Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Ein Land, zwei Systeme

2009-11-30T21:28:21Z

Sumirp: /* Republic of China/Taiwan */

{{Chinese|size=260|s=一国两制|t=一國兩制|p=yìguóliǎngzhì|w=I4 Kuo2 Liang3 Chih4|j=jat1 gwok3 loeng5 zai3|y=yāt gwok léuhng jai|showflag=|por=Um país, dois sistemas}}

"'''One country, two systems'''" is an idea originally proposed by [[Deng Xiaoping]], then [[Paramount Leader]] of the [[People's Republic of China|People's Republic of China (PRC)]], for the [[Chinese reunification|reunification of China]] during the early 1980s. He suggested that there will be only [[One-China policy|one China]], but areas such as [[Hong Kong]], [[Macau]] and [[Taiwan]] can have their own [[capitalism| capitalist]] economic and political systems, while the rest of China uses the "[[socialism with Chinese characteristics|socialist]]" system. Under the suggestion, Taiwan can continue to have its own political system, legal, military, economic and financial affairs, including commercial and cultural agreements with foreign countries, and will enjoy "certain rights" in foreign affairs.<ref>China.org.cn. "[http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/china/203730.htm China.org.cn]." ''One Country, Two Systems.'' Retrieved on 2008-01-04.</ref>

==Hong Kong and Macau==
{{seealso|Sino-British Joint Declaration|Joint Declaration on the Question of Macau}}
In 1984, [[Deng Xiaoping]] proposed to apply the principle to Hong Kong in the negotiation with the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Minister]], [[Margaret Thatcher]] over the future of Hong Kong when the lease of the [[New Territories]] (including [[New Kowloon]]) of Hong Kong to the [[United Kingdom]] was to expire in 1997. The same principle was proposed in talks with [[Portugal]] about Macau.

The principle is that, upon reunification, despite the practice of "[[Socialism with Chinese characteristics|socialism]]" in [[mainland China]], both Hong Kong and Macau, which were colonies of the UK and Portugal respectively, can retain their established system under a high degree of autonomy for at least 50 years after reunification. Whether or not the two regions will be allowed to retain their established systems after 2047 and 2049—respectively 50 years after the return of Hong Kong and Macau—has never been stated in any public documents.

Chapter 1, Article 5 of the [[Hong Kong Basic Law]], the [[constitutional document]] of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, reads:<ref name="HKBasicLawChapter1">{{cite web|url=http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_1.html|title=Chapter I : General Principles|publisher=[[Government of Hong Kong|Government of the Hong Kong SAR]]|date=2008-03-17|accessdate=2009-11-01}}</ref>
{{cquote|''The socialist system and policies shall not be practised in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, and the previous capitalist system and way of life shall remain unchanged for 50 years."<ref>Luo, Jing. Over A Cup Of Tea: An Introduction To Chinese Life And Culture. [2004] (2004). University Press of America China. ISBN 0761829377</ref><ref>Wong, Yiu-chung. [2004] (2004). One Country, Two Systems in Crisis: Hong Kong's Transformation. Lexington Books. Hong Kong. ISBN 0739104926.</ref>}}

The establishment of these regions, called [[special administrative region (People's Republic of China)|special administrative regions]] (SARs), is authorized by Article 31 of the [[Constitution of the People's Republic of China]], which states that the State may establish SARs when necessary, and that the systems to be instituted in them shall be prescribed by law enacted by the [[National People's Congress]] in light of the specific conditions.

The SARs of Hong Kong and Macau were formally established on 1 July 1997 and 20 December 1999 respectively, immediately after the People's Republic of China (PRC) assumed the sovereignty over the respective regions.

===Framework===
The two SARs of Hong Kong and Macau are responsible for their domestic affairs, including, but not limited to, the [[judiciary]] and [[Court of Final Appeal|courts of last resort]], [[immigration]] and [[customs]], [[public finance]], [[currency|currencies]] and [[extradition]]. [[Diplomatic relations]] and [[national defense]] of the two SARs are, however, the responsibility of the [[Central People's Government]] in [[Beijing]].

Hong Kong continues using [[English common law]]. Macau continues using the Portuguese [[civil law (legal system)|civil law system]].

===Implementation===
In Hong Kong, the system has been implemented through the Basic Law of Hong Kong, which serves as the "mini-constitution" of the region, and consistent with the Sino-British Joint Declaration. Similar arrangements are in place with Macau. Under the respective basic laws, the SARs have a high degree of autonomy and enjoy executive, legislative and independent judicial power, including that of final adjudication. They formulate their own monetary and financial policies, maintain their own currencies, formulate their own policies on education, culture, sports, social welfare system, etc. within the framework of the basic laws.

As stipulated by the basic laws, while the Central People's Government of the PRC is responsible for foreign affairs and defense in relation to the SARs, representatives of the Government of the SARs may participate, as members of delegations of the PRC, in diplomatic negotiations that directly affect the Regions, and in other international organizations or conferences limited to states and affecting the region. For those international organizations and conferences not limited to states, the SARs may participate using the names in the form of ''Hong Kong, China'' and ''Macau, China''. As separate economic entities, both SARs of Hong Kong and Macau are members of the [[World Trade Organization]]. Hong Kong is also one of the member economies of [[APEC]].

The basic laws also provide constitutional protection on various fundamental [[human rights]] and freedoms. Specifically, the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]] is given a constitutional status through the basic laws.

Some international observers and human rights organizations have expressed doubts about the future of the relative political freedoms enjoyed in Hong Kong, and about the PRC's pledge to allow a high degree of autonomy in Hong Kong. They considered, for example, that the proposals in [[Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23|Article 23 of the Basic Law]] in 2003 (which was withdrawn due to mass opposition) might have undermined autonomy.

Nonetheless, the governments of the People's Republic of China and Hong Kong both consider the principle to have been successfully implemented, quoting official reports of both the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[United States]].

==Republic of China/Taiwan==
This system has also been proposed by the PRC government for [[Taiwan]], but the [[Republic of China|Republic of China (ROC)]] government has refused this suggestion (it has also been claimed that the system was originally designed for Taiwan). Special provisions for the preservation of the military in Taiwan have also been proposed. The concept of "One country, two systems" tends to be highly popular among Taiwanese aged 20 to 29, with polls showing 47.5% support.<ref>[http://www.china.org.cn/english/16208.htm Most Taiwanese oppose Beijing formula: MAC]</ref> All of the major parties in Taiwan, including those that lean toward [[Chinese reunification]] have come out strongly against "One country, two systems". Some proposed "One country, two governments" which was obviously opposed by the Chinese communist party, while some proposed the "one country" in "One country, two systems" should be ROC instead of PRC. One of the few Taiwanese who have publicly supported "one country, two systems" is novelist [[Li Ao]].

Although the "One country, two systems" guarantees that Hong Kong's [[economic]] and [[political system]]s will not be changed for 50 years after the British handover in 1997, [[Mainland Affairs Council]] of the Republic of China has cited 169 cases in which they claim the PRC has breached the right of the people of Hong Kong to self-rule and severely intervened in the judicial system as well as freedom of speech.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/216401/1/.html | title = Chen vows to safeguard Taiwan sovereignty, rejects China overture | work= MediaCorp News | date=29 June 2006 | accessdate = 2007-11-21}}</ref>

Since the accession of [[Hu Jintao]], the PRC has stopped promoting immediate reunification via "one country, two systems" (although it remains official policy). The "one country, two systems" framework was not mentioned in the [[Anti-Secession Law of the People's Republic of China]]. A new policy of gradual economic integration and political exchanges is now preferred:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/views/op-ed/ohanlon/20050501.htm|title=The Risk of War Over Taiwan is Real
|work=Financial Times|date=1 May 2005|accessdate=26 July 2006}}</ref> this new policy was emphasized during the [[2005 Pan-Blue visits to mainland China]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/World/Hopes-grow-as-second-Taiwan-leader-visits-China/2005/05/12/1115843308418.html|title=Hopes grow as second Taiwan leader visits China|date=13 May 2005|accessdate=26 July 2006}}</ref> as well as all subsequent major cross-strait exchanges.


==Tibet==
The 14th [[Dalai Lama]], [[Tenzin Gyatso]], has expressed interest in using "one country, two systems" for governing Tibet. He has said that under such a system he would be willing to return to Tibet from [[Government in exile|exile]]. The government of China, however, considers this system inapplicable to Tibet as Tibet is already a part of China and fears that "one country, two systems" will be used as a gateway to [[Tibetan independence]].<ref>[http://www.tibet.cn/english/zt/forum/..%5Cforum/200402004517161630.htm Tibet.cn The 14th Dalai Lama’s ‘Middle Way’ ridiculous]</ref>

==See also==
*[[Political divisions of China]]
*[[Special Administrative Region]]
*[[Special Economic Zone]]
*[[Hong Kong Basic Law]]
*[[:Category:Hong Kong law|Hong Kong law]]
*[[Legal system of Hong Kong]]
*[[Basic Law of Macau]]
*[[Legal system of Macau]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Template group
|list =
{{People's Republic of China politics}}
{{Politics of the Republic of China}}
{{Cross-Strait relations}}
}}

[[Category:Politics of Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Chinese numbered policies]]
[[Category:Politics of the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Hong Kong law]]
[[Category:Government of Macau]]
[[Category:Politics of Macau]]
[[Category:Government of Hong Kong]]

[[de:Ein Land, zwei Systeme]]
[[es:Un país, dos sistemas]]
[[fr:Un pays, deux systèmes]]
[[ko:일국양제]]
[[id:Satu Negara Dua Sistem]]
[[it:Una Cina due sistemi]]
[[he:מדינה אחת, שתי שיטות]]
[[ms:Satu negara, dua sistem]]
[[my:တပြည်ထောင် နှစ်စနစ်]]
[[ja:一国二制度]]
[[no:Ett land, to systemer]]
[[pl:Jeden kraj, dwa systemy]]
[[pt:Um país, dois sistemas]]
[[ru:Одна страна, две системы]]
[[fi:Yksi maa, kaksi järjestelmää]]
[[sv:Ett land, två system]]
[[tl:Isang bansa, dalawang sistema]]
[[zh-yue:一國兩制]]
[[zh:一国两制]]

Ein Land, zwei Systeme

2009-11-30T21:27:30Z

Sumirp: /* Republic of China/Taiwan */

{{Chinese|size=260|s=一国两制|t=一國兩制|p=yìguóliǎngzhì|w=I4 Kuo2 Liang3 Chih4|j=jat1 gwok3 loeng5 zai3|y=yāt gwok léuhng jai|showflag=|por=Um país, dois sistemas}}

"'''One country, two systems'''" is an idea originally proposed by [[Deng Xiaoping]], then [[Paramount Leader]] of the [[People's Republic of China|People's Republic of China (PRC)]], for the [[Chinese reunification|reunification of China]] during the early 1980s. He suggested that there will be only [[One-China policy|one China]], but areas such as [[Hong Kong]], [[Macau]] and [[Taiwan]] can have their own [[capitalism| capitalist]] economic and political systems, while the rest of China uses the "[[socialism with Chinese characteristics|socialist]]" system. Under the suggestion, Taiwan can continue to have its own political system, legal, military, economic and financial affairs, including commercial and cultural agreements with foreign countries, and will enjoy "certain rights" in foreign affairs.<ref>China.org.cn. "[http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/china/203730.htm China.org.cn]." ''One Country, Two Systems.'' Retrieved on 2008-01-04.</ref>

==Hong Kong and Macau==
{{seealso|Sino-British Joint Declaration|Joint Declaration on the Question of Macau}}
In 1984, [[Deng Xiaoping]] proposed to apply the principle to Hong Kong in the negotiation with the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Minister]], [[Margaret Thatcher]] over the future of Hong Kong when the lease of the [[New Territories]] (including [[New Kowloon]]) of Hong Kong to the [[United Kingdom]] was to expire in 1997. The same principle was proposed in talks with [[Portugal]] about Macau.

The principle is that, upon reunification, despite the practice of "[[Socialism with Chinese characteristics|socialism]]" in [[mainland China]], both Hong Kong and Macau, which were colonies of the UK and Portugal respectively, can retain their established system under a high degree of autonomy for at least 50 years after reunification. Whether or not the two regions will be allowed to retain their established systems after 2047 and 2049—respectively 50 years after the return of Hong Kong and Macau—has never been stated in any public documents.

Chapter 1, Article 5 of the [[Hong Kong Basic Law]], the [[constitutional document]] of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, reads:<ref name="HKBasicLawChapter1">{{cite web|url=http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_1.html|title=Chapter I : General Principles|publisher=[[Government of Hong Kong|Government of the Hong Kong SAR]]|date=2008-03-17|accessdate=2009-11-01}}</ref>
{{cquote|''The socialist system and policies shall not be practised in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, and the previous capitalist system and way of life shall remain unchanged for 50 years."<ref>Luo, Jing. Over A Cup Of Tea: An Introduction To Chinese Life And Culture. [2004] (2004). University Press of America China. ISBN 0761829377</ref><ref>Wong, Yiu-chung. [2004] (2004). One Country, Two Systems in Crisis: Hong Kong's Transformation. Lexington Books. Hong Kong. ISBN 0739104926.</ref>}}

The establishment of these regions, called [[special administrative region (People's Republic of China)|special administrative regions]] (SARs), is authorized by Article 31 of the [[Constitution of the People's Republic of China]], which states that the State may establish SARs when necessary, and that the systems to be instituted in them shall be prescribed by law enacted by the [[National People's Congress]] in light of the specific conditions.

The SARs of Hong Kong and Macau were formally established on 1 July 1997 and 20 December 1999 respectively, immediately after the People's Republic of China (PRC) assumed the sovereignty over the respective regions.

===Framework===
The two SARs of Hong Kong and Macau are responsible for their domestic affairs, including, but not limited to, the [[judiciary]] and [[Court of Final Appeal|courts of last resort]], [[immigration]] and [[customs]], [[public finance]], [[currency|currencies]] and [[extradition]]. [[Diplomatic relations]] and [[national defense]] of the two SARs are, however, the responsibility of the [[Central People's Government]] in [[Beijing]].

Hong Kong continues using [[English common law]]. Macau continues using the Portuguese [[civil law (legal system)|civil law system]].

===Implementation===
In Hong Kong, the system has been implemented through the Basic Law of Hong Kong, which serves as the "mini-constitution" of the region, and consistent with the Sino-British Joint Declaration. Similar arrangements are in place with Macau. Under the respective basic laws, the SARs have a high degree of autonomy and enjoy executive, legislative and independent judicial power, including that of final adjudication. They formulate their own monetary and financial policies, maintain their own currencies, formulate their own policies on education, culture, sports, social welfare system, etc. within the framework of the basic laws.

As stipulated by the basic laws, while the Central People's Government of the PRC is responsible for foreign affairs and defense in relation to the SARs, representatives of the Government of the SARs may participate, as members of delegations of the PRC, in diplomatic negotiations that directly affect the Regions, and in other international organizations or conferences limited to states and affecting the region. For those international organizations and conferences not limited to states, the SARs may participate using the names in the form of ''Hong Kong, China'' and ''Macau, China''. As separate economic entities, both SARs of Hong Kong and Macau are members of the [[World Trade Organization]]. Hong Kong is also one of the member economies of [[APEC]].

The basic laws also provide constitutional protection on various fundamental [[human rights]] and freedoms. Specifically, the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]] is given a constitutional status through the basic laws.

Some international observers and human rights organizations have expressed doubts about the future of the relative political freedoms enjoyed in Hong Kong, and about the PRC's pledge to allow a high degree of autonomy in Hong Kong. They considered, for example, that the proposals in [[Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23|Article 23 of the Basic Law]] in 2003 (which was withdrawn due to mass opposition) might have undermined autonomy.

Nonetheless, the governments of the People's Republic of China and Hong Kong both consider the principle to have been successfully implemented, quoting official reports of both the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[United States]].

==Republic of China/Taiwan==
This system has also been proposed by the PRC government for [[Taiwan]], but the [[Republic of China|Republic of China (ROC)]] government has refused this suggestion (it has also been claimed that the system was originally designed for Taiwan). Special provisions for the preservation of the military in Taiwan have also been proposed. The concept of "One country, two systems" tends to be highly popular among Taiwanese aged 20 to 29, with polls showing 47.5%.<ref>[http://www.china.org.cn/english/16208.htm Most Taiwanese oppose Beijing formula: MAC]</ref> All of the major parties in Taiwan, including those that lean toward [[Chinese reunification]] have come out strongly against "One country, two systems". Some proposed "One country, two governments" which was obviously opposed by the Chinese communist party, while some proposed the "one country" in "One country, two systems" should be ROC instead of PRC. One of the few Taiwanese who have publicly supported "one country, two systems" is novelist [[Li Ao]].

Although the "One country, two systems" guarantees that Hong Kong's [[economic]] and [[political system]]s will not be changed for 50 years after the British handover in 1997, [[Mainland Affairs Council]] of the Republic of China has cited 169 cases in which they claim the PRC has breached the right of the people of Hong Kong to self-rule and severely intervened in the judicial system as well as freedom of speech.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/216401/1/.html | title = Chen vows to safeguard Taiwan sovereignty, rejects China overture | work= MediaCorp News | date=29 June 2006 | accessdate = 2007-11-21}}</ref>

Since the accession of [[Hu Jintao]], the PRC has stopped promoting immediate reunification via "one country, two systems" (although it remains official policy). The "one country, two systems" framework was not mentioned in the [[Anti-Secession Law of the People's Republic of China]]. A new policy of gradual economic integration and political exchanges is now preferred:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/views/op-ed/ohanlon/20050501.htm|title=The Risk of War Over Taiwan is Real
|work=Financial Times|date=1 May 2005|accessdate=26 July 2006}}</ref> this new policy was emphasized during the [[2005 Pan-Blue visits to mainland China]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/World/Hopes-grow-as-second-Taiwan-leader-visits-China/2005/05/12/1115843308418.html|title=Hopes grow as second Taiwan leader visits China|date=13 May 2005|accessdate=26 July 2006}}</ref> as well as all subsequent major cross-strait exchanges.


==Tibet==
The 14th [[Dalai Lama]], [[Tenzin Gyatso]], has expressed interest in using "one country, two systems" for governing Tibet. He has said that under such a system he would be willing to return to Tibet from [[Government in exile|exile]]. The government of China, however, considers this system inapplicable to Tibet as Tibet is already a part of China and fears that "one country, two systems" will be used as a gateway to [[Tibetan independence]].<ref>[http://www.tibet.cn/english/zt/forum/..%5Cforum/200402004517161630.htm Tibet.cn The 14th Dalai Lama’s ‘Middle Way’ ridiculous]</ref>

==See also==
*[[Political divisions of China]]
*[[Special Administrative Region]]
*[[Special Economic Zone]]
*[[Hong Kong Basic Law]]
*[[:Category:Hong Kong law|Hong Kong law]]
*[[Legal system of Hong Kong]]
*[[Basic Law of Macau]]
*[[Legal system of Macau]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Template group
|list =
{{People's Republic of China politics}}
{{Politics of the Republic of China}}
{{Cross-Strait relations}}
}}

[[Category:Politics of Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Chinese numbered policies]]
[[Category:Politics of the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Hong Kong law]]
[[Category:Government of Macau]]
[[Category:Politics of Macau]]
[[Category:Government of Hong Kong]]

[[de:Ein Land, zwei Systeme]]
[[es:Un país, dos sistemas]]
[[fr:Un pays, deux systèmes]]
[[ko:일국양제]]
[[id:Satu Negara Dua Sistem]]
[[it:Una Cina due sistemi]]
[[he:מדינה אחת, שתי שיטות]]
[[ms:Satu negara, dua sistem]]
[[my:တပြည်ထောင် နှစ်စနစ်]]
[[ja:一国二制度]]
[[no:Ett land, to systemer]]
[[pl:Jeden kraj, dwa systemy]]
[[pt:Um país, dois sistemas]]
[[ru:Одна страна, две системы]]
[[fi:Yksi maa, kaksi järjestelmää]]
[[sv:Ett land, två system]]
[[tl:Isang bansa, dalawang sistema]]
[[zh-yue:一國兩制]]
[[zh:一国两制]]

Ein Land, zwei Systeme

2009-11-30T21:22:57Z

Sumirp: /* Tibet */

{{Chinese|size=260|s=一国两制|t=一國兩制|p=yìguóliǎngzhì|w=I4 Kuo2 Liang3 Chih4|j=jat1 gwok3 loeng5 zai3|y=yāt gwok léuhng jai|showflag=|por=Um país, dois sistemas}}

"'''One country, two systems'''" is an idea originally proposed by [[Deng Xiaoping]], then [[Paramount Leader]] of the [[People's Republic of China|People's Republic of China (PRC)]], for the [[Chinese reunification|reunification of China]] during the early 1980s. He suggested that there will be only [[One-China policy|one China]], but areas such as [[Hong Kong]], [[Macau]] and [[Taiwan]] can have their own [[capitalism| capitalist]] economic and political systems, while the rest of China uses the "[[socialism with Chinese characteristics|socialist]]" system. Under the suggestion, Taiwan can continue to have its own political system, legal, military, economic and financial affairs, including commercial and cultural agreements with foreign countries, and will enjoy "certain rights" in foreign affairs.<ref>China.org.cn. "[http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/china/203730.htm China.org.cn]." ''One Country, Two Systems.'' Retrieved on 2008-01-04.</ref>

==Hong Kong and Macau==
{{seealso|Sino-British Joint Declaration|Joint Declaration on the Question of Macau}}
In 1984, [[Deng Xiaoping]] proposed to apply the principle to Hong Kong in the negotiation with the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Minister]], [[Margaret Thatcher]] over the future of Hong Kong when the lease of the [[New Territories]] (including [[New Kowloon]]) of Hong Kong to the [[United Kingdom]] was to expire in 1997. The same principle was proposed in talks with [[Portugal]] about Macau.

The principle is that, upon reunification, despite the practice of "[[Socialism with Chinese characteristics|socialism]]" in [[mainland China]], both Hong Kong and Macau, which were colonies of the UK and Portugal respectively, can retain their established system under a high degree of autonomy for at least 50 years after reunification. Whether or not the two regions will be allowed to retain their established systems after 2047 and 2049—respectively 50 years after the return of Hong Kong and Macau—has never been stated in any public documents.

Chapter 1, Article 5 of the [[Hong Kong Basic Law]], the [[constitutional document]] of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, reads:<ref name="HKBasicLawChapter1">{{cite web|url=http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_1.html|title=Chapter I : General Principles|publisher=[[Government of Hong Kong|Government of the Hong Kong SAR]]|date=2008-03-17|accessdate=2009-11-01}}</ref>
{{cquote|''The socialist system and policies shall not be practised in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, and the previous capitalist system and way of life shall remain unchanged for 50 years."<ref>Luo, Jing. Over A Cup Of Tea: An Introduction To Chinese Life And Culture. [2004] (2004). University Press of America China. ISBN 0761829377</ref><ref>Wong, Yiu-chung. [2004] (2004). One Country, Two Systems in Crisis: Hong Kong's Transformation. Lexington Books. Hong Kong. ISBN 0739104926.</ref>}}

The establishment of these regions, called [[special administrative region (People's Republic of China)|special administrative regions]] (SARs), is authorized by Article 31 of the [[Constitution of the People's Republic of China]], which states that the State may establish SARs when necessary, and that the systems to be instituted in them shall be prescribed by law enacted by the [[National People's Congress]] in light of the specific conditions.

The SARs of Hong Kong and Macau were formally established on 1 July 1997 and 20 December 1999 respectively, immediately after the People's Republic of China (PRC) assumed the sovereignty over the respective regions.

===Framework===
The two SARs of Hong Kong and Macau are responsible for their domestic affairs, including, but not limited to, the [[judiciary]] and [[Court of Final Appeal|courts of last resort]], [[immigration]] and [[customs]], [[public finance]], [[currency|currencies]] and [[extradition]]. [[Diplomatic relations]] and [[national defense]] of the two SARs are, however, the responsibility of the [[Central People's Government]] in [[Beijing]].

Hong Kong continues using [[English common law]]. Macau continues using the Portuguese [[civil law (legal system)|civil law system]].

===Implementation===
In Hong Kong, the system has been implemented through the Basic Law of Hong Kong, which serves as the "mini-constitution" of the region, and consistent with the Sino-British Joint Declaration. Similar arrangements are in place with Macau. Under the respective basic laws, the SARs have a high degree of autonomy and enjoy executive, legislative and independent judicial power, including that of final adjudication. They formulate their own monetary and financial policies, maintain their own currencies, formulate their own policies on education, culture, sports, social welfare system, etc. within the framework of the basic laws.

As stipulated by the basic laws, while the Central People's Government of the PRC is responsible for foreign affairs and defense in relation to the SARs, representatives of the Government of the SARs may participate, as members of delegations of the PRC, in diplomatic negotiations that directly affect the Regions, and in other international organizations or conferences limited to states and affecting the region. For those international organizations and conferences not limited to states, the SARs may participate using the names in the form of ''Hong Kong, China'' and ''Macau, China''. As separate economic entities, both SARs of Hong Kong and Macau are members of the [[World Trade Organization]]. Hong Kong is also one of the member economies of [[APEC]].

The basic laws also provide constitutional protection on various fundamental [[human rights]] and freedoms. Specifically, the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]] is given a constitutional status through the basic laws.

Some international observers and human rights organizations have expressed doubts about the future of the relative political freedoms enjoyed in Hong Kong, and about the PRC's pledge to allow a high degree of autonomy in Hong Kong. They considered, for example, that the proposals in [[Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23|Article 23 of the Basic Law]] in 2003 (which was withdrawn due to mass opposition) might have undermined autonomy.

Nonetheless, the governments of the People's Republic of China and Hong Kong both consider the principle to have been successfully implemented, quoting official reports of both the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[United States]].

==Republic of China/Taiwan==
This system has also been proposed by the PRC government for [[Taiwan]], but the [[Republic of China|Republic of China (ROC)]] government has refused this suggestion (it has also been claimed that the system was originally designed for Taiwan). Special provisions for the preservation of the military in Taiwan have also been proposed. The concept of "One country, two systems" tends to be highly unpopular in Taiwan, with polls consistently showing 80% opposition and only about 10% support.<ref>[http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/4-oa/politics/most20010802.htm Most Taiwanese oppose Beijing formula: MAC]</ref> All of the major parties in Taiwan, including those that lean toward [[Chinese reunification]] have come out strongly against "One country, two systems". Some proposed "One country, two governments" which was obviously opposed by the Chinese communist party, while some proposed the "one country" in "One country, two systems" should be ROC instead of PRC. One of the few Taiwanese who have publicly supported "one country, two systems" is novelist [[Li Ao]].

Although the "One country, two systems" guarantees that Hong Kong's [[economic]] and [[political system]]s will not be changed for 50 years after the British handover in 1997, [[Mainland Affairs Council]] of the Republic of China has cited 169 cases in which they claim the PRC has breached the right of the people of Hong Kong to self-rule and severely intervened in the judicial system as well as freedom of speech.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/216401/1/.html | title = Chen vows to safeguard Taiwan sovereignty, rejects China overture | work= MediaCorp News | date=29 June 2006 | accessdate = 2007-11-21}}</ref>

Since the accession of [[Hu Jintao]], the PRC has stopped promoting immediate reunification via "one country, two systems" (although it remains official policy). The "one country, two systems" framework was not mentioned in the [[Anti-Secession Law of the People's Republic of China]]. A new policy of gradual economic integration and political exchanges is now preferred:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/views/op-ed/ohanlon/20050501.htm|title=The Risk of War Over Taiwan is Real
|work=Financial Times|date=1 May 2005|accessdate=26 July 2006}}</ref> this new policy was emphasized during the [[2005 Pan-Blue visits to mainland China]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/World/Hopes-grow-as-second-Taiwan-leader-visits-China/2005/05/12/1115843308418.html|title=Hopes grow as second Taiwan leader visits China|date=13 May 2005|accessdate=26 July 2006}}</ref> as well as all subsequent major cross-strait exchanges.


==Tibet==
The 14th [[Dalai Lama]], [[Tenzin Gyatso]], has expressed interest in using "one country, two systems" for governing Tibet. He has said that under such a system he would be willing to return to Tibet from [[Government in exile|exile]]. The government of China, however, considers this system inapplicable to Tibet as Tibet is already a part of China and fears that "one country, two systems" will be used as a gateway to [[Tibetan independence]].<ref>[http://www.tibet.cn/english/zt/forum/..%5Cforum/200402004517161630.htm Tibet.cn The 14th Dalai Lama’s ‘Middle Way’ ridiculous]</ref>

==See also==
*[[Political divisions of China]]
*[[Special Administrative Region]]
*[[Special Economic Zone]]
*[[Hong Kong Basic Law]]
*[[:Category:Hong Kong law|Hong Kong law]]
*[[Legal system of Hong Kong]]
*[[Basic Law of Macau]]
*[[Legal system of Macau]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Template group
|list =
{{People's Republic of China politics}}
{{Politics of the Republic of China}}
{{Cross-Strait relations}}
}}

[[Category:Politics of Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Chinese numbered policies]]
[[Category:Politics of the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Hong Kong law]]
[[Category:Government of Macau]]
[[Category:Politics of Macau]]
[[Category:Government of Hong Kong]]

[[de:Ein Land, zwei Systeme]]
[[es:Un país, dos sistemas]]
[[fr:Un pays, deux systèmes]]
[[ko:일국양제]]
[[id:Satu Negara Dua Sistem]]
[[it:Una Cina due sistemi]]
[[he:מדינה אחת, שתי שיטות]]
[[ms:Satu negara, dua sistem]]
[[my:တပြည်ထောင် နှစ်စနစ်]]
[[ja:一国二制度]]
[[no:Ett land, to systemer]]
[[pl:Jeden kraj, dwa systemy]]
[[pt:Um país, dois sistemas]]
[[ru:Одна страна, две системы]]
[[fi:Yksi maa, kaksi järjestelmää]]
[[sv:Ett land, två system]]
[[tl:Isang bansa, dalawang sistema]]
[[zh-yue:一國兩制]]
[[zh:一国两制]]

Ein Land, zwei Systeme

2009-11-30T21:22:24Z

Sumirp: /* Tibet */

{{Chinese|size=260|s=一国两制|t=一國兩制|p=yìguóliǎngzhì|w=I4 Kuo2 Liang3 Chih4|j=jat1 gwok3 loeng5 zai3|y=yāt gwok léuhng jai|showflag=|por=Um país, dois sistemas}}

"'''One country, two systems'''" is an idea originally proposed by [[Deng Xiaoping]], then [[Paramount Leader]] of the [[People's Republic of China|People's Republic of China (PRC)]], for the [[Chinese reunification|reunification of China]] during the early 1980s. He suggested that there will be only [[One-China policy|one China]], but areas such as [[Hong Kong]], [[Macau]] and [[Taiwan]] can have their own [[capitalism| capitalist]] economic and political systems, while the rest of China uses the "[[socialism with Chinese characteristics|socialist]]" system. Under the suggestion, Taiwan can continue to have its own political system, legal, military, economic and financial affairs, including commercial and cultural agreements with foreign countries, and will enjoy "certain rights" in foreign affairs.<ref>China.org.cn. "[http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/china/203730.htm China.org.cn]." ''One Country, Two Systems.'' Retrieved on 2008-01-04.</ref>

==Hong Kong and Macau==
{{seealso|Sino-British Joint Declaration|Joint Declaration on the Question of Macau}}
In 1984, [[Deng Xiaoping]] proposed to apply the principle to Hong Kong in the negotiation with the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Minister]], [[Margaret Thatcher]] over the future of Hong Kong when the lease of the [[New Territories]] (including [[New Kowloon]]) of Hong Kong to the [[United Kingdom]] was to expire in 1997. The same principle was proposed in talks with [[Portugal]] about Macau.

The principle is that, upon reunification, despite the practice of "[[Socialism with Chinese characteristics|socialism]]" in [[mainland China]], both Hong Kong and Macau, which were colonies of the UK and Portugal respectively, can retain their established system under a high degree of autonomy for at least 50 years after reunification. Whether or not the two regions will be allowed to retain their established systems after 2047 and 2049—respectively 50 years after the return of Hong Kong and Macau—has never been stated in any public documents.

Chapter 1, Article 5 of the [[Hong Kong Basic Law]], the [[constitutional document]] of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, reads:<ref name="HKBasicLawChapter1">{{cite web|url=http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_1.html|title=Chapter I : General Principles|publisher=[[Government of Hong Kong|Government of the Hong Kong SAR]]|date=2008-03-17|accessdate=2009-11-01}}</ref>
{{cquote|''The socialist system and policies shall not be practised in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, and the previous capitalist system and way of life shall remain unchanged for 50 years."<ref>Luo, Jing. Over A Cup Of Tea: An Introduction To Chinese Life And Culture. [2004] (2004). University Press of America China. ISBN 0761829377</ref><ref>Wong, Yiu-chung. [2004] (2004). One Country, Two Systems in Crisis: Hong Kong's Transformation. Lexington Books. Hong Kong. ISBN 0739104926.</ref>}}

The establishment of these regions, called [[special administrative region (People's Republic of China)|special administrative regions]] (SARs), is authorized by Article 31 of the [[Constitution of the People's Republic of China]], which states that the State may establish SARs when necessary, and that the systems to be instituted in them shall be prescribed by law enacted by the [[National People's Congress]] in light of the specific conditions.

The SARs of Hong Kong and Macau were formally established on 1 July 1997 and 20 December 1999 respectively, immediately after the People's Republic of China (PRC) assumed the sovereignty over the respective regions.

===Framework===
The two SARs of Hong Kong and Macau are responsible for their domestic affairs, including, but not limited to, the [[judiciary]] and [[Court of Final Appeal|courts of last resort]], [[immigration]] and [[customs]], [[public finance]], [[currency|currencies]] and [[extradition]]. [[Diplomatic relations]] and [[national defense]] of the two SARs are, however, the responsibility of the [[Central People's Government]] in [[Beijing]].

Hong Kong continues using [[English common law]]. Macau continues using the Portuguese [[civil law (legal system)|civil law system]].

===Implementation===
In Hong Kong, the system has been implemented through the Basic Law of Hong Kong, which serves as the "mini-constitution" of the region, and consistent with the Sino-British Joint Declaration. Similar arrangements are in place with Macau. Under the respective basic laws, the SARs have a high degree of autonomy and enjoy executive, legislative and independent judicial power, including that of final adjudication. They formulate their own monetary and financial policies, maintain their own currencies, formulate their own policies on education, culture, sports, social welfare system, etc. within the framework of the basic laws.

As stipulated by the basic laws, while the Central People's Government of the PRC is responsible for foreign affairs and defense in relation to the SARs, representatives of the Government of the SARs may participate, as members of delegations of the PRC, in diplomatic negotiations that directly affect the Regions, and in other international organizations or conferences limited to states and affecting the region. For those international organizations and conferences not limited to states, the SARs may participate using the names in the form of ''Hong Kong, China'' and ''Macau, China''. As separate economic entities, both SARs of Hong Kong and Macau are members of the [[World Trade Organization]]. Hong Kong is also one of the member economies of [[APEC]].

The basic laws also provide constitutional protection on various fundamental [[human rights]] and freedoms. Specifically, the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]] is given a constitutional status through the basic laws.

Some international observers and human rights organizations have expressed doubts about the future of the relative political freedoms enjoyed in Hong Kong, and about the PRC's pledge to allow a high degree of autonomy in Hong Kong. They considered, for example, that the proposals in [[Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23|Article 23 of the Basic Law]] in 2003 (which was withdrawn due to mass opposition) might have undermined autonomy.

Nonetheless, the governments of the People's Republic of China and Hong Kong both consider the principle to have been successfully implemented, quoting official reports of both the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[United States]].

==Republic of China/Taiwan==
This system has also been proposed by the PRC government for [[Taiwan]], but the [[Republic of China|Republic of China (ROC)]] government has refused this suggestion (it has also been claimed that the system was originally designed for Taiwan). Special provisions for the preservation of the military in Taiwan have also been proposed. The concept of "One country, two systems" tends to be highly unpopular in Taiwan, with polls consistently showing 80% opposition and only about 10% support.<ref>[http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/4-oa/politics/most20010802.htm Most Taiwanese oppose Beijing formula: MAC]</ref> All of the major parties in Taiwan, including those that lean toward [[Chinese reunification]] have come out strongly against "One country, two systems". Some proposed "One country, two governments" which was obviously opposed by the Chinese communist party, while some proposed the "one country" in "One country, two systems" should be ROC instead of PRC. One of the few Taiwanese who have publicly supported "one country, two systems" is novelist [[Li Ao]].

Although the "One country, two systems" guarantees that Hong Kong's [[economic]] and [[political system]]s will not be changed for 50 years after the British handover in 1997, [[Mainland Affairs Council]] of the Republic of China has cited 169 cases in which they claim the PRC has breached the right of the people of Hong Kong to self-rule and severely intervened in the judicial system as well as freedom of speech.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/216401/1/.html | title = Chen vows to safeguard Taiwan sovereignty, rejects China overture | work= MediaCorp News | date=29 June 2006 | accessdate = 2007-11-21}}</ref>

Since the accession of [[Hu Jintao]], the PRC has stopped promoting immediate reunification via "one country, two systems" (although it remains official policy). The "one country, two systems" framework was not mentioned in the [[Anti-Secession Law of the People's Republic of China]]. A new policy of gradual economic integration and political exchanges is now preferred:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/views/op-ed/ohanlon/20050501.htm|title=The Risk of War Over Taiwan is Real
|work=Financial Times|date=1 May 2005|accessdate=26 July 2006}}</ref> this new policy was emphasized during the [[2005 Pan-Blue visits to mainland China]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/World/Hopes-grow-as-second-Taiwan-leader-visits-China/2005/05/12/1115843308418.html|title=Hopes grow as second Taiwan leader visits China|date=13 May 2005|accessdate=26 July 2006}}</ref> as well as all subsequent major cross-strait exchanges.


==Tibet==
The 14th [[Dalai Lama]], [[Tenzin Gyatso]], has expressed interest in using "one country, two systems" for governing Tibet. He has said that under such a system he would be willing to return to Tibet from [[Government in exile|exile]]. The government of China, however, considers this system inapplicable to Tibet as Tibet is already a part of China and fears that "one country, two systems" will be used as a gateway to formal [[Tibetan independence]].<ref>[http://www.tibet.cn/english/zt/forum/..%5Cforum/200402004517161630.htm Tibet.cn The 14th Dalai Lama’s ‘Middle Way’ ridiculous]</ref>

==See also==
*[[Political divisions of China]]
*[[Special Administrative Region]]
*[[Special Economic Zone]]
*[[Hong Kong Basic Law]]
*[[:Category:Hong Kong law|Hong Kong law]]
*[[Legal system of Hong Kong]]
*[[Basic Law of Macau]]
*[[Legal system of Macau]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Template group
|list =
{{People's Republic of China politics}}
{{Politics of the Republic of China}}
{{Cross-Strait relations}}
}}

[[Category:Politics of Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Chinese numbered policies]]
[[Category:Politics of the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Hong Kong law]]
[[Category:Government of Macau]]
[[Category:Politics of Macau]]
[[Category:Government of Hong Kong]]

[[de:Ein Land, zwei Systeme]]
[[es:Un país, dos sistemas]]
[[fr:Un pays, deux systèmes]]
[[ko:일국양제]]
[[id:Satu Negara Dua Sistem]]
[[it:Una Cina due sistemi]]
[[he:מדינה אחת, שתי שיטות]]
[[ms:Satu negara, dua sistem]]
[[my:တပြည်ထောင် နှစ်စနစ်]]
[[ja:一国二制度]]
[[no:Ett land, to systemer]]
[[pl:Jeden kraj, dwa systemy]]
[[pt:Um país, dois sistemas]]
[[ru:Одна страна, две системы]]
[[fi:Yksi maa, kaksi järjestelmää]]
[[sv:Ett land, två system]]
[[tl:Isang bansa, dalawang sistema]]
[[zh-yue:一國兩制]]
[[zh:一国两制]]