treasurer|Treasurer of the State of Ohio]] |years=2009- |after=Incumbent }}
{{End box}}

{{U.S. State Treasurers}}
{{Current Ohio statewide political officials}}
{{OhioTreasurers}}

{{Persondata
|NAME=Boyce, Kevin
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=[[United States|American]] politician of the Democratic Party serves as the [[Ohio State Treasurer]]
|DATE OF BIRTH=1971
|PLACE OF BIRTH=
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Boyce, Kevin}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:African American politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Columbus, Ohio]]
[[Category:State treasurers of Ohio]]

Kevin Boyce

2010-05-17T23:58:37Z

Tcncv: Reverted 3 edits by Columbusguy; No reason given for deletion of material. (TW)

{{POV-check}}
{{BLP dispute|date=May 2010}}

{{Infobox Politician
|image = RootsCamp Ohio 2009.jpg
|imagesize = 200px
|name= Kevin Boyce
|office = [[Ohio State Treasurer]]
|state = [[Ohio]]
|governor = [[Ted Strickland]]
|predecessor= [[Richard Cordray]]
|term_start= January 7, 2009
|term_end=
|office2=Columbus City Councilman
|term_start2=September 11, 2000
|term_end2=January 6, 2009
|predecessor2=Frederick Ransier III
|successor2=
|alma_mater= [[University of Toledo|University of Toledo]] (BS 1995) [[Central Michigan University|Central Michigan University]] (MPA 2004)
|residence={{city-state|Columbus|Ohio}}
|occupation=Politician
|birth_date= 1971
|birth_place=
|party= [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
|nationality= {{USA}}
|spouse= Crystal Boyce
|children= Two
| website = [http://www.ohiotreasurer.org/ Ohio Treasurer website]
}}

'''Kevin L. Boyce''' (born ca. 1971) is an [[United States|American]] politician of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] who currently serves as the 47th [[Ohio State Treasurer]]. Prior to being appointed treasurer he served on the Columbus City Council as President Pro Tem and Chairman of the Finance and Zoning Committees.<ref name="AP">{{cite news|url=http://www.ohio.com/news/ap?articleID=1328067&c=y|title=Source: Boyce to be next Ohio Treasurer |last=Majors|first=Stephen|coauthors=Julie Carr Smyth|date=2008-12-23|agency=Associated Press|publisher=[[Akron Beacon Journal]]|page=1|accessdate=2008-12-23|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5eZDGufe6|archivedate=2009-02-13}}</ref><ref name="Post">{{cite news|url=http://www.columbuspost.com/news/headlines347.html|title=Africa awaits Boyce|last=Thornton|first=Pamela Glason|publisher=[[Columbus Post]]|page=1|accessdate=2008-12-23}}</ref> It was announced on December 23, 2008 that Governor [[Ted Strickland]] had chosen Boyce for the position of [[Ohio State Treasurer]], he replaced [[Richard Cordray]] who left office in November 2008 to take the position of [[Ohio Attorney General]].<ref name="AP" /><ref name="Blade" /> On January 8, 2009 Boyce was sworn into office along with Cordray.<ref name="Blade09">{{cite news|url=http://toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090109/NEWS24/901090367|title=Cordray, Boyce assume Ohio offices|last=Provance|first=Jim|date=2008-12-09|agency=Associated Press|publisher=The Toledo Blade|page=1|accessdate=2009-01-09}}</ref> Boyce has also served as Chief of Staff for the minority caucus of the [[Ohio House of Representatives]] and was the leader of the [[Ohio Legislative Black Caucus]].<ref name="Council">{{cite web|url=http://wbt1.council.ci.columbus.oh.us/content.aspx?id=4902|title=Kevin L. Boyce|publisher=Columbus City Council|accessdate=2008-12-23|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5eZDtRiTU|archivedate=2009-02-13}}</ref> Boyce's appointment made him the first African-American Ohio Democrat to hold a statewide, non-judicial office.<ref name="AP" /><ref name="Dispatch" />

==Career==
Boyce was previously the executive director of the KnowledgeWorks Foundation, a nonprofit organization that promotes college access for high school students.<ref name="Courier" /> He was also the executive director of the [[Ohio Legislative Black Caucus]] 1997–1999.<ref name="Dispatch" /><ref name="Courier" /> In 1998 he was Charleta B. Tavares' campaign manager in her unsuccessful bid for Ohio Secretary of State. He was also Chief of Staff for the minority caucus of the [[Ohio House of Representatives]] from January 1999–September 2000.<ref name="Council" /><ref name="Dispatch" /> On September 11, 2000 he was appointed to the city council after Ransier resigned. He ran for a position in the council for one of three open seats; he successfully gained the seat on November 6, 2001. He ran again for council and shut out the Republicans on November 8, 2005 to serve another four-year term.<ref name="Dispatch" /> He served as the council's President Pro Tem and Chairman of the Finance and Zoning Committees in early January 2009.<ref name="Courier">{{cite news|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/stories/2008/12/22/daily35.html|title=Columbus councilman named state treasurer|last=Bell|first=Jeff|date=2008-12-13|publisher=Business Courier of Cincinnati|page=1|accessdate=2008-12-23}}</ref> In December 2008 it was announced that Governor Ted Strickland had appointed Boyce Ohio State Treasurer.<ref name="AP" /> He was sworn into office along with Richard Cordray, who was the previous treasurer, on January 8, 2009.<ref name="Blade09" />

==Census Scandal==

In January of 2010, a national news report questioned the motive behind Democratic Governor Ted Strickland's appointment of Boyce to the newly created and highly partisan "Ohio Complete Count Committee." The article stated, "[w]hat makes this situation particularly worrisome is that the man tapped to run the committee is current state Treasurer Kevin Boyce, who has an alarming history of playing fast and loose with ethics, from giving large donors lucrative state contracts to burning through taxpayer money for self-promotion. And that’s just in the one year since he took office."[8]

==Tax Dollar Abuse==

In a gross misuse to Ohio’s tax-dollars, Treasurer Kevin Boyce spent $32,469 on promotional items such as water bottles, grocery bags and pencils with his name on it and has plans to buy another $47,457 in other swag with his name present.[9]

==Questionable Hires in Treasurer's Office==

Boyce has hired a number of close friends, Democratic political operatives, high school buddies and members from his church. [10] • Boyce hired a 23 year old who’s title is “Social-Media Director” • Boyce hired Liam Shanahan, son of Governor Strickland’s energy Director, for a $45,011-a-year job. Shanahan, 24, previously worked at a zoo and a waterpark. • Boyce Hired Jessica Ford, 22, daughter of former Toledo mayor Jack Ford, to run his Community Affairs Office at a salary of $45,011. Earlier in his career, Boyce served as Jack Ford’s legislative Aid in the Ohio Statehouse. • Boyce hired Elizabeth Luken, sister of former Cincinnati Mayor Charlie Luken, to a $45,011-a-year job to run Boyce’s Cincinnati community affairs office.
Pay-to-Play Bank Contract Scandal

In July 2009, the Dayton Daily News reported that Boyce awarded a six-figure contract to process state checks to Key Bank just one week prior to the bank hosting a $500 per ticket fundraiser for him in Cleveland, Ohio.[11] Although Ohio has processed its own checks for more than one hundred years, Boyce contracted the work out. Cade and Charlie Luken, former Cincinnati mayor and another Key Bank lobbyist, were listed as hosts for the Fundraiser. Luken’s sister was hired by Boyce and works in the Treasurer’s office.

==Personal==

Boyce graduated from [[Columbus East High School]] in 1990.<ref name="PCNH">{{cite news|url=http://www.portclintonnewsherald.com/article/20081223/UPDATES01/81223011|title=Strickland announces appointment of Boyce as Treasurer of State|date=2008-12-23|agency=Associated Press|publisher=Port Clinton News Herald|page=1|accessdate=2008-12-23}}</ref> He obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from the [[University of Toledo]] in 1995 and a Masters degree in public administration from [[Central Michigan University]] in 2004.<ref name="Council" /><ref name="Courier" /> He is married to Crystal Boyce, has two sons, Kevin Jr. (K.J.) {{Age|1998|12|23}} and Kristopher 5, and a goddaughter, Kayla Banks 16.<ref name="Post" /><ref name="Blade">{{cite news|url=http://toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20081223/NEWS24/812230261&Show=0|title=University of Toledo graduate selected as Ohio treasurer|last=Provance|first=Jim|date=2008-12-23|publisher=[[Toledo Blade]]|page=1|accessdate=2008-12-23}}</ref><ref name="Dispatch">{{cite news|url=http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/local_news/stories/2008/12/23/boyce.html?sid=101|title=Boyce to be next state treasurer|last=Hallett|first=Joe|date=2008-12-23|publisher=The Columbus Dispatch|page=1|accessdate=2008-12-24}}</ref><ref name="DDN">{{cite news|url=http://www.daytondailynews.com/n/content/shared-gen/blogs/dayton/ohiopolitics/entries/2008/12/23/columbus_city_councilman_boyce.html|title=Columbus City Councilman Boyce picked for state treasurer|last=Hershey|first=William|date=2008-12-23|publisher=Dayton Daily News|page=1|accessdate=2008-12-23}}</ref>

==Recognition==
The [[National Council of Negro Women]] presented Boyce its Community Service Plaque in May 2004. He was honored by the [[Phi Beta Sigma]] Fraternity and Leadership, At Its Best, LLC. as an outstanding role model for young men in November 2004.<ref name="Council" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.kevinboyce.com/ Kevin Boyce for Ohio Treasurer]
* [http://www.ohiotreasurer.org/ Ohio State Treasurer]
* [http://kwfdn.org/ KnowledgeWorks Foundation]
* [http://www.daytondailynews.com/news/dayton-news/ohio-treasurer-gives-bank-contract-gets-political-fund-raiser-225029.html/ Ohio treasurer gives bank contract, gets political fund-raiser]
* [http://blog.cleveland.com/metro/2010/01/state_lawmakers_fighting_over.html/ Ohio lawmakers fighting over whether taxpayer-financed ads should include pols]

{{Start box}}
{{S-off}}
{{Succession box |before=[[Richard Cordray]] |title=[[Ohio State Treasurer|Treasurer of the State of Ohio]] |years=2009- |after=Incumbent }}
{{End box}}

{{U.S. State Treasurers}}
{{Current Ohio statewide political officials}}
{{OhioTreasurers}}

{{Persondata
|NAME=Boyce, Kevin
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=[[United States|American]] politician of the Democratic Party serves as the [[Ohio State Treasurer]]
|DATE OF BIRTH=1971
|PLACE OF BIRTH=
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Boyce, Kevin}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:African American politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Columbus, Ohio]]
[[Category:State treasurers of Ohio]]

Troy Baker

2009-11-08T00:17:47Z

Tcncv: Fix improperly linked dates using AWB

{{Infobox actor voice
| image = Replace this image male.svg  |name = Troy Baker
| birthname = Troy Baker
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1976|4|1|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Dallas, Texas]]
| age = {{age|1976|4|1}}
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Actor
| alias =
| gender = Male
| status = Engaged
| title =
| family =
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| ethnic =
| religion =
| salary =
| networth =
| credits = ''[[Basilisk: The Kouga Ninja Scrolls|Basilisk]]'' as '''[[Basilisk: The Kouga Ninja Scrolls|Kouga Gennosuke]]''' ''[[Fullmetal Alchemist]]'' as '''[[Frank Archer|Lieutenant Colonel Frank Archer]]''' ''[[Trinity Blood]]'' as '''[[List of Trinity Blood characters#Abel Nightroad|Father Abel Nightroad]]''' ''[[One Piece]]'' as
'''[[Enel (One Piece)|Enel]]'''
| URL =
| agent = [http://sbvtalent.com/ Sutton Barth and Venari Talent]}}

''' Troy Baker''' (born [[April 1]], [[1976]] in [[Dallas, Texas]]) is living and working in [[Los Angeles]] and primarily known for his work in [[anime]] and [[video games]].

Before pursuing acting, Troy was the lead singer and rhythm guitarist for the indie-rock band, Tripp Fontaine. The 4 piece "power pop rock" band enjoyed some success in early 2000 with their radio single "Burning Out" from their debut album "Random Thoughts On A Paper Napkin". The love of music certainly hasn't waned for Troy, as he hopes to have his latest musical collaboration completed in 2009.

==Anime==

* ''[[Baki the Grappler]]'' - Katou
* ''[[Basilisk]]'' - [[Kouga Gennosuke]]
* ''[[BECK: Mongolian Chop Squad]]'' - Ran
* ''[[Black Cat (manga)#Anime|Black Cat]]'' - [[Jenos Hazard]]
* ''[[Bleach (manga)|Bleach]]'' - Jin Kariya, Rojuro Otoribashi/Rose
* ''[[Bleach: Memories of Nobody]]'' - Ganryu
* ''[[Case Closed]]'' - James Tonga
* ''[[Code Geass]]'' - [[Schneizel el Britannia]]
* ''[[Comanche Moon]]'' - Pea Eye Parker
* ''[[Darker Than BLACK]]'' - November 11
* ''[[Desert Punk]]'' - Makoto
* ''[[Dragon Ball Z: Dead Zone]] - Ginger
* ''[[Dragon Ball Z: The World's Strongest]] - Dr. Kochin
* ''[[Dragon Ball Z: Wrath of the Dragon]] - Hoy
* ''[[Ergo Proxy]]'' - Kazkis Hauer
* ''[[Fullmetal Alchemist]]'' - [[Frank Archer]]
* ''[[The Galaxy Railways]]'' - Wataru Yuuki
* ''[[Gunslinger Girl]]'' - Alfonso
* ''[[Kodocha]]'' - Hiroshi
* ''[[Lupin III|Lupin III: Missed by a Dollar]]'' as Alex Nabikov
* ''[[Moon Phase]]'' - Count Heinrich von Kinkell
* ''[[Naruto Shippuden]]'' - Pain, Yamato
* ''[[Negima!]]'' - [[Nagi Springfield]] (Season 1)
* ''[[One Piece]]'' - [[Helmeppo]]
* ''[[Mushishi]]'' - Yasuke (Ep. 21)
* ''[[Shin-chan]]'' - Action Bastard
* ''[[Soul Eater]]'' - Excalibur
* ''[[The Sky Crawlers]]'' - Naofumi Tokino
* ''[[Speed Grapher]]'' - David
* ''[[The Third]]'' - Leon
* ''[[Trinity Blood]]'' - [[Abel Nightroad]]
* ''[[Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle]]'' - Kyle Rondatto
* ''[[YuYu Hakusho]]'' - Shunjin

==Video Game==

* ''[[Age of Conan: Hyborian Adventures]]'' - Conan
* ''[[BloodRayne 2]]'' - Severin, Kagan
* ''[[Brothers in Arms|Brothers in Arms (series)]]'' - Sergeant Matt Baker
* ''[[Crimson Gem Saga]]'' - Killian
* ''[[Final Fantasy XIII]]'' - Snow Villiers
* ''[[Ghostbusters: The Video Game]]'' - Slimer{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}
* ''[[Golden Axe]]'' - Axe
* ''[[Guilty Gear 2: Overture]]'' - Sol Badguy
* ''[[Guitar Hero: World Tour]]'' - The Guitarist
* ''[[Mana Khemia 2: Fall of Alchemy]]'' - Yun
* ''[[Mega Man X: Command Mission]]'' - Spider
* ''[[List of Naruto video games#Single games|Naruto Shippuden: Ninja Destiny 2]]'' - Yamato
* ''[[Naruto Shippuden: Legends: Akatsuki Rising]]'' - Pain
* ''[[Prototype]]'' - Misc. Soldiers
* ''[[Red Faction Guerrilla]]'' - Alec Mason
* ''[[Resistance 2]]'' - Maj. William Blake
* ''[[Shin Megami Tensei: Persona 4]]'' - Kanji Tatsumi
* ''[[Space Siege]]'' - Seth Walker
* ''[[Tales of Vesperia]]'' - Yuri Lowell
* ''[[Trauma Center: New Blood]]'' - Dr. Markus Vaughn

==External links==

*{{ann name|id=29218|name=Troy Baker}}
*{{imdb name|id=1684869|name=Troy Baker}}
*[http://www.myspace.com/{{{1|troybaker}}} {{{2|Troy Baker}}}] at [[MySpace]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baker, Troy}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:American voice actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Dallas, Texas]]
[[Category:Actors from Texas]]

[[ar:تروي بيكر]]

Rap Metal

2009-09-15T05:36:53Z

Tcncv: Reverted 1 edit by Dz4n; Link spam. (TW)

{{Infobox Music genre
|name=Rap metal
|bgcolor=crimson
|color=white
|stylistic_origins=[[Rap rock]], [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]]
|cultural_origins=Mid-to-late 1980s, [[United States]]
|instruments=[[Rapping]] - [[Singing|Vocals]] - [[Electric guitar]] - [[Bass guitar]] - [[Drum kit|Drums]] - [[Turntablism|Turntables]] - [[Sampler (musical instrument)|Sampler]] - [[Keyboard instrument|Keyboard]]
|popularity=Underground in 1980s, moderate in early 1990s, gained much mainstream success in the mid-90s.
|fusiongenres=[[nu metal]]
|other_topics=[[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] - [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]]
}}
'''Rap metal''' is a [[music genre|subgenre]] of [[rap rock]] fusing vocal and sometimes instrumental elements of [[hip hop music|hip hop]] with [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]]. Rap metal is often confused with [[rap rock]] and [[rapcore]]. These styles became the basis for [[nu metal]].

==History==
Rap metal originated from [[rap rock]], a genre fusing vocal and instrumental elements of [[hip hop music|hip hop]] with [[rock music|rock]].<ref name="Henderson">{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=19:T2164 |title=Rap-Metal |publisher=[[Allmusic]] |accessdate=2008-06-24 |last=Henderson |first=Alex }}</ref> The genre's roots are based both in hip hop acts who sampled heavy metal songs, such as [[Beastie Boys]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:jpfwxqy5ldse~T1 |title=Review of ''Licensed to Ill'' |accessdate=31 December 2008 |last=Erlewine |first=Stephen Thomas |publisher=[[Allmusic]]}}</ref> [[Cypress Hill]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:anfyxqtgldse~T1 |title=Review of ''Black Sunday'' |accessdate=31 December 2008 |last=Huey |first=Steve |publisher=[[Allmusic]]}}</ref> and [[Run-D.M.C.]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:gpfpxqlgld6e~T1 |title=Biography of Run-D.M.C. |accessdate=31 December 2008 |publisher=[[Allmusic]]}}</ref> as well as rock bands who fused heavy metal and hip hop influences, such as [[24-7 Spyz]]<ref>{{cite news |title=''24-7 Spyz! Threw reggae, rap, metal and positive vibes into a blender, then drank in the musical mix'' |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=RM&p_theme=rm&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB4D957AA9445D7&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |publisher=''[[Rocky Mountain News]]'' |date=November 22, 1991 |accessdate=8 January 2009 }}</ref> and [[Faith No More]].<ref>{{cite news |title=''Faith No More has more faith than its record company bargained for'' |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SJ&s_site=mercurynews&p_multi=SJ&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB732C85A4AD6A3&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |publisher=''[[San Jose Mercury News]]'' |date=July 31, 1990 |accessdate=8 January 2009}}</ref>

New York metal band [[Anthrax (band)|Anthrax]] fused hip hop with metal for their 1987 [[extended play]] ''[[I'm the Man]]'',<ref>{{cite news |first=Thane |last=Peterson |title=''How Corrosive Is Heavy Metal?'' |url=http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/sep2000/nf20000926_614.htm |publisher=''[[BusinessWeek]]'' |date=September 26, 2000 |accessdate=8 January 2009 }}</ref> and were teamed up with [[Public Enemy (band)|Public Enemy]] for a remake of the latter's "[[Bring the Noise]]" that fused hip hop with [[thrash metal]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Jonathan |last=Gold |title=''Anthrax, Public Enemy Fuse Rap, Metal''|url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/61519990.html?dids=61519990:61519990&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Oct+21%2C+1991&author=JONATHAN+GOLD&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=POP+MUSIC+REVIEW+Anthrax%2C+Public+Enemy+Fuse+Rap%2C+Metal&pqatl=google |publisher=''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' |date=October 21, 1991 |accessdate=8 January 2009 }}</ref> [[Sir Mix-A-Lot]] teamed up with [[Metal Church]] for his 1988 single "Iron Man", loosely based upon the [[Black Sabbath]] [[Iron Man (song)|song of the same name]].<ref name="Henderson"/> [[Stuck Mojo]], a metal band whose vocalist rapped, is considered to be one of the pioneers of the genre.<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |author= |coauthors= |title=''<nowiki>Mojo's Working — Rap-rock Pioneers Are Back</nowiki>'' |curly=y |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CL&s_site=ledgerenquirer&p_multi=CL&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=110FCD9756137570&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |format= |agency= |work= |publisher=''[[Columbus Ledger-Enquirer]]'' |location= |id= |pages= |page= |date=April 13, 2006 |accessdate=9 December 2008 |language= |quote= |archiveurl= |archivedate= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Brad |last=Barnes |authorlink= |author= |coauthors= |title=''<nowiki>Rap-rock pioneers have their 'Mojo' workin'</nowiki>'' |curly=y |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-14911549_ITM |format= |agency= |work= |publisher=''[[Columbus Ledger-Enquirer]]'' |location= |id= |pages= |page= |date=April 19, 2006 |accessdate=9 December 2008 |language= |quote= |archiveurl= |archivedate= }}</ref> Detroit rapper [[Esham]] became known for his "acid rap" style, which fused rapped metal-influenced lyrics with a sound that was often rock and metal-based.<ref>{{cite book |last=Keyes |first=Cheryl Lynette |title=Rap Music and Street Consciousness |year=2002 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=0252072014, 9780252072017 |chapter=Blending and Shaping Styles: Rap and Other Musical Voices |page=108 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=William E. |last=Ketchum III |authorlink= |author= |coauthors= |title=''Mayor Esham? What?'' |url=http://www.metrotimes.com/music/story.asp?id=13341 |format= |agency= |work= |publisher=''[[Metro Times]]'' |location=[[Detroit, Michigan]] |id= |pages= |page= |date=October 15, 2008 |accessdate=2008-10-16 |language= |quote= |archiveurl= |archivedate= }}</ref> Thrash metal band [[Body Count]] referred to their 1992 [[Body Count (album)|debut album]] as a "rock album with a rap mentality".<ref name="Dellamora">{{cite book |last=Dellamora |first=Richard |authorlink= |coauthors= |editor= |others= |title=Postmodern Apocalypse: Theory and Cultural Practice at the End |origdate= |origyear= |origmonth= |url= |format= |accessdate= |accessyear= |accessmonth= |edition= |series= |date= |year=1995 |month= |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location= |language= |isbn=0812215583 |oclc= |doi= |id= |pages=251 |chapter= |chapterurl= |quote= }}</ref> The band was formed by rapper [[Ice-T]], who did not rap on the band's debut album.<ref name="Escapi">{{cite web |url=http://www.escapimusic.com/eu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=108&Itemid=31 |title=Body Count |accessdate=2007-10-09 |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |year= |month= |format= |work= |publisher=Escapi Music Group |pages= |language= |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070928084335/http://www.escapimusic.com/eu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=108&Itemid=31 |archivedate=2007-09-28}}</ref> [[Rage Against the Machine]] fuse metal with hip hop, and is known for its politically-charged [[rapping|rapped]] lyrics.

Cypress Hill incorporated direct heavy metal influences into their 2000 album ''[[Skull & Bones (album)|Skull & Bones]]'', which featured six tracks in which rappers [[B-Real]] and [[Sen Dog]] were backed by a band including [[Fear Factory]] members [[Christian Olde Wolbers]] and [[Dino Cazares]] and Rage Against the Machine drummer [[Brad Wilk]].<ref>{{cite news |first=John |last=Gill |title=''Cypress Hill Digs Up "Bones" With Rap And Rock'' |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1427757/20000310/cypress_hill.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV News]]|date=March 10, 2000 |accessdate=31 December 2008}}</ref> B-Real also formed a rap metal group, [[Kush (band)|Kush]], with Wolbers, Fear Factory drummer [[Raymond Herrera]] and [[Deftones]] guitarist [[Stephen Carpenter]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Corey |last=Moss |title=''With Kush Record Done, B-Real Keepin' Real Busy'' |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1453557/20020423/cypress_hill.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV News]] |date=April 23, 2002 |accessdate=31 December 2008}}</ref><ref name="Downey">{{cite news |first=Ryan J |last=Downey |title=''B-Real Finishing Up Kush LP, Going Grimmer For Next Cypress Hill Album'' |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1458879/20021126/cypress_hill.jhtml |publisher=[[MTV News]] |date=November 27, 2002 |accessdate=31 December 2008 }}</ref> According to B-Real, Kush is more aggressive than other bands in the genre.<ref name="Downey"/> [[SX-10]], formed in 1996 by Sen Dog, also performs rap rock and rap metal.<ref>{{cite news |title=''SX10 tocara hoy en el DanZoo'' |url=http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2003/05/24/21an2esp.php?printver=1&fly=2 |publisher=''[[La Jornada]]'' |location=[[Mexico City]] |date=May 24, 2003 |accessdate=31 December 2008 |language=Spanish }}</ref>

Rap rock and rap metal would become the basis for the [[nu metal]] genre.<ref>{{cite book |last=McIver |first=Joel |title=Nu-metal: The Next Generation of Rock & Punk |year=2002 |publisher=Omnibus Press |isbn=0711992096 |page=10 |chapter=The Shock of the New |chapterurl= }}</ref> Although the popularity of these styles has declined,<ref name="Grierson">{{Cite web |url=http://rock.about.com/od/rockmusic101/a/raprock.htm |title=What Is Rap-Rock: A Brief History of Rap-Rock |accessdate=31 December 2008 |last=Grierson |first=Tim |publisher=[[About.com]]}}</ref> some believe that rap rock may regain popularity, with younger music fans discovering bands in the genre.<ref name="Wedge">{{cite news |first=Dave |last=Wedge |title=''Reveille answers wake-up call'' |url=http://news.bostonherald.com/entertainment/music/general/view/2008_12_24_Reveille_answers_wake-up_call/srvc=home&position=also |format= |agency= |work= |publisher=''[[Boston Herald]]'' |date=December 24, 2008 |accessdate=31 December 2008 }}</ref> Drew Simollardes of the band [[Reveille (band)|Reveille]] states that "I feel like lately it’s more appropriate. People are sick of a lot of the stuff that’s out there right now."<ref name="Wedge"/>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Heavymetal}}
{{Rap rock}}

[[Category:Fusion music genres]]
[[Category:Heavy metal subgenres]]
[[Category:Hip hop genres]]
[[Category:Rap rock| ]]

[[da:Rap metal]]
[[fi:Rapmetal]]
[[hu:Rap metal]]
[[it:Rapmetal]]
[[lt:Rapmetal]]
[[nl:Rapmetal]]
[[no:Rapmetal]]
[[pt:Rap metal]]
[[sv:Rapmetal]]

Rap Metal

2009-09-15T05:35:18Z

Tcncv: Reverted 1 edit by Dz4n; Link spam. (TW)

Vogel (Transportgerät)

2009-09-12T14:55:35Z

Tcncv: Reverted edits by Palm88909 to last revision by CliffC (HG)

A '''brick hod''' is a three-sided box for carrying [[brick]]s or other [[building material|construction materials]], often [[Mortar (masonry)|mortar]]. It bears a long handle and is carried over the shoulder. A hod is usually long enough to accept 4 bricks on their side, however, by arranging the bricks in a chevron fashion, the number of bricks that may be carried is only limited to the weight the labourer can bear and the unwieldiness of that load. Typically 10-12 bricks might be carried.<ref>http://cache.viewimages.com/xc/3395565.jpg?v=1&c=ViewImages&k=2&d=DAC7A34C488C04DF2AB09CC058560E3AA55A1E4F32AD3138</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jamd.com/search/?q=hod+carrier |title=Search - Search for "hod carrier" |publisher=Jamd |date= |accessdate=2009-04-20}}</ref>

Hod carrying is an unskilled labouring occupation in the building industry. Typically the hod carrier or ''hoddie'' will be employed by a [[bricklaying]] team in a supporting role to the skilled bricklayers. Two bricklayers for each hod carrier is quite normal. The hoddie's duties might include wetting the mortar boards on the [[scaffold]]ing prior to fetching bricks from the delivery [[pallet]] using his hod and bringing them to 2x2 wide 'stacks' upon the scaffold that may then be easily laid by the bricklayers. The carrier needs to time deliveries of bricks with deliveries of mortar - also carried in the hod - to ensure the bricklayers maintain a constant work rate. On sites without premixed mortar, the mortar will also be mixed by the hod carrier. Bricks may be cut and assistance given to 'rake out' the mortar joints, if that form of coursing joint is required, or in repointing work. The baseline rate for a bricklayer is to lay 1000 bricks a day, if the hod carrier is serving a team of two then he must move 2000 bricks although it is not uncommon for experienced hod carriers to serve three bricklayers.

== Notes ==

{{refs}}

== References ==

{{refbegin}}
* "[http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/ooh9899/82.htm Bricklayers and Stonemasons]" in the ''Occupational Outlook Handbook''. (1998–1999)
{{refend}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~ohlorain/pictures/ThomasTaylor1888.html Image: Hod carrier, 1888]

[[Category:Construction]]

{{tool-stub}}

Schlacht bei Kljastizy

2009-08-26T01:15:47Z

Tcncv: Remove hidden dash character

{{nofootnotes|date=April 2008}}
{{Infobox Military Conflict
|conflict=Battle of Klyastitsy
|partof=[[French invasion of Russia (1812)]]
|image=[[Image:Klyastitsy.jpg|300px|]]
|caption=''Battle of Klyastitsy'', by Piter von Hess
|date=[[July 30]] – [[August 1]], [[1812]]
|place=[[Klyastitsy]], [[Belarus]]
|result=Russian victory
|combatant1=[[Image:Flag of Russia.svg|22px]] [[Imperial Russia|Russian Empire]]
|combatant2=[[Image:Flag of France.svg|22px]] [[First French Empire]]
|commander1=Prince [[Peter Wittgenstein]]
|commander2=[[Nicolas Oudinot]]
|strength1=17,000–22,000
|strength2=23,000–28,000
|casualties1=3,500–4,500
|casualties2=5,500 dead, 1,000 captured}}
{{Campaignbox Napoleon's invasion of Russia}}

The '''Battle of Klyastitsy''' is a relatively minor engagement which took place near the village of Klyastitsy ({{lang-ru|Клястицы}}) (Drissa [[uyezd]], [[Vitebsk]] [[guberniya]]) on the road between [[Polotsk]] and [[Sebezh]]. In this battle the [[Imperial Russia|Russian]] [[corps]] under the command of [[Peter Wittgenstein]], ordered to defend [[St. Petersburg]], defeated the [[First French Empire|French]] corps under the command of [[marshal of France|Marshal]] [[Nicolas Oudinot]]

== The battle ==
On [[July 28]], twelve French [[cavalry]] [[squadron]]s were surprised and attacked by eight Russian [[hussard]] and [[Cossack]] squadrons under General [[Yakov Kulnev]]. In spite of their numerical superiority, the French squadrons lost the skirmish and retreated.

At that time Oudinot occupied the village of Klyastitsy on his advance towards St. Petersburg. There were 28,000 French troops while the Russian Corps numbered 17,000. In spite of being outnumbered, Wittgenstein decided to fight. The battle started on [[July 30]] at 2 pm. The Russian vanguard led by Kulnev (ca 4,000 men) fought with the French vanguard for the whole day near the village of Yakubov. Kulnev managed to press the French but they kept the village under their control. On the next day, after several attacks and counterattacks, the Russian advance forced Oudinot to retreat to Klyastitsy. In order to continue their advance the Russian troops had to cross the river Nishcha. Oudinot ordered his troops to set fire to the only bridge. While the Russian cavalry was wading across the Nishcha, the 2nd battalion of the Pavlovsk [[Grenadier]] regiment rushed the burning bridge. This instance was depicted by Peter Hess in his painting, illustrated to the right.

Kulnev continued to chase the French Corps with several cavalry regiments and one infantry battalion. After crossing the Drissa river on [[August 1]] his unit ran into an ambush and suffered heavy casualties under the fire of French artillery. Kulnev was badly wounded (he had both his legs severed by a cannon-ball) and died the same day. Finally Oudinot retreated to Polotsk and the French advance on St. Petersburg failed.

== Aftermath ==
Wittgenstein was awarded the [[Order of St. George]] of the Second Degree. [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]] is reported to have called him "the saviour of St. Petersburg". Captain Krylov, whose unit was the first to cross the river over the burning bridge, received the Order of St. George of the Fourth Degree.

==External links==
*{{ru icon}}[http://www.kulichki.com/gusary/istoriya/taktika/battles/klyasticy/ Battle of Klyastitsy]

{{coord missing}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Klyastitsy}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1812]]
[[Category:Battles of the Napoleonic Wars]]
[[Category:Battles involving Russia]]
[[Category:Battles involving France]]
[[Category:19th century in Russia]]
[[Category:1812 in France]]
[[Category:1812 in Russia]]

[[fr:Bataille de Kliastitsy]]
[[hu:Kljasztici csata]]
[[ru:Сражение под Клястицами]]
[[sv:Kljastitsy]]

Ivan Rogers

2009-04-26T02:44:17Z

Tcncv: Remove underscore from date links, Replaced: March_23 → March 23 using AWB

'''Ivan Rogers''' was a British civil servant, latterly serving as the [[Principal Private Secretary to the Prime Minister]], having been appointed in 2003 at the age of 43.

He was previously [[Director of Budget and Public Finances]] and Director, European Policy at [[HM Treasury]], Chief of Staff to Sir Leon Brittan, Vice President of the European Commission and Private Secretary to Kenneth Clarke, Chancellor of the Exchequer. He was educated at the [[University of Oxford]]. He replaced former secretary [[Jeremy Heywood]], who left to take up a post at [[Morgan Stanley]], the American investment bank.

On [[March 23]], [[2006]], it was announced that Rogers would be leaving Downing Street to become senior government banker for the United Kingdom at [[Citigroup]], the U.S. financial conglomerate.

==External links==
*[http://uk.biz.yahoo.com/23032006/325/citibank-hires-blair-s-top-private-secretary.html 'Citibank hires Blair's top private secretary'] at [[Yahoo!]]

[[Category:Living people|Rogers, Ivan]]
[[Category:British civil servants|Rogers, Ivan]]

Hundeherz

2009-04-26T02:42:52Z

Tcncv: Remove underscore from dates, Replaced: March_4 → March 4 using AWB

{{infobox Book | 
| name = Heart of a Dog
| title_orig = Собачье сердце
| author = Mikhail Bulgakov
| translator =
| image = [[Image:FatalEggs.jpg|200px|A [[2001]] Russian edition of [[The Fatal Eggs]] and [[Heart of a Dog]].]]
| image_caption = A 2001 Russian edition of [[The Fatal Eggs]] and [[Heart of a Dog]].| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = [[U.S.S.R.]]
| language = [[Russian language|Russian]]
| series =
| genre =
| publisher =
| release_date = 1968
| english_release_date =
| media_type = Print ([[Hardback]] and [[Paperback]])
| pages =
| isbn = 978-0-8021-5059-2
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}
'''''Heart of a Dog''''' ({{lang-ru|Собачье сердце}}, ''Sobač'e serdce'') is a biting satire of the [[New Soviet man]], written in 1925 at the height of the [[New Economic Policy|NEP]] period, when [[Communism]] appeared to be weakening in the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name="RefGuide">{{cite book
| last =Cornwell | first =Neil | coauthors =Nicole Christian
| title =Reference Guide to Russian Literature | publisher =Taylor & Francis
| date =1998 | page =103
| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=ehaZrlRY_YgC&q=Poligrafovich#search_anchor
| id = ISBN 1884964109, 9781884964107}}</ref> It is "one of novelist [[Mikhail Bulgakov]]'s most beloved stories" featuring a stray dog "named Sharik who takes human form as a slovenly [[proletarian]]."<ref name="WSJ">{{cite news
| last = Schoofs
| first = Mark
| title = In Moscow's Metro, a Stray Dog's Life Is Pretty Cushy, and Zoologists Notice
| work = [[The Wall Street Journal]]
| pages = A1
| language =
| publisher = [[Dow Jones]]
| date = May 20, 2008
| url = http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121123197068805001.html?mod=hps_us_pageone
| accessdate = 2008-05-20}}</ref>
It also features Professor Filip Filippovich Preobrazhensky who implants a human [[pituitary gland]] and [[testicle]]s into Sharik. Sharik proceeds to become more and more human as time passes, picks for himself the absurd name Poligraf Poligrafovich Sharikov, makes himself a career with the "Moscow Cleansing Department responsible for eliminating vagrant quadrupeds (cats, etc.)", and turns the life in the professor's house into a nightmare until the professor reverses the procedure.

The story has become a cultural phenomenon in Russia, known and discussed "from schoolchildren to politicians."
<ref name="Sc1">{{cite web
| last = Serebriakov
| first = Alexandr
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Собачье сердце как зеркало русской контрреволюции
| work = Scepsis.ru
| publisher =
| date =
| url = http://www.scepsis.ru/library/id_848.html
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2008-05-20}}</ref>
The story has been filmed in both Russian and Italian-language versions, made into an English-language play and an opera, and been the cause of critical argument.<ref name="Sc2">{{cite web
| last = Yankova
| first = Tatiana
| title = Автор и герой в «Собачьем сердце»
| work = Scepsis.ru
| publisher =
| date =
| url = http://scepsis.ru/library/id_873.html
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2008-05-20}}</ref>

==Themes==
The story has analogies with ''[[The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus|Dr. Faustus]]'', ''[[Frankenstein]]'', and ''[[The Island of Dr. Moreau]]''. It was published in the [[Soviet Union]] only in 1987, more than 60 years after its completion, but was made known to Russian readers through ''[[samizdat]].'' In 1968, it was published in English by [[Harvill Press]], translated by [[Michael Glenny]]. More recently, it has been reprinted by [[Grove Press]] in paperback; [[ISBN]] 0-8021-5059-4.

The tale has been interpreted either as a satire on the Soviet utopian attempts to radically improve human nature by creating a [[New Soviet man]]<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DEFDC173FF932A35751C0A96E948260 New York Times review] Stage: Heart of a Dog, 1988-02-01.</ref> or as a wry comment on the scientists' attempts to interfere with nature. <ref> Bulgakov's biography at [http://www.sovlit.com/bios/bulgakov.html SovLit.com] </ref>
One commonly accepted interpretation is that Bulgakov was trying to show all the inconsistencies of the system in which a man with a dog's intelligence could become an important part (Sharikov).

Sharik is seen as "a reincarnation of the repellent proletarian," and the professor represents a "hyperbolic vision of the bourgeois dream," according to J.A.E. Curtis.<ref name="RefGuide"/>

[[Image:Sobachye.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Professor ([[Yevgeniy Yevstigneyev]]) and Sharikov in the 1988 Soviet movie.]]
Names figure prominently in the story. Preobrazhensky's name is derived from the Russian word for "[[transfiguration]]." "Sharik" is a common name for dogs in Russia, equivalent to "Spot."

The name and [[patronymic]] "Poligraf Poligrafovich" translate roughly as "[[Rotogravure]], Son of Rotogravure" and echos a tradition of nonsense double names in [[Russian literature]] that goes back to [[Gogol]]'s hero Akakii Akakievich in [[The Overcoat]]. The name is also a satire on new naming conventions in the [[Names in Russian Empire, Soviet Union and CIS countries#Early Soviet Union|early Soviet Union]]. Nevertheless, the name was chosen according to the old Russian tradition, of "consulting the calendar," with Poligraf's [[Name day#Russia|name day]] being [[March 4]].

The name of the drunken donor of the human implants is Chugunkin ("chugun" is cast iron) which can be seen as parody on the name of Stalin ("stal'" is steel).

The real life prototype for Professor Preobrazhensky was most probably Russia-French surgeon [[Serge Voronoff]] who was famous for his experiments on implanting humans with animal's testicles and [[Thyroid gland]]s <ref> [http://life.orthomed.ru/zhizn/etika/00003.htm Tatiana Bateneva. ''In the quest for longevity humans are ready to become relatives with any animals'']] {{ru icon}} </ref>.

The book was rejected for publication in 1925, due in part to [[Lev Kamenev]]. Bulgakov was writing a play based on the story in 1926 for the [[Moscow Art Theater]] but the play was cancelled after the manuscript and copies were confiscated by the [[OGPU]]. Eventually, [[Maxim Gorky]] helped get the manuscript returned.<ref name="RefGuide"/>

A comic [[opera]], ''The Murder of Comrade Sharik'' by [[William Bergsma]] (1973), is based on the plot of the story.

The story was filmed in Italian in 1976 as "[[Cuore di cane]]" and starred [[Max Von Sydow]] as Preobrazhensky.<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0072837/ Cuore di cane] Internet Movie Database</ref>

A very popular 1988 Soviet movie, ''[[Sobachye Serdtse]]'', was made (in [[sepia tone|sepia]]) by [[Vladimir Bortko]].<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0096126/ Sobachye Serdtse] Internet Movie Database</ref> Major sequences in the movie were famously shot from an unusually low dog's point of view.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
*[[Bulgakov museum in Moscow]]
*[[Master and Margarita]]

== External links ==
*{{ru icon}} [http://www.bulgakovmuseum.ru// Bulgakov museum in Moscow. The Odd Flat ]
*{{ru icon}} [http://community.livejournal.com/bulgakovmuseum/// Diary of Bulgakov museum in Moscow]
*[http://ilibrary.ru/text/10/ Full text of ''Heart of a Dog'' in the original Russian]
*[http://www.lib.ru/BULGAKOW/dogheart_engl.txt Full text of ''Heart of a Dog'' translated into English]
*{{cite book
| last =Cornwell | first =Neil | coauthors =Nicole Christian
| title =Reference Guide to Russian Literature | publisher =Taylor & Francis
| date =1998 | page =103
| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=ehaZrlRY_YgC&q=Poligrafovich#search_anchor
| id = ISBN 1884964109, 9781884964107}}
*{{cite book
| last =Haber | first =Edythe C.
| title =Mikhail Bulgakov: The Early Years | publisher =Harvard University Press
| date =1998 | page =206
| url =http://books.google.com/books?id=aAYOu62zcVUC&q=Heart+of+a+Dog#search_anchor
| id = ISBN 0674574184}}
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FE506qXF7Cg Movie on Youtube] in Russian with English subtitles

[[Category:1925 novels]]
[[Category:Russian comedy and humour]]
[[Category:Satirical novels]]
[[Category:Russian novels]]
[[Category:Works by Mikhail Bulgakov]]
[[Category:Books critical of communism and communists]]
[[bg:Кучешко сърце]]
[[eo:Hunda Koro]]
[[fa:دل سگ]]
[[fr:Cœur de chien]]
[[he:לב כלב]]
[[it:Cuore di cane (romanzo)]]
[[lt:Šuns širdis]]
[[pl:Psie serce]]
[[ru:Собачье сердце]]

Mount Barrow

2009-03-05T01:05:26Z

Tcncv: Move {{Australian-English}} template to talk page

'''Mount Barrow''' is a mountain located 46 kilometres north east of Launceston, Tasmania. The three kilometre long plateau reaches a maximum altitude of 1413 metres above sea level and receives regular snowfalls in winter. Mount Barrow State Reserve occupies 459 hectares and is an important subalpine fauna and flora habitat for several threatened species.

== References ==
* [http://www.discovertasmania.com/activities__and__attractions/wilderness_areas/national_parks_and_reserves/mt_barrow_state_reserve Mount Barrow State Reserve]

{{coord missing|Australia}}

[[Category:Mountains of Tasmania|Barrow]]

{{Tasmania-geo-stub}}

Morrill-Gesetze

2009-02-25T02:31:36Z

Tcncv: Reverted edits by 99.131.138.22 to last revision by 68.14.74.139 (HG)

{{redirect|Morrill Act|the act regarding polygamy|Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act}}

The '''Morrill Land-Grant Acts''' are [[United States]] [[statutes]] that allowed for the creation of [[land-grant colleges]].

[[Image:Justin Smith Morrill - Brady-Handy.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Justin Smith Morrill]]]]

==Passage of original bill==
For fifteen years prior to the first introduction of the bill in 1857, there was a political movement calling for the creation of agriculture colleges. The movement was led by Professor [[Jonathan Baldwin Turner]] of [[Illinois College]]. On [[February 8]], [[1853]], the Illinois legislature adopted a resolution, drafted by
Turner, calling for the Illinois congressional delegation to work to enact a land-grant bill to fund a system of industrial colleges, one in each state. Senator [[Lyman Trumbull]] of Illinois believed it was advisable that the bill should be introduced by an eastern congressman,<ref>Letter from Lyman Trumbull to J.B. Turner, 1857-10-19.</ref> and two months later Representative [[Justin Smith Morrill]] of [[Vermont]] introduced his bill.

Unlike the Turner Plan, which provided an equal grant to each state, the Morrill bill allocated land based on the number of senators and representative each state had in Congress. This was more advantageous to the more populous eastern states.<ref>[[Carl L. Becker]], ''Cornell University Founders and The Founding'', (Cornell University Press 1943) p. 28-30.</ref>

The Morrill Act was first proposed in 1857, and was passed by Congress in 1859, but it was vetoed by President [[James Buchanan]]. In 1861, Morrill resubmitted the act with the amendment that the proposed institutions would teach military tactics<ref>The Morrill Act used the phrase "military tactic."</ref> as well as engineering and agriculture. Aided by the secession of many states that did not support the plans, this reconfigured Morrill Act was signed into law by [[Abraham Lincoln|President Abraham Lincoln]] on [[July 2]], [[1862]].

==Land-grant colleges==
The purpose of the land-grant colleges was:
<blockquote> without excluding other scientific and classical studies and including military tactic, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts, in such manner as the legislatures of the States may respectively prescribe, in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions in life.<ref>7 U.S.C. § 304.</ref></blockquote>

Under the act, each eligible state received a total of 30,000 [[acre]]s (121 km²) of federal land, either within or contiguous to its boundaries, for each member of congress the state had as of the census of 1860. This land, or the proceeds from its sale, was to be used toward establishing and funding the educational institutions described above. Under provision six of the Act, "No State while in a condition of rebellion or insurrection against the government of the United States shall be entitled to the benefit of this act," in reference to the recent [[secession]] of several [[Southern United States|Southern]] states and the currently raging [[American Civil War]]. After the war, however, the 1862 Act was extended to the former Confederate states; it was eventually extended to every state and territory, including those created after 1862. If the federal land within a state was insufficient to meet that state's land grant, the state was issued "scrip" which authorized the state to select federal lands in other states to fund its institution.<ref>7 U.S.C. § 302.</ref> For example, [[New York]] carefully selected valuable timber land in [[Wisconsin]] to fund [[Cornell University]].<ref>http://www.cornell.edu/landgrant/resources/Land_Grant_Univ_Whalen.pdf p. 9</ref> As a result, even though New York received only one-tenth of the 1862 land
grant, the university’s management of that scrip yielded one third of the total grant revenues generated by all the states.<ref>http://www.cornell.edu/landgrant/resources/Land_Grant_Univ_Whalen.pdf p. 10</ref> Overall, the 1862 Morrill Act allocated {{convert|17400000|acre|km2}} of land, which when sold yielded a collective endowment of $7.55 million.<ref>http://www.cornell.edu/landgrant/resources/Land_Grant_Univ_Whalen.pdf p. 8</ref>

With a few exceptions (including [[Cornell University]] and the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]), nearly all of the Land-Grant Colleges are public.

==Expansion==
A second Morrill Act in 1890 was also aimed at the former Confederate states. This act required each state to show that race was not an admissions criterion, or else to designate a separate land-grant institution for persons of color.<ref>7 U.S.C. § 323</ref> Among the seventy colleges and universities which eventually evolved from the Morrill Acts are several of today's [[Historically Black colleges and universities]] (indicated below with *). Though the 1890 Act granted cash instead of land, it granted colleges under that act the same legal standing as the 1862 Act colleges; hence the term "land-grant college" properly applies to both groups.

Later on, other colleges such as the [[University of the District of Columbia]] and the "1994 land-grant colleges" for Native Americans were also awarded cash by Congress in lieu of land to achieve "land-grant" status.

In imitation of the [[land-grant colleges]]' focus on agricultural and mechanical research, Congress later established programs of [[sea grant colleges]] (aquatic research, in 1966), [[urban grant colleges]] (urban research, in 1985), [[space grant colleges]] (space research, in 1988), and [[sun grant colleges]] (sustainable energy research, in 2003).

==Cooperative extensions==
Congress later recognized the need to disseminate the knowledge gained at the land-grant colleges to farmers and homemakers. The [[Smith-Lever Act of 1914]] started federal funding of [[cooperative extension]], with the land-grant universities' agents being sent to virtually every county of every state. Starting in 1887, Congress also funded [[agricultural experiment station]]s and various categories of agricultural and veterinary research "under direction of" the land-grant universities.<ref>7 U.S.C. § 361a</ref> In some states, the annual federal appropriations to the land-grant college under these laws exceed the current income from the original land grants. In the fiscal year 2006 USDA Budget, $1.033 billion went to research and cooperative extension activities nationwide.<ref>[http://www.usda.gov/agency/obpa/Budget-Summary/2006/12.REE.htm USDA Budget Summary 2006 - Research, Education, and Economics]</ref> The President has proposed $1.035 billion for fiscal year 2008.<ref>[http://www.csrees.usda.gov/about/offices/budget/08_budget_brochure.pdf CSREES FY2008 President's Budget Proposal]</ref>

== List of land-grant colleges and universities ==

{{main|List of land-grant universities}}

== See also ==
* [[National Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges]]
* [[Hatch Act of 1887]]
* [[Smith-Lever Act of 1914]]
* [[United States Department of Agriculture]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Land-grant universities and colleges|*]]
[[Category:History of United States colleges and universities]]
[[Category:United States federal agriculture legislation]]
[[Category:United States federal public land legislation]]

[[ko:모릴법]]
[[no:Morrill Act]]
[[zh:土地撥贈法案]]

Love (2011)

2009-02-16T00:40:23Z

Tcncv: Reverted edits by 86.162.202.124 to last revision by OwenC1993 (HG)

{{future film}}
{{Refimprove|date=February 2008}}
{{dablink|For the album of the same name, see [[I-Empire]].}}

{{Infobox film
| name = I-Empire
| image =
| starring = Michael Ostman [[Tom DeLonge]] [[David Kennedy (guitarist)|David Kennedy]] [[Adam Willard|Atom Willard]] [[Matt Wachter]]
| distributor = [[MTV Films]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
}}

'''''I-Empire''''' is a [[science fiction]] film set to be released in 2nd or 3rd quarter of 2009. It is based on the album of the [[I-Empire|same name]] by the alternative rock group [[Angels & Airwaves]]. On [[August 29]], [[2007]], the first trailer was posted on the band's website for the promotion of their new record. The trailer features the song "Call to Arms".

On [[November 1]], [[2007]], a second trailer for the upcoming movie was released on the band's official website and also leaked onto [[YouTube]].<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vAoBRl_n4sY YouTube - Angels & Airwaves - I-Empire Trailer]</ref>

On February 14, DeLonge stated on his blog that the movie is complete and should be out soon, he stated "The film is done, but, like an album, there are a million little tiny details that their trying to work out"
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Angels & Airwaves}}
{{MTV Films}}

[[Category:2008 films]]

{{sf-film-stub}}

[[it:I-Empire (film)]]

Steven Barnes

2009-02-01T18:39:22Z

Tcncv: Reverted edits by 79.64.55.40 to last revision by Doomsdayer520 (HG)

{{Refimprove|date=July 2008}}
{{nofootnotes}}
'''Steven Barnes''' (born [[March 1]], [[1952]] in [[Los Angeles, CA]]) is a [[science fiction]] writer, lecturer, creative consultant, and human performance technician<ref name=Steven Barnes Bio Page>http://www.lifewrite.com/html/about.htm</ref>. He is married to author [[Tananarive Due]]. The couple live in [[Los Angeles]]. Barnes has a daughter, Lauren Nicole (born [[March 16]], [[1986]]) from his first marriage and a son, Jason, from his current marriage.

Barnes has had a varied education, including a secondary education at [[Los Angeles High School]]. He continued at [[Pepperdine University]], majoring in Communication Arts. He is a certified [[hypnotherapy|hypnotherapist]], trained at the Transformative Arts Institute in [[San Anselmo, California]].

His true passion, other than writing, is [[martial arts|martial and physical arts]]. He is a Black Belt in [[Kenpo|Kenpo Karate]] ([[Aikka]] style), and [[Judo|Kodokan Judo]]. He holds an instructor certificate in [[Wu Ming Ta]], and has an instructor candidate ranking in [[Filipino Kali]] stick and knife fighting. He is an advanced student in [[Jun Fan]] Kickboxing ([[Bruce Lee]] method under [[Dan Inosanto]]), and is an instructor in [[Wu Style Tai Chi Chuan]] under [[Hawkins Cheung]]. He is also an intermediate student in self defense pistol shooting ([[Turnipseed modified Weaver method]]).

He also holds a Brown Belt in [[Jujutsu|Shorenji Jiu Jitsu]], and intermediate rankings in [[Tae Kwon Do]] and [[Aikido]]. He has additional (limited) experience in boxing, Western fencing, wrestling, Wing Chun Kung Fu, Shotokan Karate, and French Savate.

He has completed the Yoga Works basic [[Hatha Yoga]] instructor program.

He is presently studying [[Pentjak Silat]] (an Indonesian fighting system) with Guru [[Stevan Plinck]], and [[Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga|Ashtanga Yoga]] (an aerobic form of yoga).

He also practices martial arts with [[Scott Sonnon]], as well as co-teaching a class called "The Path Worksop".

==Bibliography==
*The [[Dream Park]] series:
**''Dream Park'' (1981) (with [[Larry Niven]])
**''The Barsoom Project'' (1989) (with Larry Niven)
**''The California Voodoo Game'' (1992) (with Larry Niven)

*The Aubrey Knight series:
**''Street Lethal'' (1983)
**''Gorgon Child'' (1989)
**''Firedance'' (1993)

*The Heorot series:
**''[[The Legacy of Heorot]]'' (1987) (with Larry Niven and [[Jerry Pournelle]])
**''[[Beowulf's Children]]'' (1995) (with Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle)

*The Insh'Allah series:
**''[[Lion's Blood]]'' (2002) (winner 2003 [[Endeavour Award]])
**''[[Zulu Heart]]'' (2003)

*Stand-alone novels, screenplays, and other works:
**[http://www.bookvideos.tv/2007/08/blair-underwood.html ''Casanegra''] (with Blair Underwood and Tananarive Due)
**''[[The Descent of Anansi]]'' (1982) (with Larry Niven)
**''The Kundalini Equation'' (1986)
**''[[Fusion (Eclipse Comics)|Fusion]]'' (1987) ([[comic book]] mini-series)
**''Achilles' Choice'' (1991) (with Larry Niven)
**''Blood Brothers'' (1996)
**''Iron Shadows'' (1997)
**''[[Far Beyond the Stars]]'' (1998) ([[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]] novelization)
**''The Lives of Dax'': "The Music Between the Notes" (1999)
**''Saturn's Race'' (2000) (with [[Larry Niven]])
**''Charisma'' (2002)
**''[[The Cestus Deception]]'' (2004) ([[Star Wars]])
**''Great Sky Woman'' (2006)
**[[To See the Invisible Man (The Twilight Zone)|"To See the Invisible Man"]] (a television script adapting a short story by [[Robert Silverberg]], for the 1980s revival of ''[[The New Twilight Zone|The Twilight Zone]]'')
**''[[Assassin's Creed: The Invisible Imam]]'' (2007)

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|3}}

==External links==

* [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=12742905 Black Science Fiction and Fantasy] with [[Tananarive Due]], [[Steven Barnes]], and [[Sheree Thomas| Sheree R. Thomas]] on NPR, News & Notes, August 13, 2007 (Audio)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barnes, Steven}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:American science fiction writers]]
[[Category:African American writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Endeavour Award winning authors]]
[[Category:American fiction writers]]
[[Category:American novelists]]

[[bg:Стивън Барнс]]
[[pt:Steven Barnes]]

Richard Proenneke

2009-02-01T04:38:22Z

Tcncv: Reverted edits by 68.80.154.99 to last revision by Alansohn (HG)

{{Unreferenced|date=January 2009}}
[[Image:Richard Proenneke.jpg|thumb|Richard Proenneke]]

'''Richard Louis "Dick" Proenneke''' ([[May 4]] [[1916]]–[[April 28]], [[2003]]) was a [[natural history|naturalist]] and [[survivalist]] who lived alone in the high mountains of [[Alaska]] at a place called [[Twin Lakes (Alaska)|Twin Lakes]]. Living in a log cabin he constructed by hand, Proenneke made valuable recordings of both [[meteorology|meteorological]] and natural data.

==Life==
Proenneke's father, William Christian Proenneke, served in [[World War I]] and later made his living as a well driller. His mother, Laura ([[Née]] Bonn) worked as a [[homemaker]]. His parents married in late 1909, or early 1910, and started a family: three daughters and three sons: Robert, Helen, Lorene, Richard, Florence, and Raymond Proenneke. The year of Richard's birth is often given as 1917, but social security and census records prove him to have been born in Primrose, [[Harrison Township#Iowa|Harrison Township]], [[Lee County, Iowa|Lee County]], [[Iowa]], on 4 May 1916.

Proenneke served in the [[United States Navy]] as a [[carpenter]] during [[World War II]]. It was during this service that he contracted [[rheumatic fever]] and was bedridden for nearly six months. According to [[Sam Keith]], a life-long friend from [[Duxbury (town), Massachusetts|Duxbury, Massachusetts]], this illness was very revealing for Proenneke, who decided to devote the rest of his life to the strength and health of his body.

Following his discharge from the Navy, Proenneke went to school to become a [[diesel engine|diesel]] [[mechanic]]. The combination of his high [[intelligence (trait)|intelligence]], unique [[adaptability]], and strong [[work ethic]] turned him into a very skilled mechanic. Though quite adept at his trade, Proenneke succumbed to the call of [[nature]] within him and moved to [[Oregon]] to work at a [[sheep]] ranch. He moved to [[Shuyak Island]], Alaska in 1950.

For several years he worked as a heavy equipment operator and repairman on the naval base at [[Kodiak]]. Proenneke spent the next several years working throughout the state of Alaska as both a [[salmon]] [[fishing|fisherman]] and diesel mechanic. He worked for the [[Fish and Wildlife Service]] at [[King Salmon]] on the [[Alaska Peninsula]]. His skills as a mechanic were well-known and extremely sought after, and he was able to put away a modest [[wikt:nest egg|nest egg]] for retirement. Proenneke retired to [[Twin Lakes (Alaska)|Twin Lakes]].

==Retirement==

On [[May 21]], [[1968]], Proenneke arrived at his new place of retirement at Twin Lakes. Before arriving at the lakes, he made arrangements to use a [[log cabin|cabin]] on the upper lake of Twin Lakes owned by a retired Navy captain, Spike Carrithers, and his wife Hope from [[Kodiak]], (in whose care he had left his camper). This cabin was well situated on the lake and close to the site which Proenneke chose for the construction of his own cabin. Proenneke's [[bush pilot]] friend, Babe Alsworth, returned occasionally to bring food and orders that Proenneke placed through him to [[Sears, Roebuck and Company|Sears]].

Proenneke remained at Twin Lakes for the next 16 months, when he left to go home for a spell to visit relatives and secure more supplies. He returned to the lakes in the following spring and remained there for most of the next 30 years, coming to the lower 48 only occasionally to be with his family.

==Death and legacy==
In 1999, at age 82, Proenneke returned to civilization and lived the remainder of his life with his brother in California. He [[death|died]] of a [[stroke]] [[April 28]], [[2003]]. He left his cabin to the parks service and it remains today as a popular visitor attraction in the still-remote Twin Lakes region.

In 1973, [[Sam Keith]] produced the book ''[[One Man's Wilderness: An Alaskan Odyssey]]'' (ISBN 0-88240-513-6), based on Proenneke's journals and photography. In 2005, some of Proenneke's film, ''Alone in the Wilderness'', began appearing on [[Public Broadcasting Service|U.S. Public Television]]. Primarily, the film consists of shots of Proenneke performing tasks around his cabin, canoeing and walking, and views of wildlife, along with narration. For shots of himself (since he was alone), Proenneke fixed the camera in place, and then performed his tasks. This would necessitate him returning to the camera after walking or canoeing away.

Also in 2005, the National Park Service and the [[Alaska Natural History Association]] published ''More Readings From One Man's Wilderness,'' another volume of Proenneke's journal entries. The book, edited by longtime Lake Clark National Park employee and friend-of-Proenneke John Branson, covers the years when the Park was established. The journal entries show that Proenneke's feelings about wilderness and the Park Service were complex and can't be summed up in phrases like "not a bunny hugger."

The actual location on the Upper Twin Lake is at coordinates {{coord|60|38|59|N|153|48|38|W|display=inline,title}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
*[http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/lacl/proenneke.pdf More Readings From One Man's Wilderness: The Journals of Richard L. Proenneke] From the National Park Service. 500 pg, illustrated, 50 MB
*[http://www.nps.gov/lacl/historyculture/proennekes-cabin.htm NPS page about Richard Proenneke]
*[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0437806/ Alone in the Wilderness at IMDB]
*[http://www.nps.gov/lacl/scrapbook/proeneke.htm Dick Proenneke photos at Lake Clark National Park and Reserve Home Page]
*[http://www.photo-mark.com/photographs/lake-clark-national-park/ Photos of the landscape in Lake Clark National Park]
*[http://www.discovermachine.com/maps/99 Map showing the location of Proenneke's cabin]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Proenneke, Richard}}
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from stroke]]
[[Category:People from Iowa]]

Eurogamer

2009-02-01T04:37:44Z

Tcncv: Reverted edits by 94.193.119.60 to last revision by Amirobot (HG)

{{Infobox Website
| name = Eurogamer
| favicon =
| logo = [[Image:Eurogamer logo.svg|240px]]
| screenshot = [[Image:Eurogamer screenshot.PNG|240px]]
| caption = Eurogamer homepage
| url = [http://www.eurogamer.net/ www.eurogamer.net]
| commercial = Yes
| type = Video game journalism
| registration =
| owner = Eurogamer Network Rupert Loman Nick Loman
| launch date = September 1999
| current status =
| author =
| revenue =
}}
'''Eurogamer''' is a [[Brighton]]-based [[website]] focused on [[video games]] news, reviews, previews and interviews. It is operated by Eurogamer Network Ltd., which was formed in 1999 by brothers [[Rupert Loman|Rupert]] and [[Nick Loman]]. Eurogamer has grown to become one of the most important [[Europe|European-based]] websites focused on video games. Eurogamer Network claims that the site has the largest readership of any independent videogames website in Europe (over 3.7 million unique users in November 2008, including traffic from the local European sites), and was the first such site to subject its traffic to independent verification by the ABC Electronic system.<ref>[http://www.abce.org.uk The ABC Electronic Website]</ref>

Most of the reviews (which are scored on a 10 point scale) are of European or PAL releases of the games, but given the time disparity between Japanese or North American/NTSC releases, some reviews are done using the latter. The version used, however, is always indicated. Other features include news, screenshot galleries, reader reviews, reader scores, previews, articles, release dates and a forum. In February 2006, the company launched Eurogamer TV,<ref>[http://www.eurogamer.net/tv_index.php Eurogamer TV]</ref> which provides trailers and other video content directly in the browser using [[Adobe Flash]] technology.

The main site was heavily redesigned in May 2005 and continues to provide all of its content for free - unlike some other gaming websites, there are no "premium accounts" or any other kind of privileges for paying members.

''Eurogamer'''s editor is Tom Bramwell, (aka mugwum), who took over the role from Kristan Reed, (aka krudster), in January 2008. Tom Bramwell is the longest-serving member of the editorial staff, having worked on the publication since early 2000. The site takes a more critical stance than most publications, although not usually on the same level as ''[[GamesTM]]'' and ''[[Edge (magazine)|Edge]]''.

''Eurogamer'' contributors include ''[[PC Gamer]]'', ''GamesTM'' and ''Edge'' writers such as Oliver Welsh (''Edge''), [[Kieron Gillen]] (''PC Gamer''/ ''Edge''), [[Jim Rossignol]] (''PC Gamer''/ ''Edge''), John Walker (''PC Gamer''), [[Simon Parkin]] (''Edge''), Alec Meer (''PC Gamer''), [[Richard Leadbetter]] (''[[Mean Machines]]''), Dan Whitehead, Keza MacDonald, and David McCarthy (''Edge'', ''MCV''), as well as former GamesIndustry.biz editor Rob Fahey. Additionally, a number of regular contributors to the site write under pseudonyms (such as Egon Superb).

==Subsidiaries and divisions==
===Eurogamer TV===
Launched in February 2006, Eurogamer TV (EGTV) is an extension of the Eurogamer brand offering a new streaming video service ranging from trailers for upcoming games to event reports. The first custom content to appear on the streaming service was video coverage of E3 2006. Since all the videos are played in the web browser using Flash Player. EGTV is edited and presented by journalist Johnny Minkley, who has in the past appeared on [[BBC Radio 1]]'s Jo Whiley show, and edited ComputerAndVideoGames.com and trade publication MCV. During October 2008, Eurogamer's viewers watched over 800,000 videos. Eurogamer TV programming is also available to view through Xbox LIVE Arcade, and some videos are even available to watch through Playstation Home's theatre.

===Eurogamers===
In January 2007 the company's corporate site was updated to indicate the forthcoming launch of Eurogamers, which subsequently launched in April 2007. Billed as "The social network for gamers", Eurogamers vastly increased the number of community features within the Eurogamer network of websites, as well as offering registered users a fully customisable homepage.

In September 2007 the company announced integration with Xbox LIVE, allowing users to view their in-game information via the Eurogamers website.

===Eurogamer Foreign Language sites===
At the Leipzig Games Convention in August 2006, Eurogamer launched their first foreign language franchise - [http://www.eurogamer.de Eurogamer.de]. This was followed up with [http://www.eurogamer.fr Eurogamer France] in June 2007,
[http://www.eurogamer.pt Eurogamer Portugal] in May 2008, [http://www.eurogamer.nl Eurogamer Benelux] in August 2008 and
[http://www.eurogamer.es Eurogamer Spain] and [http://www.eurogamer.it Eurogamer Italy] in Oct 2008.

===GamesIndustry.biz===
GamesIndustry.biz is a website for news and information about the global [[computer and video game industry|video games industry]], covering all aspects of the [[interactive]] [[entertainment]] value chain from [[video game development|development]] to retail. In May 2008 the site launched the [http://www.gamesindustry.biz/network GamesIndustry.biz Network] for industry professionals.

==Eurogamer Expo==

The first [http://expo.eurogamer.net Eurogamer Expo] took place as part of the London Games Festival 2008.

==Eurogamer in the media==

Eurogamer founder Rupert Loman was [http://www.mcvuk.com/interviews/21/The-Eurogamer-vision interviewed] in February 2007 by MCV magazine. He was also featured in the Sunday Telegraph on [[August 19]] [[2007]], speaking about the experience he has gained from choosing to run Eurogamer instead of attending university.

==Awards==

Eurogamer.net swept the board at both the 2007 and 2008 Games Media Awards, winning categories Best Games Website – News, and Best Games Website – Reviews & Features in 2007, and winning Best Games Website in 2008. Deputy Editor Tom Bramwell won Best Writer in Specialist Digital Media and Eurogamer TV editor Johnny Minkley won Best Games-Dedicated Broadcast on Mainstream TV or Radio in 2007. Ellie Gibson won "Best Specialist Online Writer" in 2008. <ref>[http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=85240 Eurogamer wins awards]</ref>

Rupert Loman was winner of Entrepreneur of the Year 2003 at the Sussex Business Awards and The Observer's "One to Watch" in Media 2007. He was also selected as one of 30 "Young Guns" by Growing Business magazine in October 2008.

==Notes and references==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.eurogamer.net/index.php Eurogamer.net]
*[http://www.eurogamer.net/tv_index.php Eurogamer TV]
*[http://gamers.eurogamer.net/ Eurogamers]
*[http://www.eurogamer.de/ Eurogamer.de]
*[http://www.eurogamer.fr/ Eurogamer.fr]
*[http://www.eurogamer.pt/ Eurogamer.pt]
*[http://www.eurogamer.nl/ Eurogamer.nl]
*[http://www.eurogamer.es/ Eurogamer.es]
*[http://www.gamesindustry.biz/ GamesIndustry.biz]
*[http://www.eurogamer.biz/ Corporate website]

[[Category:Video game review websites]]
[[Category:Video game news websites]]
[[Category:Brighton and Hove]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 1999]]

[[es:Eurogamer]]
[[fa:یوروگیمر]]
[[fr:Eurogamer]]
[[no:Eurogamer]]
[[pt:Eurogamer]]
[[fi:Eurogamer]]

Golden (British Columbia)

2008-12-26T23:09:38Z

Tcncv: Reverted 1 edit by 65.38.44.18; Fix broken infobox. (TW)

{{Infobox Settlement


|official_name = Town of Golden
|other_name =
|native_name =
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Town
|motto =

|image_skyline = Goldenbc.jpg
|imagesize =
|image_caption = Golden, British Columbia
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
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|shield_size =
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|image_dot_map = Columbia-Shuswap Regional District, British Columbia Location.png|Census divisions BC.png
|dot_mapsize =
|dot_map_caption = Location of Golden in [[British Columbia]]
|dot_x = 150 |dot_y = 122
|pushpin_map = 
|pushpin_label_position = 
|pushpin_map_caption =
|pushpin_mapsize =

|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{CAN}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Province]]
|subdivision_name1 = {{BC}}
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of Canada|Region]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Columbia Valley]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[Regional districts of British Columbia|Regional District]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[Columbia-Shuswap Regional District, British Columbia|Columbia-Shuswap]]
|subdivision_type4 =
|subdivision_name4 =

|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_title = Mayor
|leader_name = Aman Virk
|leader_title1 = [[Local government|Governing Body]]
|leader_name1 = Golden Town Council
|leader_title2 = [[Members of the Canadian House of Commons|MP]]
|leader_name2 = [[Jim Abbott (politician)|Jim Abbott]] ([[Conservative Party of Canada|Cons]]-[[Kootenay-Columbia|Kootenay/Columbia]])
|leader_title3 = [[Legislative Assembly of British Columbia|MLA]]
|leader_name3 = [[Norm Macdonald (politician)|Norm Macdonald]] ([[New Democratic Party of British Columbia|NDP]]-[[Columbia River-Revelstoke|Columbia/Revelstoke]])
|leader_title4 =
|leader_name4 =
|established_title = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]]
|established_date = 1957
|established_title2 = 
|established_date2 =
|established_title3 = 
|established_date3 =

|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref =
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 11.02
|area_land_km2 = 
|area_water_km2 =
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|area_water_sq_mi =
|area_water_percent =
|area_urban_km2 =
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|area_metro_km2 =
|area_metro_sq_mi =
|area_blank1_title =
|area_blank1_km2 =
|area_blank1_sq_mi =

|population_as_of = 2006
|population_footnotes = <ref>[http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/profiles/community/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5939007&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=Golden&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= 2006 Community Profiles]</ref>

|population_note =
|population_total = 3,811
|population_density_km2 = 345.7
|population_density_sq_mi =
|population_metro =
|population_density_metro_km2 =
|population_density_metro_sq_mi =
|population_urban =
|population_density_urban_km2 =
|population_density_urban_sq_mi =
|population_blank1_title =
|population_blank1 =
|population_density_blank1_km2 =
|population_density_blank1_sq_mi =

|timezone = [[Mountain Time Zone]]
|utc_offset = -7
|timezone_DST = Mountain Daylight Time
|utc_offset_DST = -6
|latd= 51 |latm= 18 |lats= 7 |latNS=N
|longd= 116|longm= 58|longs= 0|longEW=W
|coordinates_display = inline,title
|coordinates_type = type:city_region:CA-BC_scale:60000
|elevation_footnotes = 
|elevation_m = 800
|elevation_ft =

|postal_code_type = Postal code span
|postal_code = [[List of V Postal Codes of Canada|V0A]]
|area_code = [[Area code 250|+1-250]]
|blank_name =
|blank_info =
|blank1_name =
|blank1_info =
|website = [http://www.town.golden.bc.ca/ Town of Golden Home Page]
|footnotes =
}} 

'''Golden''' is a town in southeastern [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]], located 262 kilometres (163 miles) west of [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]] and 713 kilometres (443 miles) east of [[Vancouver]]. Much of the town's history is tied into the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] and the [[logging]] industry. Today, the town's economy still relies heavily on those two influences, but the development of [[Kicking Horse Resort]], along with other outdoor adventure companies, has allowed the town to diversify into tourism. Mt.7 which is just south-east of town is popular with paragliding, hang gliding, and mountain biking enthusiasts. Golden is also home to one of the campuses of the [[College of the Rockies]].

Golden is nestled in the [[Columbia Valley]] built around the confluence of the [[Columbia River]] and [[Kicking Horse River]], surrounded by three different mountain ranges and five National Parks; [[Yoho National Park]], [[Banff National Park]], [[Jasper National Park]], [[Glacier National Park (Canada)|Glacier National Park]], and [[Kootenay National Park]].

Golden is located on [[British Columbia Highway 1|Highway 1]] (the [[Trans-Canada Highway]]) and it is the terminus of [[British Columbia Highway 95|Highway 95]], connecting it to the United States.

[[Image:Kicking Horse Pedestrian Bridge.jpg|thumb|left|Kicking Horse Pedestrian Bridge]]
Kicking Horse Pedestrian Bridge is the longest freestanding timber frame bridge in Canada.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.tourismgolden.com/activities/other/142
|title=Kicking Horse Pedestrian Bridge
|publisher=Tourism Golden
|accessdate=2008-08-21}}
</ref> Planned as a community project by the [http://www.tfguild.org/ Timber Framer's Guild], volunteers from Golden were joined by carpenters and timber framers from the United States and from Europe. The bridge structure is {{convert|150|ft|m}} long, with a 210,000-pound [[Burr arch]] structure. The bridge was completed in September 2001.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.town.golden.bc.ca/ Town of Golden] (official website)
*[http://www.TourismGolden.com/ Tourism Golden] (official website)
*[http://www.murraytimber.com/bridge.htm Construction of the covered bridge]

{{Subdivisions of British Columbia||town=yes}}{{Steamboats Columbia River headwaters}}




[[Category:Towns in British Columbia]]
[[Category:Columbia Valley]]
[[Category:Columbia-Shuswap Regional District, British Columbia]]
[[Category:Communities on the Columbia River]]


[[pt:Golden]]

Lego Indiana Jones: Die legendären Abenteuer

2008-05-24T01:06:41Z

Tcncv: Reverted 1 edit by 217.171.129.74. (TW)

{{future game}}
{{Infobox VG
|title = Lego Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures
|image = [[Image:Screenshot 7.jpg|250px]]
|developer = [[Traveller's Tales]]
|publisher= [[LucasArts]]
|designer =
|engine = A modified ''[[Lego Star Wars 2 ]]'' engine <ref>http://www.gamespot.com/xbox360/adventure/legoindianajones/news.html?sid=6185688</ref>
|version =
|released = {{vgrelease|North America|NA|[[June 3]], [[2008]]}}<ref>[http://www.joystiq.com/2008/03/06/eurogamer-lego-indiana-jones-dated-for-europe-june-6/ Eurogamer: Lego Indiana Jones dated for Europe June 6 - Joystiq]</ref>{{vgrelease|Australia|AUS|[[June 4]], [[2008]]}}{{vgrelease|Europe|EU|[[June 6]], [[2008]]}}<ref>[http://gonintendo.com/?p=37148 GoNintendo » Blog Archive » Play.com Live press release confirms June 6th Euro release for Lego Indiana Jones- What are you waiting for?]</ref>
|genre= [[Action game|Action]], [[Adventure]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamepro.com/microsoft/xbox360/52715/info.shtml|title=''Lego Indian Jones: The Original Adventures'' Page|publisher=[[GamePro]]|accessdate=2008-05-13}}</ref>
|modes=[[Single player]], [[Multiplayer game|Multiplayer]]
|ratings =[[ESRB]]: E10+
|platforms = [[Nintendo DS]], [[Personal computer|PC]], [[PlayStation 2]], [[PlayStation 3]], [[PlayStation Portable]], [[Wii]], [[Xbox 360]] <ref name=platforms>{{cite news | title = LEGO Indiana Jones Video Game for 7 Platforms | publisher = TheRaider.net | date = [[2008-01-22]] | url = http://www.theraider.net/news/fullstory_games.php?id=453 | accessdate=2008-01-22}}</ref>
|media =
|requirements =
|input =
}}

'''''Lego Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures''''' is an upcoming [[computer and video games|video game]] developed by [[Traveller's Tales]] and published by [[LucasArts]].<ref name=cvg>{{cite web|url=http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=181758|title=Lego Indy: First concrete details|date=2008-02-07|accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref> The game will allow players to recreate moments (albeit much more humorously) from the first three [[Indiana Jones]] films. It will feature the same drop in/out co-operative play mode as seen in the ''[[Lego Star Wars#Video games|Lego Star Wars]]'' video games. The game is scheduled to be released on [[June 3]], [[2008]] in North America and [[June 6]], [[2008]] in Europe. A downloadable demo for Windows was made available on [[May 13]], [[2008]].

Like ''[[Lego Star Wars: The Complete Saga]]'', new moves will be added such as clinging onto branches during a jump using Indy's whip.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ps2.ign.com/articles/808/808862p1.html|work=IGN.com|title=SDCC 07: LEGO Indiana Jones: The Video Game|date=27 July 2007|accessdate=2007-07-27}}</ref> As a promotion, ''[[Lego Star Wars: The Complete Saga]]'' features Indy as an unlockable playable character. <ref name=indianajones>[http://www.gametrailers.com/player/25831.html Video confirming Indiana Jones] at [[GameTrailers]] </ref>

The developers have chosen to remove [[Nazism|Nazis]] - and any reference to them, replacing them with an "anonymous genocidal, occultist, trenchcoat-wearing master-race".<ref name=cvg />

It was initially reported that the game would allow up to four players in co-operative mode,<ref>{{cite web| url=http://multiplayerblog.mtv.com/2008/02/18/lego-indiana-jones-impressions-including-four-player-co-op-and-important-monkey-details/ | title=‘LEGO Indiana Jones’ Impressions, Including Four-Player Co-Op And Important Monkey Details | date=2008-02-18 | accessdate=2008-02-19 | publisher=[[MTV]]}}</ref> but this later turned out to be a miscommunication. While four characters may be visible on the screen, only two can be controlled by players.

Also, new to the game, hidden in each level, a unique post card is hidden. If found, the post card is viewable back at the college. Collecting all may result in winning a unknown prize.

==Gameplay==
{{advert}}
The game follows the storylines from the original Indiana Jones films: ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'', ''[[Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom]]'', and ''[[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade]]''. Like ''Lego Star Wars'', the objective of the levels is to get to the end, collecting Lego studs to earn the True Adventurer title (like True Jedi from Lego Star Wars) along the way. Other goals of the levels is to find 10 treasure chests and the red package. Free Play mode allows players to change characters during the level, and roam around trying to find the secret items. Each character has his/her own unique ability, such as Satipo being able to dig things from the ground whereas other characters cannot. As with Lego Star Wars II, Lego Indiana Jones allows players to customize characters <ref>{{cite web |url=http://multiplayerblog.mtv.com/2008/02/21/lego-indiana-jones-fact-correction-game-will-not-feature-four-player-co-op-after-all-miscommunication-cited/
|title=‘LEGO Indiana Jones’ Fact Correction — Game Will Not Feature Four-Player Co-Op After All, Miscommunication Cited|date=2008-02-21|accessdate=2008-02-21}}</ref>

Barnett College serves as the hub for all the missions. A new feature not seen in the Lego Star Wars series allows the player to interact with objects in their environment (e.g. bottles, swords and guns). Similar to ''[[Lego Star Wars II: The Original Trilogy]]'', players can build and ride vehicles whenever you want (e.g. The level "The Crypt of Sir Richard" you are able to hop on a boat in Venice, and ride an elephant in the Pankot Secrets level from The Temple of Doom).

Notable scenes have been recreated from the movies, such as the iconic boulder escape and the fight on the rope bridge.{{Fact|date=May 2008}} 



==Levels in order==
===Raiders of the Lost Ark===
* Lost Temple
* Into the Mountains
* City of Danger
* The Well of Souls
* Pursuing the Ark
* Opening the Ark

===Temple of Doom===
* Shanghai Showdown
* Pankot Secrets
* The Temple of Kali
* Free the Slaves
* Escape the Mines
* Battle on the Bridge

===The Last Crusade===
* The Crypt of Sir Richard
* Castle Rescue
* Motorcycle Escape
* Trouble in the Sky
* Desert Ambush
* Temple of the Grail

==Character List==
*Army Intel man A
*Army Intel man B
*Barranca
*Belloq (Desert)
*Belloq (Jungle)
*Priest [[Belloq]]
*British Officer
*Marcus Brody
*Cairo Digger
*Cairo Masked
*Cairo Monkey Man
*Captain Katanga
*Chatter Lal
*Colonel Dietrich
*Colonel Vogel
*Elsa (Desert)
*Elsa (Venice)
*Enemy butler
*Enemy guard
*Enemy pilot
*Cairo enemy
*Desert enemy
*Nepal enemy
*Evil sherpa
*Fat Boy Scout
*German Mechanic
*[[Ghost]]
*Grail Knight
*Hovitos Tribesman
*[[Indiana Jones]] (Cairo)
*Indiana Jones (Desert)
*Indiana Jones (Tuxedo)
*Indiana Jones (Fedora)
*Indiana Jones (Professor)
*Indiana Jones (Soldier)
*Jock
*Kao Kan
*Lao Che
*Maharaja
*Thugee Maharaja
*[[Marion Ravenwood|Marion]] (Night Gown)
*Marion (Evening dress)
*Marion (Cairo)
*Marion (Nepal)
*Mola Ram
*Pankot Assassin
*Pankot Guard
*Professor Henry Jones Sr.
*Female Punjabi
*[[Sallah]]
*[[Satipo]]
*Shanghai thug A
*Shanghai thug B
*Short Round
*Slave child
*[[Thugee]]
*Thugee Priest
*Slave Driver Chief
*Slave Driver
*[[Toht]]
*Willie Scott
*Willie Scott (evening dress)
*Willie Scott (pajamas)
*Willie Scott (singer)
*Sacrificial Willie
*Wu Han
*[[Zeppelin]] Mechanic
*Cairo Swordsman
*Chen
*Punjabi village Chief
*Cairo Sallah
*Young Indy
*Walter Donovan
*Mutt Williams

==See also==
*[[List of Lego computer and video games]]
*[[LEGO Indiana Jones]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
'''Official Websites'''
*[http://www.lucasarts.com/games/legoindianajones/ Official site]
*[http://www.gamesforwindows.com/en-US/Games/Pages/LEGOIndianaJonesOA-b.aspx Games for Windows listing]

{{Wikia|legoindianajones|Lego Indiana Jones Wiki}}

{{Lego games}}
{{Indiana Jones}}

[[Category:2008 video games]]
[[Category:Indiana Jones games]]
[[Category:Lego games]]
[[Category:LEGO]]
[[Category:Games for Windows certified games]]
[[Category:Video games developed in the United Kingdom]]

[[it:Lego Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures]]
[[tr:Lego Indiana Jones: The Videogame]]

Going postal

2008-05-16T00:42:33Z

Tcncv: Reverted to revision 208952444 by 118.90.121.206; Rollback residual prior vandalism. (TW)

{{otheruses4|the violent social phenomenon|the Discworld novel|Going Postal}}

{{wiktionary|go postal}}
[[Image:1986-post-office-killing-spree-statue.jpg|thumb|Memorial of the 1986 post office incident in [[Edmond, Oklahoma]].]]
'''Going postal''' is an [[American English]] [[slang]] term, used as a verb meaning to suddenly become extremely and uncontrollably angry, possibly to the point of violence. The term derives from a series of incidents from [[1986]] onward in which [[United States Postal Service]] (USPS) workers shot and killed managers, fellow workers, and members of the police or general public. Between 1986 and [[1997]], more than 40 people were killed in at least 20 incidents of workplace rage. Following this series of events, the idiom entered common parlance and has been applied to murders committed by employees in acts of workplace rage, irrespective of the employer; and generally to describe fits of rage, though not necessarily at the level of murder, in or outside the workplace.

==Earliest citation==
This term first appeared in print on [[December 17]], [[1993]] in the ''[[St. Petersburg Times]]''.
:"The symposium was sponsored by the U.S. Postal Service, which has seen so many outbursts that in some circles excessive stress is known as "going postal." Thirty-five people have been killed in 11 post office shootings since [[1983]]." Some USPS workers do not approve of the term "going postal" and have made attempts to stop people from using the saying. Others feel it has earned its place appropriately.

==List of postal shootings==
{{main|List of postal killings}}

==Notable postal shootings==



===Edmond, Oklahoma in 1986===
On [[August 20]], [[1986]], 14 employees were shot and killed and six wounded at the [[Edmond, Oklahoma]], post office by a postman, [[Patrick Sherrill]], who then committed [[suicide]] with a shot to the forehead.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0PLP/is_2_35/ai_n17209169| title=
On August 20, 1986, a part-time letter carrier named Patrick H. Sherrill, facing possible dismissal after a troubled work history| accessdate=2007-09-12}}</ref>

===Ridgewood, New Jersey in 1991===
On [[October 10]], [[1991]], Joseph Harris shot and killed four people, including his former boss and two other USPS employees a year after being fired.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.history.com/tdih.do?action=tdihArticleCategory&displayDate=10/10&categoryId=crime | title=1991: A former postal worker commits mass murder | org=History.com}}</ref>

===Royal Oak, Michigan in 1991===
On [[November 14]], [[1991]] in [[Royal Oak, Michigan]], [[Thomas McIlvane]] killed five people, including himself, with a [[Ruger 10/22]] rifle in Royal Oak's post office, after being fired from the Postal Service for "insubordination." He had been previously suspended for getting into altercations with postal customers on his route. <ref>{{cite news
| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9D0CE3D6163BF936A25752C1A967958260
| title= Ex-Postal Worker Kills 3 and Wounds 6 in Michigan |org=New York Times
| accessdate=2008-02-26}}</ref>

===Double event in 1993===
Two shootings took place on the same day, [[May 6]], [[1993]], a few hours apart. At a post office in [[Dearborn, Michigan]], [[Lawrence Jasion]] wounded three and killed two (including himself). In [[Dana Point, California]], [[Mark Richard Hilburn]] killed his mother, then shot two postal workers dead.<ref>Gregory K. Moffatt, Blind-Sided: Homicide Where It Is Least Expected, at 37 (2000).</ref>{{Fact|date=June 2007}}

===Montclair, New Jersey in 1995===
[[Christopher Green]] was sentenced to two life prison terms, plus 25 years, for murdering four men and wounding a fifth during a $5,100 robbery at a tiny neighborhood post office in [[Montclair, New Jersey]], on [[March 21]].{{Fact|date=June 2007}}

===Goleta, California, in 2006===
[[Jennifer San Marco]], a former postal employee, killed six postal employees before committing suicide with a [[handgun]], on the evening of [[January 30]], [[2006]], at a large postal processing facility in [[Goleta, California]].<ref>{{cite news
| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/01/national/01postal.html?_r=1&oref=slogin
| title=Ex-Employee Kills 6 Others and Herself at California Postal Plant |org=New York Times
| date=[[2006-02-01]]}}</ref>

Police later also identified a seventh victim dead in a condominium complex in Goleta, California where San Marco once lived.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=1565649| title=Death Toll in Calif. Postal Shooting Rises: Calif. Sheriff's Deputies Say Woman Accused in Post Office Killings May Have Also Shot Her Former Neighbor
| org=ABC News}}</ref>

According to media reports, the Postal Service had forced San Marco to retire in [[2003]] because of her worsening mental problems. Her choice of victims may have also been racially motivated; San Marco had a previous history of racial prejudice, and tried to obtain a business license for a newspaper of her own ideas, called ''Racial Times'', in [[New Mexico]].

This incident is believed to be the deadliest workplace shooting ever carried out in the [[United States]] by a woman.<ref>{{cite news
| url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/01/31/postal.shooting
| title=Seven dead in California postal shooting
| org=CNN
| date=[[2006-01-31]]
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4665790.stm
| title=US ex-postal employee kills six
| org=BBC
| date=[[2006-01-31]]
}}</ref>

==Analysis==
Researchers have found that the homicide rates per 100,000 workers at postal facilities were lower than at other workplaces. In major industries, the highest rate of 2.1 homicides per 100,000 workers was in retail. The next highest rate of 1.66 was in public administration, which includes police officers. The homicide rate for postal workers was 0.26 per 100,000. The most dangerous occupation: taxi driving, with a homicide rate of 31.54 per 100,000 workers.{{Fact|date=March 2007}}

However, not all murders on the job are directly comparable to "going postal". Taxi drivers, for example, are much more likely to be murdered by passengers than by their peers. Working in retail means one is exposed to store robberies.

==Satirical references==
* The computer game ''[[Postal (computer game)|Postal]]'' takes its name from the expression "going postal", even resulting in a trademark lawsuit from the [[United States Postal Service]].
* An episode of "[[The X Files]]" entitiled "Blood" features a postal employee who snaps after submission to thousands of subliminal messages. He goes up into the clock tower of a local university and begins firing down on people with an assault rifle, (bearing a close resemblance to [[Charles Whitman]]).
* In ''[[Seinfeld]]'', when asked about why post office workers snap, [[Newman (Seinfeld)|Newman]], who works as a mailman, responds, "Because the mail never stops". He continues to go on a rant until he is jolted to a stop by [[Cosmo Kramer]].
*In the fifth season episode of ''[[The Simpsons]]'' "[[Homer Loves Flanders]]", Flanders has a fantasy scene where he opens fire from a tower, like [[Charles Whitman]]. When one of his bullets strikes near a mailman, the man responds by pulling an [[assault rifle]] out of his work bag and firing back. In another episode, "[[Sunday, Cruddy Sunday]]", a postal worker assures Bart that the days of the "gun-toting" postal worker "went out with the [[Macarena (song)|Macarena]]". Hearing this, Principal Skinner expresses his relief that he works in a [[School shooting|public school]].
*In an episode of ''[[Dexter's Lab]]'', there was a villain called "The Disgruntled Postman" who was foiled by Major Glory before he could affix a stamp to a bomb which he would send to the [[White House]] to blow up. The Disgruntled Postman actually resembled the [[DC Animated Universe]] version of The Joker.
*In the episode of ''[[Rocko's Modern Life]]'' called "Commute Sentence", a postal worker on a subway car claims he is becoming "disgruntled", causing everyone to flee in terror. This turns out to be a ruse so he could get some "swinging room".
*In the film ''[[Jumanji (film)|Jumanji]]'', the character of Van Pelt, a sadistic 19th century safari hunter played by [[Jonathan Hyde]], goes to a gun store to buy ammunition for his old hunting rifle, but winds up with a more modern [[automatic rifle]]. To get used to this new firearm, he takes aim at a person on the street. The owner of the gun shop worriedly asks, "You're not a postal worker, are you?" Van Pelt simply looks at him, puzzled.
*In the film ''[[Naked Gun 33⅓: The Final Insult]]'', at the beginning (when there is a satire of ''[[The Untouchables (1987 film)|The Untouchables]]''), Frank hears a voice (off-camera) that shouts '''"Oh, my God! Look! It's disgruntled postal workers."''. Then, he looks at the entrance of the train station and sees many workers going postal, shooting blind with [[machine guns]] and [[submachine guns]].
*In ''[[Office Space]]'', when [[Ron Livingston]] is at Chotchkie's complaining about his job to his co-workers, he remarks "Boy, I'll tell ya, some days... One of these days it's just gonna be like... " while mimicking the sound of a machine gun and firing an imaginary one.
*In ''[[Soul Plane]]'', [[Tom Arnold]] converses with [[Karl Malone]] about their years playing high school basketball. After Tom said he "sucked", Karl threatened him, to which Tom humorously replied: "What are you going to do? Go all...Postal on me, Mr. Mailman?". ("The Mailman" is Karl Malone's nickname)
*In an episode of ''[[Whose Line is it Anyway?]]'', during a skit revolving around a post office, [[Colin Mochrie]] asks [[Wayne Brady]] what training he has to become a postal worker. Brady cocks an imaginary gun and says "I'm an expert [[marksman]]". In addition, during another skit set at a post office, Wayne pretends to play a guitar, which agitates Colin. He grabs the guitar, then pretends to smash the guitar first over his leg, then over Wayne's head. Wayne gasps in surprise, then pretendedly walks over to a cabinet and opens a door. He grabs an invisible gun, cocks it, and walks back over to Colin and [[Ryan Stiles]] with an angry look on his face. Colin and Ryan hesitantly join in Wayne's singing.
*In the computer game ''[[Duke Nukem 3D]]'', the 6th level of ''Episode 4: The Birth'' is called "Going Postal."
* In the pilot episode of the comedy TV show ''[[MAD TV]]'', the opening joke shows two executives traveling all over L.A. to get cast members for ''MAD TV''. One of them, played by [[Phil LaMarr]], is a mailman who is just walking out of a building with a submachine gun and screaming at people around him. A later sketch portrayed three separate postal workers deciding to "go postal" on the same day and arguing about who would be allowed to do it, before being interrupted by a fourth armed man, whom they shoot when they realise he is not a postal worker but an armed robber. The sketch concludes with the three postal workers shown on the front page of a newspaper applauded as heroes.
* The Discworld novel ''[[Going Postal]]'' revolves around the reopening of the postal service in the fictional city of Ankh-Morpork where employment really can do funny things to your head as evidenced by several, if not all, employees.
* In a ''[[Ctrl+Alt+Del]]'' comic, a worker at the "United Piñata Postal Service" snaps, and kills its fellow workers with a [[baseball bat]].<ref>{{cite news
| url=http://cad-comic.com/comic.php?d=20061028
| title=Civil Servant |org=Ctrl+Alt+Del
| date=[[2006-10-28]]}}</ref>
* In the video game ''True Crime: Streets of L.A.'', the dispatcher says that there is a disgruntled postal worker holding a person hostage.
* In the film ''[[Jingle All the Way]]'', the mailman character threatens to bomb some officers. He proves his insanity by claiming, "And I work for the Post Office so you ''know'' I ain't stable!"
* In the computer game ''[[Chaos Overlords]]'', one of the gangs for hire is composed of disgruntled postal workers.
* In an episode of ''[[Deadliest Catch]]'', when a crew member's coat is ripped by a [[tote]] on deck, the tote is tossed overboard and riddled with a full clip of bullets by the crew member. The narrator refers to this action as "going postal".
* In an episode of ''[[Late Night with David Letterman]]'', during a multiple choice quiz bit, there was a question where [[David Letterman]] played some stock footage of children playing with toy guns. The question: "What are these children playing? 1) Cowboys and Indians; 2) Cops and Robbers; 3) Mailman."
* In an episode of ''[[King Of The Hill]]'', Hank as a 41 time Employee Of The Month is allowed to hire a new accessories associate. After several missteps Hank fires his new hire Leon, Hank's boss Buck Strickland warns that Leon could comeback and "light the place up." The next day Joe Jack runs in claiming that Leon was in the parking lot looking Disgruntled. Later in the same episode Leon is replaced by an attractive woman named Maria whom Hank passed on earlier with resentment from his wife Peggy. Peggy upon finding this out appears in the parking lot looking Disgruntled.
* In the film ''[[My Fellow Americans]]'', [[Jack Lemmon]] and [[James Garner]] are discussing an insane [[National Security Agency|NSA]] agent, wondering "why isn't he in the Postal Service where he belongs?"
* In ''[[The Riches]]'' [[Waiting for Dogot|season one finale]], Davie Panetta, carrying a water gun, walks into Wayne's office, and shoots him in the crotch of his [[Khaki]] pants. Hugh promptly walks in and says, "Don't go all postal on me there."
*In an episode of ''[[Married...With Children]]'' ([[I Want My Psycho Dad, Part 2]]) while being shot at in a hotel, one of [[Al Bundy|Al's]] (Officer Dan) friends fired back out into the street and commented "Damn postal workers".
*In the movie ''[[Demon Knight]]'', Irene and Deputy Bob find a trunk loaded with weapons, and learn that Wally, a postal worker killed by a possessed Cordelia, had been planning to attack the post office.
*In the PC game ''[[Dark Forces]]'' the code "LAPOSTAL" unlocks all weapons.
*The film [[He Was a Quiet Man]] revolves around a disillusioned office worker with ideas of murdering his co-workers, a fellow co-worker then "goes postal" and shoots up the office before the lead does. The lead then stops the shooter by killing him with the gun he himself planned to use to kill his co-workers.
*In the pilot episode of the television series [[Seven Days (TV series)|Seven Days]], the russian terrorist whose plan is foiled by the hero is said to be "a disgruntled postal worker" as a cover up.

==References==
{{reflist}}
# Bob Dart, "'Going postal' is a bad rap for mail carriers, study finds", Austin American-Statesman, [[September 2]], [[2000]]{{Fact|date=April 2008}}

==Bibliography==
*''Going Postal: Rage, Murder, and Rebellion: From Reagan's Workplaces to Clinton's Columbine and Beyond'' is the title of a book by [[Mark Ames]], which examines the rise of office and school shootings in the wake of the Reagan Revolution, and compares the shootings to slave rebellions. (ISBN 1-932360-82-4)
*''Going Postal'' is also the title of a book by Don Lasseter, which examines the issue of workplace shootings inside the USPS (ISBN 0-7860-0439-8).
*''Lone Wolf'', by [[Pan Pantziarka]] is a comprehensive study of the [[Spree killer]] phenomenon, and looks in detail at a number of cases in the US, UK and Australia. (ISBN 0-7535-0437-5).

==See also==
* [[List of postal killings]]
* [[List of massacres#Criminal and non-political massacres|List of massacres]]
* [[Amok]]
* [[Road rage (phenomenon)|Road rage]]
* [[Spree killer]]
* [[Postal (computer game)]]

==External links==
*[http://hammernews.com/copycateffect.htm Copycat Effect]- review of Coleman's book on tendency of publicity about mass deaths to provoke more with section on postal shootings
*[http://www.usps.com/communications/news/strs.htm USPS's campaign against the use of this phrase.] (See articles with "Going Postal" in the title)
*[http://hematite.com/dragon/usps.html Gun advocate website listing 1986-1997 incidents]
*[http://www.casacolumbia.org/supportcasa/item.asp?cID=12&PID=118 2000 Report of the United States Postal Service Commission on a Safe and Secure Workplace] (Report that called "going postal" 'a myth')
*[http://www.psycport.com/2000/09/01/A/31440992-0076-Home.html Atlanta Journal-Constitution about the report's release]

[[Category:Rampages]]
[[Category:English phrases]]
[[Category:Spree shootings in the United States]]
[[Category:Slang]]
[[Category:United States Postal Service]]
[[Category:United States Postal Inspection Service]]
[[Category:Government]]

Going postal

2008-05-16T00:40:45Z

Tcncv: Reverted 1 edit by 76.84.40.215 identified as vandalism to last revision by 86.4.138.218. (TW)

{{otheruses4|the violent social phenomenon|the Discworld novel|Going Postal}}

{{wiktionary|go postal}}
[[Image:1986-post-office-killing-spree-statue.jpg|thumb|Memorial of the 1986 post office incident in [[Edmond, Oklahoma]].]]
'''Going postal''' is an [[American English]] [[slang]] term, used as a verb meaning to suddenly become extremely and uncontrollably angry, possibly to the point of violence. The term derives from a series of incidents from [[1986]] onward in which [[United States Postal Service]] (USPS) workers shot and killed managers, fellow workers, and members of the police or general public. Between 1986 and [[1997]], more than 40 people were killed in at least 20 incidents of workplace rage. Following this series of events, the idiom entered common parlance and has been applied to murders committed by Central Intelligence Agents and subsequently pinned on employees in acts of workplace rage, irrespective of the employer; and generally to describe fits of rage, though not necessarily at the level of murder, in or outside the workplace.

==Earliest citation==
This term first appeared in print on [[December 17]], [[1993]] in the ''[[St. Petersburg Times]]''.
:"The symposium was sponsored by the U.S. Postal Service, which has seen so many outbursts that in some circles excessive stress is known as "going postal." Thirty-five people have been killed in 11 post office shootings since [[1983]]." Some USPS workers do not approve of the term "going postal" and have made attempts to stop people from using the saying. Others feel it has earned its place appropriately.

==List of postal shootings==
{{main|List of postal killings}}

==Notable postal shootings==



===Edmond, Oklahoma in 1986===
On [[August 20]], [[1986]], 14 employees were shot and killed and six wounded at the [[Edmond, Oklahoma]], post office by a postman, [[Patrick Sherrill]], who then committed [[suicide]] with a shot to the forehead. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0PLP/is_2_35/ai_n17209169| title=
On August 20, 1986, a part-time letter carrier named Patrick H. Sherrill, facing possible dismissal after a troubled work history| accessdate=2007-09-12}}</ref>

===Ridgewood, New Jersey in 1991===
On [[October 10]], [[1991]], Joseph Harris shot and killed four people, including his former boss and two other USPS employees a year after being fired.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.history.com/tdih.do?action=tdihArticleCategory&displayDate=10/10&categoryId=crime | title=1991: A former postal worker commits mass murder | org=History.com}}</ref>

===Royal Oak, Michigan in 1991===
On [[November 14]], [[1991]] in [[Royal Oak, Michigan]], [[Thomas McIlvane]] killed five people, including himself, with a [[Ruger 10/22]] rifle in Royal Oak's post office, after being fired from the Postal Service for "insubordination." He had been previously suspended for getting into altercations with postal customers on his route. <ref>{{cite news
| url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9D0CE3D6163BF936A25752C1A967958260
| title= Ex-Postal Worker Kills 3 and Wounds 6 in Michigan |org=New York Times
| accessdate=2008-02-26}}</ref>

===Double event in 1993===
Two shootings took place on the same day, [[May 6]], [[1993]], a few hours apart. At a post office in [[Dearborn, Michigan]], [[Lawrence Jasion]] wounded three and killed two (including himself). In [[Dana Point, California]], [[Mark Richard Hilburn]] killed his mother, then shot two postal workers dead. <ref>Gregory K. Moffatt, Blind-Sided: Homicide Where It Is Least Expected, at 37 (2000).</ref>{{Fact|date=June 2007}}

===Montclair, New Jersey in 1995===
[[Christopher Green]] was sentenced to two life prison terms, plus 25 years, for murdering four men and wounding a fifth during a $5,100 robbery at a tiny neighborhood post office in [[Montclair, New Jersey]], on [[March 21]]. {{Fact|date=June 2007}}

===Goleta, California, in 2006===
[[Jennifer San Marco]], a former postal employee, killed six postal employees before committing suicide with a [[handgun]], on the evening of [[January 30]], [[2006]], at a large postal processing facility in [[Goleta, California]]. <ref>{{cite news
| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/01/national/01postal.html?_r=1&oref=slogin
| title=Ex-Employee Kills 6 Others and Herself at California Postal Plant |org=New York Times
| date=[[2006-02-01]]}}</ref>

Police later also identified a seventh victim dead in a condominium complex in Goleta, California where San Marco once lived.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory?id=1565649| title=Death Toll in Calif. Postal Shooting Rises: Calif. Sheriff's Deputies Say Woman Accused in Post Office Killings May Have Also Shot Her Former Neighbor
| org=ABC News}}</ref>

According to media reports, the Postal Service had forced San Marco to retire in [[2003]] because of her worsening mental problems. Her choice of victims may have also been racially motivated; San Marco had a previous history of racial prejudice, and tried to obtain a business license for a newspaper of her own ideas, called ''Racial Times'', in [[New Mexico]].

This incident is believed to be the deadliest workplace shooting ever carried out in the [[United States]] by a woman. <ref>{{cite news
| url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/01/31/postal.shooting
| title=Seven dead in California postal shooting
| org=CNN
| date=[[2006-01-31]]
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4665790.stm
| title=US ex-postal employee kills six
| org=BBC
| date=[[2006-01-31]]
}}</ref>

==Analysis==
Researchers have found that the homicide rates per 100,000 workers at postal facilities were lower than at other workplaces. In major industries, the highest rate of 2.1 homicides per 100,000 workers was in retail. The next highest rate of 1.66 was in public administration, which includes police officers. The homicide rate for postal workers was 0.26 per 100,000. The most dangerous occupation: taxi driving, with a homicide rate of 31.54 per 100,000 workers.{{Fact|date=March 2007}}

However, not all murders on the job are directly comparable to "going postal". Taxi drivers, for example, are much more likely to be murdered by passengers than by their peers. Working in retail means one is exposed to store robberies.

==Satirical references==
* The computer game ''[[Postal (computer game)|Postal]]'' takes its name from the expression "going postal", even resulting in a trademark lawsuit from the [[United States Postal Service]].
* An episode of "[[The X Files]]" entitiled "Blood" features a postal employee who snaps after submission to thousands of subliminal messages. He goes up into the clock tower of a local university and begins firing down on people with an assault rifle, (bearing a close resemblance to [[Charles Whitman]]).
* In ''[[Seinfeld]]'', when asked about why post office workers snap, [[Newman (Seinfeld)|Newman]], who works as a mailman, responds, "Because the mail never stops". He continues to go on a rant until he is jolted to a stop by [[Cosmo Kramer]].
*In the fifth season episode of ''[[The Simpsons]]'' "[[Homer Loves Flanders]]", Flanders has a fantasy scene where he opens fire from a tower, like [[Charles Whitman]]. When one of his bullets strikes near a mailman, the man responds by pulling an [[assault rifle]] out of his work bag and firing back. In another episode, "[[Sunday, Cruddy Sunday]]", a postal worker assures Bart that the days of the "gun-toting" postal worker "went out with the [[Macarena (song)|Macarena]]". Hearing this, Principal Skinner expresses his relief that he works in a [[School shooting|public school]].
*In an episode of ''[[Dexter's Lab]]'', there was a villain called "The Disgruntled Postman" who was foiled by Major Glory before he could affix a stamp to a bomb which he would send to the [[White House]] to blow up. The Disgruntled Postman actually resembled the [[DC Animated Universe]] version of The Joker.
*In the episode of ''[[Rocko's Modern Life]]'' called "Commute Sentence", a postal worker on a subway car claims he is becoming "disgruntled", causing everyone to flee in terror. This turns out to be a ruse so he could get some "swinging room".
*In the film ''[[Jumanji (film)|Jumanji]]'', the character of Van Pelt, a sadistic 19th century safari hunter played by [[Jonathan Hyde]], goes to a gun store to buy ammunition for his old hunting rifle, but winds up with a more modern [[automatic rifle]]. To get used to this new firearm, he takes aim at a person on the street. The owner of the gun shop worriedly asks, "You're not a postal worker, are you?" Van Pelt simply looks at him, puzzled.
*In the film ''[[Naked Gun 33⅓: The Final Insult]]'', at the beginning (when there is a satire of ''[[The Untouchables (1987 film)|The Untouchables]]''), Frank hears a voice (off-camera) that shouts '''"Oh, my God! Look! It's disgruntled postal workers."''. Then, he looks at the entrance of the train station and sees many workers going postal, shooting blind with [[machine guns]] and [[submachine guns]].
*In ''[[Office Space]]'', when [[Ron Livingston]] is at Chotchkie's complaining about his job to his co-workers, he remarks "Boy, I'll tell ya, some days... One of these days it's just gonna be like... " while mimicking the sound of a machine gun and firing an imaginary one.
*In ''[[Soul Plane]]'', [[Tom Arnold]] converses with [[Karl Malone]] about their years playing high school basketball. After Tom said he "sucked", Karl threatened him, to which Tom humorously replied: "What are you going to do? Go all...Postal on me, Mr. Mailman?". ("The Mailman" is Karl Malone's nickname)
*In an episode of ''[[Whose Line is it Anyway?]]'', during a skit revolving around a post office, [[Colin Mochrie]] asks [[Wayne Brady]] what training he has to become a postal worker. Brady cocks an imaginary gun and says "I'm an expert [[marksman]]". In addition, during another skit set at a post office, Wayne pretends to play a guitar, which agitates Colin. He grabs the guitar, then pretends to smash the guitar first over his leg, then over Wayne's head. Wayne gasps in surprise, then pretendedly walks over to a cabinet and opens a door. He grabs an invisible gun, cocks it, and walks back over to Colin and [[Ryan Stiles]] with an angry look on his face. Colin and Ryan hesitantly join in Wayne's singing.
*In the computer game ''[[Duke Nukem 3D]]'', the 6th level of ''Episode 4: The Birth'' is called "Going Postal."
* In the pilot episode of the comedy TV show ''[[MAD TV]]'', the opening joke shows two executives traveling all over L.A. to get cast members for ''MAD TV''. One of them, played by [[Phil LaMarr]], is a mailman who is just walking out of a building with a submachine gun and screaming at people around him. A later sketch portrayed three separate postal workers deciding to "go postal" on the same day and arguing about who would be allowed to do it, before being interrupted by a fourth armed man, whom they shoot when they realise he is not a postal worker but an armed robber. The sketch concludes with the three postal workers shown on the front page of a newspaper applauded as heroes.
* The Discworld novel ''[[Going Postal]]'' revolves around the reopening of the postal service in the fictional city of Ankh-Morpork where employment really can do funny things to your head as evidenced by several, if not all, employees.
* In a ''[[Ctrl+Alt+Del]]'' comic, a worker at the "United Piñata Postal Service" snaps, and kills its fellow workers with a [[baseball bat]].<ref>{{cite news
| url=http://cad-comic.com/comic.php?d=20061028
| title=Civil Servant |org=Ctrl+Alt+Del
| date=[[2006-10-28]]}}</ref>
* In the video game ''True Crime: Streets of L.A.'', the dispatcher says that there is a disgruntled postal worker holding a person hostage.
* In the film ''[[Jingle All the Way]]'', the mailman character threatens to bomb some officers. He proves his insanity by claiming, "And I work for the Post Office so you ''know'' I ain't stable!"
* In the computer game ''[[Chaos Overlords]]'', one of the gangs for hire is composed of disgruntled postal workers.
* In an episode of ''[[Deadliest Catch]]'', when a crew member's coat is ripped by a [[tote]] on deck, the tote is tossed overboard and riddled with a full clip of bullets by the crew member. The narrator refers to this action as "going postal".
* In an episode of ''[[Late Night with David Letterman]]'', during a multiple choice quiz bit, there was a question where [[David Letterman]] played some stock footage of children playing with toy guns. The question: "What are these children playing? 1) Cowboys and Indians; 2) Cops and Robbers; 3) Mailman."
* In an episode of ''[[King Of The Hill]]'', Hank as a 41 time Employee Of The Month is allowed to hire a new accessories associate. After several missteps Hank fires his new hire Leon, Hank's boss Buck Strickland warns that Leon could comeback and "light the place up." The next day Joe Jack runs in claiming that Leon was in the parking lot looking Disgruntled. Later in the same episode Leon is replaced by an attractive woman named Maria whom Hank passed on earlier with resentment from his wife Peggy. Peggy upon finding this out appears in the parking lot looking Disgruntled.
* In the film ''[[My Fellow Americans]]'', [[Jack Lemmon]] and [[James Garner]] are discussing an insane [[National Security Agency|NSA]] agent, wondering "why isn't he in the Postal Service where he belongs?"
* In ''[[The Riches]]'' [[Waiting for Dogot|season one finale]], Davie Panetta, carrying a water gun, walks into Wayne's office, and shoots him in the crotch of his [[Khaki]] pants. Hugh promptly walks in and says, "Don't go all postal on me there."
*In an episode of ''[[Married...With Children]]'' ([[I Want My Psycho Dad, Part 2]]) while being shot at in a hotel, one of [[Al Bundy|Al's]] (Officer Dan) friends fired back out into the street and commented "Damn postal workers".
*In the movie ''[[Demon Knight]]'', Irene and Deputy Bob find a trunk loaded with weapons, and learn that Wally, a postal worker killed by a possessed Cordelia, had been planning to attack the post office.
*In the PC game ''[[Dark Forces]]'' the code "LAPOSTAL" unlocks all weapons.
*The film [[He Was a Quiet Man]] revolves around a disillusioned office worker with ideas of murdering his co-workers, a fellow co-worker then "goes postal" and shoots up the office before the lead does. The lead then stops the shooter by killing him with the gun he himself planned to use to kill his co-workers.
*In the pilot episode of the television series [[Seven Days (TV series)|Seven Days]], the russian terrorist whose plan is foiled by the hero is said to be "a disgruntled postal worker" as a cover up.

==References==
{{reflist}}
# Bob Dart, "'Going postal' is a bad rap for mail carriers, study finds", Austin American-Statesman, [[September 2]], [[2000]]{{Fact|date=April 2008}}

==Bibliography==
*''Going Postal: Rage, Murder, and Rebellion: From Reagan's Workplaces to Clinton's Columbine and Beyond'' is the title of a book by [[Mark Ames]], which examines the rise of office and school shootings in the wake of the Reagan Revolution, and compares the shootings to slave rebellions. (ISBN 1-932360-82-4)
*''Going Postal'' is also the title of a book by Don Lasseter, which examines the issue of workplace shootings inside the USPS (ISBN 0-7860-0439-8).
*''Lone Wolf'', by [[Pan Pantziarka]] is a comprehensive study of the [[Spree killer]] phenomenon, and looks in detail at a number of cases in the US, UK and Australia. (ISBN 0-7535-0437-5).

==See also==
* [[List of postal killings]]
* [[List of massacres#Criminal and non-political massacres|List of massacres]]
* [[Amok]]
* [[Road rage (phenomenon)|Road rage]]
* [[Spree killer]]
* [[Postal (computer game)]]

==External links==
*[http://hammernews.com/copycateffect.htm Copycat Effect]- review of Coleman's book on tendency of publicity about mass deaths to provoke more with section on postal shootings
*[http://www.usps.com/communications/news/strs.htm USPS's campaign against the use of this phrase.] (See articles with "Going Postal" in the title)
*[http://hematite.com/dragon/usps.html Gun advocate website listing 1986-1997 incidents]
*[http://www.casacolumbia.org/supportcasa/item.asp?cID=12&PID=118 2000 Report of the United States Postal Service Commission on a Safe and Secure Workplace] (Report that called "going postal" 'a myth')
*[http://www.psycport.com/2000/09/01/A/31440992-0076-Home.html Atlanta Journal-Constitution about the report's release]

[[Category:Rampages]]
[[Category:English phrases]]
[[Category:Spree shootings in the United States]]
[[Category:Slang]]
[[Category:United States Postal Service]]
[[Category:United States Postal Inspection Service]]
[[Category:Government]]

Schlacht von Baltimore

2008-04-27T21:14:43Z

Tcncv: Reverted 1 edit by 98.207.224.184. (TW)

{{FixHTML|beg}}
{{Infobox Military Conflict

|image=[[Image:Balt. Battle Monument 1a.jpg|300px]]
|caption=Battle Monument, Baltimore
|conflict=Battle of Baltimore
|partof=the [[War of 1812]]
|date=[[September 12]] – [[September 15]], [[1814]]
|place=[[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]]
|result=American victory
|combatant1=<center>[[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|85px|border]] [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]
|combatant2=<center>[[Image:US flag 15 stars.svg|86px|border]] [[United States of America]]
|commander1=[[Robert Ross (general)|Robert Ross]]† [[Alexander Cochrane]] [[Arthur Brooke]]
|commander2=[[Samuel Smith (Maryland)|Samuel Smith]] [[John Stricker]] [[George Armistead]]
|strength1=5,000 troops North American Station Fleet(19 ships)
|strength2=12,000 total<ref>[http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h2499.html]</ref> 2,000 (Baltimore trenchlines) 1,000 (Fort McHenry: US Army Corps of Artillery, Elements of the Maryland Militia, Sailors augmented from Commo. Joshua Barney's Flotilla)
|casualties1=46 dead, 300 wounded
|casualties2=310 killed or wounded
}}
{{FixHTML|mid}}
{{Campaignbox War of 1812: Chesapeake campaign}}
{{FixHTML|end}}
In the '''Battle of Baltimore''', one of the turning points in the [[War of 1812]], [[United States|American]] forces warded off a [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] sea invasion of the busy port city of [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]]. The American defense of Baltimore’s [[Fort McHenry]] in this battle inspired [[Francis Scott Key]] to compose the poem which would become the national anthem of the United States: "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]."

==Background==

On [[August 24]], [[1814]], the [[British Army]] had overrun confused American defenders at the [[Battle of Bladensburg]] and marched into the nation’s capital of [[Washington, D.C.]]. After [[Burning of Washington|burning and looting]] major public buildings there and forcing [[James Madison|President James Madison]] to flee to [[Brookeville, Maryland]], they turned their attention north to [[Baltimore]], where they hoped to strike a knockout blow against the demoralized Americans. Baltimore was a busy port and was thought by the British to harbor many of the [[Privateering|privateers]] who were raiding British shipping. The British planned a combined operation, with [[Major-General]] [[Robert Ross (general)|Robert Ross]] launching a land attack at North Point, and [[Vice-Admiral]] [[Alexander Cochrane|Sir Alexander Cochrane]] laying siege to Fort McHenry, which was the point defensive installation in [[Inner Harbor|Baltimore Harbor]].

==Battle==
===North Point===

The British landed a force of 5,000 troops who marched toward Baltimore and first met heavy resistance at The [[Battle of North Miles]] which was fought only 3 kilometers from the city. The city’s defenses, under the command of [[Major General]] [[Samuel Smith (politician)|Samuel Smith]], an officer of the [[Maryland]] [[Militia]], blunted the British advance. Therefore the British army halted their advance and awaited the results of the sea campaign.

===Fort McHenry===
[[Image:WilliamCharlesJohnBullAndTheBaltimoreans.jpg|thumb|left|'''''JOHN BULL and the BALTIMOREANS''''' (1814) by [[William Charles]], a [[political cartoon|cartoon]] praising the stiff resistance in Baltimore]]
At Fort McHenry, some 1,000 soldiers under the command of [[Major]] [[George Armistead]] awaited the British naval bombardment. Their defense was augmented by the sinking of a line of American merchant ships at the adjacent entrance to Baltimore Harbor in order to further thwart the passage of British ships. The attack began in the evening of [[September 13]], as the British fleet of some nineteen ships began pounding the fort with [[Congreve rocket]]s (from [[rocket vessel]] [[HMS Erebus (1807)|HMS ''Erebus'']]) and [[Mortar (weapon)|mortar]] shells (from [[bomb vessel]]s [[HMS Terror (1813)|HMS ''Terror'']], [[HMS Volcano|HMS ''Volcano'']], [[HMS Meteor|HMS ''Meteor'']], [[HMS Devastation (1804)|HMS ''Devastation'']], and [[HMS Aetna (1803)|HMS ''Aetna'']]). After an initial exchange of fire, the British fleet withdrew to just beyond the range of Fort McHenry’s cannons and continued to bombard the American [[redoubt]]s for the next 25 hours. Although 1,500 to 1,800 cannonballs were launched at the fort, damage was minimal.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.bcpl.net/~etowner/battle.html
|title = The Battle of Baltimore
|publisher = The Patriots of Fort McHenry, Incorporated
|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070608020336/http://www.bcpl.net/~etowner/battle.html
|archivedate = 2007-06-08
|quote =
}}</ref>

After nightfall, Cochrane ordered a landing to be made by small boats to the shore just west of the fort, away from the harbor opening on which the fort’s defense was concentrated. He hoped that the landing party might slip past Fort McHenry and draw Smith’s army away from the main British land assault on the city’s eastern border. Operating in darkness and in foul weather, the diversionary attack failed. On the morning of [[September 14]], the {{convert|30|ft|m|abbr=on}} × 42 ft oversized [[Star Spangled Banner Flag|American flag]], which had been made a few months before by local flagmaker [[Mary Pickersgill]] and her 13 year old daughter, flew over Fort McHenry, and Cochrane and Brooke knew that victory had eluded them.

==Aftermath==

An American lawyer and amateur poet, [[Francis Scott Key]], was on a mercy mission for the release of Dr. William Beanes, a prisoner of the British. Key showed the British letters from wounded British officers praising the care they received from Dr. Beanes. The British agreed to release Beanes, but Key and Beanes had to stay with the British until the attack on Baltimore was over. Key watched the proceedings from a truce ship in the [[Patapsco River]]. On the morning of the 14th, Key saw the American flag waving above Fort McHenry. Inspired, he began jotting down verses on the back of a letter he was carrying. He composed the words to an old British drinking song, "[[To Anacreon in Heaven]]." When Key reached Baltimore, his poem was printed on pamphlets by the [[Baltimore News-American|Baltimore American]]. His poem was originally called "Defence of Ft. McHenry." The song eventually became known as "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]." Congress made it the [[National Anthem]] in 1931.

Colonel Brooke’s troops withdrew, and Admiral Cochrane’s fleet sailed off to regroup before his next assault on America at [[Battle of New Orleans|New Orléans, Louisiana]]. Armistead was soon promoted to [[lieutenant colonel]]. Much weakened by the arduous preparations for the battle, he died at age 38, only three years after the battle.

The battle is commemorated in the [[Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine]].

==References and further reading==

* George, Christopher T., ''Terror on the Chesapeake: The War of 1812 on the Bay'', Shippensburg, Pa., White Mane, 2001, ISBN 1-57249-276-7
* Pitch, Anthony S.''The Burning of Washington'', Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2000. ISBN 1-55750-425-3
* Whitehorne, Joseph A., ''The Battle for Baltimore 1814'', Baltimore: Nautical & Aviation Publishing, 1997, ISBN 1-877853-23-2

==External links==
==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1814 in the United States]]
[[Category:Battles of the War of 1812|Baltimore, Battle of]]
[[Category:History of Baltimore]]
[[Category:History of Maryland]]
[[Category:Battles involving the United Kingdom|Baltimore]]
[[Category:Sieges involving the United States]]

[[fr:Bataille de Baltimore]]
[[ja:ボルティモアの戦い]]
[[pl:Bitwa pod Baltimore]]

Sequoia National Forest

2008-04-09T02:13:11Z

Tcncv: Reverted 2 edits by 68.126.214.230. (TW)

{{Infobox_protected_area | name = Sequoia National Forest
| iucn_category = VI
| image = US_Locator_Blank.svg
| caption =
| locator_x = 23
| locator_y = 92
| location = [[California]], [[United States|USA]]
| nearest_city = [[Bakersfield, California|Bakersfield, CA]]
| lat_degrees = 36
| lat_minutes = 2
| lat_seconds = 24
| lat_direction = N
| long_degrees = 118
| long_minutes = 30
| long_seconds = 16
| long_direction = W
| area = 1,192,530 acres (4,826 km²)
| established = [[1908]]
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = [[United States Forest Service|U.S. Forest Service]]
}}

'''Sequoia National Forest''' is located in the southern [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]] mountains of [[California]]. The [[U.S. National Forest|national forest]] is named for the majestic [[Giant Sequoia]] trees which populate 38 groves within the boundaries of the forest; the [[Giant Sequoia National Monument]] is also located within the forest. Other notable features include [[glacier]]-carved landscapes and impressive [[granite]] [[monolith]]s.

The forest covers 2,207 square miles (5,717 square kilometers; discontinuous), and ranges in elevation from 1,000 feet in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada to over 12,000 feet. The National Forest contains over 2,500 miles of road and 850 miles of trails, and hosts a number of camping and recreational facilities. The forest is adjacent to [[Sequoia National Park]].

==Photos==
<gallery>
Image:Havilah CA USFS Service Center.JPG|Havilah Work Center.
Image:Alder creek CA giant Sequoias.jpg|Giant Sequoias.
Image:Long Meadow Grove CA.jpg| Long Meadow Grove on a misty day.
</gallery>

==References==
*[http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/sequoia/ "Sequoia National Forest"]. [[United States Forest Service|United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service]]. Retrieved August 8, 2005.
[[Category:National Forests of California]]
[[Category:Sierra Nevada]]

{{California-geo-stub}}
{{Protected-area-stub}}

[[fr:Sequoia National Forest]]

East Grinstead

2008-04-06T20:20:35Z

Tcncv: Reverted 1 edit by 81.108.102.15 identified as vandalism to last revision by Jeepday. (TW)

{{infobox UK place|
|country = England
|official_name = East Grinstead
|latitude= 51.129
|longitude= -0.007
|population = 29,000
|civil_parish = [[East Grinstead]]
|shire_district = [[Mid Sussex]]
| shire_county = [[West Sussex]]
|region= South East England
|constituency_westminster = [[Mid Sussex (UK Parliament constituency)|Mid Sussex]]
|post_town = EAST GRINSTEAD
|postcode_area= RH
|postcode_district= RH19
|dial_code = 01342
|os_grid_reference = TQ395385
}}

'''East Grinstead''' (archaically spelt ''Grimstead''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=27744 | title=House of Commons Journal Volume 9 | date=[[1679-04-07]] | accessdate=2007-11-15 | publisher=[[University of London|University of London & History of Parliament Trust]] | work=British History Online | format=html}}</ref>) is a town and [[civil parish]] in the northeastern corner of [[Mid Sussex]], [[West Sussex]] in [[England]] near the [[East Sussex]], [[Surrey]], and [[Kent]] borders. In fact until 1974 East Grinstead was in the county of East Sussex but was moved, along with Haywards Heath and Burgess Hill during a boundary re-organisation. The large civil parish covers an area of 2443.45ha and had a population of 23,942 persons (2001 census).

It is located on the [[Greenwich Meridian]]. The [[Weald]] and [[Ashdown Forest]] lie to the south of the town.

==Places of Interest==

[[Image:FountainEastGrinstead.jpg|left|thumb|300px| East Grinstead High Street]]

The High Street contains the longest continuous run of [[14th century|14th-century]] timber-framed buildings in England. Other notable buildings in the town include [[Sackville College]], the [[sandstone]] [[almshouse]] built in [[1609]] where the [[Christmas carol]] "[[Good King Wenceslas]]" was written by [[John Mason Neale]].
On the A264 to [[Tunbridge Wells]], there is a historic house called [[Hammerwood Park]]. On the outskirts of the town is [[Standen]], a [[country house]] containing one of the best collections of [[arts and crafts movement]] furnishings and fabrics. East Grinstead House is the headquarters of the (UK and Ireland) [[Caravan Club]].

Local attractions include [[Ashdown Forest]] (where the [[Winnie-the-Pooh]] stories are set) and the [[Bluebell Railway]], a preserved heritage line with steam locomotives.
The town is also the site of [[Queen Victoria Hospital]], where famed [[plastic surgeon]] [[Archibald McIndoe]] treated burns victims of [[World War II]] and formed the [[Guinea Pig Club]].

During the [[Second World War]], the town was a secondary target for [[Germany|German]] bombers who failed to make their primary target in [[London]]. During the evening of [[July 9]], [[1943]], a [[Luftwaffe]] bomber became separated from his squadron, and made an attack on the town. One of his bombs fell on the Whitehall Cinema in the High Street. 108 people were killed, including many children who were watching the matinee. This was the largest loss of life of any single [[air raid]] in [[Sussex]].

In 2006, the East Grinstead Town Museum was moved to new custom built premises located in the historic centre of the town, and successfully re-opened to the public. Chequer Mead Arts Centre includes a modern 349-seat purpose-built theatre, which stages professional and amateur plays and music (local [[rock group]]s to [[chamber music]] orchestras), [[opera]], [[ballet]], [[folk music]], [[tribute band]]s, and talks. The centre has a large [[art gallery]] for temporary exhibitions.

==Religious Institutions==
A number of important religious sites are located in East Grinstead.
*To the north of the town is the [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|Mormon]] [[London England Temple]].
*[[Opus Dei]] and the [[Rosicrucians]] both own property in the town.
*[[Kingdom Hall]] of [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]

The strange co-incidence of such a number of religious organisations being headquartered in the town prompted a documentary in 1994, ''Why East Grinstead?'', which was produced for [[Channel 4]] by Zed Productions and directed by Ian Sellar. The documentary didn't come to any definite conclusions: the explanations ranging from the fact that East Grinstead sat on the convergence of ley lines to the more prosaic idea that the various religious inquirers had settled there because they liked the views.

One of the most impressive buildings in the town is [[St. Swithun's Church, East Grinstead|St. Swithun's Church]] which has been on its present site since the [[11th century]]. Near the entrance to the church, three stones mark the supposed ashes of Anne Tree, Thomas Dunngate and John Forman who were burned as [[martyr]]s on the 18th of July 1556 because they would not renounce the [[Protestant]] faith.

There are also three other [[Anglican]] churches ([[St. Barnabas]], [[St. Luke]] and [[St. Mary]]); West Street [[Baptist]] Chapel; [[Our Lady]] and [[St. Peter]] [[Roman Catholic]] Church; Trinity [[Methodist]] Church; [[New Life]] Church (a [[New Frontiers]] [[Evangelicalism|evangelical]] charismatic church) and a [[United Reformed Church]] in the town.

==Redevelopment==
{{Inappropriate tone|section|date=November 2007}}
[[Image:East Grinstead 14Century.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The longest row of [[14th century]] timber framed buildings in England located on East Grinstead High Street.]]
Cabinet adopted the East Grinstead Town Centre Master Plan on 10 July 2006 as a Supplementary Planning Document (SPD).<ref>{{cite press release | url=http://www.midsussex.gov.uk/page.cfm?pageID=4685 | title=Revised Masterplan to safeguard unique character of town | date=[[2006-07-04]] | accessdate=2007-10-02 | publisher=[[Mid Sussex|Mid Sussex District Council]] | format=html | language=English}}</ref> The scheme arranges regeneration of the town centre in association with Thornfield Properties PLC. As of September 2007 Thornfield Properties has submitted plans to the council for the initial start of an ambitious development of the Queens Walk and West Street area. It is expected that other redevelopment companies will fulfil targets outlined in the SPD over the next 20 years, landowners and developers are being encouraged to put forward plans achieve the vision set out in the SDP. The Master Plan is part of a larger scheme which will also see the redevelopment of the Haywards Heath and Burgess Hill town centres.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.midsussex.gov.uk/Nimoi/sites/msdcpublic/resources/LDSadoptedOct2006%2Epdf | title=Local Development Scheme | format=pdf | language=English | accessdate=2007-11-15}}</ref>

A legacy of badly designed 1970s buildings followed by decades of low investment and short term planning have left the town with a set of poorly integrated retail spaces.{{Fact|date=November 2007}} The plan envisions a complete reconstruction of large parts of the town centre with a new town square as its focal point a mix of commercial retail space, increased active shop frontage, and over 600 residential properties.
The clear priority as stated by Mid Sussex District Council is the regeneration of the heart of the town centre - Queensway car park, Queens Walk and West Street.

The problems the town faces have directly affected the volume of trade and the town's economic well-being, residents do most of their non food shopping out of town which has resulted in retailers in the town centre closing down and commercial premises being left vacant as they cannot compete with the more attractive shopping centre in Crawley with its better transport infrastructure and larger shop areas.<ref>{{cite web | title=East Grinstead Town Centre Supplementary Planning Document | url=http://www.midsussex.gov.uk/Nimoi/sites/msdcpublic/resources/EGmasteraug06%5F02introduction01%2Epdf | format=pdf | language=English | accessdate=2007-10-02 | publisher=[[Mid Sussex|Mid Sussex District Council]]}}</ref>

The East Grinstead Post Referendum Campaign has stated that East Grinstead and the other major towns in the south east are becoming dilapidated as the northern-based parliamentary Labour party resents public investment money going south to an area that is firmly Conservative.<ref>{{cite web | title=East Grinstead PRC | url=http://www.eghouses.org/default.asp | format=html | accessdate=2007-10-02}}</ref> Indeed no public money is being spent with the SPD being a guide for private developers and landowners to pursue the ideas. The SPD helps this in that it in essence shows locations in town that have been given an arbitrary planning permission for projects as long as they fulfil the guidelines set out in the SPD.

With a new bypass being planned to ease congestion, a projected increase in population projected along with new housing developments and an increase in tourism expected from the linking of the town with the heritage [[Bluebell Railway]] service the plans to regenerate the town centre have been welcomed by many although various public consultation made it clear that any development must retain the town's character so as to not turn the town into another clone high street.{{Fact|date=November 2007}} The [[railway station]] will also be redeveloped as its simple concrete construction is seen as unattractive and a bad gateway into the town along with the dilapidated state of the Railway Approach road that leads into town. The current station was built to replace a grand wooden [[Victorian]] era railway station that was sold and moved to the USA. The public transport has also come under criticism for being badly linked and of poor quality resulting in many residents using private transport to move around further increasing congestion along with limited public car parking space in town.

Other ideas in the plan see new car parks, a larger [[Waitrose]] and new [[public library ]]among many other improvements to the town.{{Fact|date=November 2007}}

==Crime==
Crime rates in East Grinstead are lower than the national average.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.findaproperty.com/crimefacts.aspx?edid=00&salerent=0&areaid=0540 | title=East Grinstead crime statistics | date=[[2005]]-[[2006|06]] | publisher=FindaProperty.com | format=html | language=English}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto"|
|+ '''Crime Rates in East Grinstead (per 1000 population)'''
! Offence || Locally || Nationally
|-
|Robbery||align="center"|0.32||align="center"|1.85
|-
|Theft of a motor vehicle||align="center"|1.79 ||align="center"|4.04
|-
|Theft from a motor vehicle||align="center"|5.34||align="center"|9.59
|-
|Sexual offences||align="center"|0.62||align="center"|1.17
|-
|Violence against a person||align="center"|11.28||align="center"|19.97
|-
|Burglary||align="center"|2.58 ||align="center"|5.67
|}

==Transport==
[[Image:East Grinsteadmap1946.jpg|250px|thumb|right|A map of East Grinstead from 1946]]
===Rail===
[[East Grinstead railway station|East Grinstead]] has been a railway terminus since the 1960s, after the lines to [[Lewes railway station|Lewes]], [[Three Bridges railway station|Three Bridges]], and [[Tunbridge Wells railway station|Royal Tunbridge Wells]] were closed under the [[Beeching Axe]], a reorganisation of [[British Railways]] based on a report by [[Richard Beeching]]. In the late 1970s the town's inner relief road was built on the line of one of the closed railways and named "Beeching Way". It is rumoured that this road, which runs through a cutting, was intended to be called "Beeching Cut", but that the name was altered at the last minute in the interests of formality.{{Fact|date=January 2008}}

====Bluebell Railway connection====
{{future infrastructure}}
A part of the [[Lewes]] line may be reinstated by the [[Bluebell Railway]],{{Fact|date=January 2008}} a nearby preserved [[standard gauge railway]]. Work has now actively started on the final push to the north towards East Grinstead where the line will once again join to the national railway network. A new railway station is to be built just south of the main-line station.

===Road===
The town is within commuting distance of [[London]] by road; the [[A22 road|A22]] and [[A264 road]]s pass through it.

==Twin towns==
The town is [[Town twinning|twinned]] with the towns of:
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Bourg-de-Péage]], [[France]]
*{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Sant Feliu de Guíxols]], [[Spain]]
*{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Mindelheim]], [[Germany]]
*{{flagicon|Austria}} [[Schwaz]], [[Austria]]
*{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Verbania]], [[Italy]]
The village of [[West Grinstead]] is located some 25 km to the southwest.

==Famous Residents Past and Present==
[[Image:East Grinstead old shops Nigel Freeman.jpg|thumb|Houses and shops in East Grinstead]]
*[[Johnny Waldron]]
*[[Louise Redknapp]]
*''[[Right Said Fred]]''
*[[Ted Hutt ]]
*[[Jane Leeves]]
*[[Andrew Sullivan]]
*[[Neil Gaiman]]
*Dr. [[Richard Beeching]]
*Rev. Dr. [[John Mason Neale]]
*Sir [[Archibald McIndoe]]
*Sir [[Patrick Moore]] (lived at Glencathara, Worsted Lane, 1929-1965)
*[[Tom Morton-Smith]]

==East Grinstead in Literature==
East Grinstead is the destination of the adulterous lovers Norman and Annie in [[Alan Ayckbourn]]'s trilogy of plays entitled ''The Norman Conquests''. It was chosen because Norman, after some effort, couldn't get in at Hastings. In the [[1978]] BBC-TV version of the trilogy, Norman and Annie were portrayed by [[Tom Conti]] and [[Penelope Wilton]].

East Grinstead also features in [[Christopher Fowler]]'s novel, ''Psychoville'' (1996), in which the town features as harbouring the fictional Invicta Cross, as well as the eventual New Invicta. The town of New Invicta was later used by [[Jo Amey]] in ''Heist'' as a safehouse

East Grinstead is mentioned in the lyrics to British musician [[Robyn Hitchcock]]'s song, ''Listening To The Higsons''. ("The Higsons come from Norwich, but I prefer East Grinstead.")

East Grinstead is the home of Harry Witherspoon, one of the lead characters in a musical comedy by Flaherty and Ahrens called "Lucky Stiff".

==Sports and Social Clubs==
East Grinstead is well served by local sports clubs and has a [[List of King George V Playing Fields (Sussex)|King George's Field]] in memorial to [[George V of the United Kingdom|King George V]]. The clubs include the:

*[http://www.eglc.co.uk/ East Grinstead Lacrosse Club] formed in 2004
*[http://www.egrfc.co.uk/ East Grinstead Rugby Football Club]
*East Grinstead Ex-servicemen and Women's Club. ([[C&IU]])Affiliate.
*[http://www.egac.co.uk/ East Grinstead Athletics Club]
*[http://www.egtfc.co.uk/ East Grinstead Town Football Club] formed on May 8, 1890
*[http://www.egscc.co.uk/ East Grinstead Hockey Club] who now compete in the English Hockey National League Premier Division.
*[http://www.dunningsmill.co.uk/ Dunnings Mill Squash and Health Club]
*[http://www.felbridge.freeuk.com/ Felbridge Lawn Tennis Club located just outside East Grinstead]
*1343 (East Grinstead) Sqn [[Air Training Corps|Air Cadets]]. Often seen parading in town on Remembrance Sunday, Mayday and other Events.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

*[http://www.eastgrinstead.gov.uk/ East Grinstead Town Council]
*[http://www.egnet.co.uk/ East Grinstead Community Website]
*[http://www.east-grinstead.com/ East Grinstead Tourism and History Guide]
*[http://www.eastgrinsteadmuseum.org.uk/ East Grinstead Museum]
*[http://www.swithun.co.uk/ St. Swithuns Church Website]
*[http://www.trinitymethodist.org.uk/ Trinity Methodist Church]
*[http://www.meridianfm.com/ Meridian FM, the local Community Radio Station]



{{Mid Sussex}}

[[Category:Towns in West Sussex]]
[[Category:Mid Sussex]]

[[it:East Grinstead]]
[[nl:East Grinstead]]
[[ja:イーストグリンステッド]]
[[ro:East Grinstead]]
[[sv:East Grinstead]]

Fat Albert (2004)

2008-04-04T22:23:04Z

Tcncv: Reverted 1 edit by 75.68.155.53. (TW)

{{Infobox Film
| name = Fat Albert

| caption = {{deletable image-caption}}
| director = [[Joel Zwick]]
| writer = [[Bill Cosby]], [[Charles Kipps]]
| starring = [[Kenan Thompson]] [[Kyla Pratt]] [[Jermaine Williams]] [[Omarion]]
| producer = [[John Davis (American producer)|John Davis]]
| distributor = [[20th Century Fox]]
| budget =
| released = [[December 25]], [[2004]] (USA)
| runtime = 93 minutes
| language = [[English language|English]]
| amg_id = 1:289456
| imdb_id = 0396592
| }}
'''''Fat Albert''''' is a [[2004 in film|2004]] live-action/animated film based on the [[Filmation]] animated series ''[[Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids]]''. The movie was produced by [[Davis Entertainment]] for [[20th Century Fox]], and stars [[Kenan Thompson]] as the title character.

The plot surrounds [[Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids|Fat Albert]] and the gang leaving the cartoon world and entering the real world in order to help a teenage adolescent deal with the challenges of being unpopular, and not having any friends except her adopted sister. Her unpopularity stemmed from her tendency to withdraw into a world of her own as a consequence of the death of her grandfather, Albert Robertson, who was actually the inspiration for the Fat Albert character. It is up to Fat Albert and the gang to show her that she is special and can make friends.

Unlike some movies that melt the cartoon world with the real world while at the same time keeping the cartoon characters two dimensional, e.g ''[[Who Framed Roger Rabbit]]'', Fat Albert takes a twist and transforms the cartoon characters into three dimensional humans, who have to come to grips with the differences that exist between their world and the real world (like [[Enchanted]]).

Critics were not impressed with the film, whose characters may not have been familiar to a generation raised on other recent franchises. But the film did modest business at the [[box office]], making $48 million.

==Plot==

Doris is a sad teenager still recovering from the death of her grandfather, ignoring her foster sister, Lauri's, efforts to bring her a social life. Upon learning that her parents will be away for the weekend, Doris sadly lets a tear hit her [[TV remote]], as the Fat Albert Show is on. The tear opens up the TV world to the real world and Fat Albert and the gang (minus Bill's little brother Russell) go to help her. Doris insists that she is fine, but the gang can't leave yet - their show is over and they have to wait until the next day's show to go back. They follow Doris to school the next day and are amazed by the new technology like laptops and the internet.

Fat Albert also notices Lauri and falls in love with her. In another attempt to help Doris, the gang persuades some cheerleaders to invite them all to an outdoors party. With some reluctance, Doris agrees to attend. While they're there, Lauri dances with Fat Albert. Another boy who likes Lauri attempts to make her jealous by dancing with Doris. When Lauri doesn't notice him, he tries to kiss Doris. Doris runs from the party and Fat Albert warns the boy to stay away from Doris. The next day, Doris goes to school, but asks the gang to go to the park instead of following her. Weird Harold, normally very clumsy, joins in a basketball game and is able to play perfectly. Mushmouth, who can't talk normally, is taught how to speak by a little girl. Dumb Donald goes to the library and is able to read and remove his purple face-covering hat.

When Doris gets them and takes them back to her TV, Bucky, Dumb Donald, and Weird Harold jump into the TV but the show ends before the others can enter. Fat Albert and Bill have an argument in private about going back (Fat Albert wants to stay in the real world with Lauri). Searching for guidance, Fat Albert meets the real Bill Cosby and tells him of the dilemma. Cosby tells him that his character is based on Doris's grandfather, which explains Doris's confusion over why Albert seems so familiar to her. Cosby then tells Fat Albert that he has to return to the TV, or he will turn into [[celluloid]] dust. Devastated, Fat Albert tries to tell Lauri that he has to leave, but she doesn't believe he's from the TV and thinks that he is just being insensitive.

The next day, Bill, Mushmouth, and Rudy jump back into the TV. Fat Albert waits and goes to a track meet that Doris and Lauri have, then takes them home and jumps into the TV (this convinces Lauri that Fat Albert wasn't lying to her). At the end of the movie, Bill Cosby and his old friends (who the characters in the show were based on) stand in front of their old friend Albert Robertson's grave. Doris is also there. Then the group of men have a little race, showing no matter how old they are, they are still kids at heart, the same kids from the TV show that they helped Bill Cosby inspire.

==Sequel==
It's unconfirmed whether there will be a sequel or not, but the steps to a sequel have been taken. 20th Century Fox has approved a sequel. Joel Zwick says he's up for the sequel.

==Trivia==
{{Trivia|date=February 2008}}
*Despite what the film showed, ''[[Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids]]'' has never aired on [[TV Land]] (though Cosby did produce a TV series for TV Land, ''[[Fatherhood (TV series)|Fatherhood]]''). Also, the episode shown in the film was produced specifically for the film, was [[traditional animation|traditionally-animated]], and was quite different from the original series episodes.

* When the film was supposed to be made back in 2002 [[Forest Whitaker]] was the original director of the film, but left the project over creative differences.

* [[Omar Benson Miller]] was originally cast as Fat Albert.

*[[Jesse McCartney]]'s song, Get Your Shine On is sang in the film. It is mistaken as an [[Aaron Carter]] song, because Carter's in the film.

* [[Lahmard Tate]] also had a role in the film.

* R&B singers [[Ashanti (singer)|Ashanti]] and [[Mýa]] and rappers [[Fabolous]], [[Bow Wow]], and [[Chingy]] all auditoned for roles.

* This film reunites [[Kyla Pratt]] and [[Raven-Symoné]], who both portrayed in [[Dr. Dolittle (film)|Dr. Dolittle]] and the 1st sequel. Please note that Raven-Symone guest stars by voice only.

*[[Joel Madden]] from the band [[Good Charlotte]] did a cameo as a student in Doris' class.

* The world premier was held at the [[Liacouras Center]] on the campus of [[Temple University]], Cosby's alma-mater.

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote|Fat Albert}}
*{{imdb title|id=0396592|title=Fat Albert}}
*[http://www.billcosby.com/ Official Bill Cosby Site]

[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:20th Century Fox films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:Live-action/animated films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Family films]]
[[Category:Fantasy-comedy films]]
[[Category:Films based on television series]]
[[Category:Live-action films based on cartoons]]

[[it:Il mio grosso grasso amico Albert]]

Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi

2008-03-29T17:36:08Z

Tcncv: Reverted 1 edit by 203.81.207.102 identified as vandalism to last revision by THEunique. (TW)

{{Cleanup|date=June 2007}}
{{Infobox Prime Minister
| name = Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi
| image = Ghulam_Mustafa_Jatoi.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1931|08|14}}
| birth_place = New Jatoi village, [[Nawabshah District]], [[Sindh]], [[British India]]
| office = 13th [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]
| president = [[Ghulam Ishaq Khan]]
| term_start = [[6 August]] [[1990]]
| term_end = [[6 November]] [[1990]]
| predecessor = [[Benazir Bhutto]]
| successor = [[Nawaz Sharif]]
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| party = [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)]]
}}
'''Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi''' ([[Urdu]]: '''غلام مصطفیٰ جتوئی''') (born [[14 August]] [[1931]]) is a [[Pakistan]]i politician, and was [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] for 3 months, from [[August 6]], 1990 to [[November 6]], 1990.

==Early life==
Jatoi was born in the Province of [[Sindh]]. He was the eldest of four brothers, and his grandfather, [[Khan Bahadur Imam Bux Khan Jatoi]], was a member of the Bombay Legislative Assembly in 1923, 1927 and 1931. At the time there were only 4 members representing the entire Province of Sind.

Jatoi was educated at [[Karachi Grammar School]] and passed his senior Cambridge. In [[1952]], he went to [[England]] for his bar at law, but had to return home within one year due to his father's serious illness.

==Politics==
Jatoi was elected to the first Provincial Assembly of [[West Pakistan]] in [[1958]], and was re-elected in [[1965]]. He has also serves as Chairman District Board of Nawabshah District in 1952, holding the distinction of being the youngest District Board Chairman on the sub-continent.

Jatoi joined Pakistan People's Party in March [[1969]]. In [[1970]], he was elected to the [[National Assembly]] on PPP ticket. He held the Portfolios of Political Affairs, Ports and Shipping, Communications, Natural Resources, Railways & Telecommunications in the Federal Government headed by Prime Minister [[Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]]. In [[1973]], he was elected [[Chief Minister of Sindh]], and held this office till [[1977]]. He has the distinction of being the longest serving Chief Minister of Sindh since the birth of Pakistan. After the imposition of [[Martial Law]], Jatoi remained associated with the [[Movement for Restoration of Democracy]] (MRD). Twice he was arrested in [[1983]] and [[1985]].

Later, he founded the [[National Peoples Party]]. A number of political heavyweights from all over the country were brought into the National People’s Party, launched under the chairmanship of Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi. Among them were Ghulam Mustafa Khar, Haneef Ramay, SM Zafar, [[Hamid Raza Gilani]], Malik Hamid Sarfraz, Ghaus Bux Raeesani, Kamal Azfar, Mian Sajid Pervaiz, Nafees Siddiqui, Rana Muhammad Haneef, Akhtar Hussain Shah, Rabbani Khar and Aftab Shah Gilani. An attractive manifesto was prepared and the party was expected to shoot into prominence in no time due to the declining popularity of the Peoples Party at the time.

The NPP and the PML, then headed by [[Muhammad Khan Junejo]], along with 7 other political parties, contested the 1988 elections from the platform of the [[Islami Jamhoori Ittehad]]. The PPP won the bout, though with a thin majority.

==Interim Prime Minister==
He was the Founder President of [[Islami Jamhoori Ittehad]] (IJI) formed in 1988. In 1989, he was elected to the [[National Assembly]] in by-elections from [[Kot Addu]]. Jatoi was subsequently elected leader of the combined opposition parties in the National Assembly in 1989.

Mr. Jatoi was appointed Prime Minister after the dismissal of the [[Benazir]] government on corruption and incompetence charges by President [[Ghulam Ishaq Khan]]. In protest at the autocratic tendencies of the [[Nawaz Sharif]], the then Prime Minister, Mr. Jatoi joined hands with the opposition lead by [[Benazir Bhutto]] in launching a movement against the Sharif government, resulting in its dismissal in 1993.

The NPP contested the 1993 elections and later joined the Benazir Bhutto government as a coalition partner till the Governments dismissal in 1996 by the PPP President Farooq Leghari. In the 2002 general election, it was the dominant partner in a new group called the National Alliance which was Chaired by him. The [[National Alliance (Pakistan)|National Alliance]] won 16 seats in the national Assembly, 16 seats in the [[Sindh Assembly]] and 3 Senate Seats.

In the 2008 election his son Ghulam Murtaza Khan Jatoi won election in NA-211 Naushero Feroze-I under the banner of the National Peoples Party, defeating the runner-up PPP candidate, holding the seat won in 2002 by Dr. Abdul Ghaffar Khan Jatoi under the National Alliance banner. In 2008 only one other NPP candidate won: NA-202 Shikarpur, Dr. Muhammad Ibrahim Jatoi, holding the seat he won in 2002.

==Personal life==
Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi has 5 sons and 3 daughters. Murtaza Jatoi, Masroor Jatoi, Tariq Jatoi (Deceased), Arif Mustafa Jatoi (Former Minister for Food and Agriculture) and current Member of the [[Sindh Provincial Assembly]] and Asif Mustafa Jatoi currently serving as a Senator.

==External links==
*[http://pakistanspace.tripod.com/47.htm Chronicles Of Pakistan]

{{start box}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box |title=[[Chief Ministers of Sindh|Chief Minister of Sindh]]|
years=[[25 December]], [[1973]] - [[5 July]], [[1977]]|
before=[[Mumtaz Bhutto]]|
after=[[Syed Ghaus Ali Shah]]}}

{{succession box |title=[[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] (caretaker)|
years=[[6 August]], [[1990]] - [[6 November]], [[1990]]|
before=[[Benazir Bhutto]]|
after=[[Nawaz Sharif]]}}
{{end}}

{{PakistaniPMs}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jatoi, Ghulam Mustafa}}
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Baloch people]]
[[Category:Pakistani people]]
[[Category:Pakistani politicians]]

[[fr:Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi]]
[[ur:غلام مصطفی جتوئی]]

Spencer Rice

2008-03-27T05:14:19Z

Tcncv: Reverted 1 edit by 68.41.54.16 identified as vandalism to last revision by Chubbles. (TW)

'''Spencer Nolan Rice''', aka '''Spenny''', is a [[Canada|Canadian]] writer, producer, and comedian. He is the co-host of ''[[Kenny vs. Spenny]]'' along with [[Kenny Hotz]].

Rice was born in [[Toronto]] and attended [[York University]] in Toronto. His film ''Telewhore'' appeared at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]] and was purchased by [[Channel Four]] in [[England]]. His short film ''Something Anything'' won a [[Tele-Fest]] award for best comedy.

Soon after this, Rice and Hotz, who had been friends since childhood, collaborated on the short film ''[[It Don't Cost Nothin' to Say Good Morning]]''. They wrote further material, including an episode of the show ''[[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles]]''. Their first feature-length film was ''[[Pitch (film)|Pitch]]'', which won Best Film Award from the [[Toronto Independent Arts Festival]].

In 2004, Hotz and Rice created the show ''Kenny vs. Spenny'', which has just completed its fourth season. The show has been nominated for [[Gemini Award]]s in 2005 and 2006.

==Further reading==
*[http://www.sootoday.com/content/news/full_story.asp?StoryNumber=19019 Spencer Rice Gets His 15 Minutes of Fame]. Sootoday.com, August 9, 2006.
*[http://media.www.udreview.com/media/storage/paper781/news/2007/11/20/Mosaic/The-Mosaic.Interview.Spencer.Rice-3110981.shtml Interview] with ''The Review'' (Delaware)
*[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/14/arts/television/14hale.html?partner=USERLAND&pagewanted=all Barrels of Crude Imported From Canada]. ''[[New York Times]]'', November 14, 2007.

==External links==
*[http://www.comedycentral.com/press/bios/spencerrice.jhtml?series=111252 Biography] at [[Comedy Central]]
*[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0723551/ Spencer Rice] at [[IMDB]]
*[http://www.tv.com/spencer-rice/person/219300/summary.html Spencer Rice] at [[TV.com]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rice, Spencer}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Canadian comedians]]

Jogginghose

2008-03-26T23:55:47Z

Tcncv: Reverted 1 edit by 24.17.206.133 identified as vandalism to last revision by 85.225.98.46. (TW)

[[Image:sweatpants.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Three [[man|male]] athletes wearing [[grey]] sweatpants]]
'''Sweatpants''' are an [[informal attire|informal]] variety of [[trousers]] intended for [[comfort]] or [[athletic]] purposes.
In the UK they are varyingly known as '''track suit bottoms''' or the more informal '''jogging bottoms'''.
In Australia and New Zealand they are known as '''track''' (or '''tracksuit''') '''pants'''.

== Design ==
Sweatpants are usually made from [[cotton]], and the chief [[wiktionary:characteristic|characteristic]] distinguishing them from other athletic pants is the [[elastic band]] located around the [[ankle]]s. Sweatpants are traditionally [[grey|ash gray]] in [[color]] but are now available in essentially any color. They are usually quite "baggy" and [[wiktionary:loose|loose]], which makes them easy to slip into (and out of) and allows a great deal of flexibility and comfort. In addition, this design traps less heat than most conventional trousers, which may be a disadvantage in some contexts (such as cold [[temperature]]s) and an advantage in others (such as [[Thermoregulation|body heat]]-increasing [[aerobic]] activities). The sweatpant variations listed below are made from different materials.
Sweatpants are widely used in schools, sports, etc. because they are comfortable and keep the cold out while they also don't get too hot in warmer temperatures.

== Variations ==
There are many variations on the sweatpant design that have evolved to define their own categories of athletic pants. These variations include '''fashion pants''', '''windpants''', '''tearaway pants''', and '''muscle pants'''.

=== Fashion pants ===
'''Fashion pants''' typically refers to "[[fashion]] conscious" [[sportswear]], such as the pants produced by [[Juicy Couture]]. The distinguishing characteristic is that fashion pants lack the elastic band at the ankles.

=== Windpants ===
Very similar to, but not to be confused with sweatpants are [[windpants]], also known as ''windbreakers'', which are lighter and serve to shield the wearer from cold [[wind]] rather than insulate. Windpants are almost always made out of [[polyester]] or [[nylon]]. Some have [[polyester tricot]]. Some types of windpants have a separate inner liner made of cotton. Because of this [[Undergarments]] are not required while wearing windpants. Due to the substance's natural friction against both itself and human legs, nylon makes "swooshing" [[sound]]s during [[walking]]. Windpants often have [[zipper]]s on each ankle, allowing athletes to unzip the end of each leg to pull the pants over their [[footwear]]. Some windpants have zippers that run the full length so the pants can be simply unzipped entirely; in this case, shorts are normally worn underneath.

=== Tearaway pants ===
'''Tearaway pants''', also known as ''breakaway pants'', ''rip-off pants'', or (in the UK) ''popper pants'', are another variation of sweatpants, and are closely related to windpants. Tearaway pants are windpants with [[metal snaps]] running the length of both legs. Some tearaway pants have snaps on only part of the legs, but normally the snaps run the entire length. Some tearaway pants are [[reversible]]. Some do not have pockets but since shorts are usually worn underneath tearaway pants, many people open the top snaps to gain access to pockets in their shorts.

Sometimes, there are [[button]]s above each set of snaps to add more closure. The buttons and snaps allow athletes to remove their tearaway pants in a timely manner to compete in some sports. [[Basketball]] and [[track and field]] are the two sports most commonly associated with tearaway pants and windpants.

[[Adidas]] is the largest [[manufacturer]] of tearaway pants, followed by [[Nike, Inc.]]{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Other manufacturers are [[Spalding (sports equipment)|Spalding]], [[Russell Athletic]], [[Teamwork Athletic Apparel]], [[Wilson Sporting Goods]], [[And 1]], [[Reebok]], [[Champion (company)|Champion]], [[Polo Ralph Lauren]], [[Converse (company)|Converse]], [[Old Navy (company)|Old Navy]], [[Foot Locker, Inc.|Foot Locker]], [[Tommy Hilfiger]], [[Fila]], and numerous other brands.

=== Muscle pants ===
'''Muscle pants''' more closely resemble regular sweatpants than tearaway pants or windpants. Muscle pants are usually made out of thin [[cotton]] material. Muscle pants are often characterized by wild patterns and sometimes flamboyant designs. Muscle pants were designed for use in [[bodybuilding]]; bodybuilders needed a special kind of pants to accommodate their bulging [[muscle]]s and bodies while working out.

Muscle pants can be traced back to late [[1990]]. A number of brands have manufactured these pants, including International Muscle (previously known as International Baggyz), California Crazee Wear, Platinum Everywear, Zero Gravity, Stonewear USA, Kushi, Appartus, and many others.

The most famous brand name of muscle pants was [[Zubaz]], which was licensed to include sports team logos and names on their muscle pants and other apparel. Zubaz's slogan was "Dare to be Different".

== See also ==
*[[Sweatsuit]]
*[[Tracksuit]]

{{Clothing}}
[[Category:Sports clothing]]
[[category:Trousers and shorts]]

Richard’s Castle

2008-03-26T23:40:50Z

Tcncv: Reverted 1 edit by 207.172.239.26 identified as vandalism to last revision by NinetyCharacters. (TW)

{{Unreferenced|date=March 2007}}

'''Richard's Castle''' is a [[village]] on the border between [[Herefordshire]] and [[Shropshire]] in [[England]] and lies between [[Leominster]] and [[Ludlow]].

== The Best of Both Worlds ==

The village is split by the county border, and constitutes two [[civil parish]]es, one called '''Richard's Castle (Hereford)''', the other called '''Richard's Castle (Shropshire)'''.

== Amenities ==

The [[parish]] church is All Saints [http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/101587], a large and new [[church]]. [http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/636864]

== History ==

Richard Fitz Scrob (or Fitz [[Scrope]]) was a [[Normans|Norman]] knight granted lands by the [[Anglo-Saxons|Saxon]] King [[Edward the Confessor]] before the [[Norman Conquest]], in Herefordshire, [[Worcestershire]] and Shropshire as recorded in the [[Domesday Book]]. He built Richard's Castle before [[1051]]. The castle was a [[motte and bailey]] style construction, one of very few castles of this type built before the Norman conquest. Most were built after the conquest. Richard was last mentioned in [[1067]]. His castle passed to his son, [[Osbern Fitz Richard]], who married Nesta, the daughter of King [[Gruffydd ap Llywelyn]] of [[Wales]].

Osbern died around [[1137]] and was succeeded by his grandson, [[Osbern Fitz Hugh]], who died in [[1187]]. Richard's Castle then passed to his brother-in-law, [[Hugh de Say]], who died in [[1190]], leaving the barony to his son, another Hugh Say. In [[1196]] this Hugh fought at the battle at [[New Radnor]] and was probably killed there, his castles eventually passing to [[Robert Mortimer]] of [[Attleborough]]. In [[1264]] his son, [[Hugh Mortimer]], was forced to surrender himself and Richard's Castle to [[Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester]]. His grandson, the last [[Hugh Mortimer]] of Richard's Castle, was poisoned to death by his wife in [[1304]]. The castle then passed to the Talbots who were still living there in the late [[14th century]]. By the [[16th century]] it was in ruins.

==The Castle==
Today the fortress is reduced mainly to its earthworks and foundations. A polygonal [[keep]] stood on the high [[motte]] or mound. This was reached possibly via a semi-circular [[barbican]]. The bailey wall still stands twenty feet high in places and there are remains of several towers and an early gatehouse around the perimeter. There earthwork remains of an outer ward enclosing the church and a borough defence.

== References ==
* Remfry, Paul Martin, (1997) ''Richard's Castle, 1048 to 1219'', Worcester: SCS Publishing, 39 pp, ISBN 1-899376-34-8
* Remfry, Paul Martin, ''The Nine Castles of Burford Barony, 1048 to 1308'', ISBN 1-899376-39-9

==External links==
*[http://www.castlewales.com/richards.html CastleWales page]
*[http://www.smr.herefordshire.gov.uk/castles/castlesdata_az/richards_castle.htm Herefordshire Council info]
*[http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/SAL/RichardsCastle/index.html Genuki information]
*[http://www.castles99.ukprint.com/Essays/richards.html Anglo-Norman castles]
*[http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/C/castle/ear_main.html Suggests Richard's Castle was the first castle in England]

[[Category:Villages in Shropshire]]
[[Category:Villages in Herefordshire]]

{{Herefordshire-geo-stub}}
{{Shropshire-geo-stub}}

Umarmung

2008-03-22T03:07:26Z

Tcncv: Reverted good faith edits by 67.68.32.251. using TW

{{otheruses4|affection|people named Hug|Hug (surname)}}
{{citations missing|article|date=July 2007}}
[[Image:TwoMenHugging.jpg|Two men hugging.|thumb|400px]]
A '''hug''' is a form of [[physical intimacy]] that generally involves closing or holding the [[arm]]s around another person or group of persons. The hug is one of the most common human signs of [[love]] and [[affection]], along with [[kiss]]ing.<ref>{{citebook|title=The Hug Therapy Book |author=Kathleen Keating|year= 1994|publisher=Hazelden PES|id=ISBN 1568380941}}</ref> Unlike some other forms of physical intimacy, it is practiced publicly and privately without stigma in many nations, religions and cultures, within families, and also across age and gender lines.

Sometimes, hugs are a romantic exchange. A hug may also be exchanged as a sign of support and comfort. A hug can be a demonstration of emotional warmth, sometimes arising out of [[joy]] or [[happiness]] at meeting someone.

Brief in most cases, it is used to show many levels of affection. It is not particular to [[human being]]s alone, as there are many species of animals that engage in similar exchanges of warmth.

A prolonged hugging in a cozy, comfortable position is also called '''cuddling'''.<ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cuddle "Cuddle"], WordNet® 3.0. Princeton University. Accessed 10 March 2008. </ref>

'''Spooning''' is a cuddling [[human positions|position]], a kind of hugging when both the hugger and the hugged persons face the same direction, i.e., the front of one person is in contact with the back of the second one.
<ref>Jim Grace, Lisa Goldblatt Grace (1998) "The Art of Spooning: A Cuddler's Handbook" ISBN 0762402709 </ref>

==See also==

* [[Transactional analysis#Transactions and Strokes|Unconditional positive strokes]].
* [[Bear hug]]
* [[Pound hug]]
* [[Hugs and Kisses]]
* [[Free Hugs Campaign]]
* [[Kiss]]
* [[Grope]]
* [[Tree hugging]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Human sexuality]]
[[Category:Intimate relationships]]

{{culture-stub}}

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[[yi:האלדזן]]
[[zh:擁抱]]